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13AdJfu-d. 
 
J jjSi 
 
 TUB 
 
 TREASURY OF HISTORY: 
 
 COUPRtSING k 
 
 FRt t^tRIf K 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE 
 
 OF 
 
 1 UNIVERSAL HISTORY, ANCIENT AND MODERN 
 
 AND A SERIES 07 8EPARATB 
 
 HISTORIES OF EVERY PRINCIPAL NATION. 
 
 BY I 
 
 SAMUEL MAUNDER, 
 
 AriBOB O* XHB 'TRBABUBT O* XNOWLBDOB/ * BIOOSIPHICAI. TRBIBUBT,' 
 * LITBBABT AND BCIBHTIFIC IBBASCBT,' BTO. 
 
 ' N« quid falal dicert audeat, u« quid vtri non and»at hUtorlcui.' 
 
 NEW EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
 
 1870. 
 
;(»■» 'l 
 
 • '.'•••I 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Ik the present edition some alterations have been made in the order of the 8ep»> 
 rate Histories, while the Introductory Bemarks and the Ancient History of 
 Greece and Rome, with some other portions, have been either wholly or in part 
 rewritten. To give in the compass of a single volume a detailed history of every 
 nation and country which may render any further study superfluous, is a manifest 
 impossibility ; but the Historical Treatury may serve a good purpose without 
 attributing to it a design which was never intended. There are many who are 
 unable to enter on courses of liistorical study, but yet do not wish to remain 
 ignorant of the general character of that history which lays before us the pro- 
 gress of the human mind from the earliest times to the present. For suet 
 readers it is very important to define clearly the laws of historical evidence, and 
 to put the subject before them in such n manner that they may be able to judge 
 for themselves of the truth or the incorrectness of what has been said. 
 
 In history, more perhaps than in any other subject, it is of the gpreatesb 
 Importance that our knowledge should be derived as much as possible from 
 original sources. We are not justifled in receiving the statements of historians 
 on their own undisputed authority. Hence the value of a historical work with- 
 out references is greatly impaired. In such a case the reader cannot satisfy him- 
 self whether he is right or wrong in accepting or rejecting any statement : and 
 this remark applies especially to those times of which confessedly we have no 
 authentic contemporary records. But in a work like this, a multiplicity of 
 references would be out of place ; in the present edition, therefore, the references 
 are chiefly to the works of standard English writers which will furnish any 
 further guidance which the reader may require : and to such works the Ilittorical 
 Treasury must be regarded as strictly subordinate. If no richer field for the 
 exercise of the human intellect can be found than that of history, it is not less 
 certain that it will not yield its harvest without abundant toil ; and in history 
 especially it is true that no one can be said to have a real knowledge of any part 
 until he has patiently bestowed on it all the labour that it requires, until he has 
 surveyed it in its relations to »ther parts with which it may be connected, and 
 until be has resorted to the best, that is to say, to the original sources of infor- 
 mation. This, if the reader pleases, the references now given will in some 
 degree enable him to do ; and the writers to whom he is guided will at once 
 supply his further wants. 
 
 Not less important are the tests by which genuine history may bo distin- 
 guished from that which is uncertain or false. These tests are laid down in tha 
 Introductory Remarks ; and what is there said may enable the reader to form 
 some idea of the recent progress and the present state of historical criticism, as 
 applied especially to the histories of Greece and Rome, and of the great empires 
 of Assyria, Persia, and Egypt. These tests are of course of universal application: 
 if they could not bo so applied they wc uld be worthless. Their use must at onco 
 remove the reader from the region o;! vague conjecture to a ground where he 
 I may be sure of his footing. Nothing but confusion of ideas can follow, if from 
 a string of legends, such for instance as those of the Trojan wars or the Roman 
 kings, we take a few facts not intrinsically incredible and sot up these as a real 
 
i< !^ 
 
 n 
 
 ^rrfflcr. 
 
 history of the time. Such legends supply indeed an inexhaustible field of 
 instruction, but we misapply them if wo seek from them to draw up an authentic 
 narrative of events. The criticism which says that they can never be mode to 
 yield such a narrative may appear to be simply destructive : but Sir Comewall 
 Lewis has rightly and forcibly insisted that ' researches into ancient history, 
 which lead to merely negative results, ore important and useful as well as similar 
 researches which lead to positive results ; they distinguish between fiction, 
 which, however diverting, instructive or elevating, can never bo historical,— 
 and reality, which is a necessary attribute of a historical narrative.'* 
 
 The value of ancient Oriental history in general may be measured by tlio 
 degree in which the Eastern empires came into contact with Greek thought and 
 civilisation. That interest reaches its greatest height in the invasion of Xerxes. 
 The battle of Marathon ensured the victory of Hellenio freedom over barbaric 
 tyranny, and determined the future history of the world. It was the subsequent 
 work of imperial Athens to exhibit in its full perfection the freedom of indi- 
 vidual will and action with a voluntary obedience to the supreme law of the 
 state. The success of Xerxes would not have averted the future ascendency o( 
 Rome ; but that ascendency would have been an absolute tyranny of the stale 
 over the inner as well as the public life of every citizen, and the great idea of 
 English freedom would in all probability never have been realised. The history 
 of Greece supplied a link, of which, so far as we can see, nothing could have 
 remedied the loss. When the task of the Hellenic race was accomplished, Rome 
 gathered almost the whole world ut<ier her yoke, and merged the interpoliticiil 
 antonomy of separate towns in the wider life of a nation. But it was necessary 
 that some more vigorous races should combine the great system of Roman law 
 and national union with the freedom of the individual citizen ; and so from the 
 convulsions which attended the fall of imperial Rome arose the new society of j 
 Christendom. The infusion of Teutonic blood ensured the ultimate growth of j 
 that national life which unites the personal liberty of the Athenian with the 
 Roman genius of law and government, and which has reached its highest de- 
 velopment in the constitution of England. 
 
 This connection of cause and effect in the history of Europe and the world I 
 should determine the' order in which the histories of the several races and states | 
 may best be studied. The histories in this volume have accordingly been re- 
 arranged, BO far as was practicable, in the order of their actual connection. 
 This order must exhibit, however imperfectly, the real chain of cause and effect 1 
 which has had its issue in the society of modem Europe, and must, to a far 
 greater degree than any arbitrary arrangement, impress itself upon the memory j 
 of the reader. The perception of this connection, which can be nothing less than ! 
 the work of God, will of itself convince him that * history ' contains no mean j 
 treasures. ' Whatever there is of greatness in the final cause of all human 
 thought and action, God's glory and man's perfection, that is the measure of tho 
 greatness of history. Whatever there is of variety and intense interest in human 
 nature,— in its elevation, whether proud as by nature or sanctified as by God's | 
 grace ; in its suffering, whether blessed or nnblessed, a martyrdom or a judg- 
 ment ; in its strange reverses, in its varied adventures, in its yet more varied I 
 powers, its courage and its patience, its genius and its wisdom, its justice and its 
 love, — ^that also is the measure of the Interest and variety of liistory. The 
 treasures indeed are ample ; bat we may more reasonably fear whether we may | 
 have strength and skill to win them.' f 
 
 G. W. COX. 
 
 • Astronomy of the Ancients, p. 433. 
 
 4 Arnold's ' Lectures on Modern History,* p. 29. 
 
exhaustible flold of 
 Iraw up an authontio 
 n never bo m^de to 
 : but Sir Comewall 
 nto ancient hiatory, 
 )ful as well as similar 
 ish between fiction, 
 ever bo historical,— 
 rrative.'* 
 
 bo measured by the 
 1 Oreek thought and 
 I invasion of Xerxes, 
 eedom over barbaric 
 b was the subsequent 
 the freedom of indl- 
 supreme law of the 
 future ascendency of 
 tjTanny of the stale 
 nd the great idea of 
 lalised. The history 
 nothing could have 
 accomplished, Rome 
 :ed the interpoliticul 
 But It was necessary 
 rstcm of Roman law 
 sen ; and so from the 
 3 the new society of i 
 ) ultimate growth of I 
 ' thenian with the i 
 ihed its highest dc* 
 
 irope and the world 
 iral races and states | 
 jcordingly been re- 
 actual connection, 
 of causo and eiTcct | 
 and must, to a far 
 klf upon the memory i 
 [be nothing less than I 
 ' contains no mean 
 mse of all human 
 the measure of tho 
 interest in human 
 ictifled as by God's | 
 lyrdom or a jndg- 
 its yet mora varied I 
 , its justice and its 
 |y of history. Th« 
 whether we may | 
 
 G. W, COX. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 -•<>«- 
 
 PAOK 
 
 PREFACE . » 
 
 PREI-IMINAUY OBSERVATIONS, UlS- 
 TORICAL, CUBONOLOOICAL, AND OKO- 
 
 ORArUICAL »' 
 
 hiB DIVISIONS or HISTORY »i» 
 
 lENEiiAL History of Mopebn eoropk.. «vll 
 
 UIKONOLOOY *»" 
 
 Ieooratiiical sketch or tub World, .xxlll 
 
 blVlSIOKS or TUB EARTU sxit 
 
 I INTRODUCTORY OUTUNE SKETCH OF 
 GENERAL HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 the Antcdilurian World 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 ^rom tli« Deluge, to the Scttloment of tho Jews 
 InCanaan 1 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 he Tkbuloni and Heroic Agci, to the InititU' 
 tion of the Olympic Gsraoi 3 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 From the Tnrtltutlon of tho Olympic Games, 
 tothe Ucathof Cyru S 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 From the Erection of the Poraian Empire, fo 
 the DivUion nf the Grecian Empire alter llie 
 Deatli of Alcxondcr 4 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 'rom the Wan of Rome and Carthage, to tho 
 Birth of Chrlit 6 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ^rom the Brglnnlnfr of tho Chrlitlait Era, to 
 the Appearance of Mahomet 6 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 torn the Rlie of Mnhomet, to the Commence* 
 mentoftheCruiadei 8 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 am the Pint Crusade, to the Death of 
 Saiadin 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 From the Death of Saladln, to the End of the 
 Cruiadei 12 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 iFrom the time of Genghis Khan, to that of 
 Tamerlane 13 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 ■From the Time of Tamerlane, to the Six- 
 teenth Century 14 
 
 PAOI 
 CHAPTER Xlir. 
 The Refbrmatlon, and Progress of Erents 
 during tho Slxteentli Century IS 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 From the Commencement of the ScTenteenth 
 Century to the Peace of Westphalia 16 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 From the CItII War in England, to the Peace 
 of Ryswlvk 18 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Commencement of the Eighteenth Century, 
 to the Peace of Utrecht 30 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 The Age of Chnrles XII of Sweden, and Peter 
 the Great of Russia 33 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 The Affairs of Europe, from the Establlah- 
 raent of tlic Hanoverian Succession in Eng- 
 land, to tlio year 1740 24 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 From the Accession of the Empress Theresa, 
 of Austria, to tho Peace of Aix-la-CbapcUe 30 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Progress of l>«nts during tho Seven Years' 
 War in E r ii", America, and the East 
 Indlei ... 27 
 
 C ilAPTER XXI. 
 
 From the Conoluslon of the Seven Years' War, 
 to the Anal Partition of Poland 30 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 From the Commencement of the American 
 War, to tho Hccosnition of the Indepen- 
 dence of the United States 31 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 From the Commencement of the French Rero- 
 lution, to tiie Death of Robespierre 52 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 From the Establishment of the French Dlree> 
 tory, tothe Peace of Amiens ,. 54 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 From the Recommencement of Hostllitle*, to 
 the Peace of Tilsit 56 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 The French Invasion of Spain, and subse- 
 quent Peninsular War M 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 From tho Invasion of Russia by the French, 
 to tho Restoration of the Bourbon* ST 
 
irl 
 
 till Conteittif. 1 
 
 cn.vrTEii XXVIII. 
 
 From the notnrii of |liioiin|>urlo from F.lbii, 
 
 AOB 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 41 
 
 4H 
 &l 
 
 J. 
 
 00 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 88 
 85 
 80 
 
 08 
 
 100 
 IOC 
 107 
 
 in 
 
 114 
 
 119 
 
 niAPTKH XV, 
 
 PAOI 
 . ... l!6 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 The Reign of lU-Mir 1 
 
 CHAPTER XVll. 
 
 .... 131 
 >... 138 
 
 Fl'nopR 
 
 Asl.V.— Al'UICA. — AMKKICA 
 
 ^ ^triei at ^t^nvntt 
 Witaxici, 
 
 The Ancient niitory of EOYl'T 
 
 The Ancient Ill«lory of I'KltsiA 
 
 The Ancient lllitnry of PALKSIl.NKanil, more 
 
 partlciilarlv. of tlio J k»' s 
 
 The Ancient llUtory of CHKKOK 
 
 PJ.A yTAOENETS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 TheRrlffn of IlKNItr II. t preceded hy 
 nrrvniliini on tile lllght of the Knglii 
 Turrltorv in Franco. ■>..■... 
 
 Ol.. 
 
 !.. Hi i 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 Tho Reign of IlENIiY 11. leonllnued) .. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 The Reign of Hk.nuy II. (concluded) .. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 The Rrlffn of Rif'IlAKU I. *>.■••■■>«■• 
 
 111 1 
 
 ... 118 
 .... 150 
 
 Cfte HjWtoru of ewjiTnnl 
 
 BRITISH AND llOMAX PKHIOD. 
 CHAVTER I. 
 The BrItUli and lloinnn Period— to the Sub- 
 jugatloD of the hUnd by the Shxoui 
 
 TUB HEPTARCHY. 
 CliAPTER 11. 
 
 The llrptsrchy, or the ScTcn Kingdom! of 
 
 CHAPTER XXU. 
 
 ... 1C8 •■ 
 
 CHAPTER XXIIL 
 Tho Reiirn of HcnrT III. «•• 
 
 ... 179 1)' 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 The Relsn of EDWAKD I 
 
 1 
 .... 18S ij 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV 
 
 . . . . 900 1 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 The Reign of EDWARD III 
 
 .... 2071 
 
 ASOLO.SAXOy KIX03. 
 CliAPTER V. 
 The Anslo-Sasont nflcr the DiMolullon of 
 the Heptorcliy— lUlljns of Egbert, lilheU 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 The Reign of RiciIAltU II 
 
 .... 2S0 ■' 
 
 HOUSE or L Aye ASTER. 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 Tho Reign of IlENIlY IV 
 
 •••• 230 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Relgni of Ethclbert and Ethclred 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 Tho Reign of IlENKY V 
 
 ••.. 235 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 The Reign of Uk»RY VI 
 
 ••.. 243 
 
 CHAPTER Vm. 
 Illftorr of the Anglo-Saxonf, from the Dcnih 
 of Alfred llie Great to tlio lUlgii of Edward 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 Tlie Heign of llKSEY VI. (continued). . 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 The Reign of HiiNUY VI. (concluded).. 
 
 BOUSE OF YORK. 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 The Reign of EDWAltD IV 
 
 .... 349 
 .... 256 
 
 ..•• 264 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 From the Accef.tion of Edward the Martyr to 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 The Reigni of Harold and Ilardlcanute .... 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 The Reiifn of Edward the Confcuor 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 Tho Reign of EDWARD V. 
 
 .... 272 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 The Reign of RiCUARS III ,. 
 
 w 
 >••• 277 
 
 KORMAlf LINX. 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 The Reign of William I., uiually •tyU'd 
 
 HOUSE or TUDOR. 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 The Reign of Henry VII 
 
 .... 380 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 The neign of 'Wi lli AM I. (continued) 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 The Reign of Henrt VII. (continued) 
 
 .... 285 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
ContrutiT. 
 
 ix 
 
 I'Ani 
 'TF-n XV. ' 
 
 M II 17«i 
 
 TKIl XVI. 
 
 i 131 
 
 :Kii XVII. 
 
 « 139 
 
 AOESBTS. 
 
 F.H XVIII. 
 
 1 1. 1 prccwlfil by OI>. 
 
 gilt of the KiikIuIi to 
 
 141 
 
 rER XIX. 
 
 II. (eoiitlnued) 118 
 
 TER XX. 
 
 II. (concluded) US 
 
 T.R XXI. 
 
 >I Ij9 
 
 ER XXII. 
 1G8 
 
 ER XXIIL 
 
 1 170 
 
 ER XXIV. 
 
 • I l-<3 
 
 "ER XXV 
 
 II 200 
 
 ER XXVI. 
 
 I III Su7 
 
 [r XXVII. 
 II S'^0 
 
 LAyCASTEK, I 
 
 K XXVIII. 
 
 V S3o' 
 
 R XXIX. j 
 333 
 
 R XXX. 
 It 313 
 
 a XXXI. 
 
 (continued; 219 
 
 I XXXII. 
 
 (concluded) 25S \ 
 
 F YORK. 
 XXXIII. 
 V 361; 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 273| 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 1 377 
 
 TUDOS. I 
 
 XXXVL I 
 
 380 j 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 (coottnuod) .... 285 
 
 PAoa 
 
 . 300 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 b* Rcign of ilKKUr VII. (concluded) . 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 eRclgnorilBNKY VIII 301 
 
 CHAPTER XU 
 
 • Reign of IlKNRY VIII. (continued) .... 307 
 
 CHAPTER XI.I. 
 he Reign of llENUY VIII. (concluded) . 
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 • Reign of EnWAUU VI 514 
 
 CHAPTER XI.III. 
 le Reign of Edwauu VI. (continued) .... 330 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 RctgnorMAliT 334 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 Relftn of MABY (continued) 833 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 10 Reign of Elizadetii 830 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 e Reign of ELIZABETH (continued) 338 
 
 HOUSE OF arVART. 
 CHAPTER XLVIII. 
 
 c Reign of James 1 303 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 he Reign of JAMES I. (continued) 371 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 iPbo Reign of ClIARlKS 1 370 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 ho Reign of ClIAItl.GS I. (continued) 880 
 
 CHAPTER LII. 
 he Reign of CHARLES I. (concluded) 380 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH. 
 CHAPTER LIII. 
 liB Commonwealth 303 
 
 HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 f ho Reign of Charuk.s II 400 
 
 CHAPTER I,V. 
 ^he Reign of James II 407 
 
 CHAPTER LVI, 
 I'bc Rcign of WlLLIAUlII 413 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. 
 ^he Reign of Annk 415 
 
 BOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 
 
 CHAPTER LVIII. 
 
 TheRdgnof GEORGE 1 410 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 The Reign of Geoboe II 433 
 
 CHAPTER LX. 
 The Reign of Georoe III 431 
 
 rAoi 
 . 419 
 
 CHAPTER LXt. 
 The Reign of OIOSOE III. (continued) 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. 
 The Reign of Okorob III. (continued) .... 455 
 
 CHAPTER I.XIIt. 
 The Reign of Oeoiiob III. (the RKOBitcy) .. 406 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 
 804 I The Reign of GEOKOB IV 470 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 ThoRolgnof William IV 487 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI. 
 The Reign of Victoria 405 
 
 Chapter I , sei 
 
 CHAl'TKK II 60i 
 
 ClIAfTEK III 6ti5 
 
 CHAI-TKK IV 6t)7 
 
 Chapter V 57i 
 
 ClIAPTKR VI 673 
 
 CHAl'TKK VII 577 
 
 Chai-TKK VIII 578 
 
 Chapter IX ssi 
 
 ClIAPTKU X 501 
 
 CUAl'IEU XI 693 
 
 etc I^Utary of il^catlantr. 
 
 ClIAPTBR 1 003 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 The HouM of STUART 608 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 The Reign of Mary.— Houia of Stuart .... 613 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 From the AecrtMnn of CHARLES I. to tho 
 Death of William III 013 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Tho Union of the two Kingdom* 610 
 
 The Merovingian Dynasty, or Firnt Race. 
 
 The CarloTlngian Dynatty, or Second H«cc 
 FIRST BhancU.— The Capctlne Dynasty, or 
 
 023 
 
 633 
 
 Third Race 623 
 
 Seconi> Branch.— House of Valol 624 
 
 The House of Valols- Orleans 624 
 
 House of Valols. Angiju Itme 024 
 
 Thiuu Brancil— House of Bourbon 625 
 
 THE French Revolution: 
 
 1. The Limited Monarchy 638 
 
 3. The Republican tiovernroent 628 
 
 3. The Consular GoTcmment 631 
 
 The Empire 633 
 
 The Monarchy restored 637 
 
 The Heign of Louis- I'hillppe 643 
 
 The Republic of 1H48 640 
 
 The Second F.niiii re 051 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SPAIN 053 
 
m 
 
 ContciiM. 
 
 PAnB 
 THE HISTOIIT OF I'OIITUOAL, 879 
 
 THE IU8TORT OP OKHMANT i— 
 
 AtTKTKUN KMrillK,UKItilAir 8TATICR. «(«. flHt 
 
 HiTNOAiir im 
 
 rilllRNIA TIN) 
 
 BA VAIII A <U4 
 
 llAMOVRK 7U0 
 
 THK niSTOTIT OF TIIF. HF.TIIFn. 
 liANUM, lOMriilSIKO lioi.l.AMI) AM) 
 BKLOIUM 708 
 
 THE niSTORT OF SMTOEW, DENMAIIK, 
 ANU NOHWAY. 
 
 Rn'Rlir.!f 710 
 
 Dknmaiik TH 
 
 NoiiWAv ^■i^ 
 
 THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA 738 
 
 THE UISTORT OF POLAND 713 
 
 THE HISTORY v>F 8WITZERLAN1>... 
 THE HISTORY OF ITALY 
 
 751 
 
 756 
 
 THE HISTORY OF VENICE 773 
 
 Papal Rohr, or the Sistoi of the Church.. 7R1 
 
 The Hlitorjr of Naples 7Ht 
 
 Sicily ThiI 
 
 The lllatorrof SahIUNIA 7H7 
 
 The lilnnd of SAUOINIA THS 
 
 OKlfOA 788 
 
 Cljr ^alrtrn ^J^iiStari) at 
 
 rnAFTRIt 1 780 
 
 CllAl'IKU II 701 
 
 THE MODERN HISTORY OF PERSIA.. 801 
 
 THE HISTORY OF ARABIA 805 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE OTTOMAN OR 
 TUHKISU EMPIRE 810 
 
 THE niRTORY OP THE JEWS. — RUIe 
 of the Jews •liico the Dritructlon of Jcru- 
 
 •Ah4n 810 
 
 AUMBNIA H'2I 
 
 AUIANIA 831 
 
 THE MODERN HISTORY OF EGYPT, 
 
 WITH .SYKIA 833 
 
 ALKXANDKIA 830 
 
 ANTIUCU 837 
 
 THE HISTORY OF INDIA 83d 
 
 C^e Witoi'V at C^inn. 
 
 rvi 
 
 rnAmtn i 
 
 CllAl'TKH II M 
 
 ClIAI'TICK III N 
 
 ClIAITKH IV n- 
 
 ClIAI'TKII V. ,1.. H 
 
 ClIArTKU VI K 
 
 ClIAI'TKII VII N.{ 
 
 ClIAl-TKU VIII H<,i\ 
 
 THE HISTORY OF JAPAN 
 
 CTje €nit hUtln Jii\m\si, 
 
 CKYI.oy 
 
 8UMATI1A 
 
 PiiiNiK or Wai.kh's Imlam) 
 
 Java 
 
 DillINKO 
 
 IIIK MOLI'C'L'AN, oil SI'ICK ls|,AMl!l 
 TlIK MANDA, oh M'TMKn liHI.AMiS . 
 
 TiiK Piiu.irri.NK I.SI.AMIS 
 
 THE BARHARY STATES , 
 ALOIUIIS 
 
 hi' 
 
 1": 
 
 
 Cbe '^iitavn at ^mcrfr.i. 
 
 TiiR Umtrd STATES f*:r 
 
 MKXICO X' 
 
 CA.NAUA Hull 
 
 SOUTH AMF.RICA. 
 
 PrrH 8M <j 
 
 CHILI R" 
 
 BlIA/ll 8'&.\ 
 
 TIIK UKiTiii.io OK La Plata, ok Unitbd 
 
 PKOVINCtS P!> ' 
 
 COLOMUIA HM 
 
 Bolivia H' 
 
 GUIAMA e.i 
 
 (Somttime$ eulliii tht Archiptlago (^f tht IIViL) 
 Cl'IIA 8 '> 
 
 Hayti, ok St, Dominoo >*•'< 
 
 PoliTO-Hico H:iri^ 
 
 BAKnAI>OI£,S H.I 
 
 St. CIIKlSTOfllKK'8, ok ST. KlTT'8 H> 
 
 ANTIOUA H'H < 
 
 Jamaica hi>4' 
 
 MAIITl.Nlql'K 8t<!)| 
 
 UUADALOL'l'B t'OUj 
 
 ST. LlCIA IHUi 
 
 ST. Vincent (••ili 
 
 Dominica Onij 
 
 CiKKNADA ))I>'J j 
 
 TlllNIDAU 0<>]; 
 
 1'OIIAaO 0(1} 
 
 TIIK BAHAMAS 0U3 
 
 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA AND 
 POLYNESIA. 
 
 Ar.STRALIA eo4j 
 
 Nk\y Holland )«>i 
 
 Nkw Zkaland I'07 
 
 i.AnitoNK.s, OK Makiannb Islands i)08 1 
 
 Fkikndly Islands Wi\ 
 
 SOCIKTY IsLANI'S i*08 I 
 
 SADDWICU ISLANDS Wi | 
 
 ICELAND ..^^ 911 
 
 OREENLANI) ^m^. 012 
 
 INDEX OlS 
 
law o( €l}im. 
 
 r\o>| 
 
 . M.Vl 
 K, 
 »:: 
 K. 
 HO 
 80iJ 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 hxtsin MnnXitt. 
 
 tSLAMl, 
 
 Sl'lCK iM.ANtiS .... H 
 fMKO Isl.AMl.S H- 
 
 *N»>S h; ^ 
 
 ATES 
 
 871 
 
 y at ^mcvitn. 
 
 AMF.mCA. 
 
 I'LATA, Oil UmtBO 
 
 Bin 
 
 81.; 
 
 rchlpelngo of tht Wttl.) 
 
 SI 
 
 |>0 H,-, 
 
 HW 
 
 H'.iTl 
 
 ST. KlTT'8 8.; I 
 
 81HJ 
 
 «us! 
 
 8i>;<J 
 
 Imu ; 
 
 IHIlo 
 
 0(11" 
 
 fitiSi 
 
 (Mij : 
 
 O'lJ' 
 
 OdJ 
 
 9yj 
 
 STRAMA AND 
 \SIA. 
 
 804! 
 
 ti(>4 
 
 ; (KI7 
 
 Islands 008 
 
 ' 003 
 
 ' HOd 
 
 909 j 
 
 Oil 
 
 PI2 
 
 013 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 HISTORICAL, CHRONOLOOICAL, AND OEOQRAFUICAL. 
 
 —o*- 
 
 iSTonT miiy bo stHdlrd from two mo- 
 os. It nmy be rcRardcd as simply tlio 
 ■ord of human action, In which man 
 self Is the only agent ; or It may bo 
 _k(xl upon 08 tho fleltl in which wo 
 list find our ovldcnco for tho action of 
 IJlvlno Power In the world. Tho end 
 ay bo different, but tho process must in 
 \\ case bo tho samo. No conclusions 
 ,n bo drawn except from a^certalnwl 
 ts ; henco tho first duty of tho hla- 
 rlun is to aim moro and moro at tho 
 ibsoluto truth of facts. No history is 
 holly without valuo. Tho monotonous 
 ihronlclea of Eastern despotisms, tho 
 aguo traditions of savago races, all wld 
 our knowlodgo of tho human mind 
 ,nd to tlio stores from which experience 
 raws her practical lessons. But it is 
 possible for any one man to examine 
 lly so vast a field. A complete and 
 iccurato knowledge of some dofinito por- 
 tion of it can bo obtained with little 
 le?8 than tho labour of a lifetlmo : and 
 he method of study becomes therefore at 
 cast as important na the results which 
 re to bo gained by it. 
 It is clear then, that In order to study 
 ny history with profit, we must be able 
 distinguish truth from falsehood, and 
 |to determine precisely what degree of 
 cpondenco may bo placed on tho records 
 hich wo may be studying. Tho history 
 f olmost every nation begins with lo- 
 !gend; and tho first question to bo on- 
 |Bwer«Kl Is, whether wo can determine 
 where authentic history begins, or how 
 ar the two streams may be intermingled, 
 b treat ony period, about which wo 
 [confess uiirselvcs uncertain, as though it 
 wore strictly historical, is mere waste of 
 time. If we have reason to believe that 
 a large amount of fiction enters Into the 
 early history of Rome, we manifestly 
 gain nothing by speaking of any given 
 acts of Romulus or Numa as belonging 
 to real history. If tho tale of tho Trojan 
 war cannot bo depended on, then wo 
 cannot make use of it to explain tho 
 later political condition of historical 
 Greece. And few things can be moro 
 
 mischievous than to tiiVo tho legendnry 
 and authentic history of any people, and 
 to treat tho former as only less satiH- 
 factory and certain than tho latter. If 
 we can give no sufficient evidence for the 
 truth of any facts, we cannot bo sure of 
 tho ground on which wo tread, and ran 
 have no warrant for any conclusion! 
 which we may draw from them. 
 
 History, then, alms simply at the tnith 
 of facts. It does not ok to establish 
 any foregone conclusion, and it subject* 
 every narrative to the same dlsiiassionatc 
 and indifferent criticism. The historian 
 may have the strongest conviction;* • but, 
 if ho really understands his of!lco, ho 
 will never twist a fact to supiiort a fa- 
 vourite theory, or suppress tho know- 
 letlge of it because he feara that it may 
 not tell on his own side. 
 
 It follows further, that all history must 
 bo treated in tho samo way and bo sub- 
 jected to tho same tests; and thus wo 
 get at the great criterion by which we 
 may distinguish what is uncertain from 
 that which is trustworthy. Tho tcsti- 
 mcmy of contemiwrary witnesses is tho 
 indispensable condition of genuine lils- 
 tory. Nothing less than this Is accepted 
 as adequate c\ idcnce for any fact of 
 modem times: nothing less than this 
 can bo sufficient proof of facts recorded 
 in ancient tradition. Tbe stories of 
 Greek chieftains and Roman kings must 
 be submitted to precisely the same critl 
 clsm with tho events of yesterday. Tho 
 early history of Rome or Greece must be 
 examined ' by the samo rules of evidence 
 which are applied by common consent to 
 modem history,' and tried ' by tho tests 
 by which the reality of modem facts is 
 determined.' 
 
 The result of this process in the early 
 history of Rome is to destroy the general 
 cretlibillty of the narrative previous to 
 the commencement of the Punic wars. 
 If we are startled with having to part 
 with much which wo had been disposed 
 to regard as veritable history, our regret 
 will bo lessoned by the thought that to 
 determine the limits of our knowledge ia 
 
I 
 
 xu 
 
 |3rrltmtimri} Obstrrfinttontr, 
 
 really to incrcnno it. We know more, 
 and not less, if wo can show that a given 
 fact, of which' at tho best we could not 
 be certain, never took place at all. 
 
 The test of contemporary evidence 
 must bo applied with imjiartial strictness 
 to all history ; and its application enables 
 us at once to guard against many errors 
 which other^viso it would bo difficult to 
 avoid. Ilencc wo learn — 
 
 1, That n written narrative la not 
 more trustworthy than oral tradition, 
 unless it rests on such evidence. When 
 tho Homeric poems were reduced to 
 writing, they did not become more his- 
 torical than they were before. But fur- 
 ther, wo see — 
 
 2. That all monuments of whatever 
 kind must be judged precisely by the 
 same rule with all written narratives. 
 
 Thus we cannot prove any event of a 
 time anterior to contemporary history 
 on the e'idcncc of memorials which are 
 alleged to belong to that time. This 
 rule applies to monuments of victories 
 and conquests. Herodotus saw in Thrace 
 certain pillars which proved to him that 
 Sesostris haii penetrated into that coun- 
 try ; they proved in reality neither this 
 fact nor even the historical existence of 
 Sesostris. If these monuments contain 
 inscriptions, then, as Mr. Grote has right- 
 ly insisted, it is necessary to ascertain 
 whether the inscribcr had nn adequate 
 knowledge of the facts which he records, 
 and whether or not there may be reason 
 to suspect misrepresentation.* Hero- 
 dotus himself speaks of false inscriptions 
 and forged memorials. There were tombs 
 raised at riataeae to the warriors of Greek 
 states which were not represented at tho 
 battle. Nothing more can be needed to 
 set us on our guard against putting im- 
 plicit trust in monuments which arc sup- 
 posed to have been raised even before the 
 dawn of contemporary history. 
 
 This rule applies also to genealogical 
 lists. At Athens, at Rome, and elsewhere 
 there were lists of kings and magistrates, 
 Bome of which came down to times in 
 which the fact of their contemporary re- 
 gistration can be proved. Many families 
 also had pedigrees which they traced to 
 tho commencement of their tnulitional 
 history. It is certain that Leonidos was 
 king of Sparta at the time of the Tersian 
 Invasion ; but this fact cannot prove the 
 historical existence of the son of Her- 
 cules from whom ho held himself to 
 have descended. It is as certain that 
 the historian Hecatteus was a real person, 
 as that Herodotus was a real person ; 
 
 • Hillary of Greece, vol. ii. p. 5t>: loo alio 
 Cox'i T<il» q/tht Grtat Periian War, p. S84. 
 
 but llecatnjus CKhibited a genealogy in 
 which Ills sixteenth progenitor was a 
 god. At some point, tlvcrcforc, in tlii; 
 pedigree fnblc must take the place of his- ' 
 tory ; but we cannot determine the point 
 with certainty. Hecatseus must have 
 known the names of his father and 
 grandfather, and perhaps his knowledge 
 may have extended a few stages further; 
 but wo approach no nearer towards pro- 
 ving the genealogy as a whole. Nor 
 must it bo forgotten, that it was precise- 
 ly this divine origin which gave it value 
 in the eyes of Hecataeu.^, while with us it 
 brings it most into susjiicion. The Athe- 
 nian archons in the time of the Pelopon- 
 nesian war are unquestionably historical ; 
 but tho earlier names, we must, in Mr. 
 Grote's words, ' take as wo find them, 
 without being able either to warrant 
 the whole or to separate tho false from 
 the true.'* Most of these lists are traced 
 back to a divine or superhuman origina- 
 tor ; and the creation of such beings w.is 
 an irresistible temptation to the Greek 
 mind. Thus every race, every tribe, cvcy 
 town had its eponymtis, who was simiily 
 a personification of their respective 
 names. Dorus and Ton are mere em- 
 bodiments of tho Dorian and Ionian 
 races. Tlie Ottoman Turks perhaps 
 alone can boost of a really historical ep- 
 onymus in Othman. 
 
 A people may, however, possess a liter- 
 ature long before they have any history, 
 Tho Homeric poems were written, as 
 Herodotus believed, about four hundred 
 years before his own lifetime. They de- 
 scribe a series of events of which it is of 
 course both possible and easy to give a 
 plausible account. Tho history which 
 Thucydides gives of the Trojan war is to 
 all appearance quite as trustworthy ba 
 any narrative of the wars of Napoleon ; 
 but no other evidence can be brought 
 to prove the fact of this war than the 
 poems themselves, and in them things 
 human and divine are inextricably inter- 
 mingled. Wc cannot get rid of what is 
 marvellous and incre<liblo without de- 
 stroying tho very groundwork of tho 
 story. But if we can place no reliance 
 on tho events recorded, there are other 
 aspects in which these poems may be re- 
 garded as really historical. They descrilx; 
 unquestionably a real state of society ; 
 and we may accept all tne details of that 
 description as faithful and true. Hence 
 we get at facts which are really histori- 
 cal, and of more or less importance. 
 Thus we learn that a society which in- 
 volved much of the idea of feudalism 
 
 « Ilittory o/Gretct, vol. U, p. 67. 
 
hibitcd a pciicalopry in 
 ntli progenitor wiu'^ a 
 )int, tlicrcfore, fn tlii< 
 St take the place of Ins- 
 lot determine the point 
 
 Hecatasus must Imve 
 cs of his father nnd 
 perhaps his knowlodpc 
 li a few stages further; 
 10 nearer towards pro- 
 sry as a whole. Nor 
 en, that it was precise- 
 In which gave it value 
 itaeua, while with us it 
 
 suspicion. TheAthe- 
 e time of the Pelopon- 
 uestionably historical ; 
 mes, wo must, in Mr 
 iko na wo find themi 
 le either to warrant 
 parato the falsa from 
 t these lists are traced 
 
 superhuman origina- 
 on of such beings was 
 ptation to the Greek 
 •ace, every tribe, evcy 
 mus, who was simi)Iy 
 
 of their respcctivo 
 i Ion are mere cm- 
 
 Dorian and Ionian i 
 nan Turks perhaps | 
 a really historical ep- ^ 
 
 wever, possess a liter. 
 
 ley have any history, 
 ns were written, as 
 
 about four hundred ^i, 
 lifetime. They do- 
 
 ^nts of which it is of 
 and easy to give a 
 
 The history which 
 
 the Trojan war is to 
 OS trustworthy as 
 
 wars of Napoleon ; 
 
 CO can be brought 
 this war than the 
 
 rid in them things 
 inextricably inter- 
 pet rid of what is 
 
 edible without de- 
 
 roundwork of the 
 place no reliance 
 
 wl, there are othtsr 
 poems may be re- 
 
 leal. TheydescrilH! 
 state of society ; 
 tne details of that 
 and true. Hence 
 are really histori- 
 less importance, 
 society which in- 
 
 idea of feiidalism 
 
 , vol. il, p. 67. 
 
 ^iitatituXf C^roitaIaQtc<il» mxts <SeaornjpIj{CAl. xiii 
 
 ent before that which we find in exist- 
 ace t- the beginning of contemporary 
 ■reek lilstory ; and we learn that the 
 indition of women had bctm something 
 ■ry different from that which it was at 
 fthcns in the days of rericles. The fact 
 the change is proved ; but we cannot 
 course determine the date with any ex- 
 itness. Tiie same evidence tiufflces to 
 •ove many local facts. The huge walls 
 I Tiryns and Myccnaa may be seen at 
 le present day ; when wo find Homer 
 Daking of their size and scrength, we 
 jow that they must have been built be- 
 ire the composition of those poems was 
 lished. Sometimes a solitary fact of 
 srsonal history stands out in an age of 
 lich we have no other contemporary 
 iords. We cannot doubt the fact that 
 10 father of the poet Hesiod removed 
 im the JEolic Cuma3 to Ascra in Ban)- 
 ; but the fact is of no great value in 
 (lation to other facts. Yet these poems 
 ive an historical character as showing 
 the progress or change of feeling 
 id society in some generation subae- 
 lent to the Homeric ago. In the same 
 iy the songs of Tyrtoeus are sufficient 
 idence for the fact of a Messcnian war, 
 Ithough they do not enable us to fix its 
 kte or to verify its incidents. In the 
 ince of any other tradition the poems 
 Solon would show that he urged on 
 le Athenians to the conquest of Salamis. 
 But, further, mythology itself may be 
 made to furnish strictly historical re- 
 ilts ; and these results may be carried 
 en to a more distant day by the ana- 
 sis of language. If we find in the Ho- 
 leric poems and in the Scandinavian 
 :a3 the groundwork of precisely the 
 le story with details of n very different 
 laracter, we learn at once that Greeks 
 id Scandinavians belong to the same 
 I, and that these two portions of that 
 lily separated after that story was 
 trmeiil, but before the details which now 
 listingulsh It were produced by the 
 Itered conditions of their lil • in the de- 
 ilate regions of the North and the genial 
 'alleys of Greece. We learn from a com- 
 larison of these poems and traditions 
 ith those contained in the Yedas pre- 
 lisely how their mythology grew up ; 
 id we are enabled also to prove that 
 ;his result waa inevitable. The personal 
 lings of Greek mythology are in many 
 Instances mere names in the Vedaa. 
 lus and Jupiter are In the latter simply 
 ;he sky, and Daphne and Procrls are still 
 [only the Dawn and the Dew. Hence we 
 in assert without any doubt that these 
 [words point to a time when the great 
 Aryan family was undivided, and prove 
 
 that these personifications arose simply 
 from the fact that the Hellenic race, 
 when divided from the old stock, had 
 cither wholly or In part forgotten the 
 meaning of the words.* 
 
 We can go back yet a few steps further, 
 and show the condition of thought which 
 led men to form that language which 
 issued out In the mythology of Europe. 
 We can point, as a matter of fact, to a 
 time when men had no Idea of a fixed 
 order of seasons, and when they attri- 
 buted to all objects in the natural world 
 the same conscious existence with them- 
 selves. These results may be extended 
 Indefinitely, and the analysis may bo 
 carried out with great minuteness. Thus 
 the English and German words for s?ioe 
 is the same ; the terms for stocking are 
 different. It is clear that the separation 
 of the German and English races took 
 place after they were actiuainted with the 
 use of shoes but before they had any 
 knowledge of stockings. 
 
 If however in all this we get at a 
 certain historical order, we cannot in 
 many cases supply the connection, and in 
 none can we venture to assign any defi- 
 nite date. The results obtained by the 
 sciences of Philology and Comparative 
 Mythology are invaluable, but they 
 cannot enable us to draw up any detailed 
 history of the people whoso real existence 
 they indisputably prove. Such u narra- 
 tive can be written only where we have 
 the actual testimony of contemporary 
 witnesses. 
 
 The limits bo laid down may appear to 
 be very narrow. They are In reality 
 wider than they seem to be. In strictness 
 of speech Herodotus was not contempo- 
 rary with any part of the history which 
 he has given to us ; but he received a 
 large if not the larger portion of it from 
 men who had personal knowledge of the 
 e\ ents of which they spoke. A record to 
 some degree authentic may be preserved 
 by oral tradition for perhaps three 
 generations. It Is a remark of Mallet, 
 quoted by Sir G. C. Lewis,! ' that among 
 the common class of mankind a son re- 
 members lifts father, knows something 
 about his grandfather ,but never bestows a 
 thought on his more remote progenitors.' 
 It may be no unreasonable assumption 
 that a knowledge of public affairs would 
 bo preserved with tolerable faithfulness 
 for a somewhat longer time, although 
 there is no guarantee for endless changes 
 of detail in oral tradition, unless it Is 
 
 « See Cox'i Talu o/lht Oodt and Herou, Intro- 
 duction. 
 
 t Credibility of Early Soman SiHory, toL I 
 p. 98. 
 
MPM 
 
 !^'l 
 
 I 
 
 {I- 
 
 i t ' 
 il 
 
 ! 
 
 
 XIV 
 
 ^3rcltmtnary ^biexhntian^^ 
 
 thrown into a metrical form as in the 
 Homeric poems, or preserved by a priest- 
 ly caste in an inviolable order as the 
 prose Vedoa have been preserved by the 
 Brahraans. 
 
 It is obvious that one age may bo 
 strictly historical in one country which 
 may be either partially or even quite 
 legendary in anotlur. The time of 
 Pericles is as well known to us as that of 
 Pitt and Burke ; but we can speak with 
 no certainty of the course of the Gaulish 
 invaders who are said to have burnt 
 Home long after the close of the Pelo- 
 IHjnnesian war. 
 
 "While, however, it must be admitted 
 that every age wliich possesses contem- 
 porary writers has an equal claim to be 
 rogardal as historal, the history of all is 
 not alike important. To measure the 
 degree of importance belonging to each 
 is of the greatest moment. Time spent 
 on those portions which are of little 
 value may be rewarded by a cumbrous 
 learning, but not by a practical and 
 serviceable knowledge. Thus the chron- 
 icles of Eastern despotisms are almost 
 worthless when compared with the 
 living liistory of Greece and Rome. The 
 former brings before us a history al- 
 most unbroken in its monotony, with 
 no radical advancement, and little even 
 of outward change. The latter presents 
 to us the developement of a social and 
 political life with which that of all 
 European nations is inseparably connect- 
 ed down to the present day. The freedom 
 of the individual Athenian citizen, the 
 absolute supremacy of Roman law over 
 all personal taste and feeling, were 
 indispensable antecedents to the present 
 character of Englishmen. 
 
 Through every portion of history, then, 
 there runs a direct connection. We 
 cannot ignore this in any part without 
 injuring our comprehension of the whole. 
 The political developement of Assyrians, 
 Babylonians, and Egyptians may be 
 utterly different from that of Greece and 
 Rome; but the forms were brought 
 directly into conflict at Marathon and 
 Platseae, and we cannot understand the 
 one without a fair acquaintance with the 
 other. Still for historical readets in 
 general the time spent on the history of 
 Egypt and Persia should bo but short 
 compared with that which ho should 
 devote to the history of the Western 
 world whether heathen or Christian. 
 For to us the history of Greece and Rome 
 is really modem; and the distinction 
 which severs them is merely arbitrary. 
 The modern history of China is removed 
 from our own by an immeasurably greater 
 
 interval than that which separates us 
 from the Rome of Cicero and the Athens 
 of Socrates, But the connection is not 
 only intellectual. The law of Rome has 
 superseded or modified that of the more 
 vigorous races with which she came 
 into contact in the days of her decline, 
 Christianity itself is still practically the 
 religion of the old Roman empire ; aii.l 
 from her art and architecture have 
 sprung the art and architecture of Chris- 
 tendom. 
 
 All that can be said, then, in favour of 
 historical divisions is that they are in 
 practice more or less necessary ; and that 
 they may be useful as long as we do not 
 take them for real barriers between 
 periods which were separated by no such 
 gulf in reality. Thus if we speak of tlw 
 fall of the Western empire in A. d. 47(1. 
 we have to remember that the empire hail 
 been permanently divided since the dav 
 of Constantino, that the abdication "ni 
 Augustulus gave Avay only to the real 
 sovereignty of Odoacer, and that the 
 victories of Justinian once again united 
 the empire wldch is said to have fallen 
 when Odoacer displaced the representa- 
 tive of the ancient Ca^sara. It cannot bo 
 asserted too strongly • that history is to 
 bo studied as a whole, and according to 
 its philosophical divisions, not such as nro 
 merely geographical and chronological ;' 
 and ' that the history of Greece ami 
 Rome is not an idle enquiry about 
 remote ages and forgotten institution?, 
 but a living picture of things present, 
 fitted not so much for the curiosity of the 
 scholar as for the instruction of the 
 statesman and the citizen.' The history 
 of the Eastern world may engross tlie 
 attention of those who can afford to 
 give it; by those who cannot, they 
 should be studied only so far as they bear 
 on that intellectual and moral growth 
 of Greece and Rome which has left its 
 lasting impression on the civilisation of 
 Christendom. 
 
 THE DIVISIONS OF HISTORY. 
 
 If then we can draw no sharp chrono- 
 logical barriers between any one age and | 
 those which precede or follow it, it is ne- 
 cessary to define very distinctly what we I 
 mean by such divisions as those of [ 
 Ancient and Modem History. The di- 
 vision is worthless, if by it we mean! 
 that all beyond a certain time belongs to { 
 a world which has wholly passed away. 
 It is diflBcult to determine precisely the ' 
 amount of influence which Greek thought 
 and Roman law exercise on the society 
 of the present day ; and one condition of 
 
 Blety 
 |uch bl 
 ernaq 
 netoi 
 roic al 
 nolf 
 er til 
 bhies] 
 iginl 
 r whol 
 Bter 
 I regal 
 ith^ 
 thl 
 
 BS Wl| 
 
 Eed 
 beer 
 
|g (Star teal, C^roualOfifcnT, ants 6ro0rnt)i){(aT. xv 
 
 t which separates us 
 Cicero and the Athens 
 tho connection la not 
 The law of Rome has 
 lifted that of the more 
 th which she came 
 B days of her decline, 
 is still practically the 
 1 Roman empire ; niii 
 id architecture have 
 architecture of Chri^■ 
 
 aid, then, In favour of 
 
 i ia that they are in 
 
 ss necessary; and that 
 
 I as long as we do not 
 
 eal barriers between 
 
 ) separated by no audi 
 
 lus if we speak of the 
 
 1 empire in A. n. 47i;. 
 
 er that the empire liul 
 
 divided since the day- 
 
 lat the abdication of 
 
 way only to the r( al 
 
 ioooer, and that th< 
 
 ian once again unitm 
 
 ia said to have falh n 
 
 )laced the represent :i- 
 
 Caesara. It cannot i' 
 
 ■ly • that history is tu 
 
 lole, and according to 
 
 isions, not such as nro 
 
 J and chronological ;' 
 
 itory of Greece ami 
 
 idle enquiry about 
 
 rgotten institution?, 
 
 ire of things present, 
 
 |or the curiosity of the 
 
 instruction of tlic 
 
 itizen.' The history 
 
 Id may engross tlic 
 
 who can afford to 
 
 who cannot, they 
 
 y BO far as they bear 
 
 and moral growth 
 
 8 which has left its 
 
 n the civilisation of 
 
 OF HISTORY. 
 
 ^w no sharp chrono- 
 en any one age and | 
 or follow it, it is ne- 
 distinctly what we I 
 ions as those of | 
 History. The di- 
 I if by it we mean] 
 lain time belongs to { 
 yhoUy passed away, 
 line precisely the ' 
 Ihich Greek thought 
 |cise on the society 
 ad one condition of 
 
 -clety is removed from another not so 
 Such by.periods of time as by its own 
 ternal character. It may be partially 
 tie to speak of the society of the Greek 
 roic ages as ancient to us ; but the term 
 11 not apply to the history of Greece 
 jer the Persian War. Eastern mon- 
 Uiies preserve throughout the same un- 
 mging characteristics ; and, as stand- 
 r wholly apart from the civilisation of 
 jstem Europe, may in a certain sense 
 [regarded as ancient In comparison 
 I the latter. But it must be remem- 
 Ji that Greece and Rome and the na- 
 ts which they have influenced never 
 Ised through that condition which 
 been stereotyped in Oriental despo- 
 
 liit while we speak of Greek and Ro- 
 il Ilistorj' as in one sense really mod- 
 i,we do not mean that their national 
 represents in all its elements the so- 
 5y to which we belong. If by Modern 
 ;ory we mean the history of national 
 tence which is not yet extinct, then 
 Fall of the Western Empire becomes 
 ■ue division and enables us to define 
 essential distinction which separates 
 ages which go before from those 
 Ich follow it. The national life of 
 itonic and Celtic Europe dates from 
 convulsions which rent asunder the 
 lire of the Cassars. Dr. Arnold has 
 ight out this distinction most forcibly 
 , ^ Inaugural Lecture on Modern His- 
 tea/jf. ' In our own island we see this 
 numb clearly : our history clearly begins 
 the coming over of the Saxons : the 
 ns and Romans had lived in our 
 itry, but they are not our fathers : 
 are connected with them as men in- 
 ,, but, nationally speaking, the his- 
 of Caesar's invasion has no more to 
 [with us than the natural history of 
 animals which then inhabited our 
 its. We, this great English nation, 
 jse race and language are now over- 
 ^ning the earth from one end of it 
 |the other,— we were bom when the 
 Ite horse of the Saxon had established 
 dominion from the Tweed to the Ta- 
 So far we can trace our blood, our 
 iguage, the name and actual divisions 
 jour country, the beginnings of some 
 [our institutions. So far our national 
 itity extends, so far history is modern, 
 it treats of a life which was then, 
 . is not yet extinguished. 
 And if we cross the channel, what is 
 cose with our great neighbour nation 
 France? Roman Gaul had existed 
 ice the Christian era: the origin of 
 lltic Gaul is older than history : but 
 ice and Frenchmen came into being 
 
 when the Franks established themselves 
 west of the Rhine. Not that before that 
 period the fathers of the majority of the 
 actual French people were living on the 
 Elbe or the Saal ; for the Franks were 
 numerically few, and throughout the 
 south of France the population is pro- 
 dominantly, and much more than pre- 
 dominantly, of Gallo-Roman origin. 
 But Clovis and his Germans struck root 
 so deeply, and their institutions wrought 
 such changes, that the identity of France 
 cannot be carried back beyond their in- 
 vasion ; the older elements no doubt have 
 helped greatly to characterise the exist- 
 ing nation ; but they cannot be said by 
 themselves to be that nation. 
 
 • The essential character, then, of Mod- 
 cm History appears to bo this — that it 
 treats of national life still in existence : 
 it commences with that period in which 
 all the great elements of the existing 
 state of things had met together ; so that 
 subsequent changes, great as they have 
 been, have only combined or disposed 
 these same elements differently : they 
 have added to them no new one. By the 
 great elements of nationality I mean 
 race, language, institutions, and religion : 
 and it will be seen that throughout Eu- 
 rope all these four may be traced up, If 
 not actually in every case to the fall of 
 the Western empire, yet to the dark pe- 
 riod which followed that fall, while in no 
 case are all the four to be found imited 
 before it.'* 
 
 The division of Ancient History into 
 two parts, the fabulous and the historic, 
 must be dismissed as being at least super- 
 fluous. Where we cannot bring for facts 
 tho same kind of evidence which would 
 be required to prove any fact in our own 
 day, the period to which those facts are 
 referred becomes to ua so far not his- 
 torical at all. No age can be strictly 
 considered such for which we have not 
 the witness of contemporary ^vrite^s; 
 but, with certain restrictions, oral tradi- 
 tion may be expected to preserve a tol- 
 erably faithful account of events for two 
 or three generations. Hence some ages 
 may be regarded as partially historical : 
 and the task of sifting in these that 
 which is legendary from that which may 
 be accepted as true becomes the arduous 
 task of the critical historian. Hence it 
 is impossible to say when the Historic 
 Age begins. We can but lay down cer- 
 tain dates as approximate, remembering 
 at the same time that they are nothing 
 more. The history of Egypt, Assyria, 
 and Persia may be held to assume some- 
 
 * Z<(<Nr«t OH Uodtm History, p. 35. 
 

 XVI 
 
 tSrelimfnars <Blbitthntiattiit 
 
 thing like an authentic character when 
 it comes into contact with that of West- 
 em Europe. The two kinds of evidence 
 which are alleged in favour of the former 
 do not in truth tell us much. The long 
 series of astronomical observations which 
 they are said to have possessed cannot be 
 verified without some real knowledge of 
 their political history ; and in the case of 
 Eg3rpt we cannot be said to possess this 
 before the opening up of the country to 
 Greek commerce in the days of Psam- 
 metichus. The statements which tell us 
 that the God Belus taught the Syrians 
 astronomy, or that the Chaldseon obser- 
 vations extended over three or four or 
 five hundred thousand years, are for us 
 practically useless. The statements of 
 Greek writers, on the antiquity of the 
 Egyptian people, oome to no more than 
 this, that in their time they had amassed 
 a store of astronomical observations, 
 that they had a calendar scarcely so ac- 
 curate as the Greek, and that they used 
 sun-dials for the notation of time. In the 
 same way nothing can be made of the 
 lists of Egyptian dynasties. In the first 
 place it must be said that they are mere 
 lists, many of the names having no no- 
 tices attached to them, while the notices 
 of others tell us nothing. Four writers of 
 different times have left us an outline of 
 the whole or of parts of Egyptian history. 
 If their accounts are to some extent con- 
 sistent after the rise of Psammetichus, 
 before that time they are utterly irre- 
 concilable. There remains the further 
 evidence of the hieroglyphical inscrip- 
 Mons ; but it is, to say the least, very 
 difficult to determine what amount of 
 trust can be placed on them, even grant- 
 ing that they have been rightly deci- 
 phered ; and of the methods adopted by 
 baron Bunsen in his reconstruction of 
 Egyptian history, it may be enough to 
 remark that they are not those which 
 would be accepted as satisfactory in the 
 treatment of modem history. The re- 
 cent discoveries of Assyrian inscriptions 
 do not place us on surer grounds. ' Pro- 
 fessor Bawlinson aflQrms, indeed, that 
 each fresh discovery has tended to au- 
 thenticate the chronology of Berosus; 
 but the narrative of Berosus is only one 
 of many versions which might just as 
 reasonably be thought to relate to differ- 
 ent times and countries ; and his his- 
 torioal method is stamped by the fact 
 that he assigned 432,000 years to the 
 antediluvian kings.' * The Persian dis- 
 coveries stand on a very different footing, 
 bat the most Important of them refer to 
 
 » MdMwrgh Snitw, July 1863, p. 109. 
 
 events of which some account hasbi *& 
 preserved to us by Greek writers; aj »J 
 thus they mutually throw light on eac H 
 other. Thus, the authentic continuoiv^l 
 history of these countries does not extend 
 beyond the time when they came intcl 
 contact with those nations whose con-f 
 temporary records have been handcil 
 down to us. 
 
 The commencement of the real hlston^ 
 of Greece, Mr. Grote * fixes at the first 
 recorded Olympiad, or 776 b.o. : but hi 
 is careful to add, that in reality * hu- 
 torical records, properly so called, do no; 
 begin till long after this date ; ncr wii: 
 any nan, who candidly considers the ei 
 treme paucity of attested facts for tw 
 centuries after 776 b.c. be astonished t 
 learn that the state of Greece in 900, lOO 
 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400 B.C.— or niiv 
 earlier century which it may please chrcl 
 nologists to include in their computci 
 genealogies — cannot be described, to hjul 
 on anything like decent evidence.' 
 
 In the history of Bome, the element c 
 uncertainty, if not of mere fable, comcl 
 down to a much later time. The elal.i 
 rate enquiry of sir Comewall Lewis int|j 
 the credibility of early Eoman histor 
 has brought him to the conclusions tlia 
 no well-grounded trust can be placed oa 
 the accounts of the first 450 years aftcl 
 the alleged date of the founding of tl;| 
 city. He finds that we are accompanioi ' 
 by native contemporary authors, fron 
 the termination of the republican perio: 
 at the death of Pompey, back to the com* 
 mencement of the Gallic war in the 62!)ii 
 year of the city, or 225 B.C., • that witl 
 an allowable latitude of constructiorJ 
 this period may be extended to 216 yeanl 
 up to the commencement of the fir 
 Punic war, in the 490th year of the cityl 
 or 264 B.C. ; and that, if we call in tlifl 
 assistance of the contemporary Grecli| 
 writers, we moy mount as far back aii 
 233 years, to the 473rd year of the citTl 
 or 281 B.C., when Pyrrhus landed iil 
 Italy, and the Bomans came for the firJ 
 time into conflict with an army of Greeksl 
 Beyond this time the history as handed! 
 down to us by Livy and other writerjl 
 is full of contradictions, in which wl 
 have no legitimate grounds for prefer! 
 ring any one version to another. 
 
 Speaking generally, therefore, we mayl 
 be said to have an authentic Roman hij'| 
 tory for nearly 800 years before the Chris.| 
 tian era, while that of Greece extends tol 
 about 660 years b.o. The nature of thel 
 evidence renders it Impossible to lajl 
 down more precise limits. 
 
 • Biitory (ifOreee*, toI. 1. p. «t. jm efac«. 
 
some account hasbl! S'| 
 by Greek writers ; dl U 
 ily throw light on eat U 
 B authentic continnoiVal 
 juntriesdoes not extencL,! 
 when they came intcW 
 Be nations whose con-f ! 
 Is have been handw 
 
 nent of the real history 
 rote* fixes at the fir- 
 id, or 776 b.o. : but 1, 
 , that in reality • hi* 
 •operly so called, do no: . 
 ter this date ; ncr tvil 
 ttdidly oonsidefs the ej 
 attested facts for tw 
 6 B.C. be astonished t' 
 e of Greece in 900,10(1 
 •0, 1400 B.C.— or fii! 
 lich it may please clir. , 
 ude in their compute- 
 lot be described, to bii " 
 lecent evidence.' 
 if Bome, the element cj 
 It of mere fable, come" 
 ater time. The elawJ 
 : CJomewall Lewis inti 
 early Roman histori 
 io the conclusions th: 
 trust can be placed vi 
 lie first 450 years &uA 
 [f the founding of th-' 
 it we are accompanie: 
 porary authors, fron 
 the republican perio 
 npey, back to the com, 
 Salllc war in the 62I)t| 
 >T2'26 B.C., «thatwitll 
 tude of constructioij 
 extended to 216 yenul 
 ncement of the fird 
 490th year of the citTJ 
 that, if we call In tliff 
 contemporary Greeki 
 aount as far back aji 
 73rd year of the citTl 
 Pjrrrhus landed iil 
 ans came for the flrai 
 ith an army of Greeks. I 
 ^e history as handed! 
 y and other writers,! 
 ctions, in which wl 
 > grounds for prefer! 
 n to another. 1 
 
 ly, therefore, we msyl 
 uthentic Roman hij-l 
 ■cars before the Chris-I 
 of Greece extends to! 
 The nature of thJ 
 Impossible to la;! 
 ImitB. 
 
 THE 
 
 'REASURY OF HISTORY, 
 
 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE SKETCH 
 
 OP 
 
 GENERAL HISTORY. 
 
 vol. 1. p. «1. piefsce. 
 
 CnArTER T. 
 
 Tltc Antediluvian World 
 
 i)CCulatioiis upon the origin and fonn- 
 
 of the world belong rather to phi- 
 
 bhy than history, wo BhouUl deem It 
 
 terogatory to notice the sulijcct, how- 
 
 Islightly, were It not probable that Its 
 
 fe omission might be considered an un- 
 
 jisary deviation from an almost univer- 
 
 ictice, Inasmuch as it has been saiic- 
 
 1 by the example of the most eminent 
 
 B of ancient and modem times. 
 
 ; tlie earth has undergone many vlo- 
 
 Bvolutlons, no possibledoubt can exist 
 
 |e mind of anyone who has paid even 
 
 nost superllcial attention to the Uis- 
 
 ries in geological science during the 
 
 knd present centuries; but the mighty 
 
 fessby whicli our globe was originally 
 
 led is a mystery quite as uiifal liomable 
 
 las it was in the darkest periods of 
 
 liu existence. Let us, then, be content 
 
 the sublime exordium of tlio great 
 
 Bh lawgiver; and wo sliall lind that 
 
 ccount he gives of the creation, though 
 
 Jiently brief, Is neitlicr allegorical nor 
 
 Ileal, but corresponds, in its bold out- 
 
 with the phenomena which is exlii- 
 
 1 to us in the great book of nature. It 
 
 lie that tliere is nothing in the wrlMngs 
 
 loses cither calculated or intended to 
 
 fy curiosity; his object was simply to 
 
 fere tliat the whole was the Avork of an 
 
 fghty architect, who, as the Creator and 
 
 fcreign of the Universe, was alone to be 
 
 khipped. 
 
 1th regard to the primitive condition of 
 
 Ifind, two very opposite opinions pre- 
 
 Somo represent a golden ago of in- 
 
 ^nce and bliss ; others a state of wild and 
 
 a;c barbarism. The former of these is 
 
 |id not only in the Inspired writings of 
 
 Jews, but In the books esteemed sacred 
 
 parlous oriental nations, as the Chinese, 
 
 fans, Persians, Babylonians, and Egyiv 
 
 Is. Tlio latter began their history with 
 
 dynasties of gods and heroes, who vera 
 said to have assumed human form, and to 
 have dwelt among men. The golden age of 
 tlio Hindoos, and their numerous avatars 
 of the gods, are notions of a similar 
 character, as well as their two royal 
 dynasties descended from the sun and 
 moon. According to tho other doctrine, 
 the human race was originally In the 
 lowest state of culture; and gradually, 
 but slowly, attained perfection. It Is in 
 vain, however, for us to look to tho tra- 
 diti(mary tales of antiquity ; for with tho 
 exception of the Mosaic history, as con- 
 tained in the first six chapters of Genesis, 
 wo can find none which does not either 
 abound with tho grossest absurdities, or 
 le;ui us Into absolute darkness. 
 
 That tho antediluvians led a pastoral and 
 agricultural life, forming one vast comnni- 
 nity, without any of those divisions Into 
 diirerent nations which have since take!i 
 place, seems fully evident. .But tho most 
 material part of tlieir history is, that having 
 ouco begun to transgress the divine com- 
 mands, they followed tho allurements of 
 passion and sensuality, and proceeded in 
 their career of wickedness, till at length tho 
 universal corruption and Impiety of tlio 
 world had reached Its zenith, and the Al- 
 mighty Creator revealed to Noali his pur- 
 pose of destroying the whole human race, 
 except himself and his family, by a general 
 deluge ; conmianding him to prepare an 
 ark, or suitable vessel, for the preservation 
 of tlic just from tho Impending judg- 
 ment, as well as for the reception of 
 aiUmals destined to reproduce their several 
 8i)ecies. 
 
 CUAPTER ir. 
 
 From the Deluge, to the Settlement of tho 
 
 Jews in Canaan. 
 
 Aptku the Flood had prevailed tipon tho 
 earth a hundred and llEty days, and had de- 
 creased for an equal ti me, NouU became coit- 
 u 
 
:/^ 
 
 ii 
 
 M 
 
 
 \l' 
 
 (DutUne ^"httc^ at ©enrral ^i^tor^. 
 
 vlnced, by tho return of ftdovo, with an oUvo- 
 bronch, that tho land had again emerged. 
 The time when thla Kreat event took place 
 was, accordhiff to the common computa- 
 tion, in tlio in.jtitli year of tho world ; thcnigh 
 other dates have been assigned by dlffereut 
 chronologists. Many other nations, in tlio 
 mythological part of their history, narrate 
 clrcuuistances attending a vast inundation, 
 orunlversnl deluge, wlilcli In their csscntiiU 
 particulars correspond with the scriptural 
 account, and aro supposed to owe tlieir 
 origin to it. Tho Clialdeans described a 
 universal deluge, In which all mankind was 
 destroyed, except Xlsuthrus and hla family. 
 According to thetraditlonary history of the 
 Greeks, the inhabitants of tho earth all 
 jierlshed by a flood except Deucalion and 
 his wife Pyrrlia. Uy the Hindoos it Is be- 
 lieved tliat a similar catastrophe occurred, 
 and that their king, Satyavrata, with seven 
 patriarchs, was preserved in a ship from tho 
 universal destruction. Kventhc American 
 Indians havca tradition of asimilar deluge, 
 and a renewal of tho human race from 
 tho family of one man. But tlieso ao- 
 counts being unsupported by historic evi- 
 dence, it would be an unprolltablo occu- 
 pation of tho reader's time to comment on 
 them. Wo shall therefore merely observe, 
 that many Ingenious theories have occu- 
 pied the attention of distinguished men In 
 their endeavours to account for this uni- 
 versal catastrophe. Tho Mosaic account 
 Biniply tells us, that the windows of heaven 
 were opened and tlio fountains of the deep 
 were broken up, and that as tho flood de- 
 creased the waters returned from off tho 
 face of tho earth. 
 
 According to the narration of the inspired 
 writer, tlie individuals preserved from tho 
 deluge were Noah and his wife, and his 
 three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japhet, with 
 their wives ; in all, eight persons. We are 
 informed that tho ark rested on mount 
 Ararat (in Armenia) ; but whether Noah 
 and his sons remained long Iti that nelgh- 
 bnurliood must be left to more conjecture. 
 We merely learn that tho greatest portion 
 of tho human race were some time .after- 
 wards assembled on the plains of Siiiuai", 
 where they began to build a tower, witli 
 the foolish and imploua Intention of reach- 
 ing tho skies, or, la tho language of 
 Scripture, 'whoso top may reach unto 
 heaven.' But this attempt, we are informed, 
 was frustrated by tlie Almighty, who con- 
 founded tlielr language, bo that they no 
 longer understood each other's speech. The 
 Bceno of thla abortive undertaking Is sup- 
 posed to haro been upon tho Euphrates, 
 whero Babylon was built, not far from 
 which aro extensive masses of ruins ; .and 
 tlic remains of a large mound, called by the 
 Arabs tho Birs Nimrod, or Nimrod's tower, 
 is generally Ijelicved to be tho foundation 
 of tho tower of Babel. 
 
 Prom tho families of tho three sons of 
 Noab, then, are all the nations of tho eartli 
 descended. Tho children of Shem were 
 Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. 
 Elam settled In Persia, whero ho became 
 tho father of that mighty nation ; tho de- 
 BcendautB of Asshur peopled Assyria; and 
 
 Arphaxad settled in Chaldca. To tho fiitrj 
 of Lud is generally assigned Lydlii; 
 Aram Is believed to have settled In Jlc; 
 tnmla and Syria. 
 
 The children of Ham were Cush,MI/r,i.| 
 Phut, and Cauojin. Tho descendant 
 Cash aro supposed to have removed ft 
 the south-east of Babylonia, aftcrw; 
 called Khusestan, to tho eastern part. 
 Arabia; from whence they by degrees 
 grated into Africa. MIzralni peopled Kt . 
 Ktiilopia, Lybia, and the rest of tho lui 
 em parts of the same continent. Nom^ 
 cular country has been assigned to I'l 
 who Is believed to have settled somewl: 
 In Arabia near to Cush. But Canaan is • 
 posed to have settled in PlioGnlcia; nni 
 have founded those nations who Inhalr; 
 JuUca, .and were for t!io most part bu' 
 qiiontly exterminated by the Jews. 
 
 The seven sons of Japhet were Gorrj 
 Jr.'igog, Madal, Javan, Jubal, Meshccli, 
 TIras. Gomer, according to Josephus, 
 the father of tlio Oouierltos or Celts, 
 of all the nations who Inliiibltod the iii; 
 ern parts of Europe, under tho nanu' 
 Gauls, CImbrlans, Goths, &c., and who 
 ni igrated into Spain, where they were a 
 ('ellil)crians. From Magog, Jleshecli, 
 J ulial.pi'DCoeded the Scythians, Sarniai 
 and Tartars; from Madal, Javan, and T\ 
 tho Medes, lonians, Greeks, and Thriio: 
 
 The llrst considerable national rcvolii- 
 on record is tho migration of the Isriio; 
 out of Egypt, and their cstablishnui;' 
 tho land of Canaan. This event wmj 
 tended with a terrible cat.asti*opho tn 
 Egyptians. Tho settlement of the .' 
 In tho land of Canaan is supposed to i. 
 happened about I4'.il n.o. For nearly 
 years after this period wo flud no autlu 
 account of any other nations than t: 
 mentioned hi Scripture. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 The Fabulous and ITeroic Ages, to the 14 
 tiition of the Olympic Games. 
 
 We have already spoken. In the Intivi 
 lory Hcmarks, of tho impossibility of oil! 
 ingiuiy authentic history of Greece privir 
 to tho first recorded Olympiad or 776ii.c.| 
 tho works of the chroniclers who 
 ceded Herodotus wo have only a fcwj 
 tracts : from these, as well as from : 
 statements of other writers, wo gathti",: 
 they had but slender right to tho tiilcl 
 historians. Niebuhr has distinctly assi.r| 
 that, before tho work of Herodotus 
 written, there was no writing In lird 
 which couid bo properly called histories! 
 and Herodotus himself was not stiiJ 
 contemporary with any part of tho histj 
 which ho ■writes. 
 
 Still, although It would bo useless | 
 assign deflnlto dates where we have 
 evidence to wan-ant our so doing, wc t 
 trace out a certain order of developeiii 
 which Is unquestionably historical. InJ 
 Greeks we have a race which broupbtj 
 their greatest perfection tho highest f 
 of the great Aryan stock to which thcyll 
 
 uti 
 air 
 
 « Lectures on Ancient History, toI. i. p. 163.1 
 
li^tatyi. 
 
 }A In Clialdca. To tlio fiitrj 
 crally asslmied LyUla ; J 
 :(I to Lavo settled In SIc- 
 
 L 
 
 of nam were Cusli, Jrizr, 
 aan. Tlio dcsccnUau 
 sod to liavo reinovL'tl fr 
 of Babylonia, aftcrw 
 m, to tho eastern pan.i 
 I'lienco tlioy by degrees 
 lea. Mlzralm peopled Ki 
 , and the rest of tho ik 
 I same continent. K(i| 
 las been assigned to r, 
 to have settled sonitn 
 ;o Cusli. Uut Canaan i ■ 
 sttled in riicenicia; »), 
 loso nations who inliai 
 ) for tho most part .s, 
 Inated by the Jews. 
 ins of Japhet were c; • 
 iavan, Jiibal, Meshech, 
 iccording to Joscplius, 
 10 Uoninrites or Celts, 
 IS who inliabjtod thoiK,: 
 rope, under tlio naiiiw 
 s, Goths, &c., and who 
 l>alii, where they were ci. 
 rom Jlapopr, Jleshecli, 
 ItheSeytlilans.Sarniai:. 
 m Jladai, Javtin, and T. 
 1113, Greeks, and Thrnc:- 
 derable national revolir 
 migration of the Isriu: 
 lid their cstabllshnui;- 
 laan. This event w;\i\ 
 erriblo catastrophe to 
 I settlement of the ,i 
 uiaan is supposed to 1. 
 1491 D.o. For nearly 
 )i'riod wo flud no autlic 
 otlier nations than ii 
 Ipturo. 
 
 APTER Iir. 
 
 ! ncroic Ages, to the ii-| 
 
 ho Olympic Games, 
 
 spoken. In tho Intro 
 li(!lmpossi1)ility()f oitJ 
 h i st ory of Greece pri'vif 
 ed Olympiad or 77flii.c| 
 chroniclers wlio 
 
 wo have only a few] 
 se, as well as from : 
 cr WTiters, wo gather; 
 ider right to tho tiil;l 
 hr has distinctly assirj 
 woric of Herodotus 
 
 no writing in lirel 
 •operly called hlstoiicJ 
 
 imscif was not BfilJ 
 ii any part of tho histf 
 
 It would bo useless I 
 itcs where wo havof 
 nt our so doing, wc a 
 1 order of developemJ 
 inabiy historical. In J 
 
 race which broiight| 
 ection tho highest £ 
 
 stock to which thcylj 
 
 Outline jS)1tetcIj of <3rit(rAl W^i^x^* 
 
 3 
 
 ed. Coming Intothclriiewhoraeswlth 
 stores of a niytliology, or rather of a 
 lirnl speech which they shared In com- 
 with tlie Celt, the Teuton, and tho 
 Idiuavian, they ahowod at ouco a mar- 
 lus creative power, whether iu poetry, 
 ire, or art. Prom their mythical speech 
 ng up, In process of time, tho great 
 icf the heroic ago. From their own 
 jto genius was evolved a i)hysloal 
 ice, to which Egyptians and Assyrians 
 _, lay not tho most distant claim, and 
 ftroiiumy which rose indcllnlteiy above 
 barren observations of Chrildtean Star- 
 rs. "NVc caniint, witli Thurydldes, dls- 
 tliowoiulerlul legends of the Trojan 
 mid, after making an arbi trary Helcctlon 
 Ifew details and Incidents, assert tlie 
 Itivo so pi'oduccd to bo historical. The 
 Id could not hear the criticism of 
 lotus : It Is not likely to stand before 
 rlticism of our own day. But In the 
 i of society which is depicted in the 
 eric iioems wo see a real condition of 
 ^s wlileli made the future developemeut 
 eek life a matter of certainty, and 
 [»ut which tho later society would 
 'have come Into existence. "We sou 
 cm a picture of political lifo utterly 
 cut from any exhibited in tiio Eastern 
 I ; and in the discussions of the Agora, 
 iiiliuencc of wisdom and cioqucnco 
 nliyslcal force. In tho sense of beauty 
 \\w conscious submission to law, wo 
 ' tlio earnest of Athouiau greatness 
 I days of rericles. 
 
 ilie events which are alleged to have 
 fed the foundation of Rome, wo can 
 Bthlng. There is no evidence that 
 latioual epic poems ever existed, 
 Igli such was tho hypothesis of Nic- 
 ii and of the wanderings of jEneas 
 Tare many versions, all contradicting 
 pother, and ail ns much or as little dc- 
 ig of belief.* AVliatever basis of real 
 there may be In tho legendary history 
 lo Roman kings, wo can.detect none in 
 [of tho supposed migration of iEncas 
 ^taly. 
 
 ough we necessarily omit, in this brief 
 
 ic, a multitude of important transac- 
 
 I which are recorded in the Bible, the 
 
 er must not loso sight of tho fact that 
 
 lacred volume Is full of historical in- 
 
 ft I and we shall have frequent occasion 
 
 efer to the actions of 'GiJd's eliosen 
 
 ^le'as we describe events mentioned 
 
 l)rofaiie writers. For tho present it Is 
 
 dent to state, that about lOuO years 
 
 Ire tho birth of Christ tho kingdom of 
 
 pa, under king David, .ipproached its 
 
 Bst extent of power ; that in the glo- 
 
 i reign of his son, tho wise and pcace- 
 
 ^oloraon, which followed, that stupen- 
 
 I and costly ediflce, ' tho temple of God,' 
 
 [completed, and Its.dcdlcatlon solein- 
 
 \A with extraordinary piety and magni- 
 
 Bce ; that tho revolt of tho ten tribes 
 
 : place in the relgu of Rehoboam, the 
 
 and successor of Solomon, by which 
 
 asalem was rendered a more easy prey 
 
 ent History, toI. i. \\ l£g.| 
 
 Sir C. C. Lewis, Credibility of Early Roman 
 "cry, vol. 1. p. 508, «EC. 
 
 to tho Egyptian king, called In Scripture 
 Shishak, and supposed to be the great 
 Scsostris, whoso deeds make so conspicuous 
 a flgure iu the history of his country. After 
 tho lapse of another century, wo learn that 
 Zera, an Ethiopian, invaded Judea with an 
 army composed of a million of Infantrj' and 
 tlirco hundred chai'iot.^, but was defeated 
 with great slaughter by 'isa, whoso troops 
 amounted to about half that number. By 
 this time the Syrlr.ns had become a power- 
 ful people ; and, taking advantiigc ot the 
 rivalry which existed between tho king- 
 doms of Israel and Judah, aimed at tlio 
 subjugation of both. Tho Syrian cnipiro 
 was, however, eventually destroyed by the 
 Assyrians, under Tiglath I'llcrfar, in 710 
 II. 0. ; as was also tho kingdom of Samaria 
 by Shalinaneser his successor, In 721 ; and 
 such of tlio people as esciiped death, were 
 carried captives into Media, Persia, &c. 
 
 ■\Vhilo the resources of the mighty nations 
 of the East were expended In effecting their 
 mutual destruction, tlio foundatloiia of 
 some powerful empire.-; were laid in the 
 West, which were destined, hi process of 
 time, to subjugate and give laws to the 
 Eastern world. About eight ccnturlca 
 before tho Chrlsti.in era tlio city of Carthage, 
 In Africa, was founded by a Tyrl.'in colony, 
 and became tho capital of a powerful re- 
 public, which conllnucd 7-'l years; during 
 tho greater part of which time Its ships 
 traversed tho Mediterranean and even the 
 Atlantic, whereby It was enabled to mono- 
 polise, as It were, tho comiuerco of tho 
 whole world. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 From the Institution of the Olijmpic Games, 
 
 to the Death of Ci/rus. 
 
 The nrst recorded Olyiiuiiad belongs to 
 tho year 77G. Of these games Hercules 
 was tho mythical founder, .nnd this era Is 
 supposed to be that of tlieir revival. But 
 Mr. Groto has admitted that If from this 
 time wo can speak of somo events as his- 
 torical, tho real history of Greece docs not 
 commence for two centuries later. Tho 
 first Olympiad simply records tho Victory 
 of Corcebus : but of the historical exlstenc'e 
 of Cora;bus wo have no furilier evideiico 
 than a monument wliich was alleged to 
 mark his grave Wausanias, v. 8, 3, vlii. 2C, 
 .3. See also Co.x:'a rcrsicm War, p. 287). 
 ThOoC games, however, wei o of tho greatest 
 Importance not merely as furnishing tho 
 meiuis of chronological computation, but 
 in their Inliucnco on tho national cluiracter 
 of the Greeks. In fact, it was only or 
 chletly in reference to these religious festi- 
 vals, that they could bo said to have any 
 national character at all. Their lifo was 
 essentially one of cities, and their alliances 
 bring before us a mere col Icotlon of units 
 entirely Independent of each other. In 
 tlieso games then they had a bond of union 
 wliicli kept up some feeling of national life, 
 and contributed powerfully to bring about 
 their victory over the armies of Darius and 
 Xerxes. 
 
 Of the migrations of barbarians in ^'orth- 
 era Europe we can say nothing jiositi .ely. 
 
it 
 
 !.f H' 
 
 Outline i^ftftcl) at ettxttnl Witatu- 
 
 The ColMo trll)os wlio forced thoir way nt i\ 
 later tliiio Into Italy nnd Urcoco nnd AhIii 
 MInnr, may Imvn approachod tlio Alpn ; 
 but tho want of nil CDiittMiiporary ovldonco 
 must nmko every etatrincnt unccrtniii. 
 Itoino, wo niny perlmps sny, was now en- 
 tering on tlio course wlilch lioreafter was 
 to carry her to inilvcrsal conaucst j nnd 
 even this may ho a hazardnuA rissuinption. 
 Among tho Urcek HtateH, thoho of Atlionti 
 and Sparta were tho most prumincnt. Tho 
 hitter, under tho instltutlonB ascrlhcd tu 
 LycurKUs, was Krowlng nioro ajid more llko 
 ncainp ot hoHtile occupation In a conanored 
 country; tho former, free In prreat part 
 from tho factions wlilch vexed other cities, 
 was hecomlnff rapidly prosperous, and lay- 
 ing tlio foundation of her marltinio oscun- 
 dnncy. 
 
 Tho sceptre of Babylon was nt this time 
 swayed hy Nebuchadnezzar, by whom tho 
 kingdom of Judea was totally ovcrllirown, 
 687 11.0., and Its temple liiirned to the 
 ground In tho following year. lie also took 
 nnd demolished tho city of Tyro, despoiled 
 Kgypt, and made such prodigious coiKinests 
 both In tho Uast and West, that the fame of 
 ills victories lllled tho world with nwe ; 
 till (it length Ills cmplro coiiipreheiided 
 Plimnlcla, I'alestlne, Syria, Uabylonln, Me- 
 dia, I'ersla, and part of Indi;u One great 
 object of his pride and ninbitlon was to 
 render his capital be^'ond ail example gor- 
 geous ; nor can wo consider i he wonders of 
 that city, as related by llcroilotus, at nil 
 liirredil)le, when wo rememl)er tiiat tho 
 strength and resources of his iiiighty em- 
 pire was made HUl)servlent to the purj)Ose. 
 
 The next Important event that occurred 
 was tho revolution occasioned by the inls- 
 ciiiiduct of Kvll-merodach, Nebuchadnez- 
 c.ar's son, who, without provocation, wan- 
 tonly attacked and began to plunder nnd lay 
 waste the country of the Medes. This pro- 
 duced an Immediaft; revolt, wJiich quickly 
 extended over all >ledi:i and I'ersln. Tho 
 Jledes, headed l)y Astyages and Ills son 
 ry.'ixnres, drove back tho Intruder and his 
 followers with great slaughter ; nor does It 
 appear that tlio IJabyloiiLsh monarch .vas 
 nfterwnrds nblo to reduce them to subjec- 
 tion. "We now como to the period when 
 the brilliant career of Cyrus demands onr 
 notice. He had signalised himself in va- 
 rious warsuiuler Astyages, hlsgraiidfather, 
 when, having 1)0011 appointed generalissimo 
 of tho Median and i'erslan forces, he at- 
 tacked the Uabylonlsh empire, and the city 
 of Babylon Itself fell before his v'ctori'-us 
 arms. Cyrus now Issued a decree for the 
 restoration of tho Jews, and the rebuilding 
 of their temple. By a succession of vic- 
 tories ho had bccoino master of all tho 
 East, nnd for some time tho Asl.atic nff.airs 
 continued in a state of tranquillity. It Is 
 necessary to observe In this place, that the 
 Medes, before tho time of Cyrus, though a 
 great and powerful people, were eclipsed by 
 the superior prowess of the Babylonians. 
 But Cyrus having conquered their king- 
 dom, by the united force of tho Medes and 
 I'ersians, It appears that the great cmplro 
 of which ]w, was tho founder must have 
 taken Its name from both nations; so that 
 
 tho empire of tho Medea and that (>({ 
 I'ersians were ono and tho samo, thoug)| 
 consoqucnco of tho glory of Its wlsui 
 victorious leader It subscQUcntly retail 
 only tho latter name. Meanwhile, It ri 
 tinacd to extend Itself on every sldo;f 
 at length Cambyses, the son and sucfc* 
 of Cyrus, conquered Kgypt, and added t| 
 country to Ills already ovcrKrowu dot, 
 Ions. ^ 
 
 ciiAPTEn y. 
 
 From the Kirction of the Vorslnn Kmj 
 to the Pii'ision of tlio Grecian llinpircu; 
 tho Death of Alexaniixf. 
 
 TnH Dabylotilans, groanlnff under 
 oppressive yoke of their I'erslan master 
 filT n.o. made a dcsperato effort to sin;; 
 olt ; but they wore signally defe.",tij 
 D.irlns llystaspls, who besieged tho oil; 
 
 Haliylon, demolished Its fortlllcntloiiK, 
 caused Its walls to bo lowered from !,''■ 
 ,W cubits. Itarlus then turned his r- 
 iigalnst tho Scythlnns ; after which li 
 rooted his course eastward, and reduced 
 cotiiilry as far as the Indus. In the m 
 limo tho lonlans, who had submltti' 
 Cyrus, revolted, which led to tho liiv;; 
 of tho Creclan states, and those dlsii- 
 to the I'ersians by land and sea, wliiii 
 have eisewhoro related. In 4ri0 n.c. 
 ICu'yptlans made nn Ineffectual attem; 
 ri'waiii their liKlependence. They also ;i. 
 revolted In 4i;> n.o. and, being assist. 
 tiioSldonlans, dniwupon tholattcrtliii' 
 rilile destruction foretold by the proi 
 wliilo they more llrmly riveted thee' 
 which bound themselves to tho I'l: 
 rule. 
 
 The Persl.an history exhibits every 
 rarterlstlc of oriental cruelty, troa'i 
 and despotism; and with a few t^pli 
 excoiitlons, presents us with a serii- 
 iiioii.archs whose lust of power was e(ii; 
 only by their licentiousness. But tliei: 
 ness of tho Persian eiiipiro was soon w 
 to be humbled. Ten thousand Cirool<: 
 coiiarles had served under theyouiiKi: 
 rns In his rebellious atteini)t to sei/f 
 throne of his elder brother, Artaxi 
 Miiemon ; but ho was defeated nnd 1; 
 at the battle of (Uinnxa, near Babylon ; 
 his Creclan allies, though In n sir: 
 country, nnd surrounded on all sidr 
 enemies, effected tlielr safe retreat ii: 
 Xenoplion, whoso conduct on this oeea' 
 has been extolled both by ancient 
 modern writers, as exhibiting n mate! 
 union of prudent cnutiou and mili: 
 skill. 
 
 In this rapid sketch wo shall not str; 
 notice thevarlous contests which tnoki( 
 between the Grecian states, though i 
 make a considerable figure In their re<;| 
 five histories ; but pass on to the tin, 
 Philip of Macedon, avIio, taking adviiii'i 
 of the wars and dissensions whlcli were 
 dually weakening the neighbouring f 
 of Crcecc, began to meditate tbcir comi* 
 and by sometimes pretending to assi 
 state nnd sometimes another, he tli.il 
 effected his object. Having become mi; 
 of all Greece, be projected the conquKil 
 
lijttor]}. 
 
 &\itUnt ^!trtct) ol &tmvnX !El{ii(tarii. 
 
 tho Modes and tlmt of ' 
 mo and tho Banio, thiiu^ll 
 
 tho Klory of Its wise 
 !r it FUhscquontly retail 
 
 namp, Mcaiiwhllo, It i 
 d Itself on every fildo; 
 yses, tho son and surfcJ 
 lered Kgypt, and nddod ij 
 already orcrt;rown due 
 
 JIIAPTEn V. 
 
 ion of the rorafnn Fit 
 of the Grecian J^iUinn 
 lexander. 
 
 nis, ffroantnff nndrr 
 of thi'lr rorslan niasiir 
 desperate effort tn sIki 
 wero signally defcr.ii : 
 Is, who hesleKcd tlio el 
 Isiicd its fortillcatloiis, 
 to lie lowered from : 
 •ins then tnrned lils 
 ^thlnna ; after which h 
 u eastward, and reduci . 
 la tho Indus. In tlio iii 
 lis, wlio had pnhmltti 
 wlilcli led to the iiiv,- 
 Btatea, and tlioso dls.i- 
 liy land and Ben, wliiii 
 related. In 4:>0 ii.c. 
 i an ineffectual afteini 
 ■pendonce. They alscin, 
 n.c. and, being assist' 
 I'owupoi, tho latter till' 
 I foretold l>y the prui: 
 b flnnly riveted the d 
 leniBOlves to tho I'lr 
 
 Istory exhibits every 
 •lental enielty, tre;ifi 
 and with a few spit 
 cuts Ui with a seii. 
 lust of power wns euii 
 iitloiisness. lUitthcK' 
 ni eiiipiro was Boon ii 
 Ten thousand Greek; 
 ed under the youiiK'i: 
 Ions ntteini)t to sei/f 
 Ider brother, Artaxt 
 was defeated and k. 
 nnaxa, near IJabyloii ; 
 s, thouRh in a Hin 
 •rounded on all siiK 
 tlielr Bafo retreat u: 
 conduct on tliisocol 
 d both by ancient 
 IIS exhibiting a uiiiti'!: 
 It caution and niili: 
 
 [etch wc shall not stoJ 
 contests which tookff 
 Ian states, though iJ 
 ble figure in tlieir n-;l 
 t pass on to tho tliJ 
 I, Avho, taking advanf 
 isenslons which wi rei 
 tlio nclghbuuring s-'i 
 meditate their coiKjiJ 
 pretending to assist 1 
 ncs another, ho tlu| 
 Having become inai 
 rojectcd the conquciil 
 
 : hiB death, however, by aBHawlnation, 
 that great achievement to bo ottempt- 
 y his ambitiouB and warlike Bon, Alex- 
 r, Burnanied the tlreat. 
 man who over lived, perhaps, pos- 
 id the ncceasarj' qualities for tho cxo- 
 m of this mighty project in a more 
 cnt degree than tho youthful Alex- 
 r. Bravo, skilful, and impetuous, ho 
 jhed from victrry to victory; till at 
 til tho power of tlio Persians was to- 
 overthrown at the battle of Arbela, 
 c, and an end put to tho empire by 
 urder of Darius by llessus in the fol- 
 _g year. Alexander having subdued 
 la, his victorious arms wero now dl- 
 id against the countries which bounded 
 la : and liaving reduced Ilyrcania, llac- 
 and sicvcral otiier independent klng- 
 I, he entered India and subdued all tlio 
 na to tho river Hyplmsls, one of tho 
 clioa of tho Indus. At lengtli the pa- 
 10 of Ills troops became exhausted ; they 
 [that tho ambition of their leader was 
 dless, and refused to gratify his pas- 
 for universal conquest by proceeding 
 ler. Ho died at Habylon In tho year 
 I.e., leaving tho affairs of his vast cin- 
 [in a most unsettled state, and not even 
 |ng his successor. 
 
 the western world, at this period, great 
 loms wore evolving from obscurity, 
 ivents of the highest Importance suc- 
 ng each other with unexampled ra- 
 y. The first object tliat here claims 
 inttentlon is the cstablisliment and 
 growth of tho llomnii republic, 
 reached Its highest pitcli of pow-r 
 grandeur, by tho successive con- 
 of Italy ond her isles, Spain, Mace- 
 Carthago, Asia Minor, Syria, I'ldea- 
 tlu^ 'Oaul, Uritain, and Egypt. It was, 
 " ' MiclesB, exposed to the greatest dnn- 
 om tho ambition of individuals : the 
 wars of Marius and Sylla, and the con- 
 ey of Catiline, shook its very centre ; 
 by ^ho contention arising out of tlio 
 ry of Julius Cajsar and Pompey, it was 
 ately overthrown. 
 
 the death of Alexander the Croat, 
 new empires Immediately, aa it were, 
 ing up. Ho had left behind lilm a 
 ! and victorious army, commanded by 
 rais who, bred in tlie same school, wero 
 less ambitious of sovereign rule than 
 r master. Cassander, tho son of Artl- 
 ir, seized Macedonia and Orceco ; Antl- 
 ;U3, Asia Minor ; Seleucus marked out 
 this share Habylon and tho eastern pro- 
 ics ; and Ptolemy, Egypt and the west- 
 ones. Furious wars soon succeeded 
 division of Alexander's wide-spread 
 ire; and several provineea, taking ad- 
 itago of tho general confusion, shook off 
 Macedonian yoko altogether. Thus 
 formed tho kingdoms of Pontus, 
 [hynia, Pcrgamua, Armenia, and Cappa- 
 jla. Antlgonua was defeated and killed 
 Seleucus at the battle of Ipsus, 301 B.C., 
 1 tho greater part of his dominions fell 
 ,ho lot of tho conqueror. Tho two most 
 erful and permanent empires were, in 
 , Syria, founded by Se'oucuB, and Egypt 
 Ptolemy Sotor. But thero ^'as also 
 
 another empire nt that time existing wlil>:h 
 tieiiiands our notice. The Parthlans, origi- 
 nally a tribe of Scythhina who had wan- 
 dered from their own country, at length 
 settled In the neighbourhood of Hyrcanhi, 
 and wero successively tributary to tho As- 
 syrians, Babylonians, Medes, and I'erslaiis. 
 Tlio country In which they settled olttalned 
 from them tho naniu of I'arthia ; and when 
 Alexander invaded Aslii, they suhmllted, 
 with the other dependencies of the I'erslau 
 empire. After the death of tho Macedonian 
 coiKiueror, Partlila was sul)ject, llrst to 
 Kuiiienes, tlien to Antlgonua, and flimlly 
 to tho kings of Syria and Habylon. In tho 
 reign of Antlochns Tlieos, tho rapacity and 
 crimes of Agathoclea, the Syrian governor, 
 roused the spirit of the Parthlans ; and, 
 under Arsaces, a man of great military 
 talents, they expelled their oppressors, and 
 laid tho foundation of un cniplro which 
 ultimately extended over Asia, d. c. 2r>0. 
 The Syrians attempted In vain to recover 
 tills province. A race of able and vigilant 
 princes, who assumed theKurnameof ^cRa- 
 ciilw, from tho founder of their kingdom, 
 not only batlled their elTorfs, but so in- 
 creased in power, that while they held 
 eighteen trlliutary klngdnnis, lietween tho 
 (/'iisplan and Arabliin sen:<, tlii'y even for a 
 time dls|)utedwith tho Uoinans the empiro 
 of tlio world. 
 
 ClIAPTEH Vr. 
 
 From tho ll'iirs of Borne and Carthage, to 
 the liirtk 0/ Christ. 
 
 Thh Romans, who for more than Hve hun- 
 dred years had been constantly victorious, 
 met Avitli an opponent In Hannibal, com- 
 mander of tho Carthaginian forces, wlioso 
 coiisumraato generalship for a r'.mo turned 
 the tide of fortune, and, making Italy tho 
 ■battle-fleld, ho gallantly opposed on their 
 native soil the hardy veterans of Rome. 
 .Long and doubtful were these sanguinary 
 contests; but In the end tlio Carthaginian 
 armies wero recalled into Africa, which tho 
 Romans had Invaded; and ho who, at tho 
 battle of Cannas, had struck tiio Roman 
 legions witli tcror, was totally defeated at 
 Zama; by which tlio secosid Punic war was 
 concluded. In the year 1 n.o. In forty 
 years from tlmt date the f' ro of Carthago 
 was ultimately decided. The Romans hav- 
 ing declared war against it a third time, 
 used all their energies for accomplishing 
 its final destruction. Tlie city was long and 
 fiercely assailed ; tho genius of the younger 
 Sclpio at length triumphed over the despe- 
 rate valour of tho besieged ; and Carthage, 
 once mistress of the sea and the most for- 
 midable rival of Rome, was reduced to 
 ashes, and for ever blotted from the list of 
 independent nations. 
 
 During tho contentions between Romo 
 and Carthage, a confederacy was formed by 
 tlie states of Greece, under tho name of tho 
 Acha?an League, which soon eclipsed, in 
 splendid aclilevenients and power, both 
 Athens and Sparta. Weary of tlio tyranny 
 of the Macedonians, the nieclan states had 
 entered Into this compact for rccoveriug 
 
il 
 
 [ 
 
 
 h 
 
 iff .k 
 n 1 ,1 
 
 :'; 
 
 
 
 Outline j^iirtci) of 6nicral W^tatu* 
 
 thoir lll)ortli's; )mt h.ivlncr liupnidcntly 
 given tho KoiiKiiH nil (iiu"irtiiiilty of Intor- 
 inoddlliiH 111 their nlTrilrn, tliny wcrpevontu- 
 ally riHluccd to a Uoninii provliioo, under 
 tho name of Arhnla. Thia celelirnted leaRun 
 rodo Into Importance about tho year 28-1 n.o., 
 and riintlnued formidable for more than 
 130 yonrc. 
 
 Abciuf. thin period wo road of the direful 
 oppressions of the Jews by Antlorliim 
 Kptphnnes. After thoIr return from tho 
 DabylonUh captivity, they continued In 
 BUbJecflou to tho Persians till tho timo of 
 Alexander; and subsequently, as tho for- 
 tune of eltlier Kiiypt or Syria hiippenod to 
 lirevnil, they wero under Its dominion. On 
 the ptilijURatlon of Kcrj-pt ))y Antlochus 
 lOplpli.iiies, the .Tews belnpr treateil with 
 pre.'it severity by him, niiturally, but Im- 
 jirudently, expressed their joy on henr- 
 inur a report of his death ; and It was not 
 liinpT before the enrawd in.inarch took tho 
 llerecst veuffennco on tliem. IIo marched 
 at tho head of a jiowerful army, took Jeru- 
 salem bystorinlu 170 n.o., and eoininltted 
 the most horrid cruelties on the Inhabi- 
 tant!". Their rellirlon was for awhilo abo- 
 lished, their altars defiled, and every Intllcr- 
 iiity offered to the people that tyranny and 
 lialii could BUffKest, An Imago of Jupiter 
 Olymplus wns erected In tho holy place, 
 aiid unclean beasts were sacrltlceil on tho 
 allar of burnt olferlncs. Ihit tlie.lews soon 
 rallied ; and niuler .Miiltalhiiis the true wor- 
 h1iI|) was restored In most of tho cities of 
 Judea; tho temiilo was purlded by Judas 
 INIaccaba-us, IG,") n.o. ; and a long series of 
 wars ensued between the Syrians and the 
 Jews, In which tlic latter gained many sig- 
 nal advant.ages. 
 
 About i.io years before tho birth of rhrlst 
 the principal emiilres and states cf tho 
 world limy be thus enumerated. In Asia 
 wero the empires of Byria, India, and Par- 
 thla— each of them powerful and extensive 
 —with Arabia, Pontus, Annenia, and aomo 
 other countries of less importance. In 
 Africa were tho kingdomaof Fgypt. Ethi- 
 opia, Numldia, Klaurltania, and (ietulla; 
 the last named three, now that Carthago 
 was destroyed, appearing to the eyes of the 
 ambitious Uomans as their easy prey. In 
 Ktiropo there were none able to oppose the 
 Konian legions, save the Hauls and some of 
 the nations Inhabiting Spain. It was not 
 long, therefore, after the eonauest of Car- 
 thage and Corinth that tho llnal subjug.a- 
 tion of Spain was resolved on ; for ail the 
 pos.se8slons which tho Carthaginians held 
 In that country had already fallen Into the 
 hands of tho victorious Romans. They ac- 
 cortllncly began by attacking tho Lusita- 
 niaiis ; but this bravo people, under the 
 conduct of VIrlatus, n leader whose skill, 
 valour, and prudenco eminently qualified 
 lilm for his post, long bid deflanco to the 
 Ilonian arms : In tho flold he was not to bo 
 subdued ; and ho at last met his death from 
 the hands of assassins hired by his treache- 
 rous enemy. The Koinansnow,lu the wan- 
 tonness of their power, scrupled not to use 
 the basest and most corrupt means for 
 reducing the whole country ; and though 
 many tribes bravely maintained tbclr iudc- 
 
 pcndcnco fur years, Spain ultimately i 
 camo a lloman province. Uut nil-power^ 
 aa Home had now become, her civil 
 political condition was far from eiivhl 
 Her conquests In (Jreeco aim Asia brnnJ 
 luxury, cruelty, and general corruiiildnf 
 tholr train; and thoao lierolo vlrliuM ; 
 which In tho early days of tho republ li' i 
 wasrenowned, had totally disappeared, 
 must, however, reserve for Its proper |i J 
 an account of tho civil eommolloiis, 
 scrlptions, and assassinations whicli 
 lowed : and pass onward in our brief it 
 of such events as peculiarly appertain j 
 gent^al history. 
 
 Attains, king of Pergamus, had It-rr : 
 his goods ami treasures, by will, to •(■] 
 lloman people; upon which his kln!;i:LL 
 wns speedily converted Into a noinaii;fI 
 vince, under the name of Asia Proper, Nj J 
 followed tho coiKjuest of tho n.alearic i.f j 
 (now called Majorca, Minorca, and Ivi-i 
 Numldia waa soon after reduced ; bm ■ 
 subjugation of Mauritania and Qctulli 
 for a time delayed. 
 
 Willie Home was approaching herzr; 
 the decline of tlio Syrian empire was ., 
 rent. Tlio civil dissensions lietween tin ■ 
 brothers, Antlochus (Iryphns and Air 
 elms Cy/lceniis, gave an opportunity I'nr 
 cities of Tyre, Hidon, Ptolemr.ls, and i 
 to declare their Indepeiuleiice; whili' 
 Jews not only recovered their liberty, • 
 exteiKled their dominions ns far as in 
 days of Solomon. About tho year ^:t : 
 TIgrancs, king of Arniciiln, became itii- 
 of Syria; but tho Komnns soon wresti 
 from lilm, and added It to tho Iniiiun- 
 extenslve possessions of the republic. 
 
 Kgypt, which had hitherto maliita; 
 Its proper station, fell after tho batil. 
 Actluni, and, like its predecessors, wi- 
 duced to a Uoinaii province, alxmt tin- ;, 
 3011.0. Homo must no longer be reL'Ni 
 as a republic ; and its cliango from t 
 form of government to an einpiro ninj 
 looked upon as advantageous to tlioM' 
 tlons who were still free ; for the Inoniii 
 desire of conquest which had hlUn 
 marked the lloman character, for a i 
 seemed to bo lulled; and during the n 
 of Augustus the temple of Jar.iiswastlir 
 closed,— a ceremony coeval with theorif 
 of tho state, to denote that it was at imii 
 with tho whole world. This pacific ihI: 
 died in the 70th year of his ago, and In; 
 45th of Ilia reign, a.d. 14; his empire i 
 tending, in Europe, to the ocean, the lUi:: 
 and tho Danube ; in Asia, to tlie Euplint 
 and In Africa, to Ethiopio, and the »;i! 
 deserts. It was in this memorable it . 
 in tho year of Home 763, that Jesus ( lir 
 was born ; and tho holy religion of wli 
 he was the founder, persecuted and desii ■ 
 though it was at first, gradually sproai 
 tho lloman world. 
 
 CHAPTEn VII. 
 
 From the Beginning of the CJirtstian i:ra,\ 
 the Appearance of Mahomet. 
 
 In the year 07 a.d. tho memorablo war will 
 tho Jowa commenced, wiilcb, tbouglif 
 
iitatii. 
 
 rears, tipalii ultlinntrly > 
 provliK'p. Uut nll-powcB 
 low hocomo, her civil 
 Ion VfM far from mvlal 
 
 II Urcci'o niiu AHia hmuJ 
 anil Kciinrnl corrupt loij 
 
 d those licrolo virtues 
 riy daysof tlio rcpulplli . 
 Imil totally illsnppt'iirrd. 4 
 ri'sirvo for ItM propiTi.' 
 tlio civil eonimotlnim, .J 
 nsBnsHlimtloiis which 
 » onward In our brief i. 
 08 peculiarly npiicri u: 
 
 of rorffamus, had h :• 
 trMsurcs, by will, f , 
 upon which his kin.- 
 iivcrtc'd Into a Ilniniiu ; 
 namo of Asia Proper. .\.v ' 
 Kiuoatof thH nalearlc \~fi 
 iorca. Minorca, and Iv: 
 oil after reduced; bni , 
 Mauritania and Gctuli.i 
 !'d. 
 
 ms approaclilnflr hcrzcn 
 10 Syrian empire wim ii; 
 lusenslons between tlic 
 chns OryphiiH and Air 
 ir.'ivcan opportunity I'.M 
 lidon, I'tolenirjH, and i 
 IndepoiKlciico; wlilli' 
 ecovercd their liberty,' 
 ilomlnioim ns fur ns in 
 I. About the year s:i i 
 f Anupiiln, Ijocaino m i 
 3 Homaiis soon wre,-i' 
 dded it to tlio liniiun 
 sloiM of the republic, 
 had liltherto nialntu: 
 n. fell after tho bati!. 
 Its predocosjiors, wi- 
 provlnco,al)out the , 
 ist no longer bo reu':ii 
 nd Ita cliaUKO from i 
 iPiit to an empire innv 
 Jvantageous to thoKc' 
 
 III free; for the Inorilii: 
 •St whicli had lililn 
 
 an character, for a i 
 ed; and during the ri 
 3mplo of Jar.ua wast lir 
 ny coeval with the orifi 
 Mioto that It was at jioi 
 irld. This pacific pri:; 
 ^arof his ago, and lir, 
 
 A.D. 14 J his empire 
 !, to the ocean, the Ithi 
 i» Asia, tothoEuplinit 
 Ethiopia, and the s.iii 
 1 this memorable n.. 
 10 762, that Jesus Chr 
 
 holy religion of wh 
 persecuted and desi;> 
 st.gradually spread 111 
 
 'TEU VI r. 
 
 1 of the mristian Era,i 
 xnce of Mahomet. 
 
 lie memorablo warwiJ 
 ccd, wlilch, thouglif 
 
 OntUm i^ftetrf) of 6tiieral ^tiKtari?. 
 
 but three years, ended In llio totiil 
 action of their city and nnlUm.aftor 
 ring all tho horrors of war carried on 
 ch party with gangulimryfury. About 
 Bars after this event tho real coiKjiiegt 
 ,1taln was elfeeted by Agrlc.ola. Tho 
 je had now reached Its utmost limits; 
 [umler tho Just and upright Trajan, 
 I had reaHon to rejoice, not merely In 
 jtcMt of terrltoi-y, but In theeiinllablo 
 jiUt ration of her laws, and In tho virtue 
 HhiIoiu of her senalortt. Adrian «uc- 
 Trajan, and followod In his foot- 
 Tho decline of Iniperial Homo was, 
 iver. fust approaching; for although 
 VliuiH, Buniaiiied tlio I'loiis, obtained 
 pgard of his subjects and the respect 
 relgners, living In peace during tho 
 lot Ills reign; yet scarcely bad Mar- 
 ^uroUiiH Antoninus succeeded to tho 
 , before tho liermanlc tribes united, 
 ' the time of Marius, and iioured In 
 varllke hordes upon Italy ; and, while 
 Igrew nioro and more foniiUiable, fa- 
 ] and pestilence ravaged many of tho 
 (n provinces : a.d. 180. 
 iin this time repeated Incnrsions of 
 adventurers from tho north of Eii- 
 luiider various names, took iiiace; but 
 |li often beaten, they renewed their 
 Ipts with a degree of courage and per- 
 ince that reiiuired all the energy and 
 ior dlsciiiline of tho iloman legions to 
 Qiiie. From tho death of Aurnllus to 
 bignof Diocletian, many of the iloman 
 jrora were mere sensuallst.s ; there were, 
 irer,Bouio splendid exceptions ; and by 
 trllke genius of such ihe incursions 
 barbarians wo^o from tliiio to time 
 The Uomans had also for a long 
 Jniet with a most powerful adversary 
 J Persians; and when, in liiiO, tlio em- 
 f Valerian was defeated and taken prl- 
 by tliem, the empire seemed to l)c 
 Ining to utter and Irremediable do- 
 Itlon. While (ialllcnus, tho son of 
 riaii and his associate in power, was 
 Jling In luxury at Home, numerous 
 lants of tho iniperial dignity aroso In 
 different provinces. Those were deslg- 
 tho 'thirty tyrants,' (thougli their 
 Iters did not exceed twenty, and there 
 ]no good reason for designating them 
 Dts). Their dominion was, however, 
 Df long duration ; and on tho death of 
 llenns ho was succeeded by Claudius, 
 ( had tho merit of delivering Italy from 
 Goths. After him camo Aurolian, who 
 Dduced order Into tho state, restored 
 iial ti'iih lUilllty, and defeated liis one- 
 both In Kuropo and Asia. Under 
 itus, I'robus, and Cams the empire was 
 [measure restored to Its former lustre; 
 the barbarians still pressed onward; 
 wlien tho government fell Into tho 
 Ids of Diocletian, ho changed its form, 
 ring the Imperial dignity with Jlaxl- 
 kn, to whom ho committed tho West, 
 ilo he ruled In the East. In tliis manner 
 I tlio government administered till the 
 h of Constantino, who in a.d. X\o re- 
 ived tho imperial seat to Uyzantium, 
 Ich ho named Constantinopio; beeamo 
 onvcrt to Christianity ; and put an end 
 
 to one of the most virulent persecutions 
 against Its professors that ever disgraced 
 tho world. Tho Immediate suecessors of 
 Coiistantlno did little to uphold tlio Iloman 
 power ; and Julian, who ascended tho throne 
 in :itil, renounced Chrlstliuilty and openly 
 professed the ancient religion ; but ho was 
 both too politic and too humane to pnrso- 
 cuto his Christian subjects. Wo find, how- 
 ever, that the decline of tho empire was 
 everywhere visible. After his death Its In- 
 ternal corruption and weakness continued 
 to increase; that strict dlsclpllno which 
 had formerly rendered tho Koiiian legions 
 Invincible, relaxed ; and whilo corruption 
 and Injustice rendered tho government 
 odious at home, Its frontier towns were at- 
 tacked and Its distant provinces overrun liy 
 fierce and uiiclvlilsed hordes Issuing from 
 the north, east, and west. It is at this pe- 
 riod that we reod of Alarlc, the Visigoth, who 
 plundered Home, a.d. 409: of (lenserlo, the 
 powerful Idiigof iho Vandals ; and of Attlla, 
 the Hun, emphatically termed 'the scourge 
 of Uod.' In fact, tho Bcythlans, Sarma- 
 tlans, Ooths, Huns, Vandals, and other 
 barbarous nations, watched all occasions to 
 break into it: and thougli some of the em 
 perors bravely withstood their attacks, no 
 efforts could llnally stem tho ruthless tor- 
 rent which kept jiourlng In on all sides. At 
 length the Ilerull, a people who migrated 
 fromtlio Bhorcsof tho Ualtle.andhad grown 
 foniiklablo as they proceeded southwards, 
 apiieared in Italy, Tlieyw(>re headed by tho 
 valiant Odoaccr ; and being joined by other 
 tribes, quickly became masters of Italy, and 
 the city of Home Itself smrendered to their 
 victorious arms, a.d. 476. 
 
 'I'liofallof tho western empire was thus 
 congummated ; but tho Uomans still main- 
 tained their sway at Constantinople. The 
 eastern empire, In fact, at this tlmocompre- 
 lionded all Asla.Mlnor;ind Syria, Egypt, and 
 Greece; but neiflier it.s domestic manage- 
 ment nor its nillltnry prowes.s gave hopes 
 of a lengthened doiiiinloii. Luxury, etfo- 
 mlnacy, and superstition napped Ita vitals; 
 continual wars with the Persians, Bulga- 
 rians, and other liarbarous nations, ex- 
 hausted its strength ; and a similar fate 
 to that of tho western empire appeared to 
 await it at no very distant period. Still, as 
 wo follow the stream of history, wo shall 
 find that It not only survived the wreck for 
 several contiiries, but at times displayed an 
 energy and power worthy of the Iloman 
 name. 
 
 Ite volutions succeeded oneanothcramong 
 the savage conquerors of tho west with 
 fearful rapidity. The Ilerull under Odoacer 
 were driven out by tho Goths under Tlieo- 
 dorlc. Tho Goths were ojtpeUed by the 
 Uomans undor their able general Beliso- 
 rlus ; but while ho was absent quelling an 
 insurrection In Africa, they regained their 
 footing, and again took possession of noiiic. 
 The Franks next invaded Italy, p.nd made 
 themselves masters of tho province of Ve- 
 netla ; but at last the superior fortune of 
 tho emperor Justinian prevailed, and the 
 Qoths were Anally eubdued by his pro- 
 consul Narses, A. d. 653. From that time 
 tin tho year 568, Narses governed Italy with 
 
.:i 
 
 
 •i, I 
 
 !:M 
 
 
 8 
 
 OtitUiie 0flnU\) at dnirrnl V|(ilt0r'.. 
 
 great prnJonro nml kucocik, nn r\ iirovliico 
 of tlivciiDtcni rmi'Irc ; Imt lii< Inrurrptl tlio 
 rniperor'it (llnpli'iimiro, ninl r.'inKiniiit wuh 
 i»lip<>lnti"il tonuciTi'il luiii.niiil wiKliivco'iil 
 with nl>«oluli' imwiT, He iwiiiiiimI llin lli 'o 
 of cxiiri'li, mill rcHlilt'il ;ii lluvrnnn, wlit'iin- 
 hid Kiivornmoiit wjim calU'il tlio t-Kni-clirito 
 of Unroniia; nml ImvliiK iiliu'cd in encli 
 rify of Italy n Kiivoniur, whom ho »ll»flii- 
 PUImIh'iI with fho titio of (luko, ho nbo- 
 IMlieil tlio name of ncnato nnd conmiU at 
 llonio. Hut whilo lio wiii cxlahllDhlnv tliln 
 HOW i<ovcrolgn».v, a wroiit imrtlun of Italy 
 wa« ovorrun by tho LonitiarilH. In Kliort, 
 wo fliid that they «roa<llly mnrchcd on from 
 I'aniioiila, acromiinnli'd hy an ari'iv of 
 Rason allien, rnd woio not \imu lu-fciro 
 thoy bccamo mnsiirn of all Italy, with tho 
 cxcopflon of Homo, Ilavcunii, and Honit' of 
 tho eastorn Bca-ronHt, 
 
 A warllico natliin, cnllcd Frniifej. wlio 
 woi-o divldrd Into ucvcnil trllioit, hn<l hocn 
 gradually rlHlni< into Importnnco ; and niiit- 
 tluif tho banks of tho I.owor Ilhlno, they 
 had nrnilo thcmsoIvcH niai^tors of no Incoii- 
 eldcralilo part of (Jaul. A warlike and am- 
 httloua chief anions thoni, iminrd ClovU, 
 undertook tho i-onqnost of tho whole cnun- 
 try; and liavlnff dofcntrd ami kllira hU 
 
 ixiwerful rival, Alarlr, kln« of tho (Inths, 
 10 possessed himself of all tho countries 
 lylnff between tho lililne and tho Loire, 
 and thus became the founder of tho French 
 monarchy, A. i>. 487. 
 
 A few years before tho ronanrst of Home 
 by tho Ilorull, thoVl.iltfoths erected a klnir- 
 dom in Spain ; and as they advanced east- 
 ward, about the same tlmo that Clovls was 
 TTtendlnff his conquosts to tho west, the 
 rl\er Lolro was the natural boundary of 
 til' two kliiffilotn ; but a war soon broke 
 ont between them, which ended In favour 
 of riovls. Anotherkli-.udom had prevlou.'*ly 
 been founded In the westeni partsof Rpalu 
 by tlio BuevI, who W(>re su))ducd by tho 
 Ooths nnder Theodorlc. In 409 ; and eveii- 
 fnally, A. D. 584, thes(! restless warrlora sub- 
 jugated nearly tho whole of Spain. 
 
 CHArTEn vTir. 
 
 From the Itlee of Mdhomet, to tho Cmnmenco- 
 ment of the Crusades. 
 
 liKT ns now turn our attention forn mo- 
 ment to a pfencral view of tho world as It 
 rxisted In the sixth century of tho Christian 
 era. Tho Roman empire in tho west.was 
 nnnlhllated,and various natl'ti^nf northern 
 extraction wcro either Her ly imin ndiiig 
 with each other, or meditatlni^ new rnn- 
 qu'fs J tho eastern empire vis 'mi-'im ' 
 at war, contending with "u r. iru; n, 
 Olio side, or baraaged by il iitiacka of 
 tho Huns and other tribes on its northern 
 frontiers; whllo It was agitated and 
 weakened by religious and political ani- 
 mosities, Tho Indians and other oriental 
 nations, unaccuHtomod to war, wore ready 
 to fall a proy to the first powerful Invader ; 
 whllo tho flery Inhabitants of Arabia, from 
 their earliest origin accustomed to bold 
 and predatory warfare, wcro as ready to 
 nndertako any ontcrprlso which socmcd to 
 promiso nn adequate reward. 
 
 Tills, then, was the vorr nllft of i 
 t'OKt favourablo for such ft MVatniin 
 tiio\.'crId as was niidertaken by tlic 
 nnddit -IngMaliomot* (orMohammidi, 
 forene Ing the power and glory that uw: 
 him If success shcnild "rown his elfiiri. 
 su:ue I tho title of 'prophet,' and pr.if, i, 
 to ha- received a direct cciiiiiuIsh1(iii (; 
 (iod to become the fnumler of a ik 
 llglon, A. n. I1'J3. This forms a inir, 
 epocli In chronology, and Is (lr.sl>rimii,| 
 llelira, or Kllght of Mahomet. Hoar fi 
 en(leavoiire<l by the fun • of iils iierHiin, 
 eldqueiico alono to I'liiKi- p; iiielytes; 
 llmllng hlins'lf rre i ni'' nt ilio hn.<, 
 many ihousaiul viir'l. i f 'lo ■ , \,\\U„ 
 knowledged tl, ,1 ' nu o >> . t ul one . 
 and that Mni' -met wis his oroplut, 
 took ailvanlai/' of »' \r eiitliii^laHin. 
 proceed "1 111 1 1.1 'V i i' couiiiiest, W 
 celerit ir'ily surprlsl.ig, the armies if 
 I '•ophi t ■ "c his s.icccsH'rs overran mII 
 rill, 1' ir ; 1,0, Persia, Ibikharla, and 1; 
 Oil ih • we.-t their I'liiplro soon ext 
 over EKypt, Harb'ry Sj'.ilii, Sicily, .v •■ 
 Mahomet, who died la tho ti:inl yeiii- • ; 
 age, dhl not secure the succession, i i 
 any directions concerning It ; and th 
 sefiueiice was, that the callphato w;i ■ 
 by miiny usuriiers; dissensions brd 
 anioiii; llio 'true believers;' ami i; 
 coiir-e of tlmcthU great empire, lii 
 otlp'i 4 wl.ieli we hivo noticed, ilecUin 
 Impnriiiiice. The religion, however, ■ 
 exists, mill fho temporal power of t 
 who profess It Is by no means trKIln - 
 
 ■\Vlillo this extraordinary revoluiliir 
 golntroii In tho East, and tho Arabian r, 
 were coiiquerlng 'In tho namooftiml 
 the prophet,' the western nations as? 
 onsly upheld tho doctrines promulgiiti : 
 tho pope. From tho days of Constni' 
 the Koman pontiffs had been gradiii!;;;, 
 teiullnir their power, temporal as wt ' 
 spiritual; and at tho period of whiiii 
 aro now speaklnir, not only was their y, 
 dotal dominion llrmly established, but i 
 political Influence was often exerted f 
 apalnst those princes of surrounding >i 
 as best suited the Interests of tho cin:: 
 When, In 720, Lultprand, king of the 1 
 bards, had taken Havenna, and exp 
 tho exarch, the popo undertook to n-; 
 him, and his restoration was acconli; 
 speedily elfected. Tho authority if 
 Hyzantlne emperors In Homo was, Iih'.. 
 llttlo more than jiomlnal ; and the ii, 
 ferenceof the popes in tho temponl ' 
 corns of tho different '..iiropean niomin: 
 was of '.I' '1 ast obnoxious .and lutoUr; 
 kind. 
 
 We have seen that tho reduction of i 
 was effected by Clovls, tho Frank, ^ 
 styled the founder of tho French moll ,: 
 That kingdom. It maybe observed, w.i- 
 sequently divided Into scvern! r-'",' 
 rclgnties ; and while the princes Wf.u 
 each other by their contests, the nol' 
 creased In power, leaving their klnt- / 
 
 » Sec OlMioii'n Unman Kmiiirc, <*. 1. 
 man'! IlUtory of Latin Chrlatianlty, hw i ' 
 ch. i. 
 
mm . 
 
 (Outline i)1(rtrT) of ^rntrnl i^fiftars* 
 
 wft« tlip rrry ntrit df i 
 )lo fcir Kiirli ft ri'voliiti . 
 va« imiliTtiikcn liy tin- 
 lomot* (orMolmmiiKdi , 
 pnwcrniulwlorvtlmfiiw', 
 hIiiiiiIiI ■•rr)wn fil.-t fffiiri, 
 3 of 'proiilicf/niid iirnf,; 
 H\ ndlroct roiuiiilHHldii t' 
 !• ilio foiimlcr of (i 111 , 
 w. Thin forum a lu;,, 
 iiloffv, (ind u <lrMl(7naii,| 
 lit of MMlioiiirf. Hoar r 
 y fl)(> fori .' of iitH inTKiia. 
 
 10 fc) nVlKl" IHM(l('|yt(<H> 
 
 f irc , (11 - nt tho licii 
 I Vurliki f.itio . . 1, \vh„ 
 .t, • (liiio>\\i' t 111, oiini 
 ■iiiot wm liU iironliit 
 ■ of t'-rr ciiihii.-.lnHtri,' 
 1 'V ' i' romiiiONt, \V' 
 iiriirUI,i>r, tlio iirniles i,f 
 < « irccHM Tn ovorrnii mi 
 'crsln, Miikliarlii, niul I, 
 imlr ciiiplro kooii rxd 
 rl'-ry Sr.. In. Sicily, ,\r 
 (llt'tl 111 tlio<!.'lr(! yi:ii > : 
 niro the siirrc.-sloii, >^\^ 
 •oiirrriiliiKit ; and flu 
 Imt flin call|ili(ito wa-i -. 
 Ts; illKsonHlons broK.' 
 no l)olli'vor-<;' mid In 
 lliN fffont oinplri', li: 
 ■• llivo notlcfd, dfclin. 
 10 rollwlon, liowcvi r. 
 temporal power oi i 
 « l)y no iiicnns trlllln - 
 trnordlnnry rovolntli.n 
 Kant.nnd tho Aratilnii - 
 ^ 'III tho nanioof (Joii 
 ( wesforn nations ns ; 
 dortrlnos pronnilwifi 
 tho days of Constit 
 Iffs had been pradn.:::. 
 )wrr, temporal nn wr 
 tho period of whhli 
 .not only was their Si 
 rmlyestalillHhed.biit i 
 1 was often exerted I ■ 
 resof BUiroundliiir>t, 
 ' Interests of tho cln; 
 Hprand, king of the I, 
 " Uaveinm, and ox\« 
 ipo nndertook to n-; 
 toraflon was ncconii;; 
 Tho antliorlty (.f 
 rn In Itoino was, did. 
 nominal; and tho li; 
 >(s In flio temporal >■ 
 lilt Liiropeannionan 
 bnoxlous and IntoUr. 
 
 at tho rcdnctlon nt c 
 lovls. tho Frank, \ 
 of tho French nioir: 
 nay be observed, wa - 
 Into Severn! y:^*<- 
 Ilo thoprln^os^^(a; 
 p contests, tho noi; 
 earing their khif- : 
 
 illlly. Atleiiul 
 
 nmnn Kmiiirc, rh. 1. 
 atin Christianity, L( 
 
 rethfinlhrflmdowotroi 
 
 KilVi' thoiu-'i Ive* up to ft lifi' or lii.lo- 
 V and CMP, nii'l t>iiidonr<l lh< i ' l»i-< of 
 Frriiiiient to onici i i fjHed miiyorsof (lie 
 ! of whom the niont relebratcd wore 
 rlc» Martel, and hi* non I'epl" 'he r.lttle, 
 ( deponed Chllderic, and l/»^<-anio llie 
 tider of thcCnrvollnnlan or neeoiid royal 
 _) In Franco, of tho prlnre»of this race 
 hliftll hero only Imvo to speak of Carolus 
 inu»i, ftfterward* railed t.'hnrlcmnKiie, 
 icroiint of the extent of lils comuestn, 
 Ireotorntlon of the western empire, and 
 liplcndour of his rolg". Very soon ftfter 
 larcoHsloM to tho throne, tho Haxons, 
 > had long been trllmtarles to France, 
 Blted, and bravely and obstinately eon- 
 iod for their freedom ; but tliey were at 
 robllgod to submit. In 77», after the rc- 
 tioii of l'avla,aiid tho capture of Dldltr, 
 last king of tho liombards, Charle- 
 [10 repaired to Mlhui, and was there 
 ni'd king of Italy. From this time ho 
 [cntraged In an almost unceaxlng war- 
 \ iiRalnst tho Moors In Rpain, the Haxons 
 J Huns lii<iermany,tlieparty of theeaat- 
 Icnipcror lu ltaly,and tho Normans, who 
 >8tcd hiB inarltliiip provinces. l!avlng 
 ducd his enemies, ho reiwilrcd to Homo, 
 Jiu year 800, for tho fourth and last tlmo ; 
 J on t'hrlrttmas-day, while assisting nt 
 J celebration of muss, the pope, I,eo III., 
 Ideiily and unexpectedly crowned hlin 
 Aieror of tho lloiuans, from which tlmo 
 fwas honoured with tho tltlo of Clutrk- 
 me, or Charles tho (ircnt. At tho tlmo 
 ills death, which occurred In Hit, ho 
 kreduccd nil thai part of Hpalii wlilch 
 ^between tho Fireneca and tho Kbro; 
 ed Italy, from the Alps to tho bordera 
 _ilnbrla; and also added to his dominions 
 Goriiiany south of the Kydcr, and I'nn- 
 nla. Tho world was therefore onco moro 
 Jircd Rinoiig three great powers. Tho 
 Iplroof tho Arabs or Saracens extended 
 ^lu tho (fanges to .Spain ; coinprohendlng 
 nost all of Asia and Africa which has ever 
 en known to Europeans, China and Japan 
 Icepted. Tho eastern Ilomnn empire was 
 Jiiced to tJreece, Asia Minor, and thopro- 
 jices ndjolnlng Italy. And tho einplro 
 tho west, und.'r Charlemagne, compre- 
 bndcd France, (iermany, and the greatest 
 Wt of Italy. The sou and successor of 
 harlcinagno was Louis I., at whoso death 
 lercstoredciuplreof thowestwasdlviiled, 
 1 810, among his four sons : liorharlii.-t was 
 iperor; I'cplii king of Atiultaliie ; I. mils 
 . king of tiermany ; nnd Charles 1 r., i^ur- 
 imcd till) Bald, king of France, a division 
 iat proved tho source of peri'etual con- 
 Sntlons. Tho French retslned the Imperial 
 Itlo under eight sovereigns, till 012, when 
 ToulB III. tho last king of (Iermany, of tho 
 Ico of ("liarleinagne, dying without male 
 '^up, his son-in-law, Conrad, count of Fran- 
 ila, was elected emperor of (Iermany. 
 .S.iis tho empire passed to tho (ierinaiis, 
 (1(1 becamo elective, by tho suffrages of 
 llir prlncot), lords, and deputies of cities, 
 ill!) assumed tho title of electors. 
 During tho period wo have been de- 
 scribing, 'hp union of tho Anglo-Saxon 
 luigdoini 4|>«i rilooled l>y UgUcrt, tho king 
 
 of Weimex, A. i>. <*'i7. The plrntea of Hcandb 
 nav la, too, about this time began to mako 
 their npppftranco In large llei'tn, and spread 
 "levastatloii on tho Hhore* of Fiaiico and 
 (il III r kingdoms of continental Kurope. In 
 KiiKlalid, where they were called Danes, 
 ilieso NorthHien harassed tho coast lu ft 
 Mlmlhir manner; iiiid, though freiiuently 
 repulsed. In the courseof llmothey had tho 
 satisfaction of seeing nionarchs of their 
 own nation seated on the throne of Fngland. 
 The Haxon race, was, however, restored In 
 PHI, In tho pcrcoii of Kdward, siiinameJ 
 tho Confessor, who, dying wltliout Issue, 
 nominated William, duke of Normandy, to 
 bo his successor. Here we may just remark, 
 that the predatory tribes of Northmen, of 
 whom wo hiivo before spoken, at illfferent 
 times overran and ravaged most counirl"s 
 of Europe; and a party having entered 
 France, under their leader Uollo, Charles 
 the Slnmlo ceded to them. In 01;, llio imi. 
 vlnco of NeiHtila. On this occasion lloUii 
 embraced Christianity, changed his own 
 iiaiiio to Uobert, nnd that of his duchy to 
 .Normandy. From him was William tlio 
 Comiueror descendi'il. 
 
 At no period of the history of the world 
 do wo nnd It In a iiioro confused and dls. 
 tracted stato than nt thoepoch to which wo 
 have now arrived. It .ippears, Indeed, llko 
 one vast battle-Held. Our nttontlon, how- 
 ever. Is prlnclpallynttracted bytheprepoii. 
 derating Inlluenceof (Iermany, In the we.'<ti 
 tho decline of the Hyzantlno empire, and 
 tho Increase of that of the Turks, In the 
 east; tho divisions among tho Karaecimof 
 8l>aln, nnd their subjugation by thoFP of | 
 Africa, Civilisation was taking n retrograde 
 course: nnd whilo tho feudal system nnd 
 tho spirit of chivalry, assisted by the papal 
 superstitions, were riveting tho chains of 
 barbarism In no part of tho world, tlio 
 coniiuests aiui -spoliations of tho Turks, 
 llko those of iliu Goths and Iluns beforo 
 notlceil, were fast obliterating tho faint 
 traces of human science and learning thac 
 remained In tho other. At last tho Cru- 
 sades (though they must ever bo deplored 
 nsthewrotched offspring of enthusiasm and 
 misguided zeal), by dlto^tlng the attention 
 of Kuropeansto onepartleularobjeet.m.ado 
 them in some measure suspend the slaugh- 
 ter of one another, and were the means of 
 extricating Christendom from a slato of 
 political and moral bondage. 
 
 CnAI'TKU IX. 
 
 From the First Criisadf, to the death of 
 Kaladin. 
 
 TuR world, na wo have seen, was at this 
 tlmo divided Into two grand religions iiar- 
 tles, namely, the Christians and the Mabo- 
 metnns, each of whom affected to regard 
 tho BUiall territory of ralestlne, which they 
 called the Uoly Land, ns an Invaluablo nc- 
 qulsltloii. The origin of tho crusades may 
 therefore bo attributed to a superstltloua 
 veneration for tho places where our Saviour 
 had lived .and performed his miracles, which 
 annually brought vast numbers of pilgrims 
 from all parts of Christendom to visit the 
 ci ty of Jerusalem, and those particular spota 
 
 '.11 
 
nil 
 
 10 
 
 (Outline ^fitUli of (SeiternT l^uettorji. 
 
 In Its vicinity which hnd hcen ivndorcd cs- 
 pci Klly nipninriiMo liy his iircachlnpr, suf- 
 ferings and death. Although tho Sarncons 
 under Omar, their pocoikI rall|ih, had taken 
 Jerusalem, and cnnaut'red Palestine, In tho 
 Boventh century, tltey allowed the pilgrims 
 to continue to visit their favourite haunts 
 on payment of a pniall trihutc. In 1005, 
 however, tho Turks wrested tho holy 
 city, as It was styled, from tho Saracens; 
 and, as they were mucli more llerco and 
 harl)arou8 than tho latter, tho pilgrims 
 could no longer with safety perform 
 their devotions; and Kurnpo resounded 
 with complaint* against tho inlldel pos- 
 sessors of ralestine, who profaned the 
 holy places and so cruelly treated tho 
 devotees. Europe was at the time full of 
 eiithu«lastlowarrlors, who wanted but little 
 stimulus to lead them to the Held of glory; 
 and Pope Gregory VII, liad already medi- 
 tated and urged the unioTi of Cliristendom 
 against the religion of ]Malioniet. Jlesides 
 the religious moMvo of freeing Jerusalem 
 from tho dominion of tho Turks, some 
 views of ambition nilKiit huvo Induced the 
 court of Home to oiigago In this project. 
 Hut whatever might liavo been tho chief 
 motives, an opportunity soon presented 
 itself, which was seized With avidity. A 
 bold enthusiast, nniiied Peter, wliefroiu his 
 ascetic life was called the Hermit, having 
 been on a i)ilgriinage to Jenisalem, re- 
 presented the oi'pn'ssion of the holy city, 
 and the cruel treatment which tho Chris- 
 tians suffered In terms so appalling to 
 Url)an II. (who filled tho i>apal see at the 
 tlmel, that the pontiff 1 istened to his scheme 
 for uniting all the (."hrlstlan States against 
 the Turks, and leading armies Into Asia, 
 sutllcient in iiumberaiid prowess to conquer 
 these warlilco people by whom tho Holy 
 La!id was held in subjection. In conse- 
 f|uencc of this n council was summoned, 
 anil ameetingof clergy and laity took place 
 In a field Inthonelghbonrhoodof Placontia 
 at which 4,000 ecclesiastics and 30,0(X) 
 laynjen were present. Both Peter the 
 hermit and the Pope represented In the 
 most vivid colours the direful situation of 
 their brethren In tho East, and the in- 
 dignity offered to tho religion of Christ. 
 Their speeches were suited to the passions 
 of tlieir hearers, and so well seconded liy 
 tho adventurous spirit of tho times, that a 
 violent and tumultuous declar.atlon [of war 
 burst forth from all sides; and the assem- 
 bled multitude devoted themselves cheer- 
 fully to a service that they believed to bo 
 meritorious In tho eight of heaven. The 
 zealous Peter next visited the chief cities 
 and sovereigns of Christendom, calling up- 
 on them to rescue the sepulchre of their 
 Bavlour from the tjTannous grasp of tlic 
 Turks. Another council was speedily bold 
 at Clermont, In Auvergno, which wa8 at- 
 tended by many princes, and tho greatest 
 prelates and nobles ; .and wlien Urban and 
 tho Hermit renewed their patlictic decla- 
 mations, tlie whole assembly ui.rst forth In 
 a general exclamation, 'It Is tho will of 
 God r words which were immediately at- 
 trlbnted to divino Inspiration, and adopted 
 as the signal of rendezvous and battle. 
 
 Men of all ranks now How to arms withthii 
 utmost ardour ; and a cross of red clutj 
 was afflxcd to thoir right shoulder ; htiic<| 
 tho names of crvmde (or croisado) and en I 
 sadcra wore derived to express this ii(«| 
 cxi)edltlon professedly undertaken on u\ 
 ligicnis grounds. Uowovcr Imprudent ii, 
 project, tho prevailing taste andprejudic, 
 of tho ago occasioned Its being adopti: 
 without examluation. Independent of ih;",| 
 their passions were absorbed in their liivff 
 of war; they were delighted with tl. ' 
 thoughts of adventures, and tho brave \\». 
 attracted by tho hopes of gain as well :.< 
 with tho lovoof glory. "What was nit i 
 ho expected from tho valour of an Intini; 
 number of warriors fighting under li; 
 banners of tho cross? No means were \< 
 unemployed to swell their ranks. Thei;. 
 and poor, tho saintly and tho crimin:; 
 were alike eager to show their dcvotinn ;. 
 the cause. Sovereigns shared In and ;;;. 
 plaudcil It ; tho nobility with their vas.-,,. 
 engaged In it ; and tho clergy not on : 
 loudly extolled It from tho pulpit, !• '■ 
 tauglit the people to consider It as \ 
 atonement for their sins. No wonder il 
 that the immber of adventurers at last i 
 camo so numerous, that their lenders gri i 
 apprchonslvo lest tho greatness of i:.:. 
 armament sliould disappoint its puri>ii; 
 Some were elated at tho prospects v 
 worldly tid vantage which (>pened to tin ■ 
 view, as they beheld In perspective t: 
 rich conquests in Asia; others thouglit -: 
 the expiation of their offences iu the tuiini:: 
 of war, and rejoiced that tlicy could grati: 
 tlieir Inclinations while performing a sa< n , 
 duty. If they succeeded, their fort in, 
 seemed to be secured In this world ; If i In; 
 died, a crown of martyrdom was iiroini-i 
 In tlu! next. So many causes uniting l;n. 
 almost an Insurmountable power; and tin- 
 concurrence Is one of tho most curiui ■ 
 phenomena to bo met with In history. 
 
 An undisciplined nniltltude, computcil • 
 three hundred thousand men, led the w 
 under the command of Peter the llcii 
 and a soldier of fortune, called Walter i 
 moneyless. They passed through lluii.i;i! 
 and llulgaria, towards Constantinople; ;i: 
 trusting to supernatural aid for tho sui i , 
 of their wants, tliey niado no provision t : 
 subsistence on their march. Thoy were, i 
 fact, composed partly of fanatlcsandpaii y 
 of wretches bent on plunder ; and the i . 
 suit was, asmlght have been expected, tli! 
 the enraged Inhabitants of tho count i- 
 which tliey pillaged fell upon and m.ii 
 annihilated them before they could rciir 
 Constantinople, the place appointed i : 
 their general rendewous. The more diri ; 
 plinod armies followed soon after. Aim i .■ 
 their leaders were tho celebrated Goiliiy 
 of Bouillon, witli his brothers, Baldwin .u : 
 Eustaco; Robert, duke of Normandy; llm.:; 
 brother of Philip I, king of Franco ; Rolm • 
 earl of Flanders ; Raymond, count of T' : 
 louse, and other experienced commamir: ; 
 Thus led, this host of warriors traver,- ■ : 
 Germany and Hungary, passed over t!: 
 strait of Galllpoil, couquercd Nice In ]('•:, 
 Antloch and Edessa in 1098, and lastly, 
 Jerusalem, in 1090; of which cityGodfn) 
 
 m 
 
Mavu» 
 
 now flow to arms •n-itlubi 
 nnd a cross of red clut 
 liolr right shoulder; henc,! 
 ustide (or croiaade) and c' 
 ived to cxiircsa this m, 
 Jssedly undertaken on r,. 
 
 Uowover Imprudent ii, 
 (illlnsr taste and prejudic.; 
 'loned Its being ado,,t, 
 tion. Independent or th; 
 oro al)3orl)ed in their Idu 
 ere delighted with ii, 
 nturcs, nnd the bravo \v,t- 
 iiopes of gain as wo!l :,[ 
 glory. What was imt i 
 I tho valour of an iiiii),jr, 
 lors flghting under ii. 
 OSS 1 No means were l( ' 
 veil their ranks. Tlioii, 
 iifutly and the criniin,, 
 to show their dcvotldn ' 
 •eigns shared in niul ;;■ 
 loliillty with their vasM, 
 nd tho clergy not on 
 t from tlio pulpit, 1. 
 lie to consider It as . 
 'irslns. No wonder II,. 
 )f adventurers at last 1 
 s, that their leaders ki' 
 ; tho greatness of i 
 disappoint Its purpd. 
 :'d at tho prospects . 
 3 which opened to tin 
 lield ill perspectivo t: 
 Asia; others thought r 
 L'lroifenoeslu the tunm 
 d that they could grail, 
 i-hllo performing a saT, 
 icceeded, their forim, 
 •ed in this world; if iii, 
 arlyrdoni was iiroiiiN/ 
 any causes unitliig l.n 
 mtablo power; and till- 
 > of tho most curiui:. 
 et with in history, 
 niultitudo, romputcilii 
 isaiul men, led the w, 
 ilof I'eter tlid Ilcin, 
 tniie, called Walter r . 
 issed through Uuiif,-,!! , 
 ds Constantinople; ai ' 
 tural aid for tho supiit 
 niadono provision f 
 • march. They were, , 
 iy of fanatics and paiiiy ' 
 n plunder ; and the i^ 
 xvo been expected, tli,it 
 tants of tho conntii.; 
 
 fell upon and luaiiv 
 cforo they could rea( i 
 ' Placo appointed f r 
 vous. The more dixii- 
 nd soon after. Amoiic 
 ho celebrated GodSiw 
 brothers, Baldwin an'; 
 CO of Normandy; II II L'h 
 ng of Franco ;Roborr, 
 lytnond, count of Tdii- 
 ■rlcnced commander?. 
 :)f warriors traverw-.i 
 !»ry, passed over tli.> 
 uquered Nice in ipur, 
 
 In 1098, nnd lastlv, 
 f which city Godfrij 
 
 Outline |S)%etcf) af emttnl ^intatu* 
 
 11 
 
 Houlllon was chosen king; but ho re- 
 
 led to bear that title in tho Holy Land ; 
 
 died In 1100. In 1102, an army of 
 
 ,000 men left Europe on tho same de- 
 
 atlon ; they perished, however, partly 
 
 the march, and partly by tho sword of 
 
 sultan of Iconliim. Such was the Issue 
 
 the first crusade : but the spirit which 
 
 been thus excited was not to be so 
 
 ily extinguished ; a second, a third, nnd 
 
 eral other crusades were undertaken 
 
 ng a succession of almost two hundred 
 
 ,rs, and ended in very similar results. 
 
 1201, tho town of Acre, or I'tolomals, In 
 
 ch the descendants of Godfrey still 
 
 ntalncd the regal title, was plundered 
 
 he sultan of Egypt, and the Christians 
 
 c driven out of Syria. 
 
 ■ reo monastic and military orders, the 
 
 pitiUlors, the Templars, and Teutonic 
 
 ights, were instituted at Jerusalem, to 
 
 ectthe pilgrims from theattacksof the 
 
 ks. In this ago tho sacred was so con- 
 
 nded with tho profane, that it was 
 
 uglit the virtues aiul austerities of the 
 
 ink might be united with tho warlike 
 
 litics and passions of the soldier. The 
 
 orders, loaded with wealth and parti- 
 
 r privileges, in a short tlmo became 
 
 ledy, licentious, nnd insolent warriors, 
 
 mies of one another, and by their mu- 
 
 ,1 hatred weakened the cause of Cbristl- 
 
 ty. What happened before In Kuropo 
 
 likewise seen in Asia: every lord 
 
 ted to erect a sovereign power ; prlncl- 
 
 tlcs were subdivided Into fiefs ; discord 
 
 ailed, nnd tho Turks would soon havo 
 
 royed them. If they had not Ukowlso 
 
 divided among themselves. 
 
 e Christian empire In the Kast ex- 
 
 teljiaed at this period from tho borders of 
 
 Hgypt to Armenia; but it was encompassed 
 
 ■"f powerful enemies, and its population, 
 
 jough lirave, was by no means consider- 
 
 'le. The Turks bad already taken Kdessa, 
 
 d there was great reason to bo apprehen- 
 
 e for tho fate of Jerusalem, when ICuge- 
 
 s III., fifty years after the beginning of 
 
 le crusades, was solicited by deputies from 
 
 e East to renew them. This time the 
 
 nk St. nernard took upon himself the 
 
 ce of its chief advocate. He is repre- 
 
 inted as running from to^wn to town, and 
 
 ouph ignorant of the language of the 
 
 luntry, yet making the peoiile follow liliu 
 
 d performing numberless miracles. lie 
 
 cordlngly everywhere gained an liiflu- 
 
 ce, of which there had been no parallel ; 
 
 t Ills success could scarcely keep pace 
 
 ith his zealous wishes. Under the humble 
 
 bit of a monk, Uernard enjoyed a greater 
 
 spcct than VMS paid to the most powerful 
 
 luces : 1' J was .as clofiuent as he was eu- 
 
 uslastlc, and obtained an unbounded In- 
 
 lueiico over the minds of the people. Tho 
 
 iperor Conrad, who first listened to him 
 
 ith a resolution to oppose those danrei'- 
 
 U3 emigrations, concluded with enrr.'lii.g 
 
 iinsclf. Neither could Louis VII., king i' 
 
 ranee, resist the appeals of tho orator. 
 
 he people abandoned their habitations in 
 
 owds; tho nobles sold their lands, nnd 
 
 laid tho price at his feet ; and lu^arly a mli- 
 
 lon of men solicited to be enrolled among 
 
 tho champions of Christianity. It Is said 
 that each of tl\e armies h.ad 70,000 ' men at 
 arms :' these consisted of the nobility, who 
 were heavy armed, and followed by a much 
 more numerous body of light cavalry. Tho 
 number of Infantry was immense. Tlie 
 emperor Conrad was the first that set out : 
 lie was tho brother-in-law of Manuel-Com- 
 nenus, at that time reigning in Constanti- 
 nople ; but the Greeks, It la said, apprehen- 
 sive that similar excesses would be com- 
 mitted by the crusaders as in the former ex- 
 pedition, furnished them with treacherous 
 guid3s, which led to tlieir destruction : hi.s 
 .army was almost annlliilated; upon which 
 ho lied to Antloch, made a pilgrimage to 
 Jerusalem, nnd returned to Europe with a 
 mere handful of men. Louis met with 
 similar disasters, and followed tho example 
 of Conrad ; so that when they were com- 
 pelled to withdraw, tliey left I ho Holy Laud 
 in a much weaker condition than they had 
 fev.nd it. 
 
 Expeditions so ill planned nnd ill con- 
 ducted, served only to animate tho Turks to 
 the destruction of tho Christians of Jeru- 
 salem, and to show them thellttlodilllculty 
 there would bo in expelling them. Noi-adiii, 
 whom they chosefortlieIrlender,promoted 
 this design, and Sniadlii, his successor, com- 
 pleted tho work. Tlio latter, after having 
 usurped Syria, triumphed over tlio rerslnns, 
 conqHered Egypt, and inadeliimself master 
 of dominions that extended to the O.kus, 
 returned by sea, lu order to strip tlio Euro- 
 peans of tho places they still retained. Da- 
 mascus, Aleppo, and Acre, opened their 
 gates to the conqueror, who, after having 
 artfully drawn the Christian army into 
 narrow defiles, where ho commanded the 
 passes, obliged them to surrender with 
 Lusignan, tlielr king : a.d. 1187. Ho then 
 marched towards Jerusalem, which, being 
 in a manner defenceless, was easily taken ; 
 and thus ho destroyed for ever the little 
 kingdom which had not subsisted a cen- 
 tury, and for tho ncriuisltion of which liy 
 tlio Christians so much Interest had been 
 excited, and so much blood had been shed. 
 
 Tlio news of the loss of tho Holy Land 
 spread consternation in Europe. Urban 
 III., who had exerted all his iiiiluenco, spi- 
 ritualand temporal, tor re vent their misfor- 
 tune, died of grief soon after thefatal news 
 reached his ear. The Christian princes 
 suspended their quarrels, and the desire of 
 recovering Jerusalem produced a third cru- 
 sade : A.D. 1180. This was inllnitely better 
 planned tli.an the former ones, and gave the 
 most splendid hopes. Three princes of 
 distinguished merit, who would havo ex- 
 cited the admiration of any age, were the 
 leaders of this expedition. Frederic I., 
 Burnamcd Barbarossa, one of the most dis- 
 tinguished emperors that over governed 
 Germany, advanced by land, at the head 
 of 130,000 men : Philip Augustus, king of 
 Prance, also conducted thither a largo and 
 well-appointed army : while Richard Cmtr- 
 de-Lion, king of England, tho hero of this 
 crusade, set out with his nobles and the 
 flower -of his troops. Isaac Aiigelus, tho 
 emperor of Constantinople, looking upon 
 tho crusaders ns Intruders, had formed an 
 
^ .1: 
 
 U\ 
 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 (9utl(nc ^Ttctrl) al etnstnl W^tav^. 
 
 Kllianro with Saladin and tho sultan of 
 Iconluni ; but Frederic triumphed over tho 
 obstacles which were opposed to him ; and 
 though lie found liostlle armies cvcry- 
 wliero on hla march, he obtained many slg- 
 n;il victories. In this manner he was pro- 
 fcedhig towards Palestine, when ho was 
 drowned In a small river of Plsldla. 
 
 riilllp of Franco, and Richard tho ' lion- 
 hearted' king of England, though ninbl- 
 tious rivals, were apparently united In thoir 
 design of carrying on tlic holy war ; and, in 
 order to avoid the Greeks, they prudently 
 preferred going by sea. Philip, who ar- 
 rived first, distinguished himself In several 
 engagements with the Saracens, took many 
 I>Iaces, and having made himself master of 
 the open country, laid sicgo to Acre. In 
 the meantime, lllchard was advancing to 
 second tho efforts of the Frcncli monarch ; 
 and on hla arrival they found that their 
 united forces amounted to about 300,(X)0 
 men. There was, however, no real union 
 among tho leaders. Philip, jealous of tho 
 heroic character of his rival, and tired of 
 the fruitless expedition, embarked with tho 
 greatest part of his army to France, having 
 first sworn not to attack the possessions of 
 Uichard until tho return of both to their 
 dominions. Coeur-dc-Llon now became solo 
 master of the operations ; rcfjumcd the siege 
 of Acre, which at length capitulated; de- 
 feated tho sultan In several desperate en- 
 counters, and, by prodigies of valour and 
 military skill, forced victory from the stan- 
 dards of tho brave Saladin, who till then 
 had been deemed invincible. Whilellichard 
 was pursuing his successes, aiid on the eve 
 of roaplngall the fruits of his toll, he learned 
 that Philip, on his return to France, had 
 Incited hla (Riduird's) brother to take up 
 arms against liim, and was attacking the 
 Kngllsh provinces in that kingdom. Tims 
 forced to sacrillce his expectations In tho 
 Kast to the interest and defence of lils na- 
 tive dominions, ho renounced, with rage 
 .and vexation, the laurels ho had won, aiid 
 his hopes of future conquest. IIo then 
 agreed to a truce with Saladin, by which 
 the CliristLans were to bo securely protect- 
 ed in Palestine ; but though Acre was in 
 their possession, and served as a bulwark 
 for them until the entire terminal Inn of i lie 
 crusades, the design of this cxpcditlcin was 
 frustrated by leaving tho sultan master of 
 Jcrusulcm. Saladin died in llt»3.« 
 
 cttapteh X. 
 
 From the Death of SalMli», to the End of the 
 Crusades. 
 
 HuniNO the third crusade a revolufion 
 li.'ipiicned at Const.antinople, which divided 
 tlie eastern eini)lre for llfty-eiglit vein--; 
 Alexins Angelus, surnamed the Tvrant, 
 liaving dethroned Isaac II., usun'ed his 
 Beat in 1195 ; and Alexius, son of Isaac, ap- 
 
 * For fm nilmlrablo oxnmindtlnn of tlip cniuos 
 of llip cniFiulci, M won ns oltlicir cfficts on tlip siili- 
 »r()iipiit hist.ir.v ot Kiiropo, >co Mllmaii'» Latin 
 ChriiUauity, book vii. ch. vi. 
 
 piled to tho French and Venetians, wIk 
 passed that way to the holy wars, to as?i. 
 him In tho recovery of his father's empir, 
 They accordingly. In 1203, renouncing tlip;i 
 designs against tho Uoly Land, laid sIli;. 
 to Constantinople, took It by storm, .-nul i-. 
 placed Isaac on the throne ; the next yen- 
 Alexius Uucas, surnamed Murtzulpluw .; 
 Mnrzutle, assassinated the emperor, wh., 
 the crusaders had re- established, and seiz. 
 tho crown. On hearing this, tho Frci,. 
 returned, attacked the city, deposed .Mu: 
 zulphus, and elected Ualdwin, count of lii 
 ders, In his room : he had four succes.-u; 
 the last of whom, Baldwin II., was dcpu;i. 
 In 1202, by Michael Palcologus. 
 
 This was tho period in which the sov. 
 reign pontiffs carried thelrattempts again, 
 crowned heads to the greatest excess ; n;. 
 wo shall consequently find that a gene. 
 history of tho European states bccon. 
 more and more coiniected with tho C"!;- 
 of Rome. Hut before we enter into i; 
 condlthui of Christian Europe, It will ' 
 better that wo resume the thread of hist 
 by whicli tho crusades are continued, ;i: , 
 then return. 
 
 It appears that notwithstanding the bio 
 which had been fruitlessly shed In i 
 'holy' cause, tho zeal of tho popes v 
 not lessened. Hut Innocent III., who f* 
 saw much greater advantages to the li 
 In tho taking of Constantinople than in : 
 deliverance of Jerusalem, readily pan! ■; 
 1 he leaders of the crusadefor having bri k 
 tlirough thoir engagements, and was : 
 solved to reap all the advantages ho C'. 
 from an event so unexpected. Up to a : 
 cent period the .armies of the cross hail 
 other view but to attack the infidels, 'i "i 
 confederacy w.as now al)out to be dlrei't 
 against their fellow-christians. Inthesuv. 
 oi: Franco and elsewhere, the ostentati 
 pomp and ambition of tho clergy had piv 
 great offence to many of the laity ; who i 
 lidy complained that In the memliers oi : 
 sacred profession they could not disc(i\ 
 the ministers of a religion founded on 1 
 niiiity and peace, aiul had formed a res. 
 tion not to consider them as their past 
 Under the name of Patarins, Cathares, .:: 
 Vaudols, they had spread themselves in ; 
 southern provinces, ami partirnl.uly 
 l.anguedoc, contiguous to Alby, which 1 1 
 si'enied to have made their lie.ad-iiuaih ; 
 Innocent, who w.as too sagacious not t. - 
 the future 111 consequences to the i ; 
 power It tho d.aring principles of thcsi . 
 taileswero permitted to I'Xteiid, res.;, 
 on their extermination. l!y the assi^in 
 of the clergy, who were equally Inten-ti 
 III their destruction, he pieaciied up a or 
 sade, and formed a powerful army, tlu; rn: 
 inaiid of whii'li ho entrusted to Sliiinn 
 Jloiitfort. At tho .same tiiiin ho erect. : 
 liloody tribunal, by wliich uiihtippy vIct, 
 were draggi'd to tliostake.on the testin; : 
 of tho vilest informer. It w.as in eveij- 1 
 spcct as Iniquitous as tlio Inquisitidii, 
 which It was in ftict tho origin. Two i. 
 gious orders, lately est.ablished umlin- Ur.\ 
 auspices of Innocent, and entirely dev( ti 
 to his Interest, were commissioned to pr,- 
 sldo at tliese executions. Thousands of tLt 
 
ftflry. 
 
 i 
 
 mcU ami Venetians, wh, 
 ;o the holy wars, to assi^' 
 M-y of Ills father's eninir, 
 •, In 1203, renouncing tlic:j 
 the Iloly Land, laid slei;. 
 ?, took it by storm, aiul i. 
 Iictlirono; the next yc- 
 lurnanicd MurtziilpluN . 
 intc'il the cinperur, an In, 
 re- established, and h<j\y, 
 liearing this, the Frci,, 
 d tlie city, deposed Miir 
 ;ed Ualdwin, count of I'ia: 
 : ho had four succcsmi,. 
 , Baldwin 11., was dciiu;i 
 3l Paleolopus. 
 leriod In which the sov. 
 ■ied tholrattenipts again- 
 I the grcxtcst excess ; n:; 
 ontly find that a gciK- 
 European states becoii;" 
 connected witli the (■"•:- 
 jcforc wc enter into i: 
 '1st Ian Europe, It will ■ 
 ninie the thread of lii-t 
 sadcs are continued, :i: , 
 
 lotwithstandlngtheW , 
 fruitlessly shed in t , 
 zeal of the pojics v 
 It Innocent III., who f, ; 
 • advantages to the i;, 
 !on.stantinopIe than in ; 
 rusalein, readily pan!, ■] 
 crusade for having br. k 
 igagements, and was ; 
 the advantages ho c^ 
 unexpected. Up to n 
 mies of the cross hail 
 attacli the Infldels. 'i! 
 low about to be direr; 
 rt'-chrlstians. Intliosn;: 
 ewhere, the ostentiiti, 
 n of tlie clergy liadgiv 
 any of the laity; who] 
 lat in the members of ; 
 they could not di.scm 
 religion founded on 1 
 md had formed a re~- 
 r them as their past : 
 f ratarlns, Cathares, ;.: 
 spread themselves in : 
 es, and partlcul.irly 
 uonsto Alt)y, whlcliil 
 ide their liead-<juariir 
 too sagacious not to-i 
 iscciuences to the i>;r 
 ? principles of these ^ 
 ted to extend, rcsnlv 
 itidii. liy tho assisl.ii. 
 were e>|imlly Interc-ti 
 1, lie pnaclied up a or 
 powerful army, tliec : 
 entrusted to Siiunn : 
 .<amo 11, no he erec:, : 
 which unhappy viri 
 cstake.on the teslin; ■ 
 ler. It was in every : 
 as tlio Inauislticiii, 
 t tho origin. Two i 
 
 established uinler iJ 
 It, and entirely devdi,:] 
 connnlssloned to pr, 
 ions. Thousands of il. 
 
 C^tttlttie ^l^etcTj at ^tmvtil ^iitavU' 
 
 13 
 
 :l 
 
 abitants of Alby (wliom wo know by the 
 of Alblgcnses), persecuted 1)y tho 
 : of tho cross, and tho members of 
 r. Kuaisltlon, perished by the swords of 
 *■) former, or expired In the flames kln- 
 id by tlie latter, 
 
 ifter this Inhuman persecution, carried 
 
 under the banners of the God of mercy, 
 
 locent resumed his project of conquer- 
 
 the Holy Land: but he could not per- 
 
 do the emperor to join In the design, 
 
 •ause his .aronc was too much disturbed ; 
 
 • the kings of Franco and England, as 
 
 ly were too deeply engaged in their nin- 
 
 1 quarrels. Andrew, king of Hungary, 
 
 I John do Criennc, titular sovereign of 
 
 usalcm, commanded this crusade, and 
 
 ;llnal JuUen, lefiatc of tho pope, acconi- 
 
 icd them. As the Christian leaders per- 
 
 rcd that Envpt was the support of tlic 
 
 ■ks of Palestine, they formed a new plan 
 
 jttack, and directed theirllrst operations 
 
 Inst that kingdom. In this they were 
 
 icessful. The enemy, after h.aving sus- 
 
 led several severe defeats, abandoned 
 
 flat country to the Christians, and took 
 
 jge in the mountains. Tho gcnerais, 
 
 sibic of tlie great danger of marching 
 
 i country to wliich they were strangers, 
 
 lught it necessary to secure tho heiglits, 
 
 1 reconnoitre the places through which 
 
 ly were to pass, befuie they proceeded 
 
 fiiither. The cardinal, consulting only 
 
 dictates of impetuous ardour, treated 
 
 ilr iirudence as timidity, and declared for 
 
 niingtho barbarians immediately. Find- 
 
 tlie two kiuKS opposed his opinion, he 
 
 nied the style of a superior, showed 
 
 n tlie pope's order, and being supported 
 
 ihe Knights of St. John .and tlie Tem- 
 
 , g, obliged them to i)ay at)Iindobedicnee 
 
 to his will. The army thus governed by this 
 ecclesi;i.slic, daily committed new blunders, 
 and !it length w;is heiiiiiied in between two 
 " iiclies of the ^■ile. The Saracens then 
 lud their sluices, ai.d were preparing to 
 .wn the Clirisiiaiis, wlio thought theni- 
 ves happy to preserve tluir lives, by sup- 
 eating tho mercy of tlie iiieiiiy, and lie- 
 j .aliowed to return to Kuroiie, though 
 iveied with ilisgrace. 
 
 Tlie crusades seemed now to be at an end ; 
 |r the dire niistoMunes which attended 
 L'S(! distant expeditions had (luiteextin- 
 .islied tho zeal of Christian waniors ; iuid 
 c ferment which pervaded all lOumie 
 lUld not allow sovereigns, however mar- 
 1 or ambitious, t<i leave tlieir respective 
 juiilries. But there wa'< yet another 
 Tiicrgle to bemade for the possession of the 
 ioly Land, tiie relation of which, although 
 carries lis too forward in our aUenipt at 
 iroiiological order in tliis outline of gen- 
 al history, must bo given here. Louis IX. 
 .' France, "better known by the name of St. 
 j'ouls, having recovered from a dangerous 
 lliiess, made a vow to t!(ke the cross ; and, 
 ■itliailthe zeal of one Avho was desirous to 
 Ignallse himself in the places that had been 
 jirlnkled with tho blood of his Itedeeiner, 
 e invited his people to follow his example, 
 id effect the deliverance of ralestlne from 
 .c power of tlie inlldels. His consort, 
 argarct of Provence, marched at Lis side. 
 
 In order to share his dangers; his brothers 
 and the principal nobility of tho kingdom, 
 accomp.anied him. Nor was the French 
 monarch left to contend with the enemy 
 single-handed. Prince Edward, the valiant 
 son of tho king of England, followed with 
 a largo train of English noblemen. Having 
 arrived on tho coast of Egypt, tho army 
 made good their landing, and marched for 
 Damletta, a.d. 1240. Margaret led tho 
 troops in iicrson, and the city was carried 
 by Btorm. Tho Intrepid conduct of tho 
 leaders, and the success which had hitherto 
 crowned their arms, seemed to show that 
 the decisive moment was nowat hand when 
 the subjection of Egypt was to secure tho 
 coiKiucst of Jiidca. But a sudden and 
 dreadful pestilence which raged in tho 
 Christian camp, a dearth of provisions, and 
 tho Imprudent ard(nir of tho count of Ar- 
 tols, who was surrounded by the enemy, 
 and perished with the flower of therobility, 
 gave a most unhappy turn to itsprospenuis 
 commencement. Louis was attacked near 
 M.'issoura, and, notwithstanding his heroic 
 behaviour, his army sustained a signal dis- 
 comflture, and he himself was made pri- 
 soner : A.n. I'JJO. Such was tlie fate of tho 
 last crusade for the recovery of Palestine. 
 
 CHAI'TEIl XI. 
 
 From tho Time of GciifjUis Khan, to that o) 
 Tamerlane. 
 
 ■Wnii.K the crusaders were nghtlngin the 
 western pails of Asia, the n.'ilions of tho 
 more easterly parts were threatened with 
 extenniiiation by Genghis Klian, the great- 
 est as well as tlio most sanguinary con- 
 queror that ever existed. Tiie raiiidity of 
 his eoniuu'sts seemed to emulate tho.»e of 
 Alexander ; but the cruelties ho committed 
 were altogether unparalleled. The Moguls, 
 or -Monguls, over whom this tyr.ant.assumeil 
 the sovereignty, were a people of Eastern 
 Tartary, divided, as at the present day, into 
 v.'irious pelly governments, but acknow- 
 ledging a subjectinu tooiiesoverelgn,whoni 
 they cnlleil Vaiig-Khan, or the (^reat Khan. 
 Teniiijiii, afterwards (ienghls Khan, one of 
 tho minor princes, had been nnjusllyde- 
 jirivedot his liiherilance at theage of thir- 
 teen, and ciniUI not recover it till twenty- 
 siveii years after, A.u. 1201, when he totally \ 
 lediieed the rebels, and caused seventy of | 
 tluir chiefs to l>e thrown into as many I 
 cauldrons of boiling water. In r-'02 lie : 
 defeated anil killed Vang-Khan himself 
 (known to Europeans by the name of I'res- 
 ter John of Asia) ; and )>osscs8lng himself 
 of Ills v.ast dominions, became thencefor- 
 ward irresistible. In 12U0 he was declared 
 king of theMou'uls and T.artars, and took 
 upon him the title of Genghis Kl.an, or tho 
 great Khan of Khans. This w.as followed 
 by the reduction of the kingdoms of Hyaiu 
 China, Tangut, Kitny, Turkestan, Karazini, 
 or the kingdom of Gazna, Great Bukharia, 
 Persia, and part of India ; all of which viwt 
 regions ho comiuered in twenty-sl.'c years. 
 It Is computed that upwards of fourteen 
 millions of human beings were butchered 
 by him during the last twenty-two years of 
 Uis reign, and that his cou^uests cxtendeU 
 
 ( 
 
 f 
 
ft il 
 
 u 
 
 Outline ^ftctclj 0( ^mevttX W^tavtt, 
 
 eighteen hundred leaBuos from east to west, 
 and a thousand from south tonorih. Hu 
 died In 1227. One of his sons sulxlued In- 
 dia; another, after crosslnsf tho WoIct, de- 
 vastated Russia, Hungary, Poland, and llo- 
 hcniia; while a third advnneed Into Syria, 
 and comiuered all the murltlmo provinces 
 of the Turkish empire. Tho rallpliato of 
 Bnufdad, and tho power of the Turks In that 
 Quarter, were llnally destroyed by t'l's sud- 
 den revolution. In the menntinio tlic Jla- 
 melukcs, a Ixidy of militia formed liy the 
 sultan of Cairo, expelled the Turkish con- 
 querors, and sebed tho throne of Kprypt. 
 
 The vast empire of (ienj^his Kliaii, how- 
 ever, had tho fate of all others : lielnt^ too 
 extensive to he governed Ity luiy one of 
 ordinary caiiacity, it split Into a multitude 
 of small kingdoms as before : hut they all 
 owned allegiance to tho house of Genghis 
 Khan till tho time of Timur Rik, or Tinner- 
 lane. The Turks at this time, urged for- 
 ward by the Inundation of Tartars who 
 poured In from thu Kast, were forced upon 
 tho remains of the (Jreek empirp ; .ind at 
 the time of Tamerlane they had almost con- 
 lined tills onco mighty empire within the 
 walls of Constantinople. 
 
 We must nowagiiiu cast our eyes upon 
 the transact ic ms of Knropc. After the de.'ith 
 of Frederic II. the cmi)ire of (iermanyfill 
 a prey to anarchy. An interregnum took 
 place on the death of the emperor JUcliard, 
 in 1271, which continued two years, and 
 completed the destruction of tho h'lperlal 
 domain. The trllmtary nations, Denmark, 
 Poland, and Hungary, absolutely shook oil' 
 the yoke ; each of them taking possession 
 of what Iny the most conviMilcnt for them ; 
 frcc'ng themselves from ipiit-rents and 
 every obligation by which they tlnniglit 
 themselves under restraint; .and leaving 
 nothing to t lie emperors but their paternal 
 Inheritance. l''ornieily taxci were paid to the 
 emperor by tho Imperial cities ; from which 
 they endeavoured to free themselves, by 
 taking advantage of the anarchy that pre- 
 vailed at this time, and assumed the title 
 of free cities, to distinguish them from a 
 great number of imperinl cities which they 
 admitted Into their body; nnd thus the 
 Hanseatlc Icnene was formed. At length 
 they grew tired of anarchy ; and firegory X. 
 having threatened to name an emperor if 
 they did not, they elected liodolpli, count 
 of Hapshurg, the descendant of ;in old 
 count of Alsace ; from wlUcli election, hum- 
 ble as it was, tho lustre of the House of 
 Austria Is derived. The new emperor was 
 seated on a throne with notliing but an 
 empty title to support the dignity ; he had 
 neither troops nor money ; he was In sub- 
 jection to the clergy ; surrounded by vas- 
 eals more powerful than himself, and In 
 tho midst of an enthusiastic people who 
 were ripe for sedition and an.archy. His 
 first enre therefore was to conciliate the af- 
 fections of the people, and by that means ho 
 h.applly appeased the spirit of faction. He 
 also studied how to Increase his dominions, 
 80 as to make them respectable ; with this 
 view, ho artfully blended tho Idea of glory 
 and the rights of the empire with his own 
 Interest j and having united tho forces of 
 
 tho Germanic body against Ottocar, klmi 
 of Ihihemia, that prince was compelicdi 
 yield Austria to the conriueror, who nl.i 
 obtained Suabia : so that he was enabled i- 
 leave his son Albert In possession of a iici| 
 and powerful state. 
 
 From the time of Rodolph of Hapslmr;! 
 the amazing power of the popes hegnnt 
 decline. The form of government remniiu 
 the s.ame in Germany; but It was materi i! j 
 altered in Fngland and Fn nee, where lii- 
 middling classes of society had obtaiiiv i j 
 voice in the assemblies of each nation, 'li,: 
 manners of tho lower classes of sodi'; 
 were still rndo and barbarous In tlie .■ 
 tremo; but those of thonoblUty exliilii. 
 a singular mixture of devotion, gallauti- 
 and valour, In which originated the sent ; 
 orders of knighthood, such as the order ; 
 tlie g.arter in Kngland, of the golden lie.-. 
 ill Spain, of St. Michael in France, of t'iii;.; 
 in Portugal, &c. To this strange comliii-, 
 t ion of religion with war and with love, iirr 
 be traced the origin of judici.al comi.:.' 
 ,i(nist8, and t(nirnaments, and that spiiii ; 
 chivalrywhlch pervaded all I he upper clii-., 
 of society. Painting, sculpture, and aici i 
 tectnro arose in Italy through tlioexerii 
 of tho fugitive Greeks. Theartsof iirliii 
 and engraving were also ciilighteniiiK 
 world : and the science of navigation, 
 conseiiuenily geograidiy, were mucli 
 ninced by the discovery of tho mariiui;j 
 compass. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 From the Time of Tamerlane, to the Sixta 
 Century. 
 
 aVr now revert to tho Kast. In i 
 TMiiierlano Invaded Hukliarin, whicli 
 reduced in live years. Proceeding fi 
 conquest to conquest, he successively s 
 dned IVrsia, Armenia, Georgia, KaiM/: 
 and great part of Tartary. He then tiui, 
 his course westward, and having sui 
 gated all the countries to the Euphru 
 next poured his liordes over tho feit 
 plains of India, plundering Delhi, ,i 
 pursuing tho tlying Indians to the b.ii 
 of the (ianges. Tlio cities of Asia >lii 
 then felt hl.s power ; and amonghls crueli 
 may be numbered a general massacre ol' i 
 inhabitants of Iiagdad. In i;i9.3 he lnv.uii'j| 
 and reduced Hyria. In 1402 ho bronglu 
 nrniy of 7ch\o(,io men against tlio Tin 
 under the sultan Rajazet, who witli a lui. J 
 of 120,000 engaged him; but it eiuleil ::' 
 the total rout of tho Turkish host, ami W.v 
 captivity of Its leader. At length, while . r 
 Ills way to Clilna, in 1405, the conquest.! 
 which empire ho meditated, his progii-: 
 was arrested by a sudden death ; and in >•; 
 of the nations ho had vanquished were ;il :; 
 ere long to regain their Independence, l: 
 had to submit to new masters. 
 
 The civil contentions that arose amnut 
 tho sons of Bajazct revived tho liope.-i j! 
 tho Greek emperor Manuel Paleoloi-'us; 
 ))ut they were speedily annihilated. Amu- 
 rath II. after overcoming his competitors, 
 took Thcssalonlca, and threatened O* 
 stantlnople, which owed Its salvation to tlio 
 Hungarians under John Hunnlades. Ann; 
 
itart?. 
 
 (Butline S)fitti^ at (General W^tavvi* 
 
 15 
 
 (ly against Ottocar, kim 
 prince was comppllciitl 
 tlio confiuoror, whn nl. 
 80 that lie was ciiabltfi! 
 ert In possession of a riojl 
 :e. I 
 
 of Rodolph of Hapslnir!' 
 r'cr of the popes l)ci.',i lit 
 I of government rcniinin 
 any; but It was matfii i' i 
 nil and Fn ucc, whcru la^ 
 of society hadobtaiiicij 
 iiblles of each nation. Ti;. 
 lower classes of pocii^i 
 aid barbarous In tlir ,.' 
 ) of the nobility oxliihii. 
 ro of devotion, Kalliiiitr 
 Icli originated tiicscvc 
 lood, Buch as the oi-(!( r ■ 
 land, of tlio golden llci -i 
 chad in Krancc, of Cl,r;.; 
 To tills strange conilii:;-,. 
 til war and with love, n i: 
 Igin of judicial conil •: . 
 anicnts, and that spii-,i ; 
 vadedalltlieuppercl;! -! 
 Ing, sculpture, and. -IK ii 
 aly tlirougli thooxcrtinj 
 ecks. The arts of prim 
 •ro also ciLllKhteiiliiK 
 cienco of navigation, ; 
 lurrapliy, wcro much 
 Iscovery of thomarii, 
 
 lPTER XII. 
 
 "amcrhinc, to the Sixkw 
 Century. 
 
 to the Kast. In 1 
 3d Hulcliavin, wliicli . 
 •cars. Proceeding fi 
 est, ho successively s,. 
 lenia, Georgia, Kar.i/:: 
 ^•1 
 
 lio 
 
 rtary. lie then tun 
 ard, and having fuI 
 
 ies to the Eupliru 
 lordes over the fen 
 lunderlng Delhi, a 
 
 Indians to the b;ii 
 cities of Asia Mii 
 andamonghls crncir 
 genenl massacre of i 
 dad. In i;i9.3he invuciiijl 
 
 In 1402 lie l)r()Ui,'lii ■:. 
 en against tlio Tui„r 
 ijazet, who with a I'm. 
 him ; but it ended i; 
 10 Turkish host, and tlf 
 er. At length, whilo.r 
 nl405, the conquest .' 
 neditated, his proi-'ii" 
 idden death ; and in •; 
 A vanquished were :,l ;; 
 their Independence,!.: 
 vr masters, 
 ons that arose amnut 
 
 revived the lioiu ^ »'. 
 
 Manuel Paieohiu'ii?; 
 Illy annihilated. Aniii 
 iming his compelltcrs, 
 and threatened Cii- 
 wed Its salvation tu tlic 
 oliii Hunnlades. Adui- 
 
 , having obtained a truce. Immediately 
 Igncdthe crown to his son Mahomet II., 
 nil unexpected attack from Uladisiaus, 
 of Hungary, Induced him again to take 
 field. After the battle of Varna, In 
 cli the Christians were completely de- 
 ed, he flnally abandoned the throne, 
 1444, In Maliomet II. were combined 
 ■ cholar, the warrior, and the politician ; 
 lie proved the most determined as well 
 ioniildablo crcniy of Clirlstcndoni. lie, 
 ever, met with some signal reverses, 
 icularly when engaged against tlie ce- 
 ited Scanderbeg, prince of Albania. 
 r makiiiK immense preparations, Jlaho- 
 i, In the full coiifldence of success, un- 
 hook the siege of Constantinople. The 
 CO was obstinate ; but having obtained 
 sslon of tlie harbour, by having, with 
 jost indefatigable perseverance, drawn 
 fleet overland the distance of two 
 es, the cit.v surrendered ; and thus an 
 t'ns put to the eastern empire, 
 ssia had long languished under the 
 yoke of the Tartars, when Demetrius 
 'owltz made a desperate eft'ort to ellect 
 eliverauce of his country : and having 
 ted his oppressors, ho assumed the 
 of grand duke of Russia. Cut the 
 ions Tartars returned with an Im- 
 iBC force, his troops were routed, and 
 gallant leader fell In the conlilct. His 
 was, liowevcr, shortly after revenged 
 13 son, Basliius Demetrlwitz, who cx- 
 the ferocious enemy, and conquered 
 •aria, a.d. 1460. Much confusion arose 
 his death ; but Ilusslawaa saved from 
 iiy by John Uasilowltz, whose sound 
 , llrmness, and singular boldness ren- 
 him at once the coiKiueror and the 
 rer of his country. Freed from every 
 rokfl^ and considered as one of the most 
 ~' irful princes in those regions, lie dis- 
 icd the title of duke, and assumed that 
 ;ar, whlcJi has since remained with his 
 ssors. 
 
 CIIAPTKll XIII. 
 
 liCformation, and rrograss of Events 
 DtiriiKj the Sixteenth Century. 
 
 the beginning of the sixteenth cen- 
 
 the jiopcs enjoyed the utmost traii- 
 
 ility; the commolions excited by tlio 
 
 klgenses, Hussites, &c. were suppressed ; 
 
 I, according to all appearance, they had 
 
 freason to fear an opposition to their 
 
 Ihority. Yet, In a short time after, a 
 
 fclly unforeseen event produced a siii- 
 
 lar change In the religious and politic;il 
 
 fto of Europe : this was the opposition 
 
 ILuther to the doctrines of the church 
 
 Homo, or the beginning of what is 
 
 (iiuonly called the Ileformatlon. The 
 
 blicity with which tho sale of Indul- 
 
 aces was carried on under tho sanction 
 
 Leo X., excited the Indignation uf 
 
 |irtin Luther, an Augustine monk and 
 
 Dfessor of theology at Wlttcnibcrg, In 
 
 xony. Emboldened by tho attention 
 
 iich he had gained, not only from tho 
 
 loplo but from some of their nilers, ho 
 
 Islied his Inquiries and attacks from one 
 
 Ictrlne to another, till ho at length shook 
 
 the flrmest foundat ions on which tlie wealth 
 and power of the cliurch were establlsiied. 
 Leo, tliereforo, finding tliere was no hope 
 ot reclainilng so Incorrigible a heretic. Is- 
 sued a sentence of exroiiimuiiiciiiuni, a.d, 
 l.v.'O : but he was screened from its ellects 
 by the frlendsliip of the elector of Saxony. 
 On tho election of Charles V. to the iiu- 
 perial throne of Cermany, his first act was 
 the assembling a diet at Worms, to clieck 
 tlio progress of Lutheranlsm. In the pro- 
 gress of his arduous work, Luther had the 
 assistance of several learned men, among 
 wliom were Zuln^llus, Jlelnnctlion, (Jumls- 
 tadlus, &c. : and there was llie ^rreatest pro- 
 bability that tho papal hierarchy would have 
 been overturned, at least in llio iiortli of 
 Kurope, had it not. been for tho opposition 
 of the emperor I'harles V., who was also 
 king of Spain. On tho death of Frederic, 
 his brother John succeeded to the electorate 
 of Saxony, by whoso (M'der Lutiier and ili;- 
 lancllioii drewup a bcuiy of laws relating to 
 tho form of ecclesiastical government, tho 
 mode of public worshlji, frc, which was pro- 
 claimed Ijy heralds tlirounliout the Saxon 
 domiiiioiis : fills example was immediately 
 followed by all the luiiices and states ot 
 Germany who had renounced tlic papal i u- 
 premacy. In a diet held at. Spires, in n,29, 
 the edict of 'Worms was conllrmed; upon 
 which a solemn protest was entered against 
 this decree by tlio elector of Saxony and 
 other reformers ; from wlilcli circunistanro 
 they obtained the name of Pjm)ti;stants,— 
 ail appellation siibse(|ueiitly applied to all 
 who dissented from the doctrines of tho 
 Romish churcli. In the same year ilio 
 elector of Saxony ordered Luther and other 
 eminent divines to commit tho chief arti- 
 cles of their religion to writing, which t ney 
 did; and, I'arilier to elucidate them, Jle- 
 I.anctlioii drew up tho celebrated 'Con- 
 fessions of Augsbui-L',' whicli, being sub- 
 scribed by the princes who protested, wan 
 delive;;il to tlio emperor In tho diet as- 
 sembled ill that city, in lu;;0. From tliis 
 time tothedeath of Luther, ininiti, various 
 negotiations wore etniiloyed and schemes 
 proposed, under pretence of settling reli- 
 gious disputes. 
 
 Whilst these transactions occupied tho 
 public attention in (jermany,tiio principles 
 of ihercformers were making a rapid pro- 
 gress in most other countries of Kurope : in 
 some they were encourawii by the govern- 
 ing powers, while In others tliey were dis- 
 countenanced, and their advocates sub- 
 jected to cruel persecutions. 
 
 The Turks were now menacing Hungarv, 
 and Charles V. thought it prudent toforKet 
 his diirerences witli tlie protostaiit princes 
 and their subjects, for the sake of engnging 
 tliem to assist him against tho general 
 enemy ; but on tlie ai broach of the emperor 
 at the head of 100,000 men, although tho 
 army of Solyman Avas at least double that 
 number, the latter retired ; and Charles re- 
 turned to Spain, and engaged In an expe- 
 dition to Tunis, against the famous corsair 
 Harbarossa, whom lio deposed from his 
 assumed sovereignty. 
 
 A long and obstinate war had been car- 
 ried on betw een the rival sovereigns of Gor- 
 
 i "i 
 
w 
 
 "II 
 
 ii 
 
 ■; H 
 
 16 
 
 cdtitliue ^ftttcl) a( &mgra,l Witatji, 
 
 many niul Prniioo ; and the former, nt tlio 
 head of 50,0(K) men, Invaded tlio southern 
 province", wlillo two other armies were 
 ordered to enter I'lcardy and Champagne. 
 Francis laid -.vasto the country, and forti- 
 fied Ills towns ; so that after the lapse of a 
 few months, disease and famine so reduced 
 the army of the emperor, that ho was j?lad 
 to retreat, and a truce was effected at ^Mce 
 under the mediation of the pope, A.i). 1538. 
 Charles had also to quell a serious Insur- 
 rection In Ghent, and endeavoured in vain 
 to arrans;e the reliKious affairs of Germany 
 at the diet of llatlsbon. The progress of 
 the Turks, who had become masters of 
 nearly the whole of Hungary, anu his de- 
 sire to embark In an expedition against 
 Algiers, induced him to make concessions 
 to the Protestants, from whom he expected 
 assistance. The comiuest of Algiers was a 
 favourite o1)ject of Charles ; and In spite of 
 the remonstrances of Doria, the famous 
 Genoese admiral, he set sail in the most 
 nnfavouralile season of the year, and landed 
 in Africa : the result of which was, that the 
 greatest part of the armament was de- 
 stroyed by tempests, A.u. 1511. 
 
 The desire <>i Charles V. to humble tlio 
 protestant princes, and to extend his own 
 power, continued to manife.--t Itself in every 
 act. At length, being wliolly free from 
 diiiiiestlc wars, he entered France; but the 
 g.illant defence of the duke of (iniso com- 
 pelled liiiu to raise the Blegc of Metz, with 
 the loss of ;jo,(M)0 men. In the following 
 year lie had some success In tlie Low ("ouii- 
 tries; but tlie Austrians were unfortunate 
 ill Hungary. In {lennriiiy a ivliglnus peace 
 was liiially concluded by what Is called the 
 'recess of Augsbiirg.' It was <Iiiriiig tlie 
 progress of tliis treaty that Cli.irles V,, to 
 flio great astonislinient of all i:urope, re- 
 sigiifd tiie liiipcrial and Si)anisli crowns, 
 and retired to ^pciid the remainder of Ills 
 life at the nionastiry of Yusle, In .S)ialii, 
 where ho died tliree years after, aged 58, 
 A.i). l.WO. 
 
 < harles was succeeded by his son Philip, 
 and no nionarili ever ascended a throne 
 under greater advantages. The Spaiilsli 
 anus were cveiywliire successful, and tlie 
 rival nalions appearhig unanimous in their 
 desire for repose after a series of devas- 
 t.-iliiig wars, peace was reestablished be- 
 tween France and .Spain, which Included in 
 It, as allies on tlie one side or the other, 
 nearly all tlie otlier states of Kuropc. 
 
 At this time Klizabetli lliied the throne 
 of Knglaiul, and Protestantism had there 
 not merely gained the ascendancy, but it 
 was estaljllshed as the religion of the state. 
 In France also tlio reformed religion was 
 nuiking considerable progress ; but Its 
 members, who I'l that country were called 
 llugucnots, met with the llercest oppo- 
 Hiiioii, from the courts of France :ind Spain, 
 who joined in a 'holy league,' and a ran- 
 corous civil war raged for several years in 
 many of the French pnivinces. The duke 
 of Anjou commanded the catholics ; the 
 Protestants wero led by Collgnl and the 
 princo of Conde. At Icngtli a hollow truce 
 was made the prelude to one of the most 
 atrocious acts that Btalii the page of his- 
 
 tory— tlio savngo and Indiscriminate inaj 
 sacreof the Huguenots throughout Fraiic-j 
 on the eve of St. Bartholomew (Auf.- 
 1572). The account of this diabolical do^ 
 by which 60,ot>'t persona met with a trcari 
 rous death, was received in Homo n: 
 Spain with ecstacy ; and public tliant;; 
 glvings wero offered up In their church 
 for an event which, It was crroiieou- 
 supposed, would go far towards tlio i 
 tirpation of a most extensive and for:. 
 dable heres.v. 
 
 About this period a serious Inatirrcct: 
 of the Moors in Spain broke out, am 
 most sanguinary war ensued, which r;i.' 
 with great violence In the southern i: 
 vinces; but the insurgents were at Icik- 
 quelled, and public tranciuilllty restijr; 
 It was not long, however, before the riv 
 of the Dutch took place, whlrli ended 
 thf^ir fln.al emaucipatlon from the Sp;ii, 
 yoke, in 1.572. 
 
 But of all the preparations that w 
 made for war and conii'K'st, none enin 
 tliat of riiiiip's ' inviiicilile armada,' wli 
 ho fondly hojied would conquer Kngiii, 
 and thus destroy the great stay of jiint 
 tantism. l:ut tills linmeiiso armaiiic 
 consisting of one hundred and thirty sli 
 and nearly 30,000 men, after being p;ii 
 dispersed, and losing several vessels diir 
 a violent storm, was most signally defiai 
 by the English ; and Philip had the nmr 
 flcatlon to hear that his naval force \\ 
 nearly anniliiialed. The particulars of i 
 event, so glorious to Kngland and s i ; 
 astrous to Spain, will bo found in aiiu; 
 jiartof tills work ; and v/e shall here iiur 
 oliserve, that it greatly tended to adv;: 
 the protestant cause tliroughout Kiir 
 and elTectually destroyed the decisive 
 liueiice tliat Siiain liad acquired over : 
 neiglibours : indeed, from the fatal •. 
 wliich saw the proud armada shipwrec' 
 (15SS), the energies of tliat once poui: 
 country gradually declined, and it 
 liabltiuits sank into a state uf letl; . 
 indolence. 
 
 It is worthy of remark that. In all 
 states of Kuropc, towards the latter ti. ; 
 tills century, a decided tendency tow- 
 the concentration of power in the hand- 
 few individuals was fully perceptible. T 
 republics became more aristocratical, i 
 inonarchles were unlimited, and tlie i; 
 potic governments less cautious. Tin- •; 
 tern pursued by tlio domineering ci.iu: 
 Philip served more or less as an ex.n 
 to his contcmiierary sovereigns; whili' 
 recent .and rapid Increase in the quaii 
 of the iireclous metals, and tlio progre- 
 the Industrial arts, by producing a in 
 tude of new desires, rendered the C' 
 more avaricious and the nobles moru.: 
 pendent. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 From ilw Commencement of the Sevnihcii 
 Century, to the I'cace of Westphaliu. 
 
 Thh seventeenth century, at its on| 
 menccment, found Sixiln drained of 
 treasure, and destitute of eminent iiicJ 
 
tar». 
 
 Outline ^itetci) at ^rncrnl W^totn. 
 
 17 
 
 and lucliscrlmliifttc ina; 
 onota throughout Vmia] 
 t. Bartholomew (Auj;.: 
 at of this diabolical Uo 
 Tsous met with a trcari 
 
 received In Homo n; 
 ,cy; and iniWlc thant 
 red up In their churr> 
 ilcli. It was crroiu'i:. 
 
 go far towards the i 
 ost cxtcuslTO Olid i r 
 
 lod a Borious lusurrcrt: 
 Spain broke out, iin! : 
 war ensued, which r.i;; 
 ICC in the southern i: 
 iisurffcnts were at Uiu- 
 ilic tranciulllity restun 
 lowevcr, before the riv 
 )k iil.ice, whlrli ciulud 
 ipatioa from the Spai::, 
 
 propnratlons that V' 
 1 cduci'K's't, none ecm r 
 luvluril)ie armada,' w 
 would coiuiuer Kliwi 
 the Krcat stay of lu 
 his ltuiiK'nc(! armuii 
 hunilred and thirty i- 
 
 men, after bein« i :i 
 ling several vessels dm 
 vas most sii^ually defi r 
 uid I'hilip had the n, : 
 that his naval force 
 d. The particulars iif! 
 s to Kngland and sd ^ 
 will 1)0 found in anot 
 |; and we shall here wm 
 ,'reatly tended to advii: 
 iinse tliniuKhout Eur 
 
 btroyed tlie decisive 
 .,1 had acquired over : 
 eed, from the fatal 
 'oud annada Bhipwrecl- 
 
 s of that onco puwirf 
 declined, and it 
 
 to a state of leth.: 
 
 remark that. In all 
 )wards the latter i 
 ecided tendency t' v, 
 of power in tlic Iwiu : 
 ■i fully perceptible. : 
 More aristocratic;!!, 
 unlimited, and (In 
 less cautious. Tin ■ 
 domineering ci i : 
 e or less as an ex:i 
 y sovereigns; wlu'r 
 incre.ase in the qu.in; 
 tals, and tlie progn- 
 s, by producing a iiw 
 res, rendered the C' 
 ind the nobles niuic 
 
 PTEU XIV. 
 
 Cfmcnt of the Sevrntui 
 I'cace of Westphaliii. 
 
 
 century, at its T'T 
 KlHiln drained of i 
 tituto uf eminent me. 
 
 colonisation of America, the war in 
 
 Low Countries, and the Incessant en- 
 
 isffl of Philip n. liad produced a PCf- 
 
 lus elTect on the population ; and Ida 
 
 >8Sor, Philip III., banished two hun- 
 
 thousand Moors, who constituted the 
 
 Industrious portion of the remaining 
 
 iltants. , ^, , 
 
 tugal was now under the power of 
 
 , ; and saw, as the consequence of her 
 
 ictlon, the greater part of the dis- 
 
 ies and comiucstsof her bet ^'r d.-iys 
 
 to the hands of strangers. The Dutdi, 
 
 /ere forbidden, as rebels against the 
 
 rity of Philip, to purchase in Lisbon 
 
 uimodities of the liast Indies, went 
 
 e latter country in ecarch of them, 
 
 they found an ai' ninlstration which 
 
 ^cu rendered fecbio by tlio Influence 
 
 le climate, by luxurious and eireml- 
 
 abits, and by splritmil and temporal 
 
 y; and while Philip III., after a siego 
 
 ,je years, which cost liim from eighty 
 
 [undred thousand men, got possession 
 
 tend, the Dutch took the isles of 
 
 ca from his Portuguese subjects. In 
 
 jf all the foreign possessions of the 
 
 iguese, Ooa, in the ICast Indies, and 
 
 I, in America, alone remained ; and 
 
 lur countryman, Sir Walter Ualelgli, 
 
 adequately supported, the Spanish 
 
 in America would probably have 
 
 verthrown. Italy endured their yoke 
 
 liniiatlence, and even. Rome wished to 
 
 iciii humbled. Vinlc* both feared and 
 
 them : and to the dukes of Mantua 
 
 ,voy, the overbearing power and the 
 
 nc of the cabinet of Madrid were 
 
 rtable. 
 
 ■ood and great Ilenry IV., king of 
 whose excellent (|uallties were not 
 jhly appreciated in Ids own age,W!is 
 nated, and his kingdom again be- 
 ^une the prey of factions : A.D. luio. Ills 
 "hw, JIario do Medicis, sacrlllccd the 
 ' e of the Btuto to her personal incll- 
 s: and lier son, Louis XIII., who 
 child at the time of his father's 
 , never became a man of iiulependent 
 Iter. It has been well remarked, that 
 ower of a state depends not so much 
 jC numerical amoiuit of its forces, aa 
 ,e intelligence which animates their 
 inients ;' and certain it is, that France, 
 in the latter part of the reign of 
 IV. seemed likely to produce a 
 ir^al revolution in the condition of 
 ^e, had lost much of its political im- 
 nce. 
 
 nations are never more powerful 
 
 when they are obliged to depend ex- 
 
 ely upon their own resources for 
 
 cc, and when the magnitude «f the 
 
 ;rs which menace thoni compels the 
 
 oimient of their moral energy. This 
 
 nstanced in the case of Holland. In 
 
 ildst of Its contest for freedom, the 
 
 [bile erected a mighty empire in the 
 
 and its navy rode triumphant ou 
 
 Igeas. Its recognition aa an Indepen- 
 
 state was soon after the necessary 
 
 qucuce. 
 
 ,0 death of Henry IV. of France was 
 ercly a disastrous event aa retjcarclcd 
 
 tb< 
 
 the prosperity of tliat kingdom, but one 
 which liad apowerful Infiucnceon thehopea 
 or fears of the other principal monarchies 
 of lOuropo ; auil by none more than by the 
 House of Austria. Ilodolph II. was suc- 
 ceeded In the empire by Ids brother, the 
 archduke Mathlas, a man of great jictivity 
 and an insatiable thirst for dominion. 
 Tliough originally favourable to the pro- 
 testants, he now evinced a disposition to 
 oppose them ; and being supported by Per- 
 dlnand, duke of Styria, and I lie court of 
 Spain, llie protestants took the alarm, and 
 had recourse to arms ; wliidi nmy be consi- 
 dered as the origin of the celebrated • thirty 
 years' war.' 
 
 On the death of Mathlas, Ferdinand, who 
 had succeeded him as king of Uohemiaand 
 Hungary, was raised to the iniiierial throne. 
 The Uoheniian protestants, dreading Idf 
 bigotry, chose Frederic V., the elector V!\, 
 latlne, for their sovereign. He was sup- 
 ported by all the protestant princes of the 
 (icrmanle body, while Ferdinand was aided 
 by the king of Spain and tlie cathollo 
 princes of the empire. Their forces proved 
 overwhelming ; Frederlc,defeated and lielp- 
 less, abandoned the contest in despair, and 
 forfeited botli the crown and his electorate. 
 The emperor Ferdinand, strengthened by 
 victory, and by the acciuisitlon of trco-sxire, 
 now turned the arms of his experienced 
 generals, ■\Valienstein, Tilly, and Splnola, 
 against the protestants, who liad formed 
 a league, with Christl.an IV., king of Den- 
 mark, at its head, for the restoration of tlio 
 P'llatlnate (a.u. 162.")) ; but the imperialists 
 were victorious, and the protestants were 
 compelled to sue for peace. Tliey subse- 
 quently formed a secret alliance with Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus, king of Sweden : A.n. 1020. 
 The f.atlier of CJustavus had left him a 
 well-conllrmed authority, though without 
 treasure; the nobles who might have en- 
 dangered his power liad been humbled in 
 the preceding revolutions, and there waa 
 notlilug to fear from Kussia, I'oiand, or 
 Denmark. Ho was zealously anxious for I 
 the success of the protestant cause; lio i 
 wished .also to check the .ambltloua designs ! 
 of the emperor ; and (jermany appeared, in 
 fact, to be the country in which he might 
 seek for power with the greatest prospect 
 of success. His talents, both nillitiiry and 
 civil, were of the highest order. Together 
 with the lofty character of his genius, which 
 m.anifested itself In the greatness of his 
 plans, he combined tlie power of attention 
 to minute details in tlio org.anlsatlon of his 
 army, and a calm and penetrating insight 
 into circumstances of the greatest intri- 
 cicy. His habits were of the most simplo 
 kind : and though the boldness of Ids en- 
 terprises astonished the »vorld, lie wa? per- 
 sonally mild, benetlceiit, susceptible of the 
 warmest friendship, eloquent, popular, atid 
 full of reliance on I'rovldence. Uichelicu, 
 the minister of France, desirous of curbing 
 the power of tlu House of Austria, subsi- 
 dised Gust.avus; and England furnished 
 him with 0,000 troops, he.ided by the ni.ar- 
 quis of Hamilton, The m.agnanimous kingr 
 of Sweden, by his sudden and iniexpected 
 appearance in the empire, by lils irrcsia- 
 C 
 
I i 
 
 19 
 
 Outline J^ltetrl) of 6(iieral $)u(toi's. 
 
 tible progress, and flnn1l7,b]r the vlctorj'of 
 Lolpsip, wlioro lio wfifl oppnspd to llio 
 Inipcvliillst nrniy UMder Tilly, rcvlvcil the 
 Conflilcnco of the proti-stnnt prlncns In their 
 own power, no riulrkly made lilnisclf mas- 
 ter of the whole country from the Kibe to 
 the Rhine; but liavliiff been repulsed with 
 considerable loss, In a furious attark on the 
 Intrenchmcnts of the Imperialists at Nu- 
 rembortr, and bearhiff that their prenoral, 
 ■Wallciii^tclu, had soon after removed Ills 
 eamp to Lutzen, bo proceeded fliliher to 
 plve lilm battle. The Imperial army greatly 
 outiium'' -ed the Swedes and their allies; 
 and froi . daybreak till nlKlit the contllct 
 was pustiiliieil with uubated viBour: but 
 tliduu'h the vletiiry was nobly fralnod by the 
 Swedes, their gallant klnpr had fnllen In the 
 middle of the llfrht, covered with renown, 
 and sincerely deplored by bis bravo and 
 faithful soldiers : A.n. 1C12. Unth the Wng 
 of Sweden and the court of Franco had 
 been alarmed nt th.e union of the wliol,' 
 power of Oermany, In the hands of a ruler 
 who assumed the tone of a universal sovc- 
 relKii ; and the efllcacy of a pood military 
 pystem, directed by the energetic Ron las of 
 a slnglo leader, was never more eminently 
 displayed than on this occasion. 
 
 The war was still continued with various 
 success ; but the weight of It fell on the 
 Swedes, the Oerman princes having, after 
 the fatal battle of Nordllngen, In 10.14, de- 
 serted them. In the following year, liow- 
 evcr, the troops of Kraiico simultaneously 
 attacked tho Austrian monarchy at every 
 accessible point, in order to prevent the 
 forces of tho latter from acting with deci- 
 sive effect in .any quarter. In 1(1.17 the 
 emperor Kerdlnanddlcd.aiidwas succeeded 
 by ills son Ferdinand III., wlio pursued the 
 policy of bis father ; but though there was 
 considerable disunion among tho confede- 
 rates, the great events of the war were gc- 
 ncr.ally In their favour. It would be Incon- 
 sistent, however, with tho sketchy outline 
 we arc penning, to enter Into further de- 
 tails of this memorable war ; and, perhaps, 
 limited as our space is, we may have been 
 already too dilluso. We will, therefore, pass 
 at once to the celebrated Peace of ]yeM- 
 phalia, which was signed .at Munster on the 
 24th Oct. lots. It was concluded under 
 the mediation of the \wpc and the Vene- 
 tians, lietwcen the emperor Fordin.and III., 
 rhillp III., klngof Rpiilu, and the princes 
 of the empire who belonged to their party, 
 on one side; and Louis XIV., Christina, 
 queen of Sweden, tlie slates-general of tho 
 United Provinces, and those princes of the 
 empire, mostly prntcstants, who were In 
 alliance with tho French and Swedes, on 
 tho other. By this celebrated treaty all 
 dlflferences were arranged between the bel- 
 ligerents, except France and Spain, who 
 continued In hostilities for eleven years 
 afterwards ; but It restored tranquillity to 
 northern Europe and Germany, and became 
 I a funiUmental law of the empire; while 
 Holland and Switzerland acquired a slmul- 
 taneoua recognition and guarantee. 
 
 cnAPTRn XV. 
 
 From the C'vil War in Eiifihuid, lo the Po 
 of Ilyjwicl;. 
 
 At this period England w.is cnnnil?oii 
 civil war. During the prosperous iil- 
 EUzahetli tho Commons bad greatly j. 
 creased In opulence ; and, without n-nj 
 to the resources of her successors, sIhMv 
 alienated many of tho crown estates : .Iiir, 
 was prodigal towards his f.avourltes; ^ 
 Charles fell into dllllcultles In consoni' 
 of the disordered state of his flnniici;-! 
 fairs, lie was magnanimous, amlnblc. 
 learned ; butdellclent In steadfast oxtri: 
 and In the dignity and vigour necessnrv 
 tlie situation in which ho stood, 'lis VV. 
 of the royal prerogative were e: vncir. 
 but he often showed a timidity m.d Irri; 
 lutlon oil the appearance of opposltloi>fr 
 his Parliament, which emboldened i 
 carry their opposition to the most ii. 
 rantable lengths. In order to raise sui,;^ 
 without the authority of parliament, i; 
 king exacted the customs and levlrl ; 
 arbitrary tax on ships; many feudnl pr- 
 lege.j and ancient abuses wero exi rciv 
 with increased severity ; contributloii- 
 loans, called voluniary, wero exact.' 
 force; the forms of law wero dlsreci 
 by the court of star-chamlier; Engllsli 
 were subjerti'd to long imprisonments 
 exorbitant lines; and their rights tm\ 
 with contempt. From tho dlscussiniH 
 which these griev.ances gave rise, n- 
 others relating to tho nature and orii-' ', 
 I)olltlcal cojistltutlons. Tho violence oi] 
 ties dully Increased; but as thokliiu'r 
 ceded, the parliament grew more arrn-- 
 In their demands, and the hour was rni>; 
 approaching when it was evident anrir 
 would triimple upon the ruins of moti.in 
 At length a fierce civil war arose ; rt'iic 
 was made a political Btaiking-horsc, • 
 gross hypocrisy overspread the land, i 
 thuslasts, equally inaccessible to reus ir 
 revelation, to a scnso of propriety orif 
 moral restraint, exercised the mont i 
 sistiblo Inlluenco on the course of e\ r 
 The high church sunk Into misery ; t !;■ 
 dent nobility were basely degraded: 
 whole constitution fell into ruins; :i' 
 Icmn mockerj',' miscalled the klng'-i t: 
 took place;— and Charles Anally peri-!. 
 by the axe of the executioner, A.n. 1^ 
 His death w.as soon followed by the ii 
 pation of Cromwell, so(m after whose do 
 the nation, weary of tyranny and li; 
 crisy, restored the sou of their murder 
 sovereign to the throne : A.D. 1600. 
 
 Prom tho peace of Westphalia uiiti 
 death of Ferdinand III., In 1657, ffcrni: 
 remained undisturbed ; when consulort 
 ferment prevailed in the diet, respect: 
 the election of his successor. Tlie die 
 of tho electors, however, having fallen 
 his son Leopold, he immediately contrac!- 
 an alliance with Poland and Dennifi 
 against Sweden, and a numerous army 
 Austrians entered Pomerania; but fali 
 In their object, peace was quickly rcstoni] 
 Ho next turned bis arms against the Turi 
 who had Invaded Transylvania, and p 
 them a signal overthrow. lu this sitnatK 
 
ittti's. 
 
 Outline j^&etcl) at General |Uts(L 
 
 19 
 
 \rTRn XV. 
 
 iriii Enqhntd, In the /'- d 
 f liyawiek. 
 
 Jiiglandwas cnnvnls'ril 
 i« the prosperous iii;> 
 nmmons Imrt ffrontiy i 
 nro ; aiul, wltUout ri^m 
 rtf her Buccessors, ("lir in| 
 r tlio crown cstatoR : .Irim 
 vnnls his favourlton ; a- 
 illlllcultlps In conK('i|ii". 
 I Htato of hia flnnnci-'is 
 nifnntilmouH, amiable, v 
 [■icntln steadfast oxt 111 
 y and vlRour necensnrv 
 vlilrh ho stood, 'lis l.|.. 
 nifatlvowero e) xnur.: 
 wcA a timidity uiid tiii; 
 narnnrn of opposition fr 
 vlilrh emboldened \ 
 !>ltlon to the most ii. 
 
 In oviliT to raise sill , ,. 
 horlty of parliament,!; 
 eiistoms and Icvli 1 . 
 ships; many feiid.'il rr- 
 nt abuses wero exini, 
 iverlty ; rontrlbntlon- 
 liiniary, were exactii 
 IS of law were disrepni 
 tar-cliainber; KiikIIsIh 
 o lonff Imprisonments 
 ; and their rights trn: 
 From the dlscussiunj 
 lovanees gave rise, nr. 
 ;o the iiattire and oritrin 
 itlons. The violence oi'i: 
 ised; but as thoklniic 
 jment grew more arro'." 
 nnd the hour was rai i 
 n It was evident aiinr. 
 1011 the ruins of moii:in 
 civil war nroHC ; relic 
 Itlcal Btalklnp-liorsc, ■: 
 ivcrspread the lam; 
 
 Inaccessible to reasos 
 Bcnso of propriety (ir: 
 xerclsed the most i 
 on the course of ever 
 sunk Into misery; tlic 
 ?ro basely deKnulPil; 
 m fell into ruins; :i' 
 Iscallcd the klnp's tn 
 Charles Anally peri?t 
 o executioner, a.p. !' 
 )on followed by the u' 
 11, soon after whoso d 
 of tyranny nnd Iw 
 son of their murJci 
 throne : A.d. 16C0. 
 of Westphalia until 
 nd III., In 1057, Oerra: 
 rbed; when conHldcn' 
 In the diet, re.srocti 
 s successor. The cliti 
 (wevor, having f.illcn 
 e Immediately contract 
 Poland and Dcnmii 
 nd a numerous ariiir 
 Pomerania; hut fa!:!! 
 ace was quickly rcstor(i| 
 arms against the Turl 
 Transylvania, and fw 
 ■throw. lu this sitiutli 
 
 n 
 
 'airs the youthful nnd ambitious fiouls 
 
 ■..king of Prance, disturlied the peace 
 
 10 empire by an attack upon the Nether- 
 
 g. which lio claimed In right of his 
 
 •n, flister of Philip IV., the late king 
 
 jpaln. In a secret treaty, Louis and 
 
 ipold had divided the Spanish moniirchy ; 
 
 ;he former was given the Netherlands, 
 
 to the latter Spain, after tlie demise of 
 
 rles II., tlio reli^nlng monarch. Uav- 
 
 prcparcd ample means, the king and 
 
 lino entered Flanders, and litiincdl- 
 
 educed Ciiarlerol, Tournay, Uouay, 
 
 Lille. Sueli rapid success alarmed the 
 
 ir Kuropcan powers, who feared that 
 
 ;her campaign would niako him master 
 
 L nv Countries ; and a triple alliance 
 
 forned between Kngland, Holland, 
 
 Bwcdcn, with a view of setting bounds 
 
 lis ambition, and of compelling Spain 
 
 icedo to certain prescribed conditions. 
 
 eatv was, accordingly, negotiated at 
 
 n-Ciiapclle, by wliicli Louis was al- 
 
 a to retain the towns ho had taken ; 
 
 these lie secured by entrusting their 
 
 flcatioiis to the celebrated Vauban, and 
 
 :nrrlsonlng them with his best troops : 
 
 ions. 
 
 uls now saw that his designs on the 
 lerlands could not be carried into elTect 
 lout the co-operation of Kngland; luit 
 vlng that t lie profligate court o£ Charles 
 ■as open to corruption, he easily suc- 
 id, through the medium of Charles' 
 Henrietta, the duchess of Orleans, 
 vailing on the prodigal king of Kiig- 
 to conclude a secret treaty with lilm, 
 ilcli it was agreed that Charles should 
 _ro a largo pension from Louis, and 
 «t<|]K>jn In subduing the United Province.^. 
 llWtebinetof Versailles having also suc- 
 ceeded In detaching Sweden from the triple 
 aUlance, both mon.arch-', under the most 
 pious pretences, declared war against 
 Btates, A.D. 1072. 'Without the shadow 
 i pretext, Louis seized the duchy of Lor- 
 le ; and Charles made a base and un- 
 issful attempt to capture tho Dutch 
 na Meet, even while tho treaty be- 
 in the two countries existed. The 
 ■cr that was thus confederated against 
 and, It was Impossible to withstand, 
 combined fleets of Franco nnd Eng- 
 amounted to moro than 120 sail ; the 
 ch army on the frontiers consisted of 
 00 men. The latter. In the llrst In- 
 ce, bore down all opposition ; but on 
 command of tho Dutch .array being 
 n to the young prince of Orange, 
 li.am III., the spirits and energy of tho 
 on revived ; and both the government 
 the people were united In their deter- 
 atlon, rather than submit to disgrace- 
 terms, to abandon their country, and 
 grate in a body to their colonies in tho 
 t Indies. Meanwhile, their fleets under 
 Tromp and Do Ruyter engaged tho 
 blned French and English fleets under 
 CO Rupert, in threo hard-fought but 
 eclslve .actions; the emperor and tho 
 ictor of Brandenburg joined tho Dutch 
 ise; and Charles II., distressed for want 
 money, and alarmed by tho discontent 
 bis own subjects, first concluded a 
 
 Bcparato peace with Holland, and then 
 offered his mediation towards bringing 
 about a reconciliation of tho other con- 
 tending parties. 
 
 Louis nt tho head of one of his armies 
 conquered Pranehe-Compto in tho next 
 campaign ; while Turcuiie was successful 
 on tho side of Ocrmany ; but disgraced his 
 trophies by tho devastation and ruin of 
 tho Palatinate. In 107r>, ho was killed by a 
 cannon-ball ; and the French nrniy was 
 forced to recross the Uhiiie. Tliey wore 
 successful, liowover. In the ensuing cam- 
 paign ; and their fleet defeated Do lluyter, 
 after a seried of obstiiiiito engagements oft 
 Sicily, In one of which ho was slain. In 
 1077, anottier campaign was opened, which 
 proved still mor(! lavonrablo to tlio French. 
 Valenciennoa, Canibrny, and St. Oiner woro 
 taken ; marshal Do Luxemburg defeated 
 tlio prince of Orange, and several impor- 
 tant advantaf'<is were gained by the French. 
 At Icngili tho Diitcli became anxious for 
 peace, and signed tho treaty of Nlmeguen, 
 in 1078. 
 
 Louis employed this Intcn'al of peace in 
 strengtiieiilng his frontiers, and in making 
 preparations for fresh conquests. Ho then 
 treacherouslymadehlmself master of St ras- 
 burg, iiiul some other places lu Flanders. 
 Ily tlieso aggre.-sions tiio liaines of war 
 were nearly rekindled ; but the treaty of 
 Unt isbon prevented the coiit inuance of hos- 
 tilities, nnd left the French in possession 
 of Luxemburg, Strasburg, and the fort of 
 Khel. 
 
 At this time (1083) tho Imperial arms 
 wero occupied In opposing the Turks, 
 who Invaded Hungary, and marched to- 
 wards Vienna, which city was on the point 
 of being cr.rried by assault, when tho cele- 
 brated John Sobleski, king of Poland, came 
 to its relief nt the head of a numerous army. 
 This revived tho confldence of the besieged, 
 and their assall.anta wero repulsed; while 
 the main body, which had been led by tho 
 grand vizier to meet the Poles, were thrown 
 Into confusion at tho first charge of tho 
 Polish cavalry, and fled in tho utmost con- 
 fusion ; leaving in possession of tlie victors 
 thelrartillery, baggage, treasures, and even 
 tho consecrated banner of the prophet. 
 During tho siege of Vienna, Lcmis had sus- 
 pended his operations, declaring that ho 
 would not attack a Christian power w'lilo 
 Europe was menaced by Infidels. Ho was 
 now nt tho height of his power; and no 
 sooner had tho valour of Sol)leski over- 
 whelmed the Ottoman force, than ho re- 
 commenced hia war of aggrandisement. 
 He had just before humbled the plrato 
 states of Africa, trampled cu the independ- 
 ence of Oenoa, concluded an advantageous 
 peace with Sptiin, nnd rendered himself ob- 
 noxious to tho papal court by insulting the 
 dignity of tho popo. But while his ambi- 
 tion was alarming tho fears and rousing 
 tho Indignation of Europe, ho committed 
 an error which, in a political point of view, 
 tho most intolerant bigotry could scarcely 
 bo blind enough to excuse. Honry IV. had 
 wisely granted religious freedom to the 
 French protestants, and tho edict of Nantea 
 which secured it to them was designed to 
 
20 
 
 Otitlfitr ^iKtcIj of 6riicral Witarn. 
 
 Iio ppri>etual. Hut nftcr vainly cndcnvour- 
 liiK to control tlifir roiittrlfni'i's or reward 
 llu'lr apostacy, LmiU fnriimlly revoked tlio 
 rdlt't of NantCH, and trcati'd lils protoiitant 
 Hiiltjorts with al! tlio Injustice and cruelty 
 Miat Mind fanatlrlsin could dictate, or liru- 
 talUy oxrcutc. My this Insensate art ho 
 deprived his country of half a million of In- 
 hahitantg, who transferred to other laiuls 
 their wealth, their Industry, and their coin- 
 merelal IntelllKence. 
 
 The Turkish war liavlnp been terminated, 
 Jilcapue wns formed at Autfst)urK, between 
 the princes of (iermriny, to resist the fur- 
 tiicr encroachtiuMits of the French klnj?. 
 To this league Spain, Holland, Sweden, and 
 Denmark acceded ; and Louis having un- 
 dertaken to restfiro .lames lt„ who )iad 
 lately been dethroned l)y William, prince 
 of Orange, Kn^land joined tin- alliance. 
 
 Wo must here briefly allude to the revo- 
 lution which had placed the iirlnco ot 
 Orange on the throne of England. Janu s 
 II., l)rother of the facetlrus but unprh.*',- 
 pled Charles II., was a zealous proselyte 'if 
 the Roman Catholic faith. One part i-.;' 
 the nation was eutbuslastUally attached Co 
 freedom, and aiu)ther was ehielly Insiiir^Hl 
 by hatred of the papal ceremonies ; but all 
 agreed that the king had no just or consti- 
 tutional power to dictate to the nation In 
 matters of religion. Jam("\ had ofTeiided 
 many of the nobles; ami they, In.-terid of 
 Buccumbing to the man they despised, ad- 
 dressed themselves to thostadtholdcr, who 
 was Ills nephew and successor, and the pre- 
 Bumptlve heir to the throne. At this junc- 
 ture the queen of l'hu;'aii'S bore a son ; an 
 event which produced oilerent effects on 
 the liopes of t)ic Ciithc'ics and pnttestants. 
 The stadtholder, unmovoable in all rontlii- 
 gencles, was conllrmed In bin resolution of 
 rescuing England from tlic tyranny by 
 tvhich It was now oppressed : but he kept 
 his ovrix secret, and preserved his usual 
 character of tranquillity, reserve, and Im- 
 penetrability. Many of the KngUsh noMllty 
 repaired to the Hague, where William 
 lamented their situation ; and, with grer.t 
 sccresy, fitted out an armament that was to 
 effect the deliverance of the English nation 
 from popery and despotism. Though the 
 king of France had si^nt James information 
 of the proceedings of the jirlnco of Orange, 
 the infatuated king could not be persuaded 
 of his d.anger until the expedition was on 
 the point of sailing. At length the stadt- 
 holder landed in Torbr.y ; and the unfortu- 
 nate monarch, finding the Hitu.atiou of his 
 affairs desperate, hastily quitted the Kng- 
 Ush shores, and sought an asylum in France. 
 A convention was then summoned, the 
 throne declared vacant, and the prince and 
 princess of Orange, as 'king William III. 
 and queen Mary,' were iiroclalmcd king 
 and queen of England. This was followed 
 by the passing of the 'nili of Rights ' and 
 the 'Act of Settlement.'by which the future 
 llbcrti<!3 of the people were secured. 
 
 At the Iliad of tho league of Augsburg 
 was the emperor Leopold ; but Louis, not 
 daunted by the number of the ccmfederates, 
 assembled two large armies In Flanders ; 
 Bent another to oppose tho Spaniards in 
 
 ( at.alonia ; while a fimrth was emplo.vcii • 
 a barrier on the tieniian frontier, ainlr 
 vimed the palatinate with lire aiul hwum 
 driving the wretched victims of his bmi 
 rolls pulley from their burning liiuisis i 
 tliousands, to perish with cold aud liiiii'.'i 
 on the fro/eii ground. In the next, ci; 
 imlgn his troops achieved several liiipoi lit 
 victories, and the French licet defeat (d ': 
 combined fleets of Ilnglandand Ilolliiinl 
 Mcachy-liead, a.D. loixi. Thus the wiir ( 
 llnued for the three following year.j, ,■ 
 haiisllng tho resources of every parly, 
 gaged In It, without any Important elm. 
 taking i)lace, or any decisive ailviiiii:! 
 being gained by either that was lik< ly 
 produce acessallonof hostilities. Wlii 
 t he military glory that France had aciiiif' 
 her conquests were uriprodiictlve ot a 
 solid advantage; her finances were li. 
 sinking state; her agriculture and r 
 luercc were languishing; and the coiuit 
 was tlireritened with the horrors of fmn;: 
 arising from tho failure of the cnqn ; 
 the scarcity of hands to cultivate ilic^ 
 All parties. Indeed, were now grown wi 
 lit a war In which nothing permanent v 
 effected, and In which the blood and i: 
 sure of the coiuliatiints continued in 
 prufu.sely and uselessly ex!>en<led. 
 cordlngly, in ino", neg.itlatlons were c 
 liicnced, uiuler fheiiieilialloii of tlieyii; 
 fill Charles XII., king of Sweden, ai : 
 treaty concluded at Ityswkk, by Ml, 
 Louis made great concessions, restorir. 
 Spain the iirinclpal places he had wr. - 
 from her; but the renunciation oi 
 Spanish succession, which had been 
 iii.ilii oliject of the war to enforce, wa-. 
 eviii alluded to in -Uic treaty. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Commencement of the F.iiihticnth dnU 
 to the Pence of I'tncht. 
 
 TiiF docll'ilng health of Charles If. 1 
 of Si>aln, who had no children, engaf-'i li 
 attention of tho EuriH)ean powers, 
 ke|it on the alert those jirlnccs wli' - 
 c!:ilmants of the crown. The caiidi,! 
 were Louis XIV., the emp'^rorLcopiilil, 
 tlie cl(-ctor of Uavarla; and It was i 
 festly to the interest of tlu)so who \vi-: 
 to preserve the balance of powir 
 Europe that the choice should fall on ; 
 latter ; but he was un.able to contend \r 
 Ills riv.als. A secret treaty of partition 
 therefore signed by France, England,;: 
 Holland, by which It wasagreed that Sii 
 Aiiiciica, and the Netherlands shouM 
 given to tho electoral prince of Ilavar. 
 Naples, Sicily, and tho Italian states 
 tho dauphin ; aud the duchy of Milan 
 the emperor's second son, tho arcln! 
 Charles. This treaty coming to the ki: 
 ledge of the king of Spain, he was natiir. 
 Indignant that his possessions should tl; 
 be disposed of during his life ; and lie 
 mediately made a will in favour (it 
 electoral prince. This well united 
 views of England and Holland ; but 
 intention was scarcely made known, wl: 
 tho favoured priuco died suddculy, 
 
 !. 
 
fltar}}. 
 
 ft fiuirth was piniiloyc ,| - 
 tlcnimii frontUT, imdr 
 into with llro (iiul HWnr: 
 clietl vlrtlina of Ma linrl 
 their ImniliiK Iioukcs i 
 risli with cold niul hiini;. 
 round. Ill till! iioxl r:i: 
 iclilcvfd Hovenil liiiiiDVia: 
 L' Krciirlj licet dcfontiil': 
 if Kn^Inndnnd llollniid 
 1. Ul'Jrt. ThiH till' win- r 
 lirco following yt'iir.-i, ( 
 soun-C!* of cvory I'liriy . 
 out any liniiortiint el, v 
 
 • liny decisive adviiir 
 
 • rlllicr tlint was likely 
 iinof liostllltleo. Will 
 ytliat Kraiu'ehadaciiHl'' 
 rero UMjirodiictlvo ii£ n; 
 ; her flnanres wero li, 
 icr atrrlciilturo and r 
 (Ulrtliliig; and the coul!' 
 iVlth the horrors of fiiin,: 
 fiillui-o of the cro|i-i ; 
 landrt to cultivate ilie- 
 h\, were now «rown uc 
 h nothliiK jiernianetit .> 
 which tho Mood and l; 
 
 ll)!ltllllt^^ CUIlthUU'd |m 
 
 uselessly cxnended. 
 )", iiei-Mtlatlons were ( 
 heiiieiliallon of the >> : 
 ., lilll^' of Hweden, :\. 
 d at Kyswick, hy \vi 
 it conccsslonH, restoi ii . 
 pal iilaccs ho had wii - 
 tlio renunciation oi' 
 Ion, which had been ; 
 •le war to enforce, wa^ : 
 n -fclic treaty. 
 
 APTKU xvr, 
 
 >/ the Kiiihhnith Coif- 
 Pence of t'lirclit. 
 
 lealth of Charles If. V: 
 1 no children, ciiKaKcd; 
 
 Kumiiean iiuwers, . 
 t those princes wlm \: 
 cniwu. Till) caiuliil, 
 the eiup'^ror Leopold,; 
 ivarla; and It was ii, 
 ■n"st of tlKiso who wi-:| 
 e halanco of power I 
 choice should fall (Ut J 
 is uiiablo to conteml vf 
 ret treaty of partltldii ' 
 hy France, England, ^ 
 h It was agreed th.at S| 
 
 Netherlands bIiouW I 
 ctoral prince of Jluvarj 
 nd the Italian etatci 
 d the duchy of Mll.iiil 
 cond son, the aroli(',:| 
 caty comlnpr to the kn 
 of Spain, he was natitr-| 
 s posses.slons shoulil tl. 
 irlnpr his life ; and lie ' 
 a will in favour et 
 
 This well hulted 
 d and Holland ; hut J 
 ircely inado known, wl| 
 luoo died suddenly, 
 
 OutKne S^Jatttfi of Central ^Wtory. 
 
 SI 
 
 iDut suspicion of havln« hceii poisoned. 
 
 prince's death revived the appreheii- 
 
 isoC Miiglmid and Holland, mid they 
 
 'led Into n now treaty of partition. 
 
 the king of Spain hciiueatlied the 
 
 III) of liis dominions to the diiko of 
 
 III second son of thediinphin, who was 
 
 •eisiiUv iicknowleilKud by the nation 
 
 the death of Chiirles, who died In 
 
 and the youutr klntf was crowned 
 
 ir the title of rhlllpV. 
 
 JO euiiieror Leopold being detc^-nilned 
 
 fupport the chiliiis of his son, war liii- 
 
 lately cmnmenced, and an nniiy was 
 
 Into Italy, where ho met with preat 
 
 ms. Prliico Lin/eiu) having expelled 
 
 'reiicli from the Milanese, a grand nlli- 
 
 was formed between tlcrmany, Kiig- 
 
 nnd Holland. The avowed objects of 
 
 liiiice were ' to procure satlstactioii 
 
 |g liniierlal mnjesty in the case of the 
 
 Ish succes-'ion ; idilaln security to llio 
 
 isii and Dutch for their donilnloiis and 
 
 lercc; prevent the union of the iiio- 
 
 lies of Krance and .Si'iiin ; and hinder 
 
 reiich from possessing the iSpaiilsli 
 
 jloiis 111 America.' 
 
 lies IL, the exiled king of England, 
 
 at St. (iermain's. In France, on Sep- 
 
 «r 7, 17(11 ; and was succeeded In 
 
 lomliial titles by his son, James IIL, 
 
 (r known by tho appellation of tho 
 
 ukr, ■\Vith more niagnanlmlty than 
 
 ince, Louis XIV. recognised his right 
 
 )o throne his father had abdicated, 
 
 could not bo considered in any 
 
 :llglit than that ufun insult to William 
 
 le Englisli nation ; and the parliament 
 
 id every nerve to avenge tho Indlg- 
 
 ^ _ jered to tho monarch of their choice : 
 
 bui before the actual commencement of 
 boitUitie.^, "Wllliaiii met with his death, 
 ooeaaioiied by a fall from his horse, a.u. 
 17M. 
 
 inr, second daughter of J.anics II. and 
 
 [Of (Jeorge, prince of Denniark, imine- 
 
 lly ascended the vaciiit throne; and, 
 
 irliig her resolution to adhere to the 
 
 Id alliiuice, war was declared by the 
 
 powers against France, on the same 
 
 at London, the Hague, and Vienna. 
 
 [reign proved a scries of battles and of 
 
 iphs, Ueliig resolved to pursue the 
 
 of her predecessor, she entrusted tho 
 
 land of tho army to tho earl of Unvl- 
 
 lugli, who obtained considerable suc- 
 
 es in Flanders ; while the combined 
 
 |lisli and Uutrh licets captured the gal- 
 
 \b, laden with the treasures of Spanish 
 
 srica, which were lying in Vigo bay, 
 
 jr tho jirotectlon of a French tleet. 
 
 iwhilo the French had the advantage 
 
 Italy and Alsace ; but in Flaiif'ers the 
 
 ins of JIarlborougli (now ralLtd to a 
 
 ledum) continued to be an overmatch 
 
 fthe generals opposed to hliii. Having 
 
 ired his conquests in that country, he 
 
 lived to march Into (lermany, to the aid 
 
 ;lie emperor, who had to contend with 
 
 Hungarian insirgeuts as well as tho 
 
 Inch and Havarians. Ho accordingly 
 
 iod the lihine, and meeting prince 
 
 teiie lit IMoiullcs.ielm, n junction was 
 
 ;cd uu uud clleclcd witli the iiupcrialists 
 
 under tlio duke of Uaden ; ami, thus united, 
 tlioy advanced to the Danube. The rival 
 armies each amounted to about 60,000 men. 
 Tho French and Havarians were posted on 
 a hill near the village of Dlenhelui, on tho 
 Danube ; but though their position was 
 Well chosen, their line was weakened by 
 detachments, which Marlborough perceiv- 
 liiir, charged through, and a signal vic- 
 tory was tho result. Tho French com- 
 niniuler, Tallard, was made iirlsoner, and 
 ao,o(Hi(if tho French and Uavarlan troops 
 were killed, wounded, and taken ; while tho 
 loss of tho allies amounted to n,000 killed, 
 and 7,0(X) wounded : A.n. I'M. Hy this bril- 
 liant victory the cmiieror was liberated 
 from all danger ; the Hungarian insurgents 
 were dispersed ; and the discomfited army 
 of Franco hastily sinight shelter within 
 their own frontiers. In Spain and Italy the 
 advantage was on the side of the French ; 
 but the victory of Hlenhelin not only com- 
 pensated for other failures, but It greatly 
 raised the English character for military 
 jirowess, and animated tho courage of the 
 allies. 
 
 Among other great exploits of the war 
 was the capture of Olbriilt.ar by admiral 
 Sir (ieorgc llooke and tho prlnco of Hesse. 
 This fortres.i, wlilcli had hitherto been 
 deemed Impregnable, has ever since con- 
 tinued In possession of the English, who 
 have defeated every attempt mado by the 
 Si'anlards towards Its recovery. 
 
 In the following year ci7o,">) tho emperor 
 Leopold died, and w.is succeeded by his 
 son Joseph. In Italy the French obtained 
 some considerable ndvant.ig. . ; while In 
 Spain nearly all Valencia and the province 
 of Catalonia subinitted to Charles III. Tho 
 iKipes and fe.ars of tho belligerents wero 
 thus kept alive by the various successes 
 and defeats they exiiericnced. Louis ap- 
 peared to act with even more than liU 
 iisuiil ardour: he sent an army Into Ger- 
 many, who drove the imperialists before 
 them; while his Italian eriny besieged 
 Turin, and marshal Villeroy was ordered 
 to act on the olTenslvc in Flanders. This 
 general, with a superior force, gave battle 
 to Marlborough at It.amillles, and was de- 
 feated, with a loss of 7,000 killed, f),000 
 prisoners, and a vast quantity of artillery 
 and ammunition. All Unib.ant, and nearly 
 all Spiuiisli Flanders, submitted to the con- 
 querors. The allies, under Prince Eugene, 
 wero also successful In Italy; while, in 
 Sialn, riillip was forced for a time to 
 abandon his capital to the luiltcd forces 
 of the English and rortugucse. Louis 
 was fo disheartened by these reverses 
 that ho proposed peace on very advan- 
 tageous terms ; but the allies. Instigated 
 by the duke of Alarlborough and i>rlnco 
 Eugene, rejected it, although tho objects 
 of tho grand alllanco might at that time 
 have been gained without tho further effu- 
 sion of blood. Thus refused, Louis onco 
 more exerted all his ojiergles. His troops 
 liaving been coinjielled to evacuate Italy, 
 ho sent an additional force Into Spain, 
 where the duke of Herwick (a natural son 
 of James 1 1.1 gained a brilliant and declslvo 
 victory at Almauza, over tho confederates. 
 
22 
 
 OtttKne ^fiftff) a( 6nirrnl Witarxi, 
 
 who woro (•(niniiamli'il by llm eiirl of (liil- 
 wny niid till' innr(|ulH do \nn IMIimH; wlillHt 
 the (liiko of Oi-li'iiim riMliircil Vnlfiii-la, mid 
 tho rllliM iif I,orltla iiiid HnriiKOH.-'.'i. The 
 victory of Alriiiuizii ri'Dtorud tho cntiHo of 
 tlio Jiniirl)onR III Spain; niul inaivlial VII- 
 lari*, at tlin licad of tho Krciirh aniiy In 
 OtTiuany, laid tho duchy <a' Wlitonila'W 
 undorcontrlliutlon. 
 
 Tho ffoiiornl rPHUlts of tho war hitherto 
 liad inlnrralily dl.sa|i|iolnti'd tho DiiullMh ; 
 MnrlborouKh felt that a inoro hrllllaiitoani- 
 imlffii was iipccasary to roiidiT lilin and hl« 
 party ropular. Ho thoroforo cro^Mod fho 
 HcliL'Idi.and came npwith tho Kivncli army, 
 uiidor Vcndoino, at Oudoiiardo. Tlioy Wfro 
 Btroiigly iioHtud; but tho Hrlllsh cavalry 
 broke throiigh tho ('iicniy'slliu's at the llrnt 
 charge; andthoiiKh the a|)pniai'li of uluUt 
 favourt'd tho ri'ircat of tlic Kronch, they 
 wero put to a tolal nuit, and iVMKipriKdiicrw 
 fell Into tho haiid-i of tho KnifUwh. Shortly 
 after, I.lslo WIS forced to M-.n-rciulcr; and 
 Uhont. and Uruprrs, v lilcli had been taUcn 
 by Vcndomc, were ri'takcn. Aliont iho 
 h.iino time tho Islands of Snnlliii.t and 
 Minorca purrcndtrt'd to Iho IliiK'lli'h llict, 
 and tho pope was coiiipillcd to ackiiow- 
 ledgotho nrchduko ("hnrlcs as the lawful 
 kliiffof Spain : A.n. Km. 
 
 Tho trca.sury of LouU liclnir Ki'cntly ox- 
 hau^ted, and his roiinrni4 dlsinictiil, ho 
 npnUi expressfMl his ulllliipnor';! to niMko 
 every reasonable ('oMi'c.--|nn for tho atiiilii- 
 nient of peace, olferliiK even to abanilnu 
 tho whole of tlioSpanl-li nioniirchy to the 
 archduke; but hl.s proll'ers belnpr rejected, 
 except on terms liiconipntlble wlthnMlliiiid 
 hiifety or personal honour, the French kliitr, 
 (rusting to the all'ectinti and iiatrlotism of 
 Ills people, called upon Ilieiu to rise In tle- 
 feiicoof the monarchy, and In t^upport of 
 their humbled and rnred king, Ills appeal 
 was patriotically responded to. Kvery nerve 
 was strained to raise a largo ariiy, and the 
 Hali.tlou of Krancc was conlided to iiiar- 
 hhal Villar.s. Tho allied army was formed 
 ou tho plains of Lisle; tho French covered 
 Doduy and Arras. KugencaiidMarnMii(Hii.'h 
 invested Jlons. Vlllars onciMnped wliliin 
 a league of It, at Malplarpict. Klatcd with 
 past success, tho confederates attacked 
 lilin III Ills Intrenchnients: the contest 
 was obstinate and bloody : and though 
 tho allies remained masters of the field, 
 their loss amounted to about, l.">,oiio men ; 
 wliUo that of the French, who retreated, 
 was not less than lo.ooo: Sept. 11, l7ou. 
 Louis again sued for peace; and con- 
 ferences wero ojiened at (iertruydeiiburg 
 early In tho following Hpring; but the 
 allies still Insisting uiioii the same con- 
 di Lions, tho French monarch again re- 
 jected thorn with nrmiiess. The war con- 
 tinued, and with It tho successes of the 
 allies III Flanders and In Spain, where tho 
 archduko again obtained possession of 
 Madrid. But tho nobility remaining faith- 
 ful to Philip, and fresh succours arriving 
 from Prance, tho duko of Vendoino com- 
 pelled tho allies to retire towards Cata- 
 lonia, whither they marched In two bodies. 
 The English general Stauhopo, who com- , 
 uianded the rear division, was surrounded j 
 
 at llrlKliiieira, and forced to Hurrciiilfi 
 with ri,iH>u men ; and though Iho prhn'ii, 
 (llvldon, led by Htaremberg, cnmi,, 
 Veiidome to retreat, and ronllnueil t|.,. 
 march In Hnfety, they were unable to !■},. , 
 Iho victorious progress of Philip's aiii;. 
 The expenses of a war so wholly uui 
 ductlve to Kngland had by this tliiir 
 haiisted the patience of the nalloii; ' 
 a change had taken place In tho llri 
 cil liiet that nan nnfavoui'aliU^ to ,M 
 borniigh and his designs. ThroiiKJi 
 (leilh of the eliipevor .loseph, wlilcli i 
 iii-t occiiired, the archduke Oliailc 
 cei ih'd to tlu' Imperial dlgiiiiy ; tliusi 
 a innv turn to the politics ol' ihesovt i. 
 of lOurope, who were In nlllanco t'> 
 vent tho union of the Spanish anil (li ,' 
 crowns ; a great obstacle to the restoi ,> 
 (if peace was therefore reiiiove<l. II 
 lilies however coiillnued, but with so 1 
 eiHTKy, that no event of Impnitaiirr 
 ciirred during tlie whole campaign. 
 leiu'th the lOiiglUh and Kreiieh plri; 
 tentlarles '•oncurring In the hame ii- 
 for peace, prelliiiliiarles were sigiu I 
 tween l';iiglaiiil iiiul I'laiice, at l.i 
 IVc. 171-', The following year a eoi, 
 was held at I'trecht for the giiieral i 
 Ileal Ion of Kurope; and a ilellnlte t: 
 of piiicowas sluiied on the .'(Ist of M 
 iri.'l, by tho plenipotentiaries < t a,, 
 belligerent powers, e.xeept those < i 
 emperor and the king of Spain, li 
 hllpiilated that riilllp i-hmiid rniniii.i 
 til le to the crown ol' l''ranee, and i he ., 
 of lleni and Orleans to that of Spain ; : 
 If I'lilllp should die without male Issue, 
 diikeol' .Savoy should succeed to the I In 
 of Spain; that the S|i;iiii.,,li Neiheil.r. 
 Naples, .Mlliui, and the Spanlhh terriP ; 
 on till- Tn-^can coast should be hccuii,: 
 Anstrl.i tli.it the Klilne Hlionld be 
 boundary between France ami (Jerii, 
 and tli.it lOngland was to retain (111 i 
 and Mliioiea. In tho following ye.i 
 eiiipernr ^lglled the treaty of Itastaip. 
 coiiilltiiiMs of which were less favoi 
 to lilm th.an those offered .at Utrecht; 
 Philip V. lu'cc'ding to It Bouio time :i: 
 lOirope once more enjoyed traiKiul , 
 Shorily after having thus cxtrlcateii ' 
 self from all bis dinicuitles, tho Ion 
 eventful relirii of I.ouis XIV. was i. 
 lialed by his dcitli; and Ids gri'al-i-'i i: 
 Hon, l.ouls .\ v., being a nil'ior, the diiki 
 Orleans was made regent of France. 
 
 CIIAPTKll XVII. 
 
 2'/iti Age of Chiirks XII. of Swediu, 
 I'ltcr the (Ircat of llaasia. 
 
 Tiroroi! we have confined our attd ■ 
 to the w.ars which occupied the Boiiiii 
 west of lOurope at the latter end of tin :' 
 century, wo must not ov(!rlook the ev.:. 
 which took place In tho north and m 
 through the rlvidry and ambition of t\\ i 
 the most ext raordlnary characters that cvi: 
 wielded the weaiioits of war, or conirHllxj 
 the fate of empires : these men were (.'li.iilei 
 XII. of Sweden, and I'eter tho Orcattil 
 Kussla. 
 It Is hero necessary to retrace ourstei!3 
 
 111 
 na 
 
(OiitliiK jS>lirtcI) a( <B(iici'nI $)is(tai'l). 
 
 23 
 
 ,0 retrace our steitl 
 
 In iiw viiiM. Ill 1001 tlif iiooplo »t Don- 
 
 >k, illiKUKtid Willi tlio tyranny of tliclr 
 
 H. solemnly giirri'iiJorcd tliclr lllicrili'it 
 
 Stir klun; mill Kn-ihTlc, almoiit wlllKnit 
 
 tiUiriot liliowii, liocaiiio iiii iiljuoliitu 
 Jiiu-fli. IllNBiicci'n.-ior.ClirlHtlim V., miulo 
 roiiCliarli'sXI.iif Hwoikii.wlioclc'friiilril 
 Igcli' with Kri'iit iiMllty, aiiit, dyliitf lii 
 t, U'i'c liU crown to lilM noil, tliu vallunt 
 li'iiU'i'i>i'Uln*{Cliiu-lis XII. 
 
 iirlii«(liu rclKii "1' Ali'xlM, UiiHsIii lM%';in 
 
 ou'rwi> froih '111- iKirliiiilHiii Into wlilrli 
 ■d JMCii pliiiiK. • 1-y till .MoiiKolliin Ill- 
 Ion and tlio civil wiirx occ.irtliiiii'd I'yii 
 
 , courncof tyriiiiiiy on tliu luiit of Us 
 
 fH. JIU Hon Tlllodol-O IHirsllCll Mil Cll- 
 
 Iciicd iiolli-y, ix'tnriiiliiK llio linv.i, cn- 
 akImc; tlio iirt.'4, and liitrodiu-liiLr tlio 
 lin'i'.s mid ciiKtoiiis of iiiiiro cIvillHcd 
 li>.. At liU di;itli liii l)('i|Ui',Ulu'd tlio 
 1 (o Ills ynutifrcr lii'oilicr I'l'tcr, In 
 ironco to lil,-< Imlicollo lirotlici' Ivan, 
 w;iM ticvi'ral ycaiH lilrf niilor. 'I'liroiiKli 
 liiiilKncti of tlu.'Ir aiiiliitlonn hImIit 
 la, a rolirlllon liroko out ; dial <i\vIiik 
 liirapnclly of ono liroilier .iiul llio 
 ill of tlio (itlicr, kIio c'ontlnuud to cx- 
 le the whole FoverclKii iiowcr, JUlut^ 
 I'll, however, of idottliix tlio destriic- 
 cf lieryoiiiiK<>t lii'otlici', !>1m' was) liiiiiu!- 
 ly arrcHtcd and liii|irlsoncd;and Ivnn 
 K retired Into luivuto life, I'eter ho- 
 cioleandiin(ll>i>utednm>4terof the Uiin- 
 ciDliIro, which waH declined, Ihroimh 
 "!orts, to ai:(iulro eventually an I'liiliieiit 
 ainoni? the leading powers of Enrope. 
 owed with an ardent thirst forknow- 
 glftcd with tho moat persoverhifT 
 --___„e, and niihiiated hy Iho hope of clvl- 
 IImu his nation, I'eler I., deiservedly mir- 
 nanSd the (Inat, exhibited to the world 
 thd unusual wiiectaelo of a govereltrii de- 
 ■oandlii*^ nwMUt from tho throne, I'ortho 
 of rciu'.orliii,' himself iiioro worthy 
 he i'i-ii\vii. ifavliur n'KuIat<'(l the In- 
 lal iilfalrn of Uu-->la, I'eler (inltled 
 cow, and visited l''ranee, Holland, and 
 land (■/((' ifinitii', liive.-tluatliiK tlK.'lrlaws, 
 yluy tiieir aril*. scleneeH, and iiuiiiu- 
 lure.s, and everywhere <'iiKaKlnK tho 
 t Hkllful iirtlHLs and inechaiiie.s to ful- | 
 liliii Into lUlssia. Jlut lil.s de^slrei did | 
 end there ; ho wished aNo to heeonio ii 
 iqueror. He accorilinKly, In 17oo, entered 
 an alllaiiee with INdand iind Denmark, 
 the iiuri)oso of Btripplntf tho youthful ' 
 riea XII. of tho whole, or of a part of j 
 dominions. Nothing diRinayeU, tho j 
 nlc hwedo entered Into alllanco with 
 land and i'higlnnd, laid sleire to Copen- 
 eii, and compelled tho Daiilali Koverii- 
 It to sue for peace. The ItusMlans had 
 he lueantlincbesleKcd Narva with H0,0()0 
 1. But Charlod having thus crushed one 
 Ills enemies, In the short spare of three , 
 ks, Immediately marched to the relief 
 Narva, where, witli only 10,000 men, lie 
 ccd tho lliiBslan Intrenchnieiits, killed 
 [000 and took !io,oo() prisoners, with nil : 
 Ir artillery, baggage, and nmmunltion. j 
 er being prepared for reverses, coolly 
 ervcd, ' I know that tho Swedes would ; 
 t us, but they will teach us to liecomo 
 Tiucrors In our turn.' I 
 
 llavliKX wliitiri'd at Niirvn, In tho fol. 
 lowliiK year (,'liarleit defeated Iho i'oles and 
 Haxonrt on tliu Duna, und overran Mvonln, 
 Cuurland, and Mihiianlii. KlatedwIlhhU 
 Hiii'ceMHes, ho fornu d Iho iiroject (jf de- 
 throning AiigUHtUK, kln^ of I'lilaiid. Com- 
 hilling pulley with tho terror of his ariiig, 
 ho entered Warhaw, and, tlirouirh tho In- 
 trigues of tho priniale of rolaiid, he c'h- 
 talned the depodtldn of AugUHtus, and tho 
 election of his Iriiiiil, Urn ywuii« palatino 
 Slaiilsiiius I.ec/.ln-M ; A.l». l"ol. 'riioiigli 
 I'eler had beiii iiii;ili|c to alford his ally 
 Ain-'ustim iiiucli a.sHlsiaiice, hehadnot heen 
 Inactive. Narva, k,o rcrciilly tho ncelie of 
 his disconilltnre, In' timk hy storm, and 
 f-iiit an army of i;o,i oo men inio r(]|aiid. 
 'Iho Swedish king, Ijnuivcr, drovi' ilirm 
 out of the country; and, ul ilic head of a 
 nohie u:id vUlurlnus arm,' , he niarchi il on- 
 wards wllh Iho avowed liiieiiiidii of de- 
 throning hl.'i most foi'iiiidaljle enemy, ilio 
 c/.ar of Kussia. I'eter endeavoured to avert 
 tho storm by Bending plopo^Mls of pence; 
 wiiich being haiighlily rejected, he I'u- 
 I reated beyond the Diih per, and sniiKht to 
 Impede tin," progress of the Hwedes toward! 
 .Moscow, by breaking up i lie roads, and lay- 
 ing waste I ho surrounding country. Charles, 
 afier havliur endured great prlv iiions, and 
 being urge<l by .Mazepi'a, hei man or chief of 
 the (Jossacks, who nllCi-ed lo join him with 
 ;io,(X)Omen, and supply liliii wlm iirovisinns, 
 penetrated Into the rkraliie. He reached 
 the place of rendezvous ; but tho vigilance 
 of I'eler had rendered the designs of tlio 
 lictmau abortive, und he now appeared 
 rather aa a fugitive, aliended with a few 
 hundred followers, than as a potent ally. 
 
 'I'ho Swedish army had still greater dls- 
 aiipolntnients to meet with. No siippilea 
 were iirovided; and general Lcwenhaupt, 
 who had been ordered lo jnin tho king with 
 ir.,ooonien fnnn Mvonia, had been forced 
 Into three engagements with tlieUuBslans, 
 and his army was reduced to 4,000. Ilrav- 
 liig these iiilsfortuiies, t'liarlcs continued 
 the eampalLrii, though In the depth of win- 
 ter. In the nihUt of a wliil and barien 
 country, with an army almost destitute of 
 food and clothing, and perishing with cold, 
 ho madly res(dved to proceed. At leiirih 
 he laid slego to I'ultowa, a fortllled eitj on 
 Iho frontiers of the Ukraine, which was 
 vigorously defended. Ilia army was now 
 reduced to .'io.ooo men ; and ho w is sult'er- 
 ing from n wound which ho liad received 
 while viewing the works. The czar, at tho 
 head of 70,000 men, advanced to the relief 
 of I'ultowa! and Charles, carried In a lit- 
 ter, set out with the main body of his army 
 to give him battle. At llrst the Impetuosity 
 of tho Swedes made the Itusslans give way ; 
 but Charles had no cannon, and tho czar's 
 artillery niadodreadfulhavoclntheSwedish 
 Hues. Notwithstanding tho desperate va- 
 lour of tho troops, tho Irretrievable ruin of 
 tho Swedes was soon effected; 8,000 w-ro 
 killed, 0,000 taken prisoners, and 12,000 fu- 
 gitives were forced to surrender on the 
 banks of tho Dnieprr, from want of boats 
 to cross tho river. Tho Swedish army was 
 thus wholly destroyed. Charles, and about 
 throo huudred mou, escaped with much 
 
24 
 
 <9utlii!e ^ftctcTj n( ©fiicrnl W^toxui' 
 
 difllcnlty to Dcmlcr, !i Turkisli town in nes- 
 Barabia, where he was hospitalily received, 
 and where he remained inactive dnriuK se- 
 veral years, buoyed up with the hope that 
 the Ottoman I'orte would espouse his cause, 
 and declare against the czar of RusBla. In 
 one f >* il day Charles had lost the fruits of 
 aino years' victories; and tlic shattered 
 remnant of tliat army of veterans, before 
 whom the bravest trooi's of other countries 
 quailed, were transported by the victorious 
 czar to colonise the wild and lnliosi)itabIo 
 deserts of Sllieria. 
 
 ]lut the intlexiblo Idns of Sweden had 
 not even yet abandoned all hope of lium- 
 blinf? the i)ower of his hated rival. At 
 length, in 1711, war was declared against 
 liiissla by the Torte, and the vizier Baltagi 
 Sleliemet advanced towards the Danube at 
 the head of 200,000 men. By this immense 
 force, the liussian army on the 1)ank3 of 
 tlie I'ruth was closely surrounded and re- 
 duced to a state of starvation. At this cri- 
 tical juncture, the czarina Catherine, who 
 accompanied her husband, sent a private 
 message to the vizier, and procured a ces- 
 sation of hostilities preparatory to opening 
 negolial.ions, which were speedily followed 
 by a treaty of peace. Charles, who had 
 calculated on the total destruction of the 
 czar, felt highly incensed at the disappoint- 
 ment of his most ardent hopes, and even- 
 tually procured the dismissal of the vizier. 
 His successor, however, still less favcnirablo 
 to the views of the royal warrior, persuadeil 
 the sult.an Aclimet III. to signify his wish 
 that Cliarles slioiUd (luit tlie Ottoman em- 
 pire. But lie resolved to remain, and the 
 I'orteliad recourse to compulsory measures. 
 His house was invested by Turkish troops, 
 and after a llercedcfenceon the part of him- 
 self and his few attendants, ho was taken 
 and conveyed as a prisoner to Adrianoi)ie. 
 
 Tho enemies of Sweden were, in the 
 meantime, jirosecuting their successful 
 career. Stanislaus, whom Charles had placed 
 on tho throne of Toland, liad been compelli'd 
 to yield It to Augustus; and tho Swedish 
 frontiers were tiireatened on every side. 
 General Steinbock, after having pained a 
 brilliant victory over the Danes and Saxons 
 at Gadebuscii, and burnt Altona, was be- 
 sieged in Toniiingen, and forced to sur- 
 render with tho whole of his arny. Housed 
 at this intelligence, tho king of Sweden 
 quitted Turkey, and aCter traversing Ger- 
 many without any attendant, arrived safely 
 at Stralsuud, the capital of Swedish Pome- 
 ranla. 
 
 At the opening of the next campaign 
 (A.D. 1715), Stralsund was besieged by the 
 I'russians, Danes, and Saxons, and though 
 obsti natel y defended by the kl iig, was f ( )rccd 
 to capitulate, while ho narrowly esciiped in 
 a small vessel to his native shores. All 
 Kuropo now considered that his last effort 
 had been made, when it was suddenly an- 
 nounced that ho had invaded Norway. Ho 
 had found in his new minister, baron do 
 Ooertz, a man who encouraged liis most 
 extravagant projects, and who was as bold 
 lif the cabinet as his master w;is undaunted 
 in tho Held. Taking advantage of a cool- 
 iiedS that cxiisted between Uu;^tiia and the 
 
 other enemies of Sweden, Gocrtz propu; 
 that Peter and Cliarles should iinito 
 strict amity, and dictate the law to Euroi>| 
 A part of this daring plan was the ro.stor 
 tion of tho Stuarts to tho throno of Ki, 
 land. But while the negotiations wcio 
 progress, Charles invaded Norway a sec i 
 time, and laid siege to Frederlckshall ; i 
 whilo there a cannon-ball terminated i 
 eventful life; and his sister Ulrica ascciii 
 the throne: a.d. 1718. 
 
 By tlie peace which Peter signed m:. 
 Sweden, he obtained tho valuable provii 
 of Carella, Ingrla, Ksthovia,aud Livi : , 
 On this glorious occasion he cxcliiiik- 
 the title of czar for that of emperor : 
 autocrat of all tho Bussias, wlilch wa^ : 
 cognised by every Kuropean power. ( 
 year after (a.u. 172,")) this truly cxtriid: 
 nary imiii died. In the S.ird of his age, : 
 tho 'lard of a glorious and useful ni. 
 Peter tlie Great must bo considered as • 
 real founder of the i)ower of tho Ku-; 
 empire; but whilo history records ot !. 
 many noble, humane, and generous act i 
 he is not exemjit from tho charge of i.'; 
 barb;irity, particularly in his early ji 
 He must not, however, bo judged acconl . 
 to the standard of civilised 8oci(>ty, bu; 
 an absolute monarch, bent on the ex v 
 tion of a people whoso manners were i 
 anil barbarous. 
 
 Cntlicrlnc I., who had been crownt il 
 press tho preceding year, took (lulct ; 
 session of the throne, and faithfully ; 
 sued the plans of her illustrious liii.~l', 
 for tho Improvement of Hussia; obt:ii;. 
 tlio love of her subjects by tho niiKli. 
 of her rule and the truly patriotic zeal ■ 
 evinced for their welfare. She died iir 
 second year of her reign, and left the cr^ - 
 to IVter II., son of the unfortunate Al- 
 and the regency to prince Jlenzicoir, \ 
 was afterwards disgraced and banislKl 
 Siberia. After a sliort and peacealile i 
 Peter II. died, and with him ended tlic ; 
 Hue of the family of Homauof : a.d. i:: 
 
 CHAPTKB XVIII. 
 
 Tha Affiant of Etirnpr.frnm the l^slni' 
 mnU of the Hannvcrhui Succession in i. 
 land, ti) the year \71Q. 
 
 AiiHiVKD ataperlodof comparativerf] ■ 
 wo may now take a retrospective gin. 
 at tho affairs of Great Britain. In i; 
 Scotland and England had been nnitod;: 
 der this aiijiellatlon; and tho act of un. 
 Introduced e.iual rights. Liberties, comii;:' 
 cial arrangements, and a parliament i/. 
 nion to both nations. During tho llto 
 William III. tho protestant succession 1. 
 been decided, by act of p.arliament, in 
 vour of the countess palatine SuiL 
 duchess of Hanover, wife of the first ilc 
 toral sovereign of that territory and nioii, 
 of George I, This princess died a pIi -J 
 timo before queen Anne; and Geonri i 
 upon that event, took tiio oath of stiia 
 sjon, by which lie engaged to observe \\i 
 maintain tho laws and liberties of Britain 
 not to engage tli.at kingdom even In dofn. 
 sivo wars, oil accoujit of hiselectorate;.iii 
 to employ no other tUau Bi-ilibU jniiiibUc 
 
t Sweden, Gocrtz proiiojf 
 Clmrles should unite ' 
 I dictate tlio law to Eurotl 
 iring plan was the rest 
 rts to tlie throne of ; 
 5 the iioRotlations Wi i 
 3 Invaded Norway a sc, 
 Bge to FrederlckslKill ; 
 mnon-ball termlnatcil 
 
 I his sister Ulrica ascwui I 
 1718. 
 
 Which Peter signed «;■, 
 ued the valuable provinc 
 la, Estliovia, and Livn-, 
 9 occasion he exdiiuk- 
 ' for that of eiiipcrur ■,. 
 lie Hnssias, which w.i^ 
 ry Kuropean power. ( 
 ir2.">) this truly c.xtradi 
 
 II the 5,1rdof his age, ; 
 lorious and uselul wi 
 nust be conslderud as - 
 ho power of Iho Itii-- 
 Ic history records of i. 
 ane, nnd generous acti 
 from the charge of c: 
 :ularly in his early yv 
 •ever, l)e judged accord 
 t civilised society, Im; 
 arch, bent on the ex , 
 vhoso niuuuers were i 
 
 ho bad been crowiK il 
 ing year, took (lulct ; 
 ironc, and faithfuiiv ; 
 f lier illustrious lui-! 
 lent of llussia; obt:ii: 
 subjects by the niilili, 
 le truly patriotic ze;il - 
 welfare. Slie died in 
 •reign, and left the cr- 
 if the unfortunate Aj. 
 to i>rince Jlenzicolf, v 
 sgraced ;uid banislKJ 
 liort and peaceable r 
 1 with him ended thi' 
 of lloniauof : a.d. K; 
 
 3d of companitlverri 
 5 a retrospective u-: 
 Great Britain. In i; 
 and had been united; 
 n ; and the act of im, 
 •ights. Liberties, couin;-- 
 , and a parliament cu: 
 ons. During the llto 
 •otestant succession l. 
 »ct of parliament, in i.l 
 mte.ss palatine SuiLiif 
 er, wife of the Ilrst i:'4 
 Iiat territory and nioii, 
 5 luincess died a pIi • 
 I Anm;; and Geon-'i'i 
 ook tlio oath of siua 
 I'Ugaged to observe ai;j 
 iuul liberties of Unl;i 
 kingdom even in ilok 
 lit of his elector;! ic;ac.| 
 ' tUau iJi'iiibli mhiioUrij 
 
 CDutline ^ftctclj of (Scuernl Iftirftorj). 
 
 25 
 
 rivy counsellors In thoadmlulstratlon 
 .veriinient. 
 
 George I. in a great mca'3urc owed his 
 .jsslon to the crown to the Whig party, 
 Ipeiily avowed himself their friend and 
 n ; and they were no sooner in ofllcc 
 tliey used their power to crush their 
 leal adversaries, the Tories. One of 
 rst acts of his reign was the impench- 
 it of the duke of Ormond, and the 
 Oxford and IJolingbroke. Oxford was 
 littcdto the Tower; but Bolingbroko 
 Onnond made their escape to the con- 
 t. Tlie evident partiality of the mo- 
 1 fiu- the Whigs, and their vindictive 
 edings, gave gre.-it umbrage to many 
 ns, and roused the auger of all who 
 favourable to the Stuart djniasty. 
 feelings more especially prevailed in 
 ighlands of Scotland, and a plan was 
 icd for a general insurrection in favour 
 Pretender, whom they proclaimed, 
 ir the title of James HI. By the au- 
 ty of tlie prince, tlie eai-1 of Mar had 
 d his standard, and the clans fiuickly 
 ^ded to ir, so that he was soon at the 
 of 9,000 men, including several noble- 
 aiid other persons of distinction. But 
 plans were prematurely formed, and 
 want of unanimity In conducting the 
 sary operations proved fatal to the 
 in which they were embarked. They 
 attacked and completely routed by 
 ■o}:i\ forces at Preston Pans, a.i>. 1710. 
 ri.'tendcr and the earl of Mar elfected 
 escape ; but most of the insurgent 
 !8 and otilcers were doomed to suffer 
 dratti as traitors. Tl'crebelllon being thus 
 8ui>»resscd, an act was passed for making 
 pariUuneiits septennial, instead of triennial. 
 We now return to the affairs of Spain 
 and other continental states. AVo have 
 MM that the death of the emperor and 
 thO accession of the archduke Charles to 
 llHii Imperial throne, left Pliilip V. undis- 
 """id master of Spain and of its colonies. 
 Ilrst queen being dead, ho married 
 betli l'"arnese, heiress of Parma, Tus- 
 , and Placentia; a woman of masculine 
 t, wlio, liaving a powerful inllueiice 
 the mind of her husband, and l.jlng 
 elf directed by the daring cardinal 
 roni, his jirlmo minister, indulged in 
 jirospect of recovering those posses- 
 s which had been wrested from Spain, 
 conllrmed by the peace of Utrecht, 
 schemes of Albcronl, in fact, went 
 ih farther; by the aid of Charles XII. 
 Iweden, and Peter I. of Uussia, ho de- 
 ed to cliange tlic political condition of 
 'ope ; he desired to restore the Stuarts 
 ihc throne of Enghuid ; to deprive the 
 e of Orleans of the regency of France; 
 to prevent the Interference of the cm- 
 r by engaging the Turks to as*all his 
 inlons. These ambitious projects were 
 teatcd by what was termed the 'fiuad- 
 le alllaucc'(A. D. 1710) between Austria, 
 ,uce, England, and Uolland. The court 
 jBpaln for a time rL\--isted this jiowcrful 
 federacy ; but its disasters, l)y land and 
 compelled Philip to accede to the terms 
 icli were offered him, and Alberonl was 
 Hissed A.u. 1720. A rrivato treaty was 
 
 afterwards concluded between the king of 
 Spain and the emperor; and another, for 
 the express purpose of rounteracMng It, 
 was concluded between England, France, 
 Holland, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden. 
 This ltd to a short war between England 
 and Spain : the English sent a fleet to tlio 
 West Indies to block up the galleons in 
 Porto Bello, and the Spaniards made an 
 unsuccessful attack on Oibralt;ir. Neither 
 party having gained by tlie rupture, the 
 mediation of France was accepted, and a 
 treaty was concluded at Seville, by which 
 all the conditions of the quadruple alliance 
 were ratilled and conllrmed. One of its 
 articles providing that Don Carlos, son oi; 
 the queen of Siiaiii, should succeed to 
 Parma and Placentia, the Spanish troops 
 now took formal possession of those terri- 
 tories. It was also agreed that the 'prag- 
 matic sanction,' or law by which the 
 emperor secured the succession of tlio 
 Austrian doinlnloiis to his female heirs, in 
 failure of male issue, should be guarauteed 
 by the contracting iiowers. 
 
 George I., king of England, died In 1727 ; 
 but his death made no change in the poli- 
 tics of the cabinet, Sir Itoberc Walpolo 
 continuing at the head of affairs after the 
 accession of (ieorgo II. Some few years 
 previous to tlie death of his father, the 
 nation had experienced much loss and cou- 
 fusicm by the failure of the 'South-sea 
 scheme,' a commercial si>eculatlon on so 
 extensive a scale that it liad well-nigh 
 produced n natiouiU bankruptcy. It was 
 a close imitation of the celebrated 'Mis- 
 sissippi scheme,' which had a short time 
 before Involved iu ruiu tUousuuds of our 
 Gallic neighbours. 
 
 The pacific disposition of cardinal Pleury, 
 prime minister of France, and the no less 
 pacific views of Walpole, for nearly twenty 
 years secured the happiness and peace of 
 both countries. Hut the pugnacious spirit 
 of the people, and the remeitilirance of old 
 grievances on both sides, led to new alter- 
 cations with the Spaniards, which were 
 greatly aggravated by their atlackinp' the 
 English employed In cutting log-wood in 
 the bay of tampe.'ichy. A war WJis the con- 
 sequence, and Franco became the ally of 
 Spain, A.i). 1739. A small force being sent 
 to the West Indies, under admiral Vernon, 
 the important city of Porto Bello was cap- 
 tured ; which success induced tlie English 
 to send out other ariiiaiueiits upon a larger 
 scale. Olio of these, under commodore 
 Anson, sailed to the South Seas, and after 
 encountering severe storms, by which his 
 force w.as much diminished, ho ravaged 
 the coasts of Cliill and Peru, and evcutu.allv 
 captured tlie rich g.alleou annually bound 
 from Acapulco to Manilla. The other ex- 
 pedition was directed against Carthagena; 
 ))Ut it proved most disastrous, owiiig to 
 the mismanagement and disputes of the 
 commanders, and to the unhealthiness of 
 the climate, not less than 15,000 troopr* 
 having foUeu victims to disease. 
 
rpa*m 
 
 Wi 
 
 26 
 
 <^\ttUm §p%ttt\) of ^tmval W^tatti. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 From, the Accession of the Empress TItcresa, 
 of Austria, to the Peace of Aix-Ui-CliapcUc. 
 
 Wk now rotiini to tlio state of afTalra la 
 nortliern ICtiropo. On tlio deatli of tlio 
 cniiioror, Charles VI., lila daughter, Maria 
 Theresa, by virtue of the pragmatic sanc- 
 tion, took possession of his hereditary do- 
 minions; but sho found that she was not 
 likely to relaiu peaceable possession of 
 thorn. The kings of Poland, France, and 
 Spain exhibited their respective claims 
 fii the whole Austrian succession ; and 
 Frederic tho Great, king of Prussia, who 
 had just ascended his tiirone, looklUR only 
 to tho aggrandisement of liis dominions, 
 joined her enemies iu the hope of ol)taIning 
 a share of the spoil. At the head of a well- 
 appointed army, ho entered Silesia, took 
 Breslau, Its c-npital, and soon ronqnc^'cd tho 
 province; and in order to retain his ac<iui- 
 sition, he offered to support Jlaria Theresa 
 nKainst all her enemies, a.i>. 17-11. This 
 Iiropo^al was stcndily and indlirnantly re- 
 jected by the princess; thou^fli sho was well 
 aware tliat the l''rench and liavarlans were 
 on tlic point of invadincr lier lorrilories, for 
 the express purpose of elevating Charles 
 Albei*:, elector of Bavaria, to the imperial 
 digr.. y. Under tho command of the iMince, 
 assisted by tlic inar.shals of lielleisle anil 
 liroglio, tho united armies entered I'pixT 
 .Austria, took l.,intz, and menaced Vienna. 
 Maria Tlieresa Ijeintj compelled to aliandon 
 )ier capital, lied to Hungary; and liaving 
 convened tho states, she appeared befdre 
 tho assembly with her infant son in her 
 arms, and made such an eloquent appeal, 
 that tiie niiMes with ono accord swm'o to 
 defend lier causo till death. 'Moriamur 
 pro iiEGic iiostro Maria Theresa.' Nor were 
 these mere idle words: her patriotic sub- 
 jects rushed to arms ; and, to the astonish- 
 ment of her (Miemles, a large Hungarian 
 army, under tlio command of I'rinco Charles 
 of Lorraine, inarched to the relief of Vienna, 
 and tlio elector was obliged to raise the 
 siege. A subsidy was at tho same time 
 voted to her by I lie Hritisli parliament, and 
 (ho war assumed a more favourable asjiect. 
 TheAustriaiis took Munidi, after defeating 
 the JJavarians at ;\Ienlberg ; and the prince 
 iif LoiT;iiiie expelled tin; Prussians ai.d 
 Saxons from Moravia. Tho elector, liow- 
 ever, had tho gratification, on retiring into 
 liolieinia, to take the city of Prague ; and 
 having been crowned king, of lioheinla, 
 ho proceeded to Fratikfort, where ho was 
 chosen emiicror under the name of Charles 
 
 VII., A.D. 1742. 
 
 Tho king of Prussia having obtained a 
 brilliant victory over tho Austriaiis at 
 Czarslau, took iinniedlate advantage of his 
 position, and signed a separate treaty with 
 the queen of Hungary, who ceded to him 
 Lower Silesia and (ilatz, on condition of 
 his remaining neutral during lier contest 
 witli the other jiowers. Tlio conduct of 
 Frederic gave just cause of offence to the 
 court of Francis for, thus deprived of its 
 mi).-,L iinwerful ally, tho French army must 
 havo been inevitably ruined, but for tho 
 superior abliltiee of morslial Uulleislc, who 
 
 effected one of tho most masterly ntr-i 
 through an enemy's country that 1i;h "■ 
 recorded in the annals of niodcrn wu •• 
 Louis XV. now made offers of pia, 
 mo.st equitable terms; but the queen,, 
 with success, h.augliilly rejected tin : 
 consequence of a victory gained by • , 
 Charles of Lorraine, sho liad alsn' . 
 llio gratification of recovering tlr 
 perial dniuinions from her rival (; 
 Vll., who took refuRo in Friinlii'nn, 
 tliere lived iu comprf'ntivo indigeiu, 
 obscurity. 
 
 England liad now become a princi; v 
 the war; and the united Hrltlsh, H; 
 verian, and Austrian forces marched i- 
 Flanders towards Uermany. The liii..' 
 lingland liiul arrived in tho allied it 
 and tlie French commaiuier, mari,, 
 NoaiUes, having cut off all their sii; : 
 the destruction of the British and An - 
 army was anticipated either by their I • 
 cut to pieces if they attempted a retr^w 
 by their surrender. They commenci.ai 
 retreat ; )uid,fortuiiatelyfiir them, tin . 
 generalship of Koailles, who had ' _ 
 possession, of the villago of Bcttiin,-, 
 their front, was couuteracied by tlic: 
 iiess of his nephew, liio count do i. 
 inont, who advanced into ji small li; 
 give the allies battle; but the impel.; 
 i>f the French troofis was met by t: 
 S'lluio Jinil steady courage oC the a 
 wlilcli oljiained for tliein the vici.r 
 Dettingen. The marshal retreated : 
 the allies, owing to the irri'snlui 
 (ieorgo II., obtained no farther :, , 
 tage. 
 
 The haughty and amblMous coinl : 
 tho empress, who avowed her intern; 
 keejiing Havaria, gave great oirenci' i 
 veral of the Ccrman princes ; and I'l ; 
 Prussia, and tho elector palatine uniiu 
 check the growing power of .Austri.i. 
 French arms were victorious in Fl.i'. 
 tlio king of Prussia, who had invail. ; 
 hernia, was defeated with great in -, 
 forced to niako a precipitate reiri ,■ 
 Silesia: A.D. 17-1'1. Not long after li • 
 death of the elector of Bavaria renm . 
 reasonable grounds for rlie ci:ntinu\: 
 hostilities, his son having leniun.i 
 claims to the Imperial crown, whilr ' ; 
 Tliei rsa agreed to put lilm in posse.-.-. 
 Ills hereditary dominions.. 
 
 During the campaign of 1746 tlio 
 rialista lost Parma, Placeutla, and .' 
 Ill Flanders a largo French army, 
 marshal Saxe, Invested Tournay : 
 the allies, under tho duke of c, ; 
 land, though greatly Inferior in iiuii; 
 marched to its relief. Tho king of I'r 
 and the dauphin were In tho French i 
 and their troops were strongly postr 
 hind the villano cf Fontenoy. The iii 
 infantry disi>;:;y"d tho most umliui 
 valour, carryl;!g ovcry<;,ii)g before il 
 but they vero ill supported by their 
 man and Butch allies, whoso Indeci.si. 
 want of courage lost the day. Tlio cai>ij:| 
 of Tiiuriiny, (ilient, Ostend, and Oudenarj 
 by tho French, was tho immediatu c 
 quence of this Importiuit victory. 
 
 In Uuglaud the total battle of Fuutcd 
 
mmvp. 
 
 t tlio most nmsterly retrJ 
 silly's country tlmt 1i,h il 
 e annals of luoUcrii \var'l 
 w iiiado offers of pcac' 
 terms; but the queen, cia-j 
 lauKhilly rejected tlicin ' 
 f a victory gained liy i , 
 i-raine, slio liad also . 
 m of rccoverlnif tlie 
 lis from lier r!v;il ci , 
 i refuse In Friiiiki'nri" 
 comj'Kfativo iiidigei;,' 
 
 now become a prliici;' 
 tbo united Uritisli, u 
 it ri.in forces marclied !■' 
 ■ds (j'ermany. Tlie lui ■ 
 rrived In tlio allied , ■ 
 h coMiniaiulor, mar- 
 tf rut off all their Hill I . 
 of tlieHriti><haiul An- 
 i|iated eitlier by their I • 
 tliey attempted a retrcr' 
 ler. They ciimmencni i . 
 rtunately fur them, tin 
 
 Koaiile.-', Avlio had • 
 he villMf-'o (if Dctliiii,-, 
 
 counteracted by tlic 
 )hew, the euiiiit do i, 
 need into a small i ; 
 xittle; Imt ilio iniiiLi 
 trooiis vas met by [■ 
 idy courage (if the ,1 
 
 for tliem the vui> • 
 marslial retreated : 
 IK to the Irresdliii, 
 ;ained no fartlier 1,. 
 
 and ambifiiniH coiidi: ■ 
 o avowed her iMteiiii 
 
 Kavc preat oirencc i 
 nan princes ; and Ki , 
 elector palatine uiiiu 
 titf power (if Austria. 
 ■o victorious in I'lai. 
 sia, who had Invad. 
 iited with preat !(.-- 
 a precipitate retr<:,i 
 
 Not loii.tf after 11,:- 
 Lor of Uavaria reninvt , 
 ds for the ccntlnuu. ti 
 on liaviiijr renounci 
 perlal crown, while ' 
 ' I'Ut Ijjm ill iiosse.-' 
 minions.. 
 
 lupaiKu of 1746 the i 
 na, I'iacentia, and X 
 rpo Krench urmv, i, 
 avestcd Tournay; « 
 • tho duko of I'll! 
 atly Inferior In luuiii 
 lief. Tlie king of l-i . 
 vero In tho French i- 
 were strongly postrj 
 f Fontenoy. The lii::; 
 •d the most uiHlau!,' 
 3veryi;,i„g beforo tlu: 
 
 supported by tliciri' 
 Hies, whoso lndeci.<i 
 )st tho day. The caj 
 ;, Ostend, and OudciiL, 
 lis tho Imniediato cusi 
 portaut victory, 
 fatal battle of Fuutci.' 
 
 (Siuttim ^^tt(^ at General W^tarji, 
 
 27 
 
 j)olnted tho expectations of the peorilo, 
 
 Produced great Irritation in tho public 
 
 1; while It at tho same time revived 
 
 'opes of the Jacobites, who thought It 
 
 _,Tinato time to attempt thereitoratlon 
 
 [e Stuart family. Charles Edward, tho 
 
 Pretender, accordingly landed in 
 
 jid, where his manly person And en- 
 
 |g manners won tho heart'.' of tho 
 
 landers, who were everywhere ready 
 
 re hlin a hearty welcome and join his 
 
 Jard. Thus supported by tho Uigh- 
 
 Ichlefs and their clans, ho took pos- 
 
 \ji of Dunkeld, Perth, Dundee, and 
 
 purgh. Having proclaimed his father, 
 
 uirchcd against Sir John Cope, the 
 
 [coniniander, over whom ho obtained 
 
 ory at Preston I'ans. After receiving 
 
 reinforcements he crossed the English 
 
 took Carlisle and Lancaster, and 
 
 ked boldly on to Derby. Hut being 
 
 pointed in his hopes of powerful as- 
 
 [co from the English Jacobites, he 
 
 |he advice of the majority of his ofll- 
 
 Uid retraced hi.s steps. On his return 
 
 Btland his forces were considerably 
 
 bnted ; and, receiving a eupply of 
 
 f from Spain, he prei'ared to renew 
 
 ontest with spirit. Hut though ho 
 
 |t flrst successful, by taking tho town 
 
 rling, and defeating the troops sent 
 
 pt him at Falkirk, the approach of a 
 
 ' army, commanded by tho duke of 
 
 erliind, soon compelled the prince to 
 
 it to tho north. On reaching tUillo- 
 
 loor, near Inverness, he resolved to 
 
 [t^ stand. Aa usual, the IlighlaiuUr.s 
 
 maOfia furious onset ; but their desperate 
 
 I was received by a close and galling 
 
 'musketry <-.nd artillery, which In a 
 
 ■very-ghort time proved decisive. Ulving 
 
 up iB-for lost, Charles Edward (lesired hi 
 
 MUis to disperse, and became himself 
 
 Itched and proscribed fugitive, in the 
 
 f dread of falling Into the hands of 
 
 lerclless pursuers; who, after their 
 
 •y. with flend-like barbarity, laid wa.ste 
 
 iountry with flro and sword. After 
 
 lering In tho Highlands for several 
 
 ths, and receiving numerous proofs of 
 
 Idellty of his unfortunate adherents, 
 
 1 thereward of ;io,0oo;. for his caiUure 
 
 lot tempt to betray him, he escaped to 
 
 ICO ; A.u. 1740. 
 
 the meantime the French troops nii- 
 
 narshal Saxc were overrunning the 
 
 lerlands. Brussels, Antwerp, anil Na- 
 
 wcro captured; and the sanguinary 
 
 le of Roucoux ended tho cami)aign. In 
 
 tho arms of Franco and lior allies 
 
 no; equally successful ; and after a 
 
 )s of battles In Germany and the Low 
 
 itrlcs. In which the fortune of war was 
 
 ty equally balanced, conferences were 
 
 led at Alx-la-Chapello, and prelimi- 
 
 les of peace signed : a.d. 17ia The 
 
 Is of this treaty was tho restitution of 
 
 ■laces taken during tho war, and n 
 
 [uai release of prisoners. Frederic of 
 
 isla was guaranteed In the possession 
 
 lilesia and (ilatz ; the Hanoverian sao- 
 
 ilou to the English throne was recog- 
 
 id, and the cause of the Pretender abau- 
 
 ked. 
 
 We brouglit our notice of Russia down to 
 the death of Peter II. In 1730. 'When that 
 occurred, a council of the nobles placed 
 on the throne Anno Iwannowa. daughter 
 of Ivan, Peter's eldest brother, who soon 
 broke througli tho restrictions imposed 
 upon her at her accession. Slie restored 
 to Persia tho jirovinces that had been con- 
 quered by Peter the Ureat ; and terminated 
 a glin-lous war against Turkey, In con- 
 junction with Austria, by Buireiidering 
 every place taken during tlio c(uitest : 
 A.I). 1735. She is accused of being attached 
 to male favourites, the principal of wlioiu 
 was a man of obscure birth, named John 
 Uiren, who was elected duke of Courland, 
 and who governed the empire with all llio 
 despotism of an autocrat. Priviously to 
 her death, Annchad bciiueatliedllietlirono 
 to the Infant Ivan, and api>iiiiiteU iiireii re- 
 gei ■ ; but the latter enjoyed his higii 
 dign Ity only twenty-two days, when ho was 
 arrested and sent Into exUo In Siberia. 
 Russia has ever been noted for its cabals, 
 intrigues, and revolutions. Tho soldiery 
 had been induced to espouse the cause of 
 Klizabeth, daughter of I'eter tho (ireat. 
 Anno was arrested and imprisoned ; tho 
 infant emperor was contlned in thefortress 
 of Sclnisselburg ; and JMizalieth was imnio 
 diately proclaimed empress of all I lie Riis- 
 sias. This princess concluded an advaii 
 tageous peace with Sweden ; and kiil lux 
 powerful assistance to Maria Tlure.-a, in 
 her war with the king of Prus.sia, fot 
 whom Klizabeth felt a violent personal 
 enmity. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Progress of events ihiriiir/ ihe ,^evcn Tears 
 Wiir in Europe, America, and the East 
 Indies. 
 
 DuniNG the pi riod we have been describ- 
 ing, iuwhicn the west and tho north of 
 Europe resounded Willi the cries of distress 
 or the shouts of victory, the throne of llin- 
 dostan was lllled by Mahnuuid Khali, a 
 voluptuous prince; who, in order to avoid 
 becoming t' object of personal haired, 
 confided all public business to the nobles 
 and his ministers : these olllcers offended 
 or neglected tho sul)ahdarof the Deccan. 
 who invited Nadir Shah to Invade the East 
 Indies. In 1738 the Persian warrlormarched 
 Into that country at the head of an army 
 Inured to war and greedy of plunder, and 
 defeated with the utmost ease the innu- 
 merable but disorderly troops of the ir.ogul 
 The crown and sceptre of Mahimuid lav at 
 the feet of his conqueror: Delhi, his capi- 
 tal, was taken ; every individual whose 
 appearance rendered It probable that ho was 
 acquainted with concealed treasures, was 
 subjected to the most horrid tortures ; and 
 It Is asserted that ioo,(HX) persons were 
 massacred In one day I Ho plundered the 
 country of upwards.'of thirty millions sterl- 
 ing, and extended the bounds of Lis «'m- 
 piro to tho banks of tho Indus. A^'ter 
 committing the most revolting acts of 
 cruelty, he was assassinated by his own 
 offlcers, who placed his nephew, Adll Bhali, 
 
[I . 
 
 on tlio vacant tlirono : a.d. 1717. Wo will 
 now t;.ko a view of Kiiropeau lutorests In 
 tli.'it distant rrgion. 
 
 AinoiiK other stipnlations in the treaty of 
 Aix-la-CliapclIo, It was ntrrccd that the En- 
 prlisli settlement of Madras, which during 
 the war of the succession liad been taken 
 from the English by the French, should bo 
 restored. DuphMx, the French governor of 
 I'ondlcherry, had long sought an opportu- 
 nity for adding to tlic dominions of lii.-i 
 countrymen in India; and the continual 
 disputes of the native piinees favoured liis 
 si'liemes, inasmucli as the Interference of 
 tlio French was generally solicited by one 
 of the parties, who rcnnnieratcd their JOuro- 
 pean allies by fresh concessions of territory 
 on every sudi occasion. Tills naturally 
 roused the jealousy ot theirEnglish rivals ; 
 wlio adopted a similar line of policy ; so 
 that whenever there was a rupture between 
 Iho native princes, they each found allies 
 In the European settlers. A fierce conten- 
 tion arose for the nabobship of the Car- 
 natic. The French supported tho claims 
 ot ChundaSahlb ; tlic English belngappHed 
 to by Mohammed Alt, son of tho late na- 
 bob of Arcot, espoused Ids cause : a.d. 1751. 
 It was at this time that Jlr. Cllvo (.after- 
 wards lord Clivc) appeared in the capacity 
 of a military leader. He h.ad been originally 
 in the civil service of the Ivast India Com- 
 pany ; but he now exchanged the pen for 
 the sword, and soon proved himselC more 
 than a mutch for all the talents which were 
 brought into play against him. With a 
 email force he took Arcot ; and he after- 
 wards successfully defended It against 
 Chinidah Sahib, who besieged it with a 
 nuineruus .army. Many brilliant victories 
 followed on tlie side of tlio English and 
 tlieir .allies. The Rajah of Tatijoro and 
 other independent chiefs joined them. The 
 French lost most of their acijulsitions : 
 Mohammed Ali's claim was acknowledged ; 
 ami a treaty was entered into between the 
 French and Eiiglij^h, tliat neither party 
 Bhoii'.d In future interfere with the alfalrs 
 of the nutive jiriiices. Time proved how 
 useless was sucli a stipulation ! 
 
 Tho peace of Aix-la-Cliapelle M-as not of 
 long duration. France and Engl.and were 
 still at war in the lOast Indies, and their 
 differences In rcsjiect to tho lioundaries of 
 their respective colonies in North America 
 still remained for adjustment. Another 
 war in Europe was tlio inevitable conse- 
 quence ; and from the term of its duration 
 it obtained tho name of ' the seven years' 
 war.' England united wltli Trussia; and 
 nil alliance between the emperor, France, 
 Kussia, Sweden, and Saxony was iminc- 
 diately concluded: a.d. 1750. Tho com- 
 mencement of tho canip.aign had a discou- 
 raging. aspect for the king of I'russia ; the 
 llussians were advancing tlirough Elthu- 
 ania, a Swedish army occupied lilsattention 
 ill I'oineranla, and tlio united fw'ces of tlio 
 French and imperialists were advancing 
 through Germany. With his characteristic 
 boldness, Frederic anticipated tho att.ack 
 of his numerous foes, and invaded both 
 Saxony and liolietnla; making lilmscif 
 wubtcr of Dresden, routing the Austrian!:) 
 
 at Lowesltz, and compelling 17,000 Hasi 
 to lay down their arms at I'arma. r 
 
 In the enf^ulng campaign tho inarj 
 d'Estrees crossed tho IMilne, witli S' 
 men, to invade Hanover. The Ilanovrrj 
 and Hessians, under command ot 
 duke of Cumberland, were driven out,; 
 tho French became masters of the 
 torato. Ilnawcd by the formidable j.r J 
 rations of his enemies, Frederic tij-ni:,! 
 sumed the offensive, and penctratiii : 
 IJoIicmia ; but a victory obtained at i; ] 
 by tlio Austrl.an general Dauii, coiiii ' 
 lilm to retreat liastlly Into his doinlnii 
 wlilch were now threatened In every i] 
 tlon. The French had rapidly advi;! 
 upon Magdeburg; tho victorious Itiis. 
 threatened the imrih of Silesia, wliils: 
 Austriaiis Iiad attacked the south, and 
 penetrated to Herlin, where tliey |. 
 heavy contribntlons; and tho priiirj 
 nrunswlck Uevern had delivered up 
 lau. In tills extreme emergency, Fn: 
 could scarcely expect to acquire ni'v' 
 ther fame ; but, with his accustmiii.:] 
 ergy, ho liastened to Dresden, ass,] 
 an army, and with half the numbir. 
 French and (Jerman opjionents, gave li 
 battle at the village of Rosbach, aii.;l 
 tallied over them a most brilliant vie 
 Ills loss amounted to only Ave hu;.j 
 men, wliilo that of tho enemy wrij ; 
 t iKUisand, in killed, wounded, .and pri-i ■ 
 In four weeks after ho liad obtained il 
 more Important victory of Llssa, an J; 
 vered Breslau. 
 
 During the campaign of l".")?, the I 
 sian monarch recovered Schweidiiitz; 
 Invested Olniutz. In tho meantime i:i 
 Ferdinand of IJrunswick crossed the li-maifi 
 defeated the French .it Crevclt, and :-j«r*' 
 trated to tlie very pates of Louvain iiijJSj 
 bant. No commander, perhaps, evi:J*(- 
 dured the vicissitudes of fortune iii j»i[m' 
 rapid succession than di<l Frederic i.»- ■ - 
 campaign ; but though he w.as several ; j 
 in the most imminent peril, he at 
 compelled his formidable riv.al, in.rl 
 Datiii, to raise tlie sieges of Dresdt 
 Leiitsic, and to retire into Uohenii.i.tjj 
 Frederic liimsclf entered tlio foriiKrl 
 in triumph. 
 
 It is in crises like these that the (!.• 
 of states is seen to depend less ui. :. 
 extent of their power, than upon tlio ;| 
 llcations of certain eminent indivi. 
 who possess tho talent of enipIoyiiii;J 
 increasing their resources, and of aul:i.. 
 national energies. This was In an i .-; j 
 degree tlie case of Frederic the Giciii.f 
 was engaged with tho powerful aiii'.-j 
 disciplined armies of Austria; will: 
 Freneli, wlKKiO tactics and impctuosityl 
 inidlsputed; with tho immovable i^ 
 ver.anco of tlie Russians ; with the veW 
 of Sweden, and with tlic adrairahlyJ 
 nised forces of the empire. In nuiiiel 
 strength they far more than tr. liliJI 
 Prussians ; yet he not only kept tliciiif 
 sLantly on the alert, but frustrated! 
 combined attacks, and often defeated t 
 with great loss. 
 
 At tho opening of tho next canirJ 
 (1700) the fortune of war was ou ihtl 
 
liitovn. 
 
 id compcUliif? 17,000 Sas 
 ell- urnis at I'lirma. 
 inpr campaign tlio mtir. 
 srd the lUilne, with y 
 Hanover. The IIano\ r r; 
 , under command o! 
 ■riand, were driven out,; 
 'canio masters of the i 
 fd liy tho formidable \<t- 
 enemies, Frederic JiLraii 
 ;nslve, .and pcnctrntcii 
 a victory oMalned at K 
 an general Daun, coiir, 
 t Imstlly Into his domin: 
 w threatened In every J 
 cnch had rapidly adv,,. 
 ir'j; the victorious Uiis 
 • nnrili of Silesia, Willis; 
 attai-iicd the south, atnl 
 Hcrlln, where they 1 
 jUtions; and tho priuf 
 vern had delivered \\\i: 
 xtremc emergency, I'n: 
 ' expert to actpilre ai'v 
 lit, with Ills accustdiiii 
 ened to Dresden, assii: 
 ttitii halt the immlxT.: 
 .■rman oppononti*, gavo ;, 
 vilingo of Hoshacli, ni\-;: 
 ipm a most brilliant \i( 
 [lilted to only live liii;. 
 hat of tho enemy w;ii 
 Hied, wounded, and prl-> 
 after ho had obtained i! 
 lit victory of Lissa, aiiJil 
 
 campaign of irnfl, tlio i 
 recovered Schweldnltz 
 litz. In tho incantliuei ^^ 
 Srunswlck crossed the li-J^J" 
 
 ^utXint ^Ikttclj of <!3nurnl Witav}}, 
 
 29 
 
 rench .it Crevelt, ami 
 
 ery pates of Louvain li 
 
 niander, perhiips, ev 
 
 Issltudeu of fortune l,i 
 
 on than did Frederic i 
 
 though he w.as several 
 
 nminent peril, ho at 1 
 
 formidable rlv.il, in: 
 
 the sieges of Dresdi 
 
 o retire liito Uolieml:i,? 
 
 ell entered tho forimr 
 
 s like these tli.at tlied.- 
 en to depend less \\\'i 
 r power, than upon tlio , 
 rtain eminent liulivi: 
 ho talent of eniplojiiii; 
 r resources, and of aiilii. 
 ie:». This was In an is; 
 ; (if Frederic the Gicat. 
 with the powerful aiu! 
 lilies of Austria; with 
 t:utlcsandimpetuo?U) 
 ivitli tho Immovable i 
 Uiisslans ; with the vctii 
 1 with tho adralral)lj\: 
 the empire. In nuiiiei 
 far more than tr. liliJ 
 t ho not only kept tlicni 
 alert, but frustrated 
 cks, and often defeated 
 1. 
 
 niiiK of tlio next c.-inir; 
 uiie of war was on tU'. 
 
 ,rrusBlam>. They destroyed the Rns- 
 
 agnzlncs In I'oland, levied contrlbu- 
 
 11 Ho'icinla, and kept the Imperialists 
 
 ■k I'rinco Fcrdlna"d, In order to 
 
 Hanover, found It necessary to give 
 
 nch battle at Mlnden, where success 
 
 'd his efforts. And liad It not been 
 
 lO unaccountable conduct of lord 
 
 fiackvllle, who commanded the ca- 
 
 md disobeyed or misunderstood tho 
 
 charpo tho discorallted French, a 
 
 as glorious and complete as that of 
 
 m would. In all probability, have 
 
 e result. A decided reverse soon 
 
 ,ed: the combined Austrian and 
 
 army of 80,000 men attacked the 
 
 8 at "Cunersdorf, and after a most 
 
 lary contlict the latter were defeat- 
 
 ideric soon retrieved this disaster, 
 
 war continued to proceed with 
 
 advantage ; but tho Knglisli grew 
 
 this Interminable kind of warfare, 
 
 ed their attention f r(>m the actions 
 
 Intrepid ally to m.itters affecting 
 
 Jonlal interests in tho East and 
 
 idles, ai;d In America. 
 
 Id and skilful operations of Olive 
 
 Jast Indies attracted great notice. 
 
 reinstated the nabob of Arcot, his 
 
 ■eat exploit was the recapture of 
 
 which had been taken by tho 
 
 if Bengal. This was followed by 
 
 ampled victory of I'lassy, and the 
 
 .bllshment of the British in north- 
 
 j.— In America, admiral Boscawen 
 
 ,hc enemy's ships in the liarbour of 
 
 •g, and compelled the town to sur- 
 
 ;he Islands of St. John and Cape 
 
 ere t.akcn by general Amherst ; 
 
 ilcr Forbes captured fort Du 
 
 'Jn«M||PrhUo the French settlements on 
 
 ^e AlHMtn coast were reduced. Tho Islaiid 
 
 MtChMrttaloupe, In tho West Indies, was al^■o 
 
 adcen 1^ the Kngllsh. crown I'oint and 
 
 ' "rago were coiiriuered by general 
 
 ;, and Sir William Johnson gained 
 
 in of the important fortress of 
 
 Tho French, thus attacked on 
 
 ide, were unable to withstand tiio 
 
 nd enthusiasm of their enemies: 
 
 leral Wolfe, who was to have been 
 
 In bis attack on Quebec by Amherst, 
 
 ihat tho latter general was unable 
 
 a junction with him, resolved to 
 
 tho arduous and hiizardous eiiter- 
 
 ne. AVith this view he landed his 
 
 it night i)"der the heights of Abr.a- 
 
 id led them up the steep and pre- 
 
 ascent; so that when nioriiiiig 
 
 the French commander, tho mar- 
 
 Montcalm, to his astonishment saw 
 
 '. 'li occupying a position which 
 
 .;o been deemed Inacesslble. To 
 
 city a b.attlo was now inevitable ; 
 
 erals prepared with ardour for tho 
 
 Just as the scale of victory was 
 
 g to turn In favour of the British, 
 
 'olc Wolfe loll mortally wounded. 
 
 doubled energy his gallant troops 
 
 on, till at length tho French lied in 
 
 ir;and, when the inteliigenco was 
 
 it to the dying hero, he r.aised hia 
 
 nd, with bis last broatli, faintly ut- 
 
 I dlo bappy ;' nor was the death of 
 
 'WW 
 
 Montcalm loss noble or Boldler-IIke. Ho 
 h.ad been mortally wounded ; and ho was 
 no sooner ajiprised of his danger than ho 
 exclaimed, 'Ho iiiuch the better ; I shall not 
 live to witness the surrender of Queboc.' 
 The complete subjugation of (ho Caii.adas 
 (lulcl.ly follow'.'il. And.aiuMsit tlieexploitii 
 of his army ;ind navy, Oeorgo II. e.\pired 
 Fiiddenly at Kensington, In the Slthyear of 
 Ills reign, ami was succeeded by his graiid- 
 Bon, tieorgi! HI., a.d. I7ti0. 
 
 On the Kunipcim continent the last cam- 
 paigns were ciirrlid Oil with Ic.-.sHpii'lt than 
 before : both sides were exliausted by their 
 previous efforts, and the party which was 
 desirous of peace onii"iivoiired to .avert 
 siidi occurrences as 11. i>;.Ui. revive tiieliope.1 
 of the enemy. A family compact wiis now 
 concluded between the courts of Versailh's 
 and .Madrid ; and seeing no chanco of gain- 
 ing any colonial advantiiircs over Britiiiii 
 while Its I'lvy rode trimiiphant on the 
 ocean, they resolved to try their united 
 strengtli in .vttempting the !-ubjugation of 
 its ancient ally, l'urtii,a-al. 'J'liat country 
 was defended iiiore by its natural advan- 
 tages tlian by its military Joice; tlio pro- 
 gress of the Spaniards being retarded by 
 the miseiable condition ot the roads, and 
 by the neglect ot all provision for their 
 sustenance. An Knglisli force of snoonien, 
 with a largo supply of arms tiiul aniiiiu- 
 iiltion,was sent to assist tlie I'urtugiicse; 
 and, though sevenil towns at llrst fell into 
 the hands ot tho Sii.anlards.the British and 
 native troops displayed a decided supe- 
 riority throughout the campaign, and com- 
 pelled them to evacuate tho kingdom with 
 considerable loss. In tierniany, prince Fer- 
 dinand and the nianiuls of Granby not 
 only protected Hanover, but recovered tho 
 greater part of Hesse. At the same time 
 Frederic experienced an unexpected stroke 
 of good fortune. The empress Elizabeth 
 of Itiissia died; and I'eter HI., who had 
 long admired tho heroic king, and who had 
 never forgotten tiiat tlie inthienco of Fre- 
 deric had especially contributed to tho 
 fouuihition of his liopes and greatness, 
 had no sooner ascended the tlirone than 
 ho made peace with lilni, and restored all 
 the conquests of the lUisslana. From that 
 thiio the king was not only enabled to 
 concentrate his whole fiirce against tlio 
 Austri.aiis, but was supiuirted by I'eter, 
 who concluded an alliance with him, and 
 despatched to his aid a corps of 20,000 
 men. Tho roign of I'eter III. was, how- 
 ever, of very brief duration ; and Catherine 
 II., although she conllrmed the jieace, re- 
 called tho auxili;u-y Hussiaiis from tho 
 Prussian army. 
 
 Metinwhile the English were extending 
 their conquests in the West Indies. They 
 took H.avannah an'. Manilla from tho 
 Spaniards ; with Martinique, St. f.ucie, 
 (Jrenad.a, and St. Vincent from the French. 
 Tired of a war which threatened tho whole 
 of their colonies with ruin, the cabinets of 
 France and Spain were glad to find that tho 
 British minister was eqn.ally anxious to 
 bring the w.ar to a close. I'eace, which was 
 now the universal object of desire to all 
 parties, was concluded at Versailles, on 
 
.1. ' 
 
 n(» 
 
 v>iiiltni' K'luhb Mi <!>li'iiri(«l )lM<<linu. 
 
 HUt'Ott, V'\"<><1''". '(Ill* '"I"!!*' I >1«l( M» >• lI'MI 
 
 S^txn i\ imM'"!'"'''' i'lii« ini'itd't'd'ii- I'KH 
 
 ■ ti'lt, «(\lrl« («■(,( InlUlM'it "Mrh nil >'«ll'l 
 
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 Hon In till' li'lllliMl'O .til'llliti'illi'illrtol Ih'l 
 
 iii'Viv , •iiii* «liii"m v "''>»''ii'" ■'"< iiii>'H HI 
 
 l»«|HU1 I'l'UlMll |.< I'ltlli'l ''I I 111' I'. '0 I ml I'll I .1 
 
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 M>-«'« *%>• >VMi''tM.,"» ,v f>i' V, f.''* .<■. .1' >■ It •• . 
 
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 ! VV'HM""''I», Iml »i.>i|i> ll'lil I'.'i'll lni>li> Ml 
 l\'>'*i<i <i\ It III III V'illiri> *\lill<i IIhiI 
 i'HHUIi \ . Vh« .>M-| ^ M '1 1 iI.'i'IIm:iiii, llii'M.i. 
 iill.li'l i(i.>.'lin>IV'-nr*'li>'' 'I''' 1 1 ," -I"! I I'M 1 1 
 ■v>\iili t|i«i ■n>i.>i>.'ii.li'rillnii lii|lin'Hi'.' iiiu'iui 
 Ili\> imlHiin H| V''iiiin>i> I mill till .•|'l>i'iliii|ll I 
 iM rtilillini ♦.< Iii'i 'ilii-».1\ i>sii'ii»h i> lin I 111! 
 \li>« «■»< r\i'l v-iil.'iti'il. Ii|l III.' ilrilll of 
 \lirti|«ni< \U , »iliiM iM' ISil'iiiil, I III' iiii'i n* 
 
 ' >n<llll'li'<\ -^l Willi-UX (.' I'llii.'OH n nHi',i>nn.<» 
 \*lll|i'l llli' I" ri'lli'il llli' 1 •lll"i' I'T fll'llllilllln 
 iS'liI ll.'il •Vy 1 >llii^ 'II till' .ll"..'lli ('III II I'll' 
 II. 'I I'l'iiillifii'il II nil ill.' t.'iiil'rr « lil.'li.'iHilit 
 
 t.l l')l'»|.|rl.l !"<> ililil'i'l nil •' 1»'.-llll'lli'«, III.' 
 
 J'IIIiV'HI I'lir'-i-**, '»« rt II l.-ii.l tii.1 iii'li'lil'.'.ii . 
 •iMH « I'.'.h .'f ii''.M"i Mililit-i l.i I..-. 'I' II... 
 \'.>i.>i* \\\\<i III.! iii.> il.' Iii'.l I'lV'..'. 111. I 
 HCMil'iUllo .^'.-.-li.l.'.l ltd' ll.l.'lii^ Hill I'.. 
 l^n.l li'\.l l-iiii I'-'i'ii -I'Utii''.^ I'l iH'ii'iil. >. 
 ii\'lli ivHbIi'ii* iliil ('I'Mlli'^l ; liul till' iii'iv 
 
 (H\\VI.M(1\I \><»« ll|l!*l>l<< t.< I'l'lllli'l till' I'll' 
 
 »n«M\t* »ii^ »\l«i'.'ri\ l»> mIiI.Ii III' ii'i'i niir 
 
 ^MHIi^iM I'll.' fllllll|.i«ll\ lllll.'ll .^lol.'.l I'l' 
 tlf*>'i'|l <il<> r1il|.'ll.'« rtil.l 111'' .hoi.f. -ir*, ri'i 
 thi' iU"«.llt'|l'l <i.r(n >\.'l>' .-'ili.'il 111. I |l.>i.|\ 
 
 1o^I\.'Ik\ii dii'.'iin^'^iil'U' \i IiIi (!..' "ircii I'f 
 
 till' Vl«tt\|. 'Ill I'll!' lll««t.l>'lltO, nil.' till. I I. .I'll 
 
 imii'li I'vi'ii'"*'''' I'.f II"' i"iilii'lii'", i'i.iiiiu',1 
 
 !\l\ lSlll'«ltlV <>i llnllil Mill. Il I'OllKI iTfiim'.l, 
 
 lIl.'V tll'l-i'ili'il to fiHilnil |''"i'i" •'''''' ri'ili'r 
 JliMI ill.",' \'f (111' »!i>'.'k I'lniii'll 1.1 III.' 
 OI\ll'l>''>" HI liiliil'l, tlUil 111!' I lit iii't 'Ilia (.1 
 M\o KUMii* .'f \'ui«il( r»»i.\ l».'illii'li 11 \ 
 >'l\ U \\>iv ii.'W rti>"".> III Nil Il4 lioit.n* ; rtii.l 
 U* iiil«(Mli'« \vi'i>' «ii"ill) rt«irr:i\ uli'il I'v ilic 
 h\'«'>!i'ii>v r»ii<\ I'lntnlliv I'i* till' liii«nl.in 
 tl>sHi« >\lil.li r^illu'ilui' liiil •cm 111 till' nl. I 
 >vf tn.» i\(»«l,l.'iiM I'tio i'?»lli.i'ili' ii.il'U'i 
 r.M\ii<s\ * .■.'iifi\li'\'..».'y fi'v llii' iii'iltiti'ivnii'o 
 \\t thoir \'U> Iti'tsvi" mill llu'li' i-i'IIhIi'II : I'lU 
 II \>*» ll«r<l«>«« l.> I'v'lllrllil 1i;;l(Hat tlli'.'M'l' 
 
 xihi'lw'.uit f.'tvi'i l'i\'\iHl\t niiiditi tlu'iu, 
 Osvs'>v. \xl\i'iv Hu'y fi'f!« l.'iiM I (Mil' lii'l.l 
 (Mil ivs-^liKl (^ii|tt'« . .1 \><"«(Hi'Ui'i'. wrti III 
 !o<ii!l)l tj^tkiMi I'N Kl.'vni. M\A Oil' iiulriiM'v 
 fi»si'i>< • vv«'»v \'iit^\\i>H><'.v\'nil t 10 riiiKlnli 
 
 hvv.ii. ',-». 
 
 n\(» vi-.'to.'\!.'H WliliMi t'.o iS'tif.'.li'irtti'ii 
 tNwhiM ti\ l^xrKoy, !»n mntiitU cv<iinilAli\tii 
 
 IHIIII'I llllIU (III. Ill'lll "IlIIM l.| ()ll' 1.11, I 
 
 ll.ilili'i nf r.llMtn iiliii I'li'iriiiiiti*, li.i I 
 li.'lln |ii>liil|.. |lll iil.'lii i| II |.|i'l|.||i .■ I , 
 I'l'l mu'll III" I'l. Ill' 'IH'I III" l|il"l.... 
 Ii'ii liiii'i'null.li. Ili'il ^.iMl 'iiilin III 
 tini l.'iiiii'i iM.iil "iiii'l'il" tlllll jiiillii,. 
 Ill" 1 1 111 i-ii'l |i.|i'i II tlllll I'.iili |.|i|i'i' |„ 
 liii.l ' (I.. I i.lili ii'i'i Itii. i.rriiiili ,1 
 |l"l lt|"l 11 |.| lit III 11 'I I III |i|| III") I'll, I'M I l<. 
 liHIll lli.tluinilil III III" ll"l>illiill lit 1,1, 
 iitli|liiiM II", iii'ii.iittiiiilr I ("iiiiiii I, 
 
 null r.i" i'iii|iii"..i ' Miiil "till >.i.ii|,| 
 
 Hl.'l. lli'il I. 'It Inn I' 'I'll I".|II"mIi'iI I,, 
 
 I. 'It II illll"! 1,1 I III. Ill'" 111 '111 I .' Ill lll'l 1 1 III, 
 
 III, III). , I, . Ill , III mill. I III i|iii,|| iti'iiii' li,i 
 
 1 "llllll.ll li.lirt, I'll" I'i'lllll lll'l ll'tllHl' II 
 
 |.iiil) i.| lli|n"l'iiirt It'll hilt iiilm II iiiil,' I , 
 III" I'm I' I'll I'ltiiii'i li'iii'i, iiiiil I'lii ,, 
 
 lllll'llillnlll 'I I '1 ilr'll II. II 111 It i|il ill'l'l'li, .1 
 
 I 111. I.'iii i.|.i"iii mill \.'li|t 111 ilmiiliil 
 
 fi'tlii .'mmiiiiiii'il 1.1 iiiiiiii Willi. ..li 
 i.ill.il'i n liii lll'l" III i'iiiii|.i.iiii III" ,.1 
 III" HI 'lll'l 1 1" III It I'l I' (It i'i"i I Inn III I , 
 lllii'|i|i' I'l'i Itii'li iti'i'itiinii', III" iniiliii , 
 tli'lili'il III' inlllllft liaMi'llltitl'il till", 
 "III "I' \' I'l, illlil r. II I'l "it III" |l,, I i 
 
 •iiiit Mi'tli'ii'i'iil itlllt iiiiiiii't "111 III" 
 lilt III" iiilii'i ti'iiiil, III" itllli'ii'iii I, 
 I'i'iiii'i'iliiii III" ■'< ii'iiiili " I'liii'li" I 
 iinii'i'i'il iif nil III" llii«"lini, niiiiil nt ,, 
 ivi'l" I'ltl II li'ix- ili'ini'i'* ti'iiinnnl li.i, 
 I'lirl'in, I'liI lli"iii"i'ti "t In iniiH"" 
 'I li'itl I'l I im.i.^i 111 li'i'li'il limn iiiii , 
 I'lil I'l ill-|'"l<ii'il I'l I'l I'lil'litil « iin i| ■ , 
 mi til" ui.i" i.r III" riii'iliii' I 111' I M 1 
 I 'I » I'l' 111" lliiii'il'in i.|ii|.lt" tytrt I'll I 
 •< II 'It I'l'lill tlllll l.'il iif 'III |ii.t I'l'lil 1,1 
 lilt «>(li«il"n I III nil iltnitin nil li.'Ui 
 till 'III I fiiniliiai III" |iiiiinliii| IIII'I I 
 
 nl'ltini I.r Itlllt 111" I'nitllilll ulilllil'll I 
 
 .11 'I'i'lllll |.ll III" li..iilli.in I.r llinnl • 
 111.' iiii..iii'in li.iii|..i I'liiniiill l"il hi 
 iiit'iiii.n. Illlil itimti I liii I'lii'inr It. I' 
 Ptii'l li'i ■ llii.t . li.nt.'Vi'l', nnlt'i'ii'il I 
 ill'l'l'li III I'liiii'fltni ntnt it ni'iin il, 
 I'l "II M icmiinn lift "I nil II I'll |iy III!' Il" 
 n II" lit li'i< tli'ti'itli'it 111" I'lttiilall ii 
 III 1. until liiiiiil nil. I'lmr Itii'ti i.tih 
 till" III til.' I. 'It ..f I'li.'niin' iMi-iiii, 
 llii'l'in tlllll r.'i 1. 1 ni'iii ii'inittll 
 till . Ill" nii|tii| itllmitnn niiiiv iin-. 
 11' .'1 1 III I'M n It I 'III I 111' I'l III II, 'Hill III" . 
 I't Hi'tiiliM, Imniill, iiiiiliillttir |i|i(iit"i, 'i 
 I'.ttl.nvi.iV 
 
 (Ill'l'l'li, Iiinit iii'i'n«(iiiiitti1 (it BUM, 
 «'ii |.iit III I'f.ivtili'il ivllli Iciiiiiio, 11 
 
 Illll'iMl'llllB |.|l|Olll.|| llll.ll' CWII fill 1 
 
 III.').' ill'. I ■ I'liI \iliri. llii'v ri'ii'ti 1 'I ' 
 tr»'ii.'ii I't (till I'lili'ii'i till, of lliii llti li 
 Clilloltiin ,.i'ii|it(t I'l I 111' (ll'i-rli itiiiii 
 iti'llii'f till' (In'i'lii timti lliii vi.i.. 
 titi l.iii I'liiu, III" l.nn iif tllii'ilv M^i'ii.i 
 illi'.l In ninny nf llli'lt' lli'iiila, All 1 i, 
 llii' I'l'ilim iif AlMi">. Xt'i'iiill'i, iitiili I I I 
 Ai'liitfi. vi'«i> In Iniiiiii'i'i'iliin, iitui ■; 
 tii'iii' iif tlii'lr fiifnti'i' rnli'in. 'I'll" I I'l 
 lliii nii'nntlini\i'rii««i'il I In' IhIIiiiiiki in 
 111 ii'lli'Vi' rBliiiK : Mini llni I'lKlm "f li,. 
 Willi jiii.iHUi ini'it, nilviinri'il itlili 
 rcnislinii'i' mill flin rtiii'li'iil Mi'ii'i 
 IMi'il.'ii III" (lll'l. K'l iv(i|i'iliifi'iili'il tvlihr 
 ti'»i>, iiinl 11 iv!i» I'vlili'iil tlllll tlii'li litl 
 (•I'M'tlnitur iiii'ir IllM'ii.r wi»m (» iltihinlv, .f 
 At t, I I'tiil (It tli«) I'luniHUgit tlio 1,1 
 
 fMtj 
 
I'tlM illlii I'liinMiim, liM I 
 I III iiImI(i i| II III i'li>i|i I. I , I 
 
 I'l'l |i> Mllll Hin (III ' I'M, I 
 
 I,, tli'il *.iiHli|.l|i| III 
 .llh'iilll'llp w l|ll lllillll, 
 i|l'l tl lllrll Imiii |i|l|i M |„ I 
 (l| (I'll (III' "I'linjll rll 
 lllii 'I I iiiliiiiMi'd'il, I'ltl 1, 1 
 
 III til ll|<' \ IrMilllllll III 1,1.] 
 
 ili'i'ot illlnilt , ti'llIKi 
 
 ill'x.l j Mll'l ■■llli MI,|mI,, 
 
 I Inn !■ I'll I •■.|ltl'llll'l| I M m 
 
 I liK ii>i.,|alMii, I, nl lli'i iii,li. pi 
 lililnl III l|lllll Mi'lMi. Ii,i 
 I'llii I'iMllll Hill; ll'riliil' II 
 ili« li'M Mill iiHi'l n ittil" I I i,I 
 
 ..11 II ol ll,|ll.l, llllil I'll! .. |l 
 
 I ilfii li, n 'II II 'I'l i|i'cl'ii , I ' 
 mill \<'li|l li' il.iiiiltili'H , I 
 
 lll'll III IIIIIIH Wlllll' .III -^ 
 
 I'll! Ill iMillii'iinii Hill . ii; '■ 
 
 I'l w I'll' |iii>i"ii Inn III r > 
 <i ili'i'iii I nil', Hill mull M i 
 
 hlll'l iWl'lllllll'll III! M, 
 
 ■ iliil I .11 II r,l I III' |l.. I I 
 il 11 M It iiniiii'i ,.|i«i I I'lii , 
 
 IkiiiiI. Ilii' illlli'li'lil I,, 
 III i>«|i>linl\ Il |i||l|i||ii .1 
 
 I llll' llll«"lim, tlliiiil nf V 
 V ili'in i'i'4 ti'iiinvitil I 
 
 lll'll Ill'" III mull. ,11 
 
 ii'i III li'ili'il liiiiii mil . 
 Ill in I'l I'lil'iiiil « i|«i II . . 
 
 I III! riii'ihiiv Till' III I f' 
 
 ijiil'lll |i|ll|'lll> IT'IK I 111 •. 
 
 iiliiii i>r '111 |ii'i ri-iil I. 1 
 
 I '11 nil III mill* nil III. Ill i| 
 111.1 I III' Uminlii' I mill ' 
 
 II Mil. I'm II lull nliiiiil'ii I 
 III. Il.ilil li.|a i.r llliaitl I 
 lliinim rnllllilll Inil lii 
 ll|ii\i< I llll ■.IIIMIIV llrl<'«. itLt/i' 
 
 , li.iM i.vi'f, nillli'inil ' 
 
 »liii 1 mill It iiiiid' 
 iirii'i nlnii'ti liy tlin 111! .J 
 
 lll'll llll< t'llllilall III.! 
 
 I mil ..iiiir Hull bIiIi 1, 
 
 .1 i'ln'«ini'. Miiiiiiiii, 
 1 11 1 ni'in tii|iiiilh 
 iM liiiiiMii III inv n !<■■ < 
 
 m I 111' I'l III II, 'iinl llll. I i; 
 
 nil, Mini III liiir|>lili')"i, .|ii 
 
 Mrnialnini'il In mil" 
 Vlili'il l\ II II irnnini. 111 
 laiii'i) llinlr nwil ml I -I 
 « III'!. Ilii'v ri'i'i'h I il I 
 
 lliinilm. lif llu' llll 111 
 
 II 1. 1 I III' OiTcli rliiiii'i 
 I'l'lm liiiiii llin yi'l" 
 
 |ii\ n iif IIIkmI \ « 111 I 
 r I lll'll' lii'inla. All I I, 
 ini'«. ViTHill'i, mill 1 1 1 
 I liiniirroi'ilnii, mill .!| 
 .inii'i' nili'in Till. Il 'nl 
 1.. 11.4(111 1 liii lalhinni In 
 i« ; mill I llll |.ii«lm i.|' II. ■] 
 It'll, mlvmiri'il Willi 
 llin niii'li'iil. Miiii"ii 
 'K'l wi'i niliirniilt'il ivHIu 
 I'Vlili'iil I lull llii'li II i»| 
 lll'i'll.r Wi»Mi»«1(>lHi>lt.'i 
 itio i<Mii|tnlini ttiK \\d 
 
 (iDulliiir IliVvtdi Mf (nnin/il ]\)iiHititf. 
 
 fli 
 
 mil iiirini'il'.tlllil nl'ti'int In Htnrtmit, 
 
 II iniiliil nit till nun jiMrinnH, ill lln' 
 J III mil Hum tli'lliiii il'illr 
 
 'rilinii.l II Ml fii'ltnil ttf ijni tl|l"'iliin", 
 ,11 iiiiilnl Hfli.l Itil" fniii'il In in 
 Mm lnnlfiiiluM 111.11., |iiil llnli mi'i 
 
 l|lll, I net Hill In Hull i'mn|. 
 
 )liili. In Hill iiniiiiHiiin iti'i ill. Ijii'l'' 
 ,11 III. I, Mm l|ni|illmi imilni, trim fill 
 
 III mini. I jil'i l.i.iMmi In I'Hii. M" 
 
 |«il li'iiinjin Innl liiliill M lil'iM. Il vi'lf 
 
 il III lil'i inlvi'liliiii.'i, liiHiiin'i. Ill' ii|i 
 
 |.i llll ili.viiti'il .ili'H i. |i.|l liifnil I'l" 
 
 lull lil'i luiill I iimil'.M il In III. I imiiil 
 
 ,|.. 1 iiiili'in|il ti.l Hni.ii' I'l mill Inn 
 
 )m,| In I I. I lilnil M imiiini'l 'III'. 
 
 llll 111 Inimlli I iiiKDi i| Mm I III II II I in, II ml 
 ||piiMi"i ("II 1. H-iit 'llnvnim liri'" 
 ||i |i 111 iiliiiml'.ll llmnlniin nl Mlll'ilil'i. 
 ly liiill II rilniil l'<lll nr lll'll iilllM'l* 
 I'lini Mill II ii'i I'lun iif Imliiim wini 
 fni mil liimi iillii, lliiiin'in rmiliii. ii 
 (iiinil I'liiii'iin. Mini liilnlllpiini n, ini 
 I'lliil'in, 'iml ivlin tviin lilllll lit llm 
 
 III Hi.i inill.in, Miriii I. Hnil In.' it 1 1 mi 
 linilil |iinin Hill iniliniiii.il |,i|tilnnt nii 
 |l hli 11 I'lili. i.r Mm ii.iiiiilii. I iitlil llll 
 iill III. 1. 1 llll itMUl 
 
 |ii|ili>i III ill' il III lyrl, mill inm niii' 
 
 |iv III" IH'iH Mill III lliiiimil lliil 
 
 llm ..nll'in IH'I lil.i |.in|i|i. ii(i(.iiim.|| 
 111 In ninii.i.iiln llm \»m All. ml llm 
 liiir, I'limili lull' llll' rntiiitn li, ill Hm 
 
 ii II V iTiiMllin lii.iili.il, Innlin lliln 
 
 (111. III. Ill I mill Mil* ciinvlini-'l CiHm 
 jltl |ii III n iviiM mil. li'«K iIihIiiiIiIi. till 
 jlimi Inr llm I' iln A iMiily Wmt 
 Hl« i. nil. I nil lliln, |i« tvlili U Hm I'll 
 III iilialilniilliln Iml'llntl it Ml I llnl y 
 |||ilnnii, liilti'Hii'l tt I III II 1 1 II III Ml Hm 
 IttMllnii iiF llm lllm I) Mill 
 IW M llllll In llnlll n Hm ninliiin linly 
 I'ntmnl An iiHi.|n|il. nil Mm |i|.| 
 lilii'Hv I'T HImilHlmin liiivlnil l>i'i n 
 ly llm Mil lililnlil. milt lilunli il inililiu, 
 Iril ii« (I |iii'lii«l. fill Hm (.ininiuM nf 
 IIIdI In unllil IIM Mllliy lliln Hm 
 llllil lirinMVllMlil, III I nnjliinHnli 
 IiMukIii mill Ailnlllii, In lilllll Iln iIIh 
 Mlili'Ml l';.ii II imi ly III Hm i niiiliiiil. 
 lim nlil |i|i. lilllll il lllillll* In llll/n III 
 nl' llm iiililii'iy I mil! iix llm nlliii 
 In iiT Mill n|'<> uilnimi. In ii i .iinllHnii 
 will mkmIiimI Hm (inwniriil III", 
 
 llll'llllllnl llll llllil i'l. M'llllMVnIllll jinyi 
 
 imiri'ililitl. A llll. I wini rnlli'il Inulvn 
 III In Hin I I'liinnii I lull, iilnl ii inii|iil !i V 
 [in lii'liiK Miu'lliiil, llm III iiilii.i I'l llm 
 fB nnvi'lillly lilllll |iii«snn«lnii nf Hmillii 
 iWlllrll liliif lii'i'M liri'vlnimly imici illcd 
 llnl lilllll I'lmi H'lMiiliii il nr I'nlmnl 
 Dliili'lil rnliilnl - lull, IIhIiiiiuiiiiU'iiimiI 
 hliM A.M. I77!l. 
 
 HHAITH;ll XXII, 
 
 (/ii. t'linininiri iiii'iil. nf 'iri Aiiiirii'mi 
 /,! llm IliiiiiiiiUlim of . 'ifl hill' inn 
 f(i nlllii' t' lilllll Hliilcii. 
 
 dcrllio, Willi cliiiiiuiliiKlfMl iiiilrr. cvi'ii 
 
 |t,|i|l liiifllnll (if Hill llinllii'lllnilit nV'lil.K 
 iH'I'liiil In Wlili'll Wli (in.i iniNV fill 
 
 SiliiKi wmilil llll lintiimRlliln In iwi irut- 
 
 llllf lllillll I.I lit 'HIM ( (HMMlll / Wl. Kll»|l( 
 tin. |i. full, (llllil, III nn(i|((y»i<1 nlWi liiili'lf 
 till IlKf "ilin. i.f Hm II ii'llli" f' III IIM I .llll (I 
 (ii'iii'til (Imimii li'iu ] uml HiMi MiM i iiimll 
 nil) 11 1 1. .1 I.f n(f(' Mt v» In ♦("i"i'H'"<, 
 
 I III. Mllll miiil I- 'I 1,1, Hull, vlin li III lliln 
 (llm nili'iinimli. mil i|l liiiMnii |i. III'. A m> 1 1' 'III 
 •Ml 'nil In.H' I. nf II, II .. .1 iii'iM' I nf i nin.n-, 
 itlll III. tminl Inl/r illiil illMmiy Amnfitj 
 Hm iiiMliiil lilllll. IK ill Dmlli hiliilliif 
 iVi |n tliilliy nlin illillillili 'I Hnlii Mfiiif 
 illlliilli nil m I 'llllil (if l(.|| iif M llifl'iiM 
 (ii,| 'imiiMnii in'.n. vim II' Iny nf (('■(mliln 'iti 
 (illin l|ili'i., iiml j.'il'iimnf I in. fni'iH' .i in 
 
 I I ii.n lllm iilii nf lll'll ( li'lili, (niMiinlly In 
 i.Mlli'il Mnin/i |ii llll Ifili'ii Ihlii Hi" inllil/rt '.f 
 Mllll I lilMtMi ; iiti'l Mum lilM Mm fnlKi'I'ilInn 
 nf lll'll ii|i|fl( I.r 1 1"' I .Iriin n Ml (iMilH'ii y in 11 
 nf (inr.'i.l, will' Il llltnllnil Hm l|iim( fi nf ?'.|i 
 linl •.vmii III'. tnnlliM' I nnn'iy lili'l >!■'■ ''•!'' 
 iili.M, iiml I (I'li'il III Ml'. <'iiMit.ll"liin'''il ''I '1 
 (in IV It till |i|iiilill' 'llmininiMMiHnn '.f Mn 
 A|in 1 1 "III I 'ijiiiili M liiiinllmnrlcl mil Iml.c • i 
 nf llli'Hy |lnlll^ Hin (if 'iM ' Hnii 'if Mfnit 
 III lilllll, MiiMli A III' ti' It "In. ii| In t'lii III llll 
 fi.i nliiii (.|mmy ; 'iml III'' (.nlii" IniinfiMni nf In r 
 mill., i.iImiii'Mi .' 'I" (iif'i'l,!' I'l'iKfiil I'lf.'r 
 mil, In t In (I'.l mm li ii(iii('i.|iMn'lnn I'-iin hf 
 Ini till. Mil. I iniiiiiiy /|/ Mclnn ".in i/ily 
 '.■/Imtn fii'i' fmm iiiiiiiiliif ; nKtl' nIMir'. '/iH 
 Inlil III Imiiniir ; liml fiiml » mi'l iinUt :'i rn 
 (ilnlni li'il imiilniil Mi', lit (Mii;.! « nf (..|iM'-<, 
 iilnl Willi mill I'l "'""I •ii''ll. 'I I" (.'■'. (i|''|il''i 
 Mm ( lilllll I y limy llili'ililM 'I ii(,|.' 'i»i 'I f'l l.'i 
 III llm full vliriiif nf yiiiHi; iifl'nf, In^l' 
 ii|i|n|i. Ill, mill (ii|iiililii (if fn-lnnl.ili! iit ini 
 IlniiM wliiti iiinliKi'l tiy (III. I'Mmnlnii 'if M.'. 
 luiiiiilnliK 
 
 In I'/il'i (I, ii|.|lii|i 'Inly nil '/'il I'.nn iifM'I'i 
 ivml |iii(inii.i| |iy Mm HMMnli |iiiM liiKii n I nn 
 Mill cnlniiliiU 1 liiil, nn lli'lf fdiii'iiintf iiMni', 
 Mm (1(1 Willi I'nnfi (if((,( ((,(i(,ii|(.(( lliilinn 
 'imiitly M (Inly .Mm lnM nn lin; Ihin f/m 
 
 II «|uli.i|, Mini III, llnKlnfi H|(il/,'i .'//(i« HiMCVd 
 Intii Hm ill II lli.i II |...(i iiifdMiirdu w/.fd find 
 lll'll; iili'l III (//•■ill (|</ll //III hiiviii III 
 till. fn|ln.vl(i(( yiiir Mm A ((i(( |( iKnl lu«n/i( 
 Mllll (III iMIiiHnil 'if llii|n(i(.||(|( ii( '1 Miinpi 
 |..illl(.ii ..•<(((. fnnirlil, Iml, (inllilni^ ^'(•f y (In 
 (li-lyn Innli )i|ii((i llll Hn. ymr II'I'I, vthhu 
 in III till lliiii^i.vd''. Mm llrltUfi ( ii(n((i<im|( f, 
 «viia mil I'liiiii'li i| III. Miiriit/iKu, (iinl ( 'irrr|iii|ln(i 
 In nn; (' ii'lii, vvlHi iilmiil. iKKiii iiKd. 
 
 IV nil (I lllillll Infill itiiHnn, IIM In (Irciiffilfp^ 
 'I I 111' iliiiiwi I 'if ( «i.'iiMl(ii? |iM(i'l/il(n (,r(i 
 f( mmilly M.|.ir Menu, Hti'l wiMi li'i nldnr ili-n, 
 linli I'l, lilllll Hull nf IniinlilltiK (« ).nwffii( 
 iKFi-lilidiil, Kiiini ' nniv niifiri'l Hm IUIk im 
 llmiilly (if llm A nn lii (Km ; iiii'l i'.(,!ij(i m, li.n, 
 l.llmlly fnlln'/.i i| M «• i <ii(n((l". llnl. Kiii'Uiiul 
 Innl iiiiKtii' iiti i| Ml' iiiiiiili'ir (if li'.f frn',-(..., 
 fiiiil (il/KC'l llll III tiinli r Hin ( 'ifntnuti'l i,1 
 |iit(|«(Inrnwiill|it mill (!nr/i|<.(i, 'nliiiili'tinlnl 
 llm Atiii.rlniii «( m nil Wii«lilfi«f'iii , 'A'lillfi 
 iiiliiilriil llnilin y (ll-|iliiv( 'I liU »iii(i('rl'(rif|( 
 lit II tniviil i.|ii(ii(!(.|ii( i:t, wil.ti Mm M(.ii/il/ir(U. 
 llnl II. wiin lint, mi rely Mm li'i-.l iiil.y /.f Hi<» 
 (I'M mil iili'l K|iiiiiliiril.i Hni.(. Mm l'',fii<li<li fni/l 
 Id rniiii Willi ; Hm )( iilniiuy nf l.iii^ (v,r,l(- 
 IK llllil (.nwnra ilin/iliiynrl |l.«< If l.jr Minlr t'W 
 l.i'f liiif I II 1.(1 (111 II nil ('(1 fmiil.MiIlly, ' tii}».vii»i([ 
 iili)('('l. (if wlijiii niiA 1.1, rin\*t l.(i«) rlifhi. 'it 
 Biiirili Willi II KiiKlnrifru )((ii«< ndf-fiMl^li/i/J 
 littVHl Miiiiirlnrll.y Inul MtiiKlif' Ui.t (/> t)»nt' 
 

 Outltiie ^futUl) at ^timnX W^iorU' 
 
 r Npfv!M 
 
 cl80 na a right ovit tlio vc!'i<fln of otlior 
 nations, llolliiml wna now nddcd to tlic 
 list of oncniii';*, tlio faltlilosrt cnndiict i>f 
 tline gtato liaviiiK l-iiluccd tlio Urillsli po- 
 vornnu'nt to dccljiro war ngalnst It; and 
 many of tlin Dutch iiosscsslons In South 
 AiuiTlca and llioWcst Indies wpro taken 
 from tlunn. ATiantinit- llio war In Anirrlca, 
 na well as on Its* i't)asts,WM3 carried on with 
 Increased viBour ; tho Kronch exerllni,' 
 themselves not as mere iiavtlsans In tliu 
 cant:e,liuta!»iir'.ncli)al!>. ItwasL-vident that, 
 althoiiRh fhewarniiplit ho lon»? protracted, 
 the recovery of tlic North American colo- 
 nies was not likely t'^ ''« accnmrlixhed : 
 and as the KnKllsh had lieen several tlnii-s 
 ont-gencralod. and tho last loss on tli(>lr 
 jiart consisted of OOOO men at York-town, 
 under Cornwalllst, who had 1 > en compelled 
 to surrender to a powerful comlilned F'reiich 
 and AnuTlcan army eommaiuled liy Wash- 
 ington, KnBland hewm to think seriously 
 of making up the quarrel with her rubel- 
 lious sons. 
 
 During tho latter part of the war adtnlral 
 Ilodnoy travc tho French Jleet, commanded 
 l»y ce-.i^it do (Jrasse, a memoraMt! defi t 
 la tho 'West Indies ; whilst gi'iieral I'Mllot 
 showed the French and Spaniards how fu- 
 tile were their attempts against (iibraltar. 
 In short, great as were the disadvantages 
 with which thoKngllsli had to contend, the 
 energies and resources of the nation were 
 still equal to tho task of successfully coping 
 with its enemies in Kurope; while in tlui 
 vast empire of British India fresli laurels 
 were continually gathered, and the French 
 were there dispossessed of all their settle- 
 ments. 
 
 On tho'sntli of Januarj', irs.l, tho Inde- 
 pendence of the United States was formally 
 acknowledged l)y England ; and (!eorgo 
 Washington, the man who had le<l the ar- 
 mies and directed the councils of America, 
 wa3 choBCU president. 
 
 CnAPTRK XXTII. 
 
 From tho Commniccmciil of the French Hc- 
 vululion, to the Death of llulicnpicrrc. 
 
 The most eventful period of modern his- 
 tory now bursts uiion our view. In llio 
 eoursre of tlie ages that have passed succes- 
 sively before us, wo have witnessed sudden 
 revolutions, long and sanguinary contests, 
 and tho transfer of some province or city 
 from one sovereign to another at tho ter- 
 mination of a war. These have been ordi- 
 nary events. Wo liavc also marked the 
 (rradual rise and fall of empires, tho sul)ju- 
 pation of kingdoms, and the annihll.ation of 
 dynasties; but they be.ar no conip.arison to 
 tho terrific era of anarchy and blood fami- 
 liarly designated ' the French Revolution.' 
 The 'ilstory of that frightful period will bo 
 else' /here related ; wc shall not hero at- 
 tempt to describe Its causes, or notice tho 
 rise of that stupendous military despotism 
 which Bo long threatened to bond tho whole 
 civilised world under Its iron sceptro. The 
 iipologists of tho French revolution tell us 
 that It was owing to tho excesses of an ex- 
 pensive and dissipated court ; to the cx- 
 
 Isf enco of an Immense standing army ii, 
 tlmeofpeaee; to the terrors of the lii.i 
 to Uilns ill cnrhrt (or mandates ISMini 
 the apprehension of suspected Indlviiii] 
 anil to II general system of <'spionago,\v: 
 rendered no man safe. Others ascri!. 
 l.artly to the 'spirit of freedom' Imh, 
 by the French soldiers during the Aim r 
 war; but, still nmre, to the geneiMl ,; 
 slon of iiolltlcal, iilillosophlcjil, aiul ii;> 
 writings, wliielt, replete wllh sarciHiu 
 wit, were levelled e<inally at the pul|.ii 
 the tlinnie, and thus, by unset tllin; 
 minds of tho jieople, <lestroyed tlie n, 
 bonds and safeguards of society. 
 
 Hut wliat ever might have been tl;- 
 causes, certain It is, tliat vague iili , 
 fieedoin beneath republican institut ini;. 
 unsettled the minds of men, not nun 
 France, liut throughout Kurope. Itw. 
 tliat coinitry, liowever, that public iti. 
 tent was most strongly manifested, 
 people wererlpo forlnnovatlon and clia: 
 and Louis XVI. though amiable as :; • 
 had not tlio necessary energy or ;i! 
 to counteract public feeling or dliv 
 storm. 
 
 In 17S0, when tho public income of i 
 was Inndeiiuato to the wants of tin 
 it was thought advisable to cotivi ; 
 states-g(-iieral, or reiiresenta'ives i 
 three firders— noliles, clergy, and / . 
 or commons. At first some salutary i . 
 were agreed to : but the commons v. 
 to assume too great a share of tlie i 
 and, being the most numerous bod; ' 
 vatinnal asscmlily, they carried tin • 
 vourlto measures In spite of tlio coim 
 privileged orders. To check the r- 
 spirit of turliulencc and faction, tlic; 
 was advised to collect a hirge body of ir 
 in the environs of I'aris, and he ,'il- 
 mlssod Necker, his minister of ilir 
 Both these measures were highly ui, 
 lar; and tlio mob, excited by the • 
 crats, committed great excesses. A 
 otiier acts of outrage, they seized II: 
 deposited In the hotel of the Invaliil 
 tacked the Hastlle,and levelled that -.':.. 
 fortress witli tho ground. From tlii: 
 may be dated tho fall of tho nn v 
 Thoterrined king tried every modi ; 
 cession; but tho infuriated poi>uln 
 by artful and interested demago^'u ■ 
 now familiar with scenes of bloni 
 tumult, were not to be appeased, 
 capital was divided into sections ; ;ii', 
 national guard was formed, and i 
 under the command of tho marfiuis 
 Fayette, wiio h;id earned his populii 
 the American w.ar. Meanwhile il. 
 sembly abolished tho privileges > : 
 nobility and clergy : confiscated th- 
 perty of tlie cliurch; divided the l^n. 
 into departments ; and subverted :i 
 ancient forms and institutions : a.d. i; 
 
 A very general emigration of tlie i: 
 and clergy took place; and liouis, s'. 
 doncd oven by his nvni brothers, 
 virtually a prisoner, or a mere tool in 
 hands of his enemies. And now arose: 
 domocratical society, afterwards fmc 
 In tho blood-stained annals of the rtv 
 tion under the name of Jacobins, ir 
 
 UtBff 
 
jWtortJ. 
 
 <DutTtne ^Itctc^ at General W^taru* 
 
 33 
 
 iimonsi'staiulliiK.irniyiii 
 ;() tilt' icrrorrt of the iim.i 
 lift (or iii.'iiKliili's Ihshcii 
 III (if Huxrccti'd Inillviiiii-, 
 1 sy.xti'in of ('.sploiinKO, v| 
 ifui snfc. Otlicra nscril, 
 'Hplrit of frrcdoni' Imh. 
 iiiltlliTtiiliirliviftlio AiiKr 
 iimro, to llio Ki'iii'i'.il (1 
 ll, plillosoiilili'Ul, iiiul iii; 
 I, replete Willi Kiirc'i^iii" 
 let! oqiially at tlio iiiilpii 
 III llius, liy niiseliliiiL; • 
 H'ojile, (leslroyod the n, 
 iTtinnlx of Horlety. 
 [■ iiilKlit liave been Wv 
 
 it ix, Mint viipriio ]<>( 
 liropublloaiiliiHtltiitini 
 iiliids of men, not iiicn 
 louKlimit Kuropo. 1 1 iv. 
 lowevor, tliftt publle ili. 
 
 strongly inaiiifc^tcil. 
 forimi()vatlonamlili;i: 
 . fbouKli niulablo as .■; • 
 I'l'essMi'y '.'iierKy or nl 
 lulillc fcolint; or Uliv 
 
 tlic public Ineomoof i 
 3 to tlio wants of tlh 
 t nilvisalilo to i".iTiV(i: 
 
 or roprosenta'ives , 
 nobles, clerpry, aiul r. 
 t first soiiio .salutary ii 
 ) : Init tlie comiiKuis v, 
 Kreat a sliarc of tlie j 
 most numerous body i: 
 M}/, tlicy carried tin • 
 ■C8 in Ppltc of the com 
 
 rs. To clieck the i 
 
 euro and faction, tlir 
 
 ollect a large boily of ir 
 J of Paris, and he a!- 
 lii.s minister of lln 
 isures wore hlKhly in.: 
 lob, excited by the ,: 
 
 d great excesses. .A! 
 
 itrajre, tliey seized 111, , 
 
 hotel of the Inv.'ilid'. 
 
 lo.and levelled tliat nil 
 
 ground. From th.it : 
 the fall of the nio!;i: 
 IB tried every niodeci 
 le infuriated popiil.in. 
 iiterested deinagoKiir-, 
 ivitli scenes of blomi 
 ot to bo nppeaseil. 
 led Into sections ; :ii;l 
 
 was formed, and Ij 
 land of the manjiiU ii 
 id earned his popiil.iri: 
 war. Mcanwliili) tli" 
 Hi the rrlvIleKcs df 
 'rgy : confiscated th.- 
 rcli; divided the l;ii- 
 ts ; and subverted a.. 
 id institutions ; a.p. i:? 
 
 1 emigration of the n : 
 
 place ; and Louis, a; 
 
 Ills own brotliers, 
 ner, or a more tool in 
 mios. And now ardseiil 
 clety, afterwards fan; 
 liied annals of tlie rev 
 uaiuo of Jacobins, id 
 
 Soma of rebellion Issued numerous 
 
 laiicB, vlio founded Bimllar societies, 
 
 ,ut«, In every part of Franco ; and 
 
 tlii'lr coiitttinlnali'glnfiuenco spread 
 
 d till the who'" "itlcal atmospliero 
 
 o one corrupt mass. Surrounded on 
 
 Bide by enemies, tlio king and tho 
 
 family at length resolved to seek re- 
 
 n one of the frontier towns ; but they 
 
 ai covered at Varenncs, and brought 
 
 to Paris amidst tho insults of tho 
 
 , Tlio most violent Jacobins loudly 
 
 dod his death : A.i). 1791. 
 
 , had commenced on tho part of 
 
 la and Prussia, and tho French at llrst 
 
 •1th some severe checks ; but on tho 
 
 CO of tho Prussians, tho diiUo of 
 
 wick published a violent manifesto 
 
 ;t tho French nation, which did niucli 
 
 to tlie cause it advocated. A decree 
 
 iBued for suspending the kingfrou' all 
 
 nctions, as well as for tho immodlate 
 
 cation of a national convention. lie 
 
 Is family weio closely conlliicd In the 
 
 of tlio Tenipio; and tho commune 
 
 Is, at that time under tho control of 
 
 n, Uobesplcrre, and Marat, began Its 
 
 Ileal reign. Under a pretence that 
 
 lyallsts who were conllned in tho dif- 
 
 prlsons were domestic eneniiea of 
 
 !, tho forms of justice Avoro dispensed 
 
 .nd they were inhumanly butchered. 
 
 y was next formally abolislied ; and 
 
 resolved ere long to bring tho king 
 
 Bcafllold. Meant imo two imwerful 
 
 appeared In the assembly ; tlio 
 
 Ists, or Brlssotines, led by llrlssot, 
 
 ere sincere republicans; and the 
 
 8, or mountain party, so called from 
 
 lor seats which they occupied, acting 
 
 aobesplerrc and his friends, w hose 
 
 ■olebkQccts were anarchy and bloodshed. 
 
 Doi^ourlez, at tlie head of tho French 
 arniivhad found It Inipossiblo to prevent 
 .«.i. '^trance of the duko of Drunswiek 
 ampagno; but disease and famine 
 (I his progress, ami he was compelled 
 mdon .all his con<|uests. Tho Aus- 
 wero also obliged to retreat. Savoy 
 ntiuercd tiy a republican force, and 
 y invaded. The Austrians were Big- 
 defeated at Jemappe ; and this was 
 ly followed by tlie reduction of llrus- 
 jiege, Namur, and of tiio whole of tho 
 irlands, which were declared ficc and 
 iident states. 
 
 eceuiber 1793, tho royal captive was 
 tho bar ot tho Convention, where, 
 undergoing a long and insultini,' ex- 
 tion, he .i.as unanimously declared 
 of conspiring aguLiist the national 
 ,y, and sentenced to r'io by the guiUo- 
 Ile conducted himself with dignity, 
 card thodccision of his fate with lirm- 
 and resignation. Thus i.erished, in 
 tit year of his age and tho iDih of his 
 , Louis XVL, the amiable and unfor- 
 c descendant of a long line of kings, 
 after this judicial murder, a decree of 
 lational Convention promised assist- 
 to every nation desirous of throwing 
 10 yoke of Its rulciu This was ua- 
 y regarded as a virtual declaration of 
 gainst all tho kings of Europo ; and 
 
 Knglaiul, Holland, and Spain were now ad- 
 ded to tho list of Its enemies. Tlio war for 
 a tiino assumed a new feature ; a Dritish 
 army, comman<led by tho duke of York, re- 
 duced ValencicnncB, and attacked Dun- 
 kirk; and tbo French lost thoir conquests 
 as rapidly as they had acquired tliem. Hut 
 before tho close of tho year l7o;i, tho for- 
 tune of war was again In their favour; the 
 duko of York was obliged to raise tlio Biego 
 of Dunkirk, with great loss ; while tho Aus- 
 trians wero driven wlthlu their own fron- 
 tiers. 
 
 Tho horrors of civil war now raged In 
 Franco withunmltigi-tcd fury, Tlio fero- 
 cious Itobespierro .>at> at the head of tho 
 llerccst Jacobins; and Paris doily witnessed 
 the execution of tho most n'spcctabio of its 
 citizens. Nearly all, indeed, who w^-ro re- 
 markablo either for rank, property, or ta- 
 Icnts, wero the victims of tho reign of ter- 
 ror ; and among the number who fell by 
 tho axe of tho gulllotino was the unfortu- 
 nato queen, Mario Antoinette, wlio had 
 been for some time Immured within tlio 
 dungeon of thcConclergcrle. Tiio royalists 
 in La VendOo dared to oppose the revolu- 
 tionary decrees ; but tho cities which re- 
 sisted tho regicide authorities, particu- 
 larly Lyons and Nantes, wero visited wiili 
 tho most horrid persecutions. Hundreds 
 of victims were daily shot or guillotined, 
 wid tho whole country was laid waste witii 
 demoniac vengeance. In tho meaiilimo 
 extraordinary measures wero taken by tlio 
 1 onventlon to increase the armies by levies 
 en maaae; and private property waa arbi- 
 trarily seized to support them. Tho ling- 
 Ush took possession of Toulon, but were 
 soon forced to abandon It to the troops of 
 tho Convention. It Is worthy of remark, 
 that on this occasion tho talents of Napo- 
 leon Uuoimparto wero llrst signally dls- 
 tingulsliod ; tliis young onicer having tho 
 command of tho artillery of the besiegers. 
 The war in tho Netlierlands was carried on 
 with vigour, victory and defeat alternately 
 clianginf.' tlio position of the allied armies. 
 
 Tho progress of tho Freiuii revolution 
 was naturally watched with feelings of in- 
 tenso interest by tho people of England, 
 but with sent'i.'ients very opposite in tlieir 
 nature ; and It required all tho talent.s and 
 vigour of those who were at tho helm of 
 state to uphold our ancient Instilulloiis, 
 and direct thonational councils with safety. 
 
 During the year 1794 tho French armies 
 wero pretty generally successful. Dut whilst 
 they spread terror abroad, tho French na- 
 tion groaned under tho sanguinary despo- 
 tism of Robespierre and his ruthless asso- 
 ciates. Tho tlmo had at length, however, 
 arrived when this monster was to pay tlio 
 forfeit of his own wretched life for tlio 
 outrages he had coramitted, and tho un- 
 paralleled misery ho had caused. Being 
 publicly accused of treason and tyranny by 
 Tallleu, he was arrested, and executed tho 
 following day, f long with twenty-two of his 
 principal accomplices, amidst tho merited 
 maledictions of tho spectators. In a few 
 days, obovo seventy members of the coin- 
 QiuQo also bUorcd a similar late. 
 
 D 
 
It-I'v 
 
 
 34 
 
 Outline Ji)I((tcl) of ddirtAl !l}iiiftori;. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 JVoni the. J.'i'tahliHhmiut of the Frntch Pi- 
 rcvtiiri/,to the I'vact! of Aintcns, 
 
 A onRAT imvnl victory over tlio Froi\rh 
 ivns nchlovril by lord llowo on I ho iHtof 
 Juno; and Kcvcnil Wont India Inlands wi-ro 
 takr'ii fnini tlieni. Tlio Krencli troops wcru 
 iinHornily HUrcctisful In Holland; tliectadt- 
 lioldor was I'onipf'llcd to seek nn nsylinu in 
 Knfrliind; and tlio rountry, under tlio new 
 naiiioor tlio Ilatavlan rciiubllc, was Incor- 
 ))iirated with Franco. Soon after thin, 
 France received anew constitution, which 
 placed the executive power In the hands of 
 (he directors, and tho IcKlslatlvo in a 
 council of elders, and a council of 'live 
 liuiiilred.' 
 
 1 n 1 7!t.') Pruf Hia and Rpaln made peace wl tli 
 France, which wave tlio repuhllcaim an fip- 
 jMiriuiilty of l)earlnff wltlitliclr whole force 
 on the frontiers of Germany. Tlie royalists 
 In I. a Vendee aKaIn rose, but were speedily 
 reiliieed. About t!'.o s.atnc time the Cape 
 of (iood Hope and several of tho Dutdi 
 Fast India jiossesslons were taken by the 
 i:iiKllJ'h, whilst admirals Urldport, Hot ham, 
 •nid Cornwallls defeated the French lleefs. 
 Once more let us revert to I'oliaji alfalrs. 
 The late partition of i'oland had opened the 
 eyes of Furopo to the probable future en- 
 croachments of the courts of Vienna, To- 
 lersburKli, and Iterllii ; and the Poles, awaro 
 of their Impending fate, resolved to oppose 
 the deslKiiB of their enemies by a vigorous 
 niid unanlinoua effort. Under tlio brave 
 Kosciusko they Rave batf lo to tho Uusslnns, 
 niid maintained a long and s.aninilnary con- 
 test, which ended In their driving the enemy 
 (lilt of Warsaw, with Immense slauKJiter. 
 Hut the armies of Austria, Itussia, and 
 Prussia Invaded Polatid on every side; and 
 R\iwarrof, at tho head of 50,och) men, annl- 
 li Hated tlieir amiy, recaptured Warsaw, 
 which they pUlaRcd, and, sparing neither 
 npe nor sex, put to tho sword nearly .'JO.txx) 
 imUviduals, Tlio llnal partition of tbo 
 kingdom then took place. 
 
 The canipalKiiof l"9(i opened ■with great 
 vigour on the part of tho allies as well as 
 on that of the Frcncli, and numerous se- 
 vere battles were fouglit in (ieriiiany, the 
 advantage inelinlngrathcr to tlicsldcof the 
 allies. liloreau, wlio had pursued his vic- 
 torious career to the Danube, there received 
 a clicck, and was forced to retrace Ills steps 
 to the Uhlne; but tliough often nearly sur- 
 rounded by tlio Austriiuis, lie effected one 
 
 , of the most masterly retreats of which wo 
 
 ' liave any record in modern times. 
 
 ' Hut it was In Italy that tho most brll- 
 li.'Uit success attended tho French arms. 
 The command liad been given to Buona- 
 parte. Having routed the Austrlans and 
 Piedmontese at Monte Notteand MlUesimo, 
 lie compelled the king of Sardinia to sue 
 for peace. Then followed his daring exploit 
 at the bridge of Lodi, and his seizure of 
 
 I Bologna, Ferrara, and Urblno ; till, M 
 length, finding lilmself tuidlsputed master 
 of tho north of Italy, ho ere cted the Trans- 
 padano and Cis-padano rep ibllcs.— Among 
 the other events of tho yea may bo noticed 
 
 I the capture of St. Lucia aid Granada, in 
 
 tho West Indies, by Sir Ralph Ahercrop 
 tho failure of a French expedition »!■ 
 Invade Ireland, which was dispersed i"- 
 verse winds ; the abandonment of ('< >r>i' 
 tho nritlsli ; 8oinefrultleBsnegotl,'iii(,|; 
 jieac between Kngland and Kraine; 
 the demise of tlio Empress Catlierlrioi| 
 Tho i)apal states were next overrun i J 
 Frcncli; and the popo was under tl,' 
 cesslty of |)urchaslng peace, not onl' 
 money and the surrender of many v;i 
 statues, paintings, &c., but by tin- r 
 of part of his territories. Huonapaii 
 resolved to invade tho liercditary Pir 
 tho emperor; and tho Frendi anuli, 
 ing gained considerable advantai-M, 
 thelradversarles, the French dIrectnrT 
 advantagcof iliilrposltion.orolfiriil' 
 of pi'aco, ami ,1 dellnltivi^ treaty \\:\i 
 tually signed iil; Campo Form In. |l 
 tri'aty the Venetian states, which linj 
 revolutionised by Buonaparte diiiii, 
 negotiations, were ceded toAustiii, 
 the Austrian possessions In tho w^: 
 Italy and the Netherlands were ^.'i 
 France in exchaiiui'. (ienoaabout il.^ 
 time was revolutionised, and assim, 
 name of the Mguriaii republic.— At ! 
 terendot this year lord Uiincan n] 
 an important victory over the Hiiti. 
 off tho coast of Holland. 
 
 Tho French Imvlng no other power 
 Oreat Britain now to contend v.t 
 year 1798 was ushered in witli niiii' 
 si)eedy Invasion ; and largolioillesiM" 
 assembled on Iheoiipositeshoic if | 
 were said to be destined for tlii'i ni\, 
 tack, which waslo be under tlio ili. »ijgfc 
 of tlie victorious general Uudii.'iparir ■ *lS»! 
 prejiaratloiis were met in a suitable , , - 
 by the Knglish, whose effective ni:i; "<■■ 
 latlon Jiiight almost literally be sal 
 embodied for the defence of the v 
 At the I'.amo time a dangerous and 
 Blve rebellion broke out in Ireln 
 tho vigilance of the government .: 
 tho Intentions of tho rebe's, ami il 
 mltted, though not wlthodt the i- 
 measures being adopted, and tlic 
 (luent effusion of blood. 
 
 A secret naval expedition upiiiii 
 scale, with a well-appointed army iii 
 under the command of Huouapari' 
 been for some time preparing. It at 
 set sail from Toulon, took posse?' 
 Malta on tlielr way to Fgj'pt, and, i 
 eluded the vigilance of Nelson, s.nfcly. 
 near Alexandria, which town they (•' 
 and massacred the inhabit.ints. Tht 
 ran troops of France everywhere rn 
 over the Ill-disciplined Mamelukes, : 
 whole of Kgypt soon submitted tn i 
 queror. MeanwliMc admiral Ncl<i 
 covered and totally destroyed the F; 
 lleet in tho bay of Abouklr. Wlii!.-t 
 tvents were passing in Egypt, the F: 
 g "vernmcut prosecuted its revoluu 
 principles wherever its emlssaric- 
 gaiu admittauce. Rome was tak' 
 them, the pope Imprisoned, and a n; 
 erected. Switzerland was also liiviili 
 notwithstanding tho gallant efluiis 
 Swiss patriots, the country was iiii 
 France under the title of the Hulvcii 
 
i^Wt0r». 
 
 ^s.liySlr Uali>h Abt'i( n 
 afrondi expedltldii ..: 
 I, which wns illspcr.-^ .1!; 
 heiibaiiiloinnontofc 1.; 
 )inofniltlegsiu'Knll:iiiM, 
 11 lOiiRliiiiil ftinl Kniiico; 
 thoEini>rc8« Cdtherliic] 
 ntcB were next overniii 1 • 
 tho Jiopo was under 11 
 chualiig peace, not only 
 e surrender of many \ ;i; 
 IngS, Sic, but by the ri 
 territories. nuonai>!iii 
 iivadc the hereditary sir, 
 nnd tho Frendt annii. 
 jiislderalilo ndvanliiL-i, 
 •les.theFrenclidlreiinry 
 lliclriioRltlon,oriiirii>v- 
 a dellnltivi! treaty \\:u 
 at CanU'O Forinio. li 
 i\eilan states, vhlili ]n.\ 
 d by Duonaparto durii; 
 were ceded toAustri, 
 imsisesslons In tho imr 
 f Netlierhuida were j-'i, 
 •haiiue. (ienoaabi)iit, till 
 Dhiiloiilsed, and asstiiiu, 
 l,lKini:in rei>ul)llc.— Atr 
 U year lord Dtmcau nl 
 [ victory over tlio Uiiti. 
 of Holland. 
 
 1 liavlng no other pow« 
 n now to contend wr 
 } u^liereil In willi rinn. :■ 
 Ion ; andlaru'elinillcsi.f 
 1 llieopposlle.Hlinrc if l-. 
 be dcr^tined for tlil') hi. 
 was to lie under the d;; 
 onsifeneralUuonapiirh ■ 
 were met In a suitable I . 
 h, whosi' effective iiia! 
 almost literally be t^ai i 
 tho defence of the f 
 me a danwerous and 
 liroke out In Iril.ii 
 of the government .: 
 sof tho relie's, and il 
 \H\\ not wltbi^at the i- 
 nK adopted, aiid iht 
 in of blond, 
 ival e-xpedltlon Hpoii:i 
 well-appointed army on 
 ommand of Uuounrnrt' 
 time preparing. It at 
 Toulon, took posKP?- 
 r wav to Kgypt, and, i 
 ilance of Nelson, s.if el) . 
 I'rla, which town they i-'. 
 d tho Inhabitants. Tlie 
 France everywhere rf 
 Isclpllned Jlatnelukcs.a-u 
 pt Boim submitted to lb 
 anwhUe admiral Nelsi:! 
 totally destroyed the F: 
 lay of Abouktr. ■Whiljt 
 passing In Egypt, the F: 
 prosecuted Its revolni 
 herover Its emlssaric- 
 ancc. Rome was tak 
 pe Imprisoned, and a ri;l 
 tzerland was also Invadi' 
 ling the gallant effort 
 ts, tho country was uii 
 the title ot the HelTcti 
 
 dutKne ^fatt^ at dtiurnl ^Utorii. 
 
 36 
 
 ic The territory of (Jeneva was also 
 norated with France. Thi'se unjUHtl- 
 , Invasions showed so pluliily the ag- 
 llsliiK policy pursued by the iTench 
 t(ir V that the emperors oC Kussiii anil 
 Ha.'thoklngof Naples, and the I'ortw 
 «lth Knglaud to check their urn- 
 is designs. ., „, 
 
 I vear 1701) presented a continued 
 oi" active warfare. The Neapolitans, 
 ind invaded the Koiiian territory, were 
 lly driven back, but the whole klng- 
 nf N.'iplcs submitted to the French, 
 to king was comiielled to seek refuge 
 Illy Tho French armies also took 
 iBlou of Tuscany and riedinont: but 
 rations of the allies were conducted 
 lg(nir and success. The archduke 
 , routed tho French under .lourduln 
 hard-fought battles of Ostrnch and 
 !h; nnd tho Anstro-llusslan army 
 )d a decisive victory at Casxano, and 
 ;ho enemy to Milan and (ienoa. The 
 the republic were eanally nnfor- 
 In other parts. Turin, Alessandria, 
 tua were taken; nnd tho French, 
 Joubert and .Moreau, were totally 
 at Novl. fiwlt/crlaiul afterwards 
 the principal scene of action ; and 
 so tho army of Suwarrof was sue- 
 but nnother Russian army, com- 
 by Kiiraskoff, was attacked and 
 by Massena, and Zurich taken by 
 In Itiily, however, success still ai- 
 tho allies. Tho French were ex- 
 om Naples and Home, and the 
 ihalr was booji after occupied by 
 I. 
 these Important military opcra- 
 e occupying the armies In Euroi)e, 
 to had reduced Egypt, and formed 
 tlon of Invading Syria. El-Arisli, 
 
 ^^ Jalfa li'id surremlered ; and, with 
 
 MieeoMldenceof certain success. Acre was 
 
 tomttfl; but there, as in days of old, a 
 
 warri<ir was Its defender. Tho 
 
 and activity of Sir Sidney .Smith 
 
 the reiieated assaults of the French 
 
 a siege of 8l.\ty-nlne days; and 
 
 to, though at tho head of 12,0(X) 
 
 iS, WPS completely foiled in all his 
 
 ,B, and was obliged to retreat Into 
 
 He was afterwards successful in 
 
 encoiuiterswlth tho Turks, partlcu- 
 
 Aboukl'. ; but foreseeing that the 
 
 Ion would ultimately pi'ovo dlsas- 
 
 le conllded tho command to gene ral 
 
 and secretly returned to France. 
 
 rto's invasion of Egypt wasconsi- 
 
 preparatory to an attempt on In- 
 
 lore, at tho very time, tho British 
 
 ^ero crowned with great success — 
 
 ipatam having been taken, juid our 
 
 iblo enemy, Tippoo Sahib, being 
 
 ,niong tho slain. 
 
 d and anarchy reigned throngh- 
 ice, under the weak, yet arbitrary, 
 tratlon of tho directory ; and the 
 appearance of Buonaparte was the 
 'or a new revolution in the govern- 
 At tho Lead of the conspiracy was 
 ther Lueleu, president of the coun- 
 Ive hundred, who was supported by 
 ■€re8 Tallevrand. S16ycs, Fouch6, 
 
 &c. Tho directory was Bpcedlly orerturned, 
 a senate and three consuls were appointed, 
 aiKl Buonaiiarto was chosen first consul. 
 
 Une of his llrst acts was that of making 
 liaclilc overtures to England, which wore 
 rejected. He then put himself at the head 
 of the army, crossed Mount St. Bernard, 
 and marelu'dfrom victory to victory, tlil tho 
 meiMiirible liatilo of Marengo decided tho 
 fate of Italy. The successes of tho French 
 in (iermaiiy were ot a less decisive nature ; 
 but the defeat of tho allies at Uohenllndcn 
 induced Francis II. to sign tho treaty of 
 I.unevllle, by which he ceded Bomo of his 
 possessions In (iermaiiy, and transferred 
 Tuscany to the duke of I'arma. 
 
 At tho beginning of 1801 England was 
 without an ally, and had to contend with 
 another formidable ojiponent in I'aull.of 
 llussia, who had Induced Sweden and Den- 
 mark to luilto with him In forming an 
 arnied neutrality. To crush this northern 
 conl'ederacy hi tho bud, a largo tleet was 
 sent to the Baltic, under tho command of 
 Sir Hyde I'arker and lord Nelson; Copcn- 
 liayen was attacked, and tho whole of tho 
 lianlsh ships wore either taken or destroyed. 
 This victory gava a fatal blow to tho north- 
 ern c<mfederacy, whldi was eventually anni- 
 hilated by the death of I'aul, nnd the ac- 
 cession of Ills son Alexander, who Iniiue- 
 dlately released the British vessels detained 
 in his ports, and otherwise showed his In- 
 clination to bu on amicublo terms with 
 England. 
 
 In Egypt general Kleber had been assas- 
 sinated, and the command of the French 
 troops devolved on Munou. An English 
 army, under Sir Ralph Abercromble, had 
 now arrived ; and a decisive victory was 
 gained by ttiem at Alexandria; but they 
 liad to lament tho loss of their gal- 
 lant eommaiukr, who fell In tho action. 
 Cairo, Rosetia, nnd Alexandria soon after 
 surrendered, and tho French agreed to 
 evacuate the country. The other events ol 
 the year 1801 were of minor importance ; 
 and 111 the spring iif tho following year 
 peace was signed at Amiens. England con- 
 sented to surrender all its comiuests, witli 
 tlie exception of Ceylon and Trinidad ; the 
 Ionian islands were to form a republic ; and 
 Malta was to bo restored to its original 
 possessors. 
 
 A new constitution was given to Franco 
 In 1802, by which Buonaparte was declared 
 chief consul for life ; tho whole of the ex- 
 ecutivo authority, and even the oppoint- 
 meut of his two colleagues being vested in 
 hlui. New constitutions were also given 
 to Switzerland and tho Italian republics. 
 About this period Buonap.artc sentacou- 
 slderaldo force to reduce tlio island of St. 
 Domingo, where Toulssant L'Ouverture, a 
 negro, had erected a republic. Alter an 
 obstinate and sanguinary contest, the re- 
 bellious negroes submitted, and Toulssant 
 was treacherously seized and sent to France ; 
 but tlio French were unable fully torecove* 
 the island. 
 
 n\ 
 
30 
 
 Outltnc gifntUh at drnrrnl Viiiftarit. 
 
 ciivrTini XXV. 
 
 Kroin thti liifommcnciiiuiil nf Ifo.itilUkii, 
 to tlm Tnaly c/ Tilitit. 
 
 TllH In-aty (it Anilftm wiis llttio bcttrr 
 tliiiii II hollow Iriicf; mill iiiMiiy (li^imtiM 
 nrlgliii< roHpci'Miin ItH lulllliin'iit, I ho wiir 
 wiw rt'smiieil. In open viomlloii of I ho liiw 
 of iiiilloiiH, Huoimimi'lii liiiniiMllafciy com- 
 inaiidod Ihu arrest of till I ho l'.imll»h whom 
 l)U»liu!ss oriili'iiKurt' hadilriiwii Into Kriuici'. 
 Hanover WHS Invaded and plundered ; and 
 An IninieMHe foreo WM eollei'led on the 
 Pronrh roaMt, for the avowed piiriMHO of 
 annlhllatlni^ the BrIiNh power : hut this, 
 as hefore, proved nn empty Ima-ir. Holland, 
 IjchiK placed nniler theeontnd of Kraiiee, 
 was (IraKKed Into I ho war, ancl noon lo-<t 
 her colonies. Hf, DondnKo threw oir Us 
 forced allewlani'i' lo Kranre, and Dessallnes, 
 tiio Hueeessor of Tonlssant, was made 
 prcsldentot the repidilic. of Haytl, Ihcan- 
 rlent name of the Inland. The KnulUli at 
 (Ills time were very snceesstui lu Indl;;, 
 nndor tliu government of the nianiuU of 
 Wellesley. 
 
 Tin) personal aniMtlon of Iluonaparfe 
 was every day more evident, and hi^ at 
 lenKtli resolved to annihilate the veimhile 
 anil crown himself with an imperial diailem. 
 Having procured tho assa-'sinallon of Hie 
 duko d'Knuhlen, and hy the basest arts Im- 
 liressed on ih(< mlinls of the people an Idea 
 that treasonable iiractiees Aven- <'arryin«on 
 against Idin, tho servile siMiale, de-irons, 
 as they paid, of Investing him with Ihe 
 hiKhest title of HoverelKiily, in oriic r tlie 
 more effect ually to establish his aiillioiily, 
 proi'Ialnied him empemr of Wie I'rencli,— 
 a t'llo which was acknowlediced Imme- 
 diately l>y all tho sovi'reiirns of iCurope, 
 Ureal, Mritaln and Sweden alone e.Ncepted : 
 A.I). IWM. 
 
 DurlMtf tho followhiK year Huonaparte 
 nssnmed the Iron crown of l.omhardy, under 
 the title of klMK of Italy, which aronsed the 
 iiiUlKnallon of Francis If., who nnlted with 
 England and Ilussia, but an event which 
 of all others was most calculated to raise 
 tho hopes of tho allies, was iluMinexampliil 
 victory galntMl by .Nelson olfTral'altrar (i)cl. 
 21) over tho comljlued Heels of Trance and 
 Spain. 
 
 In Germany tho Anstrlan army was 
 doomed to snlfer great loss. At tlie head 
 of 140,000 Boldlers, Napoleon crossed thi' 
 Uhlne;and at lllin, the Austrian gene- 
 ral Mack surrendered his whole force, con- 
 Bistlng of 110,000 men. Vienna was soon 
 ijtcr entered hy Napoleon, ami at length 
 the Austrlans were completely defeated at 
 tho battle of AusterlUz. This Induced 
 Francis to sue for peace ; and a treaty was 
 concluded at Preshurg, by which ho ceded 
 to Franco tho states of Venice, .and resigned 
 tho Tyrol, <fec.,to tho newly created king of 
 Wlrtemburg. 
 
 Early in 1800 tho English retook tho 
 Capo of Good Hope from the J)ul eh. About 
 tho Bamo time Naples was Invaded by tho 
 French, and Napoleon gavo his brother, 
 Joseph Buonaparte, the crown of that king- 
 dom, Its legitimate sovereign having pre- 
 viously retired to Sicily. Holland was also 
 
 en-cted Into a kingdom, and given i 
 brother l.ouls. Amidst theMU aiKl i' 
 Important chaiiKes for the aggrandii,;, 
 ol his family, Huonaparte foriued t lit" 
 federation of tho llhlne,' tho name u 
 to tliose HtatOH whose rulers renomni i 
 ancient laws of the empire. Tho cnuti 
 encioachments of Franco now roii-i,| 
 king of Prussia, who rushed lU'ecii.iii 
 Into a war, anil imprudently Htaked lu. 
 tnno on the chance of one liattio, ; 
 was the celebri;ted battle of Jena, « 
 llo,0<M) I'russlaiiH and Haxons ciiiiii; 
 with 1.50,000 of the Kremh, and Wd, 
 feated and closely pnrsucil. Herlln fdi 
 tiio hands of tiio vii'tors, and the I'm- 
 general llincher, after a bravo resl-i, 
 was forcetl locapltnlate. I'rinco IIdIhi, 
 and his army surrendered at I'niH' 
 Silesia was overrun by tho Freniii, 
 p(.'netraled Into I'oland, ami excliri 
 I'oies to assert their Indepenilenir. 
 Itusslaus, who were now adv.'inciii", 
 and defeated the Frelicli at I'nitu-k: 
 notwithstanding tho conddned ellii' 
 .Muraf, l.asnes, and Ney, they wii, 
 successful at (lolomyn. In tho in- 
 (pf power, Napoleon, at Merlin, ls,-ii. , 
 famous deer e, iirohibiliug all coiiiiiii 
 lulercotn-sew ilh the Hritish Isles, niil 
 mandliiir tin; c(udlseation of every i; 
 of llriti-li manufacture; which scIm 
 exclusion he dii?nllled with tho iir 
 the ' continental system.' 
 
 Tlie grand Itiisslan army under IV n 
 sen, encountered n BUfierlor Kremli ! 
 near Eylau, where ii Hanguinary I ■ 
 decisive cimlllct ensued. Daiit/.ic .-;i- 
 dered to I.efevre ; anil a complete vi 
 gained by tho French at FrlediiiU'l, 
 shortly followed by the treaty of i 
 Tho Ilussiansand rnissians snbiiiiii 
 all tho Imperious demands of Nai- 
 but Gustaviis, kiiiir of Kwedeii, al ii 
 fused to treat with him, or to rocot'ii. 
 Imiierlal dignity. 
 
 The Danes havlngyleldcd to the li'i 
 of France, an expedition was sent ii. 
 liy Knuland for ihc imrfioso of lurvi,. 
 the Danlsli fleet from I'alling inl i 
 hands of the French. CopenliaKiii 
 rendered after a few days' sleu'c, 
 the ships and naval wtores were ilclit 
 to tho Kim'lish. This act of au'iru. 
 was resii.'ed by the emiieror of ilii: 
 whodeclared waragainst Fngland. Ai, 
 other remarkable events of this j 
 were tho departure ol tho prince ii. 
 of rorlug.'il and his court to tho llri. 
 tho coiuiuest of Portugal by tho I'n;. 
 and tho erection of 8a.\ony Into a t 
 dom. 
 
 cir.\PTEn xxvr, 
 
 TJie French Inrn.'iun of t<i>iiin, and s•'^ 
 ijnent rtmnstiUir War. 
 
 Wir.\T open force could not cfTcit. ' 
 carried by Intrigue and treachery. N.'; 
 Icon having Invited Charles IV., kin: I 
 Spain, to a confereneo at Uayoniu', >ci 
 Ills person, compelled him to abdicair, 
 transferred tho crown to Josefili 11: 
 parte, whoso placo at Naples was .sumiii:; 
 
\litarii. 
 
 kliiK<l<)iii, mill kIvi'ii I 
 Allll(l^<t llioHU mill , 
 fVA fur I ho iiMKriiMilU,!,, 
 uonii|inrtii fiiriucti ilic" 
 lUiIno,' tl)0 iimiiu u 
 vlioHo nik'ra rcnoiiiiri,)! 
 tlio ciiiiilrc. Tliociiiiti; 
 i)f Krmii'o now riiii-i,| I 
 , will) ruiiliod |>ro(l|iii,| 
 Inipnuli'iitly itliiki'il in 
 .micu of Olio liattlv. ,, 
 ift'il biittli) of Jfiiii, \t] 
 iH anil HiixoiiH niiitr: 
 the Fruiirh, niul \\t\; 
 ly piiisiu'il. Hcrlliifiii 
 
 vliiiiM, and tho I'm.. 
 •, affiT a bravo rcsU:, 
 
 |i|tulill(\ I'rltlRUHiilii: 
 Hiirreiiilcri'il at I'ln, 
 mill iiy tho li'ri'ih h, 
 
 1 I'lil.'iiiil, anil (■xi'iii , 
 Ihi'it' Inili'ix'iiili'iii'i'. 
 
 worn now lulvanclii-, 
 11) l''ii'iii'h at I'lillii-k; 
 f till) rnlllblni'il cllii' 
 anil Ni'y, they wii, 
 iiloiiiyii. Ill llio III. 
 U'liii, at Hcrllii, ls>ih . 
 |inihll)llliii< all coiiiiii' 
 1 thu lli'ltlsh i«!c»<, (III. I 
 illll.^catiou of eS'L'i'y r 
 iifartiire ; which arln 
 lifiiillod with tho II I 
 1 Hy.strm.' 
 
 <flaii army iimU'r \l>i 
 d n Biiiicrlur Frt'iuli :| 
 iTO a HaiiKiiliiary I • 
 t cnsiiril. Dant/.lr ..;ir- 
 (' ; anil a coiniiU'ti' vi 
 Kri'iirh at Frlcdhiiil. 
 I liy llio treaty of i 
 d I'ru-flaiH hiibiiiiii 
 i.s (li'in.'iiuls of K;i|' 
 ;lnir of .Sweden, a!' ' 
 h hlin, or to rccotn. 
 
 iiKylcldcil to the liiil 
 liedltloii was s^eiil. l!, 
 lie piiriio.io of imvi., 
 > I'roiii faP.iiiK iiiti 
 'reni'h. Copenhim-iii ■ 
 a few days' slei^'i', l 
 ival Htori'si woru diliv 
 'I'liLs act of at,'L'ii.^ 
 till) emperor of lli;. 
 iigaliKjt Kiiglaiid. Ap, 
 lo eveiitu of tlil.s \ 
 uro ol tho prince ti., 
 his court to tho l!rJ 
 I'ortiife'al by tho I'lii.l 
 1 of Haxony into » LJ 
 
 PTEn xxvr. 
 
 tiun of i^imin, and n 
 ninsutar War, 
 
 L'o could Jiot effect, 
 110 and treachery. .N'i 
 Ited Charles IV., kin; I 
 ireneo at Uayoniu', >c:| 
 L'llcd him to nbdiiaii'.i 
 crown to Josepli 11: 
 at Is'aplcs was .soiiii£ 
 
 (Dutliiic gffieUh at ^tntvnl ^litatti. 
 
 87 
 
 ini 
 
 llril l)y Miirnt, Napolcotrn brothor- 
 
 H|>aln WHS (llled with Krcncli 
 
 and 111) iijipn^ltlon wa.'* dreaded ; 
 
 _ Hi.on as till) Hpaiilards recovereil 
 
 Itlielr coimternatlon, tho peoplo roHe 
 
 parts, and proclaliiied Kerilliiand 
 iTIii! patriots bewm tlio war with 
 leplrlt ! the usurper lied from Madrid; 
 t I'nlafox and tlio brave Inhabitants 
 fiiKossn gained lininortal honour by 
 ivliiclblo cmirago they displayed In 
 llim their town a«alnsttlio furious 
 KB of the I'Vciicli, who wercovonlually 
 tiled to retreat. 
 
 rortuffiiCf-e followed tho rxample of 
 
 iiiiiiards ; and a HrltUli iiriiiy, com- 
 
 Ed by HIr Arthur Wellesley. landed 
 
 pfrnted the Kroiieli miiriiil .liinot at 
 
 |rii. Ihit Hir llimii Dairympio ar- 
 
 to asHiniio tho command, tho con- 
 pn of ('intra was entered Into, by 
 
 the Kreiicli army, with all Its bag- 
 fartlilery, Ac, wore to be conveyed to 
 All KuKllsh army of .io.ikio men, 
 
 HIr John Mooro, landed In Hpain, 
 aviiiiceda.'^faras Halamiinca; but tlio 
 III force In that country amouiited to 
 Madrid was taken ; and tho Kiw- 
 liiiit being well supported by llin 
 irii>i, were compelled to retreat, At 
 na a severo battle was fouKlit, and 
 ^hii .Moore was mortally wouiidi.'d, 
 tria having declared war against 
 
 , Napoleon entered the Held j re- 
 tho Austriaiis at Kckmuhl, and 
 possession of Vienna, Tho Mrchilnki) 
 gavo lilm battle near Kr^sling, 
 Iwas desperately contested, and ter- 
 
 Kl 111 favour of tho Austrlans ; but 
 
 fter, at Wagrani, tho Krencli gained 
 
 jortant victory, Tho bravo Tyrolese 
 
 I campaign made tho most heroic ef- 
 ► •galnst tho French ; but the patriot 
 'was taken and i ''ot. 
 »ost ii'isucces.Jfu. expedition was un- 
 lieii by tho Kiigllt-li against Antwerp, 
 is composed of nearly 40,fM)o men; 
 liiumbersof whom wereswejit od' by a 
 Ciitliil fever while In i)osses8ioii of tho 
 . of Walclieren : and tho remainder 
 Bed without eirectiiig any useful ob- 
 
 In oilier parts tho KngUsh were 
 I Buicot^sfiil, having taken Cayenne, 
 iii(iue,aiiil three of the Ionian l.-lands. 
 rmkey the sultan Sellm had been as- 
 Jiated; Malimoud waa seated mi tho 
 le ; and peace was concluded between 
 forte and Oreat Drltaln. After a pro- 
 pd negotiation with Napoleon, tho 
 ror of Austria signed the treaty of 
 an, by which ho was obliged to sur- 
 fcr to France, Uavaria, and lln.-^slu a 
 Werablc portion of his doiulnlons. 
 [Arthur Wellcsley liad now the chief 
 Band in the Peninsula, He forcc^d the 
 SO of the Douro, recovered Oporto, 
 Irovc Soult out of Portugal. lie then 
 feed the French, with great Pljiugliter, 
 ilavera; but tho enemy being rein- 
 ^J, ho was obliged to rctivat. His 
 
 services were, however, duly appre- 
 a, and lie was created baron Weliing- 
 1 At the close of 1809 the .Spani.-h p.a- 
 
 Bustained soino Bcvcro defeats, and 
 
 (leroiin was taken by them, Mar^ilialt 
 .luiiot mill .N'ey comtiienced Iho elisullIK 
 campaign with tho capluro of Aatura and 
 <!uliliiil lloilrlgo; while Masgcna entered 
 Portugal, and look Almeida. At Unsacu 
 lord Wellington defeated him ; and, reach- 
 ing the Impiegnablo lines of Torres Vedras, 
 lio took ni> a strong position, from which 
 tho French could not dislodge him ; and 
 Massena soon afterwards uomiuuiiced a dis- 
 astrous ret rent. 
 
 Tho caiiipiilirn ot IflU was distlngulshod 
 by a series ot battles, In which tho con- 
 tending armies dlsiilayed groat bravery, 
 but without any decided advantage to either 
 In tho end. Among those In which tho 
 allies were most successful, were lladajox, 
 Albuera, and llarrosa. Tho year 1«I1 wa« 
 also memorable as tho period when tho 
 Hpanl,.<li American colonies began to rc- 
 nounco their alieglanco to Spain, and strug- 
 gle for Independence. 
 
 In IHiy till) eventa of tho war nssnined 
 a new comiiiexlon, A change had taken 
 lilai'i' ill tlie government of Hiiaiii, and 
 more earnestness and eiieruy was displayed 
 In lis councils. Lord Wellington com- 
 menceil with the capture of (Uildadllodrigo 
 and llailajo/ ; then advancing Into Kpalii, 
 he galneila decisive victory over Maniiont 
 near Halamaiica; which was followed by 
 Ills entrance Into Madrid, where he was 
 received Willi tho most eiilhusiastlc accla- 
 mations. In tho meantime the patriot 
 armies In the north of Hjiain were emi- 
 nently successful; and In fiio south tiio 
 French were conipelled to raise tlio slego 
 of Cadiz, and evacuate tJrauada, Cordova, 
 .Seville, &C. 
 
 CHAPTEU XXVir. 
 
 From ihc Inrastion of Itussia hy the French, 
 to the Itedturalion of the Uourbons. 
 
 Wn must now take a rapid review of 
 tiio.se extraordiniiiy scenes In tho North 
 which riveted the attention of all Kurope, 
 and lllled every breast with anxious ex- 
 pectation. Tlio emperor Alexander f«'lt 
 himself liuiuillated, and Ills country in- 
 jured, by that rigid observance of the 
 'continental system* v.hich Naimlcon had 
 Insi.'-ted on ; and tlio boundless ambi- 
 tion of tho latter, added lo his hatred of 
 all that was English, led him to attempt 
 the subjniriillon ot the Itusslaii empire. 
 He concluded an otrenslve and defensive 
 alliance with Austria, Prussia, and the 
 confederation ot the Ithlne, whoso forces 
 were de^•tllled to swell his ranks. Tho Im- 
 mense army, amounting to above 47r>,oo« 
 men, now marched towards tho Itusslau 
 frontiers; and tho lUisslans grad. ly re- 
 tired at the approach of the enemy, who, 
 though chocked and harassed In every way 
 possible, pressed onward with nm.azlng 
 rapidity. At length a tremendous battle 
 was fought under tho walls of Sinolensko, 
 and the city was quickly after evacuated, 
 tho llnssians retreating on Moscow. Hav- 
 ing received dally accessions of troops, 
 among whom were luimerous bodies of 
 Cossacks, Kutusolf, tho llussliin com- 
 mander, determined on hazarding a graad 
 
" I 
 
 V ' 
 
 38 
 
 (Butlim ^fitt^ of General Wfitarn, 
 
 tMttle; when a moat, Bnngulnary contest 
 ensned, In which the French lost about 
 40,000 and the Russians 30,000 men. But 
 Napoleon helng reinforced, he was enabled 
 to take possession of Moscow : he had 
 scarcely, however, taken up his head- 
 qiuarters In the Kremlin, before ho dis- 
 covered that the city was set on flro In 
 several places, by order of Rostopchln, Its 
 patriotic governor, and the (,. eater part of 
 It was soon reduced to a heap of ruins. 
 Thus beiuR in a moment, as It were, de- 
 prived of shelter, and feeling the severity 
 of a Itussian winter fast approaching, Na- 
 poleon endeavoured to negotiate ; but Alex- 
 ander, who, at the commencement of the 
 French invasion, had declared that 'now 
 the sword was drawn ho would not again 
 sheath it as long as an enemy remained in 
 his dominions,' Indignantly rejected every 
 proposition. Cut off from all supplies, and 
 exposed to the Incessant attacks of the ex- 
 asperated Russians, among whom were 
 hordes of Cossacks, the wretched troops 
 commenced one of the most disastrous 
 rci-reats every recorded in history. Again 
 and again had they to sustain the vigorous 
 attacks of thelrpursuers, till the whole route 
 was strewn with baggage, artillery, and 
 ammunition, and witli the mangled and 
 frozen bodies of men and horses. Of the 
 mighty force that invaded Russia, only 
 30,000 returned to France ; 400,000 perished 
 or were made prisoners; wlillc the author 
 of all their unpavallelcd sufferings basely 
 deserted his arniy, travelled through Po- 
 land and Germany in disguise, and reached 
 his capital In safety. 
 
 The unexauiplcd reverses of Napoleon 
 were hailed by tlie nationson the continent, 
 as the signal for their deliverance from 
 his iron grasp. Alexander concluded an 
 alliance with Sweden and Prussia, and 
 they prepared for hostilities. Bome san- 
 guinary but Indecisive battles were fought, 
 and a short armistice was agreed upon, 
 during which time Austria joined the 
 league, and all parties prepared for the 
 renewal of the contest with Increased vi- 
 gour. Tlie greatest unanimity i revailed In 
 the councllsof thealliedsovereigns. Their 
 armies made a formidable attack on Dres- 
 den, though they failed In tlieir object of 
 taking the city by a coup-ile-main : but the 
 veteran Blucher defeated the enemy at 
 Katzbach, and thereby delivered Silesia. 
 Vandammo was beaten at Culm, and Ney 
 at ilutterbock. It was now resolved that 
 the whole of the allied armies should make 
 a simultaneous effort to crush the common 
 enemy. The forces of Napoleon were con- 
 centrated at Leipsic, and there It was that 
 the allies attacked and totally defeated 
 him. The sanguinary battle raged from 
 dawn of day till night : both sides suffered 
 Immense loss, but that of the French was 
 by far the greatest. Consulting his own 
 personal safety, as In his retreat from Rus- 
 sia, Buonaparte hastily reached Paris : 
 while the French garrisons which occu- 
 pied the Saxon and I'rtissiati fortresses 
 were abandoned to their fate. The victory 
 of Leipsic aroused every nation yet In alli- 
 ance with Franco to throw ofE the oj)- j 
 
 pressor's yoke. Among tho number J 
 Holland, whoso inhabitants cxpolicijj 
 French, and recalled tho prince of OiJ 
 
 Tho Russian campaign and the w,ir I 
 now raged In Germany, had proved t] 
 flclal to the Spanish cause, by witlulmJ 
 many of Napoleon's experienced RpJ 
 and veteran troops. Lord ■WciliuJ 
 crossed tho Douro, and, marchtni» i 
 wards, came up with the French j.! 
 commanded by marshal Jourdain, m 
 toria, where he obtained a decisive vicj 
 Juno 21, 1813. The memorable siesi',; 
 Sebastian, and tlie defeat of marslialsl 
 to whose skill the task of dsfendintl 
 frontiers of France was confided, 
 the other most prominent events c.tl 
 campaign ; and France was soon nftef 
 tered on the soiitli-west by tho Enylijij 
 Spaniards, and on tho north-east l,;l 
 combined armies of Russia, Prussiai 
 Austria. 
 
 In tho meanwhile tho French cwi 
 obtained a levy of 300,000 men, to i' 
 tlie threatiMied Invasion. Several ci;l 
 ments took place ; but the allies \w\ 
 stcidily on, by different routes, and atlj 
 approached the city of Paris, whieli < 
 lated. On tlie following day (Mar 
 181'l\ tho emperor of Russia and th 
 of Pi'ussin, acrompanied liy their pctj 
 and staff, made their triumphal riitrf 
 Paris, amidst the acclamations of i>: 
 habitants, wlio, whether sincere ir | 
 made tlie air resound with reiteiiil 
 of 'Vive I'Einpereur Alexandre;' Mi 
 les Ronrbousj' 'A has le tyran,' h. 
 the meantime tho marquis of 'Wer:: 
 had defeated Soult near Toulouse, ai;.| 
 .advancing towards the capital. jNai 
 finding tliat the senate had depnscdl 
 and that the allied powers were dele 
 not to enter into any treaty with liim J 
 verelgn of France, abdicated his ii.d 
 crown at Foiitalnbleau ; and tho Islootl 
 with a suitalile Income, was asslt,'iii:| 
 for his future residence. Louis XVI 
 placed on the throne of his nncestnril 
 other sovereigns who had been dcurivl 
 their dominions were restored ; aiulaJ 
 rope once more hailed a general peao(.| 
 
 We must not omit to notice, that tli(\ 
 ricans having been dissatisfied with tl):| 
 tish orders In council, resulting fn -. 
 Berlin and Milan decrees of Nap 
 thought proper. In 1813, to declare | 
 against Kngland, and fnrthwitli iiir 
 Canada : they were, however, siiecd:;; 
 veil Viack ; but the war was prosecuii 
 more of animosity than energy, am 
 chiefly confined to oonfiicts on (lu'S 
 and actions between frigates. At 1 
 some of tho regiments which hnd 
 in the peninsular campaigns were I 
 across the Atlantic : thecltyof Wnslilii 
 was taken ; and a peace was coiicl! 
 tlie latter end of 1811. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI 11. 
 
 From the Ecticrn of Buonaparte fi\iml 
 to the general Peace. 
 
 Ik March, 1815, whilst the pUii;i 
 tlarles and the allied sovereigns woi J 
 
ce. Among tbo mmiierJ 
 oso inlmbitants cxpplipj] 
 recalled tho rrince of On 
 in campaign and the vy\ 
 1 flcrmany, liad proved t] 
 Ipanlsli cause, by wltlidnJ 
 i)oleon'a experienced rccJ 
 I troops. Lord "WcliiBj 
 Douro, and, raarchlni,' 
 ) up with the French J 
 by marshal Jourdaln, mI 
 lie obtained a decisive virj 
 , The meniorablo sirsofil 
 id tlio defeat of marslmls 
 111 the task of defendiim 
 
 France was conlldcd, 
 lost prominent events f;| 
 nd Franco was soon iiftc 
 south-west by the Eiiulia 
 nd on tho north-east i,; 
 nilCB of Russia, FrusiiiaJ 
 
 anwhllo tho French craj 
 i>vy of 300,000 jnen, to nJ 
 ed Invasion. Several cii 
 [iImco ; but the allies iin-l 
 y different routes, and at :J 
 ho city of Paris, whicli cj 
 lie followlnf? day (5I;ir;| 
 iperor of Uussia and 
 (Toinpanied by their pra 
 ido their triumphal t'iiir| 
 t tho acclamations of \i 
 'iio, whether sincori' iri 
 ■ resound Avith reitcraii 
 mpereur Alexandre;' ' vj 
 s ; • ' A bas lo tyran,' \-!. 
 lO tho marquis of 'WcV'i 
 Soult near Toulouse, ;ii; 
 iwards tlio capital. Nii] 
 
 the senate had deposedj 
 allied powers were dcion.| 
 uto any treaty with liim;j 
 'ranee, abdicated his ii-: 
 tainbleau ; andtholslootl 
 l)ic Income, was assii,'iii| 
 
 residence. Louis XVI 
 
 throne of his ancestnrvl 
 prns who liad been deiirivl 
 ms were restored ; ami aJ 
 ire hailed a general pcncoj 
 jtomit to notice, that till' 
 rbeendlssatisfledwltlitl:! 
 n council, resulting froul 
 Milan decrees of Narf 
 |)er, in 1812, to deci.irol 
 land, and fnrthwltli k?. 
 ' were, however, speed;: 
 t the war was pro.scniii, 
 noslty than enerfryi 'i" 
 od to conflicts on I lie 
 letwoen frigates. At K 
 
 regiments which had ■ 
 isular campaigns were I 
 
 uitlc : tho city of Waslilcl 
 md a peace was coiieUiilif 
 I of 1811. 
 
 lAi'TKu xxvin. 
 
 urn of Buonaparte from I 
 •} the general Peace. 
 
 1815, whilst the pleiiii 
 allied sovereigns weri 
 
 ^utltne ^lietr^ of ^eii^rnl W^tar^» 
 
 39 
 
 Sit the congress of Vienna In laying 
 buiidatlon of a permanent peace, the 
 hdlng news arrived that Napoleon had 
 hba, and landed In Fran c(\ with about 
 SoUowors. Such was tho encourage- 
 *he received, that when, on the 
 Ihe reached Fontalnbleau, he was at 
 fiad of 1.5,000 veterans, with tho cer- 
 / that numerous corps were advancing 
 feryslde to jolnhls standard. Prepara- 
 were made to arrest his progress ; but 
 J m.arch he was powerfully reinforced, 
 le reached Paris luimolcsted. Louis 
 tcvlously quitted the capital, .ind now 
 It an asylum in the Netherlands. Tho 
 feoverelgns In tho meantime Issued a 
 fcsto. In which it was declared, that 
 ■coil Buonaparte, by violating tlie con- 
 en In virtue of which he had been set- 
 It Elba, had forfeited every cl.alm to 
 Jctlon, and he was solemnly pronounced 
 llaw. 
 
 answer to this manifesto Napoleon 
 klicd a declaration, asserting that he 
 recalled to the throne by tho unanl- 
 Iwlsli of the French people. Large 
 Is were assembled with all possible ex- 
 Ion ; and Buonaparte, with extraordl- 
 rclerity, opened the short but cver- 
 irable cam;..aign, by att.acUii.j., the .ad- 
 Ed posts of tho Prussians on the l.'itli 
 no. On that and the following day 
 jcrablo success attended lils nrnia ; 
 I the field of Waterloo (Juno 18) the 
 I ot Wellington and the steady valour 
 I British troops gave a de.ath-blow to 
 |pc5, luul once more rescued Europe 
 ts degrading thraldom. Having wlt- 
 i tho irretrievable ruin of his army, 
 [with the greatest precipitation from 
 Dd of battle ; while the residue of his 
 nflted troops were pursued by the 
 pans under Bhicher. The combined 
 snow rapidly advanced towards Paris; 
 uonaparte, finding that his reign was 
 fend, lied to the sea-coast. In the hope 
 Uciug his escape to America. In this, 
 rer, ho was foiled by tho vigilance 
 (c British cruisers ; and ho at length 
 ndcred to Captain Maitland, of tho 
 rophon, who, at his request, brought 
 lo the British shores, tliouf,'li lio was 
 penuittcd to land. After bumc dis- 
 
 cussion it was resolved that ho should bo 
 iinprisoned for life In tlio island of St. He- 
 lena, wlilHier, accompanied by a small ti-ain 
 of attendants, ho was forthwith sent. 
 Louis XVUI. was a second time restored to 
 his tlirono. An act of amnesty was passed ; 
 from which a few of Napoleon's most stre- 
 nous supporters were excluded; whilst 
 Ney and Labedoyiro were shot. 
 
 By tho terms of the treaty entered Into 
 between Franco .and the allied powers, it 
 was agreed that sixteen of the frontier for- 
 tresses of France should bo garrisoned by 
 the allies for Hvo years, and that l.i.OOO .al- 
 lied troops, under the duke of \A''elliiigton, 
 Bliouldbemaint.ained in that kingdom for 
 tho same space of time. Tho following ar- 
 rangements were also concluded at the 
 congress of Vienna; Prussia was enriched 
 by tho annexation of a portion of Saxony, 
 and recovered Lusatia; Russia received a 
 large part of Poland ; tho Venetian territo- 
 ries were given to Austria ; Genoa was as- 
 signed to tho king of Sardinia ; the Pap.al 
 dominions were restored ; while the United 
 Provinces and the Netherlands were formed 
 into a kingdom for the prince of Orange. 
 England restored to the Dutch some of the 
 colonics slio h.ad taken from them, and 
 various minor changes also took place. A 
 confederation was then entered into by tho 
 sovereign states of Germany for mutual 
 defence and the prevention of internal war. 
 And, to crown the whole, the emperors of 
 Uussia and Austria, with the king of 
 Prussia, bound themselves by a solemn 
 compact, called the Holy Alliance; tho 
 professed object of which was to preserve 
 tho peace of Europe, and to maintain tho 
 principles of Christianity in their rcspec 
 tivc dominions. 
 
 Having brought our 'Outline Sketch ot 
 General History' doA\-n to a period so mo- 
 mentous, wo shall leave all subsequent 
 events for narration In tlie Histories of se- 
 parate countries which follow. In the brief 
 and cursory Introduction we have given, 
 the reader has had a rapid view of tlio riso 
 and fall of empires, the excesses of despotic 
 power, and some of the countless evils at- 
 tendant oil a state of anarchy. Still It must 
 be rcmemb.^red th.at in this slight sketch 
 wo have only pioneered tho way. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 BPB llts almost lentlrcly In tho north- 
 
 jlemper.ate zone ; a small part of it at 
 
 Borlhern ■extremity is extended beyond 
 
 prcllc circle, but it does not approach 
 
 er to tho equator than 35J degrees. 
 
 the east and south-east It Is bounded 
 
 jisla ; on the west, north-west, and south- 
 
 ■,by the Atlantic Ocean ; on tho north, 
 
 tlie Frozen Ocean ; and on the south, by 
 
 iMediterranean Sea. It is about 3,400 
 
 M In length, from Capo St. Vincent in 
 
 lugal, to tho Urallan mountains In Rus- 
 
 \ml 2,500 miles in breadth, from Capo 
 
 wan. to tho North Capo In Lapland. 
 
 In proportion to its size, Europe is tho 
 most populous of all the great divisions 
 of the globe : and, except In its northern 
 states, it enjoys an agreeable tempcraturo 
 of climate. Tho soil, though not equal in 
 luxuriance to that of the tropics, is well 
 adapted to tillage and pasturage ; so that It 
 affords a copious supply of the necessaries 
 of life, whilst Its mines produce the most 
 useful metals, and its seas teem with flsh. 
 
 In no part of tho world are manufactures 
 carried to such perfection as In several of 
 tho European countries, especially in Great 
 Britain, Prance, and Germany ; and that 
 
40 
 
 (dtitltne ^itetcTj of General W^tatyi* 
 
 commercial Intercourse which of late years 
 has so very greatly increased, is gradually 
 obliterating national prejudices, exciting 
 emiMatlon, rewarding industry, cultivating 
 feciings of mutual cutccm, and Increasing 
 the comforts, conveniences, and luxuries of 
 all. To the commerce of Europe, in fact, 
 there appears to toe no limits ; its traders 
 aro to be seen lii every country, and every 
 sea la filled with its ships. Moreover, as 
 
 the seat of art a'vl science ; as the rci | 
 where clvllisatioi) l:i over In active pf 
 and where Chrlstlai.Ity Is cxtendlr 
 nign Influence far and wide. Euro] 
 maintains a proiid preeminence ; and.j 
 Ing from iiresent appearances, its liiiial 
 taiits bid fair, at no distant day, to extcn 
 their dominions, already vast, by colonisii 
 and pivinj? laws to n.ations now scaittl 
 emerging from barbarism. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 The general hi story of this division of 
 the worla carries us back to the creation. 
 The cradle of our first parents, and the por- 
 tion of the earth where the most stupen- 
 dous acts of divine power and wisdom have 
 been displayed, Asia presents a most into- 
 resiing subject for tlie contemplative mind. 
 It ('as here tliat the world before the flood, 
 as far as wo know, was concentered. It 
 was here that the antediluvian patriarchs 
 S(;ttled, and spread abroad the families of 
 the earth. Aftor the flood, Asia was the 
 heart of life, the source of all that popu- 
 
 lation which has since coveted the giJ 
 v/lth Its myriads of Inhabitants. Tlic{<l 
 sent race of Asiatics Is deduced froniii 
 Hebrews, the Indians, and the Tartar?. : 
 is foreign to our purpose to follow ii. 
 scries of the various tribes of popuhtij 
 which, from the great fountain, ovcrsin 
 the e.artli, and especl.illy Europe. IiidJ 
 the whole of Europe, however elevateill 
 the scale of reason and Intelligence alxf 
 their primitive sources, derived Its hoc 
 and language from Asia; whilst fniiiiA 
 Minor have flowed arms, art;', and karnJ 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 ArnirA Is situated to the south of Eu- 
 rope, and to the west and south-west of 
 Asia. It Is separated from the former by 
 the Mediterranean Sea and the Straits of 
 Gibraltar; and from Asia by the Red Sea, 
 ni the most northerly extremity of which 
 It is united to Asia by the Isthmus of 
 Suez. 
 
 The history of this Immense peninsula, 
 like several of the kingdoms of which It Is 
 romposed. Is involved In much obscurity. 
 Interesting as are the monuments of for- 
 mer greatness to bo found In this part of 
 the wwrld, especially in Egypt, there are 
 
 no memorials on which tho eye of 5c1r| 
 rests with more intensity of attention i: 
 upon those tablets which have eiishrij 
 the names of her several martyrs, f roral 
 time of riiaraoli Nccho, to tlic Inliuf 
 murders of many an enterprising 
 Iiean traveller. The sun of clvilisai^ 
 which once Illumined with all its siiloiid 
 one portion of this division of tlio uoj 
 has been greatly obscured ; and of f 
 greater part of It we may say, 
 
 ' Shadows, clouds, and darkness rest ii 
 It.' 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 Tnis vast continent, or. New World of 
 the Western Ilemlsiihere, lies between the 
 Atlantic and Pacillc Oceans, the former se- 
 parating It from Europe and Africa, and 
 tho latter from Africa .-uid Australia. Its 
 Immense rivers and prodigious mountain 
 chains aro finite unequalled In tho world ; 
 and tho bays, lakes, cataracts, and forests 
 aro also of unrivalled extent and grandeur. 
 It is divided Into North and South Ame- 
 rica, and Is In length above 9,000 miles ; 
 possessing, of course, every variety of cli- 
 mate, from the burning heat of the torrid 
 Eonc, to the Intense cold of the arctic circle. 
 
 Klnco its discovery by Columbii?,! 
 numbers of Europeans have made thlsJ 
 tinent their home, tho generality bclusl 
 tracted hither by the capabilities it seeif 
 to afford them of enriching themsdij 
 America has also been an asylum fori 
 victims of political and religious pcraj 
 tlon. But, though abounding witli en 
 production necessary for tho comfort! 
 convenience of man, tho avarice of itjl 
 ropean settlers has not only driven Itsf 
 gliial inhabitants from their native lioiJ 
 but stamped the land with tho curs| 
 African slavery. 
 
t n-ul science; as tlie rei 
 ;ion l.ijver In active pr 
 •Istlai.lty laexteudlr 
 
 far and wide, Euroj 
 Olid preeminence ; and I 
 ent appearances. Its iniiaf 
 
 at no distant day, to oxtcl 
 IS, already vast, by coloiii<i,l 
 (wa to nations now scaiWI 
 1 barbarism. 
 
 las since covered the fiJ 
 ids of liiliabltants. TlicJ 
 Lslatics Is deduced fromj 
 Indians, and the Tartap 
 
 oiir purpose to follow ij 
 ■arlous tribes of populaiiu 
 e great fountain, ovcr-irf 
 
 especially Europe. indJ 
 iurope, however elovateill 
 'ason and Intelligence ali 
 ! sources, derived Its hoc 
 from Asia; whilst from i 
 ived ai-ms, urt.i.and kiirnj 
 
 on which tlio eye of sclfj 
 a Intensity of atteiiiiont 
 )Iets which have eiishri, 
 or several martyrs, froral 
 )li Necho, to the inliui 
 any an enterprislm? e3 
 Tlie sun of clvilisail 
 mined with all Its s|il( nJ 
 this division of the wjf 
 tly obscured ; and of I 
 It we may say, 
 luds, and dai-kncss rest nJ 
 
 covery by Columbiif.J 
 opoans have made tlilsd 
 ne, the generality belusl 
 y the capal)illties It seel 
 of enriching themsell 
 !0 been an asylum forf 
 leal and religious iicra 
 igh abounding witli en 
 ssaryfor the comforti 
 man, the avarice of IU| 
 las not only driven Its: 
 s from their native lionl 
 e land with the curel 
 
 A SERIES OF SEPARATE HISTORIES. 
 
 THE ANCIENT mSTORY OF EGYPT. 
 
 -•o*- 
 
 finldbo an idle task to draw up any con- 
 mis narrative of Egyptian history bo- 
 |tlie time when the country was thrown 
 to Greelc commerce, in the seventli 
 ury B,0. Herodotus himself ' draws 
 krked distinction between the history 
 Ipypt before I'samnieticiius and tlie 
 Iwiiig period. The former lie gives as 
 niarratlveof the priests, without pro- 
 liig to guarantee it; tlie latter he evi- 
 lly believes to Ijo well ascertained. 
 Iwe lliid that from I'sammetichus down- 
 Is, Herodotus and Manetho are in toler- 
 I harmony, whereas even for the sove- 
 ps occupying tlie last fifty years before 
 bmctlchus, tliere are many and irrecon- 
 |lc rtiilerences between them.'* For 
 still earlier, these coutradlctions 
 hie hopelessly bewildering. It is true 
 Daroii Bunsen, In his great work 
 pvgypt's Place in Universal History, 
 to have reconstructed the history 
 hat country for nearly ten thousand 
 i before the Christian era: but tl>is 
 It has been confessedly attained wilh- 
 Itliat contemporary evidence wlileli '3 
 1 to be indispensable in verifying the 
 Its of modern history. Huron lUinsen 
 p that he has succeeded In his ef- 
 kpa'tiy from tlic evidence of language, 
 |y from that of architecture, taken 
 with the claims of the Egyptians 
 Iseives, and the further proofs fur- 
 pel by hieroglyphlcal Inscriptions. On 
 jlieso points Sir Cornewall Lewis has 
 " Issue with Qaron Bunsen ; but for 
 k'holo controversy wo can only rofer 
 fcader to Sir C. Lewis's Astronomy of 
 jAiicients (Chapter vl.). His main 
 pncnts lie In the fact that the notices 
 hy foreign writers of tlic earlier 
 Jtlaii history, all profess to bo derived 
 the same source, and are nil utterly 
 uhctory; that tlio description wlilcli 
 I give of the sacred writings of tlic 
 liiaiis cannot be reconciled with the 
 |m account of tlie hieroglyphlcal in- 
 Itions; tliat owing to a long Interrupted 
 Itloii the modern Coptic can furnish 
 llittle, if any, aid in the interpretation 
 
 ftotf, Iliatory of Greece, Part II. eli. xx- 
 
 |i.^.43^. 
 
 of them ; and that, unless a building can 
 assert Its own date, an inscription found 
 on a building Iswortli notlilng more than 
 a manuscript. If these iiiscr;,)tlons havo 
 been rightly declpliered, tliey would seem 
 only to add one more to many contradictory 
 versions nirr.idy in existence. Wo may 
 take the great name of Egyptian antiquity, 
 Scsostris, who is said t^) have extended 
 his coiKiuests into Tlirace and beyond tho 
 Ganges. Now in Herodotus, Sesostris 
 comes next after Mceris, lO-io n.c. In 
 Manetho, he is the third king of the twelfth 
 dynasty, 340-1 b.o. In Diodorus, he Is sepa- 
 rated from Moeris by seven generations, and 
 appears under the name of Sesoosls. 
 Baron Bunsen settles iiiu aimcuuy b» 
 cutting him up into three kings belong- 
 ing to three different dynasties ; to do this, 
 he claims, like NIebuhr, a certain faculty 
 of historical divination ; but to tho reader 
 such a claim resolves itself Into a de- 
 mand of implicit submission to tho ver- 
 dict of an arbitraryautliorlty. With regard 
 to the Egyptian buildings, Sir Corne»vall 
 Lewis Is of opinion that tliero Is no sulll- 
 cient historical ground for placing any of 
 them at a date anterior to that of tho 
 building of Solomon's Temple, 1012 n. c. 
 Wliatever may be tlio value of this opinion, 
 tliere can be no doubt that the Egyptian 
 claim to be the source whence the Greeks 
 derived their sclentilic knowledge is ut- 
 t(>rly unfounded. If tradition says that 
 Tliaies got his science from Egypt, another 
 states that ho taught the Egyptians how 
 to measure tho Pyramids. Tho sojourn 
 of Anaxagorus In Egypt Is a mere llctioii, 
 and Democritus of Abdera alTlrms Ills own 
 superiority, whether to Egyptians or others, 
 in geometrical demonstrations. Plato, who 
 speaks of some of the planets as being llrst 
 named by Egyptians, yet calls them by names 
 which arc distinctively Greek. Aristotle 
 makes no mention of Egyptian astronomi- 
 cal treatises, or indeed of anythiiigreceived 
 from tlieni in writing. Ciesar, it is said, 
 received Instruction in Egypt ; but he re- 
 ceived It not at tlie hand of Egyptian 
 priests, but lu the Greek school of Alexan- 
 dria. 
 
 If there Is little or no evidence that 
 I'^gypt exercised sin iiiliiu'iicc 011 the art 
 
-ff 
 
 (5^0 (Krcatfurjj of J^Wtoru, ^c. 
 
 and Bclcnco of the Greeks, tbc fact of 
 BsrypMin coloulsatlon In Ureecc Is at once 
 set aside. The leprends of Cecropa and hia 
 colony from Sals were Invented tc pxcount 
 for this Influence; '- t, as Grote lias urged,* 
 ' If we examine tlio character and aptitude of 
 the Grecl<8 as compared citlicr witli Egyp- 
 tians or Phoenicians, it will appear that there 
 Is not only no analogy, but an obvious and 
 fundamental contrast; the Greek may 
 occasionally be found a borrower from 
 these ultTamarine contcinpnrarie.s, but he 
 cannot bo looked upon as their olTspring 
 or derivative.' 
 
 It would seem, then, that we arc unable 
 to determinefrom wlicnccor how Egyptian 
 Institutions first took their rise ; but wo can 
 accTt •" t once, on the testimony of Herodo- 
 tus, the desui.ition which he gives of Egj-p- 
 tian society in hi 3 time as bein g substantially 
 true. Tlic population was classilled into 
 certain castes or hereditary professions, of 
 which the lower were kept In a state of 
 abject submission to those of the priests 
 and warrIor8,t and were employed in exe- 
 cuting those enormous works which still 
 remain as the special monuments of Egyp- 
 tian power. From the time when fho 
 Greeks first knew anything about the 
 country, Memphis was the first city In 
 Egypt. In earlier times, as the architec- 
 tural evidence would go far to prove, 
 Thebes had been the chief seat of Egyp- 
 tian power, and Upper (or Southerni Efcypt 
 the place ' to which the land tax from the 
 productive Delta was paid, and where the 
 kings and priests who employed it resided.' 
 
 L^'inj i/cfuro the estabiisfimont of the 
 Greeks at Naucratis, Egypt had had a cara- 
 van trade with Phoenicia, Palestine, Arabia, 
 and Assyria. Towards the close of the eighth 
 century b.c, the aggressions of Salmaneser 
 and Sennacherib, kings of Assyria, cliaiiged 
 the relations which previously sulisLsted 
 between these countries. Sennacherib is 
 related by Herodotus to have been miracu- 
 lously repulsed in Egypt. About the middle 
 of the 7tii century B.O., Psammetlclius 
 became king of Egypt, (on the overthrow. 
 It Is said, of the dodecarchy or confederacy 
 of twelve chiefs, who shared the supremo 
 power after the death of king Setlios.) and 
 proceeded to open llie country to Greek 
 trade and enterprise. The discontent thus 
 caused, we are told, diove 240,000 of the 
 caste of warriors to migrate Into Ethiopia, 
 leaving their wives and children behind 
 them ; but these numbers are In no way 
 to be relied on.j Psammetichus was suc- 
 ceed ji by his son (Pharaoh) Necho, who In- 
 vaded j'ldiea In his quarrel with Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, k'ng of Babylon. The Issue of this 
 
 • Hi 'oTT <• r" r.rocce, vol. II. p. 357. 
 
 t Ibid. » >i. iii. p. .mtj. t Ibid, J). 4-10. 
 
 Invasion was the death of king 
 battle at Meglddo (Herodotus eatil 
 dolon), and the conquest of Jerufif 
 the i='.gyptlans. Necho was, howc:>j 
 fealcd at Carchemlsh by Nebuchatj 
 who attacked the Phoenician clti< 
 besieged Tyre for thirteen years, 
 succeeded by his son Psammis, aj 
 latter by Apries (Pharaoh Hophraa 
 was dethroned by Aniasls, a Baltic Kc| 
 oC !ow birth. Towards the close 
 reign of Amasls, the Persians ii 
 Egypt under Cambyses, the son r>fl 
 Amasls himself died before the fill [ 
 kingdom, but his son I'sammciiitl 
 into the liands of the conqueror, aij 
 by him put to death, n.o. 525. 
 
 The Persians remained masters ofl 
 imtll the year Si7 n.o., when It vS 
 qucred by Alexander the Great, wij 
 received wlili joy by tlie Egyptl.ni 
 Persians having made themselves] 
 to the people by their exactions, T 
 their contempt of the Egyptian relil 
 
 Alexander, as great in the cabliiof 
 the Held, permitted the conquered tl 
 their own laws and customs. He iJ 
 Alexandria, which soon became tlief 
 of the commerce of the East ; and lij 
 not to flourish until the discovery of 
 sago to India by the Capo of GdodI 
 /ftcr the death of the MaceddiiiaJ 
 Ptolemy Scter, one of his gene'i'l 
 upon himse:t the government off 
 and his descmdants enjoyed it till tM 
 30 of the Christian era, when it irJ 
 qucred by the Ufvnaus : and it htl 
 province to that empire after the dJ 
 Slarc Antony, and the death of Clcof 
 
 The Ptolemies governed Egyrtl 
 years. The four first of the f:imi| 
 active and wise princes, who prom-: 
 prosper! ty of their country, and eiicol 
 literature and the arts. 
 
 Ptolemy Soter, the son and sucrfj 
 Ptolemy I-agus, established an acad 
 learned men nt Alexandria, and fl 
 the celebrated library at that cityT 
 by the time of the Roman conquej 
 talnod 700,000 volumes. It was In f 
 cldentally destroyed by fire In Jiill 
 sar'8 attack on Alexandria ; but tliel 
 were replaced In succeedl'igcrnturf 
 til the 7th after CHirlst, when It wa-l 
 destroyed by order of the Moliaaf 
 caliph Omar. 
 
 For nearly seven centuries Egypi I 
 ed to the Roman and Greek eminrj 
 was for a lengthened period the ( 
 as It were, of Rome. It then rcmail 
 der the iiower of the MohamniedanI 
 till the beginning of thel2tliceiitiirj 
 they were expelled by the TurcoinaJ 
 In their turn gave way to the ManJ 
 In 1230. 
 
org, *c. 
 
 was tlio death of king •'! 
 
 Mcgldilo (Herodotua Bnjii 
 id the conquest of Jenisr 
 itians. Necho was, howc 
 
 Carchemlsh by Nebuchai 
 ckcd the Phoenician clti' 
 Tyre for thirteen years. 
 1 by his son Psainmls, a; 
 
 Aprles (Pharaoh Hoiilirna 
 roncd by Aniasls, aSaltlc KH 
 )irth. Towards the close 
 
 Aniasis, the Persians in 
 [idor Cambysses, the son of 
 ilmsclf died l)efore the fill 
 , but his son PsanimciDt 
 liands of the conqueror, m 
 ut to deafh, n.o. 525. 
 irsians remained masters of 
 B year 3i7 n.o., when It \v 
 iy Alftxau'Icr llie Great, w 
 
 wltli joy by the Egyptian 
 , having made themselves 
 (coplo by their exactions, 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PERSIA. 
 
 idcr, as great in the cabinci 
 , pormittod tlio coniiuorod t 
 n laws and customs. He f 
 ria, which soon became tlio 
 jmmcrce of the East ; and li 
 ourish until the discovery ol 
 India by tlie Capo of Gooil 
 le death of the Macedonia 
 ' Srter, one of his gene--' 
 
 lilts of this most ancient and ccle- 
 ompiro have been variously stated, 
 lioolvs of Daniel, Esdras, &c., It is 
 jy tiie names of Pars or Pharas, 
 
 tlie modern name of Persia ; but 
 lilt those njvmes were derived is now 
 ill, 
 
 tlio acconjits of those who liave 
 iidied tho subject it would appear 
 13 aucient kintjdom of Persia wr.s 
 i more to tlie cast and nortli-east 
 e present ; whcncp, until its autho- 
 tcndcd over Media and Assyria, it 
 t little known to tho nations of 
 It la aometiines spoken of as the 
 
 itempt of the Egyptian rellj n of Bactrla, from Bahlica, or Ualkh, 
 
 mse'.f the government of 
 dusemdaiits enjoyed it till tl 
 10 Christian era, when it w 
 by tlio Uoinaus : and it )m 
 to that empire after tlie dt' 
 itony, and the death of C'icoi 
 •tolemies govenied Egyin 
 The four ilrst of the faiiii! 
 lid wise princes, who prom • 
 Ityof their country, and eiuo 
 i-eaiid the arts, 
 ny Sotcr, the son and Bucre 
 I„-tKUS, established an acad 
 men nt Alexandria, anil t 
 brated library at that city, 
 
 tal ; but is termed by Oriental wrl- 
 au. Tho country beyond it, constl- 
 niodcrn Tartary, tho Scytliia of the 
 I, is called by the orientals, Turan ; 
 ;wccn these two, Iran and Turan, 
 19 were frequent in early times. 
 Istory of Persia first emerges from 
 
 Sicurity of antiquity with Cyrus. 
 iiu (559—520 B.C.) began the period 
 
 an power in tlio west. By uniting 
 iiaiis and Modes under his sceptre, 
 tlicm tlie ruling nation in western 
 e conquered CrcESUs, took Babylon, 
 ifcd Asia Minor. 
 
 ugli tho liistory of Cyrus la very ob- 
 is certain that he not only founded 
 nipire, but estabiislied it by his go- 
 i valour. He defeated the Baby- 
 together with all their numerous 
 I tlio famous battle of Thymbra, 
 ncd the monarchy, and made him- 
 tcr of Babylon. Ho .ifterwards 
 Mbly extended his conquests; and 
 Hilary of his vast empire was tho 
 time of the Roman conaue idiis on tho east, tho Caspian and 
 
 (X),000 volumes. It was in i 
 y destroyed by lire in Jnli 
 ^ack on Alexandria ; but the 
 
 placed in Buccccd'.'igceiitiir 
 til after Clirlst, when it wa- 
 il by order of the Molia: 
 
 early seven centuries Egypt 
 lie Iloman and Greek eiiipii 
 
 power of the Mohammeilan 
 tcginning of tho 12th ceiitur] 
 ■0 expelled by the Tnrconiai 
 turn gave way to the Mar 
 
 Seas on tho north, tho iEgean Sea 
 if03t, and tho Arabian or Persian 
 the south. 
 
 was succeeded liy liis son Camby- 
 1-522), who conquered Tyre, Cy- 
 d Egypt. After lilm, a Magian 
 ir a sliort time, who gave himself 
 imerdis, brother of Cambysea. Ho 
 hroned, and Darius Hystaspea ob- 
 a lengthened period the g the crown by lot, or tlie choice of 
 re of Homo. It then reiiial eagues (.isi-iaT n.o,). IIo reduced 
 ' - ■• "-•-- '""^W kingdom of Babylon, and sub- 
 race, Macedonia, and a small part 
 ; bat hia attempt to conquer the 
 ii beyond the Danube was unauc- 
 
 He reduced the Greek colonies 
 
 Minor, which liad attemptad to 
 
 i! the Persian yoke (601 n.o.) : but 
 
 |tiiifortunato in hla war againat the 
 
 Orccks, and Egypt revolted from 
 :i8 son Xer.xoa (487-4C7 B.o.) effected 
 
 ilssion of Egypt, but waa defeated 
 ireelcB at Salaniis, and was obliged 
 idlilmself against their attacks In 
 
 luwar. 
 
 Under Artaxcrxes Macrocheir, or Longl- 
 nianu8(the4/ia8HcrHsof theScripturcsl.the 
 first symptoms of decline became visible. 
 Egypt again revolted, and was again con- 
 quered, after a bloody struggle. Tho Greek 
 war terminated dlsadvantagcously, in 419 
 n.o. ; and Megabyz"s excited a dangerous in- 
 surrection. Thene t changes of government 
 were rapid and violent. Xerxes II., his only 
 legitimate son, was murdered, after a reign 
 of forty-flvo days, liy his natural brother, 
 Sogdianus, who sufTercJ the same fate six 
 nioiitha afterwards, by the hands of ano- 
 ther illegitimate son of Artaxcrxcs— Oclius, 
 who assumed the name of Darius II., and 
 reigned until 404 n.o. under the Influonro 
 of bis wife Parysatis. The revolts of his 
 satraps hastened the decline of the empire 
 .■"nd the Persians were obliged to arknow- 
 ledgo iiidepeiulent kings in Egypt. But 
 tho internal troubles in Greece, of which 
 the Persians artfully took advaiitaj-'e, paved 
 them, for a time, from a united attack by 
 the Greeks. Artaxerxes (or Mnomon) was 
 entirely subservient to tlie will of his mo- 
 ther, Parysatis. Ills brother Cyrus, who 
 had been made governor of Asia Minor, 
 supported by lO.otX) Greeks, under Xeiio- 
 phon, attempted to dethrone him (400 
 n.o.), but he wis defeated and killed. 
 
 Tho army of Cyrus comprised a body of 
 Greek mercenaries, who, after tho death of 
 the prince, effected their retreat tlirough 
 the heart of Persia, in defianco of all at- 
 tempts to cut them off. a particular ac- 
 count of ihls has been r,lven by their com- 
 inaiider, Xenoplioii, ami is known as 'tlie 
 retreat of tlie ten tlmiisaiid.' 
 
 Artaxerxes III. secured his throne by 
 putting to death his numerous brotlicrs 
 He reestablished tho Persian supremacy 
 over Phnenicia and Egypt, but was a luxu- 
 rious and cruel prince. After a reign of 
 23 years, he was poisoned by his minister, 
 Bagoas, an Egj-pti.'.ii, in revenfrc for the 
 indignities ho had heaped on the religion 
 of hla country. Bagoas tlien gave the 
 cro\ni to Darius Codomannus, a prince of 
 the blood, who was conqnored by Alexan- 
 der in three decisive actions, on the Graiii- 
 cup, at Issus, and nt Arbela, and lost his 
 life (.'t.'iO n.o.) ; after whicli Alexander made 
 himself master of the whole empire. 
 
 After the battle of Arbela, Alexander 
 took and plundered Pcrsepolis, whence he 
 marched into Media, in pur.sult of Darius, 
 who had fled to Eebataiia, vho capital. 
 This prince had still an army of 30,000 
 foot, among whom were 4,ooo Greeks, who 
 continued faitliful to the last. Besides 
 these he had 4,oon slingera and .'5,000 horse, 
 most of them Bantrians, coinmaiuled by 
 Bessus. When Darius heard that Alexan- 
 der had marched to Ecbatana, he retired 
 Into Bactrla, with a design to raise another 
 army ; but soon after he determined toven* 
 
\\ 
 
 41 
 
 ^f^t €rttiimi} at Wfito^'Vit ^t* 
 
 turo a battle with tlio forces lio ""tlU lind 
 left. On this, Bessus, governor o1 "".ictrla, 
 •unl Nabarzancs, a Persian lord, formed u 
 conspiracy to seize Jils persun, and, If Alex- 
 ander pursued tliem, to gain his friendship 
 by betraying their niantcr Into his hands ; 
 but If tliey csrnped, their design was to 
 murder him and usurp the crown. The 
 troops were easily gained over; but Darius 
 himself, when Informed of their proceed- 
 ings, and solicited to trust his person 
 among tlio Greelts, could not give credit to 
 •ho report. The consei|uencc was, that ho 
 w.as la a few days seized by traitors ; who 
 bound him witli golden cliains, and, shut- 
 ting him up la a covered cart, fled with 
 him to Bactria. After a most extraordi- 
 nary march In pursuit of Pariua, Alexander 
 was informed that the Persian monarch was 
 In the custody of Bessus and Nabarzancs, 
 and that he himself was wltliin one day'p 
 mnrcli of f'O conspirators, whom, indeed, 
 ho soon aftCi'wards overtoolc, as tlioy were 
 marching In great confusion. His unex- 
 pected appearance struclc them, tliouKh 
 far superior In number, witli such terror, 
 tliat they Immediately tied; and, because 
 Darius refused to follow them, Bossus, 
 and those who were about him, discharged 
 their darts at tlic unfortunate i)rlnce, leav- 
 ing him wallowing in his blood. After 
 fills tliey all fled different ways, and were 
 pursued by the Macedonians with great 
 siaugliter. 
 
 In tho mrnntlme, the horses that drew 
 the cart in which Darius was siiut up, stop- 
 pod ; for the drivers had been previously 
 killed by Bessus ; and I'oiystratus, a Mace- 
 donian, being distressed witii tliir.st, was 
 directed by tho Inhabitants to a f<)untain 
 near tho place. As he wa.4 lining his hel- 
 met with water, ho heard tlie groans of a 
 dying man ; and, looking round him, dis- 
 covered a cfiit with a teem of wounded 
 liorses, unable to move. Approacliing It, 
 ho perceived Darius lying li; tho can, 
 
 having several darts In his body, j] 
 enough of strength, however, left 
 for some water, which rolystratus I 
 him ; and, after drinking, ho turned 
 Macedonian, and with a faint vok 
 hlin, that, in the deplorable state to 
 he was reduced, it was no small com 
 him that his last words would not i 
 ho then charged him to return hi- 
 thanka to Alexander for the klmii 
 had shown to hiswifo and family, 
 acquaint him, that, with Ills last lnv 
 bes{mght tho gods to prosper liii 
 make him sole monarch of thcwnr: 
 added, that It did not so much conor 
 as Alexander to pursue and bring ; 
 dign punishment those traitors k 
 treated their lawful sovereign wii 
 cruelty. Tiien taking Polystratus 
 hand, ' Ciive Alexander your hand,' =1 
 * as I give you mine, and carry 
 toy name, tho only pledge I am 
 give, In this condition, of my gratit 
 affection.' Having uttered these w 
 expired In the arms of Polystratiu, 
 a-ider coming up a few minutes a; 
 w.j.lled his death, and caused his 
 be Interred with the highest honoi;- 
 traitor Bessus being at last rediia. 
 trcme dilUcultics, was delivered ii; 
 own men, naked .and bound, Into tl. 
 of the Macedonians ; on whicli A! 
 gave him to Oxyathres, the brotlii 
 rius, to suffer what punishment li^ 
 think proper. Themannerof it i- 
 scrlbcd by Plutarch ;— Several tr< 
 l)y mala force bent down to th- 
 .and one of the traitor's limbs tii i 
 of them, the trees, as tiicy werr 
 to return to their natural pusii; 
 back with such violence that (■.■nh 
 with it a limb. Thus ended ih. 
 empire of Persia, 209 years afi. 
 been founded by Cyrus, and Ii;i\ 
 auder Its sovereign, B.C. 329. 
 
 %' 
 & 
 
 THE ITISTORY OF PALESTINE 
 
 Asn, MoiiE rAnxicur-Air v, op 
 THE JEWS. 
 
 By tho various names of Hebrews, Is- 
 rftelltos,or Jews, was known tliis most Illus- 
 trious i)eoplo of ancient times, who dwelt 
 In tlie land then called Canaan. Contrary 
 to the o'i.'curity in whldi llio origin of 
 other iiatlotis Is vellcd,we have tnc evidence 
 of Holy Writ tor tlie rise, progress, decline, 
 and fall of the Jews. They deduced their 
 descent from Arpliaxad tho son of Sliem ; 
 and we have It on record, that Abraham 
 the sixth in descent from Eber, the grand- 
 son of Arphiixad, dwelt In Assyria, but re- 
 moved Into Canaan or Palestine, with his 
 
 family, to tho Intent that tho tnio'j 
 of God sliouid be preserved by 
 'chosen people,' amid the Idolmrl 
 ruptions of other nations by hIi f 
 were surrounded. 
 
 Tho period of which wc arc iw'vl 
 Ing was about two thousand your^f 
 the birth of Christ. At that 
 inhabitants of Mesopot.aniia aiid?| 
 pear to have been partly noiiiadir, I 
 dering, like the Tartars or Scytliisj 
 we find that Abr.aham and his lit- 
 sojourned In different parts of C'ai 
 
oirfi, ^t. 
 
 dTlje ?r?Wtory of ^alfiStinr. 
 
 45 
 
 'VTal darts lu lits body. J 
 t iitrciij«Ui, liowevcr, Icrt; 
 wntor, wlilch Polystratus !• 
 I. after drinking, ho turncj 
 iin, a>'.d with a faint vols] 
 In tlio deplorable state to 
 duccd, It was no small vm'\ 
 his last words would nnt V 
 iharged him to return lil^i 3 
 5 Alexander for the klmlr, 
 rn to Ills wife and family, 
 him, that, with his last lnv 
 , the gods to prosper liii: 
 n sole monarch of the wor: 
 lat It did not so much coiici 
 iidcr to pursue and bring : 
 ilshnient those traitors \\i 
 their lawful sovereign wli 
 Then taking Polystratus 
 Ivc Alexander your hand,' 
 ve you mine, and carry 
 e, the only pledge I am 
 this condition, of my gratit 
 I.' Having uttered these w 
 In the arms of Polystratiu 
 )mlng up a few minutes n: 
 lis death, and caused ins 
 red with the highest honoii- 
 Ussus being at last reduw. 
 lilUcuUios, was delivered 11; 
 11 nuked and bound. Into tl, 
 Macedonians ; on which A! 
 n to Oxyathrcs, the brotli. 
 suiter what punishmeiit lio 
 roper. The manner of it is; 
 by Plutarch :-Scveral trf. 
 I force bent down to tlic 
 of the traitor's limbs tiiJ 
 \[, the trees, as they wen 
 rn to their natural po<ii; 
 th such violence that <;ii !i 
 a limb. Thus ended tl,. 
 of Persia, 209 years n 11. nfcW 
 undcdby Cyrus, and UM\.:UaMifj| 
 
 Itll the tlino of their protracted 
 |ln the latter country. Abraham 
 ath transmitted the Inheritance 
 t)mlsedland' to his son Isaac ; and 
 ( succeeded In the patriarchate by 
 
 er son Jacol), also called Israel. 
 
 j twelve sons ; the descendants 
 eraainlngdistlnct,constitutedtho 
 
 bes of the Israelites lnafter-tlm«. 
 le youngest 'iut one of these sons, 
 Iconsclously excited the jealousy 
 
 , was sold by them as u slave, to 
 ^ian merchants, by whom he was 
 io Egypt : there, as wo read, ho 
 lown to the king, and was made 
 ilulster ; and In a time of famine, 
 fhls foresight had provided, ho 
 
 ppy means of providing his aged 
 
 ft "10 whole of his family an asy- 
 
 I fertile district of Goshen (d.o. 
 
 ful dwellers in the rich and 
 
 va of Goshen, the Israelites In 
 
 amo became sulllclciitly numc- 
 
 Cito tlio envious alarm of tlio 
 
 and they accordingly under- 
 
 ersecutions,until the Almighty 
 
 loses as their deliverer. The 
 
 was empowered to work, tlio 
 
 I and backslidiiigs of tlio peo- 
 
 ■uolatrous propensities and all 
 
 culars relative to them while 
 
 |through the parched and arid 
 
 abia, form Interesting portions 
 
 Bd volume ; we shall therefore 
 
 By to the death of Moses, and 
 
 on of power to Joshua, the ac- 
 
 chief of the Jewish nation, 
 
 ;s sovereign, D.c. 329. 
 
 ro 
 
 :»ALESTINE 
 
 ir 
 
 OP 
 
 WllJ 
 
 to the Intent that the tniol 
 sliouh' be preserved !■> ii 
 n people,' amid the Itloliitr 
 IS (if other nations by 
 urrounded. 
 
 period of which wo arc im'v 
 s about two thousand your ' 
 Irth of Christ. At tliiit 1 
 tanta of Mesopotamia iiiul: 
 ) have been partly nomiidii', 
 like the Tartars or Scytli.: 
 \ that Abraham and his di-o 
 ned lu dllTercnt parts of Can 
 
 now ninety-three years of 
 pmder his command six huii- 
 d men capable of bearing 
 the aged and infirm, women, 
 servants. On every side were 
 Ions, some of them represented 
 ponfftlftjlg nieii of gigantic stature and 
 ' irsonul prowess ; their towns 
 fortllled, and every necessary 
 tp(' I'Con made to repel inva- 
 teran leader was, however, un- 
 ,nd, relying on that protecting 
 Lad delivered the people from 
 ndagc, and brought them safely 
 tiers of Canaan, ho went on 
 and to conquer.' At length, 
 luing the ' promised laiul,' and 
 [g its tranauiillty, ho divided it 
 twelve tribes ; charging them, 
 time, to g've a tenth part of 
 to the tribe of Levi, who were 
 solely for the priesthood : and 
 eds the origin of tithes, Hav- 
 Palcstlne as wisely as he had 
 It bravely, and being now one 
 id ten years old, the ngcd war- 
 id his Urcath. 
 
 as no sooner dead, than the 
 
 themselves up to anarchy, by 
 
 s they shortly fell under the 
 
 Cusban, king of Mesopotamia. 
 
 irvitude of eight years, Othnlel 
 
 idge of Israel; at whoso death, 
 
 of Moab, reduced them to his 
 
 and under his yoke they con- 
 
 tinued eighteen years. Ehud then ri-'"»d as 
 judge of Israel, in whoso tlino they fell un- 
 der the government of Jabln, king of Ca- 
 naan, wlio held them twenty-nino years; 
 when Deborah and Barak, jointly. Judged 
 Israel for thirty-three years. A fourth ser- 
 vitude, of seven years, then followed un- 
 der the Mldianltes. Then Gideon, and his 
 successors, to Jair, ruled Israel as judges 
 thIrty-sIx years; when In the llftcenth year 
 of JaIr, the fifth servitude commenced, un- 
 der the Pliilistiiies and tho Ammonites. 
 Jephtha succeeded as judge, and was fol- 
 lowed In his onice by four successors, tho 
 last of whom was Samson (whoso super- 
 human strength was exerted with such ter- 
 rible effect on his enemies, the I'hillstlnes). 
 In his time, however, tho Israelites fell 
 again under their oppressors' yckc, and were 
 rulod by them forty years. Ell then becamo 
 judge, but as ho was nearly a hundred 
 years old, his two sons, Hophnl and Phl- 
 ncas who acted under him, took advantage of 
 his weakness to commit the most profligate 
 abominations. They were, notwithstanding, 
 by no means deficient In bravery. But when 
 they had sustained a great defeat by tho 
 Philistines, In which they lost their Uvea 
 and tho sacred ark, their aged parent whs 
 so overcome on hearing tho fatal tidlngn, 
 that he fell backward from his chair and 
 Instantly expired. Samuel, at that time 
 but a youth, though divinely l!isplred, waa 
 then chosen judge of Israel ; and during 
 the latter part of his administration tho 
 land was In a more peaceful state than it 
 had been for many previous years. 
 
 The judges of Israel are to be considered 
 as the defenders of religion, and tho pro. 
 tector of tho laws ; they decided upon war 
 and peace, and were at all times magis- 
 trates and "varrlors. 
 
 "When Sf muel had been judge of Israel 
 about twenty years, tho people, wishing to 
 Imitate the example of their neighbours, 
 demanded that they should have » king to 
 rule over them. Samuel accordingly se- 
 lected Saul for that high offlce, and on pre- 
 senting him for their acceptance, 'all the 
 people shouted and said, God save tho 
 king!' Although many ot the Israelites 
 were afterwards discontented with having 
 a king who had been their companion and 
 equal, tho nutnerous proofs which Siuil 
 gave of his military qualifications checked 
 their murmurs. Ho attacked and defeated 
 the forces of the different nations who ha- 
 rassed the frontiers of his kingdom, and 
 took signal vengeance of their old and 
 iinplacaijle enemies, the Philistines. As a 
 warlike monarch he reigned with glory, 
 but put an end to his life. 
 
 He was succeeded by David, a shopherd 
 of the tribe of Judah, under whom tho 
 government gained considerable strength. 
 He was succeeded by Solomon, his son, 
 celebrated for his wisdom and his magnlfl- 
 cenco : ho rendered tho people happy by 
 continual peace, and by the encouragement 
 of commerce; lio had tho reputation of 
 being a wise prince, and his writings and 
 his laws were received and esteemed in the 
 most distant countries, with all the vene- 
 ration they deserved. His son, Relioboam, 
 
46 
 
 (!ri)e Zxtni\it}i at Witavtft ^^ 
 
 a Benselosa dosput, ruled tbo Israelttca 
 with an Iron rod. Ten of tho tribes sepa- 
 rated themselves from his government, and 
 clioso .loroboam for their king. Pulcstino 
 now became two kingdoms; the one failed 
 Judaii, and the otlier Israel. A differenro 
 111 religion was soon after introdncod : that 
 called tlie Samaritan, or Israelite, was em- 
 braced by the ten (iribes ; wlillo Jiuiali and 
 Benjamin kept to the ancient usage of their 
 forefathers. 
 
 Under Ilosea, king of Israel, tlie ton 
 tribes were carried away captive to Nino- 
 \ eh, by Salmanazer. 
 
 Nebuchadn<!/.zar very soon placed tho 
 people of Juuah In the like unhappy si' .a- 
 tlon of the people of Israel. After having 
 conquered Jerusalem, ho transported them 
 to Uabylon, the capital of his empire. This 
 captivity lasted seventy years, when Cyrus 
 gave them the liberty of returning to their 
 country. Groat numbers accepted the of- 
 fer, conducted by Zcrobal)el, Nehemiali, and 
 Esdras. 1' ey rebuilt Jerusalem and tho 
 temple. They reestablished their state, 
 and lived under their own laws, paying a 
 small tribute to the kings of Persia ; and 
 suffered idolatry no more to take place of 
 their devotion to the true God. 
 
 Tiie Jews were subject to tho kings of 
 Persia at the time Alexander mado the 
 conquest of that empire. At his death, his 
 vast dominions were divided bc'^'-een his 
 principal captains; and the king of Syria 
 had a iiart of Juda:a ; but lying, as it were, 
 upon tho frontiers of both Syria and Egypt. 
 It suffered severely from alternate luvjr 
 slons. Jerusalem, since tho Babylonian 
 captivity, had no particular governors who 
 took upon themselves tho title of king; 
 the high-priests held the Interior adminis- 
 tration, and were respected as much as If 
 they had actually been in possession of tho 
 throne. 
 
 Ptolemy Soter besieged Jerusalem, and 
 carried away one bundled thousand cap- 
 tives, whom ho dispersed through Egypt, 
 Libya, and the country about Gyrene, where 
 tiieir posterity for many centuries after 
 continued to exist. During this period, Si- 
 mon, surnamed tho Just, was high-priest : 
 a man not less remarkable for his merits 
 as a governor, than for his eminent piety. 
 Under his direction the canon of tho Old 
 Testament was completed, and thencefor- 
 ward transmitted to future generations 
 without further rcvlsal : b.o. 292. It was 
 about this time that the sect of the Saddu- 
 cees arose, who denied tho existence of a 
 future state. They were, however, inferior 
 in numbers and popularity to Ithe Phari- 
 sees, who entertained a decided belief In 
 the resurrection, and In tho doctrine of 
 future rewards and punishments. Under 
 the patronage of Ptolemy Phlladelphus, 
 tho Hebrew Scriptures were translated Into 
 Greek, for the benefit of the Jews residing 
 in Egypt. This version is usually called 
 the Septuaglnt, because, according to tra- 
 dition, the translation was entrusted to 
 seventy persons. 
 
 The situation of the Jews under the Sy- 
 rians was various. Antlochus Epiphanes, 
 wishing to alter their religious opinions, 
 
 took Into his own hands tho power of con- 
 ferring the high priesthood whicli ho (lis. 
 posed of according to his caprice. He iill- 
 laged the temple, and put Eie.izer to death; 
 and also tho seven brother8,Maccabees,witli 
 their mother. Ho also caused to bo put to 
 tlie sword, on tho sabbath-day, all tiiusj 
 that had assembled together for the pur- 
 pose of devotion. This cruel and unjust 
 persecution caused the Jews to rebel : ther 
 were headed by Mattathias ; and, after lils 
 death, by his son, tho celsbrated Judas 
 Maccabeus, tho defender of tho religion, 
 and the saviour of his country. That hero 
 being killed In battle, v.as succeeded Ij; 
 Jonathan, who united in himself the siilrl' 
 tual and temporal powers. His brother 
 Simon succeeded, and was equally ctlc- 
 bratcd for his wisdom as his virtues, and 
 was the first of his nation who had govern- 
 ed Judiea peaceably arl absolutely since 
 the return from Babylon. Ho was killed 
 at a banquet, and was succeeded by lilj 
 son, John Hyrcanus, who was succecdcil 
 by Judas, surnamed Arlstobulus, assuniiug 
 to himself the title of king. 
 
 Alexander Jannasus was tho next kinpr, a 
 hero very little inferior to David. He left 
 two sons, Hyrcanus and Arlstobulus. Tlio 
 former held tho sceptre during the life o( 
 Alexandra, his mother ; but, soon after tlio 
 death of that princess, Arlstobulus declared 
 war against his brother, and deprived hlin j 
 ofhls kingdom. 
 
 Judasa having become a Roman province, 
 Pompey the Great, Its conqueror, reestab- 
 lished Hyrcanus In tho government, and 
 took with him Arlstobulus to Rome, to 
 heighten the glory of his triumph. Plira- 
 ates, king of Parthla, deposed Hyrcanus, 
 and put in his place Antlgonus, son ol 
 Arlstobulus. Soon after Herod, surnamed 
 the Great, an Idumean by birth, and pa- 
 tronised by Antony, obtained permission 
 from tho Romans to assume the title ol 
 king of the Jews. 
 
 This prince, although a tyrant to Ills 
 subjects and to his family, added lustre to 
 the JoAvish nation : ho repaired Jerusalem, 
 rebuilt the temple, and procured to him- 
 self successively the favour of Casslus, Cx- 
 Bar, Antony, and Octavlus; augmenting 
 his power by tho art which h n possessed ol 
 pleasing those of whom he held his crow- 
 In his reign Jesus Christ was bom. 
 
 After the death of Herod, Augustus 
 divided the gover.nient of Judaja between 
 the sons of Herod ; he bestowed one half 
 upon Arch elans, ai.d the other half upon 
 Herod-Antlpas and Philip. Nine years 
 afterwards, Augu?cus, being dissatisfied 
 with their conduci , sent them Into exile, 
 and placed the govi mment ol Judeea under j 
 the pro-consul of Syria. 
 
 Tho governors appointed by the Romans ; 
 over the Jews were for the most partly-! 
 rants, which served to strengthen in them j 
 the propensity for revolt. They had been 
 taught that a descendant of tho housed 
 David should deliver them from oppres- 
 sion ; they believed that the time was near- 
 ly arrived, and their Insolence increased aa 
 the fulfilment of the prediction, In tlieli 
 opinion, drew near. They were almost 
 
€f^t W^tarn at ^aUittnt, 
 
 •17 
 
 tlio power of con- 
 )od which bo iii. 
 i caprice. He Ml- 
 Eleiuscr to dciitli; 
 rs.Maccabeea.wlth 
 auscd to ho put to 
 ith-day, all tliust 
 ether for tho pur- 
 cruel and unjust 
 BW8 to rebel : tliej 
 as ; and, after liU 
 celvbrated Jiiila; 
 p of the religion, 
 untry. That hero 
 vas succeeded by 
 hlmaelf tho spir!- 
 jrs. His brother 
 was equally ciie- 
 ts his virtues, auJ 
 1 who had govern- 
 I absolutely since 
 in. Ho was killed 
 succeeded by liii 
 10 was succeeded 
 itobulus, assuniiug 
 
 ig. 
 
 us tho next kin;;, a 
 to David. Ho left 
 Arlstobulus. Till) 
 ( during tho life ot 
 but, soon after tlio 
 rlstobultts declared 
 and deprived him 
 
 a Roman province, 
 ;onqueror, reestab 
 
 government, niiJ 
 ulu3 to Rome, to I 
 Is triumph. Plira- 
 leposed Hyrcanus, 1 
 \ntlgonu8, son ol 
 
 Herod, surnamed 
 
 by birth, and ra- 
 talned permlssloii 
 
 sumo tho title ol 
 
 a tyrant to lilj 
 y, added lustre to 
 ipalred Jerusalem, 
 
 procured to Lira- 
 our of Casslus, C;e- 
 vlus ; augmenting i 
 ch b T possessed of 
 ho held his crow- 
 ST was bom. 
 Herod, Augustus 
 of Judffia between 
 bestowed ono lia'l 
 other half urua 
 Hip. Nine years 
 1>elng diasatUfled 
 t them into exile, : 
 mt of Judasa under il 
 
 ed by the Romans 
 the most part ty< I 
 irengthen in them i 
 it. They had been \ 
 nt ot tho house of 
 liem from oppres-j 
 tho time was near-! 
 jlence Increased aa{ 
 redictlon, In their 
 ^hey were almost 
 
 1 continual sedition : and although severe- 
 ly puulBbod for their turbulence, their 
 Vdour In a cause wherein they supposed 
 Ihelr o^vn liberties, and thoHU of their 
 bostcrlty depended, was not tho least Olml- 
 Bldhcd. 
 
 In the year 06 after Christ, the standard 
 kf revolt was set up. Jerusalem was be- 
 tlrffcd by Cestlus, whom tho Jews coni- 
 Bcllid to retire. Nero, who was then In 
 Ichalc, no sooner heard of that event, than 
 he sent Vespasian Into Palestine, for the 
 burpose of effecting that conquest which 
 Cestlus had been found unequal to obtain. 
 
 VeBpasiiin, who had already distinguished 
 Jilmself in CScrmany and Brltairi, entered 
 Ibis devoted country with a well disci- 
 plined army ; am" as he encountered every 
 ,vlie;'e a llerco r -glstance, he put to the 
 liword men, worn ;ii, and children. All the 
 pities and towni that lay In the way of 
 Msmarchwerota.:rn and plundered. Those 
 persons who escaped tho cruelty of the 
 ionqueror, fled to Jerusalem, then in tho 
 [miKis of two furious parties, each of wh(mi 
 hcrsecutcd their opponents with unfeeling 
 mielty. Civil war and assassination be- 
 E.imo the consequences of their unbridled 
 fage, and tho priests themselves were not 
 Dxeinpt from the popular fury. 
 
 The siege of Jerusalem was suspended 
 by tlio death of Nero. Three emperors 
 mounted tho throne ; Galba, Otho, and 
 ritclllua ; all of whom died violent deaths. 
 Kt length Vespasian was elected to the pur- 
 
 ple. He immediately sent his son Titus to 
 Jerusalem, to tlnlsh a war which ho liad so 
 successfully begun. 
 
 Titus having arrived before Jerusalem 
 previous to tho feast of Kaster, took his 
 station on tho Mount of Olives, and, invest- 
 ing the city, surrounded It with a wall, 
 flanked with thirty towers. The magazines 
 of corn had been destroyed by Are, and a 
 most cruel famine rnged within tho cityj 
 but, notwithstanding their terrlblo sltuap 
 tlon, the besieged refused tho advnntiigoous 
 conditions olfered to them by the Roniun 
 general. At length ho became master of 
 tho clty,whlch was nearly reduced to ashes, 
 and also of the temple. A scene of but- 
 chery then commenced, and was continued 
 for several days, until Jerusalem was left 
 utterly desolate. 
 
 According to Josephus, ei'ven hundred 
 thousand persons perished during the siege, 
 and at the capture ; and those that were 
 taken prisoners were made slaves. The 
 misfortunes of Jerusalem were not con- 
 Uncd to tho Jews of that city, but ex- 
 tended to the whole of that people under 
 tho Roman power ; some were thrown to 
 ferocious beaiits ai; tho public games, and 
 others sold Into bondage. The sufferings 
 indeed, of tho devoted inhabitants, fraught 
 as some of the scenes are with thriUlng 
 interest, are such as humanity shudders 
 to contemplate, and over which pity is glad 
 to throw a veil. 
 
TIIK /.NCIENT IIISTOrtY OF GREECE. 
 
 Thh several portions of tlio Creek or Ilel- 
 Icnlc race liiluililtod not oiih' tlio country 
 which Is genernlly known by tlio name of 
 Greece, but larao dlstrli'tu !ii f.irclj?n ami 
 BotnellmeH distant landi*. Wherever the 
 Cireek went ho carrkil his country with 
 lilin ; If lio aettled In the coaMts of Asia 
 ^ Minor, of Sicily, Italy, or Afrlcii, the place 
 T in which ho chose to dwell became at once 
 ' n part of Hollas ; and hence arose the two- 
 fojil division wiilch spoke of continental 
 Grceco, asdIstlnKulshcdfrom the scattered 
 Greece which coinpriscd tlio islands of the 
 Aiffiean and all the colonies which were 
 from time to time sent out from tUoiuotber 
 country or state. 
 
 Continental Greece, or Greece Proper, 
 lay between the SSth and 40th parallels of 
 north latitude and between the 2l8t and 
 29th degrees of east lonffitudo. Its length 
 from the north of Thesjsaly to the southern- 
 most point of the Peloponnesus was about 
 250 miles ; Us breadth from the coast of the 
 Adriatic to that of the iEgiuan, between 
 the 39th am! 40tli degrees of north lati- 
 tude, >. .IS about 120 miles ; thus giving ah 
 area somewhat less than that of Por- 
 tugal.* Full of mountains and marshes. 
 It presented scanty means for internal 
 ] ninmuniOAtion ; and 'n many parts of It 
 I the chief Intercourse ' i.tween one city and 
 I another arose from the transference of the 
 j cattle from summer to winter pastures. 
 I Uut the means of transit by sea were so 
 I abundant as to determine the general char- 
 acter of the people. Attica had a coast on 
 I two sides, indented with many inlets ; the 
 I Corinthtau gulf doubled tho coast line 
 between northern and southern Greece; 
 and Corinth Itself lay open to a commerce 
 which flowed in at once from Italy and 
 Asia Minor. Almost every p.art of the 
 country then was within reach from tlio 
 sea; and In addition to tills, intercourse 
 was to 1)0 kept up with the Islands and 
 colonies whoso Inhabitants prided tiiem- 
 selves on their Hellenic blood, language, 
 and religion. Tho geographical character 
 of Attica effectually determined the mari- 
 time supremacy of Athens. Uut the physical 
 features of continental Greece, which pre- 
 vented any constant Intercourse by land, 
 fostered that love of local independence 
 which especially characterised the Greek 
 mind. Each town was a unit, which stood 
 aloof from every other, while to each in- 
 habitant his city was his coimtry ; and thus 
 while the Greek looked on all who were 
 sprung from the common Hellenic stock as 
 his kinsmen, and drew abroad line of de- 
 marcation between them and tho barbarian 
 world without, ho never rose to that idea 
 of national life which it was reserved for 
 Borne to develope. Still, although they 
 
 « Groto's Uiitory of Greece, Part IX. ch. i. 
 
 could not bo said to have n national n!H\<n 
 tiiiKuished from a civil existence, tho iiii.' 
 lenic character was no empty abstractly 
 It stood out In marked contrast from ti", 
 of every otluT people. Wo can oii'j i', 
 scriliu It by Its features, but these a' u vti I 
 easily discovered. Wo do not And i,:url 
 city orst.ate of historical Greece such iinl,:j 1 
 or i>ractlceM as those of human sacrlilivi 
 or the mutilation of criminals, selling ' 
 ciilUlren Into slavery, polygamy, and ji^; | 
 less the feeling of absolute obedience t~ 
 wards one man. All these customa miKiitJ 
 pointed out amongst Egyptians, Perdlacil 
 Thraclans, &c., but, on tho other hand, til 
 latter regarded as unseemly the habit 
 running, wrestling, dec, vlth tho l»4l 
 naked, as was customary eBpccialiy nt if 
 great religious festivals which furnlsiii 
 powerful bond of union among the (im ^i 
 Thus then, at tho beginning of autia::' 
 history, wo llnd a pcojile whose chanr 
 wo can dcscribowith tho greatest cxactn, 
 but of whoso previous condition wo q 
 say llttio positively. Wohave many wma 
 of peoples who are said to have prccdltj 
 them : Peiasgians, Curotes, Lcleges, Ca; 
 cones, &c. ; but they belong rather tn ; 
 gendary than to historical Greece : niid v 
 know nothing of the events wliich lintj 
 diatcly brought about that conditldii 
 tilings which wo llnd when Greek lii-t- 
 really begins. Undoubtedly tho llmin 
 poonis exhibit a real society whldi liaii 
 historical existence, and these miwlr 
 speak of Hellenes, but of a people «J 
 aro called Arglves, or dwellers in Arti] 
 a name which seems to have been aiiirs 
 coextensive with the later Hellas. Of thJ 
 Arglves tho ruling order had tho iia 
 of Achajans, while in reference to thoj 
 common military service they bore 
 name of Danal. But somehow or ottij 
 tho society of the Homeric poems iwid 
 away before tho commencement of (iroJ 
 hl8t(jry, leaving, however, enough oi erl 
 denco to prove tho identity of the iicopliT 
 Still they do not carry us further back.uj 
 still less do they furnish us any groiicfj 
 for believing In the existence of Phcciilcui 
 or Egyptian colonies 1' 'Eotia, Attica,!^ 
 elsewhere. Tlie tale of Cccropsand his Sa:iJ 
 origin Is entirely legendary: Cecropslili 
 is a superhuman being, with a monstrcjj 
 form, half man, half serpcnt.t Deucall^ 
 Cadmus, and I'horoneua are to us iue.i| 
 names: Hellen, Dorus, Ion and iEolusu 
 mere abstractions expressive of blood reil 
 tlon between one tribe and another. Somef 
 these belong strictly to the mythical speMj 
 which they brought with them from iteu 
 origin.al Arjan home, and from which nt 
 developed tiieir wonderful system of itif 
 thology. Cudmus and Europa belong o 
 
 t Croto, Hlatory of Greece, toL L p. 26& 
 
(S:i)e ^iirieiit W^tovu ot ^vettt. 
 
 49 
 
 ilECE. 
 
 ,vo a national ft!>% I 
 . exlateiu'C, till) IM 
 
 I ciniity aVjBtriictl.r, I 
 il cDiitnist from i'-,, 
 , Wo can on', in\ 
 «, but tlicao a' o vq I 
 ( ilo not flud 1.; nA 
 iiUircoccauchlialiiij 
 of lininaii BacrilUv., 
 crlmlnaU, bcHIiik : 
 
 liolygamy, ami si; 
 solute obedience i. i 
 cso customs mlKliti(l 
 Egyptians, Pcrslatij 
 
 II the other hand, th 
 isecmly tho habit :' 
 
 &c., with the 111; 
 lary especially at i 
 lis which funil-^liil. 
 on among the ijr(ri 
 'glunlng of autliLir 
 olilo whoso chai-iir ' 
 ho greatest exaiti;i I 
 )us condition wo f J 
 ■\Vc have many ii;i!i.# 
 iald to have prcc( li 
 luretcs, Leiegcs, Cxi 
 y belong rather tn ' 
 orlcal Greece : and <:. 
 events which tmi; 
 ut that condition 
 (1 when Greek li:-t 
 uubtedly tho lloiin 
 vl society which li;i.l 
 and these nowhf 
 jut of a pooplo v., 
 or dwellers In Arc J 
 to have been a'l . 
 I later Hellas. Of tto 
 order had tho iwa 
 In reference to tlioi 
 irvlce they bore 
 ,t somehow or otH 
 [omerlc poems xnmi 
 imenccment of (irwl 
 wovcr, enough "t evi 
 dentlty of tho vmt\ 
 •y us further hack, iDf 
 mlsh us any groma 
 ulstenco of PhoDiilcaf 
 1- -Eotla, AttlaL 
 iCccfopsandhlsSail 
 ■ndarytCecropshiiiiM 
 ng, with a monstM 
 ■ serpont.t Deucalla 
 ■neus are to us luenl 
 18. Ion and -^'Olns"! 
 [presslveof hloodteij 
 )e and another. Somea 
 tothomythlcalBpcMl 
 with them from tlial 
 . and from which »al 
 —iderf ul system of m 
 md Eu ropa be long n* 
 
 Greece, toL L p. 2» 
 
 I RniDO class of nanicn with riioBbus and 
 
 li)liin\ KopliaUis, and I'rocrU. In tho 
 
 Yuimgc of the Vodic hymns tlioso names 
 
 broxH Hlinply tho Dawn or tho Dow, tho 
 
 K tiioMornlngor tho Kvenlnff. In ihi-lr 
 
 gt-rn homo, tho Orcoks retained tho 
 
 n, 4 but eltlier wholly or In part they 
 
 J forgotten tliclr moauliiga ; and so 
 
 fchui', or tlio Dawn, became a maiden 
 
 In was loved by riiaibiiM, who onco had 
 
 in only the Sun. So again the beautiful 
 
 Ith of DemC'tOr and I'crsophonti (Ceres 
 
 B I'roserpliie) expresses simply the Inler- 
 
 kimo of summer and winter ; and Us 
 
 kllsatlon at Kleusis or elsewhere was tho 
 
 l\-ltii1iIo result wlien lliat meaning was 
 
 iy In part rcnicmbered.* 
 
 ¥fv nmy come down to names and events 
 
 llcli srem to have something mciro oC an 
 
 Itorlcal character; to tho talc of Troy, 
 
 tlio legends of Theseus, Ili'i'arlcs, or 
 
 Laos. But on examination these become 
 
 jnisitlisfantlalas thorcst. In the opinion 
 
 IHerodofiis. Minos was a supcrlmnniii 
 
 liifj; and Tlicseus and Heracles are asso- 
 
 ItedinlogendH which belonif as clearly to 
 
 J mythical world as those of Zeus, Apollo, 
 
 iDomOter. Ho again what is called tlio 
 
 Vlnn migration may be tiio accinmt of 
 
 ho vcni eveiit, greatly coloured or dls- 
 
 [tcd by the variations of oral tradllliii. 
 
 that wo can safely say of It Is that it 
 
 jfo:f8C8 to account for tho fact that a 
 
 Ipic called Dorians camo at a later timo 
 
 Toci'upy that country wiileli in ilio 
 
 ■iicric poems Is spoken as being held by 
 
 Adiiuans. It Is tho same with sucli 
 
 ties as tlioHC of Tomeiius, Cresphontes, 
 
 Xyciirs'i.j. That there wa.< at Hparta a 
 
 Sy of Icgi-ilatlon which was liiscrilied to 
 
 i Inst-named lawgiver, rnniiot of course 
 
 (doubted; but tliis tells us nothing of 
 
 man, and tho address of tho rytlilan 
 
 Icstcss on Ills approaching to comsult the 
 
 at Delphi + pointedly gives him n 
 
 fine rather than a human character. 
 
 ilso tlie Trojan war may have been some 
 
 event, or course of events, out of 
 
 Icli sprung the Greek colonics of Asia 
 
 ^or. Wc can neither affirm nor deny this. 
 
 I til' of the war Is essentially a legend 
 
 m which wo caniiiit strip away what Is 
 
 jiilous riT incredible and then believe tho 
 
 tiisliistory ; and Us many contradictions 
 
 ImpoBsililllties did not escape the 
 
 iTiiiiiont of Herodotus lilmsrlf. In 
 
 Irt, wc know nothing of Achilles or 
 
 lloctcte- or Hector, — although wo may 
 
 beve In •. ue real existence of the state of 
 
 pcty described In tho poems which have 
 
 do their names familiar to us. Here and 
 
 ire la time- long subsequent to the age 
 
 |tlio Homeric poems some Isolated event 
 
 stand out as possessing a historical 
 
 iracter, In greater or less degree, — as 
 
 I example, tho Mcssenlan wars ; but the 
 
 btlimous history of Greece dates, as Mr. 
 
 bto bas remarked, from a period much 
 
 I Max Milllcr, Eatay ' Comparative My- 
 Bog;, in Oxford Essays fu. 1856; Cox'i Talcs 
 hhe Qodi and Hvroei, Introduction, 
 1 Herodotus, I. 0&> 
 
 later than even that of tho flrst recorded 
 Olympiad, 776 n.o. 
 
 AVhcn at length wo arrive at a fairly his- 
 torical tImo, wo SCO a collection of states 
 some of which oro monarchical and aristo- 
 crat ical, but most of which have adopted a 
 repniillcan constitution. Homctlmes theso 
 rcpulillcs werv. overthrown by usurpers who 
 received tho special name of tyrants to 
 distinguish them from all lawful and here- 
 ditary kings and rulers : but although their 
 condition was in somo degree fluctuating, 
 tills iierlod marks a time of groat and rapid 
 progress. 
 
 If tho population of any state became too 
 nnmeroiis, colonies were sent 4)ut ; for ex- 
 ample, ill the seventh and eighth centuries, 
 tho powerful colonies of Ilheglum, Syra- 
 cuse, Sybarls, Croton, Tareiitum, Gola, 
 Locrls, and Messana were planted In Sicily 
 and tho southern parts of Italy. Tho small 
 Independent states of (irccco needed a com- 
 mon bond of union. This bond was found 
 In the temple of Delphi, tho Amphlctyonio 
 council, and the solemn games, among 
 which the Olympic were tho most distin- 
 guished ; tho Institution, or rather revival 
 of which, 776 u.o.,furnisiies the Greeks with 
 a chronological era. From this time, Athens 
 and Rpartabegan to surpass tho other states 
 of Greece In power and imporiance. 
 
 At tho time of tho I'erslan war, Greece 
 had already made Important advances In 
 civilisation. Uesides the art of poetry, wo 
 find that philosophy began to bo cultivated 
 (100 M.c, and even earlier In Ionia and 
 Lower Italy than in Greece Proper. Sta- 
 tuary and painting were In a nourishing 
 eomlUion. The Important colonies of Mas- 
 silia iJlarsellics;, iiiGaul, and Agrigeiitum, 
 ill Sicily, were founded. Athens was con- 
 tinually extending her commerce, and es- 
 tablished Important commercial posts la 
 Thrace. In Asia Jliiior, tho Grecian colo- 
 nies were brought under the dominion of 
 the Lydlan Croesus, and soon after under 
 that of Cyrus. (Jreeco Itself was threat- 
 ened with a similar fate by the Persian 
 kings, Darius and Xerxes. Then the heroic 
 spirit of the free Greeks showed itself In 
 Its greatest brilliancy. Athena and Sparta 
 atniiwt al'juo withstood the vast armies of 
 tho Persian; nud tlio battles of Marathon, 
 ThermopyloB, and Platwa, as well as the sea 
 lights at Artemlslum, Salamis, and Mycale, 
 taught the Persians that tho Gre(!k8 were 
 not to bo subdued by them. Athens now 
 exceeded all the other states In splendour 
 and In power. The supremacy which Sparta 
 had hitherto maintained, devolved on this 
 city, whoso commander, Clmon, compelled 
 tho Persians to acknowledge the Independ- 
 ence of Asia Minor. Athens was also the 
 centre of tho arts and sciences. The Pclo- 
 ponneslan war now broke out, Sparta being 
 no longer able to endure the overbear- 
 ing prldo of Athens. The war devastated 
 Greece, and enslaved Athens, until Tlira- 
 sybulus again restored Its freedom ; and, 
 for a short time, Sparta was compelled, lu 
 her turn, to bend before the Theban heroes, 
 Epamlnondas and Pelopldas. In spite of 
 these disturbances, poets, philosophers, 
 artists, and statesmen, continued to arise, 
 K 
 
:!!l 
 
 60 
 
 €fit Cremftiru o( ^iitav^it f(t. 
 
 commerco nonrlHlicd.niul niamioiH inulriis- 
 toiiiH wi-ri' ('(irrlcd to ilic IiIkIu'hI iliuiw of 
 iTlliKMiit'iit. Iltil llmt. iiiiliu|i|>y iH'i'iiid lind 
 HOW iiiTlvcd, wlicii till) (iri'L'kx, cl'jimIiik to 
 bo Jtroo, coiiiiuil to u(lviiiu;o la clvlllwiiluii. 
 
 A kiiiKitoiii, fi)riii(<(l l)f conquoHt, lintl 
 grown 111) on tlio nortli of (IrcL'to, Hio ruler 
 of wlilcli, riilllp, unltoJ couniKo wltli rini- 
 iilnK. TIh) (llsi^eiiHliiim wlilcii prcvnllcd 
 ainoiiK tho illJIorcnt Htiiti'o.alfordi.'a lilin nn 
 oPiiortunUy to cxei'ulu hUauibltiuuHiilivMH, 
 and tliu liiittlu of ('lui>roni'a, 3;ih ii, c, gavo 
 Mncoddiilik tlio coinniiind of all (irci'ce. In 
 vuln illil tlio NubJimMtc'd states liopo to 
 bocoiuo free after liU di'atli. Tlio destruc- 
 tion of Tlicboa was Bunii'lent lo subji'ct 
 all Greeco to tho young Alexander. TliU 
 lirlnce, aa Keneriillssiino of tho (ireeki), 
 gained tho uiost Hplendld vlcturlesover tho 
 I'erHl.'UiH. An ntteuipt to llborato (Ireeco, 
 occaHluncd by a fal^u reiiort of hU death, 
 wati fruMtrated by Antiiiator. Tlio riiiinlan 
 war, after tlio death of Alexander, wan 
 equally unsuccetiHful. (Jreeco was now 
 llttio better tliiiii a Macudoiilan iirovinco. 
 Luxury had enervated thu undent, courago 
 mid energy of the nation. At length, moat 
 of tho Htategof Mouthern flieoce, Sparta and 
 il-Uolia excepted, extended tho Acliiean 
 league, for tho niaintenanro of tlioir free- 
 dom against tho .Macedonians. A dispute 
 having arlxeii between this league and 
 Bparta, the former applied toMaeedonIa for 
 lielp, and was vli'torloiw. Uut tlilsfrlend- 
 Bhl|i was soon fatal, for It Involved tJreoeo 
 In tho contettt between I'lilllp and tlio llo- 
 niauH, who, at llrbt, Indeed, restored freedom 
 to tho Urocian Htates, while they changed 
 Jitolia, and uooii after Macedonia, Into Uu- 
 
 nian proyliiees ; but thoy afforwanlKi .•, 
 to excite dlMseiiHloiiH In the Achican ;< i,' 
 InliTfered In (lie ijimrrels of the (ir^ 
 and lliially compelled I hem to take ii|< v 
 to maintain their freedom. Ho nin'i. 
 contest could not long remain unilciivj 
 tho capture (if CorliiMi, Mi) n.o., placiij 
 Ureeks In tho power of tho Uomaim. 
 
 During the whole iierlod which f'l,i[a 
 between the battle of I'hieronen iiini J 
 destruction of Oorliith by tho Ronwm,,;. 
 arts nnd sciences nourished anions ; 
 Ureeks ; Indeed, tho golden ago of i||. ; 
 was In tho time of Alexander. Theiii , 
 colonics Were yet In a more lliuni.^ 
 condition than the mother country;,. 
 i'l;dly Ali'\!iiiilrlii, In Egypt, which lii,j 
 the .xeiit ol' leiiinliig. As they, also, In; 
 cess of time, Cc[\ under thedomlnloii;' 
 Uoiiians, they became, like their u,,- 
 country, tho Instructors of tlair c 
 (juerors. 
 
 Ill the tlmo of Augustus, tho OreukiJ 
 even tho shadow of their former fnnij 
 and ceased to l>o aii independent |> 
 although their languago, manners, cii-t'. 
 learning, arts, and tasto siiread o\<r^ 
 whole Koinaii empire. Tlio charactir f 
 nation was now sunk so low, th.'il ili 
 mans esteemed a llreek as the iiiosi w 
 le-s of creatures. Aslatlcluxiiry liiidu 
 cmrupted them ; their ancient lovenC 
 doiii iiiid Independence was extitiKiil-.-i 
 and a mean servility was ftubstltutcdioj 
 pl.'ire. At tho beginning of the fourllirj 
 tury, llie nation scarcely showed .'i tn 
 tin; iinlilo eharacterlstlcs of their f:ii 
 Tho liarbari.'kiis soon after begiui 
 ruinoug iuGurblous iutu Ureocu. 
 
THE HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 r«nv' pi*. ArnxM, In l"l« tulinlrnMo lilo- 
 t) H N Iwinl til ciirry Imck mir liloas nt 
 iic fi'niii !'t iii'tual Htiito to the iiorlml 
 ItK lilt'IiCMt hi'U'iKlour, It U yvc lianlcr 
 Lii liacK In fiincy to n tinio iitlll nioro 
 Eniir (I tliiKMMirllcr than tlio bcKlmiliiK 
 Itrt mitliriiMc. Iilntnry, l)cf(iri) iuiiii'k nrt 
 idiiiplt'ti'ly ri'Hriioil tlio very noil of tlio 
 kri' city from tlui dominion of niituro. 
 if iiHo It Is ▼III" t" iittt'mpt nccunicy In 
 Idctulls, or to lio cortiilii tliiit tlio ccvu- 
 IfenturoH In our di'siTliitlon nil cxIstiMl 
 ' wiMic luirlod. It U I'Moimli If wo enn 
 ,■ to oui'.'<i'lv<'« noino likeness of tlio 
 Eiial utiitt) of Uomc, boforo tlio under- 
 \it of tlioso Kreiit works wlikii iiro us- 
 ed to tlio Into klM««. 
 
 bo romH-rium of tlio original pity on 
 rraliitliie, »•< (leHcrllieil l)y TiieltUH, In- 
 Iril lint only lliii lilll I'si'lf, Imt hoiiio 
 ||(iM lit tli<! fii'ound Imniedhifely lieluw 
 lit (11(1 not, however, reach ih fur an 
 1 of llie other lilllx. The v;il!ey he- 
 en tlie riilniliieiiiid tlioAVfMitliie.aftor- 
 Jil^tlie -He of theCIrniH MaxliiiiiH, waH 
 flirc'irlle-t IIiium covered with water; 
 Jsn was the ffroater part of the valley 
 jrccii llie I'alalliie and tho Capitollne, i 
 rproiiiiil afterwarda oeciiliU'd liy tho i 
 iiaii fnniiii. I 
 
 In the cliy of tho Pnlntlno hill frrew In ' 
 Ifc^s (if Mine, HO as to hecoino ft city j 
 I'Vi'ii lilll-'. Not tho seven fainoim lilllH 
 iniiiTlal or rrpulillcan Itonie, Imt novcn ' 
 Is iiinre or IcsK clovftted, and all hcloni;- 
 1 til ilin'o only of tlio later seven hlUf, 
 Ir;, to ilio ralatino, tho Cii'llan, and 
 lK-ii|iillliie. At this time Home, alreiidy ' 
 1|) III) seven hills, wa« dl-tliict from the , 
 Hno clly im tho ("apltollno, (^ulrlnal, and 
 kliial lillls. Tlio two cltlum, nlthoiiuh ' 
 led under ono Kovornnient, had ntlll a 
 Srati- cxNteiico: tlioy wero not com-, 
 li'lv Mended Into ono till tho reli^im of , 
 liiicr kInuH. Tho territory of tho orl- 
 il lUiiiie during Its first period, tho true 
 fr lt(iniaiiii9, could lio koiio round In a 
 'day. It did not extend lieyond tho 
 eriit nil, nor protinhly lieyond tho Anlo ; 
 im ilio ea.»t and south, wlicro it had 
 it riMiiii to spread, Its limit was Iictwoen 
 JnndRlxiiille.ifrom tho city. This A^i ;• 
 naiHis was tho ciclmlvo property of thi- 
 ninrei'Plei that Is, of tho houses; It .id 
 include tho lauds coiKiucred ''n ;ii tho 
 |lns,aiidplven hack to them ngali. when 
 I Latins hecanic tho jilebs, or couimous 
 Rome. 
 
 fell Indeed may tho cnqnlrlnpr historian 
 palm— And now what was lloino, and 
 kt was tho country around It, which 
 le both nciiulred an interest such as can 
 >e only when earth Itself shall perish? 
 I lillla of Homo (ho continues) are such 
 ire rarely sco In England ; low In height, 
 I with Btecp and rocky Bides. In early 
 
 times tho wood remriliiedliinalunl patches 
 iimidst Ihii liulldlnk'-(, as iit this day It 
 Krowrt hero and lliero on tho ^'reeii Hlden 
 of tho Monto Testaceo, Across iheTlher 
 tho ground rh'.eit to a greater height than 
 that of tho Uoman hills, hut Its summit 
 Is a level unhroken line, while tho heights, 
 which opposito to Homo riso imiiicdlately 
 from tho river, under tho u.imes of ,(aiil- 
 cuius iMid Vatleauus, then sweep away to 
 some distance from It, and return In their 
 lilghest .lid lioideMt form at I no Mons Ma- 
 rlus, Ji,. ., aliovo tint .Mllvlan bridge and ilio 
 Klamliilan road. 'I'liiist' tho west I ho view 
 is imiiu-di:itely liouiided ; hut to tliennrlli 
 and n.rllieast ll'c eye •..iiigos over (he low 
 ground of tho t'aiiipai.na to tiio nearest 
 line of til ApennliK which clo"^'ii up, ih 
 Willi a gliraijtin Willi, .III the Kah ., I.nilii, 
 anil Volsciiin lowliindH, while ( •• It mo 
 silll disiinclly to lie seen tlio hi' i ,iiiimlti4 
 (if the ceiilr.il Apeiiliines, . ,■• red willl 
 snow, even ^t this day, fur n.ici" than six 
 luonlhs ill tlio year '^oiiili and souMi-wes? 
 lies thewldo plali n Mic Campagna ; li •. 
 hivel line succceii'd nj Iho eniialiy level 
 line of tho se.i, lileh ciiii only lie ills- 
 llngiiished from It hy tho lirlithter light 
 relloeted from Us waters. Knsi ward, alter 
 ten miles of ]ilaln, the view Is hounded by 
 the Alban hills, a cluster of high ImUl 
 points rising out of the Campagna, on tho 
 highest of which (about ;i,(nk) feet) stood 
 tli(^ ti'iiiplo of •luidter l.allarls, tho bcciio 
 of tho common w "ship of all tho peoplo 
 of (lio I.atin name. Immediately under 
 this highest point lies the crater-like basin 
 of tho Alban lako; and on its nearer rim 
 nilgiit bo seen the trees <if tho grove of 
 Kerentia, wliero tho l-:itiiis held the great 
 civil aBsemblles of (i.ili- nation. Knriher 
 to tlio north, on tho edgeof thoAllian hills, 
 looking towards Home, was tho town and 
 citadel of Tusculum; and beyond this, ft 
 lower summit crowned with tho walls and 
 t( I '. •' if Lalilcum seems to coTinect tho 
 /'■ >■< illla with tho lino of tho Apen- 
 niiie . just nt Iho spot where tho citadel 
 of l'rii>neste, high up on tlio mountain 
 side marks tho opening Into tho oountry 
 cf tho Hfrnlcians, and Into tho valleys ot 
 the streams tliat feed the I,yrls. 
 
 Keturning nearer to Itoino, the lowland 
 rountry of the Campagna is broken by long 
 green swelling ridges. Tho streams aro 
 dull and sluggish, but the hill sides nbovo 
 tliem constantly break away Into llttio rock 
 cliirs, where on every ledge tho wild llg now 
 strikes out its branches, and tufts of broom 
 are ciustcring, but which In old times form- 
 ed tiio natural strength of the citadels of 
 the numerous cities of Tifttlnm. Except In 
 these narrow dolls, tho present aspect ot 
 the country Is all hare and desolate, with 
 no trees nor any human habitation, liut 
 anciently, In the early times of Homo, it 
 
rsl 
 
 62 
 
 CIjc Cvwjiurti of 5!Wtarji, Set, 
 
 11 
 
 waa full of liulcpcndent cities, nnd In Its 
 ropulatton and tlic careful cultivation of 
 Its little Barden-llkc farms, must have re- 
 6eni1)led the most tlourlsliing parts of Loni- 
 bardy. Such was Rome, and such Its neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 
 Wlicii It can ho shown that the accounts 
 of almost every event In Ilonian history, 
 down to the time of the Tunic war.^, in- 
 volve contradictions more or less impor- 
 tant, nothing Is gained by any attempt to 
 draw up a connected narrative of the first 
 four centuries after the alleged date for the 
 founding of the city. The examination of 
 the accounts handed down to us may yield 
 here and there some historical results ; but 
 wc.nuist content ourselves witli what Is so 
 olitainod, without seeking for a knowledge 
 of details which is unattainable. Tlius.thc 
 traditions of the regal period tell us of an 
 Etruscan dynasty which ruled at Home, and 
 ordered the erection of large public works. 
 Tills rule of Etruscan kings may or may 
 not bo true ; but of those works some, as 
 for example the Cloaca Maxima, still exist, 
 and by their magnitude attest conclusively 
 the fact that avcry strong government of 
 pome kind existed at Rome long before 
 the period of which wc have any authen- 
 tic history. Again, the analogy of Greek 
 liistory would go far towards showing that 
 Homo was flrst regal and then republican. 
 So again. It seems not unreasonable to con- 
 clude that the traditionary struggles of pa- 
 tricians and plebeians point to some real 
 distinction of orders, although wo may 
 not bo able to define exactly the dis- 
 tinction between plebeians and clients, or 
 to account for the origin of the Rainnes, 
 Titlenses, and Lucerea, who arc called some- 
 times the three patrician tribes, sometimes 
 the three centuries of horsemen. Stii| 
 more when we find certain phrases, expret- 
 sl vo of old judlci.il or civil usages, employed 
 by later writers, like Llvy, who had a very 
 vague notion of their meaning, wc seem to 
 bcjustincd In believing that such phrases 
 were really handed down from a time to 
 which they historically applleu. Thus when 
 lilvy says that certain laws were passed 
 or arts done by the Plebs with the cotisent 
 of the Populus, this may be taken as prov- 
 ing that the distinction between the two 
 Avas not fictitious but strictly historical. 
 Some light, again. Is thrown on tlio early 
 history of Romo by Its rel.ations with 
 foreign countries. Thus a treaty was pre- 
 Bcrved which was made between Rome and 
 Carthage by the consul Spurius Casslus, 
 who is also said to have formed the confed- 
 eracy of Romans, Latins, and Ilernlcians. 
 But this treaty proves also that the Romans 
 liad at this time a foreign trade of which 
 theli" traditionary history says little or 
 nothing. Hence to take the traditions of 
 such a time, as Nicbuhr did, and in one 
 lilaco to speak of Romulus or Numa as un- 
 doubtedly fictitious, and in another to treat 
 them as if they were historical. Is most 
 unsafe and deceptive. And, theroforc. In- 
 stead of attempting to determine how 
 much history lies under these traditional 
 tales. It may bo of more use to point out 
 •omo of the contradictious which run 
 
 through them. The whole narrative i 
 been minutely examined by Sir Coriiewi'l 
 TiCwis in his work on the Credihlliiy ,fl 
 Early Roman History ; and to that w„,[\ 
 we must refer the reader who may tti,J 
 to master thoroughly a question wliiciijl 
 Volvos the most momentous consequeiiffJ 
 
 The history of Romulus Is 'with fc'« u.l 
 ceptlons a mosaic or patchwork of exiiiatil 
 tory legciuls pieced together and tlnot;! 
 Into a narrative form. These Icgeiidsj-^ 
 partly political and institutional; parti: | 
 monumental and local; partly rcllglousar' 
 ritual. In spite of his youth (for lieijj 
 only eighteen when ho founds Rome) atj I 
 his early life passed among herdsmen ay 
 In rustic pursuits, Romulus appears hi 
 the very commencement of his reign, an 
 wise legislator versed In all the aroaa 
 of political science.'* Hence Cicero atir, 
 butes the choice of Romo as tho sited 
 the future capital, to tho wise foresiKlit J 
 the founder ; but this runs counter t(] ijl 
 legend which afllrms It to have been built J 
 tho spot where the Infants, when exi)ii;i<| 
 were suckled by tho wolf. Thus :ii.'a; 
 ' tho story of tho asylum was some I • 
 legend : that of the rape of the Sa.iinii| 
 illustrated the origin of a festival ; tliaiJ 
 the Intervention of tho Sabine women wal 
 probably a separate story ; but In til 
 narrative as wo read It, tho asylum is titl 
 cause of the rape of the Sabine women, skI 
 tho rape of the Sabino women Is the caiiJ 
 of their Interposition between tho liostif 
 armies. The three events, once Indepenilf^ 
 of each other, have become continin 
 links in the same historical chain.' TliJ 
 rape of tho Sabino women has been taltiil 
 by some modern historical critics, asroiil 
 ing to a time when there w.as no reciinc^i 
 right of marriage between the Romans as! 
 the Sabines, even after they had forraedj 
 federation ; but Sir G. Lewis remarks llj 
 'those who consider Romulus and Taiiwl 
 as fabulous and not real personages kf 
 mere names of actors in a fictitious (Irantl 
 cannot with propriety regard their jm 
 sovereignty as Implying the separate csisj 
 encc of a Roman and a Sabine conniiiinitil 
 on the site of Rome, and tho rape of ibf 
 Sabine women as typical of the absence d 
 a right of Intcrmarrlago between tlieiii.' 
 
 Tho reign of Romulus is said to liad 
 been followed by an Interregnum In wliid 
 seventy-three senators Ulled In turntlB 
 regal offlco during a year of 36.5 dayil 
 but ' that 80 many transfers of the suiireai^ 
 power should, at a tlmo when all constiti 
 ttonal and legal checks were In a very nil 
 and Inelllclcnt state, havo been (iiiietil 
 made, is wholly Incredible.' Sir G. Lertl 
 adds, however, that ' tho existence of tltl 
 name and Institution of the Interrcgiiuiiiiil 
 tho historical ago of Rome may bo con-iT 
 dored as a proof of its derivation from tltl 
 regal period," but as Implying at the biihI 
 time 'an elective royalty ; for hereditary sifl 
 cession such an institution is not neeMl 
 
 Numa Is throughout tho embodiment J 
 a rcIi,jlous and political Idea. He is itl 
 
 • Sir O. C. Lowti on the Cr«dibilUy of Eiilll 
 Roman Iliatory, ch. sl. icct. 9. 
 

 Efft W^toru at IKame, 
 
 53 
 
 ■\vliolo narrative u 
 Incd by Sir (Nirncwi; 
 on tlio Credibility ,ji 
 •y ; and to tliat \vofi| 
 •eader who may wid 
 y a question wlilili jJ 
 lentous conscfiuoncp f 
 nulus Is' with fcwti'L 
 patchwork of exiji^l 
 together and tlii„i>| 
 n. Thcso legoiidaa 
 institutional ; panl; I 
 il ; partly rcligiousa:; 
 his youth (for lie a 
 lie founds Home) as; 
 among herdsmen a:; 
 lomulus appears ftij 
 iient of his reign, as i 
 scd In all the arna 
 » Hence Cicero atir, I 
 Romo as the site a I 
 ) the wise foreslRlitdl 
 Is runs counter tu lijl 
 It to have been biilitf J 
 Infants, when cxi>ii.(J 
 ho wolf. Tluis ii'.'iil 
 isylum was some i 13I 
 ; rapo of the fSa.ilnal 
 1 of a festival ; tlistj 
 the Sabine women wJ 
 to story ; but in iJ 
 1 It, the asylum is ilJ 
 the Sabine women, atil 
 no women is the caiisl 
 in between the liosiff 
 'cnts, once independf^ 
 •0 become continin; 
 historical chain.' TtJ 
 .voinen has been tiiljis- 
 [torlcal critics, asroinl 
 here was no recipvcr 
 'tween thollomansasi 
 Iter they had formcill 
 G. Lewis remarks tli 
 Bomulus and Taiisl 
 .. real porsonacrcs si 
 -s In a flctltlouii araml 
 ety regard their Hsl 
 ying the separate csi-T 
 id a Sabine comninni^i 
 , and the rape of 1 
 ,)ical of the absonco j 
 'iage between tliein.' , 
 nulus is Bald to lutii 
 Interregnum in wliidl 
 :or3 filled in tumtu 
 a year of 365 dayij 
 •ansfcrs of the siiprei 
 ime when all coiistiB 
 ■ks were In a very rail 
 ,c, have been quieilJ 
 Tcdible.' Sir G. Lertl 
 • the existence of ttil 
 of thelnterregnuiiiiil 
 J Rome may be cobsI 
 ts derivation from Utl 
 _ implying at tliesaml 
 ilty; for hereditary swl 
 titution Is not neodei.! 
 )ut the embodlincutoll 
 Itical Idea. He Is tlit| 
 
 the Credibility of E«l|| 
 sect. 9. 
 
 jiderof the principal religious instltu- 
 J19 as well as orders of priests ; he is the 
 Courlto of tlic nymph Egeria, who im- 
 tts to him a superhuman wisdom ; bc- 
 led by so'l" '^'"' "^^"' ''" si^eiids life wlth- 
 I trouble or disaster, and passes away 
 |m It without pain. Other legends in the 
 ce of Kgeria name Pythagoras as his 
 chcr: but when ' Polybius and other 
 ,cful lilstorlans came to compare the 
 le assigned to Numa with the date of 
 llmKor.as, they perceived that the dlscl- 
 
 iiinst have lived above a century and a 
 f l)cfore the master, and therefore that 
 f story was false." _ 
 
 ilicrcign of his successor was signalised 
 Itlic combat of the Horatll and Curlatii, 
 [Jell was to determine the rclatlonsi of 
 1 Itomaiis and the Albans. DIoiiysIus 
 Is tliat a certain Alban had twin d.augh- 
 ^ who were married the one to tlie 
 iian Horatius, tlie other to the Alban 
 fl.itlus, and that each of these twins pro- 
 
 cd three sons at the first birth ; but 
 ivy knows nothing of tlieiramnlty ; and 
 failds that it is even uncertain to whicli 
 lion each set of brothers belonged.' 
 Voucliout the story the accounts of 
 fyand DIouysIus are equally contradlc- 
 Jy; and the ccmibat itself Is not said to 
 Ce i)roduccd any result. The death of 
 fetilius is said by one account to have 
 El caused by lightning which smote him 
 {his Impiety, but another version states 
 It lie was murdered by Ancus Marclus, 
 
 set tlio place on fire, and invented the 
 ry of the lightning to screen liimself. 
 
 Jlic next king, Ancus Marclus, makes war 
 Itlic Latins, and, according to Livy.drcw 
 [for this purpose the ceremonial of do- 
 Hng war: but DIony.sius and Plutarch 
 ilbutc these ceremonies to Numa, and 
 Iccro represents Tullus Hostlllus as tiie 
 lliorof the forms of demanding redress 
 Bdi Livy ascrilies to Ancus.' 
 Ei^ successor is 8.ald to have been Tar- 
 nilus I'riscus, whose M'.ars arc descril)ed 
 111 prcat minuteness of detail by Diony- 
 S.wlillcother writers seem to know little 
 hothins about them ; 'even if the uar- 
 pvo of his reign were better attested, 
 piy circuinstancea in It would raise a 
 hilt of its credibility; the story of the 
 lie flying away with his cap, and the 
 Eting of the whetstone by Attus Kaviiis, 
 
 1 iiHiTly marvellous : the manner of lils 
 roduction into Home, and of his election 
 Slic royal dignity, is Improbable ; and 
 
 triumphant wars ng.ainst the Latlim, 
 Ihout a single lmport.ant reverse, lie 
 lond the limits of credibility.* 
 Kith Scrvlus Tulllus commences a mar- 
 pous stnrj-, whlcli In thebellef of Nlelmhr 
 mod part of a great epic poem lost 
 tore the time of contemporary historians, 
 ^uch loss there is no evidence whatever ; 
 t the tale is remtirkable as displaying not 
 ^cly a strong poetical element of great 
 cc ami beauty, not merely the contra- 
 tioiis wliich may be looked for in a 
 fry full of the marvellous, but a large 
 loiint of plausible llctioii, in the shape of 
 hslatlve enactments whicli are not more 
 kiiuitiu ilian an ]:)ugiibh act of I'arlla- 
 
 ment. In one version, Servlus is the son 
 of a God, born of a slave named Ocresitt 
 Soon after his birth his mother saw his 
 head enveloped in flames ; when she .awoke 
 him, the flicw.as extinguished. Another 
 account makes him the posthumous child 
 of a chieftain who was slain in defending 
 Cornlculum against Taniuin : a third ver- 
 sion represci'ts lilm as being by birth an 
 EtRiscan. On thcmurderof Tarqnin, Tana- 
 quil secures the accession of Scrvlus with- 
 out an interregnum. The legend in Llvy 
 represents him ns succeeding to the throne 
 111 early manhood ; but almost immediately 
 lie has cMldrcn old enough to be married 
 to the children of Tnrquin. So again, Ser- 
 vlus is said to have been murdered by Tar 
 quin the Proud, when the latter was a youiij 
 mail ; but if ho was the s(m of Tanaquil, as 
 Livy believes, he must have been 70 years 
 old when he became king, 95 when he was 
 expelled, and 110 at his death. 
 
 Having secured his election, Ser\"luf 
 enters on the work of legislation, and in- 
 consistencies ill tlie Icgisliitivo details 
 take the place of contradictions arising out 
 of prodigies and wonders. The general 
 tradition represents him as a popular re. 
 former, and as consulting chieliy the good 
 of the lower class from ii remembrance of 
 his own servile origin. Hut Dionysius and 
 Livy both distinctly sny that before his 
 time the vote of each citizen had an equal 
 value, and the poor were on a perfectly 
 equ.al footing with the rich. This condU 
 tion of things he is stated to have altered 
 ' b;' throwing the chle' part of the burden 
 of military service and of war taxes upon 
 the rich, at tluc same time that he secures 
 to them a decisive preponderance In tbo 
 sufTrjigc.' For Individual voting he substi- 
 tuted voting by centuries, the vote of each 
 century being determined by the majority 
 •and reckoning only as one. IJy making the 
 centuries of the richer classes mucli more 
 numerous than those of the lower, the 
 votes of the latter (that Is, of the great 
 majority), could be neutralised and their 
 Influence Irretrievably lost. ' Inthe.Sorvian 
 constitution, this principle was carried to 
 a very great length ; for according to Livy 
 and Dionysius, the centuries of the knights 
 and the first class amounted to ninety- 
 eight, being more than a majority of the 1U3 
 centuries ; and the sixth class, comprehend- 
 ingall the citizens of the lowest assessment, 
 which was doubtless the most numerous of 
 all, formed only one century.' But It fol- 
 lows irresistibly, that 'if the classes of 
 Servlus were introduced in the place of a 
 system under which a perfectly equ.al suf- 
 frage existed for rU r.anks of citizens, he 
 could not be justlj regarded as a popular 
 reformer.' Moreover, 'that a full contem- 
 porary account of the constituthm of 
 Servlus, with statistical dct.allsof the as- 
 sessment and obligations of the several 
 classes, should have been preserved, and 
 ( hat all accurate memory of the other events 
 of the reign should have perished, is In the 
 liighest degree improbable.' * 
 
 * Sir G. C. Lewis, Credibility of Early RoSUUI 
 lllatury, ch. xi. >cct. 31. 
 
 . mi. 
 
 lis 
 
m 
 
 ii 
 
 1 1 
 
 ' ill 
 
 bi 
 
 C5e Crpnifitri) af Ititetoru, ^t. 
 
 In the Icffcml of tho Taniulnll otlicr ele- 
 ments of llctlon enter. Tlio stnitJiKcni by 
 ■whicli Sextus Tiiniulnlus betrays the men 
 of Gabilinto the liands of Ills father Is a 
 repetition of the story in wliioli Zopyrus 
 deceives the IJiibylonlans during tho sleso 
 by Darius. The previous stratagem, by 
 which Se,\tus secured bis iiredomlnance at 
 (iabil, Is tho same as that which Is sug- 
 pested to IVrlander of Corinth by Thrasy- 
 bulns, the tyrant of Miletus.* In the t.ile 
 of Lticii'lia there is much which mlKht be 
 received as true if it were suiiported by 
 fair contemporary evidence. Uutratrea on 
 women frcnuently caused the fall of (ireek 
 tyrannies; and that of Taniuln may have 
 turned on the same cause: but wlien wo 
 come to (>xamine tlie details of tlic stcn-y, 
 wo llnd little in its inlornnl contexture to 
 pupply the defect of external aitestatioii. 
 Tho narratives of Livy and Dionyslus, 
 though agreeing In Bubst.ance, dilter In 
 many material circumstances. The dispute 
 of tiie young men al)out their wives, and 
 their nocturnal ride to Home and Coll.-itia, 
 which is tho foundation of llio attempt of 
 Sextus in Livy, is altogether wanting in 
 IJionyslus. In the latter. Home is the 
 I'lace of Lucretla's suicide; in the former 
 it is ("ollalla. Most of the accounts repre- 
 Bcnt Taniuiiilus Superbusjis h.'iving three 
 8o!is, Sextus, Titus, and Aruns ; but Mvy 
 and Ovid make Sextus, the lavisher of Lu- 
 eretla, the youngest; while Dionyslus rays 
 that ho was the eldest of the three. Other 
 writers, again, speak of Aruns as having 
 ravished Lucretla. There are further dls- 
 ereiiancles In the events which Intervene 
 between the death oC l.ucntl.i and tlie ex- 
 pulsion of the Tariiuins. Llvy, moreover, 
 represents the king and his family as es- 
 caping to Ciere, with IIh> exception of 
 Sextus, who rei)alrs to his kingdom of 
 Gabil, where he is put to death. Dionyslus, 
 on the otlicr hand, says that Tarnuln llrst 
 took refuge In lialiil, and afterwards re- 
 moved to C;ere. Finally, the change from 
 regal to republican goveninieiit is de- 
 bcribed as the aC'iulsltion of a liberty such 
 as the Jlomans had never before enjoyed, 
 and as the escape from a tyranny which had 
 altogether oppressed them fora long series 
 of generations. Yet all the kings except 
 the last arc said to have made a poinilar 
 use of ilieir power; and in Dionysius we 
 Jliid the statement, that from the founda- 
 ti.;ii of the city the senate had the chief 
 power in everything except the election of 
 magistrates, the making of laws, and ques- 
 tions of peace and war,— in all of which the 
 people by Us votes w.aa supreme.t The 
 reign of Tarquln lasted, it la said, only 
 twenty-seven years; iths scarcely possible 
 that so short a time should have euHlccd to 
 obliterate the traditional feeling of several 
 centuries. So again wo aro told that the 
 ofllce of tho Ilex Sacrlflculus, who exercised 
 the sacerdotal powers of the king In liis- 
 torical times, was retained to prevent the 
 ContlDuaiice of any regret for the loss of 
 
 • Ilvrodotiu', V. 92-<'. 
 
 t Sir U. C. Lewii, (IroOiblUty of Early IlonikU 
 UUtory, ch. xl. icct. 40. 
 
 monarclilral govcrinncnt. Sir G, C. loirj 
 remarks, that such an nrrangeinent hquj 
 conceivablo when the regal power hasU^I 
 got rid of by slow stages, but can scirf,! 
 be accounted for after the indlgniiiu ej 
 pulsion of a hated dynasty, such as r-f 
 Tai'iiuliis are described to have been, fj 
 contradictious with regard to the Icci;^ 
 the enactments of the kings arc or^ 
 greater. 'It has been supposed tliat " 
 oral traditions of the Roman constitut'l 
 were more faithful and trustwortliy|iJ 
 the oral traditions of particular oveius; " 
 exjilolts. It seems, however, on the, 
 tiary, that the tr.-idltions of tliocoii-!:'| 
 tlon were Indistinct and lnaccur.ate;wi! 
 as Individual acts of generosity, coiir 
 and patriotism, lU" of cruelty and o]l^^| 
 slon, were more likely to live in tlie iiuj^ 
 memory." 
 
 The geographical history of the l;ir.;| 
 period is notmore satisfactory. Oticii.:: 
 repr(>sents Itoiiiulus as having ucr"' 
 and fortltlcd the ralatlneand (Veliaii !i 
 while the followers of Talius liehl ; 
 Capltoline and (,>uli'lnal. Aiiollier vir.l 
 attributes the fortillcatloii of the (,iii;r 
 hill to Num;u 'I'lie Crrllan hill, accnr.; 
 to Jilvy, was added to the city by Ts 
 llostilius; according to Cicero, .\ 
 added botli the Co'lian and tlie Ave 
 Servius, In one account, i-* said to i, 
 added the Ksnuiline and Vliiiiiial; \ 
 another tradition aitribules to lilm i|] 
 ditloiiof the (^uiriiial, which Is sail,] 
 where to have been occupied In the iiii;.| 
 llomulus. 
 
 The alleged change from a kiiiL' 
 republican government does not adil'^ 
 sllily to the credibility of thehistory. sj 
 writers spe.ak of .an enormous incic;!-: 
 power as accruing from the expiil^ir 
 the kings; but tlie power of Uoiiir 
 cording to the account of the war tj 
 I'orsenna, is descrlhed as being iiiiii ii ( 
 tlian it had been under the kings: an 
 C;irtliaginlan irealy of Hpurius Ci 
 would bring us to tho same coiiiii'- 
 Agalii, we read that under tlie coihu: 
 IloiiiiiuB had as violent a hatrcil .t:| 
 word rex as the ti reeks had of tlu' iriial 
 tiiranl; and wo are at a loss to nivi 
 tills witli the alleged popular cliaiaiii 
 the regal government down t.) the li:; 
 the second Tanniiii. In tlie war wat'i i 
 rorseniia,the l.ucunio or chief of Clii-; 
 for the restoration of the Taniiiiiis, IH 
 tills focles, after nobly guarding I In 
 clan bridge, is said to have swum ;i: 
 the Tiber, ami to have received ii iiiii 
 of the liiliabltants, 300,000 In iiumlur,: 
 sulferliig from famine, a supply of foclJ 
 a single day. Polyblus says that Honn 
 was drowned ; and If he followed the sa 
 current In his own day, it wimid sc(i;ii| 
 the legend of this public gift liad net : 
 been Invented. It la the same wiilif 
 Btltutloiiiil changes. ' The detailed aif 
 of the creation of the dictatorship mII 
 the appointment of the first (liciati| 
 given by Dionysius as if It was a- ' 
 Hscertained as the history of the crun 
 
 X Ibid. ch. kti. ipct. 2- 
 
CTje ^Wtoru at Home. 
 
 60 
 
 iment. Sir G, 0. Lciri 
 [111 nrrangcracnt l^iitl 
 he roRul power JiasirJ 
 it.igcs, but can fcurfj 
 ifter the iiullRnant (J 
 il ilynasty, fuch as |J 
 Ihed to have been. tJ 
 1 re.ifaril to the Icsic'iT 
 of the kings are (\^ 
 )ecn suiiiioscil that ,_ 
 ho Roman consUtiiii J 
 
 I anil trustworthy th: 
 of particular cvoiitii: 
 s, however, on tlie f _ 
 aitions of tlio const:!! 
 t and inaccurate ; wlierj 
 of generosity, conn 
 
 ■ of cruelty and omrI 
 ;ely to live In tlie ^.i 
 
 \\ liistory of tlip l;ir.:j 
 satisfactory. Oiiclcia 
 Ins as liaviiig lu'cii; 
 'alatlne.'iiiii("iDlinnli;j| 
 crs of Tiilius lit'lil ' 
 liriiiai. AiioiluT viT.J 
 illcaliou of tiie (JuiH 
 (• Orpilan hill, acoirj^ 
 ■d to tlie city hy 'rn;:| 
 (ling to Cicero, A:,; 
 I'lian anil the A\n: 
 iccount, i-< said In I. 
 liie and Vlmiual; vj 
 attriliutCH to iiiiii tli. 
 rinal, wldcli Is Haiil ^M 
 
 II occupied in tlie tim.J 
 
 lango from a kin.;!; 
 luu'iit does not add i 
 llltyof the liistory. ii 
 
 III eiiornious iiiciia-. 
 g from the exptil^i r.j 
 
 I lie power of Uniin, if 
 ccount of the war 
 rilicd as lieing iiuirli ' 
 iiider tlie kings: ain'.j 
 ;iiy of Spurius CuvJ 
 o "the Haiiie cniuir-: 
 at under the coiisu;. 
 violent a liatreii >i« 
 reeks liad of tlic iwiatj 
 re at a loss to ivi"i:l 
 ged popular chaiaitetl 
 iient down t:) tliu tiitii 
 in. In the war waeojf 
 niino or chief of Clu-i 
 n of the Taniuiiis, II 
 nobly guarding tlioSiiJ 
 lid to have swinn ;iit| 
 have received Iniiiin 
 
 s, 300,000 in nunil)or,i 
 mine, a supply of food 
 lybius says that Ilona 
 id if he followed the s:^ 
 
 II (lay, it would sccin 
 •I public gift had net! 
 It is I lie stinie wiili 
 .•es. • Tlie detailed utm 
 t tlic dictatorslil|i ;« 
 
 of the tlrst (liitati| 
 ,.us as if it was ;i- 
 le liistory of the mi 
 
 I. cli. xll. icct. a. 
 
 lti7o presidency of the India IJoard, and 
 
 , iipiioiiitiaent of the lir.st i)resident 
 
 der the administration of Mr. Pitt. He 
 
 Dws not only the causes which led to tlio 
 
 (iitio'ii of tlio olBce, but al.so the various 
 
 ifcs of tlie proceedings, the deliates in 
 
 senate, the Bpccches of tlio senators, 
 
 motives of tlieir policy, tlio nintuiil 
 
 lliiiK-i 'if delicacy on the part of the con- 
 
 |g and all tho other material clrcum- 
 
 Inces of tho transaction. Vio are, there- 
 
 le somewhat suriirlsed, on comparing 
 
 V 'iccDUiit of LIvy, to lliid the transaction 
 
 bi'e.sciited in a totally dllferont light. 
 
 n* places the creation of tho dictator- 
 
 Ip three years earlier than IMonysius:' 
 
 a 'so far is Livy from sharing tlie great 
 
 alideiiceof Dioiiyshis in narrating this 
 
 _6iit, that Jie descrilios it as uncertain 
 
 Kvli'it year and under what consuls the 
 
 Itatorihip was created, or who Ilrst 
 
 led tlie ollice.' 
 
 The battle of tlio Lake Kegillus closes 
 
 ! ovciii ful episode of the Tar.iuliiiaii dy- 
 
 Bty. 1. ivy speaks of tlic exiielled kings 
 
 lighting and being wounded In the 
 
 ttlc. Dioiiysius will not believe that a 
 
 fciiof the age of ninety could take an 
 
 live sliiiro in Ihc light, and In place of 
 
 ^•iHiii! puts his sons Sextus and Titus: 
 
 |t ijivy says nothing of Tiiii.-i, and speaks 
 
 ISoxtUj as having been killed at tjabii. 
 
 It the buttle is chiefly inemorabh! for the 
 
 Jiljle intervention of the Dioscuri, Castor 
 
 Id I'olhix, who light on bihalt of the 
 
 biiuius. fm'l '**■"''' miraculous speed carry 
 
 _; news of their victory to Itoiiie.* These 
 
 tndors form an essential part of the 
 
 try of llio b.iltlc; and the latter must 
 
 J with the former. Thus ends the liis- 
 
 fy of a period, wliich is involved in such 
 
 mass of contradicthms tliat hardly any 
 
 "lit tlirc>'iKhout it can be received as 
 
 hrtiiyof credit. The distrust displayed 
 
 vards Collatliius, tho liusband of J-u- 
 
 Dtia, is grounded on his kindred with the 
 
 li'.iuius, and is explained by the existence 
 
 J aTariiiinian party at Home. Uiit the 
 
 Itri-re which made him their bitter 
 
 Icniy was a fiulllcient pled.tro of his 
 
 Jclity, and the existeuco of such a party 
 
 tea against llio popular tradition which 
 
 llircsciits the rule of Taniulii as ei|iially 
 
 >tcstcd by all classes. Tlie facts of the 
 
 Rr with I'orsenna cannot lie ascertained: 
 
 pi all accounts agree that it was uiider- 
 
 keii inordcr to bring about iherestora- 
 
 Dii of the Tariiuinll. According to some 
 
 prsions. rorsenna retreats after tiiakliig 
 
 treaty favourable to the Homans : while 
 
 ^c expressions of Tacitus and I'liny speak 
 
 a coiniuest and surrender <if llio city, 
 
 bd a disarming of tlie population so com- 
 
 icto that iron waB used for agriculture 
 
 ply. Yet I'orsenna, thus successful, makes 
 
 ) effort to restore the Taniuins, for whom 
 
 is said to have nndertaken tho war; 
 
 or Is it possible to exiilalii t lu.' remissness 
 
 (tlic hat Ins and otlier tribes in not taking 
 
 ivaiitage of t'-. > weakness to wlilcli Home 
 
 I* Sr, I' lUttle of till' Lakcllrgillui, In Macau- 
 f/'i La)> vf Ancient Uume. 
 
 had been reduced, to crush her alto- 
 gether.t 
 
 A few years later, tho struggles between 
 tho patricians and plebeians, greatly em- 
 bittered by tho deadly severity of tho law 
 of debt, led, wo are told, to the celebrated 
 secession of the latter to tho Sacred Mtiunt. 
 The consuls cannot succeed in raising 
 levies to help the Latins against tho Volscl 
 and .1';iiui ; at length they appoint iis dic- 
 tator, Slanius Valerius, who prevails on tho 
 peojile to come forward, on tho promise 
 that plebeians serving on tlie legions shall 
 be protected against the creditors. Tho 
 campaign Is brought to a successful con- 
 clusion ; but the senate refuses to carry 
 out the promises of Valerius, and the le- 
 gions secede to Mons Saccr ; and from this 
 point the narrative In LIvy becomes ex- 
 ceedingly shnple. Tho senate sends Jleiie- 
 iilus Agrippa, who addresses to them tho 
 well-known apologue of the Belly and 
 Limbs; the penpii! are pacilled by the in 
 stituthm of the tribunes, but nothing is 
 said about the sui)ject of debt which Is 
 said to have caused tlio secession. In 
 Dioiiysins, on the other liaiul, we have a 
 narrative as comidete and ii'.iiiuto as 'the 
 accounts given by Lord Clarendon of iiego- 
 llatioiis in the civil war, bidweeii the king 
 and the parliament, of wliicli he was per- j 
 sonally cognisant," and Jlenenlus Agrippa 
 makes a very long speech in which tlio apo- ! 
 loguo of tho Belly and Limbs is not found, i 
 Tho fable Is reserved till the question lias I 
 been satisfactorily settled; it is used to 
 Illustrate the relation of the orders, not 
 as an argument to bring abmit their re- 
 conclllatiou. And tills singularly ininuto 
 iiarrarlvt belongs to a time which is older 
 than the battle of Marathon, and only six- 
 teen years after the expulsion of tlie Pisis- 
 tratida", ' concerning whicli event tho Athe- 
 nians had, according to Thucydides, most 
 impcifoct ideas In his time.'t In this nar- 
 rative, a cert.iln Lucius Junius Brutus plays 
 a very conspicuous part. Nlebulir believes 
 him to be an Imaginary person, and he Is 
 not mentioned by any Koiuaii writer. 'Wliat 
 are we to tiiink of a historical narrative. 
 In which a personage of this importance, 
 alleged to have occupied tk coiisi)icuous 
 publiconice, Is considered nctitlousf ' If, 
 theivjfore, It Is admitted that a large part 
 o£ the narrative of Uioiiyslus is false, what 
 good ground have we for believing tho 
 rest?' The doubt Is Increased by the fact 
 that Dlonyslus represents the relief of tho 
 plebeians from debt as having been tho 
 result of this secession. Cicero agrees with 
 Livy in limiting the result to the Institu- 
 tion of the tribunate, and ho further attri- 
 butes it to the eloquence, not of Menenlus, 
 but of the dictator Manlus Valerius, while 
 he seems to know nothing of the celebrated 
 apologue on which the story turns In Livy. 
 
 The settlement of thisquarrcl isfollowed 
 by succc-.-ful foreign wars; after which, 
 although iiolhiiig is said about debt, the 
 struggle between patricians and plebeians 
 
 t Sir (J. C. Lfwis, Credibility of Early Roman 
 Hi 'till y, cli. xli. sict. 13. 
 t Ibiil. icct. 17. 
 
 ' '• v§ 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
1 1 
 
 \l ! 
 
 I : 
 
 56 
 
 C^e ^vta&uvu ot t^i^tarts ^t. 
 
 goes on as vcliemcntly as before. It is un 
 necessary to examine a lonff series of 
 events in all of wlilcli may bo found a 
 greater or less amount of contradiction ; 
 a few of tlie more important may be taken 
 as illustrating the general cliaracter of this 
 allcKod liistory. A furtlicr result of the 
 secession was tlio banishment of Corlo- 
 lanus. This young patrician, by proposing 
 to recover the concession of the tribunate 
 Lv starving the people, roused tlie liiitrcd 
 ol' the plebeians, and brought about Ills 
 own condemnation. His impulse Is to join 
 the Volscians ; but tlie latter arc sluggish, 
 and with difllculty induced to enter into 
 Ills views. When, however, lie succeeds in 
 prevailing on tliem, he converts them into 
 R nation of conqucrorp, before whom the 
 iloman power Is Immediately prostrr'*ed. 
 •It would seem as If Ooriolamis was -he 
 only warrior in Home, and as if tlie transfer 
 of ills weight from one scale to the other, 
 absolutely dftormincd the inclination of 
 tlie balance :'* and yet the plebeians would, 
 of course, he only too glad to act vig- 
 orously against an enemy whom they 
 so thoroughly detested, and the senate 
 arc disinclined to malcc any concession. 
 'I'lio Incident of the eml)asBy of the Ro- 
 man matrons, lieaded l)y the mother 
 of Coriolanus, is even more perplexing. 
 * Coriol.inus, thirstlrfr for vengeance on 
 account of Ills condemnut'on, leaves liome 
 with tlio deliberate Intention of joining the 
 enemies of liis country, but '.alces no steps 
 for withdrawing liis mother and wife and 
 fhildrcn. They therefore remain as hos- 
 tages In tlic liands of t'le Rom.ans. The 
 senate allow them to gc as supplicants to 
 the liaughty general, at the head of ills 
 Volscian army, thougli they were warned 
 in the debate on tlie subject that they are 
 parting with their best securities for liis 
 forl)earaiice. Coriolanus liates the plebeian 
 body, botli as an eager patrician partisan, 
 and as the object of their hostile, and as lie 
 thinks unjust, vote : he bears no.lo ve to the 
 patricians, whom lie cliarges with selllsh 
 co'vardice in betraying him to his accusers. 
 Tlie embassy of the women unexpectedly 
 places ills niotlier, and his wife, and chil- 
 dren in his power. They are in his camp, 
 alone, unprotected, surrounded by liis 
 Volsclau legions. The one remaining tie 
 which bound him to Rome is now, by the 
 Infatuation of his countrymen and ene- 
 mies, fortunately severed. Would not his 
 first impulse be to send them to a place of 
 safety in tlio Volscian territory, and to 
 order the battering rams to be applied to 
 the walls of Home? AVhat conceivable 
 motive has he for any other course ? '+ In- 
 stead of this compiet'on of a design to 
 which there remained no hindrance, he 
 Instantly yields to an appeal to his domestic 
 feelings, which had now lost its force ; and 
 withdraws the Volscians from Home, ap- 
 parently without a murmur, M-hiie they 
 were in the full tide of victory, and had 
 their prize almost witliln their grasp. As 
 
 * .Sir O. C. Lcwl», Credibility, &c. ch. xil. 
 »rcr. ?3. 
 t Ibid. icct. 30. 
 
 might bo expected, the sequel o* tij 
 strange talc is reported with many nr^t 
 tlons. By one account he was niurdoR! f 
 according to a second ho killed liinisii{;j,i 
 a tliird he is represented as llvlnmuiiii'l 
 tested to a good old age. I 
 
 The name of Spurius Cassius Is hl?tiir;(j;l 
 as that of the consul who ratified tluMrvrTl 
 with Carthage. Many years afterwards I'f 
 is said to have proposed an iigi'arii.n ]-, 
 to divide among the citizens all land wliiij^i 
 as being public after conquest, was wr-'; 
 fully occupied by patrioians. In the M' 
 ing year, a charge of aiming at regal i 
 was brought against him. Ilereupini i, 
 version say- that he was condeiiiiii.i|' 
 death, and thrown from (ho Tarpelaii i ,(■ 
 another maintains that ho was privat. 
 exccf.ted by his father, who conflscatodi 
 goods, levelled his house, and ral-i]^ 
 statue on the sjiot. Later writers spite 
 a statue erected by Caf:siushlniself,asle.:, 
 melted down by the censors in tlie ynr; 
 n.o. : but then it is not easy to undcr^n 
 wliy tlilL- statue should not have Ix'iii; 
 moved wlien his house was rased tn ij\ 
 ground, if the story of tiie conllscjiiii. 
 a true one. 
 
 Tliese agrarian disimtos, a few y 
 later, arc followed by what is calkiii.i 
 secession of tlie Fabian gens or r 
 Kli'buhr asserts that it was caused lij : 
 failure of the effort made by the cii. 
 Ku'so Kablus to bring about an C(|iiiii 
 division of lands. The traditionary 
 counts represent it as arising out (if ",r 
 Unitary olfer to hold a foa near the li,ui 
 of the Cremera as an outpost asaliist • 
 hostile incursions of tlie Veientincs. 11; 
 in the following year, they were cut i :f 
 a man, only one child surviving out cf: 
 number of 3or. who had left Itome : ]m\-: 
 incidents of .s catastrophe are ni 
 variously. One story said that tiny 
 surprised while on tliclrway to perf m 
 religious sacrifice in Kome: another iir. 
 tained that they were drawn into an am! 
 cade by a series of stratagems on tln'i 
 of tlio Volscians, and so slain. It U, 
 course, quite possible that a powerful li c 
 should volunteer to hold a fmntkr i ■: 
 but the dllferent versions of the cata- 
 phe prove that no contempor.ary recupi 
 the events had been in'eserved ; and 
 further fact that its anniversary was kti 
 en tlie same day with that of tlie battle 
 the AUia sliows that there was no ut 
 terrupted traditional obsert-ancc of 
 cvent.t 
 
 Wo come now to the Law, assioncd 
 the year 470 b.c, proposed by I'ubliliiisvj 
 lero, that the plebeian magistrates sli". 
 be elected in the committee of tlietril* 
 It is a mere piece of constitutional rcfm 
 but the narrative de^s not tliercforo 
 come more historical. 'Livy on tlio 
 thorlty of Piso states the number of 
 bunes to have been increased by tliolai 
 Volero from two, as they had beer f<i 
 their institution, to live: and the iiaim.- 
 tlie live tribuiii's (hen elected are Kivoii 
 the same hl:-1oriaii. Didiiysius, limvii 
 
 i Ibid, cct 23. 
 
 il 
 
(!r^e W^tovu of IXome, 
 
 67 
 
 tUo scqxicl o! \\A 
 ted Willi Jiinny var;J 
 nt he was imirdprfj I 
 I ho killed liimsilf;j,l 
 nitcd as living uiiinJ 
 
 8°' . , , 1 
 
 isCassius l8 iil?tnr:ti;| 
 
 tvho ratified tliotri.;;,! 
 
 y years af tcrwnnls > J 
 
 ised an iig;'ari;.n lw| 
 
 •itlzciisnll lanUwliii 
 
 coiLiuest, was wr ■ 
 
 ririaiis. Intlict.ii: 
 
 ainiliitf at regal i» ,, 
 
 S liim. llereupniu,.-, 
 
 e was coiidcuuuill 
 
 oin tlicTarpelaiUa: 
 
 liat ho was priviu-l 
 
 er.wlio coiiflscatojj 
 
 house, and rai-M 
 
 Later writers simkr 
 
 a?»iushiniself,asie;; 
 
 censors in the yiar:; 
 
 not easy to un(^('r^li:| 
 
 luld not have IiomrT 
 
 luse was rased to ivl 
 
 ' of tiic conUsfati.:.! 
 
 lisimtes, a few y,-; 
 liy \\lu\t is callLd'. 
 Kaliian gens or r 
 It it was caused liy ; 
 ft made by the c i.. 
 ng about an etuiiu:! 
 "The traditionary . 
 ; as arising out of v 
 il afoKt near the lusj 
 an outpost agaliist ■ 
 f the Veientines. II 
 ir, they were cut ijj 
 ild surviving out vV:\ 
 had Icit Uonic: Initt; 
 itastrophc arc rci" 
 ry said that they 
 their way to rcrf rJ 
 1 Home: anotlior li- 
 re drawn into an ami; 
 stratagems on tlioi 
 and so slain, U i-, 
 icthataiiiiwcrfiilli.: 
 o hold a fmutUr 1 
 jrsions of the c;Ua>i 
 contemporary recori 
 en in-eserved ; ami d 
 ts anniversary was kd 
 th that of tlie battle' 
 lat there was no m-\ 
 luil observance of 
 
 o the Law, asslmicdj 
 oposed by I'ubliliiis^l 
 [•Ian magistrates slini 
 ■ommlttee of the trilf 
 f constitutional rcfon 
 d<"^3 not therefore 1 
 jcai. 'Livy on tlios 
 itos the number oft 
 inci'eascd by tliohiij 
 as they had beer 
 >live: and thonaiiKil 
 u'U elected are kIvwI 
 n. Diimysius, liuwviij 
 
 knecivcs their number to have been Ave 
 fore this time : and Cicero says that It 
 A been ten since the second year of their 
 ilstcncc.'* 
 
 lAt this point a change coracs over the 
 blltical agitation of tlic time. Hitherto it 
 ks liad reference to the struggles be* v.-oen 
 le patricians and tlio plebeians, to the 
 Inlands for i)lebclan olllcos, or for a re- 
 fctrllnition of lands. All this now dls- 
 Ciiars : and in its place we have an absorli- 
 Tg doriire for the compilation of a code of 
 Jrlttcn laws for circumscribing the con- 
 liar power. Kicso (iuinctlns vehemently 
 fcisted the demand; but withdraws Into 
 Ele on being accused by Volsclus Fictor 
 * a murder committed two years before. 
 Ko years aftenvards, tlie consuls n".der- 
 ko to prove that Ka3so was absent from 
 pmc when the murder is said to have 
 leu committed ; the defence was success- 
 a but it came too late. Ka;so had already 
 fell lu exile : but It is hard to understand 
 hv, Instead of shrinking from a trial, he 
 Jfl"not court it, If lie could prove his own 
 Kcnce from Rome as well as that the 
 Epiioscd victim had died a natural death. 
 \wo years later, 4.')8 u.c, it is said that 
 »rnus Ilerdonius, n Sabine, surprised and 
 Jok tlio Romaii Capitol. "Without any 
 Itliorlty, it lias by some been supixised 
 lit Ka>so Quinctiuswas his accomplice; 
 It in the surprise Itself there is nothing 
 fcroclible : nor Is it likely that anarratlve. 
 It tending to the credit of the Uonian 
 lople, should bo a pure invention. Hut 
 Binugh the plebeians aid in rescuing the 
 ll.itol, their hope of '.aving the Teren- 
 Itlan rogation passes is again dlsap- 
 Bnted. The dictatorslup of Ciuclnnatus 
 (cues tlie commonwealth from sericnis 
 ngcr; but the postponement of the Tc- 
 Jtllllan law again provokes the discontent 
 I the people. Once more we hear of the 
 rarian law, which liad been in abeyance 
 T tliirty years.t and a veteran named 
 ISIcc'Ius Dcntat'.a is brouglit forward to 
 il tlif i'ame of plebeian r.nimosity. In a 
 llitary service of 40 yeai.., he liad fouglit 
 [iM l)attles, and received 45 wi>uiids. IIL 
 tangue roused tlio fears of tlie senate; 
 Id when it .vas announced tliat the ..T'^iui- 
 Is tliroatened Tusculum, SIccIus was sent 
 [its aid, and narrowly escaped fall Iiig into 
 
 e trap which tlic consuls had laid for 
 jstroylng him with all his forces. He 
 kcs another road, surprises the iEquiau 
 nip, slays all his prisoners at iiiglit, and 
 arclics suddenly to Homo to accuse tho 
 Sisuls and prevent their triumph, llut 
 >motivels given to explain this treacher- 
 
 ! design of the consuls, to whom Siccius 
 
 lln no way rendered himself formidable : 
 Id tliat a man, 68 years old, should have 
 Vn part in 120 battles, and gained nearly 
 
 D linnours, is a fact which has perhaps 
 Iverboen C(juallcd. And again, the troops 
 po, being aw.are of the anilmsh lying In 
 [lit for them, march unresistingly to their 
 
 oil), hurry by night, after killing their 
 
 |» sir a. C. Lcwif, CrsdlbiUty, ke. ch. xii. 
 
 it. ."il. 
 
 It Ibid. sect. 43. 
 
 prisoners. In a state of mutiny to Home. 
 There is nothing but contradiction through- 
 out. Tho narrative of Uionysius Is given 
 with a circumstantial minuteness which, 
 if true, could only bo acquired from con- 
 temporary writings, Willie the history of 
 Livy gives a very short narrative, alto- 
 gether, as it would seem, ignoring tlio 
 other. ' Under these circuinstaiices, what 
 certain cdiiclusion can we arrive at, or liow 
 can we give credence either to tho copious 
 details of the Greek, or to the brief sketch 
 of the Uonian historian? AVIiat reason 
 have wo for preferring one story to tho 
 other, or for supposing t hat eitlier historian 
 d'jrlved his information from authentic 
 contemporary testimony I'S 
 
 At length the tribunes, it is said, feeling 
 that the passing of tlio Terentillian roga- 
 tion was hopeless, proposed a law that, 
 •instead of a measure for diminlsliing tlio 
 P(nkor of the consuls, a body of legislators, 
 composed of both patricians and iilebeians, 
 should be formed, for eiiualisiiig the rights 
 of the citizens :' and thus was inaugurated 
 the famous legislation of tho Uecemvirs, 
 by the appointment of a commission of 
 three persons to go to various cities in 
 Greece for tho purpose of copying their 
 laws. The commissioners return in tlio 
 following year, and then on the proposal of 
 Appius Claudius, the committee of ten is 
 appointed to consider tlie laws and draw 
 up the new code. This body of ten super- 
 seded all other magistrates, and carried on 
 the whole government of tho state. Still 
 within tlio year they had framed a codo 
 which they inscribed upon ten tables ; and 
 at the end of tho year, they held an assem- 
 bly for the election of ordinary magistrates. 
 Hut it seems that the plebeians had im- 
 billed as great a hatred of consuls as they 
 had entert.tined of kings, and would not 
 hear of their election. According to aiio- 
 tlior account, the patricians wished to 
 prolong tlic decemvirato from tho desire 
 of suppressing the tribniiician power. 
 Tlinnighout tlie first year the conduct of 
 Appius Claudius had been p'/'inilar and con- 
 ciliatory, find lie now only Cdiiseiilfd with 
 reluctance to become a candidate. Another 
 version says tn."t lie resurtr'l to all mean 
 and unwortliy arts to secare his own elec- 
 tion. In Uionysius three of the second 
 s<-t of decemvirs are plebeians: in Livy 
 they are all patricians, Uotli Miese writers 
 agree, however, in what they say of tho 
 general conduct of tho body so elected. 
 They displayed at once the fasces and secu- 
 res, the badges of absolute power, and tho 
 people soon found that it was useless to 
 appeal, as they had done in tiie former year, 
 from onedecemvir to another. All .security 
 was at an end, and the people were ready 
 for rebellion, Tlic enemies of the city took 
 advantage of tills moment of weakness, 
 and tho Sabines encamped within twenty 
 miles of Home. Ten legions v ore after 
 much dinicnlty levied, but tho conduct of 
 the decemviri in the Held only led the more 
 rapidly to their own overthrow. The story 
 of Siccius, a plebeian centurion, althougU 
 
 I Ibid. icct. 4^. 
 
 i'i 
 
 ^1 
 

 6S 
 
 CTjc €veng\iv^ of WitovHf ^t. 
 
 Cdiiilng ti) U3 ill uo iiioro than one viv.-iou, 
 Bliowa that A]iiiiU3 resorted to rmrik' ■ In 
 ordor to got rid of lils oppoii: i.ls.* t'nt 
 tlio measure of his iniquity was tilled r.|. 1./ 
 his conduct In the case of Vlr,.-!iil!\, Tic 
 beauty of this maiden made him iWnilVL' t.. 
 gain iiossesslon of her: ::iid while !..?r fufhe)' 
 was fcrvlng in the ca'iicho ovi' ■',•'■ \iao 'i'' 
 his own rrents la claim her as Vtisi . la\u l>y 
 lilrtli. She 1,'; 1 ' )Uglit !"'roro the fibunal 
 of Apiiius, Avli ) adjudges !, T to ho ; i .irded 
 by this elk wi i ''! the day of trial co.ues on. 
 'I'll a popii- r 1 'imlt Inuiics iiim to alter 
 t)ii ! deelsicni, : '.U ho accepts bail f >r her 
 reappearance. N > time is lotst by his irl( ;\d3 
 In maliing VirgliiUts ;.!■ lunintc^ v.lili the 
 schO'iK'sof Appi'i^.anil tlio wvru. lied father 
 ha- 1 .la to It(ini( , (i;>lytr; Jieai ilie .«; iitenro 
 whk'h coiidenius his ti uiglitT to sliiv.^r). 
 Il.'iviiig gained pcnnis-i )u K> bid her fare- 
 well, lie stabs her to th-. lieail. exclaiMlrig 
 tiiut tlais iilone can he ;:eei> her innx- .i.'d 
 set lier free. The sight o" Vii'gii>lti:,, with 
 I'.is bloody dagger, rouses the .army to ve- 
 hement indignation, and tearing up their 
 fctaiul.ards, they march directly up to Homo, 
 and occupy the Aventine. The city Is In 
 uproar, and Appliis Is glad to hide himself 
 from the popular fury, while I lie army from 
 Algidus depose their live de '"'uvlral gene- 
 rals, and set up ten ini!i!:uy tribunes 
 In their place. The troops from Fidemo 
 make the same change, and ■• luis the de- 
 cemviri are displ;ici>d by twciiiy tribunes. 
 Tho death of Appius follows soi.n after the 
 election of Valerius and Horatiiis as con- 
 suls, and wheliier by the latter or by tho 
 ii'diies, tlio twelve tables of hiw.'s wern en- 
 graved on brass, and exposed In piilillc. 
 
 Such are the outllne.'i of a story v.-hlch Is 
 l>lace(i half way between tho expulsion of 
 tho kings and the burning of t!)e city by 
 thoOauis— a jieriod In all of 120 years, and 
 of wlilch thecrcdlbility Isnot called In ques- 
 tion by a single miracle, marvel, portent, 
 or prodigy. lUit on comparing the arrange- 
 ment of this period of 120 years with the 
 regal time of precisely 210 years, cue cle- 
 ment of weakness Is laid open to view In 
 an arlillcial clironology; and the story It- 
 self, when examined, shows no lack of 
 Internal difflcultles. The Terentillian law, 
 which initiated tho decemvir.al movement, 
 aimed at circumscribing tho power of the 
 consuls ; and the purpose for which (when 
 tills was found to be liopelcss) tho decem- 
 viri were appointed, was to provide In part 
 a code of written laws, and still more to 
 equalise the rights of patricians and ple- 
 beians. Accordingly tho first deceinvirate 
 is described as popular, both in Its conduct 
 and Us legislation. Tho laws of the ten 
 tables were sanctioned by tho popular as- 
 sembly of the centuries ; and Cicero, speak- 
 ing of these laws as being uniformly wise 
 and just, wltldiolds tliis praise only from 
 tho two last tables of tlic second decem- 
 virate, wlileli aljollshed tho right of Inter- 
 marriag(i between the two classes. Thus 
 the conclusion remains that tho ten tables 
 were in favour of the plebeians, and that 
 
 * Sir 0. C. Lewis, Credibility, &c. ch. xii. 
 •ect. 51. 
 
 'liey served tho purpose for wldcli .., 
 Ot'cdevlratr' was Instituted, Unf ortuiiatcit I 
 tlio hit.'s 01' ;,lieso tables Lavo only eoiml 
 down to liH in fragments; yet 'wekiKi»| 
 enough coiiciining them to authorise c 
 in saying, 'ii;i 'hey had not tho charact«| 
 ■if acnnstii Hi >;.>' code, and that they cor, [ 
 laii.t notl;i:i!; - nlch placed tho plelieiaDil 
 m; iifootlii) 'i' s jMtlcal equality with tlic[*| 
 trlcians. The political inequality bctwitnl 
 the two order.-i remained not less after iij 
 decemviral legislation than It had Ual 
 before. All tliegrcat constitutional ciiaiiMl 
 by wliich the plebeians achieved iiiii 
 equality, nre iontioned as separate ,i;.; 
 s 'i>:'':';--i-j mea ures, after tho fall uf iji^ 
 deccin ■u'i.'t 
 
 TIio 'j.v'iMid which speaks of tho joiircd | 
 - ' the three commissioners Into Greece,ii 
 
 :>y tlio it.ist, full of Improbability. Tli;J 
 dcmviral ;:odo exhibited no reseniljliuifll 
 to Greek law, and Cicero held it to bo al; ■ 
 gether superior to any Greek leglslaii: 
 We can hardly suppose that the lUmi,:, 
 had lieard of tlio laws of Solon, and stilllml 
 of tlie reforms of Cieisthenes; while iii 
 might nioi;' naturally have availed iIkl 
 selves of tho legisiatliMi of Charoiulaj ;:l 
 Sicily, and still more of Zaleucus, the laij 
 giver of tho Kplzephyrlan Locrlans In \{%\\ 
 llut of these we hear nothing: and Ci 
 writers are e(iually silent about the airiul 
 of these emissaries in Greece. If they rat T 
 at ail, tliey .arrived during tho early «: | 
 jiaigns of Pericles, when Tiiucydidc 
 alive ; and it is aliaostincredildo that .-uJ 
 an event, if historical, should have remaii;s| 
 unnoticed by them. 
 
 Tho colouring thrown on tho history. 
 Appius Claudius Is not less suspicious, l,:i;| 
 his father, he dies by his own liaml i 
 prison. An extant fragment of tlie (';iii.| 
 toline Fasti speaks of the consulship wliiii 
 he resigned In order to become decemvirs 
 his second consulship, and so identify I.:; 
 with his father, to whom the lilstoriaii- : 
 tribute that which the Fasti describe a- li! 
 first consulship of tlio son. Acconiini/i 
 liotli Llvy and Dionysius, tiie decemvir ii 
 never heard of till ilie year before lie J 
 .appointed to that olUce. In his p;iiiticil 
 career, he first deserts tho patricians, ;it:l 
 ingratiates himselfwith the plebeians; al 
 after Ills reelection ho comes forwanl asiil 
 undisguised despot, h.aving secured tlicc>[ 
 operation of a set of oligarchs aa unscruiil 
 lous as himself. Llvy explains these ciianptil 
 by saying that lila moderation was unl'l 
 assumed for political purposes : but SiJ 
 G. C. Lewis remarks that this will noteif 
 plain 'why he laid down his ofllce it 'In 
 end of tho year, and why, being alrca lyvjl 
 tual dictator and holding tho chief pi.woriil 
 bis liands, he voluiitarriy resigned It, ai!;l 
 trusted to tho chances of a personal fail 
 vass.' In Diodorus, moreover, tho Olaudiiif 
 of the second decomvlrato la a dillerc 
 person from the Claudius of the first, fill 
 tho contradictions Involved lu the vcnl 
 position of the decemviral governiiiciit.ml 
 must refer the reader to tho work I'f Siil 
 G. C. Lewis (Credibility, &c. cb. xii. scct.5ii[ 
 
 t ll>ia. sect. 54, 
 
Efit Wfitavp of itamr. 
 
 69 
 
 J Is enough to remark about these incon- 
 Istcnclcs in general, that 'tliey cannot, 
 flthout violence to tlio laws of historical 
 Vliloncc, bo removed by arbitrarily select- 
 bc Konio parts of the narrative and rejcct- 
 htf others, or by gratuitously fabricating 
 iher facts and interweaving them with the 
 pndltlonary narrative.' 
 [The story of Virginia U as Improbable as 
 ny other part of the narrative. Wo aro 
 J)U1 that the partisans of i lie decemvirs liad 
 rltli Impiiulty coniniltted mimberless gross 
 lutragcs on women ; why should their chief 
 Je^oit to stratagem? why did ho not iiiur- 
 ler VIrginius as ho had murdered SIccius ? 
 >)iydid he not Imprison or get rid of the 
 tieiuls of Virginia? The despot Claudius 
 1 lii're suddenly represented as restrained 
 y li'Kal forms, which arc elsewliero tram- 
 llod underfoot. Again, the tale is given 
 fcilli great minuteness liy Llvy and Biony- 
 Siis: Imt in tlie liitter Applus gives botli 
 fides a hearing at aforniul trial, while tlio 
 fcrmer says tliat ho would hear neither. 
 Llvy ?ays that he cannot give the grounds 
 In Avlildi Applus based his judnenicnt ; 
 pidnvslus alllrms that he spoko from his 
 Iwn personal knowledge of the case. Fi- 
 lally, the twelve tables, as a whole, received 
 Bicsimetion of tlie pL'ople after tlie fall of 
 lie decemvirs : why were imt tlie two last 
 jiljles, Avhicli Cicero descrlliesa.-itliorDUgliiy 
 Cijust, rejected by the plcueiaiis? If they 
 ibuilslicd the right of intermarriage, why 
 lid not tho latter, when holding Jlouiit 
 iveiitiiie, with arms In their hands. Insist 
 bii ilie withdrawal of this statute? Instead 
 bf tills, tho popular consuls, Valerius and 
 Boratlus, engrave these tables and procure 
 lor tliC'^c the same public sanction with the 
 est. Sir 0. C. Lewis ni.ly well coneliuie l)y 
 ayiiig that ' the entire subject of the eii- 
 Irtnieiit of the decciiivlral codo is In a state 
 bf iiDpelei'S confu; ion.' 
 J The subbcquent hlstory^ls full of the same 
 Ifriiiigo accounts which speak of laws pass- 
 Ed ill favour of the piclieians, yet not put 
 ui action ; of the plebeians as possessed of 
 tower to enforce these laws, yet not using 
 It; of concessions made and again with- 
 Tirawii; of disputes settled and again re- 
 newed. To tho year 4.37 aro assigned the 
 [iili'lgucs and death of Spurlus Mx'lius. In 
 1 time of famine he distributed corn to the 
 people at his own expense ; and the jealousy 
 bf tlio patricians saw in ills acts a design for 
 making himself king. Like Spurlus Cassius, 
 bo Is said to liavc been put to death : but 
 &iie account says that he was killed by Scrvl- 
 liu9,nmsterof the horse to Cincinnatus, wlio 
 nad been appointed dictator for the purpose 
 Df auellingtlie sedition ; another nialiitaiiis 
 iliat Servillus acted on tho orders of the 
 benntc, and that no dictator was appointed 
 bt all. 
 
 To tlin year 431 B.C. is assigned an inci- 
 dent which exceeds the severity of Brutus 
 [ill the execution of his sons for conspiracy. 
 The son of the ccmsul Postumius left his 
 Tanks to flght with an enemy : on returning 
 Ivictorious tohls father he was put to death 
 |lyhis order. Llvy distrusts the story be- 
 
 f Credibility, &c. cli. xii. sect. 51. 
 
 cause tho proverb which expressed the exe- 
 cution of a son by a father, bore tho name 
 not of Postumius, but of Manlius : Imt Ills 
 argumcnt.H.are only liidireer. llo does not 
 toueiion tiio testimony wliieh might lie ad- 
 duced for any version of the tale. In the. 
 same year 1/ivy mentions an expedition of 
 the Carthii;,'inians toSicliy. Ho can seareeiy 
 refer to that of Ilamllcar in 4,so ii.c, and lio 
 must therefore mean tho great expedition 
 of Ilaiiiiibal in 403 ii.o. As ho antedates 
 this event by more than twenty years, his 
 version eiiuld not have been formed till 
 after the accurate memory of the expedition 
 had been lost. 
 
 The next iiieinorablo incident in the l!o- 
 nian traditions before tho liuinlng of the 
 city by the CJauis Is the siege uiid fail of 
 Veil. Tho causes of the war aro \'i'ry ol> 
 seurely given. The alleged injury for which 
 llie Komans demand repariilioii liad taken 
 place more than thirty years before; and 
 since tliat time there had l)eeii two iierloda 
 of truce: one lasting eighteen years. In 
 tills war Llvy says that the Uoniaii soldiers 
 llr«t received pay, and that this caused 
 Kreater satisfaction than even the esia- 
 lilishment of tlie tribunate ; but It Is at the 
 least strange that the senate should iiiiike 
 a concession ■wiilch is never demanded, 
 wliilo tliey refuse others which are extorted 
 from them at a later time, and that tliis 
 eoneession should have been suggested by 
 the tribunes ■wishing to securo their own 
 popularity. IJnt if the Uonians were elated, 
 the people of Veil were not less depressed 
 at tiieir failure to prueuie aid from the 
 other Etruscan states. Llvy attributestiiis 
 to their having adojited a regal form of go- 
 vernment; but this isiiu'.onslstcntwUh the 
 legend that they liad lost a king in war 
 more than thirty years before, and as there 
 Avere kings in other cities also, it can hardly 
 bo said that the Ktruscans disliked the in- 
 stitution. If, however, the story of tho 
 decemvirs la wholly free from miracles and 
 prodigies, wo have them al)Uiidaiitiy In tho 
 legends of tho war witli Veil. The Alban 
 lake rose above its level, .although no rain 
 had fallen. The Romans sent to consult 
 the oracle at Delphi ; and an old Vclcntine 
 was Iieard to declare that the Romans would 
 never take Veil till the Alban lake was 
 drained of its waters. The resiionse of the 
 god from Delplil agreed with tho words of 
 the Velcntlne soothsayer. The lake was 
 drained, and the doom of Veil sealed. By 
 order of tho dictator (.'aniiUus, tho Romans 
 carried ft mine into the heart of the city; 
 and the Veientiiie king, on offering sacrillco 
 in the temple of Juno, the soothsayer told 
 him that the victory would be with those 
 who should cut tho entrails of the victim. 
 Tho Romans in the mine heard tho words, 
 and breaking into tho temple seized tho 
 entrails, .and carried them to Caniiilus. Tho 
 city was given over to bo plundered ; but 
 the dictator had vowed a tenth part of the 
 spoils to ApoUo atDcIplil. 81 ill ho dreaded 
 the jealousy of tho gods, and prayed that 
 the retrilmtlonfor this great success might 
 1)1^ as light as possible. As he uttered tho 
 prayer hefell ; and tho warning wnsfultllled 
 iu tho sack of llouje by the Uauls. A sol- 
 
 
I' I, 
 
 60 
 
 Clje Creniiur!} of W^tavyit ^c. 
 
 dicr aiiproacliing tlic statue of Juiu), asked 
 If slic would Ro to Uonio : tlic protldcss bIk- 
 iilfled her assent, and the statue seemed 
 marvellously llglit to those wlio moved It. 
 Thoplory oiCiuulUuswasat ItsliclRlit ; but 
 the shadow ot comlnrr evil was beKhinIng 
 to 1)0 felt. The luaffuincenco of Volt sug- 
 gested to the people the design of mifirating 
 thither In a body; CamlUus vcliciiR'iitl:' 
 resisted It, and Incurred no little unpoi)u- 
 Inrlty. His enemies eliarffed hlin with em- 
 bezzling some of the booty, aud Caniillus 
 was driven Into exile. 
 
 The talc of the siege will not bear much 
 criticism. It is said to have lasted ten 
 years ; yet the town falls not by famine, 
 but by a surprise, which might as easily 
 have been executed In the first year as In 
 the tenth. 'In all ancient history there Is 
 scarcely an authentic Instance of a to^vn 
 taken In the manner related of Veil. 
 Still the facts that Veil was besieged and 
 taken, and Us Independence forfi-ltcd, can- 
 not reasonably be doubted ; of the details 
 wo can say little or nothing. Nlebuhr 
 supposed that the incidents of tho last two 
 years arc drawn from a lost epic poem. The 
 great fjiiestlon here would bo to determine 
 when this poem wsis composed (If wo had 
 good reas(ms for believing that it ever 
 existed, which In this case wo have not). 
 A poem composed at tho time would bo 
 much more trustworthy than a written 
 prose narrative dating from a later period. 
 Tho prayer of Camlllus on his departure 
 Into cxilo was soon fulll'lied. His country- 
 men felt tho need of hini, when tl; Gaul- 
 ish hordes were hastening to tho city. On 
 the banks of tho Allla the llonian army was 
 rut to pieces, on the aniversary of tho 
 destruction of the F.ibll at the Cremcra. 
 Two, three, or four days afterwards the 
 Gauls were in possession of Rome. Tlio 
 plebeians escaped, as they could, to A''eii 
 or elsewhere, tho aged of both orders 
 awaited their fato in their own houses. At 
 the vestibules of their homes, according to 
 liivy, on curule chairs in tho forum, 
 according to Plutwch, they excited the 
 admiring astonishment of the Gaul- till 
 one of them stroked the beard of a senator 
 named Papirlus, and was by him smitten 
 with an ivory sceptre. Tho blow was the 
 signal for massacre, and tlio town was 
 immediately sacked and burnt. According 
 to LIvy the lire spared nothing; Dlodoius 
 admits that a few houses remained stand- 
 ing on the Palatine. The Capitol, however, 
 held out, and Camlllus, summoned to the 
 aid of his country, was aii>ointed dictator 
 for the second time. Tho measure had 
 well-nigh proved useless. The guard of tho 
 Capitol had failed to perceive that tho 
 Gauls were scaling tho rampart, when the 
 sacred geeso of Juno gave tho alann by 
 their cackling, and tho ilrst assailant was 
 hurled down by Manllus, who had been 
 consul two years before. The gift of half a 
 pound of flour and a quarter of a pint of 
 wine, from each of the garrison, was the 
 reward of his good deed. Meanwhile tlio 
 Gauls suffered from disease.and hinted that 
 they might be bribed Into leaving the city. 
 Tho bargain was struck for 1,000 pounds of 
 
 gold. Ftulplclus complained that the Cniils 
 used false ..eights; tlicir king llrcuiiiiM 
 threw his sword into tho scale, saying wii.i 
 scorn, 'Woo to tho conquered.' Hut ,ii 
 this juncture Camillas appeared not icsj 
 suddenly than tho lloman soldiers in tha 
 templo of Juno at Veil, Ho ordered tlic 
 gold to bo removed, and told tho Gauls 1 1 
 prepare for a battle : two defeats sulllciii 
 for tho destruction of tho whole horde. 
 
 Such is tho story of Livy and some otlmr 
 writers. In Diodorus, Camlllus does ii.t 
 reappear till tho Gauls have left the citv, 
 and then ho defeats tho Volsclans and otlKt 
 enemies of Uome, and attacking the tiiiu's 
 recovers the 1,000 pounds of gold with c ■ 
 standards which had been lost. In u,i 
 triumph ho wiis dr.iwn in a chariot by fo^r 
 white horses; liis presumption roused llic 
 anger of tho lu-ople, and two years after- 
 wards he was in consequence sentenced to 
 a heavy fine.* 
 
 The contradictions of the story admit i.[ 
 no reconcilement. If tho versions alrcaily 
 given speak of the extermination of ilio 
 Invaders, Polyblus sayr: that they returmj 
 to their own land, where they were after- 
 wards embroiled in 1 itestlno w.irs. in 
 another version, tho sjld was recovt nd, 
 not by Camlllus, but by tho men of Civro, 
 By another story, tho Romans made tlio 
 Gauls drunk with wine, and falling on tliem 
 while intoxicated, cut them to pieces, llur, 
 further, the Allla cannot bo idcntllled wiiii 
 any existing river, nor can the spot wlicro 
 the battle was fought bo determined : .iiiil 
 although tho Gauis arc said to have ful- 
 lowed up their victory quickly, still there 
 was enough time to put the Capitol Intiu 
 state of defence, and to allow the people to 
 escape. Hence the story of the senators 
 seated on their chairs In tho forum lie- 
 comes very improbable : nor is it more 
 easy to understand why tho Gauls shmilj 
 burn a city which they would have to oc- 
 cupy in order to reduce the Capitol, and 
 which they are said to have occupied f(ir 
 six, eight, or nine months. Tho story »l 
 LIvy reads like a romance : that of Polybius 
 carries with it a great air of probability; 
 but we cannot tell whence he got his in- 
 formation, or d( .ermine the value of lii< 
 authorities. W wrote his history about 
 210 years after Jie capture of the city, aiij 
 oral tradition .ould not be depended on for 
 so long a time. It was, however, the fim ; 
 event In Poman history which seems to 
 havcattrPi'ted the notice of contemporary 
 Greeks, Still HeracUdos of Pontus learnt 
 no more than that a city called n(imc, ; 
 which ho supposed to bo Hellenic, had bcoii i 
 taken by an army from the land of tho Hy- I 
 perboreans ; and Aristotle rfays tliat Iloino 
 was delivered by a certain Lucius, whereas 
 Plut.arch says that lilsnamc was not Luclu-!, 
 but Marcus, With regard to tho dato of 
 this event, there is a tolerably clo?e agrco i 
 nient : the dates assigned vary li in 387 to 
 
 390 B.O. ! 
 
 Livy believed that In entering on tho i 
 period subsequent to tho Gaulish conquest, ! 
 he had arrived at a time of far greater 
 
 • Sir G, C. Ijcwif, Ci-edibilily, tc. ch. xi[. sect. S3 
 
cd tlmt the (Jaulu 
 ■Ir king Hrinims 
 scale, HnyliiKWIt.l 
 (lucreil.* Hut at 
 .ppcarcd not U<i 
 ,11 soldiers in tho 
 Ho ordered tlic 
 told tho Gauls 1 1 
 •o defeats biUHclJ 
 ) whole horde, 
 .•y and sonic otlirr 
 iuiilllus docs int 
 have left the lity, 
 olselansaiidotlKt 
 tacking tho liiiii'^ 
 3 of gold with f 
 een lost. In u.i 
 I a chariot by fDi.r 
 ni)tIon roused ihc 
 I two years nftir- 
 icnco sentenced to 
 
 the story admit ■•{ 
 versions alrculy 
 •rmlnatlon of tin; 
 ;hat they retunml 
 c they were aflt r 
 testlno wars. In 
 lid was recov( rnl, 
 tho men of t'liro. 
 Romans made tlio 
 ,nd falling on tlicm 
 cm to pieces. Itii', 
 t bo Identincd wiili 
 can the spot wlieio 
 determined : niul 
 ! said to have f"!- 
 (lulckly, still there 
 t the Capitol Into a 
 allow the peoiilo to 
 •y of the senators 
 In the forum Ic- 
 . nor Is It more 
 the Gauls bIkhiU 
 would have to oc- 
 tho Capitol, and 
 lavo occupied Inr 
 tlis. Tho story ol 
 o: thatof Polyhiiiii 
 air of probability; 
 nco he pot his in- 
 . the value of UU 
 his history alimit 
 re of the city, and 
 be depended on for 
 however, the llvst 
 which seems to 
 of contemporary 
 i of Pontus learnt 
 city called Homo, 
 Hellenic, had lueu 
 he land of tho Hy- 
 ,lo rfays that Roiiio 
 in Lucius, whereas 
 no was not Luchu, 
 ird to the daie of 
 erably rlo?o agree- 
 dvary li iu387to 
 
 entering on tho 
 Gaulish conquest, 
 no of far greater 
 
 Cbe W^tatti of iXamt* 
 
 61 
 
 y, tc. ch. xil. Bcct.Sl 
 
 leanicss and certainty. We cannot Indeed 
 Xll what were tho fuller records wlilch ho 
 iiyswero kept from this time; but they 
 fuuiit at best have been fragmentary, 
 laiiii certainly did not form a continuous 
 llilstory. Still It may bo fulrly held ' that 
 Itlie history for the period from tho cap- 
 Ituie of tho city to tho campaign against 
 ll'jiilius, compared with tlio period from 
 Itlie expulsion of tho kings to tiie capture 
 lof the city, contains a greater proportion 
 Idt fact, and a smaller proportion of llc- 
 Itlnu.'* This period is marked l)y a succes- 
 IbIoii' of ■^^ irs, all of whlcli contributed to 
 lliicrea- tlio power of Home, In spite of 
 linaiiy lUfeats and disasters. Tiie same end 
 Vas promoted by tho system of Latin colo- 
 Jjijos which consisted of Uonian citizens 
 iBcnt'to occupy coiKiuered lands, and by the 
 Iconfeaeratlon of other cities, with privl- 
 Beges varying in det,.ce. Tlie llrst Samnlto 
 Riar, bcKlnnliig ahout 3-18 B.C., was followed 
 b)y the Latin war, or great struggle of the 
 Latlus for supremacy. In the year 32.1 
 loxander of Eplrus landed in Italy, and 
 tlirco years later began the second Saninite 
 var, lasting for more than twenty years, In 
 .vliieli occurred the great Uoman defeat at 
 ItiicCaudinc Fork,. '110 ii.c. In the third .Sam- 
 nlto war, C. Pontius, tlie general who Iiad 
 lie! i.tedthelloniaiisatCaudlum, was taken 
 prisoner, and the whole country of Sam- 
 niiimwas reduced to submission. In the 
 rear 281 B.C., the Ta.'ontinos, wlio had de- 
 feated L. Valerius and tho Koman fleet 
 before their city. Invited Pyrrhus, king of 
 Eiiinis, to aid them. 
 
 Aet i ve and restless, Pyrrhus was continu- 
 biy forming schemes, and occupied himself 
 hiore in the affairs of others tlian in his 
 bwii. lie was a perfect m.aster of tlie 
 biilit.iri art, but totally Igncu'ant of tliat of 
 Covcriiing. In addition to tlie opposition 
 Mills army to that of the llonian, ho intro- 
 iuccd elephants into tlio Held, whlcli iJOiiig 
 hew to the Roman troops, was the cause of 
 llieir discomllture. Hut, being aware of 
 llie unconquerable spirit of his opponents, 
 lie solicited an alliance with them tlirough 
 llic means of tho orator Cineas. Ho at- 
 Icmptcd to corrupt, by presents, the 
 Irirtuc of Fabricius. He passed into Sicily, 
 iritii a view to succour that Island against 
 Ihc Carthaginians. And afterwards re- 
 luming to Italy, ho ab.aiidoned tl'-'iii cn- 
 llrely, Ulled with veneration for lo people 
 fclioso courage and constancy ho was un- 
 |)>lc even to shake. 
 
 Rome now began to flx tho attention of 
 fctraiigers. It received ainb.assadors from, 
 kiul accepted an alliance with, Ptolemy 
 Phlladelphus, king of Egypt, tho enliglit- 
 fcncd protector of the arts and sciences. 
 *l)out this time lu:cury was first Intro- 
 Buced among tho Uoman people, the source 
 Mall their future misfortunes. It destroyed 
 lepubllcan virtue ; It debilitated their cou- 
 rage ; and was thus, eventually, tho cause 
 pf the downfall of Rome. 
 ' The siege of Messina by tho Carthagl- 
 kiiauB, and their union with Hlero, king of 
 
 » Sir ti. C. Lcwli, Credibility, Sec. cb. siii. 
 
 iCUl. 
 
 Syracuse, caused tlie llrst I'linic war. Hlero 
 soon after formed an alliance! wltli tlie Ro- 
 mans, mid reniained ever after faltiifiil to 
 tlieir cniiso. Tho love of glory rendered 
 them as uncomiuerable on tho sea as tlie; 
 liad before boon on the land. Sicily, the 
 object of tlieir ambition, was llio witness 
 of their naval victories. Africa Iierselt 
 treiiil>Ied at tlio sight of her fleet t However, 
 Xaiitliippus, tlio Lacedenionlaii, whom tho 
 Cartiiagiiiiaii,'4, with tho basest Ingrati- 
 tude, deprived of his life, defeated and 
 m.ado prisoner tho bravo but unfortunate 
 Uegulus. The Cartiiaglnians demanded 
 peace, and Uegulus himself, who was one of 
 tho ambassadors, opposed the treaty, and 
 fell a victim to tlio love of his country : ho 
 returned to Cartii.igo to meet. It was said, 
 tho most horrid death that tlio enraged 
 Carthaginians could inllict. Hamlicarwas 
 afterwards defeated, and this defeat ter- 
 minated tho llrst Punic war. 
 
 Tlie slego and conciuost of Saguntum, a 
 city In aliiaiuo with tlio Uomniis, gave 
 birtli to the secimd I'unlc war. Hannibal, 
 already famous for his brilliant success la 
 Spain, who had from his Infancy been 
 taught to regard tlie Uom.ans with detesta- 
 tion, advanced towards Italy at tho head 
 of an army; crossed thoUhone; traversed 
 tho Alps In the midst of winter ; defeated 
 Sclpio on the banks of the Tlclnus; was 
 coiuiueror at Trelila, Tlirasymenus, and 
 Ciiniiiu; and fliled Homo Itself with alarm. 
 Tho pleasures of Capua, It is said, where 
 ho had the imprudence to winter, saved 
 Uonio from destruction. It gave the Uo- 
 m.ans time to recover from tlio consterna- 
 tion which his rapid progess had occa- 
 sioned ; they collected ail their force, and 
 rose more terrible than ever, by their con- 
 stancy, their discipline, their courage, and 
 their policy.t 
 
 Tlieir numeroua victories astonished 
 Spain and Sicily. They declared w.ir 
 against Philip, the ally of Carthago ; took 
 Syracuse, Agrlgeiitum, and Capua; de- 
 feated Ilasdrubal ; and all Spain submitted 
 to tho younger Scipio. This general went 
 into Africa, and, by his successes, obliged 
 Hannibal to quit Europe and return home. 
 In the battle of Zaiiia, where every nian- 
 OBUvro In tlio art of war was displayed, 
 Sclpio was the conqueror, and tho Uoman 
 senate dictated tiio conditions of peace. 
 This victory augmented the already im- 
 moderate ambition of Uome, which threat- 
 ened with slavery tho wliolo of the then 
 known world. 
 
 Hannibal, after having passed some time 
 at the court of Antlochus, king of Syria, 
 whom ho had engaged to declare war 
 against the Uomans, returned to Blthynia ; 
 but fearing that he should bo delivered up 
 to his inveterate enemy, he put an end to 
 his existence by p.iison. 
 
 Tho war with Philip, king of Maccdon, 
 and afterwards with Perseus, his son, was 
 a remarkable epoch. Philip, after liavlng 
 suffered great loss, made peace with the 
 
 t Sec tlio maRnificcnt narrative of the cam- 
 paigns of Uannibal in Arnold's lUttory of Iloin% 
 vol. lii. 
 
 4 I «1 
 
 
62 
 
 (Tlbf Crcntftiru of ?lWttir|i, ^r. 
 
 llminiH ; liul I'cr.-d'iH, Willi ;i virw nC ri'- 
 CdVi'i'liiK l>iu;k wimt IiIh lalhi'i- liml lost, 
 roiicwcd a wiirwhlcli Ui>i'ilvod him bolli <il' 
 liirt llluTlyand life, and rcJucoil hl« kliiK- 
 iloiii t(i n Uiiiiinii iirovlnct', Aiitlocliun, 
 kliiK of Hyrin, who hail <U'clartMl war against 
 Ihd Itoniaiia in ronipHance witli tlio wl^iics 
 <if n:innll)al, was llkcwi.^o (i)iilLfc<l, In order 
 to (ihlalii peaco, to codo all t\w cimntry lie 
 (KHscs^ed oil tho woHtcrn sldo ot Mount 
 Tan run. 
 
 Tlie Unmans hchcUlwilh pain tlio cxlst- 
 ciico of CartliMKi", and caKi'rIy Hought an 
 occasion to coniinonco ho-4tlllil('t<. An 
 oiiporuiiiity Hooii prcHontod Itself. Tlio 
 Cariliatflniaiirt liclng at war wiMi Mai<sl- 
 iiiH-i, kln>f of Nnmldla, tlio Uoinaiix armed 
 In iil^t favour, and sent a BtroiiK forco 
 apaliiHt (^arlliawo itself. Tlio Cartliatfi- 
 iilaim defended tlirinselvea coiiraKeouHly ; 
 hut tlio iloinan cnniiimnder, riililius Cor- 
 nelius Solpio, liceiiiiilim master of It, re- 
 (liieed it to aHlics, and tarried witii liliii In 
 riches to Rome. Tiiil)* ended the tliird 
 I'niiie war ; and tiiiis fell Carllia^e, the 
 ani-leut and powerful rival of Itoniu: n.c. 
 117. 
 
 Tlio destruction of CartliaRO Increa.aod 
 the ainhltion of tho Honians. Tiiey marched 
 an army afjalnst the dtlei* of (ireece, which 
 were in leaifiio airainst their power, and 
 ol)|lKed them tomitiinit ; l)Ut not liefnretiie 
 city of Corinth liad heeii taljen, and de- 
 stroyed. Tho .Spaniardri, who had revolted 
 aliout the game time, were defeated; and 
 llie taking' of Xumantla brought all Spain 
 under tlieir power. 
 
 To tiieso trliimplis al)road, liitestiiin di- 
 visions often succeeded. Tilx'riiis (irac- 
 cliiis, and aflerwardu CaiM^ (iracchns, 
 caused tlie pleljelaiiB to revolt against the 
 aristocracy. 
 
 JuKiirtlia, klnf» of Nnmidia, bcliipr dis- 
 satisllcd with tho manner in which Mi- 
 cips.a, lil.'« father, had disposed of Ills kin>r- 
 dom,— having divided it between himself 
 and ills two lirotliers,— caused tlieni to be 
 put to death ; and found means for some 
 time, by preseiitrf, to render tho Konians 
 favouralile to his schemes: Mctellus, how- 
 ever, took several places from him, and at 
 leiiKtli .Miirliis, a manof obscure blrtli, but 
 f)f great military talents, being elected con- 
 sul, put an end to this war ; and Jugurtha 
 was led In captivity to Rome, where lie died 
 of hunger. Marins defeated tho Teutonos, 
 and Cimbri, and other northern nations.who 
 liad made irruptions into Gaul, Spain, and 
 Italy; and during the war, which was car- 
 ried on twelve years, signalised himself by 
 his ability and his courage. 
 
 The people of Italy took up arms against 
 Rome, for having refused them the rights 
 of citizenship. This insurrection was the 
 nioro dinicnit to overcome, as the insur- 
 gents were perfectly acquainted with the 
 niiUtary disclplino of tho Romans. The 
 si'iintc disarmed a part of them, by an ac- 
 quiescence with part of their demands ; 
 and this mistaken policy was the occasion 
 of a civil war. It was followed by that of 
 Mlthrldatea of Pontus, the civil war of 
 Marlus and Bylla, and tbat of tho gladi- 
 ators. 
 
 .Mlthrldales, kiiiif of rollMis, poMcirui 
 and prniid, yet brave and acllM', and nt \n- 
 placaliliUii his hatred to Uomo as Haiui|. 
 Iial, deliriiilned, If pohhIIiIc, tohumblo tliit, 
 haughty republic. Ilo begun by a gciinai 
 massacre of the Rinnans within Ills torrl. 
 tory : he lu^xt reduced several Roman mm. 
 vliices In Asia, and caused a Roman gcin.'. 
 ral to be niurdired. 
 
 Hylla, the eniisul, was charged Willi 'Aik 
 conduct of tills war; but Marlus, I'.v i,is 
 Inlrltfues, not only caused him to bu i,. 
 moved, lint obtaini.'d tiiu appointment r>r 
 himself. This proceeding brought on tie 
 civil war so destructive in ltd cuiiseqiK in, j 
 both to Italy and Hiialii : to the laitir 
 country Sertorlus, tlio partisan of Marliw, 
 had retired. Kylla joined to courage ,111.1 
 activity Iminenso wealth and a suavlij ; 
 maunwrs, which gave him coiislderabl.v : 
 advantage over .Marlus, who died In i„j 
 second year of the civil war. 
 
 Mliluiilates having been defeated li.iii; 
 by sea and land, solicited peace, which w,i; 
 granted to liiiii : but Miireiia, one of tin 
 lieutenants ot Kylla, having Infrlngeil ih,; 
 treaty, the war recouimeiicwd. Mlthrlilatci 
 prevailed upim Tigraiics, kim'of Arimiiii | 
 Major, to engage in the <iiiarrel : liy lii( 
 assistance, he defeated the Romans, :ni,\ 
 Invaded llltliynia. The ei'iisul iiiiciilliu I 
 then ir.arihed against .Mitliridates, eiiiinly 
 disconcerted his measures, and olillKeM liim | 
 to retire Into Armenia. Two hmcccn-:) 
 victories, which he gained over the Arn,. 
 nlans, would have furnished lilin wiiliil 
 means of dictating tlie terms of peace, 1 1 
 Cliabrio had not been appointed In hi 
 place. Under this consul; Mlthrldales re- 1 
 covered bis losses, anil ravaged Ciimlh! 
 cia: but I'onipey, already rendered I'mmmujI 
 for Ills bravery In the war against tho 1;. 
 rates of Clllcia, which ho terminated i:; 
 forty days, being appointed to the cui,.- 
 maiid, drove MIthrldatcs out of reiiti;;, 
 pursued him to Armenia, and defeated liim I 
 on the banks of the Kiiphrates, Winn',! 
 in a paroxysm of despair, ho put an nijl 
 to his existeiiee. Thus terminated awntj 
 which had lasted, with unabatlng fury, j 
 twenty years. I'ompey returned to Itniuol 
 crowned witli laurel, and possestcd of iiii-[ 
 mense riches. 
 
 During this tlino of Rome's vlctoriojl 
 abroad, great dlss^'isions prevailed at liiiiiie.l 
 The slaves, contrary to their iiicllii!itioii.-,l 
 had been compelled to become gladiiitors,! 
 Spartacua, one of them, found means til 
 escape from the school at Capua, and as- J 
 seinblcd a consldcrablo army, whoso staii-l 
 dards bore tho word 'liberty,' as a iimtM 
 He defeated the Romans in several ciiku'i'-I 
 inents : but was at length totally rouujl 
 by Llcinius Crassus. Bimrtacus, peniiv.r 
 Ing that tho alternative was no other tliiiol 
 to bo made a prisoner, or to die, was killodl 
 in battle, lighting heroically, 
 
 A new conspiracy exposed Rome to thjl 
 greatest danger. Lucius Serglus (';itiiins,l 
 a man of high birth, but plunged in dfrl 
 baucbery and debt, had fonued a (U'diiiiil 
 of becoming master of Rome. Cicero, tliel 
 orator, discovered the plot. Tiic arm I 
 raised for this nefarious purpose was roatl 
 
Ct)e Vniitavn of liainr. 
 
 G3 
 
 )Ut MiirluB, t'y hn 
 H'd lili"» t" ''« ''• 
 niipiiliit'Of'"'' ''f 
 
 IIH broUKllt nil tia 
 
 111 ItiJ tMUHOH"! IllM 
 
 ulii : to tho liiitir 
 nnrtluaii of Murhn, 
 ed to couraKu ■M'\ 
 U and a Buavit> : 
 iiu i-oiiBliUTaWy 
 s, \\\ui dloa 111 1..C 
 
 iwar. . , , , 
 iM'.'ii tl.'foatod l.Hiii 
 (•(1 peai-c, whlrli wa; 
 Miirt'iin, otio (if 111- 
 iivluK liiti-l"Bi;l t!.'! 
 iciif«»l. MIUirldiiM 
 i,», klll^• of Arniniii 
 lliu (luarrol : I'y In 
 
 Ml tllO UdllKUIH, wA 
 •1,0 I'l.llHUl liUClllllH 
 
 MUlirlilato^. 111! inly 
 
 urosfi""! "''''"'■'""■"' 
 ila. Two Hiioi"'-!^' 
 iiliK'il over till' Aruu 
 rnlsliotl lilm witliil. 
 he terms of l>i;:u'i', .i 
 
 •u amH)'"'*^'' '" '"• 
 
 l.iiftul.'MltlirUlii'*"* ri- 
 nd ravaged ( ai'i';i.,-L 
 ■luly rendered Iiuimhj 
 war against llio H- 
 ch ho tcrminaU'il wl 
 ,p,dnted to the com. 
 lates out of I'oiiUi', 
 iilii, and dcteatod limi 
 
 Kiii'linitert, wluri', I 
 'auair, lio put 1" *"'1| 
 ,vn terminated !\ w;iil 
 Willi unalnUinK fury, 
 oy returned to liowo 
 and poaBCStcd o£ iiu- 
 
 of Romo'a vlctorki 
 
 Inns prevailed at liKiiie.l 
 
 to tlieir IncUnatious, 
 
 to become gladiutor*,' 
 
 ipin, found means t) 
 
 -lool at Oapua, and as- 
 
 d)lo army, wUoso stan- 
 
 Mll>crty,'aH a mutto, 
 
 lans in several cngnBO; 
 
 lengtu totally rouul 
 
 1 Si^artacus, porcdv- 
 tive was no other iM] 
 7T, or to die, was kilW 
 •rolcally. . ..• 
 exposed Rome to tin 
 uclus Serglus « ^'^inv 
 h.but plunged in J* 
 
 had formed a An% 
 of Rome. Cicero, th 
 the plot. The arffl] 
 ■Ions purpose was xm 
 
 M Calllliia killed, aiKl the grrntrr part nt 
 ilii arroiiii>llro8 taken and holieadnd. 
 
 Sylla having sot a Imd example, bovo- 
 
 ral Uonians there were, who, poHscHHlng 
 
 inirilly lil« ambition, hut wanting lil« ald- 
 
 IllliN, aspired at sovereign authority. Hut 
 
 roiiipey, Crnssufl, and t'lusar, more bold 
 
 \xn\ more active than their competitors, 
 
 livldnl tho government l)etwc('n thern, 
 
 fliU coalition was termed tho flrst trlum- 
 
 Irate, CivMnr, however, would liavo no 
 
 il • Pmripey disdained to have n siipe- 
 
 liir • and the rivalry of these two powerful 
 
 i),Mi'«o(in occasioned the ruin of the state. 
 
 C:i><:ii' (il)talned tho consulate, and with 
 
 Uio giivcrnment of tlaul for live years. 
 
 'oiii|»'y "'"' CrasBUs remained at Uonio, 
 
 hilli' ('lesar was busied In extending his 
 
 Luiiiisis.and laying the foundation of his 
 
 nine Kreatness. ile attached I'ompey 
 
 Ills liitereHtB, by giving him his ilaiigh- 
 
 frjii iiKirrlago ; and, joining valour with 
 
 Dlicy, lie Hlgnallsc il lilmself by I lie grc.it- 
 
 jt iiillllary enterprises, lie defeated tho 
 
 folvetliuis; subdued Ariovlstus, king of 
 
 V'(i(i'iiiaiis; conciuercd tho llelginns: and 
 
 iihiccil, withwnndei-fnl facility, the whole 
 
 i (;niil. He Invaib'd Itrltaln, iiiul Imposed 
 
 ftrllnite upon the liihiibitants. All these 
 
 Vlili'VciiU'iitH were performed in tho Bpaco 
 
 I eight years. 
 
 [Crassiii having been killed In a iKittIo 
 (til the I'arthlana, and the daughter of 
 i?-;ir, tlio wife of I'ompey, being dead, 
 jnilH'v lielieid with a jealous eye the brll- 
 uit iiViiuiis if his fatlier-ln-l.aw, and 
 iii-'lit, ly evciy nuvins In lils power, to 
 idrr him obnoxious to tho people: he 
 fell endeavoured to deprive him of Ills 
 Ivcniiiu'iit. Cii'sar, assure*! of the fldellty 
 Ilia troops, marched directly to Home, 
 lieu I'oini.ey and his partisans Imini!- 
 ktely abandoned it. 
 
 Cirsnr had now become perpetn.al dlcta- 
 
 '; iie (Mined tliO people by his bountie.-', 
 
 [ills vai'iiir, and his M-lsdom, and intlmi- 
 
 tcd Ills enemies. Ho pursued Pompey 
 
 (Ireeco. After several events, those 
 
 (at rivals met on the plains of I'liar- 
 
 iiiid victory declared In favour of 
 
 laf, who was as remarkable for his clc- 
 
 ncy after the battle, as ho had been for 
 
 bravery during tho eng.ageinent. Tho 
 
 Kiulslied I'ompey retired Into Egypt. 
 
 Blemy, king of that country, thinklnpr 
 
 freliy to make his court to Ciesar, had 
 
 nsi^asslnated, and sent his head to that 
 
 Iqiioror, who could not refrain Bhed- 
 
 Ig tears to tho memory of so great a 
 
 II. It was at this period that Oa'sar be- 
 
 le aciiunlnted with Cleopatra, wlioni ho 
 
 \m\ to 1)6 proclaimed queen of Keypt ; 
 
 'liri'ther Ptolemy having been drowned 
 
 >lieNile. Ilenow marched against. I'har- 
 
 C3, the son of Mlthridates, whom ho 
 
 kqiicred with so much case, that ho 
 
 lii(?lit three words were sufflcleut to 
 
 lounco his victory, — 'Kent, vidi, vici.' 
 
 f two sous of Pompey endeavoured to 
 
 (ciige tho death of their father ; but for- 
 
 was unpropltlous to their designs : 
 
 ^r an obstinate battle, their array was 
 
 F.itcd. Tho elder son was killed ; and 
 
 na with oxtrcino difflculty that tho 
 
 yoiiniferese.iped thobniiilsof theeoiinMeror. 
 it will In this war that Cato, disdiiiiiiiig to 
 survive the liberty of his country, put, ai 
 end to Ills existence at IJtIriu 
 
 CiDsar returned to Italy ; but, Intlatrd 
 with Ills extraordinary HUccess, displayed 
 more ostentation and prido thiin ho had 
 hitherto done, lloiiii! gniamd under tho 
 Intolerablo yoko liu had Imposed; and a 
 conspiracy iiaving been roiincd against 
 him, ho was assassinated by lirulus la tliu 
 senate. 
 
 liCpidus and Antony, Ili'Utenants o[ t'.e 
 snr, breathed cxtrenio veiigeaiice. Antony 
 oxainlnedtho will of the diet at or; by which 
 It was found that he had adopted Octavius, 
 tho Hon of Ills sister Julia, ile lieciueallud 
 Ills gardens to the people, and a BUin of 
 money to each particular eiti/en. There 
 were likewise legacies to several of tlio con- 
 spirators, particularly to Urulus, with re- 
 version to Octavius. 
 
 The funeral oratimi delivered on this oc- 
 casion, the nppeiiiMiice of I lie veteran snl 
 diers, wlio threw their arms and crowiij 
 upon the funeral iillo of tlieir lllustilous 
 general, and tho cries of tliu llunian 
 ladies, transported tho people witli vhjd 
 against tho conspirators, whose liousi'smid 
 property tliey liiirnt. It was thus that the 
 people laid the foundation of their future 
 misery and slavery. 
 
 Octavius, who was in Greece at tho timo 
 of Ills unclo's nmnler, did not, on his re- 
 turn to Home, llnd Antony disposed to 
 relliiinilsli the power ho had assiimed in 
 his absence, llrutiis possessed tlio govern- 
 ment of tiani, which Antony now obtained 
 of tho people, contrary to the will of tho 
 senate, and he marched, aided by OctavluH, 
 against iirutus, in order to dispossess him 
 thereof by force. This conduct olfeiided 
 the senators. Antony bi'liig defeated, went 
 to l.epidus, tlieu in (Jaui ; and the senate 
 conrirmetl Jb-utus In lils olUce. Octavius, 
 highly olfended at this action of the senate, 
 formed an alliance with Antony anil Lepl- 
 Uus; and this union formed the second 
 triumvirate. It was agreed between tlieni, 
 tliat Italy, and tho coast, should be In com- 
 mon ; that Antony should command In 
 Gaul, Lepldus In Spain, and Octavius In 
 Africa and Sicily, f.epldiis renialncd at 
 Rome to defend It.-.Iy ; while Antiuiy and 
 Octavius were employed In combating Cas- 
 siu9 and Urn' us, Thus all tlieir common 
 enemies w( so Immolated iii the cause of 
 the trlumv)rai(',aiiu their particular friends 
 were saerUlced to Mio reseutment'of each 
 triumvir. Octrivius destroyed Cicero. His 
 head and liaiuls being severed from his 
 body, were fastened to tho tribune, where 
 the great orator had so often astonished 
 Homo' y his eloquence. Antony abandoned 
 his uncle, Lcpidus his brother. Three 
 hundred senators, and 4,000 knights, were 
 jiroscribed. Tlius Rome became the theatre 
 of horror and Infamy ; and tho cruelties 
 were renewed that had been heretofore 
 practised lu tho contest between Marius 
 and Sylla. 
 
 In tho meantime, Cassiua and BrutuB 
 were defeated at Phillppl, and each ot 
 them put an end to his existence, in order 
 
 Mi J 
 
 1 
 
 'ii 
 
 
04 
 
 Clje CrrniKuri; o( Witorv* ^r. 
 
 tonvnUI fitllln^ IiiId llic li,')!!!)-! of tliccim- 
 fliicror. OciiiviMM rt'iiiriK'd inUniiic; Aii- 
 liiiiy went Into Axlii. U(> llu-ro cltcil Ok-D- 
 ii.'itra to n|i|>('iii- licfori' liU trilmiiul, /or 
 Imvliiw fiiki'ii piirt witli I he uHHiisgliifi of 
 Cu-Hiir: Imt bci'dtiiliiir (■iiiiiiioiircil of Iht 
 Ix'iiulyi lie cficrlllrcd thcroto lil^ Klory niid 
 IiIm inlcn'st. Ilf dlil not rctiirii lo Ittily 
 for upwardH of ii yi'iir, wlu'ii lio iiiiiri'lcd 
 OctllVlll, »l»(ttT of (d'tllvllIM, (tiid widow of 
 Marci'llii*. A iii'w <llvl8loii of power now 
 to:)k placi'; all tlio oaHtiTU parts wore 
 ci'dod lo Aiitoiiy< tliu WL'iiti'rn toOotavliM, 
 iiiid Afrloato I<i'pldui<, wlioi-oiilesti'd HUlly 
 ■with OctiivlUM. [.L'pliliis, di'Hortccl Py lil.s 
 frii'nd)*,w.i8exilod toutiiiiaM town in Ijatltini. 
 Antony, fascinaCrd l>y thu cljarni.s of 
 CK'opatrn, cniployod hi^ time In Klvln»{ 
 Hnporl) ('ntrrtalinni'nt!<, Inftteiiit of iittcnd- 
 in)f to tlio I'onccrim of liU iirniy. lIo en- 
 (liMivourt'd to Jnstify tiU condnct to ilu> 
 H(>natu; but tlicy wito InrciiNcd at lil» ne- 
 Bli'ct, and declared war ngulnttt lilni. The 
 nrnilea met nt Actlnni, where Octavlus 
 Kalned that celehrated victory, which made 
 lilin Holo master of the Itoinan republic. 
 Cleopatra, aliirnied, 80t nail for tho I'elo- 
 p<Minosu8 ; and Antony abiuidoned his Meet, 
 uiul tho cniplro of lialf tho w<u'ld, to ac- 
 company his mistress to Kgypt. llelnff pur- 
 sued by his conri\ieror, ho fell upon his 
 BWord, and thereby put an end to his llfo. 
 t'loopatra shut herself within tho feinple 
 of Antony, where she applied an asp to lior 
 bosom, andcx|ilrcd at the l)aso of tliu statue 
 of licr Infatuated admirer. 
 
 Ocfavlus now returned to Uomp, and had 
 n public triumph during three days. Hav- 
 ln(f become solo master, ho f<!lBnf;d a desire 
 to resign Ills authority, and demanded the 
 advice of Aprrlppa and Mecu'iias. The 
 former advised him to reestablish the re- 
 public; but tlio opinion of the latter beliiB 
 contrary, and Octavlus nbidiiiK by It, tho 
 slavery of Itoino was decided. Ho left 
 some appearance of authority yet In tho 
 liands of the senate, tn dividing with them 
 the provinces of the empire ; but reserved 
 to himself all those In which tho troops 
 vere stationed, that hcmlKht at all times 
 bo master of tho army. Thus commoneed 
 tho mlifhtloijt monarchy that any ago has 
 I)rodnccU. 
 
 Tho Homan Empire, 
 
 VTc have pecn Cassar, tho conqueror of 
 Tompey In tlie fields of I'harsalla, return 
 triumphant to Home, and assassinated by 
 Brutus and Casslus in the senate. Antony, 
 under the pretence of avenging his death, 
 united himself with Lcpldus, and Octavlus, 
 the nepliew of ru)sar. Octavlus, disdaining 
 n division of tho empire, found means to 
 quarrel with them both, defeated them In 
 succession, returned crowned with victory 
 to Rome, and assumed the iiamo of Au- 
 gustus. 
 
 From the tlmo of Julius Caesar, tho re- 
 public took tho name of tho Uoman empire ; 
 and those who were at tho head of its go- 
 vernment were denominated emperors. 
 Tho flrst twelve assumed tho nanio of 
 CiBsar, that is tu say, from Julius Csosar to 
 Domitian. 
 
 Auifii^ius, tliellrst emperor, wits am.Mt 
 foi-tuimti" warrltir, and a profound imiiij. 
 clan. Ills iilicrallty to tho people, IiIhim,. 
 Illy to Ills friends, and his lovo of t||(> nn, i 
 Mild sciences, obliterated from tho nilii.h 
 of the |ieo|i|e I lie proscriptions wliicjiii,! 
 taken place during the wars wlilili |||,| 
 distracted tho t'liiplro at tho coiniiu'iir(J 
 nieiil of his 4'areer. During Ills nii/n 
 lllscay, Daliniitia, Kitypt, raiinonia, .\c|i|i!j 
 t.'ilne, lllyrlcnm, llhietla, tho coiiniij, 
 tliik Vliidelli'laiis, and all tho niHiiiin,, I 
 towns In I'oiitiis, became subject tdiliil 
 Itoiiiaii slate. He defeated the (tr'rinani I 
 the I'artlilans, and the Daclans, niwIiHt,]! 
 with the reputation of ahappy moiiarcli. 
 
 The reign of Augustus was remiirkii' ^ 
 for literary <'haracters, amongst whoiawir. 
 Virgil, the author of tho -t-neld ; linr,,' 
 of Odes, Sat Ires, and Kplstles; and()v|i|,i: 
 tho MelainorphoHes, and other poeini. |; 
 has sliico become a proverbial expii,.; 
 to call any period, when the llteratiiii'i (j. 
 nation Is ])artlcularly cultivated. Its Aaf 
 gust an «ue. Tiie reign ol August in w^ 
 also dlsthigulHhed by the birth of ,li'.;i| 
 Christ, which took place In tho seven Im: 
 dred and llfty-fourth year from thefmii i; 
 tlon of Home, and In the thirtieth year, 
 the reign of Augustus. 
 
 Tiberius, who had married tho damrl,!," 
 of Augustus, and by whom ho hml ii,:] 
 adopted, abandoned himself to volu|itU' i 
 ness, and governed by his ministers. ii|l 
 cruelty and avarice rendered him an ni^ik 
 of general deti.'statlon. Incapable df' 
 lingiilsliliig himself In the Held, he left o\ 
 conduct of Ills wars to his generals. (;> 
 manlcus defeated thcUermans.nnd'I'llu'i: 
 rewarded his services by ordering him 
 be poisoned. This monster of perlldy, : 
 gratitude, and cruelty UUhI at Capn':i>, 
 the seventy-eighth year of his age. In :, 
 eighteenth year of his reign Jesus C'liri 
 was put to death at Jerusalem. 
 
 The I^cBtorian guards wore a biidy i 
 10,000 men, under tho especial orders n(iJ 
 pnutor of Home, who was usually iil.*! nj 
 of the consuls, or subse<iucntly theeinvfr 
 They were auartered by Augustus, lii-iiii,| 
 detachments. In different parts of Iii 
 but Tiberius brought them all to Ii "; 
 and nxed them In Its nelghbourliiKMl j: 
 fortllled camp. They soon found tin'; 
 armed and tlmld populace of Umin' i 
 feeble to oppose them, and took ii^ 
 themselves tho nomlnatlou or disposal 
 the emperors, 
 
 Calus Ca)sar, called also Caligula, wmiI 
 son of Germanlcus, grandson of l)r" 
 and groat nephew of Tiberius ; and ; 
 coeded to the Imperial dignity In the Hvmi 
 fifth year of his ago. His life wad ai 
 tlnucd scene of debauchery, much w. 
 even than that of his predecessor, i^ 
 made war against tire Suablan (ierinsi 
 without displaying tho least proiiiife 
 military talents. Uo was killed in I 
 palace, In tho twenty-ninth year of 
 ago. 
 
 Claudius, uncle and successor to Cm 
 gave, by turns, symiitoms of good w 
 and moderation, folly and cruelty, 
 mado war upon Hritatn, which bo rcductilj 
 
Ctr IDiiftarv a( IRomr. 
 
 06 
 
 , a iiriifouml i"iiitr 
 (1,0 |.i'i>l'll\ 111'* iM I 
 
 lllrl IllVI' <>t III'' ill'l 
 
 imI from lilt' iiiiiili 
 
 crll'tliiUi* Wlllrlilu.) 
 
 III! wurrt wlilili liii I 
 
 (\t lllO CDlllIllllUf. 
 
 Dui'liiK •>'" f'i^'", 
 •pt. riinni>tilii. A I'll 
 •till, llio codiuiy ,|l 
 a all ll>o m:iiiiiiw| 
 ciinu! HUlijtTt, tu i!,,r 
 toati'il I 111) llt'nnmi, 
 10 DiiclaiiK, mill illei 
 (nlmppy "ii'iiiinl' 
 utus was rom;ivK:i' ■ 
 i.amoiiK»twh(im\\.[: 
 
 tho .l^nrld ; II' ri 
 .^iilHtloH; mulovM, : 
 and oilior iimiii-. 1 
 nrovcrlilal i-xim -• ; 
 leu tlic Utcratiivi'li 
 y culllvattHl, It* A; 
 Kll ol AimusliH «L. 
 ,y the bIrtlJ I'f .';-i 
 lace In tl»OHi'Vriili:\| 
 
 yrar from tlicfnii' v, 
 I tho tUlrllclliyear,l| 
 
 'inarrlca tlio daiml.!': 
 ,y wliom lie liiiil I'liii 
 hlniaelf to voUiptiM*! 
 by 111* nilnlrttdv. lliL 
 rondiTOil lilni an hLjciI 
 Ion. Inca\>iil>lo nr i.A 
 In the l\oUl,lu'lt'"i.| 
 „ to Ills Keiu'vaU li rl 
 bOermanB.and UlKnal 
 
 09 by orderhin hlin ;. 
 nion»t««' ol lu'iHtly, v. 
 Ity Ulod at Capnw, 
 yoar of Ills age. In i: | 
 hla rclKn Jeaus ChnJ 
 Jerasalcm. I 
 lardB were a l"»iy :il 
 le especial ordoraitttil 
 
 10 was usually also im 
 ,s;onucntlytheomiior'L 
 (1 by AUKUHtus, 111 ^"i}-| 
 jtcrcnt parts ot IwsP 
 rlit them all to li' 
 Its nelgUbourlKintl mil 
 ey soon found IIk' i"! 
 iioi>ulaco of lloiiH' H 
 Lhcm, and took hM 
 inlnatlou or dlsvusai^ 
 
 [bii* return, ho had a trtuniiiti, and took 
 
 niiino of lirltaiiiilonii. IIu died at the 
 
 -, lit Hovonty-foiir. Ho wa» tho hUHband 
 
 fjioHnalluB, BO dishonoured by her Ilccn- 
 
 luH 11(0. 
 
 Nero, thu son of Domltluit iiBnobnrliiiM 
 
 AKrll>l>li"ii dmiKhtor of Clornianlciis 
 
 HiKtor toCallKUla, began hlx reign by 
 
 Clriii^tovii'tiienwhlehhedldnotpoHHOKH. 
 
 Uh hi'oiiiliiK KoodnoMS was, liowevor, ot 
 
 hrt <liiratloii ; ho threw oil the niaHk, and 
 
 bt'iinil tot lie |)oo|ilo III hlH trueclinractor. 
 
 i:iiiil»ht'd the reputation, and dluil- 
 
 llii'il the power, of tho Koinan empire. 
 
 hii'vcr undortook any military expedl- 
 
 k; liiiC Ktiircred the I'artlilunM to make 
 
 ■iiisclve.-i llla^4t(■rri of Armenia, and obllKo 
 
 I Koiii.in It'KloUH to iwwn under the yoke. 
 
 Ii:i(| Itoiiie set. on Itru ; and put liU own 
 
 lliir, hl;i int'i'optor, and Heveral other 
 
 feiMi', to death In tlio most wanton and 
 
 ['I iii'iuiar. At lenKth the beiiato ilc- 
 
 lilm an enemy to hU eountry ; and 
 
 fin-i condenined to bo eondueted, (I'llle 
 
 .'il, Willi his head between tho proiiKHot 
 
 Itilil'iirk, IIii'oiikIi the slreetd ot Uumi-; 
 
 1 to )](- whipped lodealh, and aftcrwanU 
 
 1)1' tlnowii from a hluh rook Into tliu 
 
 jr. Nero saved hliiiseif from this boii- 
 
 fcu liy t^elf murder, ni. the house ot one ot 
 
 (Iroidiuen In the eountry, at the ago of 
 
 Sy-two yenrs, and the tourteenth of hid 
 
 bi. luhlsperuun thuXuuilly of Augustus 
 
 Siiiee.xtlni't. 
 
 tkIih (iallia, a senator, of an aiielent 
 Ilidlile fiiiiilly, was, at the age ot slxty- 
 Ci'iui'l'il'iii^^'l emiieror by tho SiianlanU 
 j tliu Hauls; and his elretlon wa.s aii- 
 fcd by the whole urniy. He ptjsse.-'sed 
 virtue, but It was eellpsod by his 
 tfty and his avarlee. Ho fell Into the 
 iwlilchlio had laid for Otho, nud was 
 Ut Kuiiie in thu tieveulU month fruiu 
 blcvutlun. 
 
 llio fucceeded as emperor. Ue united 
 
 p9 lu'rsiin tlio extremes ot valour and 
 
 jlnacy. Having been overeoine In bat- 
 
 \y Vitelllus, his eompetltor, he ntabbed 
 
 lielMii tlie tliiity-elghth yearct his age, 
 
 Ilieulnely-llflh day of his reign. 
 
 letllua mounted thu imperlul throne 
 
 [the death ot Otho. Ho reigned wlth- 
 
 liduour, and was eruel In hU govern- 
 
 He killed Sablnus, tho brother of 
 
 HsiHii, and burnt hlni 'With the eapltol. 
 
 Iras an extreme glutton, and was killed 
 
 I (illleer in the service of Vespasian, In 
 
 ity-f<eveiitli year of Ills nge, having 
 
 It'll ek'lit mouths and one day. His 
 
 .after having been dragged through 
 
 e, was tlirowii into tho Tiber, 
 
 tpasiiui succeeded to the purple. Ho 
 
 gilt under the Koinoii yoke many pow- 
 
 [uatlous: he took Jerusalem, and en- 
 
 I It lu triumph with his sou Titus. His 
 
 1 was much regretted by tho senate 
 
 Ihe people. Uo was good tempered. 
 
 Irate, humane, witty, capable ut friend- 
 
 ] aiiU, on tho whole, tho grcuteat cm- 
 
 r since Augustus. 
 
 us succeeded his father : ho 'was per- 
 
 a master of Lis passions, and go- 
 
 l tho empiro so admirably as to gain 
 
 amo of tho ' Love and Jieliyht of the 
 
 Unman Jlace.' lUn i'lor|iieiieo, hia TStouri 
 and IiIh modoratbui wi'ru tho charms by 
 which ho gained the hearts ot his subjects. 
 He died ill tliu forty-llrHt year of ids age, 
 having reigned two years, eight niuntlis, 
 ami twenty days. 
 
 Uoniitlun, thu younger brother of TItua, 
 ascended thu throne. He abandoned lilm- 
 »elf to every vice, and was capable of every 
 crime. He raised many considerable cdN 
 llces In Uoino ; and was killed In hU palace, 
 by Ills domestics, in thu llftceiith year of 
 his reign. 
 
 Nerva, already advanced In age, was next 
 elected emperor. He governed witli Justice, 
 and choHo Tnijan for ids successor. Hu 
 died at Home, at tho ageot seventy, liaving 
 reigned four months and eight days, re- 
 gretted by a people wlioni hu liad rendered 
 happy. 
 
 'i'lMjan, by birtli a Spaniard, succeeded 
 Nerva. lie was a Buccesftul soldier, luid 
 extended tlii^ biuinds ot the Uoman empire. 
 He was just, and an ene'iiy to Mattery and 
 envy ; he was friendly, and loved ills sub- 
 jects; and it lias been said that Ills only 
 difects wiro a love of war and wine. Hu 
 died In Asia in the ^lxty-thlrd year of hi* 
 age. 
 
 Adrian was raised to tho throne by tlio 
 ine.ans of I'lotlna, the wife of Trajan. Uo 
 hada iiapiiy disposition ; was a protector of 
 the arts, and ot artlnts; and his greatest 
 ambition was to have the rtputatlon of 
 being learned. He was a perfect master of 
 tho tircek language, and Jealous of thoso 
 who spoke or wroto better than litmselt 
 He ab;indoned many provinces eoniiuered 
 by Trujan, and built a temple In honour of 
 Venus on Mount Calvary. Uodiedattlieagu 
 ot sixty-two years, and was succeeded by 
 Antoninus I'Uis, who treated his subjects 
 as his children. Liberality, clemency, and 
 airability formed tuily a part of the good 
 (luiilltles of tills prince: hiswitw.as polished, 
 his sentiments noble. He defeated tho 
 lirilons by his generals. He repulsed tho 
 Moiu's, and took part of Egypt. Ulsdeatli 
 took place at a country-seat called Lorluin, 
 four leagues from Home, In tho sixty-third 
 year of liia age. 
 
 Marcus Aurelliis, the successor of Anto- 
 ninus, took Lucius Veriis as his colleaguo 
 In tho empire : tliey made war upon tho 
 rarthians. Lucius W'vus intended to com- 
 mand in person, but stopped at Antluch, 
 and gave lils orders to lils lieutenants, who 
 defeated tlio I'arthiaiis, and took Selencia, 
 one of tho finest cities In Syria. Lucius 
 Verus returned to Uoiue, and had a triumph. 
 Ho died at Venice, of apoplexy, or poison, 
 having reigned nine years. 
 
 After tho death of Verus, Marcus Aurellus 
 governed alone, with all the wisdom which 
 cliaractcrises a good prince. Ue overcame 
 several northern nations, and sold the moat 
 precious part of ills property to comrcuBate 
 ills soldiers, ratlier than oppress the people. 
 This crowned philosopher would servo as a 
 perfect model for princes. If his extreme 
 kindness had not sometimes degenerated 
 into weakness. Uc died at the ago of sixty- 
 one years. 
 
 Commodus, sou of Aurcllus, but unwortby 
 
66 
 
 ^f^t tinrwSury of I^Wtorj), ^c. 
 
 of such a pctTcnt, succeeded his father ou 
 the throne. He made "n I inself detestable hy 
 his debaucheries ; but carried on a success- 
 ful war against the Germans. After having 
 practised the cruelties of a Nero, and the 
 wickedness of a Caligula, by sacriflclng the 
 wisest among the llouians, and murdering 
 his wife and his sister, ho died, as Is sup- 
 posed, by poison. 
 
 Portinax, prefect of Kome, succeeded 
 Conimodus at the ago of seventy. Ho was 
 originally a schoolmaster In Liguria, which 
 ho quitted for a iiiiiitary life. In eiulca- 
 vouring to establish discipline In thoarmy, 
 he w IS ki'.led by the soldiers of h'S owu 
 guard, alter a reign of twenty-four daj's. 
 
 Uidlus Julianus bought tlio empire after 
 the death of Pertlnax ; but he was defeated 
 by his rival, Septimus Severus, and was slain 
 hi his palace in the seventh mouth of his 
 reign. 
 
 Severus, who liad already taken the title 
 of emperor in Illyrla. succeeded Julian. lie 
 defeated and killed I'escennlus Jligor, who 
 had been proclaimed emperor In the cast. 
 He also defeated Clodlus Alblnus, who had 
 assumed the title of Ca3sar In Oaul. He 
 subjugated the Parthlans and the Arabs, 
 and joiued > his military Ekill the reputa- 
 tion of learning. lu England he built the 
 fanuius wall In the nortli, which extended 
 from sea to sea— and which Is In part re- 
 maining at tliis hour— in order to ju'cvent 
 the inroads of the Picts and Scots. He died 
 at York, after having reigacd gloriously 
 eighteen years and four months. 
 
 (Jaracnlla and Geta, the sons of Severus, 
 were elected emperors. Caracalla having 
 kllledGeta, whom the scunte had declared 
 an enemy to the republic, reigned alone. 
 He governed lyraiinlcally, and al)ani^)ned 
 liiinsclf to tlio most infamous and degrad- 
 ing vices. He carried on a war with some 
 success against the Germans : and was pre- 
 paring to march against the Parthlans, 
 when he was killed at Kdessa, at the age of 
 forty-three years ; after having reigned bIx 
 years and two months, the dcte.=taiIon of 
 the lloman people. Here we date the de- 
 cline of the Uoman empire. 
 
 Macrlnus and Diadumenianus, father and 
 son, were placed on tlio impf'rial throne. 
 They were killed by tlic soldiers, after 
 having reigned fourteen months. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, surnamod 
 Heliogabalus, priest of the Temple of the 
 Run, was proclaimed emperor liy the army. 
 He was a monster of lasclvlousness : and 
 w.as, with his motlier, Sooemias, killed by 
 the soldiers, after having reigned two years 
 and eight months. 
 
 Alexander Severus, cousin to the last 
 emperor, mounted the throne at the age of 
 llfteeu years. Tiiearmy gave him the name 
 of Ctesar, and the senate that of Augustus. 
 He gained a signal victory over the Persians; 
 and was noted as a patron of the arts and 
 sciences. He was killed in Gaul, by a soldier 
 whom he had raised from the ranks, .after 
 a reign of thirteen years ; during which ho 
 consoled the empire, by his virtues and his 
 kindness, for the tyranny of the preceding 
 reigns. 
 
 Maxlmlnus, of the Gothic race, elected 
 
 emperor by the soldiers, was the son oj j 
 poor peasant, and, from the station oh 
 common soldier, arose, step by step, to the i 
 first dignities In the empire. He was clsiit 1 
 feet high, and a nuist voracious glutton I 
 He commenced his reign by the muniiroil 
 his best friends, and was himself murUcrcdl 
 by his soldiers. I 
 
 Gordiau was placed upon the Imperial I 
 throne by the soldiers. Ho appointuaijjjl 
 son as his colleague, whom he sent into | 
 Africa against Capellian, governor of Xa.| 
 midia and Mauritania. The younger Gor.l 
 diau was vaninlshed and killed by tkel 
 Numkllans, ■ I ho ago of forty-five yoarj I 
 Gordlan the eider died with despair, ,'it i!ij3 
 age of eighty. In the third year of hia reki 1 
 
 Maximus aud Balbinus, the first thi'tOD 
 of a smith, and the latter of noble oriiij 
 had been during tlio lifetime of Maxiniii,Bj 
 elected emperors by the senate, ami \v,A 
 assumed the throne. But tlic soldiers, lij J 
 satislled with their election, entered tinijl 
 palaces, and massacred them. They ttfj 
 setup tiie grandson of GnRllan, wlmm [iJ 
 senate had also declared Cajsar afur lij 
 death of his grandfatlier. 
 
 Gordlan II., invested with the riir,':; 
 opened the temple of Janus, and nrf.M 
 on a successful war against the PariliiJ 
 and Persians. Ho pursued Sapor to ij 
 confines of Persia, where ho was ki::i 
 tlirough the treachery of Philip, mIid::) 
 had constituted hia lieutenant. 'J'lio 1 
 mans, for his virtues, raiiivcd him ;i;i.: 
 the gods. 
 
 The two Philips, father and snn, wi 
 proclaimed emperors. The father h:-:i 
 son of an Arab chief of robl)era. liif :vl 
 came Into Italy, ho had made hU |.i| 
 with Sapor. He abandoned some of il 
 l)rovInces of tno empire: visited Aralil 
 and built, at the place of his birtli.afi 
 which he called Pliilippopolis. 13iirim"i 
 reign of the Philips, was celebnU'il 
 Home, witli great magnillcence, tlie la 
 one thousand from the foundation ifL 
 city. Philip, the father, was kllleil ntil 
 loiia, and the son at Home, after hiv, 
 reigned about six years. 
 
 Becius and his son, who had l)co;i • 
 against the Scytiiians, being surct'?-f;:!, 
 celvedfrom thesoldlers the Imperiiil a.i 
 Becius possessed the qualities of a Pl 
 soldier and an honest man. He, liowti 
 persecuted the Clirijiiaus wltli riprar,i 
 account of what lie considered tlniri 
 ticism. After having reigned fwov^ 
 lie, together with his son, perlsln d ! 
 ambuscade preiiared for them i)y Tril 
 nianus GiillU8,who succeeded Becius iai 
 empire, and divided his power wiiiif 
 son Voluslanus. They marched nJii 
 Emlllanus, who had revolted in M* 
 and were killed at Terano, after h^ 
 reigned about two years. 
 
 Emlllanus, an African, was procisi 
 emperor by the legions which had uwi 
 against Gallus; but the s ildiers liaij 
 learned tiiat Valerian had taken tliei! 
 In Gaul, they killed Emllianus, aflcraif 
 of tlireo months. 
 
 Valerian, and Galllenus.hlsson.KOTfii 
 the empire jointly. They ivero unrortia 
 
8, was tho Boii of 1 
 m the station ofj 
 step by step, tothi 
 iplre. HowuselgM, 
 ; voracious glutton,! 
 <n by tUo munUroll 
 aaliiinsclf luurdctcll 
 
 xipon tlic Imrctiill 
 3 Ho appoiiiialliiil 
 
 whom lie sent iwi 
 Ian, governor otNt-l 
 I Tlio younger (iot.l 
 l" ana UlUcd by tkl 
 'c of forty-tlvo yparJ 
 a with despair, ;it t!,i , 
 Ulrdyearof liiarret, 
 Inus, tlic first till' ;ft I 
 utter of noble origin, L 
 ifotimc of MiiximiLiijI 
 ■ tlic senate, nini iinl 
 
 But the solilliTf, oirl 
 Mectlon, cnteruil thil 
 Tcd them. Tlu>y t!«l 
 of Gnvillan, wlioiiuUl 
 ilnrcd Cajsar alitr ttj 
 ther. ^, , I 
 
 stcd wltli the rurilej 
 of Janus, and nrr;vi 
 
 against tlic l'art.i;,rJ 
 pursuea Sapor to ■:' 
 , where lie was kl ., 
 ;ery of iniilip. v^liniii; 
 ,3 lieutenant. .Uie 1,^ 
 les, ranked liliu :a:: 
 
 father and fion, w 
 )VS. Thefatlicrw:-: 
 bf of robbers. l»"l'".v; 
 10 bad made hin id 
 ibandoncd some nf rJ 
 Empire : visited AralJ 
 We of bis birth, a c. 
 
 llippopolis. DaniiLM 
 lips, was celebrate 
 , niagnillcence, tlio ya 
 n tlie foundation (^f 
 father, was k),lH'i-V"j 
 
 at Uoine, after uy 
 
 years. , , 
 
 %(,„, who bad been 
 lans, being surcofsfii!,^ 
 Idlers the lniperi:ilci» 
 
 the qualities of a ? 
 nest man. Ho. b'"«' 
 
 i-wtlans with riprar. 
 ,ie considered tlmr: 
 ivlng reigned two y. 
 1 his sou, peribii-il ijl 
 ircd for them by In 
 o succeeded Dceni> in; 
 
 Idcd his power mi 
 They marched a^i 
 
 liad revolted HI >!;) 
 at Terano, aftci l.» 
 
 o years. 
 
 African, was pvoui 
 tf ions which liiuired 
 but tho E -ildiers lii« 
 
 rrian had taken tlifl 
 
 cdEmilianus.aflcni 
 
 iallb;nus,LlBSon,Pon 
 They were unlortii 
 
 C^c W^tavV! al Maim* 
 
 67 
 
 their wars, particularly In that carried 
 
 to against Sapor, king of Persia, wlio dc- 
 
 leatcd Valerian la Mesopotamia, took lilm 
 
 Irisoncr, and treated lilm with every indlg- 
 
 klty Gallienusdefeated and killed lii«cnu- 
 
 s who had taken the pnriile. The weakness 
 
 f'thc Homan govennneiithad encouraged 
 
 ho Germans, who mado Irruptions Into 
 
 laul and Italy. At tlic same timo tho 
 
 lovcniors of tlio provinces aimed at be- 
 
 loiniiig independent ; and at one time no 
 
 Ess than thirty had declared themselves 
 
 iiipcrors. 
 
 fl'osthunius usurped the empire in Gaul, 
 Ihieh he governed ten years by his valour 
 hd prudence. lie laid siege to Mayence, 
 liiich had revolted at the solicitation of 
 loliiii?, elected emperor l)y tlic troops 
 Ihicli he commanded. Posthumus and 
 loiliiis were killed by tlieir owi soldiers, 
 [jlariu:?, originally a blacksmith, elected 
 
 niKTor after I lie death of Posthumus, was 
 jiied (in ihc second day of Ills reign, by a 
 bldierwlii) had Ijeen his boy at thol'm-ge. 
 |c ran his sword tlirough his body ; telling 
 Ini, at the same ti ue, that it was of Ida own 
 
 [Victorlnui? succeeded Jfarlu?, ami was 
 [led at Cologne, by a writer, whoso wife 
 liad seduced. Tetricus succeeded A'lc- 
 Irimis, and took the purple at Uoyileaux. 
 Vlus succeeded, and was killed with Va- 
 ^i;iii, his brother, at Milan, In the ninth 
 ar (if his reign. 
 
 Dlinulius li. succeeded Callus. Ho to- 
 lly defeated tho Gotlis, who had com- 
 fttcd great ravages in Greece. Ills ino- 
 pty, moderation, equity, and other good 
 Biitles, gained him geiienil esteem. He 
 id of a contagious fever, in the second 
 Jir of his reign. Quintliius, the brother 
 fciaiidlus, was saUited emperor by tho 
 fliers, b'lt killed on the seventeenth day 
 his relpn. 
 
 fuivlii. I succeeded Quintillns, and was 
 
 eemed Tor his valour and ills prudence. 
 
 I (]efeat('(l, near Chalons, in Ciwuiiiiagne, 
 
 )ariiiy ef Tetricus.* lie fought a l)loody 
 
 ticwil'L Zcnol)ia, a celebrated princess. 
 
 Ib astonisliing woman, after vhe deatli 
 
 lier hiishand, Odeuatns, who, under the 
 
 Bcror (iallus, was proci';imed emperor 
 
 iho east, commanded the army in jier- 
 
 jwith much succe^a. Aurelian took hi'r 
 
 ■oner, and entered Home in triumi'li, 
 
 King Zenobia walk before his chariot. 
 
 Iimssessed extraordinary beauty, and a 
 
 |it mind. Aurelian was as.-assinated liy 
 
 means of his secretary, in the road 
 
 hvccn Constantinople and Ileraclea. 
 
 _Bie army having refused at this time to 
 
 |;'*n\, tiie Imperial throne, tlie senate re- 
 
 limcd its ancient right. Tiieir choice 
 
 I oa an old man, named Tacitus. Ke 
 
 liu the sixth montii of his reign. Ho 
 
 I just and enlightened, perfectly disinte- 
 
 «d, audanuui well suited to close tho 
 
 nds of the state. Florian suceeded 
 
 Itiis, his brother ; but. reigned only t vo 
 
 Iths and twenty diiys. This prince 
 
 andcd tho empire as tho right of hif. 
 
 Uy. ^ 
 
 • Gibbon's Unman Empire, cU. xi. 
 
 Prolms, saluted emperor after Florian 
 was of oliscure blrtli ; but ho posBeasca 
 heroic valour: he drove from GaiU the 
 many barbarians which had nearly over- 
 run It. Ho defeated Saturuinua Ja the 
 cast, and Proculus and Bonosus, near Co- 
 logne, usurpers of the empire. Probuswas 
 killed by his own soldiers, after ha\ing 
 reigned with glory about six years. 
 
 Aurellus Cams succeeded Probus; and 
 Boon after ho had been named Augustus, 
 lie created his sons, Carinus and >fumerlan, 
 Caesars, with wlioni he reigned about two 
 y';ars. IIo defeated tho Sarinatlans, and 
 af ii:i wards the Persians, and was killed by 
 lightning on tho banks of th" Tigris. Nu- 
 merlan, who was witli his father In tlie 
 east, was assassinated in his Utter. Cari- 
 nus, whom Ills father had left In tho west, 
 to govern lllyria, Gaul, and Italy, had, by 
 his crimes, become tho scourge of tho hu- 
 man race. Tho victorious army of Persia 
 refused to acknowledge him, and saluted 
 JDiocletlan as emperor. 
 
 Diocletian was no sooner elected empe- 
 ror tiian ho marched against Carinus, and 
 defeated him in a general battle in M(ssla, 
 Ho bestowed the name of Cicsar on Maxl- 
 min,Burnamed Hercules, and sent him into 
 Gaul, to quell an in.surrectlon of tlie pea- 
 sant , which duty he soon elfectively per- 
 formed. Carauslus, general of a part of 
 the troops of the empire, and whom Maxi- 
 min had ordered to bo killed, took tho 
 purple, and possc^ised himself of Britain. 
 Aehilieus took possession of all Egypt; 
 and Karses used every elfort to render him- 
 self master of the east. Diocletian now 
 took for his colleague in ollice, Ma.xlmiii 
 Hercules, and named liiiii Augustus: l)o 
 gave at the same timo tho title of Caesar 
 to Constantiusaud Guicrliis. The two empe- 
 rors aci'ommoduted matters wit a Carau- 
 sins. They defeated tho Persia is under 
 Narses, and on their return to Home re- 
 ceived the hoiiohr of a superb ti-'''mph. 
 But they pre.-ently grew weary of their 
 ;j:randeur, and both emperors reliiiquisliiii), 
 M;o iiurplo on the .same day, appeared in 
 tlie h;ililt of common citizens: Diocletian 
 at Nicomedla, and Maximin at Milan. The 
 former retired to Sul(ma, in Dalmatla ; tho 
 latter to Lucania. Diocletian was a jdi'!' 
 losopher, posse.-'sing a commanding genius. 
 Maximin wii'i llerce and cruel, posse^isii'g 
 wore of tlie courage of the soldier than tho 
 geniusof a general. 
 
 Constantius Clorus and Galerlus woro 
 declared emperors by tho senate. Tlieso 
 two princes divided tho cmpiro between 
 them. Constantius had Gaul, Italy, and 
 Africa ; Galerlus, Illyrla, Asia, and the east. 
 Constantius died after a reign of about 
 two years, with thu character of a just 
 prince. 
 
 Constantino tho Groat, son of Constan- 
 tius, was elected emperor at York. But 
 tho soldiers of the prastorian guard, who 
 had revolted at Itome, gave the title of 
 Augustus to Maxenllus, eon of Maximiu 
 ITerculcs. Maximin, who now felt regret 
 at having rcslgJied the purple, left Lucania, 
 and came to Rome, from whence he wrote 
 lu valu to Diocletian to le-assumotho lm« 
 
68 
 
 Ctie CreAj^uvjj of ^iitavvit ^t» 
 
 pcrliil tliroiic. Galcrlus sent Scvcrus to 
 Koine, to oppose Maxcntius. Scvcrua bc- 
 6l(>gcil Koine, but was betrayed and de- 
 feated ; and soon after Maxentiua caused 
 him to bo strangled between Konio and 
 Capua. Maxtinin, having in vain endea- 
 voured to dispossess Lis son Maxentius, 
 retired into Gaul, in search of Constantlne, 
 Ills son-in-law, with a design to Icill lilni. 
 Kausta, daughter of Miixliniii, and wife of 
 Constantino, l)eing acquainted with tlie 
 design of her father, informed her husband. 
 Maxlmin, in order to save himself from tlic 
 fur;: of Constantlne, f^ndeavourcd to ctii- 
 barlc at Marseilles for italy, butwas killed 
 in that city by the order of Constantlne. 
 Galerius honoured Licinius with the purple, 
 and died soon after. Tlie Komans at this 
 time obeyed throe emperors; Constantino, 
 Maxeutlus, and liit-inius. Constantino ])os- 
 fios.scd talents both for war aiul politics; 
 h(; defeated the army of l^Iaxcntius, and 
 afterwards attacliod Licinius, wlio liu(l mar- 
 ried Ills sister; and having defeated him iu 
 several actions botli Iiy sea .'ind land, the 
 vanquished Licinius surrendered at dis- 
 cretion to the conquenir. liicinius retired 
 to TliessalonicM, wliere iio lived in privacy 
 and tranquillity, until Constantino, hearing 
 that ho was alive, ordered liim to be put to 
 deatli. 
 
 Constantlne, now sole master of the em- 
 pire, transferred tho seat of government 
 to llyzautium, wliich he named Coustan- 
 tliioi'le. Under him Cliristianity began to 
 flourish: ho received 1)aptism ; l)ut, al- 
 tliougli ho was a nominal Clirislian, many 
 of his qualitietj were repugnant to the 
 lirliiciples of Christianity. Ho died near 
 JSicomedia. 
 
 Coustantluo II., Conatans, and Con- 
 Btantius, divided tlie empire lietwecn them, 
 agreeablo to the\v'iilof Cuiistantino their 
 father. Constantino had Spain, Gaul, and 
 tlio Alps ; Constans, Asin, Kgypt, and 
 tlui East: Constantius, Italy, Sicily, and 
 Africa, Tills division was tne niln of the 
 empire. Constantiiie was killed liy tho sol- 
 diers of liis brollior Constaiis, wiio pe- 
 rished by treason a little time after. Oon- 
 Bt.intlus, solo master of theempii'o, reigned 
 tweuty-four years. Destitute of glory, weak, 
 
 and inconsistent, ho was neither loved nor 
 feared. 
 
 Julian, called by the Christians tho Apo;. 
 tato, by others tho Philosopher, was pr,> 
 claimed emperor by tho troops In the lito. 
 time of Constans. This prlnco was juji i 
 frugal, an enemy to vain-glory and (lattery' 
 and alfected to hate tho name (;f cjirii! 
 tian. Ho died a hero fighting against tlie I 
 IVrsians. I 
 
 Jovian, elected by tho principal ofDcoRl 
 of tho array, governed with wisduni, ami 
 encouraged Cliristianity. Ho reisnedaljOB(| 
 ciglit montlis. I 
 
 Valentinlau succeeded Jovian ; liejoitl 
 cd in tho government his brotlier \?.\ni \ 
 Tliey divided the empire of tho Kastntij 
 tlio empire of tlie West. VaJcutiuiiui lijjj 
 the West, and Vaiens tho Kast. (intiaj 
 ascended tho Impcri.al throno after H'f 
 deatli of his fath«r Valentinian. ValctsM 
 defeated by tlie Goth9,andother barljariacj 
 who established themselves In Tliracojul 
 menaced Constantinople, died leavliii;{()| 
 subjects to regret his loss. 
 
 (iratian appointed Tlieodosius govcm:] 
 of the East, where, by liis zeal fur; 
 Cliri-tiaii religion, his abliorreiuo df ;; 
 oi>poiients, and by his courage, he rciidi^ 
 himself popuiiir, Gratian lieing UeaJ,; 
 Vaieiitiiiian, emperor of tlio We^t, IkJ 
 assassinated iu tlio year 'MS, Tliendi 
 having vanquished Maximus andEu^'i'q 
 wlio had declared themselves eiui 
 re-united tlie wliolo empire, wliidi ; 
 divided between liis sons. 
 
 After tho deatli of Tlieodosius, all Ci.j 
 nerateil, ami from this epoeli may lio il 
 the fall of the Koman eiiii)iro. The (h 
 of tlie IloiiKiu empire, in fact, followiJ;^ 
 age of tlie Aiitunines. Tlie cireiiiiiwiii: 
 luxurious manners of the nobles ami ih:,] 
 of Koine: tho vices of thoempenji-; 
 means by wliicli they roso to pnwir; 
 disposal of sov eignty by tlio mililar.v; 
 recruiting of ...le army by natives (rfj 
 many and otlier barbarous ccmntries;:^ 
 the increasing numbers and audadi;! 
 tlie 'barbarians,' precipitated Koiiii'ir| 
 that emiiience whicli she had att;iiii' 
 lug tlie consulate and the first years itj 
 empire. 
 
a neither loved nut 
 
 U-ci fact, followed'^ 
 
 softluMioWcsauaKl 
 ices of tnoennu'voi..,! 
 hey rose to i>;'W.'r; I 
 
 i,arbaroU3 coxuitnes.L 
 uniliL-vs and nuaadij 
 
 amltUcflrBM-ciu-^'K 
 
 THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 -*o*- 
 
 CHAPTEU I. 
 
 lie British and lioman Period— to the Sith- 
 jiigation of the Island by the Saxons. 
 
 HP, authentic hlatory of England begins 
 Itli tlie Invasion of the Island by Julius 
 jBiiar 55 B.C. ; but its continuity lias been 
 E)kou more than once between that time 
 Id the period from ■which we possess a con- 
 nuous series of contemporary narratives, 
 br the periods thus 'eft uncertain or uii- 
 Jown, It Is of some importance to marlc 
 Bt we have to deal with tlctions of two or 
 OP kinds. There were flr.st, the scanty 
 anions of the tribes which inhabited liri- 
 [n and whicli, If we cannot determine the 
 lo'unt of history contained in them, arc 
 It without value as throwing light on the 
 Xial or mental condition of the people. 
 It when, after the introduction of the 
 liiaptic system, monkish authors under- 
 Kk the task of arranging early iJritish 
 Itor.v, tliese real traditions of the eon- 
 Wi'l or comiuering races were embedded 
 , mass of gratuitous Action whicli had 
 olr.tcly no value whatever. Tliis nii.v- 
 ,e, with the last element greatly pre- 
 tacrating, is presented to us in its most 
 iravagaiit form in the pages oC Jelfrey of 
 pmoutl:, a writer of tho 12tii century. 
 Ichroiiicles are a mere t'ssuo of romance, 
 Aiich an extent that i; is liard to say 
 |t amount of Mie real traditions of tlio 
 jtrj- he worked Into his narrative; but 
 Ivcry i)ortion of It we have all the marks 
 yliieli a Uctltlous storymay be di.uin- 
 ihed from a true one. We have all the 
 lute particulars which could bo given 
 Eouteniporary witnesses for periods ri'- 
 fcd by centuries from the dawn of i;ny 
 temporary history, together with a mass 
 Contradictions whose absurdity renders 
 Ir exposure a superliuous work. Accord- 
 Ito suoli writers as Jeffrey, the history 
 BriMiii liogins witli the adventures of 
 jtus tl)C Great, grandson of .^neaf, t)i 
 MK'ary ancestor of the Romans, and i.i 
 [ieJ tiirough a series of dynasties, all of 
 IJli arc a fabrication, whose impuderice 
 JEl(.'liteued by tho synchronisms which 
 |e sucli events as the building of New 
 pii Britain contemporaneous with the 
 Of Ell tlic priest, in Judiea. Hence we 
 I to confine ourselves to those narra- 
 I whicli we know .,>) bo contemporary, 
 Itlior with the evidence wliich is fur- 
 led by language, and tlic i)rasent position 
 pose races which are known to us as 
 ngonce occupied the whole Island. 
 Itli tlio invasion of Cajsar, tlieii, begins 
 le of which our knowledge, so far as it 
 I may thoroughly be depended on. We 
 I the narration of Cajsar lilmsclf, and 
 je.'rription of the island and the people, 
 ras it was known to liim. Hut after 
 IriUidrawal of Caesar, we Lave only un- 
 
 connected notices for nonrly ninety years, 
 when the British chieftain I'aradoo or Car- 
 act acus carried on a struggle of several 
 years against the emperor Claudius. From 
 this time we have a continuous knowledge 
 of events until the commencement of tho 
 lifth century, when the lioman legions 
 were llnally withdrawn by the order of 
 Uonorlus. From Ihistime, nearly 200 years 
 passed away before Augustiii landed and 
 found Englishmen wlicre tiie Romans had 
 left Britons. It was yet another century 
 before Rede, the earliest English lilstorian, 
 drew up a history which, with all its Imper- 
 fectlons.hasavaluc whidi it will never lose. 
 In the interval, therefore, between tho 
 departure of tlie Romans, and the arrival of 
 Augustiii, an entirely new state of tliing.s 
 had been brought about in the eastern 
 part of the island. The (Jallic or Celtic 
 tribes liad been driven u> tlie west; tho 
 Gorman tribes liad poured into the country 
 and established kingdoms. For tlie latter 
 half of this time, oral tradition itself mifilit 
 be expected to preserve a tolerably faithful 
 narrative of events : and if yElla in 477 A.i)., 
 founded the kingdom of the Scnitli Saxons, 
 and Cerdic landed in 49,">,then the time which 
 intervened between these events and tho 
 coming of Augustlu scarcely extends over 
 tliree generations. But the sort of history 
 for which we may look under such circum- 
 stances, by no means implies minute chro- 
 nologieal accuracy. On tho contrary, wo 
 lliid on examination that mncti ot tho 
 chronology is artillcial, and that we must 
 contont ourselves with a general know- 
 ledge "i the order of events, rather than 
 of th;' ! : else dates .it which they occurred. 
 Thus tue reigns of the chieftains are siiid 
 to hav;) hasted in many instances for forty 
 or fifty yc.irs, these numbers being taken 
 to express completeness ; and their exploit s 
 and conquest? recur at fixeil intervals, 
 these being gtiierally jieriods of eight 
 •ears. ' The events in tlie Saga of ilio 
 .ICscings, or founders of tlie kingdom ot 
 Kent, take place in an eight times repeated 
 cycle of eight years.' Tims twice eight 
 years after Cerdic's landing, ho gains pos- 
 session of the isle of Wight by a great vic- 
 tory : after another eight years he assumes 
 the kingly title, and so again, like Hengist 
 and JVAhi, ho reigns forty years. We see 
 here the same process by which the chrono- 
 logy of Roman history before the burning 
 of the city by the Gauls, was divided into 
 two halves of 2^0 years each, and each of 
 these divided again into periods of 120 
 years. But in the case of English history, 
 we arrive at the time of contemporary 
 writers very much sooner; and hence tlu! 
 artificial chri/iiology need not be regarded 
 as upsetting the general creuibility of tho 
 narrative, unless there are oi her reasons to 
 render such a conclusion necessary. 
 
 
 m] 
 
 itlfUfl 
 
 :m\ 
 
 m: 
 
 
 
70 
 
 If, liowovcr, " o cmiiuit, lie mill to hnvo 
 a lilstiiry fur ilio tiiiio iirccnliiii,' llie in- 
 vnslon of CiCr^iir, tlicro nro some iin- 
 porlnnt farts wlii.li cannot lio ralltil into 
 ilticstioii. Thus if isccrfriln tluil, llio rai'o 
 wlili'li Rtill survives in ("ornAval!, Devon, 
 niul CuuilK'rl:nuI, and in a still greater de- 
 gree in ■\Val<'s, the highlands of Srotlaud, 
 siiKl forms the large majority of the inhabi- 
 tants of Ireland, onro lield tlio viiole of 
 that island iMid of Oreat, llritain also. It is 
 further certain that the race wliicli in the 
 time of C-.vsar i>repoiulerated in Northern 
 Europe west of the Hhinc was the same as 
 that whicl-, occujiied Britain, and that In 
 times far more anci; nt, the area of its pos- 
 sessions was spread over the greater part, 
 perhaps over almost the whole, oi; ihirope. 
 Hence wc see that tlio invasion of new 
 races was constantly driving the older race 
 westwards, until wo find the remnants 
 which r( present it in the westernmnst part 
 of the ooui.iries ol; which they we;-e once 
 tho masters. Tlie r.ace which still lives in 
 the western coast of Kugland, in Wales, in 
 the highlands of Scotland, and in Ireland, 
 is found ai-'niii in l!i-ilf:i;iy. 
 
 Hut further, we iliid from the evidence 
 of languages that In lOngland at lea«t, threo 
 several races sprang originally from tho 
 same stock, and tliat, howevi'r diirevent 
 may liavo been their jihysical and social 
 developcment, tlic-e dill'ir: '''es overlie a 
 real connection, which seevi to prove that 
 their ultimate union is not an fuipossibility. 
 In any c:)~(\ it is of no slight imiiorlance to 
 I learn that (,V'll.s and Teutons and North- 
 men, are part of the same great Arjau 
 fauuly, with the Koman ami the (ireek; 
 that this alllnity Is apparent in their ian- 
 puacre, and in those imlitical chnra''ter- 
 istics which separate them from tlie races 
 of tlio Semitic and Turanian famil.v. Thus 
 the Greeks, the liomans, ami the tiermans, 
 when they became separated in the stream 
 of western migration, performed each their 
 jiart in that great work which has issued in 
 the society of Christian Europe; and, al- 
 though appearing to each other as aliens, 
 fontributcd to a common result, whiclia 
 divergence of raceeiiuivaiint tot leal which 
 separates the Englishiuan from the Syrian ' 
 t)r I'luBniciai'. would havo rendered Im- 
 liossible. 
 
 Thus then our first authentic knowledge 
 of th's country comos from Its Uomau in- 
 vaders | it is inlernlpteil wheiu'v<a' these 
 are withdrawn, and it begins again witli .i 
 juore coiupli'to continuity from the con- 
 version of Kiiglanil by Augii.-tiu in the 
 rnrly part of tlie 7lh century. The narra- 
 tive (i ("iPsar gives not only a trnstwortliy 
 account of events, but also adcscriplion of 
 the iiiha.iitants, and the physical features 
 of the coutitry by one who has been rarely 
 t'finalJcd in his jiowers of obser, ation. Tho 
 Works of other writers also rnablo us to 
 draw tho picture In greater fullness; and 
 bring liefori! us a peo|ile who retained i"i- 
 softcp.ed at the time of Ciesar's landing all 
 those national characteristics which in tlie 
 Inhabitants of continental Gaul had been 
 weakened by contact with tlieir Iloman 
 conquerors. 
 
 tlTTje CTrrniSury fl£ W^tax'Uf $n. 
 
 The llrillsii peo|>ln wore divided tntii 
 mnuy l;iiigd(iiii> or Iri'./cs ; aildthou.irlicioh i 
 tribe liad a i"oiiarch, each monarcliy w,, 
 principally founded iipcui jihysical inrcd 
 and of course greatly tempered by it. i\,l\ 
 despotism, iii(le(.'d, tliero was but litllfn^l 
 portunity, whatever the inclinnti.iii df i).,] 
 king. War was the prini'ipal occiipnlif.noil 
 tribe against tribe, and liuutingat(iiii'i'ii;,,f 
 chief amuseuK lit, and, next to thefocO.Ml 
 of Hocks and herds, the most liiiimrtiij' 
 means of subsistence. Waiuleving liii;',', 
 and tliiilieriii searcii of pasturofcir thiij, 
 cattle, these wild tribes wero perpctm'jl 
 CI lUiiig into collision with each oflu'r; :iir 
 s. ficiiuentaud tierce were their w;nv,ii.,j 
 but for the intei'ference of tlu; l)niiils-;ij, 
 this respect, a body of men ns useful nsy 
 many respects they were niiscliicv(ii;i,i 
 their mutual raiicmir would li.ave procutJt^l 
 well-nigh to mutual auniliilation. r 
 
 Though we have stated t'.ie Hritrn-;! 
 have been free from kii., ' -lesii.ti-niJ 
 though, in fact, tho king was only llieilrsi 
 freeman of a tribe of freemen, there yjl 
 was .1 despotism, and a terrible one, f mi 'lif 
 king and people — the despotism e( ijl 
 Druids. The Druids were tho priestscfiij 
 IJritons ; and they were also tlieir tr;iii.,rj 
 their lawgivers,aiidtlieirmngistiatc>; 
 the jieculiar tenets which were liimii, 
 uiioii tin; Ih'itish from their earliest i 
 hood wi'rc such as to render tin' hr 
 jiriests omnipoLeiu, as far as that tmu 
 be applied to men and miiii's attrilmii-. 
 
 .liiliiisCa'sar, the renowned i; ■ii;ni,l,, 
 ing overrun Caul at the head of his iin-j 
 tible legions, had his atteiitiuii at trail 
 Britain ii.c. :>:>. Ho determined to ir,.,„ 
 It, and it is to his invasion that we la in,,:! 
 (>we our present sidendoiir and imp liia 
 From liis own history of his GalliiMi;;; 
 Is that we chielly derive' our knowli ilu\, 
 the state of Britain; and it is on li:;v 
 thorlty that we. describe its rude aii^l i 
 coui'ition. The conquest of siicii aii';: 
 could hav( nothing but the Iom; of c i;, 
 for Its luotivo ; but toa Uomau, aihl,;; 
 all, to a i'u'sar, that motive was siilli,'; 
 to Incite to the utmost enterprUe, ■i:.l, 
 reconcile to the utmost danger and tl.ij 
 most suffering. | 
 
 Not far from the present site of tli'V:rl 
 of Deal, in Kent, Ca'sar made a ili-« 
 npor Iriiain.* The savage appi arii,i»l 
 the iiatlv.'s, and the fierce recepii..iii; 
 at tlr.-t gave to their Invaders, strurk a;; 
 porary terror even into the hearts 
 veteran soldiers of Borne. But tl, 
 was only niomrntary. A staiidnnl 1»J 
 Icajied upon the Inliospitablo shi 
 the legionaries followed their eagle. Cs 
 advanced some distance into the (•'■Mill 
 but every mile of progre.-s was inailuujl 
 liarassing attacks of tlic na'ives, '.vlmiiil 
 sultory Uiod'Mif w.arfare, and their iiilid 
 aci|iiaintaiicc with liuMviid couii!:y,iJ 
 theii! formid.able in .fpite (<f their mii.. 
 discipline and tlie rudo natun; of '.: 
 arms. But tho steady iiersover.iire 
 serried ranks of tho lloumns eiialilnlii^ 
 
 * Lapi'milifTg'!" Ili.stnry of Ei;(;liuiil iiiiirl 
 Anglo-SuxDii Khigj, ;. 17. 
 
eitfllantr— aSiCttiSfj mxts ^aman |9er{o0. 
 
 71 
 
 wovo illvUU'l Into 
 cs; andlliouirliciiii j 
 ciifli moiiiircliy wi; 
 ipon r'liyHlcal fntfc, 
 tcnipi'Vi'd liy it. F,r| 
 -re wiis ))ut litilf nf.| 
 lio iiicliiiiiti.iiMif \y 
 ■iiiciriil i)i'''"l''i'i'!i'! 
 (lluu\litiK:ii'i>ii'''!i. I 
 1, iioxt to tlie fnil;r,:l 
 
 tllO TllOSt llUpnrtiiul 
 
 - Wi>iulc;itiK liii'.! 
 I o£ pasture fur tl.. 
 ibcs wero poriMtv,:, 
 
 witliciicU otlu-r; ;,;,J 
 Mvcre tlioirw;irM:.J 
 wu of tUo l)r\nd~-,:| 
 if iiu'ii asjUscUilavi] 
 
 ■were iiiUi'Uicv('i,i-| 
 wouliUiave pvDcudvil 
 aiiiiiliilatioti. 
 Btatol f.'i! Hnln;;; 
 
 UiiiK was only Uiei::?,! 
 of fiTcniC'ii, tluro y.:J 
 latoiTil)lcoiio,l"rl I 
 tho lU'spolism ' f ;. 
 wi'vctliopi'losi-iii; 
 ,-i'i-t-also Uifirti;ui.'.: 
 itlu'ivii>nKirili;!il>'>::.: 
 whii'li wore iin\ilr:,- 
 om tlioir carlii^t j. 
 i to render lb" Hr 
 a'^fara'^ tli^t. 'inui 
 Ind man's at triliut.- 
 rcnnwncd 1> ■naii,lr-| 
 t tlielieadof lusnifJ 
 i.^attinluinattriuii ■ 
 t determined to o „ 
 vasioiitliatweiiVii:, 
 Icndonr andimi' i.'! 
 „rvo£ ldsi(ianii' ^il 
 or"iv(^ our kuowlnl-'ef 
 u; and it is "ii h-. 
 ,crilieits rude ami i 
 niniestof sueliafOK!:t| 
 
 ■ lmttlicloveofi";ii'3 
 'ttoa l!oman,aii.l,.w 
 lit motive was suHi.';- 
 most cnterpri^i'yi;- 
 most danger and t.,i 
 
 C iirci5ont Rite of tli'M: 
 Ca'f-ar made a iio-fL 
 'lie savape apin ;iimi;?(I 
 Hie tierce reci'liti"iii» 
 
 ■ ii- Invaders, St nu'ica.^ 
 ■11 into the hearts 'i! 
 
 ,C i;(.mo. But tl."GH 
 tiivv. A standiiriliH 
 infiospitalilo ^ll"'■'';- 
 11,, wed their ca^:!"- « 
 liince into tlie cnuit 
 i.iMi.'ri'.-s\vasm:ulouii1 
 ',1 tliona'ives.wlwsj 
 ■a-fare.andllieinnliEl 
 ', tiie wiid eouiilry,ii« 
 u rpitcef their >«-' 
 r riKlo nature of 
 ,,,„ly i,ersever;,noo 
 he Uoii.nnsenaliluli 
 
 in ; 
 
 li 
 
 til 
 
 Ilhlovyof Kr.(!l'i'>'l ""'1 
 17. 
 
 Itlll to advance ; and they gained so n.aeh 
 dvantagc, that when C:usar deemed It ne- 
 ■c=?'iry to return to Ids winter quarters In 
 ■aiil he was able to extort promises of a 
 eaceful reception when he should think 
 iropcr to return, and received hostages for 
 holr lldellty. He withdrew accordingly, 
 nd the Britons, Ignorant and, like all bar- 
 armis people, Incapable of looking forward 
 ) ,]Htantconsc<iuences,flagrantlyfailed to 
 dcrfovm tlieir engagements. Disobedience 
 Eis what the Roman power would not at 
 Tiai, time have brooked from a people far 
 loio civilised and powerful than the 
 tihuH, and Caesar early In the ensuing 
 tiiiinrr again made Ids appearance on the 
 hast of Kent. On this occasion lie found 
 hiKire regular and organised force await- 
 Ip hin; sever.al powerful tribes having 
 Id aside tlieir domestic and petty dllfer- 
 bcos, and united tlieni.selves under Cassl- 
 laui'iiis, a brave man, and so superior to 
 |e'iii:ij''riiy of the IhMtlsh kings, that ho 
 hs possessed of their general respect and 
 fiitkleiu'e. ihit mere vahnir could avail 
 Itic against the soliliery of Home, inured 
 Iwrdsliips, rather enjoying iban fearing 
 iigcr, tliorouglily disciplined, and led by 
 , ciiiisiiiiniiate a soldier as Julius Cavsar. 
 Ic 15ritoiis, accordingly, harassed him In 
 iiiarc'li, and disturlied his camp witii 
 fcfinentniglit alarms; but wlienever they 
 to iictu.il battle they were ever de- 
 kt'il, and with dreadful loss. This time 
 fciii' imde his way far into tlic country, 
 ii'i-ori till! Thames in face of the enemy, 
 Id, in despite of the precaution they had 
 It'll 1 1 stake the bed of the .iver, de- 
 fivi'd t!ie capital of Cassibelaunus, and 
 liiMislieci as king of the Triiiob.'inti -i a 
 fiel'taiii, or petty king, named Mandu- 
 ttins, who, cliiefiy in disgust at seme ill- 
 Intiiient, real or Innn-'ined, wliiili ho bad 
 Cored at the hands of his f •llow-coiiiitry- 
 hi.liiid allied himself wit ii the Iloiiiaiis. 
 Jut tlioiiKh Ctes;;.r was tlius far suceess- 
 I, the wild nature of the country and the 
 Yiiadic habits of the people prevented 
 hfroiu achieving anything more than a 
 hilnal comiuest of the Isiand. Ho was 
 pged to content himself, once more, with 
 jinMiiiises vhich the Islanders the more 
 tlilymade lilm because they never in- 
 liled to fnUlil them, and he again left the 
 liul. never to reti:rn to it ; for the do- 
 fetic troubles of Jlomo, greatly caused by 
 rnwn ambition and daring genius, left 
 Itlicr him nor tlie Roman people any 
 lure to attend to a poor and rennito 
 pid. His successor, the great Au^-'ustus, 
 iwisciyof opinion that It rather belioved 
 pie to preserve order In '.ler already vast 
 jpire, than to extend its bounds. Tiberius 
 I of the same opinion ; and Ciiignia, 
 hty and fickle, if not absoUiloly mad, 
 jugh he made a de lonstratlon of corn- 
 ling the work ^Yhicll Oa-sar had begnn, 
 led no spoils more viiUi.'ible than coc',d(>- 
 Bis, liiliicted only a flight upon the 
 foil?, and gave Rome nothing for the 
 t expense of his eccentric e.\i,editioii, 
 B material-; for many nnierry pasquinade 
 i hearty laugh, 
 lor nearly a century after the Trst de- 
 
 scent of Ca3sar, the Britons enjoyed peace 
 unbroken, save by their own petty dlspntes. 
 But In the rclgn of the emperor Claudius, 
 A.I). 4.1, tlii^ diVilgn of conqucrinnr the island 
 of Britain v. ,is again revived ; and Plantius, 
 a veteran general, landed and fairly estab- 
 lished himself and his legionaries In the 
 country. As soon as ho received tidings 
 of the success and position of his general, 
 Claudius himself camo over; and tlie 
 Caiiiif, the Trinobantes, and other tribes 
 of the south-eastern part of the Isiand, 
 made their formal submission to him, and 
 this time, proliably, ■^^ith something like 
 sincerity, as they had exjierieneed the 
 power of the Roman arms and the supc- 
 riorily of the Roman discipline. 
 
 The more inland Britons, however, wore 
 still fiercely determiiiLil to maintain their 
 liberty .and preserve their territory; .and 
 several tribes of tiieni, united under the 
 command of Caractacus, ti man of courage 
 and of conduct superior to whal^ could be 
 anticipated in .a mere barbari.an, niado a 
 stout resistance to all a'tempts of the 
 Riimans to extend their lu'ogress .and 
 power : a.d. .50. Indignant that mere b.'ir- 
 b;uians should even in a slight/ degiee 
 limit tiie lliglit of the destroying eagle, 
 the Uomans now sent over reinforcements 
 under the command of Ostorius Scapula, 
 ■whose vigorous conduct soon elianged the 
 face of alfairs. He beat the lirltoiis farther 
 anil f.irlher back at every encounter, and 
 penetrated into the country of the Silures 
 (now forming jiart of Soiiiii Wales), and 
 hero in a general engagement ho com- 
 pletely routed them and took a v.tSt num- 
 ber of prisoners, iimong whom was the 
 brave Caractacus. 
 
 Irritated at the comparatively slow pro- 
 gress of tlieir arms against so poor and rmie 
 a people, tiie liomaiis now g.ave tlie ciiiol' 
 coniniiMid of thoir troops in Britain to 
 Siictoiiiiis I'anliiuis, a man if eaual courage 
 and coiuiucr, and noted even iimong thai, 
 warlike race for nnwavcring st' iiiness. 
 This general perceived tlio true cause of 
 the British pertinacity of resistance in the 
 face of so many decisive defeats and severe 
 chastisements. That cause, the cmly one, 
 probably, which could so long have kept 
 such rude people uiiit'd and tlrm under 
 misfortune, was the religious inlluenco of 
 the Druids, whose terril>l(> anger had more 
 terror for their deluded followers than even 
 .ho warlike prowess and strange arms of 
 the Romans. Kuetonins, then, determii.ed 
 to strike lit the very root of British obsti- 
 nacy ; and as tlie little isle of Anglesey, 
 then called Mona, was the chief resort of 
 the Druids, he pn .ceedod to at tack It, rightly 
 judging that by making a terrible example 
 of the chief seat of theirreliglon and their 
 priests, he should strike more terror Into 
 the refractory Britons than by defeating 
 them iu a hundred desultory battles. His 
 Landing w.-is not ellVcted without consider- 
 able ditllcuUy ; for here ilio iiaturallv brave 
 Ih-itons fought iiiuU'r the very "yes of their 
 powerful and dreaded prit sts, and with the 
 double motive of desire to win their praise, 
 and terrorof incurring an anger which they 
 believed to bo potent in the future world 
 
 , '^ '■'■!': 
 
I 72 
 
 11 
 
 fltrnck w»t^."t^V,Kcre actually engaged f^ « j,,^ cmmW men ^'^ ^j^^^^^^, 
 imagined t^^^^^A^a^o v'l"> *^'° '^'i*'^'?^ ns and the tide of f orm"« «?"\iumcr.«i3 s-, 
 ^s a^iS^l^WllK^ora;:^ Ucs-B,|md vy.^^ 
 of aetnal danj?er, ^"fl Ws exn ^ 
 
 of aetnai uiiuBv», •— - t^ exertions that 
 
 ^Jro guUty ^vas I .at f <f ^,^^f ospccially 
 ffoda human saorilUcs. i^ ^,je g,j,.,.i. 
 
 ?n war time that tliose truly i^ ^^ ^,,^.1^ 
 
 flc^ wero freaucnt. ^»^^'^^ „y force, 
 hope of defeating the lloman^^j^,^^^ 
 1 Snd the terrors of "'^5^?;, ' occasion Had 
 
 nruids f^f *^"""' .ToitiV? a plenteous 
 promised their cruel deUi.s a ^i^^^^ 
 
 sacrlflee. The flf'-'sA'„rutc ministering 
 
 o carle rites of their m>»tmoi^^ ^^^ 
 1 c left AuRlesey and letmn ^ . ^^ 
 
 ^'Snfldenttha^theWowheJ ^^ ^^^^ 
 
 P^l^T^Srll^S^ment to lUs 
 
 slasm even by the ciuli u= c„ucetiHl 
 m^« of t''tn-' me final and mighty c8 
 their forces f oi ' ! « V. p^ m pcrKou t- 
 Suetonius a"d f oad tea ,j,j^^,,^, 
 
 mandcd t je r rcM^cctlve^i^ ^^^. 
 
 Harangued her ti.ws ^^.^^ ,n,,k„;8 
 former contentca uims ^^^^^ ^^^ 
 iUTangemeuts ^vith conb j^^^ . 
 
 battle was o^'*,t'";\ous superiority of J 
 again "ic "'"^"^.^".nbers and couva?.J 
 pllnc over m^-J Vnvod 'l"he dense ina^-, 
 'strikingly dispiaycd. ^^^i\ j^^.^,^^,,,, 
 tlic B'-itons ^^elC 1 f'^''cf^,atl,ecanioiii 
 Uouum Plw^'^"'^;,' acre B'ladicea > 'fs 
 the rout a m'^'jf'^'^thc swifine:^.^ .^f 
 from the «;:l^„,^f c hfriot ; hut de.,: 
 horses of »i\ ",''=,,„ able to niiiK ■ 
 of ever agit in i'^ >'f "^.^jurs of Irv 
 
 uio nx^'C^i Za .kc, mat v i 
 „,,,■.« t»°i"V™;Su» ui>m« I"" 
 
 
 cause than msi-eais 'f^ '■'•'^;- •-^j;;^^. ,,rief 
 uradvautage. I'lf-Pi^^'fice; the scattered 
 
 ;:;^I s amef^ove^^^^^^^^^ „, ,l,e Iceni. 
 Boadlcea,w dowof the Kins ^^,^,j^ ,,y the 
 having ottended a Komau ,j and 
 
 Sit with ;v;liich she upf 1^^,^,,^ ^h a 
 ^":- Bul) ects' rlghw, ws gutncient to 
 t;- ineful brutality, atnpy ji^ gho 
 
 have maddened ''^f^.A'i^e presence of the 
 herself was scourged in tivc pi insulting 
 'nTman soldiers an* am d»t tn^^^^ ^^^ , 
 jeers; ,and ^p^^ioiwoiuauhood, were BUb- 
 fff^aShvutalovarage. 
 
 tSc outrages to whicli hh^ n^ .^^ ^^^ 
 jected Blioj^l^*; ^SSorary al'scncc of Sue- 
 iilood; and the tempoi-"^ n (,jj,ioyed 
 
 tonus from Britain was .onv ^u ^^^^^^^ 
 hy her, that he found on his an ^^^ j_^^_ 
 
 H^S^rfwiln^^isr^^lile: 
 
 irtsftbcSy ol aon..hich wa. 
 
 ^,„,Unwhlch twa^n--— i, 
 
 to know 1>"'!„^ ' iii'ae the conqucivl. . 
 also how to conciliate u^ ^^^^^ ,„j| 
 
 or three /'^ ?fi/aifflcult and ddn n'el 
 trusted with this umR ^^ m 
 
 which they ft^ed wi » ^-J^,,, ... ^^as tlicl 
 and the i^i'^^^^S, 'through the irj 
 fortune of VesPas'-H^. i^ ^^pn.M mV 
 
 fl^c Uoman dominion ^,J 
 
 A consummate sou cr^^^.j ^, a 
 
 was no less eonsumin. to ^^ ; j,,,,, 1 
 
 and ^vhile lie ;ed ^^' =,iriving rarthJ 
 
 SK\i3^--rrf 
 
 homage t" f'^/L "iitted ior thc.I'i 
 himself aainirai y u ain^"i'i 
 
 duties to which he lud iiec ^^^^ , ■ 
 
 the skill w'ithwliW^;;^^;',:^i,-e go 1.1 
 
fiSnzltints,^^xitlil) ants Boman |)eriair. 
 
 73 
 
 ",t though Ue ini^rrt,,-; 
 slblo rapiaity, lu!'!; 
 •omtUe flames to \vi,!,i 
 idltandalltliosoof:, 
 ro not fortunate en<:«r.| 
 
 ceo fln<^'l*''l'''''*'" 
 successful lu vM,x. 
 
 tons were as nnmi 
 
 the return of SiKtuK. 
 
 rvmen Wltb new si ir; 
 
 « t»inv co\U'Cvi'il 
 
 .^e'flnalanamiBWyol 
 
 C;h superiority ul. 
 
 numbers and rour;ip.^ 
 
 ",\ 'I'ue douse nn-- 
 
 ^^ creed ^>^>'''"'^'"''' 
 "hcdcrf^tl.ecauK'ar 
 
 iiipsof deatn. , 
 
 tonlus had aclucn.a 
 
 Stwas not n.erely.ii; 
 Jo combat tuo rcsl^• 
 .ciViatotl.e conquer l. 
 
 lominion. r,,rmci A^r: 
 
 10 led n'". i',.,,, tari 
 Uritons, '|"y,',\'..,k V. 
 cwards to t'iv> bit. K 
 
 ;-^J;!?;.,sdn^acofu>o 
 
 tic • he erected a chain of forts between 
 Frith of Forth and that of Clyde, and 
 B divided the northern retreat of the 
 Itiie Britons from the Kouthern parts, 
 ,t now formed a great and settled Roman 
 ivlncc. 
 
 n tills province the British Inhabitants 
 
 e l)v this time but little Inclined to give 
 
 faf'her trouble to their all-powerful 
 
 (juci-ors, of whose warlike prowess they 
 
 1 gnon too many proofs to give them 
 
 in a faint lioi)oof successful rcnistanco. 
 
 eover.Agrlcola skilfully and assiduously 
 
 led himself of their peaceable dlsposi- 
 
 to instruet them in the Roman tongue, 
 
 ell as in the Roman habits and arts. Ills 
 
 its in this direction were as succotrsful 
 
 lis former exertion 8 to put down rcsist- 
 
 ihad been; and both London and the 
 
 llcr places soon began to wear a busy 
 
 civilised aspect. The skill with which 
 
 tomans incorporated with themselves 
 
 the rudest and most Intractable people, 
 
 1 they had once by their confjueriug 
 
 rss fairly got footing amon« them, 
 
 [to the full as astonishing and ailniir.ihic 
 
 at prowess itself. The Romans from 
 
 to time strengthened the northern 
 
 iflcat ions of Britain, and thus proveiUrd 
 
 iiroad from the still untanu'd liordi's 
 
 re to Scotland or sheltered tlure; .'iiul 
 
 Boutliern Britons wero so fully cuu- 
 
 1(1 with their situation, and became 
 
 rfcrtly incorporated vilh their mn- 
 
 rs, and initiated into t'leir liabits and 
 
 (js.tliatthc onlydisturoances we read 
 
 Britiiin during a long scries of ycMi-s 
 
 ,, lint from insurgent attempts on ilic 
 
 )f tlio Britons, but from tlie tnibulenco 
 
 B Roman soldiers, or from tlieainbiiicu 
 
 ime Roman governor who, made pre- 
 
 g by holding high state and authority 
 
 distant a province, was iinjired to 
 
 e the purple and claim the empire. 
 
 wonderful improvement made in the 
 
 [tlon of Britain by the residence of the 
 
 Uis was at length brout-'lit to a period. 
 
 larbaric hosts of the north were now 
 
 iig so fiercely and so terril)ly upon 
 
 herself, that the old and long sacred 
 
 the Uoman senate, never to contract 
 
 Its of the empire by abandoning a 
 
 ohlJ planted, was obliged to bo 
 
 irded. The outlying legions were 
 
 1 for the defence of the very heart 
 
 empire ; and the insular situation of 
 
 , and Its very slight consequence 
 
 spcct to wealth, naturally pointed it 
 
 a colony to be earliest and with the 
 
 ■egret fi'iandoned. Scarcely had the 
 
 legions departed when the Brltotis 
 
 sailed by the Picts and Scots. The 
 
 of northern forts was strong and 
 
 iLiy planned ; but hardy and warlike 
 
 crs Were no less necessary ; and the 
 
 6 had so long been accustomed to 
 
 ir all military servi'^c solely to the 
 
 is who had dwelled among them, 
 
 ey had lost much of their ancient 
 
 and were no match for tho fierce 
 
 flans whose bodies were as little 
 
 ;od by l.uury as their minds were 
 
 d by any approach to letters or po- 
 
 An appeal to Rome, where an Interest In 
 Britain waa not yet wholly lost in the more 
 pressing instincts of self-preservation, was 
 answered by tho immediato despatch of a 
 legion, which drove away tho barbarians. 
 Tho departure of tho Romans was imme- 
 dlutely followed by a now Incursion ; aid 
 was again sent from Rome, and tlu,- enemy 
 again was driven back. But the situation 
 of tho Roman empire was now so critical, 
 that oven a single legion could no longer bo 
 spared from home defence ; and tho Ro- 
 mans having put the northern fortiUcations 
 into repair, exhorted tho Britons to defend 
 themselves with perseverance and valour ; 
 and took their final leave of tliem in tho 
 year 448, after having been masters of the 
 Island, and exerted their civilising Infiu- 
 ence.s upon its inhabitants, for very nearly 
 four centuries. 
 
 It had been well for the Britons if they 
 had not been in the habit of relying so im- 
 plicitly upon the Romans for defence. Now 
 that Rome left them thus suddenly and 
 coiiiiilficly to tlieir own mastery, they were 
 in precisely tlu; worst possible stage of 
 transition to lit them for a stnipelo with 
 tlieir more barb.irous northern nelu'hboiirs ; 
 they had lost much of the fierce and lu -id- 
 longvalourof barbarians,withont aciiniring 
 the art and discipline of civilised Wiininis, 
 and they had just so much of wealili and 
 luxury as sulTlced to tempt cupidity. :M;my 
 of their boldest and most vigorous youili 
 liai. either been incorporated in tlu' Uonian 
 soldiery, orliad fallen in support of liratian 
 and C.)nstantinc in their ill-fated preten- 
 sions to the Imperial throne. The nuitheni 
 barbarians, ever on the watch, s ion beeanio 
 aware that the Roman leuions, before which 
 their untrained hosts had hern compelli'd to 
 give way, had departed; and they for(hwilh 
 assembled in vast numbers and agnin as- 
 sailed the northern fortifications. 'I'o men 
 not so loni? unaccustomed as the Britons 
 were to sell-defence, the very consciousness 
 fif having to rely wholly upon tlieir own 
 v.alour and prudence had an aiipallin?,' ;iiid 
 bewlUieriiig elfect. They made Imt a i'eeblo 
 and disorderly resistance, were speedily 
 beaten from their forts, and then lied on- 
 ward in panic, leaving the cinintry as they 
 passed through it to the mercy of the 
 savage invaders. The behaviour of these 
 was precisely what might have been ex- 
 pected : the swoid and the torch marked 
 their footsteps, hamlet and town were razed 
 and ruined, and the blackness of d'^solatioa 
 was seen In the fields which had lately been 
 covered with the wealth of harvest. Beaten 
 at every point at which they attempted to 
 make head ag.ainst their enemies, and seeing 
 in the terrible rage with which they v ero 
 pursued and harassed, no prospect but that 
 of utter and ivrcdeeuiable ruin, tlie unfor- 
 tunate Britons sent an embiissy to Rome 
 to implore aid once more. Their missive, 
 which was entitled Tlir nroiin.'i nftlic Uritmis, 
 graphically paints their situation and their 
 feelings. 'The barbarians ,' said this mis- 
 sive, ' on tho one hand, chase us into tho 
 f.oa, the sen, on tho other hand throws us 
 back upon tho barbarians ; and we have 
 
 9W 
 
m 
 
 7'i 
 
 €l)z tS^vtaimui at fl}iijtar|?, ^c. 
 
 only tlio linnl choice loft na of rcrlsblng by 
 tlio aword or by tho waveB.* 
 
 But Attlla, that terrible Scourge of God, 
 ns bo iirofanoly bonstrd biinsi'lf, was now 
 liiisbinfT Home hiTHclf to mortal extremity; 
 ami bad Hrltaln been even rieli and Import- 
 ant, not a lofflon roiild bavc been prudently 
 fpared at this crisis for Its defence. Itcinur 
 jtoor and InslfTnltle.'int, It of course coukl 
 not for an instant rlnlm the attcnticii of 
 tlioso wbo were ei.mliat Ing for tlio salVty of 
 the empire, and who had already beKiui to 
 d<'Hpalr of it. "When the llriloiis found 
 that they were indeed finally abandoned by 
 Home, they lost all heart, deserted even 
 their stronjrest pouitsof defence, and lied 
 to the concealment of their hi lis and forests, 
 leaving their bouse.-' and property to the 
 mercy of their enemies. These, In their 
 profusion ami in the wantonness of their 
 destruction, soon drew upon tliemselves 
 the paiiprs of actual want, and then aban- 
 doned the country which they bad thus 
 cdiiverted Into a desert, and carried all 
 that was movable of uso or ornament to 
 (heir northern homes. 
 
 When the enemy hart cotnplctely retired 
 front the country tlio liritons ventured 
 forth from th<'lr retreats; and their in 
 duslry, exerted under the inlluenco of the 
 most Instant and Important wants, soon 
 removed the wor-t features of ruin and de- 
 v.'istallon from llii'ir country. Hut as iluy 
 remained as unwarliko as ever, and wne 
 divided into numerous petty communitie.-, 
 whoso chiefs were at perpetual discord, 
 their rcturninr-' i)rosp('rlty was merely an 
 invitation to their barl)arou9 lU'lgbbours to 
 inrike a lu^w inroad upon \)eople Ingeiiious 
 enough to create wealth, but not hardy 
 enough to defend it. 
 
 To Home It was now quit" clearly of no uso 
 to apply ; and Vortiu'em,* one of the most 
 jiowerful of the petty kincs of Hritain, who 
 wasyerylntiuentla' on account fif histnleni.s 
 and possessions, thout,') of an exceedingly 
 odioiis character, propo.'icd to peud to (ier- 
 many and invito over a force of .Saxons to 
 Kervc as tlie lilrcd defenderaof Uritain. 
 
 Asa general rule, calling in a foreign 
 force Is to be deprecated; but, situated as 
 the Hrltonswere, we do not sec what alter- 
 native they bad between doing so and being 
 either exterminated by tho b.arbarians or 
 reduced to their own wretched and rude 
 condition. It must, indeed, h.ave been ob- 
 vious to Vortigern, and all other leen of 
 ability, that fhero WJts some danger that 
 tiiey who -vere sent for to defend, might 
 remain to oppress. But this was a distant 
 I and a merely problematical danger; that 
 with which they were threatened by the 
 barbarians was certain, instant, and utterly 
 ruinous ; and even bad botii dangers been 
 on a par as to certainty, the .Saxons, as less 
 rude anil bart)arous, wi're preferable as 
 tyrants to the I'icts and Scots. 
 
 The Saxons liad long been famous for 
 their prowess. D.aring In the light and 
 skilful In seamanship, they liad mado de- 
 scents upon the >iea-board of most coun- 
 tries, and had never landed without giving 
 
 » Lappcnbcrj{'s History of England, i. C7. 
 
 the Inbabltanta ample reason to trcrablom, 
 their name for tho time to come. Kvcn 
 the Romans liad so often and eo sevorolj 
 felt their mischievous power, that tlicy i^j 
 a special olllcer called tho Count of the Siun 
 flliorc, whose peculiar duty it was to oppose 
 these marauders upon their own iToper 
 clenu'iit. 
 
 AVhen the Britons determined to n\>],]A 
 to the Saxons for aid, two brother.-, if 
 name Ilenglst ami Ilorsa, were tho iiKiii 
 famous and r<'spected warriors among tliii 
 warlike people. They were rcputeil m 
 scendantsof tho god Woden ;and thisfabj.! 
 Ions ancestry, joined to their real persunii 
 (|ualities ami the great success whicii iitjl 
 attended them In theirplratlc,Jexpeditiuri!,| 
 had given tbeni great Inllueuce over it^l 
 most (laringiuuladventuroiisof theSaxi.ml 
 I'erceiving that the Uomanshadabandiicej 
 Uritain, they were actually coutcinphtitjl 
 adescent ujioniliat Island when tho HritlJ 
 envoys wailed upon them to crave their liJ 
 as mercenaries. To a reiiuest whldi liai.f 
 monlsed so well with their owii views as: 
 wishes the brothers of course gave a ri\il;| 
 assent, and speedily arrived ali the Mi'; 
 Thanet with sixteen hundred fol!M'.v,p| 
 inured to hardship and In love witli ilii!i!;.;i| 
 evi'U for its own sake. They iii;nil, 
 (.gainst the Tlcts and Scots, who .'MhiI::;! 
 lied before men whoso valour was ns ijl 
 pel nous as their own, and seconded 1)| 
 superior arms ami military conduct. 
 
 ■\Vhen the nritons were thus (mc(Mi;^ 
 
 delivered from the rage and cujiiility 
 
 th<'ir tierce neighbours, they becaiiiu ami 
 
 Ions to )iart with their deliverers on si'J 
 
 friindly terms as would insure their fiifuii 
 
 ' aid :liould it bo required. But the Sas, 
 
 I leaders had seen too much of the Inaai] 
 
 I and fertility of tho country, and of 
 
 I weakness and divisions of its owner-, 
 
 I feel ati.\ Inclination to take tbelrdepiirtartj 
 
 i and Uengistand Horsa.so far f ronnii.ikiiir 
 
 any preparations to return boine, >('.| 
 
 I thither for reinforcements, wliich anivtil 
 
 to the number of live thousand men, 
 
 I seventeen war-ships. The liritons, wlinb 
 
 i been iin.able to resist the PIcts and SiiJ 
 
 saw the hopelessness of atlempUng toii( 
 
 force for the expulsion of jieople as Inti 
 
 and far better organised; and tlKr«V.'!| 
 
 tiunigli not without serious fears that ;l 
 
 who bad been called In as nierceiKirviiJ 
 
 diers would prove a more dangerous ciu: 
 
 than the one they bad so llercely .iiil 
 
 fectually combated, the Britons alTiiiij 
 
 tho most vnsuspecting friendslii|i, ,15 
 
 yielded to every encroachment and luivv.'; 
 
 insolence with the best ^raco tliat tt; 
 
 could command. But it is iioea.«y inatk-r^ 
 
 conciliate men who are anxiously waidi 
 
 ing for a)dausH>le excuse for quarrel 
 
 outrage. Some disputes which arose a\i 
 
 the allowances of provisions for wllidlt^^ 
 
 Sax..;^ mercenaries had stliiulatd 
 
 nislKXl tills excuse, and, ; 'ding with 
 
 Ticts and Scots, the Saxon.i openly 
 
 cl.'ired war against tho people whom ibg 
 
 liiid been liberally subsidised to defend. 
 
 Desperation and the indignation 6nr.iiri| 
 r.aily excited by the treacherous comluci! 
 their ^jtiondam allies, roused the Britoiiji 
 
 Forllieartifii 
 Hind to the foil 
 ippii berg's 1 11 SI 
 
cason to trcrablo M I 
 no to come. Even I 
 en anil bo Rovorclyl 
 lower, that they liaii I 
 \ic Count of the Sitm] 
 lutv H was to opi'ose I 
 their own vropcrl 
 
 Ictcruilnwl to fiiir!- 
 l, two brotliern, i 
 n".»a, wero the iiKittl 
 warriora anions' thill 
 sr were reinitnl oJ 
 Pollen ;auil this W;.! 
 
 their real iicr-'Vill 
 \t, BUcrenn whli'li hijl 
 plratlr./.cxiicdiiLni,! 
 it liilUuiiee cv(v tlel 
 ituroucof theSu\ni;i| 
 )iiiatishaaal)!>iiiliii:c 
 tiiiilly coutcmrl;\ur 
 land when the lirity.l 
 lu'in to crave thoinlil 
 a re<|iiest wlilili lal 
 
 their own views ar'J 
 il course gave a rrvl;! 
 arrived at the I-'/' ' 
 
 1 Imiidreil follow, 
 id in love with '\v.. 
 Bake. They iii;iv.' 
 id Scots, who [-I'n ; i 
 ISO valour was ;i> isl 
 VII, and tfeeouilcd 11 
 ilitary conduct. I 
 wero thus once iv.rl 
 raac and cuiiMity 1 
 urH, they bccamo Mil 
 oir deliverers on ?.;!| 
 lUld Insure their fiiturf 
 uired. But tlie Savs 
 o much of the Iwui 
 ! country, and (it <M 
 Ions of lt3 owner?, J 
 ;o take their devMUiril 
 rsa, Rofarfrommaiviil 
 o return homo, scf 
 (Miients, whieli mM 
 llvi- tiiousand men. 
 
 Tin; IJritons, wlioU 
 ■t the nets and Soil 
 sof alleniitlinf; tosi 
 ion of people as \nti 
 anised ; and tlinviojl 
 fiurious fears tliattt 
 d In as mercenary s 
 more dangerous eiiii: 
 had BO fiercely rwH 
 the nriton.s afTioia 
 ctin^' frlend-liip, i:| 
 ToachnientandtuiA.| 
 iH'st Kraee Hint tf.« 
 utlii8iM>easiyinatier4. 
 !ire annidusly watc* 
 , xcuse for (luarrcla* 
 iiitc-* which arose alxfl 
 >,vislonsforwlnolitB[ 
 liad Btli'Ulat(<l, i^ 
 and, :Hling wiHt 
 ho 8axon.4 opcnl)-^ 
 tlio people wlioin jia 
 -ubsidiged todefeiu!. J 
 the Indignation 6" r.i3 
 treacherou.i coiiducii 
 ,B, roused the Jintou:!' 
 
 (!^ii0lautr.--3avtti)SIj miti %\oinnn ^cn'alf. 
 
 75 
 
 tnpthlnff like thovlRonr and fplrit of their 
 trllko ancestors. Tlielr first Blep was to 
 Koso Vortlgorn, who was before unpopu- 
 fc on account of his vicious life, and who 
 now universally hated on account of 
 Iptind coiineciuences of the measure ho liad 
 Icominended, thotipli, a« wo havo already 
 IVcrved, when he HUWKested tlie suh.tldls- 
 fcof tlic Saxons, Hie Uritons wore in such 
 lBn.iitlou that it would not have been easy 
 f »i'i">.'ist a better measure. His son Vor- 
 L-r wlio liad a good reputation for both 
 hifiL'c and military conduct, was rii.»<'(l 
 [jli'i.'milircine command, and the Ibilons 
 dwlit" several tattles witli great, couimw 
 Jfl perseverance, thougli witli almost in- 
 Iri'ihlo ill fortune. The Saxons kept ad- 
 ni'lng; and thougli llnr^a was nlaln at 
 J i,,ittle of Aylesbury, Honglst, wlio then 
 J the "ole command of tlic Saxons, show- 
 riilnisclf fully eciual t) .all the exigencies 
 llilspo.'t. Steadily advancing upon the 
 fltons, ho at the same time sent over to 
 jrniany for reinforcements. Tlieso ecm- 
 ftieil to iiirive In immonso numbers ; and 
 Jennfoi innate Ih-itons, worsted in every 
 ■counter, were successively chased to ,nul 
 Ini every piirt of tlielr country. AVhellier 
 Kii desire to make terror do tlie work 
 Ithe sword among tlie survivors, or with 
 >;il and savafe intent to exterminate the 
 (Itoiis, the Saxons niiule It .an InvarikMc 
 \e to give no quartiT. Wherever ilu'y 
 (ifMiered, man, woman, and cliiid were 
 t to death ; the towns and lianilets were 
 tin razed or burned, and again the black- 
 fed and arid fields bore testimony to the 
 fesonccand tlio unsparing humour i>f a 
 nnueror. 
 
 ircad'ully reduced In numbers, and sut- 
 lliii,' every description of privation, tlio 
 lortnnato llrltons now lost all Impo of 
 |jil)ating successfully. 8ome sulmiiited 
 laccepted life on the hard condition of 
 [intr as slaves tb.c land tliey liad owned 
 ' freoinen ; others took refug(> In the 
 luntaln fastnesses of Wales, and a still 
 Ire considerable number sought refiicre 
 Itlic province of Armorica in',(;aul -a 
 Itrict still known by the name of Urii- 
 Iv. 
 
 Bcngist founded the kingdom of Kent, 
 iicliat llrst comprised not only the cmiiity 
 Jr- known by tliat name, but also tliose 
 iKsrCX and MIdillesex, and a portion of 
 Vroy. Being still occasionally disturbed 
 |r volts of the Britons, lie settled a tribe 
 SaxnnsinNortliumherland. Other nortii- 
 I tribes, learning the success of Hengist 
 1 Ills followers, camo over. Tlie earliest 
 Itliese was a tribe of Saxons, who came 
 )!rlnthoycar477, and, after nnicli flght- 
 twlth some of the Britons wlio had par- 
 tly recovered their spirit, l(nnided the 
 It'ilora of Sussex. This kingdom, of 
 I'll the Saxon iElla was the fcumder and 
 Ip, included the present county of Sussex 
 I also that of Surrey.* 
 Jlimigh from many causes there is consi- 
 |ubie difflculty In ascertaining the exact 
 
 I Fertile ulificlal clironolopyin tlip Irnditions 
 ktinR to tlic foiuiilatlon of these kinpiloina sec 
 ippiibcrg's History of Knglaiul, i. 07, S:c. 
 
 d.ites of the events of tlie very earliest 
 Haxoii advi'iitures In Britain, it is pretty 
 cort.ain that the victorious and successful 
 IlengNt enjoyt.l the possession of his 111- 
 acfiuir<d kingdom until the year 488, wlicn 
 ho died at Canterliury, which city ho Lad 
 selected as his capital. 
 
 In the year '1!),j a tribe of KaxonB landed 
 under tlie cdtiiiiiaiid of Cerdle and his son 
 Keiirle. lie was warmly resisted by tho 
 llrltons, who still remained attached to 
 their country and In arms for their free- 
 dom, and lie w;is tddiged to seek the assist- 
 ance of tlie ,S;ixons (if Kent atid Sussex to 
 etialile liii< to iiiaintain his ground until re- 
 liiforcomeiits ( 'ild arrives from (iermany. 
 These at luiitrth (,itno under the command 
 of his sons Meyl;i and Bledda, and having 
 consolidateil their forces with his own ho 
 brought the Uritons to a general action in 
 tho year tidi*. The llrltons, who mustered 
 in numliers far greati'r than could have been 
 expected- alter so many and such great 
 losses, were commanded by Natan Leod. 
 At the li( L'iiiiilng of the day the courage 
 and «kill of this leader gave lilm greatly 
 Hie .advantage, and had actually hroken tlio 
 niain army of the Saxons, which was led 
 liy Cerdle In person, wlieii lienrie, wlio Iiad 
 been nnu'c successful against another divi- 
 sion of the Uritons. hastened to hisfiithir's 
 aid. The fort one of war now turned wholly 
 against tlieJJritons, who were completely 
 routed, with the loss of upwards of live 
 thousand men, amniig whom was tlie liravo 
 Natan Leod liimsell'. Tbi! Saxons under 
 Cerdic now ostalilislicd tho West Saxon 
 kingdom, or AVessex, whUii itiduded tho 
 countiesof Hants, Wilts, Dorset, and Berks, 
 and tlio fertile and pictures(iue Isle of 
 Wight. Tiic discomllted Britons next ap- 
 lilied for aid to tlieir fellow-countrymen of 
 Wales, who (it is said under tho princo 
 Arthur, whose real heroism has been so 
 strangely exaggerai ed by romance'), h.asten- 
 ed to their aid, and inllicted a very severo 
 defeat upon Cerdie, in tho neiglibourhood 
 of Bath. But rills defeat, tiiougli it pre- 
 vented liim from extendinc: the kingdom 
 he iiad founded, did not disable hitnfrom 
 maintaining himself in it. He did so until 
 his death in .i.Tl, when ho was succeeded 
 by his son Keiiric, who reigned there until 
 ills death in .lOO. 
 
 In otlier parts of the island otlier tribes 
 of adventurers had been equally successful 
 with tho two of which we iiave more parti- 
 cularly spoken ;but as a mere repetition of 
 fierce invasion on tho one hand, and of 
 resistance, often heroic but always unsuc- 
 cessful, would neither amuse nor iiistiaict 
 the reader, we a' once pass to the event, 
 whicli was that tho wliolc ishind, save Corn- 
 wall and Wales, was conquered by bands of 
 Saxons, Jutes, tind .Vngles, .and divided into 
 seven petty kingdoms, and called by tho 
 name of Angles-land, subsequently cor- 
 rupted into Kiigland. Of each of these 
 kingdoms we shall give a very concise ac- 
 count up to thiit period when tho whole 
 island W!is united under one sole sovereign, 
 .and ai- which the history becomes at once 
 clearer in its details and more interesting. 
 
 ^ra^^:^l 
 
 mi 
 
 r 
 
'■¥!■ 
 
 u\" 
 
 M. 
 
 1 1! 
 
 I': 
 
 t' 
 
 7« 
 
 C^r Crrnitfurtt oC Wituvp, Sec. 
 
 cnAPTEU II. 
 
 3%o Jleptarchi/, or tho Seven KingJoma of 
 the Haxona in Britain. 
 
 It lias already been Ho.cn that Ji-^n,', ; tt, f lie 
 oarlleitt Saitoii Invader of Hrl !, T: uiulcd 
 (lio kingdom of Kent, and died In estab* 
 Ih hed and sticuro pomuHslon of It. IIo was 
 BiK'^ceded by Ms Hon, Esciis. This prince, 
 thoucrli he possessed neither the military 
 nro^' -18 nor the h>vo of adventure which 
 luid aistliigulshed hU father, maintained 
 his place in peace, and not wltlioutdlKnlt^-, 
 to Ills death, which occurred In 612, w ■ 
 ho was Buccuoded by his son Octa. 
 
 Octa, like his father, was a man oi 
 diocro talent, and unfortunately for hii. 
 lived ill a time when his nolxhbniirhov i 
 wasanythlnubuttranaiiil. The kingdom of 
 tlio K.'ist Saxon.^, newly established, greatly 
 extended Its limits at hln expense, -md at 
 his death. In o.'M, he left his klngdmti less 
 extensive than he liad received it by the 
 whole of Kssex and Middlesex. To Octa 
 succeeded his son Tmrick, who reigned 
 111 tolerable tranfiuilllty during the long 
 period of thirty-two ye.nrs. Towards the 
 close of his rclgn he associated with hliii 
 In the government his son Kthelbert, who 
 in 506 succeeded hlii/ Wlillo the kings of 
 the Heptarchy wore as yet In any danger of 
 disturbance and reprisals on the part of the 
 outraged lh-iton-», tlio mere Instinct of self- 
 liroservatlon had prevented tliem from hav- 
 ing any considerable domestic fends : but 
 this danger at an end, the fiaxon kings 
 speedily found cause of fjuarrel iinioiig 
 themselves. Komotlmcs, as we liive seen 
 In the case of Kent, under Octa, one state 
 was encroached upon by another ; at anotluT 
 time the spirit of jealousy, which is liise- 
 l)arablc from peUy kings of territories 
 having no natural and clllclent boundaries, 
 caused struggles to take place, not so much 
 for territory as for empty supremacy ; mere 
 titular chlcfdom. 
 
 When Kthelbert, himself of avery adven- 
 turous and ambitious turn, succeeded to 
 his kingdom of Kent, Ceaulln, king of 
 Wessex.was the most potent prince of the 
 Heptarchy, and used his power with no 
 iiigg:ird or moderato liand. Ktlielbert, In 
 the endeavour to aggrandise his own do- 
 minions, twice gave battle to this formi- 
 ablo -ival, and twli;n suffered decisive de- 
 fe.T ^. But the cupidity and tyrannous tem- 
 per of Ceaulln, having induced him to 
 nnnex the kingdom of Sussex to his oa\ii 
 already considerable possessions, a confe- 
 deracy of the other princes was formed 
 against him, and the command of tlie allied 
 force was unanimously voted to Ethelbert, 
 who even in defeat had displayed equal cou- 
 rage and ability. Etholbert, thus strength- 
 ened, once more met his rival In arms, r;iid 
 tills time with better success. Ceaulln \^ :\s 
 put to the rout with great loss, and, dying 
 shortly after the battle, was succeeded both 
 In his ambition and In his position among 
 the kings of the Heptarchy by Ethelbert, 
 who very speedily gave his late allies abun- 
 dant reason to regret the confldenco and 
 the support they had given to him. He by 
 tuma reduced each of them to a complete 
 
 dependence upon him as their clijefjani) 
 having overrun l lie kingdom of Morcl«,i,i,( 
 most exteiulvo of all tlio kingdoms of t|,( i' 
 island, ho for a time seated himself v^,„^\ 
 the throne, in utter contempt uf lliorluiitl 
 and the reclamations of Webba, the aun i,t 
 Crlda, the original found' r of that IdnK.I 
 dom. Hut whether from a sense of tin in. I 
 justice of his conduct, or from feiir tlmi « I 
 continued poDsessiun uf so extensive j tor.) 
 ritory, in addition to that whlcli of ruiitl 
 belonged to him, should arm agaliutliiu.l 
 self a league as compact and duterinliuiil 
 as tliat by tlio aid of which )io limi trj.] 
 umphed over his formidable rivaiC'ciuiiiil 
 ho subsei|ucntly resigned Mercia to WeWil 
 L-ut not without imposing condliloiu ajir 
 suiting as they were wholly unfoumlod ii 
 any right save that of the strongest. 
 
 From the injustice wlilch marked il ii 
 portion (if I'Uhelbert's conduct, it Is |p|('a<ii,)l 
 to have toturii toaii Imiiortantcvi'iitHli il 
 shed a lustre upon Ills reign— tlir liitniili;,".! 
 tlon of <;iirlstlaulty to the S;ixou i)uiiii:>| 
 tlon of l<:iigland. I 
 
 Though the Britons had long been ('iir'i| 
 tlaiis,Hie terms upon which they lived wi; 
 the Haxoiw were especially unfavoiiriilili'; 
 any religious proselytlsm Iietwecn the n, L 
 jieople; and, Indeed, the early historian-:! 
 not scruple to confess that tlm Urltoiisi 
 sidered their comiuerors to bo unwdntrl 
 to participate In the blessings of t'liri.-;, 
 knowledge and faith. 
 
 Kthelbert, fortunately, was marricil ; 
 riirlstiau i.'idy. Bertha, daughter of ( , 
 bert, king of I'aris, who, ere ho would ( 
 sent to his daughter's nnrrlage »itin 
 jiag.an, stlimlated that the princess ^h ;: 
 fully and freely enjoy her own rellgii.ii, i 
 leaving her native land for England -Ihh 
 attended by a bishop, and both the piiii 
 and the prolate exerted their utmost cr 
 and al.'lllty to propagate the Christian ft 
 in the country of their adoption, mil : 
 Bertha was much beloved at the (uirti 
 her husband, she made so much inntr; 
 towards this good end, tlmt the P'ire,i;r| 
 gory tlie Oreat, flattered himself with • 
 hope of converting the Saxons of y.iiat 
 ■altogether, a project which oven bcfun 
 l)ecamepope lie had conceived fruiMlmvi: 
 accidentally seen some Saxon slavis 
 Home, and been much struck wiiii i:. 
 singular personal beauty and the iiut 
 geiico with which they replied tohisiuj 
 tions. 
 
 Encouraged by the success whhh 1 
 attended the efforts of Bertha, Gref,'oi}i 
 patched Augustln and forty other inoii 
 to Britain, They found Ethelbert, l)y ii 
 Influence of his (|Uoen, well disposed nri 
 celve them Iiospltably and listen to ilia 
 patiently. Having provided them witliasi 
 sidenco in the Isle of Thanet, he gavetl;;| 
 time to recover from the fatigues of ti s, 
 and then appointed a day for a public iii:a 
 view ; but friendly as the bravo paR.inn 
 towards the co-rellglonlsts of his wi{f,l| 
 could not wholly divest himself of supera 
 tlous terrors ; and lest the stranger proiii 
 ers should have some evil spells of iwi 
 he appointed the meeting to take iilicei 
 the open air, where, he thought, such si<i 
 
^fiiflTflnty.— C^e iftrjitarcby. 
 
 77 
 
 M tlioir (lilof; ani 
 njuiu oC Morcirt, iii^ 
 liii klnpfdomsdt ihg 
 eatfil hlmHcIf v\m\ 
 iitompt of tliurlKlii 
 if VTebba, tUi! 8011 III 1 
 uiiil'T of tliat klni(.| 
 )m 11 non«o of tlir 111. 
 
 or from fwir tlui a I 
 )f BO extoiiHlVf a tor. f 
 that whlrli nt r'.A 
 iilil arm a^iilnst lnm. 
 met ami (Ictcriniina 
 t which ho liiul t:il 
 iliUhlo rival ('i':iu'iiii,l 
 iitulMorclatoWciilJ 
 jlng comllllo"!* a.»i,j 
 wholly unfouiuli'd .i 
 tho Btrongcrtt, I 
 
 which markoil il sj 
 conduct, It Uiilfa-iLiI 
 miiortaiiti'vi'ut.wlr 
 i rclnii— tin: liiti'iiiluoJ 
 to tho Sjvxou i)uiiu*| 
 
 B had long bw u Plif''. 
 I wlilclithny llvi'ilw;, 
 •dally uiifavnm-ui:. 
 tl.-tiu liOtWl'lU tliu I 
 tho early hist'MlMv 
 is that the Urlliiusi 
 iTors to ho innv"rii!| 
 ! blesrilngs of Clin-;,i 
 
 Itcly, was marri( a 
 tha, daiitfhlcr nC r 
 who, oro ho wouKl i 
 ter'^ iinrriaRc wiili 
 lat the iirlnws.s rli-i 
 )y horowiircllKliiii. "••! 
 imlf'>rKnf?laiulfli"»f 
 I, and both tho priii- 
 rtcd their utmost IT 
 gate tho Chrlstluu fa 
 their adoption. ;iuil 
 yclovcd at the ci.in, 
 uado 80 much inv 
 nd, tlwit tho P'lrc.dr, 
 tered himBelt witli id 
 
 tho SaxouH of i;iiu:i.i 
 .■t which oven hvimtf 
 1 conceived fruinliiivi'- 
 
 sonio Saxon sl.ivrs : 
 nuch struck witli i;/ 
 beauty and the uiifJ 
 they replied to hU n^ 
 
 the PUCCCS9 whlili 
 self Bertha, Gref,'uryi.r 
 and forty other mo: 
 Lound Ethelbert, liy « 
 icon, well disposed ti: 
 ably and listen I'^m 
 pro vldcd them Willi ji- 
 of Thanet, hegavetbi 
 )m the fatigues ottp.re 
 da day for ft public iniP 
 ,' as tho brave papm' 
 llglonlBts of hUwifeJ 
 ivcst himself of supers 
 lest the stranger pro 
 ,rao evil spells of i«i« 
 aieetlng to take l^cel 
 e, he thought, such St* 
 
 I wmildlie IcHH eflcctlvu than within tho wnlKs 
 lotahulldhig. 
 
 I Aiifriixthi KOt 1<> furo tho khi^ tho innpl- 
 IrliiK and consoling truths of (.'hrlatianity. 
 iDoi'trlnes po mild, «o gentle, mo free from 
 leiu'lhly taint, and from all leaven of ainlil- 
 Itidii and violence, struclc strangely, but no 
 Tle^s forcibly upon tho spirit of tlio bold 
 Ktiielbert. Ihit tliough much moved, he 
 f,-ni not wliolly convinced ; hocould admire, 
 but lie could not luMtantly embrace tenetit 
 ko new and so different from tlioHO to wiiieh 
 Irom infancy lie had bueaacoustoinod. Ihit 
 It lio coiiid not on tho Instant abandon tlit> 
 jnitliof hisnncostorsfortlio uuwfaiii ' it 
 k;i3 now preneliod to )iim, ho was c y 
 
 idiivlnced tiial. tho latter faith \v:i 
 Iviist, Incaiiablo of InjurinK Ills i 
 teiily,tli icfore, to the addre - 
 llnwas at uneo marked by i 
 Iv ('iiutli)ii ; l)y an unwillingness 
 IliL faltli of Ills youtli, yet by a pi 
 |iii<iie»» to allow Ilia i)eoj)lo a fa, 
 [miityof Jiui) ing butwccu that fit .< aiul 
 nii'letl.'iiiKy. 
 
 ' ymir words and your promises,' said 
 
 le, 'sound fairly; but inasmuch as iliey 
 
 te iitw and luiiiroven, I cannot entirely 
 
 lli'ld my contldence to them and abandon 
 
 ho principles so long malntiilned by my 
 
 iiicestor;!. Nevertheless, you may remain 
 
 Icni liipeiu'e iiiid safety; and as you have 
 
 Vivelled Ml far in onl'T to benefit us, at 
 
 last as you suppose, 1 will provide you wli li 
 
 ivcrytliiig necessary for your support, ami 
 
 Ion shall liavo full liberty to preach your 
 
 luctriiies to my subjects.' 
 
 Tlio degree of toleration that was thus 
 
 Jccunled to Augustin was jill tliat he re- 
 
 hiireil; Ills own faithful zeal and well eul- 
 
 Iviiled talents assured lilm of success ; and 
 
 Mvuli and diligently did ho avail himself 
 
 Jlliooiipoilnnities tliat were alforded to 
 
 Bill by tlie king's toleration and tlie (lueen's 
 
 ivour, tliat ho speedily made numbers of 
 
 inverts Every new success inspired him 
 
 litli new zenl and nerved him to new ex- 
 
 rtloiis. His abstinence, his painful vigils, 
 
 mil tlie severe penances to whicii ho sub- 
 
 Iftcd himself, struck tlieso rudo people 
 
 nth awe and admiration, and not merely 
 
 ted their attention more strongly than 
 
 by other means could have done upon his 
 
 IciK'hiugs, but also predisposed tliem to 
 
 llicve euually In tho sincerity of tlio 
 
 rtacher and in tho truth of liis doctrine. 
 
 umbers, nut only of tho poorer and more 
 
 niorant, but also of tho -wealthier and 
 
 itter informed, bccamo at first attentive 
 
 Iditors and then converts. They crowded 
 
 I bo baptised, and after a great majority 
 
 j Ills subjects had tiiua been admitted 
 
 Ito tho pale of Christianity, tho king iilni- 
 
 llf became a convert and was ijaptisod, to 
 
 |e great joy of Home. 
 
 tUut Gregory tho Great was 7.ca1o\is in 
 
 pextrciuo in tho cause of prosclytism. 
 
 Id by no means backward in availing 
 
 fasclf of temporal power for tho fulfll- 
 
 pt of spiritual ends. And as soon as ho 
 
 imed that Ethelbert and a considerable 
 
 Irtion of his subjects had embraced Cbris- 
 
 ^ilty, he sent to the former at onco to 
 
 ugmtulate him upon his wise and happy 
 
 conversion, and to urge lilm, by his ilniyas 
 a monarch and by his sympathk'it ami laith 
 as aCiirlstian, not any longer to allow even 
 a part of liis subjects to wander on iu tiie 
 (JarknesH and error of paganism. 
 
 (iregory at tlio same timo lent hit In- 
 structions to Augustin, and very |)artlcn!ar 
 answers to somo singular ((uestionH put by 
 the missionary as to points of morality 
 wiiich ho tliought it necessary to enforce 
 ui)on tliu understandings and practlcu of 
 Ills new and numerous flock: but these 
 queetions and answers would bo out of 
 place here, as tliey only tend to illustrato 
 eitiii-r tile exceeding »f rossness of the (lock, 
 or tlie exceeding simplicity nuU minutu 
 anxiety of tiieir spirlliiai |)astor. 
 
 Well pleased witli tlio zeal of Augustin. 
 
 il with tlie success witli wliieli It liaii 
 
 ^ far been crowned, tiregory made liliii 
 
 bishop of Canterbury, sent him a pall 
 
 I Home, and gave him plenary nntiio- 
 
 ., over all the Urltish churches that 
 ■iioiiid bo erected, Uiit tliough Augustin 
 was tiius higlily approved and honoured, 
 tlre»fory, who w.is sliiewdly acquainted 
 wltli liuman nature, saw,or suspected, that 
 tiie good missliiiiary was viiy proud of a 
 success whicli was, Indeed, little less tlian 
 miraculous, whetlier its extent or its ra- 
 pidity be considered. At tiio same time, 
 therefore, that lie both praised and exalted 
 him, he empiiailcaily warned him against 
 allowing liimseit to bo seduced into a too 
 fireat elation on account of his good work ; 
 and, as Ain;ustin manifested somo desire 
 to exert his authority over tiio spiritual 
 coiii'iiiis of (iaul, tho pope cautioned liim 
 aKaln-i, any such interXerence, and ex- 
 jiressly informed him tliat ho was to con- 
 sider tlie bishops of that country wholly 
 beyond his jurisdiction. Strange coutradic- 
 tiiins in iiuman reasoiiiiiK and conduct 1 
 We liave tiie humble missionary dchorting 
 a newly converted pagan from persecution ; 
 a poi)e, tho visible head of llio whole Clirls- 
 tlan world, and tho presumed infallible ex- 
 pounder of (Jlirlstian doctrines, stroUKly 
 and expressly exhorting him to it ; and 
 soon wo have tlio amiiithnis and despotic 
 patron of forcible proseiytlsm wisely and 
 reasonal)ly Interposing ills authority and 
 advice to prevent the recently so humble 
 missionary from making shipwreck of his 
 ciiaractcr and usefulness, by an imbecom I ng 
 and unjustiftalile indulgence in tlio so.'iring 
 ambition so suddenly and strongly awaken- 
 ed l)y tlic gift of a little lirlef authority ! 
 
 It was not only in the lulluenco that 
 Hertiia liad in the conversion of the Saxon 
 sul)jecta of her husband to Christianity 
 that she was 6erviceal)le to them, though 
 compared to that service all others were of 
 comparatively small value. Uut even" in a 
 worldly point of view her marriage to 
 Ethelbert was of real and very important 
 beiiellt to his subjects. For her intimate 
 connection with Franco led to an Inter- 
 course between that nation and England, 
 which not merely tended to increase tho 
 wealth, ingenuity, and commercial enter- 
 prise of tho latter, but also to soften and 
 polish their as yet rudo and semi-barbarous 
 manners. Tho conversion of tho Saxons to 
 
&. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Cfje CvrnisJtirti flf Witovih ^'C. 
 
 Clirlstlniilty Imil even a more oxtcjislve In- 
 tluenco 111 llicHO reBpertR, liy brlngtiiff flio 
 pooplo (U'unalntod wltli the arts and the 
 luxurlos of Italy. 
 
 Btoniiy at Us ciniiiioiwoiiioiit, tlic itIptii 
 (il Kllu'll)ert wart fiu1)soiiu<'iitly iicafcable 
 ami lU'iiBiuMMUs, and It IvSl traci's and sood 
 ot f,M(Hl, of ■wlilch tlio KiiMrllsli are oven to 
 lliirt diiy t'ejiplng tlio lu-nellt. Ucsltles Uio 
 eliavo \m liad In ronvcrllnf? Ills Hulijccts to 
 Clii'lHllaiiliy, and In encoiii'iiKlng tlu'ni to 
 di'voto tlicnisi'lvi'rt to eoninieri-o and tlio 
 iisofiil arts, lio was the llrst Saxon nioimrch 
 wlio Bavo Ills pcoiilo written laws; and 
 tlieso laws, niiiUhiK duo allowance for the 
 nwo and Tar the ooiidltlon ot the iieojile for 
 whoso KoverniiuMit they were iironiulKed, 
 show htm to liavo lieen, even If reRanletl 
 only in lilselvll oaiiaelty.an extremely wise 
 man and a lover of iieaeefulness and jus- 
 tlee. After a loiiR and useful relKii of llfty 
 year.s, EthelluMt died In the year 010, and 
 wassui'oeeded liy his piui lOadlmld. 
 
 Durinur the lll'etliue of his father, Kadbald 
 had professed the Christian rellKion ; but 
 when he beeanio king ho abandoned it and 
 rc^turiud to piiKauIsm, beeauso the latter 
 allowed tlie iudulgeneo of an Incestuous 
 passion, which he had conceived, and which 
 Christianity denounced as horrible and 
 eliiful, and tlio ftreat body of Ids sulijccts, 
 outwardly at least, returned with him. So 
 eouipletely wi're llio Christian altars alian- 
 doned, and so openly and generally was the 
 Christian failli derided, that Justus, bishop 
 of Itodiester, ami Mellitus, bishop of IjOU- 
 doii, abandoned their sec. in despair, and 
 departed tho kiuKdom. Laurentius, who 
 had succeeded Augtistln In tho archiepis- 
 copai dignity of Canterluiry, had prepared 
 to follow their exsinipie ; but on the eve of 
 Ills departure lie determined to make one 
 striking and Uiial elTort to bring back tho 
 king Into tho fold of tho cliurch. 
 
 Seeking an Interview witli the king, ho 
 threw off his upper garments, and exhibited 
 his body covered with wounds and bruises 
 to Buch an extent as denoted tho most 
 Bavago lU-troatiuent. The king, thougli 
 evil passion had led him formally to abjure 
 Christianity, was not iirepared to see, un- 
 moved, such proof of brutality and Irrove- 
 ranco having been eliown to tho chief 
 teacher of his abandoned creed ; and he in- 
 dignantly demanded who had dared tlius to 
 Ill-treat a personage bo eminent. Lauren- 
 tius, In reply, assured him that his wounds 
 Lad been Inflicted not by living hands, but 
 by tlioso of St. Peter himself, who had ap- 
 peared to him in a vision, and had thus 
 chastised him for his intended desertion of 
 n flock upon which his departure would In- 
 evitably draw down eternal perdition. The 
 result of this bold and gross Invention 
 showed how much more powerful over gross 
 and ignorant minds are the coarsest fables 
 ot superstition, tliau tho eublimest truths 
 or the most affectionate urgings of genuine 
 religion. To tho latter, Eadbald had v ^eu 
 contemptuously deaf ; to the former, be on 
 the instant sacriflced bia Incestuous pas- 
 Blon and thi? object ot it. Divorcing him- 
 eelt from ber, be returned to the Christian 
 paJe ; and his people, obedient in good as 
 
 In evil, returned with lilm. TIio reign df | 
 Kadbalil, apart from this apostnsy niul 
 re-conversion, was not reuiarkalilc. ti.o ' 
 power which his fatlier had established, 
 and t lie prestige of his father's remeinlu'rcd 
 ability and grtatness, cnaliicd bini to n-iKn ' 
 penccably -without the exertion, prulnWy ) 
 wit limit the possession, of any very roiiiinii. i 
 iible ability of his own. After a relKiioJ 
 tweuty-llvo ye.ars, lie died In 010, leaving 
 two sous, Krmlnfrld and Krcombert. 
 
 Krcomliert, th(uigli tho younger Iii'cidirr, !| 
 succeeded his father. Ho reigned fo[ | 
 twenty-four years. This reign, too, was mi I 
 tlio wlioio peaceable, though ho sIkihcI i 
 great zeal in rooting out tho rema'iis ni 
 Idul.'ilry from among his people, lie wnj > 
 sincerely and i-.ealonsly attached to iiic 
 cliurch, and he it was who flrst of t he s.isnii 
 nioiiarchs enforced upon his subjects the j 
 observance of tlie fast of Lent. 
 
 Urcouibert died In 001, and v/as micI 
 cecdi'd by his son Egbert. This priiirc, 
 sensible that his father had wrongfully nb. I 
 talneil the throne, and fearing that factlmi! I 
 might 1)0 found in favour of the lulisoll 
 his father's elder brother, put those tiTol 
 princes to death— an act of liarbarous iwliof I 
 which would probably have caused hU cluJ 
 racter to descend to us in mucli dark<'iniiill 
 more hateful colours, but that his zc.il igl 
 enabling Uunnina, his sister, to fdiiiKlJ 
 inonaHtery in tho Isle of Ely, caused lilm to| 
 iliiil favour In tlio eyes of tho monklsli I 
 torlans, who were ever far too rcaily I'l 
 allow apparent friendliness to tho teinimrall 
 pnisperity of the church to outweigh ival 
 the most flagrant and hateful sins ab'.'iiibi| 
 the doctrines taught by the cliurch. 
 
 It is nevertheless true that, apart fr<" 
 his liorriblo and merciless treatment nf li;;! 
 cousins, this prince displayed a charadrt- T 
 mild and tlioughtful as makes his cdiiiiiiLM 
 sion of that crime douldy remarkable ami 111 
 mentable. Ills rule was moderate, thmi.J 
 Arm, and during his short reign of wi:J 
 nine years he seems to have cmbi'accdovirjl 
 opportunity of encouraging and advanciiiJ 
 learning. IIo died In 67,1, and was fiiJ 
 ceeded liy his brother Lothalre; so tbil 
 his cruel murder of his nephews did niil 
 oven prove successful in seeming tlit| 
 throne to his son. 
 
 Lothairo associated with himself in tit 
 government his son Richard, and cvei!| 
 tiling seemed to promiso tho usuriHTsr 
 long and prosperous reign. Hut Edrlc,iti| 
 son of Egbert, uuappalled by the dmi 
 power and ability which thus barred 1 
 from tho tlirone, took shelter a', tho foil 
 ot Edilwalch, king of Sussex. That priikf 
 heartily espoused bis cause, and funilslidj 
 him with troops; and after a imw' 
 eleven years, Loth.aire was slain in hattlt| 
 A.I). C84, and his son Richard escaped > 
 Italy, where be died in comparatlre ol| 
 Bcurity. 
 
 Edric did not long enjoy the tlircil 
 His reign, which presents nothing wort 
 of record, was barely two years He (IK) 
 in 680, and was succeeded by his 
 Widrcd. 
 
 The violence and usurpation wlilcli 1 
 recently taken place in the kingdom r1 
 
etiglimtr.— Clje )Qr]itarcl)i;« 
 
 79 
 
 liii. Tl»e rclgu at 
 lilrt niioslnsy will,! 
 rcmni'UaWo. 'I'l.c '\ 
 • liiul OKlaWlslu'il, 4 
 thcr'B reiniiiuliiTcd ^ 
 abU'd hliu to n-ltin 
 pxcrtloii, vi'tilinlily '> 
 il any very roiiwrk- r 
 Alter ft vclmi ol 
 lea Iti 040, Kavlug , 
 .1 ICroomlioi-t. ! 
 10 vmiimor livotlur, ' 
 
 110 VOlglU'll (tl 
 
 ISrClK", tllO.Wl-lrll 
 
 thouBh lio fli"«c.l 
 out tl-.o rcmn'iis i>! 
 1,18 people. 11" wj 
 
 ly IlltacUOll 111 ilic 
 rhoflrstof tlieS;ainii 
 ion Ills BUl)jcds ihc 
 oI lient. 
 
 nni, mill v.-ns sue- 
 Kl)ert. This vrliup, 
 •rlmcl wvon^fnillyob- 
 foiiriiiKtlmtfiifU.iii. 
 ivour of t lie Uoiis o! 
 ither, put llioiic two 
 et of barbarous iwlitr 
 r have causedliU I'to 
 isln.uucUilarUnmil 
 I but Uiftt his ziiil U 
 lis Bister, to fouuJj 
 , ofEly, causeil li m ol 
 
 C8 of tho moiiklsl W- 
 Dvor far too vomiy 
 U1UC89 to tho teim«'Til 
 urch to outwclt-'li evfi 
 ,a hateful sins iKjum.-l 
 L by tho church. | 
 ti-uu that.ni.m-ttw 
 •Ue«s tvo.itincul ni lia| 
 iisplayeaachuvaelori! 
 ^ ,s makes his cmra 
 ul)ly remarkable mulU' 
 was uioilm-ate, tliou,. 
 l3 short relh'U ot onj 
 tohavccmbraceiU'\cn 
 
 uragluK !i'"\«^^^'->"a 
 
 111 era, and Avaa M 
 Aier Lothalro ; so tM 
 ,f his nephews rtuU. 
 ssful m Bccurlug m 
 
 cdwltli himself 111 ttl 
 
 _)n Richard, and cvcnj 
 
 )ronilBO the usunH;t;i[ 
 
 larelRn. Hut Eilrlo.tMl 
 
 uppiaicd by the a«u^ 
 
 which thus barred li| 
 oJk shelter a"; tliof«4 
 ol Sussex. Th!itr J 
 Ills cause, and fur il^ 
 ■^nnd after a rep J 
 alrewftSBlalnlnWil^ 
 fon Ulchard cscared ^ 
 
 long enjoy the 
 prefcntsnothiug^o™ 
 
 rely two years Ho u«l 
 •^ Buccecded toy his i 
 
 ,d usurpation wWobt 
 ICC in tho kingdom ffl 
 
 Iduced the usual cffeot, disunion among 
 Itlioiiolilllty ; and that disunion, as Is also 
 usually llio case, invited tho ttltack ol ex- 
 ternal enemies. AecordinKly, Widrcd had 
 hardly ascended tlio tiirono when Ills klUK- 
 Bom was invaded by Cedwalla, kliiK of 
 ,Wesnex, and ills brother JIollo. Unt tliouKh 
 klio invaders did vast daniaKO to tho khiMT- 
 tom of Kent, tlioir ajipearanco had tlio 
 bond elfect ol jintllng an end to doineslic 
 BIsuiiloM, and wklred was ablo to assem- 
 ble a puwsrful force for tho def«neo of Ills 
 lliroiic. m ft Bcvero battle wlileli was 
 loHKht asalnst tho Invaders, JloIIo was 
 IliilM ; and Widred so ably availed himself 
 bf tlio opportunity altorded to him by this 
 Ivcut, tlmt his nlgn extended to tho long 
 trill ot llilrty-two yc-irs. Al. Ills death, In 
 118, lio left the kingdom tn hi;* family : but 
 It tliodeatli of his third Huccessor, Alric, 
 Tlio died in 794, all pretence, even, to a 
 Mtlniate order of succession to tlie t lirono 
 bus nbandonod. To wish was to strive, to 
 onqiier was to have right ; and whether 
 t were a powerful noblo or an illeglUinato 
 cnucctlon of tho royal family, every pre- 
 biider who could maintain his claim by 
 brco of arms seemed to consider himself 
 buy entitled to strike lor the vacant 
 Eronc. This anarchical condition of tlio 
 aiiffdom, and tlio weakness and disorder 
 llilcli were necessarily produced by such 
 :iiuent I'lvil war, paved tho way to tho 
 Jtter aiiuilil. 'tlou of Kent as ft sep'irato 
 jiiKdoni, whicli annihilation was uecom- 
 lisliod by Egbert, king ol Wcssex, about 
 Ic year 820. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Tho Heptarchy icontinucd). 
 
 ITK kingdom of Northumliorland first 
 
 )idc ft considerable llgurn and exercised a 
 
 •cat share of Inlluenca in tlio Ueptarchy 
 
 hder AdelXrId, a bravo and ablo but ambl- 
 
 pu3 and unprincipled ruler. Originally 
 
 lig of Heniicla, he niarrleu Acca, dauglitcr 
 
 I Alia, king of the Ucirl, and at the death 
 
 I tlmt monarch dispossessed and expelled 
 
 Byoutliful heir, and united all the country 
 
 krth of tho Humber into uno khigdom, 
 
 Icllmlts of which he stlllfurllicr extended 
 
 J his victories over tlio Ticts and Scots, 
 
 Id tlio Britons In Wales. An anecdote is 
 
 Bated of this prince wlilch seems to indl- 
 
 Itc that he held tho clergy In no very great 
 
 ipcot. Having found or made occasion 
 
 [lay siege to Chester, be was opposed by 
 
 B Britons, who marched In groat f i irco to 
 
 Impel him to raise the siege, and tliey were 
 
 jcompanled to tho Held ol battle by up- 
 
 u-ds of a thousand monks (from the luo- 
 
 Isteryol Bangor. On being informed that 
 
 Is numcroua body ol religious men had 
 
 mo to tho field of battle, not actually to 
 
 lit against him, but only to exhort their 
 
 nntrymen to fight stoutly and to pray lor 
 
 ^ir success ; the stern warrior, who could 
 
 tunderstand tho nice distinction between 
 
 bse who fought against him with their 
 
 ns and those who prayed that tboso arms 
 
 ^htbe victorious, immediately detached 
 
 luti of his troops with orders to charge 
 
 kin the monks as heartily as though they 
 
 had been armed and gonniiio soldiers ; and 
 so faltlif ully was this rutlile. s order obeyedf 
 that only fifty of tho monks aro said to havo 
 escaped from tho sanguinary scerio with 
 tlieir lives. In tho liatllo wtiicli immedi- 
 ately followed this wanton Imtchery tho 
 IJrItons were completely defeated, and Adel- 
 frid having entered ClieHterin triumph, and 
 Btrongly garrisoned It, pursued his march 
 to tlio monastery ol Itangor; resolved tliat 
 it should not soon again send out au army 
 of monks to pray for ills defeat. 
 
 Tiio early years of tho sway ol Catlio- 
 liclsm In every country were marked bolli 
 by the nnnibera ol tho monasteries and tho 
 vast oxpcnso that was lavished upon them. 
 This was especially tho case in both Eng- 
 land and— as wo shall hereafter havo to 
 remark— Ireland j but In neither ol ilieso 
 countries was there anotlier montstery 
 which could, for extent at least, bear com- 
 parison with that of Uangor. From gato 
 to gato It covered a mile ol ground, and it 
 Bheltered tho enc-.nious number ol two 
 thousand monks: the whole ol this vast 
 Imilding was now sacrificed to tho resent- 
 ment ol Adelfrld, who completely battered 
 It down. 
 
 Hut tlio warlike prowess ol Adelfrld was 
 fated to prove insuniclcnt to preserve him 
 ill the power which he liad bo uniiglito- 
 ously obtained by depriving a young and 
 helpless orphan of his heritage. That or- 
 phan, now grown to man's estate, had found 
 shelter in tlio court of Itedwald, king ol 
 llio East Angles. This monarch's protec- 
 tion ol the young Edwin, and tliat young 
 prince's reputed ability and courage, alarm- 
 ed Adelfrld lor the stability ol his Ill-ac- 
 quired greatness ; and lie had tho ineffablo 
 baseness to make offers ol large presents to 
 iiidiico llcdwald to deprive the young priiico 
 of life, or to deliver lilm, living, into tlio 
 power of the usurper of his tlironc. For 
 some time IfedwaM returned positive and 
 indignant refusals to all propositions ol this 
 kind; but the pertinacity ot Adelfrld, wlio 
 still Increased in the magnitude of his olfers, 
 began to shake the constancy of Uedwald, 
 wlien, fortunately f(>r that monarch's clia- 
 ,ractcr,his(|uecn interposed to savehlmfrom 
 tlio horrid bascnoss to whlcli ho was well 
 nigh ready to consent. Strongly Bympo- 
 thlsing v;tli Edwin, she Icit tlie more Inte- 
 rest lor lilni on account of the magnani- 
 mous cniindenco in her husband's honour 
 which the young prince displayed by tran- 
 quilly continuing his residence in East 
 Anglia even niter he was aware how strong- 
 ly his protector was sued and tempted to 
 baseness by tho usurper Adelfrld. Not 
 contented witli having successfully dis- 
 suaded her hust)and from the treachery ol 
 yielding up tho ujifortunato and dispos- 
 sessed prince, slie farther endeavoured to 
 induce him to exert himself actively on his 
 bclialf, and to march against tho usurper 
 while he was Btill in hope of having an 
 afflrmativo answer to his disgraceful and 
 Insulting proposals. The king ol tho East 
 Angles consented to do this, and suddenly 
 marched a powerlul army into Northumber- 
 land. In the sanguinary and decisive bat- 
 tle which ensued, Adelfrld was Blaln, but 
 
i '.'I 
 
 80 
 
 ^^t ITrcasluri} at ^ijitat^t ^c. 
 
 not until after he liud killed Uedwald's son, 
 Begncr. 
 
 Edwin, who thus obtained possession of 
 the kingdom of Northumberland, passing 
 at once from the condition of an exiled and 
 dependent fuifitivo to that of a powerful 
 monarch, displayed ability equal to the 
 latter lot as he had displayed firm and dig- 
 niflod resignation in the former. Just, but 
 inQexibly severe in restraining bis subjects 
 from ^vrong-doing, he put such order into 
 the kingdom, which at his accession was 
 noted for its licentiousness and disorder, 
 that of him, as of some other well-govern- 
 ing princes, the old historians relate that 
 he caused valuable property to be exposed 
 unguarded upon the higli roads, and no man 
 dared to appropriate it,— a mere figurative 
 and hyperbolical anecdote, no doubt, but 
 one which evidences the greatness of the 
 truth on which such au exaggeration must 
 bo founded. 
 
 Nor was it merely within even the wide 
 limi'.s of his own kingdom that the fine 
 character of Kdwin was appreciated; it 
 procured him admiration and proportionate 
 inllueuco throughout tho Heptarchy. His 
 benefactor, Redwald, king of tho East An- 
 gles, being involved in serious disputes 
 with his subjects, was overpowered by them 
 and put to death. The conduct of Kdwin, 
 both while a fugitive and a sojourner among 
 tlicni, and his subsequent prosperity and 
 greatness, caused them to offer him their 
 tliroue. But tliey were incapable of under- 
 standing the whole greatness of his spirit. 
 Ho had too deep and abiding a sense of 
 gratitude for the favours he owed to Red- 
 wald, and, still more, to the queen of that 
 prince, to see their offspring disinherited ; 
 and, instead of accepting the offered throne, 
 he threatened the East Angles with chas- 
 tisement in tlie event of their refusing to 
 give possession of it to the rightful owner, 
 Earpwold, second he'r of the murdered 
 king. Earpwold accordingly ascended tlie 
 throne, and was prr* 'ed upon it by the 
 power and rcputati Edwin. 
 
 Edwin married h rga, daughter of 
 
 Ethelbert, king of . .c, by Bertha, to 
 whom, chiefly, that nioiiarcli and his people 
 liad o^^ed their conversion to Christianity. 
 Of sucli r mother, Ethelburga on the occa- 
 sion oi her marriage proved herself the 
 worthy daugliter; she, as her mother had 
 done, t tir ulated for full and free exercise 
 of her religion, and she also took with her 
 to her new realm a learned bishop, by name 
 1-auliaus. Very soon after her marriage 
 she began to attempt the conversion of her 
 husband. Calm and deliberate in all that he 
 did, Edwin would not allow the merely hu- 
 man feeling of conjugal affection to decide 
 him in a matter so vitally important as an 
 entire change of religion. The most that 
 her affectionate importunity could obtain, 
 was his promise to give tlie fullest and most 
 serious attention to all the arguments that 
 might be urged in favour of the new faith 
 that was offered to him ; and, accordingly, 
 he not only held frequent and long confer- 
 ences with Paulinus, but also laid before 
 the gravest and wisest of his councillors 
 til the arguments that wcrn urged to him 
 
 by that prelate. Having undertaken the 
 enquiry in a sincere and teachable g|j|rit 
 ho could not fail to be convinced ; aiicl the 
 truth having fallen bright and full upon his 
 enlightened mind, he openly declared him. 
 self a convert to Christianity. His coiiver. 
 slon and baptism werefollowed by those of 
 the greater part of his people, who were the 
 more easily persuaded to this great and 
 total change of faith when they saw their ' 
 chief priest, Coifl, renounce the Idolatry of j 
 which lie had been the chief pillar and 
 propounder, and excel in his Iconoclastic 
 zeal against the idols to which ho liad lo 
 long ministered, even the Christian 1 ' 
 Pauiinus himself. 
 
 The reign of Edwin produced great beno' I 
 fit to his people, but rather ly his activity i 
 and industry, than by Its length, 1 c lielng j 
 slain in the seventeenth year of his reign I 
 in a battle which he fought against Caed' | 
 walla, king of the Welsh Britons, 
 Pendii, king of Mercla. 
 
 At the death of Edwin tho kingdom oil 
 Northumberland was dismembered, and! 
 its inhabitants for the most part fell batkl 
 into paganism. So general, indeed, irjsl 
 tho defection from Christianity, tlmt tlie I 
 widowed Ethelburga returned to her natal I 
 kingdom of Kent, and was accompanied bJ 
 Pi'dlinus, who bad been made Archbishoil 
 of York. f 
 
 After the dismembered kingdom of SotI 
 thumberland had been torn by much pettJ 
 but ruinous strife, the severed poitio«il 
 were again united by Oswald, brother oil 
 Eanfrid, and son of tho usurper Adclfriil 
 Oswald was strongly opposed by the Briionil 
 under the command of the warlike t'arfl 
 wiilla; but the Britons were so desperateljl 
 beaten that they never again made aiil 
 general or vigorous attack upon the SaxMil 
 As soon as he had re-established the unltjl 
 of the Northumbrian kingdom, Oswald atel 
 restored the Christian religion, to whlchlT 
 was zealously attached, It Is, prolaKtJ 
 rather to tlils than to any of his otliergiuil 
 qualities, that be owes the marked favoJ 
 In which ho is held by the monkish iLff 
 torlans, who bestow tho highest possililT 
 praises upon his piety and charity, anairkl 
 moreover afflrm that his mortal remai 
 had the power of working miracles. 
 
 Oswald was slain in battle against Pcndi 
 the king of Mercia. After his death lij 
 history of the kingdom of Northunilierlai 
 is a mere melange of usurpatioiiii, aiid(j 
 all tho distractions of civil war, up lo ti 
 time when Egbert, king of Wcssex.rcdM 
 it, in common with the rest of the Ut)| 
 torchy, to obedience to his rule. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Heptarchy ^continued). 
 
 The kingdom of East Anglia was founiM 
 by Uffa ; but its history affords no Instm 
 tion or amusement : it is, in fact, In t 
 words of an eminent historian, only 'ak 
 bead-roll of barbarous names,' until i 
 arrive at the time of its annexation toll 
 powerful and extensive kingdom of Men 
 to which wo now proceed to direct i 
 reader's attentiou. 
 
enfllanir.— drbe gjcjptarcljjj. 
 
 81 
 
 ig undertaken tlic 
 d teachable siilrlt, 
 «nvlnced ; and tin 
 ht and full upon Ills 
 )enly declared Uim- 
 anity. HUconver. 
 'ollowed by those ol 
 eople, who were the 
 
 to this great anil , 
 yhen they eaw tlielr , 
 unce the Idolatry ol | 
 he chief pillar and 
 
 m his Iconoclastic 
 to which he had so 
 the Christian bishop, 
 
 produced great bene. 
 ithcr -y Ills iictlvitj 
 ■ Its length, lotaiij 
 „th year of his rclgi 
 fought against Cae4 1 
 Welsh Britons, anil 
 
 iwln the kingdom oil 
 a dismembered, anil 
 10 most part fell Ml 
 trcneral, IndecG, toI 
 Christianity, that tliel 
 returned to her mtall 
 d was accompanied III 
 ,een made Archbishoil 
 
 Ijcrcd kingdom of Korl 
 en tornbymucUpeit;! 
 the severed povtlotil 
 ty Oswald, brother i 
 ■the usurper AdcMl 
 : opposed by the Uritojl 
 1 of the warlike Caefl 
 )ii8 were so despcrateljl 
 lever again made aijl 
 attack upon the SaMffll 
 ■e-cstabllshed tUcunlnl 
 n kingdom, Oswald ilsl 
 anreUglontovvWchI 
 ched. It is. probaM 
 to any of his other gotJ 
 wes the marked favowl 
 Id by the monkish li, 
 w the highest mM 
 3ty and charity, andflil 
 iat his mortal remaa 
 'orklng miracles, 
 "ill battle against mil 
 a After his death t^ 
 dom of NorthumborlaiJ 
 "of usurpations, mi 
 s of civil war, uiuott 
 kingofWcssexreJ«« 
 th the rest of the utj 
 CO to his rule. 
 
 PTEB IV. 
 
 :-chy (continued). 
 East Anglla was fouji 
 istory affords no insw 
 It: It is, m fact, itt 
 «thl8torlan.only' 
 
 l-K»rdtT 
 
 r Mrrcla. the most extensive of all the 
 Lliiudoms of the Heptarchy, could not fall 
 ho very powerful whenever ruled by a 
 rfftve or wise king. Situated In the middle 
 C the Island, It In some one point or more 
 ouched each of the other elx kingdoms. 
 , Penda. In battle against whom we have 
 Urcady described Oswald of Northumbcr- 
 kud to have lost both throne and life, was 
 Lo first really powerful and distinguished 
 Unff of Mercla; but be was distinguished 
 wcfly for personal courage and the tyran- 
 ous and violent temper In which lio so 
 icrtcd that quality as to render himself 
 he terror or the detestation of all his con- 
 fcmporary English princes. Three kings 
 I East Anglla, SIgebert, Egrlc, and Annas, 
 Icre in succession slain in attempting to 
 niH'sc liiin— as also were Edwin and Oswald, 
 fecldedly the most powerful of the kings 
 i Northumberland ; and yet tills monarch, 
 llio wrought such havoc among h'sfellow- 
 llnces, did not ascend his throne until he 
 hs more than fifty years of age. Oswy, 
 totlicr of Oswald, now encountered him. 
 Id I'cnda was slain ; this occurred in the 
 jar 655, and tlie tyrannical and fierce war- 
 Tr whom all hated and many feared, was 
 fccecdcd by his son, Penda, whoso wife 
 Es a daughter of Oswy. This princess was 
 Ichristlan, and, like Bertha and Ethel- 
 brga, she so successfully exerted lier con- 
 gal influence, that she converted her hus- 
 nd and his subjects to lier faith. The 
 jict length of this monarch's reign la as 
 Icertain as the manner of his death. As 
 gards the latter, one historian boldly as- 
 Fts that he was treacherously put to death 
 i the order and connivance of his queen ; 
 It this seems but little to tally with hor 
 knowleds'''d and nlTectlonate zeal in con- 
 Irting him to Cliristianity ; and as no- 
 jtog in the shape of proof can bo produced 
 Kupport so improbable a charge, wo may 
 Vty safely conclude that either ignoriince 
 1 malice has given a mistaken turn to 
 no circumstances attending his violent 
 jith. He was succeeded by his son Wolf- 
 Cc, who inherited ills father's courage 
 1 conduct ; and not merely maintained his 
 n extensive kingdom in excellent order, 
 i also reduced Essex and East Anglia to 
 bcndence upon it. He was succeeded by 
 Ibrother, Ethelred, who showed that he 
 Icrited bis spirit as well as his kingdom, 
 pugh a sincere lover of peace, and willing 
 nako all honourable sacriflccs to obtain 
 I preserve it, he was also both willing 
 I able to show himself a stout and true 
 dier when the occasion really demanded 
 |t he should do so. Being provoked to 
 ade Kent, he made a very successful In- 
 sioA upon that kingdom ; and when his 
 n territory was invaded by Egfrld, king 
 iKorthumberland, he fairly drove that 
 parch hack again, and slew Elfwln, Eg- 
 fs brother, la a pitched battle. Ho 
 pied creditably and prosperously for 
 rtyyearE, and then resigning the crown 
 bis nephew, Kendrid, ho retired to the 
 nutery of Burdney. Kendrid, in his 
 p, becoming wearied of the cares and 
 b of royalty, resigned the crown to Ceol- 
 Lthe son of Ethelred; be then went to 
 
 Rome, and there passed tlio remainder of 
 Ills life in devout preparation for nnotlicr 
 and a better world. Ceolred was succeeded 
 by Etiielbald, and the latter by Offa, who 
 ascended the throne In the year r.'iS : he was 
 an active and warlike prince. Veiy early 
 In his reign he defeated Lothnire, king uf 
 Kent, and Kcnwulph, king of Wessex ; and 
 annexed Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire 
 to his already large dominions. iSut though 
 brave, he was both cruel and treacherous. 
 Ethcibert, king of the East Angles, had 
 paid his addresses to t)ie daughter of Offa, 
 and was accepted as her affianced husband, 
 and at length Invited to Hereford to cele- 
 brate the marriage. But in the very midst 
 of the feasting and amusements incident to 
 so important and joyful an event, the young 
 prince w.as seized upon by order of Offa, 
 and bi"'barou8ly beheaded. The whole of 
 his 't.nuo wonld have shared the same 
 fate, b 1' vhat Elfrlda, the daughter whom 
 Offa thus barbarously deprived of her af- 
 fianced husband, found out what cruelty 
 bad been exercised upon their master, and 
 took an opportunity to warn tliem of their 
 danger. Their timely escape, however, did 
 not in the least affect the treacherous am- 
 bition of Offa, who seized upon East Anglla. 
 
 As he grew old, Offa became tortured 
 with remorse for his crimes, and, with the 
 superstition common to his age, sought to 
 atone for them by ostentatious and prodigal 
 liberality to the church. He gave the tithe 
 of all his property to the church ; lavished 
 donations upon the cathedral of Hereford ; 
 and made a pilgrimage to llonu', where his 
 wealth and consequence readily procured 
 him the absolution of tho pope, whose es- 
 pecial favour he gained by undertaking to 
 support an English college at Home. In 
 order to f ulfll this promise, he, nn his return 
 to England, imposed a yearly tax of thirty 
 pence upon each house In his kingdom ; tho 
 like tax for the same purpose being subse- 
 quently levied upon tho whole of )']nglnnd, 
 was eventually claimed by Home as a tri- 
 bute, under the name of Peter's pence, in 
 despite of the notoriety of tho fact that It 
 was originally a free gift, and levied only 
 upon one kingdom. Under the impression 
 or the pretence that he had been favoured 
 with an especial command revealed to him 
 in a vision, this man, once so cruel and now 
 so superstitious, founded and endowed a 
 magnificent abbey at St. Albans, in Hert- 
 fordshire, to the honour of the relics of St. 
 Alban tho Martyr, which ho asserted that 
 he had found at that place. 
 
 Ill as Offa had acquired hts great weight 
 In tlie Heptarchy, his reputation for cou- 
 rage and wisdom was so great, that lie 
 attracted the notice and was honoured both 
 with tho political alliance and personal 
 friendship of Charlemagne. After a long 
 reign of very nearly forty years, he died in 
 tho year 794. 
 
 Offa was succeeded by his son, Egfrith, 
 who, however, siurived only the short space 
 of five months. He was succeeded by Ke- 
 nulph, who Invaded the kingdom of Kent, 
 barbarously mutilated tho king, wliom he 
 took prisoner and dethroned, and crowned 
 bis own brother Cuthred in bis stead. Ke- 
 Q 
 
in.. -uiMirtifTinir-- ,. irr^.-M'tT"> 
 
 82 
 
 CIjc CTvwjSuii) 0( I^Wlorj}, ^t. 
 
 iiulpli, ns If by a rotiibutlvo justice, wns 
 killed In a revolt of the East Anglian?, of 
 wboso kingdom he held posscsi^lnn through 
 the treachery and tyrannous cruelty of Olfii, 
 After tho death of Kcnulph the throno was 
 usually earned and vacated by murder; 
 and In this anarchical condition tho king- 
 dom remained until the time of Egbert. 
 And hero we may remark, en passant, that 
 neither In Its political nor civil organisa- 
 tion did the Anglo-Saxon state of society 
 exhibit higher examples of social order 
 than are usually to bo found in communities 
 entering on the early stages of civilisation. 
 
 Ksscx and Sussex were the smallest and 
 the most Insignincant of all the kingdoms 
 of the Heptarchy, anddcserve no particular 
 mention, even In tho most voluminous and 
 detailed history until tho union of the 
 whole Heptarchy, to which event wo shall 
 now hasten. 
 
 Wo liavo already spoken of tho stout re- 
 sistance which the Britons made to Cerdic 
 and his son Kenric, the founders of the 
 kingdom of Wessex. A succession of am- 
 bitious and warlike kings greatly extended 
 the territory and increased tho Importance 
 of this kingdom, which was extremely 
 powerful, though In much Internal dis- 
 order, when its throno was ascended by 
 Egbert, In the year 800. This monarch 
 came Into possession of It under some pe- 
 culiar advantages. A great portion of his 
 life had been spent at the court of Charle- 
 magne, and ho had thus acquired greater 
 polish and knowledge than usually fell to 
 the lot of the Saxon kings. Moreover, war 
 and the merit attached to unmarried ll'e 
 had so completely extinguished the original 
 royal families, that Egbert was at this time 
 the solo male royal descendant of the ori- 
 ginal conquerors of Britain, who claimed 
 to bo the descendants of Woden, tho chief 
 deity of their Idolatrous ancestors. 
 
 Immediately on ascciuling tho throne, 
 Egbert iuvaded the Britons In Cornwall, 
 and inflicted some severe defeats upon 
 them. But before he could completely sub- 
 duo their country, he was called away from 
 tliat enterprise by the necessity of defend- 
 ing his own country, which had been in- 
 vaded in bis absence by Beruulf, king of 
 Mercia. 
 
 Mercia and Weasox were at this time the 
 only two kingdoms of the Heptarchy which 
 had any considerable power ; and a struggle 
 between Egbert and BemiUf was, as each 
 felt and confessed it to be, a struggle for 
 tho sole dominion of the whole Island. Ap- 
 parently, at the outset, Mercia was the most 
 advantageously circumstanced for carrying 
 on this struggle: for that kingdom had 
 placed Its tributary princes In the kingdoms 
 of Kent and Essex, and had reduced East 
 Anglia to an almost equal state of subjection. 
 
 Egbert, on learning the attempt that 
 Bernulf was making upon his kingdom, 
 hastened by forced marches to arrest his 
 progress, and speedily camo to close quar- 
 ters with talm at Elandum in Wilts. A 
 sanguinary and obstinate battle ensued. 
 Botb armies fought with spirit, and both 
 were very numerous : but the lortone of 
 the day was with Egbert, who completely 
 
 tj 
 
 routed the Mercians. Nor was ho, aftti 
 the battle, remiss in folloAvIng up tliogreat I 
 blow ho had thus struck at tlie only Kn. 
 gllsh power that could for an Iniftaiit prt I 
 tend to rivalry with him. Ho detached « I 
 force Into Kent imder his son Kthelvolfl 
 who easily and speedily expelled Haldrei'l 
 the tributary king, who was supported tlipn I 
 by Mercia; Egbert himself at tho mhJ 
 time entering Mercia on the Oxfoidfllirjl 
 side. Essex was conquered almost \viti> I 
 out an effort ; and the East Anglians, win. I 
 out waiting for the approach of Egbenl 
 rose against the power of Bernulf, who loci | 
 hisllfo in the attempt to reduce them ag^ I 
 to tho servitude wliich his tyranny had rwl 
 dered Intolerable. Ludlcan, tho succosjoil 
 of Bernulf, met with tho same fato afial 
 two years of constant struggle and frequemf 
 defeat ; and Egbert newfound nodlfllcuiiil 
 In penetrating to the vei-y heart of tt«l 
 Mercian territory, and subduing to his j|l 
 a people whoso spirit was tliormighiil 
 broken by a long and constant successlotl 
 of cilamlties. In order to reconcile thtJ 
 to their subjection to him, ho skllfniJI 
 flattered them with an empty show of ijl 
 dependence, by allowing their native klmj 
 Wiglaf to hold tb'it title as his trlhutiiil 
 though with the flr nest determination tbi 
 the title should not carry with it an lotal 
 real and Indcpendcnu power. 
 
 He was now, by the disturbed andturbi 
 lerc condition of Northumberland, Invltii 
 to turn his arms against that klngddj 
 But tho Northumbrians, deeply imiires 
 with his high reputation for valour i 
 success, and probably sincerely deslroM 
 being under the strong stern governrat^ 
 of ono who had both tho power and t 
 will to put an end to the anarchy and c 
 fusion to which they were a prey, no socnj 
 heard of his near approach than thiyr! 
 dered all attack on his part wholly ui 
 cessary, by sending deputies to iiieetli 
 with an ojfer of their submission, ar.drJ 
 power to take, vicariously, oaths of allC 
 an CO to him. Sincerely well pic: '3 
 being thus met even more than half ffajl 
 his wishes, Egbert not only gave thelrif 
 voys a very gracious reception, hut i 
 voluntarily allowed them thepowertoel 
 a tributary king of their own choice. 
 East Anglia he .also granted this llatteiij 
 but hollow and valueless privilege ;i 
 thus secured to himself the goodwlUi 
 the people whom he had subjected, andi 
 Interested fidelity of titular kings, ™ 
 royalty, such as it was, depended upoaj 
 breath for its existence, and who, beicjl 
 the spot, and having only a coniparatltf 
 limited charge, could detect andforta 
 own sakes would apprise him of thesUij 
 est symptoms of rebellion. Tho wliol*! 
 the Heptarchy was now In reality subjet 
 to Egbert, whom, dating from tlieyeail 
 we consider as tho first king of Englaiil| 
 
 oHAP^a y. 
 
 The Anglo-Saxons after ihe Dissolution^ 
 Ueptarchy. — Reigns of Egbert, EM 
 and Ethelhald. 
 Thb vigorous character of Egbert vu< 
 calculated to make the Saxons proiill 
 
CFnslantr.— QD^e f^eptarclDl)* 
 
 83 
 
 Nor was lie, irfut 
 lowlnP"PtUo great 
 ck lit t'lL* only Kn- 
 for an Instaiit ptc- 
 Im. Ho detached J 
 
 Ilia Bon Kthch oK, 
 y expelled Buldrcd, 
 , was supported then 
 imself at tlio him 
 
 on tlie Oxiordsbto 
 nicreil almost with. 
 
 EastAngUaus.viltt. 
 approach of Eg'icn, 
 •of ncrnulf.wlioloa 
 ; to reduce them again 
 lihlB tyranny had ret. 
 udlcan, the succcsm 
 I the earao fate aliei 
 struggle and freww 
 low found no dimcultj, 
 he vei-y heart ot tfe 
 idBUhdulngtohlswE, 
 iilrlt was thovoHgWj 
 id constant succc5=m| 
 •der to reconcile \W 
 ■ to him, ho skllMj 
 
 an empty show otto 
 wtnK their native kta! 
 t tltlo as his tvnmt^ 
 nest determlnatlontbij 
 
 ciirrywlthltanlots:*! 
 
 he dirturtcd andtml 
 ;orthumberland,lnmi 
 ncralnst that Ulngdoi 
 )rhiu8, deeply Umm 
 utatlon for valour u 
 lily sincerely desirous' 
 trong stern governraf 
 )oth the power and '. 
 to the anarchy and oj 
 n'wcrcaprcy.nosocf 
 approach than t u•y' 
 ,u his pa^t wholly u 
 !a deputies to meet 
 elrsuhmlsslon.ar.d 
 iarlously. oaths ol alii 
 
 nrcrely well Plf" 
 So^ethanhal^ar 
 t not only gave tliel." 
 lous reception, imt i 
 •d them the power to 
 of their own choice, 
 ^0 granted this flatte 
 
 valueless prlvUeg/j - 
 himself the goodrt 
 hchad8Uhjectcd,andi 
 of titular kings, Tl^ 
 I was. depended upon. 
 Bt^nceraiidwho.W 
 'ingonlyaconiraral 
 ^uld detect and 10 « 
 annrlse him of tlies 
 
 Jnowln reality sutl« 
 
 datlnK from the seaI^ 
 
 io first Ws of EnglaDl] 
 
 leigns of Egbert, Etm 
 
 living blm for a monarch ; and the fact of 
 lie royal families of tho Heptarchy helisg, 
 •om various causes, extinct, still farther 
 Jded In making his rule welcome, ahd tho 
 inlon of the various states into one agree- 
 ilile As tho Baxons of tho various klng- 
 lonis bad originally come not from dlffer- 
 nt countries so much as from diflercnt pro- 
 'liiccs ; and as, during their long residence 
 n so circumscribed a territory as England, 
 accessary and frequent intercourse had, la 
 lesplte of their being under different kings, 
 laUe them to a very great extent one 
 »ople their habits and pursuits were sl- 
 iilar; and in their language, that most 
 iportant bond of union to mankind, tliey 
 ^rcely differed more considerably than 
 le Inhabitants of Cornwall and those of 
 ambcrland do at the present day. 
 Britain, which both by condition and sl- 
 latlon seemed so nearly allied to Gaul, 
 jd so fitted by nature to be subject to It, 
 ras row, in a great measure, to owe to that 
 Ituatlon tho attacks of an enemy that 
 tarcely knew fear, and did not know 
 Itlier moderation or mercy. We mean the 
 anes. To these bold and sanguinary ma- 
 ludcrs, who were as skilful on the ocean 
 they were unsparing on the land, tho 
 ry name of Christianity was absolutely 
 itoful. Wo have seen how easily In Eng- 
 id the wild and unlettered Saxons were 
 into that faith ; but, in Germany, tho 
 iperor Charlemagne, instead of trying to 
 d the pagans out of error into truth, do- 
 •ted so far from botli tho dictates of 
 and policy and tho true spirit of Chrls- 
 inlty, as to endeavour to make converts 
 tho religion of peace and goodwill at tho 
 jint of tho sword ; and, when resisted, as 
 [was quite natural that ho should be by 
 leople unacquainted with tho faith he 
 jhed to teach them, and strongly preju- 
 !ed against it by tho stylo in which his 
 ichlngs were conducted, his persecution 
 :enerou8 and humane though he natu- 
 jy was — assumed a character which 
 luld not ho accurately characterised by 
 r epithet less severe than the word 
 ital. Decimated when goaded into re- 
 It, deprived of their property by Are, and 
 their dearest relatives by tho sword, 
 ly thousands of the pagan Saxons of 
 jnany sought refuge In Jutland and 
 imark; and naturally, though Incor- 
 ;ly, judging of the Christian faith by 
 conduct of the Christian champion, 
 iriemagne, they made the former hate- 
 by their mere relations of the cruelties 
 the latter, Wlien the feeble and divided 
 Iterlty of Charlemagne made the Prencli 
 ivincea afair ma.k for bold invaders, the 
 igled races of Jutes, Danes, and Saxons, 
 )wn In Franco under the general name 
 Northmen or Normans, made descents 
 in the maritime countries of France, 
 thence pushed their devastating entcr- 
 les far inland. England, as we have 
 I, from Its mere proximity to Franoe, 
 viewed by these northern marauders as 
 ig in some sort the same country ; and 
 [inhabitants, as being equally Christian 
 the French, were equally bated, and 
 considered fit objects of spoliation 
 
 and violence. As early as tho reign of 
 Hrlthric in tlie kingdom of Wessex, In 787, 
 a body of these bold and unscrupulous 
 l)irates landed in »hat kingdom. That their 
 Intention was hostile there can be little 
 doubt ; for, when merely questioned about 
 it, they slew tho magistrate, and hastily 
 made off. In the year 704 tlicy landed In 
 Northumberland, and complettly sacked a 
 monastery ; but a storm preventing them 
 from making their escape, they were sur- 
 rounded by tho Nortliumbriau people, and 
 completely cut to pieces. 
 
 During tho first five joars of Egbert's 
 Buprume reign in England, neither domes- 
 tic disturbances nor the Invasion of foreign 
 foes occurred to obstruct his measures for 
 promoting the prosperity of his people. 
 But about the end of that time, and while 
 he was still profoundly engaged In promot- 
 ing the peaceable pursuits which were so 
 necessary to the wealth and comfort of tlie 
 kingdom, a horde of Danes made a suddcvi 
 descent upon tlie Isle of Sheppey, plundered 
 the inhabitants to a great amount, and 
 made their debarkation In safety, and al- 
 most without any opposition. Warned by 
 this event of his liability to future visits ot 
 the same unwelcome nature, Egbert held 
 himself and a competent force in readiness 
 to receive them ; and when in the following 
 year (a.d. 832), they landed from thirty-flvo 
 ships upon the coast of Dorset, they were 
 suddenly encountered by Egbert, near 
 Charmouth, in that county. An obstinate 
 and severe contest ensued, in which the 
 Danes lost a great number of their force, 
 and were, at length, totally defeated ; but, 
 as they were skilfully posted, and had taken 
 care to preserve a lino of communication 
 with tho sea, the survivors contrived to 
 escape to their ships. 
 
 Two years elapsed from the battle of 
 Charmouth before the pirates again made 
 their appearance; and, as in that battle 
 they had suffered very severely, tlie English 
 began to hope that they would not again 
 return to molest them. But the Danes, 
 knowing tho ancient and abiding enmity 
 that existed between the Saxons and the 
 British remnant in Cornwall, entered Into 
 an alliance with tho latter, and, landing In 
 their country, had an easy and open road 
 to Devonshire and the other fertile pro- 
 vinces of tlio West. But here again the 
 activity and unBluinberlug watclifulness of 
 Egbert enabled him to limit their ravages 
 merely to their first furious onset. Ho 
 came up with them at Hengesdown, and 
 again they were defeated with a great 
 diminution of their numbers. 
 
 Tills was tho last service of brilliant Im- 
 portance that Egbert performed for Eng- 
 land ; and just as there was every appear- 
 ence that his valour and sagacity would be 
 more than ever necessary to tho safety of 
 the country, he died. In the year 838, and 
 was succeeded by his son Kthelwolf. 
 
 Tho very first act of Ethelwolf s reign 
 was the division of the country which the 
 wisdom and ability of his lather, aided by 
 singular good fortune, had so happily 
 united. Threatened as tho kingdom so fre- 
 quently was from without, Its best and 
 
B4 
 
 QT^e Ctrrnjifuri} ai WiitavUt ^>^> 
 
 clilofost liopo obviously reatod upon Us 
 union, and the consequent facility o£ con- 
 centrating Its whole ngliting force upon 
 any threatened point. Hut, unable to gco 
 this, or too Indolent to bear the whole go- 
 vemmont of the country, Ethelwolf made 
 over the whole of Kent, Sussex, and Kssex 
 to his 80u Athelstnn. It was fortunate 
 that, under such a prince, who at the very 
 outset of his reign could commit an error 
 80 capital, England had, in most of her 
 principal places, magistrates or governors 
 of bravery and ability. 
 
 Thus Wolfliprc, governor of Hampshire, 
 put to the rout a strong party of the ma- 
 rauders who had landed at Southampton, 
 from no fewer than thrcc-and-thlrty sail ; 
 and. In the same year, Atlielhclm, governor 
 of Dorsetshire, encountered and defeated 
 another powerful body of tlieni who had 
 landed at Portsmouth ; though. In this 
 case, unfortunately, the gallant governor 
 died of his wounds. Aware of the certain 
 disaidvantages to which they would bo ex- 
 posed in fighting pitclied battles in an 
 enemy's country, the Danes, In their sub- 
 sequent landing, took all possible care to 
 avoid the necessity of doing so. Their plan 
 was to swoop suddenly down upon a retired 
 part of the coast, plunder the country as 
 far Inland as they could prudently advance, 
 and reembark with their booty before any 
 considerable force could be got togji.her to 
 oppose them. In this manner they plun- 
 dered East Anglia and Kent, and their de- 
 predations were the more distressing, be- 
 cause they, by no means, limited them- 
 selves to booty In the usual sense ox that 
 term, but carried oft men, women, and even 
 children into slavery. 
 
 The frequency and the desultoriness of 
 these attacks at length kept the whole 
 country coastward in a perpetual state of 
 anxiety and alarm ; the inhabitants of each 
 place fearing to hasten to assist the inhabi- 
 tants of another place, lest some other 
 party of the pirates, in the meantime, 
 should ravage i<nd bum their own homes. 
 There Tvas another peculiarity in this kind 
 of warfare, which, to one order of men at 
 least, made it more terrible than even civil 
 war Itself: making their descents not 
 merely in the love of gain, but also in a 
 bumiug and intense hatred of Ohristianlty, 
 the Danes made no distinction between 
 laymen and clerks, unless, indeed, that they 
 often showed themselves, if possible, more 
 Inexorably cruel to the latter. 
 
 Having their cupidity excited by large 
 and frequent booty, and being, moreover, 
 flushed with their successes on the coast of 
 France, the Danes or Northmen at length 
 made their appearance almost annually in 
 England. In each succeeding year they 
 appeared in greater numbers, and conducted 
 themselves with greater audacity ; and they 
 now visited tno English shores in such 
 swarms that it was apparent they contem- 
 plated nothing less than the actual con- 
 quest and settlement of the whole country. 
 Dividing themselves into distinct bodies, 
 they directed their attacks upon different 
 points ; but the Saxons were naturally war- 
 like ; the governors of most of the important 
 
 places seaward were, as wo have iilicniiy 
 remarked, well flttcd for their iniixnt.'iiit 
 trust; and thckvery frequency of tlieattiickg 
 of the Danes had induced a vlBilnnce and I 
 organisation ainong the people tliemsclvej 
 which rendered it far less easy th \n It had ! 
 formerly been to surprise them. A; Wlmn. ; 
 burgh the Danes were defeated witli very 
 great loss by Ceorlo, governor of Devon. ' 
 shire ; while another body of tlio mj. 
 rauders was attacked and defeated u 
 Athelstan, in person, off Sandwich. In thij ; 
 case, in addition to a conslderablo loss in 
 men, the Danes had nine of their vo^-sdj 
 sunk, and only saved tho rest by n iirc. 
 cipltate flight. But in this year tlie Dnno) 
 showed a sign of audacious connUoiice in i 
 their strength and resources wliirli pro-l 
 nilsed but ill for the future roposo ot Enj. 'I 
 land ; for though they had been severely | 
 chaislised In more than one quarter, an<| 
 had sustained the loss of somo of tlici' 
 bravest men, tho main body of them, Insteii I 
 of retreating wholly from tiio ialaiiJ, m | 
 they usually had done towards the rioso rf I 
 the autumn, fortified themselves in tlic Isie I 
 of Sheppoy and made it their winter fnurl 
 ters. Tho promise of early reconinunce-l 
 ment of hostilities that was thuH tiuiii;! 
 held out was fully and promptly fulllllcd. I 
 Early in tho spring of 852, the Diuicswhjl 
 had wintered in the Isle of Thanet wrtl 
 reinforced by tho arrival of afresh liordeJ 
 in 350 vessels ; and tho whole inarciui!! 
 from tho Isle of Thanet inland, liurninJ 
 and destroying whatever was not su!U 
 cicntly portable for plunder. BrlclitrlJ 
 who— so far had Ethelbert allowed tliu di J 
 junction of tho kingdom to procced-wjl 
 now governor and titular king of MoroiJ 
 made a vain attempt to resist tliiiJ 
 and was utter; > routed. Canterbury ail 
 London were sacked and burned, juid itd 
 disorderly bands of tho victorious ciieiiiJ 
 spread into the very heart of Surrey. KtlieJ 
 wolf , though an indolent king, was l>;rJ 
 means destitute of a certain princely prijil 
 and daring. Enraged beyond measure til 
 the audacity of the marauders, and (leciJ 
 grieved at the sufferings which tlieyiif 
 flicted upon his subjects, he asscnililcd tu 
 West Saxons, whom, accompanied by li| 
 second son Ethelbald as his lleuteiiant.lii 
 led against the most considerable bodjd 
 the Danes. Ho encountered them at Okelfl 
 and, although they fought with their ust 
 reckless and pertinacious courage, tJ 
 Saxons discomfited and put them to lliglf 
 Tills victory gave tho country at least i 
 temporary respite ; for tho Danes had stf 
 fered so much by it, that they were gii] 
 to postpone further operations, and m 
 shelter and rest within their entrencbma 
 in tho Isle of Thanet. Thither theywii 
 followed by Huda and Ealher, the goveniaj 
 of Surrey and Kent, who bravely attarti 
 them. At the commencement of thcaciitf 
 the advantage was very considerably! 
 the side of the Saxons ; but the fortuiel 
 war suddenly changed, the D-anesrecovenf 
 their lost ground, and tho Saxons wd 
 totally routed, both their gallant Icadaj 
 remaining dead upon the field of r 
 A.D. 853. 
 
C^tiQlnnlr. — ^nglO' jbaran Wmi, 
 
 85 
 
 wo have iilroiMly ' 
 
 their lmi"ii't:\i\t 
 
 •ncyt'ttheiiltiiikii . 
 
 noovlo themselves 1 
 
 I eauy th \n It liM tl 
 thorn. AiVnmii. ' 
 cfcated with very 
 vernor ol Bevon- 
 Dody ol tho iiij. 
 and dolcatcil Vj 
 Sandwich, liitliu: 
 jnslderahlo loss in 
 no ol their vcsstlj 
 tlio rest by a rrc- , 
 this year tlio Danei 
 bIous coiindt'»ce In i 
 lourcca which pro 
 turo rcposo of Eng- . 
 
 bad been severely 
 
 II one (luartcr, ami 
 g ol Bomo ol tki! 
 )ody ol them, Instead , 
 from the Island, u 1 
 towards the close (:1 
 UerasclvoslntheUle 
 It their winter fi\iat. 
 1 early Teconlnl^K^ 
 liat waa tlniij tariiij 
 
 promptly luUillwi. 
 )f 852, the Danes Al 
 Islo ol Thanct vrm 
 ■ivalol ftlresh horil«,l 
 tho whole wmMl 
 anet Inland, Imniliisl 
 tover waa not sum 
 r plunder. BricWr J 
 elbert allowed tie to] 
 Kdom to proccca-^ 
 fltular king ol MerciJ 
 npt to resist thai 
 ited. Canterbury aiil 
 i and burned, awl lit 
 the victorious ciiciJi 
 heart ol surrey. Ette, 
 lolent king, was \>nA 
 certain princely rn4 1 
 Ed beyond nicastireiil 
 marauders, and dccpj^ 
 lerlngs which tl,ey iJ 
 iect8,hcaaseml)lea5 
 'a. accompanied by li 
 d as hla lleutenmi ,1 
 It considerable 1)oi^t, 
 (unteredthematOWl 
 fought with their us^ 
 toftclous courage, IJ^ 
 and put them to M 
 the country at icasii 
 'fortho Danes had sd 
 It, that they were gj 
 V operations, and » 
 hln their cntrencbm 
 'et Thither they rt 
 hdEalher.thcgoveM 
 ft who bravely attacw 
 'lencemcntolthcafli 
 very consideraU) i 
 Ions; but the fortune^ 
 ted.theDanesrecove« 
 f ^d tho Saxons w 
 bi their galtoitg 
 Son the field ol mi 
 
 Di'speratn as tlio situation ol tho coun- 
 try was, and threatening as was tlie 
 ftsoect ol tho Danes, who, alter defeating 
 lluda and Ealhor, removed Irom tho Islo ol 
 Thanet to that ol Sheppey, which they 
 doomed more convenient lor winter quar- 
 ter" Etholwolf, wlio waa extremely super- 
 stitious and bigoted, and who. In splto ol 
 the occasional fashes ol chlvalrlo spirit 
 which ho exhibited, was lar more lit for a 
 monk than for cither a nioiiarcli or a 
 lullltary eonmander, thla year resolved 
 upon making a pilgrimage to Rome. Uo 
 went, and carried with hlni his fourth son, 
 the BUbseaucntly 'Great' Alfred, but who 
 was then a child of only six years old. 
 At Rome KtlielwoU remained lor a year, 
 nnsslug his time In prayer ; earning the 
 flutterles and tho favour ol the monks l)y 
 lllieralltlcs to tho church, on which he 
 lavished Bums which were but too really 
 and terribly needed by hla own lin- 
 Doverlslied and suffering country. As u 
 glieclmcn of his profusion In thla pious 
 iBfiuimderlng. ho gave to tho papal see, In 
 ernetnlty, tho yearly sum of throe hundred 
 iiiuieuses — each mancus weighing, says 
 'unie, about tho same as tho English hall- 
 rown — tobe applied In three equal por- 
 lons : 1st, tho providing and maintaining 
 lamps lor St. Peter's ; 2nrf, for tho same to 
 t Paul's, and Srdly, lor tho uso ol tho pope 
 linself. At the end ol tho year's residence 
 ■hicli he had promised himself, ho returned 
 ome ; happily lor his subjects, whom his 
 irolongod stay at Home could not lall to 
 mpoverlsh ; hla loollsh lacUlty in giving 
 elngnot a whit more remarkable than the 
 iiscrupulous alacrity ol tho papal court In 
 iklng. On reaching England, he was far 
 ore astonished than gratlJled at tho state 
 i affairs there. Athelstau, hla eldest son, 
 D whom, as we have before mentioned, ho 
 lad given Kent, Sussex, and Essex, had 
 ■eu some time dead ; and Ethelbald, the 
 cond son, having In consequence as- 
 jiiied the regency of the kingdom during 
 lis lather's absence, had allowed filial al- 
 iction and tho loyalty due to a sovereign 
 )be conquered by ambition. Many ol the 
 'arllke nobility held Ethelwoll in con- 
 nipt, and did not scruple to afllrm that 
 ! was lar more lit lor cowl and cloister 
 lan lor tho warrior's weapon and tho 
 lOnarch's throne. The young and am- 
 itlous prince lent too laoi'o an car to these 
 isloyal tleridei's, and suffered himsell to 
 persuaded to join and head a party to 
 ilirone his lather and set himsell up in 
 Is place. But Ethelwoll, though despised 
 the ruder and fiercer nobles, was not 
 tbout numerous and sincere Irlends ; 
 is party, long as he had been .absent, was 
 strong and as zealous as that of the 
 nee; both parties were ol impetuous 
 iiperand well inclined to decide the con- 
 iversy by blows ; and the country seemed 
 1)0 upon the very brink ol a civil war, of 
 irh the Danes would no doubt liave 
 Ued themselves to subject tho Island 
 :ogethcr. But this extremity was pre- 
 ntcd by Ethelwoll himself, who volunta- 
 ly iiroffercd to remove all occasion ol 
 lie by sharing his kingdom with Ethel- 
 
 bald. The division was accordingly nmdo ; 
 the king contenting himsell with the 
 eastern moiety ol the kingdom, which, bn- 
 sldea other points ol iuleriurity, was far the 
 most exposed. 
 
 It were scarcely reasonable to expect 
 that he who had not shrewdness and firm 
 ness enough to protect his own rights and 
 Interests, would prove a more elllclent 
 guardian ol those ol his people. Ills rest- 
 denco at Homo had given the papal court 
 and the clergy a clear view ol the wholo 
 extent ol the weakness ol his nature ; and 
 the lacUlty with which ho had parted with 
 his cash in exehnngo lor hollow and cozcii- 
 lii" compliments, marked him out as a 
 priiico exactly fitted to aid tho Eiigll»-1i 
 clergy in their endeavours to aggrandlr^o 
 tlicius'clvos. And the event proved tlio 
 correctncsis ol their judgment; lor at tliu 
 very same time tlmt ho presented tho 
 clergy with tho tithes ol all the land's pro- 
 duce, which they had never yet received, 
 though the country had been lor nearly 
 two centuries divided Into parishes, ho 
 expressly exempted them and tho church 
 revenues, in general, Irom every sort ol 
 tax, even though made lor national du- 
 lenee ; and this at a moment when tlio 
 national exigencies were at their greatest 
 height, and when tho national peril waa 
 such, that it might have been supposed 
 that even a wise selfishness would have in- 
 duced tho clergy to contribute towards its 
 support ; the more especially, as towards 
 them and their property the Danes liad 
 ever exhibited a peculiar malignity. 
 
 Ethelwoll died in 857, about two years 
 alter he had granted to tho English clergy 
 tho important boon ol the tithes ;* and he, 
 by win, confirmed to Ethelbald the western 
 moiety of the kingdom, ol which ho had 
 already put him in possession, and left tlio 
 eastern moiety to hla second eldest sur^'lv- 
 Ing son, Ethclbert. 
 
 Tho reign of Ethelbald was short ; nor 
 was Ilia character such as to make it desir- 
 able for the sake ol hla people that it had 
 been longv.'. IIo was ol extremely de- 
 bauched ha' ' *, and gave especial scandal 
 and disgust .>^ ^ils people by marryinghia 
 mother-in-law, fudltli, the second wife ol 
 his deceased laiUcr. To the comments of 
 tho people upon this incestuous and dis- 
 gracelul connection ho paid no attention ; 
 but the censure ol tho church was not to 
 be so lightly regarded, and tho advice and 
 authority ol Sv.ithln, bishop ol Winchester, 
 induced lilm to consent to be divorced. He 
 died in tho year SCO, and was succeeded by 
 his brother Ethelbert ; and the kingdom 
 thus, once more, waa united under one so- 
 vereign. 
 
 CUAPTER VI. 
 
 The Reigns of Ethelbert and Kthelred. 
 Tnp, reign ol Ethelbert waa greatly dia 
 turbed by tho frequent descents of the 
 
 * On tho disputed points connected wltli tha 
 
 fcant of Etlielwolf, sco Ilallani'a Middle Af^ra, 
 'art 11. cli. vii. note 1 (voL ii. i>. S05), and Edin- 
 burRli Itcvicw I'ur October, 18t)3, Art. Legcudi of 
 St. Swithuu. 
 
 i .< ) 
 
 w 
 
 iA 
 
 W 
 
 H 
 
 t 
 
Ill 
 
 86 
 
 €^t €vtKilnvti at flMtor]}, ^c* 
 
 Mnes. On Olio nccaglon thoy tnado n f urlnns 
 sttnck upon Wlnchcittcr, nnd did an Im- 
 monso deal of inlBchlof In tho nclKlibour- 
 hood, but wore Anally beaten off wliliffrcat 
 logs ; and, on a:. other noraslon, tho hordo 
 of thcni that waa settled In tho IhIo of 
 Thanet, having thrown Ethell)ort off his 
 guard by their apparent dotormlnatlon to 
 keep sacred a treaty Into which thoy had 
 entered with lilm, Ruddcniy broke from 
 their fiuartors, niarched In great numbers 
 Into Kent, nud thoro committed the most 
 wanton outrages In addition to seizing Im- 
 mense booty. 
 
 Kthell)ert rolgucd solely over England 
 but little muro than flro years : Iio died in 
 806, and was succeeded by his brother 
 Ethelred. llo, too, was greatly harassed 
 by tho Danes. Very early In his rclgn, con- 
 nived at and aided by tho Kast Angles, who 
 even furnishiHl tlicm with tho horses neces- 
 sary for their predatory expedition, thoy 
 made their way Into tho kingdom of Nor- 
 thumberland, and seized upon the wealthy 
 and Important city of York. iElla and 
 Oabrlcht, two high-spirited Northumbrian 
 princes, endeavoured to expel them, but 
 wcro defeated, and perished in Mio assault. 
 FluHhed with this success, tlio Danes now 
 marched, under tho connnand of their 
 terrible leaders, Hubba and Illnguar, Into 
 Mercln, and after niucli carnage and rapino 
 established themselves In Nottingham.from 
 which central situation they menaced tho 
 ruin of tho whole kingdom. Tlio Mercians, 
 tludlng that their local authorities and local 
 forces wcro no match for desperados so 
 numerous and so determined, despatched 
 messengers to Ethelred, imploring his per- 
 sonal Interference on their behalf ; and tho 
 king, Bccomimnlcd by his brother Alfred, 
 who had already begun to display those 
 talents which subsequently won him an Im- 1 
 perishable fame, marched to Nottingham 
 with a powerful army, a.d. 870. 
 
 Tho gallantry and activity of tho king 
 and his brother speedily drove tlio Danes 
 from Mercia, and thoy retired into Nor- 
 thumberland with tho apparent dosigii of 
 remaining there quietly. But peace was 
 foreign to their very nature; ar.'d, forgetful 
 of their recent obligations to the treachery 
 of the East Angles, they suddenly rushed 
 forth upon thcni, butchered Edmund, their 
 tributary prince. In cold blood, and com- 
 mitted tho most extensive havoc and de- 
 predations, especially upon the monaste- 
 ries. 
 
 Tho Danes having, in 871, made Heading 
 a station, from which tliey greatly harassed 
 the surrounding country, Ethelred deter- 
 mined to dislodge them. On desiring the 
 aid of the Mercians, ho was disloyally re- 
 fused ; they, unmindful of the beneflt they 
 had received from him, being desirous of 
 getting rid of their dependence upon him, 
 and becoming a separate people as In tho 
 Heptarchy. Even this shameful conduct 
 of the Mercians could not move Ethelred 
 from his purpose. Aided by Alfred, from 
 whom, during hla whole reign, he received 
 the most zealous and efflcient assistance, 
 ho raised a large force of his hereditary 
 iiubjucts, tho West Saxons, and marcliud 
 
 against Reading. Being defeated In at. 
 action without tho town, the Danes re- 
 treated within tho gates, and Ethelred mr, 
 nioncnd a siege, but was driven from Ijcruro 
 the placo by a sudden and well-coiKluctcij 
 sally of tho garrison. An action Hlmrtlr 
 afterwards toolf placo at Aston, ncit tv 
 from Heading, at which nn incident oc- 
 curred which gives us a strange notion ot 
 tho manners of the age. A divlHlon nf thg 
 English army under Alfred commeucoil tlig '■ 
 battle, and wan so skilfully surrounilod ],, 
 tho enemy while yet In a disadvan talcum 
 position, and not fairly formed in nnltr 
 of battle, that it was in tho most immliKut 
 danger of being completely cut to \iWn ' 
 Alfred sent an urgent messago tii ji) , 
 brother for assistance ; but Ethelred waj I 
 hearing mass, and positively refused tosiir i 
 a step until its conclusion. Had tlio diy 
 gone against the Saxons, Ethelred'a cmi. 
 duct on this occasion would probalily \a\^ 
 been censured even by the priests ; lut ^ I 
 the Danes were put to the rout, and win 
 signal slaughter, the whole credit of tlicl 
 victory was given to tho piety of Etliclrcul 
 Beaten out of Berkshire, the Diuic.i ii<j« I 
 took up a strong position at BaHinu, Igl 
 Hants. Here they received a powerful r> I 
 inforcement from abroad, and sent luj 
 marauding parties In all directions witil 
 great success. Bucli, indeed, was their sutl 
 cess, that Englishmen of all ranks began t«l 
 contemplate, with unfeigned terror, thtl 
 near probability of their whole euuiuijl 
 being overrun by these merciless ar,jl 
 greedy invaders. Tho anxiety of Ktlnln^l 
 occasioned by these gloomy pnisiiofiJ 
 which were still farther Increosed l)y t!i(l 
 impatience of tho Mercians and otlitnl 
 under his rule, so aggravated the Irrltaiioil 
 of a wound he had received in the baitlcal 
 Basing, that it terminated hla llXc, liiiii| 
 year 871. 
 
 CHAPTEB Vir. 
 
 The Reign of Alfred tho Great. 
 
 Alfred succeeded his brother EtlielreJ;! 
 and scarce wcro the funeral rites pcrfumiM 
 before ho found it necessary to itianll 
 against tho enemy, who had now geMf 
 upon Milton. At tho outset, Alfred 1 
 considerably the advantage: but his fir^ 
 was very weak compared to that of i 
 enemy, and, advancing too far, ho not onl 
 missed tho opportunity of completlnsthf^ 
 defeat, but even enabled them to cliiiiiiil 
 victory. But their victory— If such iti 
 —cost them so many of their bravest nal 
 that they became alarmed for tlio ronstj 
 qucncesof continuing tho war, and cntM 
 Into a treaty by which they bound thn 
 selves altogether to depart from tlietiti 
 dom. To enable them to do this tlieywai 
 conducted to London, but on arriving thai 
 tho old leaven became too strong for itdj 
 virtuous resolutions ; and, breaking i 
 from their appointed lino of marcii, tl^ 
 began to plunder the country round Lon4i 
 for many mllos. Burthred, tlio trlbuti 
 prince of Mercia, of which Londoufon 
 a part, thinking it Improbable, after k 
 shameful dciicrtlon of Alfred's brotlicr4 
 
<!?iialantr.— ^noIO'^xroii ^inn»> 
 
 87 
 
 TER VIT. 
 
 AtfredthoOreat 
 
 hlB 1>rotbcr Etlidrrfl 
 funeral rites pcrforaffl 
 t neccsBary to iiwm| 
 who had now seW 
 tho outBOt. Altrca li 
 vantage : biitW^ N 
 mpared to that nl iM 
 Zgtoofar.hoiiotonj 
 nityolcomplctUiRty 
 ahled them to c .lim a 
 
 vlctory-K Bucli tw 
 lyol their bravest ud 
 
 alarmed lor the con^ 
 ingthewar.andcntoKl 
 mich they bound th«H 
 o depart from the W 
 ,em to do this t icy ^3 
 lon.but on arriving hd 
 amo too strong for tM 
 ms: and, breaking J 
 itcei lino of marc 1, A 
 he country round Low 
 Burthred, tho trloutj 
 of which t.ondou M 
 It improbable, aftct L 
 ,n of Alfred's brother^ 
 
 ifDiiiirroeraalcm, timt Alfred would now 
 
 •b • iMcHnod to nssUt him, made a treaty 
 
 Villi the Danoi, by wlilch. In conslderiitlon 
 
 Ma considerable sunt of moiioy, thoy agreed 
 
 Id awe from ravaging liU domlnloiiH, and 
 
 CmovethemselveHlnto IJncolimhhe. They 
 
 , (nr fulfllled tlioir part of tho iigncmont 
 
 ^ to march Into MucohiMhlro ; but they 
 
 Kd on fonner occasions laid that county 
 
 >fi9to. and finding that It had not yet so 
 
 tr recovered as to promise them any booty 
 
 fortli having, they oiulJenly inarched hack 
 
 mlniipoiiMerclaj thcneHtalillshliiglhem- 
 
 Ivcsat Itcpton, li; Derbyshire, they coiii- 
 
 cnccd their usual oareer of Blaughter and 
 
 luliio In that neighbourhood. This new 
 
 jgtaiiroof Danish pertldy filled Uurthred 
 
 ItlidCHpaIr; and seeing no probability of 
 
 s lieliig able either to chase tho Danes 
 
 viiy or to render tlii-ni psaceably disposed 
 
 (lic'r by force or brllie, ho abandonc^d hli 
 
 rrltory altogether, proceeded to Uomc, 
 
 ,d there took up his abode In a monas- 
 
 iry Avhcro bo continued niitll hU death. 
 
 urtlii'cd.who wasbrothor-lu-law to Alfred, 
 
 ,i tliu last titular and tributary king of 
 
 Tho utter abandonment of tho Kiigllsh 
 wm by Burthred left no other leading 
 ftiidcr but Alfred : a.d. 873. Brave and 
 ilo as that princo was, his situation was 
 w truly terrible. New swanns of Danes 
 1110 over, uuder tho leadership "f (Juth- 
 111 Osltal, and Ainund. Oiio band of 
 io host thus formed took up their (luar- 
 n lu Northumberland, and another In 
 iiiibrldge, whence the latter marched for 
 arcliaiu In Dorsetshire, and thus settled 
 icmaelves In tho very midst of Alfred's 
 rrltory. This circumstance, from Alfred's 
 iperior knowledge of the country and his 
 ility of obtaining supplies, gave him ad- 
 jitages of which ho Bo nbly and promptly 
 Hlled himself, that the Danes were glad 
 I'ligago themselves to depart. They had 
 iw, liuwevcr, become so notorious for 
 'aking their treaties, that Alfred, lu con- 
 ,dliig this ono with tlioiii, resorted to an 
 ipedlent very characteristic of that rude 
 ;d gupcrstltlousago. Ho made thciii coii- 
 thelr pledges by oaths upon holy re- 
 [ues. Ho thought it unlikely that even 
 1C8 would venture to depart from an 
 ecmcnt made '"iMi a ceremony which 
 i then thought so tremendous : and even 
 juldthcy he Impious enough to do so, ho 
 it quite certain that their awful perjury 
 raid not fall to draw down utter destruc- 
 in upon them. But the Danes, who hated 
 Istianity, and held its forms in utter 
 tempt, no sooner found themselves freed 
 im tlio disadvantageous position In which 
 red had i)laced them, than they fell wlth- 
 , warning upon his astounded army, put 
 ompleteiy to lllght, and then hastened 
 take possession of Exeter. Undismayed 
 even this new proof of tho faithless and 
 lomltablo nature of tho enemy, Alfred 
 irtcd himself so diligently, that ho got 
 [Other new forces, and fought no fewer 
 III eight considerable battUss within 
 elve months. This vigour was nuiro <!f- 
 itual against such a foe than any treaty 
 ever solemn ; and they once muru found 
 
 themselves reduced to nil extremity whick 
 compelled them to luo for peace. At 
 Alfred's sole wish was to free his Bubjecti 
 from tho Intolerable evils Incident to hav- 
 ing their country perpetually made the 
 theatre of war, ho cheerfully agreed to 
 grant ttiein peace and pernilssion to settle 
 on the coast, on the sole condition that 
 they should live peaceably with his sub- 
 jects, and not allow any new Invaders to 
 ravage tho country. WhiU^ they were dis- 
 tressed, and In danger, tho Danes were 
 well pleased with these terms, but just as 
 the treaty was concluded a reliiforci'ineiit 
 arrived to them from abroad. All thought 
 of peace and treaty was at once laid aside 
 by them ; they hastened In all directions 
 to join tho new comers, seized upon tho 
 important town of Chlppenhiim, nnd ro- 
 commeiiced their old system of plundering, 
 murdering, and destroying. In ev*iry direc- 
 tion, for miles arouiul their quarters. Tho 
 Saxons, not oven excepting the herolcAlf red 
 himself, now gave up nil hoiio of success 
 In the struggle In which they liad so long 
 and so brarely been cngagetl. Many fled to 
 Wales and tho continent, while the gene- 
 rality Bu))initted to tho Invaders, contented 
 to save life nnd land at the ex|)eiiso of na- 
 tional honour and Individual freedom. It 
 was In vain that Alfred reminded the chief 
 men among the Saxons of tho sanguinary 
 successes they had nchicvcd In tho timo 
 past, nnd cndoavoured to iiersuado them 
 that new successes would attend new ef- 
 fort.-<. Men's spirits were now so utterly 
 subdued that tho Danes wero looked upon 
 as Irresistible; nnd tho heroic and unfor- 
 tunate Alfred, unablo to rnlso sullU'lent 
 force to warrant hliu In ngalii endeavour- 
 ing to save his country from tho yoke of 
 the foreign foeman, was fain to seek safety 
 in cniicealment, and to console himself in 
 his temporary Inactivity, witii tho hope that 
 tho oiipresslons of tho Danes would be bo 
 unmeasured nnd Intolerable, that even tho 
 must peace-loving nnd indolent of tho 
 Saxons would, at no distant day, be goaded 
 Into revolt. Unattended even by a servant, 
 Alfred, disguised In the coarse habit of a 
 l)easant, wandered from one obscure hldlng- 
 l)laco to nnothcr. One of these was tho 
 lowly hut of a neatherd, who had. In happier 
 days, been In his service. The man faith- 
 fully obeyed the charge given to liiiu by 
 tho king not to reveal his rank oven to the 
 good woman of tho liouso. She, unsus- 
 picious of tho (luality of lier guest, was at 
 no pains to conceal her opinion that so able 
 a man. In full liealth, and with an ex- 
 tremely vigorous appetite, might find some 
 better employment, bad though tho times 
 were, than moping about and muttering to 
 himself. On ono occasion she still more 
 strongly gave her opinion of the idleness of 
 her guest. Ilo was seated before the amt)lo 
 wood flro, putting his bow nnd nrrows In 
 order as she put some wheaten cakes down 
 to bake ; and being called away by some 
 other domestic business, she desired Alfred 
 to mind the cake:^, giving him especial 
 charge to turn thciii frequently, lest they 
 should bo burned. The king promised duo 
 obedience, but scarcely had his imperious 
 
88 
 
 Clje Crrmfmu of Witorut (ct. 
 
 liotttoHB loft lilm wlivii lio felt Into a pro- 
 fduiul rovcrli', on liU own fcjrionuind nlmn- 
 doncd condlllon, nud tlio mnnlfold nilHcrioa 
 of liU rounti-y. It In prolmhio tlint. durlti){ 
 ttint lonK «ud dny-drcnm, nioru than onu 
 tliotiKlit MiivKi^Ktcd Itsrlf to Alfred, )iy which 
 KiiKhiiid, ot II future day, was to bo wreatly 
 boiK'iltt'd, Hut, aHHurcdIy, hU thoUKhti* 
 were, for that tlinoat Icaitt, uf llttlu benefit 
 to hU hoHtOHn, who, on her ruturu to the 
 cottJiito, foinid tho kliiK deep burled In IiIh 
 frlooniy thoughts, and her cakcit done, In- 
 deed, Imt done — to n einder. Tlio Kood 
 woMian'ganMrcr now knew no bounilo ; oaf, 
 luMier, and lazy loon, were the nilldeHt 
 name* which hIio beHtnwed U|«in hhn, no, 
 with nilnxli'd aii^er and vexation, hIio con- 
 trasted hi.'4 liiiiolence In tho matter of 
 liakhm, with hi.'4 iilacrlly in eating what he 
 found ready baked for IiIm nne.* 
 
 Ho BUCcesHful bad Alfred been In do- 
 fttroyinKall traces of bis wanderinK!«, that 
 llubt>a and oilier leiidlnff Danefi, who had 
 at llri«t made nearch after him with all tho 
 activity and enKerneHBot extreme hate, not 
 niiiiilngled '1111 fear, at length became 
 
 I iierMiiided that ho had either (inltted the 
 country altoKclbcr, or pcriHlied mlnerably 
 ere hu could llnd nu'iiUH and opportunity to 
 do HO. Finding tliat bis enemies had dls- 
 eontinued tlicir search after him, Alfred 
 
 , now began to conceive hopes of being able 
 onco more to call some friends to his side. 
 For this puri)ci»o lie betook himself to 
 Hiimersetshlre, to a spot with vlili'h he 
 liad iiccldeiitiiliy become tici|UMiiited, which 
 slimularly united obscurity and capalMlity 
 of beingdefeiided. A morass formed by tho 
 overllowing of tho rivers I'arret and Thamo 
 had nearly In Its centre about n couple of 
 acres of (Inn land. Tho morass Itself was 
 not safely practicable by anyone not well 
 nc'iualntcd with tho conccilcd paths that 
 led through It to tho little <cr»a /I nnrt, and 
 it was further secured frrm hostile visitors 
 by numerous other morasses iii> less difll- 
 cult and dangerous, while by a dense growth 
 of forest trees It waa on every side envi- 
 roned and sheltered. Hero ho built him- 
 self a rudo hut, and, having found meansto 
 communicate with some of the most faith- 
 ful of his personal friends. It was not long 
 before ho was placed nt tho head of a small 
 but valiant band. Sallying from this re- 
 treat under the cover of tho night, and al- 
 ways, when practicable, returning again 
 before the morning, be harassed and spoiled 
 the Danes to a very great extent ; and bis 
 attacks wore so sudden and so desultory, 
 that his enemies were unable either effect- 
 ually to guard against them, or to conjec- 
 ture from what quarter they proceeded. 
 
 Kven by this warfare, petty and desultory 
 as it was, Alfred was doing good service to 
 bis country. For with tho spoil which bo 
 thus obtained be was enabled to subsist 
 and from timo to time to Increase bla fol- 
 lowers; and while his attacks, which could 
 not be wholly unknown to the a-ixon popu- 
 lation, gave them vague hopes that armed 
 
 ti On the ioiirce nnti value of tliii anecdote, lee 
 I..i|ilicnbcrK'i H iitory of Knglsmt under tho Anglo- 
 tiaaon Klogi, vol. 11. p. 63, uota «• 
 
 friends were not wholly lost to thein, ihet 
 moderated tho cruelly and ImpcrionxiituHnt 
 the Danes by constantly reminding tlicnu,' 
 tho possibility of a successful and gciuna 
 revolt of tho Haxons. 
 
 For upwards of a year Alfred rcni^ilnpfi 
 in this secure retreat. In which time lie Iijkj 
 gathered together a considerable iiiiin)>fr 
 of followers ; and now at length Ids fvnr. 
 voranco had Its reward In an opnortunii; 
 (rf onco more meeting his foes In the furuitl 
 array of battle. 
 
 Hnbba, tho most warlike of all the T1:iiiMi 
 chiefs, led a largo army of his count ryiiKn 
 to besiege tho castle of Kinwith, la Duv.u. 
 shire. Tho earl of that county, a \,n^ I 
 and resolute man, deeming death la tiie 
 battle lleldfar preferable to starving witiiii, 
 hl-< fortHled walls, or life preserved by mi,. 
 mission to the hated Danes, rollcctcd i\,A 
 whole of his garrison, and, having inK|>lr«i I 
 them with his own bravo deterinlimiin 
 made n sudden sally upon tho Dnnlsli n^i I 
 In tho darkness oi.<lglit, killed llul)la,aiiJ 
 routed tho Danish force with limiiiwif 
 slaughter. He at the same timo cnptur.i 
 the enchanted llni/ni. the woven nvtl 
 which adorned the chief standard of iii;| 
 Danes, and tho loss of which their i<ii|f 
 stitlons feelings made more terrible to iin ' 
 than that of their chief and their cdiunidtjb 
 who had perished. Tho llea/cn imd iiimj 
 woven Into JIubba's standard by hU iiipfl 
 sisters, who accomiianled their work wal 
 certain magical formuliu which the Imi,<|I 
 llrmly believed to have given tho rei>ro«l 
 ed bird tho power of predicting the fikj 
 or evil success of any enterprise ijy m 
 motion of Its wings. And, considcrlimii(| 
 great power of superstition over rinleasJ 
 untutored minds, It Is very probalilu ilil 
 the loss of this highly valued standard, rJ 
 Inclding with not only tho defeat, but aliil 
 the death, of Its hitherto vlctorlou-i nwnetl 
 struck such a general fear and doul- J 
 tho minds of tho Danes, as very ^•r .;il 
 tended to dispose them, shortly aft -,:J 
 make ix'iico with Alfred. I 
 
 As soon as Alfred heard of the spirit anil 
 success with which tho carl of Devnii.tisl 
 had defended himself and routed tliu iiii^f 
 dreaded division of the Danish army, hen 
 solved to quit bis obscure retreat and mi 
 more cndeaTour to arouse the .Saxon ri<|9[ 
 latlon to arms. It Is said that, Ii:iv: 
 his followem to conceal themselves \nt4 
 retreat of which we have spoken, lie i' 
 guised himself as a harper, a very p(i|)ii:ij 
 character In that day, and one wlilcli lit 
 great skill as a musician enabled lilni m 
 cessfuUy to malntaln.t In this clmnitJ 
 bo was able to travel alike amoiiif Dui 
 and Saxons without suspicious recogniik^ 
 and his music at onco obtained iliiiii 
 mission to every rank and the oppdrtuiiii 
 of conversing with every descrlptiuii J 
 people. Kmboldened by flnding hliuiJ 
 unsuspected by even his own sul)j(ci.<,lj 
 now formed tho bold project of peiictrailif 
 the very camp of tho enemy to nute tbe 
 
 t I.lii|rar«l, Hlnfory of EnRlanil, toI I. (li.i| 
 p. \Ti, cunaidcra the atory Improlmhlc. Il I 
 to be adnUttcd by Lapiwnbvrg auU 'J'lili'rr}'> 
 
C^iiQlAtttr.— ^nglO'ilnroiti^ ttQtf. 
 
 89 
 
 Ike of nil tlw naiil.li 
 r of lilx romitrynuii 
 Klnwllli, In Devui;. 
 lilt county, IV lirnvi , 
 [•nilnn ilciith ii\ iln 
 ,)otoHtarvli»Kwlililii 
 Ifc proHiTVi'iUiy M* 
 Daiien, rollccti'il tl - 
 nnd, ImvliiR liiKi'lri-l 
 )rftvo (IcHTmliiniinii, 
 poll tlio \)n\\M\ cMiiii 
 lit, klUcil Hiil)la,iiiiJ 
 torco Willi lliitnc:;* I 
 ) Baini; tliim cniniinil 
 n, tho woven nvr.l 
 hii'f Biaiiilanl of iii: 
 )f wlili'li tliolr m^--\ 
 • uiorctorrlbliitdiiicl 
 cf ami tliolr comnih| 
 Tlio Ueafcn \\\v\ \m\\ 
 staiidaril liy lil-* HimI 
 nnlcd tliclrwiiik\vi;lil 
 lulfti whloU tliu l)ai.'!| 
 vi<(jlvcntliori'iiiT?rt;l 
 
 ,f i.ri'illctlnB till' f""| 
 any cntcrprlno liy ti>l 
 Aiid,con»lilMlngtli(| 
 i.rBtltlouovorrii(le!iiiH 
 , \A very prolml'lo tUI 
 ly valued stamlHrcl.ttl 
 ily tho defeat, but aliil 
 le^tovlctorlou^n^vnn,I 
 ral fear and doui ' 
 iciiies, as very y: 
 theiu, shortly ali 
 
 heard of tho oplrltaBtl 
 tlie earl of Uevdiisliiif 
 •If iiiid routed tlie iiu* 
 till! Danish army, licWj 
 l)Heure retreat and oM 
 arouHO the Saxon m 
 t l8 said that, le;N 
 ucealthenicelvcsliiM 
 •e have spoken, lie ti| 
 Uiarpcrjavcryr('i|«J 
 day, andonowliclili 
 «lclan enabled lilni si 
 aln.t m this clmwij 
 ivel alike amoiiK m 
 tsuBplclousrecogiiiiM 
 onco obtained liini»L 
 ink and the oiiimrwl 
 A\ every descrlitonf 
 
 ned l)y ll'itlH'8 h'";^ 
 en his own Bulijict A 
 Id project of peiietraiij 
 tho enemy to note tin 
 
 „ of EnRUn'l, vol. I. cM 
 •tory Innirolm >,lf; >' •" 
 inwnborg »uil * l"»^"i* 
 
 forcci»nd dispoiltlon. Toioldlnr* In cnmp 
 
 imnnrment li t'vor welcome, and the Hkllf ul 
 
 n iiwio of Alfred not merely Kiatined tho 
 
 rnmiiioii ioliller* and Inferior omrern, but 
 
 «vrn iirocured hini, from their reroninien- 
 
 Sitlon'.admlttnnre to the tent of Out brum, 
 
 tliclr iTlnce and leader. Hero ho remained 
 
 llmiirenouffh todUrover every weak point 
 
 of till' riiemy. whether an to tho po§Ulon of 
 
 ,l,i,|,. fniiip, whirh wnH nltuated at Eddliiff- 
 
 ton or »'< to tho careh-Msness of dUclplliie 
 
 Into wliU'h their utter rontempt of the 
 
 •Haxon nwlno' cau.^ed them to fall. Having 
 
 ni.ido all necesfnry ol)Hervaf lon», ho took 
 
 tliP c.irlleBt opiiortiinlly to depart, and neiit 
 
 lInci>i"W» to .ill the principal Haxonn upon 
 
 lintti Mo could depend, reiiulrlm* them to 
 
 Dicctlilni on a f poclllert day, at Ih-lxton, In 
 
 Itlic forri't of Hi'lwood. Tlio 8axon«, who 
 
 1(1 liiiiir mourned their klniraH dead, ami 
 
 ,.|i'frr<i;inlnK beneath tho brutal tyrnnnleH 
 
 ,f the P.iiir!*, joyfully obeyed hU nuininoii'i, 
 
 11(1 at tlio n|)polnted time liefound himself 
 
 iirroumlcd by a force so numerous and ho 
 
 iitliuslasHc as to kIvo hlin just hopes of 
 
 ifliitf nlile to attack the Danes with siieeesi". 
 
 ;iii)\vln(T tho Importanco of not nllowlnif 
 
 \\\n enthusiasm to cool, ho waHtcd no time 
 
 Ell useless delay or vain form, but led tlicm 
 
 ht oiifo toOuthrum's eamp, of wlilcli his 
 
 ¥('('('111 vIhU had made hlin aettiiiiliited with 
 
 Hie iiio.it practkablo points. Hunk In apa- 
 
 jlic'tlc Indolence, and thlnklnffof nothing 
 
 Irsj Hum of seeing a numerous band of 
 
 Entrlli<li assembled to attack them, the 
 
 j);iiios were so panic-struck and surprised 
 
 llint iliey fouKht with none of their accus- 
 
 loiui'd vlfiuiror obstln.acy, and tho battle 
 
 »ii9 sri'^'JIly converted Into a mere rout. 
 
 Jrrat numbers of the Danes perished In 
 
 Ellis alTiilr; and though tho rest, under the 
 
 Iri'ers of GMthrum, fortllled themselves 
 
 \ (ic.impand made preparatUms for con- 
 
 Bmilnff tho struffgle, they were so clocoiy 
 
 benimed In by Alfred, that absolute Iiuuk'-t 
 
 Crnved too strong fur their resolution, and 
 
 Kiico more thoy offered to treat for pe.ice 
 
 Lith tlio man whoso mercy they hail so 
 
 ifleii almsed, and whoso valour and ability 
 
 hpyli.id long Blnco believed, and cxultlngly 
 
 iclleird, to bo burled in ou obscuro and 
 
 Iri'inature grave. 
 
 [Tliceiiduring and persevering Inclination 
 oclcraonpy which ho constantly displayed 
 1 iiy iin means one of the le.ast remarkable 
 uid lidmlrablo traits In the character of 
 llfred. Though he now had the very lives 
 Ifhls fell and malignant foes In his power, 
 nd though they were so conscious of their 
 cwcricssness that they offered to submit 
 in any terms however humiliating, he gavo 
 hem their lives without attempting to Im- 
 msecven moderately severe terms. Pcaco 
 brhls subjects was still the great lode-star 
 t all his wishes and of all his polity ; and 
 itcn as he had been deceived by the Danes, 
 llf! real mngnanimity led lilm to believe 
 jbateTcn their falthlesBncss could not al- 
 Faya be proof against mercy and liidul- 
 lence; he, therefore, not only pave them 
 heir lives, but also full permission to 
 ittip In his country, upon the easy condl- 
 lonof living In peace with Ills other sub- 
 lets, and holdiuy themselves bound to 
 
 "M in the defence of the country In whoso 
 H ifety they would have a stake, should any 
 now InvaMlon render their asslMtanconeccs- 
 lary. Delighted to obtain terms so much 
 more favourable than tli«y bad any right to 
 h(>po for, (tuthrum and his followers readily 
 agreed to this; but Alfred's mercy had no 
 taint of weakness. He, with his usual sa- 
 gacity, perceived that ono great cause of tho 
 persevering hostility of the Danes to his 
 subjects was their difference of religion, 
 Reflecting that such a cause would be (ler- 
 petnally liable to eaiiso the Danes to break 
 their peaceablu Intentions, he domamlcd 
 that Guthrum and his people should give 
 evidence of their sincerity by ombraclnu 
 tho Christian religion. This, also, wa-i 
 consented to by ilio Danes, who were nil 
 Iriptlsed, Alfred himself becoming the god- 
 f.'itlicr of Outhruiii, to whom ho gavo Ihe 
 honourable Cliristlnii nauio of Atheistan. 
 The success of this measure fully Ju'*tl- 
 (led the sagacity which had suggested It 
 to Alfred. Tho Danes settled In Stam- 
 ford, Lincoln, Nottinghain, Leicester, and 
 Derby, wore called tho Klvo Burghers, 
 and they lived as peaceably as any other 
 of Alfred's subjects, and g ivo him as llttlo 
 tnuible. For some years ..Ker this signal 
 triumph of Alfred's prowess and policy, 
 England was unmolested by foreign In- 
 vaders, excepting on one occasion when a 
 numerous tieet of Danes sjilied up tho 
 Thames, beyond London. They committed 
 Considerable havoc on their nmte, but on 
 .irrivliiR at Parnham they found tlie ctiuntry 
 so well prep.ared by Alfred to resist them, 
 that they made a panic retreat to their 
 ships, and departed with such spoil as In 
 their haste they were able to secure. 
 
 Freed from tho warlike bustle In which 
 ?o lurgo a portion of his llfo had been spent, 
 Alfred now devoted lilmseif to tho task of 
 regulating tho civil affairs of tho kingdom. 
 Ho committed tho former kingdom of 
 MeriMa to the government of his brother- 
 in-law, Kthelbert, with tho rank and titlo 
 of earl or duke ; and In order to render tho 
 Incorporation of the Danes with the Saxons 
 the more coniplel\ ho put them upon tho 
 same legal footing In every respect. In 
 each division of the kingdom he established 
 a militia force, and made arrangements 
 for its concentration upon any given point 
 In the event of any new Invasion. Ho iUbo 
 repaired the various towns that had suf- 
 fered In the long disorders of the kingdom, 
 and erected fortresses In conimandlng 
 si tuations. to serve both as depfits for armed 
 men, and as rallying points for the militia 
 and levy, en inasse, of tho country around, 
 in case of need. But though the admirable 
 military dispositions thus made by Alfred, 
 made It certain that any invaders would 
 And themselves hotly opposed In vhatcvor 
 quarter they might make their attack, 
 Alfred was more anxious to have the In- 
 ternal peace of the country wholly un- 
 broken, than to beobllged, however trium- 
 phantly and surely, to chastise the dis- 
 turbers of It : ho therefore now turned his 
 atteiitiiui to tho organisation of such a 
 naval force as should bo sulllcient to keep 
 tho piratical enemy from lunding upon his 
 
v-311%''"'/*--- •*>;?■ 
 
 I 
 
 90 
 
 Mf^t QTreiuttirfi of Witaxti, ^t. 
 
 ■hor«a. He greatly Increased tho niimbor 
 and Btrengrth of his shipping, nndrructlBvd 
 a large portion of his people In naval 
 t4U!tlc8, towhldi, considering their iiisuiar 
 situation, the Icings and people of England 
 had hitherto been strangeiy Indifferent. 
 Tho good .ofl'o( ts of this wise precaution 
 were soon manifest : squadrons of his armed 
 vessels lay at so many and at such weli- 
 chosen positions, that tho Danes, though 
 they often canio In great nunjhors, weto 
 either whoiiy prevented from landing, or 
 Intercepted when retiring from before tho 
 land forces, and deprived of their lli-gotten 
 booty, and their ships either captured or 
 sunk. In this mnnner Alfred at length 
 got together iihunUrcd and twenty vessels, 
 a very powerful fleet for that time ; and as 
 Ills own subjects were at tho outset but 
 Indifferent sailors, ho supplied that defect 
 by sparingly distributing among them 
 skilful foreign seamen, from whom they 
 soon learned all that was known of naval 
 tactic-1 in that rude age. 
 
 For some yeari Alfred reaped the reward 
 of his admirable policy and untiring in- 
 dustry In the unbroken tranquillity of tho 
 country, which gave his subjects tho oppor- 
 tunity of advancing in all tho useful arts, 
 and of gradually repairing those evils which 
 the long-continued internal wars had done 
 to both their trade and their agriculture. 
 But a new trial was still in store for butji 
 Alfred and his subjects. 
 
 A.D. 893. Uastlngs, a Danish chieftain, 
 who some years before had mado a short 
 predatory Incursion Into Kngland, but who 
 recently had confined his ravages to France, 
 finding that he had reduced that country, 
 so far as he could gain access to It, to a con- 
 dition which rendered it unproductive of 
 farther booty, suddenly appeared this year 
 off tho coast of Kent, with an Immense 
 hortlo of his pirates. In upwards of three 
 hundred vessels. Disembarking tho main 
 body In tho Ilotlier, and leaving It to guard 
 the fort of ApuUlore, which ho surprised 
 and seized, he, with a detachment of nearly 
 a hundred vessels, sailed up tho Tliames us 
 far .as Milton, where ho established his 
 lieadiiuarters, whence ho sent out his ma- 
 rauding pai'ties In cverj- direction. As r,(v>n 
 as tidings of this new incursion reached 
 Alfred, that gallant monarch concentrated 
 ou immense forco from tho armed militia 
 lu various partsof tho country, andmarched 
 against tho enemy. Sitting down before 
 Milton and Apuldore, Alfred, by his supe- 
 riority of force, completely hemmed in tho 
 main bodies of tho pirates, and their de- 
 tached parties were encountered as they 
 returned with their booty, and cut off to a 
 man. Finding tliat, so far from having 
 any prospect of enriching themselves, they 
 were, in fact, compelled to live In England 
 upon the plunder that they had seized in 
 Prance, tho pirate garrison of Apuldore 
 made a sudden sally with the design of 
 crossing the Thames into Essex. But the 
 vigilant eye of Alfred was too constantly 
 upon them to allow cither secrecy or sud- 
 denness to give them success in this at- 
 tempt. Ho arrested their march at Farn- 
 bam, utterly routed them, and spoiled them 
 
 of all their property, including nuiubcrs of 
 valuable horses. The slaughter was vcrj 
 great, and those Danes who were so fortu' 
 imte as to survive the battle, made tliuir 
 way in panic baste to their piratical vessels 
 and sailed over to Kssex, where tlier 
 entrenched themselves at Mersey ; Ibist- 
 Ings, with the division under his commiuid 
 at the same time, going lUso into tho county 
 of Essex, and eutrenuhlng himself at Ciui' 
 voy. 
 
 Guthrum, who from tho time of hisliap. 
 tism had been constantly faithful to the 
 engagement into which he had entered 
 with Alfred, wirn now dead, as also wiu 
 Guthred, another Done of rank, wliu vag 
 very faithful to Alfred, by whom ho had 
 been made governor of Northundjorlnmi 
 No longer restrained by tho example aiij 
 authority of these two eminent chiefs, the 
 East Anglian and Northumbrian Dauei 
 now suddenly exhibited their old prum- 
 Bity to strife and rapine, got togLtlara 
 fleet of nearly two hundred and fifty vessels 
 and made their appearance in hostile array 
 before Exeter. Leaving a sunicient forfe 
 under competent command to make head 
 against the Danes in Essex, Alfred iuniie. <| 
 dlately hastened to Exeter, and fell so suJ i 
 denly upon them, that, with little loss on j 
 his side, they were driven, In eompkiedis.) 
 order and with Immense loss, to their Ueei. [ 
 They made attempts to land In other rant I 
 of the roiiiitry ; but tho preparations whld I 
 Alfred Irul i^verywhere mado of militia ami I 
 armed freenuMi, whom tho recent alansil 
 had kept more than ustially on the alert, I 
 catised the pirates to be so warmly receive^ I 
 that they at length sailed from the islanjl 
 altogether. In utter despair of maklugs:,;! 
 further booty. " I 
 
 The Danes In Essex, united under the I 
 command of the formldabio Hastings, (iij 
 Immense mischief in that county, lint tliil 
 force left bchliul by Alfred, increased lyjl 
 large number of hondoners, mareliej'iJ 
 Uantleto, forced the pirates' cntrenehiiifnt!,! 
 put tho greater number of tho garrison ii)| 
 the sword, and captured the wife ami chil- 
 dren of tho pirate chief. This capture ksjI 
 tho most Importantly useful result nf ihiil 
 weil-conducteil enterprise. Alfred had notl 
 In his hands hostages through whomtti 
 could command any terms ; but so goiieroal 
 was his nature, that he restored the wiiiwil 
 and children to Hastings, upon thesoloaiiJ 
 easy condition thatheBbouldquitthekiul 
 dom immediately, under a solenif eiieai*! 
 ment to return to it no more ns a fneinaaf 
 
 But though the worst band of the Uacol 
 was thus forced to depart the klngdoni,tt(| 
 plague of tho Danes was by no iiiea: 
 wholly at an end. There were very iiutce^ 
 reus scattered hordes of them, who iieiite^ 
 owned the leadership of Hastings, nnrwei 
 willing to quit tho country empt.v-liainW 
 These milted Into ono largo force, and fonl 
 fled themselves at Shobury, at iliu iii-cJ 
 of tho Th.imes, whence they martlaJ ijii 
 Gloucestershire, and being reinforced byl 
 numerous body of Welshmen, fortitff 
 themselves very strongly at Bmldiiigtoi 
 Having now only this body to deiil rX 
 Alfred gathered together the whulu fort 
 
 be conld c 
 I oircumvall 
 J rstely sat d 
 I itarvmg tb 
 I out for son 
 ■ lubslst up( 
 J miserable r< 
 I out la utter 
 I deralilo pon 
 I contest tlial 
 I body escapi 
 1 03 they ]ias 
 I Alfred to Wi 
 lanotLer sei 
 |j),inc3 were 
 iTlio reuiiian 
 ■fleet of SIge 
 jTt'lio posscsst 
 ifuperior to t 
 leountrj'men, 
 Tto tho coast 
 pumbor of tli 
 iielr ships, a 
 «lDg now w 
 jer, the whok 
 The edlcien 
 khich had of 
 pirates, ami tl 
 Jie Windiest 
 iras determine 
 pirates, but to 
 pious death, i 
 memles of th 
 Itruclc terror 
 ngibic Danes, 
 bd Gast Angll 
 Jiarchcd, depre 
 |uinb!cst subm 
 ssurances of t 
 rioiir;aiid the 
 ie Welsh. 
 Tho same ad u 
 ad enabled hii 
 io Danes, wen 
 Jfrcd In re8t( 
 long his owi 
 Hcvitable that l 
 III among tho 
 Dd during so . 
 icied to all th( 
 Eiittoaconnti 
 I the theatre o 
 veryextens 
 |o true and ^ 
 sticein thesn 
 [code for tlielr 
 I substance an 
 the common 
 tectually jirovi 
 [tty offences, a) 
 iiether against 
 
 manner in 
 •liner In whicl 
 We kingdom a 
 ain tho Danes- 
 He genius, ho p 
 Wanco of an at 
 ic with which 
 i arraiigenien 
 ilch would be b 
 B effort howev< 
 )f what may be 
 sbllshed by Ah 
 lef aud couden 
 
d^sTatOr.— ^nalO'i^arfln Hiuflir. 
 
 01 
 
 Ulng uuiulicrs ot 
 ugUtor was vorj 
 :io were BO forui. 
 ittle, made thoit 
 • piratical vesaeU, 
 lex, where thej 
 t Mersey ; Hast- 
 dcr Ills comiiiiuid, 
 80 Into the couuiy 
 iig Ulmseli at Uau- 
 
 time of lita Imp. ' 
 ly laltbful to the ' 
 
 1 he bad ciitcrcd 1 
 dead, as also was 
 ol rank, who was 
 Ijy whom lio hail | 
 
 C Uorthuniliorlaiid. 
 y the exanuilo luij | 
 [jinlnont chiefs, ihe | 
 rthumbrlan Diuici 
 d their old pnnicii- 
 no, got togetlicr a 
 red audnfty vessels,! 
 mco lu hostile amj i 
 a a Buniclent lotce , 
 manil to make head 
 jssex, Alfred luiii* 
 3tcr, and fell 60 buJ 
 ; with little l«89vii 
 von.lu conipU'ie fe 
 go loss, to their tlMi. 
 olaud In other ram I 
 oin-evarationswlilckl 
 Biiindoof mimiaanil 
 in the recent Klarisil 
 usually on the alert,! 
 jeBowannlyrecclycil 
 liled from the Islanll 
 espalrof nmkluga:,)! 
 
 X united under lit 
 ,,l'dabloHastiiii.'?,tM 
 tbat county. li"t tlu 
 Ifrod, iuorra?«l yi 
 Indoners, marched to 
 rates' eutrenchuient.s 
 ,er of tho garrison U 
 ■cd the wife aiul cliiV 
 lef Thlsenpturew 
 useful result ol tla 
 nrlsc. Alfred had Mi 
 Is through whcnitt 
 c'rms;butBopeiicM 
 
 liercstoredthewH 
 InKB.uponthesuleaLl 
 eBhould quit the kinf 
 
 der a solemi' en?^ 
 no more nsaf-'cman. 
 rstbamlof tl.omM 
 -.,,artthoklngdom,tl( 
 jea was by w m^^ 
 rhcre were very iuiki 
 Isof tbcm.wboncuw 
 l of Hastings, nor«i 
 lountry empty-liMd| 
 lo largo force, nndM 
 Ihobury, at iho ^^^ 
 lico they nmrchcau! 
 ■ being reinforced y 
 ■Welslimen, WW 
 
 l-ougly nt ""i'*^','*-,, 
 tl8 bodytodoa V. 
 sother the whole tor 
 
 h* conld command, and, drawing lines of 
 
 SircumTallatlon around tho pirates, dollbe- 
 
 MtelT Bftt down with tho determination of 
 
 Itarvrng them Into submission. They held 
 
 niu for some time, slaying their horses to 
 
 •iibsist upon ; but, at length, even this 
 
 ml8oral)loro8ourcefalllng them, they sallied 
 
 mit ill utter desperation. Tlio most roiisl- 
 
 derahlo portion of them fell In the flerco 
 
 foiitcst that ensued ; but a still formidable 
 
 hody escaped, and, ravaging the country 
 
 as they passed along, were pursued by 
 
 Alfred to Watford, In Hertfordshire. Here 
 
 MOtUer Bovero action ensued, and the 
 
 Drincs were again defe.afcd with Krcat Iosh. 
 
 Tiie remnant foimd shellor on board tho 
 
 fleet of Slgefort, a Northumbrian Dane, 
 
 Iwiio posBCssed ships of a construction very 
 
 liuoerlor to those of the generality of his 
 
 eountrymen. Tho king pursued this fleet 
 
 5 tho coast of Hampsliire, slew a great 
 
 umber of the pirates, captured twenty of 
 
 eir ships, and— even hia cndurlnR mercy 
 
 ■Ing now wearied— haiiKcd, at Wiuches- 
 
 r the whole of his prisoners. 
 
 The cnicleut and organised resistance 
 
 hlch had of late been experienced by tho 
 
 lliatcs, and the plain indications given by 
 
 le Winchester executions that the kinjj 
 
 asdetcrinined to show no more lenity to 
 
 Irates, but to consign them to an Ignoml- 
 
 iuus death, as common disturbers and 
 
 jicniies of tho whole human race, fairly 
 
 itnicli terror even In tlio hitherto incor- 
 
 ([iblo Danes. Those of Nortliumberiand 
 
 id East Anglia, against whom Alfred now 
 
 arched, deprecated his resentment by the 
 
 'oinblust Bubmisslon, and tho most solemn 
 
 ssuranccs of their future peaceable bcha- 
 
 loiir ; and tlielr example was Imitated by 
 
 le Welsh. 
 
 The Baino admlniblo arrangements whicli 
 
 id enabled him to free his country from 
 
 Danes, were row of Inflnlte service to 
 
 ifrcd in restoring and enforcing order 
 
 uoiig ills own subjects. It was almost 
 
 levltahle that great disorders Bhould pre- 
 
 ill among tho people who so frequently, 
 
 d during so many years, had been sul)- 
 
 cted to all tho horrors and tumults incl- 
 
 iitto acountry whicii is so unhappy as to 
 
 the theatre of war. In addition to mak- 
 
 j very extensive and wise provisions for 
 
 lO true and cOlcient administration of 
 
 Btice in the superior courts, and framing 
 
 [code for tlielr guid.ance, so excellent that 
 
 substance and spirit subsi ^ to tliia day 
 
 the common law of England, he most 
 
 'ectuaily provided for the repression of 
 
 itty offences, as well as more serious ones, 
 
 ether against persons or property ; and 
 
 ! manner In which ho did so, like the 
 
 inner in which he, as It were, made his 
 
 ole kingdom a series of garrisons to ro- 
 
 aln the Danes, shows that, with admir- 
 
 egcnius, ho perceived the immense Ini- 
 
 mcoof an attention to details, and tlio 
 
 with wliich many graduated efforts 
 
 arrangements will produce a result, 
 
 ch would be but in vain aimed at by any 
 
 effort however vast. 
 
 ilwhat may be called tho national police 
 ibllshed by Alfred, wo take the following 
 Icf aud condensed, but extremely lucid 
 
 and graphic, account from Hume :— ' The 
 English,' says Hume, ' reduced to the most 
 extreme indigence by the continued depre- 
 dations of the Danes, had shaken oil all 
 bands of government ; and those who had 
 been plundered to-day, betook themsclvea 
 on tho morrow to the like disorderly Ufo, 
 and, from despair, joined tho robbers lu 
 pillaging and ruining their fellofv-citizens. 
 These were tho evils for which It was ne- 
 cessary that the vigiianco and activity of 
 Alfred should provide a remedy. 
 
 •That ho mlgiit render tho execution of 
 justice Btrict and regular, ho divided all 
 England into counties ; these counties ho 
 subdivided into hundreds, and tho huti- 
 dreds again into tithiugs. Every house- 
 holder was answerable for tho behaviour 
 of his family and his slaves, and even of 
 his guests if they lived above three days In 
 Ills houso. Ten neighbouring liouseholders 
 were formed Into one corporation, who, un- 
 der the name of a tithing, decennary, or 
 fribourg, were answerable for each other's 
 conduct, and over whom one man, called u 
 tithlng-man, hcadbonrg, or bondholder, 
 was appointed to preside. Every man was 
 punlslied as an outlaw who did not register 
 himself in some tithing ; and no man could 
 change his habitation without awarrant or 
 certllicato from the bondholder of the tith- 
 ing to which he formerly belonged. 
 
 * When any person, la any tithing or de- 
 cennary, was guilty of a crime, tho bond- 
 holder was Buuimoned to answer for him ; 
 and if he were not willing to be surety for 
 his appearance and his clearing himself, 
 the prls(mer was committed to prison, and 
 there detained till his trial. If ho lied, 
 either before or after finding surety, tlio 
 bondholder and decennary beeamo llablo 
 to enquiry, and were exposed to tho penal- 
 tics of the law. Thirty-ono days were al- 
 lowed them for producing tho criniinul ; 
 and If tho time elapsed without their be- 
 ing able to find him, tho bondholder, with 
 two other mombers of the decennary, was 
 obliged to appear, and, together with three 
 chief members of the three neighbouring 
 decennaries, making twelve in all, to swear 
 that his decennary was free from ail pri- 
 vity, both of the crime committed and of 
 tho escape of the criminal. If the bond- 
 holder could not And such a number to 
 answer for their innocence, the decennary 
 was compelled, by fine, to make satisfaetiou 
 to the king, according to the degree of the 
 oflfetico. By this institution every man was 
 obliged, by his own interest, to keep a 
 watchful eye over the conduct of his neigh- 
 bour ; and was in a manner surety for tho 
 behaviour of those who were placed under 
 the division to which he belonged; whence 
 ilieso decennaries received the name of 
 fnmk pledges. 
 
 'Such a regular distribution of the people, 
 with Bucli a strict conllncment In their 
 habitation, may not be necessary in times 
 when men are more inured to obedience 
 and justice; aud it might perhaps bo re- 
 garded as destructive of liberty aud com- 
 merce in a polished state ; but It was well 
 calculated to reduce that Uerco and licen- 
 tious people under tho salutary restraint 
 
 F, 
 
•■♦t -^Pi"; ry^l-im^M 
 
 02 
 
 €ffe Creailurp of ^iitov^t ^c. 
 
 of law and government. But Alfred took 
 care to temper these rigours by other In- 
 Btltutlons more favourable to the freedom 
 of the citizens ; and nothing could be more 
 popular or liberal than his plan for the ad- 
 ministration of justice. The bondholder 
 summoned together his whole decennary to 
 assist him in deciding any lesser difference 
 which occurred among the members of this 
 small community. In affairs of greater 
 moment, In appeals from the decennary or 
 In controversies arising between members 
 of different deconnaries, the cause was 
 brought before tlic hundred, which con- 
 sisted of ten decennaries, or a hundred fa- 
 milies of freemen, and which was regularly 
 assembled once In four weeks for the de- 
 ciding of causes. Tlioir method of decision 
 deserves to be noted, as being the origin of 
 juries ; an institution admirable In itself, 
 and the best calculated for the preservation 
 of liberty .and the admlnistr.atlon of justice 
 tliat ever was devised by the wit of man. 
 Twelve freeliolders were chosen, who leav- 
 ing sworn, together with the hundreder, or 
 presiding magistrate of that division, to 
 administer imp.artiiil justice, proceeded to 
 the examln.ition of tliat cause which was 
 submitted to their jurisdiction. And beside 
 tlieso monthly meetings of the hundred, 
 there was .an annual meeting appointed for 
 a more general Inspection of the police of 
 the district, for the enquiry Into crimes, 
 the correction of abuses in magistrates, and 
 the obliging of every person to show the 
 decennary In which ho was registered. The 
 people, in Imitation of their German an- 
 cestors, assembled there In arms, whence 
 a hundred was sometimes called aw.apen- 
 take, and its courts served both for the 
 support of milit.ary discipline, and for the 
 administration of civil justice. 
 
 ' The next superior court to that of the 
 hundred was the county court, which met 
 twice a year, after Michaelmas and Easter, 
 and consisted of the freeholders of the 
 county, who possessed an equal vote In the 
 decision of causes. The bishop presided in 
 this court, together with the alderman; 
 and the proper object of the court was the 
 receiving of appeals from the hundreds and 
 decennaries, and the deciding of such con- 
 troversies as arose between men of different 
 hundreds. Formerly the alderman posses.s- 
 ed both the militfiry and the civil authority; 
 but Alfred, sciisil)le that this conjunction 
 of powers rendered the nobility d.angerously 
 Independent, .appointed also a sheriff to 
 each county, who enjoyed a coordinate au- 
 thority with the former In the judicial 
 function. His ofllce also empowered him to 
 guard the rights of the crown in the county, 
 and to levy the fines imposed, which in tliat 
 age formed no cuutemptible part of the 
 public revenue. 
 
 • There lay an appeal. In default of justice, 
 from all these courts to tho king himself In 
 council ; and as tho people, sensible of the 
 equity and great t.alents of Alfred, placed 
 their chief confidence in him, he was soon 
 overwhelmed with appeals from all parts of 
 Knglimd. lie was indefatig.able in the des- 
 patch of these causes, but finding that his 
 timo must bo entirely engrossed by this 
 
 branch of duty, he resolved to obviate tlie 
 Inconvenience by correcting the Ignorance 
 or the corruption of the Inferior raagis. 
 trates, from which It arose. He took cave 
 to have all his nobility instructed In letters 
 and the law : he chose the earls and shnrifts 
 from among the men most celebrated fur 
 probity and knowledge; he punished so 
 verely all malversation In office, and liero 
 moved all the earls whom he found unequal 
 to their trust, allowing only some of the 
 more elderly to serve by deputy, till their 
 death should make room for more worthj 
 successors.* 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 History of the Anolo-Saxons, from the Dcati I 
 of Alfred the Great to the Reign ofEdmi I 
 the Martyr. 
 
 Ai.FRKn THK Great, who died in the year I 
 901, had three sons and three daughters b; I 
 hlfl wife Ethelswitha, the daughter of an 
 earl of Mercia. His eldest sou, Eamiinil, I 
 died before him, and he was sucecuded i; [ 
 his second son, Edward, who, being tho 1 
 first English king of that name, waj siu- 1 
 named the Elder. \ 
 
 Though Edward was scarcely, if at all, i 
 inferior to his truly great father in wljtl 
 of military talents, his reign was, upon tij I 
 whole, a turbulent one, and one that bj-Bl 
 means favoured the growth In the kinKdoal 
 of that civilised prosperity, of whicli Alfrell 
 had laid the foundations both deep aill 
 broad. But the f ault^was not with Edward:! 
 he had to contend against many very greitl 
 difllcultles, and he contended against theul 
 with both courage and prudence. He hall 
 scarcely paid the last sad offices to his royill 
 father when his title to the throne toI 
 disputed by his cousin Ethelwold, snrtJl 
 Ethelbert, the elder brother of Alfrtdl 
 Had the hereditary and lineal descent c 
 the crown been as yet strictly settled wiiil 
 a regard to primogeniture, the cialmdl 
 Ethelwold would have, undoubtedly, tml 
 a just one. But such was far from bcinJ 
 the case ; many circumstances, tho charai-l 
 ter, or even tho infancy of the actual heitl 
 in the order of primogeniture, veryottsl 
 inducing the magnates and people, as iil 
 the case of Alfred himself, to pass over hiil 
 who In this point of view w.as the riphiaf 
 heir, in favour of one better qualiflcd,ai:j| 
 giving higher promise of safety and i)i» 
 perlty to the nation. 
 
 Ethelwold had a considerable numbcrii 
 partisans, by whose aid he collected a \m 
 and imposing force, and fortified liimselfal 
 Wimbonic.in Dorsetshire, with ihcavoTM 
 deterniin.atlon of referring his claim to lU 
 decision of war. But tho military cwJi 
 tion in which Alfred luul left the kliicdosf 
 now rendered his son good service. Mdi 
 first intimation that he received of 1 
 cousin's opposition, he, on the instant,! 
 lectedanumerous .and well-appointed amji 
 and marched towards him, deterrainciiniT 
 to have the internal peace of the whoj 
 kingdom disturbed by a series of reta 
 struggles, but to hazard life and cron 
 upon the decision of a single great liatill 
 As tho king approached, however, llieir 
 
(SntiXmtt.—^nQXsi'S'ayan WixQi. 
 
 93 
 
 vcd to obvliite the j 
 itlng the Ignorance 
 ne Inferior raagis- 
 'ose. Ho took cave ' 
 astnicted In letters 
 leearis and sheriffs 
 uost celebrated fur i 
 I ; he punishsd so 
 in ofBce. and hero 
 m he found unequal I 
 g only Borae ot the j 
 by deputy, till their 
 )m for more worihj 
 
 as scarcely, If at ail, 
 great father In poIbi 
 IsreUfn was.xiiwntki 
 le, and one that by iM 
 rrowthlntheUinddoa 
 Dcrity.of whichAM 
 itions hoth doepati 
 liwas not with Edwaiil;! 
 jainst many very gies 
 nntended against tta 
 nd prudence. He U 
 lead offices to his royil 
 tie to the throne to 
 Bin Ethelwold, son j 
 r brother of Alireil 
 and lineal descent ol 
 et strictly settled wii 
 genlture, the c;aimt{ 
 ve undoubtedly, beffl 
 ch was far from bete 
 umstances, the chant 
 mcy of the actual lieii,! 
 mogenlturc, vcryoliB 
 ates and peopK', a>.R 
 jn8elf,toi.a9soverhii 
 -: view was therigMi 
 ne better quaUned, ail 
 
 liso of safety and i>r(f 
 
 considerable number 
 
 aid he collected a la 
 
 and fortined himself 
 
 ■jtshlre, with the avow; 
 
 ■ferrlng his claim tot 
 
 l«t the military co * 
 ,d had left the kin* 
 m good service. All! 
 
 lat he received of 
 he. ontholnBtant,^, 
 Indwcll-appointcdam 
 
 tdshim.determtacdn^ 
 ,al peace of the^l 
 d by a series of [«t 
 IZrA life and cr 
 of a single great' 
 ached, Uowevcr, tut, 1 
 
 torraatlon of his overwhelming force that 
 Vm conveyed toEthelwoldso much alarmed 
 \m that he suddenly broke up his army 
 id made a hasty retreat to Normandy. 
 [pre he remained Inactive for some time ; 
 1 It lust as all observers of his conduct 
 maBined that ho bad finally abandoned his 
 "retenslons. he passed over Into Northum- 
 irland where he was well received by the 
 ttnes of that district, who were glad of 
 IV pretence, however slight, for dlsavow- 
 c their allegiance to the actual king of 
 iirland. The five Burghers, who had eo 
 mtr been in a state of rarely broken tran- 
 luilllty. also joined Ethelwold, and the 
 luntry had once more the prospect of end- 
 ,, and ruinous internal warfare. Ethel- 
 raid led his freebooters Into Wiltsliirp, 
 loucestershire, and Oxfordshire, and mado 
 lelr escape good, with an immense booty, 
 ■0 the royal forces could come up with 
 lem Bi't the king followed his foes Into 
 ist Anglla, and fearfully retaliated upon 
 lat district the injuries that had been In- 
 ictad upon his peaceable subjects. When, 
 len with spoil, he gave the order to re- 
 'e a part of his army, chiefly Kentish 
 len disolieyed him. They were, conse- 
 len'tly, left behind In the enemy's country, 
 id while busily engaged In adding to 
 lelr already rich booty, were suddenly and 
 ■lously set upon by the Danes. The bat- 
 was obstinate on both sides. In the 
 id tlio Danes were victorious ; but though 
 icy remained masters of the field of battle, 
 cy lost their bravest leaders, and among 
 em the orlgln.il promoter of the war, 
 ;helwold himself. The East Angllans were 
 iw glad to accept the terms of peace of- 
 re ■. to them by the king ; and he, having 
 iw nothing to fear from them, turned his 
 lole attention to subduing the Danes of 
 jrthumberland. He accordingly fitted 
 It a fleet, under the Impression that, by 
 rrylng the war to their own coast, ho 
 luld, infallibly, compel them to refrain 
 m plundering his people, by the neces- 
 they would experience of staying at 
 le to defend their own property. But 
 consequence of this manosuvre was the 
 !Ct contrary to what the king h.ad, and 
 . illoglcally either, suiiposed it would be. 
 ley judged that the king's fleet carried 
 smaln armed strength of England ; and, 
 isMng the safety of their own property to 
 icealment and the chapter of accidents, 
 ly no sooner saw the royal fleet appear 
 their coast than they made a land In- 
 rsion upon the English. But they, too, 
 reasoned with more seeming than real 
 "fictnoss 
 
 tdward was fully iirepared to meet them 
 
 A as well as by sea ; and he attacked 
 
 at Tetenhall, in Staffordshire, put a 
 
 It number of them to the sword, re- 
 
 rered the whole of the spoils they had 
 
 en from his subjects, and drove all those 
 
 lem who escaped death or captivity, in 
 
 lost desolate and poverty-stricken state, 
 
 their own country. 
 
 ringthe whole remainder of Edward's 
 
 be was engaged with one party or 
 
 ither ot the English Danes. But ho 
 
 itlsed each party severely in Us turn ; 
 
 and, by constant caro and unsparhig libe- 
 rality, he fortified Chester, Warwick, Col- 
 chester, and many other cities, so strongly, 
 as to leave them little to fear from any sud- 
 den Incursion of their persevering and ran- 
 corous enemies. In the end he vanquished 
 the Northumbrians, the East Angllans, the 
 British tribes of Wales nearest to his fron- 
 tiers ; and compelled the Scots, who had 
 recently been very troublesome, to submit 
 to him. He was much aided In his various 
 projects by his sister Ethelfleda, widow of 
 the Mercian earl Ethclbert, who was n 
 woman of masculine genius as well as mas- 
 culine habits and feelings. 
 
 Upon tho whole, though the reign of 
 Edward the Elder was a victorious, it can 
 scarcely be called a fortunate one ; for in It 
 many of those Danes who had long lived la 
 habits of peace returned to their old taste 
 for plundering, and so many battles fought 
 In his own country could not, even when 
 ho was the most signally victorious, bo 
 otherwise thjin injurious to both tho pros- 
 perity and tho morals of his people. 
 
 Edward died In 925. We have already 
 remarked upon the unsettled state of tho 
 law of succession to tho throne In that age. 
 Another instance of It occurred now. 
 Edward left legitimate children, but they 
 were of years far too tender to admit of 
 their assuming the reins of government, 
 under any circumstances, and especially so 
 in the then Inmilnent danger of England 
 being again convulsed by the Danes. Tho 
 chief people of the nation therefore passed 
 those young children by, and gave tho 
 throne to Athelst.in, an Illegitimate son of 
 the deceased monarch. But though Athel- 
 Stan had the general suffrages of the great 
 men, there were some exceptions. Among 
 those T/as Alfred, a Saxon nobleman of 
 great Influence and popularity, who en- 
 deavoured to organise an armed opposition 
 to the new king. But the king's suspicion 
 fell upon this nobleman before his con- 
 spiracy was ripe for execution, and he was 
 seized and charged with tho offence, or 
 rather with tho Intent of offending. Ho 
 by some means ascertained, or ho boldly 
 presumed, that the king, however vehe- 
 mently he might suspect him, had In re- 
 ality no tangible evidence, and he offered 
 to clear himself of the imputed crime by an 
 oath taken before the pope. Such was tho 
 awful resiject In which the pope was then 
 held, and such was his sanctity supposed 
 to be, that It was finally and universally be- 
 lieved that the fate of Ananias and Sai)- 
 phlra would Inevitably befall any one who 
 should dare to make oath falsely In his pre- 
 sence. This belief, absurd as it was, had 
 singular corroboration given to It by tho 
 fate of this Alfred. He was permitted to 
 purge his guilt In the way proposed by 
 himself, and ho took the required oath in 
 the presence of pove John: but had 
 scarcely pronounced the words dictated to 
 him ere ho fell Into convulsions, in which 
 he continued till his death, which occurred 
 In three days. This story has been spoken 
 of as being a pure monkish Invention. We 
 think differently. Tho nionk.s frequently 
 did exaggerate and even invent, but that is 
 
94 
 
 ETje Ciraj^uii} at W^tav\}t ^r. 
 
 Bo reason for assuming their guiltiness of 
 like conduct wliere there Is no proof against 
 them, and where, without attaching the 
 slightest consequence to the alleged sanc- 
 tity of the pope's person, wo can explain 
 the actual occurrence of the event hy a 
 simple physical cause. Men have mad- 
 dened on the Instant at beholding some 
 horrible sight ; others have grown grey In 
 a single night of Intense and harrowing 
 mental agony ; why then should we suppose 
 It Impossible that the awful feelings Inci- 
 dent to such a situation as that of Alfred 
 sho'iiu produce sudden epilepsy and subse- 
 QUtnt di ath? 
 
 The result was as fortunate for Athelstan 
 as It was disastrous to Alfred. The king 
 was freed from the opposition of a noble 
 who might have been very troublesome to 
 him, and the mnnntr of that noble's death 
 was to all ranks of men a most convluclng 
 proof not only that Alfred had been doubly 
 guilty, first of conspiracy and then of per- 
 jury, but also that the king was the right- 
 ful possessor of the crown, and that to dis- 
 pute his right was to incur all Alfred's 
 danger and much of Alfred's guilt. The 
 king took care to strengthen and conflrm 
 tills feeling by confiscating the whole of 
 Alfred's propertj', as though his death, 
 under the circumstances, were tantamount 
 to a judicial sentence; and, as he prudently 
 bestowed this largo property upon the 
 already wealthy monastery of Malmsbury, 
 he made the fall of a single powerful enemy 
 the Immediate means of securing the 
 friendship of an Inflnitcly more powerful 
 corporation. 
 
 Having thus become free from what at 
 first seemed a very Imminent peril, Athel- 
 stan turned his attention to quieting the 
 Northumbrian Danes, who just at this time 
 were very discontented under the English 
 rule. On his arrival ho saw reason to be- 
 lieve that ho could better secure their 
 obedience by giving them a tributary prince 
 of their own race tlian by the utmost 
 severity ; and he accordingly gave the title 
 of king of Northumberland to Slthric, a 
 powerful Danish chieftain, to whom he also 
 gave the hand of his own sister Edltha. 
 Hut, though this was sagacious, and seemed 
 to De especially safe policy, it gave rise to 
 considerable diniculty. Sithric, who was a 
 widower when honoured with the hand of 
 Edltha, died about a year after this second 
 marriage, and Anlaf and Godefrld, his sons 
 by the former marriage, assumed the so- 
 vereignty of Northumberland, as a matter 
 of permanent and settled hereditary tenure, 
 and not of the king's favour and conferred 
 during his pleasure. Highly offended at 
 this presumption of the young men, Athel- 
 stan speedily ejected them from their 
 BSHuraed sovereignty, Anlaf took shelter 
 In Ireland and Godefrld In Scotland, where 
 he was very kindly and honourably treated 
 by Constantlne, then king of that country. 
 Athelstan, on learning that the presump- 
 tuous Dane, who was so likely to prove a 
 troublesome enemy to him, was protected 
 by Constantlne, Importuned him to put 
 hla guest Into the English power. Desirous 
 of avoiding, If possible, an open quarrel 
 
 with so powerful n prince aa Athelstan, thj 
 Scottish monarch gave a feigned consent 
 to a proposal which It was almost as infa. 
 mous to make as It would have been to 
 have complied with ; but he gave Godefrlii 
 private Intimation which enabled him to 
 get to sea, where, after making liinueK 
 dreaded as a pirate, he at length finished 
 his life. I 
 
 Athelstan, who, probably, was well In. I 
 formed by spies at the Scottish court of tie I 
 part which Constantinehad taken In aldiui 
 the escape of Godefrld, marched a in.inep I 
 ous army Into Scotland, and so niurh vlij. 
 tressed that country, that Constnntine j 
 found himself obliged to make hla sntk] 
 mission In order to save his country mi] 
 himself from total ruin. Whether his sub. I 
 mission went to the extent of Constnntlne'i I 
 actually acknowledging himself to hold! 
 his crown In real vassalage to the klm 
 which some historians stoutly afllrm acjl 
 others just as stoutly deny, or whether ill 
 went no farther than apology and satisfsj.! 
 tlon for actual offence given, certain ItiJ 
 that Constantlne took the earliest and mnal 
 openopportunlty of showing that he lool^Bll 
 upon the king of England In any otiierl 
 rather than a friendly light. For, when AuW I 
 brother of Constantino's deceased protejil 
 had gotten together a body of Weigh idi|.I 
 contents and Danish pirates, Constantlul 
 joined forces with him, and they iod al 
 Immense body of marauders into Kngliml 
 Undismayed by the numbers of tiioi>| 
 vaders, Athelstan marched his army apiiial 
 them, and, chiefly owing to the vnlniiraiul 
 conduct of Turketul, the then chanceliorJ 
 England, the Invaders were coDiplet^l 
 routed. In this battle, which was foiiftl 
 near Brunanburgh in Northumberland, iT 
 great number of the Welsh and Daiilil 
 leaders perished, and Anlaf and the SccttlJ 
 king, after losing a great part of their lo^c^ 
 were barely able to effect their own oscan 
 
 It Is said, that on the eve of this i™ 
 battle Anlaf was the hero of an adventm 
 In the English camp, like that of Aifreilil 
 Great In the camp of Guthrum the Dji 
 Habited like a minstrel, ho approached a 
 English camp, and his music was so huh 
 admired by the soldiers, that they oitaiM 
 him admission to the king's tent, wherei 
 played during the royal repast, so nniriif 
 the delight of the king and his iioWos.iK 
 on being dismissed he received a veryhai 
 some present. Too politic to betray 1 
 disguise by refusing the present, thenoSl 
 Dane was also far too haughty to retain! 
 and as soon as ho believed himself onl^ 
 the reach of observation, ho burled itlni 
 earth. One of Athelstan's soldiers, wl 
 had formerly fought under the banner j 
 Anlaf, had at the very first sight Imari 
 that he saw his old chief under the dis^ti 
 of a minstrel. In the desire to nsccrtalil 
 his suspicion were correct, he loUoif 
 Anlaf from tho royal tent, and his snspldi 
 was changed into conviction when hei 
 a professedly poor and wandering ralnst 
 burying the king's rich gift. He acco 
 Ingly warned the king that his dnringen^ 
 had been In his tent. At first the king^ 
 very angry that the soldier bad not i 
 
<!PnflTnntr.— ^itja[T0»ibav0« llfwflrf. 
 
 Co 
 
 easAthelstaTi.tlu , 
 % lelgned conncnt 
 raa almost rs infa- 
 ul(l liavo lieeii to ; 
 t he gave GodcfrU 
 'h enabled bim to 
 cr making lilmacll 
 at length flnlsbed 
 
 )nbly, was well In- 
 jcottiBh court oftlie 
 , bad taken in aUllnj 
 marched a iH.ract- 
 d, and 80 nuifUvte 
 that ConstMtlM 
 1 to make Wa sok. 
 ive his country ml 
 n Whether liis sab. 
 tent of Constantlne'i 
 ,g himself to hoU 
 ssalage to the klnt 
 iq Btoutly amrm H 
 deny, or wbctlictii 
 apology and satl5&^ 
 •e given, certain It li 
 • the earliest and nwit 
 iiowlngthathelo'iW 
 ngland In any oilifi 
 light. For .•when ABlit 
 ne'B deceased rrottg«, 
 a body of Welsh mit 
 a pirates, Coiistanttoi 
 him, and they Wi a 
 xrauders Into KiigW 
 ^ iiumbcra of tlioi* 
 irfhedhlBarmyagaml 
 wing to thovalmiraal 
 I the then chancel oid 
 lers were complenii 
 tie. -which vras foii?!i 
 ' in Northumherlanil, 
 ho "Welsh and Ml' 
 AnlafandthoScoti 
 reatpartofthcltfoi 
 '.fleet their own csni 
 the eve of tins gn 
 e hero of an advent' 
 ^HkethatofAlfr(^V 
 of Guthnim the Di 
 ,trel, he approached 
 his music was sn urn 
 
 .lers, that they oMm 
 loklng'stent. where 
 " yal repast, so ijnic 
 
 1,1 ut and his .■'nl'l'-'M 
 he received a very hi 
 
 :« politic to l)c ray 
 g the present, the ml 
 00 haughty to re Mn 
 helleved hlmselt «t 
 nation, ho burU^nln* 
 ithelstan'fl soldiers, i 
 '■ht under the bannn 
 cry first sight \im' 
 chief under the dls 
 the desire to ascert:^ 
 ■a correct, he lollo« 
 Iltent,andhlssu.P 
 conviction when he 
 and wandering mto 
 
 .'a rich gitt. He W 
 ing that his darlngcni 
 it; At first the king 
 
 this discovery while there was yet time 
 to have seized npon the pretended mln- 
 Rtrcl • but the soldier nobly replied, that 
 iiivin'g served under Ahlaf, he could not 
 tiilnk of betraying him to ruin, any more 
 than he now could peril the safety of Athcl- 
 stan himself by neglecting to warn him of 
 Anlaf s espionage. To such a mode of rea- 
 ionlng there could be no reply save that of 
 dmlrlng praise. Having dismissed the sol- 
 ilcr Athclstan pondered on the proba1)lo 
 ons'equence of this stealthy visit paid to 
 its tent by Anlaf ; and it having struck him 
 Iwt it was very likely to bo followed by a 
 'ilcht attack, he Immediately had his tent 
 cinoved. The bishops of that day were to 
 ho full as brave and as fond of war as the 
 ilty, and on that very night a bishop ar- 
 vcd with an armed train to the aid of his 
 iverclg.n. Tlio prelate took up the station 
 ■hich tilt king had vacated ; and at night 
 e king's suspicion was verified with great 
 ixactltude. A sudden attack was made 
 ron the ca up, and the enemy, disdaining 
 11 meaner pi ■'y, rushed straight to the tent 
 hich they su iposed to be occupied by the 
 hig; where .he belligerent bishop and his 
 imedlate attendants were butchered he- 
 ro they had time to prepare for their 
 Icfencc. 
 
 The decisive battle of Brunanbnrgh gave 
 
 tliclstan peace from the D.anos, and he 
 
 voted the remainder of his reign to wise 
 
 id active endeavours to improve the 
 
 laracter and condition of his subjects. 
 
 iveral of his laws were well calculated to 
 
 at end, and there was f)ne which peculiarly 
 
 titles him, even without any reference 
 
 the barbarism of the ago in whlcli he 
 
 ade it, to the character of a profound and 
 
 igaclous thinker. Anxious to encourage 
 
 mercantile spirit among his subjects, he 
 
 alned by this law that any merchant who 
 
 bis own adventure should make tlireo 
 
 ^ voyages should, as a reward, be pro- 
 
 icted to the rank of a thane or gentle. 
 
 After an extremely active.- ^dri'osperous 
 
 :gn,ni)nn which, however, h- endeavour 
 
 persuade the Scottish klnr ito the com- 
 
 isslon of an act of the ff.<-.iest treachery 
 
 i left onedark and ludel'jle stain, though 
 
 le only one, this king C.cA In the year fill, 
 
 dwas succeeded b" his half-brother Ed- 
 
 ond, the legitimate son of Edward the 
 
 Ider. 
 
 Itlmiilatcd by the accession of a new 
 
 g, and the unsettled state of things na- 
 
 illy connected with a new reign, the 
 
 ics of Northumberland broke out Into 
 
 ellion against Edmund as soon ns he 
 
 I ascended the throne. But Edmund 
 
 irched bo promptly against them, and at 
 
 i head of so imposing a force, that they 
 
 itblm with assurances of the most hum- 
 
 and permanent submission, and even 
 
 inntarlly offered to prove their sincerity, 
 
 Guthruni and his followers had formerly 
 
 le to Alfred, by becoming Christians. 
 
 lund accepted their submission, but ho 
 
 ily Judged that the submission extorted 
 
 an armed force was not Ukely to last 
 
 icb longer than the fear which that force 
 
 kened; and he therefore removed the 
 
 Burgtier Danes from the Mercian towns 
 
 in which they had. been allowed to settle. 
 A wise precaution ; as they had invariably 
 taken advantage of their situation to aid 
 rebellious or Invading Danes to penetrate 
 Into the very heart of the kingdom. 
 
 Cumberland, in the hands of the Welsh 
 Britons, had been on many occasions a sore 
 annoyance to the northern portion of tho 
 English dominion, and Edmund took an 
 opportunity to wrest it from the Britons 
 and to bestow it as a military flef on Scot- 
 land, that power accepting It on condition 
 of protecting the northern part of England 
 from Danisli incursion. 
 
 Edmund's active and useful reign had 
 only endured six years, when he was mur- 
 dered under circumstances which give us 
 a strange notion of the domestic habits of 
 royalty at that day. He was seated at a 
 banquet, at Gloucester, when an Infamous 
 robber, named Leolf, whom ho had some 
 time before condemned to banishment, 
 entered the hall of banquet, and seated 
 himself at tho royal table with as cool an 
 assurance as though he had been a favoured 
 as well as an Innocent and loyal subject. 
 The king angrily ordered the fellow from 
 tlie room, and, on receiving some Insolent 
 refusal, seized him by tho throat and en- 
 deavoured to thrust him out. Whether tho 
 rufilan had from the first Intended to as- 
 sassinate tho king, or whether the king's 
 strength and passion alarmed the robber 
 for his own life, is uncertain ; but, from 
 whichever cause, Leolf suddenly drew his 
 dagger and killed the king on the spot : 
 A.D. 910. 
 
 Edmund was succeeded by his brother 
 Edred ; another Instance of Irregularity in 
 the succession, as Edmund left children, 
 but so young that they were deemed unfit 
 for the throne : and It would seem that tho 
 mutual jealousy of tho Saxon nobles as yet 
 prevented them from th'nklng of a tempo- 
 rary regency, as a means at once of pre- 
 serving the direct order of succession, and 
 remedying tho nonage of tho direct heir 
 to the crown. The new king had no sooner 
 ascended his throne than tho Danes of 
 Northumberland proved how justly Athel- 
 stan had judged of their sincerity, by 
 breaking the peace to which they had so 
 solemnly pledged themselves. But Edred 
 advancing upon them with a numerous 
 army, they met him with tho same submis- 
 sive aspect which had disarmed the wrath 
 of his predecessor. The king, however, was 
 so much provoked at their early disobedi- 
 ence to him, that he would not allow their 
 humility to prevent him from inflicting a 
 severe punishment upon them. Ho, accord- 
 ingly, put many of them to the sword, and 
 plundered an d burned their country to a con- 
 siderable extent; and then, his wrath appeas- 
 ed, he consented to receive their oath of al- 
 legiance and withdrew his troops. Scarcely 
 had ho done so when these ever-faithless 
 people again broke out Into rebellion, per- 
 haps prompted on this particular occasion 
 less by any merely mischievous feeling, 
 than by tho real and terrible distress to 
 which the king's severity had reduced them. 
 This new revolt was, however, speedily 
 quelled, and he appointed an English go> 
 
96 
 
 ULl^e €vsni\iru of W^tax^, ict. 
 
 VPrnor of Norlliuinbcrlaiid, ami placed gar- 
 risons In all thu chief towns to enable lilm 
 to support his authority. Kdred about this 
 time also mado Malcolm of Scotland repeat 
 Ills homage for his flef of Northumberland. 
 Though Bdred, ns his conduct thus early 
 in his reign demonstrated, was both abrave 
 and an active prince, he was extremely su- 
 perstitious. He delighted to be surrounded 
 I by priests ; and to his especial favourite 
 I Dunstan,* abbot of Canterbury, he not only 
 committed some of the most influential 
 and important offices of the state, but also, 
 j to a very ridiculous extent, surrendered the 
 guidance of his own common sense. Of a 
 haughty temper, and extremely ambitious, 
 this monk, in order to have tools for the 
 accomplishment of his wide-spreading pur- 
 poses of self-aggrandlsemont, Introducsd 
 Into England a groat number of a new 
 order of monks, the Benedictines, who, 
 laying a stress upon celibacy beyond that 
 laid by any former order, and professing 
 generally a more rigid way of life and a 
 greater purity of heart, were, in trutli, the 
 mere tools of the vast and still increasing 
 ambition of llome, to which the practice of 
 coIll)acy among the priestiiooU was especi- 
 ally favourable, as they who thus debarred 
 themselves from conjugal and paternal ties 
 could not fail to be more willing and pas- 
 sive servants. 
 
 To introduce this new and entirely sub- 
 servient order of monks into England was 
 greatly desired by the pope ; and the am- 
 bitious policy of Dunstan, and his almost 
 despotic power over the superstitious mind 
 of Edred, afforded full opportunity for 
 doing so. The influence of Dunstan, indeed, 
 was very great over the people as well as 
 over the king ; though be commenced life 
 under circumstances which would have 
 ruined a man of less determined ambition, 
 and of less pliant and accomplished hypo- 
 crisy than bis. Of noble birth, and enjoying 
 the great advantage of having been edu- 
 cated by his uncle, the accomplished Ad- 
 helm, archbishop of Canterbury, he entered 
 the church early in life, but with so little 
 of real vocation to the sacred profession, 
 tliat his way of life procured him a most 
 unenviable character; and king Edmund, 
 in wliose reign thiF^ famous saint of the 
 Ilomish calendar commenced his career, 
 looked coldly upon a priest whose de- 
 bauchery was represented to be such as 
 would disgrace even a layman. Enraged at 
 finding his ambition thus suddenly checked, 
 lie was not the less determined that the 
 check should ba but temporary. Affecting 
 to be suddenly stricken with penitence and 
 shame, he secluded himself, at flrst from 
 the court, and then altogetiierf rom society. 
 Ho had a cell mado for his residence, of 
 such scant dimensions, that he could nei- 
 ther stand fully upright in it, nor stretch 
 himself out at full length when sleeping ; 
 and in this miserable dwelling, if dwelling 
 it can be called, he perpetually turned from 
 prayer to manual labour, and from manual 
 
 <« Compare the Ufo of Dunitan aa given by 
 Iiapiwnber^, Hiatory of England under the Anglo. 
 Btxon Kloga, vol. if. p. 139, tee. 
 
 labour to prayer, during all his hours, ok- 
 copt the very few which ho allowed liimsci' 
 for sleep. The austerity of his life iinpnsni 
 upon the Imaginations of the supcrstitlniH 
 people, wlio considered austerity the Biiii»t 
 of all proofs of sanctity ; and when, wlu'- 
 ther in mere and unmingled hypocrisy, iv 
 in part hypocrisy and part self-dclualou, 1; ■ 
 pretended to be frequently visited ,ui,i 
 tempted by Satan in person, his tale tnwai 
 greedy listeners and ready believers. From 
 one degree of absurdity to another Is but 
 an easy step for vulgar credulity. It bdn? 
 once admitted that Satan, provoked or 
 grieved by the Immaculate life and fervent 
 piety of the recluse, visited him to tomrt 
 hini Into sin, what difficulty could tliiro 
 be in supposing that the recluse roslstcil.i 
 long time only with prayer, but at Icnstli 
 resorted to physical force, and held the 
 fleud by tho nose with a rcd-liot pair n( 
 tongs, until he shrieked aloud with ni?iiiiy 
 and promised to abstain for the future fnini' 
 Ills unholy importunity? Such was thct,ile 
 whU'li Dunstan, tho recluse, had the imd:). 
 city to offer to public belief, and fucIi km 
 tho tale to whicli the public listened with 
 attentive cars, and gave ' faith and fuu 
 credence.' When a long seclusion, anj 
 carefully circulated rumours of his plotj 
 and self-mortiflcation, h.ad done away wiui 
 tho ill impressions which had been oxcitAl 
 l)y wilder, but, in reality, far less censiir- 
 able conduct of his earlier days, Dun-tra 
 once more made liis appearance at cmm; 
 and, as Edred was deeply tinged with a' 
 pcrstltious feeling, the priest was kitijir 
 receive(' at flrst, and very soon favourrfi 
 and promoted above ail the other cuuriier;. 
 Raised to tlio direction of tlie treasury, iiii 
 being, moreover, the king's privatoadvi.fr 
 in all import.aut concerns, Dunstan 
 immense power and Influence, wlilcli b 
 used to advance the great object of liomel 
 in substituting tho devoted monks for tW 
 comparatively Independent secular clcrir, 
 who, having family ties and affections, 
 were not sufficiently prostrate or biindlf 
 obedient to suit the papal purpose. Ditria; 
 nine years— the length of Edred's rcign- 
 tho monks made immense progress Inki^ 
 land. They enlisted the feelings of (^ 
 people on their side by their severe as 
 pasalonatedeclamationsagalnsttheworjli 
 lives, and especially against the niarriWj 
 of tho secular clergy, whose wives tliejiKi 
 Bisted in calling by tho opprobrious lui 
 of concubines. And though the secul 
 clergy, who possessed both jilont 
 wealth, exerted themselves manfully, ns 
 only to defend their own lives, but also 
 expose the hypocrisy, pretended purity, 
 actual and even shameful woridliness 
 sensuality of tlieir opponents, the pon 
 and credit of Dunstan weighed fcarfiir 
 against them. The death of Edred, vW 
 occurred in 955, revived tlielr hopes, 
 threatened to stop the progress of 
 monks, and to lower the credit of tl 
 patron, Dunstan. 
 
 The children of Edred were still In thi 
 Infancy when he died ; and his neplii 
 Edmund's son Edwy, who had himself 
 passed over iu favour of Edred ou the sai 
 
 !SS 
 
 dnmkenne 
 Wj' escaped, 
 'iwyhad not 
 
 ice in his ecu; 
 !ct revenge fo 
 "Meful insult 
 
 !8 It over wli 
 .with Indire 
 'Dunstan was 
 iw and unwor 
 
 to be by the 
 
 WBuspeotUi 
 
(E^nglantr.— ^nslO'l^aron Hino^r. 
 
 97 
 
 I 
 
 I hl9 hours, cv- 
 ivllowi'il hlmsi'l". , 
 Ills life Impoi-nl I 
 he auperstltloiis ', 
 tcrlty the Buvcst i 
 and when, v\v- 
 ed hypocrisy, i r 
 Bell-dclusloii, \; ■ 
 My visited Mill 
 )n, his talo tmwA 
 rijeUevers. From 
 to another Is imt 
 cdullty. Itljeins 
 tan. provokea ot 
 to Ufo and fcvvcia | 
 ted him to tomvi i 
 culty could tluro I 
 I rccluso rcslstcU 
 Ypr. tout at lenstli 
 Irce and held the 
 1 a red-hot pair ol 
 I aloud with agmiy 
 forthefntnrelv"ra| 
 ? such was the talo 
 •Uise, had the uud;i- 
 ollcf.and pucUwm 
 ubllc listened wuti 
 Ivo' faith aiulMl 
 
 iimouvs ot hb inc 
 bad done away Will 
 Ich had been c\tm 
 llty, far less fcnsw-, 
 
 iftvller days, Vw^a 
 ftPliearancc!itc"im; 
 .eplytlngcdwuift- 
 'he priest was kiM;; 
 very boou favour^ 
 illthc other couttto 
 mofthctrcasury.Mll 
 king's private advwil 
 hicern3. Dunstan Ml 
 ■^ Uifluence, wlilcli k.l 
 Krcat object of UoiBtl 
 Bevoted monks fnrit. 
 iidcnt secular clcrg 
 - tics and altection^ 
 y prostrate or um 
 lL?al purpose. Durujl 
 '^tli of Bdred's reign- 
 ensoproKressluEn?^ 
 the feelings ot tl 
 £ i,y their severe a- I 
 onsagalnstthcwoJii 
 acalSst the marna« 
 whose wives tlien« 
 tho opprobrious « 
 a though the ?'■««: 
 oapd both .ale t a 
 muclves manfully,! 
 ?^wnllvc9,hutasoJ 
 
 fdTathofKJ«a,^.h 
 lived their hope^, 
 
 Upcount, now gucceeded to the throne. Ho 
 
 »«« at the time of hta acceBslon only about 
 
 Mvcntcon years of age, and WeFsed with a 
 
 «no person and a powerful and well-trained 
 
 mind But all his natural and acquired 
 
 .nod 'aualltles were rendered of but little 
 
 S«e to hlra by the enmity of the monks, 
 
 rtth whom ho had a serious quarrel at the 
 
 cry commencemcEt of his career. 
 
 Opposed to the marriage of clerks nlto- 
 
 ptlier the monks were scarcely less hostile 
 
 n the marriage of laics within the degrees 
 
 "f affliilty forbidden by the canon law. 
 
 'dwy. passionately in love with the prin- 
 
 s3 Elglva, to whom he was related within 
 
 oso dcgiees, was too Inexperienced to 
 
 rcclve all the evils that might result to 
 
 ith himself and the fair Elglva from his 
 
 Irovoking the fierce, bigoted, and now very 
 
 iffcrful monks ; and In deHpite of all the 
 
 vleoand warnings of the ecclesiastics he 
 
 roused her. The coarse ar<l violent cen- 
 
 rc which the monks tooK occasion to 
 
 j3 upon the marriage aggravated the dls- 
 
 c which, on account of their gloom ami 
 
 verity, Edwy had always felt to the 
 
 ionks,' whom he took every occasion to dia- 
 
 inolnt in their endeavours to possess thcm- 
 
 ilves of the couventB belongint; to the 
 
 cular clergy. 
 
 Iftlioklng had disliked the monks, the 
 
 loiikB now bated the king witli a most 
 
 Ittcr hatred. By his marriage he had of- 
 
 indcdth«lr rigid bigotry, by his favour to 
 
 10 seculars he disappointed their avarice ; 
 
 id favoured and advised as they were 
 
 r a personage at once so able, crafty, 
 
 idaclnus, and powerful as Dunstan, It 
 
 ded not the spirit of prophecy toforcsee 
 
 ,t Edwy would Infallibly bo their victim. 
 
 IS If to show that they were determined 
 
 carry their hatred to the utmost extent, 
 
 y chose the very day of the coronation 
 
 their flrst manifestation of it. The 
 
 ons, like their ancestors the ancient 
 
 mans, drank deep, and were wotit to 
 
 but riotous and uncoutlj companions in 
 
 if cups. Both Jrom his youth and his 
 
 ural temper, Kdwy was averse to this 
 
 Je and riotous wassail ; and as his nobles, 
 
 Lis coronation feast, began to pass the 
 
 iiids of temperance, he took an oppor- 
 
 ity to quit the banqueting apartment 
 
 go to that of his young and lovely 
 
 u, He was Instantly followed thither 
 
 itlie haughty and insolent Dunstan, and 
 
 jOdo, archbishop of Canterbury. These 
 
 isumptuous churchmen upbraided him 
 
 ithe most severe terms for his alleged 
 
 iriousucss, applied the coarsest cpltlicts 
 
 the alarmed queen, and fluished by 
 
 iting him back into tho scene of riot 
 
 drunkenness from which ho bad so 
 
 sly escaped. 
 
 >y had not sufficient power and in- 
 
 ice in bis court to take Imiucdiate and 
 
 ict revenge tor this most flagrant and 
 
 iceful insult ; but he felt it too deeply 
 
 18 it over without visiting It, at the 
 
 I, with indirect punishment. Awaro 
 
 Dunstan was by no means the imma- 
 
 itfi and unworldly person he was sup- 
 
 ' to be by the Ignorant multitude, and 
 
 ly suspcctiJig tliat be bad taken ad- 
 
 vantage of the weakness and superstition 
 of Edred greatly to enrich liimseif, he de- 
 sired him to give an account of his receipts 
 and expenditure during that prince's reign. 
 Dunstan, with characteristic insolence, re- 
 fused to give any account of monies which 
 he affirmed to have br.-n expended by order 
 of Edred, and which he, on that account, 
 pretended that Edwy had no right to en- 
 quire about. 
 
 Enraged at the insolence of Dunstan, 
 and yet not altogether displeased at being 
 furnished with so good a pretext for rid- ] 
 ding tho court of tho powerful and haughty 
 ecclesiastic, Edvry urged this refusal against 
 him as a certain proof of conscious malver- 
 sation, and ordered him to lea\ o tho king- 
 dom. Powerful as Dunstan w.s, he was 
 not yet in a condition to dispute such an 
 order; ho could brutally insult the king, 
 but he did not as yet dare openly to rebel 
 against the kingly authority. Uo went 
 abroad, therefore, but he left behind, in 
 tho person of Odo, tho archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, one who was both quail Qed and 
 willing to supply his place in brutality 
 to the king personally, and in traitonms 
 intrlgde against his royal authority. Odo 
 and the monks seized upon the banish- 
 ment of Dunstan, richly as his conduct liiid 
 merited a severer punishment, as a themo 
 upon which to sound anew the praises of 
 that accomplished hypocrite, and to blacken 
 tho character of the king and queen in tliu 
 eyes of tho people. In so bigoted and 
 ignorant an age such tactics as tliese were 
 sure to succeed ; and having made the kln^ 
 hateful, as well as the queen, whom they 
 represented as tho wicked and artful se- 
 ducer of her husband into evil conduct, 
 both as a man and sovereign, Odo and his 
 base tools at length ventured from whis- 
 pered calumny and falsehood to violence 
 the most undisguised, and to cruelty tho 
 most Inhuman and detestable. 
 
 Considering their opposition to Edwy's 
 marriage with his ousin to be thu chief 
 cause of his opposition to their interests. 
 Ode and the monkish party hated tho queen 
 even more bitterly than they did the king 
 himself. Proceeding to the palace with a 
 strong guard, Odo seized upon the lovely 
 queen, branded her face with hot irons to 
 efface those charms which had wrought so 
 much evil to tho ambitious churchmen, 
 and carried her Into Irelr.nd, where it was 
 intended that she should be kept under 
 strict surveillance for the remainder of her 
 life. Edwy was naturally both brave and 
 passionate, but he was powerless in the 
 hands of the ^lly monks aa a lion in the 
 toils of the hunters ; ho tenderly loved his 
 unhappy queen, but he could neither save 
 her from this horrible outrage, nor even 
 punish her brutal and unmanly persecutors. 
 Nay more, when Odo, after having tor- 
 tured and exiled the queen, demanded tb.at 
 she should be formally divorced, so much 
 more powerful was the crozler than the 
 sceptre, that the unhappy Edwy was obliged 
 to yield. 
 
 Brutally as Elglva had been treat -1. the 
 brutality of her enemies failed of its ;'>iain 
 Object; though she suffered much from ber 
 U 
 
 m 
 
\i 
 
 98 
 
 C^e ^vtnixivn of ^iitotVt itt* 
 
 Wom>da,the/V, ilngiiiarly onou«li, lef t scnrco- 
 ly a scar to dlmlnlHti her rnre beauty. Awaro 
 of the tyrniiny wlilcli Imd been prnctlifcd to 
 cause Edwy to divorce licr.and coiislderliiK 
 liersolf still lilA lawful wife In the sight of 
 Beaven, slie oludod the vigllanob of tlioso 
 who wero appolntel to watch her iiiovo- 
 nients, and inndo her escape back to Kiig- 
 land. Hut beforo she could reach her hus- 
 band her escape was made known to Odo, 
 and she was Intercepted on the road by a 
 party of his emissaries, by whom she was 
 hamstringed ; and all surgical aldbelngdo- 
 nled her, she In a few days died, In the most 
 fearful agonies. In the city of Ulnucestor. 
 So completely monk-rlddcn wero the Igno- 
 rant iieoplo, that even this most detest- 
 able and inniatura! cruelty, which ought 
 to have caused one universal outcry against 
 the miscreants who luiitlgatcd It, was looked 
 upon by the people merely as a punishment 
 duo to the sinful opposlthni of king and 
 queen to the canon law and the holy monks. 
 
 Having gone as fur as wo have related, In 
 treason, it cannot bo wondered at that the 
 Jiionks now proceeded to arm for the de- 
 thronement of tlieir inihappy king. They 
 set up as ills competitor his younger bro- 
 ther Edgar, who was at this time a youth 
 of only thirteen or fourteen years of ago; 
 and they soon took possession. In his name, 
 of East Auglla, Mercia, and Northumber- 
 land. Edwy was now confined to the south- 
 ern counties of bis kingdom ; and to add to 
 Ills danger and dlstre.-is, his haughty and Im- 
 l)lacablo enemy, Dunstan, openly returned 
 to England to lend his powerful Influenco 
 to Edgar In this unnatural civil strife. Ho 
 was nmdo bishop, tlrst of ■Worcester and 
 then of London, and, Odo dying, Dunstan 
 was then promoted to the archbishopric of 
 Canterbury; Brithelm, who had been first 
 appointed to succeed Odo, being *orcibly 
 expelled for that purpose. 
 
 The consummate craft of Dunstan fear- 
 fully aggravated the evils of Edwy's con- 
 dition, for the wily churchman caused him 
 to bo excommunicated, a eenteuce which 
 In that rude and Ignorant age would have 
 Butllced to crush a far more powerful mo- 
 narch than he had been, even before rebel- 
 lion had divided his kingdom. 
 
 If we may judge from the unrelenting 
 purpose shown by Dunstan, the utter de- 
 thronement of Edwy, and his exile, or vio- 
 lent death, would have been the sole termi- 
 nation of this disgraceful affair ; but from 
 the Bin of his murder his enemies were 
 Bpared by his untimely and rather sudden 
 death, hastened no doubt by the miseries of 
 Which he had constantly been the victim. 
 
 Edgar, for whom for their own purposes 
 Dunstan and the monks had usurped a part 
 of the kingdom, now became the undis- 
 puted sovereign of the whole. Though very 
 young at this time, belngonly In the seven- 
 teenth year uf his age, this prince showed 
 a profound, wily, and politic genius. De- 
 sirous of consolidating and improving his 
 kingdom, and of procuring It a high degree 
 of credit among foreign nations, he seems 
 to have clearly perceived that he could 
 only preserve the lutemal peace which was 
 Indispensabie to bis purposes, by keeping 
 
 the favour of Dunstan and tho monk» o' 
 whoso power lie had seen bo many pp'oti 
 in tho case of his unfortunate hrotlier 
 Well knowing their eager desiro to wit.i 
 all tho religious property of tho klim'iiuin 
 from tho hands of tho secular clergy, hobo, 
 stowed church r>referment on the partlfani 
 oftheuionkB exclusively. To Oswnidand 
 Ethelwold, two of the creatures of Diir^tM 
 ho gave the valuable sees of Worcestur and' 
 Winchester ; and he consulted them, atij 
 especially Dunstan, not merely upmi tlmse 
 affairs which more especially coni.vriuiliiK! 
 church, but oven in many caaes upon tlmio 
 of a purely civil nature. Uy this gciuni 
 Bubservlcncy to tho ecclesiastics, Kdpirio 
 cured so strong an Interest with thcni.tiiat 
 even when he occasionally dllTerril from 
 them, and preferred the dictates of lil!io\tii 
 strong sense to their bigoted or lnt<'ri'st(j 
 advice, he was allowed to proceed wltlioui 
 any angry feeling, or at least, witliout ani 
 open opi)ogltlon. There was a most Rtnrtlloj 
 difference In the treatment bestowed liytlij 
 monks upon this princo, and that whitli 
 they Inflicted upon hia unhappy brothfr 
 As tho nuinks founded their claim to til 
 veneration of mankind upon their siiiiorlor 
 piety, and more especially upon tliiirin. 
 violal;le observance of their vow of cliastii;, 
 BO they had mado tho alleged 1 jwdnesj lii 
 Edwy the excuse for their abominable tKati 
 ment of that prince and queen Elglva, Tsi 
 if lewdness had Indeed been so Imteful n 
 them as to Impel them to barbarity towaraj 
 a lovely and defenceless wonuiu, and tu t»| 
 I)olllon and treason towards their soveriiei 
 Edgar was tenfold more deserving tbi| 
 violent opposition than even tlioir 
 statements showed Edwy to bo. The lot} 
 iiess of Edgar, after his pliant and ivlid 
 suliservlency to tho monks.was the limit 
 tingulshing trait In his character. On o. 
 occasion ho actually broke Into a rniiviii 
 seized a nun, Uy name Editha, ami luttH 
 violated her. For this twofold oiiirai 
 against chastity and religion, tlieliyirjcrj 
 Dunstan, who bad nnitllated ICIgiva, mi 
 persecuted Edwy oven to his umiDK 
 grave, nutrely for a niarriago wliirh was 
 worst Irregular, and which a bull fidin il 
 pope would have mado regular, 8( iiteci 
 Edgar to tho absurdly puerile punitlmii 
 of abstaining for seven years from w 
 hlB crown I 
 
 As If to make the favour shown tn 
 by tho monks quite conclusive, ns to 
 hypocrisy of the pretences upon wlilcli 
 had persecuted his unfortunate liroti 
 this prince not merely Indulged Indlsi 
 ful amours, he actually obtained his gci 
 wife by murder I The story is sudlcia 
 striking In Itself to deserve to be related! 
 some length, but it demands to be 
 latcd as a final and conclusive proof of 
 utter hypocrisy of tho monks In their gi 
 and barbarous treatment of king Bdwr, 
 
 Elfrlda, daughter and heiress of the 
 of Devonshire, was bo extremely beaul 
 that it was no wonder the renown o( 
 charms reached the court, and the Ii 
 mable Edgar resolved that If report 
 not exaggerated the beauty of the lad;^ 
 would make ber bis wiXe ; tbe wealtli,r 
 
C^alAtt^*~^if8la'^aK<"t itCno*. 
 
 99 
 
 id tbo roonk>,o*. 
 I BO many pmnfj 
 )rtunatn liroilier. 
 f deslro tn wn*t 
 J of U>o Ulm?(lom 
 jularclcrBy.liotjc. 
 it on tlio psirtljans 
 f. To OswaWaiid 
 aturcBof DimstM, 
 ) ol Worcester anil 
 [iBUUed them, and 
 merely upim tliose 
 ,lallycoiieerm't\th« 
 ly cases upon tlmse 
 J By this* fciHTsi 
 ioBlnstlcs.KilRarsiv , 
 ■I'gtwltli tliem.tliat 
 iially dlffleved Irom 
 ) dictates ol Ills nn 
 aoted or liitcrijttl 
 to proceed wUlmui 
 t looBt, wltUnut any L 
 iwasainoststartlUil 
 icnt bestowed bytlit I 
 ico. and that wliitil 
 IB unhappy hrothitl 
 \ their cliilm totkil 
 \ uiiou their Hii-crlotl 
 
 'daily "I'O" ''"^^'' '"'I 
 their vow of cliastiiji 
 
 , ftllcKed lJw1iie83(ll 
 hclrabomlnalilotmH 
 ndquccuElgiva. Till 
 •d heen so hiiteWiil 
 ntolMirl)arltytowaw| 
 ,.gs woman, ana to i»| 
 iwards their anveniBil 
 more descrvint-' ih.'| 
 than even ll'tlr (^^ 
 tedwytohe. TlieHJ 
 hla pliant and Vial 
 ,onks.wa3thein»;t 4 
 hla character. On '-i 
 
 l,roko Into a cmivcni 
 10 Edltha. am fur* 
 
 thU twofold mm 
 iTellptlon,thL;l>.yi''i"j 
 imitllated ••l«i^'|; ^ 
 oven to hl3 mmd 
 
 nmrrlagowlnc.™* 
 1 which a hull {mm ij 
 
 ado regular, sei.tocj 
 dly puerile punUhrag 
 ^Jn years from wcid 
 
 favour shown to 
 
 10 conclusive, as o 
 
 Eteucesuponwh K 
 
 g unfortunate 1 roU 
 
 «1v indulged in dlsgn 
 
 mflyohta»n»^^'''i"''< 
 The story la sufflc.e. 
 ideserA-e to he relate! 
 
 t Suds to be so 
 conclusive proof oil 
 the monks in the rp, 
 itmentofklngm 
 rand heiress of the I 
 ■IBM extremely beaui 
 nder the renown ol 
 he court, and the 1l 
 K that if report 
 heheautyottheM 
 
 m and character of her father forbidding 
 fiven the unscrupulous and lowd Kdgar from 
 hoDlntf to obtain her on any less honourable 
 ternis Being anxious not to commit hlm- 
 «Bli by any advances to the parents of the 
 Ittdv uiitU quite sure that she was really as 
 Burnasslngly beatitlful as she was reported 
 to be lio sent Ills ^lVourlto luul conlldant, 
 tlio carl Athelwood, to visit tho earl of 
 Devon as if by mere accident, that he might 
 ludBO whether tho charms of Klfrlda really 
 1 were such as would adorn tho throne. Earl 
 uiiolwold fulflUed his mission very faith- 
 fully as regarded tho vl»lt, but, unlmiiiilly 
 fof ji'linself, hofound the charms of Klfrlda 
 10 much to his own tasto, that ho forgot 
 tho curiosity of his master, and sued the 
 lady on hla own account. AVell knowing 
 that with the king for on avowed rival his 
 lult would have little chance of success. 
 Ills first caro was to lull tho eager anxiety 
 [of Edgar by assuring him that In this case, 
 13 in most eases, runumr with her thousand 
 oiiKues had becti guilty of tho grossest ox- 
 iireratlon, and that the wealth and rank of 
 Ifrlda bad caused her to bo renowned for 
 iiarms so moderate, that in a woman of 
 iwcr degree they w'ould never bo noticed. 
 lit tliinigh tho charms of Elfrlda, carl 
 tliclwold added, by uu means lltted lior 
 irt'io throne, her fortune would make her 
 very acceptable countess for himself, 
 ^ould the consent and recommendation 
 ,t bis gracious master accompany Ills suit 
 ) her parents. 
 
 Fully believing that his favourite re Uly 
 119 actuated only by mercenary views, 
 Idrar clieerfuUy gave him tho permission 
 d reconunendation ho solicited, and in 
 jality of a favoured courtier ho easily 
 •ocured the consent of tlio lady -to whom 
 >had already made himself far from In- 
 iffercnt— and of her parents, llo had 
 larccly become possessed of his beautiful 
 idovben lie began to retlect upon wliat 
 juld bo tho probable consequences of n 
 ftectlon liy tho king of tho fraud that had 
 u practised to gain his consent to tho 
 nlage. In order to postpone this do- 
 tion as long as possII)le, ho framed a 
 ;ety of pretences for keeping his lovely 
 le at a distance from tho court; and as 
 report of the homeliness of Klfrlda had 
 jpletcly cooled tho fancy of tho king, 
 lAthelwold began to hope that his de- 
 it would never bo discovered. But tho 
 adage that • a favourite has no friends ' 
 proved in his case ; enemies desirous of 
 lag hmi made Ills fraud known to tho 
 g, and spoke more rapturously than ever 
 the charms of Elfrlda, Enraged at the 
 icptlon practised upon him, but carefully 
 ambling his real motives and purpose, 
 king told Athelwold that he would pay 
 ia>isltand be Introduced to his wife. 
 Buehau intimation the unfortunate earl 
 Id make no objection which would not 
 loUy and at once betray his perilous 
 ret; but he obtained permission to pre- 
 le the king, under pretence of making 
 preparation to receive him, but in 
 itTto prevail upon Elfrida to disguise 
 bca-ity and rusticate her behaviour as 
 u possible. This sbo promised, and 
 
 probably at flrat intended to do. But, on 
 rotlcction, she considered herself injured 
 by tho deception which had cost her the 
 throne, and, so far from complying with her 
 unfortunate husband's desire, she called 
 to the aid of her charms all the asslit- 
 anco of tho most becoming dress, and all 
 tho seductions of the most graceful and 
 accomplished behaviour. Fascinated with 
 her beauty, Edgar was beyond all ozpres- 
 sion enraged at the deceit by which his 
 favourite had contrived to cheat him of a 
 wife so lovely ; and having enticed tlie un- 
 fortunate carl into a forest on a hunting 
 excursion, he put him to death with hia 
 own hand, and soon after married Elfrlda. 
 whoso perlldy to bor murdered huaband 
 made her, indeed, a very fit spouse tot tho 
 uuirderer. 
 
 Though much of this monarcli's time 
 was devoted to dissolute pleasures, he by 
 no means neglected public business, moro 
 especially of that kind which procured him 
 tho Indulgcnco of the monks for all his 
 worst vices. 
 
 Much as tho monks and tho king had 
 done towards wresting tho church property 
 from tho hands of the secular clergy, much 
 still remained to be done; and Edgar, 
 doubtless acting upon the advice of Bun- 
 stan, summoned a council, consisting of 
 the prelates and heads of religious ordora. 
 To this council he made a passionate speech 
 in reprobation of tho dissolute and scanda- 
 lous lives which ho atflrmed to bo notorious- 
 ly led l)y the secular clergy : their neglect of 
 clerical duty ; their openly living with con- 
 cubines, for so lie called their wives ; their 
 participation in hunting and other sports 
 of tho laity; and— singular fault to call 
 forth tho declamation of a k'ng and em- 
 ploy the wisdom of a solemn council— tho 
 smallncsB of their tonsure I Affecting to 
 blame Uuustan for having by too much 
 lenity In some sort encouraged the disorders 
 of tho secular clergy, the accomplished dis- 
 sembler supposed the pious Edrod to look 
 down from heaven, and t.'ius to speak : 
 
 ' It waa by your advice, Bunstan, that I 
 founded monasteries, built churches, and 
 expended my treasures in the support of 
 religion ond religious htiiines. You were 
 my counsellor and myasL iitant in all my 
 schemes ; you were tlie director of my con- 
 science ; to you I was In all things obe- 
 dient. When did you call for supplies which 
 I refused you? Was my assistance ever 
 withheld from the poor? Bid I deny esta- 
 blishments and support to tho convents and 
 the clergy? Bid 1 not hearken to your In- 
 structions when you told me that these 
 charities were, beyond all others, the most 
 grateful to my Maker, and did I not In 
 consequence flx a perpetual fund for the 
 support of religion? And are all our pious 
 endeavours now to be frustrated by the dis- 
 solute lives of the clergy? Not that I 
 throw any blame upon you ; you have rea- 
 soned, besought, inculcated, and inveighed, 
 but It now behoves you to use sharper and 
 more vigorous remedies j and, conjoining 
 your spirit^lal authointy with the civil power, 
 to purge effectually the temple oj Ooa from 
 thieves and intntders.' 
 
•■lolitit 
 
 f'fftt-" 
 
 vAt j—Jts-.---,-. ,_ . 
 
 100 
 
 Clje Crrailuru of ^Utary, ^c. 
 
 Tlio words which we give In Italics wcru 
 dcclsivo M to tho whole quoBtlon ; tho liiiio- 
 cciico of tho secular elerKy> as a body, could 
 avail thcni nolhln^ aKnln»t thU unluu of 
 civil power and iiplrltual authority, backed 
 and cheered ns that union waH by tho 
 people, whom the hypocritical pretences of 
 tho monks bad made sincerely favourable 
 to those affected purists; and tho monkUh 
 discipline shortly prevailed in nearly every 
 religious bouse In the land. 
 
 Much as all honourable minds must 
 blame tho means by which Edgar preserved 
 the favour of tho formidable monks, all 
 candid minds roust award hini the praise 
 of having made goo<l use of the power ho 
 thus preserved In his own hands. He not 
 only kept up a strong and well-dlsclpllncd 
 land force, in constant readliieas to defend 
 any part of his kingdom that might be at- 
 tacked, but ho also built and kept up an 
 excellent navy, tho vigilance and strength 
 of which greatly diminished the chance of 
 any such attack being mode. Awed by his 
 navy, the Danes abroad dared not attempt 
 to invade his country; and constantly 
 watciicd and kept in chock l>y his army, 
 tho domestic Danes perceived that turbu- 
 lence on their part could produce no effect 
 but their own speedy and utter ruin. Ills 
 neighbours of Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and 
 tho adjacent isles, held him In equal re- 
 spect ; and, upon the whole, no king of 
 England ever showed himself either more 
 desirous or more able to preserve to his 
 kingdom the invaluable bcneHts of peace at 
 home and respect abroaU. In proof of 
 the extent to which he carried his ascend- 
 ancy over the nolglibourlng and tiil)utary 
 princes, it is oltlrmed that being at Chester, 
 and desiring to visit tho abbey of St. John 
 the Baptist, in the neighbourhood of that 
 city, he actually paused his barge to be 
 rowed thither by eight of those princes. In- 
 cluding Kenneth the Third, king of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 The useful arts received a great Impulse 
 during this reign by the encouragement 
 given by Edgar to ingenious and In- 
 dustrious foreigners to settle among his 
 Bubjects. Another benefit which he con- 
 ferred upon his kingdom was that of tho 
 extirpation of wolves, which at the com- 
 mencement of his reign were very nume- 
 rous and mischievous. By giving rewards 
 to those who put these animals to death, 
 they were at length hunted into tho moun- 
 tainous and woody country of Wales, and 
 In order that even there so miscliiovous a 
 race might find no peace, he commuted tho 
 money tribute due from Wales to England 
 to a tribute of three hundred wolves' heads 
 to be sent to him annually, which policy 
 speedily caused their utter destruction. 
 After a busy reign of sixteen years this 
 prince, still In tho flower of his age, being 
 only thirty-three, died, and was succeeded 
 by bis son Edward in tho year 975. 
 
 CUAPtFr IX. 
 From the Accession of Edward the Martyr to 
 
 the Death of Canute. 
 Edward II., 8ul)scqueiitly surnamed tlie 
 Martyr, though bla death bad nothing to 
 
 do with religion, was the son of lOd^nr hy 
 that prince's tlrst wife, and was only mwi 
 years of age when ho succee-ied tu Hi,, 
 thnme. Ills youth encouraged liU sti'ii. 
 mother, Elfrlda, to endeavour to »{>t. iij|,|„ 
 his succession in favour of her own sin 
 mid his half-brother, Ethclred, wlio nt tliii 
 time was only seven years old. Thl.s n. 
 treniely bad woman pretcuded tbat tii,. 
 marriage of her huxband to his lliMt v,-\h 
 was on several accounts invalid, and m lut 
 beauty and art had been very oucccsstuiiy 
 exerted In securing favour during tho lite 
 of Edgar, she would probably have sue 
 ceeded in her Inliiultous design had tlii> 
 (Mrcumstances been less favourable to kj^ 
 ward. But though that prince was Mty 
 young, he was at least much nearer tn tlie 
 ago fur reigning than hix half-brollirr; iIiq 
 will of his father exitrcssly gave him \\,( 
 succession; many of the principal iiiin d) 
 tho kingdom imagined that the remna 
 of Elfrlda would be an extremely tjran. 
 nical ono ; and Dunstan, who waH In Hi,. 
 plenitude of his power, and who reclidiuj 
 upon the favour and docility nf yumu 
 Edward, powerfully supported him, aiij 
 crowned him at Kingston, before KKrili 
 could bring her ambitious plans tu nu. 
 turlty. 
 
 The prompt and energetic support tlim 
 given by Dunstan to tho rightful heir wnuj 
 entltlo him to our unaualilled aiipl,'iii« 
 were there not good and obvious reason i 
 believe that it originated less in a sense r{ 
 justice than in anxiety for the Intercuts { 
 his own order. In spite of the heavy Ijliui] 
 and great discouragement of Edgar, H 
 secular clergy had still many and powor;^ 
 friends. Among these was the dnke i 
 Mercla, who no sooner ascertalma tk 
 death of king Edgar, than heexpellcd all tijl 
 monks from tho religious houses in MerdJ 
 and though they were received and i.r+ 
 tccted by the dukes of the Eacit SuxunjanI 
 the East Angllans, It was clear to liniii 
 Dunstan and tho monks that there was i 
 suOlclent dislike to the new order of crrJ 
 siastics, to render it very important tbJ 
 they should have a king entirely fa vuurabltl 
 to thom. And as Dunstan liad watthedl 
 and trained Fldward's mind from his carit 
 childhood, they well knew that he wodl 
 prove their Attest Instrument. But tlionrt 
 they hod thus secured the throne toakitij 
 as favourable and docile as tliey cnU 
 desire, they left no means untried to 
 the voices of the mulMtudc. At the ma 
 slonal synods that were held for the siiii 
 ment of ecclesiastical disputes, tlicyiii 
 tended that miracles were worked in tlif: 
 favour ; and, in tlie Ignorant state of tt 
 peoole, that party who could work or 
 voko the most miracles was sure to be 
 most popular. On one of these occailoi 
 a voice that seemed to issue from tlif gre 
 cruclUx which adorned the place of nititii! 
 proclaimed that ho who opposed tlic est 
 bllshment of tho monks opposed thewill< 
 Heaven ; on another occasion the floor 
 the hall fell in, killing and malmiiii;; a 
 number of persons, but that portion uliii 
 supported tho chair of Dunstan rt'inaini 
 llrni ; and ou another occasion, w'aiu i 
 
iSnffinnts,—^na\a'Minran Si(ng«. 
 
 101 
 
 goii ol KJdor lij , 
 I wa« otily lllic'ii I 
 uccec'icd to llio 
 unigeil 111* bti'ii. 
 vour to 8i't. nsWo 
 
 of her own *f\\ 
 sired, who nt tlilj 
 irs old. Tills n- 
 >tcuded tli;\t llie 
 il to Ul8 llrst witc 
 Invalid, and «« \\n 
 
 very BUtcossfmiy 
 vir durlii« the Uli! 
 rol)iil>ly Imve sue- 
 19 deslK" 1'*>1 '!'« 
 , iavouriil)lo Id YA- 
 It prlnco wft» viry 
 lUU'U ncarir to iiie 
 IH )ialM)r»ll'" ; tlio 
 cssly gave lilm Uic 
 ,0 i>rlui'li>iil imu ('( 
 i tliat tho rcKimy 
 ill extremely tywi;- 
 lu, who wan ill 111' 
 r and wl»o rocUtnul 
 l' docility ot ynmu 
 supported liiiii. /I'l I 
 iBton, Ueloro Win 4 
 (Itloua plans tu "ur I 
 
 cfKetlc support Oiv,' 
 licrlBUtfuUielrwniil 
 
 unq\wU«c'i nw\m-, 
 Mid obvious ri'Urtou! 
 Ucd less lu a seiiso <i 
 ty lor the interests 1 
 .ItcoItUo heavy 1iVi«i 
 lenteut ot Kdgur, tl 
 fill many and powr.. 
 C80 was tuo Ouko ji 
 ,oner ascertained W 
 than lie expelleaalltfe 
 zlous houses In Mevi;i,l 
 ore received and ir> 
 oftheKastSaxousaii 
 
 It was clear to ui.\ 
 „uks that there «. 
 hi.o new order ot cci* 
 tvWtu.portat.ttto 
 mg entirely favoimta 
 Dunstan had watiM 
 "mind from Ills carl! 
 \l knew that he wod 
 strumcnt. BnttUod 
 cd the throne to a M 
 
 docile as they c>.Ui 
 means untried to 
 .uUltudo. At the .«^ 
 jirere held for the 8Ctu 
 peal disputes, tlieyi|r 
 
 8 were worked In tilt 
 
 le Ignorant state of il 
 'who could work Of. 
 cles was sure to le 
 ono of these occa^« 
 to Issue from the gr 
 ,edtheplaceolnierii« 
 , who opposed tUtw 
 
 onks opposed tlicjM" 
 ,er occasion the tluor 
 luKandmalmniKagti 
 'but that portion vli« 
 ir of Dunstan reiiiai 
 ',lier occasion, wai'U" 
 
 vdteH of tlio synod were so unnxpertedly 
 ftffttlnst hlin that ho was unprovided with a. 
 nilracio for the orriislon, Dunstan roup, imd, 
 with an Ininiltiibly prravo liuptidenro, ns- 
 mired the meeting timt he Imd Just l)pen 
 fiivoured with a direct rovclatlon from 
 Heaven In favour of tho monks. So utterly 
 itiililfled was tho general mind, that tho 
 utmnlaeo received this Impudent falsehood 
 m\\U go much fervent favour, that the 
 nnrty hostile to tho monks actually dared 
 iKit support any farther tho view of tho 
 flUCAtloii upon which they had a clear and 
 acknowledged mnjorlty 1 
 
 Kilward's reign deserves Uttlo further 
 
 mention. No great event, good or evil, 
 
 rmrked it; ho was, In fact, merely In a 
 
 gtato of pupilage during tho four years that 
 
 It lasted. Having an excellent disposition. 
 
 It Is probahle that had ho lived to uiaturo 
 
 lycars he would have shaken off tlio lieiiumb- 
 
 liiB and deluding inlluencoof tho monkish 
 
 iwrty. But In tho fourth year of his reign, 
 
 11(1 while ho was yet barely nineteen years 
 
 if (igc.he fell a victim tolilsatrochms ato\y- 
 
 iiiitlier's cruelty and ambition. Notwlth- 
 
 tiuidliig tho hostility she had evinced to- 
 
 arcls lilm at tho death of his father, young 
 
 ilward's mild temper had caused hliii to 
 
 iiiowlicrtho respect and attention which 
 
 ho was very far Indeed from deserving. 
 
 Ilic resided at Corfe castle, In DorsetshVe ; 
 
 id as the young prineo was one day liiiiit- 
 
 g In that neighbourhood, ho rode away 
 
 om his company, and, wholly utiattendeil, 
 
 Id her a visit. Sho received him with a 
 
 ■oacherous appearance of kindness, but 
 
 ist ashchad mounted his horse to depart, 
 
 ruffian In her employment stabbed him in 
 
 c hack. Tho wound did not prove In- 
 
 ntly mortal, but as ho fainted from loss 
 
 Mood ere he could disengage his feet 
 
 iin tho stirrups, his frightened horse 
 
 illopcd onward with him, and he was 
 
 iilsed to death. His servants having 
 
 jccdhlni, recovered his body, which they 
 
 ivately Interred at Warcham. 
 
 ]))• this surpassing crime of his vile step- 
 
 ictlicr, who vainly, even In that superstl- 
 
 ms acre, endeavoured to recover tho 
 
 iMic favour, and expiate her crime In 
 
 iWic opinion, by ostentatious penances 
 
 iilhy lavishing money up<m monasteries, 
 
 ;lidred, son of Kdgar and Klfrlda, suc- 
 
 dcd to the throne. 
 
 'ho Danes, who had been kept In awe 
 the vigour of Kdgar, and who, moreover, 
 "found ample employment In c<in(iuer- 
 aiid planting settlements on tho north- 
 coast of France, a resource which their 
 imhcrs had exhausted, were encouraged 
 tlio minority of Etlielred to turn their 
 ;ciitlon onco more towards England, 
 icrc they felt secure of receiving eneou- 
 [cmcnt and aid from the men of their 
 race, who, thougli Icng settled among 
 Eiiglls^li, were by no means fully incor- 
 itcd Willi them. In tho year 981 tho 
 IC3 accordingly made an experimental 
 :ent upon Southampton, In seven ves- 
 ; and, as they took the people com- 
 tely by surprise, they secured conslder- 
 plunder, with which they escaped 
 ijurcd and almost unopposed. This 
 
 conduct they repeated In 087, With almllar 
 success, on tho western coast. 
 
 Tho success ot these two oxperlmcnts 
 convinced tho maramlera tbnt the vigour 
 of an Kdgar was no longer to lie dreaded In 
 England, and they therefore prepared to 
 make a descent upon a larger scale and wltli 
 more extensive views. They landed In 
 great numbers on tlio coast of Essex, and 
 defeated and slew, at Maldon, Drlthric, tho 
 duke of that county, who bravely attempted 
 to resist them with Ills local force ; and 
 after their victory they devastated and 
 plundered all the .lelghbourtng country. 
 Ho soon and so easily does a people degene- 
 rate when neglected by Its rulers, that 
 Ethelred and his nobles could see no better 
 means of ridding themselves of these fierce 
 pirates than that of bribing them to depart. 
 They demanded and received, as the price 
 of tlieir departure, an enormous sum. Tlioy 
 departed accordingly, but, as might have 
 been anticipated, so largo a sum so easily 
 earned tempted them very speedily to re- 
 peat their visit. Ity this time a fleet had 
 been prepared at London fully capable of 
 resisting and beating off the Invaders, but 
 It was prevented from doing the service 
 that was expected from It by the treachery 
 of Alfrlc, duke of Merela. Ho had formerly 
 been banished and deprived of his posses- 
 sions and dignity ; and though he had now 
 fur some tlino been fully restored, the af- 
 front rankled In his mind, and he conceived 
 the unnatural desire of Insuring his own 
 safety and Importance by aiding the foreign 
 enemy to keep his cotintry in a state ot 
 dirtiirder and alarm. Ho was intrusted 
 witli ono B(Hiadron ot a fleet with which It 
 was intended to surround and destroy the 
 enemy In the harbour In which they had 
 ventured to anchor ; and he basely gave tho 
 enemy Information in time to enable them 
 to avoid tho danger by imttlngout to sea 
 again, and then completed )iis infamous 
 treachery by joining thorn with his whole 
 squadron. Tho beliavlonr ol the king on 
 this occasion was equally marked by bar- 
 barity and weakness. On hearing of Alf ric's 
 traitorous conduct, he had that nobleman's 
 son Alfgar seized, and caused his eyes to 
 bo put out ; yet, alter liilllcting this horrible 
 cruelty upon the innocent son, he so far 
 succumbed to tho power and influence of 
 the guilty father, as actually to reinstate 
 Iiim in his otnce and possessions. 
 
 A.D. 993.— The experience the Danes had 
 acquired of the weakness of Ethelred and 
 the defenceless condition of his kingdom, 
 encouraged them to make new and still 
 more formidable descents. Rweyn, king of 
 Denmark, and Olave, king ol Norway, sailed 
 up the number with an immense fleet, 
 laying waste and plundering In every di- 
 rection. Those ol the Danes, and they 
 were but few, who refused to join tho In- 
 vaders, were plundered cquaUy with tho 
 English. An army advanced to glvo battle ; 
 and so fierce was tho contest, that tho 
 Danes were already beginning to give way, 
 when tho tide of fortune was suddenly 
 turned against the English by the treachery 
 ot Frcua, Frlthegist, and Godwin, three 
 leaders, who, though of Danish descent, 
 
102 
 
 e^t Zttniuvn at Utttorv, fft* 
 
 wero intruited with liirgo niul liiu">rtnni. 
 coininnndi. Ttioie men withdrew their 
 troopi, Mid the Knvllitli woro In codik- 
 ■luunee defeated. 
 
 The Invadori now entered the Thamco 
 with a fleet of upward* of ninety ihlpi, and 
 laid alege to London. Alamicd for their 
 large wealth, thn citlioni defended tlicin- 
 ■elvea with a Rtoutneiaitrongly cuntraMted 
 with the ptiilllnnlmlty which had been lUn- 
 played by both the king and tho noblcH, 
 and their reilHtanco wrh ro ol)iitlnnto tlint 
 tho pirate* at leiiHth khvo up tho iilt(>iiipt 
 In doipnir. Out thou»fh tlioy abandoned 
 tho metropolis of tho kluKdoni, they did 
 not therefore give up their detcrniliintlon 
 to plunder. Bprcndlng their band* over 
 Kiiex, Buisex, and ll^nti, they not only 
 procured large booty there, but alio a kui- 
 flclont number of hones to enable them to 
 extend their depredations far Inland. It 
 might have boon supposed that, after tho 
 noble example set by tho traders of Lon- 
 don, tho king and his nobles would be pre- 
 vented by very shame from ever nKnIii 
 resorting to the paltry and ImpolltlcBrhcmt 
 of purchasing tho absence of tho Invader h : 
 but to that expedient thoy did n ort. 
 Messengers were sent to offer to Buti'iixt. 
 the Invaders If they would preserve penre 
 while they romnlned In tho kingdom, and 
 to pay tribute on condition of their takliiff 
 an early departure. The Danes, wily nx they 
 wero hardy, probably ImnRlited tlmt tlicy 
 had now RofarexImiigted tho kingdom tlmt 
 tho tribute offered to them would bo more 
 vflluablo than tho further spoil they would 
 l>e likely to obtain, and thoy readily ac- 
 ( ptcd tho proposed terms. They took up 
 their abode at Southampton, and there con- 
 ducted themselves very peaceably. Olavo 
 riiriicd his complaiRanco so far an to pay n 
 viBit to Ethclrcd, at Aiidover, and received 
 the rite of conflrmatlon. Many rich gifts 
 wore consequently bestowed upon him by 
 the king and the prelates, and tho sum of 
 slxteon thousand pounds having been paid 
 to him and Bweyn, they took their depar- 
 ture. Olave, who never returned to Eng- 
 land, was so great a favourite with tho 
 churchmen that he was honoured with a 
 place among the saints in tho Koman 
 calendar. 
 
 A.D. 007.— The repeated proofs Ethelred 
 had given of his wIlllngiiesH to purrhapc 
 the absence of pirates rnthor than battle 
 against them, produced, n^^was natural, a 
 now Invasion. A large lltic u' he Uanes 
 this year entered tho R'-verri. Wnles was 
 spoiled for miles, am" Oi>';!li "'t i rntcs 
 proceeded to commit I i'!:i, 'lO'.; .upon 
 tho unfortunate peoin i if Oomv*jll and 
 Devonshire. Thence tho marauders went 
 first to Dorsetshire, then to Hants, then 
 Kent, where the Inhabitants opposed them 
 at Rochester, but were routed with terrible 
 slaughter, and tho whole of their county 
 was plundered and desolated. Many at- 
 tempts were made by the braver and wiser 
 among the English to roncert such a united 
 defence as would prevail against theenemy; 
 but the weakness of tho king and the nobles 
 paralysed the best efforts of nobler spirits, 
 and once moro the old expedient was re- 
 
 "11 
 
 sortddtiM'iiil tu I'll ty-r III riliousnridiMiuiiiIi 
 werr »i )w iiald as tlio iirice of the iilmint,, 
 
 o; t>,ol.n'ios,whoNe demands very imtiirniii 
 ^t'oamo 1 luher with their Inrrpamd d J 
 rienc ) of tho certainty of their bolii»{ iMm. 
 plied with. It was probablv with toini' 
 vnguo lope that even an liullrcot coimiT 
 tliin with these fonnidiililn nortliiiion wmii^i 
 caiii^o them to respect his domlnintin, 11,^1 
 Ktliolred, having lost his flrst wlfr, \\ , 
 year espoused Emma, sister of ItlchnrJ li),. 
 second duke of NormaTidy. 
 
 Long as tho domestic Oanrs lifid non 
 lieeti establlHlii'd In Kiu > ind, tin j \sf,f 
 Htlil both a diiitlnct at i a lU'i'sted rarr 
 Tlioolil Knglish hlstoi-iiiiiH ncoii'ii tlionio; 
 elfemliiaryand pMuri - '-ni''^ ; ' , n iim 
 Instance as cvld'i're of iheii 1 nf thni 
 charges, that tlii' Oanen lombeil tliolrhir I 
 dally and 'i-xtlied c nr • ■ \ eek, wo ni.iyfalrlj 
 enough " iiilt tho Uui . if all guiitdiitliii 
 hi id, aiiii ( ncludo that, rmlo and Imdai 
 tho r • I 1 In many rospccts, tlicyu.! 
 suroiiiy wl'K" superior ti tho Knifllnhril 
 that day in tho very lmi<ortant nmttrrofl 
 personal decency, hut li dislike to niiml 
 personal habits, bo It well or 111 foiindisijil 
 a very powerful inotivo In the liirrp,Wtil 
 and perpptuatlon of hatred foinidi'il npAjl 
 other feelings ; and that hatred the Knulitjl 
 deeply felt for the Danes on account nfiiiJ 
 oriRlii of tlieir settlement anunKf tht'ii,! 
 their Krr.it propensity to gaiiantry, m 
 tlieir Krcat nkill In making tlicinKi'lrol 
 agreeable to tho KnglUh women ; niintvj;;! 
 on account of their constant and i^liagiJ 
 fully faithless hal)lt of Joining their Inrijl 
 lUff fellow-countrymen In their vlnloiwl 
 and rapine. Ethelred, llko all wcik xa 
 cowardly people, was strongly liiclliKJtJ 
 wards both cruelty and treachery, and m 
 general detestation In which flic I)mi|I 
 wore hold by tho English encournifcil hlgl 
 to plan tho universal massacre of M 
 former. Orders wero secretly diirntrliff 
 to all tho governors and chief tnciiofiiJ 
 country to mako all preparations fur Hilf 
 detestable cruelty, for which the saniodijl 
 November the 1.1th, being St. RrltlirlcVliij 
 a festival among tho Danes, was appoint/ 
 for tho whole kingdom. | 
 
 Tlio wicked and dastardly orders oftJ 
 king were but too aarreealile to the tcmrfri 
 tho populace. On the same djiy. and ,itii 
 same hour, the unsuspecting Uanon wtif 
 attacked. Youth and age, withonti 
 tlon of sex, were nliko attacked witlilr'j 
 criminate fury, and they wero t'lemo'- 
 tunnto among thr unhappy D.inp? 
 bin f' -' were so eager to destroy (' 
 the. omitted first to subject fiicm (,; 
 tures terrible even to read of. So mis iril 
 was tho rage against them, and =.■ WidJ 
 consequences wero both hl^rli ,tmI 
 among tho Infuriated and irmi m 
 triumphant English, that the pnvA 
 Gnnllda, sister to tho redor.tui '•» i: 
 Denmark, was put to death, : ' 
 her husband and children - ,1' .. 
 though her personal cliaran . r ■• is 
 lent and though sho had long 1« 
 Christian. As she expired, this 11' 
 natc lady,whoFC murder w is chiri' 
 by tho advico of Edric, carl of Wi; - ivii 
 
Cnalintr.— KuaTO'#AVon S^itifiif. 
 
 103 
 
 r iiiouinnrt iKiunili 
 ICO <>t the iitii'i lie. 
 ,ndii Tcry nutiimllj 
 Ir linTPiiHcrt i'Xii«- 
 f tliclr IhMiih cnm- 
 jbably with tnw 
 u liullroct roiini'f 
 iloiiortliiowwmiM 
 ilM iltiniliilimn.ilm 
 ilM nritt wife, tl„. 
 igtor o! RJcUnrJ ihf 
 
 ;tc Oftnrs \w\ nm 
 
 ;nkl'i"*'« ''" ' *''" 
 r; V IV (U'i'Oti'rt rarr 
 lanHi'OW-" tlionut 
 .,,.!>. • , wlliej 
 f iho II I lit ihcM 
 m ioml)c<l their Mi 
 i\'cok,woiiKiy(alrlj 
 
 ,', of »»«"'""""''■' 
 hut, ruOo ntul trndw 
 iv roupcct*. tlicy a^ 
 /t'> tUo KnwU^ln! 
 
 imrortant nmttor M 
 
 „t H ainiiut' t(. Ill* 
 
 WoU otIU fouuilnlli 
 Ivo 111 tho Inrnwlri 
 hiitrod fonndfil \iw 
 liathatroUtlioKnalU 
 lines on account (1 111, 
 U'lnont amoiiR liion! 
 Ilty to Kftllnutry, im, 
 , nmkliiR tliiniMtd' 
 Usli womon ; n'.(.v,'v 
 r coiiHtant nml ? i» 
 of JolnlnB their lnT>4 
 men tn t\\o\r vl';l<'nti 
 h^^d, llko all w;;:iK Mi 
 
 anrttrcnchPry.MiHiii 
 , in which tlic lim 
 nullBh cncounmot to 
 "ml niMoacr'- of rti 
 ;ro spcrotly dfi<r(ii;W 
 H nna chief men otilji 
 11 nrerarfttltnis for tkli, 
 for which tho Mrnp is, 
 
 being St. nrltl""''^'''^] 
 ,0 Danes, was arpolntii 
 
 '(litftaraiy ordoM uti 
 BroeaMetotliotpmti 
 thofamo«1ny.ii"'">'' 
 an-peotlnK •^•'""yj 
 tut ftffp. without lllMlM 
 kc attacked wltUlr^ 
 they were t'lP 111"' 
 tinharpy Dn"7 
 iffcrtorteBtroyti' ■ 
 to subject tlioni t.ii 
 .to read of. Souns i 
 nst them, and c' WM 
 ro both hlplv !>"'' ^ 
 
 riatca \n'\;:"'i;:' 
 
 iBh, that tl.o 1 
 
 tlio redov.tiii"* i. 
 
 ■. to death, ! •''^ ;. 
 
 . children >"'— 
 
 ,nal characif y- 
 
 Bho had MiiN' 
 .^ expired, t u:*;" 
 nuvdcr V .« /Ill; 
 ;drlc,eavlof ^>'' ■ 
 
 I 
 
 n.iiU'i' wad nhaiiicfuUy '"'ted upon l>j ilic 
 iliiif who lilinxelf orden il lur iloath), foiv- 
 
 ylu' total ruin f EMBiand. iu truth It 
 'coded not thr nph .f prnidiocy to fon'l<'ll 
 imt duch wholcMalo HlnUKlit'T couM scarcc- 
 • fall to call down defeat nnd ruin npnn a 
 ironic who had m often been Kind to piir- 
 !.|in«ctho ahKcnco of tho DiuieH, when no 
 ■ cii cowardly atrocity had excited tliciu to 
 h viiKlon, or juiitined them In unnparlUK vlo- 
 'iicf The prophecy, however, was upecdlly 
 ,, I fearfully realised. Though tho per- 
 ,,„„l(.iis and exainpio of Olavc, and hU 
 I'lVitlvo determination to fiilfll hl.inartof 
 IhP ncreeniciit inado with Etlielred, had 
 iltiu>rio»avcd England from any repetition 
 of tlio fttinoyaiices of Hwpyn, kliiff of Den- 
 nnrk. that tlerco nnd warlike monareh hud 
 iionstrtiitly felt a strong rieolro to renew liU 
 Lttnck upon a people who were no niucli 
 RiKiro ready to defend their country with 
 nl,l limn with Htecl. Tho cowardly cruelly 
 f Ktlielrod I'liw fiirnlHhcd the Dane with a 
 ,iift rIgliteoUH pretext for In vaMlon, and hn 
 nstened to avail himself of It. Uo ap- 
 r'lri'dolf the western coast with a strong 
 at nnd Exetor was delivered up to him 
 Itii'nit resl^'lance ; somo historians say by 
 lie iiirniiaclty or neglect of earl Hugh, 
 lillo (itliers sny by his treachery. This 
 ,.t oiiliilon has some support In tho fact 
 int earl Hugh was hlnisvlf a Norman, and, 
 „-iii(} only connecteil with Enuland by tlie 
 lilla' to which he had but recently been 
 tiiioliitcd through tho lntere.''t of the 
 iiu'cii, ho might, without great breach of 
 imrlty, lie puspcctedof leaning rather to 
 10 iilriitlcal race with which he was con- 
 ici'tedby birth, than to the English. Erom 
 xi'tcr, as their head-quarters, the Danes 
 avorsed tho country In nil directions, 
 (mmltthig all tho worst atrocities of a 
 ar iif retaliation, nnd loudly proclaim- 
 ^ their determination to liave ample re- 
 iigc for tho slaughter of tlieir fellow- 
 untrymen. Aware, ns soon as they bad 
 rrctrntcd their Inhuman crime upim the 
 niestic Danes, how little mercy they 
 jiild expect at tho hands of the country- 
 1(11 of ttieir murdered victims, the English 
 1(1 iiinde more than usual prepani ions for 
 istancc. A largo and well furnished 
 iiy was ready to inarch against tho In- 
 .Icr?, but tho comniand of It was com- 
 ilttfd tn that duke of Mercia whoop foniier 
 .i.son has been mentioned, and he, pre- 
 i(llDglllncss,contrlvedtodel:iy tliemiireh 
 tlio tronpg until they were thoroughly 
 spirited and the Danes had done enor- 
 iii* mischief, lie died shortly after and 
 i puoceeded hy Edric, who, though son- 
 law to the king, provini just as treaclier- 
 ■■as his prcdeces.sor. The consociuence 
 ■I, tli.'it the country was ravaged to such 
 extent that tho horrors of famine were 
 m added to tho horrors of war, and the 
 ■adert English onco more sued for peace, 
 obtained it at tho price of thirty thou- 
 1 pounds. 
 
 a loo:.— Clearly perceiving that they 
 Ight now reckon upon Danish Invasion 
 aporlodlral plague, tho English govem- 
 nf aiifl i^u'iplo endeavoured to employ 
 
 their Interval of eri-(> In preparing for 
 their future defi'lico. Troops worn mIhi'iI 
 and disciplined, and a navy of nearly eight 
 hundred hIiIps was prepared. Hut a .lunr- 
 rel which arose between Edrtc, duko of 
 Mercia, nnd VVoltnoth, governor otHuHsiix, 
 caused llin Litter to desert to tho Dane* 
 with twenty ((—*eN. iro wns pursued by 
 Edrlc's brother llrli/litrle, with n lleet of 
 eighty vessels; but this lleet, lulng driven 
 ashore liy a tempeMt, was aiiackoil and 
 burned by Wolf not h. A hundred vessels 
 were tlun lint to tho lOngllsh ; dissensions 
 spread amonpf other leading men i and thO 
 lleet which, It concentrated and ably di- 
 rected, might have given safely to the na- 
 tion, was dispersed Into vnrlouB ports and 
 rendered virluiilly useless. 
 
 The Danes did not fall to tako ndvnnligo 
 of tho dissensions nnd Imbecility of tho 
 I'lngllsh, nnd for some timu from this pe- 
 riod tlie history of England presents ua 
 with nothing but one melancholy mono- 
 tony of un^parlng cruelty on the part of 
 Dip Invaders, nnd unniitlgnted nnd hopeless 
 suffering on tho part of the invaded, lle- 
 peated attempts were made to restore some- 
 thing like unaniinlly to the lOigllsh coun- 
 cils, and to form a settled and unanimous 
 plan of resistance J but all was still dissen- 
 sion; anil when tho •.itterinost wretcheil- 
 nessat length miido tho dIsputantH ngree, 
 they agreed only In resorting tothoold,tlio 
 base, and tlio most lm|iolltlc idan of pur- 
 elmsliig tho absence of their persecutors. 
 How ImpollilR this plan was common sense 
 ought to Inive told the English, even had 
 they not possessed the additional evidence 
 of tho fait, thiit nt eacli new invasion tho 
 Danes Iticren^^ed their demand, From ten 
 thousand pounds, which had purchased 
 their (Irst absence, they had successively 
 raised their (I'lnands to thirty thousand, 
 nnd now, win 'heir rapine had moro than 
 ever Impoveri-ued the country, they de- 
 manded nnd, to tho shame of the English 
 people, orratherof the king and tho nobles, 
 were i>ald, the monstrous siiin of clght-aud- 
 forty thousand pounds I 
 
 Tills Immense sum was even worse ex- 
 pended than tho former sums had been ; 
 for this tlnio tho Danes took tho money, 
 but did not depart. On the contrary, they 
 continued their desultory plundering, and 
 at tho same time made formal demands 
 uiioii certain districts for largo and specl- 
 lled Fines. Thus, In tho county of Kent 
 they levied tho sum of elKlit thousand 
 pounds ; and the archbishop of Canterbury 
 venturing to resist this most iniquitous de- 
 mand, was coolly murdered. The general 
 state of tho kingdom nnd the butchery of a 
 personage so eminent niarmed tho king for 
 his personal safety; tho more especially, ns 
 many of his chief nobility, having lost all 
 contldenco In his power to redeem his king- 
 dom from ruin, were dally transferring 
 their allegiance to Sweyn. Having llrst 
 sent over his qtieen nnd her two children 
 to her brother tho duko of Normandy, 
 Ethelred himself took an opportunity to 
 escape thither, and thus the kingdom was 
 virtually delivered over to Sweyu and his 
 D.anes. 
 
t t fj^'" - ^ 
 
 104 
 
 fSHift Crfatfur^ at Witaxi}t ^t» 
 
 A.D. 1014.— Sweyn, under alt the circuin- 
 
 rtanccs, would have found little dlfflculty 
 
 In causing himself to bo crowned king of 
 
 England ; nay, It may even ho doubted If 
 
 either nobles or people would have been 
 
 greatly displeased at receiving a warlike 
 
 sovereign Instead of the fugitive Ethelred, 
 
 to whom they had long been accustomed to 
 
 apply the scornful epithet of the Unreadi/. 
 
 But whilst Rwoyn was preparing to take 
 
 advantage of the magnlflcent opportunity 
 
 that offered itself to him, lie was suddenly 
 
 pelzed with a mortal Illness, and expired at 
 
 Gainsborough, In lilncolnshlre, about six 
 
 weeks after the flight of Ethelred from the 
 
 kingdom. 
 
 This circumstance gave the weak Ethel- 
 red yet one more chance of redeeming his 
 
 kingly character. The great men of his 
 
 kingdom, when they inforniod him of the 
 
 event which, so ausi>iclouBly for liim, had 
 
 occurred. Invited him to rcfurn. They at 
 
 the same time plainly, though In a friendly 
 
 and respectful tone. Intimated their hope 
 
 that he would profit by his experience, to 
 
 avoid for the future those errors which had 
 
 produced so much evil to both himself and 
 
 his people. 
 
 Ethelred gladly availed himself of the In- 
 vitation to resume his throne, but the ad- 
 vice that had accompanied that invitation 
 
 he wholly disregarded. Among the most 
 
 glaring jiroofs which ho gave of his conti- 
 nued Incapacity to rule wisely, he reinstated 
 
 his treacherous son-in-law, Edrlc, In all his 
 
 former influence. This power Edrlc most 
 
 shamefully abused : In proof of this wo 
 
 need give but a single Instance of his mis- 
 conduct. Two Mercian nobles, by name 
 
 Morcar and RIgefert, had UTifortunately 
 
 given some offence to Edrlc, who forthwith 
 endeavoured to persuade the king that they 
 were hostile to his ru!e; and the equally 
 cruel and weak monarch not only con- 
 nived at their murder by Edrlc, but gave to 
 that crime a quasi legal saTiction by confis- 
 cating the property of the victims as thougli 
 they had been convicted of treason, and 
 he confined Sigebert's widow in a convent. 
 Here she was accidentally seen by the klni^'s 
 sou, Edmund, who not only contrived her 
 escape from the convent, but Immediately 
 married her. 
 
 A.T). lOH.— Ethelred was not allowed to 
 enjoy his recovered throne In peace. Ca- 
 nute, the son of Sweyn, was to the full as 
 warlike as his famous father, and set up 
 Ills claim to the throne with as much gr.ave 
 earnestness as though his father had filled 
 It in right of a long ancestral possession. 
 Ho committed dreadful havoc In Kent, 
 Dorset, Wilts, and Somerset ; and, not con- 
 tented with slaughter In and plunder after 
 the battle, ho shockingly mutilated his pri- 
 soners, and then gave them their liberty, In 
 order that their wretched plight might 
 strike terror Into their fellow-countrymen. 
 Ro much progress did Canute make, that 
 Ethelred would. In all probability, have been 
 a second time driven from his throne and 
 kingdom, but for the courage and energy of 
 his son Edmnnd. The treacherous Edrlc 
 
 deserted to the Danes with forty ships, .„ n,- 
 
 after having dispersed a great part of the I '^ negotiation ensued whichledtoadlviil 
 
 English army, and even made an atfrnnt 
 at seizing upon the person of the hnil 
 prince. Undismayed by so many difflcnit'iM 
 which were much Increased by the Kenon! 
 contempt and distrust felt for the klntf ]4 
 mund, by great exertions, got togoiliVi'i 
 large force, and prepared to give battle li 
 the enemy. But the English had been „/ 
 customed to see their kings In the vanmimi 
 of the battle ; and, though Edmund wm 
 universally popular, the soldiers loudly dn 
 mandcd that his father should hoadtlicmin 
 person. Ethelred, however, who suspected 
 his own subjects fully as much as hcfonrod 
 the enemy, not merely refused to do this 
 on the plea of Illness, but bo coniplpieiv 
 left his heroic son without supplies tlial 
 the prince was obliged to allow the wlioif 
 northern part of the kingdom to fall Into 
 subjection to the Danes. Still deterniiiifti 
 not to submit, Edmund marched his dij. 
 couraged and weakened army to Lmidon 
 to make a final stand against tlie ii> 
 vaders; but on his arrival ho found tie 
 metropolis In a state of the greatest alarn 
 and confusion, on account of thcdealliof 
 the king. 
 
 A.D. loin.— Ethelred the Unready luj 
 
 reigned thirty-five years, and his incaiiari- 
 
 had reduced the country to a state uhi,i 
 
 would have been sulllclently pitiaMe an 
 
 dllllcult, even had not the fierce and wii. 
 
 like Danes been swarnilng In its nortbmi 
 
 lu-ovinces. Tho people were dispirited ar,( 
 
 dLsalTocted, and the nobles were far 1p.«h 
 
 tent upon repelling the common eiifml 
 
 than upon pursuing their own misclilcriiii 
 
 and petty quarrels ; aiul Edmund hadonli 
 
 too much reason to fear that the ciamrli 
 
 of his treacherous brother-in-lav,- would W 
 
 followed by other nobles. Illghtlv judcini 
 
 that occupation was the most effectualrj 
 
 medy for the discouragement of the pn* 
 
 and the best safeguard against the tr. ad 
 
 cry of the nobles, Edmund lost no time 
 
 attacking tho enemy. At Glllinclmiii 
 
 defeated a detachment of them, and tli, 
 
 marched against Canute In porsoii. T! 
 
 hostile armies met near Scoerton, liiOji, 
 
 cestershire ; and In the early part of il 
 
 battle tho English prince had so mi; 
 
 success, that It seemed probable hc\m 
 
 have a decisive and crowning viotorj-, 
 
 Edrlc, having slain Osmar, who very 
 
 resembled tho king In countenance, l\M 
 
 head fixed upon the head of a spear nndii! 
 
 played to tho English. A panic iiiiiiiediaii 
 
 spread through thehithertovlctnrloiisiini 
 
 Itwaslnvalu that Edmund, heedless oltl 
 
 arrows that flew around him, rode h 
 
 headed among his troops to assure tboni 
 
 his safety. 'Save himself who can,' t 
 
 the universal cry; hnd though EdmmJ 
 
 length contrived to lead his tninp? to 
 
 tho field In comparatively goodordcr.il 
 
 golden moment for securing triunii li 
 
 passed. Edmund was subsequentlydefei 
 
 with great loss, at Assington.in Kssii, 
 
 with exemplary activity again raised 
 
 army and prepared to make one more 
 
 perato effort to expel the enemy, lint 
 
 leading men on both sides were liytl 
 
 time wearied with strife and cama^re, 
 
 'lie eJtpcrlenci 
 ifliery of thl 
 M made ]ij{ 
 '" the niostl 
 'm at the col 
 ™ reign. T(| 
 'I'doniof Easl 
 "•'liiimbcrlandl 
 
eiifltantr.— ^itfltO'^nVflit aitlr Bmiil) ^inzi, 105 
 
 1 the Tlnroady M 
 ara.andliisiiiMiwi!; 
 ritry to n Btato wind 
 mclently pitlalilo aiij 
 ot the fierce ana w, 
 rmlng in its iiortlnnj 
 lie were dispirited ani 
 nobles wore far less i>, 
 X the common mn 
 their own mlachlcvii 
 nntl Edmund liadcali 
 foar that tlie exaraiM 
 rothcr-in-lav.- wpuWl* 
 jliles. RtgVitly juiiiiB! 
 , tlie moyt eltoitualit 
 rftcemcntof tlicrco(ii, 
 ard against tlie tr.KlJ 
 5dmund lost no tiiiioi 
 ny. At Gillim?liM 1 
 ,ont of them.anutfe 
 
 near Scocrton, InU 
 I tlie early part of it 
 , prince had fo mi 
 mod prol)al)le lic\u'i 
 1 crowning vli-'tory. B 
 [osmar.whov.ryi* 
 in countenance, Iw J 
 hheadofappearniiJi 
 ,h Apaniciinnu'dffl 
 ■luthertovlctoriou9a|,, 
 Kdmund, heedless oil 
 around him, roGelii 
 iroopB to assure tlim 
 himself who can, \ 
 ■ -and thoui,'h Unwf 
 'to lead his tr-ors t 
 aratlveiy goodorilcr.U 
 ,1. securing tr unir" 
 ^rasBulisequcntlydefeal 
 
 ■;A99ington,inlv^^|^I. 
 activity again raisM 
 
 ■i to make one n.orei 
 xpcl the enemy. B 
 both Bides were l>i « 
 ;l%trlfeondcani!if;' 
 ued which led to adH' 
 
 ,,, ,|,(. kingdom, Canute taking the northern 
 portion and Edmund the southern 
 
 It might have been supposed that the 
 iiifaiiious Edrlc would have been satlsHed 
 witli liavlng thus mainly aided In despoiling 
 hiq brave but unfortunate brother-in-law of 
 ft moiety of his kingdom. But as though 
 the very existence of a man so contrary 
 nnd so superior to himself In character 
 were intolerable to him, this arrangement 
 had scarcely been made a month when he 
 puborncd two of the king's cliambcrlains, 
 wlio murdered their unfortunate master at 
 
 AD*ioi7.— It does not clearly appear 
 that Canute was actually privy to this 
 crime ; thougli his previous conduct and 
 (the fact that he was the person to be benc- 
 fltcd by the death of Edmund may justify 
 Lj jiifuspectlng liim. And tliis suspicion 
 u still further justillod l)y his immediately 
 Isclziug upon Edmund's share of the king- 
 Idora tliougli that prince loft two sons, 
 Sdw'ln and Edward. It is trno tliat tliose 
 jrlnces were very young, but the most that 
 C'lnnte ought to have assumed on that ac- 
 count was the guardianship of the children 
 iiid the protectorate of their heritage. 1 n- 
 Jccd some writers represent that it was in 
 ilie character 0.' cruardiaii that Canute rif- 
 (cotcd to act ; bui, a sulllclent answer to 
 that pretence is to be found in tlie fact tiiat 
 Vimte reigned as solo king, and left ilie 
 [iiigdom to his son. 
 
 I Saugfuinary and grasping as his wliole 
 
 kormer course had been, this able, thougli 
 
 liilirinclplcd prince, was too anxious for 
 
 ho prosperity of the kingdom of which he 
 
 lad possessed himself, not to take all pos- 
 
 ihle precaution to avert opposition. He 
 
 ailed a council, at which he caused wit- 
 
 |C3SC3 to atllrm that it had been agreed, at 
 
 he treaty of Gloucester, that he should 
 
 liicoocd Edmund In the southern portion of 
 
 )e kingdom ; or, as the writers to whom 
 
 re have referred afHrni, tliat ho should 
 
 ivc the guardianship and protectorate. 
 
 Jiis evidence, and, perhaps, terror lost the 
 
 ^elUciiown fierceness of Canute should 
 
 laiu desolate the kingdom, determined 
 
 ie council In his favour ; and tho usurper 
 
 Mccably mounted the throne, while the 
 
 tspoiled princes were sent to Sweden. 
 
 Ot content with thus seizing tlieir donii- 
 
 lon and exiling them, Canute charged tlie 
 
 ng of Sweden to put them to death; but 
 
 W king, more generous than his ally, sent 
 
 [em m safety to tlie court of Hungary, 
 
 lierc they were educated. Edwin, the 
 
 jerof the princes, married the daughter 
 
 , the king of iiungarj'; and Edward, tho 
 
 jungcr, -iiarrled Agatha, sister-in-law of 
 
 le same monarch, and had by her Edgar 
 
 jcAthcliug, Margaret, subsequently (lueon 
 
 Scotland, and Christina, who took the 
 
 k 
 
 pc experience which Canute had of 'ii-, 
 eaclicry of tlic English nobility of I'.s 
 Blod made him, as a matter of policy, 
 low the most unbounded liberality to 
 lem at the commencement of his undi- 
 Bed reign. To Thurkill he gave up the 
 iktdomof East Anglia, to Yric that of 
 Iriliunibcrland, and to Edrlc that of 
 
 Mercia, confining hia own direct and per- 
 sonal rule to Wessex. Hut this seeming 
 favour was only the crouching of the tiger 
 ere ho springs. When he found lilmself 
 firmly fixed upon his throne, and from liU 
 judicious as well as firm conduct becoming 
 every day more popular among his subjects, 
 he found a pretext to deprive Thurkill and 
 Yric of their dukedoms, and to send them 
 into exile. It would seem that tv ". while 
 ho had profited by tlie treason of the Eng- 
 lish nobility, ho had manliness enough tu 
 detest the traitors ; for, besides expelling 
 the dukes of East Anglia and liorthumber- 
 land, he put several other noble traitors to 
 death, and among tliom that worst of ail 
 traitors, Edrlc, whose body he had cast into 
 the Thames. 
 
 Though Canute showed much disposition 
 to conciliate the favour of his subjects, ho 
 was at tlio conimencement of his rolgn 
 ^ "jllgod, by tlie state of the kingdom, to 
 tax them very heavily. From the nation at 
 large he at one demand obtained the vast 
 sum of sevonty-two thousand pounds, and 
 from the city of London a separate further 
 sum of eleven thousand. But though it 
 was evident that much of tliis money was 
 devoted to the reward of his own country- 
 men, and though in the heavy sum levied 
 upon London there clearly appeared some- 
 thing of angrj' recollection of the courage 
 tlio Londoners had shown in opposing him, 
 the people were by this time so wearied 
 with war, that they imputed his demands 
 to necessity, and probably thought money 
 better paid for the support of a Danish 
 king than for the temporary absence of an 
 cvor-returning Banish enemy. 
 
 To say tlie truth, usurper though Canute 
 was, he had no sooner made his rule secure 
 than he made great efforts to render it 
 not merely tolerable but valuable. lie dis- 
 banded and sent home a groat iiumbor of 
 his Danish mercenaries; he made not tlie 
 slightest difl^erenco between Danish and 
 English subjects in the execution of the 
 laws guarding property and life ; and, still 
 fartlier to engage tho affections of tho 
 English, he formally. In an assembly of tlic 
 states, restored the Saxon customs. 
 
 In order also to ingiatiatc himself witli 
 the English, as well as to propitiate the 
 powerful duke of Normandy, who lia*l 
 shown a strong disposition to disturb him 
 In Ills usurped power, he married that 
 prince's sister, Emma, widow of Ethelred. 
 By dint of this conciliatory policy, he so 
 far succeeded Jn gaining the affections ot 
 tho English, that he at length ventured to 
 sail to Denmark, which was attacked by 
 his late ally, tlie king of Sweden, against 
 wliom he felt additional anger on account 
 of his contumacy In refusing to put tho 
 exiled English princes to death. He was 
 completely victorious in tlils expedition, 
 cliietly owing to tho energy and valour of 
 the afterwards famous, and more than re- 
 gally powerful, earl Godwin, to whom, in 
 reward for his conduct on this occasion, 
 he gave Ills daughter in marriage. 
 
 In 1028 lie made another voyage, and 
 expelled Olaus, king of Norway. Powerful 
 abroad, nnd at peace at home, he now de* 
 
 
 
 m:ii 
 
 
 f il 
 
K 
 
 W t i: ■ 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 106 
 
 CT^e CreaiECuvj} of I^Cieitatj;, iit. 
 
 voted Ills attention to religion ; bwt he did 
 BO after the grossly superstitious fashion 
 of the age. Ho did not recall the exiled 
 princes, or make restitution of any of the 
 property which he had unjustly acquired 
 cither In Norway or in England ; hut ho 
 built churches and showered gifts upon 
 churchmen; showed his sorrow for the 
 Blaufihter of which ho still retained the 
 prolit, by causing masses to be said for the 
 Bouls of the slaughtered ; and compounded 
 for rontinuing his usurped rule of England 
 by obtaining certain privileges for English- 
 men at Rome, to which city be made an 
 ostentatious pilgrimage. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary toVcpcat the well- 
 known but queatlniiablc anecdote accord- 
 ing to which Canute, by having his chair 
 placed on tho sea-beach, rebul<ed the ser- 
 vility of his courtiers, who had spolicn of 
 him as omnipotent. 
 
 Tho Scots In tho reign of Ethelred had 
 been taxed ono shilling a hide on their 
 flcf of Cumberland, for Danegelt, or money 
 to bo applied to the protection of tho l<ing- 
 dom against the Danes. The Scots refused 
 to pay it, and though Ethelred attempted 
 force, he, as usual, had no success. Mal- 
 colm, tho thane of Scotland who had thus 
 failed in his vassalage to Ethelred, on tho 
 ground that ho could defend himself agnlnst 
 the Danes, now refused to do homage for 
 Cumberland to Canute, on tlio ground 
 that that king had not succeeded to the 
 throne by inheritance. But Canute speedi- 
 ly brought him to his senses; at tho Hrst 
 appearance of tho English army Jlalcolm 
 Bul)mitted. This was Canute's last expedi- 
 tion ; lie died about four years after, in the 
 year 1035. 
 
 CIIAPTEH X. 
 
 Tlie Reigns of Harold and Ilardicanutc, 
 
 CANnxK left tlirce pons, Sweyn and Harold 
 by his llr.st wife, Aifwen, daughter of the 
 earl of H.impshlrc ; and Hardlcanuto by 
 his second wife, Emma, tho widow of 
 Ethelred. 
 
 On the marriage of Canute and Emma 
 tho former had formally agreed that his 
 children by her should inherit the throne. 
 But as her brother, the duke of Normandy, 
 died before Canute, the latter thouglit lit to 
 depart from this agreement, and to loavc 
 tlio Kngllsh throno to Harold, his soroiul 
 son by the first wife, rather than intrust it, 
 with its .abounding dllflrulties, to the weak 
 hands of so young a prince as Hardlcanuto, 
 his son l)y Kmma. Hy his last will, tlierc- 
 fore, Canute left Norway to Sweyn, his 
 eldest son, and Engl.and to H.irold, his 
 younger son by tho first marriage; and to 
 llardlcinute, his son by Emma, ho left his 
 nattvo Denmark. 
 
 Tho difference between tho arrangement 
 made by the king's will and tliat which wns 
 agreed upon by iiis treaty of marriage witli 
 Kmma, placed the kingdom in no small 
 danger of a long and sanguinary civil war. 
 Harold, it Is true, had tho expre.as last will 
 of his father In his favour, and being upon 
 till' spot at the moment of his father's 
 death, ho seized upon the royal treasures. 
 
 and thus had tho means of Bupportlni^ iiij 
 claim either by open force or corniption 
 But H.ardi Canute, though In Denmark, waa 
 the general favourite of the people, mnj „( 
 not a few of tho nobility: being loolcej 
 upon, on account of his mother. In the light 
 of a native English prince. To his fatlier's 
 last will, upon which it would have i)ceii 
 easy to throw suspicion, as though weak- 
 ness of mind had been superlnducca iiy 
 bodily suffering, he could oppose the tcrnij 
 of the grave treaty signed by his father 
 whllo In full possession of his vigoium 
 mind, and in full possession, too, of powir 
 to resist any article contrary to liU wii.li 
 And, above all, Hardlcanuto had llio fnviiur 
 and influence of tho potent carl (lodwin, 
 With such elements of strife In existence, 
 it was extremely fortunate that the mosi 
 powerful men on both sides were wisolyanj 
 really anxious to avert from tho nation tho 
 sad consequences inseparable from civil 
 strife. Conferences wero held atwliiclithc 
 jarring claims of the two princes were dis- 
 cussed with unusual candour and calmiios! 
 an d 1 1 was at length agreed, that, as each haj 
 a pica too powerful to bo wholly done awny 
 with by his competitor's counter-plea, tin 
 kingdom should onco more bo divided 
 London and tho country north n{ the 
 Thames fell to tho lot of Harold ; the conn. 
 try south of tho Thames to Hardleniiutc,ljj 
 wlioso name Emma took possession, ami, 
 llxed her residence at Winchester till lij 
 should reach England to govern forhiP'- 
 self. 
 
 Tho two young princes, Alfred and v.\ 
 ward, the sons of Emma by Ethelred, bl 
 hitherto remained at Normandy; Imt M 
 Ing themselves, from tho clrcuinsianceifi 
 that court, less welcome than they tul 
 been, they resolved to visit their nwther, 
 whose high state at Winchester prnniid 
 them all possible protection and eonitort,| 
 and they accordingly landed in nnglmi 
 with a numerous and si>londld suite, 
 the appearances by which they had 
 allured to take this step were cxecediiigj 
 deceitful. Godwin, wlioso ambition 
 restless and utterly Insatiable, had 
 skilfully tampered with by tho craftyHi 
 rold, who promised to marry tlio caril 
 daughter. The idea of being fathcr-ln-lfl 
 to tlic sole king of England put an end 
 all Godwin's moderate notions, nnd to i 
 the favour with which ho had iireviwil 
 looked ujion tho expedient of partitiooii 
 the kingdom; and he now very roadilym 
 zealously promised his support tn Hani 
 in his design to add his brotiifr'sp"!i( 
 sions to his own, and to cut "ff then 
 English princes, wlioso coming into lii 
 land seemed to Indicato a deterniinationi 
 claim as heirs of Ethelred. Alfrci 
 with many hypocritical conipllmenw, 
 vlted to court, and had reached as far 
 Guildford, in Surrey, on his way thiiti 
 when an assemblage of Godwin's rcii 
 suddenly fell upon the retinue of the 
 suspecting prince, and put upwards if 
 hundred of them to tho sword. Alfred 
 himself taken prisoner; but far liappl 
 had liecn his fate had he died in tliel>aij 
 His Inhuman enemies caused his eyes ti 
 
eiTfltanV.— ^njir0»5>aj:0n ants JBanWIj iifufltf. 107 
 
 I Bupportiiii? his I 
 3 or corniptlon, 
 .n Denmark, was 
 10 people, m\a nt 
 f. being Inokea 
 itlier, lutlioUslit ' 
 . To Ws frtther'a \ 
 Tould liavc liceu i 
 
 as thouBli weak- 
 Bupcrluduced liy 
 oppose the tcrnia | 
 led by Ills fiitlicr 
 
 ol Ills vlgorum 
 Ion, too, of iiowct 
 trary to l\is wish, 
 uto liad llio favout 
 tent carl O'ldwin, 
 trlfo In cxisiTOco, 
 ,ate that llu- niosi 
 Icswercwlsclyand 
 rom the nation tlic 
 narablo from civil 
 held nt wlilcli ik 
 ro princes were dis- 
 idournndcalmiKs, 
 .cd,that,aseadiliit 
 
 wholly done awnv 
 ••g counter-i>lca, tie 
 
 more ho divUiil 
 ntry north of 
 i£ Harold; thecom- 
 as to Ilardlcniiutc,' 
 ook possession, ai 
 t 'Winchester till litl 
 
 1 to govern lor ba[ 
 
 nccs, Alfred and E. 
 inm hy Kthelrca.liil 
 iNormandy; \nnM\ 
 the clreunisianci^il 
 omo than iliey Isl 
 visit their iimttai, 
 Winchester proniistl 
 itccllon and oonifoit, 
 y landed in EngW 
 PVUMidld suite. Br 
 which they liaai>ei. 
 itep were cxrocdrngi 
 •whoso ambition " 
 insatiable, had . 
 rlth by tho rraftyHi 
 to marry tho ear; 
 of being lathcMn-ht 
 Ingland pnl anciwtl 
 ito notions, and to <i 
 Ich ho had rrovim 
 cdlcnt of parlitiym; 
 enow very readily s 
 
 his snPP'ii't to ll»fi 
 (1 his brother's !"•> 
 nd to cnt ''If tliet 
 08C comiuK into Li 
 •ate a determination 
 iithelred. Alfred r 
 tlcal compliments, 
 
 had reached as W 
 5' on his way tlutlii 
 to of Godwin's m 
 the retunic of tbc 
 md pnt upwards I' 
 
 tho sword. Alfred 
 
 oner; !■'"' f^.'", "?, 
 id ho died In tlicli t 
 
 C8 caused his eyoa to 
 
 „i,t out. and ho was tlien thrust Into tho 
 ionn'!tery of Ely.where heperlshed In agony 
 „ , 1 niiserv. His brother and queen Enimn 
 ;"', ly judged, from this horrible affair. 
 timt they would bo the next victims, and 
 t nv immediately fled from tho country ; 
 " Tlarold forthwith added the southern 
 
 lortliem division of tho kingdom, 
 (jommc"'"'"'? his solo reign over Kngland 
 ,,., o„ act, of such hypocrisy and sanguinary 
 rnioltv, Harold would probably have left 
 fmrfui traces of his reign If it had been a 
 ip'nfftliened one. Happily, however, It was 
 imt eliort ; ho died unrcgretted, about four 
 vears nftcr his accession, leaving no trace 
 to' posterity of his having over lived, save 
 the one (lark deed of which we have spoken. 
 Ho was remarkable for only ono personal 
 miaiity, his exceeding agility, which, ac- 
 cording to tho almost invariable practice 
 •t that time adopted of designating persons 
 hy some trait of character or physical qua- 
 lity for which they were remarkable, pro- 
 cured hira tho appellation of Harold Hare- 
 
 A D. lO-lB.— -Although Hardlcanuto had 
 keen deemed by his father too young to 
 i\s-ay tho English sceptre, he himself hoid 
 different opinion, and he had occupied 
 imsclf in his kingdom of Norway In prc- 
 OTlng a force witli which to invade Eng- 
 land and expel ills brother. Having com- 
 leted his preparations, he collected a fleet 
 imler the pretence of visiting queen Emma, 
 ho had taken refuge in Flanders, and was 
 non the point of sailing when ho received 
 telliirenoe of Harold's death, upon which 
 1 Immediately sailed for London, where 
 c was received with tho warmest welcome. 
 c commenced his reign, however, very 
 .auspiciously, by tho mean and violent act 
 having Harold's body disinterred and 
 irown into the Thames. Being found by 
 imcflshennen, the royal body was carried 
 London and again committed to the 
 jth ; hut Hardlcanuto obtaining informa- 
 ionof what had occurred, ordered it to bo 
 ;ain disinterred and thrown Into tho river. 
 ivas once more found; but this time it 
 ;3 burled so secretly, that tho king had 
 io opportunity to repeat his unnatural 
 rutaiity. 
 
 The part which Godwin had, as It was 
 
 leecd, taken in the murder of the unfor- 
 
 inato Alfred led prince Edward, who wa.s 
 
 ivitcd over to tho English court by Har- 
 
 Icaimte, to accuse lilm of that crime, and 
 
 demand justice nt the hands of tho king. 
 
 t Godwin, who had already exerted all 
 
 le arts of servility to conciliate tho king, 
 
 idc hitn a present of a magnlflcent galley, 
 
 nncdwlth sixteen handaomo and gor- 
 
 iUsly appointed rowers : and the king 
 
 18 so well pleased with tho present, that 
 
 merely required that Godwin should 
 
 ir to his own innocence, which that 
 
 sonage made no scruple of doing. 
 
 creignof Hardlcanuto was short, yet 
 
 Tinlent temper and cupidity caused It to 
 
 marked by a revolt. He had tho Injus- 
 
 nnd Imprudence to renew tho tax 
 
 ifiwn hy tho name of Danegelt, and 
 
 irgcd a very heavy sum for tho fleet 
 
 lich had conveyed him from Denmark. 
 
 Complaints and resistance arose In many 
 parts ; and in Worcester the people not 
 only refused to pay tho tax, but actually put 
 two of tho collectors to death. Godwin, 
 with Slw.ard, duke of Northumberland, and 
 Leofrlc, duke of Mercia, were immediately 
 sent to Worcester with a powerful foico, 
 and with orders to destroy tho city. They 
 actually did set flro to it and gave It up to 
 the pillage of tho soldiery, but thoysa/ed 
 the lives of tho inhabitants until tho king's 
 anger was cooled and ho gave them a for- 
 mal pardon. 
 
 Though possessed of uncommon bodily 
 strength, Hardlcanuto was an ultra North- 
 man In the habit of drinking to excess; and 
 ho had scarcely reigned two years when, 
 being at tho wedding feast of a Danish no- 
 bleman, he indulged to such an extent that 
 he died on tho spot. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Tlie licign of Edward the Confeasor. 
 
 A.D. 1042.— SwEYN, tho remaining son ol 
 Canute, was In Norway when Hardlcanuto 
 thus suddenly died ; and as there was no ono 
 whom tho Danes could set up in his place, 
 or as his representative, the English had a 
 most favourable opportinilty to place upon 
 tho throne a prince of their own race. Tho 
 real English heir was undoubtedly tho elder 
 son of Edmund Ironside ; but that prince 
 and his brother were in Hungary, and Ed- 
 ward, tho son of Ethclred, was at tho Eng- 
 lish court ; and tho necessity of Instant ac- 
 tion to prevent the Danes from recovering 
 from their surprise was too obvious to allow 
 tho Engllsli to alfect upon this occasion 
 a punctiliousness upon direct succession 
 which they had not yet learned to feel. 
 
 There was but one apparent obstacle of 
 any magnitude to tho peaceable succession 
 of Edward, and that was the feud existing 
 between him and tho powerful e.arl Godwin 
 relative to the death of prince Alfred. So 
 powerful was Godwin at this time, that his 
 opposition would have been far too great 
 for Edward's means to surmount. But 
 Godwin's power lay prlnclp.ally In Wessox, 
 which was almost exclusively Inhabited by 
 English, among whom Edward's claim was 
 very popul.'ir ; and as Edward's friend- in- 
 duced him to disavow all rancour agiiinst 
 Godwin, and oven to consent to marry his 
 dauglUer Edltha, tho powerful and crafty 
 carl easily consented to Insure his daughter 
 a throne. He forthwith summoned a coun- 
 cil, at which he so well managed matter.^, 
 that whllo tho majority were English and In i 
 f.-vonr of Edward, tho few Danes were 
 fairly silenced, and tho more easily bcc.iuso 
 whatever warmth might be In their indivi- 
 dual feelings towards the absent Sweyn, 
 they had no leader of Inlluenco to unite 
 them, or of eloquence to impress and sup- 
 port their wishes. 
 
 The joy of tho English on finding the go- 
 vernment once more in tho hands of a native 
 prince was excessive, and would have been 
 attended with extensive lll-consequonces 
 to tho Danes, had not tho king very equit- 
 ably Interposed on their behalf. As It was, 
 t hey sulf ercd not a little in property, for ono 
 
 
 i f.| 
 
 ■.-.* > 
 
ill 
 
 108 
 
 tS^e Creai(ttrs of W^tatu, &r. 
 
 ;>{ the llrst nets of tiie kiiigV reign was to 
 rovoko all the grants of hla D.inisli prede- 
 cessors, who Imil heaped large possessions 
 upon their fellow-countrymen. In very 
 many cases it may ^c assumed that the 
 Ki'anta hod been made unjustly ; but the 
 English made no distinction between cases, 
 Init heartily rejoiced to see the resumption 
 of the grants roduring many of the hated 
 Panes to their original poverty. To his 
 mother, the quoen Kmma, Edward behaved 
 with an unpardonable severity ; unpardon- 
 able even admitting that he was right when 
 he affirmed that, having been so much 
 better treated by Canute than by Ethclrcd, 
 she had always given the preference to 
 Hardlcanutc, and held her children by 
 Ethelred In comparative contempt or in- 
 difference. He not only took from her the 
 great riches which she had heaped up, but 
 also committed her to close custody in a 
 nunnery at AVinchester- Some writers have 
 gone so far as to say that he accused her of 
 the absurdly improbable crime of having 
 connived at the ..lurder of the prince Alfred, 
 and that Emma purged herself of tills 
 guilt by the marvellous ordeal of walking 
 liarefooted over nine red-hot ploughshares ; 
 but the monks, to whom Emma was pro- 
 fusely liberal, needed not to have added 
 fable to the unfortunate truth of the king's 
 unnatural treatment of his twice-widowed 
 mother. 
 
 Apart from mere feelings of nationality, 
 Ihe desire of the English to see their throne 
 filled by a man of their own race was, no 
 doubt, greatly excited by tlieir unwilling- 
 ness to see lands and lucrative places bo- 
 stowed by stranger kings upon stnuiger 
 courtiers. In this respect, however, tlie 
 accession of Edward was by no means so 
 advantageous to the English as tliey had 
 anticipated. Edward had lived so much in 
 Normandy that ho had become almost a 
 Frenchman In his tastos and habits, and it 
 w.as almost exclusively among Frenchmen 
 that he had formed his friendships and now 
 chose his favourites and confidants. In 
 the dispo.sal of civil and mllitiry employ- 
 ments the king acted with great fairness 
 towards the English, but as the Normans 
 who thronged his court were both more 
 polished and more learned, it was among 
 tlicm principally tliat he disposed of the 
 ecclesiasticil dignities, and from them that 
 he chiefly selected his advisers and intimate 
 companions. The f.avour thus shown to the 
 Kormans gave great disgust to the English, 
 and especially to the powerful Godwin, wlio 
 was too greedy of power and patronage to 
 look witli complacency upon any rivals in 
 tiie Jdng's good graces. 
 
 lie was the inon; offended that the ex- 
 clusive favour of tlie king did not fall upon 
 him and his family, l)c'causi', independent 
 of the kinghaving married the earl's daugh- 
 ter Editha, the more power of Godwin's 
 own family was so princely as to give him 
 nigh claims, whicli ho was by no means 
 Inclined to underrate. He himself was earl 
 of Wessex, to which extensive government 
 the counties of Kent and Sussex were add- 
 ed; Rweyn, his eldest son, had like autho- 
 rity over the counties of Hereford, aiouces- 1 
 
 ter, Oxford, and Berks ; while HaroUl, iiu 
 second son, w.as duke of East Anglla, witK 
 Essex added to his government. 
 
 rossesscd of such extensive power, stm 
 secretly hating Edward on account of tiicir 
 open feud about the murder of prince ai. 
 fred, and considering that to his fdrhpMr. 
 ance alone, or principally, ICdward nwo,i 
 his throne, Godwin, who was natiiniiiv 
 haughty, w.as not inclined to bear tliu i^jj 
 lect of the king without showing liis ^t'lise 
 of it; and his ill-humour was the mure 
 deep and the more bitterly expressed, be. 
 cause his daughter Editha .is well as liiQ. 
 self sulTored from the king's neglect. The 
 king had married her. Indeed, in eoniiJii. 
 ance with lils solemn promise, ijut iig 
 would never live with lier. His dotoriiiim. 
 tlon on this Iicad was rightly altriljiitod u 
 Godwin to his having transferred to Hj 
 daughter a part of the hatred he entertain. 
 ed for the father ; though the monks, win 
 tlieir usual ingenuity in finding piety wlun 
 no one else would think of looking for it 
 attribute this conduct to his religions tni. 
 Ing ; and to this conduct it Is that heciiiijj 
 owed tlie being honoured by the nu.nij 
 with the respectable surname of Tliu Cut. 
 fessor. 
 
 A.D. 10(8.— Entertaining strong feclinm, 
 of both disappointment and discdntein.ii 
 was not likely that a nobleman of tioOwiii'd 
 great power, and great Ill-temper too, vm 
 fall to find some pretext upon wliioh iJ 
 break out into open quarrel, rolltic as U 
 was lU-tempcred, Godwin seized upoiitbj 
 favouritism of the king towards the X>. 
 mans as a cause of quarrel upon wliicliU 
 was sure to liavo the sympathy of thcE} 
 gllsh, who were to the full as nnicli iirf;j| 
 diced as himself against the foreisriiers, 
 
 ■While Godwin was thusan xioHs to (luai. 
 with the king whom he had done sn mv 
 to put upon the throne, and only waitiii 
 for the occurrence of .an occasion fit 
 clently plausible to liide lils iiicuur 
 more entirely personal motives, it clianf 
 that Eustace, count of Boulogne, iiihs 
 through Dover on his way l).ack to lii,s( 
 country after a visit paid to the Uni;: 
 court. An attendant upon the count e:( 
 Into a dispute with a man at whoso li^ 
 ho was quartered, and wounded liim ; 
 neighbours interfered, and the roinir- 
 tendant was slain ; a general battk' i.i 
 place between the count's suite andil 
 townspeople, and the former got so nui 
 the worst of the affray, tliat tlie count 
 self had gome diniculty in savins hi: 
 by flight. The king was not inertly ana 
 but felt scandalised that foreimuTi! 
 had just p.artakcii of his hospittility .-In 
 be thus roughly used by his sulijoLts; 
 lie ordered Godwin— to whom, as wc lii 
 said, the government of Kent, liclonoi] 
 to make enquiry into tlie all'tiir, ai:J 
 punish tlic guilty. But (iodwin, who 
 ileiiglitcd at an occurrence whicli funii; 
 him with a pretext at once i)lau.-.ilili' 
 popular for quarrelling with his sovcru 
 and son-in-law, promptly refused to m^^ __ ..,^ 
 the Dover men, wliom ho allogcd to ti^BWcause Godiu 
 
 been extremely ill-treated by tlieforoiCT^Btiic earl's dau 
 Edward had lung been aware of tlic l\u^^ liarbuurs ] 
 
 Ic conduct. 
 lo bad joined 
 'ect willlngn 
 Isnsirer for ti 
 they should 
 ionals.ifetya 
 MOW far too 
 I?, aud Godw 
 iiuucgotiati 
 hut slender 
 golden oppf 
 'reignty froi 
 troops and 
 of liis sons 
 wri of l.'Jai 
 tatiiigshelt 
 yinn tiius fo 
 so powerful, 
 es and gover 
 '"rites; and 
 IfoWlgedte 
 iperious fath 
 s. Tliorn ho 
 eiit at When 
 It the ruin of 
 I apparent tin 
 Ids In Eiigia 
 foreign aliiai 
 !to give those- 
 "igliim. His, 
 was tlio mo 
 
<!?ii0Tantr.— ^nsla'^aroii %intii. 
 
 109 
 
 Willie HaroW, li's 
 East AiigUa,wl'h 
 nmcnt. 
 
 snstvc po-wor, still 
 jnftcconntnttliiir 
 ivder oi prince Al. 
 i,at to Ills foTliPw- 
 illy. Kdward ow.il 
 ,ho waa iwturuUs 
 ed to Ijear llu; lug. 
 i eUowtng Ills souse 
 our was tlie mure 
 telly exprcsseO, be. 
 tlift 49 well as liim. 
 iing'9 neglect. Tin 
 
 indeed, In comi* 
 i\ promise, but te 1 
 licr HlsdetormlM- 
 •iulltly attributed 1,| 
 t translerrcd to tta 
 
 hatred lie eutcrtM. 
 uKli tbo monkf, wiili 
 ;nllndlng piety wlure 
 nk ot looking to 11 1 
 t to his religious f«;. 
 iictltl9tliatliecliif8r| 
 
 loured hV V',?,":';?'" 
 surname ol IneUfrl 
 
 inlnK strong fediiml 
 y^and disnmtom,3 
 nobleman ot t.(>d\\ii;i 
 atlll-tempcrtoow*! 
 r.>toxt upon wlucli t{ 
 quarrel. Politic «M. 
 odwln BcUed upon t»l 
 king toward* tlio \- 
 q"mrrclup()njvncii; 
 
 tbo lull as mucli rrcji 
 aini^t tUc foreisuiT,. | 
 stbuaansiotistocuni 
 nine Had done so inw 
 
 rone, and only ^™\n 
 Tol an occai^i.m.iI 
 o liide Ills nutuin- m 
 ina motives.. It cliant. 
 
 his way back to liH';, 
 
 nt upon tlie couiut, 
 ,aTnanatwlu;?pl>'- 
 
 and wounded lum 
 .red,andtlienmui 
 ■ a general b:iltlo t 
 
 , connt'^ snite and 
 
 fiw. former got fonw 
 
 ^^'av. that the counh' 
 
 Acuity iu^t^avliwu' 
 
 „ffWisnotmereli an 
 
 iod that lorelt-'iicr?; 
 
 ronisbo^pi>''i)'>;:' 
 
 sed by Ws sw^'i^^'^v'^ 
 iar.towliom,asweM 
 
 cut of Kcot-. ':'•>"" i 
 Ynto the alViiir, f\ 
 
 , nutc;odwin,;vi"!, 
 
 currencc which furu. 
 
 Tt at onco pliuisiWe 
 Piling witl> Ills sovctfl 
 
 horn 
 
 -trcaW""' — , ,,,..i,,id 
 been aware of iliLM 
 
 ;i^;catedbytl.ef';re.« 
 
 fMimgs of Godwin, but as he was also 
 .ware of tlie very great and widely Bpread 
 ,nwer of that noble, ho had prudently 
 nrtpavoured to avoid all occasion of open 
 Sernent. But this blank refusal of 
 hfl earl to obey his orders provoked tho 
 ?nB so much, that ho threatened Godwin 
 ith the full weight of his displeasure If he 
 nred to persevere in his disobedience. 
 Aware and probably not sorry, that an 
 mpn rupture was now almost utterly un- 
 vnidahle, Godwin assembled a force and 
 Biichcd towards Gloucester, where the 
 t'„ was then residing with no other guard 
 inn his ordinary retinue. Edward, on 
 "' -Ing of the approach and hostile bear- 
 ttof his too potent fathcr-ln-law, applied 
 raid to Si ward and Leofric, the powerful 
 kcsof Northumberland and Mercla ; and 
 give them time to add to the forces with 
 ihldi they on the Instant proceeded to aid 
 m he opened a negotiation with Godwin. 
 filyas the earl was, he on this occasion 
 iri/ot tho rebel maxim— that he who draws 
 le sword against his sovereign should 
 ri)w away the scabbard. He allowed the 
 iii; to amuse him with messages and pro- 
 saic while the king's friends were raising 
 [orco BuDlciently ixiwerful to assure him 
 iccess should the (|uarrel proceed to blows, 
 tlie descendant of a long line of English 
 ea, and himself a king remarkable for 
 Qano and just conduct, Edward had a 
 lularlty which not even his somewhat 
 xwcening partiality to foreigners could 
 jtc ; and when his subjects learned that 
 was in danger from the anger and am- 
 iioa of Godwin, tliey hastened to his de- 
 ice In such numbers that ho was able 
 Iguramon him to answer for his treason- 
 le conduct. Both Godwin and his sons, 
 10 had joined In his rebellion, professed 
 rfect willingness to proceed to London 
 answer for their conduct, on condition 
 they should receive hostages for their 
 onalsafety and fair trial. But tho king 
 now far too powerful to grant any such 
 lis, aud Godwin and his sons perceiving 
 ,iu negotiating with the king while he 
 l)ut Bicnderly attended, they liad lost 
 ijolden opportunity of wresting the 
 reignty from him, hastily disbanded 
 troops and went abroad ; Godwin and 
 of his sons taking refuge with Bald- 
 earl of Flanders, and hl3 other two 
 taking shelter In Ireland. 
 iving thus for tho time got rid of one- 
 80 powerful, the king bestowed their 
 63 and governments upon some of his 
 lurites; and as he no longer thought 
 lelf obliged to keep any measures with 
 uperious father-in-law, he thrust tincen 
 lis, whom ho had never loved, Into a 
 cut at Wherwell. 
 
 It tlie ruin of the powerful Godwin was 
 ) apparent than real ; he had numerous 
 ids in England, nor was he without 
 (foreign alliances as would still enable 
 [to give those friends an opportunity of 
 nghim. His ally, the earl of Flanders, 
 was tho more Interested in his be- 
 tecause Godwin's son Tostl hud mar- 
 thc earl's daughter, gave him the use 
 harbours in which to assemblo a 
 
 fleet, and assisted him to hire and purchase 
 vessels ; and Godwin, having completed his 
 preparations, made an attempt to surprise 
 Sandwich. But Edward had constantly been 
 Informed of the earl's movements, and had 
 a far superior force ready to meet lilm. God- 
 win, whodepended fully as much upon policy 
 as upon force, returned to Flanders, trust- 
 ing that his seeming relinquishment of his 
 design would throw Edward off his guard. 
 It turned out precisely as (iodwln had 
 anticipated. Edward neglected his fleet and 
 allowed his seamen to disperse; and Godwin, 
 Informed of this, suddenly sailed for tho 
 Isle of 'VVIght, whore ho was joined by an 
 Irish force under Harold. Seizing the ves- 
 sels In the southern ports, and summonlnff 
 all his friends In those parts to aid him in 
 obtaining justice, he was able to enter the 
 Thames and appear before London with an 
 overwhelming force. Edward was undis- 
 mayed by the power of tho rebel earl ; and 
 as he was determined to defend himself to 
 the utmost, a civil war of the worst de- 
 scription would most probably have ensued 
 but for tho interference of tho nobles, 
 ^lany of these were secretly friends of 
 Godwin, and all of them were very desirous 
 to accommodate matters; and the result 
 of their timely mediation was a treaty, by 
 which it was stipulated on the one hand 
 that the obnoxious foreigners should bo 
 sent from the country, and on the other, 
 that Godwin should give hostages for his 
 future good behaviour. This ho did, and 
 Edward sent tho hostages over to Nor- 
 mandy, being conscious that he could not 
 safely keep them at his own court. 
 
 Though a civil war was undoubtedly for 
 tho present .averted ])y this treaty between 
 tho king and Godwin, yet the 111 example 
 thus given of tho necessities of the kins 
 compelling him to treat as upon equal 
 terms with his vassal, would probably havo 
 produced farther and more mischievous 
 acts of presumption on the part of Godwin, 
 but for his death, which suddenly occurred 
 as he was dining with the king shortly after 
 this ho'>i<.-.v reconciliation had been patched 
 up between them. 
 
 Godwin was succeeded both In his govern- 
 ments and In the very important ofllce of 
 steward of the king's household by his sou 
 Harold. Although unavoidably prejudiced 
 against him on accoiuit of his parentage, 
 Edwara was won by his seeming humility 
 and anxiety to please. But though Edward 
 could not refuse him his personal esteem, 
 his jealousy was awakened by the anxiety 
 and success with which Harold endeavoured 
 to make partisans; and. In order to curb 
 his ambition, ho played oft a r^val against 
 htm In the person of Algar, son of Leofrio 
 duke of Mercia, upon whom was conferred 
 Harold's old government of East Augila. 
 But this notabio expedlen''. of tho king 
 wholly failed. Instead of the power of 
 Algar balancing that of Harold, tho dis- 
 putes between the two rivals proceeded to 
 actual warfare, in which, as usual, the un- 
 offending peonio were the greatest suflferera 
 The death of botli Algar and his father i)Ui 
 an end to this rivalry, or probably tho very 
 means which tho king had taken to pre- 
 
 Vt 
 
 M II** 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
110 
 
 Cte CDrfnilttrj} at Wiitariit ^t* 
 
 servo his aulhoilty would liavo wholly and 
 fatally subverted it. 
 
 A.D. 1055.— There was now but ono rival 
 from whom Hai-old could fear aiiy ctfectual 
 competition,— 81 ward, duke of Northumber- 
 land ; and his deatli Bpccdily left Uarold 
 without peer and without competitor. Si- 
 ward liad greatly dlstinBulalu'd himself in 
 the only foreign expedition of this reign, 
 which was undertaken to restore Malcolm, 
 king of Scotland, who had been chased 
 from that kingdom after the murder of his 
 fatlier, king Duncan, by a traitorous noble, 
 named JIacbcth. In this expedition Biward 
 was fully successful ; but unfortunately, 
 though ho defeated and slew the usurper 
 Macbeth, ho in tlursame action lost his 
 eldest son Osborue, who had given liigli 
 jiromise of both will and power to uphold 
 the glory of his family. 
 
 Slward's cliaractcr had much of the 
 Spartan resolution, no was consoled for 
 the death of his gallant son when ho learned 
 that his wounds were all in front; nnd 
 when ho felt tlio hand of death uiion him- 
 self he had his armour cleaned and a spear 
 placed in his hand, that, as ho said, ho 
 migiit meet doatli in a guiso worthy of a 
 noble and a warrior. 
 
 Tho health of tho king was fast de- 
 clining, and as ho had no children, he 
 grew anxious about tiio succession; and 
 freeing tliat Harold was Bufllclontiy am- 
 bitious to soizo upon the crown, ho sent 
 to Hungary for his elder brother's son 
 Kdwai'd. Tho prince died almost immo- 
 diately after his avrival in England; and 
 thougli tlio titio of ills sou Kdgar Athcling 
 would liave been fully as good and indis- 
 putable as bis own, Edgar did not, to the 
 anxious eyes of the king, seem either by 
 years or cha'acter a competent authority 
 to curb tho soaring ambition of Harold. 
 ■Willing to see anyone rather than Harold 
 secure in the succeission, the king turned 
 his attention to William, duko of Nor- 
 mandy. Tills prince was the natural son 
 of William, dukeot Normandy, by Harlotta, 
 tho daughter of a tanner of tlio town of 
 Falaisc; but iilegitiuiacy in that age was 
 littlo regarded. He had shown great vigcur 
 and capacity in putting down tho opposi- 
 tion made to his succession to the dukedom, 
 and though ho was of very tender ago when 
 his father died, his c(mduct, both at that 
 difflcult crisis and in his subsequent go- 
 vernment, fully justified tho high opinion 
 of him which had induced his fatlier to be- 
 queath him tho dukedom, to the prejudice 
 of other branches of tho ducal family. He 
 bad paid a visit to England and gained 
 much upon the good opinion of Edward, 
 who had actually made known to him his 
 intention of making him his heir even be- 
 fore ho sent to Hungary for prince Edward 
 and ills family. 
 
 Harold, though by no means Ignorant of 
 tho king's desire to exclude him from all 
 chance of succeeding to the throne, stead- 
 fastly pursued his plan of conciliating the 
 powerful, and making himself noted as the 
 friend and protector of the weak. In this 
 respect he was eminently successful, but 
 there was an obstacle in the way of his Anal 
 
 triumph 'I'rom which ho anticipated ver; 
 great dii;iculty. Among tho hostages kIv™ ■ 
 by his father, earl Godwin, were a son anj 
 a grandson of that nobleman ; and v/hm ; 
 Harold perceived that duko William to ' 
 whoso custody the hostages were c'nm- 
 mitted, hawl hopes of being left heir to tho 
 English crown, ho naturally became nnj. 
 ions about tho conseciuences of his j^. 
 tended rivalry to relatives so near. To m 
 them out of the duko's power pre vioua to tlie 
 deatti of the king was of tlio utmost iiupor. 
 tance ; and he applied to the king for their 
 release, dwelling much upon tlie ccnistant * 
 obedience and dutifulness of his comiuct 
 upon wliich ho argued it was in some snri ! 
 an Injurious reflection longer to keep the 
 hostages. As his conduct really had bcoa 
 to .ill appearances of unbroken faith anj 
 undeviating loyalty, tho king was unnbieio 
 make any solid reply to his arguments, and 
 at length yielded tho point and einpuwcrti 
 Harold to go to Normandy and rclouie 
 liiem. Ho hastened to full'l this \m\ 
 i.greeablo commission, but a violent ten.! 
 pest arose wliile he was at sea, and (innj I 
 him aslioreupon tlic territory of Ciuy, (uuiiil 
 of Ponthieu, who mai'e him prisoner iiiilnJ 
 liopo of extorting a very largo sum frdKl 
 him by way of ransom. Harold sent to tlijl 
 duko of Normandy for aid in this diltiuuu, 
 represeiiiing tiiat tho duke's liononr, -is weiil 
 as ills liberty was infringed by this iiiipri.r 
 sonment of a nobleman bound to the coin 
 of Normandy. Notiiing could have InJ 
 pened more agreeable to tho wi^hej 5 
 William, wlio, if of a more hasty teinpoa 
 meiit than Harold, was no less rulitie; 
 and ho at onco clearly perceived that ;liii 
 unexpected incident would give lilm M 
 means of practising upon his onlyforaii] 
 able competitorforthe English throne, a 
 immediately despatched a mcsscngor 
 demand tho liberty of Harold ; and i: 
 count of I'ontliieu complied on the insiai 
 not daring to irritate so warlikeand \mt 
 ful a prince as duko William. Harolilth 
 proceeded to William's court al; Itouf 
 wliero he was received with every (Unii 
 stration of tlio warmest good will. Willi 
 professed tho greatest willingness to gii 
 up tho hostages, and at tho same liinctci 
 tlie opportunity— as If ignorant of liarol 
 own secret intentions— to beg liis aid ia 
 pretensionj to tho crown of EiiKlaiid, 
 suring him in return of an Increase to 
 graudeur and power already enjoyed hy 
 own family, and offering him a daiiKliton 
 his own in marriage. Tliough Ilamlii 
 tho least possible desire to aiu in his oi 
 defeat, he clearly enough saw that \1 
 were to refuse to promise It ho ftduld 
 m.ade a prisoner in Normandy for tlie 
 maiiider of his life. He agreed, thcrefci 
 to give William his support. Hut a m 
 promise would not serve William's ii 
 ho required an oath ; and as oaths swi 
 upon reliques were In that ago deemed 
 more than usual sanctity, ho had 
 relH.ues of the most venerated martyrs 
 vateiy hidden beneath the altar ou w 
 Harold was sworn ; and, to awe hlin ft 
 breaking his oath, showed them to liim 
 the conclusion of the ceremony. Ut 
 
f 
 
 
 ( antlclpatoa very 
 iho hostages K'lven 
 In, •were a eon iind 
 jlcman ; and when 
 
 duko wmiimi, to 
 i8tago3 wero com- 
 ling left holr to the 
 urally became anx- 
 .uencea of I1I9 In. 
 fca BO near. To net 
 owcrprcvUmatotlie 
 )1 the utmost Impor.i 
 ;o the king for tlicir 
 1 upon the constant 
 less of his coniluti, 
 I It waa la 8tu\ie 8on 
 I longer to keep the 
 iluct really Imil been 
 unbroken faith atl 
 10 king was unable to 
 !o his argument?, as4 
 point and e.mpowcrd 
 )rniandy and release 
 I to full'.l tills very 
 n.hut a violent ten. 
 vas at sea, and ilrwe 
 territory of (iuy.i'um 
 Oe him prisoner In tlie 
 very largo sum U«t. 
 n Harold sent to tin 
 or aid In this diltmim,! 
 duke's honmir as wli 
 ifriuKcd hy tills iranvl 
 nan hound to the oiim 
 hlng could have m 
 ible to the vvUliOj i\ 
 a more hasty teiniim 
 
 ■was no less P'Aitit; 
 irly perceived that M 
 It would glvolilmia 
 ipon his only Jorniil 
 , i.'.,«nah throne. 
 
 18 
 
 d^nfllantr.— ^nclO'i^arau KitiQif. 
 
 lU 
 
 the Kuglish throne. Hi 
 tched a mcs3cn(;et t 
 y of Harold ; and ta 
 complleilo"tliei"staM 
 ,to 80 warlike and i«w 
 William. naroUltlK 
 Ham's court at lloui 
 ived with every ta 
 •nest goodwill. "Ul' 
 .test wUlluguess to p 
 idatthesamoumetoi 
 18 if ignorant of llarol 
 ons-tobeghisaiaia' 
 crown of Enplaiid, 
 lirn of an Increase to 
 er already enDoycahy 
 iferinghlmadanglitci 
 go Though Harold h 
 desire to ahl 111 his 
 enough saw that « 
 „ promise It ho ^v(;uld 
 n Normandy for tti 
 B Ho agreed, thcrcloi 
 M support. Ihit a™ 
 otBcrve William's ti 
 
 ?h -and 08 oaths sw 
 ■^etnthatagcdeoni^ 
 
 Hanctlty, ho had s« 
 9t venerated martyrs 
 
 'ealh the altar ou; 
 • and, to awe hlin ' 
 Showed them to m 
 
 i the ceremony. 
 
 Hi 
 
 ^TTboth surprised and annoyed at the 
 obrrwd precaution of tlic duko, but was too 
 nniltic to allow hls concern to appear. 
 
 linnBiulng that he had now fully secured 
 
 ♦iwi support of Harold Instead of having to 
 
 frar his opposition, WiUiam allowed him 
 
 tn depart with many expressions of favour 
 
 niid friendship. But Harold had no sooner 
 
 nbtalncd his own liberty and that of lils 
 
 relatives, than ho began to oxert himself 
 
 to suKgcst reasons for breaking the oath 
 
 which actual durance liad extorted from 
 
 him and the acconipanlnient of which had 
 
 lieen brought about by nn actual fraud. Ue- 
 
 tcrraincd to Iiavo tlio crown U possible, ho 
 
 Lw redoubled liiscllorts at gaining public 
 
 ftiTour, hoping that his superior popularity 
 
 kould deter tho king from making any 
 
 'urther advances to duko William, and ro- 
 
 vhiK ill tlio last resort, upon tlie nrnicii 
 
 • fQp'rc of the nation. In pursuance of tliis 
 
 lau ho headed an expedition against Uio 
 
 I'cl'h, and pressed them to such straits 
 
 at'tlicy beheaded their prince, Qrlllltli, 
 
 iiiJ consented to bo governed by two noblc- 
 
 11(11 appointed by Edward. 
 
 Tlio popularity ho gained by this expedl- 
 
 im was prcatly enhanced by his rigid Im- 
 
 liirtiality m a case In which his own broth er, 
 
 ustl, dulce of Northumberland, was a prin- 
 
 iiai party. TostI had conducted himself 
 
 ithBUch tyrannical violence that the Nor- 
 
 Jiiimlirians expelled Iilin ; and the deceased 
 
 luko Leofrlc'a grandsons, Morcar and Kd- 
 
 aid, having sided with tlio people, thu 
 
 rmer was l>y them elected to bo tlieir 
 
 !•. Tlio kliit? coinnilsriioned Harold to 
 
 i!.i\vn tliis insurroctioii, which It w.as 
 
 .tuially supposed that ho would bo all 
 
 icniore zealous in doing, as ttie Interests 
 
 his own brother were concerned, llut 
 
 ircar, having demanded a conference 
 
 .111 Harold, gave liiiii such proofs of tlic 
 
 ilscoiuluct of Tosti, and appealed so flat- 
 
 iriiitly to his own very opposite cotuluet, 
 
 ntUarold not merely wltlidrew tho army 
 
 til which ho was about to cliastiso tiie 
 
 rthumbrlans, but mado gucli a represen- 
 
 lonof tho case, as Iniiuced the king not 
 
 ly to pardon the Nortliumbrlaiia l)ut also 
 
 cmitlrm Morcar in Tostl's govcriinient. 
 
 isti lied to the court of Klanders, but 
 
 ibsoiiiiently took an opportunity to show 
 
 |e extent oi Ills Uissatlslactlou with his 
 
 :itlRT'.s decision. 
 
 lliiivily after this affair Harold married 
 
 ! sister of Morcar, a step which plainly 
 
 Imated how littlo he felt lilmself bound 
 
 rerform his engagements to William 
 
 Xonnandy. In fact, ho was now bo 
 
 r popular, that ho niado no secret of 
 
 urctcnsion to the throne, bat openly 
 
 ;ca that as Edgar Atheling was by all 
 
 nowledged to bo unlit to wear tho En- 
 
 ilicrowi, he wa.s the fittest man in tho 
 
 ion to succeed Edward ; and though tho 
 
 waa too much opposed to Harold's su ;• 
 
 Ion directly and positively to sanction 
 
 pretension, ho w&s too weak in both 
 
 dand body to take any energetic steps 
 
 securing tho succession of William. 
 
 lieliinghad long been visibly sinking; 
 
 yet, though conscious of his approadi- 
 
 end, and really anxious to prevent the 
 
 accession of Harold, ho could not muster 
 resolution to invito duke William, but left 
 chance, policy, or arms to decide the suc- 
 cession at his death, which occurred In tho 
 sixty-llf th year of hia ago and tho twenty- 
 tlftli of his reign. Though both Godwin 
 and Harold excited bis dislike by tho Inilu- 
 eiico they acquired over him by superior 
 talent and energy, tho poaceableness of hia 
 reign was, in fact, mainly attributable to 
 their power and lutluoncc. Edward was 
 naturally weak and superstitious ; and If It 
 had chanced that ho had fallen Into other 
 liands. It is probable thaO Ills reign would 
 have been both troubled and sliortcned. 
 The superstitious custom of touching for 
 tho king's evil originated with thia prince. 
 
 CHArXEIl XII. 
 
 The Reign of Harold the Second. 
 
 A.D. 1060.— The death of Edward the Con- 
 fessor had 80 long been proliable, that 
 Harold had ample time to make hia pre- 
 parations, and In the mere fact of his being 
 on tho spot ho had a great and manifest 
 advantage over his Niu-mau rival. Kot 
 only wero Ills partisans ninuerous and 
 powerful by their wealth and station, they 
 wero also compactly organised. Kelther 
 duke William nor Edgar At lieiiiig was for- 
 mally proposed, Init It was taken for granted 
 that the unanimous voice of the people waa 
 represented by that of tlio lay and clerical 
 nobles who surrounded Harold ; and, with- 
 out even waiting for tho formal sanction of 
 tho states of the kingdom, he was crowned 
 by the archbishop of York on the very daj 
 after the decease of Edward. Nor, In fact, 
 was tho consent of the nation so mere an 
 assumption as it sometimes has been ; for 
 Harold was universally popular, and the 
 Normans wero ail universally hated as 
 foreigners, and feared on account of their 
 tlerco and warlike character. But popular 
 as Harold waa in England, he was not long 
 allowed to enjoy hia elevation In peace, 
 Hia brother Tostl, who had remained in 
 voluntary banishment at tho court of Flan- 
 ders ever since Harold's memorable decision 
 against lilm, deemed that Ills tlnio was now 
 arrived to take revenge. Ho exerted hia 
 utmost Influence with tho earl of Flanders, 
 and sent messengers Into Norway to ruiso 
 forces, and journeyed personally to Nor- 
 mandy to engage duke William to join him 
 in avenging both their grievances. 
 
 This lost step Tostl had not the slightest 
 occasion to take, for duko William was 
 far too much enraged at Harold's breach 
 of faith to require any urging. He had al- 
 ready determined thatHai-old should at the 
 least have to tight for hia throne ; but as 
 It was obviously important to stand as well 
 aa possible with the English people, ho 
 sent ambassadors summoning Harold to 
 perform the promise he liad made under 
 the most solemn form of oath. Harold re- 
 plied at some length and with considerable 
 show of reason to the duke's message. As 
 related to his oath, he said, that had been 
 extorted from him under circumstances of 
 durance wd wcU-grouudcd bodily terror. 
 
 'fi. 
 V 
 
 ■i ' 
 
 Ml Hi 
 
«■*:.-■ -i I 
 
 ,'SV'i 
 
 iilHj 
 
 ^U 
 
 m 
 
 112 
 
 €f)t Zvtuiuxn at ^Wtary, ^c. 
 
 And was conRLMiiiontly null ; and, moruovcr, 
 ho as a private inTDon cuuM not lawfully 
 Bwcar to forward the duke'8 i)reton8lons. 
 lie had, himself, ho added, been raised to 
 the throno by the uiianhnous voice of his 
 people, and he would Indeed l>o unworthy 
 of their jovo and trust were ho not pro- 
 pared to defend thn liberties they had in- 
 trusted to his care. Finally, he said, should 
 the dnko attempt by force of arms to dis- 
 turb him and his kiuKdoin, he would soon 
 learn bf^w great is the power of a united 
 people, jJ by a prince of its own choice, and 
 one who was firmly determined that ho 
 would only ceaso to relgu when he should 
 cease to live. 
 
 Wllliara expected such an answer as this, 
 and even while his messengers were tra- 
 velling between Normandy and theKngllsh 
 court he was busily engaged in prepara- 
 tions for enforcing his pretensions by arms. 
 Urave, and possessed of a high reputation, 
 ho could count not only upon the zealous 
 aid of his own warlike Normans, who would 
 look on the invasion of such a country as 
 England in the light of au absolute god- 
 send, but also of the numerous martial no- 
 bles of the continent, who litt^rally made a 
 trade of war, and were ever n-ady to range 
 theinselves and their still wart nien-at-arnis 
 under the banner of a bold and famous 
 leader, without expressing any troublesome 
 curiosity as to the rightfulness of his cause. 
 Among these unscrupulous swordcra the 
 ■wealth, fame, and a certain blunt and hearty 
 hospitality of William had made him ex- 
 tremely popular ; and in the Idea of conauer- 
 ing such a kingdom as Knglnnd there was 
 much to tempt the cupidity as well as to 
 inflame their valour. Fortune, too, favoured 
 ■William by the sudden death of Conan, count 
 of Brittany. Between this nobleman andWil- 
 liam there was an old and very inveterate 
 foud, and Couan no sooner learned dukeWii- 
 liam's design upon England, than he endea- 
 voured to embarrass and prevent him by re- 
 viving his own claim to the duchy of Nor- 
 mandy, which he required to be settled upon 
 him In the event of the duke succeeding in 
 Kngland. This demand would have caused 
 the duke much inconvenience, but Oonan 
 had scarcely made it when he died; and 
 count Heel, his successor, so far from seek- 
 ing to embarrass William, sent him live 
 thousand men under the command of his 
 sou Alain. The earl of Flanders and the 
 count of Anjou permitted their subjects to 
 join William's army; and though the rc- 
 gencyof Franceostensibly commanded him 
 to lay aside liis ouLerpri.-'e, the enrl of Flan- 
 ders, who was at the head oi' tiic i-egeiicy 
 and wlio was his father-in-law, took care 
 to let the French nohlllty know that no ob- 
 struction would be offered to their enlisting 
 under William. Still more important aid 
 and encouragement were afforded to Wil- 
 liam by the emperor Henry IV., who not 
 only assisted him in levying men in his do- 
 minion, but also promised to protect the 
 duchy of Normandy during the duke's ab- 
 Bence; but the most important i)rotcctor 
 and encourager of William in his projected 
 enterprise was pope Alexander III., whom 
 the duke, with shrewd judgement, bad com- 
 
 pletely won to his Interests by volinitniily 
 making him the mediator betwem thun' 
 The great .mxlety of the papal couriHtii 
 have an InQuenco as well over the temimrni 
 as over the spiritual otfalrs of the niitlon 
 would have rendered this one stroke of 
 William's policy uuite decisive of Alexan- 
 der's conduct ; but that pontiff was Dim 
 further interested in tho duke's sucivsj iiy 
 his belief that should tho Normans cdiLmer 
 Kngland, they would subject that iiiitinn 
 more completely than it had yet bcca sub- 
 jected to the papal see. 
 
 From the states of his own durliyivii- 
 llam at first mot with some oppo8itl(;ii,tiii, 
 supplies ho required being unprercdeiuiv 
 and onerously large. Hut Od". bishop ,,'; 
 Bayeux, William Fitzosborne, nt of Ur,'. 
 tcuil and constable of Normal , with tiir 
 count of Longucvillo and other Norman 
 magnates, so effectually aided I ' ■ tlm 
 this difflculty was got over, and < ates 
 agreed to furnish him with all thcai only { 
 uiuler protest that their conipllanco sliould 
 not bo drawn Into a precedent injiiriuujt) 
 their posterity. 
 
 By great activity, perseverance, niul ad- 
 dress, William at length found hlnisiititl 
 the head of a magnificently appointed i,,tt, 
 of three thou.sand vessels of various nu-, 
 and upwards of CO.ooi) men ; and so poiiulitj 
 had his purpose now become amoiii^ HiJ 
 warriors of tho continent, that he couijl 
 probably have nearly doubled tho numlMl 
 of men had ho thought it necessary tod I 
 so. Nor was it merely by dint of numlicrJ 
 that his force was Imposing. His vetprs;! 
 and disciplined men-at-arms were led iJ 
 some of the most famous knights of tliJ 
 age; among whom he cotild reckon Kiistacjl 
 count of Boulogne, William do Wari'iiKl 
 Uoger do Beaumont, Hugh d'Jiataplcs, aail 
 other warriors. I 
 
 Whiio William excited tho ardour of thoifl 
 and other gallant leaders by prumisiul 
 them rich spoils from tho land they werti 
 about to conquer for him, TostI, thelnfol 
 riated brother of Harold, was busied hJ 
 William's Instructions in ravaging tiitl 
 coasts of England, and distracting thoai-l 
 tent ion of Harold and his subjects injf 
 their more redoubtable enemy's prcpai 
 tions. In conjunction with Harold Hvl 
 drada, king of Norway, Tosti led aiiowcrfjT 
 fleet into tho Humber, and boK.iu to M 
 spoil the country. Morcar, duko of .vjf 
 thumberiand, and Edwin, duke of Mcrciij 
 got together such forces as time woiil 
 allow, and endeavonrcii to be.'.t back 4 
 marauders, but were put to the rout J 
 them. But though the effort of tM 
 noblemen was in itself disastrously iintd 
 ceasful, it gave Harold tlmo to rals<l 
 compact force and hasten to meet tliei^ 
 vaders in person. He met tliem at Sia 
 ford-bridge, on tho Derwent, and lutlj 
 action that ensued tho invaders were coi 
 pletely defeated, and both Tosti and 1 
 king of Nor^vay perished on the field. Priiii| 
 Olave, son of tho king of Norway, 
 taken prisoner, nnd the whole of tlie.NiJ 
 wegian fleet was captured; but Ilw| 
 with great generosity, gave the you 
 prince his freedom, and allowed )ii>M 
 
(!FtiflI«nll.--^UBT0-^avoii Hi 
 
 ll« 
 
 jltcdtlio ardour of ilifiti 
 leaders by promi'iii;! 
 )m the land theywonl 
 ir liini, Tostl.tbelnfcl 
 Harold, waa busied til 
 ions In ravaging tliil 
 and distracting thoitl 
 and Ula subjects Iror" 
 liable enemy's i>reiM 
 •tlon with Harold Hi| 
 i'ny, TostikHlavowirlif 
 „bor, and U'wm to Jj 
 Morcar, dulio of .N! 
 Edwin, dulie ot Mcrd 
 forces as time wou^ 
 ourcd to be!.t back ;i 
 i-ro I'lit to tUc routtl 
 nil tlio eflort of iliesi 
 tself disastrously umkI 
 larold time to nlsej 
 hasten to meet tliei' 
 He met them at sul 
 le Derwent, and lutM 
 the Invaders were co« 
 mnd both Tosti audilil 
 rlshcdonthelleld.l'rlij 
 3 king of Norwiiy,^ 
 id the whole of tUeH 
 captured; but Uaroi 
 roslty. gave the joul 
 iin, and aUowcd hln' 
 
 tako tn-nity bIiIp* nnd dej>art to his own 
 
 '''I'limifrli this vlrt<iry and Harold's modo- 
 
 riildii lifter It gave tlio Kngllnli groat nii- 
 
 iim 111 lie HatlKllPd with the choice they had 
 
 iiiule of a king. It waH, in fact, very dlnas- 
 
 Iriius to Harold, aa It cost lilm a great 
 
 iiiinilicr of Ills best men and oIllcerH at the 
 
 {irt'ilHO time when ho most needed their 
 
 imlcea; and even hla returning the siwlla, 
 
 tiiougli lie was actuated by a desire to «i)aro 
 
 Ills pcoiilo as much as poaslblo In the ai)- 
 
 J,,. Jelling contest with duke Wllllara, gave 
 
 id iiiiicb disgust to Ills Bolillery, that many 
 
 of tlu'iu nrtiiiilly deserted, and the rest 
 
 wore ili^coiiteiited. His brotherOurtli, aii- 
 
 !,„.p],eiHlliig some fatal consequences fi-oiii 
 
 itiils nally unreaaonablodUconteiit, eiulcji- 
 
 lyimrMi to dissuade Harold from risking lils 
 
 Ly,, person In the Jleld against Wlilliim. 
 
 My „rj(cd tliat It would l)o unwise to risk 
 
 ill upon one battle, wlieu by retiring before 
 
 lie oiicmy lie, who could deiiend u|)on the 
 
 loynlty and atlcctlon of his subjects for 
 
 iliundaiit siiiiiillea, could weary out the In- 
 
 tidor.", ami starve them Intosubnilssloii or 
 
 treat; and lie added, that as lliirold had, 
 
 „i\vever unwittingly, sworn niion the re- 
 
 liiies to support Instead of oiniosliig the 
 
 like It would bo far better for him to re- 
 
 iilirfiviu taking any personal part in the 
 
 iiiiiniacliing contest. Hut Harold would 
 
 in'diio reasoning and no remonstrance; 
 
 ic was determined literally to fulfil the 
 
 >nii9 of his reply to Wllllain's summons, 
 
 lid to cease to reign only in ceasing to 
 
 iVe. 
 
 .\f(pr sonic dinicultles from bad weather 
 jnil contrary winds. In which the duke 
 fcst sonie small vessels, the Norman lleet 
 speared olf the coast of Sussex, and the 
 hiiy landed at Povensey without oiiposl- 
 ■oii. Tlio duke In his hurry to leap ashore 
 lumbled nnd fell to the ground; but he 
 flth great iircsence of mind prevented his 
 bldiors from interpreting this accident 
 jito an evil omen, by loudly exclalining 
 Eat lie Lad now takeu possession of the 
 
 fllaroUl, who had approached with liis 
 fniy, wilt a monk to duke ■William to Ue- 
 »iid Ills immediate departure from the 
 jiisdoiii.* William, who was ccjualiy con- 
 Sclit of success, replied that he would. If 
 Jriild chose, imt the Issue ui.on a single 
 liiibat, and tims spare the effusion of 
 loud; iiut Harold declined this proijosal, 
 |(1 said that the god of battles would soon 
 iclde between them. 
 Ilie eve of the momentous day of strife 
 
 s passed by the Normans In prayer, .and 
 [confessing their sins to the host of 
 Bilks by whom they were accompanied ; 
 It the English, more conlldent or more 
 Iklcss, gave themselves up to wassail ami 
 Irriraent. 
 ^arty in the morning the duke addressed 
 
 iprlnclpai leaders. Ho represented to 
 |(in that they had come to conquer a flue 
 
 Btryfrom the hands of ausurper,whosc 
 
 tjury coiUd not fall to call down destruc- 
 
 J UpiionbcfR's Hiatory of England under tlio 
 ■lo-tiaxoii Kinga, 11. 2U3. 
 
 tloii upiin his head; that It lliey fuuglit 
 valiaiil ly their success was certain, but that 
 If any, from cowardice ortnwhery, should 
 retreat, they would Infallibly perish be- 
 tween a furious enemy and the sea towards 
 whicli lie would drive tliem. His addres:-! 
 (Inlshed, the duke formed his Immense 
 force Into three divisions,— the choice and 
 licavy-aruied Infantry, the archers and 
 llghtarmed Infantry, by Hoger de Mont- 
 gomery, and the cavalry, which flanked 
 both those divisions, under hia own Imme- 
 diate leading. 
 
 Harold had chosen his ground with great 
 judgeiiient. His force was disposed upon 
 the slope of a rising ground and the flanks 
 were seciii-eil against cavalry. In which ho 
 w;iH but weak, by deep trenches. In this 
 ixisitlon lie resolved to await the attack of 
 the enemy, and he placed himself on foot, 
 accompanied by his brothers Gurth and 
 fieofwiii, at the liead of his infantry. The 
 first attack of the Normans was fierce, but 
 the steadiness with which they were met 
 and the great diniculty of the ground com- 
 pelled them to retire, and the English pur- 
 sued and threw them Into a disorder which 
 threatened to degenerate Into actual rout. 
 Duke William, who saw that all Ills hopes 
 were at this moment In jeopardy, led on the 
 flower of his civv.ilry, and speedily com- 
 pelled the English to rellnaulsh their hard- 
 earned advantage, and retire to their origi- 
 nal position. William now ordered up ad- 
 ditional troops to the attack, but finding 
 tho English stand firm, he made a feint of 
 retreat. With far more bravery than 
 judgement, tho English abandoned their 
 advantageous post to pursue the flying and 
 seemingly terrified enemy, when tho Nor- 
 man Infantry suddenly halted andfaced tho 
 English, whose flanks were at the same In- 
 stant furiously charged by the Norman ca- 
 valry. "William was admirably obeyed by 
 his troo.<s, and tho English fell In vast num- 
 bers ; but the survivors by great exertion 
 regained the hlll.where the aid and example 
 of Harold enabled them to defend them- 
 selves to greater advantage. Extraordinary 
 as it may seem, tho ardour of the English 
 eii.abled Willlani to put the same feint Into 
 execution a second time, nnd with equal ad- 
 vantage to himself, though the main body 
 of Harold's army still remained firmly en- 
 trenched upon the hill. But galled by tho 
 Incessant play of William's archers, who 
 discharged their deadly missiles over tho 
 heads of the advancing heavy Infantry, tho 
 English were at length broken by tho 
 furious yet steady charges of these latter, 
 and Harold and both his brothers being 
 slain, the English fleil and were pursued 
 with terrible slaughter by the victorious 
 Normans. William did not gain this im- 
 portant victory without vastloss, tho battle 
 having been continued with almost un- 
 abated fury on both sides from morning 
 until evening. The dead body of the ill- 
 fated Harold was found, and, by the orders 
 of the duke, restored to his mother ; and tho 
 Normans having solemnly returned thanks 
 for their signal triumph, marched onward 
 to pursue their advantage. 
 Had tho English still possessed a royal 
 
 ft 
 
 It 
 
 w 
 
 i' 1/ 
 
 ■«.l 
 
 tj hi:... i 
 
 \.M'' 
 
114 
 
 €f)t €vttii\ttti at Wiitavut ^t' 
 
 family of the IiIkIi rournKo niul iiopul'Tlty 
 of Hnrotd, Diiko Wllllnm, In spite of lili* Mrst 
 brill liint aurcims, might for ytarslmvobcrn 
 harassed by tho necegslty of contlmmlly 
 fighting Btunll and Indccisivo battlos In 
 every province of tho kingdom. But Kdgar 
 Athollng, tho only Saxon heir to the crown, 
 bad neither tho capacity nor tho reiiutatinn 
 which would enable him to organise and di- 
 rect a rosistanro of this stem and stubl)nrn 
 description. Hut his mcro llneago went for 
 much in ohe circumstances of tholtingdom, 
 and the dultcs Morcar and Kdwiu, now tho 
 most powerful and popular men left to tho 
 Kngllsh, proclaimed Edgar, and called upon 
 tho people to support their Saxon soTcreign 
 against the Norman invader. In this mea- 
 sure tho dukes were zealously assisted by 
 Btlgind, archbishop of Canterbury, whoso 
 wealth and Influcnco made him of great 
 service to thcni. 
 
 "William, in the nieantimo, took rf>f;*'<*8- 
 sion of Romuey and Uien of Dover, ihus 
 securlngblnisclf a communication wlUi his 
 duchy In the event of any adverse tui'». of 
 fortune. Uavlngglvcn his troops aw cck's 
 rest at Dover, tho duke availed himy.'lf of 
 tho time to publish to tho people tlio pope's 
 bull in favour of his enterprise, it being 
 a document which ho well knew would have 
 a great effect upon tlic superstitious minds 
 of tho multitude, and tlnis dlsincllno them 
 to aid tho resistance planned by their 
 leaderc. Uo then marched towards London. 
 A large body of Londoners attempted to ar- 
 rest Ills course, bvt they were routed with 
 terrible slauKhter ^v about five hundred 
 horso of tlie Normii •; .dvanco ; and this new 
 disaster, togctlier \.lth tlie llttlo confidence 
 and enthusiasm excited by Edgar, so com- 
 
 Sletely dispirited tho people that even 
 [orcar and Edwin now despaired of suc- 
 cess, and retired to thelrrespectlvc govern- 
 ments. All Kent submitted ; Southwark 
 attempted some resistance, and was set on 
 Are ; and tho Normans seemed so wholly ir- 
 resistible, that Stlffaml, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, Edgar Athcllng, and other lo.idhig 
 men of tho kingdom, tendered William tho 
 crown and made their BUbmlsslon to him. 
 With a degree of hypocrisy, which the vast 
 preparations ho had made and tho great 
 tolls he had undergone for the purpose of 
 obtaining tho crown made ridiculous, tho 
 duke pretended to havo scruples about ac- 
 cepting tho crown without some more foi - 
 mal consent of tho English people. But 
 his o^vn friends, ashamed of his uratultous 
 hypocrisy, or afraid that his affrcted scru- 
 ples might give rise to some adverse turn 
 of events, remonstrated so plainly with him 
 that his feigned reluct.incc was laid aside, 
 and orders were given for the necessary 
 preparations for his Immediate coronation. 
 Stlgand, archbishop of Canterbury, was, 
 according to etiquette, the proper person 
 to have crowned William. But the alacrity 
 that prolate had shown ;in defending his 
 country made him an object of tho Con- 
 queror's dislike, who refused to bo crown- 
 ed by him, on the plea that his pall had 
 been Irregularly obtained ; and tho melan- 
 choly office fell upon Aldrod, archbishop of 
 yorlt. 
 
 oirArTEii xiir. 
 
 Ttic Hcion flf WiiJ.iAM I„ uauiilhj niyu 
 ' William tho Conquerur.' 
 
 Tub principal English and Norman nobility 
 being assembled in Westminster nlibov 
 (1)00. 25, 10061, Aldrod asked them If thoy 
 wore willing to havo William for tlicir 
 king, and being answered by anirniatire I 
 acclamations, he admonished him to tipholii 
 the church, love justice, and oxecuti? jiistire 
 with mercy J and then put tho crown (jiihii 
 head amid thn loud applauses of tin; rhoc 
 tators of both nations. A strong Kimraof 
 Normans surrounded tho abbey, iiml hoar. 
 Ing the shouts within, thoy ImaKlmd that 
 the duko was attacked ; upon whuii Hk. 
 Immediately fell tipon tho populace and 
 flred the liouseB around, and It was oiilytr 
 great exertion and his personal prcicnce 
 that William was enabled to put uii end to 
 tho outrage and disturbance. 
 
 Though he had experienced so miKii 1 
 goodwill from tho principal EuKli-li, WiU 
 Ham even yet felt doubtful how fur lie 
 might rely upon the peaceable (•iin(liict(,| I 
 his new subjects, especially tliu stiirtjl 
 Londoners, and ho showed tho jrahjtisyhjl 
 felt by causing strong fortrosgos In b(| 
 erected to overawe tho English siiul sonil 
 as places of refuge for hln own peniilo. I 
 
 A.D. 106T.— Ills jealousy of Ills iicwpiftl 
 jcctB wag still further sliown by lilsrctlrinJ 
 from London to Barking in Essex, VihA 
 ho hold a court for tho purpose of rciioiviBiI 
 tho homage of those English noMcs vtbil 
 had not been presented ut tho cin'oimiiotl 
 Edrir, surnamcd the Forester, tho braril 
 earl Coxo, Kdwin and Morcar wIki hji.ijjl 
 zealously though Ineffectually endoavmiitJ 
 to prevent htm from enslaving tlioir 0,1115.! 
 try, and a crowd of nobles of smallorniiJ 
 waited uiion him there, made their siibmiT 
 sion in form, and were conflrined bywj 
 In their authority and possessions; iiill 
 though the new rolgn had commenccJii 
 war and usurpation, there was ihuj fij 
 every appearance of Its being both a jiu 
 .and atramiull one. 
 
 Having received the submission of allK 
 principal English subjectB, William noi 
 busied himself In 'Istrlhutlm.' rcwai 
 among tho Norman soldiery to whnini 
 owed his new crown. Uo was einlileJ j 
 liehave tho more liberally to tlicin, becioi 
 In addition to the largo treasure ut then 
 fortunate Harold which had fallen liitoU 
 liands, he was enriched by great prtifii 
 made to him by numerous wealthy Knglil 
 who were desirous of being among il 
 earliest to worship the rising sun, il^ 
 they might enlarge, or at the least rresei 
 their estates. As tho clergy hud Rrei 
 assisted him, he made rich presents tothi 
 also ; and he ordered an abbey tobeerect 
 near tho site of the lato battle, and toj 
 called after It. 
 
 William doubtless built this mai^niflM 
 abbey partly for tho sake of plp.clng tin 
 his most zealous friends amon^' the$| 
 man monks, and partly as a splendid 1 
 durable monument of his great triiiniij 
 but he affected to dedicate It chlcily till 
 saying of dally masaea for tho repoMJ 
 
^PtiBlanH.— jl0niT«u tttnr.— fflHttlffliu J. 
 
 lU 
 
 i-ro couflrmeil b? hid 
 
 ■nSlor tuo repo« 
 
 fhfii; iiiifiirtuimto prlnco whom ho had ilc- 
 nrlvcd of both klnKdoiii and life. 
 
 TlioiiKh William had obtained his throne 
 •frictly by comiuoBt and usurpation, ho 
 r ,1 iiiienced his rulgn In a manner the beat 
 f ilftilatcd to reconcile hl» subjects to their 
 r aiiKO of sovereigns. Tho prido of con- 
 ,, rst aid not blind him to tlio necessity of 
 Liclllatliin; and whilo ho was In reality 
 iii'iiK'-t busy In plai'lnff all power and In- 
 ifiiioiicu In Norman liands, he lust no oppur- 
 innlty of BliowInK apparent favour to and 
 t;' iiijcMoo In the leadlnK Haxons. Though 
 1,. coiinscfttcd not only tho estates of Ha- 
 rold but also those of many of the b.'udlnj? 
 aim who had elded with that niifortunatu 
 irlncc, lie In nunicmuH rases availed liliii- 
 dt of slemler excuses for resliirliiK the 
 rdpertles to their rl«litful owners. Siu Is- 
 lOil tli.'it tliolinbeelllty of KdKiir Allicllnw 
 fciircJ the peaceal)lo beliiivlour of that 
 iriiiot', he ciinflriiied hini In the earldom of 
 xrurd, with which he had been Invested 
 r tliu deceased king; and, by the studied 
 iidness of his demeanour towards tho 
 ixoa nobles who apjiroaclicd lilm, ho 
 rnvc to add to their gratitude, lur tho 
 liil fiiviiurs ho conferred upon them, a 
 ,i'liii«of personal kindliness and affect Ion. 
 'ordlil bo ouilt to secure tho goodwill of 
 10 people at largo by maintaining among 
 \t troops that strict discipline for which 
 
 I i,;id been remarkable In Normandy, 
 ctoM tliiiujfh they were, and both ordered 
 111 wicouraKcd to keep tho Saxon popula- 
 
 II 111 strict obedience to the new govern- 
 iit, tlioy were not allowed to add Insn- 
 re to authority, and tho slightest dls- 
 oror Invasion of property was promptly 
 
 Id Btrlctly punished. Ills conciliating 
 ilicy extended to tho metropolis. That 
 lyliad been warmly opposed to him, but 
 anger for tho past opposition was kept 
 ,11 by a prudent consideration of tho 
 iiirtaut part so powerful a city might at 
 future time take cither for or against 
 ; and he therefore contlrmed its charter 
 . privileges as early and with as much 
 arcnt goodwill as ho did those of the 
 icr cities of the kingdom. 
 'li03O Instances of justice and modera- 
 n produced the greater effect on account 
 the warlike fame and generally stern 
 meter of the king: and wlillo his lin- 
 ilni? presence .and brilliant reputation : 
 ied him to bo looked upon with awo I 
 revor ho appeared, as lie took care to 
 in those parts of which he most suspect- ' 
 [the loyalty, his studied courtesy to tho j 
 1 and benignity to tho lowly obtained i 
 very general liking. 
 
 It at the same tinio that lie was thus i 
 iliatiiig his new subjects by justice and j 
 leration, which latter, under all tho cir- ' 
 utanccs, might In some cases be called 
 [tho stronger name of mercy, ho took 
 idant caro to keep tho one thing need- 
 pwer, in Ids own hands. While ho 
 rmed the privileges of the prosperous 
 [mpulous cities, he built fortresses iu 
 ^ of them and carefully disarmed them 
 He thus commanded all the best mill- 
 posts of tho kingdom, and had them 
 itautly occupied by bla veteran soldiers ; 
 
 while by bestowing upon tho, lenders, to 
 whoso valour and conduct ho owed so much, 
 tho ronll»cati;d possessions of tho Haxon 
 nobility and gentry, ho created numerous 
 minor despotisms, dependent upon hli 
 sway, and vitally Interested In Its pros- 
 perity. 
 
 His politic mixture of rigour and mild- 
 ness had all tho bucccbs ho could have iiii- 
 tlcipatcd or even wished ; and tho kingdom 
 settled down so calmly under his .authority, 
 and so Implicitly obeyed hia orders, that bo 
 even considered It safe to pay a visit to 
 France. On this occasion, however, he ex- 
 hibited his usual policy ; while he Intrusted 
 I he government of England to William 
 li'll/osborne and his own half-brother, Odo, 
 bishop of Hiiyeux, whom ho knew that ho 
 could ."afely trust imtli as to ability and 
 Iblclily, \w invited tlio principal Saxons to 
 nrconipany him on his journey, thus maklnif 
 them bosiliqos while seeming to make them 
 attendants upon his state and companion!! 
 In Ills pleasure. Among tho personages 
 whom ho thus deprived of the power, even 
 supposing them to havetbe will,of ('xcillnif 
 any (llslurbanees during his alisence, wero 
 the enrls Kilwlii and Morcar, and Stipaiul, 
 archbislmp of ('anterl)ury, of whose fiilth 
 ho was somewbiit doubtful on account of 
 their opposition to him when ho first In- 
 vaded their country. JIo also took with 
 him Kdgar Atbcling, whoso very name ho 
 thought likely to prove a spell to tempt tho 
 English to rebellion, and numerous per- 
 soniiRC's who, tliongh of less note, had great 
 Inlluenec from wealth or civil or ecclesias- 
 tical station. 
 
 Though William on arriving In his old 
 dominion played the hospitable host to hia 
 English aliciulniits ; and th'iugh they, 
 anxious tofiiriiisli him with every induce- 
 ment to continiK! in bis gracious and just 
 course, wore joyful and contented eoun- 
 tenaneea, and endeavoured to do honour to 
 their new niasiir by displaying before his 
 ancient subjects their utmost wealth and 
 ni.agnlflcence, they wero In secret intn-li 
 galled and Irritated by the Insolent supe- 
 riority which the Norman barons and cour- 
 tiers did not fall to assume. 
 
 The complete submlssbm and order to 
 which William had reduced tho kingdom 
 of England, a submission and order so per- 
 fect as to encourage a monarch naturally ro 
 suspicions and politic to pay a transmarlno 
 visit within a ijuarter of a year from the 
 date of his lioslilo landing in that kingdom, 
 seems almost Incredible, and can only bo 
 accomited for by the prodigious power and 
 vindieiiveness attributed to him personally. 
 But Normandy Is tho near neighbour ot 
 England ; and, oti tho slightest Intimation 
 from Odo and FItzosborne, William could 
 speedily return In person to exert his 
 dreaded power In repressing rebellion, and 
 to manifest his terrible vindictlveness In 
 punishing the revolted ; how then are we 
 to account for tho personal absence of the 
 king almost Immediately producing revolt 
 In Engl.and? Are wc to suspect that Wil- 
 liam absented himself purposely to encoo* 
 rage revolt, not doubting that theEngllsl!* 
 deprived ot their host and most zealooi 
 
 
 f« 
 
 If 
 
 ffM 
 
 1 
 
 ,,,, 
 
 fl 
 
 
 'i 
 
 
 f 
 
 \ im 
 
 t£ti: 
 
 1 
 
 ;| 'I.TA 
 
r 
 
 110 
 
 €fit Crrnjniri! of WitarjSt 9ft* 
 
 frionda and lomlcrit, who wciv In chwti 
 uttLMidiuico upon lilin, would o.-nlly lio put 
 down by lilH vIctnrloiH nriny, nnd tliitt lio 
 would tlum, without liny rUk to hlH now 
 comiuoHt, aci|ulru a plausible riffhf. to tnnko 
 a vast and swoeplnff traiiifor of tho pro- 
 porty of tlio klnndoiri from Hiixon to Nor- 
 man UniuU l Or Hliall wo ratlior suppogo, t liiit 
 tliu Haxon population willingly rciiiiilnt'd 
 <|ulot whllo tho poruonal pro.-icnpo of tho 
 storn anil Btrlct cotKiucror prevented hiH 
 onicora and soldlcra from trampling ami 
 opprosalni? tho eoufiuered ; and lli.it the 
 latter wero 80 Ill-treated during \\U mI>- 
 seneo an to ho driven Into an uller reelr- 
 lesHiioitH of co;ir'enuencosf The first tiup- 
 posltlon, though anything but honum'alilo 
 to William, tallies Indifferently well wllh 
 hU dark and deep policy; the latter 1m In 
 tho very nature of thliD^H highly probable. 
 TerhapH, however, tho truth lies between. 
 AVIlllam's wishes and views would, no 
 dr.ubt, govern tho chief men amouK the 
 Normans left in KuKlaiul, m to the greater 
 or less degreo of ho verity they Hhould ejc- 
 erclso during his abseneo In keeping the 
 Norman soldiery In order; and tho latter 
 would bo abundantly ready to avail them- 
 80lvcs of any relaxation In the strletnosHof 
 diselplino to which they liad iHSon accus- 
 tomed, without Kreatly troubling them- 
 selves to divo Into tho politic motives In 
 which that relaxation had its origin. And 
 this view of tho case Is tho more reasonable, 
 because, whllo policy obliged William to 
 conciliate tho Saxons at tho connnence- 
 mont of his reign, tho vastnesa and the 
 number of tho Norninn claims upon him 
 must have made him much In want of 
 more extended means to satisfy them thnu 
 Ills early ostentation of lenity h:id left 
 him; and, certainly, tho Norman knights 
 ond leaders, who wero so sure to profit 
 by new conllsratlona ol Saxon property, 
 would not bo slow to provoke the Saxon 
 population, by every Insult and Injury In 
 their power, to Hueh conduct as would lead 
 to confiscation. This view of tho case, 
 finally. Is much strengthened by the Impro- 
 bability that so suspicious nnd politic a 
 person as William would so early have ex- 
 posed his new conquest to danger, however 
 guarded against by tho trustiness of those 
 left to rule for him. In mere childish Im- 
 patience to dazzle tho eyes of Ills ancient 
 Bubjects with his new splendour, and with- 
 out some deep and Important ulterior 
 view. 
 
 From whatever cause, however, It Is quite 
 certain, very soon after the conqueror's de- 
 parture for Normandy tho Kiigllsh began 
 to exhibit symptoms of Impatience under 
 their yoke. Kent, which had been tho first 
 to submit to him .ifter tho great battle of 
 H.astings, was now also tho first to take 
 advantage of his absence and rebel against 
 hia authority. Headed by Eustace, count 
 of Boulogne, they not only did much da- 
 mage In the open country, but even had the 
 boldness to attempt the capture of Dover 
 castle ; and almost at tho same time Edric 
 the Forester, whose possessions lay towards 
 tho Welsh border, leagued himself with 
 8ome diacontented Welali chieftains, being 
 
 IndUi'ed to do so by the wanton IiikiiImm,,. 
 with which Homo of the Norman le.'utir |, 
 
 the neighbourhood had spoiled his |iM|ii'rt< 
 These attempts at openly opp()n||l^ n',; 
 Normans were too hastily and looMriy m,,,!,, 
 to bo successful, but they served tn f, 
 Into n fiamo tho smouldering fires i,t ,\,l 
 content which secretly, but no less stfiKiiiy 
 burni'd III the heart of the peo|i|i', ,\'|' 
 merely to revolt against the Nciriimn rm,. 
 but to rise on the same day In every vlUn^,! 
 and (own In the nation and iiiasHacri' n,,. 
 Normans to a man, was now made tin. ,,1, 
 ject of n general conspiracy anuiiiK i|j 
 Saxon population ; and so gencnil iiiul-, 
 determined was the fren7,le(i di-sire tofarrr I 
 this object Into effect, that earl t'oxn, im/, 
 Ing refused to place himself at tiie Ii(.a,i„( 
 bis numerous serfs, was actually imu lo 
 death as an enemy to his country aiiJau 
 oily of tho Norman oppressors. 
 
 Information of tho rebellious statonfiii, i 
 new kingdom was speedily conveyed tn wi;. I 
 Ham, who hastened over and appUeil liiiiii,.|( | 
 to tho task of punishing those wliii|,„|l 
 openly revolted, and of Intlmldatiiiu' iii,. 
 who, though still In outward a|i|>r:ir;ii!r, 
 loyal, might be contemplating a »\\m\:j\ 
 course. The estates of tho revolted wrrc.ul 
 a matter of course, confiscated ; aiidWliiLijI 
 thus ot)talncd a largo Increase nt i^grj 
 means to gratify the rapacity of lilsmyritJ 
 dons and to insure their zeal nnd (Mciii-I 
 Uut Willie he thus availed hlmscir to tJ 
 utmost of a plausible reason for conil-ijl 
 tlon or plunder, and at tho very miiiii,:il 
 when he at once Insulted and npiiri.yJ 
 the Saxon peoide by relmposing tlm i.n J 
 danrgclt, H(i especially onerous and it,\.„-j^ 
 to them, hcwItheonsuiiimatenrtprciiTvH 
 an appearance of moderation and nf.iriiil 
 ad'erence to justice, by ordering tlio r(iij| 
 ration to their possessions of Kaxmn vbil 
 had been violently and unjustlydlspim^i's^i 
 during ills absence in Normandy. Ilyiiij 
 plausible measure he at once tnni/li't In 
 subordinates that lie would allow ihihtihi 
 to be done but with his own saiictl.iiijN 
 cured a certain popularity among (lu'iia 
 ons, and obtained a sort of niiticliaiiii 
 counter-plea against the complaint.' tlit 
 might bo made of Ms subse(|ueiit Inji 
 tice, even though It sh(mld be- ilisplafi 
 towards tlie very proprietors whom hctif 
 restored. 
 
 A.u. lOfi.S.— Tho nctlvlty, watclifnlnfK 
 and severity of AVllllam rendered iImlvi 
 ral rising of the Saxons wholly liiiprj(l 
 cable ; but tho desire for It IkmI kiiivhIij 
 widely to pass away without sonic a|ii«j 
 to arms, however ill-concerted and iiani 
 The inhabitants of Exeter, a city wlilcli IT 
 always been among tho greatest mUtn 
 from invader.a, and In which great IntlufJ 
 was possessed by Githn, motlii'r nf ilioJ 
 ceased Harold, ventured openly to id 
 the resentment of William by rcfiialneici 
 mlt a Norman garrison within it swallsY 
 wlien the men of Exeter armed in sid 
 of this determination, they were insiaa 
 joined by a va.st number of Devoiisliirci 
 Cornwall men. Hut tlio more pruiij 
 among their leaders, gr(>atly liillucnci'4 
 doubt, by sclflali considerations, iio i 
 
(ipiigliinlr.— ^armnii !Linc.— CQIiinnm S. 
 
 117 
 
 wantnu liiMcii.i' ' 
 Sormaii li'iiili' iu ; 
 )o\lei»>il'>l'r'M"'rty 
 nly oini'ii'liix III" 
 yiiurt Inoiti'ly iiijuli 
 lipy BOrVi'il tiv (ill 
 
 li'rluff ftrcn iif ilis- 
 )Ut »<» l*-'*" *'f«tlily, 
 t tlio iieiiiilf. Ni 
 t tlio Norniim ruir, 
 i\iiy 111 t'Vi'ry vllliui 
 
 I iiiul intl^'xatTi' Uii: 
 I now inll'lu llR'nlp 
 
 i«lilrftpy niii'iiiK 'le 
 go gcncriil ami -i 
 ir/.lC(\ rt<'»l'''' ^" "ff7 
 tlmt carl roxn.lw. , 
 
 wiis actuiiUy imi to 
 I \\\n coiiiuryaiidaii 
 >rct<fior». 
 
 ilUy couvoyt'il to wr, 
 -rnndBPPUedlilmMI 
 
 illlUK UlOHP wlinWl 
 
 ,f iiiilmliliiiliiu' 111 
 
 outwiinl iipiM iiriii I' 
 
 tclill>liltl''« '' "'""'"'I 
 t iiioroviilti'ilwcrv.sil 
 
 iiflscated ; iimlWIIIir.l 
 
 ruo tnrrcaat! ot ml 
 
 rapaclir ot l>l*'">''>i 
 
 ivalliHl Jiliiwilt ti. iM 
 10 rruson for i'"iiil-i>l 
 
 at tlio very iniimr.il 
 Hnultea and own-HW 
 
 vc'linposliiKtliei;n.l| 
 
 ly iiiioroun iiii'l <"'■« 
 >:nmmatcarti.r(v,rvi< 
 
 ulL-ratlDii ami ;il Mfi 
 , ,,yonl«THi«tl"'f<''j 
 ;.f,i.l.)nH of BnxoiH «1J 
 
 „aun justly ^\':'.i""f;:'l 
 
 In Norniaiuiy. ijjii 
 i,e at once taiii-'liU 
 would allow iiinvniii 
 , Ills own Baiiiil.iiMrt 
 lUliirltyam.uit,' tlji"«^ 
 \ 8ort ot an uMia. 
 
 ;t tlio romplam M^l 
 •lU sul>«e.iiu'iit in,^ 
 
 It BhouUl lie ili*i 
 roprlctors whom lie tij 
 
 Saxons wliol > Hm" 
 iro for it l.;"l H'V.* 
 vy without some III;,*' 
 m-concertcdam "« 
 ■Kxcter.acitywliM 
 J tlio greatest mfi(\ 
 -^'in which ^rent !..«<> 
 tJltha. mother.. tt 
 hntured openly to jr 
 William by refu.l.«t 
 
 1 ut the more rm 
 cr9.Kreatlyluilw" 
 ■Considerations, no s 
 
 1 
 
 hcAnl (lint Wlllliiin wBnapproaclilnif them 
 
 Willi II viHt body of hlH disciplined and un- 
 
 nmrliiK tri)0|iH, than they nuninelU'd diih- 
 
 nihilon, and Induced their followers to Hend 
 
 III,; itiim iioHtnKen for their Rood heliavloiir. 
 
 lint as It li* ever far eauler to excite iho 
 
 iniiltltiide to revolt than to lay the xplrlt of 
 
 vJiilt'Mre when onco rained, the peopli! liroko 
 
 mit anew even ui'ter tho delivery of the 
 
 hintBtres. They Hoon found they had to do 
 
 Willi line who had little Incllniitlon to liiilt 
 
 111 liiilt measures. He tmniedlately drew up 
 
 liUfiirce undei Mio walls of the pinci', mid 
 
 jiy wayof i*hiiwliiK tho revolted people how 
 
 llitio mercy ihoy had to expect from hlin, 
 
 |)iii liiu'liaroiiKly eauHod tho even of one of 
 
 lIu'liii.ttnKes to he put out. This Hierii and 
 
 iiiviiKti severity liad nil tho effert he expect- 
 
 (lUnmi it ; the people Instantly milnnltted 
 
 llii'iiiHi'lveH to liU mercy, and heeonfcnled 
 
 jiiiiii'i'lf with placing n ntroiiK f/iiai.l In 
 
 Ilii'Irclty. ••Illia, wlioKewealih would have 
 
 Ifitriilslied a I'U'li booty for Wllllitiii iinil liU 
 
 fiilliiwerH, wan forluiiate eiioimli to escapo 
 
 lnKlaiiilerH with the wholoof liir treaHure''. 
 
 rill' nubiiilH.'flvo example ot Kxeter was 
 
 n.irilllyfollowed by Cornwall; and Wiiiidin, 
 
 hiivlim' HtroUKly Karrlnoned It, ritiiriicd 
 
 niili Iiii4 army to WIneheHter, wbire be 
 
 (liciiluld his court, and bclimr now joined 
 
 hyiiiiirn Matilda, who Imd not previously 
 
 fliiiiiRlit It Hafotovlrtit her new kln^fdniii, 
 
 Tniisi'd her coronation to bi' soleiiiuisi'd 
 
 liili nnu'h pomp. Hoon after this cire- 
 
 liiiii}' tlie queen presented her liusbiiiid 
 
 ritli their fourth son, Henry; the three 
 
 jdiT brothers of this prince, Uol)er(, KIcli- 
 
 ril, and William, were boni and still re- 
 
 liiliR'd In Normandy. Tho hIkuiiI HUeci-ss 
 
 id easo with which the khiK had (luelled 
 
 le revolt In tho west did not lu-event dls- 
 
 irbances arlsluR In other parts of the 
 
 juntry, In fart, such disturbances were 
 
 Imost hievi^able; for I bo Norman chiefs 
 
 [iw were posi'Hl in various parts of the 
 
 (nirdoni were 'ar too much Interested In 
 
 lujlng coiitlscatlon, to Imitate even the 
 
 fotonfos made to moderation by their 
 
 fiiKT, mil tlioir exactions and Insolenrc 
 
 ere such as to be well calculated to excite 
 
 discontent and resistance of a far more 
 
 (ikiit and orderly people than the .Saxons. 
 
 itliciinrth, when', lieln.'.? remotefroiu the 
 
 IK'S Immediate authority, Mio Noriium 
 
 j)iilesi!.lil jirnbably carried their lieeiice 
 
 lan Intolerable extent, the people were 
 
 knged to so bold a temper, th.'it Kdwin 
 
 (d Morcar thought It not Impolitic to 
 
 ice tlicmselvcs at their head; anticl- 
 
 tlng, It w!<uld seem, an cltectual ojipo-sl- 
 
 |u to the hated rule of the Invader. Their 
 
 use seemed tho nioroliliely to he success- 
 
 |,licciiusc, in addition to the nuniberand 
 
 olutlon of the Saxons In revolt, they had 
 
 liromlso of support from Malcolm, kiuK 
 
 IScntlaiui, Bletliyn, prince of Wales, who 
 
 related to them, and Swcyn, kiiiK of 
 
 imark, wlio liad a personal and pecu- 
 
 iutcre^t in tho success of tho Saxon 
 
 |se. 
 
 lie cnnduct of Edwin and Morcar on 
 llllam'.s first invasion, when they only 
 Itidrew their oppohltlon on pprceivlnur 
 u tlicy could no longer rely upon tlic 
 
 xealous cooperation of the people, huI11< 
 clontly attests their ulncere love of country. 
 Hut; we must not omit to Mtat<', that on 
 tills occasion of rIsliiK In the north tlie no- 
 liiemen In iiuesllon were to a eoiislderablo 
 extent liilluenced by private animosity. 
 How seldom, alas ! \i even the purest jia- 
 triotUni free from all taint of tteliUU and 
 personal feeliiiK ! 
 
 To lilKli-spirlted nobler", llko Kdwin and 
 Monir, the mere Indlciitiniis of distrust 
 which William could not, with all his iio- 
 lley, wholly avoid glvlnu', would liavi' been 
 hi«iiiy olfenslve in thi'inselves. Ihit as ro- 
 Karded Kdwin, the distrust nianifesled by 
 tli(> kiii»f assumed a de<'per tint of oU'ence, 
 liiasmueli as ho manifested It by an ar- 
 bitrary und capricious refucal to perforni 
 tlie pronilso be liad made on aseendiim thu 
 thriiT<e, to vive to that nobleman the hand 
 of his dmitfhter 111 inarrlaKe. This all'rout, 
 imiiiylnir so much distrust, and, ceil.iliiiy, 
 wivlim the rejected suitor and his bimlier 
 Kood reaxoii lo Infer the forei<ono determi- 
 nation of Htill further and more direct 
 proofs of I lie kliiK'B ill-will, inui'iublediy 
 liad Its iiilliieiH'e In causln*^ the brothers 
 openly to put ihemselvea at the head of tho 
 jireseiit revolt. 
 
 However llttio reason WlUiaiii liad lo 
 expert a new outiiri'.'ik so soon afler tlio 
 example he Imd made In the west, ho was 
 not, In the nillltiiry sense of the word at 
 least, Rurprlsed. His troops were con- 
 stantly kept In marchliiK order,anil tliiiur,'li 
 they wero distrilinled iver a iai'Ko spaco 
 of Country, their line- of eonimnnicatiou 
 w.'re so arraiiued that a vast nuiiilier could 
 on tho shoiiest notice be assembled In 
 one compact body. Tho liustaiit, there- 
 fore, that he was Informed of this new 
 revolt, he set out for the iiorlli by forced 
 ninrclies; caused WaiwU k and NoltiiiKham 
 castles to be stn iiKly garrisoned under tho 
 respect Ive command ot Henry do Heaumont 
 and William I'everll, niid reached York 
 with such unexpected celerity, that lie ap- 
 peared In friMit ot the astonished Insiir- 
 Kents before they had received any ot tho 
 forelRU aid upon which they had so greatly 
 reckoned when forniiu'i their plans. ICd- 
 win and Morcar, together with another 
 very powerful noble who had taken part 
 witli them, wisely wave up all thought of 
 making any resistance with their very In- 
 ferior force, and were rocelveci into tho 
 king's peace and pardon. Ho not only 
 spared them in per.-^on, but In their pos- 
 8es.sions also; still contlscat Ions wero too 
 essential a part of his means of consoli- 
 dating and perpetuating his power, to bo 
 generally di.spensed with. While the lead- 
 ing men were tliui allowed to escape Im- 
 poverishment aa well as the more severe 
 punishment of rebellion, their liumbler 
 and, comparatively, unoffending followers 
 were mulcted with tho most mercllesr! se- 
 verity. The whole secret of his clemency 
 to tho three powerful leaders wiiom wo 
 have named seems to have lieen hia donht 
 whether ho could just then crush them 
 without a risk moro than proportioned tu 
 the gain. 
 
 Tito failui'o of this rebellion in the north. 
 
 
 , 
 
 ^ :) r 
 
 7^3 1 i-rii 
 
118 
 
 El)t Evtnixivyi ai W^tavyi, ^t. 
 
 andtlio pence iimdc between William and 
 Malcolm of Scotland, wlilch seemed to cut 
 off all liopo of future aid from that monarch, 
 Impressed the whole nation with a hope- 
 less sense of utter and unfriended sub- 
 jection. The multitude muttered the deep 
 curs.- to which they dared not give louder 
 utterance, and prepared to toil on in their 
 ordinary routine, and hear more or less op- 
 pression as tlio caprice or the policy of 
 their tyrants nilKbt determine. But the 
 bopelessness of braver and more passionate 
 spirits was of a less passive kind. Unable 
 to free their land from the rule of the 
 oppressor, tliey at least bad philosophy 
 enough to abandon it and seek freer homes 
 in stranger climes, whence they could re- 
 turn should a brighter day beam upon Kng- 
 land. Among those who thus voluntarily 
 went into exile was Kdgar Atheling, who, 
 with his eistcra Margaret and Christina, 
 sought peace In Scotland. MiUcoim not 
 only showed every kindness to the illus- 
 trious exiles, but married Margaret ; and 
 partly on account of the connection he 
 thus formed with the most illustrious of 
 tlie Saxon families, though mainly, per- 
 haps, with the politic view of strengthen- 
 ing bis kbigdom, ho gave ready shelter to 
 all Saxons, of whatever rank, who sought 
 it in his dominions. 
 
 If many of the lOngUsh were driven into 
 exile by despair of being able to free their 
 country, not a few of the Nornnins began 
 to grow weary of living in a land so fre- 
 quently disturbed, and among a people to 
 whom they felt that they were so tho- 
 roughly hateful, that their lives as well as 
 possessions would infallibly bo forfeited 
 should that people get the upper hand of 
 them for even a single day. This wcnri- 
 ness, moreover, was by no means exclu- 
 sively confined to the meaner sort. Jiaiiy 
 of the higher chieftains, and among them 
 Humphrey do Tel 1 ol and Uugh do Oratesni 1 1, 
 requested their dismissal and permission 
 to return home. The king could scarcely 
 refuse compliance with such a request, but 
 he revoked his grants in the case of all who 
 made It, telling them that the laud and its 
 defenders must go together. And though 
 some of his bravest leaders left him upon 
 these unfriendly terms, he had little occa- 
 sion to regret them, for his liberality and 
 ample means of displaying it insured him 
 abundance of new adventurers, not merely 
 willing but eager to enlist under his 
 banner. 
 
 A.D. 1069.— The departure of so many mal- 
 contents from England had by no means 
 theefl^ect, as it might seem certain to have, 
 of diminishing the chances of disturbances. 
 Tlie voluntary exiles carried their griefs 
 and their rancour witli them, and lost no 
 opportimlty of making friends for England 
 and foes for England's Norman tyrants. 
 Nor did they want for a rallying point. 
 When Harold fell, bravely battling against 
 the Invaders, his three sons, Godwin, 
 Edmond, and Magnus, songbt shelter in 
 Ireland. They were well received by the 
 princes and chiefs of that wild country, and 
 Boon became very popular among them. 
 Enraged at the cause of their oxilo from 
 
 England, and constantly surronhdcd by 
 such practical lovers of strife as tlio ivish 
 princes of that time, they naturally hvgnn 
 to contemplate a descent upon EnKlinui 
 and to calculate what aid they could rpiv 
 upon beyond that which Irelaiid's owinvjid 
 chieftains and strife-loving kerns could 
 afford them. Deinnark llioy could wiiji 
 tolerable certainty depend upon ; and tluy 
 hoped that both Scotland and Wales ^Yo^ll(l 
 be induced to aid them when the Btiifc 
 should once fairly bo afoot. Encourntrpd 
 by these confldent expectations of aid, tiny 
 landed with a considerable but disorili'ily 
 force upon the coast of Devonshire. But 
 instead of finding the English pcasniitr; '' 
 flocking around them, grateful for tliclr I 
 coming and eager to join in tlicir enter- I 
 prise, they, on the contrary, had scarrolv ' 
 set foot upon the shore when tlicy fouiij 
 themselves vigorously assal'ed hy the 
 trained hirelings of the Norman, under tlio 
 command of Brian, son of the count of 
 Brittany, who worsted them in eeveral I 
 petty battles, and at length drove tlicm 
 back, with much loss and some disgrace, to 
 their vessels. 
 
 Unsuccessful as this attempt of the sons i 
 of Harold was in itself, it served as a signal 
 for numerous risings, especially in the 
 northern part of the kingdom. The Korili. 
 uinbriana rose, took Durham by suriniso, I 
 and slew upwards of seven hundred men, I 
 ; among whom was the governor, Uulirrtdel 
 I Comyn, to whose negligence the Saxocil 
 I were said to have been mainly Indebteil for I 
 their success. From Durham the Inclinai 
 tion to revolt spread to York. There tlie I 
 ■ governor, Robert Fitz-Richard, and inanjl 
 i of his people, were slain; and the Recondl 
 I In command, William Mallet, secured tlie I 
 castle, to which the rebels proiniitly laid! 
 siege. They were aided in this bold attomftl 
 by tlie Danes, who now lauded from tlircel 
 hundred ships, and by the appearniicel 
 among them of Edgar Atheling, wlio vu\ 
 accompanied by several Saxon exiles oil 
 rank and some influential Scots, wlio k+I 
 nilsed the aid of large numbers of tlu'J 
 countrymen. The castle of York was mI 
 strong and so well garrisoned, tlint it i)| 
 probable it might easily have lidd oitf 
 against all the rude and unsclentiflcnttackiT 
 that the revolted Northumbrians and tlieiil 
 allies could have made upon it, but fori 
 accident. William Mallet, the gnllaiit dtj 
 fender of the castle, perceiving tlint sen 
 houses were situated so near as to comraai 
 a portion of the walls, ordered tliein tol« 
 fired, lest they should serve as works foj 
 the besiegers. But Hro Is a servant as n 
 certain and uncontrollable as it Is swift, 
 brisk wind carried the flames beyond thj 
 houses which were speoiaily devoted ij 
 their destroying ministry ; overywiiereilj 
 fl.amcs found abundant fuel, nearly nil 111 
 buildings being of wood ; and the euiiteJ 
 ti(ni, defying tbo inadequate nie.'uis i 
 which the people tried to stop it,di'strof| 
 nearly the whole of the city, which evcul 
 that time was very populous. The alij 
 and confusion which were caused liyta 
 event enabled the rebels to carry tlie ca-if 
 by storm ; and scarcely a man of tlic s 
 
dPitfllantf.— iJnrmaii ^im^^WiiXUmn 1. 
 
 119 
 
 surrounded by 
 ,r\to as ilio IvlfU 
 f naturally begun 
 1 upon EnKlaiul, 
 I they could rely 
 relaiuVsownwiia 
 lug Uerus could 
 
 tlicy could with '■ 
 d upon ; and tlicy 
 land"Wal08>Y0ul(l 
 I when the fitrlfo 
 toot. Encom-Rccd ,, 
 iationsolaia.tlu-y I 
 ,1)10 but disordorty ' 
 
 DovonsUiro. Hut ,, 
 Kngllsh peasantry jl 
 gratelul for tlicir i' 
 3in in their enter- 
 travy, had scarcely | 
 -when tlicy found i 
 
 • assailed l>y tlio \ 
 Norman, under the i 
 
 )U of tho count (i! 
 a tlieni in several I 
 length drove them 
 ndBorac disgrace, to 
 
 , attempt of the sons 
 it served as a signal 
 g especially in tlio 
 lligdom. TlicKorth- 
 Durham hy surmise, 
 seven hundred raoii, 
 .Kovoruor, Hubert de 
 Kllgence the Sasow 
 nnmlnlyindebtcifoi 
 Durham tho inclma- 
 ItoYorlc. There tlie 
 iz-Rlchard, aud luaiy 
 ilain; andtheFeMd 
 ,1 Mallet, seeuvea 
 
 rebels prompt 1> UiJ 
 .dinthisboldattorait, 
 row lauded f roiu three 
 
 * In- the appearance, 
 ar Atheling, wl)" m 
 i-oval Saxon exiles ol 
 lentlal Scots, wlio vro- 
 rge numbers or thd 
 kstle ol Yorlc was so. 
 ^''garrlB«n«'l' that it , 
 
 paslly have hcW oill 
 Knsclentillcatta* 
 
 Kihumbrlansaurt « 
 kdc upon it, but fill! 
 Pallet, tho ga a" / 
 rpercelvlng that s^n 
 li Senear as to comin 
 lis, ordered them to 
 M serve as wods 
 lUrolsft servant a 11 
 oliabloasiti^svv^, 
 ' the flames beyond u 
 P* spedally devo e 
 rnistry;cvcr>« 
 
 'laut fuel. nPii'^'y,; „ 
 rood ; and the cunlsi 
 
 Tnad'equato •.;ea«» 
 
 •IcdtoBtopitjM 
 
 the city, whic--^™ 
 
 ty populous. T 10 Jl 
 
 ch were ci"8cd -Jt 
 ebels to carry tlie»^ 
 ircely a man of tnc 
 
 ,.i8ou iiuniborliig noarly tlireo thousand, 
 vns spared alive. Hercward, an East An- 
 Hhu uoblcman, at the same time wrought 
 1, lich confusion and difficulty to the Nor- 
 nns : cutting offl their marching parties 
 nid retiring with their spoils to the Isle of 
 ,'lv Somerset and Dorset were in arms to 
 •iman' and Devon and Cornwall also rose, 
 'ivltli the exception of Exeter, which ho- 
 iioumWy testlfled its sense of the clemency 
 twice sliown to all Its population save one 
 „,i[,)rtmiato hostage, and hold Its gates 
 cln-ed for the Icing even against Its nearest 
 iieiplibDurt. Edric the Forester, who liad 
 iiniiv causes of quarrel with the Normans, 
 •iliieil himself with n numerous body of 
 Welsh, and not only maiutalncd himself 
 •imliist tho Norman force under Eitzos- 
 iiuiiic and earl Brian, but also laid siege to 
 the castle of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Wlieii to these Instances of open and 
 iMiwerful rebellion we add innumerable 
 petty revolts in other parts and tlie univer- 
 sal liostlllty and restlessness of tlio Saxons, 
 invill l)e admitted tliat there was enough 
 ill tlie state of tho country to have made 
 the boldest of monarchs anxious. And 
 William was anxious, but undismayed. To 
 hlseagiceyea single glance revealed where 
 force was absolutely requisite, and where 
 bribery would still more readily succeed. 
 To the Danes, who were headed by Osborne, 
 brother of the king of Denmark, and by 
 Harold and Canute, sons of that monarch, 
 he well knew that the freedom of the 
 [country was a mere pretext, and that their 
 jreai incentive to strife was desire of gain. 
 iThem he at once resolved to buy off ; and 
 le quickly succeeded in getting them to 
 etire to Denmark, by paying them ii sum 
 t money in hand and giving them leave to 
 ilunder tho coast on their way. J)e«crtcd 
 considerable an ally, tlio native 
 leaders became alarmed, and ■William found 
 ho difllculty in persuading Waltheof, who 
 bad been made governor of York by the 
 laxonson their taking the castle by storm, 
 ) submit on promise of favour ; a promise 
 khich the king strictly kept. Cospatric 
 fellowcd the example, and was made carl of 
 Northumberland; and Edrlc tho Eorestcr 
 Uso submitted and was taken Into favour. 
 idgar Atheling had no course open to him 
 lut to hasten back to Scotland, for, while 
 lie loss of all his allies rendered any strug- 
 |e on his part so hopeless that It would 
 Bvc been ridiculous, he feared, and with 
 batarparent reason, that his Saxon liiood- 
 bjal would Incite William to put him to 
 Icath. The king of Scotland, to whose 
 r coming the confederates in some de- 
 bee owed their ill success, geeiiig that 
 be northern confederacy was broken up, 
 latched his troops hack again. Tho failure 
 I the north struck terror into tho rebels 
 oughout the kingdom ; and William 
 kw all his late opponents subject to him, 
 fc Hcreward, who still maintained Ills 
 irtlsau warfare— owing his protection 
 the dIDlculty of access to his swamiiy 
 teat. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Tlie Beign of William I. (fiontinimd.) 
 
 A.n. 1070.— IlAViNa hy force and policy dis- 
 sipated tho confederacy which had threat- 
 ened him, William now determined to 
 g:,ow that whatever kindness and favour 
 lie might extend to Individual Saxons, whe- 
 ther from genuine good feeling or from 
 deep policy, the great body of tho people 
 had no mercy to hope from him. And as 
 the north liad been especially truu1)leBomo 
 to him, so lie selected that part to be tho 
 llrst to feel how terrible his wrath could be. 
 Detween tlio rivers number and Toes, a 
 vast expanse of sixty miles of country, as 
 fi'rtlle as it was beautiful, was by his stern 
 order utterly laid waste. Tlic cattle and 
 such other property as could bo conveyed 
 away became the booty of tlio Norman 
 soldiery; the houses wore burned to tho 
 ground, and the wretched inhabitants left 
 to perish upon their desolated landB,without 
 shelter, wltliout food, and without hope or 
 pity. Vast numbers of them made their 
 way Into the lowlands of Scotland, but 
 many there were who could not do so, or 
 were so attached to tho Bite of their once 
 happy homes, that they remained in tho 
 woods, and perished slowly by hunger or 
 file terrible diseases produced by exposure 
 to the elements. It Is calculated that by 
 this one act of merciloss severity not fewer 
 tlian a hundred thousand Saxons miserably 
 perished 1 
 
 Though tho north was thus especially 
 marked out for tiie exterminating rigour 
 of tho Conqueror, the rest of tho country 
 was by no means allowed to escape. Tho 
 unsuccessful revolts had placed nearly all 
 the great landholders of the nation at his 
 mercy ; for tliey, being especially interested 
 la throwing off his yoke, had nearly to a 
 man been Implicated either by personal 
 appearance in the field or by furnishing 
 supplies. Hitherto, the king, as a matter 
 of policy, had affected something like mo- 
 deration and mercy in putting the laws of 
 attainder and forfeiture into effect. But 
 now ho no longer needed to pursue that 
 wily policy ; the unsuccessful attempts to 
 shake off his authority had terminated in 
 making it absolute and even unassailable. 
 Tho whole nation lay bound hand and foot 
 at his pleasure, and ho proceeded so to dis- 
 pose of tho lands that he in fact became 
 the one great landlord of tho nation. No 
 one knew bettor than ho did that the pro- 
 perty of a nation is its power; and that 
 power of the Saxons he now transferred to 
 the Normans in addition to their terrible 
 power of the sword. No antiquity of family, 
 no excellence ol character, could save the 
 Saxon proprietor from being despoiled ot 
 his possessions. The more powerful and 
 popular tho family, tho more necessary 
 Avas its abasement and Impoverishment to 
 tho completion ol William's purpose; ho 
 who had taken any share In the revolts was 
 mulcted of his property, and assured that 
 he owed It to the king's great lenity that 
 his life was spared ; and ho who had taken 
 no such part, but was convicted of the 
 crlmo of being wealthy, was equally do- 
 
 !.,4 'Xl 
 
 
I 
 
 120 
 
 (Cbc CrcaiSuru at f^Wtorg, &c. 
 
 »l<(iilcd, lest his wealth should at some 
 future tiiiio lead him Into rebellious prac- 
 tices. 
 
 Having thus effected the utter spoliation 
 of the noble and wealthy Saxons, William's 
 next care was to dispose of the lands of 
 England in such wise as to give himself 
 the most absolute power over them ; and 
 here he had no need of any inventive 
 genius— he had merely to apply to lingland 
 the old feudal law of France 'md his native 
 Normandy. Having largely added to the 
 already large demesnes of the crown, he 
 dividedalltheforfeited lands— which might 
 almost without hyperbole be said to he all 
 the lands of England— into baronies, which 
 baronleshe conferred upon his bravest and 
 most trusty leaders, not in fee-simple, but 
 as Jlcfs held upon certain payments or ser- 
 vices, for the mo.st part military. The in- 
 dividual grants tlnis made were Inllnltely 
 too vast to bo actually held in use l>y the 
 individual grantees, who, therefore, par- 
 celled them out to knights and vassals, who 
 held of them by the same suit and service 
 by which they held from their lord para- 
 mount, the king. And that the feudal law 
 might universally obtain in lilngiand, and 
 thf there might be no exception or quall- 
 flcatlou to the paramount lordship of the 
 king over the whole laml, even the few 
 Saxon proprietors who were not directly 
 and by attainder deprived of their lands 
 were compelled to hold them by suit and 
 service from some Norman baron, wiio in 
 his turn did suit and service for them to 
 the king. 
 
 Considering the superstition of the age, it 
 might have been supposed that the church 
 would have been exempted from William's 
 tyrannous arrangement. But though, as 
 wo shall presently have occasion to show, 
 ho was anxious to exalt the power of Home, 
 lie was not the less determined that even 
 Home should be second to him In power 
 in his own dominions. He called upon 
 the bishops and abbots for quit-rents in 
 peace, and for their quota of knights and 
 men-at-arms when ho should bo at war, in 
 proportion to their possessions attached to 
 sees or abbeys, as the case might be. It 
 was in vain that the clergy bewailed the 
 tyranny of the king, which, now that it 
 affected themselves, they discovered to bo 
 quite Intolerable; and it was cciually in 
 vain that the pope, who had so zealously 
 aided and encouraged William in his Inva- 
 sion remonstrated upon his thus confound- 
 ing the clergy with the laity. William had 
 the power of the sword, and wailings and 
 remonstrances were alike ineffectual to 
 work any change upon his iron will. As, 
 by compelling the undeprlved lay Saxons 
 to hold under Norman lords, he so com- 
 pletely subjected them as to render revolt 
 Impracticable, so he took care that hence- 
 forth all ecclesiastical dignities should bo 
 exclusively conferred upon Normans. 
 
 But there was one Saxon, Stig.and, the 
 archbishop of Canterbury, whose authority 
 was too great not to bo olmoxious to the 
 suspicions and fears of AVHllani, tlio more 
 especially as Stigand had both wealth iind 
 powerful connections in addition to hiu 
 
 official dignity, and was a man of hoili 
 talent and courage. These oonslderatioufi 
 while they made William desirous (^ ruin.' 
 ing the primate, at the same tlmo made 
 him dissemble his intentions until he couia 
 securely as well as surely carry them into 
 effect. He consequently seemed, by every 
 civility, to endeavour to efface from tlie 
 primate's recollection the affront offered tn 
 him at the coronation ; and a euperflcial oh. 
 server, or one unacquainted with thekiiis's 
 wily as well as resolute nature, wouia 
 for a long time have imagined Stigand to 
 have been one of his prime favoitrltcs- 
 for a Saxon. But when William liiui siih. 
 dued the rest of the nation so coniplct, ly 
 tliiit he had no fear of his attempt unou 
 Stigand eliciting .any powerful or perilum 
 opposition, the ruin of the primate was at 
 (PiU'o determined upon and wrought. Aiij 
 circumstances furnished lilm with an in. 
 strument by whose means he wiis aWo 
 to accomplish hla unjust work with m 
 least some appearance of judicial regu- 
 larity. 
 
 I'opc Alexander II., whoso countniaiioo 
 and encouragement had rendered Wllliaiu 
 good service in his invasion, anxious to 
 leave no means untried of IncrensinKtlic 
 papal iiilluoni'c in England, had only iuvait. 
 ed William's .seemingly perfect estaljli.-h. 
 ment upon tho throne, and ho now smt 
 over Krnionfroy, a favourite bishop, as his 
 legate. This prelate, who was the tlist le- 
 gate ever sent into i<:ngland, and the kin; 
 served each other's ends to adniiratiuji. 
 William, by receiving the legato at (iiuv, 
 confirmed the friendly feeling of the ny.i 
 court, and secured the services of an mi- 
 thority competent to deal with tho pvimsie 
 and other prelates In ecclesiastical fnm, 
 and nominally upon ecclesiastical gniuml;, 
 while in reality merely wreaking tlie vtn- 
 geanco of the temporal monarch ; and ilio 
 legate, while serving as the in.strunioiii >( 
 the king's individual purposes, exalted lioii 
 his own power and that of tho pope in tlie 
 eyes of tho people. Having formed a cmm 
 of bishops and abbots, with the as.sistaiiij 
 of the cardinals John and Peter, lio ciiijj 
 Stigand to answer to three charctes ; viz, 
 of holding the bishopric of Wlnehcster !> 
 gether with tho primacy of Canterlmrr 
 of having ofllclatcd in the pall of lii? miA 
 cl'^fsor; and of having received his (jwniiil 
 from IJenedict IX ., who was allegod to Ira 
 intruded himself into the papacy. Tlie 
 substance of this last charge tho rcadetl 
 will doubtless recognise as the pretext up 
 wlilch William refused to bo crowned ki 
 Stigand ; and all the charges are so trivii 
 that the mere mention of then must sii!j 
 Hciently show the animus with wliiditlii 
 were made. Even the most serious chargi 
 that of oeing a pluralist, was then cm 
 parativt'iy trivial ; tho practice bein? fi 
 quent, rareiy noticed at all, and nt^vcrvisl 
 ed by any more revere condemnation lit 
 that of being compelled to rcslgu ouc o< il 
 sees. 
 
 But when so powerful and wil 
 monarch as Wflliani had determined up 
 the ruin of a subject, it matters Initliitl 
 how trivial may bo the charge or how 
 
(iPnfllantf.— Gorman %int,—WSiiUiHm I, 
 
 121 
 
 fl a man of both 
 jBC oonslderatioiiii, 
 1 desirous ()S, vuin- 
 ) game tlmft made 
 tlonsuntiUiecouia 
 ly carry them intn 
 y seemed, by every 
 to efface from the 
 le affront offered in 
 and a supcrflchl ub- 
 iitedwlththekiiiKj 
 ute nature, would 
 naglned Stlgana to , 
 prime favourite*- :l 
 u William iiaii miIi- ■ 
 atiou BO complfi.ly 
 £ his attempt uiion 
 jowerf ul or perihtm 
 the primate wa? at i 
 and wrouglit. And 
 cd him witii ail m- 
 means he was ahlo 
 iiiust worlc Willi « 
 CO of judicial rc'iju. 
 
 who?c count eiianri) 
 ad rendered Williara 
 Invasion, anxious tn 
 od of Ineroasiiwthc 
 ,'!and,liad only await, 
 riy i)orfect cstablbli- 
 lie, and he now siit 
 vonritc l)l8hop, as Iw 
 who was the flrst le- 
 ;nKland, and tlio liiu? 
 ends to admivali.a 
 IK tho legate at (mrv, 
 ly feeling of tlie \wA 
 he services of an ;i«- 
 (deal with tho rvui!;:;e 
 In cccloslastleal fnnii, 
 ecclesiastical giuumlj, 
 rely wrealiing liie vov 
 ,ral monarch ; aiul m 
 I as the Instrumcni', 
 Durposes,exalteaii(itSi 
 khat of thopopeiiitlie 
 Having formed a cmm 
 3ts, With the assistawel 
 hu and reter,liociii4 
 to three charges ; vii.| 
 nric of Wineliostcr i. 
 niacy of Canlevlmri; 
 u the pall otliinm* 
 i-reei'lvediiisownta 
 whowasalleKedtohffl 
 into tiie papacy. Ti 
 last charge the rcaJ<i| 
 tniHC as the pretext upoi 
 
 used to 1)0 crowiR^^ . 
 ,c charges are so tmj 
 
 tionof then mu,tsiia 
 
 animus with wliiclithfi 
 
 the most serious char?^ 
 
 lurailst. was tiieii coj^ 
 
 tho practice hem? i« 
 ed at all, and neyervi- 
 
 ere condeninatldu ui 
 icUed to resign ouuo' 11 
 
 powerful and wilW 
 uhad determine lu^^ 
 ect, it matter.^ ' "I 
 the charge ui Iwn 
 
 ,nnclu8ive tho evidence ; Stlgand was de- 
 crftded from his dignity by tho obsequious 
 inmite and thus thrown helpless Into tlie 
 Mndsof the king, who not merely confls- 
 Mted all Ills possessions, but also com- 
 mitted ill"! to prison, where ho lingered in 
 iiiost undeserved suffering and neglect for 
 the rest of Ids lite. 
 Havliis thus easily crushed the chief and 
 ivfar tiic most Important Saxon persoii- 
 e of tlie hierarcliy, William ptoceeded to 
 Mtovr tho same liard treatment upon 
 lishops Agelric and Agelware, who, being 
 'ormally deposed by the obsequious legate, 
 rcre imprisoned by the Itlng. Egnlwin, 
 ilsliop of Durham, was marl:ed out for tlio 
 „,ne fate, l)Ut ho had timely warning and 
 scaped from the kingdom. Aldred, arcli- 
 lisiiop of York, was so grieved tliat, in 
 laviii!? performed tlie ceremony of Wil- 
 j„i„'a coronation, he had even Incidentally 
 jileii in raising up so unsparing an enemy 
 If liis brethren of tlie liierarciiy, that liis 
 Bciital sufferings produced a mortal dls- 
 iriior, and it is said tliat with Ills dying 
 rcatl'i lie called down heaven's vengoiince 
 in,m William for his general tyranny, and 
 'r Ills especial misconduct towards tho 
 iircU In direct violation of his coronation 
 
 "A])'imreiitly regardless of tho curses of 
 carcUbisliop or of tho deep hatred of tho 
 xniis in general, William steadily pur- 
 iil liis course. He took care to llll all 
 iloiasticai vacancies witli forelKners, 
 ihii, wlillo doing their utmost to promote 
 (•papal authority and interests in Eiig- 
 1(1, were at tho same time zealous sup- 
 iiiers of the authority of the king ; wliom 
 .cy especially aided in tliat surest of all 
 iciiis of destroying a conquered people's 
 itionality, the introduction of the lan- 
 jas'e of the conquerors Into general, but 
 lore especially into legal use. 
 In tho recent general and signally un- 
 iccossfiil revolt, the earls Morcar and Ed- 
 n had taken no part, or, at the least, no 
 ion part. But now that the Conqueror 
 1(1 no longer any temptation to hypo- 
 iiioi and politic mildness, the situation 
 these noblemen was a truly perilous and 
 nictilt one. Their very lineage and the 
 plarity they enjoyed among the men of 
 ir own race made them hateful to tlio 
 111.', wlio felt tliat they were constantly 
 kod up to as le.aders likely at some 
 ioilto aid the Saxons in tlirowiiig off 
 yolic. Their wealth, on tlio other hand, 
 )9ed them to the envy of tiie needy and 
 ipiiig among the Norman nobles, wlio 
 erly longed to see them engaged in some 
 Tprlse which would lead to tlieir at- 
 if, and forfeiture. Being too certainly 
 vinced that their ruin was only de- 
 red, and would bo completed upon the 
 ;t plausible occasion tliat might present 
 Ell, they determined openly to bravo tlio 
 rst, and to fall. If fall they must, in tho 
 enipt to deliver both tlicmsclves and 
 lircountrr. Edwin, tlierefore, went to 
 possesslonB In tho north to prepare his 
 lowers for one more struggle against the 
 irinan power; and Morcar, with siuii foi- 
 leuaslio could iiumodlately command, 
 
 Joined the brave Hereward, who still main- 
 tained his position among the almost in- 
 accessible swamps of the Isle of Ely. But 
 William was now at leisure to bring lii."» 
 gigantic power to bear upon this chief 
 shelter of the comparatively few Saxons 
 who still dared to strive against his tyranny. 
 He caused a large number of flat-bottomed 
 punts to bo constructed, by which he could 
 land upon the Island, and by dint of vast 
 labour he made a practicable causeway 
 through the morasses, and surrounded tho 
 revolted with such an overwhelming force, 
 that a surrender at discretion was the only 
 course that could be taken. Hereward, 
 however, made his way through theenomy, 
 aiid,liavlng gained tlie -sea, continued, upon 
 that element, to be so daring and effective 
 an enemy to the Normans, that William, 
 wlio had enougli generosity remaining to 
 value even in an enemy a spirit so con- 
 giMiial to his own, voluntarily forgave him 
 all Ills acts of opposition, and restored liiiu 
 to liin estate and to his standing in tho 
 country. Earl Morcar, and Egelwin, tho 
 bishop of Durham, were taken among tlio 
 revolted, and thrown into prison, where 
 tlio latter speedily perished, citlier of grief 
 or from the severities Inflicted upon him. 
 Edwin, on the new success of tlie king in 
 capturing tlie garrison of tho Isle of Ely, 
 set out for Scotland, where he was certain 
 of a warm welcome. But some miscreant 
 wlio was In tlie secret of hisnmte divulged 
 it to a party of the Normans, who overlook 
 him ere he could reach the liorder, and In 
 the conflict that ensued he was slain. His 
 gallantry had made htm admired even liy 
 his enemies, and both Normans and Baxoiis 
 joined in lamenting his untimely end. Tho 
 king of Scotland, who had lent his aid to 
 tiio revolted, was compelled to submit to 
 the victorious Wllilam; and Edgar Athc- 
 ling, no longer able to depend upon safety 
 even In Scotland, threw lilmself upon Wil- 
 liam's mercy. Tho Conqueror, wlio seems 
 to have lield the character of that prince In 
 ilio most entire contempt, not only gave 
 him life and liberty, but even allowed liini 
 a pension to enable htm to live in cop^fort 
 as a su1)jett in that land of which lie ought 
 to have been the sovereign. 
 
 Upon tiiij occasion, as upon all others, 
 Wlllliiin's policy made clemency and seve- 
 rity go hand iu hand. Wiiile to the lead- 
 ing men of tho revolted he showed either 
 comparative or positive lenity, he visited 
 tiie common herd with the most frightful 
 rigour, putting out tlio eyes and cutting 
 off the hands of very many of them, and 
 sending them forth in tliis horrible con- 
 dition as a warning to their fellow-country- 
 men. 
 
 A.D. 1073.— From England WlUia.n was 
 now obliged to turn his attention to France. 
 The province of Maine In tliat country had 
 been willed to him, before ho became king 
 of England, by count Herbert. Recently the 
 people, encouraged by William's residoneo 
 in England, and rendered discontented by 
 tho vexatious oppression of tliO Normanf^, 
 to wliom lie liad intrusted tiie government, 
 rose and expelled them ; to which decisive 
 courso they were encouraged by Fulkc, 
 
 M ,. , 
 
122 
 
 ©be CwaSurp of ?lWt0rts ^c 
 
 pii 
 
 count of Anjou, who, but for count Her- 
 bert's win, would have Buccccded to the 
 province. The complete subjection of Kuk- 
 land furnUhcd the klnpr with leisure to 
 clinstlsc the people of Blaine, and he no- 
 cordlngly went over with a largo force, 
 chiefly composed of English from the dis- 
 tricts most prone to revolt. 'With these 
 troops, who exerted themselves greatly la 
 the hope of winniuB the favour of a mo- 
 jiarclj whoso power they had no lor.Ker any 
 means of Bhaking off, and with a sulUclent 
 number of natives of Normandy to Insure 
 lilm against any treachery on the part of 
 the Kngllsh, he entered Maine, and com- 
 pelled the submission of that province, and 
 the relinciuishment by the carl of Aujou of 
 all pretensions to it. 
 
 A.I). 1074.— AVliilo ■William was thus suc- 
 cessful in France, England was disturbeu, 
 not by the Kiigllsli, but by the most pow- 
 erful of the king's own favourite Normans. 
 Obedient to their leader in the Held, the 
 Norman barons were aceustouied in civil 
 life to deem themselves iicrfectly Inde- 
 jiendcnt ; and these feudal chiefs liaving in 
 their own territory absolute power, even to 
 tlie infliction of death upon offenders, were 
 too sovereign to brook without reluctance 
 the arbitrary way In which 'William was ac- 
 customed to issue and enforce his orders. 
 The consequence was a very general, though 
 hitherto a secret, discontent among tiie 
 Norman barons of linglaml. Tlio long- 
 snujuldering discontent was brought to 
 litj'ht by the arbitrary interference of the 
 king in the domestic affairs of Koger, son 
 of his favourite Fitzosbornc. Itoger, wlio 
 liad been created carl of Hereford, wished 
 Id give his sister in marriage to Italpli de 
 (iur.der, carl of Norfolk, and, rather as a 
 respectful formality than in thoexpectatiim 
 tliat the king would interpose any obsta- 
 cie, had reuuested his sanction, wliiili 
 ■William arbitrarily, and without assigning 
 a reason, ref jsed. Surprised, and still more 
 Indignant, at the king's refusal, both the 
 earls determined that the marriage should 
 proceed notwithstanding. They accord- 
 ingly assembled the friends of their re- 
 spective houses, and at the banquet which 
 followed the ceremony, they openly and 
 warmly inveighed against the caprice of the 
 king, and especially against the rigour of 
 the authority which ho Becmed so much 
 determined to exercise over those very 
 nobles to whose gallantry he owed the 
 richest of his territories and the proudest 
 of hia distinctions. The company, after 
 the Norman fashion, had drunk deeply ; and 
 to men warmed with wine any arguments 
 will seem cogent. And certainly many of 
 the arguments which were now used to 
 induce some of the most powerful of the 
 Normau nobility to rebel against the king, 
 required all the aid of wine and wassail to 
 enable them to pass muster before even 
 the most superllcial judges. Though every 
 Normau present owed all tiuit he had o£ 
 KngUsh wealth or Knglish rank to the 
 ruin of the rightful Silxou owners, the 
 ciuclty of the king towards the Saxons was 
 inveighed against with a most hypocritical 
 iiud loathsome ciinl ; merely because Wal- 
 
 theof, carl of Nortliumborland, who w„ 
 present, was a Saxon by birth, and vici 
 kimwn to bo still Saxon in heart, thdu^-ii lis 
 was a prime favourite of ilie king, win, i,.! ' 
 given him hi« niece Judith in niarrUsM 
 Again, the Illegitimacy of ■Wiliiiim's iiirh 
 was dwelt upon as a reason f or revnitin! I 
 figainst his authority ; tliough it had froi! I 
 his very childhood been not the sliyiit,,; I 
 bar to his succession to his fatlici'sduii",, I 
 dom; though it was co'isidered iiuditl 
 honour in any country In Fiirono; m\ 
 tliougli ■William himself made so linjJ 
 secret of his irregular lilrtli, that lievcrrl 
 commonly, as duke of Normandy, signal 
 himself GiilUliiiua llaalanlus. 
 
 It would have been far bettor, ajiil 
 turned out, if the discontented Noniiaiul 
 had left Waltheof out of their calcula-i,-n I 
 The enthusiasm of a festive nieeiiiij,', „i|.| 
 ing upon his strong though deeply 0,1. | 
 ccaled sympathy with his uuXoiUniais I 
 fellow-coiuitryiuen, caused him to (iit«j| 
 very readily into the conspiracy tliat\ijjl 
 now formed against the authority uiwA 
 llaui. Hut witli cooler moments came oikjl 
 feelings. 'J'yrant though William wastol 
 others, to him lie liad been a most m.1 
 clou.' monarch and liberal friend; tliero«ii| 
 danger, too, lliat any conspiracy auMiMl 
 a king so watchful and bo powerful \v(i5i| 
 bo ruinous only to the conspirators tluil 
 selves ; aiul, llnally, setting aside butliriT.I 
 sonal gratitude and personal fears, wn-iJ 
 n( t probable that in aiding to ovrnlinil 
 AVilliam, ho would, In fact, be aiiiiiiuiJ 
 overthrow a single and not invariably cnisl 
 despot, only to set up a multitude nf di^l 
 pots to spoil and trample the indiapiiyiwl 
 pie ? 'Whichever way his rellections tumJ 
 he was perplexed and alarmed ; and Imvinil 
 confldenco equally in the affection and iil 
 the judgement of hi" rtife, he intriistcilliiil 
 with the secret of the conspiracy, nii(ic„i. 
 suited her as to the course that itwuiiii 
 best befit lilin to take. But Judith, vhoJ 
 marriage had been brought about witlileal 
 reference to her inciiufttlon than to fit 
 king's will, had suffered her affections i 
 bo seduced from her husband, and inibi 
 aboiuinabio hope of ridding herself of id 
 by exposing hlin to the fatal auger vt M 
 king, she sent ■William nil the partialis 
 whicli she had thus confidentially aci)iiiR 
 of the conspiracy. ■Waltlioof, in tlie mm 
 time, grov.ing daily more and luoro in 
 plexed and alarmed, confided his secret si 
 his consequent perplexities to Lanfixa 
 whom, from being an Italian monk, \i 
 Conqueror had raised to the arcliliisliiiinj 
 of Canterbury, on the degradation and ia^ 
 prisonmont of the unfortunate HUim 
 Lanfrano advised him faitlifully aiiiUej 
 pointing out to him how paramount iJ 
 duty to tlie king and his own family wmiI 
 any consideration he conld have for tlj 
 conspirators, and how likely it was tbi 
 even by some one of them the ooii>iilr» 
 would bo revealed to the king, if he Uiil d 
 by speedy information at once .ocurcliiJ 
 self from imnishnient, and obtain wliaiovi 
 merit ■William might attach to tlicearlitf 
 information upon so important a eulijeiJ 
 These ai'gumcnts coincided so exactly «il 
 
(!5«flTantr.— Gorman ICftif .— CJUininm 3E. 
 
 123 
 
 iiborland, who waj 
 by lilrtli, niid -,vcll I 
 tulicart, tlum^'iiiie 
 if tUcUliig.wholwd 
 
 liulitll ill lllillTlHBP. I 
 
 ■ of ■WlUiiuu's liinii 
 reason for vevnUing 
 though it hail from I 
 u not tho t-Uiilitc-tl 
 o his fatlicr'a duke- 1 
 
 CO'lsidOVLll llu (lill 
 
 ry ill Kiivuiio; jinjl 
 self inmlo bd liiiici 
 • iilrth.lhiit lie V(r;| 
 £ Konimiiily, sigmii 
 Utrdus. 
 
 BU far htttor, as ii 
 scoiitciitccl Ivuvniain 
 t of their ciiU'ula-.l.iii, 
 festive luceliiiK, m- 
 ' though dci'ply d* 
 llh his uiilcirtuiwi 
 laused him to c'm»i 
 ) conspiracy Hint wa 
 the authority ni "ffii. 
 r luonients camo dihi 
 ougli "William was to 
 lad been a iiiost m 
 heral friend; tlicrcMa 
 iiy euU?-piracy au'iitai 
 nvl fio powerful wo;; ;i 
 ,hc conspirators tliav 
 setting aside liuiliic.] 
 [ personal fcarr^.wfi 
 11 aiding to ovc itlinul 
 In fact, be aidiniin 
 md not Invariably crrf, 
 ip a miiliHudo of to 
 ainplotheuiiliariiyif> 
 y his rcllcclions turin!, 
 id alarmed ; niul liavid 
 In tho aflectiimMuii 
 wiic, he intnistollial 
 conspiracy, iiiul c 
 course tliat It xfniil 
 ikc. But Judith, ^vlll 
 rought about witlilea 
 Unatlon than to " 
 red her aflecllon; 
 er husband, aiul in tl 
 ridding herself of It 
 tho fatal auger uf l! 
 Ham nil the particui 
 conndentlally aciiui 
 "Wallheof , In the m 
 more and iiinrc I'l 
 contldod his secret 
 ploxlties to LaiifM 
 , an Italian luoiik, tl 
 ed to the arclibish'ip 
 the degradatloi! :iiul ii 
 ) nnfortunate Sliw 
 him faithfully ami wl 
 Ini how paramount 
 id his o\s-n family wm; 
 ho could have lor tl 
 how likely It wastl 
 of them the connii r 
 totboking.iflifiliJ 
 lion at once . ocurc 
 i?nt,andobtalinvl,atfv 
 Ut attach to the earlw 
 BO Important a m}[ 
 oinclded go exactly \u. 
 
 he I 
 
 10 
 
 iter 
 
 wiiI7iieofs own feolings, that he no longer 
 
 i,;.9 tated how to act, but at onco went 
 
 vpr to Normandy and confessed cver>-- 
 
 ,':,,» to the king. With his usual politic 
 
 t'lct William gave tho repentant consplra- 
 
 «', riUiai'lous reception, and professed to 
 
 d L'l-eally obliged bi his caro In giving 
 
 'iilm tlio Information ; but linowlng It all 
 
 iliiviidy Ijy means of Waltheof's treacherous 
 
 ' fV William Inwardly determined that 
 
 ivaltlicof, eppeclally as he was an KngUsli- 
 
 laii should eventually profit but llttlo by 
 
 is tardy repentance. 
 
 Alc'Uiwlille, WaUheofs sudden journey 
 ii'tlic king iu Normandy alaniieC the con- 
 mliators ; not doubting that they were be- 
 Ly'cil, yet unwilling to fall unresisting vic- 
 lliia to tlio king's rage, tlicy broke Into 
 'men revolt far more prematurely than 
 itlicrwlsc they would. From the llrstdawn- 
 a of tlic conspiracy it had been a leading 
 lint of tlieir agreement that they should 
 al;e no open demonstration of hostility to 
 ic king until tho arrival of a large fleet of 
 lie Danes, with whom they had secretly 
 lied tliemsclvcs, and wliosc aid was (uiite 
 (iisrensablo to their combating, with any 
 •i^onnblo clianco of success, tho great 
 afority of Uie nobility, who, from real at- 
 icliment to the king or from more seinsh 
 otivc», would be sure to defend tholr al)- 
 nt sovereign. But now that they were, 
 tliey rightly conjectured, betrayed by 
 altlieof, they could no longer regulate 
 if!r conduct by the strict maxims of pru- 
 inoe. The earl of Hereford, as he war. 
 ic flrBt of the conspirators, was also the 
 t oiionly to raise Ills standard against 
 c king. Ho was, however, hemmed in, 
 id prevented from iiassing the Severn, to 
 ,rr}- rebellion into tho heart of the king- 
 jiii", by the bishop of Worcester ami the 
 iltrcd abbot of Kvesham in that county, 
 cd by Walter de Ijaey, a powerful Nor- 
 n baron. The earl of Norfolk was de- 
 ted at Tragndus in Cambridgeshire, by 
 0, the king's half-brother, who was left 
 [rgent of the kingdom, and Hiehard de 
 lenfalte and William do Warenne, the 
 tds-justlciarlcs. The earl of Norfolij was 
 Vtimate enough to escape to Norfolk, but 
 fiseof his routed followers who were so 
 tfortunato as to bo made prisoners and 
 tt slain immediately after tho action were 
 jrbarously condemned to lose their right 
 n. When news of this rigour reached 
 tearl In his Danish retreat, he gave i:p 
 hope of being able, as It would seem he 
 b still Intended, to raise any further dls- 
 fbanfo In Lugland ; he, therefore, pro- 
 ved to his large possessions In Brittany. 
 ►.D, 1073.— When the news reached Wll- 
 1 of the conspiracy liaving actually bro- 
 --ut Into open revolt, he hastened over 
 ' riand, where, however, (so speedily 
 I tiie premature and lU-managcd outbreak 
 Ian end to,) he only arrived In time to 
 nallBO his severity onco more by tlio 
 ilshmeuts which lie inflicted upon the 
 imon herd of tho rebels. Many of these 
 lappy wretches had their eyes put out ; 
 I still more were deprived of their right 
 Ida or feet, and thus mndo a perpe. 
 land terrillc warning ugalnst arousing 
 
 tho terrible anger of tho king. Tlio earl of 
 Hereford, who was taken prisoner, and 
 upon whom, as tho primary cause of tho 
 revolt and tho consequent misery and suf- 
 fering. It might have been anticipated that 
 the king's wratli would have fallen with 
 deadly severity, escaped far better than tho 
 wretched peasants whom his Imprudence 
 bad led Into ruin. Ho was dejirlved of 
 his estate and condemned to Imprisonment 
 during tho king's pleasure. But the king 
 pave evident signs of an Intention to re- 
 lease the prisoner, whom he. In that case, 
 wmild most probably liavo restored to his 
 estate and tofavoiir; but the Impolitic and 
 peculiarly lU-tlmed hauteur of the earl gave 
 fresh offence to the llery-tempered monarch, 
 •iiul the sentence of ii'iprisonment was made 
 peipetual. 
 
 Thus far Waltli; of had felt no fear for 
 himself. Ho had been guilty of no overt 
 act of treason, and be had not only repented 
 of tLo crime of consjiiracy almost as soon 
 as ho had commit teil it, but had hastened 
 to warn the king, wiio had received his in- 
 forniatioi with great apparent thankful- 
 ness. But Walthcof left out of his calcula- 
 tion ono very Important point; lieforgotto 
 take into consideration the fatal fact of his 
 being an Englishman. Moreover, he had 
 the pli'.tdings auainst him of Ills infamous 
 wife Judith. The intluenco she had over 
 her undo would scarcely, perhaps, liavo 
 sufllced to save her husband, unless power- 
 fully backed by some other (irciinistaiices : 
 but it was quite poweil'ui enough, wiien 
 added to that of the numerous courtiers 
 who looked with greedy eyes upon the great 
 property of Waltlieof, to close tho king's 
 ears to tho voice of mercy, and the inihap- 
 py Waltlieof was tried and executed. W^o 
 have not (-aid that he was condemned : hav- 
 ing said that he was tried, his condemna- 
 tion need not bo mentioned ; for who, when 
 the king wished his ruin, could in that age 
 bo tried and not condemned ? 
 
 Waltlieof, being universally considered 
 the last Englishman of rank from whose 
 exertions his unhappy fellow-count ryineii 
 could have hojied for any amelioration of 
 thelrsufferlngs, was greatly lamented ; nay, 
 to such an extent was tho popular grief 
 carried, and so much was it mixed up with 
 the superstition of the age, that his re- 
 mains were supposed to be endued with 
 the power of working miracles, and of thus, 
 indirectly at least, bearing testimony to 
 his sanctity and to the Injustice of his exe- 
 cution. In proportion to the regret felt 
 for tho deceased earl was the public detes- 
 tation of his widow. To that detestation 
 retributive fortune soon added the loss of 
 the king's favour, and tho whole remainder 
 of her life was spent In obscure and un- 
 pltted misery. 
 
 Having completely put nn end to all dls- 
 turb.inco In Englrnd, William now has- 
 tened over to Nornifindy to prepare to In- 
 vade tho possessions of llalph de Quader, 
 earl of Norfolk. But that nobleman wtis 
 so well supported by tho carl of Brittany 
 and the king of France, that he was able to 
 iiialiitalu himself lii the fortress of Bol 
 agaliii't all the force tl.at "NMillam could 
 
 
 
121 
 
 Clje Extaawn at W^tonu ^r* 
 
 iirray against lilm. It was no part of 
 Wllllaiii's policy to have any permanent or 
 ecrlous fiuarrol with the king of France; 
 and tlnding that hoth that monarch and 
 tho earl of Brittany were resolutely bent 
 npon supporting Ualph de Guadcr at what- 
 ever cuusequcncQs, ho wisely made a peace 
 with all three. 
 
 A.D. loro.— Lanfranc, raised by William 
 to tho archbishopric of Canterbury, was at 
 once an ambitious man and a faithful and 
 '/i;aIous servant of tho papacy. Though ho 
 liad been raised to his high station by tho 
 favour of the king, to w! om he was really 
 and gratefully attached, ho would not allow 
 the rights of the church to be In any wise 
 infringed upon. On tlic death of Aldred, 
 by whom it will be remembered that Wll- 
 llaiu had chosen .o be crowned, Thomas, n 
 Norman monk, was appointed to succeed 
 him In the archbishopric of York. The new 
 nrchbisliop, probably presuming upon tho 
 kin>,''s favour, pretended tliat tho arclil- 
 t'i>iscoi)al SCO of York had precedence and 
 tsuperlorily to that of Canterbury. The 
 fact of Aldred, his predecessor, having been 
 called niton to crown the king, most pro- 
 bably weighed with the prelatoof York : in 
 whicli case ho must have forgotten or wil- 
 fully ncglectel the circumstances of that 
 event. Lanfranc did neither one nor the 
 other; and, heedless of what tho king 
 might think or wish upon the subject, 
 he boldly connnenced a process in tho 
 jinpal court, which, after the delay for 
 wliicn Home was already proverbial, was 
 terminatcJ most triumphantly for I<an- 
 fr.-nic. It will readily be supposed that 
 under such a prelate the people of Kngland 
 were not allowed to lose any portion of 
 their exorbitant respect for tlie papacy. 
 William, indeed, was not a monardi to 
 .illow even the church, potent as it was, to 
 master him. Very early in his reign ho ex- 
 pressly forba<le hia aubjecis from acknow- 
 ledging anyone as pope until authorised 
 to do so by tho king : he required all canons 
 of the synods to be submitted for liis ap- 
 proval ; and though even he did not deem 
 It safe to dispute the rigbtof the church to 
 excommunicate evil-doers, he very eflfec- 
 tually curbed that right, as spplied to his 
 own F^ubjects, by ruling that no papal bull 
 or letter should bo held to be i.n authorita- 
 tive or even an autlientic document until 
 It should have received his sanction. It 
 was rather, therefore, in imbuing tlieminds 
 of the people with a solenni awe and reve- 
 rence of the pope and tho church, that 
 Lanfranc was busy and successful during 
 this reign ; and in this manner he was so 
 busy and so successful, that subsequent 
 monarchs of le^s ability and flrmnesa than 
 William were grievously incommoded. 
 
 Gregory VII. probably puslicd tho power 
 of tho papacy over the temporal concerns 
 of the kingdoms of Europe further than any 
 previous pope. He excomn' anicatcd Nlce- 
 phorus, the emperor of the r at, and Uobert 
 Guiscard, the Norman ronqucror of Naples; 
 lie took away fron' "oland her very rank aa 
 a kingdom ; and lie pretended to tho right 
 of parcelling out tlio territory of Spain 
 among tboFO advouturcrs who should con- 
 
 quer it from the Moors. Thougii he ivai 
 boldly and ably opposed by the eiuperiir 
 Henry IV., he was not a wnit deterred In iij. 
 ambitious course : and even the warliko 
 able, and somewhat llerce character of W;il 
 Ham did not shield him from being as.siiit.,! 
 by the extravagant demands of lloniu, (Jre. 
 gory wrote to lilm to demand tho paymein 
 of Pater's pence, wliich Uomo liad cmi.. 
 verted into a rightful tribute, tlmugh n 
 Saxon prince had orl 'inal'y given the oiil. 
 tributio.i 80 called merely as a voluntary 
 donation ; and he at the same time avumj 
 that William had promised to do liomane 
 to Uomo for his kingdom of EiiKimni i 
 William sent the money, but ho iihiiniy ; 
 and somewhat tartly told the pope at tlif I 
 same time that lie had neitlier prnniiseii ' 
 nor ever intended to do homage to Uoliif 
 The pope wisely forbore to press tlio sui j 
 ject : but thoim-li, in addition to tliis plain 
 refusal to comply with an unreasoiiablede. 
 niand, William still further showed liis ji,. 
 dependence by forbidding tho English to I 
 attend a council which <iregory had sum. 
 nioned, he liad no means (even had lie him. 
 self been more free from superstltldii iiim, i 
 he appears to have been), of preventini; tte I 
 progress of tlic clergy in subjectlni; tiie| 
 minds of tlio people. The greatest cHom 
 were made to render the celibacy of .. 
 clergy general, and to give tho apiicarancel 
 of additional sanctimoniousness to iiititl 
 outward life, in order the more deeply loi 
 impress the people witli the notion ol iii(| 
 genuine sanctity of their character. 
 
 Prosperous as William was in his puNiJ 
 affairs, he had much domestic troulile. Htl 
 was obliged to remain for some ycarj iai 
 Normandy, though as a residence lie (.'mijI 
 preferred England. But Ills cldtst soil 
 Uobert, surnaraeii (Jourthose on accduntill 
 the shortness of his legs, made liis failwl 
 fear for the safety of Normandy. It a[i.| 
 pears tiiat when Maine submitted lol 
 William, ho i<romised the people of tbail 
 province that they should have Uobert fori 
 their prince ; and when he set out to conJ 
 r.uer England, lie, in compliance «ith tli(| 
 wish of the French king, whom it wa.'ijuaj 
 then hia especial interest and dcsIrL- tJ 
 satisfy, named Iloljtrt as his succcsinrinl 
 tlie duchy of Normandy. Ho was \f(ll| 
 aware that doing this was hia solo iiiean| 
 of reconciling France to liis conquest o 
 England; but he had not the sMgLtestiiM 
 tentlon of performing liispromise. Iiiilc( 
 when '.iO was subsequently asked byhissi 
 to put him in possession of No.niandy,! 
 ridiculed the young man's creduHty lyr 
 plying. In tho vulgar ppverb, that he ili| 
 not intend to undress till he went tiba! 
 The disappointment enraged tiie natunUl 
 bad temper of Uobert ; some quarrels will 
 his brothers William and Henry, whomli 
 hated for the superior favour tliey cnjojei 
 with their father, inflamed Iilm still fartlieii 
 and he factlously did all that he could il 
 thwart hia father's wishes and interest if 
 Normandy ; nay, ho was more tiiau 
 pected of having, by ills intrigues, «ij 
 I .•iiied tlie king of France and tin" caili 
 Brittany in tlieir support of liis rtbdliuij 
 vassal tlie carl of Norfolk. 
 
etiBlantr.— JiarmflU Itfnt.— a?a(U{am 3E. 
 
 125 
 
 i. Though he wai 
 d by the eiupi'mr 
 N .lit deterred In liij 
 
 even the wiirllko, 
 ce character o£W;i. 
 lromhein«ns.sulk.ii 
 ttiids ot Home. (Jre- 
 Bjnaiid the payuHin 
 •li Homo had ci.u. 
 
 tribute, thnunh a 
 iial'y given ilic n* 
 rely as a volumary 
 e same time avornj 
 iiilsed to do lioniaue 
 gdom ol EiiKliHij, 
 iiey, hut he iiliiiiily 
 told the poiit! at tlif 
 id neither promistd 
 do homage to Uuino, i 
 ire to press tlio wh 
 iddltlon to this plain 
 1 an unrcasonablode- 
 irthcr showed liU in- 
 IdlnB the English to 
 ch Gregory had smr, 
 lus (cTcn had ho liim- 
 oiu superstition ilmi 
 pn), of prcvenliimMlie 
 ijy lu snbjcctlm; the 
 Tlio greatest elfoni 
 •r the celibacy of .„. 
 
 give the aiipearanie 
 monlousness to their 
 er the more dwrlyto 
 vlth tho notion (j£tk 
 ;hoir character, 
 liiini was In his puWii 
 (loniesllc trouMe. He 
 liu for some years in 
 a a residence he Muai,; 
 
 But hla eldest sa 
 jurthoseonaccdimtil 
 
 1 legs, made his fathttl 
 of Normandy. It aM 
 Maine submitted to 
 
 ijcd the people of tint 
 diould have Ilobert lot 
 hen he set out tn coii'l 
 n compllanco witliili!) 
 king, whom It wasjusi 
 tcrest and desire Ml 
 rt as his suecessutiil 
 ■mandy. He was vr(ll| 
 his was hl8 sole mm 
 nee to hla conquest (1 
 id not the sHghtcstiii 
 ig his promise. Inilccil 
 luently BBkedbylmi;a 
 salon of Ko ■mandy, b^ 
 , uian's credu'ity byri; 
 ar pr'-verb, that lie (li^ 
 •ess till be went to l)d 
 t enraged the naiiinU 
 Ert ; some quarrels wll 
 niand Henry, wliopi hi 
 rlor favour they en]ojf 
 nnamedhlmBtlUtarlK 
 did all that he could tj 
 wishes and inlerciti 
 B was more than sii 
 hv Ills inirlgucs, M 
 Kriincc .•iml tiie I'liiK 
 uppovt of ills i-*^^'^m 
 orfolk. 
 
 So thoroughly bent was Uobcrt upon 
 inulutlful opposition to Ills father, that lio 
 «p|/ciliipon the opportunity alfordcd by an 
 Bttremety clilldish quarrel between hlin- 
 Bolf and his brothers. In wlilch he accused 
 l,u father of partially sldl-ig against him, 
 iiid hastened to Rouen, wliero Ito cndea- 
 vditred to surprise and seize tho citadel. 
 Ho was prevented from succeeding In this 
 tre.ison by the suspicion and activity of tlie 
 covcnior, Uogcr do Ivery. Still bent upon 
 this uiniaturai opposition, Robert retired to 
 tlio castle of Hugh de Ncuchatcl, who not 
 only gave him a hospitable reception, but 
 assisted and encouraged lilni to make open 
 war upon Ills sovereign and fatlier. Tho 
 flcry but generous character of Robert 
 mailclilui a very great favourite among tho 
 cliivalrous Normans, and especially among 
 tho younger nobles of Normandy and tho 
 iielgliliourlng provinces ; and as Robert 
 Ivas supposed to be privately favoured by 
 his mother, he had no dilTlculty in raising 
 forres sufllciont to throw Ills father's he- 
 reditary dominions into trouble and con- 
 fusion for several years. 
 
 So troublesome did Robert and hla ad- 
 herents at length become, that Wiiiiiun, 
 rrowin? seriously alarmed lest he should 
 ictimllv have the mortillcatlon and disgrace 
 ){ scei.'.g Normandy forcibly wrested from 
 Im bv his owji son, sent over to Kngland 
 [or forces. They arrived under some of 
 10 veteran chiefs who had helped to con- 
 luer England ; and tho undutlful Robert 
 \as driven from the posts lie lir.d conquered, 
 imi rompelied to take refuge In the castle 
 )f (ierberoy, which refuge tlie king of 
 Priinee, who had secretly counselled and 
 ibetted his misconduct, had provided for 
 lini. He was followed thither by hisfather 
 ji person, but the g.arrisou being strong 
 indwell provided, tlio re.«lstnnco was ob- 
 tinate in proportion. Frequent sallies 
 fcre made, and on one of these occasions 
 tdbert was personally opposed to Ills fa- 
 icr, whom, from the king's visor being 
 fowii, he did not recognise. The light was 
 Icrcc on both sides; and Robert, h.aving 
 advantage of superior agility, wounded 
 id mihorsed Ills father. The king shouted 
 one of his ofllcers for aid to remount; 
 jd Uobcrt, recognising his parent's voice, 
 fas 80 struck with horror at the nr.r.ow 
 icapehe had had of slaying the author of 
 is being, that lie threw hlinself upon his 
 leos and intreated forgiveness for his 
 llgconduct. But the king was too deeply 
 fended to be reconciled on the Instant to 
 Is erring and penitent son, and, mounting 
 iliert'a horse, ho rodo to his own camp. 
 le Blege was shortly afterwards raised ; 
 id queen Matilda having succeeded in 
 inging about a reconciliation, the king 
 itonlj allowed Robert *o accompany him 
 England, but also liu usted him with 
 army to chastise tho Scotch for some 
 Icursions they had made upon the north- 
 parts of England. Tho Welsh who, as 
 ill as the Scotch, had taken advantage of 
 e king's absence to make incursions, 
 ire now also chastised and brought into 
 Itimission. 
 D. loei.— Havlnff both bis Norman and 
 
 English dominions now in a state of pro- 
 found quiet, William turned his attention 
 to the Important object of a survey and 
 valuation of tho lands of England. T.iking 
 for his model tho survey which had been 
 made by order of Alfred, and which was 
 deposited at Winchester, ho had the extent, 
 tenure, value, and kind ot tho land in each 
 district carefully noted down, together 
 with the names of tho proprietors, and, in 
 some eases, the names of the tenants, with 
 the minibcr, age, and sex of the cottagers 
 and slaves. Ry good arrangement tlila 
 important work, In despite of Its great 
 extent, was completed within six years, 
 and, under tho name of tho Domesday 
 book, it to this day remains to give us tho 
 most accurate account of England at that 
 time,— with the exception of the northern 
 provinces, which tho ravages of war and 
 William's own tyranny had reduced to 
 such a wretched condition, that an ac- 
 count of them was considered not worth 
 taking. 
 
 The king's acts were not always of so 
 praiseworthy a cliaracter. Attached, like 
 all Normans, to the pleasure of tho chase, 
 he allowed that pleasure to seduce him Into 
 cruelties more characteristic of a demon 
 than of a man. The game in tlio royal 
 forests was protected by Laws far moro 
 severe than tlio.se which protected the lives 
 of human beings. Ho who killed a man 
 could atone to the law by Die payment of a 
 pecuniary line ; but he who was so unhappy 
 as to bo detected In killing a deer, a boar, 
 or even an inslgnltlcant hare, In tho royal 
 forest, hail his eyes put out I 
 
 A.D. 1087.— The royal forests which Wil- 
 liam found on coming to England were very 
 extensive ; but not sulllclcntly so for hi', 
 more than regal passion for the chase. His 
 usual residence was at Winchester ; and 
 desiring to have a spacious forest in tho 
 immediate vicinity, he mercilessly caused 
 no less an extent of country than thirty 
 miles to bo laid waste to form one. Houses, 
 whole vlllage.s, churches, nay even con- 
 vents, were destroyed for this i)urpose ; and 
 a multitude of wretched people were thus 
 without any compensation deprived of their 
 homes and property, and cast upon tho 
 world. In many cases to perish of want. 
 
 HcsldoL the trouble which William had 
 been caused by the petulance of his sou 
 Robert, ho towards the end of his reign 
 had two very great trials : the ungrateful 
 conduct of his half-brother Odo, bishop of 
 Bayeux, and the death of queen Matilda, 
 to whom throughout he was fervently at- 
 tached. The presumption of Odo had led 
 liira not only to aim at tho papal throne, 
 but also to attempt to seduce some of Wil- 
 liam's nobles from their allegiance and ac- 
 company him to Italy. William ordered 
 the proud prelate to be arrested ; and find- 
 ing that his ofllcers, deterred by their fear 
 of the church, were afraid to seize the 
 bishop, he went In person to arrest him ; and 
 when Odo, mistakenly imagining that the 
 king shared the popular prejudice, pleaded 
 his sacred character, William drily replied, 
 ' I ("o not arrest tho bishop of Bayeux, but 
 tho carl of Ken:, '—which title William bad 
 
 m 
 
 ■!:t 
 
126 
 
 WiiC €uaiutvi ot l^filtarts ^t. 
 
 liCitowcd upon lilni. llo tlicii Hcnt him to 
 Noruianily, and tlicro kept liliii lii conlUic- 
 mont. William's end, liowovcr, now np- 
 
 Sroaehcd. Some InrurMkms iiiado upon 
 rorninndy])y Frciic'u knights, and a conrso 
 joko paspcd upon hla corpiilcnro hy tho 
 French kln^, bo much provoked him, tliiit 
 ho proceeded to lay waste tlio town of 
 Mantes, with the avowed Intention of car- 
 O'lng hU rago still further, llut while ho 
 watched tho burning of the town his horso 
 Btartlcd, and tho klnx was so severely 
 bruised that ho died a few daj s afterwards 
 at tho monastery of St. Gervas. During 
 his mortal illness ho made ffreat grants to 
 churchesandmonasterlos, by way of atone- 
 ment for tho hideous cruelties of which 
 ho had been guilty; but, with the usual 
 Inconsistency of superstition, ho could 
 sc-arcely bo persuaded to accompany this 
 ostentatious penitence by the forgiveness 
 and release of his lialf-brother Odo. He at 
 length, however, thouKh with a reluctance 
 that did him no credit, consented to re- 
 lease and forgive Odo, and ho at the same 
 time gavo orders for tho release of Morcar 
 and otl.cr eminent English prisoners. Ho 
 had scarcely given these orders when 'lo 
 died, on the 9tli of September, 1087, In the 
 twenty-flrst year of his usurped reign over 
 Kngland. 
 
 Now that wo aro arrived at tho close of 
 William tho Conqueror's reign, it may bo 
 as well, before we proceed farther with our 
 narrative, to make a short digresalon rela- 
 tive to tho genealogical right by which tho 
 future monarchs of Kngland successively 
 claimed the throne, Tho Norman conquest, 
 as wo havo seen, introduced an entire 
 change in law, language, manners, and cus- 
 toms. England began to niako a more 
 conslderablo figure among the nations of 
 Europe than It had assumed previous to this 
 Importiint event ; and It received a new race 
 of sovereigns, which, cither by the male or 
 female Hue, has continued down to tho pre- 
 sent day. These monarchs were of several 
 'houses' or families, according to the 
 persons who espoused tho princesses of 
 England, and from such marriages gave to 
 the nations Its kings or queens ; or accord- 
 ing to the different branches Into which the 
 royal family was divided. Thus the Nor- 
 mans began with William the Conqueror, 
 the head of tho whole race, and ended with 
 Henry I., In whom the male lino failed. 
 Stephen (generally Included In tho Nor- 
 man line) was the only one of the house of 
 DiiOiS, from tho marriage of Adela, the 
 Conqueror's fourth daughter, with Stephen, 
 earl of Blois. Tho Plantaoenets, or 
 House of ANJOtr, began with Henry 11. 
 from tho marriage of Matilda or Maud, 
 daughter of Henry I., with Geoffrey Plnn- 
 tagenet, earl of Anjou ; and continued un- 
 divided to Richard II. Inclusive. These 
 vere afterwards divided Into the houses of 
 Lancaster and YonK ; tho former begin- 
 ning with Henry IV. son of John of Gaunt, 
 duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward 
 III. and ending with Henry VI. The latter 
 began with Edward IV. son of Richard, 
 duke of York, who on the father's side was 
 grandson to Edmund de Langley, fifth ton 
 
 of Edward III,, and by his nidtlior (icsceiij. 
 cd from Lionel, third son of tlu; »iil(iklni/' 
 and ended in Richard ill. The family "^ 
 tho TODOUH began with Henry Vll. frnm 
 tho marriage of Margaret, grcnt Brrnii. 
 daughter of John of Gaunt, wltli Kdninnd 
 Tudor, earl of Richmond ; and CTidcd with 
 queen Elizabeth. Tho house of flTUAiiT 
 began with James I., son of Henry fitu.irt 
 lord narnley, titid Mary queen of Srotj 
 whoso grnndnidiher was Margaret, dainh! 
 ter to Henry VII.; r.nd ended with (men 
 Anne. William III. was the only one oj 
 tho house of Ouanqk, whose niotlior wna 
 Mary, daughter of Charles I. And iho 
 house of DnuN8WioK,now reigning, henn 
 with Georgo I., whoso grandmother was tiio I 
 princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I. 
 
 CHArTER XV. 
 TIic Rdgn e/ WiLLtAAi 11. 
 
 A.n. 1087.— RioiiAnn, one of tho Conrmeror'j il 
 sons, died before his father. To Robert I 
 his eldest son, he left Normandy and Maine; I 
 to Henry he left only his mother's imssea. I 
 slons, but consoled hl.ni for this liy pro-l 
 phesylng that he would In the end liclmiiil 
 richer and more powerful than cltlierofhiil 
 brothers ; and to William was left tlioino)tl 
 splendid of all his father's posseHpinns, tliel 
 crown of England, which theronqueror.lnl 
 a letter written on his death oed, ciijnliKHll 
 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, tol 
 place upon his head. Tho young iiriiifel 
 William, who, from tho colour of lilsliair.l 
 was surnamed llufus, was so anxlmu tJ 
 avail himself of this letter, that ho did nntl 
 even wait at tho monastery of Bt, Gerval 
 long enough to receive his father's hitl 
 breath, but hastened to England IJCfureT 
 tho danger of tho Conqueror was genorallfl 
 known, and obtained possession of thel 
 royal treasure at Winchester, aiiimintiiij 
 to 60,000J. — a large sum at that time. M 
 also possessed himself of thelmpoTiantfoil 
 tresses of Pevensey, Hastings, and Dovpri 
 which from their situation could not faif 
 to bo of great service to him in tlie cvcnl 
 of his right to the crown being dlsputrtf 
 Such dispute he. In fact, had all \mi\V\ 
 reason to expect. Tho manner In wWi 
 Robert's right of primogeniture was com 
 pletely set aside by an Informal Ictia 
 written upon a death-bed, when even til 
 strongest minds may reasonably be 'iii 
 posedto bo imsettled, was In Itself suKlcieal 
 to lead to some discontent, even Imd th| 
 prince been of a less fiery and fierce temp 
 than hla disputes with his father 
 brothers had already proved liliu to 1 
 Lanfranc, who had educated tl'enewkiii| 
 and was much attached to him, took t' 
 best means to render opposition of ' 
 effect. He called together some of il 
 chief nobles apd prelates, and perfornil 
 the ceremony of the coronation in tliemof 
 implicit obedience to the deceased Cd 
 queror's letter. This promptitude had 11 
 desired effect. Tho partisans of Robertj 
 absence from England had left him ag 
 made not the slightest attempt to urged 
 hereditary right ; and he seemed to gil 
 his own sanction to the will of his futbf 
 
CPitfllantf.— il0immi Jlfnr.— MnHam M. 
 
 127 
 
 uii'ilicr ilcscend- 
 (it tlioHiildUliiB; ' 
 I, 'l"l\o family of 
 Heiivy VIT. Trnm ' 
 ct, prcnt Rrr.iiil. I 
 nt, Willi Kdmund ' 
 I ; nnd endi'd with 
 llOUSe of STUART II 
 
 r\ of llcnry Rtuatt 
 f (lUL'cn lit Bfots, 
 I MavKarct, ilauah- 
 enrtcil with awon 
 Lg tho (inly one ot 
 wlioso nutthcr vaj 
 larleB 1. And Uio j 
 ow rclgnlnK, bepim 1 
 •andmothor was ttio I 
 igliter oIJameBl, 
 
 R XV. 
 
 y^IIiLIAM 11. 
 10 of tho OonnncroT'j 
 father. To Robett, 
 [ormandyiMid Maine; 
 Ula motlicr'8 imsstj- 
 ,1 11 lor thlii I'y rr>> 
 Id In the end lie Imili 
 rfuUVmnelilieroIliii 
 lamwrtslefttliomort 
 licr'» posses' f'Hnis.Uic 
 ilch tlieromneror,lii 
 g death ocd, enjninri' 
 n ol Oantcrlmry, to 
 Tho young vrince 
 the colour o£ Ilia Inlr, 
 9 was BO anxious m 
 letter, that ho did c* 
 tinaatery of St. Gervai 
 eivo hl9 lather's U\ 
 to England Wm\ 
 nuoror was BCiicra 1; 
 A possession of tl: 
 .iichester, annmntii; 
 ,ura at that time Ui 
 fof theimportaiitfa 
 Hastings, and howi 
 tuatlon could not h 
 c to him m tie cvcii^ 
 crown heing disiiucj 
 fact, had all pos^l 
 Tho manner in viiici 
 imogenlture was coir 
 ,y an Informal m 
 th-hed, when even tl 
 ay reasonahly lie m 
 L was in Itself SUM 
 Antcnt, even had 1 1 
 fiery and nercotemi 
 with hl9 lather i 
 dy proved him to 
 educated the newl.^ 
 ched to him. tookt 
 ;,dor opposition of 
 together Bomo o! 
 relates, and perfornK 
 'coronktionintlicw 
 "^ to the deceased 
 is promptitude hail tl 
 'partl«anBofUo^ert; 
 and had left him ai 
 ieat attempt to urge a 
 and ho seemed to P 
 ^tho'wlUolhisIatW 
 
 :c 
 
 1 
 
 ny 1 caeciilily, and m a matter of course, 
 nsjii iln« tlio goveriiiuent ol Malno and 
 Korii andy whieli It conferred ujion him. 
 
 Bui thotirfh m opposition was made to 
 tlicat cession ol Wllli/Mu Riifus at tho tlmo 
 when, If over, such or'" isltlon rouldrenson- 
 |,l,ly itivo been nir.'' , amely, previous to 
 his coronation, ho was not loiii? seated upon 
 iMj throne lieloro lie exporlcnrcd tho oppo- 
 iltldiio'sonieof the most iiuworfnl Norninn 
 oliles. Hntred ot liiiiifriuic, and <'nvy of 
 Is gi at power, acliiati.'d sonio of them ; 
 jid many of thein, possessing property hot li 
 In Enclaiid and Nonnniidy, wore anxious 
 liatliiitli countries should bo united under 
 Boliert, foreseeing danger to tliclr property 
 1 cue or tlio oUier country whensoever tlio 
 mnte sovereigns should disagree. They 
 'clil that Ilnliert, as eldest son, was entitled 
 both England and Normandy ; and they 
 ere the more anxious lor Ills succpsa, bo- 
 luse his careless and excessively generous 
 ■inper promised them that Irecdoin from 
 lorferenco upon which they set bo high a 
 line, and which tho haughty and liard 
 lararterot Willlani Uufus threatened to 
 iprlvo them of. Odo, bishop ol Baycux, 
 il Roliert, earl ol Mortalgno, another 
 Mirother ol tlio Coinuoror, urged these 
 nmonts upon sonic of tho most eminent 
 tlioNornmn nobility. Eustace, count of 
 lulofinc, linger nipod, Hugh de Graiit- 
 snll, William, bishop ol Durham, Kobert 
 Jlouliray, niul other magnates, joined In 
 I conspiracy to delhrono William; and 
 iy severally Put their castles Into a state 
 ilofcnfe. William felt tho lull value ol 
 jniptltude. Even the domestic consplra- 
 wcro powerlul enough to warrant con- 
 raWc iil.nrin and anxiety, but the king's 
 ijer would bo Increased tenlold by tho 
 val of relnlorcements to them Ironi 
 landy. The king thereloro rapidly 
 togotlipras strong a lorco aa ho could 
 marched Into Kent, where Uochester 
 Pcvensey were seized and garrisoned 
 Is uncles Odo and Robert. Ho starved 
 conspirators at both places into sub- 
 Ion, and ho was strongly inclined to 
 tho leaders to death ; but tho more 
 unefnunoni nf wiiiiamdo Warenneand 
 It FItzhammond, who had joined him, 
 illed upon him to content himaell with 
 [seating tho property ol the offenders 
 tanlshlng them Irom the kingdom. 
 ifiiccesa over tho loremost men ol the 
 party decided tho struggle In hisla- 
 HIs powerful fleet had by this time Bta- 
 d Itself upon tho coast, bo that Robert 
 itgcr had any opportunity to land tho 
 lorcemcnts which his Indolence had, 
 lylorhla cause, delayed. Theearlof 
 fsbury, upon whom the conspirators 
 greatly depended, woi skllluUy won 
 \ij tho king; and the rest of the 
 i liecame hopeless ol buoccss, and 
 fled from th& country or made their 
 Isslon. Some were pardoned, and 
 were very lightly punished; the 
 Ity were attainted, and their estates 
 iestowed upon those barons who had 
 Mth the Ung while bis crown was 
 danger, 
 loon as he had completely broken up 
 
 tho confodi'rncy which had soea.ly tliniii- 
 ened his tlirono, J'.utus began to cxIilliU, 
 himself in his true nature towards his Kng- 
 llsli HUbjucts. As long aa hia cause was at 
 all doubtful, he had promised tho utmost 
 kindness and consideration; and ho espe- 
 cially won tho support and tho good wlahea 
 of hia English subjects by promising a 
 great relaxation of tho odious forest laws 
 of hi.'* predecessor. Now that ho was se- 
 cure, ho not merely failed to mitigate tho 
 tyranny under which tho people groaned, 
 but ho Increased It. While lianfranc lived, 
 thu zeal and ability of that prelate, added 
 to tho supurstltlonof tho ago, rendered the 
 property of tho chuiTh sacred. Hut lian- 
 franc died soon aftur I'lo accession of Wil- 
 liam Rufus, who made lii.< own will the solo 
 law for all orders of hU suMects, whether 
 lay or clerical. On tho death ol a bishop 
 or abbot ho either pet the see or abbey up 
 lor open sale, as he would any other kind of 
 property, or he deliiyed tho appointment ol 
 a now bishop or abbot, and so kept the 
 temporalities in hand lor his own use. 
 Such conduct produced much discontent 
 and murmuring ; but tho power ol tho 
 king was too great, and his cruel and violent 
 temper was too well known, to allow the 
 general discontent to ossumo a more tan- 
 gible and dangc^rous form. Ro conlldent, 
 Indeed, did tho king feel ol hia power In 
 England, that he even thought It not unsale 
 to disturb the peace of hia brother Robert 
 In Normandy, where tho licentious barons 
 were already in a most disorderly state, 
 cving to tho impiudent Indulgence and 
 lenity ol their generoua and facile duke. 
 Availing himself of thia state of thinga, 
 William bribed tho governors ol Albemarlo 
 and St. Valorl, and thua obtained posses- 
 sion ol those important fortresses. 
 
 lie was alao near obtaining possession ol 
 Rouen, but wna defeated in that object by 
 tho singular fidelity of his brother Henry 
 to Robert, under circiiiiistancesol no small 
 provocation to very dilferent conduct. 
 
 Henry, though ho had Inherited only 
 some mon?y out ol all tho vaat possessions 
 ol his father, had lent duke Robert three 
 thousand marks to aid lilm In his attempt 
 to wrest tuo crown ol England from Wil- 
 liam. By way o* security for this money, 
 Henry was put in possesalon ol consider- 
 ablo territory in Normandy : yet upon some 
 real or pretended suspicion, Robert not 
 only deprived him of this, but also threw 
 lilm Into prison. Though ho was well 
 av;aro that Robert only at last liberated 
 him In consequence ol requiring his aid 
 on tho threatened invasion ol England, 
 Henry behaved most loyally. Having learnt 
 that Conan, a very powerlul and Influen- 
 tial citizen ol Rouen, had traitorously bar- 
 gained to give up the city to king William, 
 the prince took him to tho top ol a lolty 
 tower,' and with his own hand threw him 
 over the battlements. 
 
 Tho king at length landed a numerous 
 army In Normanc^y, and the state ol things 
 became scrloua and threatening indeed as 
 regarded the duke. But the Intimate con 
 nectlon and mutual Interests ol the leading 
 men on both sides favoured him ; and a 
 
 mi^M 
 
 

 128 
 
 QTOc CTrrniJurit o( Witart}* ^c 
 
 trpniy was nmdo, l)y wlili-li tlu- lOiivlltili 
 kliiKi nil tlio oiiu liaiiil, olttfiiiiv'i .,110 terri- 
 tory of Kii and Bonio otlirr territorial ad- 
 vaiitnaroB, while, on tlio other liaiul, ho cii- 
 f^nged to restore tboBO barons who were 
 hanlshcd from Englniul for cspousltiB the 
 cause of Kobcrt In the lato revolt, and to 
 assist his brother awilnst the people at 
 Maine who had revolted. It was further 
 agreed, under the witness and guarantee of 
 twelve of the rhief barons on either side, 
 that whoever of the two brothers should 
 survive Rhould Inherit the possessions of 
 the other. 
 
 In all this treaty not a word was Inserted 
 In favour of prlnee Henry, who naturally 
 felt Indignant at being so murh neglerted 
 by his brother Uobert, from whom lie cer- 
 tainly had merited better treatment. With- 
 drawing from Uouen, lie fortified lilms(>lf 
 at St. Michael's Mount, on the Norman 
 coast, nnd sent out plundering parties, wlio 
 ffrcatly annoyed the whole neighbourhood. 
 Itobert and ■William besieged him here, and 
 during the siege an incident occurred which 
 goes to show that llobert's neglect of his 
 brotlier was owing ratiier to carelessness 
 than to any real want of generous feeling. 
 Henry and his garrison were so much 
 distressed for water that they must have 
 speedily submitted. When this was told to 
 Ilobert, ho not only allowed his brother to 
 supply himself witli water, but also sent 
 lilm a considerable quantity of wine. Wil- 
 liam, who could not pympnthisc with this 
 rliivalrous feeling, rejiroaclicd Roljcrt with 
 ])elng Imprudent. ' What ! ' replied the 
 generous duke, 'should I suffer our bro- 
 ther to die of thirst ? Where shall wo find 
 another when he Is gone?" But this tern- 
 rorary kindness of Uobert did not prevent 
 tho unfortunate Henry from being pressed 
 80 severely that he was obliged to capitu- 
 late, and was driven forth, with hla handful 
 of attendants, almost destitute of money 
 nnd resources. 
 
 A. D. 1091.— Robert, who was now In strict 
 alliance with tho king and brother who had 
 80 lately Invaded his duchy with tho most 
 hostile intentions, was Intrusted with tho 
 chief command of an English army, which 
 was sent over the border to compel Malcolm 
 to do homage to the crown of England. In 
 this enterprise Robert was completely suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 A. D. 1093.— But both peace and war were 
 easily and quickly terminated In this age. 
 Scarcely two years had elapsed from Mal- 
 colm's submission and wUlidrawal of the 
 English troops, when he Invaded England. 
 Having plundered and wasted a great por- 
 tion of Northumberland, lie laid siego to 
 Alnwick castle, where ho was surprised by 
 a party of English under the earl de Mou- 
 bray, and In the action which followed Mal- 
 colm perished. 
 
 A. D. 1094.— William constantly kept h.'<! 
 attention fixed upon Normandy. The care 
 less and generous temper of his brothei 
 Robert, and the licentious nature of the 
 Norman barons, kept 'hat duchy In con- 
 Btaiit uneasiness ; and 'Vllliam took up his 
 temporary abode ther ', to encourage his 
 own partisans and be r .>ady to avail hlmseU 
 
 nfanythingthatinightsr'emtofin-cniriii^iu I 
 signs upon his lirother'H iiilicrli;iiic(>, Whiu 
 in Normandy tho king raised tho Inrwsiiin 
 of ten thousand pounds byarogui..i| t|,J^ 
 of Ingenuity. Being, from the niiiiirr„f 
 tho circumstances in which ho was j,\^r(,\ 
 far 1 • >ro in want of money than In wantii I 
 men, he sent orders to his iiiliilwtfT, |(,|,,i ' 
 Flambard, to raise an army of tWMi'i 
 thousand men, and march it to tlin roj;! L 
 as if for instant embarkation. It I3 toLJ 
 supposed that not a few of tho nipn i|m,l 
 suddenly levied for foreign service wore („ I 
 more desirous of staying at home; mil 
 when the army reached the coast, ihf!i.| 
 wero gratified by tho Information tliwoiil 
 payment of ton shillings to tho kliig.oaoil 
 man was at liberty to return to his IhimI 
 With the money thus obtained, WiliinJ 
 bribed the kliu' of Franco and some (iftiiwl 
 barons wlio had hitherto sided witli Itninf f 
 But before ho could gain any deciKivi. jj 
 vantage from his Machlavellnn ixillr.v.i.l 
 was obliged to hasten over to KiKflni'ni i 
 repel tho Welsh, who had made an liuurj 
 slon In his absence. 
 
 A.D. 1093.— While William had liocni, 
 discreditably busy In promoting dlscurjii 
 the duchy of his l)rotlier, his own klni'dod 
 had not been free from intrigueg. li,]^ 
 de Moubray, earl of Northumberland,! 
 count D'Eu, Roger de Lacey, and nm 
 other powerful baron8,who had bcon diei 
 offended by the king'ij haughty nnd dos|i;,; 
 temper, were this year detected in a c.iiiij 
 racy which had for its object the detliM 
 nient of the king In favour of 8f r-iiiipn ^J 
 of Aumale, and nephow of uiiiimn 1 
 Conqueror. With his usual iKomptiuii 
 William, on gaining Intolligenco of thcj 
 splracy, took measures to defcic It, 
 Moubray was surprised before lie hadf 
 I>leted his preparations, and though hi>J 
 slsted. gallantly he was overpowercil i 
 thrown Into prison. Attaiiulcr and tir 
 ture followed as a matter of course,! 
 for the long period of thirty years tlic j 
 fortunate noblo lingered In prison, win 
 he died. Tho count r ' lu, who also 1 
 surprised, Ilrmly denied his particiinil 
 In tho conspiracy, and cliallentfcd Cln.M 
 Baynard, l)y whom he had been nccii*d| 
 mortal combat. The count was dotml 
 and tlie brutal sentence upon him val 
 tration and deprivation of sight. Thel 
 torlansspeak of Wllllom deAlilprl.nwJ 
 of the onsplHitors, who was liaimedl 
 having been more severely dealt wltliif 
 we think most people w,)uld cnnslderl 
 death was among the most moriMfii! of| 
 sentences of this cruel and scinl-ljarbi 
 age. 
 
 A war, or rather a series of wars, \ 
 commenced, to which all the sklrmislie 
 Scotland, and W.ales, and Norinaiidy,! 
 to prove as mere child's play In conii iitl 
 We mean the first crusade, or liolyj 
 the most prominent events of wblcM 
 have given In our brief ' Outline o( Gm 
 History.' Priest and layman, soldierl 
 trader, noble and peasant, all worcf 
 denly seized with an enthusiasm llttio 
 of madness. Men of all ranks and ai 
 of all ages took to arms. A holy war,^ 
 
ennlfftitr.— ^onnnii Efttr.— CSKiinam SS. 
 
 129 
 
 (•(>mt()f:ivimrliWiii'. 
 1 iiili(>rli:iui'i\ wiiiie 
 I'lilsCil tlip Inru'o mm 
 le l>y arogui-H iiin | 
 from Uio niiiiiri'iii 
 vhlch lio was iiinc,|, 
 nncy tlian In waiiti.i 
 hiB lulnlxlcr, \U\i\ 
 in army "I twomyi 
 inrcU H to tlio pniiit,! 
 irUntlon. It Is tnl«l 
 low ol the niPii iliml 
 rclRn«crvlro\vei\'hi| 
 ivylng at liome; mj 
 licd the co!\at, the-! I 
 5 Information iliatnl 
 InRS to tlio klm-'.'Mil 
 
 return to lils IimiuI 
 ,U8 obtatued, Wiliiiml 
 anco and some i>( til »| 
 erto sldPrtwltli llnliirJ 
 
 1 RHlii any decUivi.' nil 
 laclUavcllnn vulio.itl 
 en over tn KimlaiKl i«l 
 no had mn<lo »" lii™i| 
 
 vriUlam had Veen 
 in promoting disfrti 
 other, his "wu kincfc, 
 from intrlRUcs. U* 
 ,f Northumberland, 
 r do Laccy, ami im 
 nns.who had been fc 
 ,aVhauKhtyaiuUle«K 
 car detected in a c. 11^ 
 r Its object tlie deiliM 
 ilavourofStovlicn.coiL 
 acphow of ^vlUlumj 
 
 his usual \vAmm4 
 
 iwures t<. defe^i It ( 
 ,rued before ho liadH 
 ition8.andthinmUljci 
 e was overpowered . 
 ' ,, Attainder and I"t 
 ft" matter of course,; 
 )dol thirty yours tlic 
 InKcrod In pnsmi,v;lij 
 ;unt r:u, wl.oaM 
 denied his Vivrtinin| 
 ■ and challenged Coifi 
 Inhehadhcenaccujd 
 
 '•The count was CeM 
 ,ntenccuiM).niim« 
 
 ivatlonof slplt. ™ 
 TO niamdcAldMl,aii4 
 
 nra who was Uaiigel 
 '.nBe>^rVly dealt witli;l 
 foptc V nlld fm».lto, 
 ' the most mevciurf 
 cruel and penil-barH 
 
 Iher a ecfics of war 
 &h all the skirmista 
 Fales. and Normandy, 
 chlid'splayliuomg 
 mrst crusade, or M 
 Inent events of v,iM 
 l.r brief ' out Inc ot ft 
 i and layman, soldierl 
 L peasant all ^" 
 ■h an enthusiasm lit !>! 
 
 >n ot all ranks anJ » 
 ftowms. Aholywar, 
 
 indvof tlio Cbrlitlans agalnit the infldcls; 
 « wnrfaro nt once righteous and perilous, 
 whcro valour fought under the encrcd 
 ■rmbol of th« cross, so dear to the Christian 
 and so hateful to tho Infldel I Nothing 
 miild have more precisely and completely 
 siiltcd the spirit ol »n ago In which It was 
 dimcult to say whether courage or super- 
 itltlon was tho niaster-pasBlon ol all orders 
 
 "tIio temper ol Holiert, duko of Nor- 
 mnudy. was not such as to allow him to 
 rcmaltt unmoved by tho flercs enthusiasm 
 111 all around him. Uravo even to rashnesn, 
 nnd easily led by his energetic but 111-dls- 
 flpllned feelings to fall Into tho general de- 
 luiion, which combined all tho attractions 
 of chivalry with all tho urgings ol a mis- 
 taken and almost savago piety, ho very 
 early added hlsnamc to that of the Christian 
 leaders wlio were to go lorth to tho rescue 
 of the holy sepulchre and tho chustlsemcnt 
 of lieathenlsm. But wlien, in the language 
 of that book which laymen ol his period 
 Init little read, ho 'sat down to count tho 
 cost 'he speedily discovered that his lilo- 
 long carelessness and prolusion had left 
 hlin destitute ol journeying to the East In 
 tho stylo or with tho lorcc which would 
 ibccoiuo his rank. It was now that the 
 cooler and more sordid temper ol William 
 of England gavo that monarch the lullcst 
 idvantage over his Improvident and hcad- 
 itrong brother, who recklessly mortgaged 
 jls duchy to 'William lor tho comparatively 
 Inslgniflcant sum ol ten thousand nmrks. 
 Illlam raised the money by means ol tho 
 iost unblushing and tyrannous Imposts 
 ipon Ills subjects, and was lorthwlth put 
 ) poBsession of Normandy and Maine ; 
 hllo Robert, expending his money In a 
 ioMo outfit, proceeded to the East, lull of 
 (reams of temporal glory to be obtained by 
 lat slaughter (Tf i)agan8 which was to 
 isuro his eternal salvation. Though Wil- 
 im was thus ready, with a view to his 
 n advantage, to expedite tho departure 
 bl8 brother to tho Holy Land, ho was 
 Jmself not only too free from tho general 
 itbuslasm to go thither himself, Imt he 
 JO, and very wisely, discouraged his sub- 
 cts from doing so. Ho seems. Indeed, 
 longh sufficiently superstitious to bo easily 
 orked upon by the clergy when he deemed 
 ;s life In danger, to have been careless 
 »nt religion even to the verge of impiety. 
 lore than opj unbecoming jest upon rc- 
 :loii Is on record against him ; but we 
 jy, perhaps, solely believe that tho clergy, 
 le sole historians ol those times, with 
 torn his arbitrary and ungoverniiblo na- 
 irc made him no favourite, had painted 
 In this resjtect somewhat worse than 
 , ,.a3. 
 
 Ut was in one ol his fits ol superstition 
 ht, believing himsell on tho point of 
 kth, he was at length Induced to All up 
 e archbishopric ol Canterbury, which he 
 1 kept unfilled from the death of Lau- 
 lac. In terror at his supposed approach- 
 ! death ho conferred this dignity upon 
 lelm, a pious and learned Norman ab- 
 . Anselm at first refused the pronio- 
 lo,eTcn with tears; but when he at length 
 
 accepted it, he abundantly proved that ho 
 was not inclined to allow the interests of 
 tho church to lack any defence or watch* 
 rulncsg. His severity ol demeanour and 
 life, and his unsparing sternness toward* 
 cverytliing that either reason or supersti- 
 tion pointed out as prolane and ol evil re- 
 linrt, wore remarkable. He spared not in 
 Ills rcnsures even tho king hirascll ; and as 
 William, on recovering Irom tho Illness 
 which had caused him to promote Anselm, 
 very plainly showed that ho was not a jot 
 more pious or just than belore, disputes 
 very soon grew high between the king and 
 the archbishop whom he had taken so much 
 trouble to persuade into acceptance ol dig' 
 nlty and power. Tho church was at this 
 time much agitated by a dispute between 
 Urban and Clement. Eacli maintained 
 hlmsell to bo tho true, and his op|)onent 
 the antl-popo. While yet only an abbot in 
 Normandy, Anselm had acknowledged tho 
 authority ol Urban ; and he now. In his 
 higher dignity and wider influence, still 
 espoused his cause, and resolved to estab- 
 lish his authority in England. As the law 
 ol tho Couqtioror was still in force tliat no 
 popo should bo acknowledged In England 
 until his authority should have received 
 tho sanction of tho king, William deter- 
 mined to make this disobedience tho pre- 
 text upon which to endeavour to deprive 
 tho archbishop of his high ecclesiastical 
 dignity, Tho king accordingly summoned 
 a synod at Ilockingham, and called upon it 
 to depose Anselm. But tho assembled suf- 
 fragans declined to pass the required sen- 
 tence, declaring that they knew of no au- 
 thority by which they could do so without 
 the command of tho pope, who alone could 
 release them from tho respect and obedl- 
 eneo which they owed to their primate. 
 Willie tho case was In this state of incerti- 
 tude and pause, some circumstances arose 
 which rendered it expedient for William 
 to acknowledge tho legitimacy of Urban's 
 election to tho papal throne, but tho ap- 
 parent reconciliation which this produced 
 between tho king and Anselm was but ol 
 short duration. Tho main cause ol griev- 
 ance, though Itself removed by the recon- 
 ciliation ol William and tho pope, lelt be- 
 hind an angry leeling which required only 
 a pretext to burst lorth, and that pretext 
 the haughty state despotism ol William 
 and tlio no less haughty church zeal of 
 Anselm speedily lurnlslied. 
 
 We mentioned among the numerous de- 
 spotic arrangements ol the Conqueror, hia 
 having required Irom bishoprics and abbej's 
 the same leudal service In the field as Irom 
 lay baronies ol like value. William Kufua 
 in this, as in all despotism, loUowed closely 
 upon tho track lelt by his father ; and 
 having resolved upon an expedition Into 
 Wales, he called upon Anselm for his regu- 
 lated quota of men. Anselm, in common 
 with all the churchmen, deemed this spe- 
 cies ol servitude very grievous and unbe- 
 coming to churchmen ; but the despotic 
 natrre ol William, and that feeling of feudal 
 submission which, next to submission to 
 tho church, seems to have been the most 
 powerful and irresistible feeling in tbose 
 
 i^ 
 
130 
 
 CIjc Crrnitury of Witavn, $et. 
 
 dnyi, prevented blni from glvlug an abxo- 
 liile refusal. He. tlicrcfore, took a middle 
 course: lie nont lilArjuotaof men, Indeed, 
 but no niBufflclently accoutred and provid- 
 ed that they were utterly use)eB« and a dls- 
 fraco to the wcll-iiimolnted force of wliNli 
 hey were lnt<'iided to form a part. The 
 king threatened AuRelm with aproacrutlon 
 for this ohvlouiily Intentional and li'.BUItlni^ 
 evasion of the spirit of IiIh duty, while eoni- 
 plylng with ItB mere letter ; and thciirelato 
 retorted by a demand for the reBtoratloii 
 of the revenue of which Lin peo had heen 
 arblirarlly luid unfairly deprived by the 
 king, appealing to the poi)0 at the i^amo 
 time for protection and a ]u,-*t doclBlon. 
 The king's violent temper was fo much In- 
 flamed by the prolatoV opposition, that the 
 friends of Anselm became alarmed for his 
 personal safety, luid application was made 
 to the king for permMsIon for the pn-latc 
 to leave the country; a permission which 
 lie readily gave, as the best way, at once, to 
 rid himself of an oi)ponent w hose virtuous 
 and religious character made him both 
 troublesome ond dangerous, and to obtain 
 possession, temporarily at the very least, of 
 the whole of the rich temijoralltles of tlie 
 see of Canterbury. Upon these ho seized 
 occordlngly; but Anselm, whom the papal 
 court looked upon as a martyr In the cause 
 of the church, met with such a splendid 
 recepthm at Rome as left him little to re- 
 grot In a worldly point of view. 
 
 A.D. 1007.— Thinigh freed from the vexa- 
 tious opposition of the indomitable and 
 upright churchman, ■William was not even 
 now to enjoy rtpose ; If, Indeed, repose 
 would have been a source of enjoyment to 
 ' temper so fierce and turbulent. Though 
 his cooler judgement had enabled him to 
 obtain Normandy and Maine from his 
 thoughtless and proill-;al brother. It did 
 not enable him to keep in subjection the 
 turbulent and almost Independent barons 
 of those provinces. They were perpetually 
 In a state of disorder, either from personal 
 quarrels or as the result of the artful 
 Instigations of the king of France, who 
 lost no opportunity of Inciting them to 
 revolt against the king of Kngland. 
 Among the most troublesome of these 
 barons was Helle, lord of La Fleche, a 
 comparatively small town and territory In 
 the province of Anj(m. Ho was very po- 
 pular among the people of Maine; and 
 though William several times went from 
 England for the express purpose of put- 
 ting him down, Helle as constantly re- 
 turned to his old courses the moment the 
 monarch had returned home. 'Wllllani at 
 length took nolle prisoner, but at the In- 
 tercession of the king of France and the 
 earl of Anjou he gave hlDi his liberty. Un- 
 tamed by the narrow escape ho had had 
 from death. In being released from the 
 bands of so passionate and resolute a prince 
 as William, Hello again commenced his 
 plundering and destroying course ; took 
 possession, with the connivance of thecltl- 
 ssens, of the town of Mans, and laid siege to 
 the garrison which remained faithful to the 
 king of England. William was engaged In 
 his favourite pursuit of hunting In the New 
 
 Forest wlicn he received this intclllRcuci.. 
 and ho wan so transported with tury.u,!,' 
 he galloped immediately to Dartmoiiti'i .i',,j 
 iiurrled on Ixmrd u vessel. Tho wcukr 
 was so stormy and threatening tlmt th' 
 sailors were unwilling to venture friim 
 port ; but the king, with a good-liuiiiotircil 
 recklessness and scorn, assured tlieiii iihk 
 kings were never drowned, aiid coiiiiii'ii,',] 
 thciu tosetsall. ThIspromptltiKhicri.iliini 
 lilm to arrive In time to raise tho Mi'm'^i 
 Mans, and he pur.^ued Helle to Majnl; |,i,t 
 ho had scarcely commenced tho sloiito of ' 
 tliat i)Iaco when ho received so sovcri-a 
 wound that It became necessary fiirlilnjt', 
 return to England. 
 
 A.D. 1100.— Tiie crusading mania wns ntr| 
 as strong as ever. William, duke uf l\i|c. 
 tiers and earl of Oulenne, emuloiis of ii,o 
 fame of tho earlier crusaders and wlmHy 
 untaught by their misfortunes, raised. 'Ill im 
 menso force ; some historians say.ns mnny 
 iis sixty thousand cavalry and a mtiili bru'ir I 
 number of Infantry. Tocmivey such iiforce 
 to tlie Holy Land required no small sumni 
 money ; and count ■Wllliani offered to iiii,n. 
 gage his dominions to William of Knwiaini 
 to wliom alone, of all the lay soverclmnij 
 Enrol. e, the crusades promised In li^ iniij. 
 prolltable. The king gladly agreed in n,|,l 
 va'ico the money. In the conlldent liiii,!(j 
 that it would never be In tlie power ui tijtl 
 mortgager to redeem his province!', anji 
 was in tho very net of preparing i\A 
 nec<'ssary force to escort tlie munoy anjl 
 to tuke possession of the provinces, wiipJ 
 an accident, famous in history, caused lilj 
 death. 
 
 The New Forest, planted by the iiioiit ini 
 qultous cruelty, was very fatal to tliiCiiii 
 quoror's family ; so much so as to Iciivc nil 
 little reason to wonder that. In so riiiirl 
 stitlous an age, it was deemed tii.it tinrtl 
 was a special and retriluiUve fate In nJ 
 royal deaths which occurred there. liiiil 
 ard, elder brother of king Wllil;ini l!iifi)<J 
 was killed there ; as was Ulchard.annturi 
 son of duke Robert of Norinanily. wnwM 
 Ilnfus was now a third royal vlctiui, l| 
 was hunting there when an arniw^hitbl 
 Walter Tyrrel, a Norman favourite u(m 
 monarch, struck a tree, and, glancing rl 
 pierced tho breast of tho king, wlm iliJ 
 on the spot. Tho unintentional liumlrlili 
 dreading the violent justice wliioh tl 
 slayci'of a king was likely toexiiorlmcci 
 sooner saw tho result of his lucliipsifhi 
 than ho galloped off to tho sea-sliorc sJ 
 crossed over to France, whence lio wltll 
 speed departed for the Holy L.md. HI 
 alarm and flight, though perfectly naturJ 
 were. In fact, quite needless. Wllllnm m 
 little beloved even by Ills Immediate i 
 tendnnts and courtiers; and Ms M 
 when found was hastily and carclo?!-lyi 
 terred at Winchester, without any (iftl 
 gorgeous and expensive ceremony whl 
 usually marks tho obsequies of a iiowerf 
 monarch. 1 
 
 London Bridge— taken down only n tJ 
 few years since, and Westminster Hall.wJ 
 built by this monarch. For the lastnanl 
 structure, which has the largest rooll 
 the world unsupported by plllarB, he f 
 
\- -,, 
 
 i 
 
 <PuflIniilr.— flormnii ttfiw.— ^tnv}} 3E. 
 
 131 
 
 htslntcUlRoncc; > 
 .1 with tury.ilnt ' 
 Diirtiuonlli a,ij 
 cl. Tlio \vi';\thtr 
 ;itciilii« Unit tlio 
 ti> vi'iiliif" Iri'iu 
 a K,)o(l-\uiiiim\ri<.l 
 Hsurfil llu'iii tli!\t 
 
 niiU'tlt"''" ''"■'''''''! 
 raise till) uli'm'il 
 ^■][o to Mi>l'>l ; 1/ii 
 ■need tlio »\v«is ul 
 colved HO Hi'vcrci 
 ccfSHnry forlilmti 
 
 InK mania wn»«ti;i 
 lllmu, iluUi' of rule- 1 
 nc, rmuloiii* of \U 
 U(.aacr8 una wlmlly 
 rUiucs, raised !m Im- 
 torliiiiB nay. iii" 11111"! 1 
 ry mill IV "i"'''i '''"•'" 
 „C(mveyi»iK'liiitor« 
 Ircdiio »maU pumfil 
 iiliuuofromltoiiKirt' 
 ■William olEiiKliiiM, 
 the liiy KoviTclun*'!] 
 iiroinlsodtdiiL'tniij 
 pladly uKiHCd tn J,.] 
 the coiilliliiil lull II 
 in the I'ower i>t tlnl 
 n Ills vrovlnro^ nr.ll 
 rt ot vr.'Piirliig ili(l 
 B«cort tho money aiill 
 'the lirDVliu'C?, ^^l«lll 
 in history, caused Mil 
 
 ilantcdl.ytliemoi'linl| 
 vpry fatal to tlieCi 
 
 lit ad 
 
 Willal 
 
 tftkcndown oiilyii« 
 
 7dWcBtmln«torMl.^'l 
 
 Iftrch l-'ortliclastiw 
 
 'baa the largest rool 
 
 pomd by pillars, he 
 
 fnlncd tl'O timber from IrelniHl, whicli at 
 1 St tinio wftM very nlchrnti'd for Its llin- 
 rrof 111! kl'"'"' '"" eHperlnlly for (ho vt'ij 
 (lurnblcmiJ heiiutiful lort known by tho 
 iinnic of bog mik. 
 
 ; ciurTKii XV r. 
 
 I Tlic Helsn o/IIUNUY I. 
 
 WiTilAM IlUKliH, wlio died 1)11 the kc- 
 find'ot AuKiif't. llfK'. Ill tlie f..rllcih 
 \m I'f hU ftge and tho thirteenth of hU 
 ilaii left no lewltlmatc; Issue, and wa» 
 .uccccileil by Ills brother Ilcnry, whowas 
 1.1 tlie hunting party at which tho king lo.-it 
 
 ItiiliVrt, duke of Niirnnndy, uho ua llie 
 rliliT brother of tho duecaHcd king bad a 
 treterablo claim to that of Henry, was, a.s 
 „j ulrendy been related, oik! oC tho rlilef 
 111(1 moKt zealous leadcr.-i u£ the erusadors. 
 \lter slaughter terrible merely to think of, 
 iml mifferlngs from famine and dlsea-e 
 Hicli ni* 'be pen of even aTlmeydldes would 
 lilt linporfectly desrrlbe, the rriisaders had 
 (iMaliied jiotiHCfsbiii of .leni-alcm, Holy- 
 niaii the Turkish emperor, was llioniugbly 
 aofi'ated In two treniemlons battles; and 
 KIco, the Kcat of bis government, was cap- 
 tturoil after an obstinate s-letco. The sulibin 
 (Egypt, however, siici\'eded tho Turkish 
 inwror In tho possession of .Icrusalem, 
 jjd ho offered to allow freo Ingress and 
 mess to nil Clirlstlan pilgrims wlio chose 
 lovUlt tho holy Bcpnloliro undriiied. lint 
 lio religious zealof iIk^ champions of the 
 rosswas far too highly Inllaiiied by their 
 (cciit trliiinphs over the ereseeiit to allow 
 il their accepting this compromise; they 
 laufilitlly delimnded the cession of thecity 
 ItuKellicr; and, on bis refusal, sle^'c waa 
 lilto It. l''or live weeks the .solilaii de- 
 miled lilin?elt with tin- utmost conhiess 
 livalour against Ihi! assaults of blglity 
 isclpllncd and veteran troops, whose mllt- 
 ynrdour was now i-xclicd to the utmost 
 tanatlrlBin. nio -t tlieend of that time 
 ,c zffi". and fury ot the JMirlstlans pre- 
 liloil; Jerusalem was carried hy assault, 
 id n seeiie of carnage and suffering ensued 
 bleb might almost bear comparison with 
 jitoarller niid dread sceiio In the same 
 ;y, of wlilch wo owe tho undying nar- 
 Ive to Josephus. Nor was the car- 
 lo coullncd oven to tho llrst hours of 
 icccBS, Long after the streets of the 
 ily city were strewed with carcasses. 
 Id ui'on every hearth lay the dead forms 
 those who had vainly oiiileavoured to 
 ;ciiil them; long after the jiuIhcs of 
 warrior had ceased to bo <iulckened 
 the perilous assault, and his better 
 ;nro to bo stilled by tho Irritation 
 resistance, an unarmed rabble of ten 
 lUBMid people, of both sexes and all ages, 
 whom quarter had been promised as the 
 ardcif Bubmlssloi), wero treacherously 
 brutally murdered In cold l)lood by 
 aiiswho soon after knelt In tearful raji- 
 at tho sepulchre of lllm who died, 
 Mike, for tho salvation of all ! Awful, In- 
 d, Is the contrast between the professed 
 itlve of this holy war and the conduct of 
 warriors! 
 
 Tho city of Jerusalem wn* taken Jimt. 
 about twelve montliM previous to the death 
 of William Ituriis ; and (he crusaders, liav- 
 liiir eleeled tlodfrey of noiilngne king of 
 .lerusalem, and settled other nobles And 
 itiiiulits In tho lloiy [,Mnd, returned to t'.u- 
 r'lpe. Had Itobert, diikc< of Normandy, 
 hii'tened homo direct, ho probably would 
 have lieen abio to prevent tho imurpallon 
 of Knglaiid by his younger brother. Ills 
 knowledge of (bo character of William Ilu- 
 fiis might naturally have been expected to 
 hurry lilm home l>y aii\lety nboiit Nor- 
 mandy : but llobert was to tho full a«carC' 
 h'ssashe washrave. I'assing through Italy, 
 ho foil III love with Mild married a noble 
 lady, Hibylla, daughter of (ho count of Con- 
 verHana, Biid remained a whole year in her 
 natlvu clime, abandoning himself to the 
 dellghls of love and thu most delicious 
 country, while his friends In Kiigland— and 
 bis natural character, as well as the famo 
 (.!' Ills iMlileviinents In the Kiist, made (hem 
 very numerous— were III vain hoping (hat 
 1 e would arrive to defeat the unjust ambl- 
 tidii of Henry. The latter prince was ad 
 alert as his brother was Indolent Tho In- 
 stant that he ascertained the death of his 
 brother, he galloiicd Into 'Winchester and 
 seized upon tho royal treasure, I)e Uro- 
 teull, the keeper, endeavoured to secure U, 
 and remonstrated with the prince on tho 
 absolute treason of gel/.Ing I lie treasure 
 and crown, which belonged of rlwht to his 
 elder brother, who was no less bis sovereign 
 for belnw absent, lint Henry, whose friends 
 liastened to support hlin, threatened to put 
 I)e llreteull to death It In' attempted any 
 resistance to his will ; and, hastening to 
 I.diKlnu with the money, be made sojudl- 
 elou>ly prodigal a use of It, alike amonff 
 friends In fact and foes liy Inclination, that 
 lie easily obtained himself to bo elected 
 kiiii.' by acclamal ion ; and be was crowned, 
 liy Maurice, bishop of London, within three 
 days of his hrotlierV sudden and violent 
 death. Title to the throne U Is quite plain 
 that Henry bad none. Hut ho now had 
 jiosFesslon ; and as his judicious l)ril)ery 
 had procured lilni, at the least, the oston- 
 ^i^le support of all the most eminent and 
 powerful barons, even the most sincere and 
 zealous friends of tho absent Robert were 
 olilitred to confess, however sorrowfully, 
 that his own Indolence had deprived hliu 
 of all possibility of ohtalning tho throne 
 from bis more active and enterprising 
 lirother, unless at the fearful expense of n 
 civil war. 
 
 I'olltlc as ho was resolute, Henry Iclt 
 that, as his crowTi h.ad been obtained by 
 the most llai^rrant and unanallflcd usurpa- 
 tion, he would, at least at tho outset of liis i 
 reign, be be.st secured against ar. itteinpts 
 which In mere desperation h. . brother 
 might make to dethrone hini, by tho affec- 
 tion of tho great body of the people as well 
 as of the nobles. To obtain this, tho ty- 
 rannies of his Immediate prcdeccBsors af- 
 forded an ample and easy scope. 
 
 ' Hesldes,' says Hnme, 'taking the u.=ual 
 
 coronation oath to maintain the laws and 
 
 execute justice, he passed a Ohartkb 
 
 1 which was calculated to remedy many of 
 
 lU 
 
 •t 1 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 if' 
 
 
 1 i ».*♦' 
 
'Jlfc».'«ai*«WO.-£t,l«; 
 
 132 
 
 tSi-^t HCttniuvyi at W^tavta, ^c. 
 
 tho grievous oppressions which Imd been 
 roraplalned of during the reigns of his fa- 
 ther and brother. He there promised, that 
 at the death of any bishop or abbot ho never 
 would seize tho revenues of tho see or alv 
 bey during the vacancy, but would leave 
 the whole to be reaped by the successor; 
 and that ho would never let to firm any 
 ecclesiastical bcneflce, nor dispose of it for 
 money. After this concession to the church, 
 whoso favour was of so great Importance to 
 him, ho proceded to enumerate the civil 
 grievances which he proposed to redress. 
 He promised that upon the death of any 
 earl, baron, or military tenant, his heir 
 should be admitted to tho possession of 
 bis estate on paying a just and lawful re- 
 lief, without being exposed to such violent 
 exactions as had been usual during the late 
 reigns; ho remitted tho wardship of mi- 
 nors; and allowed guardians to bo appoint- 
 ed who should be answerable for the trust : 
 he promised not to dispose of any heiress in 
 marririgo but by the advice of all the ba- 
 rons ; and if any baron Intended to give his 
 daughter, sister, niece, or other kinswoman 
 In marriage, It should only be necessary for 
 him to consult the king, who promised to 
 take no money for his consent, nor ever to 
 refuse permission, unless tho person to 
 whom it was purposed to marry her should 
 be his enemy. Ho granted his barons and 
 military tenants the power of bequeathing 
 by will their money or personal estates; 
 and if they neglected to make a will, he 
 promised that their heirs should succeed to 
 them. He renounced the right of imposing 
 moneyage and of levying taxes at pleasr''e 
 on the farms which the barons retained in 
 dielr own hands, and he made some general 
 professions of moderating lines, offered a 
 pardon for all offences, and remitted all the 
 debts due to the crown. Ho required that 
 the vassals of the barons should enjoy the 
 same privileges which ho granted to his 
 own barons ; and he promised a general con- 
 flrmation and observance of the laws of king 
 Edward. This Is the substance of the chief 
 articles contained in that famous charter.' 
 
 Though, to impress tho people with tho 
 notion of his great anxiety for the full pub- 
 licity and exact performance of these gra- 
 clouspromises, Henry caused a copy of this 
 charter to be placed In an abbey In every 
 county, his subsequent conduct shows that 
 ho never intended It for anything but a 
 lure, by which to win tho support of the 
 barons and people, while that support as 
 yet appeared desirable to his cause. The 
 grievances which he so ostentatiously pro- 
 mised to redress were continued during his 
 whole reign ; and as regards the charter it- 
 self, it was so completely neglected, that 
 when. In their disputes with the tyrant 
 John, the English barons were desirous to 
 make it the standard by which to express 
 their demands, scarcely a copy of it could 
 be found. 
 
 Tho popularity of tho king at the com- 
 mencement of his rcign owed not a little of 
 Its warmth to his just and politic dismissal 
 and imprisonment of Ralph Flambard, bi- 
 shop of Durham, who, as principal minister 
 and favourite of William Kuf us had been 
 
 guilty of great oppression and cruelty, cs. 
 peclally In raising money. The Dudlvy 
 aTid Enipson of a later reign were scarcely 
 more detested than this man was, and no- 
 thing could be more agreeable to the people 
 than his degradation and punishment. But 
 tlie .king, apart from his politic desire to 
 gratify tho public resentment against his 
 brother's chief and most unscrupulous In- 
 strument of oppression, seems to have had 
 Ills own pecuniary advantage chiefly in 
 view. Instead of immediately appointing 
 a successor to the bishopric, he kept it va- 
 cant for five years, and during all that tlmo 
 he. In open contempt of the positive pro- 
 mise of his charter, applied tho revenuesof 
 the see to his own use. 
 
 This shameful Invasion of the rights of 
 the church, however, did not prevent him 
 from otherwise seeking its favour. Wpii 
 aware of the high rank which Anselni held 
 in the affections of both tho clergy and the 
 I)eople, he strongly invited him to leave 
 Lyons— where he now lived in great statc- 
 and resume his dignity in England, But 
 tho king accompanied this Invitation with 
 a demand that Anselm should renew to htm 
 the homage he had formerly paid to his 
 brother. Anselm, however, by his residence 
 at Rome, had learned to look with a vcty 
 different eye now upon that homage wlilch 
 formerly he had looked upon as so mere and 
 innocuous a form, and he returned for an- 
 swer, that he not only would not pay ho. 
 mage himself, but ho would not even com- 
 municate with any of the clergy who should 
 do so, or who would accept of l.iy investi- 
 ture. However much mortlfled Henry was 
 at finding the exiled prelate thus resolute, 
 he was too anxious for the support and 
 countenance of Anselm— which if throira 
 into the scale for Robert might at some 
 future time prove so formidable— to inslji 
 upon his own proposal. He therefowj 
 •agreed that all controversy on the subjec'jj 
 should be referred to Rome ; and Ansclnil 
 was restored to his dignity, and, undouM 
 edly, all the more powerful both f rem thi 
 circumstances which led to his exile mi 
 those which accompanied his return. Bii 
 authority was scarcely reestablished ivhi 
 it was appealed to upon a subject of tbi 
 highest Interest to the king himself. Mi 
 tilda, daughter of Malcolm III., king 
 Scotland and niece of Edgar Atbelinp, bi 
 been educated in the nunnery of Rarasa; 
 Well knowing how dear the royal Saioi 
 lineage of this lady made her to the Engl ' 
 nation, Henry proposed to espouse her. 
 is a striking instanco of tho extent to whli 
 the public mind was enslaved by Borne, ti 
 the mere residence and educatimi nf ilii 
 princess in a convent, the mere wcarin? 
 the veil without ever having taken or 
 tended to tako the vows, seemed to tin 
 it doubtful whether she could lawfully ni 
 tract matrimony 1 So It, however, v. 
 and a solemn council of prelates and 
 bles was held at Lambeth to determine tl 
 point. This council was held so loon all 
 tho restoration of Anselm to his digiili 
 that wo may, without great breach of tl 
 rity, suspect that a desire to secure t 
 support of Anselm upon this very BubJ( 
 
CPiifllairt.— J2orma« 3Liue.— I^enri) i. 
 
 133 
 
 jn ol tlicrigMsot 
 (1 not prevent lilm 
 t its favour. Well 
 which AnsclmheW 
 I the clergy and the 
 rttcd him to leave 
 ved m great statc- 
 ,y m England. But 
 this Invitation with 
 should renew to him 
 orraerly paid o Us 
 >ver. by his residence 
 'toioolcwUUaycrj 
 1 that homage whlrh 
 1 upon as 80 mere and 
 I he returned for an- 
 IV would not pay ho- 
 
 would not etcn coin- 
 the clergy who 8i>oud 
 accept of lay Invesil- 
 t mortified Henry TO 
 prelate thus rcsolut^ 
 
 for the support and 
 >lm-wblcU It throOT 
 lobert might at some, 
 
 formldable-to imlrt 
 hnosal Ho therefore 
 foversyonthesuhiec; 
 
 [dignity, and. iindo*! 
 'iwcrfulbothfrr.ratli^ 
 hied to his exile aai 
 
 fenled his return. Hii 
 Kcestablishcd^h^ 
 fupon a BUbject otft 
 Ue king hlmsc«. M 
 
 Malcolm I"-,hi"l 
 '.fEdgarAtbelin?, 
 
 ,0 nunnery otnmil 
 dear the royal Saio 
 ladohertotUcEngli^ 
 'sed to espouse to. 
 13 of the extent tow 
 enslaved by Boine.rt, 
 and educAtiou n m 
 atrthemerewearm?" 
 "er having taken or 
 
 vnws Bcemed to nL 
 Bhlcould lawfully ci 
 so tt. however, f^ 
 nrll of Prt-lrttes aii'l , 
 Bethtodctermlno 
 
 '^Vwasheldsownaf 
 
 Anselm to his dip^ 
 ^ntOTcat breach of d 
 
 a dS to secure 
 ''uJonthlBVcryBuhX 
 
 was at least one of the motives, If not tlic 
 chief one, by which the king was actuated 
 in recalling him. Before this council Ma- 
 tlldastated that she had never contemplated 
 taking tlie vows, and that sho had only 
 worn tlio veil, as it was «iultc commonly 
 worn by the English ladies, as a safeguard 
 from the violence of the Norman soldiery. 
 A3 It was well known that against such 
 violence even an English princess really had 
 no otlier secure guard, the council deter- 
 niliicd that the wearing of the veil by Ma- 
 tilda had in nowise pledged her to or con- 
 nected her with any religious sisterhood, 
 and that she was as free to marry as though 
 slie had never worn It. Ucnry and Matilda 
 were married . The ceremony wa.s perform- 
 ed i)y Auselni, and was accompanied witli 
 great and gorgeous rejoicing. This mar- 
 riage more than any other of his politic 
 airangcnients attached the English people 
 to him. Married to a Saxon princess, he 
 seemed to them to have acquired a greater 
 right to the throne than any Norman prince, 
 without tliat recommendation, could draw 
 from any other circumstances. 
 
 A.D. 1101.— It soon appeared, that gre.at 
 as Henry's care had been to fortify him- 
 self in the general heart o* 'he people, it 
 had been neitlier unnecessary nor excessive. 
 r.obert, who had wasted so much time in 
 Italy, returned to Normandy about a niontli 
 after the death of his brother Ruf us. Henry 
 had given no orders and made no prepar.-i- 
 tlons to oppose Robert's resumption of t\w 
 duchy of Normandy. I'ossesscd of that po(/i« 
 (Tappiii, and being much endeared to the 
 warllkeNorman barons by his achievements 
 In the Holy Land, Robert innnediately com- 
 menced preparations for invading England, 
 jand wresting his birthright from tiie usuriv 
 ing liauds of his brother. Nor were tin; 
 [wishes for his success confined to those 
 irons wlio chiefly or wholly lived in Nor- 
 andy. On the contrary, many of the 
 reat barons of England decidedly pre- 
 ferred Robert to Henry ; and, feeling the 
 kiiuc dislike to holding tlieir English and 
 Sorman possessions under two sovereigns, 
 hichliad been so strongly expressed at tlio 
 iccsslon of William, tliey secretly encon- 
 ged Robert, and sent him assurances that 
 ley would Join him with tliclr levies as 
 on as he should land 111 Kngland. Among 
 leso nobiea were Robert de IJelcsnie, carl 
 Shrewsbury, William do Warenne, earl 
 Surrey, Huglidc Grantniesnil, Robert dp 
 illet, and others of the very highest and 
 loit powerful men in England. The en- 
 luslasm in his favour extended to tlie 
 ivy; and when Henry had, with great ex- 
 nse and exertion, made a fleet ready to 
 i)»se hU brother's landing, the seameu 
 srtcd vlth the greater number of the 
 ilis,and put themselves and their vessels 
 the disposal of Robert. This incident 
 ive the king great alarm, lest tho army, 
 I, should desert him, in which case not 
 lyhis crown but his life would be In the 
 i8t imminent danger. Henry, notwitli- 
 indlng this peril, preserved his coolness, 
 id did not allow, as men too frequently do, 
 greatness of the danger to turn away 
 attention from the beat means of meet- 
 
 ing and overcoming It. Well knowing the 
 superstition of the people, ho considered 
 nothing lost while he could command the 
 immense influence which Anselm had over 
 the public mind. Accordingly he redoubled 
 his court to that prelate, and succeeded In 
 making him believe in the sincerity of his 
 professed design and desire to rule justly 
 and mildly. What he himself firmly be- 
 lieved, Anselm diligently and eloquently In- 
 culcated upon the minds of others; and as 
 his influence and exertions were seconded 
 by those of Roger BIgod, Robert Fltz- 
 hamond, tho earl of Warwick, and other 
 powerful nobles who remained faithful to 
 Henry, tho army was kept in good humour, 
 and marched in good order, and with appa- 
 rent zeal as well as cheerfulness, to Ports- 
 mouth, where Robert had landed. 
 
 Though the two armies were in face of 
 each other for several days, not a blow was 
 struck : both sides seeming to feel reluctant 
 to commence a civil war. Anselm and other 
 Influential men on either side toot advan- 
 tage of this pause to bring about a treaty 
 between the brothers ; and, after much ar- 
 gument and some delay. It was agreed that 
 Henry should retain the crown of England, 
 and pay an annual pension of three thou- 
 sand marks to Robert ; that the survivor 
 should succeed to the deceased brother's 
 possessions ; tlmt they should mutually ab- 
 stain from encouraging or harbouring each 
 otlier's enemies ; and that the adherents of 
 botli in the present quarrel should be un- 
 disturbed in tlieir possessions and borne 
 harmless for all that had passed. 
 
 A.D. J102.— Though Henry agreed with 
 seeming cheerfulness to this treaty, which 
 In most points of view was so advantageous 
 tol>im,lie signed it with a full determination 
 to break through at least one of its provi- 
 sions. Tlie power of liisnobles'had been too 
 fully manifested to him in their encourage- 
 ment of Robert, to admit of his being other- 
 wise than anxious to break it. The earl of 
 Shrewsbury, as one of the most powerful 
 and also the most active of those who had 
 given their adhesion to Robert, was first 
 fixed upon by Henry to be made an exam- 
 ple of the danger of offending kings. Spies 
 were set upon his every word and action, 
 and his bold and haughty character left 
 them but little difllculty in finding matter 
 of offence. No fewer tlian flve-and-forty 
 articles were exhibited against him. He 
 was too well aware both of tlie truth of 
 some of tlie charges, and of tho rigid seve- 
 rity with whieli he would be judged, todcem 
 it safe to risk a trial. He summoned all the 
 frionds and adherents he could command, 
 and threw himself upon tho chances of war. 
 But tliese were unfavourable to him. In 
 the influence which Anselm possessed, and 
 which he zealously exerted on behalf of tho 
 king, Henry uad a most potent means of 
 defence, and he with little difficulty reduced 
 the carl to such straits, that he was glad to 
 leave the kingdom with his life. All his 
 great possessions were of course confis- 
 cated, and they afforded the king welcome 
 means of purchasing new friends, and se- 
 curing the fidelity of those who were (lit 
 friends already. 
 
 
 i-ir^s 
 
134 
 
 Efte tlTrfaSuri) of WHtaxUt fcr. 
 
 A.D. 1103.— Tho ruin of the Ciirl of Slircws- 
 bury produced that of his brothers, Iloger, 
 earl of Lancaster, and Arnulf de MontRo- 
 mcry . But tho vcngcanre or the policy of tho 
 king required yet more victims. Robert de 
 Pontcfract, Robert do Mallet, and WlUiani 
 de Warenne were prosecuted, and the king's 
 liowcr secured tlieir condemnation ; and 
 William, earl of Cornwall, though son of 
 the king's uncle, was deprived of all his 
 largo property In England. The charges 
 against these noblemen were artfully nind?; 
 not upon their conduct towards the king 
 In his dispute with his brother, but upon 
 their nilsi'onduct towards their vassiils. 
 In this resMcct, Indeed, they were guilty 
 enough, as all tlie Norman barons were; 
 Imt It was not ths guilt, which was equally 
 chargealilo upon the king's firmest and 
 most powerful defeiulers, for which they 
 were prosecuted sivA ruined. Robert of 
 NoriUandy, with hia ohiiracteristic grnc- 
 ros'ty aiKl Imprudence, was so ln(II,L'nant 
 at the persecution of his friends, wliose 
 chief crime In the king's eyes ho well knew 
 to bo tho friendship they had shown to 
 himself, that he crossed over to England 
 and sharply rebuked his brother with t'.je 
 shameful .and Ill-veiled breach of a princi- 
 pal jwrt of their treaty. (Vnilldent In his 
 kingly power, Henry was but little affected 
 by the just HHd eloquent reproaclies of his 
 brother. On the contrary, ho so clearly 
 gave him to understand liow far his im- 
 prudent rashness in vcnturiiig to Kugland 
 had compromised his own safety, that Ro- 
 bert was glad to get liberty to return to 
 Normandy at tho expense of making a 
 formal reslgn.ation of his pension. 
 
 The time soon came for Ilonry to com- 
 plete the ruin of the brother whom he had 
 already despoiled of the fairest and most 
 precious portion of his inheritance. The 
 Imprudent thouglitlcssness and levity of 
 Rolert not merely affected his conduct as 
 far as he himself was concerned ; It made 
 hlni wholly unlit to rule, and opened the 
 widest possible doors to tho needy and 
 protliprate, the avariciousand the tyrannical, 
 among his turbulent and unprincipled ba- 
 rons, to plunder him, as well as to rob and 
 then ill-treat his unfortunate subjects. A 
 monarch who was so utterly careless that 
 Ills domestic servants plundered him, not 
 merely of the little money which his prodi- 
 gal habits left to hlp:, but even of his 
 clothes and furniture, was but Ul-flttcd to 
 preserve his subjects from the ill-treatment 
 of the most licentious nobility in all Eu- 
 rope. And It was very natural that when 
 the more thoughtful and observant among 
 tho Normans contrasted the loose govern- 
 ment of Robert— If Indeed It deserved tho 
 name of a government at all— with tho 
 steady, flrra, and orderly rule of Henry 
 over a much larger and more Import.int 
 Btate, they should begin to think, and to 
 whisper, too, that even a usurper, sucli as 
 Henry, was far better for tho welfare of 
 his subjects, than such a legitimate, but 
 utterly luctipable, ruler ns the good-natured 
 and generous, liut extravagant and de- 
 bauched, Robert. Disorders at length rose 
 to such a height in Nonnandy, as to give 
 
 Henry a pretext for going over, noinlnr.ijv ' 
 to niedlate between the opposing pnrties 
 but. In reality, persi'ii;iily to observe how 
 f.ar affairs v/ere In trrin to admit of jji. 
 depriving his brother of tho duchy alto. 
 gether. Skilled In every art of Intrigue 
 and having both the means and tho will to 
 bribe most profusely, Henry soon formed a 
 strong party ; and having returned to Eni?. 
 land and raised the necessary force by the ■ 
 most sliamoless and unsparing extortion 
 he. In 1103, landed again In Normandy, no 
 longer under the liypocrltlcal pretence p) 
 mediating, but with the avowed purpose n( 
 conquering If possible. He laid siege to 
 Bayeux, and, although obstinately and 
 bravely resisted, at length took thatjiiace 
 by storm; Caen ho prepared to b('sl(>ge 
 but it was surrendered to him by the inl 
 habitants. Ho then laid siege to l'al,il>e i 
 but hero ho was successfully opposed until 
 the setting In of the winter compelled liim 
 to raise the siege. I 
 
 A.n. IIWJ.— With the return of lavotinWpP 
 weatiier, Henry returned toNormamly.aiid J 
 reconniicnced his operatimis ; oiiciiiiig tliel 
 campaign with tiie slcgeof Tlr.elKbniy wiihl 
 a force so mighty, that It was quite evldcnil 
 ho contemplated nothing short of tliecnl 
 tire subjugation of Normandy. It roiiiiwl 
 all the success that Tli . }'•<([ as yeil 
 achieved, and all tho >. " . i is o( iiijl 
 own friends, to arouse P . • ,tn his le-l 
 thargy of natural liido' ; : scnsiuil 
 
 pleasure. But once aroustti,— ho .slinivedl 
 that tho warrior had slumbered, indfeilj 
 In his heart, but was not dead. Aided tJ 
 Robert de Belesme, and by the earl of Morf 
 t.algrne, the king's uncle, who was invi^i 
 terately opposed to Henry on account o| 
 his treatment nf Mortalgnc's sou AVilllam 
 e.arl of (Cornwall, Robert speedily rnNodL 
 powerful force, and marched against lill 
 brother. In the hope of putting an cndtl 
 their controversies In a single battle. An) 
 mated at being led by the v.ili.ant imii<f 
 whose fe.ats In the plains of I'alestiiichu 
 struck terror Into pagan hearts, and vri 
 the applause of Christian Europe, nobcnj 
 troops charged so boldly and sowell.thi 
 the English were thrown Into confiiiirl 
 Had tho Norman success been ■null ff 
 lowed up by tho whole Norman forif 
 nothing could have saved the English m 
 from defeat and destruction. But t| 
 troops of Roger de Belesme were snddeif 
 and most unaccountably seized wilh a( 
 nic, which communicated Itself to then 
 of the Normans. Henry and his frlenl 
 skllfnily and promptly availed themsclif 
 of tills sudden turn In the state of aflail 
 charged tho enemy again and again, utta 
 routed them, killing vast numbers and \ 
 king ten thousand prisoners, among ivhj 
 was Robert lilmself. 
 
 Tills great victory gained by Hcnryil 
 soon after cro^vned by tho sun-cnderl 
 Rouen and Falalse ; and Henry now \ 
 came completely master of Noriu.andy,)! 
 Ing got also Into his power Robert's s 
 the young prince William, who was m 
 tunatcly In Falalse when that Inipoil 
 fortress surrendered. As though tlierel 
 been nothing of violence or nnfairiicsl 
 
 1.-. 
 
(PiiflTantr.— jiorman Itfnc.— f^atrg i. 
 
 135 
 
 nt9 conduct, Henry now convoked the 
 states of Nfirraandy and received their ho- 
 migo ns i'- -'le had been rightfully their 
 (Juke; after which, having dismantled such 
 fortresses aa he deemed dangerous to his 
 Interests, and revoked the grants whfcb 
 Robert's foolish facility had Induced lilm to 
 make, he returned to England, taking his 
 unfortunate brother wlthhlin asa prisoner, 
 and committing young Wlllliim to the cus- 
 tody of Helie de St. Laen , who had married 
 Robert's natural daughter, and who '.roatod 
 the captive prince with a tenderness and 
 respect which do him the highest honour. 
 Ilotiert himself waa committed to the cus- 
 tody of the governor of Cardiff castle in 
 TVales, where for twenty-eight years, the 
 Thole remainder of Ms life, he became a 
 melancholy spectacle of fallen greatness, 
 and a striking example of the utter uselcss- 
 nc39 of courage without conduct, and of 
 the danger of generosity If unregulated by 
 nrudence. 
 
 At the battle of Tlnchebray, so fatal to 
 dnke Robert, his friend Kdgar Athcling 
 <v,i3 taken prisoner. Though on more 
 than one occasion this prince gave signal 
 proofs of bravery, both his friends and his 
 enemies seem to have held his Intellect In 
 considerable contempt. The two Williams 
 »nd Henry I., princes of such different qua- 
 lities.yetso perfectly agreeing in despotic 
 jnd jealous tempers, e(iually held his powers 
 oi exciting the Knglish to revolt In the ut- 
 most scorn. Though his Saxon descent 
 Icould not but endear him to the English 
 [people, and though both at home and In 
 [the Holy Land he had proved himself to 
 ossess very high courage, there was so 
 leneral mid apparently so well-founded an 
 Iplnlon of his deficiency In the higher In- 
 ellectual qualities, that neither dirl the 
 iHons look up to him, ns otherwise they 
 ;laJly would have done, aa a rallying point, 
 ifir did the Normans honour him with 
 Ihelr suspicions fears. Kven now when 
 [enry, whose treatment of hlsown brother 
 (llclently proves how Inexorable le could 
 inhere he saw cause to fear Injmy to his 
 iterests, had so fair an excuse for com- 
 ittlng Edgar to safe custody, he showed 
 Is entire disbelief of that prince's capa- 
 itif, by allowing him to enjoy his full 11- 
 rt; in England, and even granting him a 
 asion. 
 
 A.D. 1107.— Henry's politic character and 
 
 |5 judgement were both eminently dls- 
 
 lyedln managing his very delicate dispute 
 
 llh the pope on the subject of eccleslas- 
 
 il Investitures. While showing the most 
 
 itound external respect, and even aflec- 
 
 in to both the pope and archbishop An- 
 
 to, Henry proceeded to All the vacant 
 
 B concerning which there was dispute. 
 
 itAnselra, though he had been on many 
 
 iportant occasions a staunch and useful 
 
 lid to the king, was far too good a 
 
 chman to brook disobedience to the 
 
 authority, even when that dlsobedl- 
 
 was veiled by smiles and couched In 
 
 itle and holiday terms. He refused to 
 
 munlcate, far less to consecrate, the 
 
 lops Invested l)y the king ; and those 
 
 ilatea saw thcmselvea exposed to bo 
 
 much obloquy by their opposition to lo 
 revered a personage as Anselra, that they 
 resigned their dignities Into the klng'a 
 hands. The complete defeat of a scheme 
 which he had prosecuted with such dei- 
 teroua and painful art deprived the king of 
 his usual command of temper ; and he let 
 fall such signlfleant threats towards all 
 cpponeuts of his authority, that Anselin 
 became alarmed for his personal safety, and 
 demanded permission to travel to Rome to 
 consult the pope. Well knowing the popu- 
 larity of Anselm, Henry was very well 
 pleased to be thus peaceably rid of his pre- 
 sence. Anselm departed, and was attended 
 to the ship by hosts both of clergy and 
 laity, who, by the cordial respect with 
 which they took their leave of him, tacitly, 
 but no less plainly, testifled their sense of 
 the justice of his quarrel with their sove- 
 reign. 
 
 As poon as Anselm had left England the 
 king seized upon all the temporalities of 
 his see ; and, fearful lest the presence of 
 Anselm at Home should prejudice him and 
 his kingdom, he sent William de Wnvcl- 
 wast as ambassador ext.aordlnary to Pas- 
 ciil, the pope. In the course of the argr- 
 ment between the pope and the king of 
 England's envoy, the latter warmly ex- 
 claimed that his sovereign would rather 
 part with his crown than with the right of 
 investiture; to which Pascal as warmly 
 replied that he would rather part with ids 
 head than allow the king to retain that 
 right. Anselm retired to Lyons, and thence 
 to his old monastery of Bee. The king re- 
 stored him the revenues of his sees, and 
 great anxiety was expressed by all ranks of 
 men for his return to Eiigland, where his 
 absence was affirmed to be the cause of all 
 Imaginable Impiety, and of the most gross 
 and disgusting immorality. The disputes, 
 meantime, between Henry and the pope 
 grew warmer and warmer. The emperor 
 Henry V. and the pope were at feud on the 
 same subject, and the pope belnp made an 
 .ictual prisoner was compelled by a formal 
 treaty to grant the emperor the right of 
 Investiture. The king of England was less 
 advantageously situated than the emperor. 
 He could not, by getting the pope into his 
 power, cut the Gordian knot of the contro- 
 versy between them. The earl of Mellent 
 and other ministers of Henry were already 
 suffering under the pains of excommunica- 
 tion ; Henry was in daily expectation of 
 hearing the like dreadful pentonco pro- 
 nounced on himself, and he well knew that 
 he had numerous and powerful enemies 
 among his nobles who would both gladly 
 and promptly avail themselves of It to 
 throw off their uneasy allegiance. He and 
 the pope were mutually afraid, and a com- 
 promise was at length entered into, by 
 which the pope had the right of ecclesias- 
 tical investiture, while Henry had the right 
 of demanding homage from the prelates for 
 their temporalities. The main difference 
 being thus settled, minor points presented 
 no difficulties, and Hein-y now had leisure 
 to turn his attention to Normandy, 
 
 In committing the natural son of his 
 brother Robert to the care of Helie, Henry 
 
 ■^\ m 
 
 4 t i 
 
136 
 
 Cl^e Zvtainvu ai Witavu, &^c. 
 
 was probably desirous to show tho world, 
 by tho unblemished character of tho man 
 to whom Iio intruEited the infant prince, 
 then only six years old, thtst he meant 
 fairly by blm. But as tho joung prince 
 grew ui' nd became remarkable for talent 
 and gratLfulness of persoii, he acquired a 
 pojjularlty whicii gave so much uneasiness 
 to Henry, that he ordered hifi guardian to 
 give up his young ward, Hclie, probably 
 doubtful of the king's intentions, yet feel- 
 ing himself unable to shelter him bliuuld 
 the king resort to force, immediately placed 
 young William under the protection of 
 Pulke, count of Anjou. Tho protection of 
 this gallant and eminent noble and his o\i'n 
 singular graces enabled ■William to create 
 great Interest on ills behalf, and at every 
 court which he visited he was able to ex- 
 cite the greatesi <ndlgnatlou against the 
 Injustice with which i^is uncle had treated 
 him. Louis le Gros, king of France, joined 
 with Fulke, count of Anjou, and tho count 
 of Flanders, in disturbing Henry In his 
 unjust possession of Normandy, and m.my 
 skirmishes took place upon tho frontiers. 
 But before the war could produce any deci- 
 Blve results, Henry, with his customary 
 artful policy, detached Fulko from the 
 league by marrying liis son ■William to that 
 prince's daughter. The peace consequent 
 upon this withdrawal of Fulko did not, 
 however, last long. Henry's nephew was 
 again taken in hand by the gallant Baldwin 
 of Flanders, who Induced the king of 
 France to join him in renewing the attack 
 upon Normandy. In an action near Ku 
 Baldwin was slain ; and the king of France, 
 despairing, after the loss of so capital an 
 ally, of liberating Normandy from tho power 
 of Henry by force of arms, resolved to try 
 another method, of which, probably, he did 
 not perceive all tho remote and possible 
 consequences. 
 
 Tho papal court had always manifested 
 a more than sufflcient inclination to inter- 
 fere in the temporal concerns of the nations 
 of Christendom ; and Louis now most un- 
 wisely gave sanction and force to that am- 
 bitious and insidious assumption, by ap- 
 pealing to Rome on behalf of young ■Wil- 
 liam. A general council having been aa- 
 oembled by the pope at Rhelms, Louis took 
 his protege there, represented tho tyranny 
 of Henry's conduct towards both the young 
 I>rlnco and his father, and strongly and 
 eloquently dwelt upon the Impropriety of 
 the church and the Christian powers allow- 
 ing so trusty and gallant a champion of the 
 cross to linger on in his melancholy im- 
 prisonment. Whatever might be the per- 
 sonal feelii.,;3 of Calixtus II., the then pope, 
 he showed himself strongly inclined to in- 
 terfere on L'xalf both of William and his 
 father, ^ut H nry was now, as ever, alert 
 and skilfu.^ In tne defence of his own In- 
 terest. The English bishops were allowed 
 by Iiim to attend this council ; but he gave 
 them fair notice at their departure, that, 
 whatever might bo the demands or the 
 decisions of the council^ he was fully deter- 
 mined to maintain the laws and customs 
 of England, and his own prerogative. ' Qo,' 
 Bald he, as they took leave of him, 'salute 
 
 the pope In my name, and listen to bjj 
 apostolical precepts ; but be mindful that 
 ye bring back none of his new Inventions 
 into my kingdom.' But while he thus out- 
 wardly maiilfested his determination to 
 support himsMf even against the hostility 
 of the climch, ho took the most effectual 
 means to prevent that hostility from beini, 
 exhibited. The most liberal presents auj 
 promises were distributed ; and so cftec- 
 tuiilly did he conciliate the pope, that liav 
 ing shortly afterwards had an Interview 
 with Her. /, he pronounced him to lioLo. 
 yond comparison tho most eloquent and 
 persuasive man he had ever spoken •..iti: 
 Upon this high eulogy of tho sovcreliju 
 pontiff, Hume, with dry causticity, k- 
 marks that Henry at this Interview 'iiad || 
 probalily renewed his presents.' 
 
 Louis, finding that he was out-maiifFiivml 
 by Henry in the way of intrigue, renewed 
 his attempts upon Normandy In the way of 
 arms. He mailo an attempt to surprlgo 
 Noyen ; but Henry's profuse llberHliiy 
 caused him to be well served by his splcj 
 and ho suddenly fell upon the Prcncil 
 troops. A severe action ensued, and prince ] 
 Willl.am, who was present, behaved with 
 great distinction. Henry also was present, 
 and, penetrating with his customary gal- 
 lantry into the very thickest of the fli-ht, 
 was severely wounded by Crispin, a Nor- 
 man officer in the French army. Henry, 
 who po=«essed great personal strcnt'tii, 
 struck Crispin to the earth, and led Id) 
 troops onward In a charge so fierce aii^ 
 lieavy that the Fror.ch were utterly routeJ, 
 and Louis himself only escaped v/ltli great 
 diniculty from being made prisoner. TI13 
 result of this action sO uiscoaragcd Louij 
 that ho shortly afterwards entered Into a 
 treaty with Henry, In which the intercstj 
 of William and the liberty of Hubert were 
 wholly left out of question. 
 
 ThuB far the career of king Henry liaj 
 been one unbroken series of prosperity; 
 he was now, under circumstances tlie least 
 to liave been feared, doomed to suffer a 
 very terrible misfortune. Judging from 
 the facility with which he had usurped the 
 crown of England and tho duchy of Nor-I 
 mandy, that similar wrong— as he clioseto 
 call It, though wrong it would surely not| 
 have been— might easily bo done to hli 
 own son, unless proper precautinu wer 
 taken, he accompanied his son 'Vllllamti 
 Normandy, and caused him to be reroj 
 nlsed as his successor to the status, and t( 
 recrive In that character tho homage of tlii 
 barons. Tli'b Important step being takci 
 the king and the prince embarked at 
 fleur on their return to England. Tlii 
 weather was fair, and tho vessel iv 
 conveyed the king and his Immediate ai 
 tendants left the coast in safety. Sonii 
 thing caused tho prince to remain ci 
 shore after his father had departed ; anj 
 the captain and sailors of his ship, beinj 
 greatly Intoxicated, sailed. In their anxiei 
 to overtake tho king, with so much moi 
 haste than skill, that they struck tlic slil 
 upon a rock, and she immediately began 
 sink. William was safely got into thcloi 
 boat, and had even been towed some ' 
 
^PnflTantf.— iJorman 3l(ne.— I^enrfi I. 
 
 137 
 
 (Slice 'roni the ship wlicn the screams of his 
 
 litttural Bister, the countei.s of Perchc, who 
 
 In the hurry had been U ft behind, coni- 
 
 icUe.. his boat's crew to return aud endea- 
 
 i voiir to save her. Tlio instant that tlie 
 
 boat approached the ship's side, so many 
 
 nerscDB leaped In, that the boat also foim- 
 
 I dered and William and all his attendants 
 
 iicrislied; a fearful loss, there being on 
 
 I board the Ill-fated ship no fewer tlmn a 
 
 I hundred and forty KngUsli and Norman 
 
 I (teiitlemen of the best families. Fli/.ste- 
 
 lohen, the captain, to whose Intemperance 
 
 Ithis sad calamity was mainly attributable, 
 
 l,.,j a butcher of Koucn clung to tho-.nast, 
 
 Ibuttlic former voluntarily loosed his hold 
 
 liiid sank on liearlng that the prince had 
 
 linrlslied. Th3 butcher, free from cause of 
 
 Ircinorsc, resolutely kept his grasp, and 
 
 Ivas fortunate enough to be picked up by 
 
 lo'me fishermen the following morning. 
 
 When news reached Henry of the loss of 
 
 lllie vessel, he for a few days buoyed himself 
 
 Vp vitU the hope that his son had been 
 
 aved : but when the full extent of the 
 
 jlamlty was ascertained he fainted ; and 
 
 J) violent was his grief, that ho was never 
 
 jjterwards known to smile. So deeply could 
 
 fe suffer under his own calamity, though 
 
 stern and unblenchlng in the Infliction 
 
 J calamity upon others. 
 
 [Tliedeath of prince William, the only male 
 
 tgltimate issue of Ilenry, was, as will bo 
 
 treelved in the history of the next reign, 
 
 let merely an Individual calamity, but also 
 
 ivory serious national one, in so far as it 
 
 javerlse to much civil strife. But it was 
 
 fobaWe that William would have been a 
 
 kn severe king, for he was known to 
 
 Kreaten that whenever ho came to the 
 
 Krone he would work the Knglish like mere 
 
 Easts of burthen. The early Norman rulers 
 
 [fact, however policy might occasionally 
 
 liluce them to disguise It, detested :uid 
 
 torned their English subjects, 
 
 Iprince William, son of the wronged and 
 
 liprisoncd duke of Normandy, still enjoyed 
 
 If friendshipand protection of the French 
 
 Ing, though circumstances had induced 
 
 bit monarch apparently to abandon the 
 
 fince's interest lu making a treaty with 
 
 jtnry. The death of Henry's son, too, 
 
 Me off the connection between llenry 
 
 Jd the count of Anjou, who now again 
 
 ikup the CAusc of prince William, and 
 
 |ehlm his daughter in marriage. Even 
 
 |! connection, however, between Puiko 
 
 d William did not prevent the artful 
 
 Efy of Henry from again securing the 
 
 Endship of the former. Matilda, Henry's 
 
 bhtcr.who was married to the emperor 
 
 mry v., was lef t a widow; and the king 
 
 iifgave her In marriage to Geoffrey I'lan- 
 
 leuet, carl of Anjou, and ho at the same 
 
 le caused her to receive, as his successor, 
 
 ) homage of the nobles and clergy of 
 
 b Normandy and England. 
 
 ithe meantime prince William of Nor- 
 
 bdy was greatly strengthened. Charles, 
 
 lot Flanders, was assassinated, and his 
 
 bity and possessions were Immediately 
 
 Jiowd by the king of Franco upon 
 
 lici; William ; but this piece of seeming 
 
 1 fortune, though It undoubtedly gave 
 
 greater strength to William's party and 
 rendered his recovery of Normandy more 
 probable, led. In the result, to his destruc- 
 tion ; so blind are we in all that relates 
 to our future I The landgrave of Alsace, 
 deeming his own claim upon Flanders 
 superior to that of William, who claimed 
 only from the wife of the conqueror, and 
 who moreover was illegitimate, attempted 
 to possess himself of it by force of arms, 
 and almost in the llrst skirml.'Sh that took 
 place William was killed. 
 
 Many disputes during all this time had 
 taken place between Henry and the pop.,, 
 chielly upon tho right to which the latter 
 protended of having a legate resident in 
 England. As legates possessed in their 
 respective i ovinces the full powers of the 
 pope, and, in thdr anxiety to please that 
 groat giver and source of their power, were 
 even disposed to push the papal authority 
 to the utmost, tho king constantly showed 
 a great and a wise anxiety to prevent this 
 manifestly dangerous encroachment of 
 Rome. After much manoeuvring on both 
 sides, an arrangement was made by which 
 the legatlne power was conferred upon tho 
 archbishop of Ciintcrbury ; and thus while 
 Home kept, nomii;alIy at least, a control 
 over that power, Henry prevented it being 
 committed to any use disagreeable to him, 
 and had, moreover, a security for the le- 
 gate's moderation lu the kingly power o, er 
 the archbishop's temporalities. 
 
 A perfect peace reigning in all parts of 
 England, Henry spent part of 1131 and 1133 
 in Normandy with his daughter Matilda, 
 of whom ho was passionately fond. While 
 ho was there Matilda was delivered of a 
 son, who was christened by the name of 
 Henry, in the midst of tho rejoicing this 
 event cnused to the king, he was summoned 
 to England by an incursion made by the 
 Welsh ; and he was just about to return 
 when he was seized, •\t St. Dennis lo Fer- 
 ment, by a fatal U'.ness, attributed to hla 
 having eaten lampreys to excess ; and ho 
 expired Dec. 1. 11.15, in the thirty-ttfth 
 year of his reign and tho sixty-seventh of 
 his age. 
 
 Though a usurper, and though somewhat 
 prone to a tyrannous exertion of hlsusurt)- 
 ed authority, Henry at least deserves the 
 praise of having been an able monarch. Ho 
 preserved the r^iica of his dominions under 
 circumstances of great ditllculty, and pro- 
 tected its interests against attempts under 
 which a less II rm and politic prince would 
 have been crushed. He had no fewer than 
 thirteen illegitimate children. Other vices 
 he was tolerably free from in bis private 
 capacity ; but in protecting his resources 
 for the chase, of which, like all the Normau 
 princes, ho was passionately enamoured, ho 
 was guilty of very unjustiflable cruelty. In 
 the general administration of justice he was 
 very severe. Coining was punished by hlin 
 with death or the most terrible mutilation ; 
 and on one occasion fl/ty persona charged 
 with that offence were subjected to this 
 horrible mode of torture. It was in this 
 reign that wardmotes, common-halls, a 
 court of hustings, the liberty of hunting iu 
 Middlesex and Surrey— a great andhououi> 
 
138 
 
 €f)t Creaifurii of W^tovu, <Vf. 
 
 able privilege nt that time— the right '• 
 elect 1*8 own sherlll and justiciary, and lo 
 hold i.ieas of the crown, trials X.j combat, 
 and lodging of the king's retinue, were 
 granted to the city of Loudon. 
 
 CUAPTEU XVII. 
 
 The Reign of Stephen. 
 
 A.D. 1135.— The will of Henry I. left the 
 kingdom of England and the duchy of Nor- 
 mandy to his daughter Matilda. By the pre- 
 cautions which he had taken. It was very 
 evident that ho feared lost anyone should 
 imitate the irregularity by which ho him- 
 self had mounted to power. Strangely 
 enough, however, the attempt he antici- 
 pated, and so carefully provided again!;t, 
 was made by one who to Henry's own 
 patronage and liberality owed his chief 
 power to oppose Henry's daugh ter. A new 
 proof, If such wci J wanting, of the blind- 
 ness on particular points of even the most 
 politic and prudent men. 
 
 Adela, dauglUcr of William the Con- 
 queror, was married to Stephen, count of 
 Biols. Two of her sons, Henry and Ste- 
 phen, were Invited to England by Henry I., 
 who behaved to them with the profuse li- 
 berality which he was ever i)rono to show 
 to those whom he took Into his favour. 
 Henry was made abbot of (Jlastonbury and 
 bishop of Winchester ; .and Stephen waa 
 even more highly favoured by the king, 
 who married him to Slatllda, daughter and 
 heiress of Eustace, count of Boulogne ; by 
 which marriage he acquired both the feudal 
 Boverelgutyof Boulogne as well as enormous 
 lauded property in England. Subsequently 
 tlie king still farther enriched Stephen by 
 conferring upon him the forfeited posses- 
 sions of the earl of Mortalgnc, in Normandy, 
 and of Robert de Mallet, in Etigland. The 
 king fondly Imagined that by thus honour- 
 ing and aggrandising Stephen he \vas rais- 
 ing up a fast and powcrfr.l friend for his 
 daughter whenever she sViouId come to tbe 
 throne ; and the conduct of Stephen was so 
 wily and skilful, that to the very hour of 
 Henry'.s death he contrived to conflrin him 
 in this delusion. Brave, active, generous, 
 and affable, he was a very general favourite ; 
 but whUe he exerted himself to the utmost 
 to retain and increase his popularity, espe- 
 cially among the Londoners, of whom he 
 anticipated making great use In the ulti- 
 mate scheme he had in view, ho took good 
 care to keep those efforts from the king's 
 knowledge. He professed himself the fast 
 friend and ready champion of the princess 
 Matilda; and when the barons were re- 
 quired by the king to do homage to her, as 
 the successor to the crown, Stephen ac- 
 tually had a violent dispute with Robert, 
 earl of Gloucester, who was a natural son 
 of the king, -.s to which of them should 
 first take the oath I 
 
 But with all this lip-loyalty to the king 
 and seeming devotion to the princess, Ste- 
 phen seems all along to have harboured 
 the most ungrateful and faithless inten- 
 tions. The moment the king had ceased to 
 live, he hurried over to England to seize 
 upon the crown. His designs having been 
 
 made known at Dover and Canterbury tli» 
 citizens of both those places hono'ir'sbl? ' 
 refused to admit him. Nothing daunted bji 
 this honest rebuke of his ungnitefui de. 
 sign, ho hurried on to London, wliero in 
 had emissaries in his pay, who caused him 
 to be hailed as king by a multitude or thg 
 common sort. i 
 
 The first step being thus made, ho next 
 busied himself in obtaining the ennotlnn 
 and suffrage of the clergy. So much weight 
 was 111 tliat age attached to the ceremony 
 of unction in the coronation, that lie rnn' 
 sidered It l)Ut little likely that MatiMn 
 would ever be able to dethrone hliii, if i^; 
 could so far secure the clergy as to have 
 his coronation performed in due order and 
 with the usual formalities. In this Imiiot-! 
 tan t part of his daring scheme good ser-! 
 vice was done to him by his brother Henrr : 
 bishop of Winchester, who caused the biili 
 shop of Salisbury to join him In pcrsuadinjl 
 William, archbishop of Canterbury, to^'ivel 
 Stephen the royal unction. The prlmnul 
 having, in common witli all the iioliillty | 
 taken tlieoathof allegiance to Matilda, wajl 
 unwlllin? to comply with so startling jl 
 step; but his reluctance, whether real nrl 
 assumed, gave way when Roger ItiRod.wiioI 
 held the Important ofllce of steward of tliel 
 household, made oath that Henry on hljl 
 death-bed had evinced his displeasure wlnl 
 Matilda, and expressed his deliberate pr*.! 
 forenre of Stephen as his successor. itjJ 
 not easy to believe that so shrewd a |ierJ 
 sonage as the archbishop really gave sd J 
 credence to this shallow tale: but he all 
 fected to do so, and upon its antlmrit;! 
 crowned Stephen. The coronation was half 
 meagrely attended by the nobles ; jet id 
 none of them made any open orpo.sUlojJ 
 Stephen proceeded to exercise the royal an 
 thorlty as coolly as though he had nscendeL 
 the throne by the double right of consonj 
 of the people and heirship. 1 
 
 Having seized upon the royal treasiirsi 
 which amounted to upwards of a liundrfsT 
 thousand pounds, Stephen was able to m 
 round his usurped tlironewlih animmenil 
 number of foreign mercenaries. WhlleM 
 thus provided against open force, he fllJ 
 took the precaution to endeavour, liyti 
 apparent justice of his intentions, to i>| 
 literate from the general memory, andt 
 pecially from "^e memory of the elergy.i 
 thought of ' J shameful irregularity anj 
 ingratitude by which ho li.ad obtaliiciltlj 
 throne. Ho published a charter ealciihta 
 to Interest all ranks of men ; pm -islr.ji 
 abolish Danegelt, generally to restore ti 
 laws of king Edward, to correct allabusl 
 of the forest laws, and— with an espec| 
 view to conciliating the clergy— to fill ' 
 benefices as they should become vaoai 
 and to levy no rents upon them while « 
 cant. He at the same time applied lortl 
 sanction of the pope, who, well knoivll 
 what advantage possession must giveSi 
 phen over the absent Matilda, and beiil 
 besides, well pleased to be called uponj 
 interfere In the temporal affairs of Englaf 
 very readily gave itinabull, whIchStepM 
 took great care to make public throughi 
 England. 
 
<£nglan)r.— i^armau iLiiie.— ^tepljen. 
 
 139 
 
 ;bu9 made, he next 
 .ming tho saiictinn 
 ly. Somuchwdglit 
 ;d to tho ceremony 
 nixtlon, that he cnn- 
 likely that MatlMs i 
 dethrone htm, H lie i 
 le clergj'as to have' 
 led In due order anil , 
 ties. In this Imvot- 
 g scheme sood ser-i 
 )y his brother Henry, ] 
 ■who caused the h\- 
 An him In persuading 
 t Canterbury, to ijlve 
 ictlon. The prlimtj 
 vith all the notilllty, 
 [lance to Matilda, TO 
 with so startling s 
 ince, whether real or 
 lien Uoger Uitrnd.wlio, 
 lice ot steward of the 
 ;h that Henry on hli 
 d his displcasHre with, 
 ;cd his deliberate rtf- 
 9 his successor. Itii 
 that so shrewd a i* 
 >lshop really gave at.) 
 lUow tale : but lie a|J, 
 id upon Its autlii.ritj 
 ^he coronation WHS taf 
 by the nobles ; yet it 
 any open opposttlon, 
 o exercise the royal™ 
 hough he had asceii... 
 mble right ol conscnl 
 irship. , ^ 1 
 
 on tho royal trcasiid 
 upwards of a linndrH 
 tephcn was able te si 
 bronewlihanVmmeni 
 mercenaries. WhllcW 
 ist open force, lie » 
 n ^) endeavour, l>yt) 
 [ his Intentions, to i 
 eneral memory, and 
 lemory of the clergy,. 
 meful irregularity ai 
 cU ho had obta He. t 
 hed a charter ealculit. 
 9 Of men ; pro - IS n? 
 -enerally to restore 
 rd.to correct all ahm 
 ,and-wlthauesp«i 
 ff tho clergy-to W 
 should become van 
 Its wpon them Willie 
 mo time aPPl'ediM" 
 tope, who. welkiKnrt 
 
 jBsesslon must gi\e^ 
 kent Matilda, and bei 
 edto bo callet^ upo" 
 nnoral affairs of Eiigta 
 ■TtmabulUwhlchStep 
 make public through! 
 
 In Normandy tho same success attended 
 Rtenben vho bad his eldest son, Eustace, 
 nut In possession of tho duchy on doing 
 homsgo to the king of France ; and Geof- 
 ftey Matilda's husband, found lilmsalf ro- 
 ilttced to such straits, that he was fain to 
 pntcrlnto a truco with Stephen, t'uo latter 
 fonsentlng to pay, during the two years for 
 which It was made, a rension of I'vo thou- 
 sand marks. Thoufeh Stephen was tlius far 
 So successful, there were several clrcum- 
 itanccs which were calculated to cause 
 hira considerable apprehension and pcr- 
 nlexlty. Robert, a natural eon of tho lato 
 kiuV by whom ho had been created earl of 
 Gloucester, possessed considerable ability 
 laid Influence, and was very much attached 
 ItoMatildf, In whoso wrongs he could not 
 ii to take great Interest. This noble- 
 jan wlio was In Normandy when Stephen 
 isurped the throno of England, was looked 
 inon, bith by the friends and the enemies 
 if8t«plien, as tho most likely person to 
 lead auy open opposition to the usurper, 
 n truth, the earl was placed In a very de- 
 rate aud trying situation. On tho one 
 ind, he was exceedingly zealous In the 
 luse of Matilda ; on tho other hand, to 
 ;lU8e when required to take tho oath of 
 jlcgiancc to Stephen, was inevitably to 
 ring utter ruin upon his fortunes, as fur 
 I England wau concenied. In this per- 
 icjlng dilemma he resolved to take a mld- 
 leoourse, .and, by avoiding an open rup- 
 jre with Stephen, secure to himself tho 
 Iticity and means of acting according to 
 edxtates of bis conscience, should clr- 
 imatances become more favourable to 
 atilda. He, therefore, consented to take 
 le oath of allegiance to Stephen, on con- 
 Ition that tho king should duly perform 
 i that ho had promised, and that ho 
 lould in no wise curtail or infringe tlio 
 ihtsor dignities of the carl. This sln- 
 iuand very unusual reservation clearly 
 lough proved to Stephen, that he was to 
 ik upon tho earl as his good and loyal 
 jject just ?o long uc there seemed to bo 
 chance of a successful revolt, and no 
 jger; but the earl was so powerful and 
 ipular, that he did not think it safe to re- 
 e his oath of fealty, oven on these uu- 
 al terms. 
 
 liough we correctly call these terms un- 
 
 ,l,wedo so only with reference to for- 
 
 relgiifl I Stephen was obliged to cou- 
 
 it to them In still more Important cases 
 
 a that of the earl of Gloucester. Tho 
 
 gy, finding the king willing to sacrillco 
 
 expediency, and well knowing how In- 
 
 )eilleiit he would find It to quarrel witli 
 
 ilr powerful body, would only give him 
 
 ilr oath of allegi.ince with the rcscrva- 
 
 that their allegiance should enduro so 
 
 aatheking should support thedisci- 
 
 eolthe churcb, and defend theecclesl- 
 
 ical liberties. To how much dispute, 
 
 bble, and assumption were not those 
 
 leHned terms capable of leading, under 
 
 management of the possessors of nearly 
 
 |tlie learning of tho age ; men, too, espc- 
 
 y addicted to and skilled In that subtle 
 
 are which renders the crafty and well- 
 
 looled logician absolutely Invulnerable 
 
 by any other weapon than a precise de- 
 finition of terms? 
 
 To tho reservations of the earl of Glon- 
 cester and tho clergy, succeeded the still 
 more ominous demands of tho barons. In 
 the anxiety of Stephen to procure their 
 submission and sanction to his usurpation, 
 tho barons saw an admirable opportunity 
 for their aggrandising their already great 
 power, at the expense of tho security ot 
 both the people and tho crown. They de- 
 manded that each baron should have tho 
 right to fortify his castle and put himself 
 in a state of defence ; In other words, that 
 each baron should turn his possessions Into 
 an imperium in imperio, dangerous to the 
 authority of tho crown on occasions ot 
 especial dispute, and Injurious to the peace 
 and welfare upon all occasions, as making 
 the chances of wrong and oppressions more 
 numerous, and making redress, already 
 dlHlcult, for tho future wholly hopeless. A 
 legitimate king, confident In his right and 
 conscientiously mindful of his high trust, 
 would have perilled both crown and life ere 
 ho would have consented to such terms ; 
 but in tho case of Stephen, tho high heart 
 of the valiant soldier was quelled and spell- 
 bound by the conscience of tho usurper ; 
 and to uphold his tottering throno in pre- 
 sent clrcumstaiiecs of dllllculty, he was 
 fain to consent to terms which would both 
 inevitably and speedily Increase those dlf- 
 flcultles tenfold. 
 
 The barons were not slow to avail them- 
 selves of tho consent thus extorted from 
 the king. In every direction castles sprang 
 newly up, or were newly and more strongly 
 fortified. Even thoso barons who had at 
 the outset no caro for any such privilege, 
 were soon In their self-defence obliged to 
 follow t'.o example of their neighbours. 
 Jealoun of each other, tho barons now 
 carried their feuds to the extent of abso- 
 lute petty wars; and tho Inferior gentry 
 and peasantry could only hope to escape 
 from being plundered aud 111 used by one 
 party, at the expense of siding with tho 
 other, in quarrels for neither side of which 
 they had tt -> slightest real care. 
 
 The barons having thus far proceeded In 
 establishing their quasi sovereignty and 
 independence of the crown, it is not to be 
 wondered at that they soon proceeded still 
 farther, and arrogated to themselves within 
 their minilc royalties all the privileges of 
 actual sovereignty, even Including that of 
 coinii g money. 
 
 Though Stephen, as a matter of policy, 
 had granted tho privilege of fortification, 
 out of which he must, as a shrewd and 
 sensible man, have anticipated that theso 
 abuses would Issue, he was by no means 
 Inclined to submit to the abuses themselves, 
 without a trial how far It was practicable 
 to take back by his present force what had 
 been extorted from his former weakness. 
 And thus, as the nobles abused the privi- 
 leges he had granted, ho now by his mer- 
 cenary force set hlrasell not merely to an- 
 nihilate those extorted privileges, but also 
 to make very serious encroachments upon 
 the more ancient and legitimate rights ol 
 the subject. The perpetual contests that 
 
 mm :»5 
 
140 
 
 Cl^e CTrcaifurtt at Wtttavst ^t- 
 
 thus existed between the king and the 
 barons, nnd among the barons tliemselvcs, 
 and the perpetual insult nnd dcspolllnfr to 
 which the Kreiit body of the people were in 
 consc<iuenco Bul)jected, caused no general 
 a discuntent, that the carl of Gloucester, 
 deeming that the favourable and li>ng- 
 wluhed-for time had at length arrived for 
 the open advocacy of the clahiis of Matilda, 
 suddenly departed from England. As soon 
 as ho arrived safely al)road, ho forwarded 
 to Stephen a solemn defiance and renun- 
 ciation of fealty, and reproached him in 
 detai and in the strongest language, with 
 Ilia breaches of the promises an'' .^undltlons 
 upon wiilclj that fealty had lieen sworn. 
 
 A.D. 1138. — JuAt as Steplicn was thus 
 doubly perplexed n new enemy arose to 
 llireaten him, in the person of David, king 
 of Scotland, who, being uncle to ^Matilda, 
 now crossed the borders with a large army 
 to assert and defend her title. So little was 
 Stiphen beloved by the turbulent barons, 
 with not a few of whom he was even then at 
 personal feud, that had David now added u. 
 wise policy to his sincere zeal in the cause 
 of his niece, there seems little reason to 
 doubt tliat Matilda would have ousted 
 Stephen almost without diniculty or blood- 
 etaed; for he had by this time so nearly 
 expended his once largo treasure, that the 
 foreign mercenaries, or whom he chiefly 
 depended for defence, actually, for the most 
 port, subsisted by plunder. Bi t David, 
 unable or unwilling to enter into points of 
 policy and expediency, niarken his path 
 from the border to the fertile plains of 
 yorkshire by such cruel bloodshed and 
 destruotion, that all sympathy with his 
 intention was forgotten iu disgust and 
 indignation at his conduct. The northern 
 nobles, whom !ie might easily have won to 
 his support, wtre thus aroused and united 
 against him. AlTilliam Albemarle, llnbert 
 de Kerres, AVIIII.im Tcrey, Robert de IJruce, 
 Roger dc Mov/bray, Ilbert Lacy, Walter 
 I'Epee, and numerous other nobles in the 
 north of England, joined their large forces 
 Into one great army and encountered the 
 Scots at Northallerton. A battle, called the 
 battle of the Standard, from an immense 
 crucifix which was carried on a car In front 
 of the English army, was fought on Au- 
 gust 22, 11.38, and ended in so total a defeat 
 of the Scottish army, that David himself, 
 together with his son Henry, very nearly 
 fell Into the hands of the English. This 
 defeat of the king of Scotland greatly 
 tended to daunt the enemies of Stephen, 
 and to give a hope of stability to his rule ; 
 but he had scarcely escaped the ruin that 
 this one enemy intended for him, when he 
 was engaged in a bitter controversy with 
 an enemy still more zealous and more 
 powerful— the clergy. 
 
 A.n. 1139.— The bisliops, as they had been 
 rated for military service in common with 
 the barons, so they added all the state and 
 privileges of lay barons to those proper to 
 their own character and rank. And when 
 the custom of erecting fortresses and keep- 
 ing strong garrisons in pay became general 
 among the loy barons, several of the bishops 
 followed their example. The bishops of 
 
 Salisbury and Lincoln had done bo; tho I 
 former bad completed one at Bherbonie 
 and another at Devizes, and had even cdiii 
 menced a third at Malniesbury; mul tiie 
 latter, who was his nepliew, had ercctwi 
 an exceedingly strong nnd stately one at 
 Newark. Unwisely deeming it safer to w. 
 gin by attacking the fortresses of the rlerov 
 than those of the lay barons, HteplHn 
 availing himself of some dlsturbanrca at 
 conrt between the armed followers of tb 
 bishop of Salisbury and those of the wrl 
 of Urittany, threw both the bishop of Saiij. 
 bury and his nephew of Lincoln Into prison 
 and compelled them, by threats of gtnj 
 worse treatment, to surrendur tlieir for 
 tresses Into his hands. Thisactofpowcrcnii i 
 ed up an opponent to Stephen, In a person I 
 from whom, of the whole of the clergy, he I 
 had tho least reason to fear any opposition I 
 The king's orother, Henry, blslionoil 
 Winchester, to whom ho owed so much in I 
 nrcomplishing his usurpation of the crown I 
 wPa at this time armed witli the logatlncl 
 commission in England; and deeinlngiiiJ 
 duty to the church paramount to tlietloil 
 of blood, he assembled a synod at West-I 
 minster, which lie opened with a furinail 
 complaint of, what he termed, the Imiilcijl 
 of the king. The synod was well inollneill 
 to acquiesce In Henry's view of the r,wl 
 and a formal sunnnons was sent to 'licklnJ 
 to accomit to the synod for the coiKliictoll 
 which it complained. With a strange niT 
 gleet of what would have been Ills tnieM 
 Hey— a peremptory denial of the right 4 
 the synod to sit In judgement upon tlicsovt^ 
 reign on a question which really rclaiejl 
 and related only, to the police of hit kin;] 
 dom— Stephen virtually i)Ut the judgenietl 
 of bis case Into the hands of a court tluj 
 by the very charge made against lilin by it 
 head, avowed itself inimical, partial, wg 
 prejudiced, by sending Aubrey deVcre J 
 plead his cause. Do Vere set out by cliarjj 
 ing the two bishops with seditions coiidnl 
 and treasonable designs ; but the synod r| 
 fused to entertain that charge until tlif 
 fiM'tresses, of which, be it ohscrvcd, tii| 
 bishops had been deprived upon tin 
 charge, should be restored by the king, 
 . Tlic clergy did not fall to makethlsqiiarr 
 the occasion of eia'iperatin.-r the inludiJ 
 the always credulous multitude aKiiinstij 
 king. So general was the discontent, tli 
 the ear' of Gloucester, constantly on il 
 watch for nn opportunity of advocating li 
 cause of flatilda, brought that prlncwsl 
 Engi.i.nd, with a retinue of a hundriv! J 
 forty kn'ghtsand their followers. SlieHil 
 her resii ence first at Bristol, but tlicncef 
 moved ti ■ Gloucester, where she wasjuiil 
 by several of the most powerful baroJ 
 who openly declared in her favour andf 
 erted every energy to increase heralrea 
 considerable force. A civil war speed 
 raged in every part of the kingdom ; bol 
 parties were guilty of the most atroclof 
 excesses, and, as is usual or, rather, « 
 versal iu such cases, whichever party i 
 temporarily triumphant, the unhappy p 
 santry were massacred and plundered,! 
 the sound of watchwords which tlf 
 scarcely comprehended. 
 
dt0Tantr.— ^ormnii Etiie.— Jbtep^en. 
 
 141 
 
 md done bo; tlio 
 one at Bherbomc 
 Mul Und even cdiii- 
 ne»bury ; nml tlie 
 ihcw, had crcctci\ 
 liud stately one «t 
 ulng It satortolje- 
 ,rc8»c» of the dorny 
 J havons, btcpUiii, 
 lie dUturbancca ai 
 icd followers of llie 
 lI those of the earl 
 tlie hlshop of 8a\U- 
 Lincoln Into prison, 
 by threats of silii 
 surrendiir their for 
 rills act of iiowcr cull 
 Btei»hon, In apersoii 
 lolo of the clergy, lie 
 ) fear any orroslUon. 
 r Henry, hisUop ot 
 ho owed 90 n\upli lu 
 rpatlon of the cruwn, 
 icd with the le(?atliic 
 lud ; and deeniliif? liij 
 laramount to tlie tki 
 led ft ByMO*! at Wfsti 
 nnened with a furinsl 
 le termed, the Impiety 
 ■nod was well Inclinrt 
 ry'8 view of the n%' 
 nswassenttotliokliiil 
 nod for the conduct ot 
 1 With a strange lie 
 1 have been his true 1. 
 • denial of the right J 
 lagcnicnt upon the sovf 
 , >vhlch really rel»t^ 
 the nollce of hla kliij. 
 tally l>"t "»e juilgenid 
 llands ot a court ttut 
 miide against him liy 
 inimical, rartlal, ml 
 Ing Aubrey do \ ere 11 
 Verc set out hy clnn 
 with seditious coiulra 
 iKus: imtthosyiwilri 
 that chiirKC until ir 
 h be It observed, tl' 
 'dcr-rlved upon tli 
 estored by the kliw 
 falltomakelhlsquai 
 reratlu;! the wMi 
 
 sniultltuueaKiUitsti 
 na the discontent, tw 
 ■Rter. constantly on t 
 itunlty of advocating II 
 roVghtthatprlncej' 
 ^tlnue ol a huudi'^l 
 ihclr followers. Bhctli 
 at Bristol, but thence 
 tr where she waa lula 
 ■^most powerful too 
 d lu her favour and' 
 to increase her m 
 . A civil war m 
 ioi tho kingdom ;M 
 V ol the most atroc 
 a usual or, rather.; 
 IPS -whichever parts 
 Dhaut, the unhappy 
 Kaud plunder^ 
 atchwords which « 
 ndcd. 
 
 1140— While the kingdom was thus 
 urn and ihc people thus tormented, the 
 ,' rvinK gucccBses of the eaually selQah op- 
 "'[„» parties led to frequent discussions, 
 «hlcli led to no agreement, and frocjuent 
 trrntlcB, made only to bo broken. 
 
 An action at length took place which 
 
 nrnnilscd to bo decisive and to restore the 
 
 linadom to peace. The castle of lilucoln 
 
 '!!? captured and garrisoned by the partl- 
 
 KTSOf Matilda, under Ralph, earl of Chcs- 
 
 tprftiid William do lloumard. The citizens 
 
 (if Lincoln, liowever, remained faithful to 
 
 tho catisc of Stephen, wh.) Immediately 
 
 mocccdcd to lay slogo to t'lo castle. Tho 
 
 ' ',1 of Olonccster hastened to the support 
 
 nfth* beleaguered prarrlson.andonthoand 
 
 of February, '141, an action took place, In 
 
 dilch Stcphe. I was defeated, and carried 
 
 Prisoner while fighting desperately at tho 
 
 L(S of his tioops. Ho was taken in trl- 
 
 mnh to Gloucester, and though ho was at 
 
 irst treated with great external respect, 
 
 line real or protended suspicions of his 
 
 lends having formed a plan for his rescue 
 
 jused hini to bo loaded with Irons and 
 
 Ibrovra Into prison. 
 
 The capture of Stc|)hon caused a great 
 ■cession of men of all ranks to tho party 
 ii Matilda; and she, under tho politic 
 ildancc of the earl of filoucester, now ex- 
 tcd herself to gain tho goodwill of the 
 iergy.wlthout which, In tho then state of 
 le public mind, there could bo but little 
 o«nect of permanent prosperity to her 
 iU-o, just as It doubtless was. 
 She Invited Henry, bishop of Wlnc'nestcr 
 il papal legate, to a conference, at which 
 ic promised everything that either his 
 idlrldttal ambition or hla zeal for tho 
 iircti could lead him to desire ; and as all 
 le principal men of her party had offered 
 become responsible lor her duo lulfll- 
 ntof her promises, which she made with 
 le accompanying solemnity of an oath, 
 nry conducted her with great pomp and 
 n to Winchester cathedral, and there 
 the high altar solemnly denounced 
 ■SC8 npon all who should curse her, and 
 oked blessings upon all who should 
 L< her. To give still greater triumph 
 secnrity to her cause, Theobald, arch- 
 lopof Canterbury, also sworo allegiance 
 iher. 
 
 Intisequcntly the crown was formally 
 
 idged to Matilda, in a speech made by 
 
 iry to the assembled clergy and a few of 
 
 chieit men of London ; and Henry, with 
 
 lisuranco perfectly marvellous alter 
 
 iBgbecn so powerful an instrument of 
 
 brother's usurpation, now spoke ol him 
 
 having merely filled the throne In the 
 
 mcc of the rightful owner, and dwelt 
 
 great force and bitterness upon the 
 
 :h by Stephen ol tho promises he had 
 
 le of respect and protection to the 
 
 :h, 
 
 tilda to a masculine daring added a 
 larsh and imperious spirit, and she 
 scarcely placed her cause In apparently 
 lancnt prosperity when she most un- 
 ij disgusted some of those whose far 
 twas tho most important to her. 
 le Londoners, tbougb circumstances 
 
 bnd compelled them to submit to Matilda, 
 wore still very partial to Stephen. They 
 joined his wllo in petitioning that he might 
 bo released on condition of rotiring to a 
 convent. A stern and laconic refusal was 
 Matilda's answer both to this petition and 
 tt subsequent one presented by the Lon- 
 doners lor tho establishment ol king Ed- 
 ward's laws Instead ol those ol Henry. An 
 equally Juirsh, and still more impolitic re- 
 fusal was given to tho legate who requested 
 tliat his nephew, Eustace, should inherit 
 Uoulogno and the other patrimonial pos- 
 sessions ot Stephen ; a relusal which gives 
 one as low an opinion ol Matilda's sense of 
 justice as ol her temper and policy. 
 
 Her mistaken conduct was not long In 
 producing its iipi>roprlato 111 effects to her 
 cause. Tlic legate, whose very contradic- 
 tory conduct at different times can only be 
 satisfactorily explained upon the supposi- 
 tion, that to his thoroughly selfish ambi- 
 tion that causo ever seemed the best which 
 promised tho greatest immediate advan- 
 tages to himself or to the church, marked 
 tho mischlcl which Matilda's harshness 
 did to her cause, and promptly availed 
 himsell of it to excite tho Londoners to re- 
 volt against her government. An attempt 
 was made to sel/.c upon tier person ', and so 
 violent was tho rage that was manllestcd 
 by her enemies, tliut even her masculine 
 and scorning spirit tooK alarm, and she 
 fled to Oxford. Not conceiving herself sale 
 even hero, and being unaware ol tho un- 
 derhand conduct ol the crafty legate, she 
 next Uew lor safety to him .U Winchester. 
 Uut he, deeming her causo now so lar lost 
 as to warnaut him In openly declaring his 
 real leelings towards h< joined lils lorces 
 to the Londoners and Ov.ier Irlends ol Ste- 
 phen, and besieged her in the castle of that 
 city. Here, though stoutly supported by 
 lier Irlends and lollowers, she was unablo 
 to remain long, from lack ol provisions. 
 Accompanied by tlie earl ol Gloucester and 
 a handlul ol friends, she made her escape ; 
 but her party was pursued, and tho earl ol 
 Gloucester, in tho skirmish, was taken pri- 
 soner. This capture led to the release ol 
 Stephen, lor whom Matilda was glad to 
 exchange tho carl, wlioso courage and judg- 
 ment were the main support ol her hopes 
 and tlie main bond ol her party ; and with 
 tho release ol Stephen came a renewal ol 
 the civil war. In all Its violence and in a"«i 
 Its mischlel. [a.d. 1143.] Sieges, battles, 
 skirmishes, and their ghastly and revolting 
 accompaniments, lollowed with varying suc- 
 cess ; but tho balance of lortune at length 
 Inclined so decidedly to thosidool Stephen, 
 that Matilda, broken in health by such 
 long-continued exertion, both bodily and 
 mental, at length departed Irom tho king- 
 dom and took reluge in Normandy. 
 
 A.D. 1147.— The retirement ol Matilda and 
 tho deat i ol the carl ol Gloucester, which oc- 
 curred r.hout the same time, seemed to giro 
 to Stephen the utmost opportunity he could 
 desire firmly to establish himself in the 
 possession of the kingdom. But he kin- 
 died animosities among his nobles by de- 
 manding tho surrender of their fortresses, 
 which he justly deemed dangerous to both 
 
 m fnf^s'i 
 
 P 
 
 t ■ 
 
 V: M 
 
142 
 
 ^e €vtaiuxti of ^Utavui, &c. 
 
 hluiself and bin aubjerts ; mid ho offended 
 the popo by rcfusInK to allow tho attend- 
 ance of flvo bl8 lops.who bad been selected 
 by tho pontiff to attend a council nt 
 KheliUB, tho usu'il practlro being for tho 
 Kngllsh church to eleit Its own UcputlcD. 
 In revenge for this nffnmt.nslio deemed It, 
 the pope laid all Rteplieii'u party under liln 
 Interdict ; a measure v lileh ho well know 
 could not fall to ttii with fearful effect 
 against tho Interests of a prince who was 
 seated not only upon a usurped, but also a 
 disputed throne. 
 
 A. V. 1153.— Prince Henry, son of Matilda, 
 who had already'givcn siKii'iI proof s of talent 
 and bravery, was now encouraged, by the 
 divided Htate of tho public mind, to invade 
 England. lie defeated Stephen at Malnies- 
 bury, and thoy again met before Walllng- 
 ford, when a negotiation was entered Into, 
 by which Henry ceded his claim during the 
 life of Stephen on condition of being secured 
 of the succession, Houlogno and the otliiT 
 patrimonial possessions of Stephen being 
 fqually secured to his son William— his 
 eldest son Eustace being dead. This treaty 
 having been executed in due form, prince 
 Henry returned to Kormandy : whence be 
 was recalled by the death of Stephen on 
 the 25th of October, 1164. 
 
 CH.vrxKU xviir. 
 
 The Riign of Heshy II. ; prccedrd hy Obser- 
 vations on the lii(ilU of the English to Terri- 
 tory in France. 
 
 Metuooicai. reading, alw.iys desirable. Is 
 especially so in reading Hl.story; and be- 
 fore wo commence the narrative of the 
 eventful and. In many respects, Important 
 reign of Henry II., we deem th.at we hball 
 be doing the reader good service in direct- 
 ing his attention to the origin of the earlier 
 wars between England and France ; a point 
 upon which all our historians have rather 
 too confidently assumed the intultiveknow- 
 Icdgc of their rcaders,whom they have thus 
 left to read of results without acqu.alntance 
 with processes, and to indulge their Ima- 
 ginations In the details of warlike enter- 
 prises, without any data upon which to 
 judge of the justice or injustice with which 
 those enterprises were undertaken. 
 
 Even with tho invasion of William the 
 Conqueror, England, l)y Its new sovereign, 
 became Interested In no small or inslgnlll- 
 cant portion of France. Up to that period 
 England's connection with foreigners arose 
 only from the Invasions of the Northmen, 
 but with Wliilain's Invasion quite a new 
 relation sprang up between England and 
 the continent. From this moment the 
 connections of No'-iiiandy, and Its feuds, 
 whether with the French king or with any 
 of his powerful vassals, entered largely Into 
 tho concerns of England. With Henry II. 
 this connection of England with the affairs 
 of the continent was vastly increased. In 
 right of his father that monarch possessed 
 Tonraine and Anjou ; in right of his mother 
 he possessed Maine and Normandy; und 
 In rifht of his wife, Guienne, Polctou, 
 Xalntonge, Auvergne, Perlgord, Angour- 
 nois, and tbo LlmoiiBin ; and ho subso- 
 
 quently became really, as he was iilreadi 
 nominally, possessed of the soverclKriM I'l 
 Brittany. If tho reader now cast bin (>yei 
 over tho map of that vast and pnimioiu 
 territory which is called Franco, ho wm 
 perceive that Henry thus possessed a third 
 of it , ojid tho third of greatest fertility and 
 value. Left unexplained as this usii;iiiy{, 
 by our historians, tho impression upon the 
 minds of even readers not wholly dcscfvii], 
 (if the censure implied In tho teri'i Pupo' 
 flcial, must almost necessarily hi; rhnt the 
 wars of which by and by wo '..nail hnvo to 
 speak between France and r.nglnnd, nrl«|. 
 nated in tho mere greed ana ambition of 
 kings of tho latter country, wlio, UUsatij. 
 fled with their insular possessions, Ooslrcj 
 to usurp territory In France ; wlicrcns the 
 direct contrary Is the case; and tlicy in 
 these wars made use of their English con. 
 quests to retain possession of, or to ostcnd 
 by way of reprisal, their earlier coiiin; N 
 or fairly inherited French territory. Thj 
 kings of France, in point of fart, at tiiiji 
 early period of French history, wen m 
 kings of France in the present acctiii.niioi, 
 of that title. They had a nominal ntU 
 than a real feudal superiority ovit m 
 whole country ; there were six great prcic. 
 slastlcal peerages, besides the i^fx lay pi'erj 
 ages of Burgundy, Normandy, (iuleiiMJ 
 Flanders, Toulouse, and Champagno. EatI 
 of these leerages, though nominally Hutjjf 
 to the French crown, was. In reality,] 
 Independent sovereignty. If It ch.infi 
 that the warlike designs of the klnv roii 
 cided with tho views and Interest of; 
 great vassals, he could lead an Iniraa 
 and splendid force Into the field ; but If, 
 far more frequently liappened, any (.r.ill 
 his great vassals chanced to be cpiosod 
 him, it at once became evident, that lie 
 only nominally their master. Tli.it Id 
 coming masters of our Insular land, ti 
 Norman race should sooner or later a 
 their French territory merging It.-clf ic; 
 that of the French king and adding to 
 power was Inevitable, as we can iriw[ 
 ceive ; but in tlie time of our second Hem 
 the king of France feared — and thonspj 
 of things then warranted his ft ar— tlicK 
 cisely opposite process. But bearing 
 brief explanation carefully in mind, 
 reader will find himself greatly assistodj 
 understanding the feelings and vlew?o(t 
 sovereigns of England and France, In thi 
 wars which cost each country rivcr.i o( 
 best blood. 
 
 Previous tc , j death of Steilicn, Hti 
 married Eleanor, the divorced wife 
 Louis VII. of France. She had accoinpa 
 that monarch to the Holy Laud, (u.! 
 conduct there partook ,:o much of theb 
 and Immorality which n.arked that o( 
 many of her sex in the same scene, 
 Louis felt bound in honour to divorce 
 and he at tho same timo restored to 
 those rich provinces to which we haTej 
 ready alluded as her dower, llndetej 
 by her reported Immorality, Henry, al 
 sl.'c weeks* courtship, made her his wife 
 defiance of tho disparity in tliclr ye^ 
 having an eye, probably, to the advani 
 which her wealth could not fall to 
 
CPiiglaiitr.— IJlaittagciutfr.— l^ctui; M, 
 
 143 
 
 g lie was iilreailj 
 ■Mc BOVcrclKiitj ct 
 HOW cast Ills pyes i 
 ■ast anil populous' 
 a France, lie will 
 i iiosscHsed a third 
 patest fortuity and 
 [\ as this uwv.iUy Is 
 iiprcBBliinuiiontlic 
 ;)t wholly dCBcvlns 
 In tho tcri'i pupor- 
 jsearlly l-i', 'lint tic 
 ly wo '-'naU liavo to 
 and T.nglnnd, nrlgt- 
 cd ana amh'tlonrii 
 intry, who, dUsatls- 
 iiosgcBBlonB, desired 
 franco ; whereas tbe 
 1 case ; and llicy In 
 I their Engllali cou- 
 iBlon of, or to oxtcDd 
 •ir earlier comiv. ni 
 •onch territory. The 
 i()int of fnct, lit tliii 
 ch history, wcro ii.it 
 e iircHcnt nccfiiiauon 
 lad ft nonilniil ntlwr 
 
 superiority over ilie 
 , were sU Rvent cocle- 
 rBldesthcHlxlayw 
 
 U„rmawdy, (.uleiinej 
 xnd ChanipngiiP. W 
 lUKh nominally m\r 
 nrwas. In reality, 
 
 'iKUty. If >t '1'^™ 
 ; g„9 of the klim jol 
 V8 and Interest .,n 
 niUl lead an iniraoi 
 Into the fleld; hut 1,1 
 happened, any oral 
 nuccd to he <'inosod 
 ■^,0 evident, that Ijc^^ 
 ir master. Th^it In 
 
 our Insular latid, tl 
 Ul sootier or later f 
 
 ry merging UoHL 
 Vina and adding to* 
 .,10. as we can ii.w: 
 me of our second Hci 
 "feared -and the as 
 ,.antedhl9friir-tlicr 
 
 cess But hcarlnj 
 
 carefully In mind, 
 „9Clf Breatlyas^.=:t«^^ 
 feelings and Ylcvrol 
 
 landandrrniicc.liittt 
 ach country nvcrs ol 
 
 hini should ho have to luako a struggle to 
 Sb ft'ln tlio KngllHh crown. 
 
 1 J) 1165. — So secure, however, was 
 
 ni'iiry )» ""^ succcbbIou to Kngland at Stc- 
 
 ,,,•{, dcatli, that not tlie sllghtost attempt 
 
 death Of Stcvhcn,Hei 
 
 the divorced \nik 
 Jice. Bhehadac-oinr- 
 
 ftho Holy I and, '.m 
 Vook" muchoftlicl, 
 [h?ch niorUed that ol 
 flu the same scene, 
 In honour to dlvorcel 
 Ime time restored to 
 P to which ^^xbaT 
 i her dower. Unuuci 
 immor^lty. ncnry. ' 
 liiin made hcv his ^11' 
 
 could not fall to 
 
 «ia iiiiidi'to set up any counterclaim on tho 
 
 mrtofStephen'BsurvlvlngBon ■William, and 
 
 nl'iiry hlniHClf, helng perfectly ociiualiited 
 
 1,11 li the statu of the jmhllc mind, did not 
 
 fveii liastcM to Kngland Immediately oi» re- 
 
 f IvIiiB "I-'"''* "f Stephen's death, hut dc- 
 
 frrcd doing so until he had completeil tho 
 
 lulilcctliin of a castle tli.it ho was besieging 
 
 Ml ilic frontier of Normandy. This done, ho 
 
 LiCfcdi'd to Kiigland, and he was received 
 
 ulili tlio Kieatest, cordiality hy nil rnnkft 
 
 iidcoudltloim of men. The popularity that 
 
 c already enjoyed was groatly Increased 
 
 iytlicfli'^t net of his reIgn, which was tho 
 
 iiually ^^'''^ ""'^ Jnst dlHiiils.sal of the 
 
 lordcs of foreign mercenaries whom Ste- 
 
 icn hnd introduced Into Kiigland, and 
 
 50 however serviceable to the usurper In 
 
 m'.'ilon, hnd been both In peace and lu 
 
 'jmlau'ilien and a curso to tho i:iigllsh 
 
 oiilo. Sensible that Ills i>opularlty was 
 
 fh as to enable him to dispense %\lth 
 
 ose flerco pnetorlans, Who, while nils- 
 
 ilivousand offcnsi . e to the subject tmder 
 
 oirfumstnuces, mlKht by peculiar clr- 
 
 mstaiices bo rendered nilsclil(\ iius and 
 
 en fatal to the sovereign, he sent them 
 
 out of the country, and with them he 
 
 lit Wllliaiii '•'I Vpres, their commander, 
 
 owns extremely unpopular from h.aving 
 
 n the friend and adviser of Stephen, 
 
 jiy of whose worst measures, (perhaps 
 
 mily, for Stephen was not of a temjier 
 
 Hiring to bo prompted to arbitrary 
 
 irses), were attributed to his counsel.'?. 
 
 .n the necessities caused by civil war, 
 
 itb .'iteidicn and Matilda had made many 
 
 1 large grants, which — however politic 
 
 even inevitable at tho time — were ex- 
 
 iniely Injurious to tho Interesl.s of the 
 
 iwn;aiid Henry's great object w:i.-< to 
 
 lume these gniiits, not even excepting 
 
 « of Matilda herself. 
 
 is next measure wa.-j one as dangerous 
 
 lltwas necessary. The country was In a 
 
 [ectly dreadful state of demoralisation ; 
 
 highways and byways alike were 
 
 ersed by troops of daring and violent 
 
 Iters, and these obtained cncourage- 
 
 it and opportunity from the wars car- 
 
 onby tho nobles against each other. 
 
 troop of soldiers followlns' the baron's 
 
 L'li, cr keeping watch and ward upon 
 
 ijttleiiients of his strong castle, be- 
 
 le, whenever his need for their services 
 
 d.the banditti of the roads and forests. 
 
 iHifl a state of things It would have 
 
 Bt'lielcss to have attempted to reduce 
 
 country warder, without first dl.smant- 
 
 tliosc fortresses to which tho disorder 
 
 mainly owing. A weak or unpopular 
 
 lelgn would most probably have been 
 
 led had he made any attempt upon this 
 
 »d and most mischievous prhilege of 
 
 nobles ; and cvcu Henry, young, tlnn, 
 
 popular, did **' at no Inconsiderable 
 
 The carl ol - Ibemarlo and one or 
 
 other proud and powerful nobles prc- 
 
 to resist the king j but his force waa 
 
 80 compact, and his object was so popular 
 with tho great body of tho people, tbut tho 
 factious nobles submUted at the approach 
 of their sovereign. 
 
 A. u. 1150.- Having hy an admirable mix- 
 ture of prudence and flrmness reduced all 
 parts of Knglaiid to complete peace und so- 
 curlty, Henry went to France to oppose In 
 piison llio attempts his brother Oeofltrey 
 was making upon tho valuable provinces ol 
 Maine and Anjou, of some portions ol 
 which that prince had already possessed 
 himself. Tho mere appearance of Henry 
 had tho effect of causing the Instant sub- 
 mission of the dlHaffected, and (Jeoffroy 
 consented to resign his claim In consider- 
 at lull of a yearly pension of a thousand 
 pounds. 
 
 A.n. ll,'>7.— Just ns Henry liad completed 
 his prudent regulations for preventing fu- 
 turedlsturbances In his French possessions, 
 he was called over to Kngland hy the turbu- 
 lent conduct of the Welsh, who had ven- 
 tured to make Incursions upon his territory. 
 They were beaten back before his arrival: 
 but he w.as re.iolved to chastise them still 
 farther, and for that purposo he followed 
 them Into their mountain fastnesses. Tho 
 dinicult nature ol the country was so unfa- 
 vourable to his operations, that he was more 
 than once in frreat danger. On one occasion 
 his van guard was so beset in a rocky pass, 
 that Its discipline and valour could not pre- 
 vent It from being init to complete rout: 
 Hcni-y de Kssex, who held tho high office ol 
 hendilnry st.indard-bcaror, actually threw 
 dow n his standard and joined the flying 
 soldiery, whose panic ho increased by loudly 
 exclaiming that the king was killed. The 
 king, who fortunately was on the spot, gal- 
 lolH'd from post to post, re-assured his main 
 body, and led It on so gallantly, that he 
 saved It from the utter ruin with which it 
 was for a time threatened by this foollsli 
 and disgraceful panic. 
 
 Henry de i:ss("x, whose behaviour had 
 been so remaikiibly uiikiilghtly on this v.,"- 
 easlon, was on its account charged with 
 felony by Uobert de Montford, and lists 
 were appointed for the t'lal by battle. Do 
 K.ssex w.as vanquished, and condemned to 
 pass the reni.alndcr of his life In a convent 
 and to forfeit all his property. 
 
 A.n.ll68.— The war with the Welsh ended 
 in the submission of that people, and 
 Henry's attention was again called to the 
 continent. When his brotherCiooJTrey gave 
 up his pretensions to Anjou and Maine, 
 that prince took possession of tlie county ol 
 Niuites.wlth the consent ol its Inhabitants, 
 who had chased away their lr«ltlmato 
 prince. Geoffrey died soon after he had 
 assumed his new digrnlty ; and Henry now 
 claimed to succeed as heir to tho command 
 and possesslou which Geoffrey had himself 
 owed only to the voluntary submission of 
 the people. His claim was disputed by 
 Conan, earl of Urlttany, who .isserted that 
 Nantes properly belonged to his dominions, 
 whence It had, as he alleged, only been se- 
 parated by rebellion; and ho accordingly 
 took possession ol It. Henry secured him- 
 self agaiust any Interference on the part ol 
 Louis of France by betrothing bis son and 
 
 ;;'»!■) ^1 
 
144 
 
 C^( Crrnilury of HlMtorj}, lire. 
 
 I mcantlino to remain In tlin cumoiiy ..j |k, 
 knlRlita tcmplarft. II«nry,(iR wna Huii|ii<cted 
 l)rll)(!d tlio Krntid initHtor uf the tunii)i;iriito 
 
 ' ili'llvcr tlio fortrpnH to him, fiirnUhlnKhlm i 
 ■•■'*'• a pri'toxt for no doliiK by ordorliiii 
 
 heir Ilrnry, then only flvo ycnrii old, to 
 LouIb'h ilauKlitor MnrKurrt, who wtin nearly 
 four years younger. llavliiK hy thl« politic 
 ■troko rendered It hopelewH for Coimn to 
 Beck any aid from liOUlK, Henry now mari-h- 
 cd Into Drlttany, and C'onan, seclnRtho Im- 
 poulblllty of BUCccMfiil rcRlntnnre, at once 
 agreed to rIvo up Nanten. Soon after, Co- 
 nan, anxious to Rurure the powerful nupiiort 
 of llenry, Kavo his imly dnuRhtcr and 
 holrcsH to that prince's mm HeolTrey. Co- 
 nan tiled In a few yearn after this betrothal, 
 and Henry Immediately took posxesslon of 
 Urittany In right of his ion and daughter- 
 in-law. 
 
 A.n. 1159.— llenr.v, tlirousth liU wife, Iiail 
 a claim upon tlio country of Toulouse, and 
 ho now urged that claim ngaluMt Uaymond, 
 the reigning count, who solicited the pro- 
 tection of the king of Kranoc ; and the latter, 
 both an Raymond's feu<lnl Hupcrlor, and ns 
 the prince more than all other princes In- 
 terested In putting a check on the vast ag- 
 grandisement of Henry, Immediately grant- 
 ed Uaymond his protection, In spite of the 
 startling fact, that Louis liimscif liiul for- 
 merly, while Eleanor was his wife, claimed 
 Toulouse In her right, as Henry now did. 
 So little, alas 1 are the i lalncst principles 
 of honesty and consistency regunlcd in the 
 strife of politics. 
 
 Henry advanced upon Toulouse with a 
 very considerable army, chiefly of merce- 
 naries. AsBlstcd by Trincaral, count of 
 NIsmes, and IJcrenger, count of riarrc- 
 lona, ho was at the outset very success- 
 ful, taking Verdun and several other places 
 of lesser note. He then laid slego to the 
 capital of the county, and Louis threw 
 himself into It with a reinforcement. Henry 
 was now strongly urged by his friends to 
 take the place by assault, as ho probnMy 
 might have done, and by thus makim; the 
 French king prisoner, obtain whatever 
 terms ho pleased from that prince. Hut 
 Henry's prudence never forsook him, even 
 amid the excitement of war and the flush 
 of success. Louis was his feudal lord ; to 
 make him prisoner would bo to hold out 
 encouragement to his own great and turbu- 
 lent vassals to break through their feudal 
 bonds ; and Instead of prosecuting the siege 
 more vigorously. In order to make Louis 
 prisoner, Henry immediately raised It, say- 
 ing that he could not think of lighting 
 against a place that was defended by his 
 superlorlord In person, and dei>arted to de- 
 fend Normandy against the count do Drcux, 
 brother to L(mle. 
 
 The chivalrous delicacy which had led 
 Henry to depart from before Toulouse did 
 not Immediately terminate the war be- 
 tween lilm and Louis; but the operations 
 were feebly conducted on both sides, and 
 ended first in a cessation of arms, and then 
 in a formal peace. 
 
 A new cause of bitter feeling now sprang 
 up between them. When prince Henry, 
 the king's eldest son, was atllanced to Mar- 
 garet of France, it w.as stipulated that part 
 of the princess's dowry should bo tho Im- 
 portant fortress of Glsors, which was to be 
 delivered into the hands of tho king on the 
 celebration of the marriage, and in tho 
 
 with 
 
 the Immediate celebration of the marriam^ 
 though tho anianccd prince and rrliii-i'<< 
 were mere children. Loula was imturallr 
 much offended at this sharp prnrtiro oil 
 the part of Henry, and was on the point nf I 
 commencing war again, when pojio aIoi. 
 ander III., whom the triumph of thnanii 
 pope, Victor IV., compelled to roiijj* |„ I 
 France, successfully Interposed U\n nudiv 
 tlon. 
 
 A.I), una.— Friendship being, at tlio lri<|i 
 iioniinally and externally, estalillnlmi ho-l 
 Iween Louis and Henry, the latter iihinarrli I 
 returned toKngland,and devoted lilKniiri). I 
 tlon to the delicate and dinicult tink df n-l 
 straining the authority of the clerwy within I 
 reasonabia limits. That he might tlicmnrd 
 safely and reatllly do tlilH, ho took t(i<;(,pn,nl 
 tinilty now afforded liim by the dfaih nfl 
 Theobald, archbishop of ('aiitcrlniry, |.J 
 place that dignity In tho hands nf a m^l 
 whom he deemed entirely devoted tn iiij,.! 
 si'lf, but who. In the result, proved the miit.I 
 e.-^t enemy to tho authority of the rrmnj 
 and the stoutest and hauKlitlest rli.iniM' 
 of the church, and taught Henry tlicdann 
 of trusting to appearances, by einlilttcrtnL 
 and perplexing whole years of |||j ]^ 
 Tills man, In whoso character ami toniM 
 tho king ni.ido so grievous a nilsl.iko, 
 the eeli'brated Ttioinai h Ilecket. 
 
 IJoni of respectable parentage In I.nnji 
 and having a good education, he wan f i| 
 iiiito enough to attract tho attention i 
 otitaln the favour of ;archblshop Tlioi,iii 
 who bestowed some oniees upnii hlin.tij 
 emoluments of which enabled lilm tonoj 
 Italy, where ho studied the civil nnd ranj 
 law with so much success, that on hi* n 
 turn archbishop Theobald gave him iliell 
 cratlveand important appointment ofara 
 deacon of Canterbury, and subscnnrrj 
 intrusted him with a mission to KoJ 
 In which ho aciiulttcd himself Mith I 
 usual ability. On the accession of Um] 
 the nrchliishop uti on,.rly recomnu'iideil E 
 ket to Ills notice ; and Henr>-, tindlni; bl 
 remarkably rich In tho lighter accomplif 
 inents of tho courtier, as well as in i 
 graver (luallties of the statesmnii, mveh 
 the high offlcoof chancellor, wliich In ilj 
 ago included, besides Its peculiar dull 
 nearly all those of a modern priiiip mil 
 ter. Kings often take a delight in i 
 whelming with wealth nnd luinoiirs tlij 
 whom tuey have once raised aliovp ( 
 struggling herd. It was soevonwiihl 
 prudent Henry, who proceeded to ciiJ 
 upon his favourite chancellor the prnrf 
 ship of Beverley, tho deanery of llajtii 
 and the constableship of the Tower; itf 
 him tutor to prince Henry, and gave lilinl 
 honours of Kye and HerkhJimstrad.valii/ 
 new baronies which had esclioatod tol 
 crown. Beckct's style of living was f 
 portioned to tho vast wealth tliiis ha 
 upon hlra ; his sumptuousncss of styicl 
 tho numerous attendance paid to histol 
 exceeded all that had ever been seen li 
 
tPnsTuntr.— ^Iniitnaenftif.— ^ftpiiri} M* 
 
 140 
 
 lin cuitKKiy "t ihn 
 
 of llio tcmphritu , 
 
 loluK t>y orilcrlin 
 m of t>io mi\rrli\ni', 1 
 rlnro unci iirlnciM 
 ,oul« was imlurallj 
 iiharp prartloo on 1 
 wftH (in tlio point n| I 
 \, when rilio Alfv 
 rluinpl* of thn wni 
 ipclled to ro.liUlii 
 itcrpiist'il '>'" ""'•>'»• 
 
 lO.clnff.nHliclowl 
 ally. f^tivMUhoa t.^ 
 y iheliilU'f iK'inwfli' 
 iU(\rti'VolfiUil!«niii>ii. 
 i.iaimcult laskofrf- 
 vof thodoruywitki' 
 ,at»ien>lKliHlicmn« 
 111" ho took I h"; I Wr I 
 
 liiiu hy t'"' "''''*"' "t 
 ,, i.f I'niitt'Hiurj, M 
 1 Uio hanil* nt a mia 
 tlri-ly dcvoU'il to litin. 
 .,^„lt.pr<)Vi'«HliciiTi* 
 jUiorlty «'t tin; rrnw:' 
 
 Imn^rhtlpst rUamiw 
 lUKht Henry ilin Jail!- 
 
 lolo yi-nrs of lU 1, 
 , rhftnicliT a 11 ™ 
 »rlcvoii«aniUtako,' 
 nnsiiBcckct 
 uV,mrrntn>»olnT,™V) 
 cdi)?ntlon,hcwaM"tt 
 tract the attention m 
 [of;ar<-hhlM.op'riic.l.»^ 
 ,0 omi-rs upon li.m.il 
 
 chcnal.tcahlmtoeo 
 ,'.1 the civil ftiid « 
 
 .iirci'BB. that nuhi<' 
 ;cohaMKav<^t.lmU,o 
 
 ant appointment of at( 
 
 Cry nn<l mihucin.r 
 
 tU a mission tn"! 
 Ittcd himself wl i 
 the accession of H'ln 
 
 niulyrecomnu'ndMlJ 
 
 amHenr>-.nmll»=l 
 
 -."{ho lighter accoinvli. 
 
 irtler. as well fts in 
 
 c-hanceUor.wliti'liln' 
 
 a modern prlm^ m 
 ukc a dellglit i» ;" 
 Ulh and honcHir? 
 once raised al.o f 
 It was HO even with 
 who proceeded to co 
 u!'chanccllortUort.fl 
 
 the deanery of »»;< 
 
 k.Milnof the Tower; II 
 
 flenry.and^ravciN 
 
 m;»erkhamstea(l,\a«< 
 
 Ach had escheated to 
 
 Btyle of llvhW « 
 
 , vast wealth tlms h 
 
 iniptuousncsso s ic 
 
 .,.,„lancc paid to bi» « 
 ^hadcvcrbcenBcenl 
 
 nue of a nicro »nhjcet ; tlio pmude^t no- 
 hU-nwcre hl«KUO»t«,and Kladlyphned their 
 "m, ii, iilH hoUMO as that In wlilih they 
 woiilil '"'s' heconio ftccunipllxhed Kcntle- 
 „,.,„• Ill' had a Krrat nniiilier of knJKhtM 
 ictunlly ri'lalned In hU Hervlee, and ho nt- 
 ti'iiiled the kliitj In tlio wurof Toulouse with 
 ,«vi'n liiiii'Ired knIglitBiit liU own ehiirtfe; 
 (inaiiottieroecn»lon lio maintained twelve 
 imn'red !<iilHlit>i and iwelvo liundred of 
 i,i'lr followern durliiK tlie fort y dayn of I hel r 
 illhulaied Hervlee ; and when wnt to I'Yaiiee 
 .., nil cinhaKsy, ho eonipleii'ly ustonlHlied 
 
 f 
 
 ,-ei\ 
 
 ih,it court liy hU nuifrnllleeiit. ittlen<lniii'i 
 
 With all 'Ills itplendour lleeki't win a Kay 
 
 riinip»iil"n' HavluK tiiki'n only deacon's 
 
 nnliTS lio did not hortltate to join In the 
 
 .i,irl»iif laymen, or even to lako lil.s Mliiire 
 
 Llwailllie ail venture. Uewa« conHequeiilly 
 
 till' fnvoiirlto companion of the klnx In his 
 
 Hiire liiiurH. It Im naid timt Henry, rldln»7 
 
 ,10 (liiy with ileekt'l.and uii't'tlnK a poor 
 
 ,riti'liwlio«erii«8 ulionk In the wind, seized 
 
 Alt' I'iiaiirellor's tiearlet and ermliie-lini'd 
 
 ■out, and wave It to the pour man, who, |i 
 
 ijywell bcsuppoiieil, wa:i uineli Huiprlsod 
 
 ii«mlia Klft. 
 
 I.ivlnx thU!) In liolh theollU'lal and pil- 
 riiio Intimacy of the klnw, lleeket was well 
 liiainted with all Ills views and de-<k-ns 
 AviinLt (lie cliureh ; and as he had always 
 ito<sed toagreo with them, and was nia- 
 ti'slly I'OHHOssed of all the t!ilent ami reso- 
 itliiuwiiieh would maku him valuable In 
 iCsiruuKic, thekin^ made him arehliisho]> 
 tlieileath of his old patron Theobald. 
 Ilavhm thus obtained the seeond place 
 till' khiKdom, Thomas ii Hi'e:<it at onec 
 itnlf nil the Kay habits and IIkIiI liuMmnr 
 liliu had made the ln^lrulll<'llts of ob- 
 iiliiK and (IxhiK the per-onal favour of 
 > kins. Ills llrst ,st('|> on bilnK eonse- 
 tolurcliblsliop of Canterbury was to re- 
 IiU chaneellorshlp llit<i tbo bands of 
 Vmg, on the slKiiHleaiit plea that his 
 rlliul function would heneefurth (le- 
 nd all hl.s enerKles and attention, to the 
 iirexdusloii of all secular affairs. In his 
 A'bold and enuliiaKes ho retained all 
 cilJmaiJrnlMcenee, hut In his own person 
 uuw assumed arlKid austerity hellltlUK 
 iiidiorite. He wore a hair cloth iiex 
 skin, which was torn and raw with 11- 
 cllt!S3 discipline that he Intllcted iijion 
 self; bread wa.s ahnost his only diet, 
 liUonly beveraKU was water, which ho 
 iJcritl unpalatable by an Infusion of dls- 
 hWo herbs. Ho dally had tlilr*. 'cn 
 ir.s hito Ills palace and washed ilii'lr 
 ; after which eeremony they were bui>- 
 ttltli refreshments, ni-d .IsnilHHed 
 a pecuniary present. Wiillo thus ex- 
 i tlio wonder and admiration of the 
 ilicwas no less assiduous in alining at 
 voiir of th6 clergy, to whom he was stu- 
 ily accessible and affable, and whom ho 
 lurlhcr Rratllled by his liberal gifts to 
 iltals and convents : and all who were 
 Itted to Ills presence wen; at once edilled 
 lurprlscd by the grave and devotional 
 t and rigid llfo of one who had hut 
 Illy been foremost among the gayest 
 giddiest of tho courtiers. Far less 
 tratlun tbau was possessed by Henry 
 
 might have enabled him to xee In all IIiIn 
 Hiidden and sanellmonlons austerity, a Muro 
 Inilliatlon that hu would tind n powerful 
 foe III Kecket whenever ho should attempt 
 to InfiiiiKc upon the realor asHunied rlglitH 
 of tho ehiiieh Itut, In truth, liecket was 
 too eager In hliow Ills eceleHlastlcal zeal, 
 even to wall until the measures of theklii)} 
 Hlionld all'ord lilin opportunity, and lilinseK 
 eonimeneeil tho stilfe between tho niilru 
 and the eiown by ealllng upon the earl of 
 I'laro to surrender thebarony of Tunbrldgo 
 to tlu» see of Canterhury, to which It had 
 foi'iiiorly bt'li'ng('d,and from wlileli lleeket 
 alllriiied that the ruiiom prevented his pre- 
 (li'eessors from legally separating It. Tho 
 carl of Clfire was a nob'-i of great wealth 
 ai' power, and allied to soinu of tho llrst 
 fw.. lilies, and his ulster was supposed to 
 have gained tlieaff.ctlonH of the king; and 
 as the barony of Tunbrldgo had heen In 
 Ills family from the eo)i(|Uest, It seems 
 prohcble iliat Ileekt t was hidneed to select 
 liliii .'or this < niand of - 'stltution of 
 elinrcii properly. In order itie more em- 
 libailcally to show his d-' inliiatlon to 
 prefer the Inleresis of ''<• tiiureh to all 
 personal conslderatluns, Hl'i.'ther of fear or 
 favour, 
 
 William l)'i: .. I ford, one of the m . iry 
 tenants of tli >'i n, was the patiuiiif a 
 living In a in.' nor b id of the archbishop of 
 t'anlerbury. To tills living lleeket pre- 
 sented an liu'iiiiibeiit named Laurence, 
 thereby infrhigliiK the right of D'Kynsford, 
 who Instantly ijeeted Laurence vi H uimin. 
 Heeket forthwlib elted D'Kynsford, and, 
 acting at once as accuser and judge, passed 
 sentence of excoiiiinunleatlon upon him. 
 D'Kynsford applied for the Interference of 
 the KliiK, on tl.'' gniiind that It was Illegal 
 that hiu'li a sentence should be passed on 
 one who held in ciii>ite from the crown, 
 without the royal assent first obtained. 
 Henry accordingly, acting upon the prac- 
 tice establl.-hed from the cinuiuest, wrote 
 to liecket, with »iioin In; no longer had 
 any personal intercourse, and desired hilt. 
 to absolve D'Kynsford. It was only re- 
 luctantly, and after some delay, that lleeket 
 complied at all ; and even when he did so 
 ',,' 'oupled his eoiiipllance with a message, 
 ,,ie effect that It was not for the king to 
 : '.struct him as to whom he should excom- 
 niuiilcate and whom absolve I Though this 
 eoudiict abundantly showed Henry tho sort 
 of opposition he had to exiicct from the 
 man whom his kindness liad furnished 
 with the nieans of being ungrateful, there 
 were many considerations, apart from tho 
 boldness and decision of tho king's temper, 
 which made Henry resolute In not losing 
 any time in endcavourlngto put something 
 like a curb upon tho licentious Insolence to 
 which long Impunity and the gross super- 
 stition of the great body of the people had 
 encouraged tho clergy. The papacy was 
 just now consldcnbly weakened by Its own 
 scliisiiiatical division, while Henry, wealthy 
 In territory, was fortunate In having tho 
 kingdom of Kngland thoroughly In sub- 
 mission, with the sole exception of the cle- 
 rical disorders and assumptions to which 
 he iiaU now determined to put a stop. On 
 
 y'ly 
 
 i«|!' 
 
 \ ■ * - 
 
 V. 
 
 I. , 
 
 1 J ^''i: 
 
146 
 
 Ci^e €vttiinY^ of WtitatHy &^r. 
 
 tho other hand, those disorders were so 
 Bcandaluus, and those assumptions In many 
 cases were so startllngly unjust, that Ilcnry 
 could scarcely fail to liave the best wishes 
 of his subjects In general for the success of 
 his project. The practice of ordaining the 
 sons of villains had not merely caused an 
 Inordinate Increase in the number of the 
 clergy, but had also caused nn even more 
 than corresponding deterioration of tlie 
 clerical character in England. Tlie incon- 
 tinence, gluttony, and roystering habits, 
 attributed to the lower order of clergy l)y 
 the writers of a much later day, were lifrht 
 and comparatively venial offences com- 
 pared to those which seem but too truly to 
 bo attributed to that order in the reign of 
 Henry II. Robbery, adulterous seduction, 
 and even rape and murder, were attributed 
 to tliem ; and tho returns made to an in- 
 quiry which Henry ordered, showed that, 
 only counting from the commencement of 
 his reign— i.e. a period of somewhat less 
 than two years, a hundred murders had 
 been committed by men in holy orders who 
 had never been called to accoinit. 
 
 Ilcnry resolved to take steps for putting 
 a stop to this Impunity of criminals whose 
 sacred profession only made their crimi- 
 nality the greater iiiiil move detest.ible. An 
 opportunity of bringing the point of the 
 clerical Impunity to issue was afforded by a 
 horrible crime that was just now committed 
 in Worcestershire, where a priest, on being 
 discovered in carrying on an illlrlt Inter- 
 course with a gentlcmaji'fl daughter, put 
 lier father to death. Tlie king demanded 
 that the offender sliould be delivered over 
 to the civil power, but Beckct confined the 
 clerkly culprit in the bishop's prison to 
 prevent his being apprehended by tho 
 king's offlcors, and maintained that tho 
 highest punishment that could bo Inflicted 
 upon the priest wn"? degradation. Tho 
 king acutely caught at this, and demanded 
 that after degradation, when he would have 
 become a mere layman again, the culprit 
 should be delivered to the civil power to be 
 further dealt witli as it might deem fit ; 
 but Becket demurred even to this, on tho 
 plea that it would be unjust to try an ac- 
 cused roan a second time upon tho same 
 charge. 
 
 Angered by tho arrogance of Becket, .and 
 yet not wholly sorry to have such a really 
 sound pretext for putting some order Into 
 the pretensions of tho clmrch, Henry sum- 
 moned an assembly of the prelates of Eng- 
 land, for the avowed purpose of putting a 
 termination to thn frequent and Increasing 
 controversies between the ecclesiastical 
 and the civil jurisdiction. 
 
 Henry himself conimenced the business 
 of the assembly by asking the bishops, 
 plainly and categorically, whether they 
 were willing or unwilling to submit to the 
 ancient laws and customs of the khigdora. 
 To this plain question the bishops, in a 
 more Jesuitical spirit, replied, that they 
 were willing so to submit, 'saving their 
 own order ;• a mental reservation by which 
 they clearly meant that they would so sub- 
 mit—until resistance should bo safe and 
 easy t Bo shallow aiid paloablo an artifice 
 
 could not impose upon so shrewd a pr'nfl 
 as Henry, whom It greatly provoked Bb 
 departed from tho assembly In an evident 
 rage, and immediately sent to require from 
 Becket the surrender of tho castles anil 
 honours of Eye and Berkliamstead. Tlilsde! 
 mand, and tho anger which it indicated 
 greatly alarmed the bishops ; but Becket I 
 was uiidismaycd ; and it was not without ' 
 more dinicuUy that PliiIip,thepopc'sleff(ite I 
 and almoner, prevalledupon him to conseDt 1 
 to the retractation of the offensive savin? 1 
 clause, and give an absolute ami uiiquaii.l 
 fled promise of submission to tho aiicjentl 
 laws. But Henry was now deterniiiicd i,)l 
 have a more precise understanding; a %.[ 
 mal and dcflnlte decision of the liiiiltgofi 
 the ecclesiastical and tlie civil autlmiityl 
 and thus in some measure to dost myth) I 
 undue ascendancy whicli, as effectually ai I 
 insidiously, the former had for a loiigt'inul 
 past been obtaining. He therefore collated I 
 and reduced to writing those ancient cii«.l 
 toms of the realm which liad been tlieniojtl 
 egregiously conti-avened by the clerKv, audi 
 having called a great council of the ijarnnsl 
 and prelates at Clarendon, in BerksliiriJ 
 ho submitted this digest to them in tiiJ 
 form of a series of articles, which are Vnom 
 in history under the title of the 'Constitiil 
 tions of Clarendon ; ' which arc thus brielJ 
 summed up. ' It was enacted by tli^ 
 constitutions tiiat all suits concerning thl 
 advowson and presentation of clmrrliel 
 sliould be determined in the civil cnimjl 
 that In future the churches belonging J 
 the king's see should not be graiilpd inpfj 
 petulty without his consent; that clerll 
 accused of .any crime should be tried intM 
 civil courts ; that no one, particularly i 
 clergyman, of any rank should depart tj 
 kingdom without the king's licence; th) 
 excommunicated persons should not II 
 bound to give security for tlieircontlnula 
 in tiieir present place of abode ; that la] 
 should not be accused in spiritual coiirf 
 except by legal and reputable pionwta 
 and witnesses ; that no chief -tenant of tl 
 crown should be excommunicated, nor f 
 lands be put under an interdict.excciitd 
 the king's consent; that all appeals ini 
 ritu.ol causes should lie cirricd from IT 
 arclide.acon to the bishop, fmni the WsM 
 to the primate, and from (lie iirlniate toj 
 king, and should proceed no farther r 
 with tho king's consent; that should i 
 lawsuit arise between a layman andacj 
 gyman concerning a tenant, rnd it be ff 
 puted whether the land be a lay or nnl 
 clesiastlcal fee, it should be first dcterraif 
 by the verdict of twelve lawful men tow 
 class it belonged, and if the land hefoi 
 to be a lay fee, then the cause should Hia 
 be determined In the civil courts ; that 
 inhabitant in n lay demesne should M 
 communicated for non-appearance In al 
 ritual coxirt until tho chief olUcer ofl 
 place where he resides be consulted, thj 
 m.ay compel him by the civil authorll 
 give satisfaction to the church ; that! 
 archbishops, bishops, and other splif 
 dignitaries should be regarded as harol 
 the realm, should possess the prlvilegef 
 be subjected to the burthens belongin 
 
eufllanlr.— ^TantaseiwW.— ^citrj} 15. 
 
 147 
 
 10 slivewd ft pr'.iife 
 itly provoked. He 
 ibly In an evident 
 >nt to reaulre from 
 if tbo eiistlCB and 
 Lhamstead. Thlsde- 
 ivUlcli It InfllCRted, 
 Isliops ; Init BccUi \ 
 It was not ■witliont J 
 Uli.tlieiiorc'slegate 
 iiponliUntncouseiitl 
 be ofCenslve siivlw! 
 anlute and imnuall- 
 bIou to tlic muienti 
 
 now Cctemiiiicd h 
 iidcr8tandinp;alori 
 ilon ol the limit? ot 
 the civil autlioiity; 
 fiKurc to destroy ttal 
 ildi, as eftocUiallyat 
 rliadfora longtiiM 
 HetVicveforccoUateill 
 a those ancient cus-l 
 icUliadliecntlienwil 
 nedljy tlieclert'y.aiill 
 conncil of tlic Ijarfiml 
 rendon, in Borksbiie, 
 I i Best to them m iliel 
 •irlcs.wUioli are known" 
 title of tlio'Ooiistte 
 : ^vbicll arc tints lirietil 
 .-as enacted liy ln«l 
 
 11 suits concerning ttil 
 "ontiitlon ol clmrctitl 
 ecUn the civil cnurtj 
 
 .dnot1>cgvaulo.Uni« 
 
 Is consent; tu«"',™"l 
 'csUonldhctrieamtl 
 
 no one, partlcHlarly 
 ^nk should depart 
 
 npvsons should not 
 ''iuy for their cojiUnm 
 "eof ah()de;tliatld 
 
 nd repntabie inomot| 
 
 fe no chief-tenant of tl 
 
 Tconnnunlcated.nor 
 
 M, nterdict.cxcciuv 
 
 ■ that all apucals m 
 
 ,;id he ciu-ried Irom 
 
 ffr»>c primate. 
 
 ^e"nalai;nanand>. 
 
 l?fand"c''a"S-^„ 
 ;houldbcflrBtdctcrm 
 
 .twelve lawful men W 
 
 nnd If the land I; I 
 ,er?thc cause shouWfl 
 tttie civil courts till 
 tflv demesne should 
 
 to the church ;ttetJ 
 
 WVeg"arded«8l3aro, 
 Ks'cB^stheprlvleg 
 
 that raiilf, and should be bound to attend 
 the king In his great councils, and assist at 
 all trials, till the sentence cither of death 
 or of loss of members be given against tbo 
 criminal ; that tlio revenue of vacant sees 
 should belong to the king, the chapter, or 
 Buch of them as liu cliooses to summon, 
 gliould Bit lu the king's chapel till tbey 
 made the new election with his consent, 
 and that the bishop elect should do homage 
 to the crown ; tliat If any baron or tenant 
 in capita should refuse to submit to the 
 Bplritual courts, tiio king should employ 
 his authority in obliging him to make puoli 
 submissions ; that if any one threw off his 
 allegiance to the king, the prelates should 
 assist the king with their censures In re- 
 ducing hini ; that goods forfeited to the 
 ting should not be protected In churches 
 or churchyards ; that the clergy should no 
 longer pretend to the right of enforcing 
 rayment of debts contracted hy oath or 
 liromisc ; but should leave these lawsuits, 
 equally with others, to the determination of 
 tlie civil courts ; and that the sons of vil- 
 lains should not be ordained clerks without 
 the consent of their lord.' 
 The barons present at this great council 
 were all on the king's side, either from ac- 
 tual participation of his sentiments towards 
 .tie clergy or from awe of his power and 
 lemper ; and the prelates, perceiving that 
 ;liey had both tlie king and the lay peerage 
 igainst them, were fain to consent to these 
 irticlcs.which accordingly were voted wlth- 
 int opposition. But Henry, misdoubting 
 Ihatthc bishops, though they newfound it 
 iseless to oppose the united will of the 
 TOwn and the peerage, would, whenever 
 ircumstaiices shouldbe favourable to them, 
 leny the authority of the constitutions, as 
 iiig enacted by an autliorlty in Itself in- 
 mrlete, would not ho contented with the 
 lere verbal assent of the prelates, but de- 
 landed that each of them should set his 
 iDd and seal to the constitutions, and to 
 leir solemn promise to observe them. To 
 lisdcniand, though the rest of the prelates 
 implied with It, Becket gave a bold and 
 It pfui-al. The earls of Cornwall and 
 tester, the most powerful men in the lay 
 erage, strongly urged him, as a matter of 
 illcyas well as of ohediencc, to comply 
 Ith the king's demand. He was so well 
 tare of Henry's drift, and so far from 
 ling desirous of securing tho permanent 
 wrrance of the constitutions of Claren- 
 in.tliat no intreatles could induce him to 
 !ld assent, until Richard de Hastings, 
 ;lish grand prior of the knights tcm- 
 , knelt to hin), and in tears Implored 
 if not for his own sake, at least for the 
 ;eof the church, not to continue an op- 
 inion which must be unsuccessful, nnd 
 mid only excite the ruinous opposition of 
 march equally resolute and powerful. 
 m and resolved as Becket had shown 
 iself as regarded the importunity of 
 en, this evident proof that upon this 
 t, at least, he no longer had the sym- 
 ly of even churchmen, caused Becket 
 ive way ; and he therefore, though with 
 lent reluctance, took an oath 'legally, 
 good faith, and ivlthout fraud or 
 
 reserve, to observe the constltutionB of Cla- 
 rcntion.' 
 
 But the king, though ho had thus far 
 triunphed even over the firm and haughty 
 temi er of tlie primate, was by no means so 
 near to comiilete success as he deemed 
 himself. Popo Alexander, who still re- 
 mained In France, and to whom in 1' 
 contests with the anti-pope Henry had 
 done no unimportant services, no sooner 
 had the constitutions presented to him for 
 ratincation, than he perceived liow com- 
 pletely they were calculated to mako tho 
 king of England Independent of his clergy, 
 and the kingdom itself af the rapacy ; and 
 he was so far from ratlfyiiig, that lie con- 
 demned and annulled them. When Becket 
 found hist own former opposition thus sanc- 
 tioned by the present feelings nnd conduct 
 of the pope, he regretted thtit he had al- 
 lowed any considerations to induce him to 
 give his signature and assent. He Imme- 
 diately Increased his already great and 
 painful austerities of life and severity of 
 discipline, and would not even exercise any 
 of the functions of his dignity until he re- 
 ceived the alisolution of the pope for what 
 he deemed his olfencc against the eccle- 
 siastical privileges. Nor did he conllne 
 himself to mere verbal repentance or his 
 own personal discipline, but used all his elo- 
 quence to induce the English prelates to 
 engage with him In a fixed and firm con- 
 federacy to rcg;.ln and maintain their con- 
 mon right. Henry, hoping to beat Becket 
 at his own weapons, now applied to Alex- 
 ander to grant the legatine commission to 
 the archbishop of York, whom lie obviously 
 only wished to arm with that inordinate 
 and dangerous authority, in order that he 
 might make Inintlic instrument of Becket's 
 ruin. But the design was too obvious to 
 escape so keen an observer as Alexander, 
 who granted the commission of legate, as 
 desired, but carefully added a clause inhi- 
 biting the legate from executing any act 
 to the prejudice of the archbishop of Can- 
 terbury. On finding himself thus baffled 
 upon the very point on which alone he was 
 solicitous, Henry so completely lost his 
 temper, that he sent hack the document by 
 tlie very messenger who brought it over: — 
 thus giving to Alexander the compliment 
 of discernment, and the satisfaction of 
 having completely baffled his plan. 
 
 The anger which the king now exhibited 
 threatening extreme measures, Becket 
 twice endeavoured to leave the kingdom, 
 but was det'Jned on both occasions by 
 contrary wluvis ; and Henry was thus ena- 
 bled to cause him much expense and an- 
 noyance, by inciting John, mareschal of 
 the (ixcheqner, to sue the archbishop In his 
 own court for some lands belonging to the 
 manor of Pageham, and thence to appeal 
 to the king's court. "When the day ar- 
 rived for trying the cause on the appeal, 
 tho archbishop did not personally appear, 
 but sent four knights to apologise lor his 
 absence on the score ol illness, and to make 
 certain technical objections to tho lorm of | 
 John's appeal. The king treated the ah- i 
 sencoof Becket as a wilful and oflensivo { 
 contempt, and the knights who bore tals> 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 !.- 
 
148 
 
 C$e ^vsniwtQ af W^toru, Set, 
 
 npology narrowly escaped being committed 
 to priBou for its alleged falsehood. Being 
 resolved that neither absence nor technica- 
 lity should save Becket from suffering, the 
 king now summoned a great council of 
 barons and prelates at Northampton. Bo- 
 fore this court Becket, with an air of great 
 moderation, urged that the maresclial's 
 cause was proceeding In the archieplscopal 
 court with all possible regularity, though 
 the testimony of the sheriff would show 
 that cause to bo inlcinltous and unjust ; 
 that he, Becket, far from showing any con- 
 tempt of the king's court, had most expli- 
 citly acknowledged and submitted to his 
 authority by sending four of his knights to 
 appear for lilm ; that even if their appear- 
 ance should not be accepted as being tanta- 
 mount to his own, and he should l)e tech- 
 nically made guilty of an offence of 
 which he was virtually Innocent, yet the 
 penalty attached to that crime was but a 
 small one, and as he was an Inhabitant of 
 Kent, he was entitled to an abatement even 
 of that ; and that he was now, in loyal 
 obedience to the king's summons, present 
 In the great council, and ready before It to 
 justify himself against the charges of the 
 mareschal. "Whatever may bo thought of 
 the general arrogance of the primate and 
 of his ambition, both as man and church- 
 man, it Is impossible not to perceive that 
 the reasonings were here very just, and that 
 the king's whole C(mduct was far more In- 
 dicative of the monarch who was intent on 
 crushing a too poworfiU subject, than of 
 one who was sincerely nnd righteously de- 
 sirous of ' doing justice and loving mercy ;' 
 and it is equally Impossible not to feel 
 souio syiiipalhy with the haughty and 
 courageous primalc, who, when pressed 
 down by a foe so powerful and so vindic- 
 tive, was abandoned by the dignitaries of 
 that very church for whose sake, principally 
 at least, he had so courageously combated. 
 In the present case, as In the case of the 
 constitutions of Clarendon, the bishops 
 were Induced to coincide with the lay 
 barons, who had from the flrst determined 
 to side with the king, and notwlthstandlnf,' 
 the convincing logic of his defence, ho wa;-, 
 pronounced guilty of contempt of the king's 
 court and of neglect of the fealty which he 
 had sworn to his sovereign ; and Henry, 
 Mshop of Winchester, the once powerful 
 brother of the late king Stephen, was, In 
 spite of all his remonstrances, compelled 
 to sentence the primate to conllscation of 
 all his goods and chattels. 
 
 liven this severe sentence, upon what 
 ■we cannot but consider a most iniriuitous 
 judgement, did not sutllclently satisfy the 
 vengeance of the king, who on the very 
 next day demanded from Becket the sum 
 of three hundred pounds, which had been 
 received by hira from the manors of Eye and 
 Berkhamstead. To this demand Becket re- 
 plied, that as this suit was not mentioned In 
 bis summons to the council, he ought not to 
 be called upon to answer it : that, in point 
 of fact, he had expended more than that 
 sum upon Kye and Berkhamstead castles and 
 the royal palace in Tiondon ; but that rather 
 tban a dispute about money should make 
 
 any difference between his sovereign aiiJ i 
 himself, he would at once consent to nav I 
 the sum, for which ho immediately gmL 
 the necessary sureties. Even this submls- 
 slon could not soften the king's dctcnnl' 
 nation ; ho demanded Ave hundred markj 
 which he had lent to Becket in the w.ir uf 
 Toulouse— during which war ho had dnne 
 the king much zealous and good servlc«'~ 
 and a similar sum for which tlie klag ai. 
 leged that ho had become Becket's surety 
 to a Jew; and then, as if to leave him wltl'. 
 out the slightest hope of escape, ho talN 
 upon him to furnish an account ot lils ai|. 
 ministration as chancellor, and to \m in 
 the balance due from him on account (jfaii 
 the baronies, prelacies, and abbeys wliHi 
 had been tnider his managcme-it durinj. 
 his chancellorship. To this demand Berlin 
 replied, that It was so suddenly and uncj. 
 j)ectcdly made that he must require some 
 delay ere he could answer to it. Tlio kins 
 then dcm.anded sureties, and Becket te 
 sired leave to consult his suffragans iiwn 
 that point. They agreed with him that it 
 would be utterly impossible for him tn pro- 
 cure satisfactory security for the enormous 
 amount of 44,000 marks, at which tiieklnji 
 chose to estimate a demand wlilcli niiiii 
 in Its very nature be uncertain; andHeiirj 
 bishop of "Winchester, advised hini at nnw 
 to make tlio king an offer of two tliousani 
 marks, by way of payment in full of all 
 demands, certain or uncertain. This In 
 accordingly offered, but the king rcfuseill[| 
 as he might have been expected to do ; fi 
 In the Urst place he desired money far ta 
 than the torment and ruin of Bei'kct.aii 
 in the next place, the sum of two tliousani 
 marks, though large in Itself, was sm 
 indeed in comparison of the snm dciiiaiidi 
 by the king, and could hardly be cxpMi 
 to satisfy him If money really wore lil 
 object. Some of Becket's suffragans, noj 
 plainly perceiving that his ruin was tl 
 king's object, advised him to resign 
 see by way of terminating all the kli 
 charges and demands ; whIleotlicrsadTisi 
 that he should plainly cubmit himself 
 I he .king's mercy. But Becket pcoiiieJ 
 gather courage from the very clrcunistam 
 which would have plunged men of a iik 
 timid spirit into utter despair, and restJrj 
 to brave the utmost that tho king coi 
 Inflict. 
 
 Cn.M'TEll XIX. 
 The litignof Hexuy II. (continiKih. 
 
 IlAvixo spent a few d.ays in retlreratj 
 and meditation upon the trynigaiidi 
 cult circumstances in which he was rlac 
 Becket at length went to church oiidi 
 fonned mass; having the connnunloiij 
 vice commenced with tho words ' Prlj 
 sat nnd spake against me,' by the selcc^ 
 of which passage he appeared to desin 
 liken himself to tho persecuted and i 
 tyred St. Btei)hen. Kroin clmroh 
 proceeded to the royal palace. On arrlil 
 at the gate ho took tho cross fronil 
 hands of tho bearer, and holding It 1 
 him, marched to the royal apartnieull 
 though in some danger, which luadel 
 
 ec 
 
lis Bovereigu auJ j 
 ■e consent to pay ' 
 immediately feuve \ 
 Sven tills Bul)ml3- 
 10 king's aetennl- 
 ve huniAred marts 
 iket In tlie wax ut 
 I war ho bad done ;' 
 ndgoodservlwl-i 
 which the kins r1- I 
 no Docket's surety i 
 t to leave lilm with- 
 3f escape, lie called 
 I account ol lils ad- 
 •Uor. and to pay in 
 ilm ouaccov-ntiifall 
 1 and a1)l)cy3 wlikli 
 iianagemrU during 
 I thlB demand Bedci 
 , suddenly and mm- 
 ^ must require sonic 
 wcr to It. Tlio king 
 ties, and Bccket dfr 
 t iilsBuflrasansniwn 
 cod with him tliat It 
 osslhleforhlmtniiro. 
 irlty for the enormona 
 rks at which tliokiiigl 
 
 demand whlcli must 
 uncertain; andHciirj,' 
 r ndviscdhlmat Dn« 
 
 ofter of two tliousaiii 
 layment in full ol all 
 
 r unc^^rt'^'"- Tliis 1,1 
 
 but the king retusediij 
 
 'cnexpocted to(\o;l" 
 
 I desired mo:icy far te 
 
 Mid ruin oJBcrket, ail 
 
 \c sum of two tluiuffll 
 
 go 'in Itself, wivs siinl 
 
 jn of the sum dcraanJi 
 
 uid hardly he cm'mi; 
 
 money really ^vcrc 1 
 
 ccket's suftrai,'aiis,ii» 
 
 that his rum was t» 
 
 ,cd him to roalgnl 
 
 ininaxlng all the m 
 
 IB- while others ailvia 
 
 anl'v ^nhmit himscU 
 
 ' Biit Becket seemed 
 
 athoveryclrcumstaw 
 
 nlunged men of a mi 
 ter despair, aim re*W 
 ost that tho Uii.b'coi 
 
 «5uBlantf.— piat!ta4i5iieW.HI«nrB 55« 
 
 149 
 
 IvTEU XIX. 
 
 J few days in rctircnia 
 
 lion the tryniB a'w.f 
 is in which he was iW 
 
 lwenttochurchand| 
 •UiK the conmiuiilonl 
 Iwlththo words 'Wi 
 
 1 he appeared to dc^ i 
 the persecuted and 
 'n From church W 
 Inwal palace. On ami 
 ' ook the cross f om 
 er and holding it 
 tho royal apavtmeu 
 danger; which madd 
 
 tircscnco of tho sacred symbol necessary 
 for Ills protection. Tho king, who from iin 
 Inner apartment perceived tho cxtraordl- 
 ' imry demeanour of Mecket, sent some of 
 i the blsbops to reason with him upon Its 
 ; iinnroprlety. They reminded him tliat he, 
 by subscribing the constitutions of Cla- 
 I rendon, had agreed with tliem that it was 
 i necessary to do so; and they complained 
 ! ,i|jt ho appeared to wlsli to induce tliem 
 now by his example, to revolt against the 
 tiTll'l'oiver, when it was too late for either 
 of tliem to do so without tho guilt of offend- 
 ing against laws to which they had con- 
 tented and sworn to support. To this 
 Beckct replied, that If lie and they Lad 
 done wrong in swearing to support laws 
 destructive of tho ecclesiastical privileges, 
 tlio heat atonement they now could make 
 OTuldbcto submit themselves to the au- 
 iliority of tho pope, who Imd solemnly nul- 
 lined the constitutions of l!larendon, and 
 had absolved them from the oath taken to 
 looire those constitutions ; that, for his 
 oivn part, the heavy penalty to which he 
 liad l)cen condemned for an offence which 
 kouid be but slight even had ho been guilty 
 lot it, which he was not, and the prcpostcr- 
 1113 demands subsoQuently made upon him 
 ly the king, very clearly showed that it 
 tas intended utterly to ruin him, and thus 
 iroparc a way for the destruction of nil 
 [i-'ritual immunities ; that ro tho pope he 
 ihouid appeal against wliatevor iniquitous 
 ntence might bo passed upon him ; and 
 ai.terrible as tho vengeance of bo power- 
 la king as Henry most undoubtedly was, 
 had power only to slay the body, while 
 je Eword of tho church could slay tho soul. 
 In thus speaking of appealing to the 
 i]H?,Bccket not only opposed the express 
 iivlsion of the constitutions of Claren- 
 n, iiy which appeals were done away 
 fith even in ecclesiastical cases, but op- 
 Dwd even common custom, i^ucli appeals 
 Eter having lain in civil cast's. Whatever 
 irn?c Henry's violence might furnish for 
 biMilIng to Uome, in the eye of reason, to 
 ISO was an offence botli by the letter and 
 ( spirit of tho law ; Becket, however, 
 llted not for any further proof of the 
 Dg's vindlctlveness, Imt departed secretly 
 ;' Northampton, and iifter wandering 
 put for Bume time in disguise, and uiidcr- 
 |liigniiich diniculty, at length procured a 
 \f\ni arrived In safety at Gravelliies. 
 In France tho persecuted chiirchniaii was 
 kto find warm friends, if not actually 
 (in their conviction of his having the 
 ttiu the quarrel between himself and 
 I liinf;, at least because it was their in- 
 W to uphold all who were likely in any 
 Tce to cheek the proud prosperity of 
 Dry, In this both the king of France 
 Ills powerful vassal the enrl of Flan- 
 ili.id an interest ; and In that particular 
 nest they forgot tlieir inflnitely greater 
 forn in the obedience of subjects to 
 fr sovereign, and gave the self-cxllcd 
 sicawarm reception, the kingof Franco 
 1 going so far as to pay him a personal 
 |t at Soi - ons, where he had fixed the 
 all's residence. Henry sent a niag- 
 rnt embassy to Lyona to justify his 
 
 conduct to the pope, who, deeply Inter- 
 ested in tho success of Becket, gave the 
 envoys of Henry a very cool reception, 
 while upon Becket, who also attended to 
 justify his conduct, he lavished his kind- 
 ness and distinction. The king, doubly 
 annoyed that Becket's person was beyond 
 his power and that he had obtained so 
 m.arked a welcome abroad, not only put all 
 tlie revenues of Canterbury luidcr seques- 
 tration, but oven proceeded to the meanly 
 malignant length of banishing the wliole 
 of the archbishoii's family .and dcpendants« 
 to the number of four hundred. In order 
 that there might be no doubt that his in- 
 tent in this measure was to embarrass 
 Becket, by throwing upon him the support 
 of this host of helpless people, a burthen 
 then the more ruinous from the simulta- 
 neous sequestration of his revenue, ho 
 compelled them licfore their departure to 
 swear that they would immediately join 
 the archbishop. In this part of his vin- 
 dictive design, however, Henry was de- 
 feated by the pope ; for as soon as these 
 exiloB arrived in France, Alexander ab- 
 solved them from their involuntary oath, 
 and distributed them among the convents of 
 Flanders and France ; and to Becket him- 
 self the convent of Pontigny was given for 
 a residence, his income being furnished 
 by the revenues of that convent and a very 
 liberal pension allowed to him by the king 
 of France ; and hero Becket remained in 
 great esteem and magnlflcencc for some 
 years. 
 
 A.D. 11C3.— Though far removed from 
 Henry's presence, Thomas i Becket had 
 lost neither the will nor the power to annoy 
 him. Both with that end and for the pur- 
 pose of confirming the favourable opinion of 
 tho pope himself, ho now resigned into 
 Alexander's hands his see of Canterbury on 
 the alleged ground that he had been nn- 
 canonically presented to it by the king ; 
 .apjiarently quite unaware or careless of the 
 fact, that that plea made the whole of his 
 conduct illegal and gratuitous by his own 
 showing. Alexander, well pleased at tho 
 deference thus shown to him, accepted his 
 resignation, but immediately reinvested 
 him and granted him a bull by which he 
 pretended to free Becket from the sentence 
 passed on him at Northampton by tho great 
 council. Another glaring inconsistency ; 
 this sentence being fully authorised as to 
 jurisdiction, tyrannical .as it was. In fact, 
 by the constitutions of Clarendon, which 
 Becket hiniBolf had signed and sanctioned. 
 But, in truth, this whole quarrel was a 
 'sorites' of inconsistencies, absurdity, and 
 wilfulness, both on tho one side and on tho 
 other. Being unable to obtain an interview 
 with Alexander, tho favourable state of 
 wlio.se affairs enabled hlin to return to 
 llonie, Henry now made earnest and wise 
 preparations for preserving his kingdom 
 and himself from the worst consequences 
 of the open quarrel with tho pope which 
 now seemed to be Inevitable. Heissucd tho 
 strictest orders to his justiciaries neither 
 to forward nor to allow of any appeals from 
 their courts either to Becket or the pope, 
 or In anywise to appeal to or obey their 
 
 (''■•1!, . 
 
 ' ! ■■» 
 
160 
 
 €1)e €vtntinvt!i at W^tavti, 9ft, 
 
 authority. He at the same time made it a 
 treasonable offence to bring any interdict 
 Into the kingdom from either of those 
 dignitaries, and denouncing upon all such 
 offencea the punishment, in the case o;" 
 ell 1 ks.of castriiilon ami deprivation of siHrh' , 
 ■iiiii In tho case of iHies, of death ; whl'o 
 sequestration and haiiii-hment were to he 
 the puni.sliment not only of all persons who 
 should obey such Interdict, but also of all 
 their relations : and to give the more solemn 
 effect to these stern orders, he obliged all 
 his subjects to swear obedience to them. 
 Some notion may be formed of the tremen- 
 dous power that Henry possessed, when it 
 is considered that orders so sweeping as 
 these, which In some sort severed the king- 
 dom from its dependence on the papal 
 court, were made not by the great council 
 of the nation, but by the king's v:'l alone. 
 As Beckct still possessed vast .iifluence 
 over the clergy, who In that ago had an 
 almost absolute power over the minds of 
 the great mass of the people, Henry did not 
 deem himself sufllciently armed by these 
 orders, butenteriMl into a close engagemc^nt 
 with the celebrated emperor Frederic U.-ir- 
 barossa, who was at open war with pope 
 Alexander ; and still further to alarm tho 
 pope, Henry showed some inclination to 
 acknowledge tho anti-pope, Pascal III. 
 
 A.D. 1166.— Nothing daunted by tho pru- 
 dent arrangeniLi'ts of Henry, or by the 
 effect which they Ui.doubtedly hau upon 
 (lio mind of Alexander, Ueckct now Issued 
 a censure In which lieexconinuinlcatcd the 
 king's chief advisers by name and gene- 
 rally all persons wh') should favour or oven 
 obey the constltutlms of Clarendon. Thus 
 plac«l In the dilemma of being unable to 
 release his frieiuls from the terrible cfrects 
 of excommunication, without undoing all 
 that he had done, and making a f.trmal and 
 complete acknowledgement of the poiie's 
 power to absolve and therefore to excom- 
 municate, Henry listened to the advice of 
 .lohnof Oxford, his agent with the pope, 
 and consented to admit the medial ion of 
 tho legates Otho and William of I'aviju 
 When these personages proceeded to ex- 
 amine Into the affair, the king rjiiuired that 
 all the constitutions of Clarendon .should 
 be fully ratified ; Ueckct, on the other 
 liand, insisted that beforo any such ngree- 
 nieut were made, both himself and his 
 adherents should bo restored to their pos- 
 sessions and position. The legate AVilllam, 
 who was greatly interested for Henrj", took 
 care to protract the negotiiitlon as far as 
 possible, and to represent Henry's disposi- 
 tion In the most favourable light to the 
 pope. But the pretensions and demands of 
 the opponent parties were far too much 
 opposed at the very outset to admit of any 
 good result, ana the negotiation soon fell 
 to the ground ; Henry, however, i)ronted by 
 Us duratiou and the partial restoration of 
 the pope's good opini(ni, to procure a dis- 
 pensation for the marriage of his third 
 son Geoffrey to the heiress of Brittany, a 
 favour to which he attached all the more 
 importance hecauseit very deeply nutrliflcd 
 both Becket and the king of France. 
 A.D. 1167.— The count of Auvergne, a vas- 
 
 - I 
 
 sal of the Duchy of Gulenne, having offended 
 Henry, that monarch entered his vusaal'i 
 domain ; and the count appealing to the 
 king of France as superior lord, a war en. 
 sued between the two kings ; but It was con- 
 ducted with no vigour on either side ami 
 peace was then made, on terms sufllcieutiv 
 unfavourable to Henry to show that hu 
 quarrel with Home had lost hira not n litiio 
 of that superiority which he had previ- 
 ously enjoyed over the king of franco. 
 
 Both tho pope and Hear? began to tire 
 of their pursuits, which they at lengiii p,,,.. 
 eelvcd to be mutually Injurious, and still 
 more dangerous as to tho future Lli.m pre. 
 sently Injurious. This conslderatlnu In. 
 clined ' oth parties to a reconciliation, but 
 was not sulUclent to put an end to their 
 jealousies and suspicions. Several attempt? 
 nt coming to an understanding were frus- 
 trated by petty doubts or petty puiictili,) 
 onsither side ; but at length the uiinclos 
 Gratian and Vivian were commlssionecll.y 
 the pope to bring about an accommodation 
 and for that jmrpose they had a ineetiuj' 
 Willi Henry In Normandy. After much 
 tedious discussions, all difllculties seemed 
 happily brought to an end. Henry (iittiej 
 to sign a treaty In the terms proposcil 'r 
 the popo, only with a salvo to his royal 
 dignity. But Beckct, who, however mucii 
 wronged at one time, seems at leii(;,'tii lo 
 have learned to love strife for its own f;\X( 
 took fire at this limitation, and the excom' 
 munication of the kind's ministers va 
 Immediately renewed. No fewer than fnar 
 more treaties were broken off by a sinii;ii 
 pettiness of temper on either side ; and ii 
 is quite clear from all accounts, that tiji 
 fault lay chiefly witli Becket, whocertaiiil; 
 whatever other (lualitles of a Cliri-tiaj 
 prelate he was endowed with, was feiJlji 
 deficient, in meekness. 
 
 A.n. ..!).— Henry, who rorceived thii 
 fault 01 Becket, did not fail lo point it oiit| 
 to the attention of king Luuis. "Jliei 
 have been,' said Henry, with great fori 
 and shrewdness, ' many kings of Kiiglain 
 some of greater, some of lessautlmntytii; 
 myself ; there have also been many arctj 
 bishops of Canterbury, holy and good iiii 
 and entitled to every kind of rcsiioct: 
 Becket but act towards me with tliijai 
 submission which the greatest of his i: 
 decessors have paid to the lea.--t of iijini 
 and there shall bo no more controvMii 
 between us.' This view of the cajcwas 
 reasonable that It Induced Louis foratii 
 to withdraw his friendship and suiiro.r 
 but bigotry and interest proved an in- 
 mate h for reason, and tho prelate soon 
 gained the French king's favour. 
 
 A.n. 1170.— At length, to the great joy 
 all sensible men and well-wi-iliers tiilini 
 land, all dllllcultles were done awaywit| 
 and Becket returned to ICnglaiul. Byil 
 treaty ho wai /lot required to yield any 
 the original points in dispute ; he andl 
 adherents were restored to their pojii 
 sions, and In cases where vacancies in il 
 see of Canterbury had been iilled npliyll 
 king, the in(Uiml)ents he had aiipolnij 
 wore now expelled, and their places tllj 
 by men of Becket's own choice. On 
 
englaii^.— ^laittafleiieW.— Hicurfiil. 
 
 tinea Bide the only advantagea derived 
 
 frmn tills reconciliation were the removal 
 
 f • the terrible sentence of cxcomniunlea- 
 
 tinnfroiii hla friendu and ministers, and the 
 
 termination ol the dread in which he had so 
 
 "» lived of seeing an Interdict laid upon 
 
 I ila whole dominions. Hut t/»a« was an ad- 
 
 I vintage the preclousnosa of whicU It is 
 
 iKfircely possible for our ss!;eru,tlon, so 
 
 If ppily free from terrors which lloinc 
 
 IfouUl then strike into the liearts of tlie 
 
 Imlirliticst nations, adecjuately to appreciate. 
 
 iThat Uc"''y ^^^ "° ordinary value upon the 
 
 li"ac« thus procured may be judged from 
 
 I'licJact, that this proud and powerful kinp, 
 
 IsraoiiR the many servile tlatteries with 
 
 Iwhich he wooed the good-humour of tiie man 
 
 Iwliose greatness was hU own creation, 
 
 trtuallyo" one occasion stooped so low as 
 
 , liolil tlie stirrup of Deckct while the 
 
 |,,n,ghty churchman mounted I lu a king 
 
 ijilj Qxa'sslve and unseemly condescen.sion 
 
 lassM for policy and aituteness ; In a 
 
 ' ^mierninn It would scarcely escape being 
 
 ■alied by the plainer and less conipUmeu- 
 
 lary uauies of hypocrisy and servility. 
 
 I But the peace procured I)y so much 
 
 Uriflce of dignity did not last long. 
 
 Henry during liecket's absence had asso- 
 
 Ested his heir, prince Henry, with hiui 
 
 1 the sovereignty, and had ciiused the 
 
 jiction to bobest'uved upon him by Uoger, 
 
 •clibishop of York. Tliis had not been 
 
 ■one 90 secretly but that the e.\lled prelate 
 
 Vi been informed of It, and both he and 
 
 L liiiig of Franco demanded that the 
 
 Idibisliop of Canterbury, who alone could 
 
 igtilariy bestow the unction, h^iiould renew 
 
 e ceremony botli upon prince Henry and 
 
 J youthfid bride JIargaret of Krance. 
 
 ) this reiison able . aiand, which indeed 
 
 hs of the utmosu importiuu-o to the 
 
 {infe and princess, the king readily and 
 
 nkly acceded; but not contented witli 
 
 [utai'it confession, tliat in a case of ur- 
 
 jicy tlio king trenched upon his privilege 
 
 idwasiiow ready to make the best repa- 
 
 lioii ill bis power, Becket had scarcely 
 
 Wed ill Kr.'i'.and ere he suspended the 
 
 flil.Ubiiii of York Miu excommunicated 
 
 ! uisiiojis of London aiid Salisbury, by 
 
 iliority with which the jieoe hail ai ,i.ed 
 
 11. De Warenne and (iervaso, two of the 
 
 fes ministers, astonished am! disgusted 
 
 flhls wanton and gratuitous breach of 
 
 ( pence 80 lately made up, Indlgiianily 
 
 Jiaiided whether the arcbljishop really 
 
 Eired to return to his native land only to 
 
 Vflre and sword with hlni. 
 
 itterly unmindful of the construction 
 
 Icli suusibie and just men might put 
 
 In bis litigious and vain-glorious airs 
 
 1 conduct, he proceeded to make a Iri- 
 
 ttM entry into his see ; and be was re- 
 
 Iredbytlio multitude with a raptiiriiLis 
 
 luid applause well lltit il to conllrm him 
 
 Ibij uncompromising humour, btlmu- 
 
 1 by his evident popiUarity, he now 
 
 klished sentence of excommunication 
 
 bst Nigel dc Sackvilie, Uoliert de Uroc, 
 
 [oibers, on the ground of their having 
 
 *d cither at the coronation oi prince 
 
 , or joined in the king's persecution 
 
 lliecsiled clergy. 
 
 161 
 
 When the archbishop oi York and the 
 bishops of London and Salisbury arrived 
 at Bayeux, where Henry then was, and In- 
 formed him of nec.ket'B new violence, the 
 king's indignation that all his careful po- 
 licy, and the condescension which could 
 not but have been most painful to so proud 
 a prince, were thus completely thrown 
 away, was tremendinis. Uo broke out Into 
 the most vloh-nt invectives upon the arro- 
 gance and ingratitude of Becket, and un- 
 fortunately allowed himself. In reply to tlie 
 archbishop of Y'ork, who remarked that 
 peace was hopeless while Becket lived, to 
 s.iy tliat it was the want of zeal on the part 
 of his friends and servants that had caused 
 him BO long to be exposed to so much inso- 
 lence and annoyance. Buck words could 
 not in that age fall innocuously from the 
 li|is of a monarch far less powerful and far 
 less beloved by his courtiers than Ueury 
 was. Kegiiiald Fitzurse, William de Tracey, 
 Hugh de Mi;; r-vllle, and Richard Brito, four 
 gentlemen of tliu king's household, taking 
 a mere expression of very natural peevish- 
 ness for an actual wish for the death of 
 Becket, Immediately agreed to cross over 
 to England and put their master's eueniy 
 to death. They were missed by Henry, 
 who, fearing their desperate purpose, des- 
 patched a message charging them on their 
 allegiance to do no personal injury to 
 Hecket. L'liliappi'.y they were not over- 
 taken in time to arrest them In their ruth- 
 less design. Becket, proud of the power he 
 had displayed, was residing at Canterbury 
 In all the haughty security of one who felt 
 the peace and safety of the whole nation to 
 be In sonic sort liostages for ills safety ; of 
 one, in fact, whose person the most daring 
 of bis enemies must look upon as sometnlng 
 sacred and inviolable. This high opinion 
 of his value in tho eyes of mankind was 
 fatal to him. When tho four resolved as- 
 sassins readied Canterbury the Mchblshop 
 was but slenderly guarded, and th.ey saw 
 hlin go without fe.ar or susiiielon to licar 
 vesiiers In Ills lathedral, whither they fol- 
 lowed n id brutally butchered him ; unop- 
 posed eii^vally in the commission of their 
 foul and cowardly crime and lu their Bub- 
 setiueiit departure. 
 To Henry tiic news of this detestable and 
 
 i no less impiMitic crime '.:a.inellke a thunder- 
 liolt. Confident that even the pope wou.d 
 
 j see the impropriety of Becket's conduct, ho 
 had already contemplated the arrest and re- 
 gular punishment of the proud prelate, not 
 doubling that by dexterous nuinagement ho 
 could Iik'uoo the poiio not merely to ap- 
 prove, but even to aid liis measures. But 
 now his position was completely altered ; 
 instead of proceeding as an Injured and 
 insulted king, lio would have to defend 
 himself against tho odious charge of a.s- 
 sassination. He could not but see that, 
 even in tlie judgement, of the most disinter- 
 ested uiid unprejudii'cd men, there would 
 be but too many circuiiistancos of ebrewd 
 suspickin at tlio least ; while the pope, 
 whose policy it was to seize jpon every cir- 
 cumstance that could tend to increase tho 
 subjection of so powerful a king to Rome, 
 would not fall publicly to attribute this 
 
 } 
 
 r:1 
 
 - 1 
 
 i',: ;■ 
 
 nii;.::;| 
 
 i 
 
 im I 
 
 1 
 
 ' Ii 1 
 
162 
 
 Crije Zttniuvti at ${{jitaris ^t» 
 
 crimo to him, whatever mliOii Te ids pr'- 
 vatu judgement; and for liltuHetf and liis 
 devoted kingdom he couM now iVitlC'rati- 
 nothing but excommuniniiou '.rA inter 
 diet! 
 
 80 completely was tlioki'iir un':..icMied l)y 
 liis fear", that }io shut lilf.'iHcir up in hi? 
 o'.vn npai'tmcntH tor tlirec (!:.j 9, alioy.';,i< Ji'i 
 llplit to ciitertl oiri, wliollru )Staii;!>.:i from 
 food, fiinl not pci (Hitting ev<T» the nio*r .a- 
 vou'^otl of hill su<>ji?cts to .-■pDroach him. 
 Alariin^'l 1<'8t tills toiulurt t;. )iild actually 
 1)0 c.irrti .i to the cxti'iii of self-destruction, 
 his friiinU at lent^tii forced their way to 
 liim, and prevailed upon hhii to eniergo 
 from hia Bolitudc, and rc.niinc liio cares of 
 government, whi, ii now more than ovc! <!'■• 
 niauded tVt lull'.atpoiiiibic exertion of iils 
 flno talents.* 
 
 A.D. 1171.— It uiu?' be ovid'Mu th.i' 'ViC 
 main difTlcuIty ( f lliiiry's Bltn-stlon -i' i'! 
 natcd in (he unwillingness whi;'; tlio p(.jie 
 would fpfci to admit cvivn tho iii'st cogent 
 reasonings against the king's participation 
 of tlic guilt of neckct's murderers. Men do 
 not easily yield creufiice to arguments — 
 and Henry could only offer arguments, not 
 proofs — that mllllice agalitst their own 
 dear and cherished interests. But this 
 calamity hoth to klii^' and kingdom was 
 too terrible and too instant to allow of 
 anything being left iinattcmpted which 
 promised even the i>'-.il)ability of success; 
 and Henry immcdiatily uent thcarchbisho]) 
 of Rouen, together w'.th the bishops of 
 Worcester and Rvreux, and five other men 
 of talent and station, to make. In the king's 
 name, the most liuinMe x>il>niisslon to the 
 pope. There was some ^iinicuity In grain- 
 ing admission to his holiness, who was at 
 the very time that his forbearance was 
 thus abjectly sought by the potent and 
 proud Henry, almos^t a prisoner in his ow n 
 palace ; so surrounded and pressed was he 
 by ills enemies. It was now nearly Ka.eter, 
 and it was expected that the name of 
 Henry would be included in the list of 
 those who at that season received the so- 
 lemn and terrible curses of the church. 
 Happily, however, Richard Barre, one of 
 llonry's envoys, and others, contrived bo 
 far to mollify the anger of tlie pope, that 
 his fearful anathema was bestowed only In 
 general terms upon Becket's murderers 
 and their instigators or abettor.-*. Two 
 legates were appointed to enquire into the 
 affair ; and thus, after all his fears, Henry 
 escaped the worst consequences of a crime 
 of which he Bcems really to have been 
 innocent, but of which the circumstances 
 would as certainly have enabled the pope 
 to .^ccm to think him guilty — if, indeed, it 
 h.id not been, just tlien, rather more to 
 the papal interest to obtain a strong hold 
 upon England, by accei)ting the king's 
 submission and allowing his assertions to 
 pass for proof, than harshly to drive both 
 king and nation to despair. Thus happily 
 delivered from a peril so Imminent, Henry 
 directed hIa attention to Ireland. 
 
 A.D. 1173.— All men's eyes had oJ lato 
 
 • See the account of Bcckct in Milman'i 
 Latin Chrislianlty, Uook VII. ch. vliU 
 
 been anxiously turned upon the Ung, 
 I heir, the young prince Henry. Ho \ai\ 
 I «rlver inany proofs that he possessed In ' 
 I no otiaiiary degree the princely ((ualltlea 
 , of cm. ripe, liberality, and a kindly uUpo. 
 sltloii ; r ut those who looked beneath tlio 
 I surf. •(. ."orcelved that his very kliiilncg, 
 I unlr. s ,1. "1 by a severe and uncomraoil 
 : User.':;' ' was likely to give him a fniai 
 faclli.,' !'. listening to the advice of aiic 
 friiudh T/ho slunild unduly hiIhIsKt (0 
 his other chief characteristic— an cxrcs. I 
 sive ambition. At the time when, durlnB 
 Hecket's absence, ho irregularly rccolvcri | 
 the royal unction, he made a remark wIihi, 
 v''» rni)' li commented upon, and wiiiii, 
 II :.ny dli' not fail to Interpret into prodfo; j 
 ■\ hauglity and aspiring turn. His fatlur j 
 ■ V lited upon him at table, and good-humour- 1 
 cdlv observed that never was king morel 
 royiillv attended; upon which the jirlnccl 
 reniatkcd to ono of his favourites, that it I 
 surely was nothing so very remarkable tlm I 
 the son of a count should wait upon tlicl 
 sou of a king. | 
 
 Agreeable to the promise made hy Hiel 
 king at the period of the return of llo'ckfi I 
 young Henry and the princess Blargarn'l 
 were now crowned and anoluted by Hijl 
 archbishop of Rouen ; and In the subspqnonil 
 visit whicli tlic prince paid to his fatluri 
 In-law, It is thought that the latter rrr.l 
 suaded him that the fact of hl« licinJ 
 crowned during the lifetime of lils failierj 
 instead of being a mere ceremony to secuiJ 
 his future succession, gave him an insiui 
 claim upon a part, if not upon the whnicol 
 Ills father's dominions ; and the prince wJ 
 unfortunately, but too well inclined to (;iv| 
 credit to the arguments by which this vioif 
 of tlie case was supported. Eager to rnjiJ 
 the power, of which he probably but liiiil 
 understood the pains, he formally demandcf 
 that Ills father should resign either Enj 
 land or Normandy to him. Thi; kinp vij 
 properly refused to comply with fo cxtiif 
 vagant a request ; and after upliraldlnsli 
 father in imdutiful terms, he hastened 11 
 Paris and put himself under the protertioj 
 of the king of Franco. 
 
 Nor was this the oniy domestic vexntiJ 
 that assailed the king just as his puliJ 
 affairs looked so hopeful. Queen Elcina 
 who as queen of Prance had been reinan 
 able for her levity, was in her secoii 
 marriage no less remarkable for her ] 
 lousy. Asshe w.asjust nowlabouriiiguiiji 
 a new access of that feeling, her anger wi| 
 I her husband led her to the most unjust 
 able length of exciting their rliildil 
 against him. Acting upon the hiiitafTurd 
 I by the dcmaud of prince Henry, she [I 
 ] suaded the princes Gcoffey and llic!i| 
 that they too were unkindly niid uiijusi 
 used by their father, wiio, she afllrinl 
 ought no longer to withhold from tlif 
 possession of the portions ho had r 
 mally assigned to them. OiTeiiii!,' tU 
 aid in the undutiful course wliicli i^licj 
 commended to them, slic artiially 
 guised herself In male attire, mid was! 
 the point of departing for the Frfl 
 court, there to carry on intrigues contif 
 to her duty alike as wife, mother, 
 
<!?H0l««itr.— |9Iauta0fKeW.— I^ciu'tf 3HE. 
 
 163 
 
 promise made bytlie 
 the return of wckoi, 
 he prliH-css Murgatii, 
 ftud anointed by ilie 
 ;iindluthcsniiscaiw 
 ICC paid to Ills fallur. 
 ,t mat the latter Kt- 
 ho fact of 111* lira? 
 : lifetime of Ills lailit'i 
 icro ceremony to seem 
 n Kavc him an Insmi 
 f not upon the whole, ol 
 ans; and the prince wi! 
 too well Inclined to (!» 
 cnt8 by which this vlo. 
 ported. Kaner to y 
 llhc probably but null 
 IS he formally demanici 
 ould resign eitl|cr Kn. 
 Z him. Thi- kiup vc 
 o comply with Pj « 
 and after npbraidlni!! 
 ,1 terms, he hastened 
 'elf under the protcrtu 
 
 eoni,-domcBtlomatl 
 
 kirn? J«8t as his vuh 
 
 hopeful. Queen Eleani 
 
 France had bci'ii reuni 
 
 'tv was m her SCO 
 
 rVmarkablefor her) 
 
 usl now labouring m» 
 ^t feeling, her angers 
 ,cr to the most unju 
 '"-itina thi'ir cliiWi 
 1,^^ upon the hinlalfoK 
 1 prince Henry, bU 
 
 ..>» Geoff ;ey and Ih M 
 ire unkindly n"^""i»^ 
 athcr, w;w. Bhc anim 
 r to withhold from « 
 
 ,r portions he had 1 
 
 to them. f>« ' ^. 
 tlful course wlndi mc 
 
 iUo OB wUc. mother, 
 
 lulijcct. when the king obtained Infor- 
 nmtlon of her designs, and placed her in 
 coiiflncniont. Tills, liowever, did not put 
 •n end to the misconduct site had mainly 
 originated; and there were princes who 
 were sufllclently envious of the power and 
 rrosperlty of Henry, to lend tlieir aid and 
 cnuntenance to this unnatural coalition of 
 goiis nj^alnst their father, and of subjects 
 nminst tliclr sovereign. .ludgliig by liU 
 owiicxpi'rience of the terror in which even 
 tiic proudest and bolde»t men held the 
 censure and interdict of Home, Henry in 
 tills most distressing ftiliiatlori did not lie- 
 (ll.ito to apply to the pope. Hut he liad to 
 learn, that to arm the papal interdict with 
 nil ita terrors, it was necessary that the 
 clergy should have some strong interest in 
 llic question. 
 The poiie Issued liis bulls, excomniuni- 
 tatiiig the enemies of Henry; but as the 
 Interests of the church were in no wise 
 foncerned, tlie clergy cared not to exert 
 tbi-mpelves, and the bulls foil to the ground 
 8 mere brutitm fulmcn. Disappointed and 
 idijgustcd at llnUIng that weapon so power- 
 lossforhlin which was so forniidabieagalnst 
 iini, Uenry now had recourse to tiie sword ; 
 tad, fts he had prudently amassed great 
 reasures, he was able to take into lils pay 
 ,ri?c bodies of the bandit tl-like soldiery 
 iih whom tiie continent swarmed, and 
 lio wore always ready to light zealously 
 iiidliravely, too, in any caus(! that afforded 
 eular pay and promised largo i]|uiider. 
 \i euns, on the other hand, were not 
 iiliout tlie means or tlio inclination to 
 iiiitate this part of tlieir father's conduct ; 
 id most of the barons of Normandy, l,as- 
 iii)',and Hrittany willingly took i>art with 
 Ihe young prince.s, who they knew must In 
 ic course of nature become their righlful 
 vereigns, their several territories being 
 Iroady Irrevocably settled upon them in 
 le iisunl forms. Nor, to the disgrace of 
 le Engljsh chivalry, did tlic disaffection 
 the injured king and parent stop even 
 :re; several powerful KiikHsIi barons, and 
 iioiig them the earls of Chester and Lei- 
 ster, openly declared against the king. 
 hat no sane man could liave been led Into 
 is oiiposltlon to the king by any doubt 
 to the justice of his cause is morally 
 rtain; and to nil the other foulness of 
 m, these at the least laid themselves 
 into the low and disgraceful charge of 
 wly deserting from what they knew to 
 tlie more just side, but deemed to be also 
 1 weaker one. And the weaker one, to 
 human jiulgement, it doubtless api)eared 
 be. llut few, comparatlvi'ly, of his ba- 
 iihrought their retainers to tlie aid of 
 ikliig, whoso chief disposable force was 
 array of about twenfy thousand of those 
 lign mercenaries of whom we just now 
 le mention, and some well-disciplined 
 igllsh whom he withdrew from Ireland; 
 ilie other hand, the combination was 
 ent and threatening indeed. In addl- 
 to the numerous wealthy and warlike 
 H3 already alluded to r.s having given 
 [tbeir adhesion to the yrung princes, tiie 
 ir counts of Eu, Blots , Flanders, and 
 ilogiie, followed thciv csami)lc ; and 
 
 Wllllnm, king of Scotland, the natural 
 enemy of England, gladly joined this un- 
 holy alliance. 
 
 liouls of Franco summoned the chief 
 vassals of the crown to Paris, and solemnly 
 bound them by oath to adhere with him to 
 the cause; and prince Henry on his part 
 swore to bo faithful to hla allies, among 
 whom he distributed largo gifts of territory 
 —to bo conquered from his king and pa- 
 rent—under the seal of state which ho 
 treasonably caused to be made for tliat pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The counts of Houlognc and Flandcra 
 began the unnatural war by laying siege to 
 Auiiiale, on the frontier of Normandy, Tlio 
 count d'Aumale, who seems to have been 
 only withheld by some prudential and 
 merely selllsh motive from openly and in 
 form allying himself with his master's ene- 
 mies, made a mere show of defence and 
 then surrendered the place. Being thus 
 apparently a prisoner in the hands of those 
 whose confederate lie seems really to have 
 been, he had a sjiedous ground for coumiit- 
 ting still farther treason, without exposing 
 himself to any very deadly peril in the event 
 of the king being ultimately triumphant 
 over tills formidable .and unscrupulous con- 
 federacy. 
 
 Tlio king of France, In the meantime, 
 was not idle ; with seven thousand knights 
 and their followers and a proportlonnto 
 force of infantry, he, accompanied l>y tho 
 young prince Henry, laid siege to Verneuil. 
 The place was bravely defended by Hugh 
 do Ueauchanip, but the garrison at tho end 
 of a month became so short of provisions, 
 that do Heauchamp was obliged to consent 
 to a surrender should he not bo relieved in 
 the course of three days. Ere the expira- 
 tion of this time king Henry and his army 
 a|>peared on the neighbouring heights, and 
 the French monarch I hen demanded a con- 
 ference, for the purpose, as he alleged, of 
 putting an end to tlie differences between 
 Henry and his sons— differences, it should 
 never be forgotten, wlilch Louis had him- 
 self done his utmost to fan into a llame. 
 Henry, not for a moment suspecting Louis 
 of any treacherous intention, agreed to this 
 proposal ; and Louis having thus beguiled 
 liim into abstaining from forcible interfer- 
 ence on behalf of the brave garrison until 
 the term agreed upon for the truce had 
 completely expired, called upon Beauchamp 
 to make good his promise of surrender, on 
 pain of being held man swoni ; and then, 
 having set fire to Verneuil, set his army on 
 the retreat from before it, and Henry fell 
 upon the rear,whlch lost many both in killed 
 and prisoners. 
 
 The barous of Brltt.any, headed by Halpli 
 do Fougeres and the earl of (Jhester, were 
 encountered by the king's troops near Dol, 
 .and defeated with tlie loss of lifleen hun- 
 dred in killed, besides an Immense number 
 of wounded and prisoners. The leaders 
 with their diminished forces took shelter 
 in Uol, but Henry besieged the place so vi- 
 gorously, that they were speedily compelled 
 to surrender. 
 
 Instead of being seduced by his successes 
 into any Inveteracy of puri>oso ngaiust Ills 
 
 I 
 
 Ji'S 
 
154 
 
 €fte €vsaiwTS ot W^tovtit ^t* 
 
 enemies, Henry once mow agreed to treat 
 with the chief of them, Luuis of France. A 
 meeting accorrtlnKly took place between the 
 two monarchs, the three yontig prlnceg, 
 to their Infinite discredit, prominently ap- 
 pearing In tho retiinie of their fathcr'n ene- 
 my. As their outrageons demands were In 
 fact the main canse of dispute between tho 
 two monnrchg, Henry addressed himself to 
 those demands, and made his sons olfcrs 
 far more liberal than l)ecamo him to offer 
 or them to accept; but the peaceable pur- 
 pose of this memorable meeting was wholly 
 frustrated by tho earl of Leicester, who, 
 probably at the secret instigation of Louis, 
 l)ehavod with such open Insolence to Henry, 
 that the meeting was broken up without 
 any conclusion being arrived at. 
 
 Though Henry had been so successful on 
 the continent In repressing his enemies 
 and in upholding his authority, It was In no 
 Kinall danger In Kngland ; for, prince Henry 
 having agreed to resign Dover and tho 
 other strongholds of Kent Into the hands 
 of tho earl of Flanders, there was so little 
 of pure public siilrlt among the Kngllsh, 
 that a most extensive confederncy was 
 formed to aid In tlils scheme, which would 
 have deserved no milder name than that of 
 a national suUiide. Uut fortunately for both 
 Henry and his kingdom, whilo tho lay no- 
 bles and their dependants were thus hostile 
 or Indifferent, he way in good odcnir with 
 the clergy just at this peri .^ to which, pro- 
 bably, he mainly owed t tluit ho was not 
 utterly ruined. 
 
 Richard do Lacy, whom Henry had In- 
 trusted with the high and important oflloe 
 of guardian of the realm, greatly distin- 
 guished himself at this period, both by his 
 loyalty and his conduet. H(! repelled and 
 obtained the submission of the king of 
 .Scotland, who had led his ravaging troops 
 Into Northumberland ; and immediately af- 
 ter having done this >,'ood service, led his 
 victorious troops southward i" oppose afar 
 superior force of Flemings, v no had landed 
 on the coast of Suffolk, and thence marched 
 Into tho very heart of the kingdom. In the 
 action which ensued, the Flemish force, con- 
 elsting for tho most part of hastily-raised 
 and ill-disciplined artisans, were routed 
 almost at the first charge of Do Lacy's 
 disciplined followers, and nearly ten tlnm- 
 sand were slain or made prisoners, the earl 
 of Leicester himself beinu'among the latter 
 
 This defeat oi the Flemings delivered the 
 kingdom from that particular danger, in- 
 deed, but In no wise abated the evil deter- 
 mination of the king's heartless sons and 
 their allies. The earl of Ferrers and seve- 
 ral powerful friends of the earls of Leices- 
 ter and Chester were openly in arms against 
 their king; the carls of Clare and (ilouces- 
 ter were strongly suspected of being pre- 
 pared to take tho same course ; aud tho 
 king of Scotland scarcely allowed the term 
 to expire during which he had engaged to 
 keep the peace, ere he Invaded the northern 
 counties of Knglar.d with a force of eighty 
 thousand men, who committed tho most 
 wanton and extensive spoliation. In this 
 State of things, Henry, having put his con- 
 tinental territorica into a state of compara- 
 
 tive security, hastened over to Knglana to 
 try upon his enemies tho effect of hig iicr. 
 Boiial i)resence. 
 
 Well knowing the effect of all superstl. 
 tlous observances upon tho principal part 
 of his subjects, he had no sooner laiidcUat 
 Southampton than he hastened tothociiy 
 of Canterbury, distant as It was, niuj, mi 
 riving there, (|uitted his horse and waiked 
 I barefooted to the shrine of thatnow-siUntr'il 
 Thomas i\. Becket, who In life had cniH,.,; 
 hlni so much annoyance and danger. ](:iv. 
 Ing prostrated himself before the shi'iu'jm 
 next caused the monks of the phi tiibo 
 assembled, and, strlpiiing off his gainuntj 
 submitted his bare shoulders to t lie scourge 
 How hmnlllating an Idea does It nut Kivii 
 us of that age to reflect that this degrailini; 
 conduct was, perhaps, the most politic iim 
 Henry could have chosen, to forward lii,. 
 great object ho just then had in view, iim 
 conciliation of the zealous good-will of a\ 
 ranks of his subjects,— for amongst all 
 ranks, not excepting tho very highest, k 
 perstltlon the i had a mysterious aiii| a 
 mighty power. Having completed all iiii> I 
 degrading ceremonials that the iicnikJ 
 chose to consider essential to the tlual ;ii,| | 
 complete reconciliation of the king tu iiif 
 saint, absolution was solemnly given t.i 
 Henry, and he departed for London. Ni nj i 
 shortly after arrived of a great victory tint | 
 Henry's troops had obtained over ihr 
 Scots ; and the monks, ever Inclined tu ili. 
 post hoc, ]iroi>ter hoe, principle, did not fui 
 to attribute that victory to the pious infaml 
 by which Henry had appeased Saint Tlinniail 
 k Hecket, who liad tiius signalised liis frf 
 giveness. 
 
 H'l liainof Scotland, though reimlsed lijl 
 Henry's general.^, still showed liiiiiself iml 
 willing to deprive his troops of the .nprre-i 
 able empioyiuent of wasting the nortln'riil 
 provinces of Kngland ; and, like a li;i;f.[ 
 gorged vulture disturbed In its ravmiiJ 
 feast, he still lingered near. Having fonwdl 
 acam|)at Alnwick, in Northumlierlaiiiljiel 
 sent out numerous detachments in (jui>,-t(.fl 
 spoil. However favourable this cour.iel 
 iiiigh? bo to his cupidity, it greatly wcikT 
 ened iiiin In a military point of view; aiiill 
 (ila'.ville, the celebrated lawyer, who all 
 til's time was a very principal leader nniir 
 s.ipport of tho Kngllsh army, havlim i 
 t.'iiiied exact information of Williani'ssiitiiil 
 tlon, resolved to make a bold attciiiiit t 
 surprise him. After a fatiguing luarcii: 
 N(>wcastle, he barely allowed his tr" 
 time for hasty refreshment, of wlilcli U 
 man and horse stood In dire need, aiiJ 
 then set out on a forced night inarrli tJ 
 Alnwick, a distance of upwards of tliirti 
 miles, where he arrived very early In tlJ 
 morning of tho i;)th of July, and, foriif 
 nately, under cover f a geniiiiio Scnicj 
 mist, so dense as to i levent his apprnaci 
 from being observed. Though, aftermakiiil 
 all allowance for tho det.achments wbiif 
 William had sent out, tilanville felt that h 
 was far Inferior In force to the Scots, I 
 gallantly gave his troops the order 
 charge. So completely secure had Wllllai 
 felt from any such attack, that it was nil 
 until English banners flew and Englli 
 
eiifllanlJ.— Iplantao^nfW.— IftfHrs 55. 
 
 vcr to Knglana to 
 ellect of UU iiet- 
 
 ct of all Buperstl. 
 the principal part 
 , Booner liiudeaat 
 istened to the city 
 18 It wns, ami, nr- 
 1 horse nnd walM 
 if tliatiiciwwiliitoil 
 In Jlfo liiiil taiHiii 
 and dniiK''''- ll:'v- 
 ictiirPtUei»lii-'iR',lie 
 J oC the plii inlw 
 in (lit lii>* mirmontj, 
 Iderstotliorti'ouiM, 
 ea docs it iinl am 
 tUat this dcRrndiiiK 
 lie nioatpolitlo Hint 
 gen, t" fiirwanl \\v 
 icn liad in view, the 
 loiiA goiid-will i>£ all 
 ; _ for an\ongst all 
 iio very lilBUfst.fc,. 
 V iny»tpriou» nml ii 
 Iff coniploti'd iiU ilio 
 Is that, till' i»"iik< 
 ntlal to tlic tUial M 
 n i)£ the kins tu tin' 
 i solemnly «lvi'\i m 
 •a for London, hi 'vj 
 )£ IV great vii't'iry tint 
 olitainod over i;,' 
 3 everlncliniHltiMii; 
 I'rinclplc. did nnHail 
 f,rv to the pious iiwini 
 ippeased Saint TlinmiH 
 1U3 Blgnalbod In; 
 
 111 tliougli ri'i'Ulscd lij 
 u'pUowed himself M- 
 [roops of the m<* 
 astmg the nori lifra 
 d ;' ami, like a li;i!l- 
 i'lrhcd in Its ravunu 
 near. Having fnrir*! 
 NorthumtuTlaiuUie 
 ichnientsinciucstf'l! 
 durable this omiffe 
 lit V, it greatly waW 
 Y point of viewjanJ 
 "lied lawyer, who i\\ 
 principal leader aw 
 
 Ir 
 
 St 
 
 .'i 
 
 ;llal» army 
 
 havind I 
 
 :b 
 
 itlon of William's ?ira 
 nkc a l>old •\ttciii!'t I 
 r a fatiguing march' 
 ly allowed Ills r." . 
 ihment, of whlcli In i 
 ,a lu dire need, am 
 i„rccd idgljt marc ,t< 
 of upwards of tliir l 
 -ived very early in t 
 
 „h of July. '""'■i"J' 
 .f a gennuie bcoifl 
 „ ,„eveut his approaci 
 
 ho detachments jl":' 
 
 ut.Ulanville felt that 
 
 force to the Scots, 
 
 _ troops the order 
 ^tely secure had Willi. 
 
 ■-attack, that it was 
 
 kners flew and Engm 
 
 i.iadef) flashed In his very oarap, that he 
 dreamed of any English force being within 
 many miles of him. In the furious scene 
 ,1,^; ensued he behaved with great per- 
 g(in«l gallantry, boldly charging upon the 
 ,rriod ranks of the I'liigllsli with only a 
 iiundrod of his Ininiediato followers. Uut 
 Ij iiegligenro as a coniinander had jiro- 
 luced ft state of dL^advantagc wbleli wao 
 upt to lie remedied by any valour, however 
 L-reat, This little band was speedily dis- 
 ,„,fi|.il,niid he being fairly ridden down 
 Vv ule prisoner. The news of his cap- 
 nj fiicedlly spread among his troops, 
 wlwso confusion was thus rendered too 
 ciinipleto to allow of their leaders rallying 
 lliom; and they liastlly retreated over the 
 iKiriler-i, llglitlng among themselves rio 
 furiously during their retreat, that they are 
 IkiU to have nrmally lost nn)ro in killed 
 L(i wounded by Scottish than by English 
 kwords. 
 Tills Utter defeat of the Scotch, and the 
 capture of William, \ipon whom the Kngllsh 
 fbelshad so mainly depended for diversion 
 if their king's strengtli, as well as for more 
 Irect assistance, left these liiiter no sato 
 oursc but BUbmlsi-lon ; and that conr.-c, 
 iciordingly, was speedily followed by all 
 [anl;3 aiiiong them. Tlie clergy, with their 
 i§ual self-complacency, attributed all this 
 luccess to th(! submls.sion wlilch they had 
 uliiccd tlie king to make to lleeket ; and 
 iiry.well knowinghow nnich more power 
 iilH?r»tlilon had over the minds of hl» sub- 
 >ci- than any iiolltiral or even moral con- 
 id rations, however clear or Important, 
 lutely affected to believe all that they .■it- 
 mod, and by every means endeavoured to 
 .pagate the like belief among his subjects. 
 .Miaiitluio the serpent of revolt was on 
 coiitiiu'nt, * scotclu'il not killed;' the 
 mm prince Henry, wiili a perseverance 
 lorliiy of a better cause, having in spite of 
 jbisfallier's triumph i)erslsted In carry- 
 fgdii his rebellious designs. Ho and the 
 Irl o£ Klanders had assembled a large 
 my, with which they were preparing to 
 ul)ark at Oravellnes ; but when they heard 
 Itlio signal di'feat which king Hein-y's 
 (ips had Inflicted nimn the Flemings, 
 ; laid aside tlieir Intention of Invading 
 kiglaiid, and proceeded to join their force 
 (ttiat of the king of France, who was bo- 
 ping Kouen, In Normandy. 
 Ti'O people of Kiuien, Avho were much 
 irhi'd to king Henry, and proportionally 
 rlulof falling under the ride of Louis, 
 lleudi'd the place with so much courage 
 success, that Lou'.s deemed it neces- 
 f to have recourse to a stratagem that 
 Jfariaoro credit to his ingenuity than to 
 ihoiumr. The festival of St. Laurence 
 irriiig just at that time, ho proclaimed, 
 Ider pretence of a pious desire to keep it 
 jth due solemnity, a cessation of arms, 
 jwas agreed to on the part of the un- 
 «eting citizens; and Louis, hoping to 
 Tirise them, immediately made prepar.a- 
 Bs lor the attack. It chanced that while 
 lin the French camp were In motion, 
 Ve priests of Uouen had mounted to a 
 pole to overlook It, merely for curio- 
 Struck Willi a degree of bustle that 
 
 15.5 
 
 seemed so Inappropriate to the golemn 
 trucethat had been proclaimed, they caused 
 the alarm-bell of the city to be rung, and 
 the soldiers and ritl/.ens Immediately has- 
 tened to their appointed stations, and were 
 but just in time to repulse the enemy, 
 many of whom had already succeeded in 
 mounting the walls. The F.i nch lost many 
 men In tlils attack; and oii the following 
 day, before tliey could renew It, king 
 Henry marched Into the i)iace In full view 
 of the enemy, and, ordering the gates to 
 be thrown open, dared them to the renewal 
 of their attack. Louis.who now saw Uouen 
 completely siifo at the very moment when 
 he fancied It completely within his grasp, 
 had no thought left buthowhe should best 
 releasehlmself from the danger of a decisive 
 dei'iat. Trusting to the desire which Henry 
 liail all along manifested to come to peace- 
 able terms, Louis proposed a conference. 
 Henry readily fell Into the wnare, and Louis 
 profited by the Interval which ho thu.H 
 gained, and nnu'ched his army into France. 
 Having thus secured his army, however, 
 Louis, who by this time was nearly as 
 ,•111 X Ions as Henry for a termination of 
 tlieir disputes, agreed to a meeting, which 
 accordir.gly touk place near the ancient 
 city of Tours, and peace was concluded on 
 terms far more favourable to Henry than 
 those ho had offered at the memorable con- 
 ference which was abruptly terminated 
 l>y the insolent misconduct of the carl of 
 Leicester. 
 
 CHAI'TKU XX. 
 The lititjn 0/ Ueniiv II. {concluded). 
 
 A. 1), 1175.— FiRst In adversity, Henry had 
 the still farther and more uncommon merit 
 of being moderate In prosp<'rity. He had in 
 various actions taken nearly a thousand 
 knights prisoners, and these ho now liber- 
 ated without ransom, though the customs of 
 tho age would have warranted contrary con- 
 duct without the slightest impeachment of 
 either his honour orhis generosity. To Wil- 
 liam of Scotland, as tlie repeated enmity of 
 that monarch fully warranted, he behaved 
 with more rigour. As the price of his release 
 AVIUiam was obliged to agree to do homage 
 for hia territories to Henry, to engage that 
 the prelates and barons of his kingdom 
 should also do homage, and that they 
 should swear to side with the king of Eng- 
 land even against their native prince; and 
 that, iis security for the perfornianco of this 
 agreement, the Ave principal Scottish for- 
 tresses, namely, Edinburgh, Stirling, Ber- 
 wick, Uoxbnrgh, and .ledburgh, should be 
 placed in the hands of king Henry. F.ven 
 when the terms of the agreement had been 
 duly complied with by the Scotch, Henry 
 showed lu) inclination to relax from his se- 
 verity upon a people who had caused him 
 so much annoyance by their Inveterate en- 
 mity. Contrariwise, he now rcQUired that 
 Berwick and Roxburgh should be given up 
 to him altogether, and that ho should for a 
 given time retain the castle of Edinburgh. 
 Thus the eagerness with which William lent 
 his aid ni the endeavour to crush Henry 
 ended in the latter prince obtaining the 
 
 f 
 
 f\ 
 
 '>i 
 
 I 
 
 

 I5G 
 
 €i)t ^ttniuvui at WitorUt ^c. 
 
 Ilrat triumph over tliut kliiKiloin wlilch 
 
 waa over obtained by nit Kngli.tli luoiiarrli. 
 
 A. D, 1176.— Henry wisely eiiii'loycd the 
 
 {)caco which his vIctorlOH hnd prucured hliii, 
 n roaicdyliiK those di»iirderii which Imd 
 BpniiiK up ainouK Ma own eubjerts. Ho 
 made ur restored laws aRaliist those rrlmes 
 wlilch had most llaKraiitly Increased, such 
 ns ooiinterfeltliiK coin, arson, robbery, and 
 murder. If when wo read of his enact- 
 ing such severe punishments for those of- 
 fences as aniiiutation of the rlxht hand niid 
 foot, wo feel Inclined to censure the kluff, 
 wc must bear In mind that ho Imd to deal 
 with an ago little better than semi-barbar- 
 ous, and WHS probably obliged against his 
 will to legislate rfoKTi to the |)Ul)llc Intelli- 
 gence. We aro the more inclined to make 
 this allowance for him In some cases, bo 
 cause In others lie gave very plain proofs 
 that ho possessed both understanding and 
 good feeling far in advance of liis age. In 
 the rase, for instance, of the absurd trial 
 by battle, which disgraced the statute- 
 book oven 80 lately as the reign of George 
 III., Henry, though the tlmo was not ripe 
 for Us utter abolition, enacted that either 
 of the parties nilglit challenge In its stead 
 n trial by a jury of twelve freeholders. 
 
 To make the administration of justice 
 more certain, with a view both to repress- 
 ing crimo and to protecting the commu- 
 nity against the oppressions of the nobles, 
 Henry divided England Into four Ki'iat cir- 
 cuits, to bo traversed by itinerant justices 
 selected from among those prelates and 
 lay nobles who were most remarkalilo for 
 learning and their I'J\ e of justice. He also 
 made some very useful regulations with a 
 view to the defence of the kingdom, racli 
 man belngol^ligud to arm himself according 
 to his rank. 
 
 While the king was thus wisely employ- 
 ing his leisure, his sons were meditating 
 farther annoyance to him. I'rinco Henry 
 renewed li!s demand for the complete re- 
 signation of Normandy, and on receiving 
 a refusal proceeded to the court of France 
 with his queen with the evident design of 
 renewing his hostilities against hla too in- 
 dulgent father. But rhilip, who had just 
 succeeded to Louis on the throne of France, 
 w.as not just now prci>ared for war against 
 BO powerful a king as Henry, and tlio young 
 prince was therefore once more obliged to 
 make his submission to his much enduring 
 Bovercign and parent. I'rlnce Henry and 
 Geoffrey now became engaged in a feudal 
 strife with their brother, i)rince lllcliard. 
 Tlio king, with the usual anxiety for the 
 welfare of these most turbulent and undu- 
 tlful princes, interfered to restore peace 
 among them, but had scarcely succeeded 
 in doing 80 when ho once more found 
 prince Henry arrayed against him. 
 
 A. D. 118.3.— To what end the shameful 
 consphracies of this Incorrigible and un- 
 grateful prince would at length have ar- 
 rived it is dinicult to judge, though we may 
 but too reasonably presume that his real 
 aim was the actual deposition of his father. 
 But the career of the prince now drew to 
 ftii end. He had retired to tho castle 
 uf Martel, near Turcnue, to mature his 
 
 schemes, and was thero seized with a fever 
 Finding himself In danger, he sent to in! 
 treat tliat his father would visit hlin nni 
 personally assure him of forgiveness. Hm 
 the king, though not less alfectionaie tlmn 
 of yore, had received so many iroofs ofjiij 
 son's perlldy, that ho feared lo trust liim. 
 si'lf in his hand-*. Tho prince died on .Imn. 
 II ; and tlio king, who fainted on liciiriiifi 
 tho news, bitterly, but surely nidnt uii. 
 justly, reproached himself with harMluart- 
 edness in liaving refused to visit liliii. 
 
 I'rluco Henry, who died in tlie twctitv. 
 eighth year of his age, though marrlcil lift 
 no children. The prince itichanl tliiTcfurc 
 now filled tho Important situation at hit 
 to tho Knglish throne ; an<l the kliiv pp,. 
 posed tliat in this altered stale of tliliii,'* 
 prince John, who was his favoiiiltc tion 
 should liilierit (iiiienne. Hut Itlclinni.un' 
 mindful of tlio Kilef which his falliirwajj 
 already enduring, not only refused to cmi. 
 sent to tills arrangement, but proceoilcd i,i I 
 put that duchy into a condition to ninkii 
 war against his brother GeolTrey, wlmral 
 in iiossessiuii of Itritlany, and to resist, ill 
 needful, the king himself. Well knowiiijl 
 how mucli more Inliuence IMeriiini' |ia,i 
 over tlieir sons tlian he had, the ktii« ph;;! 
 for her, and as she was the actual luini)! 
 of Uulenne, Uichard, so uiidutirul tmvanul 
 his father, at once delivered the Uiulij i;r| 
 to her. 
 
 A. n. 1185.— Scarcely had Uichard hcf«r. 
 reconciled to his father, when (Jeoirrcj, I, 
 Ing refused Anjou, of which he iiaii Ji"-! 
 iiianded the nnncxatlon to his diicliy nil 
 Itrittany, levied troops and declared wA 
 against his fatiier: but before this miM-l 
 tural i)rlnco could do any consldeniliio rnr-l 
 tlon of tho mischief which he olivlouslyinJ 
 teiKhvl.ho was slain accidentally by (iiiocll 
 his opponents at a tournament. Ills po'tJ 
 humous s<m, wlio was christened Ariliur,! 
 was invested with the duchy of llrlttanji,;! 
 king Henry, wlio also constltult';! Uimnit, 
 the guardian of tho youthful prino'. 
 
 TIk! attention of both Henry ainl li:i| 
 rival, Philip of France, was soon calkilf 
 from their personal dilfereiiccs to a imi 
 crusade.whlch Homo was now anxious ilnl 
 the Kuropean sovereigns should eiigafjoi 
 Saladin, a gallant and generou.s-s|iirli(iI 
 I>rince, but no less a determined (ipiKjiunl 
 of the cross, having seated hlniselt oiiibi 
 tlironc of Kgypt, boldly undertook tlietasl 
 of expelling the Christians from tlic Hi!, 
 hand. His object was greatly favnuii'd I 
 the folly of the Christian leaders, wIkiJii 
 stead of unlt'ng to oppose the liillilcls,wrl 
 Iierpetualiy at enmity among tlii'inselvej 
 To this general folly treason was aiUff 
 and the count of Tripoli, wlio had ill 
 command of the Christian forces on tli( 
 frontier, perlldiously allowed Saladin i 
 advance, and deserted to hlin at Tibtriai 
 where the soldan was comidetely victoij 
 ous, the long tottering kingdom of Jenia 
 lem being completely overturned, and ti 
 holy city Itsel*" captured. Tlie kiiii,'doraJ 
 Antioch was also subdued ; and of all ibl 
 the Christians liad possessed in the Mt 
 Land nothing now remained to tliemljuij 
 few petty towns upou the coast. Bo eot 
 
iclzcd with a fever, 
 gcr, ho •"•'"'' *" '"• 
 lUlu vUlt liliii mill 
 
 [ fomlVl'IK'HK. llui 
 
 m iiltet't ionati! tlinii 
 
 imiiiy \ roofs of iiij 
 ■ixrcd til trust lilw. 
 nrlJU'o died on .lunu 
 fainted on lu'iirliiR 
 It suri'ly niost, uii- 
 K'lf with ImvlliiMrt- 
 •ato vlsitlilni, 
 ,lk>d In till! iwcnty. 
 tliinmh niiirrlid uti 
 I'c lllchiinl Uurot'irc 
 lilt Hituatl'iu of iKir 
 
 ; ftud 111*' '>i"« Pr- 
 i-rod stall' of tlilims, 
 s his favimilu- soil, 
 "c Hut UlflKinl.wn- , 
 vhli-h his fiiilitr wn 
 
 only refunfd in ci* 
 cnt, but iiroccedcJ in , 
 ft condition to naUi 
 ,cr UeolTrcy.wlinwn 
 lany.and to ri.?ist,i! 
 iirtolf. ^VcU kimwiM 
 il'lnoncc i;U';uim- hall 
 lie had,tl..-Uli>«s.K 
 i-a« the act "ill licln^il 
 
 soundulifiilt""™!'! 
 'cllvcrcd the dudiyupl 
 
 \; had lllclmvd hccm 
 iicr.whonCieiilTroy.K'- 
 „{ which he liiia Je- 
 itlon to Mi duchy ol 
 ,oi<a nnd dcfl;ircd wii 
 l,ut before this wiii» 
 oany con»lderaliR'r* 
 wUlchhoobvlounlyin-i 
 accidentally by (iiio ol 
 Durnauieiit. UU jo-i- 
 ia'< christened Ariliur, 
 .educhyotllrlttanylil 
 IBO cotiBtllutea himsi. 
 youthful prince, 
 f both Henry mul i 
 ■ancc, was soon cm 
 il ,lilterenec>* l" a m 
 ic wasiiowanxUnHito 
 •elk'118 should engaKoi 
 and nciierous-s'i'irlift 
 n (ictcrinlncd opi"'''" 
 ; poated himself Mill 
 jldlyundi;tookt.em 
 
 iirirtiians from the IH 
 was Kreatly fiivouod ! 
 rrlstlnn leaders, who, ii 
 Jowoscthclull.lcls,.. 
 „ity amoi.K thenisc 
 llv treason was "'W' 
 r Tripoli, who had i 
 Christian torcM on tl 
 mly allowed S'^la^'tt 
 ried to bini at Tlberi 
 ' v^ oonn.U'iely veto 
 >rlng kingdom of Je ni 
 Sovcrturnca.andtl 
 
 ;,tured. The khmdora , 
 STed;andof.Mh 
 1 nosfearted in the W 
 Jrcmalned to tl.emb«^ 
 upou the coaat. bo w 
 
 eiiUlfliilr.— |9Taittnfleitef*.— Iftentu 3t5. 
 
 167 
 
 niiJ 80 easily was that territory lost which 
 It had cott the warrlor-hoHta of Christen- 
 Join 80 niucli blood, treasure, and tinio to 
 f„i,iluor from tlio Inlldels of an earlier 
 iieneratlon. 
 
 AD. 11H8.— TliO Intelllprenco of llils tri- 
 umph of tho crescent produced n Kcneral 
 nnd profound grief In Knrope. I'opo Urban 
 111, actually sickened aiul died from sorrow 
 ■It tho ralainlty, and his successor, Oregory 
 Vlll., bestowed nearly all his attention 
 jiifinu Ills short relsn upon tho necessary 
 iiirpiir.itlons for iilteinptlnK, at tho least, 
 ilii'recniiiiuest of the holy city. 
 
 Ili'iiryof KuKland and I'hilip of Fnince, 
 Hi iiy far tho most powerful nmnarehs In 
 Eurcpe, were naturally appealed to by 
 nonio, !Uid William, Archblsliop of Tyre, 
 (iiusod thcni to have a meetlni^ at (ilsoi's. 
 HU description of tho sufferings of the 
 ClirlHtinns In the Kast, aiul his eloiiiUMit 
 iippciil to the love of military glory, which, 
 alicr suiierstltion, was tlio most powerful 
 iiasiiloaof both nionarchs and private men 
 liitlmtngc, 80 wrouKht upon both iirlnces, 
 that tlioy at once nssumeil tlio cross and 
 coiuiiii'nced the necessary preparations. 
 
 A.D. 1189.— As the clerKX, nulwithstand- 
 
 liijt tliP zeal of tho papal court, did not 
 
 fhiiw tlie usual alacrity In aiding the nt \v 
 
 ciitcrrri^e cither with money or eloiiucnce, 
 
 |f,.nie delay and diniciilly were experienced 
 
 by iioih klnifs In obtalnlnH: tho necessary 
 
 ijiippllcH, and In f be ineantim<> new quarrels 
 
 bniiif? up between them. I'hlllp, always 
 
 Vidiius of Henry's superiority, found thai 
 
 iiiif'.^i'on, jirlnce Uleliard, fully as credu- 
 
 iiiy .iihI as prone to disloyal and undutifnl 
 
 viidiict as his deceased brother Henry had 
 
 11 ; ami lie had no dllTlculty In porsiuul- 
 
 liitfiiiiii tiiat he was moro Interested In the 
 
 vllareof Franco than in that of the klnu'- 
 
 0111 iiver wlilch he was one day to rule. In 
 
 [twwiirds, Kiihard was thecredulousand 
 
 iiitheaded duiie, and I'lillip tlic resolved 
 
 liid wily deceiver, rhllip, desirous of a 
 
 im-cfor cjuarrel with Henry, and yet uii- 
 
 jillliisto Incur the disgraco which could 
 
 i(it Ijiit attach to one crusader who should 
 
 iiliiiut strong provocation make war upon 
 
 jiotlier while ralestino yet groaneU be- 
 
 leaththo yoko of the proud and bigoted 
 
 ignii, persuaded Ulchard to furnish liim 
 
 liha pretext for war l)y making an inroad 
 
 nil Toulouse. As Philip liad foreseen, 
 
 ynioiul, count of Toulouse, appealed to 
 
 lira for support as superior lord ; and 
 
 llh as much gravity ns thougli he had 
 
 len first heard of Ulchard's achievement, 
 
 Hip complained to tho king of Kngland 
 
 liis son's Infringement npv>n tho rights 
 
 id property of a vassal of tho crown of 
 
 uicc. liutrilchard, If wicked or thought- 
 
 isenougli to undertake tho evil measures 
 
 »in8t Ilia own sovereign and father, was 
 
 itpmdent enough to keep his own counsel; 
 
 (lUcnry was able to reply to the hypocrl- 
 
 ilcomplalntof I'hlllp,thatprlncoUichard 
 
 iconfcBscd to tho archbishop of Dublin 
 
 It it was at tho express desire and pcr- 
 
 ml suggestion of I'liillp himself that ho 
 
 idmadehis unprovoked attack upon the 
 
 nty of Toulouse. Far from being either 
 
 lii'd or OiBinaycd by tliia discovery of 
 
 his treacherous designs, Philip, on rec..r> 
 ing Henry's reiily, immediately Invaded 
 llerrt ami Auvergiu>, and did so under tlio 
 pretence of retaliating tho Injury tu tho 
 count of Toulous(>, whidi it was so well 
 known that he had himself caused to bo 
 done. Henry, now thoroughly provoked as 
 I'hlllp himself could Imvo desired hini to 
 be, crossed the French frontier, nnd, be- 
 sides doing much other damage, burned 
 the lown and fortress of Dreux. Aftur 
 much mutual injury and a vain attempt at 
 treaty, tho twokliigs were nt length Induced 
 once more, but In vain, to attempt to come 
 to terms ; chielly, however, ns farns I'hlllp 
 was concerned, by tho refusal of some of 
 his most powerful vassals to servo any 
 longer ngalnst Henry, whom, ns well ns 
 their own sovereign, they desired to see 
 combating for the redemption of I'alestlne, 
 On Henry's side the feeling was ns much 
 more sincere ns It was less compulsoiy; 
 but tho terms proposed by I'hlllp were so 
 Insidiously calculated to work future evil to 
 Kngland, that Henry had no choicj but to 
 refuse liiem. Well aware ns ho was of 
 the misciilet which had accrued to Henry 
 III conseiiuence of Ills having consented 'o 
 the coronation of his former heir, ho de- 
 manded that the same honour should now 
 1)0 be^towed upon Ulchard, nnd with this 
 aggravation, that whereas Ulchard in tho 
 very act which had produced this war had 
 shown how ready he was to do aught that 
 would injure and nnnoy his father, I'hiilp 
 demanded that all Henry's French posses- 
 sions should be handed over to Ulchard, 
 whoso nuptiids should forthwith be cele- 
 brated witli Alice, I'hillp's sister. In full 
 expectation, as it should seem, that 
 Henry's good sense would dictate this 
 refusal, I'lillip had caused Ulchard to 
 aMi'ee that on receiving such a refusal ho 
 woulil liumediiitely disclaim farther alle- 
 giance, and do homage to I'hilip for all tho 
 Anglo-Frencii possessions, ns though lio 
 liad already and lawfully been Invested with 
 them. 
 
 The w,'\r acc/rdlngiy recommenced ns 
 furiously jis ever between the two kings; 
 and cardinal Albano, the pope's legate, de- 
 spairing of ever seeing the two powerful 
 monar iis arrayed side by side against tho 
 Intldc.s while these (|uarrela existed be- 
 tween then', and looking upon the unna* 
 turn) eoniiuet of Ulchard as a chief cause 
 of liiem, pronounced sentence of excom- 
 munie^Uton against him. Tho sentence 
 fell Innocuously on his head, owing to tho 
 lukewarmness of the clergy ; and Ulchnrd 
 having formally received from Fhlllp the 
 investiture of Uuienne, Normandy, and 
 Anjou, the nobles of those provinces sided 
 with him In spite of the declared will of 
 Home, and overran tho territories of all 
 who still maintained the cause of tho king 
 of Kngland. 
 
 At Henry's request, cardinal Adagnl, who 
 had succeeded Albano as legate, threatened 
 i'hilip with an interdict upou hla domi- 
 nions ; but Philip scornfully replied, that it 
 was no part of the papal duty to interfere 
 in the temporal quarrels of princes; and 
 Uicliurd, wbo was present at the Interview, 
 
 .; 
 
m 
 
 €f\t (Ttmtftirii orKiitftorji, ^r. 
 
 wont no fnru to drnw IiIm nwoiiI uixin ilii< 
 I'ni'illiml, niid M'iim imt wllhciul illilli'iili.v 
 wllhhi'lil froin proi'ci'dliiKto mIiII iiiori'inil. 
 rafCfDiiA mill crliiiltml l('iiKlhi<. 
 
 MtiiiM, AiiiIkiIho, ('hiiti'.'iii iii< r.iilrc, niid 
 Fi'vcr.'il ol her |iIiici'h Wiicmirri-'Hlvrly liikiii 
 l>y riilllp 1111(1 Klrhiinl, or Iri'urlirn iinly 
 ilrllvt'rcd to tlii'iii liy lliclr K"V(T'iii.'h. In 
 lIlU Hlilld of llli' Wlir, wlli'll t'\('i'.\ tllliK 
 K'lMiit'il t<i llirrnlrii Ilrnry wlili iiticrniln, 
 tho iirrlililMliiip of lllii'lin:'. ilii' iliiki'iir liiir- 
 Rlinily, mill I ho c'ul mF KlumlrrH Hlopiinl 
 Torwmvl ii-i iiiiill.'it'ir-'. Inlclllifi'iiri' iil. Mh- 
 HniiK' tiini' ri'nrlii'il lli'iiry iliiil 'I'lmrx, Idmu 
 nifiiiiccd, w.'iH III. li'iikTlli litki'ii; niid liiinl 
 nil tlm li'rniH wiTi- lliut wi'i'ti iinipoKi'd, lie 
 now Hiiw notliliiiir li*rt fur hini luit to uKrt-c 
 III llii'iii. And liiinl tlii>M> icrinH indrcd 
 ^vcrr to II princi' ulm lilllirrlo liml lircii h<i 
 linirli nri'iiMtiinird to dirliilii tcriim In 
 nlliiTX. lilt couHi-nti'd to tlii> Iniiiii'dliiii' 
 liiiii'i'inKo of Kli'lifird nnd Aliri-— IIhmikIi 
 |iiiiii(> hlHlorlnnM rrlitto tliat lii> wan liltii' 
 m-lf onaniiiiiri'd of Hint prliici'^iH — Hint 
 Hm khiK of Kninrc hIioiiIiI rcndvc twenty 
 tlioii4iuid iiitirkft to di'I'niy IiIh rxpciistM 
 III llilii will- ; tliiit tho liiii'oiM of KiiKliiiid 
 Hlioiild 1)0 Hociirlty for Hi'iiry'M duo pcr- 
 rnrniiinro of liU piirt in iliirt Irciiiy, iiiid 
 •dioiilil nndcrtnko to join tliclr fomw 
 with thogc of Itlchai'd iiml tho klim' of 
 l''raiifo In the ovciit of IiIm lii'cnklim liU 
 rnKaKCinoiit ; nnd thiit all mid sundi'jr hit 
 vaAHAlH who liiid HhU'd with lil.s hoii Hhoiild 
 l)i< hold Imrnilo.-"'. 
 
 If tho liiHt-iiicntlnnod rl.niso wat In llnclf 
 rnli'iilatod to wound llicfiM'lliitffKif noprmid 
 n ju'lnco fifl Hriiry, It led to liN lioliii; 
 woundod In n fcrlliiar far dcopor I liaii pride ; 
 for, on hU d('innnilliii< a list of I lioiic whom 
 ho was thus oniraifoil to pardon, Ihovory 
 dr-it niinio that iiit't lil.-« oyo wiim that of hU 
 fnvonrlto hoii, prinro John, on whom ho 
 had conforrod klndnods ovoii to Ihooxtoiit 
 of nrou^<lnK tho angor and Joalousy of ilio 
 paxxlonatc Ulchard. 
 
 ThouKh proud and Iiold, Ilonry was a 
 ihiKuIarly airortlonato paront; ho had al- 
 roady untforod niurh Horrow froinlho uiiiia- 
 turil conduct of hM houo, nnd thin inw 
 proof of tho nttor nillouxiu ss of heart of 
 tho host holovod nnd most tru«l"d of ihom 
 was a lilow too Hovoro for hU doclinln^ 
 xtrcnKtIi. Ho Rlrkonod on I ho Insfant, and 
 bestowed n(ioii lil>t liiKrato and heartlox.H 
 children a solemn curgo.which no entreaties 
 of the friends who were about him could 
 Induce him to recall. As he reflected npoii 
 tho barl)arity of hl« children hlHchnvrln In- 
 creased Instead of dlmlnUhlnv, and a low 
 nervous fever coon after deprived him of 
 his life, which happened on the sixth of 
 .Inly, In tho flfly-eltrhf li year of his tit(v and 
 thirty-fifth of his relifii. His corpse was 
 convoyed to Kontevraud by IiIh natural son 
 Oeotfrey, who had ever behaved to him 
 With tho tenderness and duty so fearfully 
 wanting in tho conduct of his lORitlinate 
 children. While the roy d corpso lay in 
 ■tato at Fontevraud, prince Ulchard vuitid 
 the sad Bceno, and oxhihitod a sorrow 
 Bincere and paaslonato as It was tardy and 
 useless. 
 Taken altogether, tho rcigr^t of Henry II. 
 
 HI I 
 
 wart liolli a proMperoiiH and a lirilllant iiini. 
 and il. HoeiiiH probahlo lliiil liinl u„i (| ' 
 n iiel iiilHroniliirt of hlH Nons oiikiiki-iI |,|,,, 
 In war ulirii ho fain would have |i('(<n J 
 peine, liii wniild have done hIIII IIIHic jlii, 
 111' dill lowiiidH providing for lliii liii,|||,i 
 weirai'o of liU klni/diiin. \V|i:tl, he diii ,', 
 waril-< tli'it end, If It appiiir of imi sicni^njj 
 cruel II mil lire to imwIio IIvo In IIiih'^,,' 
 niiii'li iiiilder and iinne rU ilJHed, f, rm^ . 
 
 bo but t illlpletely jIHllllfil jiy wh:,) II , 
 
 hlHtoriiins tell MM of the tri'oss iiliil 
 darltiK of the piipniaee of iIioho i.tiiy 
 In the cllleN oHpei'lally, where llii' ihiil.! 
 Killing of iiiniiberM had xlveii Iikii i- 
 diirlim tooirender?), but had not ih >ri{ 
 to any sound and safe arranKenii'iiK ,|j 
 police, tho Inxolcnt vloleneo of llie iiHig 
 lure aitalned to a heiifht of wlilrli wc rmi 
 roriii but a very faint nol Ion. Hli'eiil.r 
 and Htroot robbel leH.iittelided Willi viol, ||,|j 
 iiiway.s and not unfreijuonlly «iili miiui 
 iiiiirder, were every-dny occuri'einrj. jinf 
 Klary was not then iir* now coiillin il i,i n,, 
 darkniw<< and seeiirliy of tho nkiit j,, 
 but o\en tho wiMiltliie.st iniileis, |||,,||,| 
 their sliopH wire situated In the imum jh;, 
 lie KtreelH, had conxlant reasmi i., f, 
 a'<f<iiult and robbery even at iinuMibv, 
 bold and ho mH-oiik weii! tlie k.ih..,' 
 thieves. A kIiikIo hpeciinen of llic il i, 
 of the Ml reet robbers of tliowo tliui-,, 
 not be unacceptable. Tho house of !i,ii:,, 
 of known and larwo weallh w:ih :[\tv\ 
 by a band of roliber<4 wlio ai'tii.iiiy |. 
 their wodxoM nnd a.xoH so j'lfurliiiillj :|j 
 make a breach In a Hiilmtantlal KtcniVn 
 Jii.'tt as, hWord In hand, they were mii. 
 Kood their entrance, the clii/.en icihi,] 
 siTvanl-* to renlst tlioin, and h> hImuij, 
 fended his promises that his iiiiKiii.' 
 lind time to arm nnd n-slHt lilni. in 
 course of the ll«lit which, tiinin;li iju, 
 seeniH to have been severe, inn) nf i 
 robbers had his rlvht liaiid cm cif fi 
 man was subMei|uently t.'ikon piUiiiut, 
 as the loss he had susl.ilned iciulinj 
 denial of his Idonllly iieri'ecily IJI: 
 ajjreed, in order to save his own li.V 
 Kive full infonnatliiii of nil wliu wciv, 
 cei-ned with lilin. Anions the .•n'cnmiiii 
 thus named was a very weaitliy citiziii 
 up to that lime had been looked iiimh 
 person of tho Krentest probity Diiivi 
 tho charKO, ho was tried by the ordra' 
 convicted. Ho then olfered tlio iniwo 
 of live hundred marks la coimnutiiti, 
 his offence; but tho kiiifr. rlKliily Juil 
 that tho rank and wealth of ilic iiir,.|ii 
 only made the offence tin! nime >lrim 
 and unpardonable, sternly rcfii>i'd 
 money and ordered the citizen felon io| 
 haiiKod. 
 
 Unllkt! tho other Norman prince*, IIi 
 II. was not so attached to liU i^.tiMj 
 to hold tho lives or Ills subjects in ul 
 contempt on its account, lie gi 
 moderated the forest laws, whiili ui 
 Ills predecessors had been m fniitfi 
 source of misery to the iicoplo;aiiJ 
 ishcd IrifringcmrntB uiton tlicni, not] 
 death or mutilation, but by flno ur i 
 sonmcnt. 
 
 Though generally of a pravc and dip 
 
 liiiMe.thl 
 Win dry ( 
 
 kIh ri'l.'ife 
 
 Itinmoiias 
 
 I'limplnliiC 
 
 wlilcli. Hi I 
 
 I'll hy the 
 
 l| liiTlnx of 
 
 i iIihIics alio 
 
 •Hut ten I 
 
 I three I Til 
 
 II ; nnd 1 ili 
 
 Illrlll'Cfel'lll, 
 
 lli'iiiy wa 
 I mill' liiiiiKli 
 
 IlIi'liliKl left 
 |*iiriiaiii"ii I, 
 I'l'i'iinic nrcl 
 liviTi' horiie t 
 ft lord t'llf 
 
 J«liftlier III II 
 ll'iry, li.-n sail 
 Irihi' true sa\ 
 ttn'X Jler hi 
 Ipli'.'i.'iAni, choli 
 \h[f ijlieeii |. 
 liiil tlio polso 
 lliin.1. 
 
 f 
 
 Tlif J 
 
 l.n.llHO.-TlfI! 
 
 Iiiini I'l till) 1 
 ►/nicli.iid I 
 IrlklnK iiroi.f 
 wisliiifwlihol 
 'lilniwlio I.HnI 
 
 iprcanirnni 
 
 lliiKr.altii 
 It)', Willi wli 
 Imlllllfeii 
 
 idoii feliisl 
 
 rrliiif alin 
 
 iHiignt lioiii 
 
 Tut fur the 
 
 Ilie prosecii 
 
 irrnniMiloii 
 
 ill (it Ills |( 
 
 Hi In till 
 iclik'Keria 
 M to then 
 Isc limits 
 "liiKof till 
 ^iy P.ild t( 
 
 !t«r» will wo 
 '» causlntr 
 T to beco'm 
 gorgeous iia 
 ci.'iitiirles 
 brief caiitl 
 
 ib 111 the cue 
 
 ', we procee_ 
 keofailevc 
 
 illy Impetuo 
 
 nedforhlm 
 
 [•warlike ngo 
 
 idlon-hcartoi 
 
 ellrstacto; 
 
 I'sc of a wis, 
 
 : Into favi. 
 
 wsoshaid 
 
 
<!?iiQlAiiir.— ^lantAgeitrtif.— nic^ArTr S. 
 
 150 
 
 ' I 111! 
 
 i'lirij 
 
 tll"Ulll 
 
 inrt R brilllaiitdiii"; 
 
 I Unit lOl'l )>'>>' till) 
 < HIIIIM CIIKKKI'll lillii 
 
 .iiulil liiivi' lii'i'n M 
 I, ,111' ullll iiHiriMliiii 
 i.^ fur iliii liiicrini 
 
 ij, Wlllll llCMlhl |„. 
 
 iii'iir 111' I '"I KirriLiiii 
 
 1,11 llVI' III llllM* *) 
 ,. rlvillHCll, HTIIH ll 
 
 iiHiiiii'ii t'y «iiii'i. 
 
 Ilic ur«^* !iii.l V 1 
 1 of till!'"' ''iiily il;iy. 
 
 IV, WiMTf 111!' •'""'^r' 
 
 l,;„l ^^vl■u liiir^;,-. I 
 III had iK't »* >'''l'l 
 iiti' iirriiiiK''"ii'iii* 'I! 
 ■InllMirtt "f 'll'' l'"l 
 l^lll, lit Wlili'li \vr nil 
 111)1 IDU. WlVrll.TOlil 
 
 iitti'iulidwiihvliil.ii 
 
 ri'um'iitly ^^'I'l ■"""I 
 Iny iicciirri'iiii'-'. HM' 
 
 ^ l„iw CillllUlnl 1 
 ly lit lilt' lll'ili' ' 
 ihlt'xl trililrl 
 Ullll'tl 111 llll'lll"^! I* 
 
 iiHiiiiil ri'ii^"ii I.I (. 
 I even lit iii'iiu-il;iy, 
 j^ Wi'it' 111" K:i"-'- 
 
 !,„.Cilll<'I> llf III"' '1 !■ 
 
 ■ rrt tit ilKiM' iliiii- 
 . Till' li"""^' "f '"'' ' 
 ro Wfiillli wilt :iiii '■ 
 '„,,.rt \sli(i iii'liliiUyv,. 
 xcrt HO i'irectu:ill> ;ii 
 I HUliKtmit'l"'''''^""'* 
 hiUiil, tlii-y Wfivmik 
 ,. 11,0 I'llizrll Inl'Uli 
 lu'lii.iiiiil hO MnuiiyJl 
 A Iliiil. Ill" "''ifl'' 
 
 ,„\ ll-HlHl llllll. lull 
 
 wlilili, thniitfU -Ik 
 
 „ »...vfrt;, I'll" "t ' 
 
 «l,l hiiiitl fill "1 11 
 
 utlyliiUfiilirNnnor 
 
 KU!»l:Ulii'il I'l'luUM 
 
 11 y iiiTlVfUy Wli', 
 
 HilVI' III" "^^■" ''•' 
 
 ,u 111' nil wliowfiv 
 
 AiiioliK'li'' :i''''"'"HH 
 
 cvv wcallliy I'itizi'ii 
 
 I la-i'll looki J iM"ii 
 
 ,,.„t probity l.'UJ' 
 
 „ iriftlby tlitMira.al 
 
 _,.n otriTt-a till) iiiv;!' 
 
 nnrkH In COllllIlUl'.ltii'l 
 
 ToklnK. rli.liil.vi">i 
 
 ■,l WO'llfll tif 111' 
 
 lU'L' tlio m"i<' 
 \i> aturiily 
 ed tuo cUlicii f.louw 
 
 ,r Norman l>rlm'''^; H 
 ttarliod to lii^* \?m 
 ' of llu BtibjefU 111 «t 
 
 ftl-COUIlt. Ill' ?^ 
 
 orcBt lawB. ^vlli; ™ 
 
 yto Hio lieoi'lt)-. I'™.. 
 icnlB uiwii Vliew- iioj 
 tion.butbyflnoor.KJ 
 
 AiyoiarravcMit^'1'8'' 
 
 111 
 it 
 'I 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 nil 
 
 ll 
 
 111 
 
 Vt 
 
 iK'ul 
 Inmi 
 n'fu^i'J 
 
 M 
 
 btMt, IhU kliiK wan not di'Mtlluto of n rrr- 
 t»ln tJry Iniinoiir. 'riiintdlraliliiMCiinilin'ii' 
 ,iH ri'l'it<"*> '''i'^'' "■" I'rior nml iiioiikit nt 
 lli(imi)iii"*'''"ry "f Ht. Hwllliln nmilfHrli'Voiin 
 I'linipliiliil' to lli'iiry of Mio rluroiir wllli 
 wlilcli. '»" thfynllcKcil, ilicy Imil lifcn inMi 
 
 ,,i||iy|lli> lilitlliip of Wlni-lii'Mtcr III llionl' 
 
 diTliiK of llii'lr illi't. ' Wo ImvK liiit It'll 
 ,li„lii>it nllow'oil im now r lliry cxi'liiliiiiil. 
 'Diit ti'ii r nalil Mm kltiv, 'I li.'ivo Imr 
 llirml "I'JK tlio Mlior iiiiiiitiiT, rrly nimii 
 It; mill I <li'"li'<' that you Ik; chiiIImiI to li 
 
 lllilivfllflll.' 
 
 Ilriiry wiw mirvlvcil liy two Icultliriiito 
 foiiii, IiIi'Ikii'iI mill .liiliii, ami ilino l<'iriit 
 niitii iliiiixlili'i'K, Miiinl, MliMiiior, ami .Iumii, 
 lli'iilmi li'ft two lllrwIllinaloHoiH, lilclianl, 
 fiiriiaiii"il I,iiii««ivnnl, iiiiil (li'nM'rcy, who 
 jii'ciinii' arclililMlioii of Vmk. 'I'Ih't mums 
 mri' hiiriH' lo liliii liy UosamoMil, ilaiwflitiT 
 i,( iord Cllli'onl. Of all Mint romaiii'i', 
 uliclli'T 111 lit own Kill"'' or III thill llf Ills- 
 |.iry,lri't nnlil of tliM laily, nnililiur Kci'iim 
 I ilii'lriK' Mvc lliat uliM VNH!* I.iitli fair mil 
 (nil. Ili'r liowi'r at Wuuilslock, ami I In' 
 Iplcaimit I'liolii) olforoil in hrr, by llioji'i 
 [liiim iiiii'iMi Kli-aiior, liftwfi'ii till' (lani^ir 
 
 mltlio poJHOiieil clialli'o, an- iiu n- liivcii- 
 
 |iin.«. 
 
 c'liAi'Ti'.ii xxr. 
 
 77(« Jtelgn of IliciiAnD I. 
 
 ),n.UM -Tiri? iiartlatlty with whirli, rvi'ii 
 l^iwn t<i llio I't'cscnl Hull', llio cliarai'li'i' 
 . Illcliiinl I. Iian lu'i'ii luiiki'd iiiioii, Ih a 
 irMnn proof linw far iiirii ran i^n In dlt- 
 ciniiiKWllliotlK r t,Miidiniallll('M,llifa\oiir 
 Jlilniwlio iHalmiKlaiilly t'liduwi'il wlili llii' 
 jierefinlinnl iiunllty of cininnji'. Tin' Hliaiiii' 
 jilliiKrUltiiili', niiiotinlliiK In nrtiial liriita- 
 jly, Willi wlilrli ilii.H priiiri' Iroafnl lilsuuly 
 gij lniliil>(<'iit falli(>r; ami t'vi'ii tlio lint- 
 Cidciliii'lllslincHH Willi wlilili 111- pri'fi'rri'il 
 arrliiit iibroail to liciii'tlri'iitly and iHi'fiilly 
 gliniint lioinc, anil niado Ills rcniiii a iiu'ri- 
 jtlOt for till) iiion and niiinltions roiiulHlto 
 the prosiTutloii (if Ills si'licinost of inlll- 
 Jrjumlilil'iii, ari' ovt'rlonkod In roiisldi'ra- 
 kin (if 111" ii't'klfSH darliiK and Kri'at t-x 
 olti la till- lialtU'-llclil. Until nii'ii aro 
 uchbi'ttiT lauKlil lli'in tlicy Imvefvoryit. 
 I as to tliori'al valiii- uf oouraKo and llio 
 clue limits within wlilrli It8 cxorrNo Is 
 ervliigof the hoinajji'iiow so Imllscrlnil- 
 ely r^ltl to It, Kravo and tliniiiflitful 
 llwrs will, wo foar, labour but vainly to- 
 la cnuHinK Mil) roallty of Itlchard'H cha- 
 crto hcconiL' vlxlblo tlirougli Iho falno, 
 Ignrgcnus halo with which Mio iTror of 
 ci.'iiturles has HurroumU'd It. With 
 brief raution against tno iinpllrit a 
 |thliilliecorxl»ti'nco of virtue and t-oii- 
 {, we proceed to the rolxn of the most 
 Ukcof alU'vciiof Kngland'H klngs.whoso 
 Illy Impctuoua and rndurInK bravery 
 lined for hlin from thcmost warlike men 
 livu'llke ago tho tltlo of ' CcBur de Lion,' 
 Vllnn-liomrtcd.' 
 ke flrst aet of Alchard'fl rcign gave flome 
 Dlae of a wIbo and just ono. Instead of 
 Jlng Into favour and oiuploynient thosip 
 ) bid so Shamefully aided lilm in IiIh un- 
 
 dutiful ami disloyal ronduct, ho treateil 
 Miem with marked dlNfavour, and contrari- 
 wise retained In their employments tlioHo 
 niliilMterx who had been the faithful and 
 /I'al'iiiH advlHerH of Ills fiiMier. ltd releanoil 
 IiIm miiMier, iiiieen Kleanor, from llio eon> 
 lliieimiit III which slio remained ill tho 
 dialli of Henry, anil eniniiiined the n'geney 
 of I'liiKlamI III her till he Nhmild arrive to 
 iriivirn ll In person, To Ids bruther John, 
 tun, lieKhiiwed the begliinliigof that favour 
 wlili'h he I'liiiiliiiii'd tohliii thruuKliout hlH 
 ri'lun, anil of whirh .Inliii euiitlniially nml 
 llaurantly pruviil his unworlhlneHS. The 
 tlay of Itlehard's ruronatlun was marked by 
 an event wlilrli showed the intoleraiiii) of 
 the ago to bo fully eijiial lu nml evrry way 
 wiirtliy of Itssiiperstllliin. TIm^ Jews, every • 
 whiTo a proscribed people, were, however, 
 everywliei'o an Indiish-loiiH and of eoiirsn a 
 prosiiei'ous iiiiil wealthy people. Helii'r the 
 larL'i'st pu-.-1'sKiirs uf ready liiuliey, they na> 
 liinilly eimriisseil ih(> Invlilluii i, thoimh of- 
 ten Impiiriaiil, iradi'iif iiiunry IrmlliiK; ami 
 whin werun~lilirllii' usaire wlilili Ihe.lewH 
 till) ciiimnuiily ri'i'i'lvod iit llio hands of 
 Clii'isl lans, and aild lu lliat the fri'i|iient 
 liisMCH tlii'y Hiistaliii'd, \vi' iiei'd scarcely lio 
 surprised that lliey mniiel lines charged 
 eiiiirmuus Inli'ri'st, and Mealed their Insol- 
 vent di'liliiis with a rigour that almost 
 frees Hhakspeare from the rhari^euf carlca- 
 tiirliiK In his tirribly Kiaplile. character of 
 Hhylui'k. 'I'hi' necessities that ever wait 
 npiiii unthrll't made tuo many of the IiIkIi- 
 liiirii and the puwerful persuimlly aci|ualnt- 
 ed with Ihe usurious propensities of tliu Is- 
 raelites ; and thus added persmml feelingi i 
 uf anlinosliy to the hat(* borne by tho /.eal- I 
 nils r/ni'<^V(/i.i-alas I what a (Christianity | 
 was theirs I — aualnst the .lews. During > 
 the reign of lli'iiiy II. the animosities i 
 that Wire nourished auulnst the Jewa { 
 were not openly e.-ipressnl ; but Itli'liard, i 
 will) cnniblned In his own persnn imieh 
 of the evil IIS well as of ili(> guoil thatdls- | 
 tlngiilshod his stirring and bigoted time, ' 
 had an especial hatred to Jews, and ho 
 i^ave orders that on the day of his corona- i 
 Hull Iliey should nil nn accnunt make their I 
 appearance at the HCfue of that ceremony. ' 
 Hmiieof Iheiii, judging that their nold, at : 
 l"asi, would obiaiii them exception from '■ 
 this rule, ventured to wait upon hlin wttU 
 presents uf great value. Having appmached 
 the bamiuetlng hall of tho king, they 
 were soon discovered by the erowtl, and of 
 course Insulted. Krom word.'* tho rabblo 
 proceeded to blows ; the Jews became ter- 
 rltled, lied, and were pursued ; and, cither 
 In error or In malli;nlly, a report was spread 
 that the king lirul ordered tho general de- 
 struction of the .lews. Drders so agreeablo 
 at once to tho bit'otryand tho licentious- 
 ness of such a populace as that of London, 
 were believed without much scruple and 
 executed without any remorse. Not con- 
 tented with murdering all tho Jews who 
 were to be found In tho streets, tho rabble 
 broke Into iinil flrst plundered and then 
 burned tho lioiises of the wealthy Indtrl- 
 duals of that iiersccuted sect, who, driven 
 to desperatlon.dcfciided themselves bravely 
 l.ut liielTectually. From London theflerco 
 
 !M. 
 
 'H 
 
 on 11 
 
180 
 
 €f^t ^xtniuru ot W^tov}}, Sit. 
 
 cry against the Jews, and the false cry that 
 the king had anthorlaed their acstruction, 
 spread to the other great towns, where the 
 unhappy people were equally plundered 
 and slaughtered as In Iiondon. At York, 
 In addition to the raurders committed 
 by the populace, ii truly horrihlo tragedy 
 took place. Upwards of llvo hundred of 
 the Jews shut theinselvos un in the castle 
 with their families. Finding that they 
 could not much longer defend themselves 
 against the infuriated and blood-stained 
 rabble without, the men of this unhappy and 
 1 i>rs»'cuted band actually killed their own 
 vivesand children and threw their corpses 
 over the walls ; and then, setting lire to the 
 place, chose rather to perish in the tortures 
 of the flames than in those which tliey 
 knew would be.adjudged to theni by their 
 enraged and bigoted enemies. As though 
 this horril)lo tragedy had not sulllfiently 
 disgraced tlio nation, the goiitry of York, 
 most of whom were deeply indebted to the 
 unhappy Jews, added a characteristic trait 
 of sordid dishonesty to the general horror, 
 by making before the altar of the cathedral 
 a solemn burnt sacriftco of the bonds in 
 which ;hey were contcssed debtors. The 
 detestation with which one is inspired by 
 this whole affair almost makes one add 
 without regret or pity, that long after the 
 Jews were all either massacred or escaped, 
 the plundering of the rabb'e went on with 
 equal zeal in the hou'ses of men who were 
 not Jews, and who indignanily impressed 
 that fact upon the minds of tlie jilunderers. 
 Thougli the known hatred whicli the king 
 bore to the Jews was doubtless Induontial 
 in encouraging the rabble to excess on this 
 occasion, it is certain that he gave no direct 
 orders or encouragement to tlieni. On the 
 contrary, as soon as actual force haU re- 
 stored comparative order in the country, 
 Richard commissioned ills chief justiciary, 
 the celebrated Glanvillc, to make the ne- 
 cessary enquiries and to punish as many as 
 could be discovered of the original instiga- 
 tors of these dttestaltle enormities. But 
 even partial en(iuiry showed that the rabble 
 were, with all their violence and grossness, 
 by no means the most blameworthy parly 
 upon this occasion ; and so many powerful 
 and wealthy men were found to bo deeply 
 implicated, that after the punishment of a 
 very few persons, to vindicate tiie law from 
 the reproach of ulter Ineillciency, the esi- 
 ijuiry was wholly laid asidt.'. 
 
 Scarcely had llichard llnlshcd the cere- 
 mony of his coronation ere lie cominenred 
 his prepar.'itions for an expedition to I'a- 
 lestlne. Tiic distance of that country made 
 it impossible forhim to rely upon KnL<land 
 to furnish him from time to time witli the 
 requisite supplies ; his flrst care, therefore, 
 was to provide himself with such an amount 
 ot money as would placo him above any 
 danger from want of means to provision Ills 
 followers. His father had left lilin above 
 a hundred thousand ri; rks— a very large 
 Bum in that ago— and, to add to that im- 
 portant treasure, the king resorted to tho 
 sale not only of the manors and revenues of 
 the crown, but even of many oHlces, the 
 nature of which rendered it especially im- 
 
 portant that they should bo held by purn 
 hands. Tlie ofllco of sheriff, which con- 
 cerned both the administration of jubtlce 
 and the crown revenue, was thus sold, as 
 was the scarce less important oflloe'uj 
 forester ; and at length, as if to show that 
 all considerations were trivial, in his judg. 
 ment, when compared to that of forwarding 
 his favourite sclieme, lllchard openly .'uid 
 shamefully sold the high otllceof chief juj. 
 ticiary— that office upon whicli ihcllheitjej 
 and properties of tiie whole nation were to 
 a very considerable extent UepeiiUent, lo 
 Hugh I'uzas, bishop of Durliam, tur a 
 tIions:uid marks; this prelate boinKalso 
 ' for a consideration. Invested for lil.s (nvil 
 life with the earldom of Nortliuiiiljcrlanii,' 
 Utterly reckless liow he obtained nidney, ■ 
 and really seeming to have no single thought 
 to bestow upon hts country, except as n 
 source of money, he next sold back to tlic 
 king of Scotland tho Scottish fortivssti 
 which his wiser fatlier had so earcfuiij 
 guarded, and released Will lam from iiUaiirii 
 of vassalage licyond the ordinary Imniaiie 
 for lands held by him in Knglniul ; tlui 
 price of all this advantage on the tmo siile 
 and disgraceful sacrillco on the othci' being 
 ten thousand marks. 
 
 Ucsldes selling, in tills reckless wsy, 
 much in wlilch he justly and legally iieiji 
 only a mere life interest, lie wearied all 
 ranks of his subjects for loans or gifts; tlie 
 distinction in words being, it will casilj iJ 
 liolieved, tho only distinction between M 
 two ways of parting with tlieir luoiifji 
 The utmost having been done to iaia| 
 money in these dlscrediUible ways.Uiciiari 
 next applied himself to selling pcrmlssiu 
 to remain at home to those wlio, afu 
 liaving taken the cross had, from Avliatcvt 
 cause, liecorae less enamoured ot the ia>l 
 of combating the infidels. To dwell in 
 longer upim this most disgraceful i.issagj 
 in (lur iiistory, Richard, in his aiixletj t* 
 raihe money to aid him in his merely gclliil 
 pursuit of fame, showed himself sorei'kliij 
 a salesman, that his ministers vcntuii'il 
 remonstrate with him ; and he, shanielojilj 
 exulting In his own want of principle aiij 
 true pride, replied, that he would glaillj 
 sell his good city of London, could Le bi 
 find a inirchaser. 
 
 While Richard w.ns thus maklii)? m 
 great sacrifices, nominally for the wke 
 the (.'hristlan cause In ralestliio, hutrcall 
 for tho sake of lilsown fierce vanity, of ili 
 peculiar quality towliiclinieiihavcslavii'lil 
 agreed to give tho more soutidiug name 
 love of glory,his lifeand conv,:'rsatli)n\vf 
 by no means of the most Christian "iitii 
 and gave great (jfTenco to lliose c ,. iJi 
 \vho-<o piety was sincere and i)rarti( 
 tliouKh occasionally carried to tliecxtrei 
 of bigotry in feeling and of grimace 
 niaiiifestation. Fulke of Neullly, azeak 
 and eloquent preacher of the crusao 
 l»reacliing before Richard, lioldly assiii 
 lilm that he had three favourite hut nii 
 dangerous daughters of whom it l)cli''i 
 him speedily to rid himself, namely.prlj 
 avarice, and Toluiituousness, ' You areiji 
 right,' replied Richard, * and I hereby g 
 the first of them to tlie Templars, the 
 
dfitfllanlf.— iSlantaflpuft^.— JUrljnvXf 3E. 
 
 id no iiuiu "> yura 
 iUerllT, which con- ,, 
 Istratlon of iuslke ' 
 ;, was thus sold, as 
 rtiportant offlce u( 
 11, as If to show that 
 trivial, in hla judg- ' 
 othatof forwiirdlng 
 Ulcliard openly uuj 
 rU offlce o£ chief ilia- 
 n which the Utievtlei 
 vhole nation were to ^ 
 xtcnt deiiendent, lo ., 
 )\i of Purhani, fnv a L 
 3 prelate hoini,' als», I 
 Invcstoil for his own ' 
 of Northumherlaiui; \. 
 
 lie obtained money, 
 lave no single ihouglit 
 country, except as a 
 next sold hack to the 
 ScottUh lortiessej 
 lier had ko carefully 
 lWllllai"'»'oiniillsii!ii| 
 
 the ordinary Iioiiwl-o I 
 lUu In England ; ilic 
 lutage on the one slJc 1 
 llco on the other U'iuij 
 
 in this rccUlcsa wnyj 
 justly and legally l,oU 
 itcrest, he wear ed »lll 
 8 for loans or gifts tliel 
 "l.elnp.itwlllwsilyk 
 istiuclion hctwecu iliel 
 ng with theh- moiifyll 
 X been done to mail 
 *redlUvl)leway9,Ui;liit. 
 If to selling iiermlssM 
 lo to those whii, fy\ 
 •OSS had, from wliutm 
 enamoured ot tlic a>l( 
 models. To M4 
 lost disgraceful \.}mi 
 Sd.lnhU anxiety I 
 
 himllihlsnmHyselM 
 owed himself so reokW 
 
 ministers vemuiL.d 
 i,im;andhe,shamolo>slJ 
 
 n wint of l'""V,"l^,;'| 
 1, that he wonUl (?a.| 
 ,f Loudon, could bo \>f 
 
 WM thus making m 
 mnlnally for the wkc; 
 e ralestlnc.hutrc;! 
 own IK-rce vanity oft 
 "wilclunenhavesUvbl 
 , move soutuling «an«l 
 l£eandconv.^rsation«iH 
 c most Christian -j 
 fence to those _ 
 1 uinccrc ana piaii" 
 hv carried to the extrei 
 ■ifug and of grin.acc 
 ■ulkoof Neuilly.a/M 
 •c'reher of lh« "«**' 
 k llUhard. holdly aasu 
 three fav'urlte but IK 
 
 o?^ of whom it l.cn 
 {d'hlmBelf.«ameU^^ 
 
 rrr and Km 
 
 cond to the Bcucdlctiucs, and the third to 
 my prelates.' 
 
 Previous todcpartlngfor the East.Uichard 
 committed the administration of the go- 
 vernment in England to irngh, bisliop of 
 Diirliani, and Longchamp, bisliop of Ely ; 
 liut though ho at first swore botli his 
 hrotlicr prince John and his natural brother 
 Geoffrey, archbishop of York, not even to 
 enter tlic kingdom during his absence, he 
 guliccqiiently withdrew that politic i)nilii- 
 Wliun. I-ongchamp, the bishop of Ely, 
 though of mean blrtli, was a man of consi- 
 (jeniWe talent and energy ; and the better 
 tocnableliim to govern wltli ettect,Richard, 
 fflio liad already made him cliancellor of 
 tlic kingdom, also procured him to be in- 
 vested witli tlie authority of papal legato. 
 Willie Klchard and Pliilip had been en- 
 md In preparing for their Eastern expe- 
 jjtioii, the emperor Frederic liad already 
 led from Germany and tlio neighbouring 
 countries of tlie north an army of 150,000 
 men; and though the force of the inUdels 
 and tlic intrigues of the court of the east- 
 ern empire — which feared the western 
 Christians nearly as much as It did tlic in- 
 fidels tiiein^clves, —caused him both great 
 idelay and a considerable loss of men, ho 
 bad already reached the frontiers of Syria, 
 when he was drowned In a sniall river 
 cJ Pisidia. His son Conrad assumed the 
 command of tho army, whicli, however, 
 Ireached I'alcstino reduced to al)Out eiglit 
 Ibousand men, and even of these many 
 ffcre 111 a state of pitiable weakness from 
 the diseases incident to tlio c'iiiiato and 
 issuii under which so many of tlieir coin- 
 iilcs had perished. 
 
 Philip and Henry perceiving how much 
 jiscliief accrued from the utter cutting oH 
 if SHch Immciiso liodios of men from all 
 lanceof succour from Europe, resolved to 
 luip fleets, not only for tho purpose of 
 irryingover their armies and sueii stores 
 J provisions as would inevitably be rciiiii- 
 6te,lnitftlso to form, as it were, a line of 
 mmimieation with Europe whether for 
 ipiilj or for retreat. 
 
 A.D. 1190.— And indeed when the forces of 
 iciiardaiid Pliilip met on the plains of Ve- 
 :lay,on the frontiers of Jlurgumly , iiicii liie 
 astsanguine in trusting to liuman prowess 
 light liave been jiardoncd for deeming tiiat 
 lat miidity liobt must bo invincible by 
 ly power that the inlldels could muster 
 iliist it. After all tlio necessary and 
 itinns weeding by which the minor lead- 
 had taken care, as far as possible, to 
 ivcnonc enrolled among lliclr troops save 
 ■e who were strong of body and masters 
 their weai)ons, tliis force amounted to 
 ircthan a hundred tliousand men, well 
 nod, abundantly provided for, and ani- 
 itcdtothehlghestnossil)lepitchof enthu- 
 limby the double feeling of religious zeal 
 ■ military ambition. Itiehard and I'liilip 
 Iged both themselves and the other 
 lers of this mighty host to mutual laith 
 friendship in the Held; and tho two 
 inarclis engaged their barons and pre- 
 fflio remained at liome, on oath, to 
 In from any infringement of the re- 
 ;tivc kingdoms, and called down Inter- 
 
 161 
 
 diet and excommunication upon whosoever 
 sliould break this solemn engagement. 
 Tills done, Philip marched towards Genoa, 
 and Richard towards Marseilles, where, 
 respectively, they had rendezvoused their 
 fleets. Though they sailed from different 
 ports, they were both, and nearly at tiio 
 same time, tempest-driven Into the har- 
 bour of Messina, In which port they wero 
 detained during the whole remainder of tho 
 yeiir. 
 
 Tiie adage which represents a long con- 
 lliieinent on board ship as a peculiar test 
 of temper and touchstone of friendship, 
 applies ciiually to all cases of very close 
 companionship. Brought thus long into 
 daily contact, tliese young princes, who 
 were so well lltfed to have been friends 
 nnder almost any other clrcumstanccB, 
 were the more certain to disagree, from 
 tliclr mutual possession, in a very high de- 
 gree, of a haughty determination, ambi- 
 tion, courage, and obstinacy; and as Philip 
 was as cool and reserved as lUchard was 
 passionate to the verge of frenzy, and can- 
 did to the verf-'c of absolute folly, their dis- 
 agreements were pretty sure to tend chiefly 
 to the advantage of Philip. 
 
 While residing .at Mes.'jina, and settling 
 some dilference wlileh both kings, in some 
 sort, had with Tancred, the reigning usur- 
 per of Sicily, Richard, extremely jealous 
 of the Inteiiiions of both prince and people, 
 established Jiiinself in a fort which com- 
 manded tlie harbour. A quarrel was tho 
 consequence, and Richard's troops having 
 ciiastised tho Messineso for an attack 
 which lie rather gue.?sed than had any 
 proof that they meditated, Richard had the 
 English flag displayed in triumph on tho 
 wails of the city. Philip, who had pre- 
 vioiusly done all that he could to accommo- 
 date matters, justly enough considered this 
 display as being insulting to him, and gave 
 orders to some of his people to pull the 
 standard down. Richard, ou tho other 
 liand, chose to treat this order as a per- 
 sonal insult to him, and iir'uediately sent 
 word to Philip that he had no objeciiion to 
 removing the standard himself, but that no 
 one else should touch it, save at mortal 
 risk. Philip, who was too anxious for tho 
 aid of Richard when they should arrive in 
 tlie Holy Land to be willing to drive him 
 to extremity, accepted the proposal with 
 seeming cordiality ; but the quarrel, petty 
 as it was, left the seeds of dislike In tho 
 hearts of botii princes. 
 
 A. D. 1191.— Tancred, tho Sicilian usurper, 
 deeiniiig that his own safety would be pro- 
 moted by whatever sowed discord between 
 these two powerful princes, was guilty of a 
 deception which In their mutual temper of 
 suspicion might have led to even fatal 
 consequences. Ho showed to Rlctu^rd n 
 letter which he stated that ho had received 
 from the hands of the duke of Burgundy. 
 This letter, which purported to be written 
 by Philip, required Tancred to cause his 
 troops suddenly to fall upon tho English 
 forces, and promised that tho French 
 should aid him in the destruction of tho 
 common enemy. Richard, with his usual 
 flery and unreflecting temper, believed thii 
 M 
 
 r.« i 
 
1 q\_ 
 
 162 
 
 (!ri)e €tta^\ixyi at I^Otftarjtt ^t* 
 
 clumsy flctlon without examination, and 
 being whollj' unablo to rtlsscmblo Ills feel- 
 ings, ho at once told Thlllp what ho was 
 eharged withal, rhllip flatly denied tlio 
 chaigc, branded the Sicilian usurper with 
 his falp.ohood, and challenged him to sup- 
 port the atrocious charge he had made ; 
 and as Tancrcd was, of course, wholly 
 unable to do bo, Richard professed to be 
 completely satisfied. As this attempt ot 
 Tancrcd and it.s near approach to success 
 had warned both I'hiiip niul JUchard of tlio 
 danger to which their friendship, so Im- 
 portant to both their kingdoms and to tlio 
 great cause in iilch tlicy were Imlli en- 
 gaged, was perpetually liable from I lie arts 
 of the enemies of either, they nfrroed to 
 liave a solemn treaty, in which every pos- 
 sible point of (iilference between them 
 should be so arranged that no future dilll- 
 culty could arise. Hut (his very attempt 
 at formalising frlend^'hip was Kself the 
 Clause of a dispute, vliich at tiie lutset 
 l.lireatened to be a fat;il one, inasimu'li as 
 the family honour of I'liilip was very mucli 
 concerned in the matter. 
 
 It will bo remembered that, In his shanu''- 
 ful opposition to his fatin'r, liiclmnl li:nl 
 constantly cxi)ressed the utmost possible 
 anxiety for permission to espouse Alice, 
 daughter of Louis, the late king of I'rance, 
 and sister of tliat riiilip wlio was now 
 Richard's fellow-crusader. Alice, wlio lonur 
 resided ii: Kngland, was coiilUlently, though 
 perhaps only scandalously, reported toliMve 
 been eng.Tged In a crimlnnl amour witli 
 Richard's own father; and Itlclianl, well 
 knowing tlic current report on tliat head, 
 was far indeed from desiring the alliance 
 which, na a sure means of .■uinoyiiig his 
 father, he was tluis perpetually demanding. 
 Now that he was king, ho not only had no 
 longer any ■ntention of nmrrying Alice, 
 but had, In fact, made proposals for the 
 hand of Ilercngaria, daugbter of the king 
 of Navarre, and was expecting that princess 
 to follow him uiuler tiic protection of his 
 mother, queen Eleanor. I'lilllp, probably 
 suspecting or knowing this new jiassion, 
 formally required that Uichard shouM 
 espouse Alice, now that there was no 
 longer any hostile father to oppose iiim. 
 But Richard on this occasion gave proof 
 that he was not .actuated merely by his 
 constitutional levity, by bringing forward 
 l>roof so clear that It carried conviction 
 oven to tlie unwilling mind of riillip, that 
 Alice had actually borne a child to Rich- 
 ard's fatlier, the late king of Kiigbind. To 
 Buch a reason for breaking off tlie engage- 
 ment no valid reply could be made ; and 
 Philip departed for the Holy Land, while 
 Richard remained at Messina t.i siwait the 
 arrival of his mother and the princess lle- 
 rengarla. They soon after arrived, and 
 Richard, attended by his bride and his 
 sister, the dowager queen of Sicily, departed 
 for the Holy Land ; ciuccn Kloanor return- 
 ing to England. 
 
 Richard's fleet was met by a heavy storm, 
 wh'ch drove part of It upon the isle of (Cy- 
 prus, tho prince of which, Isaac, a despot 
 whoso limited moans and power did rot 
 prevent him from usiuming ail the state 
 
 and tyrannous bearing of an emperor, threw 
 tho wrecked crews into prison, instead of 
 hospitably administering to tiielr wautsi 
 and even carried his barbarity so far a? to 
 prevent the princesses, on their peril, from 
 being sheltered in his port of Limlsso. nut 
 the triumph of the Ill-conditioned tyrant 
 was only brief. Richard, who Boon'atter 
 arrived, landed his troops, beat the tyrant 
 before Limlsso, took that place by storm 
 threw Isaac liimseif Into prison, and pg! 
 tablished new governors In all the princiiiai 
 places of tho Island. A singular favour 
 was in tho midst of tliis sevorlly confcrrnj 
 by Richard upon tho defeated and hn- 
 prisoned tyrant. I.saac complahied bitteiiy 
 of the degradation of being loaded, like J 
 vulgar malefactor, with chains of iron ; iiij 
 sense of degnidation being apparently li. 
 mited to tho materi.al of his fetters, "mid 
 not extending to tlie fact of his being fit. 
 tercd at all. With an inde8cribal)ly Uiuli 
 courtesy, Richard not only admitted tlie 
 justice of the complaint, but actually li.nij 
 set of very substantial silver fetters mado 
 for Isaac's especial use I 
 
 The nuptials of Richard and Bercngaria 
 were celebrated with great pomp atCypnij, 
 !ind they again set sail towards ralestliifl 
 laUing with them Isaac's daughter, a l«ii! 
 tiful woman, who was reported tn havj 
 made coiiquest of Richard's heart. Uicliai 
 and his troojis arrived In tim" to uk 
 distinguished part in the siege ^f tlieloiigi 
 beleaguered Acre. 
 
 At llrst the llngllsh and French trnoi 
 and their kingly leaders acted mostnniin 
 bly together, altiTuately taking the duty oj 
 guarding tlietniiclies ;ind mounting tothi 
 assault of the place. But this goodfcilini 
 between the two princes would prtbabi' 
 not have endured very long, even had tlici' 
 been no other cause for their disagrecmcni 
 but tlie v.arliko superiority of HIcliari 
 whose he-- long cmirage and hugcpcrsoni 
 strength ;.iade him conspicuous in cvfi 
 attack. But to tills latent and ever-ranl 
 ling cause of quarrel others were eiicodll 
 added. 
 
 The first dispute that arose between il 
 two kings to call into open light tlio ri 
 feelings wlilrli policy or courtesy liad pi 
 viously enabled tlicm to veil, orlginatod 
 the claims of Quy dc Lusignan, and 
 rad, marquis of Motitferrat, to the mi 
 showy than profl cable title of king of Ji' 
 salem. De Lusignan sought and obtaini 
 tlio advocacy of Richard, ana riiillji i 
 /ncto was Induced to give the most stronui 
 support to Conrad. Nor did tho evil ri 
 with giving the two monarchs a cause 
 open and zealous opposition to eacli otlii 
 Their example was naturally followed 
 tho other Christian leaders. The knig] 
 of the hospital of St. John, tho I'lsnn 
 the Flemings, gave tlieir voices aiulfuiipi 
 to the side embr.acod by Richard, while 
 Templars, tho Oermans, and the (ieaoi 
 gave theirs to rhllip; and thus, while ev 
 circumstance of Interest and duty deni; 
 cd the most cordial and unwaverliiif urn 
 mity among tho Cliristian jirinces 
 leaders, their camp was divided Into 
 florco parties, who were almost as read; 
 
(JPitfllanlf.— ^Tanta0CiuW,— »(f]^artr 5. 
 
 ku emperor, threw |' 
 ;)rlaon. Instead ol 
 to their wauts, ! 
 barlty sofar aMo! 
 a their peril, Ironi 
 tofWmlsso. But i 
 nndltloned t>r;iiit 1 
 \, •who Boou after i 
 )g, beat the tyrant j 
 at place by storm, i 
 to prlsnii, and Ps- 1 
 , In all tlic prlncii'al 1 
 A singular fiivourl 
 severity conferr?il 
 defeated and Im- 
 complained liittevly L 
 l)eiii» loaded, like a I 
 
 I chains of Iron ; liis 
 lelng apparently li- 
 of his fetters, mid I 
 
 net of hU heingtol 
 Indcserlbiihly dinlll 
 only admitted llio I 
 
 ,t butactuallylwiliil 
 silver fellers nwlsl 
 
 iiard and Berciigavial 
 rreat pomp at t'yrnis,! 
 
 II towards ralcptiiic,! 
 ic's daughter, a taii-l 
 as reported tn havel 
 hard's heart. lU<>lwra" 
 ert in tlm'^ to takci 
 
 thealcge jf tlteluns^ 
 
 ih and Frcneh troo 
 lors acted ni'ist mini 
 .tclytaklngtuedtityo 
 -siindmounimRtnth 
 \ But this pood fcilin 
 
 turn their arms upon each other aa upon 
 tlic Infidels. 
 
 The distressed condition to which the in- 
 fldels were already reduced, however, did 
 not allow of their profiting, ns they other- 
 wise might have done, by the Christian 
 dissensions; nndtliey fiurreiidered thelong- 
 coiitested city, stipulatliiur for the sparinpr 
 of their live*, and aj?reolng. In return, lo 
 give up all Christinn inisoncrs, and I lie 
 triicCross. The joy of tlie Christ inn powufs 
 of Europe at tliis long-desired triunipli Avas 
 80 rarturous as to mal^e them utterly tin- 
 mindful of tlie fact, tliat, setting almost in- 
 calculable treasure wholly out of considcni- 
 I tloii, tills result Iiad In the course of a few 
 years cost Christendom at least three liiin- 
 Jrort thousand of her bravest lives. 
 i Alter the su: render of Acre, I'liilip, dis- 
 susted probably at finding himself east so 
 much into the shade In a scene In whleli, 
 
 163 
 
 in general, but also towards his milder 
 colleague In tlie government. Having, In 
 addition to his ef)uallty of civil authority, 
 the legiitlno power, then so very tremen- 
 dous as not easily to be resisted even by a 
 jiowerful and wise king In his own proper 
 person, Longchnmp could not endure to 
 treat the meeker bishop of Durham as any- 
 thing more than his first subject. At first 
 he manifested his feeling of superiority by 
 I'etty means, which were rather annoying 
 than positively liostllo or Injurious; Jmt 
 fhuling himself tmresisted, lie grew more 
 and more violent, and.atlengthwcnt to the 
 glaringly inconsistent length of throwing 
 his eolk'ngue In the government Into con- 
 flnt'Mient, and demanding of him the sur- 
 reiKliu" of the earldom of Northumberland 
 which he had paid for in solid cash. This 
 took place l)cfore the king had departed 
 
 ^ from Marseilles on his way tithe East; and 
 
 and in which only, lUchard was so well ; though as soon as Hichard heard of the 
 
 rlnces would prrliabl 
 rv long, even liadtlicrj 
 •or their disagreenicnJ 
 
 a)criorlty of Wcluiil 
 
 rage and huge pcrsdni 
 
 conspicuous in cvci 
 
 n latent and cvcr-raiil 
 
 el others were mm 
 
 tbat arose bctwecui( 
 ,to open light tlioK^ 
 ,.v or courtesy hud m 
 
 fmt.. veil, originate 
 dc Lusignan, and loL 
 ontferrat. to the raoj 
 ,10 title of king oiH 
 ,n sought mu .. «j 
 
 ■^Ichard, ana I'hilii' <W 
 gvc the most strenu« 
 
 ■ '^Nor did the evil ri 
 ro monarchs a causcl 
 pnosltlon to each »tlil 
 ^"naturally followed I 
 loaders. The knlgj 
 It Jobn,thcVi^m 
 their voices and »WP, 
 
 mans and the tienoe 
 r.ftAdthus.AvhileeT 
 
 l^eA and duty H 
 landunwaverluh'uni 
 
 * Christian princM^ 
 r, was divided Into . 
 Vcre almost as reatf^ 
 
 calcuiated to outshine him, departed f<ir 
 Earope, on the ground that the safety of 
 Ills dominior.s would not allow of his re- 
 maining to take a piirtin what promised to 
 iic the very slow and dlflleult recapture of 
 jornsaiem, which It was only reasonable to 
 fiiprssc would be still more oiistinatoly do- 
 foiidod and more dearlypurchased than Aero 
 liad hccn. But though ho urged tlio plea 
 that the weal of his kingdom and tlio state 
 of his own health would not allow of his 
 own longer presence, he guarded himself 
 jpilnst the Imputation of being wholly In- 
 different to the Christian cause, by leaving 
 ten thousand of his best troops to Hichard, 
 under the comnmnl of the duke of Bur- 
 mmly. And In o. der to allay the very 
 iiutural suspicions of lUchard, lest he should 
 make use of his presence In Europe to do 
 jiiy wrong to the Englisli power, he so- 
 lemnly made oath that he woulil, on no 
 
 dissension between the two prelates up- 
 on whose wisdom and perfect accord he so 
 mainly diiirnded for the peace and safety 
 of his dominions, he sent peremptory orders 
 for tlie earl-bishop's release, Longchamp 
 had the consummate assurance to refuse to 
 obey the king's cominaiul, assuring the as- 
 tounded nol)les that lie knew that the king's 
 secret wishes were directly opposed to his 
 public orders! 
 
 This misconduct was followed up by so 
 much Insolence towards the nobility in 
 general, and so many complaints were In 
 consequence m.ade to KIchard, that he nii- 
 polnted a numerous council of nobles with- 
 out whose concurrence longchamp for tho 
 future was strictly forbidden to transact 
 any Important public business. But his 
 vast autliority as legate, added to his daring 
 and peremptory temper, deterred even tiioso 
 named as his councillors f,om venturing to 
 
 Ipreienee, make any attempt on HieEnglish produce their eommispion to him, and he 
 deminions during Ulchard's absence, Btit, I '-ontlnued to display the magnlflccnco and 
 
 Kilightly were oaths held even by the high 
 jomiindthe enlightened of that day, th;ii 
 tarcely had Philip landed In Itc.ly ere he \ 
 adthe mingled hardihood and meanness i 
 j apply t" Pope Celestine V. lo absolve , 
 liBfroni his oath. The pope, more just, I 
 (cfiisedto grant it ; but though Philip was I 
 ins prevented from tlie open bostiilty | 
 jrhlchhehad most dishonourably . : M.ued, i 
 (did not hesitate to avail himself i,o tho | 
 nost of every opportunity to wi.rk evil to 
 
 exercise the power of an absolute sove- 
 ;,;igii of tiie realm. 
 
 The gret'.t nlibots of tho wealthy monas- 
 teries complained that when ho made a 
 progress in their neighbourhood, Ub train 
 In a single day's residence devoured their 
 revenue for years to come ; the high-born 
 ;ind martial barons complained of the more 
 ilian kingly iiauteur of this low-born man ; 
 the whole nntion, in short, was discontent- 
 ed, but the first open and cfllclent opposl- 
 
 ichard ; and opportunity was al)undantly j tion was made by one whose personal cha- 
 
 forded him by tho conduct of thenngratj 
 il and disloyal uohn, and tho discord 
 tttrelgned among the English n iliillty, 
 Jjiost without an exception of an> note, 
 lit has alrcadv been mentioned that Ulch- 
 don his departure for the Holy Land had 
 faegated the chief authority In England to 
 ■Dgh, bishop of Durham and carl of Nortli- 
 Wrlaud, and Longchamp, bishop of Ely. 
 Selaiter was not only far superior to his 
 tlleague In point of capacity and cxpe- 
 Iracc In the arts of intrigue, but was also 
 iijiesscd of an audacious and violent spirit 
 jllc becoming the churchman. The king 
 
 1 not long left England ere the domi- 
 letlng spirit of Longchamp began to ma- 
 
 itt Itself, not only towards tho nobility 
 
 racterlstlc was certainly not too great 
 courage— the prince John. 
 
 That the bishop and legate misused lila 
 auilioiiiy to the insulting of the nobility 
 and the Impoverishment of tho nation, 
 would not a jot have moved John ; but ho 
 could not endure that he, too, should be 
 thrown into shade and contempt by this 
 overbearing ^relate. The latter, with a 
 want of policy strangely at variance with 
 his undoulited ability, imprudently allowed 
 lilmself to bo guilty of personally disoblig- 
 ing .Ioiin,v 111), upon tliat affront, conceived 
 an iiullpnation whicli all the disobedience 
 sliown to bis brollier. and all tlu^ Injury 
 inflicted upon his lirother's best and moit 
 falliiful sulijicts, had been insufflclcut to 
 
 Im 
 
 i- 1 
 
 
f 
 
 164 
 
 CTjc dTrpa^uri; of %\iitavv, ^r. 
 
 arouse. He suimnoned a council of prelates 
 Bud nol)le3 to meet hlrn at lleatliuff, in 
 FJerkshlrc, and cited Longchanip to appear 
 tlierc to account for iiis conduct. Aware 
 when it was too late of tlie dangerous ene- 
 mies lie had provoked by the wanton abuse 
 of his authority, the prelate, instead of ap- 
 pearing before the council, 'i. trenched hlni- 
 Belf In the Tower of London. liut the man- 
 ner in which ho had wielded his .nuthority 
 had left him so few and such lukewarm 
 friends, that he soon found tliat he was not 
 safe even in that strong fortress, and, dis 
 guising himself in female apparel, iie con 
 trlved to escape to France, where ho was 
 fiur.' to find a cordial recej)tion at tlieliands 
 of Philip. lie was now in form deprived 
 of ilio liigli civil ofllces whicli by his flight 
 he h.^d virtually surrendered, and the arch- 
 bishop of llouen, who had a high reputation 
 for both talent and prudence, was made 
 chancellor and justiciary in his stead. As 
 Lougchamp, however, hold the legatine 
 power, of wlilch no civil authorities could 
 deprive him, he still had abund.ant means, 
 which ho lost no opi>ortuulty of using, to 
 aid the insidious endeavours of riiilli) to 
 disturb the pea'-e of England and injure the 
 absent lUchard. 
 
 A. D. 1192.— i'hillp'3 nelghbouri'.ood to 
 Uichard'a Frcncli douilnlons held out an 
 opportunity, far too tcr;i, i 'iig to be resisted, 
 for iuvailing them, wh.ch he was on the 
 point of openly doing whou he found him- 
 self prevented in his treaclicrous schemes 
 by the almo.it general refusal of his nobles 
 to aid him in so Inglorious an enterprise 
 agiiinst the territories of a i>rlnce wlio w.as 
 gloriously— though .anything but prudently 
 — perilling life and limb in thedlstaut w.ars 
 of tlic cross. Philip was discouraged, more- 
 over, in this part of Ills disliouourabio plan 
 I by the pope, who, especially cunstitutiiig 
 ! Iiiinself the guardian of the riglits of all 
 princes engaged in the crusade, threatened 
 riiilip with tho terrors of an interdict, 
 should he venture to persist in attacking 
 the territory of his far wort liierbrothcr-so- 
 Tcrelgn and fellow-crusader. 
 
 But though obstacles so foriuldablo ren- 
 dered it impossible for him to i)ersist In 
 Ills open course of injustice, save at the 
 hazard of utter ruin to himself, he resolved 
 to Work secretly to tho same end. Tlio- 
 rnighly understanding tho dishonourable 
 character of John, he made overtures to 
 that base aiul weak prince ; offered him in 
 marriage that princess Alice whoso blotted 
 char.acter had caused her tt be refused liy 
 the usually Imprudent and f.acllc lUcliard, 
 and gave hlin assurance? of investiture in 
 •all tho French possessions of KIcliard, upon 
 condl Ion of his taking tlie risk of inv.ading 
 them. John, whose whole conduct through 
 life showed him to be uttcily destlt\itc of 
 all feelings of faith or gratitude, was in no 
 wise startled by the atrocity that was pro- 
 posed to him, and was In the act of coni- 
 menciug preparat iou^ for iiut i iiig it In toexe- 
 cutlon, when queen Klojiuor. more jealous 
 of the kingly rights of her absent son than 
 Bho had formerly showed herself of those 
 of her husband, interposed her own au- 
 thority, and caused the 'ouncll and noWes 
 
 of England to interpose theirs, bu effec. 
 ( u.'dly, that John's fears overcame even I1I3 
 cupidity, and ho abandoned a project wliich 
 none but an utterly debased mind would 
 ever have entertained. 
 
 While tlu'se things were passing In Eu- 
 rope, tlie higli-spirited but unwise Illcliard 
 was gathering laurels In Asia, a. id, niicon- 
 schuisly, accumulating upon his lioad ,1 
 huge and terrible load of future sufrcrincf 
 and an occurrence which just now toni; 
 l)lace In that distant scene w.as, with an 
 execrable ingenuity, seized upon by I'liiji,, 
 to calumniate in Euroiie the absent rivnl, 
 each new ('.xplolt of whom added to in,; 
 pangs of his ever-aching envy. 
 
 There was in Asia a mountain prince, 
 l<nowii to Europeans by the title of tlic 
 'old man of the mountain,' who had oh- 
 tallied so absolute a pow<-:- over tho exces- 
 sively superstitious T>'i:'sof his sulijccts 
 tliat, at a word or a sit, . . roin him, .inydnii 
 of them would put himself to deatirwjtii 
 the unmurmuring and even cheerful coin- 
 pllanceof a man In the performance of sonic 
 high and lnderi-.asil)le religious duty. To 
 I die at tlio order of their despotic prince 
 was, in the belief of these unlettered aiij 
 .'redulous beings, to secure a cectiiin anj 
 instant Introduction to the IneffaMe de- 
 litrhts of Paradise ; and to die thus was 
 conseiiuently not shunned or dreaded a. an 
 evil, but courted as the supreinest itosiiMc 
 
 good fortune. It will readily beundcr.-l 1 
 
 that a r.ace of men cducaod to coniinit 
 suicide at the word of coiiimand, woiiM ic 
 found no less docile to their despot's unlin 
 in tho matter of murder. The care wiiii 
 which they were instructed in the art if 
 disgui.'ting their designs, and tlio utirr 
 contempt In whidi they held the ir.nrt^l 
 conseciueuces of their being dlscovirod, 
 rendered It certain death to gi.'j ^ucli 
 offence to this terrible potentate of a initj- 
 territory as might Induce lilm to dc-iiatcii 
 Ills emissaries upon their Baiiguiiiary er- 
 rand. Conrad, marquis of Montfcrrat, wlw 
 seems to have possessed a considerable 
 genius for (luarrelllng, was unfortuna'c, 
 enough to glv(! deep oflence to the old man 
 (;f the mountain, who immedlatel/ Issucd, 
 against him his Informal but most dccialvej 
 sentence of death. Two of the old mm': 
 le'roted subjects, known by the nanuMifai- 
 sassin— which name tliolr pnictiocs liav 
 caused to be applied to murderers— ru 
 upon Conniil, while surrounaed Iiy liii 
 1,'uards, and iiiorfally wounded him. 
 
 About the autlun'of this crime tlioivw; 
 lint, and there could not be, tho .sllgliioii 
 (liirerence of opinion. Tlie practice of ilii 
 old man of the iiKUintain was only too w 
 known ; it was equally notorious that th 
 marquis of Montferrat had given lilm dci 
 olteiae by the contemptuous style In wliicl 
 he refused to make any satisfaction fnrtjij 
 •leatli of ceitalu of tho old man's subject 
 who had been put to deatli by tlie fit'/oii 
 of Tyre; and to put the cause of Conrad] 
 death beyond all seeming possibility of 
 take, the two ai' sasslns, who were seized ai 
 put to death with the most cruel tortnrci 
 boasted durinK their dying agonies t 
 they died in the performance of tlidrdui 
 
(iFufllanlf.— |3TaiitnfftncW.— 3ftiffjntt( $. 
 
 165 
 
 Lhclrs, BO clfeo 
 ^rcame oven his 
 a project which 
 sed mind would 
 
 T passing In En- 
 ninvlsL' Ulcliard 
 \^ia, ii.ul, iiiicon- 
 poll Ills Itcad !» 
 Cu*urc HUrtcrluR; 
 ti just now toiili 
 no wii9, with ail 
 ;d upon by I'hiliii 
 the nlisoiit rival, 
 oiu added to tuc | 
 envy. 
 
 mountain prince, 
 r the tUlc ol the 
 aln,' who had oli- 
 ;,•■■ over tlio cxccj- 
 's of liis PUl'jCCH 
 
 lomhiin.aiiyime 
 isclf to dfatli with 
 .veil cheerful com- 
 LTtormancecfi-oiiio 
 •eliglous duty. To 
 •ir despotic iirinco 
 lesc unletterod aiiil 
 L'ciirc a cci-taiii anil 
 o the Inellablc (If- 
 d to die thus was 
 icd or dreaded a, an 
 • suprcnH'St posjiWc 
 eadilyl>cuuder>l»«l 
 .auca-'d to comma 
 command, wouMi'O 
 their despni'rtiinliT- 
 f.ler. The cart' ^|:'.h 
 ructed in the art o\ 
 t?u9, and the uuw 
 licv held the ir.wrMl 
 r hclng discoviTOl, 
 aeatU to gl<-J '«cl' 
 M)otentatoo£aiH'it 
 iicc liini to de^iiatcli 
 their sanpuluary or- 
 is ol Moiitf emit, who 
 nssed a con^iUcviitiui 
 \^ was nntortuiw'c 
 iltence to the old maiji 
 , immediatel; issuci 
 nial hut most dcclilvi 
 •wo ot tlie old ra;m 
 ,wn hy the nanuM.fas- 
 
 their practices \\f 
 to inurdercrs-ruilio 
 . Burrouniied hs I'll 
 
 wounded 1dm- 
 
 £ this crime tlirt.M\j 
 
 not he, tho bliglif 
 I Tlie practice oii.. 
 tain was only too ™ 
 Uv notorious that till 
 athadgivenliimto 
 mptuousstycinwu 
 „ygatlsfaetioul»rtti 
 .Uo old man s sub c 
 death by the cit''^ 
 U,e cause of Coi.ta^^ 
 , irgpo.sihllityof' 
 ris who were seized an 
 'o''„Tost cruel ton«re 
 ■>ir dvin« aRonies a 
 '[nrmanceoftl.clrdttl 
 
 to their prince. But the king of Franco 
 pretended wholly to disregard all the eli- 
 cunistances wlilcli thus spoko trumpet- 
 tongucd to the truth, and loudly protested 
 his belief in the foul murder of Conrad 
 hiiving been committed by order of R Iclia rd, 
 the former opponent of tlio marquis; ancl 
 nllectliig to imagine that his person was in 
 daiipcr of attack hy assassins, this aceoni- 
 plisliedhypocrlteostentatiously surrounded 
 liinisclf with a body-guard. Tliis calumny 
 vas far too gross to bo believed by anyone ; 
 l)iiiitwas easy to seem to believe it, and 
 to convert it Into an excuse for violating 
 liolh tlie rights nn(i the lilierties of tlio 
 must valiant of all tlie crusaders. 
 
 The valour and conduct of liirliard and 
 the other Clirlstian le.adcrs, v;ii*t and bril- 
 liant as tliey were, could not eounterbal- 
 giice the dissensions which spram? up 
 miinng them. An inmensn host of liill- 
 ilcls under Salad i n \i '^ vaiic|iiislied, nearly 
 forty thousand of them reniaininsf dead 
 mon tlio field of battle; Ascalon was 
 Biicedlly allorwavtls taken ; and Itlclianl 
 had led the victorious Chrlstiaiis williiii 
 tju'ht ot Jerusalem, when the inipolitie dis- 
 ' sonsions to which wi; have alluded eoiii- 
 iirfled him to make a truce with Saladin, 
 linens the perfect triuinpli of the cross 
 1 k'oined Inevitable. The duke of nurgundy, 
 'uhiiin Philip had left in coniniand of the 
 Kieiirh, openly and obstinately declared his 
 Intention of immediately returning to Ku- 
 roi>D; the (ieriuaii and Itali.'in coiiipaiiies 
 WIrtwed the evil example thus s-et ; and 
 Itichard, compelled to trea.,by this uiiwor- 
 tliy defection, could but exert hiiiiselt to 
 oli'tain from the chivalrous Salad in lerm.s 
 n; favourable as possible to the Christians. 
 Dv die terms ol this treaty, wldcli was con- 
 cluded for the fanciful term of tliiee years, 
 tlirce months, three w eeks, three days, and 
 three hours. Acre, .lojipa, and other parts 
 of Palest ine were to be held by the Ciiris- 
 ttasand Christian pilgrims were to pro- 
 ofed to Jerusalem without let or iiudesta- 
 lii.n. The concluding of this treaty was 
 nearly the last Important imblic act of 
 Siiladln, who shortly afterwards expir(>d .'il 
 Damascus. On his death-bed he ordered 
 ilcjiacles to a largo amount to be distributed 
 tiiionsttlie poor of Damascus, without dis- 
 iliiclioii if religion, and ho ordered his 
 iwliuling-shcct to be exposed In the Tuhiip 
 •Ireot?, a crier the while making p'uda- 
 iMtion, 'This i-< all tliat remains of the 
 mighty Saladin, the conquerorof the Kast.' 
 Taking advantage of the truce, Hlchard 
 Lv dcternilned to return to Knglaiid, to 
 cpr'i'c his own power and authority to the 
 IntriKues of hi:' ungr.ateful brothe. John 
 ind tlio unprincipled king ot France. 
 eing aware that he ould be exposed to 
 rcat danger should lie venture through 
 tacc, he sailed for the Adriatic, and 
 jeiiiir shipwrecked near Ariuilela, he took 
 Ihedlsguiso of a pilgrim, in the hope that 
 Itwould enable him undiscovered to pass 
 llirough Oermaiiy. Driven out of lila di- 
 rect road liy some suspicions of the go- 
 rcrnorat Istrla, he was so Imp'-udently la- 
 Ishot his money during his short stay at 
 louiia, that hl.s real rank was discovered, 
 
 and lie was thrown Into prison by Leopold, 
 duke of Austria, who liad served under and 
 been grievously affroiued by him at the 
 slcgc of Acre. The emperor Henry VI., 
 wliom Richard by his friendship with Tan- 
 cved of Sicily had also made his enemy.not 
 only approv(!d of Richard's arrest, but re- 
 <iulred the charge of his iiersrm, and offered 
 the duke of Austria a considerable sum of 
 motley as a reward for It. 
 
 A. n. 1195.— The grief ot Richard's friends 
 and the triumph of his ciieiiiie.s were alike 
 excited when the news of his capture 
 reached Kngland ; the pos.slblo conse- 
 quences being obvious to both parties. 
 yu«en Kleanor spiritedly demanded the 
 interference of the jiope, whose duty she 
 very justly averred it to be to wield thd 
 thunder.- ot tlie church la protection of the 
 church's bravest and most zealous cham- 
 pion. The pope, probably Influenced by 
 some occult and crafty motive of policy, 
 showed himself anything rather than eager 
 to meet the iivgent "vLslios ol queen Elea- 
 nor ; but, as foes arc usua'ly far more 
 zealous than friends, so riiillp seized upon 
 this as a favourable opportunity to exert 
 his utmost power against the fallen but 
 still fornildablo Kicliard, and ho exerted 
 hiinselt to (his end wlthan acllvity worthy 
 of a nobler cause. To those of 'ils owu 
 barons who had formerly refused to join 
 hini ill attacking the territories of the ab- 
 sent Jtiehard, he now urged the alleged 
 atrocity of that prince in causing the as- 
 s.assinatlon of the marquis of Montferrat; 
 to the emperor Henry VI. he m;ide large 
 offers eitlier for yielding up liieliard to 
 French custody, or for solemnly engaging 
 for his perpetual impilsonmcnt ; and bav- 
 ins made a matrimonl.al alliance with Den- 
 mark, lie applied for permission and a 
 licet to enforce the Danish claim to the 
 Ihiglisli crnwii. Nor did Pl;lllp fail to 
 ••ipply IiiiiiMlC to prince John, whom lio 
 well kne\v for tlio mo.st willing and eager 
 of all the eiieinies of his absent brotlur. 
 Jnhn had an iiileivie>v wilh the king nf 
 France, at which, on eoiidition of being 
 Invested with his brolher'.s French terri- 
 tory, he consenteil to yield a great portion 
 of Normandy to I'Mlip; and It is with no 
 little appearance of imibability alllrmed, 
 iliit he even did hoinnge to I'liilip for tlio 
 I''nglish crown. Tims much is ei'rtaln, 
 I'iiilip liiv.aded Normandy and was well 
 served by John, whose forces enaliled him 
 I to take Neufcliatel, (Ji,s(U"s, and several 
 j niher forts, wilhoiit striking a blow. The 
 j Cdunties of Kii and Aumale were speedily 
 1 overrun by I'hilip, and he then marched 
 against Rouen, loudly threatening that ho 
 would put the inhabitants to the sword 
 without mercy, in the event of his expert 
 I'licing iiiiy resistance. Rut liei e I'hillp was 
 at length destined to receive a check. The 
 earl of Leicester, who had shr.red Richard'.^ 
 perils and toils in I'alestine, was fortu- 
 nately at Rouen, and he took the command 
 of the garrison, to whom his example and 
 his renown gave new courage; and tliey 
 fought so steadily and so well, that Philip, 
 after niiiiiy severe repulses, consented to 
 a truce; the Kn;.rlish regency engaging to 
 
 » \U 
 
 W'^'l 
 
 ■ if 
 
 iij.\ 
 
166 
 
 ^t Crtai^uri} of Witovn, ^c. 
 
 pay him twenty marks, and placliiK four 
 fortrcasea lu lils liaiida by way <>i bccu- 
 rlty. 
 
 Wliilo Pliillp was cxrrtlnf? lilmsclf In 
 Normandy, John was trying tho effect of a 
 most audacious falseliood In England. Weil 
 knowinpr that few Indeed among tlic l)aronB 
 would for his sake consent to Bct aside tho 
 hero of I'alostlne, Jolm Iwldly tried how far 
 tlieir credulity would go, and, rretending 
 Miat he had received undoubted news of the 
 death of Ills brother, demanded tho crown 
 as his heir. lie jiossessed himself of tlio 
 Important castles of Windsor and Walllng- 
 ford ; but the lords justiciaries were so 
 well convinced that Richard still lived, t hat 
 they and tlie bnrons by whom they were 
 purported oi)posed i lie would-be usurper so 
 frallantly and so <'fret'tnally, tiiat he was fain 
 to sue for a truce, and lief ore tlie term of it 
 liad exjiired he took refuge at ihe court of 
 riiillp of France. 
 
 It Is scarcely rossibic to conrd ve a case 
 more liopeless tiian th.it of the royal jiri- 
 poller. Ilis own brother iiiottlng against 
 him ; tho papal court lukewarm in Ids 
 cause, if not even possessed 'jyastiii wijrsiC 
 feeling ; already in the power of an enemy, 
 and liourly expecting to bo h.mdcd over to 
 tho custody of an enemy still more em- 
 bittered ; the proud KIchard was at tlie 
 game time snlijected to every petty hard- 
 slilp riiul KalliiiR indignity wliicii iiiiKht bo 
 Biipposrd likely to exasperate his spirit and 
 incline him to offer the higlier ransom for 
 Ills release. Pliillp caused his amhas.sador.s 
 to renounce all protection of Ilichard ashis 
 vas.sal ; and when It was hoped that the 
 c.iptlve's spirit was greatly broken by con- 
 tinued ill usaw, he was produced before 
 tho iniiierial diet at tlic city of AVorms,aiid 
 there accused by the emperor of liavii ir 
 made alliance with Tancred the usurper (;f 
 Sicily ; of liaving at Cyprus turned the arms 
 of the crusaders again.-. t. a I'hristiaii prince, 
 tliose a. ins which were especially and xilely 
 devotid to tlie chasti.semcnt and iinelling 
 of tlie;nndels;of havlnggrievously wrot.Ked 
 and insulted Leopold, duke of Austria, 
 while t)"<t prince was flvrhting for tliecross 
 l)c<' io Acre ; of haviiif,' by hisfinarrels witii 
 the king of France injured tlie Christian 
 cause in the East ; of having jilanned and 
 caused the murder of Conrad maniuis of 
 Montferrat ; and, flii.ally, of liaviiig coii- 
 flud'd a truce with tlie inlldel Saladin, and 
 left ■ rusaleiii in his hands. If Uicliard's 
 eneiiues calculated upon his sufferings 
 having tamed his spirit, they were soon 
 undeceived ; if those sufferinj-'s were se- 
 vere, so was ills .^-pirit lli^'ll. His speech, as 
 puiniiied nil by 11 tune, isa Mi^delof Iliatbest 
 kind of elo(pience, wliicli sinlrif-'s from a 
 sense of right, and Is clotlied In tlie l)r!ef and 
 biting sentences of siicer and slirewd com- 
 mon sense. • After premising that his dig- 
 nity mightcxcmpt him from answering be- 
 fore any jurLsdiction except tliat of heaven, 
 he yet; condescended, for the sake of his re- 
 rutation, to justify his conduct Ijefore that 
 great assembly. He o))served that ho had 
 no hand in Tancred's elevation, and only 
 concluded a treaty wltli a prince whom he 
 found in possession of the throne ; that tho 
 
 king, or rather tho tyrant, of Cyimis, Imfl i 
 provoked his Indignation by tlie most 
 ungenerous and unjust proceedings, ana 
 tliough ho had chastised this aggressor, he 
 had not for a moment retarded the progress 
 of his chief enterprise; that if ho had iit j 
 any time been wanting In civility to tlio 
 duke of Austria, he had already been sum. 
 clently punished for that sally of passiiin 
 and It better became men who were cm- 
 I)arked together In so holy a cause to fdr- 
 give each other's Infirmities, than to pursue 
 a slight offence with 8uc;> unrelenting vcn. 
 geance ; that It had sufUciently appeared i 
 by tho event whether the king of Fruin'our 
 he were the most zealous for tho coinnic-t ! 
 of the Holy Land, and were more likely to ] 
 sacrifice private passions and aniniosi'ticj i 
 to tliat great ol)ject ; and If the whole tenor ' 
 of his life had not shown lilm Incapaliln nf j 
 a base assassination, and justified him fmn ', 
 tliat Imputation even in theeyesof hisvcry 'I 
 enemies, it was In vain for him at presdit i 
 to make his apology or to plead the iiiniy 
 irrefragable argument s wliich he could |.ni- 
 duco In his own f.avour; and, lliially, Ii.av- 
 ever he might regret tlic necessity, lu; was 
 so far from being ashamed of his triico 
 witli Saladin, tliat lie rather gloried in tliat 
 (" eiit,and thouglit itextremely honoiiral4> 
 t lat, though aliandoncd by all the wni'il, 
 supported only liy his own cour.ags and hy 
 tho small remains of his nation.il troHj.;, 
 lie Could yet oldaiii sucli conditions fpin 
 the most powerful and most warlike tin. 
 peror that tlie East liad ever yet pniiliicij. 
 After thus deigning to apologise fnr hij 
 conduct, he burst out Into iniligiiaiioii at 
 tlie cruel treainient which lie had met 
 with; that he, the champion of tho cross, 
 St ill wearing that honourable badge, sliouM, 
 after expi ading the blood and treasure if 
 hissuljjects in tlio common cause of Cliri-- 
 tendom.be intercepted by Cliristiaii prin- 
 ces (111 )iis return to liis own ciiiin-i;,tic 
 tiirown into a dungeon, be loadeil with 
 Irons, 1)0 obliged to plead his (■.iiiso as 
 though he were a subject and a maleraet.ir, 
 and what he still more regretted, hctliere- 
 by prevented from maViTi^-rCj'araiiinisfor 
 a new crusade which he had proje"iiii,a'ter 
 the expiration of the truce, and rtnin ri*- 
 deeming the sepulchre of Clirist wliidi liaj 
 so long been profaned by the dominion utl 
 the infidels.' 
 
 The force of Richard's reasoning find ili 
 obvious justice of his complain tswoiMiearlj] 
 all present to his side ; the (jeriiian jirin 
 tliemseives cried shame upon tlir loihiuei 
 of ilie emperor, whom the jiope e\ en ihrnh 
 ened w*th excommunication. The eniinToi 
 now, therefore, perceived that if wmildtii 
 impossible for him to complete his iiK frabl] 
 base purpose of givifig up to riiilip o| 
 France and tho tiase and cruel pi'inco J li: 
 tlie iier?on of Hichard in exchange for so: 
 did gold ; and as it seemed titisafe even ti 
 continue to confine liim, tlic emperor oni 
 scnted to his relief at a ransom of ijo.M 
 uiarks ; two-thirds to bo paid previous t^ 
 Richard's release, and sixty-seven liostasf 
 to lie at. the same time delivered to i-iTui 
 the faithful payment of tho reinaiiuiei 
 Henry at tho biuuc time made over to Kiel 
 
«iP«jiTautr.--^Tantaflc«et)S. -Sift^art 5. 
 
 t, of Cyiirus,lina 
 111 by tho 111(14 
 liroceeiUiiKS, ana 
 Ills npgressor, he 
 vdedtUciirofrress , 
 that if )io Imd at i 
 In civility to tho i 
 ilready been siiffl. 
 t sally of iKwslnii, 
 on who were cm- 
 ily a cause to fur- 
 ies, than to purswo 
 ,1 iinrelentliiBv™- 
 IBciently npiioarod 
 ekingof Fniiicei.r 
 s lor tho fdiuuu^t 
 k-erc more liki'ly to 
 IB anil anliniisitii'j 
 1 If tho whole tenor 
 1 him liirnpaljlrt of 
 \ justifleiililmlniu 
 the eyes of lilsvevy 
 for hliii at present 
 to plead the many 
 which he could vru- : 
 r; and, llnally, huw- f 
 ic lu-t-essity. Ihmvm 
 liiniod of his truce 
 itluT gloried in ttiM 
 ari-mely honourable 
 ^d hy all the wmM, 
 nvn courag3 and liy 
 Ills national Ironi;, 
 uch conditions fr'Ui 
 id most warliki' cm- 
 1 over yet prodnci'il, 
 to apologise for liij 
 , Into Indignaiioii at 
 which ho hud met 
 iniplon of the croH, 
 arable badge, slumlJ, 
 )lood and treasure ^ f 
 innon cause of Clirir 
 ■a by ("lirlstiau i>ri:i- 
 
 ■ jiis (iwii couii i;,lie 
 con, be loatlcd with 
 
 plead his cause as! 
 cct andainaUfaet.ir,! 
 •e regretted, be there- 
 iVi»"T V'^ I'arai imitiot, 
 iehadproie"tcd,aner| 
 e truce, and ftMin :<>■ 
 •e of Christ whuh had 
 ;d by thedoiuiiiionof 
 
 •d'» reasoning audtl.c 
 (•(iiiiplalntswoniiearlrl 
 
 ■ • the tierinaii priii'* 
 liic upon the eiiii.liifl 
 
 uthcpoPf ''^''■""' 
 lif ation. The euil'erol 
 ■ivedthat Itw.mdlj^ 
 .complete his iiiiT:iM 
 
 :ving up to rmiip; 
 
 'and cruel prince J. ur 
 rd in exchange for S'U 
 icenied unsafe ev.utt 
 him, the cnuieror 0,11 
 at a ransom of l^,«", 
 
 *o bo paid Prcvhms ti 
 ,d sixty-seven 1.0= go 
 nic delivered to i- lUi, 
 n t of tho reniaind 
 ime made over to WCJ 
 
 grd certain old hut ni-ascertalned claims 
 of the cmpiro upon the kingdom of Aries, 
 Including Provence, Uauphlny, Narbonne, 
 and some other territory. 
 
 A hundred thousand marks, equivalent 
 to above two hundred thousand pounds of 
 our money, was n sum to raise which re- 
 quired no small exertion on the part of 
 liiclmrd's friends. The king's ransom was 
 Olio of the cases for which the feudal law 
 made express provision. But as it wns 
 loiind that the sum of twenty sliillinifs 
 fhlch was lerlPd npon each knight's fee 
 Jlj not make up the money with the rapl- 
 Oiiy wliieh friendly mid patriotic zeal re- 
 iiulred, great Individual exertions were 
 niaile, the clergy and nobility giving largo 
 fiiiiii beyond what could havn fairly bcfu 
 ilenianded of them, mid tho churches and 
 religious houses actually melting down 
 tkir plate to the amount of 30,000 marks. 
 As soon ns tho money by these? extraonli- 
 nary exertions was got together, qiiion 
 Kleanur, acconipanied by the arcliblshi'p of 
 Boueii, went to Meiitz and there paid it 
 to the emperor, to whom she at tlio saino 
 lime deliverc<l llio hostages for the pay- 
 iiioiil of tlio ri'iiiainder. There w.'k souie- 
 Iliiiii; perfectly providential in llio liasto 
 lii:;de be the friends of liichunl ; l'"i- bad 
 jlluic been tho least delay, he wuuUl have 
 btvii saerlllced to the treacherous iinlicy of 
 |tlic emperor, who, anxious to ulitain the 
 iiuiipiirl of the king of Fraiiro aKaiiist llic 
 lirealeuin^; discontciif, of tho tieniian 
 iriiices, was induced to deteriulne uimhi 
 ■riretuatiiig the captivity nt Uirliard, even 
 lortlie release of that prince on the pay- 
 iiitof the money and the delivery of tluj 
 iftoltled number of ho.stagcs. The i iiipenir 
 B(Uu fully determined ui)oii thistlagiiinus 
 iroaili of faith, tliat be actually .sent lues- 
 fiiu-ers to arrest Itichnrd, who, however, 
 mrsulled and was out of siirbt of land ore 
 ly leached Antwcrii. liicliard was n;- 
 ivid most rapturously by his faithful 
 ibjects, and, as if anximis to wiiie away 
 If stain of incarceration, he revived tho 
 istniii wliieh his father had allowed tofali 
 lluli'^Klect, of rriu'wiiig the eei-cniuiiy of 
 inai'itio;;. 'Take care 1 if yenirseif,' wrote 
 iili|i t... J'din, 'llio (lovil has broken loose.' 
 ic barons in council assiinblod, however, 
 ire fur inoro terrible to tho unpiatcfiil 
 to than his tlery yet placable brotbcr; 
 irlhey ciililiseatcd the whole of .Icjliii's 
 ijliili I'roperly, and look iiossc-sion <if 
 tlie fortresses that were in the hands of 
 llshartisai s. 
 
 Daviiig nnidc some stay in Kngl.aml to 
 k; iiiiiiseif after bis many fatigues, and 
 iviiig found his popularity iiri:;if even 
 raniitlliesomewhat perilous test to which 
 lilt it iiy an arbitrary resumption of all 
 .■miit-s of land which, iirevious to going 
 tlio Kast, hu had niado with an iinprovi- 
 iiiceas '•eiuarkable as his present want of 
 lut'st", Kicha'd now turned his atten- 
 to punishing the wanton and perse- 
 !riii?eiMiilty of Philip of Fiiinee. A war 
 .•wd, but It was weakly conducted on 
 Hi sides, iind a truce was at length made 
 twecn them for a year. At tho eom- 
 Meiiicni, of this war John was on the 
 
 167 
 
 Bide of Philip : but, as if Incapable of being 
 faithful even In wickedness, hu took an op- 
 l)ortunlty to desert, and having secured the 
 powerful Intercession of queen Eleanor, ho 
 ventured to throw himself at the feet of 
 llkliaid and entreat lila pardon. 'May I 
 as easily forget his Injuries as he will my 
 forgiveness!' was tho shrewd remark of 
 Ilichard on forgiving his unnatural brother. 
 
 The truce between Kngland and Franca 
 being at an end, the emperor of Germany 
 solicited Itlcliard'soffenslvealUance against 
 France, and though circumstances occurred 
 to prevent the treaty with the emperor 
 from being ratified, the mere proposal suf 
 flced to renew the war between Ilichard 
 and Philip; but on this occasion, as before, 
 the opeiiitions wcrecondu<ted most weakly 
 and on a very Inslgnlllcani' scale. [A.i>.n9«.] 
 After some petty losses on each side a 
 peace was made ; but the kings were too 
 ininiioal to each other to remain lont.: at 
 rest, iind in about two months lioBtllitles 
 were: reccimiuencc'd. 
 
 On tills occasion Ilichard was joined by 
 the counts of Flanders, JJoulogne, Cham- 
 pagne and Tcnilonse, and by some other of 
 ills fellow-vassals, of the crown of France; 
 but the iilliance was thus productive of far 
 less lienellt thiin Richard had anticipated. 
 
 The prelates of that day were more fre- 
 <iueiitly than becanio them found on tho 
 batde-lleld. On one occasion during thia 
 v:ir the blsliop of Beauvals, a relative of 
 tlio French king, was tiiken prisoner In 
 iiuttlc, and Hichard loaded hln. with Irons 
 !ind threw bin Into iirlson, as though ho 
 had been (be vilest, of malefactors. The 
 jjope, at the inst.ance of the king of Ii'rance, 
 demanded the release of tlej valiant bishop, 
 of wliiuu ho spoke as being 'his son.* 
 Itlcliaiil, with a dry and bitter humour ot 
 which be seems to have possessed no lu- 
 Cdiisiderable share, sent to the pope the 
 bloeilstaiiied armour which the prelate had 
 worn in the battle, and iiuciied tliewordsot 
 Jacob's sons, ' this h.ave we found ; know 
 now whether it he thy son's coat or no.' 
 How long the alternation of weak war and 
 ill-kept peace would have continued, it is 
 impossible to judge, foi- the brutal cruelty 
 wliieh both kings exercised upon their pri- 
 soners indicated a feeling of malignity too 
 deeji to be destroyed by the efforts of ncgo- 
 ciutois; but Ahlle such eh'orts were beliitj 
 made by the cardinal St. Mary, the jiope's 
 legato. lUehard, who had escaped In so 
 many furious conlliets both in the East 
 and in Kureiiie, perished from the effect of 
 a petty wound received In a petty quarrel. 
 
 A.i). lUiy.— Vldomar, viscount of Limoges, 
 who w.'is a vassal of Ulchard's, found some 
 tieisure ami sent a considerable share as a 
 present to liiiii ; Jticliard demanded that all 
 slumld lie,','iven up to him as superior lord, 
 and, on receiving a refusal, led some troops 
 to the siege of the castle of Chains, in 
 which tlio viscount was staying. On the 
 appioach (if Ilichard at the head of a uu- 
 niermis force of Ihabancons, the garrison 
 offered '.o surrender HU terms, but Kicbard 
 cruelly reiilied that ho would first take the 
 place and tiien 'lang up every man of t\M 
 ejairisou. After making this reply, wblch( 
 
 i 
 
 I- 
 
 ii J 
 
 i* 
 
 'm 
 
 ^ '!'; 
 
 
 ■ '■■I'.'. I 
 
 1 !i!' 
 
iG8 
 
 €\)e Crcai^ury at WfitavUt ^'C. 
 
 unhappily, was only too clmractcrlstlc of 
 Ilia temper, RIchnrd, altcndcil by one of liiit 
 captains, approached tlio walls to recon- 
 noitre, and had an arrow lodged In Ills 
 BhoulUcr by an archer, named Dertrand de 
 Goiirdon. Almost at the same moinent Ulch- 
 nrd gave the order for the assault, and on t he 
 place lieiii.^takcn he literally put .ils threat 
 Into execution upon the garrison, with the 
 Bole exception of de (iourdon, who w;is 
 only temporarily spared that he nilu'hthave 
 the cruel dh.tinclloii of a slower and more 
 painful deatii, Uichard was fo nnich man- 
 gled by the awkwardness with which tlio 
 harbcd arrow '.vaa drawn from IiIh wound, 
 that niortillcatton rapidly set in, and the 
 monarch felt that his last hourapproarhrd. 
 Causing de (iourdon to he brnuffht Into 
 his presence, he demanded liowhe had ever 
 injured him. ' Witli your (wnt liand,' llrmly 
 replied the prisoner, 'you slew my father 
 and my two brothers. You also threatened 
 to hang me In common with my fellow- 
 soldiers. I am now In your pow^r, l.ut I 
 shall be consoled under the worst iDrlures 
 that you can cause to lie Intllcted upoi, me 
 while I coil reflect that I have been able u> 
 rid the earth of such a nuisance.' Uichan:, 
 softened by pain and the Tiear aspect of 
 death, ordered that the brave archer should 
 be set at liberty and presented with a cmi- 
 slderable stim >'f money; but M.iroadee, 
 the leader of the Urabannms in wliose com- 
 pany Richard was woui'ided, bnit:ill.,- li:ul 
 deUourdon Hayed alive and then hanu'ed. 
 Richard's wound delicti the rnde -science at 
 hissurgcons, and afii r con iiileraMi' stitTi r 
 Inghedied on the Cih nf Vpril, Il!i9, in ilie 
 forty-second yiiV of lii> am and the i.iilh 
 of his reign— a relKU very brllliaiil a-i re- 
 gards his warlike feats, Imt In all the high 
 and really admirable inialiiies of a monarch 
 A'ery sadly dellcleiit. His cnniliict w.is in 
 fcome particular cases not merelyoiijircsslve, 
 as regarded his ways of raising money, but, 
 absolutely dislionest. As, for tnsi'tnce, he 
 twice in Ills reign gavi; orders that all 
 charters Khotild be h'sealed, the parties in 
 each case having, of course, to pay the 
 fees ; and In many cases taxes were in- 
 tilcU'd upon particular parties without atiy 
 other authority than tho king's mere will. 
 Hut It was chielly in the rc-cnactment of all 
 the worst parts of the forest laws, those 
 parts which Inllicted the most cruel and 
 disgusting mulilaf.loiis upon the "tl'cnders. 
 liut while this particidar branch of hiw was 
 shamefully severe, the p(dlce of London 
 and other great towns was in an ei|ual!y 
 lax state. Robbery and violence In the 
 streets were very common ; and at one tini(\ 
 in 1196, a lawyer named I'ilzosbeit, siir- 
 uamed LongUeard.bad aciiuired a v;ist and 
 dangerous piiwer over the worst rabble n'' 
 Liondon, numbering nearly fifty tliou -and, 
 who under his orders for sduie inne n'l 
 the ill-consolidated authorities at dellanee. 
 When eallcd upon by tlie chief justiciary to 
 give an accountof ids conduct, heattnided 
 with so numerous a rabble, that tlii' justi- 
 ciary deemed it unsafe to do more witli lilm 
 at that time than merely call upon him to 
 give hostages for his future good heliaviour. 
 But the justiciary took measures for keep- 
 
 ing a watchful eye upim Filzosbert, ano ^ 
 length attempted to take him Into eiistiidy 
 on which ho, witli his concubine ami sonie 
 attendants, took refuge in How clnucji 
 where he defeiuh'd himself very resojutch' 
 but was af, lenglh taken and hanged. ,s,I 
 Infatuated were the poimlace, however, iliit 
 the very gibbet upon which this iii;ui win 
 executed was stolen, and It was pretciiddi 
 that pieces of It could work mir.nclcs in 
 curln'.( tho diseased. Though so llory in 
 temper, and so excessively addicted tu 
 bloodshed, Itlehard was by no means do^. i 
 titnteiif a certain vein of temlcnicf^^i 'iini 
 romance, lie prided lii'iself pretty wmw 
 as much upon his pklll as a tr(»il'.,i(|iir .^ 
 upon his feats as a warrior, and ilicre aiV' 
 e\ en some of his comiiositlons extant, nn j 
 the whule, however, we fear thai llji- |ii,|,ii. 
 larily of Uichard does little credit citlicri,] 
 his contemporaries or his posterity ,•l,^ far I 
 as good judgement Is conferned. lirilliuii f 
 (liialitles he undoublwdly had; Imt 
 cruelty and Ids dogu'ed self-will llinw al 
 blemlsli over them all. 
 
 niArTEii xxir. 
 
 'J'lic lliiiin (if John, 
 
 A.n. llOii.— 'WllKX liiehard went, to P.iV 
 tine hi' by a fnriiml will set aside tlio iLiiiul 
 of .bdm to be his successor, in f;ivunr| 
 of Artliin", of llrittany, the son of ilKirl 
 brother (ienirrey. Hut during lilcliiiriril 
 absence John caused the preiiites ami iin 
 liles to swear fealty to him In despiif ifl 
 tiKit deed; and Ulcliard, on his retiiiii tif 
 lOiiLcland, so far from showing any desirciol 
 disturb that arrangement, actually In liijT 
 la-l will constituted John his siiccessi.r, ij 
 direct ciintradictlon to his own foriin'ranJ 
 f'>niial deed. But though John w;is limi 
 auilKiritiitively named as hl.s brotlicr'.s.-:icl 
 cessor, many (jf the barons of Ni.nnuiiiljf 
 tliouu'lit the right of young Arllnir wlinlijl 
 indel'easlble by even the will of his line 
 iiiid riillip, who was glad of any o|i|iOi'iil 
 nitj to Injure the peace of the Kiiglisli iirl 
 ritories In Kranco, cheerfully .igreed toaiif 
 them in the support of the young iirinril 
 wliom he sent to I'arls to bo educated \Miif 
 his own son. John acted with liiitisi 
 alertness and good judgement on tiii.iocijl 
 sion. Sending ids mot lier Kleanor to seeing 
 I lie provinces of (iuienno and I'nii-tim 
 u here she was greatly beloved, he liim.-il 
 linieeeded to Kouen, and having iiiadu al 
 the arrangements necessary to keep poaJ 
 ill Xiiiniandy, he proceeded thence to Kiid 
 land. Here he found little or no d'''lciilt| 
 in causing his claim t<i be preferred to tlia 
 of a mere boy; and having received tin 
 liom.age of all tho most powerful Inriiii 
 he hastened to France to prepare tlie nj 
 eessa'-y opi)osltion to whatever excrtin 
 I'hilip miglit make oi. behalf of yuiiii| 
 Arthur. 
 
 A. 1). i:!00.— The actions lietweon JiilJ 
 ami rhilip were of but little Inipurtuiifi 
 .'ind the latter having inspired yiuiii;,' .\| 
 thur's mother with llie notion iliiit ' 
 sought to benefit himself rather ilnii liJ 
 son, seized upon an opportunity to «itl 
 draw Arthur from the French court, an 
 
CiPiiflTautf. -|3Tfliit«5enrt£f. — Saljn. 
 
 109 
 
 [•'llZDslJort, imdat 
 lilm Into L'ustiKly, 
 u'ubliie anil Home 
 
 In How chiirili, 
 If very rcsoluli'ly, 
 
 anil hauled. So 
 ace.liowfvcr.iliiit 
 
 lU')l tills UKlll WIU 
 
 [ It wai iiri'loiulnl 
 work iiilradis in 
 luiusli HO Ui'ry 111 
 ;lvely luliUcted ii 
 1)y no mi'iins lies- 
 
 ot tl'lllll'VIH'^'!! mill 
 \Mt im'll.v lir;ii1y 
 
 !i,s a troul.uilnr as 
 I'lov, aiul tluvo Mv 
 mlll(>ii!A»M:iii'. ()ii| 
 
 fear tliat llicin'iu- 
 [tllciTOililfUliirtd 
 UU \ioati'riiy ih fur 
 mrcrnoil. l!iiUi;iiil| 
 „lly liail; 'lilt, hu 
 ■a !-elt-wiU llircw i\ 
 
 i XXIT. 
 of John. 
 
 Iiavil -vvi'iit to Tiili- 
 11 >icl asiilo I lio chilli 
 ;iicrcHSor, ill f!ii"«f, 
 IV tlio *^ou of tlifiti 
 lit' diirlliK llli'liiiriVi 
 ll,c i.r.'latrs aiiil in- 
 to hlni 111 lUsiilio it 
 iril. on lil^ i-cluni t 
 ^liowliifraiiyiU'sinto 
 mout, a<'tiially In lini 
 rolinlil>*succfss(.|-,ir 
 o his own furiiiM' mil 
 
 lUgll J oil" W;iS lllU: 
 
 . as Ills lirotlii^r's -iC' 
 Varoiis of Xt.nnuiiJ 
 yoimp Arlliur will ! 
 tl\e will of his mill' 
 alad of any oi-i'm'* 
 re of thcKngliniur 
 
 i.erfnlly^("''^^'''l ''.'■'"' 
 ot the youns I'nii« 
 
 s to 1)0 I'Ji"''''''^ ^"' 
 actfd wltli viiuiJii; 
 aVomcntoniliisof" 
 .iheiKleauortoMW 
 uifinio and 1 "lot.. 
 1, cloved, lioliiiii'^- 
 luid havlii« uiaili! al 
 .(•(•ssary to kei'P I'caf 
 ,,,,.dod tlicniTtoKr, 
 , ii,lleoruo(l."UMi 
 „l,ciircferreatoii 
 1 haviiiK rccfivca iii 
 •nc^ivoworfiin-r'. 
 
 u-e to l"-'-!**"^;^ ' i 
 whatovi'i- exeriiiiu 
 
 01. 
 
 bchalt of yuuit 
 
 ictlons hctwccn U 
 
 Uxt little InUMirtimr 
 
 „g lusi.lred ionw^ 
 
 the not Kill ''■'', 
 „„self rather tian 
 
 I, in.iiorlunity to >^ 
 the french cuiut.ai 
 
 iilafcil liini (inder tho proteotlon of Jolm. 
 
 Ijiidliig (lic'lr niiitiml want of power to ob- 
 
 tiiii iiiiy great and jiermanont ad vantage l>y 
 
 war, till) two klnKft now niado a treaty, In 
 
 vlilfli tlio limits of thfir sevornl territories 
 
 ffcre lalil Jf>wn wll U »<reatexactitnde ; nine 
 
 Imrniis of each nation swore resiiectively to 
 
 iiuliiliil" tlio treaty In Rood faith, even 
 
 fliiiulil it 1)0 necessary to innUi! war ujion 
 
 tln.jriiwn soverelvn, and si 111 f.irllier to in- 
 
 jiii-i' Its dne and fallhrnl oh-ici-VMiico .lohn 
 
 civo Ills niece, lllanclK' of (!a-tile, wlili 
 
 lifUlii llef^ as her dower, to iiriiiee l.tmls, 
 
 (llcft son of t!i(! French kiiiu'. Iteintr thus 
 
 relii'vcd I'roin all apjiareiil danuer on lli.' 
 
 fiicot Krance, .John, thiniirh Ik^ had a wil'e 
 
 liviiiif, determined toRrallfy lils passion for 
 
 Isiliollii, heiress of the connt of An^on- 
 
 loiiiCpllioiiLrh she wasalready married to the 
 
 f Hint lie la Marche, her youth alone liaviiiir 
 
 hiilierto prevented tho constnnnintion nf 
 
 lllieiinlon. .lohn, reckless of tho douhlodif- 
 
 Hciiliy, persuaded Isahella's father to kUc 
 
 jlijiu 111:! daughter, whom he espoused after 
 
 tavliuT very unceremoniously divorced liis 
 
 liiwtulwife. 
 
 ,vi). 12(11.— Tho count de la IMarche, In 
 
 liihiirlirst degree provoked at the lia^'vant 
 
 liiil in.'i'lint wronp that thus \\as done 
 
 111, fmnid It no dlltlcult task to exclle 
 
 miniollona In I'olctouand Normandy ; the 
 
 HI ills there, as cisewliero In .lohn's domi 
 
 ilijiia, I'cing already very iiuich olfended 
 
 iiiilillii|justed iiy the mixture of weakness 
 
 111,1 liisolenee In which, probahly, John has 
 
 iiivcr been e(|nalled. Alarmed as well as 
 
 L-aeod hy the dlsohedlence of his Krencli 
 
 laroii.', .lohn determined to punish them; 
 
 Wtonsmnmonlng the chivalry of Kngland 
 
 locross tlie sea with him for tliai. purpose, 
 
 lewasniet hy a deman<l that, liefore they 
 
 jsscddver to restore his atiMiority In his 
 
 jiismnrlne dominions, they should have 
 
 jeiriirivi leges restored and placed upon a 
 
 Kuri' footing. Their demand was not at- 
 
 jiiiloJ to on th(! present occasion, luit tins 
 
 iloiiof the h.arons led, as we shall here- 
 
 licrsco, to the most Importantand exten- 
 
 |\e rim.M'.iuenc(>s. On the present occ.a- 
 
 jii John contrived to hreak up the coall- 
 
 jnnf tlioharons, some of whom agreed to 
 
 winiiaiiy Idm on his expedition, while 
 
 leri'jt were nuilcted two marks on each 
 
 ilsht'-i fee as a substitute for llieir per- 
 
 Mhittciidance. 
 
 [llu'wUlliion of the force he cirrieil from 
 
 island to that which remained f.-iitlifiil to 
 
 111 Normandy gave .lohn an ascendancy 
 
 licii, rightly used, might have spared 
 
 Jiimaiiy a suhse.iuent luuir of care. Uiit 
 
 |»as contrary to John's nature to make a 
 
 tit use of power; and the moment he 
 
 mil liini?elf safe from tho Inllicllon of 
 
 iiutlcehewas seized with an ungovern- 
 
 le ileslro to Inlllct It njion others, lie 
 
 iiifcd claims which ho knew to he un- 
 
 and as disputes of the feudal kind 
 
 .rliicllyto ho settled hy the duel, he 
 
 ■tautly kept about hini skilful and des- 
 
 .jtcbravos whose business it was to act 
 
 [llj championa in cases of appeal of duel. 
 
 cnimt do la Marche and other hlgli- 
 
 ,lted l)aronac()ini)lalned of the indignity 
 
 iredtotlieni in thus opposing to them, 
 
 as fitting antafironlsts, men whose low birth 
 and infan. /Us character niudu them unwor- 
 thy of the notice of warriors of good birth 
 and gontlo breeding, api)ealed to Thlllp aa 
 their superior lord, and called' upon lilin to 
 jirotect them against tho wantonness of 
 John's tyranny. I'hilip, who saw all tho 
 advantages which might possibly accrue to 
 himself, alfei^ed the part of a just lord ; and 
 John, who could not disavow IMillip's au- 
 ilinrity without at the same tinio striking 
 at Ills own, promised that by granting hlj) 
 hariitisaii e(|Ullalile judgement In hirtowii 
 Court he w luld deprive them both of tho 
 rliflit and I ue necessity of appealing to the 
 superior court of I'hlllp. Again and again 
 his promises were reiiew-ed, but only to bo 
 hroken. I'lilllp, finding that his Si>nsc of 
 honour alone was no secnrily, demanded 
 that tho castles of liiuitavant and Tlllerlea 
 should bo placed In his hands as security 
 for justice being done to tho barons. 
 John was too weak to resist this demand ; 
 hut ho was also too faithless to keep hU 
 promise, which was broken just as It would 
 have been had he given no security what- 
 ever. 
 
 A.n. 120.1,— Youn? Arthur of Hrlttany, 
 who was now sitriiiKing into manhood and 
 who had a very decided taste for warfare, 
 had by this time seen enough of tho cruel 
 and tyrannous character of his uncle to feel 
 that he was not In safety while living with 
 him ; he therefore made his escape to I'hl- 
 lip, who received him with tho utmost 
 distinction, knighted him, gave hlni his 
 daughter .Mary in marriage, and Invested 
 him not only with his hereditary Hrlttany, 
 hut also Willi Anjou and Maine. Tho 
 Krench army was fm- a time successful In 
 every attempt; Tlllerles and lloutavant, 
 .Moriiiii.ir and fiyuns, were taken almost 
 wllhoiit dillh'iiHy ; and CJouriiay, complete- 
 ly lliioded by a stratagem of Philip, was 
 ahandoned to him hy the astonished garri- 
 son. .\t each new loss, John, timid in ad- 
 versity as he was despotic and uiispariiig In 
 prosperity, made new endeavours to obtain 
 peace ; but the sole condition upon wlili h 
 I'hilip would now consent to even listen to 
 his proposals, was his full resignation of all 
 his territory on the continent to prince Ar- 
 thur. An accident at lengil; occurred which 
 changed tho prospect:-, of that young prince, 
 with fearful rapidity, from the utmost suc- 
 vor-i to the most cnmplelo ruhi. Well 
 knowing how nuK'h his grandmother, <|ueen 
 Kleanor, had ever been opposed to his wel- 
 fare, and hearing that she was In the for- 
 tress of Mir: .beau. In Tolctlers, and but 
 slenderly attended. It occurred to him that 
 if he could obtain possession of her person 
 hewonid obtain the means of exercising con- 
 siderable inlhtence upon his uncle's mind, 
 and he accordingly sat down to besiege the 
 i)lace, the fortilications of which promised 
 no very long resistance. John, though at 
 some distance when ho was Informed of 
 hl.s mother's danger, hastened to her as- 
 sistance with a speed very unusual to blm, 
 surprised young Arthur's camp, dispersed 
 his forces, and took Arthur, together wItU 
 the count do la Marche and other dlstiu 
 giilshed leaders of the revolted barons, 
 
 t'-tv 
 
 " *■ f f* j 
 
170 
 
 €\)t ^vtniwvu at t^iitoru, ^t. 
 
 prUonerfl. Moat of tlio priKoncrH wcro for 
 greater sccurlt) Hlilppcd oti to KiiKlnnd; 
 but Arthur wm coiifliu' ;t> the caHtlo of 
 FalalMO, wli(^ro lie was pi ^i :•• niliiiittf<I to 
 tho dangerous Imnour '' n "itiM-vlfw with 
 hia tyrunnlciil iiiicli', ,;ohn roprofirlicd Ar- 
 thur loBB Willi I lie Irijuatlct) of lil.-t rtwxno In 
 general, thaiMvltli the folly of IiIhcxihm'I lug 
 to dorlvo any rt'rtnanent ndvantano from 
 tlio Krciirh alliance, which would keep lilni 
 at variance with his own family, merely to 
 make litma tool ; a view of the ciho wlikh 
 was nono the less correct hecaus -ke.'i by 
 a prince of wlioso general char a ju»t 
 
 man flnds It Inipoiirtlblo to a. , Ar- 
 
 thur, bravo and »angulno, meer iiu'- his 
 claim was BUperlor to that of • i unci •, 
 and that not only as regarded tho French 
 territorlCB, hut uM re^farded Kniu'laml alno ; 
 iiiid h(> called upon .lohn to llHtcn to the 
 voice of justice and rcatoro him to his 
 rights. 
 
 HlHtorlans differ OS to the way in which 
 ilohn freed himself from a cninpetltor 
 whose early holdnens promised at iiullHtant 
 ilay to give him much trouble. We huve 
 always doubted the exact acctiraiy of all 
 those accountt*, for the timidity riiid dis- 
 trust which f rmed so principal a part of 
 Jiitm's luiamliiule character would t-iiicty 
 never have deserted him so far oiisciicr- 
 rlbly serious an occasion, as would be im- 
 plied by his proceeding being kimwn with 
 circumstantial accuracy. 
 
 All that seems to us to bo certain upon 
 tlie very painful subject is, that after a 
 Btormy interview with his uncle ijoiing Ar- 
 thur Was seen lui inorc fur sonic lime A 
 report got Into very general circiiiatioii that 
 )io had been unfairly dealt with. .Such, It 
 scfMiis, was not the case as yet. Tlu^ king. 
 It is afllrmed, had ajiplled to William do l.t 
 JJray to put tiie young prince to death, but 
 honobly replh'd that he was a genlleman, 
 not an assassin or a liangmnii. A less 
 scrupulous person was ut length found and 
 pent to tho easMo of Kalaisc; but he was 
 sent away by Hubert do Uurgh, tho go- 
 vernor of tho fortress, with tlic assui'iuice 
 that ho would lilmself do what w.as iieces- 
 Bary ;— wliich liumane deception lie follow- 
 ed up by spro.idlng a report of the prince's 
 de.ath, and even going through the form of 
 Ms funeral. But when tho death of the 
 young prince was thus .authoritatively as- 
 Bcrted, tlio general ill character of Jolm 
 caused him to bo univer.-.'dly pointed at .is 
 the murderer ; and Hubert do Burgh, fear- 
 ing that all Brittany would break out Into 
 revolt, confessed the Innocent deception he 
 liad practised. John no sooner learned that 
 Ills unfortunate nephew still lived, than ho 
 ordered his removal from the custody of 
 tho faithful and liumane Do Biiri.-'i, and hiid 
 liim taken to tho cattle of Jlon.'ii. Here 
 John visited Arthur in tho dead of night, 
 and, though tho young prince is f;ald to 
 have knelt to him and prayed for his life, 
 Btabbed him with his own liand. 
 
 That John was capable of even this ex- 
 treme atrocity we have unfortunately too 
 much reason to gather from tho universal 
 detestation in which ho was held by his 
 contemporaries. But though there is little 
 
 reason to doubt' tlmt Arthur periahoU l.t 
 tho onler, at least. If not by the very jianj 
 of his uncle, wo would sgaln direct tlio at! 
 tetitlon of tho reader to the too great pnrii. 
 cularlty of this account. In the llrst Mdo,. 
 and to a discrepani v betwocu tho iintiini 
 character of Arthur and that jiart of tin! 
 story wldcli represents him as kiipellin/ ,1, 
 terror to his uncle. Tho story savu, m 
 somewhat more than It should of a seen* 
 from Sliakspeare, whoso dramatic «pniu8it I 
 would bo idle to (luestlon, but whoso hu." 
 toric authority we should bo loth to plnniirii 
 fulth upon. I 
 
 lUit though it Is scarcely probaMo tint 
 so wily a iierson as John would iiilowtliel 
 details of his tyrannous cruelty to lietiiu)! 
 brought beriire the world, and t)t')iiR|| jiijl 
 personal timidity rendered him as unillifiyl 
 to have undertaken with his own liniKltjiol 
 murder of Arthur, as It was that this lil^ii 
 liearted youiitr prince wmdd show aiiy iiri 
 I'or, even In the deutli hour, tho uiiU(r(ai| 
 belief of John's contemporaries win tiiatl 
 he, whether with his own hand or ml 
 caused Arilmi's death; and loud niiU tor'l 
 ribie was the mitcry of the people of DrlJ 
 taiiy, to wliom Arthur was as dcnr sa jiiJ 
 wily and cruel uncle was hateful. lOieanorJ 
 Arthur's sister, was In tlio power of juinj 
 who kept her closely conllned In Kimlaiiili 
 but the Jhetoiis, resolved to do aiiytlilnj 
 rather than willingly acknowledge tliesw,i|| 
 of John, cho.se for their sovereiKii yoiinJ 
 AUco tho daughter of Constance liy iJ 
 second husband, Guy do Thouars, to whoj 
 they conimltted tho alfalrsot the tiiulijl 
 guardian of his daughter, and tlicynt'tlJ 
 same time appealed to Philip ,as siipcrloT 
 lord to do just Ice upon John f(U' his vjoienJ 
 to Arthur, who was feudatory to FriincJ 
 riiillp summoned John to ;ippcar hM 
 him, and. In default of his doing so, licvJ 
 declared a felon and sentenced to forfcltil 
 selgnory and lief in Franco to his suiwl] 
 lord, riiUip. ' 
 
 No one who has accurately read ivliath 
 already been related of tho shrewd, toI 
 lug, and somewliat cunning clLiractprf 
 riiillp, cau doubt thai, from the llrst, J 
 took up the cause of young Artlmr lei 
 with a view to tho lienellt of tli.at yoiiif 
 prince, than in the hope that tho cliapd 
 of accidents would enable him, sooner | 
 later, to deprive the Kngllsh crown ofsoi 
 portion. If not all, of its French apimiiagi 
 And the appeal of Ills Bretons to liij jil 
 tice, tho unwise advantage afforded toLl 
 by John's default of appearance, nndif 
 unanimous scnteiico of tho French |ita 
 now seemed to give him something iikl 
 substantial and judicial right us am 
 J<ihn. 1 
 
 Tho exertions and sagacious imWtjf 
 Henry would have evoked French opw 
 tlon to any such attempt ; that skilful 1 
 tician would liavo found hut littlo « 
 cultyln leading tho French barons tol 
 stain from endeavouring to add tof 
 autliorityof their superior lord, lesti 
 doing they should insure their own i 
 Neither would It have been safe to try8| 
 a plan while tho lion-hearted Uichard il 
 to shout his florce battle-cry in tbati 
 
ePiiQTantr.— |)latitAscnrti(.— 9at)n. 
 
 171 
 
 ■thur \i«rUU(>a Vj 
 by ihc very ImnJ, 
 ?aui direct tiiont. 
 he too Brent rarU- 
 til the llri*t Maco, 
 ;wocn tho imtural 
 I that piirt of tlw 
 litiu ft» kiu'iUiii/ 
 I'lio Bt.ory nftvuur* 
 Mioulit of a Bcoiin I 
 laranwtlc Bonlumt 
 Ion, but whoso Ills-' 
 la liololUtoplnmirl 
 
 irecly rrohahlo tliii 
 l,n woulJ ullDWtlw 
 9 crui'lty t«) liellius 
 )rUl, mill tti'iUKh 1:1s 
 i'\-vi\ hlin as uullkclj 
 itli his own ham\ llij 
 t was thattliUlilBli- 
 wniiUl Blu)W iiuy tor-i 
 
 I hoHr, tho uiilvcTrtl 
 eniporarlca wns tint 
 is own hand nr uut.i 
 h ; and loiid niu\ tw 
 )( the iH'ovlu "t Rf"- 
 iir was as diiir an liii 
 washati'inl- Kleamt, 
 
 II t ho iinwor of Jdlin, 
 ' c<iiilli>i-'il In Ki\«M 
 .olvfd to do aiiyllilui 
 facUnowli!dKotlies«i 
 their sovercmu yoMi 
 
 „f ConsUiiu'o l>y lit 
 V do Tliouarr', to wlioi 
 , »lrlllrsotth;MUu•llv 
 llrht(-r, and tlioy at tli( 
 I 10 Vhilip as suiHtli 
 on John for his vloW 
 ieudatory to bninci 
 ,hii to aiipciir litt"! 
 ot hl9aolii«i<".MW 
 BiMitonced to lorfelti 
 l^iaiu'O to his auiictii 
 
 uVlT- 
 
 ooler 
 
 lot 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 fcurately road what hi 
 lit tho shrewd, kN 
 cnnnlnB charmtct ■ 
 ,„l , fnnn the tlr-t, 
 of young Aiilmtld 
 henetlt of that your 
 hope that tho cliapl 
 enable him, Bonner 
 oKn«Usl« crown of 801 
 
 ,,f its French ammna? 
 Ilia Bretons to nisj 
 vantage aflordea tob 
 o£ appearance, and" 
 ,. oof tho i-'reuclil* 
 •ehin. BomelUlngl'l^ 
 
 udlclal right as -■"" 
 
 ^ evoked Frenc J (PP< 
 tempt; that Bkdul 
 
 found imt 1'"'° 
 ho French tarimsto 
 TOurlng to add 
 ■ gupcrlorlord, Icsti 
 ", insure their o^vnt 
 avo been safe to tryt 
 o'n^>eartedlUchari"' 
 battle-cry In that 
 
 lir voice wli'ch wonid have been lir;n(l In 
 
 liilUiid tiiW' I', and which would nnwliere 
 
 live liocn ntilieeUed wIk ro chivalry still 
 
 liiodc. lint .liihn, destllnto aliko of con- 
 
 mid jiopularlly, and of triio jiollcy, was 
 
 itlellkcly to unravel or unllx a dexterous 
 
 piilU'y or loii^f to withstand afiual force, 
 
 iitcilaslu) was even by his own barons. 
 
 t'i|,. oi'iiiirlnnlty wastUo more tcni|itlnif to 
 
 I'lililp, I'ccausu those of his ^reat vas.snis 
 
 ,li,i would have been tho most likely to 
 
 ,ii,iio«o Ills aKffrandlsi'inent were cither ab- 
 
 K'ttiOrBinnuch enraged aRalnst John that 
 
 lliilrdcs'lre to ajmoylilm and a' ■ i^^etho 
 
 p„jerlii' had so nhaniefnlly aln 
 
 jniiie la lliclr minds all lendeip 
 
 ;,1 more selfish style nf nn 
 
 I'lilllp took several "f 
 
 tutcd lieyond tho Ui < i ■, t- 
 
 dnrrlsoMcd for himself, iv 
 
 Lolly destroyed; and his < 
 
 ;urt! followed up by tho surri 
 
 iy Iho CI lilt d'AleiK,'! n, ot ii >ui! ijai s 
 
 ilcli lu had been Inr rusted to hold lor 
 
 iiii. Klated l)y thlstiueeess, and dosliniis 
 
 rest ills troojis, Philip dlsembodlod I In in 
 
 ir till' season. John, enraged hy all that 
 
 iJ pa.'^ed in tills brief eainpalun, took 
 
 Ivantageof this too-e(>iilldent inoveinenl 
 
 'Plillip, and sat down before Alen(;oii 
 
 ItliftfiniiiK army, lint It I'lilllpwas ea- 
 
 ilileof ciiiiimltilij!,' a nillllary error, he 
 
 i pil'ially caiialilr of Kelzln^f upon tin? 
 
 (llcst means of repairing It. To drl:iy 
 
 lile lio was 1 '-eolleetlng his scattered 
 
 i|)s would bi' to expose tho count to 
 
 ic wliolo force, and, in the case ot de- 
 
 it,to the whole veiiKeaiiee, too, of Joliii. 
 
 titfortmialely hapiieiied that tho most 
 
 ilnciit nobles, not only of France hut also 
 
 Italy and (lerin.iny, wcvo at. this very 
 
 asseiiililed at a spleinlld tournameiil 
 
 Miirot. Hither riiillpdlrectedhlseonrse, 
 
 [veavivld description of the evil cliarac- 
 
 loIJohn, of liUown disinteresti'd desire 
 
 punish the craven felony of tliat prince, 
 
 of tlio danger in wlilch tho count 
 
 leni;on was placed by lils devotion to 
 
 llli and chivalry, wlilch had led hlin to 
 
 8 tho vengeanee of one who was well 
 
 wiitobe unsparing after tho stricken 
 
 l,aj craven wlillo the tide of h.attlc still 
 
 ;,aiid lio called upon the assembled 
 
 airy, as they valued their noble and 
 
 ieiiHiaiiies, to follow him to the worthy 
 
 ot nliling IX gallant and honourable 
 
 le against a dastardly and adjudged 
 
 Such an appeal, iiiade to such hearts, 
 
 Idri'ccivo but one answer. IJke' one 
 
 i,tIieassembI(Ml knights followed Philip 
 
 leplalus of Aleiii;oii, ri'solved, at wliat- 
 
 cnst, to raise tlio sle^re. iint J(din 
 
 tlic'iu all trouble on that score. His 
 
 taico toKl lilin that there were men 
 
 it brave host who, if he should ch.anco 
 
 made prisoner, would be likely to 
 
 fearful vengeance for the untimely 
 
 of young Arthur; and ho winild not 
 
 await tlieir approach, but raised the 
 
 ill such haste that he actually left all 
 
 Bts and baggage of every description 
 
 1(1 to l)c captured by the enemy. 
 
 some time Juhu kept his court at 
 
 1, allowing no other feeling tliaii a 
 
 most ludicrous confldenctj In hit own ro- 
 sources whenever ho should detormlno to 
 make use of them. When Information waw 
 lirouglit to hlin of some now buccosr on 
 tho part of the French, ho would reply, 
 'Ah! let them go on; by and by I will 
 Just retako In a single day what they liavo 
 spent years In taking.' 
 
 Such conduct naturally disgusted tho 
 brave barons ot England and tho Kngllsh 
 provinces, and weakened their desire to 
 combat for a prince who seemed mo ohstl- 
 nately bent upon their disgrace and his 
 own ruin, nut thougli he liad neglected 
 those means of defeih'e of whldi his brotlier 
 would have been even too eager to aval! 
 hlinself, there was one resource of which 
 John had not neglected to avail himself; 
 be had humlily and pressiiigly appealed to 
 'line. Such appeals were always gladly 
 received at Iliatambl(lim8cinirt,and Phlll|> 
 recelveil a peremptory command to ntako 
 peace with .lohn, and abstain from trench- 
 ing any further iipnii his territory. Hut 
 PlilHii liud iiiHiiIri'd his liaroiis with a 
 hatred rqual to that which he himself felt 
 for John; mid, regardless of any posslldo 
 injury which tlieir own authority niiglit 
 suffi-'r from tlie undue aggrandisement of 
 their king, they loudly assured hlin that ho 
 should have their cordial support against 
 all foes whosoever, and as loudly denied tho 
 right of the pope to the temporal authority 
 which he thus took ujioii himself to exercise. 
 Knconraged by this disposition of his ba- 
 rons, Philip, liiBtead of complying with the 
 orders of tlio pope, proceeded to lay siege to 
 till- chateau (halliard, which was tho most 
 important fortress that was now left to de- 
 fend the .Norman frontier. 
 
 A.i). liioi, — This place was admirably 
 .strong both by nature and by art. Built 
 partly upon an islet of the Seine and partly 
 upon an oiijiosite crag, neither labour nor 
 expense had been siiared upon It; and at 
 tills very time it was held liy a numerous 
 garrison commanded liy Uoger do Lacy, 
 con stable of Chester, a leader of deter- 
 mined couivige as well as of great skill. 
 
 Philip, thinking it easier to take such 
 a place, bo garrisoned, by famine than 
 by main force, threw a bridge across tho 
 Seine, where he posted a part of his force, 
 and he nlmself at tho head of the remain- 
 der undertook its blockade by land. The 
 earl of Pembroke, by far the ablest person 
 whom John then had about him, assembled 
 a fiu'ce of four thousand foot and three 
 thousand licir.'^e, with which lie purposed 
 to attack Philip's camp, wliilc a fleet of 
 seventy Hat-bottomed craft, numerously 
 manned, was slnuiltancously to sail up the 
 Seine and attack tho bridge, and thus throw 
 relief into the fortress. The earl was exact 
 In performing his part of tlie attack, and 
 even at tlie outset obtained some consider- 
 able ad vaut.age over Philip ; but tho weather 
 cliancing to retard the fleet on Its passage. 
 Its assistance arrived too late fo • the sui)- 
 l)ort of the earl, who was already defeated. 
 Had the attack been made simultaneously 
 and by night, according to tho earl's plan, 
 it had most probably been successful ; as 
 it was, Philip was enabled tu deal with hia 
 
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172 
 
 Cl^e Crra^luri) of WfHarUt ^^ 
 
 Bsanilantfl in detail, and beat tliem botli 
 oit witli very considerable loss. Jolin, wlio 
 was easily deproaacd by defeat, was so mueli 
 discouraged by tbe ill success of tbe carl, 
 that be could not be induced to make any 
 farther attempt to relieve this important 
 fortress, though ample opportunity and in- 
 ducements were oilered to him to do so by 
 the gallant conduct of Do Lacy, who for a 
 whole year continued to defend himself, in 
 si)lteof great suffering from want of provi- 
 sion. He was at length overpowered in n 
 night attack, and he and his whole g.irrlson 
 made prisoners. To the credit of Philip, 
 lie showed his sense of the courngo and 
 fidelity with which De Lacy had continued 
 to servo his master even after he had been 
 aband(med by him, by giving him for his 
 place of confinement the whole extent of 
 the city of Paris. 
 
 It is dllflcult to understand the utter in- 
 dolence and incapacity wliich could induce 
 John to neglect the relief of chateau Gall- 
 lard, tipon which the safety of his whole 
 Norman territory depended. This depend- 
 ence he could not be Ignorant of ; and it 
 was rapidly and i>erfect1y illustrated by the 
 successes which Philip obtained niter its 
 capture. Falaise, Caen, Coutancc, Evreux, 
 Bayeux, and other fortresses, successively 
 fell into his hands ; Lupicalre, a BrabanQon 
 lender, to whom John had intrusted the 
 defence of the flrst-namcd place, deserted 
 with all his men to the standard of Philip, 
 and while the lower division of Normaiuly 
 was thus overrun by the French under 
 Philip, Upper Normandy was entered by the 
 Bretons under Guy de Thouars, "ho took 
 Avranches, Mont St. Michel, and the other 
 strong holds of that part. Pressed thus 
 by an active prince, who was served by 
 men of conduct and courage, and utterly 
 abandoned by John, whose hasty and secret 
 departure for England might almost be 
 called a flight, the Normans h.ad no re- 
 Bcmrco but to submit to Philip, much ns 
 Ihey disliked the Idea of subjection to the 
 French government. 
 
 A.D. 1205.— As there w.as still a portion of 
 the Normans who, though ab.andoned by the 
 kingof England, determined to defer. If not 
 wholly to avoid, their subnihslon to Philip, 
 llouen. Argues, and VemeuU confederated 
 for this purpose. Philip immidiatcly ad- 
 vanced his troops against the flrst-namcd 
 city, the inh.ibltants of which signalised 
 their hatred of France by forthwith putting 
 to death every man of that nation who was 
 living among them. The cruel are rarely 
 brave ; and the defence of llouen by no 
 means answered to the promise of despera- 
 tion given by this treacherous butchery. 
 Scarcely had the besiegers commenced 
 operations when tbe besieged lost heart, 
 and merely demanded a truce of thirty 
 days to enable them to obtain succour 
 from their prince. Philip, who well under- 
 stood the character of John, and there- 
 fore felt sure that he who had abandoned 
 chateau Gaillard was little likely to show 
 more courage in the less hopeful case of 
 llouen, compiled with this demand. As 
 Philip bad foreseen, no supplies or aid ar- 
 rived, and the city was yielded. All the 
 
 rest of the province equally submlttedlii 
 Philip, who thus had the credit -much 
 abated, indeed, by the character of hig on. 
 ponent— of reuniting to Franco ihis Im 
 portant portion of Its proper territory tlirc. 
 centuries after Charles the Simple hud 
 alienated it by cession to the first duke 
 the valiant Kollo. From NormaiiUy, Phiiin 
 easily extended his vlctoriou-t arms to 
 Anjou, Jlalne, Touralne, and a portion of 
 I'olctou ; John, the while, instead ol en. 
 doavouring to arrest the progress ofiilj 
 enemy, was railing against his laronsfor 
 what ho called, their desertion of him an(' 
 adding to the national mischiefs (lone in 
 his indolence, the mlachlcfs which liogiiii 
 bad the power to do; mulcting lilsbaroiii 
 in the seventh portion of all their raovaliii 
 property as a punishment for this prctendi 
 offence. 
 
 Not content with even this Inipudenl 
 and excessive extortion, John next 4 
 manded a scutage of two and a half marl 
 upon each knighfs fee to enable him i 
 conduct an expedition Into Normandi 
 but the Juoney once received, the expedl 
 tlon was no longer thought of I Subs 
 qucntly ho collected a fleet, as if fulljdi 
 tormined to make an attempt to recov 
 his trnnsmarlne possessions; but on son, 
 objections being made, he abaniloned thj 
 design, too, on the plea that he wiis dcserii 
 and betrayed by his barons ; and atlcui 
 mustered courage enough to put to i 
 but speedily returned toportwithoiitaui, 
 being done or attempted. Considering tl 
 flery temper and warlike habits of t| 
 barons. It Is perfectly astonishing that lli 
 so long endured the insults of a kinK.wlK 
 very style of Insulting was so character!' 
 of his weakness. 
 
 A.D. 1200.— An ally was at length . 
 sented to John in n person from whom 
 had but little right to expect aid or i 
 couragement, Guy de Thouars, to whom, 
 right of his daughter Alice, the Brei 
 had con»mltted their government. 1 
 noble, perceiving the Immense strides m 
 by Philip, became alarmed for the safet] 
 Brittany, and therefore made a proposli 
 to John for their junction against Pll 
 .and John accordingly left England «1l 
 consldenibic force and landed in safci 
 Hochelle, whence he marched to Aw, 
 which he captured and burned. Philip 
 rapidly approached, and Joliu, becoi 
 alarmed, gained time by making proi 
 for peace, and then covertly fled ba 
 England, — safe, indeed, in person, 
 loaded with disgrace and contempt, w| 
 to anyone less debased In sentiment.v 
 have been far more terrible than deal 
 self. Thus all the vast sums which 
 had extorted from his barons, uudcrj 
 tencc of recovering his lost footlni 
 France, were expended, not In rcpalrini 
 loss,but In oddingdlsgrace and (lisgiiei 
 
 We have already remarked that li 
 astonishing that flery and martial 
 co"ld 80 long endure the doings of a{ 
 so mean in act and so weak in cliaraci 
 John; and astonishing it certainly was, 
 making all possible allowance for the] 
 extensive power which the veryiiat 
 
ffiiittlrtulf.— ^Ia»t«flcit«W.— SJaljii, 
 
 173 
 
 I the feudal tenure gave in reality, and tlio 
 
 I !7iu greater power wliich it save in idea, to 
 
 ItheMorman sovereigns. It is to lie consl- 
 
 lilered, however, that this great power, 
 
 Ulcldedasit had been by the art of Bonio 
 
 lof John's predecessors and tlio martial 
 
 leucrgy of others, was not to be citlicr easily 
 
 lorearly shaken, even by the personal mls- 
 
 Iconduct of a John, in whom the king, the 
 
 lireat feudal lord paramount, would still be 
 
 beared and obeyed by the most powerful of 
 
 to vassals, after the man John had over- 
 
 biielnied himself with the contempt and 
 
 be disgust of the meanest horseboy in 
 
 Els train. But even the vast prestige of 
 
 Le feudal monarchy was at length worn 
 
 lot by the personal misconduct of the weak 
 
 lonarcb; and the church, ever ready to 
 
 Ere upon opportunity of extending and 
 
 [oDsoIldatIng its Immense temporal power, 
 
 Jos the flrsr to encroach upon the autho- 
 
 C^vblcb John had do often proved him- 
 
 kil unworthy to hold, and unable to wield 
 
 hih either credit to himself or advantage 
 
 Uia people. 
 
 fiD. 1207.— The then pope. Innocent HI., 
 Vring arrived at tlio papal power at the 
 tusually early age of thirty-seven, had 
 fcverliecn unmindful of the opportunities 
 ht presented themselves to him. Taking 
 Iraiitago of the plausible pretext afforded 
 ibim by the state of the Holy Land, he 
 Id 80 far stretched his authority over the 
 Ergy of Christendom, as to send among 
 >m collectors with authority to levy a 
 ftletb part of all ecclesiastical revenues 
 tthc relief of Palestine; and to mako 
 ii levy the more obviously and emphatl- 
 H; an act of authority and power of the 
 E«i!om over tho ecclesiastics, the same 
 Electors were authorised to receive a like 
 tportlon of laymen's revenues, not as a 
 ,but as voluntary contribution. A 
 e thus resolved and astute in riveting 
 Edialns upon a body so numerous and so 
 prerful as the clergy, was not likely to be 
 I In exercising his power against so 
 tcniptlble a prince as John ; uor was an 
 kirtunlty long wanting. 
 |gbert, arch))ishop of Canterbury, dying 
 S, the monks of Chrlstchurch, Can- 
 ry,bad the right of election, subject 
 bconsent of the king; but a minority 
 ^cm, consisting, too, almost without 
 iftlon, of the juniors, assembled on the 
 r night of Hubert's death, and elected 
 b successor their sub-prior, Reginald, 
 ^iiavlng been ha.stily and covertly in- 
 lln the archlsplscopal throne, imme- 
 y set out for Rome to procure the 
 ki confirmation. Tho vanity of Regl- 
 ),ortbo want of prudence of his friends, 
 I the affair to reach the king's cars 
 t as soon oa tho new archbishop had 
 fenced his journey. John was so far 
 rably situated, that his anger at this 
 mptuous and irregular proceeding of 
 uior monks of Canterbury was fully 
 il \>j the senior monks, and also by the 
 tans of Canterbury, both of whom had 
 |lit to Influence the election of their pri- 
 In the hands of the monks John left 
 selection, only recommending that 
 liliould elect the bishop of Norwich, 
 
 John do Gray. He was accordingly elected, 
 but as the suffragans liad not even In tLJa 
 newclection been considered, they now sent 
 an agent to Rome to protest against it, while 
 tho king and the monks of Chrlstchurch 
 sent twelve of that order to support it. 
 Here the great advantage was clearly throwii 
 Into tho hands of the pope, for while each 
 of the three disputing parties opposed 
 the pretensions of the other two, all three 
 agreed in acknowledging tho pope's au- 
 thority to decide the question ; and Inno- 
 cent III. was not the man to allow tliat 
 advantage to escape his notice. That the 
 election of Reginald had been irregular and 
 furtive, none but himself and his immc- 
 (llnto friends could well deny ; and tho au- 
 thority of tho papal court easily overruled 
 tlio pretensions of the suffragan bishops, 
 which, to say the truth, were strongly op- 
 posed to the papal maxims and usages. 
 These two points being decided, it would 
 at flrst sight have seemed clear that tho 
 decision must bo in favour of the bishop of 
 Norwich : but the pope decided that the 
 flrst election being disputed as irregular, 
 tho decision of the pope upon that election 
 should have preceded any attempt at a new 
 one ; that as it had not done so, such second 
 election was uncanouical and null,and that, 
 as a corollary, henceforth tho appointment 
 to the primacy must remain in tho hands 
 of the pope. Following up this decision by 
 action, he commanded the monks who had 
 ocen deputed to defend the election of tho 
 bishop of Norwich immediately to elect the 
 cardinal Langton, a man of great talent, 
 English by birth, but inflnltely more at- 
 tached to the interests of Rome than to 
 those of ills native land. All the monks 
 objected to this course, that they should, 
 even looking only to tho pope's own recent 
 decision, bo committing a new irregularity, 
 having neither the king's writ nor the au- 
 thority of their convent to warrant them ; 
 but, with the.singlo exception of Ellas de 
 Brantefleld, they succumbed to the pope's 
 authority, and tho election was made ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 Innocent now followed up his arbitrary 
 proceedings by what our historians call a 
 mollifying letter and present to John ; but 
 what would certainly be ca?Ud an addition 
 of mockery to injury In tho case of any 
 clearer-minded and hU'ner-liearted prince. 
 For, by way of consoling John for the pre- 
 cedent thus set of transferring to the papal 
 court one of the most valued and, in many 
 respects, important prerogatives of the Eng- 
 lish crown. Innocent sent him four gold 
 rii.gs set with precious stones, and an ex- 
 planatory letter of no less precious conceits. 
 * Ho begged hlra,' says Hume, in his con- 
 densed account of tliia admirably grave 
 papal jest, ' to consider seriously, the form 
 uf the rings, their number, their matter, 
 and their colour. Their form , being round, 
 shadowed out eternity, which had neither 
 beginning nor ending; and he ought thence 
 to learn his duty of aspiring from earthly 
 objects to heavenly, from things temporal 
 to things eternal. The number, four, being 
 a square, denoted steadiness of mind, not 
 to be subverted cither by adversity or bf 
 
 \i 
 
 im 
 
 m^ ! 
 
174 
 
 QTI^e CreajTuri) of Wfitavtit ^c* 
 
 prosperity, fixed for ever on the firm basis 
 of the four cardinal virtues. Gold, which 
 l8 the matter, being the most precious of 
 metals, signified wisdom, which Is the most 
 valuable of all accomiilishmcnts, and justly 
 preferred by Solomon lo riches, power, and 
 all exterior attainments. The blue colour 
 of the sapphire represented faith; the green 
 of the emerald, hope ; the redness of the 
 ruby, charity; and the splendour of the 
 topaz, good works.' 
 
 Never, surely, were mystical conceits 
 vended at a higher price I Even John, 
 weak and tame as was his spirit, did not 
 consider four rings and a bundle of conceits 
 quite an adequate consideration for the 
 more precious and substantial jewel of 
 which the pope had so unceremoniously de- 
 prived him, and his wrath was tremendous. 
 As the monks of Canterbury showed them- 
 selves willing to abide by the election which 
 their fellows at Rome hod made in obedi- 
 ence to the pope, the first efllects of his 
 anger fell upon them. He despatched Henry 
 de Cornhule and Fulke de Cantelupc, two 
 resolute knights of his retinue, to expel the 
 prior and monks of Chrlstchurch not only 
 from their convent, but also from the king- 
 dom, a duty which the knights performed 
 quite literally at the point of the sword ; a 
 piece of violence at once partial and child- 
 ish, which Innocent noticed only by a new 
 letter, in which he earnestly advised the 
 king no longer to oppose himself to God 
 and the church, nor longer to uphold that 
 unrighteous cause which had cost the mar- 
 tyr St. Thomas of Canterbury his life, but 
 at the same time exalted him to an equality 
 with the highest saints in heaven ; — a very 
 plain allusion to the poBslbility of Beckets 
 being easily found to maintain the cause of 
 Rome against a prince so much meaner 
 than he to whom the ' martyr ' Becket had 
 done so much evil 1 
 
 As this slgrnlflcant hint had not as much 
 effect as the pope had anticipated in re- 
 ducing John to submission, " ' ent now 
 commissioned the bishops o' rn, Wor- 
 
 cester, and Ely to assure hln. should 
 
 he persevere in his disooea i^o to the 
 Uoly See, an interdict should be laid upon 
 his kingdom; and both these and their 
 brother prelates p.. iiually knelt to him, and 
 with tears besou^ut blm to avert a result 
 so fearful, by cohsouting to receive arch- 
 bishop Langtoh and restoring the monks of 
 Chrlstchurch to their convent and revenue. 
 But John, though well aware how little he 
 could depe,id UDon the love of his states, 
 whom h: did uot even dare to assemble to 
 support him in an open struggle, was en- 
 couraged by the very humility of the pos- 
 ture assumed by the prelates not merely to 
 refuse compliance with their advice, but to 
 couch his refusal in terms fully as disgrace- 
 ful to him as they could be offensive to 
 those to whom they were addressed. Not 
 contented with personally Insulting the 
 prelates, be declared his defiance of the 
 nope himself; swearing by 'God's teeth' 
 that should the pope lay an interdict upon 
 his kingdom, he would send the whole of 
 the Knglish clergy to Rome for support and 
 take their nUAen and revenues to his own 
 
 use ; and that if thenceforth any Romaii« 
 ventured into his dominions they bIioiim 
 lose tlielr eyes and noses, that all wim 
 looked upon them might know them from 
 otlicr and better men. Innocent was uo 
 to bo deceived by this vague and vulmr 
 abuse : he well knew the real weakncssof 
 John's position, and finding that half mca 
 surcs and management would not siifflce to 
 reduce him to ol)cdicnce, he at Uniiih 
 issued the terrible seutenco of Interdict 
 As this sentence frequently occurs In our 
 history, and as It is essential that rnitn 
 should clearly and In detail understand the 
 nature of the decree by which Rome could 
 for ages send terror Into the hearts ol th 
 mightiest nations In Christendom— atni 
 from which neither rank, sex, nor scarcelr 
 any stage of life was exempted— we pan* 
 here, in the regular march of our history 
 to quote the brief but clear description ol 
 It which wo find succinctly given in Hume 
 from the accounts scattered in many nam ' 
 of more prolix writers. 
 
 ' The sentence of interdict was at tlii 
 time the great Instrument of vengeanceam 
 policy employed by the court of Home 
 was denounced against sovereigns fortl 
 fillgli test offences ; and inade the gutlt of oi 
 person involve the ruin of millions, cvm 
 their spiritual and eternal welfare. [ 
 execution of it was calculated to strike. 
 senses in the highest degree, and to operji 
 with irresistible force on the superstltioi 
 minds of the people. The nation was ih 
 denly deprived of nllcxterlorexerclseoJll 
 religion ; the altars were despoiled of thi 
 ornaments ; the crosses, the reliqucs, t| 
 Images, the statues of the salntp, we 
 laid on the ground ; and, as If the airlts( 
 were profaned and might pollute tlicra 
 Its contact, tlic priests carefully covei 
 them up, even from theirown approach 
 veneration. The use of the bells cntii 
 ceased in all the churches ; the bells thi 
 selves were removed from the steeples, 
 laid on the gromxd with the other m 
 utensils ; mass was celebrated with ch 
 doors, and none but the priests were 
 mitted to that holy Institution; tliel 
 partook of no religious rite, except bnpi 
 to newly bom Infants and the conimi 
 to the dying ; the dead were not intcn 
 consecrated ground ; they were thrownl 
 ditches, or burled In common fields, 
 their obsequies were not attended 
 prayers, or any hallowed ceremony, 
 riage was celebrated in the churchj 
 and, that every action of life might 
 the marks of this dreadful sltuatioi 
 people were prohibited the use of 
 as in Lent ; and, as in times of tbchli 
 penance, were debarred from all plea 
 and entertainments, and were forbl 
 even to salute each other, or so much; 
 shave their beards and give any decej 
 tentlon to their person and apparel, 
 circumstance carried symptoms ol 
 deepest distress, and of the most 
 diate apprehension of divine indii 
 and vengeance.' 
 
 Unwarned by even tUe comracnci 
 of this state of things in bis kingdoi 
 obstinately closing bis eyes ag: ' 
 
 coo tempt in w 
 
 I J«y barons upoi 
 
 I whatever supp( 
 
 ' tlie spiritual pc 
 
 vengeance espe 
 
 clergy who venti 
 
 Interdict, and a 
 
 rents of ArchblsJ 
 
 afth«so classes] 
 
 monks lie conflij 
 
 the barest poss 
 
 I umporal necossli 
 
 I mads himself th( 
 
 Itiies. Concublna; 
 
 loftliaclergy.hel 
 
 lifluoy them by thi 
 
 llDtojirlson, whenc 
 
 Ith-muponpaymw 
 
 iMichwasthemor 
 
 Ittfcause he well ki 
 
 Ithose wlio were a 
 
 M^f/ergy lived wi 
 
 Ijdollty of wives, n 
 
 ■III consequence of 
 
 md odious exercise 
 
 compel the celibs 
 
 Jleautlme the quai 
 
 lepope continued j 
 ies, and lasted fore 
 had no part In t 
 
 tposedtoalltheevli 
 ■have described, e 
 itlrely tew cases 
 
 iHdiice the clerffv ? 
 let. Tv/ti, theso^/xc 
 en the iaity, muVi, 
 'He InterdlitTyook 
 «tw"pt, all the cicrf 
 'd were the enemi 
 ^>ng the ntraosfc 
 *D clerical ™°fa'y, 
 
 TOlowithheavy^' 
 ^ases of Scotch, w' 
 
 "'. Ill Which 8UCC 
 
 mglory.asltprr 
 As"i?dfeu*,t 
 
 Brejtfencestobei-P 
 'fed fields in thfin^ 
 
 »Wchth6tajm.ed/ 
 
 liirtt •'onstand 
 ifthf1.i*'"« could 1 
 
 »ere«t in his oriRiI 
 
 '"daconsclousnel 
 , from causlnw ii nP 
 
 ff°f Wsnobiuty^} 
 
 •CfittMsifa 
 
ny Uomwu I 
 ,hcy BhuuW ' 
 lat nU ^l\o ' 
 
 them Itom ' 
 ent vfaa not I 
 
 and vulgar I 
 weakness oil 
 lat Ualt inca- 
 tiotsutBceto 
 e at l»ngth| 
 
 of Intctillct, 
 1CCUV9 In o\it 1 
 
 that Madetil 
 nderstandthel 
 h Borne coulil 
 
 hearts otthi I 
 :\dom-at«n">i 
 x.iiorscatMljl 
 )ted— we paBMl 
 ot our h\stotjJ 
 ' doscrliitlon till 
 given lu HumeJ 
 i In many pan 
 
 ^nfilAittr*— ^latttaseitttif.— Sal^ii. 
 
 176 
 
 tMa commcM 
 alB eyes aS!"" 
 
 fontompt in which he was held by thoao 
 UT barons upon wliom he must depend for 
 whatever support ho might need against 
 itae spiritual power, John now turned Ills 
 venKcanco especially against those of the 
 flerSy who ventured to pay attention to the 
 Interdict, and generally against tlio adhe- 
 rents of Archbishop Langton. The prelates 
 '((11930 classes he sent into exile, and tho 
 monks lie confined to their convent with 
 the barest possible allowance for their 
 wmporal necessities ; and In both cases he 
 made himself the recipient of their reve- 
 nues. Concubinage being a common vice 
 of tlia clergy, he seized upon that point to 
 inuoy them by throwing their coucul)iues 
 Into rrison, whence ho would only release 
 th'ni upon payment of high fines ; conduct 
 flilch was the more egreglously tyrannical, 
 because he well knew that. In most casea, 
 those who were called tho concubines of 
 bo clergy lived with all the decency and 
 lldcUty of wives, and only were not wives 
 consequence of the cruel, unnatural, 
 id odious exercise of tho power of Rome 
 jcomiicl tho celibacy of thu clergy. 
 Meantime the quarrel between John and 
 ie rope continued its Inveteracy on both 
 Ides, and lasted for some years ; the people, 
 10 had no part In the quarrel, being thus 
 posed to all the evils and vexations which 
 liave described, excepting In the com- 
 atlvely few cases where the threats or 
 Tsuasious of John were powerful enough 
 induce the clergy to disregard the Inter- 
 Ict. With these exceptions, upon which 
 leu the laity, much as they were injured 
 ftlie interdict, looked with dislike and 
 (ntcmpt, all the clergy remaining in Eng- 
 idwere tho enemies of John. But he, 
 ting the utmost con.,empt for public 
 jlon, clerical as lay, loaded all classes of 
 people with heavy Imposts to defray the 
 senses of Scotch, Welsh, and Irii^h cxpe- 
 llons, in which success Itself produced 
 [ no glory, as It proceeded rather from 
 weakness of those to whom ho was op- 
 than from his own valour or con- 
 As if desirous to Irritate his subjects 
 le utmost, he made tho very diversions 
 is leisure hours either Insulting or In- 
 ins to them. His licentiousness In- 
 thelr families wherever ho made his 
 ance; and ho added to tho odious 
 ;ter of the forest laws ))y prohibiting 
 ibjects from pursuing feathered game, 
 by the purely spiteful act of causing 
 "iiest fences to be removed, so that tho 
 ated fields In the neighbourhood were 
 jlcd and fed upon by the vast herds of 
 ililcb the injured husbandmen dared 
 ■ itroy. 
 1208. — A constant continuance in 
 se like this could not fall to excite 
 It the king the hatred even of those 
 !hl8 subjects who had taken little or 
 iterest in his original quarrel with 
 and a consciousness of this hatred, 
 from causing him to retrace his 
 only aroused him to grosser and 
 ietermlned tyranny, and he demanded 
 jillof his nobility whom he honoured 
 suspicions that they should place 
 
 tagcs. Among those of whom this Insult- 
 ing demand was made was William de Bra- 
 vuse, whose wife, a woman of determined 
 spirit and plain speech, told the king's 
 messenger, that for her part she would 
 liover consent to intrust her son in tho 
 hands of the man who had notoriously mur- 
 dered his own nephew. The baron, though 
 both wealthy and powerful, was sensible 
 that there was no safety for him after such 
 a reply had been returned to the king ; and 
 ho souglit shelter, with his wife and child, 
 in a remote situation In Ireland. But John, 
 Uko most tyrants, was only too faithfully 
 served by his spies ; the unfortunate baron 
 was discovered ; and although he contrived 
 to escape to France, both his wife and their 
 child were seized ^'ud actually starved to 
 deatii in prison. 
 
 Never was that I'li- of the heathen poet 
 • aicli says that ' i,lio gods first madden 
 those wliom they wish to destroy' more 
 vividly illustrated than by the constant 
 addition which, by tyrantiies of this kind, 
 John was constantly making to the general 
 hatred of his people, at the very time when 
 he was aware that such hatred could at any 
 moment have been allowed by Rome to 
 break out Into open rebellion. 
 
 For though the papal interdict, with all 
 its severity upon the unoffending people, 
 did not release them from their allegiance 
 to tho king who had called down that se- 
 verity upon their heads, the next step was 
 excommunication, which, as John well 
 knew, put an end to allegiance, and would 
 arm many a hand against him that now was 
 bound by " that divinity which doth hedge 
 a king.' And yet this Inexplicable man, 
 usually so cowardly, still held out against 
 tho pope, though excommunication was 
 certain to fall with such peculiar severity 
 upon l)im, should ho provoke the pope to 
 pronounce It; and he exerted himself, 
 alike ill his rule and In his pastime, to in- 
 crease that very hate from which much of 
 its peculiar severity would spring. 
 
 The patience of the pope was at length 
 exhausted ; or, perhaps, to speak more cor- 
 rectly, his policy no longer required delay, 
 and tho terrible sentence of excommunica- 
 tion was issued. But even now there was 
 no formal absolution of the people from 
 their oath of allegiance. That most terri- 
 ble step of all the pope still held In reserve, 
 as a last resource, being well aware how 
 powerful an effect tho ordinary results of 
 excommunication were calculated to have 
 upon a king of far stronger nerve than 
 John could boast. For bow could he claim 
 to be served with zeal and fidelity who was 
 thus disclaimed and cut off by the church? 
 
 Scarcely had the pope's orders been 
 obeyed by the bishops of London, Ely, and 
 Worcester— those very prelates upon whom 
 John had formerly heaped insult, as coarse 
 as undeserved, and as unbecoming as Urn* 
 politic— when a specimen was exhibited of 
 its paralysing effect by Geoffrey, archdeacon 
 of Norwich. Like most of the great church- 
 men of that day, he held s judicial situar 
 tlon, and he was engaged In its duties when 
 he received tho news ; upon which he Ini' 
 
 learest relatives in his bands as hos- 1 mediately rose and quitted the court, ol>- 
 
 taiiy 
 
..■fcJKaiiir.ji* 
 
 176 
 
 Cl^e CiMJfura of IftCiStorti, ^f. 
 
 •erring that it was too perilous tocontlnno 
 to serve an oxcommuiilcntcd king. ThU 
 
 Srompt abandonment of the archdeacon, 
 owover, cost him his life ; for John threw 
 liim Into prison, had a largo leaden eopo 
 fitted tightly to his head, and inlllctcd 
 other Bevcritics upon hini initil he literally 
 sank under them. Warned, perhaps, by 
 this severe example, otiier clorical dignita- 
 ries, tlioujTli quite as ready to abandon 
 their detested and dangerous king, took 
 care to place tliemselves lieyond his reach 
 in the very act of abandonment. Among 
 tliesewas Hugh of Wells, the chancellor. 
 Ueing appointed bishop of Winchester, he 
 requested leave from the king to go to 
 Normandy to obtain consecration from tlie 
 archbishop of Kouen ; but leave being 
 granted, he went not thither, but to Pon- 
 tigny, the residence of the archbishop 
 Langton, to whom he paid the formal sub- 
 mission due from a suifragan to his pri- 
 mate. The frequency of these desertions 
 among both the prelates and the lay no- 
 bility at length gave the king very serious 
 alarm, the more especially as he received 
 but too probaljlc hints of a widely-spread 
 conspiracy against him, in which he knew | 
 not who among those who still remained 
 apparently faithful to him might bo en- 
 gaged. Now that modorato concession 
 could no longer avail him; now that his | 
 nakedness and his weakness were so evi- 1 
 deut to his foes that they would riclily de- 
 serve his contempt if they did not provide 
 his violence with an efCectual bridle for the 
 future, even should thoy choose to show 
 some moderation in dealing with him as to 
 the past; now, in a word, when he no 
 longer had it in his power to negotiate to 
 advantage, John commenced a negotiation 
 with the hitherto exiled and despised Lang- 
 ton. A meeting accordingly took i)Iace be- 
 tween them at Dover, and John olfercd to 
 submit himself to the pope, to receive 
 T.<«ngton as primate, to reinstate the whole 
 of the exiled clergy, and to ray a certain 
 sum In compensation of the rents whicii he 
 had confiscated. But tliese terms, which 
 John might have commanded at the out.sct 
 of the dispute, and at whicli, in fact, he had 
 then manifested such childish and unbe- 
 coming rage, were far too favourable to bo 
 allowed him now that Rome )iad at once 
 his terror and his hclplesstiess lo urge her 
 to severity. Langton demanded that, in- 
 stead of a certain ll)nited sum in the wny 
 of compensation for the wrong done to tlie 
 clergy, John should pay all that ho had un- 
 justly received, and, still further, that be 
 should make full and complete satisfaction 
 for all injuries suffered by tlie clergy in con- 
 sequence of their exile and the contlscation 
 of their revenues. It was less, now, from 
 un^^ iillngness to make peace with Rome, 
 on even the hardest terms, than from slieer 
 terror at the thought of having to collect 
 again all the vast sums he had wantonly 
 dissipated, and of having still further to 
 find money for damages which those who 
 bad suffered them were, of all men, the 
 least likely to undervalue, that John pro- 
 nounced it impossible for him to coniply 
 wltb. Langtou's demand, 
 
 A.D, 1213.— The pope, who most pnilmbiT 
 did not fully appreciate tlie extent of tlio 
 pecuniary dilllculty whicli caused Jolm to 
 Mhrink tvom Latigton's proposal, now so- 
 lemnly alisoived John's siilijocts from their 
 allegiance lo him, and denounced excom- 
 munication upon all who should venture to 
 have any commciTc with him, at the cnuncn 
 board or in tho festive hall, in private or 
 in public, as a monarch or even as an Indi. 
 vidual. As even this terrible severity, ijy 
 which the most powerful man could l)o In 
 an hour deprived of all support and of ai 
 demonstration of affection, did iint In- 
 stantly force John to submission. Innocent 
 followed it up by a solemn sentence of dc. 
 position. 
 
 Tho pontiffs In that superstitious naj [ 
 were wiser in their generation than the la; 
 )irinces witli wliom they had to deal, and 
 tlicy well knew how to make those prlnccj 
 each the Instrument of the other's subjec- 
 tion. Accordingly, on this occaslou, tho 
 pope, who well understood the ambitious 
 character of the king of France, andtlio 
 animosity that mutually existed between 
 .John and Pliillp, promised the latter not 
 only remission of sins, but also tlie sove- 
 reignty, as a vassal of the popedom, ol 
 John's kingdom of Kngland, as the rcwanl 
 of his Invading it and subduing Jolm. 
 
 I'liiiip readily consented to comply with 
 tlie pope's wislies, and having levied a va?! 
 force and summoned all hismllitar.v vassaU 
 to attend and •'•id liini, he assembled a fleeli 
 of seventeen hundred sail on the coasts u{ 
 Normandy and Picardy, and prepared lur 
 the immeUiate and effectual invasion oil 
 England. 
 
 But tlie papal court, as usual, was play- 
 ing a double and an interested game, am 
 was by no means sincere in desiring tc 
 re))iaco on the throne of Kngland ades|il!i'( 
 and incapable monarch, like Joliu, by 
 popular, warlike, and politic one, like I'liilii 
 unless indeed tlie terrov of tlic luttorslwuk 
 !is was by no means probable, fall to rcducj 
 the former to obedience. 
 
 In tills decidedly tlie most serious o{ 
 his perils from without, John dis|ilay( 
 something like a Hash of the high anj 
 daring spirit of his Norman race. lasiiin/ 
 orders not only for the assembling of 
 his military vassals at Dover, but also (q 
 the arming and preparation of every mi 
 able to beararms throughout the klngdoi 
 ho seemed determined either to prcsei 
 his crown or to die in defence of it. I 
 this temporary gleam of martial feci! 
 came too late, and was too strongly oppo! 
 by his craven conduct on former occasio 
 to obtain him any general sympathy amoj 
 his people. His excommunication and' 
 general unpopularity threw a danij) on 
 spirits of even the bravest of his subjw 
 and the most zealous among the very ' 
 friends whom his vices had left iilui ti 
 bled for the issue. Nevertheless, patrk 
 feeling in some and habits of feudal o 
 dienco in others caused his orders to 
 obeyed by an immense number, from wl 
 he selected for immediate service the" 
 force of sixty thousand. 
 
 Philip, in tho meantime, though an: 
 
CIPttflTantr.— iSIantattcncW.— SJoTjit. 
 
 177 
 
 immediately to strike the blow wlilch pro- 
 inlsed to give lilni so vast a prize, was, as a 
 vsgial of the popp, and directly and specially 
 Jngagod In supporting the papal authority, 
 obliged to bo observant of the directions 
 of Piiiidolf, the papal legato to whom ho 
 ivliolo cuuduct of the expedition was com- 
 mitted. Pandolf, well acquainted with 
 the real views of Innocent, required no 
 more of Thlllp's aid after that prince had 
 nrcrarcd and displayed his force. That 
 aoiie, Pandolf summoned John to a confe- 
 rence lit Dover. Pointing, on the one 
 Iwml, to the Immense power and Interested 
 jcalof Plilllp, .ind, on the other, to thoao 
 peculiar drawbacks upon the cHIclent ac- 
 I tinn of the English force, of which John 
 (MS already but too senslblo, the legate, 
 with wily and emphatic eloquence, urged 
 John, by a speedy and complete submission 
 to the pope, to embrace the only means of 
 Kifety that now remained open to him ; 
 ojcomniimlcated by the pope, on the eve of 
 Itfing attacked by his mighty and vindic- 
 tive rival of France, and secretly hated by 
 Iil3 own vassals, who were not at all un- 
 likely openly to desert him even upon the 
 any of battle. The statements of the legate 
 fere true, and John, who knew them to be 
 60, passed In an Instant from the extreme 
 of bravado and obstinacy to an equally ex- 
 trcmo and far more disgusting humility 
 md obedience. John now promised the 
 most entire submission to the pope ; the ac- 
 kjowledgcnien t of Langton as archbishop of 
 Canterbiirj ; the restoration of all, whether 
 clerlis or laymen, whom he had banished 
 ou account of this long and unfortunate 
 dispute ; restitution of all goods and rc- 
 Tenues that had been confiscated, and full 
 pavment of all damages done by the coiifls- 
 ntlon; and an Immediate payment of eight 
 tHous.'iiid pounds on account, together with 
 ijn imniediato acceptance to his grace 
 id favour of all who had suffered In them 
 [tor adhering to the pope. To all these 
 irms the king swore agreement, and four 
 I his p'^'at barons al.Ho swore to cause 
 iifalthtul compliance. From the Instant 
 Hat Pandolf got the king to agree to these 
 (grading conditions, the whole-right and 
 lerltof the quarrel was substantially and 
 lalterably assigned to Rome by the king's 
 1 solemn confession ; and this point 
 idolfwas, for obvious reasons, anxious 
 secure prior to running the risk of stlng- 
 i; and startling even John's dastard spirit 
 no desperation. But having thus made 
 king virtually confess that his share In 
 quarrel was such as to disentitle him to 
 support of his friends) and subject.«, 
 idolf wholly threw oft the mask, and 
 lowed John how much more uf the bitter 
 lught of degradation he btlll had to 
 illow. 
 
 John bad sworn humblo and complete 
 
 Hence to the pope; he was now re- 
 
 !d, as the first convincing proof of 
 
 obedience, to resign his crown to the 
 
 'ch; an act of obedience which he was 
 
 red was hia most cllectual mode of 
 
 tcctlng his kingdom against Philip, 
 
 10 would not dare to attack it when 
 
 mider the imniediato guardianship 
 
 and custody of Home. John had now gone 
 too far to recede from that degradation 
 which made him for ever the mere tempo- 
 ral as well as spiritual vassal of Imuglity 
 and overreaching Home. Uo therefore 
 subscribed a charter, in which, professing 
 to be under no restraint, ho solemnly re- 
 nounced England and Ireland to pope In- 
 nocent and his Apostolic successors, and 
 agreed thenceforth to hold tliem at the 
 annual rent of a thousand marks, as feuda- 
 tory of the papal throne ; binding his suc- 
 cessora as well as himself to the due 'per- 
 formance of this condition, on pain of abso- 
 lute forfeiture in the event of Impenitent 
 disobedience. Even the signing of thia 
 degr.'idlng agreement was not allowed to 
 terminate John's deep humiliation. Ilcwaa 
 compelh d. In open court, to do homage In 
 the UEUiil feudal form to Pandolf as the re- 
 presentative of the pope, and at the same 
 time to pay In advance a jiortlon of the 
 tribute, upon which the legate trampled in 
 open scorn. And so much had John's mis- 
 conduct degraded his brave subjects as well 
 as himself, that, with the single exception 
 of the archbishop of Dublin, no one present 
 had the spirit to resent Pandolf s rude and 
 Impolitic behaviour. 
 
 After John had submitted to all tht« 
 Ignominy, ho waa still compelled to feel 
 himself dependent upon the very doubtful 
 generosity of Home ; for Pandolf refused 
 to remove the Interdict and excommunica- 
 tion till the damages of theclergy should be 
 both estimated and paid. Yet even In thia 
 terrible and galling state of his fortunes, 
 John relaxed not from his tyranny to hla 
 subjects. An enthusiast or impostor, named 
 Peter of Pomfret, a hermit, had In one ot 
 his rhapsodies prophesied tli.-it the king 
 would this year lose his crown, a prophecy 
 which had been likely enough to be accom- 
 plished In any one of many preceding yeara, 
 This man, and his son as his accomplice 
 or abettor, were tried as impostors ; and 
 though the hermit stoutly maintained that 
 the king's surrender to Itome, and the 
 vassalage In which he had now consented 
 to hold his formerly independent croMrn, 
 verified the prophecy, they were both 
 dragged at horses' heels to the gallowa and 
 there hanged. 
 
 John, the baseness of whoso temper 
 made him callous to many reflections which 
 would h.avo stung a prouder and more 
 honoura1>le man almost to madness, was, 
 amid all his degradation, less to bo pitied 
 just now than the duped and baffled Philip. 
 Ills rage on learning that hia expensive 
 display of force had only served the pur- 
 pose of driving John into tlie protection of 
 the pope, could scarcely bo kept within 
 cither safo or decent bounds. He bitterly 
 complained of the insincere offers and 
 promises by which he had been gulled into 
 an outlay of sixty thousand pounds ; and, 
 his Indif ;nation being shared by hia barona, 
 he went so far oa to declare that not even 
 the pore's protection should save England 
 from him. It seems indeed probable, tbat 
 ho would at all risks have invaded England 
 but for the influence and intriguea of the 
 earl of Flanders, who, being in a tiecrot 
 N 
 
 llM ■fill 
 
 m 
 
 'M 
 
 r^ l: 
 
178 
 
 CIjC €ttai\\Kti ot Wiitotti, ^r. 
 
 confetlerivcy with John, InuUly iirotestcil 
 agalnat tlio Impiety ot attackliitf a etato 
 that was now becomo a pai;t of St. Peter'a 
 patrimony. Shrewdly judging that the 
 earl would follow up lila words by corre- 
 sponding deeds, I'hlUp resolved to clmHtlso 
 him ; but while he wan engaged In so doing, 
 his fleet was attacked by John's natural 
 brother, the carl of Sallsliury, so that l'lillli> 
 deemed It the wisest plan to lay uwldc his 
 meditated attack upon England, at least for 
 the present, 
 
 John, as easily elated as depressed, was 
 BO puffed up by his novel wafety, accompa- 
 nied though It was by so nnich Ignominy, 
 that ho boasted his Intention to invade 
 Franco. But he was met on the part ot his 
 barons with cold and eonteniptnous refusal 
 to take part In his enterprise ; and v;.en. 
 In the hope of shaming them into Joining 
 hlro, he Balled with only his personal fol- 
 lowers as far as the Island of Jersey, ho 
 bad the mortlflcatlon ot being compelled to 
 return, not one of the barons having so far 
 relented as to follow him. On his return 
 ho threatened to chastise them for their 
 want of ol)edlence J but hero ho was met 
 by the archbishop L.ington, who reminded 
 him that ho was but tho vassal of Uome, 
 and threatened him with the moat signal 
 punishment If ho attempted to levy war 
 upon any of his subjects, 
 
 Rome removed the Inlllctions upon John 
 and Ills kingdom to the full as gradually 
 as Bho had laid them on ; but in the end 
 the pope himself Interfered to protect 
 him ag.alnst the extortion of tho clergy, 
 and commaiuled them to take forty thou- 
 sand marks Instead of a hundred thousand, 
 which John had offered, and Instead of tho 
 Infamously excessive sum beyoud that 
 at which they li.ad rated their losses. 
 
 In tho end, the king's submissive beha- 
 viour and his disbursement of large sums 
 of money procured tho interdict to be re- 
 moved from his kingdom ; and the prelates 
 and superior clergy having received their 
 damages, the Inferior clergy were left to 
 console themselves as they best might 
 without any repayment at all ; Nlchol.as, 
 bishop of Frescati, who was now legate in 
 Kngland instead of I'audolf, showing him- 
 self more favourable to John than his pre- 
 decessors had been. 
 
 A.i>. 1214.— Not deterred by tho evident 
 dislike of his barons, and their determina- 
 tion never to assist him when they could 
 make any valid excuse, John now pro- 
 ceeded to Poictou, and his authority being 
 Btill held in respect there, he was enabled 
 to carry the war into Philip's territory. 
 But before John had well commenced his 
 depredations he was routed by Philip's son, 
 young prlnco Louis, and fled In terror to 
 England, to engage once iiioro in his con- 
 genial task of oppressing his subjects. For 
 this amiable pursuit he deemed that his 
 submissions to Homo had furnished him 
 with full immunity ; but mortiflcatious of 
 the most severe description were still in 
 Btore for him. Tho barons, shocked out 
 of even their feudal notions of submission, 
 became clamorqus for tho practical and 
 lormal establishment of tho liberties and 
 
 privilegCB which had been promised toilicm 
 by both Henry I. and Henry II. lutluir 
 demands they were much backed ami aldiii 
 by archbishop Langton ; loss, it would seem 
 pretty clear, from anygcnuluo patrioii«m 
 on his part, than from old detestation of 
 John, exacerbated and festered by tho nb. 
 Btlnacy with which John had resisted 
 Langton's admission to llie primary. At ii 
 private nujctiug of the most zealous of tho 
 barons, Langton not only encouraBt'dtlieiu 
 by his own eloquent advice, but also jiru- 
 duced a copy of tho charter ot llrnryi, 
 which he had rummaged out of some nni! 
 nastic crypt, and urged them to make tlint ' 
 tlie guide and basis of their demands, and 
 to persevere until those demands w^rotmtli 
 fully and securely conceded to them. IVr- ' 
 colvlng tho effect of this conduct, he re- 1 
 peated it at another and more nunieruiu 
 meeting of tho barons at St. Kdniuiidj 
 Bury in Suffolk ; and tho charter, gn|i. 
 ported by his own vivid eloiiueucc, so 
 wrought upon the barons, that, before tliey 
 separated, they solcnuily swore to be true 
 to each other, and never to cease to niuko 
 warupon thelrfalthlessand tyrainilcal klui; 
 until he should grant their just ilcninndj. 
 This done they separated, after IKIiii,' iiii„ii 
 a d»v for their reunion to comiiiciicc iheir 
 opt (i and, if need were, armed, ailvocaoy o( I 
 their cause, 
 
 A.D. 1215.— On tho given day they rmic- 
 tually met, and demanded their rlKlit.s, aj I 
 promised by his own oath and as laid down | 
 in the charter of Henry I. Alarmed nt thdr I 
 union, John promised that they should be I 
 answered on the following Easter; andtliel 
 primate with the bishop of Ely aud tliel 
 earl of Pem1>roko becoming .'•ety furtlicl 
 pcrforuuince of the king's words, the buronjl 
 contentedly retired to their castles. I 
 
 But John had sought delay, not for thol 
 purpose of considering the nature aud iir>| 
 prlety of the demands, but for that of iindJ 
 lug, if possible, some means by which atl 
 once to baulk tho barons and to be avi'iigojf 
 of them. Having experienced tohUcDsB 
 the power of Uome, ho thought hU Wm 
 way to baffle his nobles was to coiiciliail 
 the church, to which ho voluntarily inadl 
 many concessions and compUmeats ; onl 
 of the former being his voluntary reliiJ 
 qulshment of tliat right of invesritunf 
 which the previous Norman kings had i 
 stoutly battled for, imd one of the latter, ai 
 equally voluntary proffer aud promise il 
 lead an army against the infidels in thT 
 Holy Land; and, to signify his entire slq 
 cerlty upon this last point, ho at ouct i 
 sumed the Cross. Both from Johu'a i 
 gency for his protection and f roui the com 
 ter and no less urgent instances ot tlj 
 barons, the pope was excited to much alaij 
 about England, for the peace and prosperi^ 
 of which he had, since John basely becani 
 his vassal, conceived a sort of pateml 
 interest. Knowing full well how niuj 
 more difficult it would bo to deal with ti 
 power of England under the bold baroJ 
 than under a despised and weak prlnl 
 llko John, It was obviously to the Intcref 
 of Innocent to uphold the latter as far! 
 possible against the former; audhethcil 
 
etifllanlr.— $)lant<iflcuettt.~${rnv}; SSS. 
 
 179 
 
 Jnrclnauoil n. liuU, In wliUh he tharacterlsuil 
 ho DrocccOlnKS of the barojm as lll('«nl and 
 •wiaoimMo ; forbad them, uiidor i>!ilii of 
 'icomimiiili'utlon, from iii!r»l8tlii» In tlii-lr 
 iieiiiiimU! "'"1 enjoined Jnhii, unUm- the 
 .11110 Kimlty, not to comply with tliciii. 
 
 Tlic in'liiiatp, being In favour of the 
 iiiroii«. refused to give formal iiubllclty to 
 (lis liiill ; '">'! thoUKh ho was Buspomled 
 fir his conduct In this respect, tho failure 
 of tbo bull was not the less Insured ; and 
 tliu» a '••-'* proof was altorded how much 
 the pope's power depended upon tho ex- 
 tont mid the cordiality of the cooperation 
 nf ilii) rest of the church. Uut though the 
 none and the klim thus exerted themselves 
 to dofciit the barons, tho latter succecdi'd 
 |,i wresting from tho king that well-known 
 declaration of rights and dellnltlon of pre- 
 rugiitlvo known as Magna Charta, or the 
 Urciit Cliarter— a document which we need 
 not Insert here, on account of Its general 
 notoriety. But no charter or aKreeinent 
 toulil bind the king ; ho Introduced foreign 
 iiu'i'fiMmrics, besieged and took Uochester 
 (ajile, uiul barbarously put all but tho very 
 lilgliest of the garrlscui to death, and then 
 carried lire and sword Into the towns and 
 villages throughout Ungland. Tho barons, 
 diletly from some faults or omissions on 
 tlielrown part, were reduced to such straits, 
 Hut tlicy ventured on the unpatriotic and 
 toigeroHS expedient of olTerliig the crown 
 otEnglaiid to prince Louis, sou of riillip 
 of France, 
 
 A.D.l2l<i.— The prince accordingly landed 
 in England with a large force, in spite of 
 tlienicnnccs and orders of the pope ; Jidm 
 was deserted by the foreigners upon whom 
 iecliielly depended, and who, though wlll- 
 ItDg enough to slaughter his English sub- 
 jects, were naturally unwilling to light 
 igalnst their own native prince. Most of 
 'the English nobility who had heretofore 
 Ided with John, now deserted him; town 
 Jtertown, niul castle after castle, fell Into 
 ibo hands of his enemies; and everything 
 nied to threaten him, when a report, 
 le or false, got cnrrency, that liouls 
 .'rclyuaed the English nobles as Ills tools, 
 id would oxccuto them as traitors when- 
 crlils success should be conu>lete. This 
 iport had visibly turned tho scale oiicc 
 orein favour of John. Several nobles ro- 
 med to their allegiance, and he was ra- 
 lly collecting powerful forces to combat 
 his kingdom, when a heavy loss of trea- 
 and baggage, which occurred as he 
 passing towards Lincoln, so much ag- 
 rated an illness under which he already 
 lurcd, that ho expired at Newark, on 
 ber 17, 1210, In the forty-ninth year of 
 age, and in tho eighteenth of his agl- 
 d, mischievous, aud Inglorious reign. 
 It was in this reign that tho ciilxens of 
 indon Hrst were privileged annually and 
 im their own body to choose their mayor 
 'common council, and to elect and dls- 
 ge their sherUIa at pleasure. Of the 
 '8 character no summary ia needed ; 
 ihas man and as sovereign he is but too 
 iUy depicted in tho events of which we 
 ire given a brief, but complete aud im- 
 >ial account. 
 
 CllAPTEU xxin. 
 'The Iteign o/llESHY III. 
 
 A.D. 1210.— At the death of John his cldcBt 
 son, Ilenr.v, was only nine years old; but 
 happily he had in the earl of Tembroko a 
 friend and guardian who was both ablo and 
 willing to prevent his Infancy from being 
 any disadvantage to him ; and L<mls ot 
 France, who expected to derive great bene- 
 llt from tho death of John, found, on the 
 contrary, that very circumstance most In- 
 jurious to hini. 
 
 Immediately after the death of John, tho 
 earl of rembrokotook every necessary pre« 
 caution on behalf of tho young prince. He 
 had him crowned as soon as tho funeral 
 was over, and caused him publicly to swear 
 fealty to the pope ; measures most Impor- 
 tant towards Insuring tho enthusiasm of 
 tho people, on the one hand, and the sup- 
 port of Koine, on tho other. BilU further 
 to Increase the popularity of tho young 
 king, the earl of Pembroke, now regularly 
 autliorised with tho title of protector of 
 tho realm, conferred upon hlni by a great 
 council, issued in his name a now charter, 
 chlelly founded on that which John had 
 granted and broken through ; and subse- 
 quently ho added several still moro 
 popular articles to it, dlsnlTorcstlng much 
 of tlio vast (luantity uf land which had 
 arbitrarily been enclosed by Ulchard and 
 John, and subistltutlng lino and Imprison- 
 ment for the moro brutal punishments 
 which had heretofore bccu awarded to 
 forest olfencca. 
 
 Wiillo active in taking these generiil mea- 
 sures to secure the affections of the people, 
 the earl did not omit to exert his individual 
 inlluonce to detach tho barons who had 
 sided with Louis. He pointed imt, with 
 admirable tact, tho vast dilTereuco between 
 lighting against a sovereign of mature years 
 wholiad wronged and ii tiMted them, and 
 warring against an infant; 'Suooof the race 
 of their ancient monarch < > set up In his 
 place tho son ot tho Frenc, V,\g; he dwelt 
 upon tho good measures whir', had already 
 been taken by the government of tho in- 
 fant king, and besought them to take tho 
 favourable opportunity that now offered, 
 of abandoning the case of Louis, which 
 was unjust in Itself, anathematised by the 
 pope, and had hitherto been as singularly 
 unfortunate as it was obviously unblest. 
 The character of Pembroke was so high, 
 that his remonstrances had a great effect 
 on those to whom they were addressed. 
 Many barons forthwltli abandoned Louis, 
 and carried over their strength to their 
 native prince ; and many more, though not 
 yet quite prepared to go all that length, en- 
 tered into a correspondence with Pembroke 
 which showed their leaning that way. Louis 
 added to this leaning by the Impolitic open- 
 ness with which be evinced hl.s distrust of 
 the Kngllsh. llobert Pltz- Walter, that pow- 
 erful baron under whom the whole ot the 
 barons of England liiul thought it no dis- 
 grace to rango themselves when they com- 
 menced their struggle witH the tyrant 
 John, applied to Louis for the government 
 ot the castle of Hertford, and was refused. 
 
 ;;' 
 
 : liiHl'l 
 
 «ia -I I 
 
 ,■ 'i 
 
 kl lil"^. f 
 
 \H' ~ I 
 
IflO 
 
 QT^e CTrrairurv o( IDMtorit, Stt, 
 
 nithougli lie hnd n pnrMoiml claim upon tlio 
 fortreai. WItli rucIi nii exnmpio boforo 
 tholr ey«i, how cnuUI tlio liiirniift liPip feel- 
 ing tbnt be was, Inaccil, niiiking iiicro tuuls 
 of them T 
 
 Louis being obliged, by the great Iosrcs 
 he bad 8H8talii(<d, to go to Vvancc fur rclii- 
 forcenieiita, nlTnrded tlio ilouljtfiil nil o|v 
 
 iiortuiilty to return to tlielrnllcKlniicontid 
 olii IVnibroke, who nt length liild Ble^e to 
 <tiicoln city, which wnn gnrrlsoned by the 
 French under count IVrclie, who In their 
 turn buiiinie<l In mid benleged the KiikIUIi 
 gnrrlHoii of Lincoln cnstlc. A Hally from 
 the cnHtle wi\h nindc nt tlio snino inonient 
 that Pembroke mid his troopH mounted to 
 tlio nstmilt of the town ; mid bo complete 
 was tho flUCcexH of the KiikIIbIi on this oc- 
 rntiloii, thnt the fate of the kingdom iniiy 
 beBAld to have depended on the iHgue. 
 
 When I'enibroke obtained this great nd- 
 vnntnge Louis was bcxleglng Dower caatle, 
 which was as ably as obstinately defended 
 by IIul)ort do nurgh ; and on hearing the 
 tIdlngB from Lincoln he hnatened to Lon- 
 don, where tho farther ill news nwalted 
 him of the defeat and di»>|)er8ioii of a Kreiich 
 fleet which was bringing him over rein- 
 forccnieiits. 
 
 These two oventa caused now deBortlons 
 of the EngllBli barons to IVmbroke ; nnd, 
 instead of entertaining fartlier hopeof wlii- 
 nlngthoUnglUli crown, Louis now thought 
 only of BCCuringaBnfenndsiH'edydepartiiro 
 from a kingdom In which he hnd met with 
 ■o mnny misfortunes ; hcnccordiiiRly agreed 
 to evacuate the kingdcmi forthwith, upon 
 tho sole condition that neither In property 
 nor In liberties nliould tliowo baroim who 
 had adhered to his cause bu made to suffer 
 tor that ndherence. 
 
 Tlie iirotcctor readily nifrced to so cnBy a 
 condition; nnd the civil war being thus 
 happily terminated, I'embrokc, as regarded 
 tbe lay barons wlio supported Louis, fully 
 performed liia part of tho ngreement, not 
 only restoring them to their possessions, 
 but also taking every ojiiiortunity to show 
 that their former conduct was not allowed 
 to have the slightest weight In preventing 
 favour or i>rcfernieiit from reaching them, 
 (■"or the clerical rebels a far severer fate was 
 in store. As faras regarded the merely civil 
 portion of their offence I'embrokc molested 
 none of them ; but Gualo, tho pope's legate, 
 dealt somewhat more sternly with them 
 for the contempt nnd disobcdienco with 
 which, in spite of tho Interdict nnd excom- 
 munication, they had dared to contlnuo to 
 support Louis. In so numerous a body of 
 men it was obviously Impossible but that 
 there should be degrees of guilt ; and ac- 
 cordingly, where someweredcposcd, others 
 were only suspended ; some wero banished, 
 but all, whatever their degree of guilt, had 
 to pay a flue to tho legate, to whom this 
 wholesale chnstiseincnt of tho erring clerks 
 produced an immense sum. 
 
 The earl of Pembroke, to whom tho pence 
 was so greatly owing, died soon after its 
 conclusion, and tlie protectorate passed Into 
 tho hands of Hubert do Burgh, tho jus- 
 ticiary, and Peter dcs Roches, bishop of 
 VTincbestcr, Though tho f onncr, who took 
 
 tho chief part In tho govermnent, wu • 
 Kreat nnd able man, ho hnd nut tlutt iwr 
 Honal reputation among the barons wl irii 
 hnd been enjoyed by tho enri of I'cnil.roko 
 nnd which had chlelly enabled that iioliiil 
 man to curb the evil dlsposltldiis wliirh 
 now broke forth into full nctivlty 1, 
 suiting the royal niithurlty, niul v'wn' 
 where pillaging and coercing Hu. jn,,,.,,'' 
 Among the most difiorderly of thcHt- «»,' 
 the earl of Albemarle. He li^id nervid uiulrr 
 Louis, but had (|ulcl{|y returned tn lii, 
 duty mid distinguished hIniKelf in Mnu,] 
 against the Krencli. Ills disoiileriy curiaiM 
 In the north of Ungland now became no ni> 
 torlous nnd mischievous, that Uulicrt Ae 
 Uurgh, though greatly averse to hniHli him. 
 sures against those powerful iioblts wIum 
 fiituro favour might be of such iniiiuriiiit 
 consetinence to his young k iiig, seized niitu 
 castle of Itocklngham, which the eiiri liij 
 filled with Ills licentious soldiery. Tliuiwl 
 supported by Fulke do Ureautu nnd my'. 
 warlike and turbulent barons, forililod tlie 
 cnstlc of Itlllinm, put himself upon liixdiM 
 defence, and seized upon the castle uf j'o 
 theringay ; and It seemed not unlikely that 
 the daring and injustice of this one miui 
 wouldagainkindio the so lately extliipMi- 
 edllaines of civil war. Fortunately, I'lunluif 
 who was now restored to the legatiiieiKiinr 
 in Knglmid, was i)re;'eiit to take n part mi 
 bclialf of the constituted autliorlticii. lie 
 issued a sentence of excommunicatidii imi 
 only against Albemarle, but also in gciuni 
 terms against all who should adhere to tint 
 noblenian's cause ; and an nrmy, witli iimnt 
 of paying It, was provided. The iiioiii|ii|. 
 tiule and vigour of these niensun's sonlaria- 
 ed Alljemarlo'a adherents, that he \\m i<n 
 the Instant deserted by the niosl powrrtul 
 of them, and fnw notlilnglcft but tu sue 
 for the king's pardon, which was not only 
 granted to him as ri'garded his person, tjui 
 he was at tho same ilmo restored tu IjIj 
 whole estate. I 
 
 Jt was probably tho confidence of bcliigj 
 in the last resort, ablo to Insure hiniseltf 
 a like Impolitic degree of lenity, that onl 
 couraged Kiilke do Brcaute to treat tluf 
 government with a most unheard-of InsoJ 
 leiice and contempt. Having been raisfil 
 from a low origin by king John, wlioiii M 
 followed In the disci-editiiblo cnpai'liyotJ 
 military bully, this man carried thecujiduil 
 and manners of his original station liitntli| 
 higher fortune to which ho hnd attaiiiw 
 and was ntnong tho most turbulent aiidu 
 mnnagenblc of all the barons. 
 
 To desire a freehold, and forcibly to cin 
 tho rightful owner and tako puBSOfi^loiil 
 were with him but one and the same thin J 
 nnd for literal robberies of this BumnuJf 
 and wholesale description no fewer tbij 
 thirty-five verdicts wero recorded again! 
 him at one time. Far from being abasliel 
 or niarmcd by such a plurality of criui 
 he marched a body of his staunclicst dlf 
 orderlies to tho court of justice which «i 
 then Bitting, selxed upon his bench tg 
 judge who had ventured to decide againl 
 BO potent an offender, and actually iinpif 
 soned that judicial dignitary In Ucdfoij 
 castle. Having gone to this extent, I 
 
 cunid have bin 
 
 going still fart 
 
 form levied w« 
 
 had now gone 
 
 tether i lie was < 
 
 ills followers we 
 
 lie, iK'Ing taken 
 
 coullDcarionand 
 
 i»,D.i2n-In ( 
 
 In tho nietropol 
 
 iwtfy dispute thfl 
 
 iln»rnmtrli betw« 
 
 of fiondoii mill 
 
 m«otoadesperal 
 
 In tho course of w 
 
 I much hurt nnd so 
 
 luildciiiollslied, 
 
 to so iiniiortant 1 
 
 Westminster, tli 
 
 would probably im 
 
 loiikrd upon In a st 
 
 It/arlhernpivared 
 
 conlllct the coiiibn 
 
 iliirs had been lie 
 
 Mrrry ' Moiintjo 
 
 Kcmt nttciiipt by' 
 
 (ronii caused the 
 
 Olvctonri ordlnari 
 
 (i.«|it'ft of a poijii, 
 
 liiniit; and lluben 
 
 Illy took cogiilsniu 
 
 ringleader, tionsin 
 
 liavpd with innch t 
 
 dwlly when before 
 
 fnrthnlfli led out f 
 
 ImiKi'd; while sevei 
 
 lir,Mconfcs.se.lly less 
 
 imrntated ; an awf 
 
 posslhlo clrciinistan 
 
 Jwivhcii CDiitrantci 
 
 p m ilc.-<perato an 
 
 IBreawtel 
 
 Shortly after (hi.s 
 
 iiniiilalned of as |i< 
 
 BmitC'hartir, HiiImt 
 
 iiojiopc, prononiirin 
 ofroverii. if d then r 
 
 wnfr'8 hands MioTowi 
 utii', wlilch had bi 
 1(1 having by this ( 
 wfcr rim to do,, 
 lliirnoliicsaBlmll;, 
 iiifli-lmpalrcd pow( 
 "llydid go. U„t t; 
 mllkefierakeof 
 
 Nild admire virtue. 
 
 \'*llmnrinure(l,i„; 
 
 M many, niiio,!^ ,y| 
 
 ester and Alhcnmrl 
 
 imr, Johii do La_ 
 
 •rtcl, absolutely n 
 
 m and i)rej)ared 
 
 Viipon LoiKloi, 
 
 icto coninieiiro fl 
 
 [rtl war, they had tii 
 
 7„'"^l''"-ed to out 
 
 1 '^''7' "'eref, 
 
 m, and appeared u 
 
 « Biiinnioned to a 
 
 Tjad laid aside th 
 
 >"!e war upon th 
 
 f no profession of I 
 
 '™y^whjiotheyca 
 
 
 th 
 
lUIlt, wu 
 
 (PnoTantf*— ^lnntAS(iut]i.~!Dcitri) iM, 
 
 181 
 
 rould bavo but llltio compunrtlon ahniit 
 lulnit still further, and bo openly nnd In 
 form Icvli'd wiir uiM)n tho kluK. Hut ho 
 i liiiil now Kont) to tliu full lonxth uf hU 
 tcthor ; he wan opposed bo vlgorounly, tlmt 
 Ills followers were noon put to tho rout, nnd 
 ho iH'IriK taken prlxoncr, was i>uul8hud by 
 I coiilUrad"" and banUhnient. 
 
 An. 12.!-.— '" '•''* >•-''"' •* '■''^'^ broke out 
 til tho metropolU. Ooniuit<ncln»r In gome 
 Ltty dispute that occurred during a wrost- 
 Lirnmti^li between a portion of tho raliblo 
 of bondoii and WeotmhiHter, ItatlenKth 
 nuc to a desperate and diuiKerouH tumult, 
 Inilio fourHo of whieli several personn wero 
 miiclihurt nnd uoniehousen were i)luiuli'red 
 imldcinoliHiied. Ah thUHO lioufeH belonged 
 t,)so Important a perrtnn a.s tho abbot of 
 TVeatmlnstcr, that cireumstaneo aloiiu 
 would probably have eaused tho riot to bo 
 Idokril upon In a Herion.s liKht at court. Hut 
 lifiirllii'rariH?ared,lliat lnlhocoiiri<eof tho 
 (onllU't tliu couibatanta on either or bolli 
 ildrs had been heard to U80 the French 
 viir-rry 'Mountjoy Ht. DenlHJ' and tho 
 recent attempt by LouIa upon tho KukIIkIi 
 (fown caused the uso of thiH war-cry to 
 live to an ordinary riot homelhinx of tho 
 Iffcet of a political and trea.sonablo at- 
 t,.|n|it; and Hubert, the justiciary, percou- 
 illy took co^'nlmincc of tho matter. Tho 
 ringleader, ConHtanllno ni/.-Arnulf, be- 
 liavnl with nnu'U self-posHcsulon and an- 
 (laclt.v when before tho jiiKtlclary, and wmh 
 liirthwitli led out from hl« presence and 
 haiwcil i while several of those whose nullt 
 lOTSconfcRHCdIy le.'<» hclnouH h.'ul llieir feet 
 inipiitatcd ; an awful ceverlty under iniy 
 IjiosMlilo circumstances- how much more 
 (Dwlicii contraNtcd with tho lenity whown 
 Itn m ilc^penito an offender ai l-'ulko do 
 rraiitc 1 
 
 Wiortly after this affair, which was much 
 
 jimplfilued of »a beln« cuiilrary to the 
 
 tet Charier, Hubert procured a bull from 
 
 cfopc, pronouncinK the king of full age 
 
 lop)VPrii. He then resigned Into the young 
 
 ilnV'shandstheTowerof London and Dover 
 
 itlo, which bad been lnlru!<ted to hlm ; 
 
 1 Imvlng by this example acciulred tho 
 
 (Iter right to demand at V.^n hands of 
 
 ilHT nobles a glmllar strengthening of tho 
 
 iiidi-lnipalrcd power of the crown, be for- 
 
 ill)-did8o. Unt tho barons of that day 
 
 re like tV rake of a later dramatist; they 
 
 iikl admire virtue, but could not Imitate 
 
 All murmured, most refused to comply, 
 
 id many, among whom were tho earls of 
 
 icster and Albemarle, John, constable of 
 
 iciter, John do Lacy, and >Villiam do 
 
 tcl, absolutely met In arms at AVal- 
 
 II and prepared to march In hostile 
 
 lyiipon London. Hut before they had 
 
 to counnciico this actual levying of 
 
 war, they had tidings that tho king 
 
 prepared to outnumber and defeat 
 
 I. They, therefore, abandoned their 
 
 [n, and appeared at court, whither they 
 
 smntnoned to answer for their eoii- 
 
 But though, as anmtter of prudence, 
 
 had laid aside tho design of levying 
 
 ilute war upon their sovereign, they 
 
 leno profession of repentance. On tho 
 
 itrary^ while tlicy eagerly disavowed any 
 
 pernonnl hoHtility to the king lilmsolf, thoy 
 eiiually admitted tliat thoy were hostile to 
 Hubert, and that they were Htlll as deter* 
 mined as ever to Insist upon his removal 
 from Ills power and authority. They were 
 too numerous nnd potent to bo subjected 
 to the punishment which their insolent se- 
 dition merited; and probably It was their 
 perception of that as tho real cause of their 
 being suffered to retire unscathed from 
 court after so oiien a declaration of their 
 hostility to Hubert, that encouraged them 
 very shortly afterwards to hold another 
 armed meeting at F-eicester. Here again 
 tiiey determlneil that the king, then resi- 
 dent at Northampton, w'as too strong nnd 
 too well prepared to allow of their seizing 
 upon h Is (lerson, which, despite I heir former 
 disclaimer, It was all along their desiro to 
 do. Hut, as if watching for some relax- 
 ation of tlio vigilance of tho justiciary, or 
 some diminution of tho royal forces, thcf 
 kept together under tho pretence of celc> 
 brating Christmas. As it was evident that 
 mischief would speedily occur to both king 
 and people, unless these bold bad men were 
 stopped before they had encouraged each 
 other too far, the archbishop and tho pre- 
 lates sternly remonstrated with them, and 
 threatened them with Imnu'diato excomnni- 
 nication astlie penalty of their longerdeiay- 
 ing their submission to the king and their 
 disbanding of their hostile array. Most of 
 the castles were, upon this threat, given up 
 to the king, and we may judge liow neces- 
 sary a step Hiibei't bad taken on behalf of 
 his young soverelKii when we reail that 
 there were In Kiiglandat that time no fewer 
 th.in 111.") of till so ca.'lles. When Huberl'H 
 Just and w iso desiun was fullllled, the king 
 restored tothatfaitliful subject and servant 
 the forlres.ses he had surreiideretl, and this 
 restoration wii.:i bitterly complalneil of by 
 the factions barons, who cho.sc not to per- 
 ceive the immense dllTerenco between for- 
 tresses held for tho king and fortressea 
 held ii.iralnst him. 
 
 Parliament having granted tho king n 
 nfteeiith, he was obliged to employ It in 
 carrying on w;\r against l''rance. In spite of 
 thedisaifected state of so many of hl«most 
 powerful subjects. For Henry having de- 
 manded the restitntiim of his ancestral 
 Normandy, Louis VIH. was so far from 
 making that restitution, that lio made a 
 sudden attack upon I'olcton, besieged and 
 took Uochelle, and showed an evident de- 
 termination to deprive tlio iCngllsliof their 
 very small renuiining continental territory. 
 Tho king sent over, a.^j his lieutenants. Ids 
 brother the earl of Cornwall, and his uncle 
 the carl of Salisbury, who succeeded iu 
 preventing any farther progress on the 
 part of Louis, and in keeping the vassals of 
 Oascony and Toictou In obedience; and, 
 after two years' stay in France, during 
 which the military operations aiuouitted to 
 nothing higher than v.'hat modern generala 
 would term a skirmish, the carl of Cornwall 
 returned lo England. 
 
 A.i). l'.'27. — Though Richard, carl of 
 Cornwall, scorns to have cared Utile enough 
 for the ordinary ends of ambition, ho had a 
 grccdiucsa of gain wUicli answered all tbe 
 
 i: * •! 
 
 
 S^' 
 
 1? V 
 
rw 
 
 mm^mm 
 
 182 
 
 €i)t Crrnffury a( Wiiovnt 9ft, 
 
 piiriH)iir« (if nitililtloti In nrriiyliiK liitu 
 iiRiiln*t IiIh hrotlipr aiul kliix; niul ii pi'tty 
 dlRnuto whirli nroso out of tlio cai IV Kncii 
 anil IiIk unjimt rouriio of ftrnlUyinu It, not 
 only iirodiiiTil ffud liptwcrn tlii> lirotlioro, 
 l)nt lind wcII-iiIkIi ImvoIvimI tlio wlmlo niillnii 
 In a rivll wiir, nn<l rrrfjiliily would Imvc^ 
 done do l)Ut for tlio wciik niui ylcldlnff rim- 
 meter of Henry, wliono Irrcuolullon oven 
 thus oni'ly hcrniiio nmnifcut tu both hU 
 friendM niid hlit rnenilcfi. 
 
 TnklMK nilvniitnffo of a dUpiito which 
 liad orciirrotl lietween lllclmrd and one of 
 tlie Imronx, relative to the iic)Hnei<»lon of a 
 rvrtaln manor, a i>owerful eoiifederary of 
 dUcontentod nohfe^ was formed aKuliittt 
 tho kliiff, who at IrnRili yielded the point 
 tbrnHRh fear, and made ronccHnloim ait Im- 
 IiolltiR an lliey were liiKlorloUH to hlin aM a 
 Hovcreign, Ho weak niul pliant, In f.aet.wim 
 Mio ehanirter of Henry, tlmt It niiiy he 
 doubted whel her he wonldeverhiiverelf»iied 
 at all had the rare of hU minority fallen into 
 tho hnndfl of a lef<H able and upright man 
 than Hubert du liiirKh. And It wan no 
 rnnill proof of hi* weakiu<)<f* that after all the 
 Important and KtcndfnMt pervlees whieh ho 
 had rrcrlve(\ from l)e Unroll, lli^ir mlnlxter 
 was difimli'Ded hln olllre, deprived of his 
 proiKTty, driven to take ennctuary, drnvn 
 Ihenco and roinmltted to close cn-ioily in 
 thooaofle of J)evl7,e», for no other rea-nn 
 than tliat he hadhvcu faithful to tlio klnu. 
 Other reiil eIiar»o than thin tliere witn 
 iioiH!; though Hevcral pretences were ur«ed 
 AffaluHthlm, Buch a.s the frlvolouH oneH of 
 hlH havlufT xained the kluR'a favour and 
 affection by arts of enchantment, and of 
 purloining from the royal treanuro a uem 
 which had tlievirttieof renderliiK Its wearer 
 Invulnerable! Huliert was at lentrth driven 
 Info exile; but recalled and taken Into 
 favour with just ns little apparent reason as 
 there liad been for his persecution. He 
 neemn In his adversity to havo nt leant 
 learned the valuable lesson of the dnnirer of 
 roun.selllnff wisely a weak kinpr; for, tii'imfli 
 he was now personally as much a favourite 
 as ever, ho never afterwards showed any 
 deslro to resume his perilous authority, 
 which was bestowed at his overthrow upon 
 Peter, bishop of AVInchestcr, a native of 
 Polctou, arbitrary and violent, but without 
 any of Hubert do Burgh's talent or couraife, 
 and so little fitted for the almost sovereign 
 authority that was intrusted to him, that it 
 was mainly owing to his misconduct and 
 tyranny, as a justiciary and a regent of the 
 kingdom during an absence of king.Iohn In 
 France, that Mio barons had been stung 
 into that memorable combination which re- 
 BUlted In the (ireat Charter, the foundation 
 of constitutional liberty In Kngland. 
 
 A.D. 1231.— Like all weak persons, Henry, 
 ■while ho felt hisown incapacity for govern- 
 ing, was unwilling to abide by the advice of 
 Ihose who were worthy of his conlldencc ; 
 and feeling that his true nature was shrewd- 
 ly understood by his own subjects, ho In- 
 vited over a great number of Polctevlns, In 
 whom ho rightly supposed that he would 
 find more pliancy and less restraint. Upon 
 theso foreign sycophants ho conferred va^ 
 rious offlcos of trust and power wlilcb ho 
 
 feared to bestow tipon lilsKngliMh kii1iJ(>i|< 
 Contldent of the protection of the klnu in! 
 Hated by (he stream of good fortune wjiirh 
 so siiddeidy (lowed In upon them, nnd vUh,., 
 Ignorant of tho hate and Jealousy of wiii,'], 
 
 theywero tho objects, I tieso forelim fu 
 
 Ites, by their lnsolenei>, added to (ho r;in- 
 conr of the powerful enemie.t by wIhiiii iiui 
 mere favour and iirofusc* lllierallty nf iii,. 
 king were of fheuMelves sunicleiit tociir. 
 round them. The barons, on the diinr 
 hand, lliiding all Indirect tokens nf thiir 
 displeasure iniat I ended to,atlenmiirefiiiii(| 
 to attend th(>lr imrllaiuentary duiiei<, mulrr 
 pretelico (if fearing the power of ilir f,,. 
 relgners ; and when the king renioiiKirntHt 
 and plainly commnnded their alii'iK^iiiii- 
 they replied that they would atlrnd ii<[ 
 more until the king should have diKiiih<i'i| 
 the I'olrfevlns, and that It he did im 
 speetlliy dismiss those nn'u, both they nmj 
 he should be driven from tlu- kiiivdnn'i. ,\i 
 length, however, th<< barons, alleiini^ their 
 l>1an, did proceed to parlianu'nr, but in m, 
 warlike a guise, that It was evldnii iIk,- 
 intend(<d to overawe liie king, and nmu 
 their own will serve for law bolli tu lnni 
 and to tho kingdom. And tills lliey iIimjIii. 
 less would speedily have doiK- wiili tin' 
 strong hand, h'ld they been opposi li'lij- 1;,, 
 abler antagonist llitni the kliit;. lint iii,i 
 justiciin-y, Peter des Itoches, so hIpI.v in;. 
 ployed tlieir Interval of IrreHoiiiilDii.ii'nitiiMJ 
 detached from them not only llie eurl'i .( 
 Chester and lilncnlu, but also llie cMrliq 
 ('<irnwall, the king's brother, and ilins. 
 nnu'h weakened I he confederacy, that |[«:i 
 broken up and Us leaders exposed to iii, 
 vengeance of tho king, itichnrd, ilipi; 
 marshal, lied Into Wides, and thence tn I 
 land, where he was assassinated ; otlicr* 
 the barons were fortniiatt' enough tocsiiiKj 
 but th(>ir estates were conllscated.ntid, will 
 tho king's usual folly and profuslmi, ill-irl{ 
 buted among the already wcallligiiiyuiif. 
 relgners; and tho justiciary piilillcly .«3ii 
 that tho barons of Knglinid must Icnrnii 
 know themselvea as Inferior to tliuse 
 France I 
 
 To what extent of Insolent tyfatiiiyli 
 who uttered such a speech might ii.ivi'in 
 ceeded It Is not easy to gu(ss; Imt lii 
 pride met with a sudden check, .'iinl l 
 from a quarter whence he mlglit iivi* 
 ably have least anticipated It. Tlic diui 
 became alarmed for Its own Intiiv.-I: 
 several of the prelates, well knowlnw ilic 
 neral discontentthat wasspreadlmr aiin 
 tho people In foiise((uence of liie liisnk 
 and tyrannical roniluct of the jii-ilcii 
 attended the archbishop of Caiilcrlniry 
 court, where ho strongly repi-t'sciitcil 
 Henry the impolicy ns well as iiijiisiliT 
 the course ho had pursued liliiii'cif ai 
 allowed the justiciary to pursue In ' 
 name ; and, attributing all the evil tu 
 justiciary, demanded his dlgmissal diii' 
 of an Instant sentenco of cxconiiiiiiiili'»ii{ 
 against the king himself. Timid by iiatii 
 though well enough inclined towards c 
 potism while it could bo practised mIi 
 Henry was struck with alarm at the 
 of excommunication, which ho rlgl 
 judged would bo satlafuctory to the 
 
 nn'MCd peoploa 
 III fiiniicnted to 
 llmlicH. The I 
 ilip ta^k of or 
 |,i'|ii«n man of 
 )fiiiiil flense, III- r^i 
 hAiilKliliiif tho di 
 iMHtatlng the K 
 oHlfCd from w/ilc 
 ai unjustly, been 
 
 A.V. I MO.— Till 
 
 I I'lltifc. Iiiiwever. 
 tilt' mivlcoof th 
 Kill the complain 
 iffiirclifncrs soo 
 Having marrlei 
 f.Hiiit iif Trovenc 
 jflpvltli her cot 
 (if licr maternal 
 li'nf*", who was of 
 rriivciK.'nls and ( 
 tlir kluk-'H Indlscri 
 Mthc roirtcvlns 
 Vali'iice became a 
 I't'lcr lies Itoches 
 licr of ilie funiily 
 with the manor of 
 «,W(l!<lilpof the ea 
 fnre, alsDo/Mavoy, 
 (iiiitfrlMiry. Nor 
 fDrtunatc j to the! 
 fravo ill marriago 
 ii.ihlcswlio were hi 
 llils snon exhaust: 
 «iii|il(' means, and i 
 |iil the king In pos 
 ilii'rilheralities, by 
 /urhliii from Homo 
 li,id taken to snppi 
 lilsKii^llsh BUbjeel 
 mnieij'cess.'iry eltl 
 (ilitaln r.ow funds, i 
 iliiii his system oH 
 chilli, wlilch had so 
 Ijiiif made mum hi 
 biwd that Heniy'i. 
 Iwii liy the vloleil 
 fmm her lawful htl 
 .Mardic ; and to Iill 
 death as decency f 
 given her hand In sii 
 Kfoiid marriago si 
 William, Geoffrey, i 
 (cnt over to visit I 
 relifncrs would perl] 
 Hclciit to procure fcl 
 tlon; but having (|l 
 iliilloM of being his I 
 rapturously rccelvel 
 walili nnd dignltl 
 nwst entire unconcJ 
 and as to tho feel 
 whjccls. In churcL 
 wre constantly prl 
 nliilo Henry was laf 
 liuiioui's ui)on tho I 
 and Gascons, tho ol 
 fifnomefllied tho rf 
 nl England with nl 
 «nd It was at one fl 
 stratlon that the Itl 
 church were in the I 
 m considerably ij 
 Ulagblmeem 
 
dPiiBlntilr.— |)I«iitn0cneW.— Iticiuy 555. 
 
 183 
 
 ,n-*tci |>cii|itonH well nn to tlio luiniiiii, iitid 
 ,, ,-(iiiM'nti'(l to tht) (llNiiilnnnl of I'l-tcr dnt 
 ll,„|irii. The rrlnmti) ourcrcdoil lilm In 
 iliP tn«k (if orderliin «mto nffalri; mid 
 I„,|iik;i innn of iiromiitltudo tm well ii« (if 
 BiKid (icnsc, In- nic(<d1ly rrstorotl coiitpiit by 
 iiftiilKlili"* t''" 'IiitcKtcd forclKncrB mul rc- 
 limtntlrm the KukUMi ninBimtc'* In tlm 
 „)I10(.« from wiilcli tlicy Imd, lu limultliigly 
 MmiJi''*Hy. I'*'*'" ImnlHiR'd. 
 
 i^M la.'io.— Tlio liicllimlldim of a weak 
 i,iliic(', liowovcr, aro UPiiiilIy tno «f nuiif for 
 till' niivli'u of tho moNt iiriidi<iit nilnUtcr, 
 indtlii' roinpl"'"'" "f "'O kliin'H in-cfcrcnco 
 .tfiri'lKiicro Koon liprniii('l(iiiilcrtlmtiov(>r. 
 ' ]]avliii< mnrrlcU Klcimor, (I'liitflitorof tlio 
 r,>iiiit iif rriiviMicc, lU'iiry HiiiTmmdcd lilni- 
 i^lUvltli licr countrymen imd with thono 
 i,f luT miitt'rnnl nnclc, tho Mnhoii of Va- 
 li.|ife, wlio wns of the Ikiuhc of Hiivoy. Tho 
 l'ri)V('iii;id» nnil Biivoyiird-* imw tnstcd of 
 (lie liliiK'H Indlscrliiilnnte liouiily n« Ini'Ki'iy 
 n,< the I'olctevlnH Imd done. The liNtioi) of 
 Vali'iiPi' tiornnii! ns iiotcnt. a iHTHomnfL' n« 
 IVtcr ili'^ llorhos had lir«>n ; nnothrr nu-ni- 
 licr of 'III' fiiiiilly of IVtcr wus rroHcnted 
 vltii tlic manor of Illchniond and tlio ftroat 
 «;irdi'lil|i of thP onri of Wan'ini(^, and Uonl- 
 fnro, nNii of Savoy, was made iirchliJKliop of 
 t'linttrliiiry. Nor were men aloiio tliim 
 jortiiiiiitc ; to till' Indli'd (if Haviiy llio kliiK 
 (Divo In niarrlajri" the yoniiK and wealthy 
 ii,ilile9wli(j wiTo hln wards. l'rofii»ioii likt> 
 tills Bfinn exhausted even the nioiiarch's 
 miililc means, and an attciniit was made to 
 |,iit ilic klim In iMisses-iiiin of funds for far- 
 ilii'illl)enilltU's,liy olilalnlio^ an alisuliiilou 
 lorlilm from Itonn; from the oath wlileh lie 
 liad taken to Rupport his former Krauts to 
 iilsKiifllsli BUltjeets. In truth. It soon lie- 
 came ircessary either tliat the kliiK Hhciuld 
 (ilitalii lA'w funds, or that he should nlian- 
 doii lil^ system of profusion; fur ii new 
 claim, N^hlch lindcomo show of reason, was 
 now made uiion him. It will lio remem- 
 hered tliiit Heiny'u mother, Isabella,- had 
 ln'cn liy llio violence of klin? John taken 
 friiin liur lawful husband, the count do la 
 Jlari'lic; and to hlm,ns soon after .Tolm's 
 jc'itli as decency would allow, she bad 
 given her liand in second marriage. Hy this 
 wcoiid marriage she had four sons, Guy, 
 William, Geolfrey, and Aylmer, whom she 
 lent over to visit Henry. Their being fo- 
 reli?ncr» would perhaps have been (pilte snf- 
 llclcut to procure for them a cordial recep- 
 tion; huthavlngtlie additional reconunen- 
 (litloii of licing Ills balf-lirothcrs, they were 
 rapturoiis'.y received by Iilm,and he lieaped 
 wtaltti and dignities upon them, with a 
 most entire unconcern as to bis own means 
 ami as to tlio feelings and claims of bis 
 fuhJccU. In church as in state, forebToers 
 «ere constantly preferred to natives, and 
 uliilc Henry was lavishing wealth and civil 
 liuiioiu's upon tlio Polctevins, Havo.vards, 
 aud Gascons, the overwhelming inlluenee 
 ofRomcfllled the richest cliurcli bentib es 
 nf England with nameless Italian monks, 
 tnd It was at one time proved to demon- 
 stration that the Italian. intniders into tlio 
 church were in the yearly receipt of a reve- 
 nue considerably larger thuu that of tho 
 klngbimecUl 
 
 Vnder such circumstnncei It was natural 
 that the parliament sliould iihow mime un* 
 wllMiigiiesH to grant sniiplles to a king wlia 
 so III knew bow to use Ids funds, or that 
 men of all ranks should lunrmur against 
 II king no utterly deslltnte of patriotic I'eel- 
 Ing; and tho more especially, as lie WM 
 thus lavlsli to foreigners while utterly earn* 
 less to Hatter the Knullsh with tluit martial 
 enterprise which then, as long after, wa« 
 viewed by them as aiii|p|e covering for many 
 defects, personal and political. Wlieiiover 
 ho demanded supplies he was obllKcd to 
 listen to tlio complaints of the vloleiico 
 done to his faithful subjects, of tb(>meaii 
 marriages forced upon tlmse of the highest 
 ranks, of ibo actual violence by wblcli Ills 
 table was supplied, tiiM iK-rson decorated, 
 and his religious solemnities adorned. 
 
 A.D. 135n.-T() all complaints of this na- 
 ture Henry listened with impatlonco, ond 
 replied with vaKue and generid promises of 
 amendment ; at lenutli, In 12,MI, having ex- 
 hausted the patience of ills long-endnrlng 
 subjects, he lilt upon a new iiiodo '' ib- 
 talnlng funds from tliiMu, liy soliciting a 
 supply to aid liini in the plmis di'sign of n 
 crusade against tho Inlldels. Itnt lie hud 
 now so often been tried and found wanting, 
 that the parliament cmild not put faith in 
 tills specious profession. The derify, too, 
 who ri«litly deemed their Interest perilled 
 by the Infatuated cuiidiict of the kliitr, 
 were as nincli opposed to him as the laity; 
 and they sent the arcblilshop of Canter- 
 bury, and the bishops of \Vlnclle^ter, Halls- 
 bury, ami Carlisle, to remonstrate with 
 him upon h\< general extravdgance, as well 
 as iipiiii tlii< Irregular manner In wlilcii ha 
 dIspo'Jid of clinrch dignities. Ppon this 
 occaslci" Henry displayed more tlian his 
 usual s|>ii If. .Availing himself of Ibo fact 
 that lie bad i.'rtatiy favoured these very 
 pc'suliages, be replied, 'It is true, I have 
 been In error on this pnliit of Improper 
 p'omotions ; I olptnided yi' ', niy bird of 
 ( anterliury, upon your see ; 1 was obliged 
 'oemploy liotli threats and persuasions, my 
 lord of Winchester, to have you elected ; 
 and Irregular, Indeed, was my conduct, my 
 lords of Salisbury and Carlisle, when fruni 
 your lowly stations I raised you to your 
 present dignities.' There was much truth 
 in this, but there was no apology ; and tho 
 prelates shrewdly replied, that the question 
 was not of errors iiast.butof tiie avoidance 
 of future errors. 
 
 Notwltlisiandlng the sarcasm with wlilch 
 thekingmetthe complalntsof the prelates, 
 he promised so fairly for the reformation of 
 both ecclesiastical and civil abuses, tlint tlio 
 Piirllainent at length consented to grant 
 blm a tenth of the ecclesiastical benellces, 
 and a scutage of three marks upon each 
 knight's fee, on condition of bis solemnly 
 ratifying the (ireatt'hartcr, while, with tho 
 ceremony of ' bell, book, and candle,' they 
 cursed whoever should licucoforth violate 
 it. Tho king joined in the ceremony, 
 audibly and emphatically agreed In tho 
 awful curse invoked upon any violation of 
 his oath— and immediately afterwards re- 
 turned to his old practices as though no- 
 thing extraordinary had occurred ! 
 
 »i. 
 
 i 
 
 ■J 
 
 X 
 
 
 i ■]■'- 
 
 lii 
 
 I 
 
184 
 
 Crte QTreatfurt) of W^tavvt Sit, 
 
 A.D. 1258.— Conduct 80 Infatuated on the 
 part ol the king almost seemed to Invito 
 rchellion, and at length tempted one ambi- 
 tious and daring noble so far, that ho de- 
 toriiiiiiud to endeavour to win tho throne 
 from a king who proved himself so un- 
 worthy of nillng It with dignity or honour. 
 Blmon of Montfort, a sou of tho great 
 warrior of that nfime, hJivlng, though born 
 abroad, Inherited liirgc property in Kugland, 
 was created carl of Ltieester, and In the 
 year 1238 married the dowager countess of 
 Pembroke, sister to the king. The carl had 
 been sometimes greatly favoured, and some- 
 times as signally disgraced by the king, but 
 being a man of great talent lie had con- 
 trived always to recover his footing at 
 court, and, whether In or out of favour with 
 the king, to be a general favourite with 
 the people, who at his first marrying tlic 
 king's sister had hated and railed against 
 bim for his foreign birth. 
 
 Perceiving liow Invcterately the king was 
 addicted to his tyrannies nud follies, this 
 artful and able no1>leman determined to 
 put liimself at tho liead ->f the popular— 
 or, more properly speakliig, tho baronial 
 and church— party, thinking that Henry 
 nUght so far provoke his eneni'cs as to lose 
 Ills throne. In which case Leicester trusted 
 to his own talents and Influence to enable 
 hini to succeed to It. Accordingly he took 
 up tho cry, now become as general as It was 
 just, against the king's oppression of the 
 people, and Ills preference of foreigners,- 
 Leicester con venlently overlooking his own 
 foreign birth I —and sought every occasion 
 of putting himself forward as the advocate 
 of tho native burons and the prelates. 
 When by perseverlncr efforts In this way he 
 had, as he considered, sufllciently strength- 
 ened his own hands and inflamed the gene- 
 ral resentments against the king, ho took 
 occasion of a quarrel witli llenry's half- 
 brother and favourite, AViiliam de Valence, 
 to bring matters to a crisis. Cailing a 
 meeting of the most Incensed and powerful 
 of the barons, he represented to them all 
 those violations of the charter of which we 
 have already spoken, and demanded ivhc- 
 ther they had so far degenerated from tiie 
 liigh feelings of the l)aron8 who liad wrest- 
 ed the charter from John, that they were 
 prepared, without even a struggle, to see it 
 a mere dead letter in the hand of Ilcnry, 
 whose most solemn promlsesof reformation 
 they had as often experienced to bo unwor- 
 thy of belief. 
 
 There was so much of truth In Leices- 
 ter's harangue, that t)<e position which he 
 occupied as a favoured foreigner was over- 
 looken, his recommendations were niado 
 the rule of the barons' conduct, and they 
 agreed forthwith to take the government of 
 public affairs into their own hands. They 
 were just then summoned to meet the king 
 (or the old purpose, namely, to grant him 
 supplies, and to Ills astonishment he found 
 them all in complete armour. Alarmed at 
 BO unusual asight and at tlie solemn sllenco 
 with which ho was received, he demanded 
 whether he was to look upon them as his 
 enemies and himself as their prisoner; to 
 Which liobcrtBigod, as spokesman, replied. 
 
 that they looked upon him not as their pri- 
 soner, but as their sovereign ; that they had 
 met him there In tho most dutiful desire to 
 aid him with supplies that he might, as lin 
 wished, fix his son upon the throne of Sicily 
 but that they at the same time desired cer- 
 tain reforms which the experience of the 
 past plainly showed that he could not niako 
 In his own person, and that they therefore 
 were under the necessity of requiring him 
 to confer .authority upon those who would 
 strenuously use it for the national bciicnt 
 The evident determination of the barnn'j 
 and tho great and Instfint need which lie i 
 had of supplies, left the king no choice ; ho : 
 therefore assured them tliat lif5 would 
 shortly summon another parliament for the 
 election of persons to wield tlie authority 
 spoken of, and also to settle anddeMiic that 
 authority within precise limits. 
 
 A parliament was accordingly called, at 
 which the barons made their appearance 
 with so formidable an armed attendance, 
 that it was quite clear that, whatever they 
 might propose, tho king hod no power to 
 resist them. 
 
 Twelve barons were selected by the king 
 and twelve by the parliament, and to the 
 body thus formed an unlimited reforming 
 power was given, the king himself swcarhig 
 to agree to and maintain wliatcvcr tluy 
 should deem flt to order. Their Instant 
 orders were most reasonable; that three 
 times In each year the parliament should 
 meet ; that on tho next meeting of parlia- 
 ment each shire or county should send four 
 knights to that parliament, tliat so tlie 
 especial wants and grievances of every part 
 of the kingdom might bo known ; tliat the 
 sheriffs, officers of great power and influ- 
 ence, should thenceforth be annually elect- 
 ed by the counties, and should no longer 
 have the power to line barons for not at- 
 tending their courts or the justiciaries' cir- 
 cuits ; that no castles should he committed 
 to the custody, and no heirs to tlie ward- 
 ships, of foreigners ; that no new forests 
 or warrens should bo made ; and tliat the 
 revenues of counties or hundreds should 
 no longer be farmed out. 
 
 Thus far tho barons proceeded most 
 equitably. But bare equity and the good 
 of the people did not include all tliat the 
 barons wanted. As the shameful profusion 
 of tho king had heaped wealth upon fo- 
 reigners, 60 tho destruction of these fo- 
 reigners would yield iui abundant harvest 
 to tho native b.arons. Accordingly when 
 the king, having acquiesced In the regula- 
 tions above mentioned, looked for the pro-l 
 mlsed and much-needed supplies, he was 
 met by loud outcries against foreigiiors in 
 general, and against his half-brothers I: 
 particular. So loud was the clamour agalnstl 
 these latter, that even tho king's presence| 
 Bcemed insufficient to secure their lives, 
 and they took to flight. Being hotly pur 
 sued by some of the more violent of the 
 barons, they took refuge In the palace ol 
 AVinchester, to which sec Aylmer had ljeeii| 
 promoted. Even here they were surround- 
 ed and threatened, and the king, a.-! tin 
 sole mode of saving them from destruction, 
 agreed to baui.sh theiu. Ilaving thub ucarl; 
 
©ngt anlf .— |3Iant«0«ie W.— I^enrii 55 J. 
 
 186 
 
 ■Iccted by the king 
 anient, and to the 
 limited reforming . 
 g himself swearing 
 xln whatever tlioy 
 ler. Their Instant 
 inable ; that three 1 
 parliament sliouM I 
 mectlnsof rarlia-l 
 ty should send lour I 
 mcnt, that so tlic 
 i-ances of every rwt 
 JO known ; that tlio 
 it power and Innu- 
 h he annually elect- 1 
 should no longer I 
 harons for not at- 1 
 the justiciaries' cir- 1 
 (Uild he coMunlttciJ 
 hclra to the ward- 
 lat no new forests L 
 nado ; and that the I 
 ir hundreds should I 
 
 t. I 
 
 a proceeded moEt 
 luity and the good 
 ncludo all thattliol 
 shameful protuslon 
 ed wealth upon lol 
 iction of these fo-l 
 I aliundant harvest! 
 Accordingly when! 
 ■seed in the rcgula-l 
 looked for the pro-l 
 d supplies, he waal 
 alnst foreipnors lii| 
 is half-brothers !• 
 the clamour against 
 the king's prescncol 
 gecurc their UvesJ 
 „ Being hotly \m 
 loro violent ot tha 
 go In the palace oB 
 ccAylmcrhadheeiil 
 hey were surroundf 
 d the king, a.4 tlid 
 nfromdestructlonJ 
 Uaviugthuaucarlj' 
 
 nttacked the king In the persons of those 
 •iio had some reasonable and naturol 
 rialm upon his favour, the barons next 
 nroceciled to dig ulss tlio justiciary, trea- 
 surer, and other chief ministers ; and hav- 
 lii? flUed these important posts with per- 
 sons upon whom tliey could implicitly rely, 
 fhey next proceeded to the virtual usurpa: 
 tion of the throne, by administering an 
 catli to all tlie lieges to obey and execute 
 nil the regulations of the twenty-four ba- 
 rons iiiuler pain of bolng declared public 
 enemies; and such was the power which, 
 under the pretence of the purest patriot- 
 Ism these barons had usurped, tliat even 
 the powerful earl Warenne, and prince Ed- 
 ivard, the heir to the throne, were not 
 exempt from the obligation to take this 
 
 A.ii.1261.— So arrogantly did the barons 
 iiic their extensive and usurped authority, 
 lint tlio carl of Gloucester, from being a 
 chief in their confederacy, separated from 
 It to side with the king ; and prince Ed- 
 ward, encouraged by tho general murmurs 
 of the people that tlic barons were becom- 
 ing more tyrannous than even a king could 
 be, threatened tho barons that be would 
 perinilsllfe in opposing them if they did 
 not speedily bring tlieir reforms to a close. 
 TLo spirit of tlio prince Edward rallied 
 (1) iiuicli favour to the side of tho crown, 
 tiiat Henry tliought lie might safely ven- 
 ture to endeavour to put a curb upon the 
 exorliltaiit power of the twenty-fourbarons; 
 kit as he knew how prejudicial to his In- 
 terests It would bo to leave it In the power 
 ei' his enemies to accuse him of perjury, he 
 In tlie first place applli'd to Homo for abso- 
 luiinii from tho oath ho had made to sup- 
 |.iirt tlio barons in their authority — an 
 shsoliitlon which he readily received, both 
 beeauso of the misconduct of tho barons, 
 aiiJ because tho pope was seriously offended 
 Kith the English clergy for having shown 
 » greater tendency towards independence 
 tlian squared with either the papal Interests 
 or tho papal maxims. Trince Edward rc- 
 Iiifcd to avail himself even of this absolu- 
 llmi tuitil the outrageous misconduct of 
 till- harons compelled him to do so ; and the 
 Krupulous lldellty with which he thus kept 
 In ail engagement which ho had been forced 
 Into, procured him a general admiration 
 uliicli subsequently was very Importantly 
 ilcncllclal to him. 
 A.D. 1202. — As soon as Henry received 
 le absolution he had solicited from Hon ", 
 k issued a proclamation, in whicli ho bit- 
 Icrly and, for the most part, truly painted 
 (he personal and selllsh views with which 
 tlie twenty-four barons had both sought 
 mduscd their authority, and declared that 
 |liidnty to himself and his people ho should 
 ■om that time forth use his royal autho- 
 ty without its diminution or participation 
 Ibyanydnc; lie changed all the chief of- 
 tesof state and of his own household, as 
 Iso most of tho sheriffs of counties and 
 weriiors of castles. Having thus far se- 
 ired himself, ho summoned a parliament. 
 Well met on the 23rd of April in this year, 
 idwhich, with but live dissenting votes, 
 inllrmed his resiMuptioa of his authority. 
 
 But the snake of disalTcetlon was only 
 'scotched, not killed ;' many of tho oarona 
 still corresponded with Leicester, and that 
 haughty noble, though resident in France, 
 was busily employed in fomenting evil for 
 England.whlch he now the more confldently 
 hoped to reign over, because his powerful 
 rival Gloucester was dead, and Gilbert, that 
 nobleman's son and successor, bad given 
 his adhesion to Leicester. 
 
 While Leicester and his adherents were 
 busily preparing to attack the powerof tho 
 king, tho Welsh suddenly made an lrru|)- 
 tion over the border, probably prompted by 
 Leicester, The prince Edward, however, 
 repulsed Llewellyn and his lll-dtsclpllned 
 troops, and then returned to aid bis father, 
 against whom Leicester was now openly 
 and in great force arrayed. 
 
 Leicester directed his attacks chiefly 
 against tho king's demesnes, and excited 
 tho zeal of his followers to perfect fury by 
 encouraging them to spoil and plunder to 
 their utmost. The bishops of Hereford and 
 Norwich were seized and imprisoned, and 
 in spite of the determined and able conduct 
 of prince Edward, tho king's cause began 
 to wear an unpromising aspect. Tho rab- 
 ble of the great towns were tho zealous 
 adherents of Leicester; and in London, 
 especially, the very dregs of tho population 
 were up in arms, headed and encouraged 
 by the mayor, a violent and ill-prlnclpled 
 man named Fltz-Ulchard, by whom largo 
 gangs were encouraged to pillage tho 
 wealthy and assail tho peaceable. Tho 
 season of Easter was es-peclally marked by 
 tliese outrages in tho metropolis. A cry 
 was at first raised against the Jews ; from 
 attacking them the mob proceeded to at- 
 tack the Lombards, then the chief bankers 
 and nioucy-lcnders ; and, as usual in such 
 cases, the violence speedily proceeded to 
 be directed indiscriminately against nil 
 who had or were suspected of having any- 
 thing to be plundered of. To such a height 
 did the fury of the mob proceed, that tho 
 queen, who was then lodging in the Tower, 
 became i--' seriously alarmed, that she left 
 it by water with tho Intention of seeking 
 safety at Windsor. But as her barge ap- 
 proaciied Loudon Bridge, the rabble assailed 
 her, not only with the coarsest abuse, but 
 also with illM) and stones, so that she was 
 obliged to return to the Tower. 
 
 Prince Edward was unft)rtunately mado 
 prisoner during a parley at Oxford, and that 
 event so much weakened tho king's party, 
 that Henry, finding Leicester's party trium- 
 phant and insolent all over the kingdom, 
 was fain to treat for peace. Aware that 
 tliey had tho upper hand, tho rebels would 
 allow of no terms short of the full power 
 formerly given to the twenty-four barons 
 being again Intrusted to a like number, of 
 whom a list was given to the king ; aiul as 
 prince Edward had showed great talentand 
 daring, Leicester stipulated that the treaty 
 now mado should remain in force during 
 tlie life of tho prince as well as that of the 
 king. Henry had no choice but to sub- 
 mil ; the barons restored tlielr own crea- 
 tures to olllco in the fortresses, tho coun- 
 ties, tiiu state, and tho king's Uoi)scl)oI4, 
 
 il 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 h t 
 
 hi . 
 
 f'a 
 Pi 
 
 11 i 
 
 
F'tmaitfrinimiriwinii mmaa^ 
 
 186 
 
 Ef)s Ettnimvi at W^tavvit ^f* 
 
 and then summoned a parliament to meet 
 tbem at Westminster, and determine upon 
 future measures for the government of the 
 country. 
 
 Prince Edward being restored to liberty 
 by tills treaty, lost no time in exerting him- 
 self to prepare for a new strupglo against 
 the insolent pretensions of Leicester ; but 
 though many powerful barons gave him 
 their adhesions. Including the lords of the 
 Scotch and Welsh marches, lielcoster's 
 party was still too strong to give the young 
 prince hopes of success ; and the people 
 clamouring loudly for peace, the prince and 
 king proposed that tlio dispute between 
 them and the barons should be referred to 
 the arbitration of the king of France. That 
 upright prince, on examination of the af- 
 fair, decided that the king sliuuld be fully 
 restored to his power and prerogatives on 
 the one hand ; and that, on the other hand, 
 the people were entitled to ail tlie benelits 
 of the Great Charter. Unfortunately, though 
 this decision was just, it only left the con- 
 tending parties precisely where they were 
 at the commencement of the quarrel, and 
 stated in form that wiiicli w;is perfectly 
 notorious liefDre, namely, that the king had 
 overstretclied tlio power to wlilch lie was 
 entitled, and that the barons liad assumed 
 a power to which they were not entitled. 
 Leicester, to whose personal views peace 
 was utterly destructive, rcprcsenteu to his 
 l)arty, that the award of the French king 
 wa.s wholly and nnju.«tly on the side of 
 Henry; ho caused seventeen oiiier Ij.'irons 
 to join him In a compact with the discon- 
 tented Londoners, by which they mutually 
 bound themselves never to make peace 
 with the king l)ut with the full and open 
 concurrence of both these contracting par- 
 ties; and while some of Leicester's friends 
 rekindled the civil war In the provinces, he 
 and Fitz-ltlcliard did the like in London ; 
 BO that the whole country once more 
 bristled with arms and resounded with 
 cries of war. 
 
 Finding civil war Inevitable, the king 
 and his brave son promptly made their 
 preparations. In addition to their military 
 vassals, whom they summoned from all 
 quarters, they were joined by forces under 
 Bttliol, lord of fialloway, Ih-us, lord of Ai;- 
 nandale, John Comyn, and otiier northern 
 leaders of power. With this array they 
 commenced tlieir proceedings by laying 
 siege to Northampton, in which was a 
 strong garrison commanded l)y son'ie of tlie 
 principal barons. This place lieing speedily 
 taken by assault, the royal army marched 
 against Leicester and Nottlngliain, which 
 opened their gates. Prince Kdward now 
 led a deta<'liiiK'nt against the property of 
 tho earl of Derby, whose lands were laid 
 waste as a punishment of his disloyalty. 
 Leicester, in the meanwhile, taking care to 
 keep up a communication with London, 
 -upon the support of which he greatly de-, 
 pended, laid siege to Ilochest(.r castle, I 
 which was tho only strong hold In Kent ' 
 that still h(f1d out for the king, and which j 
 was ably difended by earl Warenne, Its go- 
 vernor. Tho royal uriny, Uushed with Itsi 
 ■ucccss clbowhere, now marched lu aJl| 
 
 haste to relieve this Important fortress an.i 
 Leicester bearing of their approach 'nZ 
 fearing to be outnumbered In a dlsallva i 
 tageous position, hastily raised tliu t\om 
 and fell back upon London. From inn 
 don .Leicester sent proposals to Hcnrv 'iint 
 of so arrogant and exorbitant a clinraltiT 
 that ho must have been aware tlicy woulii 
 not be listened to ; and, on a stern answer 
 being returned by the king, Leicester nuh. 
 licly renounced his allegiance and inarchoil 
 the whole force ho could collect to\vari!« 
 Lewes, in Sussex, where the roynl arniv 
 lay ; the bishop of Chldiester givim, ^^^. 
 rebels a formal and general absolutlmi and 
 assuring them that all who sliouM faiij,, 
 lighting against the king would uuduubted 
 ly go to heaven. 
 
 Leicester was a skilful general, and on this 
 occasion he so ably conducted his marcli 
 that he almost surprised the rovalNts in 
 their quarters ; but the short time that 
 elapsed between tho alarm aiul tho arrival 
 of tho rebels sufTlccd to enable tlic active 
 prince Kdward to march tho army to the I 
 Held In good order; one division bclnffipj 
 by himself, the earl Wareinie, and WiHiam 
 de Valence, a second by the klni? of the 
 Uonians and his son Henry, and tho third 
 forming a reserve under the personal oiin. 
 maud of llio king himself. The iirince Id] 
 his division against the enemy's vanguard 
 which was comiiosed of the Londoner?, nho 
 lied at tho very llrst charge. Forffottiiiir 
 that his assistance might be required cul 
 where, prince Kdward allowed himaclf to 
 be governed entirely by his headlontf ra"e| 
 against these invcterately disloyal men, and 
 pursued them, with great slaughter, for' 
 nearly five miles from the field of i«ttioj 
 This inipetuosltyof the prince lost hisfathcr 
 the day; for Leicester, promptly uvailhig 
 himself of the prince's absence, cliarppit«,i 
 hotly upon the remaining two divisions m 
 the royalists, that they were defeated wli 
 terrible loss, and both tho king and hi' 
 brother, tho king of the Uonians, wcri 
 taken prisoners ; as were Urns, Coniyn.ani 
 all tho most considerable leaders on tin 
 king's side. E.arl Warenne, Hugh Biu-nj 
 and AVIIllam do Valence escaped Ijejuni 
 sea; but prince Kdward, unappalled l).v thi 
 conseciuences of his own Iniprudence.'kiii 
 his force together, added to It as many a 
 could bo rallied of the defeated divisloiii 
 and presented so bold a front, that Lt 
 cester thought it more prudent to aniii.; 
 him with a pretended desire to treat, than ti 
 urge him to a desi)erato attack. The wi 
 accordingly proposed terms ; and tlidiici 
 they were severe, and such as uuderi.tlia 
 circumstances the prince would havelaugl 
 ed to scorn, a little examination of tlioiMv 
 resources showed so hopeless a state 
 things, that Edward, despite his iirkle, w; 
 obliged to agree. These terms wcie,tli; 
 prince Edward and Henrj- d'Allmaiiio, e 
 of the kingof tlio Itomans, slioukl surrendi 
 themselves prisoners In exchange for thcl 
 fathers : that six arbiters should he name 
 by the kliigof France, that these six shun! 
 choose two others, also French, and thi 
 line Kngllshman should be named l>y thoi 
 last ; tho council thus named tDhavcimw 
 
5iiflTantr.— ^TniitagcuBl)??.— IfteurH 5H. 
 
 187 
 
 tant fortress; aiiil 
 T apiiroacli, and 
 ed In a disaUvau- 
 raised tliu gicKe 
 ion. From Lon. 
 al3to Henry, l)ut 
 Itaut a cliiirat'tcr, 
 aware they woiiM 
 II a Btern (inawrr 
 ig, Leicester iiul> 
 iHico and marchcil 
 d collect towariig 
 
 tlie royal army 
 iK'stcr glviiii? the 
 ral absolution, anj, 
 who should fall In | 
 would uudouljted- 
 
 jcucral.aiidonthls 
 ducted Ills march, 
 ;d the royalists In I 
 B short time tliiitl 
 rm atid the arrival I 
 ( enable the active 
 h the army to tlic I 
 ■ division liclnfrlejl 
 vetnio, and William I 
 )y the kink' of the I 
 enry, and the third | 
 r tho iiorsonal cum.! 
 L'lf. The iiriiice kill 
 enemy's vanguard, | 
 the Londoners, fthol 
 'hargc. Forgcttlngj 
 ht be required ol!^| 
 allowed liim?iit tol 
 y hlH headlonK rnirel 
 .'ly disloyal men, audi 
 rrcat slaughter, tori 
 
 1 the flfld of battle! 
 iirlncelosthiafiUl!cr| 
 , promptly availing 
 iihsonce, charpoii 
 ng two divisions nil 
 
 were defeated witlJ 
 . the king and hii 
 the llomans, vera 
 re nrns, Coniyn, anl 
 able leaders on tli^ 
 ■enne, lluj-'U Bii:" 
 lec escaped beynnl 
 d, unappalled by thi 
 vn Imprudence, ki'iif 
 led to It as many; 
 defeated dIvislnnJ 
 a front, that US 
 re prudent to ainuij' 
 cslretotreat.tlianti 
 ito attack. Tlie w1 
 terms ; and tlimigl 
 such as under vm 
 CO would have laugM 
 niluatlonortlieiMv^ 
 hopeless a state 
 esplte his pride, vrsl 
 •sc terms \veie,tli^ 
 jnr>' d'AUmaine, 
 uis, should surrendd 
 n exchange for thel 
 ers should he nams 
 that these six. pluHil 
 so French, and thl 
 d be named by thof 
 named to have I'owd 
 
 Hrllnltlvely to decide upon all matters In 
 Sinnute between Henry and his barons. In 
 rnmpllancc with these terms, Edward and 
 his cousin yielded themselves, and were 
 sent prisoners to Dover castle ; but Lel- 
 fpster, though lio nominally gave the king 
 Ills liberty, took care to keep him com- 
 nlctcly 111 '''* power, and nnide use of the 
 llrnyal name to forward his own designs. 
 Tliua '•"■ "'"*'' '"*'*' K0^''''''"'"'8 readily y ield- 
 ii up their Important fortresses iii the 
 u,,g-5iiame ; and when connnandcd by the 
 tjnS to disarm and dlsb.and, no loyal soldier 
 wuld longer venture to keep the Held. liCl- 
 ,Lter made. In fact, precisely what alter- 
 ations and regulations ho pleased, taking 
 p.tfi; to make them all In the king's name ; 
 ^d EG evidently considered himself virtu- 
 Sy In possession of tlie throne at which ho 
 had 80 daringly almed.thatheeven ventured 
 to treat with Insolent Injustice the very 
 barons to whoso participation of his dis- 
 loyal labour he owed so much of its success. 
 Having conDscatcd the large posssesslons of 
 some eighteen of the royalL-t barons, and 
 fecelved tlie ransoms of ahostof prisoner:*, 
 lnMl'i'lied the whole spoil to his own use, 
 and when his confederates demanded to 
 flwrc with them, he coolly told them that 
 tboy already had a suniclency in being safe 
 trointho attainders and forfeitures to which 
 ilicy would have been exposed but for his 
 Tlftory. 
 
 As for the reference to jiartles to be 
 jaiiicdhy the king of France and his nomi- 
 nics, though the earl, in order to hoodwink 
 prince Edward, laid so much stress npoii 
 it during their negotiation, he took not 
 llic pliplitest notice of it, but summonod a 
 furliainent, so selected that he well knew 
 that Ills wishes would be law to them. And, 
 imirdiugly,i.his servile senate enacted that 
 ill acts of sovereignty sliouhl reciuire the 
 suiction of a council of nine, which coun<il 
 (onidbe wholly or in part changed at the 
 (Till of the earls of Leicestcrand Gloucester 
 iiidtlie bishop of Chichester, or a majoriiti 
 Uihcm three. Now, tlie bishop of Chl- 
 thester, being the mere convenient tool of 
 ilciccstcr, the earl was In reality in full 
 Lvcr over tlie council— in other words, he 
 wa* a despotic monarch In everything Imt 
 lame. Tlieijueen, secretly assisted by Louis 
 'ofFnince, collected ii force together, witli 
 [inintentiim of invading Kngland on behalf 
 (illu'r husband, in whose name tlio coast of 
 England was lined with forces to oppose 
 krjbut the queen's expedition was first 
 Belayed .iiid then Itroken up altogether by 
 iciiitrary winds. The papal court issued a 
 tall against Leicester, but he threaiened 
 loimt the legate to dcatli If ho appeared 
 prilh it ; Jiiid even when that legate liiinself 
 became i>opc under the title of Trliaii IV., 
 Uloestcr still ventured to brave him, so 
 lonfldcntly did he rely upon the dislike to 
 lomc that was entertained, not only by the 
 |ilc In general, but also by tho great 
 ly of tho English clergy. 
 AD, 1265.— Still desiring to govern with 
 show of legality, Leicester KUinmoned a 
 lew parliament, whicli more nearly rescm- 
 iled the existing form of that assembly tlian 
 ly which had preceded it. Uefore this 
 
 parliament tho earl of Derby— In tho klug'a 
 name— was accused and committed ; and 
 the esirl of Gloucester was intended for the 
 same or a worse fate by his powerful arid 
 unscrupulous colleague, but avoided all pre- 
 sent collision with him by retiring from 
 parliament and tho council. This obvious 
 (luariel between tho earls gave great en- 
 couragement to tho king's friends, and the 
 general voice now began loudly to demand 
 the release of the brave prince Edward, wJio 
 had remained a close prisoner ever since 
 the battle of Lewes. Leicester consented 
 on conditions to release the prince, but he 
 took caro to keep botli him and the king 
 within his reach ; and they were obliged to 
 accompany him on his march against tho 
 earl of Gloucester, who had retired to his 
 estates on tho borders of Wales. While 
 Leicester lay at Hereford, threatening tho 
 earl of (iloucester, the latter nobleman con- 
 t rived to communicate with prince Edward, 
 and so to arrange matters that tho young 
 priiieu escaped from tlio ' attendance,' as 
 it was called, but really the contlnemetit. In 
 which ho had been kept, and was speedily 
 at the head of a gallant army, whidi daily 
 received accession, when the glad news of 
 bis real liberty became generally known. 
 .Simon do Montfort, Leicester's son, hasten- 
 ed from i^iondon with an army to the assist- 
 ance of Ills fatlier. rrinco Edward, having 
 broken down tho bridges of the Severn, 
 turned away from the earl's position, and 
 fell suddenly upon Simon de Montfort, who 
 was cart'lessly encampedat Kenllworth, put 
 his foret^ utterly to the rout, and took tho 
 oarl of Uxfoid and several other l>arons pri- 
 soners. Leicester, ignorant of this, had in 
 tiie nie.'intlme managed to get his army 
 across the Severn In boats, and halted at 
 Kvesliam in Worcr-stershire, in daily ex- 
 pectation of tho arrival of that force whicli 
 IkkI already been put to the rout. Prince 
 Kdward, vigilant himself and well served 
 by Ills scouts, dexterously availed himself 
 of the earl's mlsapi)rehensl(.n of the state of 
 affairs, and having sent part of his army 
 on its march towards the earl, bearing Do 
 Montfort's banners and otherwise provided 
 for representing his routed force, ho with 
 the niiiiii body of his aniiy took another 
 route, so as to fall upon the earl in a dif- 
 ferent quarter; and so complet'-iy was tho 
 deceptitiii successful, that when Leicester 
 at length discovered the real state of the 
 case, he exclaimed, ' Now have I tauglit 
 litem to war to some purpose 1 May tho 
 Lord liave mercy on our souls, for our 
 bodies belong to prince Edward.' lint 
 there was not much time for reflection ; 
 Edward led his troops to tho attack vi- 
 gorously and In excellent order ; Leicester's 
 troops, on the other hand, wero dispirited 
 by their l>ad position and sulfering much 
 from sickness; and victory speedily de'cliir- 
 ed for the iirljice. In the heat of the battle 
 Leicester was struck down and immediately 
 dispatched though ho demanded quarter, 
 and his whole force was routed, upwards 
 of a huiiilred of the principal leaders ahd 
 knights lieing taken iirisoners. The king 
 himself was on the point of losing his life. 
 The carl had cruelly placed lilm lu the 
 
 I ¥:M. 
 
 i 
 
 :t d 
 
 ■■'S( 1 
 
 ?-> 1 
 
 ,;■:* 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 jImj 
 
 K 1 
 
 ii 
 
 1' £ 
 

 188 
 
 (E^e (ITrfaiiuri? o( 3a«t0ri», ^r. 
 
 Tery front of the battle, and a kiiiglit who 
 bad already wounded him waa about to 
 repeat his blow, when Henry saved hlmgelf 
 by exclaiiningr ' I am Henry of Winchester, 
 your king.' 
 
 The victory of Evesham re-estaMlshcd 
 the king's authority; and to the great credit 
 of the royal party, no bloud disgraced that 
 Tlctory. Not a single capital punishment 
 took place ; the family of Leicester alono 
 was attainted to full effect ; for thougli 
 many other rebellious fainiiles were forin- 
 Rlly attainted, their sentences were re- 
 versed on payment of sums, trilling Indeed 
 when the heinousness of the ofCence they 
 had committed is considered. 
 
 The kingdom being thus restored to 
 peace and released from all danger from 
 the turbulent Leicester, prince Edward de- 
 parted for the Holy Land, where ho so 
 greatly distinguished himself that the In- 
 fidels at length employed an assassin to 
 destroy him ; but though severely and even 
 dangerously woundeil, tlio prlnco fortu- 
 nately escaped with life, and his assailant 
 was put to death on the spot. 
 
 A.D. 1272.— Lest Gloucester should imi- 
 tate his late rival In rebellion, Edward took 
 that powerful noble with him to the East ; 
 but his own absence was very injurious to 
 the public peace In England. No one prc- 
 Buniptuous and even powerful baron, in- 
 deed, dared to dispute the crown with his 
 royal master, but there was a general ten- 
 dency to disorder among both barons and 
 people ; and the rabble of I lie great towns, 
 and especially of London, became daily 
 more openly violent and llcenMous. Henry 
 was little able to < ontcml against sudi a 
 Btatc of things. Naturally Irresolute, ho 
 was now worn out with years, and with 
 inttnnities even beyond tlmse incident to 
 age. Perhaps, too, the disorder of his 
 kingdom aggravated his snlTcrlngs; he per- 
 petually expressed his wish for the return 
 of his son, and lamented his own helpless- 
 ness, and at length breathed his last on the 
 16th of November, 1272, aged sixty-four; 
 having reigned fifty years, with little ease 
 and with little credit, being obviously, from 
 his youth upward, fitted rather for aprivatc 
 tlian for a public station. 
 
 CHAPTEIl XXIV. 
 The Seign of Edward I. 
 
 A.D. 1273.— PniNCE Edward was already as 
 far as Sicily on his way home wiien lie 
 received tidings of the death of his father. 
 He at the same time heard of the death of 
 liis own infant son Jolin ; and when it was 
 observed to him that the former loss 
 Beemed to affect hlin the most painfully, ho 
 replied that the loss of his son might be 
 BUitplled, but that of his father Wiu final 
 and irreparable. 
 
 Hearing that all was peaceable In Eng- 
 land, he did not hasten home, but passed 
 nearly twelve months in France. Being at 
 Chalons, in Burgundy, ho and some of his 
 knights engaged in a tournament with the 
 Burgundian cliivalry, ami so fierce was the 
 Epirit of rivalry that the sport became 
 changed into carncbt ; blood was spilt ou 
 
 both sides, and so much damage was dniie 
 before the fray could bo terminated, tliat 
 the engagement of this day, though coni. 
 nienced merely in sport and good faiti, 
 was seriously termed the little battle oj 
 Chalons. 
 
 A.D. 1271.— After visiting Paris, where lie 
 did homage to I'lilllp the ilardy, then klnir 
 of France, for the territory which he luid 
 in that kingdom, he went toGuienne to imt 
 an end to some disorders that existed tIiori> 
 and at length arrived in London, whore lie 
 was joyfully received by his people, llewaj 
 crowned at Westminster, and immediately 
 turned his attention to the regulating of 
 his kingdom, with an c«i)ecinl view to 
 avoiding tliose disputes which had caused 
 so much evil during the life of his father 
 and to putting an end to the bold prnctices 
 of malefactors, by whom the country was 
 at once much Injured and disgraced. 
 
 Making the Great Charter the standarddi 
 Msi own duty towards the barons, he in. 
 sisted upon their observing the same stau. 
 dard of conduct towards their vassala ami 
 inferiors, a course to which tliey were liy 
 no means inclined, 
 
 A.D. 1275. — Having sunnnoned a purlia- 
 mcnt to meet hlin In February, 1275, lie 
 caused several valuable laws to be passed, 
 weeded the magistracy of tliose who l;iy 
 under the Imputation of either negligenr'e 
 or corruption, and took measures for imt- 
 tlng a check alike upon the robberies com- 
 niittcd by tlic great, under the colour oJ 
 justice and authority, and upon thdse 
 which, in the loose stale into whieli iiic 
 kingdom had fallen during the close ot the 
 late reign, were so openly and dnrlimly 
 coiiniiitted on tlie highways, that iiieinif 
 substance could only safely travel uiiilcr 
 escort or in great coiiipiuiies. For the sii|i- 
 pressloii of this latter ciasi of crlines tlio 
 king showed a fierce and determined sinrit, 
 which might almost be judged to havclieoii 
 over-severe If we did not lake into conside- 
 ration the desperate extent to vhleli the 
 evil had arrived. The ordinary judges were 
 Intimidated, the ordinary police was weak 
 and ill-org.anlsed, and the king therefore 
 established a cominisslon which was :i|i- 
 pointed to traverse the country, takliiR 
 cognisance of every description of evil 
 doing, from the pettiest to the most lielu- 
 ous, and infilcting condign and proiiijit 
 punishment upon I he olfenders. Tlic old 
 Saxon mode of commuting other imiilsli- 
 ments for a pecuniary fine was applied by 
 this commission to minor offences, and n 
 large sum was thus raised, of wliieli me 
 king's treasury stood much in need. But 
 the zeal of the commission — and iierliaiis 
 some consideration of the stale of the royal 
 treasury — caused the fines to be terhlily 
 severe in proportion to tlio offences. There 
 was, also, too great a readiness to commit 
 upon slight testimony ; the prisons were 
 filled, and not with the guilty alone; the 
 rutllan bands, who had so long .and so nils- 
 chievously infested the kingdom, were 
 liroken up, indeed, but peaceable sulijeets 
 and honest men were much harassed and 
 wronged at the same time. The king lilni' 
 self was so Batistlcd of the danger of iU' 
 
CPiifiTanlf.— ^Tawt«0enfW.— ^Iftonvtf 5. 
 
 I8d 
 
 iwed a rwlla- \ 
 uiiry, 12"5, lie [ 
 
 to 1)0 pasacO, 
 tliose who luy 
 lor iii'RligHire 
 isurcs f(ir imt- 
 roblicries cum- 
 
 Iho colour of I 
 il upon tliosi) 
 iito wliii'h tlic 
 ,hc closfi (it tlic 
 
 mill rtnriiigly 
 
 i», tllilt UlUll 111 I 
 
 tviivol millet I 
 For tlie mv- 
 5 (if criiiK's tlio| 
 enuiiH'a siiirit, 
 
 tiuntinS such extensive powers to subjects, 
 tlintwlien this commission had flnlshed Its 
 labours It was annulled, and never after- 
 wards called Into activity. 
 
 Though Edward showed a real and cre- 
 ditable desire to preserve Ida subjects of 
 all ranks from being preyed upon by each 
 otlier, truth compels us to confess timt lie 
 ]M 110 similar restraint upon himself. 
 lliwliig made what prollt he could by put- 
 liiii! down the thieves and other offenders 
 111 general, Edward now turned for a fresh 
 siiflily to that thrifty but persecuted peo- 
 ple, t!ie Jews. The counterfeiting of coin 
 had recently been carried on to a most In- 
 urifliis extent, a)id tlio Jews being chletly 
 iiimigcd In traOIcklng In money, this mls- 
 iliicvoHS adulteration was very positively, 
 thougli rather hastily, laid to their charge. 
 A general persecution of tho unhappy 
 poiiple commenced, if the fierceness and 
 •jtcnt of which sonn judgement may be 
 luriiicd from the fact, that two inmdred 
 iiid eighty of them wer> hanged In London 
 iloiie, While death was InllKaed upon 
 aiany hi all parts of I'lo kingdom, the 
 M^esaud lands of still Miore were seized 
 upon and sold. The king'. Indeed, with a 
 delicacy which did not always characterise 
 Mm in money matters, seized in the first 
 liisiiinco only upon one half of the proceeds 
 ottlicse confiscations, the other being set 
 Bpart as a fund for those Jews who 
 [iniglit choose to embrace Christianity; 
 kt 80 few of the Jews availed themselves 
 lot tliu temptation thus holdout to theui, 
 ;battliefund was in reality as much In the 
 ling's possession as though no such pro- 
 Isloii had been made. It had been well 
 k Edward's character If this severity liad 
 wii exercised against the Jews only for 
 ;he crime with which they were charged ; 
 lUt urged probably still more by his want 
 money than by the bigoted hatred to this 
 :c which he had felt from his earliest 
 |Ouih, Edward shortly afterwards com- 
 leaccd a persecution against the whole of 
 leJcws In England ; not as coiners or as 
 icn being concerned hi any other crimes. 
 It simply as being Jews. The constni'' 
 ;C3 paid by these people, and the f reiiuon* 
 itrary levies of largo sums upon them, 
 idetlirm In reality one of the most vala 
 teclnssos of Edward's subjects ; for whe- 
 lerthclr superior wealth was obtained by 
 iter Industry and frugality than others 
 '8sed, or by greater In.ironuity and 
 tleesness In extortion, certain It is 
 It was very largely shared with their 
 welgn. Hut the slow process of tall- 
 and forced loans did not suit Ed- 
 's purposes or wants; and he suddenly 
 led au order for tho slmuUnneous 
 ishmcnt of the whole of the obnoxious 
 and for their deprivation of tho 
 lie of their property, with tho excep- 
 of 80 much as was requisite to carry 
 abroad. Upwards of fifteen thousand 
 '8 were at once seized and plundered, 
 'r this most inexcusably tyrannous 
 ; and as tho plundered victims left 
 country, many of them were robbed 
 [tlie sea-ports of the mlserablo pittance 
 1) tbo litug's cupidity had spared 
 
 them, and somo wcro murdered and 
 thrown into the sea. 
 
 While taking this cruel and dishonest 
 means of replenishing Ills treasury, Ed- 
 ward had at least the negative merit of 
 frugally expending what he had unfairly 
 aciuiired. 
 
 Aided by parliament with a grant of tho 
 flfteentli of all moveables, by the pope with 
 a tenth of tlie cimrch revenues for tliree 
 years, and by themercliants with an export 
 tax of half a mark on each sack of wool 
 and a whole mark on every three hundred 
 skins, he still was cramped in means ; and 
 as he was conscious tliat during the lato 
 long and weak reign many encroachinenta 
 had been unfairly made upon the royal de- 
 mesnes, he Issued a commission to enquire 
 Into all such eiicroncliments, and also to 
 devise and seek tho best and most speedy 
 ways of improving the various branches of 
 the revenue. The commission, not always 
 able to draw the line between doubtful ac- 
 quisitions and hereditary possessions of 
 undoubted rightfulness, pushed tlieir en- 
 quiries so far that they gave great offence 
 tosomeof thenoblllt.v. Among others they 
 applied to the earl Warenne, who had so 
 bravely sujiported tho crown against the 
 ambition of Leicester during the late reign, 
 for the title-deeds of his possessions; but 
 the indignant carl drew his sword and said, 
 that as his ancestors liad acquired it by the 
 sword so ho would keep it and that ho 
 hold It by the same right that Edward held 
 his crown. This Incident and the general 
 discontent of tlie nobles determined tho 
 king to limit the commission for tho future 
 to cases of undoubted trespass and en- 
 croachment. 
 
 A.D. 1276. — Not even pecuniary necessi- 
 ties and the exertion necessary to supply 
 them could jirevent Edward's active and 
 warlike spirit from seeking employment in 
 the Held. Against Llewellyn, prince of 
 AValea, Edward had great cause of anger. 
 He had 'leen a zealous partisan of Leices- 
 ter ; and though he had been pardoned, in 
 coinmou with tlie other barons, yet there 
 had always been something of jealousy to- 
 wards him in tho mind of Edward, which 
 jealousy was now fanned into a flame by 
 Llewellyn refusing to trust himself in Eng- 
 land to do liomago to Edward, unless the 
 king's eldest son and some English nobles 
 were put into the liands of the Welsh as 
 hostages, and unless lilcwellyn's bride, a 
 daughter of the earl of Leicester, who had 
 been captured on her way to Wales and 
 was now detained at Edward's court, were 
 released. 
 
 A.D. 1277.— Edward was not sorry to hear 
 demands, his refusal to comply with which 
 would give him the excuse be wished for, 
 to march into Wales. He accordingly gave 
 Llewellyn no other answer than a renewal 
 of his order to him to come and do homage, 
 and an offer of a personal safe conduct. 
 
 Edward was botli aided and urged in hia 
 invasion of Wales by David and Uoderick, 
 brothers of Llewellyn, who, having betm 
 despoiled of their Inheritance by that 
 prince, had now sought shelter and taken 
 service with his most formidable enemy. 
 
 m 
 
 i'^^%' i\ 
 
^^^immmmmmtiMismitem>m>^<^^.^ 
 
 190 
 
 ^t Crwj^tivp 0t W^iorVt *<• 
 
 When the English approached Wales, 
 Llewellyn and his people retired to the 
 mountain fastnesses of Snowdown, judging 
 that there he could maintain against KU- 
 ward that desultory warfare, which had 
 harassed and tired out the Sason and the 
 Norman Invaders ot an earlier day. But 
 Instead of exposing his forces to being ha- 
 rassed and beaten in detail, Edward guard- 
 ed every pass which led to the Inaccessilile 
 retreats of the enemy, and then coolly 
 waited until sheer hunger should dispose 
 them either to treat or to light. Nor was It 
 long In occurring I brave as Llewellyn was, 
 he saw himself so completely hemmed in 
 that ho was unable to strike a single 1)low, 
 and he was compelled to submit to the 
 terms dictated to him by Edward. And 
 severe these terms were : Llewellyn was to 
 pay 60,0001. by way of expenses of the war ; 
 to do homage to the king ; to allow all the 
 barons of Wales, save four of those nearest 
 to Snowdown, to swear fealty to Edward ; 
 to yield to the English crown the whole of 
 the country between the river Oonway and 
 thecounty of Cheshire ; to settle a thousand 
 marks per year on his brother lloderick 
 and half that sum upon David ; and to give 
 ten hostages for his future good and peace- 
 able behavJour, All the articles having 
 been duly performed with the cxceptlou 
 of the payment of the largo sum of r»v,ooo?., 
 Edward forgave that; and considering his 
 great love of money, or rather bin great 
 need of it, wo may suppose that he .-save up 
 BO large a sum only because the payment of 
 it was rendered utterly impossible by the 
 excessive poverty of the country. 
 
 But the imperfect subjection of a country 
 like Wales could not coexist with peace. 
 The Welsh, impetuous, proud, and c<m- 
 rageous, remembered the noble and obsti- 
 nate defences their land had formerly 
 made; the English, on the otiier hand, re- 
 ferred in tones of insolence and taunting to 
 the bloodless and undisputed conquest they 
 had now made. The lords of the marches, 
 too, connived at or encouraged many in- 
 sults and depredations ; a general spirit 
 prevailed among tlio Welsh that preferred 
 destruction itself to the insults they had to 
 endure, and this spirit caused David to 
 forget his personal wrongs, and to join 
 hand and heart with his brother in opi'os- 
 Ing the English. The Welsh flew to arms, 
 and Edward entered their country with an 
 army that seemed to leave them but little 
 Ijope. Luke de Teuay, commanding a de- 
 tachment of Edward's troops, was attacked 
 as he passed the Menai, and his defeat in- 
 spired the Welsh with the most extravagant 
 hopes ; but Llewellyn was shortly after- 
 wards surprised by Mortimer, defeated, and 
 killed In the action, together with upwards 
 of two thousand of his men. David.wlio now 
 succeeded to the Welsh sovereignty, exert- 
 ed himself, but In vain, to collect another 
 army sufficiently numerous to allow of his 
 facing Edward in the open field. Terror 
 had been struck into the inmost heart of 
 the people by the defeat and death of Lle- 
 wellyn. David, with a few followers, was 
 obliged to seek shelter among t'.ie most dif- 
 ficult fastnesses of bis native hills, and ho 
 
 was at length betrayed to Edward and sent 
 in chains toSlirewsbury.wherehewastrlia 
 by the English peers, and condemned tolji- 
 hanged, drawn, and iiuartei'ed, as a traitor 
 —a sentence so disgraceful to Edwnrd.tiiat 
 not even his deeds of a brighter and iiohioi 
 character can wash off the stain of (t. 
 
 The death of Llewellyn and David mitan 
 end to all hope of a successful opposltlmi on 
 the part of the Welsh, who fully subi-iit. 
 ted ; English laws and English nfilcers wero I 
 permanently cstahllshed, and Edward poii. 
 ferred the principality upon his eldest mt- 
 vlvlng son, the prince Edward, who wm 
 born at Caernarvon. 
 
 A.D. 1280.— Tiiough, as was Inovltnliio 
 Bomu national rancours still exlstod lie! 
 twcen the two people, the Welsh were noiv 
 so completely subdued, that Edward fuiinj 
 himself at liberty to go abroad to iiiterfrn; 
 in the differences which had arisen lictwcwi 
 Alphonso, king of Arragoh, and Philip Hiol 
 Fair of Krance. who disputed tlie Itiiigdom 
 of Sicily. While Edward was engagort la 
 settling this dispute, which occupiwl liin 
 for nearly three years, his absence im 
 England had given riso to numorniis disori 
 ders and mischiefs. The adminlstrntloiia 
 justice was openly defied by lawless bamli 
 and robberies had become nearly as coi 
 mon iis they were before the severe csii 
 pics made at the beginning of his reign, 
 
 The disputes AViiich existed In Hcniku 
 about the crown of. that kingdom gave _ 
 ward an opportunity, of which he was m 
 slow to avail himself, to interfere In tlie 
 fairs of tliat nation; and at every liitorfcj 
 ence ho made larger and more olnioi 
 claims, not to the mere fealty of Its Iciiii 
 but to Its actual sovereignty. 
 
 A.D. 1202.— The two principal competitoi 
 were Ballol and Bruce. It was agreed ili 
 Edward should arbitrate between tliein,i 
 the castles of Scotland were put into 
 hands. Tliin demand, alone, would ro 
 to show Edward's real Intcntiuiis; i 
 while ho was fully bent upon subdiili 
 Scotland to his own rule, ho put the 
 pute upon the true footing, as thouuli 
 meant to act justly. In the following "iii 
 tlon to the commissioners appointeuto 
 port to him on the case, and to the rrii 
 pal legists of Europe. Has a person 
 scended from an elder sister, but Ml 
 removed by one degree, the preference 
 succession to a kingdom, to one desceni 
 from the younger sister, but one de 
 nearer to the common stock 1 This i\\ 
 tlon was answered him in tlie alUnnailj 
 and Ballol, being in the first category, 
 pronounced by Edward to be the riglil 
 sovereign ; a decision which so miifli 
 raged Bruce that ho joined himself to 
 Hastings, who was another claimant, 
 only for a portion of the kingdom, \vl 
 he maintained to bo dlvisil>le. 
 
 A.D. l203.->John Ballol having taken 
 oatii of fealty to Edward as his feudal 
 perlor, was put into possession both of| 
 throne and the fortresses of the klngi 
 But having thus far acted with arpi 
 good faith, Edward now began to 
 else his feudal authority in so vcsa! 
 a manner, that it was quite evldenl 
 
 im 
 
 £ 
 
 
(iPnjilautf.— iQTantrtflf iictjS. -etitortrtr S. 
 
 191 
 
 Sdward and eent 
 hero he wii» trill! 
 condemned to Ijcj 
 red, aa a traltnt : 
 \ toEilwaril,iliat| 
 ghtcr ami nol)lci j 
 ( stain of It. 
 andDavUlrutan 
 slulopposltlimnnl 
 vho fully suliralt-l 
 gllshnmecrswotol 
 a»u\ Edwiird cmi- 1 
 lonhlB eldest 8OT- 1 
 Edward, wlio waj I 
 
 9 was Incvltalilc, 
 I BtUl existed lie- 
 
 10 Welsh were noii 
 that Edward luiml 
 abroad to iutovlow 
 had arisen betwceu 
 «ou, and PUlllp tlie; 
 iputf'^ ^'»^ Itiugdoin 
 «-d was engn(?c(\ In 
 ,vhlch oceuvieil Wr 
 9, his absence froi 
 J to nwmorniis disoi 
 he adnrlnistratloiK 
 cd by lawless baiuli 
 come nearly as cor 
 ,ro tlie severe DXM 
 inluK of his reign. 
 
 existed m Scolta 
 ,at kingdom gave H 
 of which he was ii( 
 toiiiterterein lid 
 and at every in oric 
 ■r and more ()l)yo« 
 Xo fealty of Us kmi 
 
 l.rlncipalcomrctN 
 fe It waa agroeii w 
 •a'to between iliera.f 
 md were imt into 
 ^ alone, would eo 
 ivi Intention*; ! 
 ,cnt uiwn su kUiII 
 rule, ho put llic 
 looting, as tliousl 
 lutliefollowiu«n« 
 loners appoii^tcu to 
 ^"c.andtotucimi 
 ■^0 Has a person 
 Scr sister, but funl 
 ■fee. the preference 
 
 ■oTwhteU »o »» 
 
 ;dward as his feuaa 
 o possession boM 
 tresses of thokn? 
 
 1 
 
 yen 
 
 liloilrcdcitlier to cause Ballol to throw x\p 
 Li, ijovcreignty in disgust, or to burst out 
 I luto ' some sudden flood of mutiny,' sueli 
 u would l)y tlic feudal usagea cause the 
 forfeiture of Ills flef. IIo gave every en- 
 couragement to appeals to his authority 
 (rom that of the Scottish kin?, harassed 
 Bi\llol by repeated summonses to I/omlon 
 m«m matters comparatively trivial, and iii- 
 jwajiif allowing lilm to answer by Jilspro- 
 turator, compelled liim to appear personally 
 ittbebar of tlic Englisii parliament. Sueh 
 treatment could not fall to urge eycn the 
 Idulet temper of Baliol Into anger, and no at 
 iength returned Into Scotland with the full 
 Wterminatlon to abldo the chances of a 
 iir ratlier tiian continue to endure such 
 jults. In this determination he was e •- 
 joraged by a dispute in which Edward was 
 lowiuvolved in another quarter. 
 ItwiU readily bo understood that In an 
 le iu whicli rol)bery and violence wcro 
 iminon on laud, piracy and violence were 
 J less common upon the sea; and liotli 
 irencU aud English sailors were but too 
 idy to engage In contests, witliout care 
 to the possible consequences to tiieir 
 .pcctlvo countries. It chanced that a 
 iorinan and an English vessel met off 
 onno, and both sending a boat ashore 
 ir water the parties quarrelled nt the 
 iring. From words they proceetled to 
 iWB, aud one of the Normans havlim' 
 iwn a knife, an Englishman closed wiili 
 ; both fell and tlie Norman died on Ilio 
 It; the English alleging that ho necl- 
 itally fell uimn his own knife, the Nor- 
 is loudly afllrmlng that he was stabbed. 
 Normana complained to king Philip, 
 10 hade them avenge themselves without 
 inbllngliim. The words. If lightly spoken, 
 retaken In all seriousness; the Normans 
 lid upon an English ship, hanged some 
 ilio crew side l)y sUlo wirh an equal 
 iber of dogs, and dismissed the rc-tt of 
 ship's company, tauntingly assuring 
 1 that they had now satisfactorily 
 inged the Norman sailor who was killed 
 tonne. 
 
 Tien this intelligence reached tlie ma- 
 
 Tsnf the Cinque ports they retaliated 
 
 French vessels, and thus an actual 
 
 Has soon raging between the two na- 
 
 iswlthouta formal declaration of hos- 
 
 liaving been made or sanctioned by 
 
 lersoverelgn. As the quarrel proceeded 
 
 Bw more and more savage ; seamen of 
 
 irnatlons took part In it, the Irish and 
 
 ;h joining the English, the Genoese 
 
 Flemish joining the French. At length 
 
 ddent in thla singular war rendered 
 
 ipossihlo for Edward and Philip any 
 
 ir to remain mere spectators of it. A 
 
 lan fleet, numbering two hundred 
 
 sailed southward for a cargo of 
 
 and to convey a considerable military 
 
 ; aud this powerful fleet seized on 
 
 English ship It met with, plundered 
 
 goods, and hanged the seamen. This 
 
 more than ever enraged the English 
 
 who got together a well-manned 
 
 ol sixty sail, and went In (luest of 
 
 lormans, whom they met with and de- 
 
 ' taking or sinking most of the ves- 
 
 sels ; and thcso being closely stowed with 
 military, and the English giving no quar- 
 ter, it was asserted that tho Moi.nan loss 
 was not less than flfteen thousand men ; an 
 enormous loss at any time, but especialiy 
 in an ago when battles which altered tho 
 destinies of empires were frequently de- 
 cided at a far less expense of life. 
 
 I'liilip now (lomanded redress from Ed- 
 ward, who coUily replied that tho English 
 courts were open to any Fi-cncliman who 
 had complaints to make; and then ha 
 offered to refer tho whole quarrel to tho 
 pope, or to any cardinals whom himselt 
 and Philip might agree upon. But tho 
 parties most concerned in the quarrel were 
 by this time too mucli enraged to hold 
 their Itands on account of negotiations; 
 and Philip, flnding that the violence was in 
 no wise discountenanced liy Edward, sum- 
 moned him, aa duko of Gulcnne and vassal 
 of France, to appear In liia llego lord's 
 cinirt at Paris and answer for the offences 
 his subjects had committed. 
 
 A. D. 1291.— The king instructed John 
 St. John to put Guienne Into a state of de- 
 fence, and at tho same time ende.ivcuircd 
 to ward off attack fnuu It by sending his 
 In'olher tho earl of liancester to Paris to 
 mediate with Philip. The earl of Lancaster 
 liaving married tho queen of Navarre, 
 mother of Jane, the queen of France, tho 
 latter offered him her aid In accommo- 
 dating the dispute ; and the queen dowager 
 oC France joined her, in all apparent good 
 faith. But the two princesses were acting 
 tiio.-'t insidiously. 'They assured tho earl 
 that if Edward would give Philip seizin or 
 possession of (iuleiiiie, to heal the wound 
 Ills honour had received from his sub-vas- 
 sals of that province, Philip would nt onco 
 bo s.'itisfled and iinnu'diately restore it. 
 To this Edward agreed, and ga/e ui» tho 
 province as soon as liis citation to Paris 
 was withdrawn ; but tlio moment ho had 
 doiio so, ho was again cited, and on his 
 non-appearance, condemned to forfeit 
 Guienne. The trick tlius played by Philip 
 was so precisely similar to that wliich 
 lOdwjird had himself planned for Scotland, 
 that it is truly wonderful how so astute a 
 lirince could ever have fallen blindfold into 
 such an uncovered pit. 
 
 A. D. 1295. — Edward sent an army to 
 Guicune. under the command of his ne- 
 phew, John de Bretngne, earl of Richmond^ 
 together with John St. John, and other 
 ofllcera of known coui-age and ability ; and 
 as his projects on Scotlimd did not en.ablo 
 him to spare so many rcgu'ar soldiers an 
 were needed, he on this occaalon opened 
 all tho gaols of England and added tho 
 most desperate of their tenants to tho forco 
 he sent over to France. 
 
 While a variety of petty actions wero 
 cnrried on in France. Philip endeavoured 
 to cause a diversion In his favour by enter- 
 ing into an allianco with John Baliol, king 
 of Scotland : and ho, smarting under tho 
 Insults of Edward and longing lor re- 
 venge, eagerly entered Into this alliance, 
 and strengtliened it by stipulating a mar* 
 rtago between his own son and the daughter 
 of Charles do Valois. 
 
 ; , V 
 
192 
 
 €^e ^vtnimD Q(|i}(f((arit, fit 
 
 A.D. 1296.— CoMHCloiis how tlcpp was tlio 
 offence iio had Kivcn tn Unllcl, Edwiird hiul 
 too cnrofully watrhod him to ho unaware of 
 hifl alliance with France ; and having now 
 ohtalned conslderablo tiuH'lies from liU 
 parliament, which wns nioro popularly cnm- 
 poBCd than heretoforn.lu! prepared to rhus- 
 tlBO Scotland on tlic Hllfjrhtei't ocraslon. 
 In the hope, therefore, of croatinfr one, he 
 Kent a liaughty nieHHagc desiring liullol, as 
 hlH vaHsal, to send him foreeH to aid him In 
 hlHwar with France. Ho next demanded 
 that the castles of lierwlck, Koxhurgh, 
 and Jedburgh should ho placed in his 
 hands during the French war, as security 
 for tho Scottish fidelity; and then rum- 
 moned Dallol to appear before the English 
 parliament at Newcastle. lialiol, faithful 
 to Ills own purpose and to the treaty that 
 ho liad made with I'hillp, compiled with 
 none of these demands ; and I'M ward having 
 thus received tho oiitenslble oirence which 
 ho desired, advanced upon Scotland with 
 an army of tlilrty thousand foot and four 
 tiinusand liorsc. 
 
 The military skill of Dallo! being held In 
 no very high esteem in Scotland, a council 
 of twelve of tlio most eminent nobles was 
 appointed to advlso and ass'st lilm— in 
 other words to act, for the time, at least, as 
 • viceroys over hint.' 
 
 Under tho manngement of this council 
 vigon.us preparations were made to oppose 
 Edward. An army of forty thousajid foot 
 nnd about five liundrcd liorso marclieil, 
 after a vain and not very wisely planned 
 attempt upon Carlisle, to defend the soulh- 
 oastern provinces threatened with Edward's 
 llrst att.icks. Already, liowever, divisions 
 hogan to appear in tho Scottish councils ; 
 nnd tlic Uruces, the earl of March and 
 Angus, and other eminent Scots, s.iw so 
 much danger to tlieir country from fuch 
 n divided host attempting to defend It 
 against so powerful a monarch, that they 
 took tho opportunity to make an early sul>- 
 mission to bim. Edward bad crossed tho 
 Tweed at Coldstream without experiencing 
 Any opposition of either word or deed ; but 
 hero ho received a magniloquent letter 
 from Ualiol, who having obtained from 
 popo Celcstino on absolution of both lilm- 
 self and his nation from the oath tlioy 
 had taken, now solemnly renounced the 
 liomago he bad done, and solemnly dc.'led 
 Edward. 
 
 Little rognrdingmerc words, Edward liad 
 from the llrst moment of commencing his 
 enterprise been intent niton deeds. Ber- 
 wick Inid ))cen taken J)y assault, seven 
 thousand of tho garrison put to the sword, 
 and Sir William Douglas, the governor, 
 made prisoner; and now twelve thous.ind 
 men, under the command of the veteran carl 
 Warenne,were despatched against Uunbiir, 
 whicli was garrisoned by tlie very best of 
 Scotland's nobility and gentry. Alarmed 
 lest Dunbar should ))0 taken, nnd their 
 whole country thus bo laid open to tho 
 English, tho Scots marched an immense 
 army to the relief of that place ; but the 
 earl Warenne, though his numbers were 
 so inferior, attacked them so vigorously 
 tbat tbey fled with a loss ol twenty thousand 
 
 men ; nnd Edward wltii his nmln 
 
 nrmy 
 
 c(milngupon(heroliowingday,tli(>Knrr|tni, 
 perceived that further asslslanciMviiH imno 
 less, and surreiulcred at dlscretlnn Tiiii 
 castles of lloxbui'Kli, EdliiJjurKli, niid Siir 
 ling now surrendered to Edwiiid in i-.,.,,,! 
 succession ; and nil tho soutlicin |inr(s (]} 
 Scotland being subdued, K.dward mnt d,' 
 laoliments of Irish and Weisli, skllici In 
 mountain warfare, to follow tiie riiKltivfji' 
 their recesses amidst the mountiilnii nn, 
 islets of tho north. """ 
 
 Hut the rapid successes wliidi nlrfadv 
 attended the arms of Edwnrd liad rom 
 pletely nstounded the Scots, and jmt w^S 
 into a state of depression iiroportlmiwi to 
 tho conllilencc they had lornirrly frit „• 
 seeing the Invader beaten bmk. TliclJ 
 heavy losses and 
 
 ind tho disseiisloiiH nniiinj 
 their lenders rendered It Impossiiiic f„f 
 them to get together anything like niilin 
 l)osliig force ; nnd Ualiol himself juit ihe 
 crowning stroke to his country's calatnliy 
 by liastening, ero tho resources of IiIa 1,0,; i 
 pie could be fully ascertained, to make Mi 
 submission once nu>re to that invader to 
 whom he had but lately sent so loud amiso 
 gratuitous a dellance. He not nirmiy ajKi. 
 logised in the most humblo terms furiii) 
 breach of fealty to his liege lord, Imt mnJe 
 a solemn nnd tinni surrenderor lilsoiowir 
 nnd Edward, havlngrecelved the liomairMfi 
 the king, nmrclied northwnnl only tolion 
 celved with like humility by the iionjiio.iK, 
 a man of whom approached hini t.iittd'iiji 
 him homage or tender him service, iiaviii' 
 thus, to nil outward nppe.irnncc, at ka< 
 reduced Scotland to the mo^t perfect nil 
 dience, Edwnrd mnrched his army Mini 
 and returned to England, cnrrylnBrwIihlili 
 the celebrated Innugur.atlon stone nftl 
 Scots, to which there wns a sii|ierstltk 
 attached, that wherever this stone plinni 
 be, there should be the govornmoi!! 
 S>i>tland. Considering the great im 
 which such legends had at that tiinp,E( 
 ward was not to blame, perhaps, fur ih| 
 ca^iturc; but the same cannot he m\i 
 his wanton order for tho destruction of tl 
 national records. 
 
 Ualiol, though hia weak chnrnctcr nn 
 have very effectually placed him bcyniiilil 
 fear or suspicion of Edward, wns nmllni 
 In the Tower of London for two yntf, 
 tho end of which timo ho was nllowj 
 retire to France, where he remained Ji 
 ing tho rest of his lifo In tliat |irlvi 
 station for which his limited talents 
 his timid temper fltted hlin. The pw 
 ment of Sotland was Intrusted to 
 ■\Vareiine, who, both from policy and 
 dllectlon, took care that Knglishmnivj 
 preferred to all offlcca of prollt and ul 
 llueiice. 
 
 In Gulenne Edward's arms had Iwn 
 successful ; his l)rother the earl of I,aiii 
 ter had at llrst obtained some ndvantai 
 but, he dying, tho earl of Lincoln, 
 succeeded to tho commnnd, was not 
 to mnke any progress. Edward's m 
 in Wales and Scotland had, however, 
 him more than ever Impatient of fail 
 and ho now projected such a confedei 
 against the king of France as he ii 
 
eiialantr.— ^latitagenetif.—etiiuartr I. 
 
 red oinoadvanta 
 
 learlol ,LlncoM 
 lomnmnd.wasiio I 
 TigB KO.waril's buw 
 tidiiml,l>owever,njj 
 
 ed flucU a confed^ 
 VMiwo aa Uo luWSi 
 
 rTij not full to wrest Ouloniio from lilm. 
 
 In Dursiifiiico of thU plan. Iio gave his 
 
 riiiualiter tlio princess Elizabeth to John, 
 
 Mfl of Hi)lli""l ; and at the same time stl- 
 
 milatcd tn pny to Guy, earl of Flanders, the 
 
 Jiim of 75,(XXW. as his subsidy for joining 
 
 Mm In the Invasion of tho territory of their 
 
 wSmou oneuiy. I'hillp of France, lid- 
 
 wird's pla"> "■ ^'"■y 'caslblo one, was to 
 
 ugomlilo ft" '"'* "'"^8 •""' '""ch against 
 
 I Piiillp'i I'W" •''H'lt'vl, when Philip would 
 
 most proliahly bo glad to remove tho thrcat- 
 
 Uned danger from himself by giving up 
 
 ralcnne. As a largo sum of money was 
 
 I Ljuiglte to carry out tho king's dcslgnrt, he 
 
 I lulled to parliament, who granted hlni- 
 
 Itho barons and knights a twelfth of all 
 
 IJ:„yei,l)lo», and the boroughs an eighth. 
 
 Ibu* If tlio king laid an unfair proportion of 
 
 Ihia rliarwes upon tho boroughs, ho pro- 
 
 Ino'cd still more unfairly to tax tho clergy, 
 
 Ifruin wlioiii ho demanded a fifth of their 
 
 Imovealili'i'. Pope Bonlfaco VIH.on niount- 
 
 llnR tliO papal tlirouo had Issued a bull for- 
 
 IblilJInK tho princes of all Christian nations 
 
 tax tlio clergy without tho express con- 
 
 jontof Rome, and ciiually forbidding tho 
 
 Eorgyto pay any tax unless so sanctioned ; 
 
 End tho English clergy gladly sheltered 
 
 lemsdrcs under that bull, now tliat tiio 
 
 g proposed to burthen them so sliamc- 
 
 r out of all proportion to bis charges 
 
 ipon other orders of his subjects. Tliough 
 
 ward was much enraged at the tacit op- 
 
 Itlon of the clergy, ho did not instantly 
 
 cecd to any violence, but caused ail the 
 
 113 of tho clergy to bo locked up and 
 
 jlilljlted all payment of rent to them. 
 
 .rlDXf^iven thus much intimation of his 
 
 iKmilnation to persi»t in ills demand, ho 
 
 oloted a now synod to confer with him 
 
 in Its reasonableness ; but llobert do 
 
 Inchelsca, arehljishop of Caiitorbury, who 
 
 1 guKgcstcd to Boniface tliat I>ull uf 
 
 ilch tho clergy were now availing them- 
 
 ves, plainly told tho king that tho clergy 
 
 ted obedience to both a temporal and a 
 
 Itual sovereign, and that the obedience 
 
 to tho former would bear no compari- 
 
 ti to importanco with tliat which was 
 
 to tlio latter ; and tliat consequently 
 
 m liiipossiblo that they could pay a 
 
 dcniamled by tlio king when they 
 
 cjpressly forbidden to pay it by the 
 
 . 13»7,— lleally in need of money, and 
 
 Itofamo tlmo equally desirous of avoid- 
 
 puiopeii quarrel with the pope on the 
 
 l hand, and of making any concessions 
 
 lobtani a relaxation of his bull on tho 
 
 V Edward grimly replied that they who 
 
 Bill not support the civil power could 
 
 Jfaitly expect to bo protected by it. lie 
 
 ■dingly gave orders to all his judges to 
 
 tidcr tho clergy as wholly out of lils 
 
 jctlon. He, of course, was obeyed to 
 
 I letter. If anyone had a suit against a 
 
 i the plaintiff was sure of success, what- 
 
 ffthe merits of his case, for neither tho 
 
 Bduit nor his witness could be heard ; 
 
 e other hand, no matter how grossly a 
 
 knight have been wronged in matters 
 
 I cognizable by the ccclcsiaatical courts, 
 
 ) iras refuced taiui at tltie very 
 
 103 
 
 threshold of those courts whoso doors were 
 thrown open to the meanest layman in tho 
 land. 
 
 Of such a state of things the people, al- 
 ready Bufflclently prone to plunder, wero 
 not slow to avail themselves ; and to be a 
 clerk and to be plundered and insulted 
 were pretty nearly one and the same thing. 
 Tlie rents botli in money and kind were 
 cutoff from the convents i,andif thoraouks, 
 inperilof belngstarvedat home, rode forth 
 in search of Bul)sistcnco, robhers, cmboI< 
 dencd by the king's rule, 1£ not actually 
 prompted by ills secret orders, robbed them 
 pitilessly of money, apparel, and horses, 
 and sent them back to their convents still 
 poorer and in more pitiable plight Mian 
 they had left them. The archbishop of 
 Canterbury issued a general excommunica- 
 tion against all who took part in these 
 shameful proceedings; but it was little at- 
 tended to, and had no effect in checking 
 tho spoliation of tho clergy, upon which tho 
 king looked with tho utmost Indifference, 
 or, rather, with tho double satisfaction 
 arising from feeling that the losses of tho 
 clergy would at length induce them to sub- 
 mit, even in despite of their veneration for 
 tho papal commands, and that tho people 
 wero thus gradually accustoming them- 
 selves to look with less awe upon the papal 
 power. Whether, In wishing tho latter con 
 summation Edward wished wisely for bis 
 successors wo need not now stay to discuss ; 
 in anticipating the former consummation 
 ho m(8t assuredly was quite correct; for 
 tho clergy soon began to grow weary of a 
 passive struggle in which they were being 
 tortured Imperceptibly and Incessantly, 
 without either tho dignity of martyrdom 
 or tlio hope of its reward. The northerr 
 province of York had from tho first paid 
 tho fifth demanded by tlio king, not in any 
 preference of his orders to those of the pope, 
 nor, certainly, with any peculiar and per- 
 sonal predilection for being taxed beyond 
 their ability, but because their proximity 
 to Scotland gave them a fearful personal 
 Interest in the ability of tho king to ha\o 
 Bufllcieut force at his command. Tho 
 bishops of Sallabury and Ely, and some 
 others, next came in and offered notI>.'!eed 
 lilerally to disobey tho pope by payinr" the 
 fifth directly to Edward, but to deposit 
 equivalent sums in certain appointed places 
 whence thoy could be taken by tho king's 
 collectors. Tlioso who could not command 
 ready money for this sort of cummutatioii 
 of the king's demand privily entered into 
 recognizances for the payment at a f uttu'o 
 time, and thus cither directly or indirectly, 
 mediately or immediately, tho whole of 
 the clergy paid tiio king's exorbitant de- 
 mand, though reason warranted them in a 
 resistance which had the formal sanction, 
 nay the express command, of their spiritual 
 sovereign. In this wc sec a memorable In- 
 stance of the same power applied to dif- 
 ferent men; tho power that would have 
 crushed tlio weak John, however just his 
 cause, was now, with a grim and triumph- 
 ant contempt, set at nought by tlie iairepid 
 and politic Edward,-«liougta^pposed him 
 i in a demand whiuh was botPwameful Ic 
 O 
 
I I 
 
 104 
 
 G^e Zvtniutxi at Vti*twcti» 9fK* 
 
 Iti extent and Illegal oven In the manner 
 of its Impoittlon. 
 
 Ifut with nil tills ngftUtnnco tlio Biippllcs 
 which Edward ubtalnnd still foil far short 
 ui bis noccBsltlos, and tho manner In which 
 he contrived to make up thodlllorcnro was 
 characterised by tho Injustice which was 
 tho one Krcnt blot upon what would other- 
 wise have been a truly Riorlous reign. 
 Though tho merchants had ever shown 
 great willingness to assist him, ho now ar- 
 bitrarily flxed a limit to the exportation of 
 wool, and as arbitrarily levied a duty of 
 forty shillings on each sack, being some- 
 thing more than a third of Its full value ! 
 Nor did his injustice stop hero; this, in- 
 deed, was tho leost of It j for ho Immediate- 
 ly afterwards seized all tho wool that re- 
 mained In the kingdom, and all the leather, 
 and sold them for his own beneflt. The 
 sheriffs of each county were empowered to 
 Boizo for him two thousand quarters of 
 wheat and two thousand of oats. Catllo 
 and other requisites wore seized In tho same 
 wholesale and unceremonious fashion ; and 
 though these seizures wero made under 
 promise to pay, tho sufferers naturally 
 placed llttio reliance upon such promise 
 made under such circumstances. In re- 
 cruiting his army Edward acted quito us 
 arbitrarily as in provisioning it; compel- 
 ling every proprietor of land to pay tho 
 yearly value of twenty pounds, either to 
 serve In person or find a proxy, even though 
 his Uuid wero not lield by military tenure. 
 Notwithstanding tho great popularity of 
 Edward, and the terror of his power, lie 
 could not under such circumstances of pro- 
 vocation prevent the people from murmur- 
 ing ; nor wero tho murmurs coudned to ihc 
 poorer sort or to those who were personally 
 sufferers from the king's arbitrary conduct, 
 but tho highest nobles also felt tho outrage 
 that was committed upon tho general prin- 
 ciple of liberty. Of this feeling Edward 
 was made aware as soon ns ho had com- 
 pleted his preparations. Ho divided his 
 forces into two armies, intending to assail 
 Franco on tho side of Flanders with ono of 
 them, and to send the other to assail It on 
 tho side of Gascony. But when everything 
 was ready and the troops actually assem- 
 bled on the sea-coast, Roger BIgod, eail of 
 Norfolk and marshal of England, and Bo- 
 hun, earl of Hereford and constable of 
 England, to whom ho Intended to Intrust 
 the Gascon portion of his expedition, re- 
 fused to take charge of it, on tho plea that 
 by their offices they wero only bound to 
 attend upon Lis person during his Avars, 
 lilttio used to bo thwarted, tho king was 
 greatly enraged at this refusal, and in tho 
 high words that passed upon tho occasion 
 he exclaimed to the earl of Hereford, ' By 
 God, sir earl,<you shall cither go or hang ;• 
 to which Hereford coolly replied, ' By God, 
 Bir king, I will neither go nor hang ;' and 
 ho immediately left the expedition, taking 
 with him above thirty other powerful ba- 
 rons and their numerous followers. 
 
 Finding himself thus considerably weak- 
 ened In actual numbers, and still more so 
 by the morafeffect this dispute had upon 
 men's minds, Edward now gave up the 
 
 Gascon portion of his expedition; Imtttaj 
 oppoHlfloii was yet not at an mil ; tur \ul 
 two earU n»»w refused to prrfowii 'ijJ 
 duty on tho ground that tlulr iiiiii.tn,.! 
 had never served In Flandcru, Nut liii<j»l 
 ing how far the same spirit nilnht iiml 
 spread, Edwnnl feared to proceed tiicitdbl 
 mItk'H, aggravated and annoying m tM 
 disobedience was, but contentci IiIimI 
 with appolntlngOeoffrey do Oeyncvllioijl 
 Thomas do Berkeley to act for tlio n'fn>it\\ 
 onicers on the present occasion ; forajiiil 
 olTlcers of marshal and constuMo wcrob^l 
 rrdltary, ho could only have deprlvfO Hjl 
 offenders of them by tho extreme nici'tnl 
 of attainder. He farther followed up itij 
 conciliatory policy by taking tlio |irlniii|| 
 into favour again, in nope of thus maim 
 tho Interest of the church ; and Jieavi(» 
 bled a great meeting of the ndbloiJ 
 Westminster Hall, to whom ho inldmjd 
 a speech in apology for what tlipyiuiei 
 deem exceptionable in his conduct, g 
 pointed out how strongly tho hoiioiiroltl 
 crown and the nation demanded thotiL 
 like measures he proposed to take,nn(lli!j 
 Impossible It was to take those ineiuiv 
 without money ; boat tho same tinicp 
 tested, that should hoover return hem 
 tako care that every man should bcr 
 bursed, and that wherever there iml 
 wrong in his kingdom that wrong slionMiJ 
 redressed. At the Faiiio time that lu'nj 
 these promises .ind assured his hcarcrfii 
 they might rely upon hlBfullllmciitofifctj 
 ho strongly urged them to lay aside .illu 
 mosltiee among themselves, and only m 
 with each other who should do mnsiil 
 wards preserving the peace and uiilioWi 
 tho credit of the nation, to bo fultbWl 
 him during his absence, and, in the (ti 
 of his falling in battle, to be faithful tcl 
 son. 
 
 Though there was something cxtroai^ 
 touching In tho politic pleading of tlu'k 
 coming ns It did from a man iisuallj'l 
 flerco and resolute, his arbitrary cijiiiT 
 had injured too widely, and stunj,' ton 4 
 1.V, to admit of words, however iiathJ 
 winning him back tho friendship oil 
 people; and just as he was euilwiklEjI 
 AVInchelsca, a remonstrance wlilcli If 
 ford and Norfolk had framed was rre«i| 
 to him In their names and inthoseufol 
 considerable barons. Inthlsremoii-tn 
 strongly though courteously worded,! 
 plaint was generally marto of lils i 
 system of government, and c»peei,illyol| 
 perpetual ind Uagrant violation of tliefi 
 Charter and of tho Charter of the Foi^ 
 and his arbitrary taxation and scin 
 and they demanded redress of tlicse ( 
 and manifest grievances. The clr 
 stances under which this memorial i 
 llveredto the king furnished hitn will 
 excuse of which ho was by no means il 
 to rvall himself, seeing that ho couldl 
 ther deny the grievances nor find tbew 
 of redressing them ; and ho briefly rm 
 that he could not decide upon mattr 
 such high importance while at a dist 
 from his council and In all the bust] 
 embarkation. 
 
 But the two earls and their 
 
(fnglHittr.— ^Tnntajicnetif.— CHlOArli £. 
 
 190 
 
 ixpccMtlo'i ; U\u\^\ 
 tvt n\\ rna; fiiribil 
 I to pprf"*!! 'I'tHl 
 
 niuli'r*. Nut Vin»I 
 n Bi>lrlt mlKlit litTil 
 to iiroccoil til citi»| 
 d annoylim fts tlii|| 
 t conteiitc'i hlmsdll 
 •cy de Ocyni'Vlllcull 
 3 act lor tlio reousitl 
 i occasion; roriwuil 
 111 couBliiWc wcteWl 
 ly have ac'iirlvtJHi| 
 the extreme nicjiml 
 ther lollowcd ur iftl 
 y takltiK llio VflifAHl 
 
 llOpO Ol tlUlB Hl'Clitmf 
 
 hurch; and liea>K» 
 ,» of tlio iiiiWeslil 
 t^whom ho '"1*1";»! 
 for what tlipyiulit 
 , \n M» conduct H 
 iiiKly tliehonouroltt 
 on demanded tlio^i 
 jpoBcdtotnko.mdliJ 
 o take those mm* 
 ftt the same tmep 
 hocTcr return lie™ 
 yman sUonld ben! 
 wherever there ™| 
 omtuatwroimsioi 
 E^motlmctlmtlw 
 ia«"urcdhlsheuror..i 
 .nUlBluimmeiiti.I j 
 themtohiya^Uoa 
 
 .,„— golrcd that the kln«'« cmlHirkntloii 
 
 lould rather servo thnn Injuro tlielr caiixo: 
 
 j^vlien tlioprlnco of WuIoh and Iho «o- 
 
 rnraeiit Biiininoncd thoin to uiect In piir- 
 
 imeiit tiny did »o with a perfuet army of 
 
 ti'iiilniitHi horKO and foot, and would not 
 
 I'll enter llio city nntll tho guardlanHlilp 
 
 tlio K»'>» ^^'^ crtveu up to thcni. Tho 
 
 luiicll liesltiited to trust ho mucli to men 
 
 lolmd n»Humcd so hostllo an attlludo ; 
 
 t tlio arclihlsliop of Uiuitcrbury, who 
 
 Ifj witli tlu) carJs, overruled all objcc- 
 
 luaiid nrKued away nil duul)tB ; thoKiiteit 
 
 ro given Into tho custody of thomak-on- 
 
 1(11 audtlius both tho princo and tho 
 
 llAment wuro virtually put Into their 
 
 lint power, however, they used with nn 
 lourablo moderation, demanding only 
 it the two charters should bo solemnly 
 llrmed by the king and duly observed 
 the time to como ; that a clause should 
 lidded to the Great Charter seeurliiff tho 
 iple frnm belnjr taxed without tho con- 
 it nfpiirllnincnt ; and that they who had 
 used tu attend tho king to Flanders 
 luld bo held liarmlcsa on that account 
 received Into the king's favour, lloth 
 prlnco of Wales and his council aRreed 
 Ihcso really just and moderate terms ; 
 when they were submitted to Edward, 
 landerH, ho at Jlrst objected to aRrco to 
 , mid even after three days' deli bora- 
 be was only with dilBculty persuaded 
 
 emseves.'v"'!. <'»'»• 1 
 
 ■^ Te'to^o*'^'"'^"'''! 
 
 m Boraethlns nm 
 mlc pleading of Uiettl 
 
 from a man nsualUl 
 c Ida arbitrary c"i>« 
 ldely.and8tunato(|« 
 tnrdB however vM 
 ■k the irlendsbii) 4 
 
 Cnstrance which Hi 
 
 ind framed was v^fm 
 tmcsandlnthoscol^ 
 
 ", Inthl9rcmoii=n 
 CirteouslyworMj^ 
 
 tet'^nd^e^'cl'Mir 
 
 le Charter of the lo^ 
 
 t taxation and s™ 
 fed redresB of these 
 
 irlcvances. Tlio c^ 
 IchthlB memorial 1 
 nglumlBhedhimjrifl 
 
 Kg that ho eg 
 evanccs nor find tnera 
 tmTand ho briefly M 
 TAeclde upon m^M 
 
 learls and their 
 
 10 various Impediments which tho king 
 
 met with in Kngland cauiied him tu 
 
 Flanders too late In tho season for 
 
 [oporatlons of Importance ; and enabled 
 
 |i to cuter the Low Countries before 
 
 rrlv.il, and make himself master, in 
 
 ssluii, of lilsle, St. Omer's, Conrtral, 
 
 Y|ire8. Tho appearance of Kdward 
 
 an Kugllsli army of llfty thousand 
 
 put an end to this march of prospc- 
 
 and I'hlUp not only was compelled to 
 
 it on France, but had every reason to 
 
 tot ho should bo early Invaded there. 
 
 ird, however, besides being anxious 
 
 liiglaiid, exposed as it was to tho hos- 
 
 isof the Scots, was disappointed of a 
 
 Iderahlo force for the aid of which he 
 
 Ida high price to Adolph, king of 
 
 [iiinans; and both nionarehs being 
 
 [disposed to at least temporary peace, 
 
 agreed to a truce of two years and 
 
 ibuilt their quarrel to the judgement 
 
 pope. 
 
 1298,— Though hoth Edward and 
 eipressly maintained that they re- 
 thclr quarrel to the pope, not as ad- 
 igtho papal right to interfere in tho 
 ml alTalrs of tho nations, but as rc- 
 ghls personal wisdom and justice, 
 too anxious to bo seen by the world 
 character ol mediator between two 
 werful princes, to make any excep- 
 tho terms upon which his mediation 
 ;cepted. He examined their dlf- 
 «, and proposed that a permanent 
 ibould be made by them on the fol- 
 I terms ; t1z„ that Edward, who was 
 widower, Bhould espouse Margaret, 
 ot PhUlpi and tboc the prlnco ol 
 
 Wales should ospouso Isabella, daughter of 
 l'lilllp,nnd that Onlenno should bu rcotoc- 
 cd to England. I'hillp wished to Includo 
 tho Hcots In his peace with Kdward, but 
 the latter was too inveterate against Koit- 
 land to listen to that proi>o8al, and after 
 Homo discussion tho ])eace was made: 
 I'iillip abandoning tho Kiu)ts, and Edward 
 In turn abandoning the KU'mlngs. Hu care- 
 less tif their allies are even tlio groati'st 
 motmrchs when their own interests cull lor 
 the siicrlfleo of th(i»e allies I 
 
 It Is but seldom that projects of comiucst 
 will bear scrutiny ; still more seldom that 
 they merit praise, liut certainly, looking 
 merely at the geographical relations of 
 Kngland and Scotland, It Is ImposHlblu to 
 deny that tho latter seems Intended by 
 nature to form one kingdom with the 
 former. It Is probablu that Scotland 
 would never have iinule a struggle after the 
 loo prudent subiui.sHlon of John l)allol,had 
 the English rule been wisely managed. But 
 earl Warenno was ol)liged by falling health 
 to retire front tho bleak cUnwite of Scot- 
 land ; and Ormesby and Cresslngliam, wlio 
 wore thou left in possession of full autho- 
 rity, used, or rather abused It In such wise 
 as to arouse to hate and Indignation all 
 high-spirited Scots, of whatever rank, and 
 of whatever moderation In their former 
 temper towards Kngland. Their shameful 
 and perpetual oppressions, in fact, excited 
 so general a feeling of hostility, that only 
 a leader had been for some time wauling to 
 produce an armed revolt, and such a leader 
 at length appeared in tho person of the af- 
 terwards famous William Wallace. 
 
 William Wallace, a gentlenmn of mode- 
 rate fortune, but of an ancient and honour- 
 able family In the west of Scotland, though 
 his efforts on beiialf of his country deserve 
 at least a part of the enthusiastic praise 
 which Ills countrymen bestow upon him, 
 would probably liavo died unknown, and 
 witiiout one patriotic struggle, but for that 
 which •often leads to patriotic efforts— a 
 private quarrel. Having, like too many ol 
 his fellow-countrymen, been grossly in- 
 sulted by an English ofllcer, Wallace killed 
 lilm on the spot. Under so tyrannous a 
 rule as that ol tho English in Scotland, 
 such a deed left the doer of It but little 
 mercy to hope ; and Wallace betook himself 
 to the woods, resolved, as his llfo w.as al- 
 ready forfeit to tho law, to sell it as dearly 
 as possible, and to do away with whatever 
 obloquy might attach to his first act of 
 violence by mixing up for the future hla 
 own cause with that ol his country. Of 
 singular bodily aa well as mental powers, 
 and having a perfect acquaintance with 
 every morass and mountain path, tho sud- 
 denness with which Wallace, with the small 
 baud ol outlaws he at first collected roimd 
 him, lell upon the English oppressors, and 
 tho invariable laclUty and safety with 
 which ho made good his retreat, soon made 
 lilm looked up to by men who longed for 
 the deliverance of their country, and cared 
 not if they owed It even to a hand guUtjr 
 ol deliberate murder. Tho followers of 
 Wallace thus si^edily became more and 
 more numerous, and from the mere oat 
 
100 
 
 QTte ettHiurn of AWtortf, 9ti:, 
 
 liiw'n liiiiiil grew nl U'n«tli to tlio i itrlof* 
 army. 
 
 Kvcry new miropnn with wlilrh Wallace 
 Hiriick terror Ititti tlio licnrtnof tlio KiikIIxIi 
 InrrcnHeil the ndtiilrntlnii nf liU country- 
 luoti ; liiit tlioiiKti thu number nf liUaillier- 
 cnta wan perpctunlly on the Iticrenite, for n 
 lon»jr time ho wax not joined \>y any men of 
 ritnk niiU coUMeqiieiice nuniclent to Mtnmp 
 Ilia exertliiiiH with ii national character. 
 But thli4 Krentiliniculty wan at IriiKth re- 
 moved from hlH path. After n variety of 
 minor BUccenBes he prepared IiIh followers 
 to attack Hcono, which wm held by the 
 hated KuKllxh juntlcliiry OrmcHby ; and that 
 tyraiinlciil perHon belnir Informed by hia 
 Rpleti of thu deadly lnt(>ntlon!i of Wullaco 
 towardfl lilm, wns so alarmed, that hu pre- 
 cipitately departed Into lOiiKland ; and hU 
 example was closely followed by all tho 
 tmmedlato accomplices and tuoU of hU 
 cruelly and tyniiiny. 
 
 The p'WilclllKht of OrmcMby added ffrratly 
 to the effect which the couniKe and con- 
 duct of Wallace had already iiroduced upon 
 the minds of hU fellow-countrymen ; and 
 even tho great, who hitherto liad deemed 
 It prudent to keep oloof from him, now 
 (ihowcd him l)oth i«ynii)athyaiidconlldencu. 
 Sir William Douglas openly Joined him, 
 and Hobert Hruce secretly encouraged him; 
 the smaller gentry and the people at largo 
 gave hlni the full confldence and support 
 of which tho ctTorts he had already made 
 proved him capable of prollting; and so 
 gcnurul vas tho Hcottlsh moveinen*., that 
 In a Bhnyi liino tho KngllMh government 
 was virtually at an end in Scotland. The 
 more Hungulno among the Scot* already bo- 
 p.iii to liopfl that their coui. try's Indepen- 
 dence war. completely reestablished, but 
 llio wiser and more experienced judged thot 
 Kiiglnnd would not thus easily luirt with n 
 connuest 80 desirable and, perhaps, even es- 
 eential to her own national safety ; and their 
 judgement was soon justlfled by tho appear- 
 ance of e; rl Wnrenne at Irvine, la Annan- 
 dale, with an army of upwards of forty thou- 
 sanii men ; a force which. If pnidtnitly used 
 under the existing circunistanccs, must 
 on the Instant have undone all that Wallace 
 had as yet done for tho cnfrenchlKement of 
 his country. For tho mere ai)pearanco of 
 so vast and well-appointed an army, under 
 the comnuind of a leader of tho known 
 valour and ability of Warcnnc, f' ruc'.c f m -ti 
 terror into many of tho Scottish iKln^.-i 
 who had joined Wallac", thatth'^y lia«tti.ed 
 to submit to Warenne, and t' .:iv.' Muir 
 persons and property by renew . i / ; . mln 
 of fealty to Kdward ; while many who were 
 secretly la correspondence with AVallace, 
 and among his most zealous friends, were 
 compelled, though sorely against their will, 
 to join tho Knglish. Wallace, then, being 
 thus weakened, a prudent use of tho vast 
 English force was all that was required to 
 have Insured success; and had Warenne 
 acted solely upon his o\vn judgement, suc- 
 cess most certainly would have been his. 
 But Creaslngham, the treasurer, whose op- 
 pressions had only been second to tboso of 
 Ormesby, was so transported by personal 
 rage, and bnd so L-itch influence over 
 
 r Icrwui J 
 r I" ,rcli f 
 
 Waren 10, MS t , niiload oren that Vfti^nn 
 comma "ler into at error an HlariiiK ii,|„ 
 |tMcoiiS)"|uc'Uce It was miMi'lili'voiH, 
 
 Urged Viy Ore«».ngham, Warenne, wlm 
 had lulvnnced to Uambuskenneth, im ||,' 
 banks of the Forth, resolved to asi'iili Wii 
 lace, who had most skilfully and mruniiiv 
 posted himself on tho opposite \iM\k. m, 
 hichard Lundy, a native Hcotcimmn imt 
 sincerely and zealously attached id' t|u 
 Knglish cause. In vain pointed .mt i,,^- 
 rennuthedisaiivantages underbill ' 
 about to make thu attack. Tho " 
 given, and the English begae I'lr, 
 over the bridgo wiilch cnxscu i> 
 that point. Wallace allowed ili icau 
 divisions to reach his ..^<K) of ila t\\n 
 but before they co\ild fullv form liiordvr' 
 battle hu gave the vord, iiii ti i ru,|J 
 upon tho Kiigllsh in )verwheliii up fore,. 
 and In an lncre(''M lort time tli ii.inij 
 became r\ iin rr imi , the Kiiirii-ih llvimtin 
 everv direction, and IIiou.-'iiikI.h n't Un 
 being put to tliu sword or d'o\ ikmi mtiifif 
 vain endeavours to escnpo fruni tlu'irm, 
 ro'ed enemies. Oresslugham, wIm ln'iiavdi 
 Willi much gallantry during the slmrt imj 
 murderous conlllrt, was amoiiK liienumlei 
 of tho UngllBh sUIn; and so invcum 
 and merciless was tho liatred witli whirj 
 his tyranny liad inspired tho Scut.', m 
 they actually flayed his corpse and liadhl 
 skin tanned and converted Into glrilu 
 belts. Tho great loss sustained liy tl 
 English upon the fleld, and the cotnpid 
 panic Into which the survivors were lliroi 
 left Warenne no alternative hut to rei 
 into England. The castles of Uorwick. 
 Itoxbiirgh were speedily taken, niid S(i, 
 land saw herself free once more, niidloui 
 hailed Wallace as her dellvtriT. Tlio di 
 of regent was bestowed upon hlin byactl 
 matlon; and both from being clateclliyli 
 almost marvellous success, and fromtl 
 absolute famine which prevailed In So 
 land, ho was now Induced to carry ilie 
 into England. Ho accordingly luard 
 his troops across tho border, and, sprcaJI 
 them over tho northern counties, iilimdci 
 and df.-itroyod without mercy, tiliatkni 
 liaving penetrated as far as the lil.>bii| 
 of Ourliam, ho obtained enonnoiH 
 with which ho returned la triuiu|'li| 
 Scotl:ind. 
 
 Tho news of this great trliniipliof 
 8 ots rea."hed Kdward whll(! In Flaiii 
 where, fortuiiMtely, ho h.id iiist amiit 
 n truce with l''-,oiee. I'o >\astliiisal 
 i'-i ty to hi., , o England and cmlrti 
 '<> retrieve tlie loss of his most valmd 
 quest. Sensible that his past cuiiduct 
 greatly offended as well as alarmedl 
 ln'ople, of whoso utmost aid and zi 
 now stood In so much need. Ills IIM 
 was to exert every art to regain Ids 
 popularity. To tho citizens of Loiidi 
 paid his court by restoring to then 
 privilege of electing their own magiiti 
 of which his father had deprived i 
 and he gave ostentatious directions (( 
 act enquiry to be made as to thOTi' 
 corn, cattle, and other commodities, 
 a short time before ho had ordered 
 ■elied; thus leading tbe more 
 
 f;lieir army, w 
 
 ned 
 
 Mt 
 
 order hehiud i 
 
tfiiolnntr*— Plxntaseitrtitf.— <[?titDnr)f S. 
 
 107 
 
 yen t\mt vfterw 
 
 Ill'hlcVtiUH, 
 
 1, Wiirt-uiu', *lio 
 gki'iiiu'tli, nil ihi) 
 
 V(<(\ to HK^IVll Wal- 
 
 ully mill flroniily 
 (ponlio liiink. Sir 
 
 rtfotl'lllIlM, liM 
 
 ' altni'li'''! to ihi 
 lolnto'l nllt, I iWv 
 
 ck. The "rlLTwal 
 
 .ro«''i.'»» '' '■' ■"' 
 ilownd m loau.inj 
 .,,,ui of Ll.fl rtvn,l 
 n\h form li'.ordi'rutl 
 . UUt. 1 iu«hc4| 
 vorwl»t"li>i 1"^ '"f''. 
 iDrt timi' 111' liMiJi 
 1,,. Ku«ll-hnylni(lii| 
 thou.-'iiiiil't nt iliml 
 
 1 j)r tl'ov iii'il milifiil 
 ,0111)0 fri'in llwlrwl 
 nk?UlllIl, w>i" tii'hwt'll 
 luring tlio «liott kll 
 ■ft8iim<uiK»li'-'i>"'nwT 
 ,. ,i„d HO InvtimKJ 
 
 lmtro(\ with whki 
 plrcH\ tUo 8>'oi , hil 
 ita corpi'<'a'"'''"''»1 
 Jertcd Into glriJuaJ 
 
 survivor, xmcthrorl 
 
 .rlilltlVU Init ti> WW 
 
 ^ca"tlc8c^Uor^lck^ 
 
 ) oni-o inoro, 
 
 iiiuUouill 
 
 doUvtr.T. Till! Ill 
 
 ,il upon him liy»«J 
 
 rombelnBoUiiwU'iJ 
 
 Bucceni', mill iroiii,! 
 il ich vrevaiUHl In sj 
 »aucc\l to carry tlicH 
 
 bonier, ami. i'l'raJl 
 
 l,erucounllosvl«»J'J 
 
 ■'^i^rmc-roy.UUaU.^ 
 
 lafiir !i9 tin- '"'"'H 
 
 aliuHl cnoniiojHta 
 
 smA while ill HanJ 
 •o. 11 o 'va.* thus »l 
 
 ftmo«t aid m..H^ 
 "»*=*! \Tre« in W« 
 
 ,ther comraotlitieM 
 ig tbe more ""■ 
 
 TZma the lufforori to hoiiove, and u> [iir- ' 
 
 ISdeothert, thnt he IntcmUHl to pay fur 
 
 I ihTnoodi tliua violently ohm no,\. Totlio 
 
 I ;'|,|', lie e(|Uf»lly ci»Uciivoiiii,i lo roroin- 
 
 mpnil hlniw'l' liy •oleum itrofesrtlontt of liU 
 
 icrmlnRtlon toolwervi' the cliarter* ; uinl 
 
 ivIiiK thut tiisrratlnteU hliiiitelf with itil 
 
 Irilcr* of men, ho iimdo extenxlvo Icvleii 
 
 inml rr-'pafatloni fi^r the re-eoiiiiiiC!<t of 
 
 scnilftiiJ. ftffal"*' which he wim noon en- 
 
 hiiloil to nmrch with an nrniy of nearly a 
 
 'iiuiiilrcd thousand men. 
 
 TlioiuAffnItudo and excellent niulpnient 
 
 of Edviird't force was not hl8 only itd- 
 
 I TunUK^* • dliiennlons were rifu and tierco 
 
 1 iinong tlio Scot* at the rery moment when 
 
 III WMolivlous that nothing hut tho nioHt 
 
 ILgiiimuuH and dUlntereMted zeal could 
 
 I lire tlienieven a chaneo of RiiceeHS. >Val- 
 
 Ihcflinddonewonderg In ralHlnghlM country 
 
 fnimilic extreme degradation and den|iiilr 
 
 nwlildi lie had found her ; hut then Wal- 
 
 laftMVJw only tho son of a private gentlc- 
 
 niii, and hl« elevation to the Important 
 
 lioil of regent gavo deep offence to the 
 
 '^rotid nobility, each of whoni deemed hlm- 
 
 ■K more worthy than the other. I'er- 
 
 IvInKlHith tho enuHo and the danger of 
 
 cdlvldiJ spirit. Wallace Miowed himself 
 
 glynoblu In soul, hy dUlntervgtedly ru- 
 
 Mlngthu authority ho had mo well won. 
 
 iJ retaining only the comnumd of hU liu- 
 
 leJIato followera. who would have oliey- 
 
 110 other commander; and tho chief 
 
 ithority was divided hetwcen Cummin of 
 
 jileiiorli and tho steward of Utdenorh. 
 
 iliaagriwlln concentratlngall the Scottish 
 
 ircciat Falkirk, there to await the attack 
 
 the English. KacU of tho Scottish com- 
 
 n(<cr«-ii)-chlcf headed a great division 
 
 tlicir army, while a third division waa 
 
 ler the humcd lute couinmndof Wallace 
 
 jKlf. The plkemen formed tho front 
 
 fsih division, and the Intervals hetweeu 
 
 Hhrce were occupied by strong bodies 
 
 irchers ; and as the Kngllsh had a vast 
 
 erlority in cavalry, the whole front of 
 
 Scottish position was protected as well 
 
 itiblo hy stakes strongly secured to 
 
 other hy ropes. 
 
 ward, on arriving In front of his enemy, 
 
 itil Ilia nriny, also, into three divisions. 
 
 archers, probably tho most skilful In 
 
 forid. cdiiimenced tho attack, and so 
 
 ledthcSciiUlsh bowmen, that they were 
 
 idilyeelzea with a panic and tied from 
 
 Held. Tho fearful shower of tho Kng- 
 
 boltsai .d arrows wos now turned upon 
 
 8cottf.li pikcnien, and flio charge of 
 
 Engilsli plkemen and cavalry followed 
 
 tlie advantage thus obtained. Tho 
 
 lU fought bravely and Well, but tho 
 
 rl<Tlty «f tho English, In disiiplino 
 
 (H|ulimieiits as well as in numbers, 
 
 60 great, that tho utmost efforts of 
 
 9fiia« were In vain, and they were 
 
 Ikiinili com; 'I'tely routed, with a loss 
 
 10,'joo mttu, but which tho popular 
 
 tation rated as high as fifty thou- 
 
 1 in til- > appalling scene of confusion 
 
 lilauRh' r, Wallace contrived to keep 
 
 [dlfliil. u unbroken, <nit to lead It in 
 
 I order beUiud the flvm Uftrrou, liuliitf 
 
 the bank of that river In such wise as to 
 lender tho attack of tho Kngllsh highly 
 perlliiiis, If not actually Impracticable, 
 
 An liiteivlew here took place between 
 Wallace and yoUlig Pruce, who. despite hl« 
 own high birth and not weak claim upon 
 tlieHcottish royally, was then serving In 
 Kdward's army. Tho account given by the 
 Hcottlsh historians of this Interview is sn 
 priH'Iso as to bo mimewhat suHplclous, espe- 
 cially as authors iiiillo as credible alllrin 
 that liruco was not then with tho English 
 army, or even in that part of tho country. 
 It, however, tho lnt<'rvlew took place, tho 
 subseiinont conduct of Itriico shows, that, 
 so far from succeeding In his endeavour let 
 induce Wallace to struggle no longer for 
 Ills country's independence, ho was himself 
 converted by tho great hero to a nobler 
 way of thinking. 
 
 A,D, 12UU.— While Wallace still remained 
 tinconi|uci'ed and in some force, Kdward 
 felt that Ills triumph was not complete; 
 but after having subjected tho south of 
 Scotland, Kdward was obliged, by sheer 
 want of itrovlslons, to march his I mops 
 back into Kngland, and to leave tho north 
 of Bcotlaiid still uncouiiuered. 
 
 A.n. i;kk).— Tho Scots having U\ vain 
 applied for aid to riiilip of KraiK'e, now 
 betook tlieuisclves to the iiiedlr.tlnii of 
 Home; and llonlface wrote on their behalf 
 a long and Justly argued letter to KdwanI, 
 in which he strongly put forward all tho 
 solid arguments that existed against his 
 et|ually unjust and arrogant claim to Scot- 
 land, lUit as the ambltiim of Donlfaco 
 was fully eiiual to his ability, ho weakened 
 tho Justice of his opposition to the arrogant 
 claim of Kdward, by putting forward an 
 equally arrogant and unfounded one on tho 
 part of Home, to which li asserted Scot- 
 land to have by right appci lincdfrom tho 
 most remote anthiuity. 
 
 Tho real claim of Edward was plainly 
 founded upon tho right of tno strongest ; 
 his only justlltcation was to bo found In 
 tho geograi>hlcai connection of Scotland 
 and Kngland. Uut. in replying to tho 
 lott or of tho pope. Kdward advanced argu- 
 ments which were (luito as remarkable for 
 grave and absurd UKsurance as even the 
 claim of tho popo himself. Commencing 
 with Brutus the Trojan. Edward cited and 
 assumed liistorlcol sayings and doings 
 down to the time of Henry II. in support 
 of his claim; but carefully leaving out 
 everything that told for Scotland, though 
 ho commenced his elaborate document by 
 a solemn appeal to tho Almighty to witness 
 his sincerity and good faith t It Is still 
 more extraordinary that Edward's preten- 
 sions wero backed by no fewer than a hun- 
 dred and four barons, who to his defence 
 of his claims, added, that though they hud 
 condescended to Justify them to Boniface, 
 they by no means acknowledged hia right 
 to Judge, and that If their sovereign wero 
 willing to give up tho prerogatives which 
 they wero determined at all hazards and 
 all sacrlllccs to ui)hoId, they for their parta 
 would In no wise allow him to do so. 
 
 A.D, 1.303,— While Edward was thus en- 
 deavouring to give to a politic and tempt- 
 
 
 
i98 
 
 C^e CrraiSurii al f^Wtorji, &f. 
 
 Ing usurpation the character of a just and 
 ancient claim, the Scots, relieved from his 
 Immediate and fatal activity, were exerting 
 themselves for another effort In behalf of 
 their national Independence. John Cum- 
 min was made regent, and ho did not con- 
 tent himself with keeping a force together 
 In the north, hut made frcaucnt Incursions 
 upon the subdued southern provinces. 
 John de Segrave, whom Edward had left 
 as his representative In Scotland, at length 
 led out his army to oppose the Scots, and 
 n long and sanguinary action took place at 
 RosUn, near Edinburgh, In which the 
 English were completely defeated, and the 
 whole of the southern provinces freed from 
 thorn by the regent. 
 
 Edward, to his Infinite Indignation, now 
 perceived that he had not to complete 
 merely, but actually to recommence, the 
 conquest of this brave people, and he made 
 preparations for so doing with his accus- 
 tomed vigour and activity. Assembling 
 naval as well as military forces, he entered 
 Scotland with a largo army, which his 
 navy, sailing along the coast, put out of all 
 danger as regarded want of provision. The 
 superiority which this arrangement gave 
 to Edward rendered the resistance of the 
 Scots as hopeless as it was gallant. 
 Place after place was taken, the chh-ftains 
 in succession fell into utter dc?p;ilr, and 
 Cininnin himself and his most zealous 
 friends at length submitted. But tliough 
 Edward had marched triumphantly from 
 one end of the country to the other, and 
 had received the submission of the ablest 
 and the bravest, lils conquest was still in- 
 complete, for Wallace was still at liberty 
 and was still undaunted. 
 
 A.D. 1304-5.— Edward on many occasions 
 during his busy reign displayed great 
 talents, but his really clear judgement was 
 usually vanquished when it became opposed 
 by his fierce love of arbitrary rule. He had 
 now done enough to display his power, and 
 his truest policy would have been to en- 
 deavour to reconcile the existing genera- 
 tion of Scots to their loss of real indepen- 
 dence by flattering them witli as much .as 
 possible of the appearance of It, by govern- 
 ing them by their own laws, and by in- 
 dulging them in their national customs, 
 until, habituated to rule and Influenced by 
 the propensity of imitation, which Is every- 
 where so strong, they should gradually as- 
 similate themselves in those respects to 
 their conquerors. But this slow though 
 sure process did not accord with his pas- 
 sionate disposition ; and he not only ra.ade 
 sweeping alterations in the Scotcli laws, 
 but still more deeply wounded the national 
 pride by the malignant zeal with which ho 
 destroyed all their most precious records, 
 and most v.alued documents. 
 
 By this injudicious cruelty ho powerfully 
 sxcitcd the hatred of the ScuLs, and that 
 liatrcd was now pushed to its utmost excess 
 by what even an English historian can only 
 term the murder of the bravo but unfortu- 
 nate 'Wallace, ilesolvcd never to despair 
 of his country, and never to cease in his 
 exertions for her but when he should cease 
 to live, Wallace scught gheltcr In the moun- 
 
 tain fastnesses, confiding the secret ol Lin 
 retreat to only a few upon whom he thouBlit 
 that ho could implicitly rely, and watched 
 eagerly and hopefully for some opportunltv 
 of again rousing Scotland to reslstanco 
 But tlie anxiety of Edward to get into iii» 
 power this most formidable enemy to him' 
 because most devoted friend to his native 
 land, led him to hold out tho promlso of 
 such reward and favour to whomsncrer' 
 would put Wallace into his power, tliat i i 
 traitor was unhappily found even anmnii 
 tho mere handful of Scots to whom tlif 
 power of being thus treacherous was coi. i 
 fined. Tho man to whose nanic this In- 
 famy attaches was Sir John Montcith mI 
 intimate and confidential friend o£ ^V.■^l.| 
 lace. This dastardly and treacliernus m-\ 
 son revealed the place of tho patriotic cliicf.l 
 tain's shelter, and lie was seized, loadcjl 
 with irons, and sent to London. Distiii.l 
 gulshed as Edward himself was for courage I 
 tho almost romantic bravery and (levotjf)ii| 
 of Wallace might have been expected tof 
 have excited his admiration. It Is scamlH 
 possible to read this portion of our liisiorjj 
 without, for Edward's own sak^', feiijJ 
 shocked and disappointed at the uiiknji>|i3 
 ly w.int of generosity lie displayed, Hajiij 
 kept Wallace even a close prisoner, timm 
 tho wrongdoer would still have been eieJ 
 cising the unjust right of the stmnpJ 
 Edward had been excus.able, ns it w,isi|iiiJ 
 obvious that so long as Wallace- was st I 
 berty, tlie conquest of Scotland was not > 
 cure fora single day. Bat the courawaJ 
 perseverance which ought to have wcurJ 
 Edward's sympathy, only excited his iJ 
 placable hatred ; and the unfortunate Scl 
 tlsh patriot, after tho mere niockory c(l 
 trial for treason and rebellion against ilf 
 power to which he had never made d 
 mission, was publicly beheaded on Towl 
 liill. 1 
 
 If Edward hoped by this sliamcfiil spl 
 rity to put an end to the Scottisli hot 
 and determination, he was siurnally if 
 taken ; the dying resentment of thercoj 
 was aroused; even those vlio had iJ 
 foremost in emTlngthe supremacy of 1| 
 l.ace now joined in deploring his fate,! 
 the general mind was put into thed 
 favourable state for insuring welcome J 
 support to the next champion of indc j 
 dence, who soon presented himself inl 
 person of Robert Bruce. f 
 
 A.D. 1.106. — Robert Bruce, grandsoi 
 the opponent of Ballol, was now, byj 
 decease of both his grandfather audfaf 
 the Inheritor of, at least, a plaul 
 claim to the Scottish crown, and liad t| 
 fore a personal as well as a patrloticr 
 tivo for opposing tho tyranny of Ui 
 Though ho was himself personally I 
 treated ; though, indeed, he was vifwcl 
 as a prisoner .at large than as a hui 
 native noble, Bruce could not but ieS 
 gust and indignation at the nunioroul 
 cities of Edward, crowned as tlioy woj 
 the murder of W.allace ; and nficr lif 
 long iiondered tho subject, he (Ictcrij 
 to succeed to that hero in his task, cvj 
 tho risk of succeeding also to his vj 
 end. This determination Bruce coiifla 
 
fiPiifllanlr.— piantafl«wW.--®lift)arlf 3E. 
 
 199 
 
 ing the secret ol hli ; 
 lon ■whom lie thought ! 
 Lly rely, and watched 
 for Bomc opportunity 
 jtlaud to resistance. 
 Iward to get Into his 
 idablo enemy to hliii, 
 I friend to his iiutive 
 1 out the promije (1 
 voiir to -whomsoever- 
 nto his power, that ,u 
 ly found even amniw | 
 : Scots to whom the [ 
 J treacherous was m.- 1 
 
 whose nanic this In- 1 
 3lr John Montcith, unl 
 dential friend of TiVal-l 
 y and treacherous rw-l 
 ce of the patriotic chiol-l 
 ho was seizca, loadcjl 
 at to London. Distiii-I 
 :ilmself was for couracfJ 
 c hravery and devotloiil 
 have heen expected wl 
 miration. It is scwci'.jf 
 is portion of our lusl.d 
 ird'8 own Bal;^', fediiiJ 
 winted at the unknidii 
 tty he displayed. Uaillil 
 a close prisoner, tluiugi 
 iild still have ticon mi 
 
 right of tiie stimif-eJ 
 cxcusahlc.nsitwastiuilf 
 ing as Wallace was a 1' 
 ,t of Scotland was not i^ 
 inv Diitthccoiiraaeanl 
 eh ought to have fecciitJ 
 ,hv, otily excited his iJ 
 mid the unfortunate 4 
 • tho more mockers o i 
 ;nd rebellion ncainsttlf 
 L had never niaJe '■ ^ 
 licly heheaded on ^«™l 
 
 cd hy this shameful sfj 
 
 ndtothe Scottish Iwj 
 
 on. he was slttniilly i 
 
 Presentment ol the rcj 
 
 rcn those wlio had l^ 
 
 mg the supremacy of fl 
 
 m deploring his fate, 
 
 Id was put into the 111 
 
 fof insuring we coiiiel 
 
 ext champion of Imeil 
 
 t presented himself in 
 
 K'Bruce, ermA 
 ? Baliol, was now, hyl 
 his grandfather audfal 
 
 of. at least, <\vm 
 ttlsh crown, and ha n^ 
 
 as well as a patriot 1 
 ig tho tyranny of W« 
 
 himself persoiallT 
 lndeed,hcwasv,no 
 
 largo than as aW 
 ncc could not but fctL 
 
 .aUonatthenumoH 
 fc?oVedasthoy-l 
 
 Wallace ; aiul a f'l 
 the Bubject, he .htirq 
 .atherolnhistaM 
 
 reeding also to ins ^B 
 'Etlon Bruce Mufll 
 
 Ills intimate friend John Cummin, who ap- 
 rrovcd of his design and encouraged him In 
 It Whether Oumraln from the first listened 
 only to betray, or whether he at first en- 
 tered sincerely into the views of Bruce, and 
 only lietraycd thcmfrom horror at tho niag- 
 nltrnlo of tho danger, does not clearly ap- 
 rc:ir. But cert-oln it Is that, from whatever 
 motives, ho did reveal tho sentiments and 
 intentions of liruco to the king. 
 „ Edward, though little prono to sparing, 
 mow how to disseniblo; and being desir- 
 ous of getting into his power tho tlirccbro- 
 tiicrsof Bruce, who were still at liberty in 
 gcotlaiul, and fearing to alarm them ere lie 
 could do 60, should he take any decisive 
 measures against Robert, ho for tho present 
 contented liimself with putting his every 
 ict and word under the most severe surveil- 
 lanceof persons practised in that most con- 
 temptible species of employment. This po- 
 licy. Intended to make tho ruin of Robert 
 Bruce more certain and complete, proved 
 Ws safety ; for an English nobleman who 
 MS i>rivy to Edward's design put Bruce on 
 lilsguardin time. The friendly nobleman 
 In question, being aware how closely Bruce 
 fas watched, could not venture to warn lilm 
 personally and in plain terms of the d.iiiger 
 irliich iJt'sct him, but sent liim by a sure 
 hand a pair of spurs and a pur.se of money. 
 Ibe sagacity of Bruce rightly interpreted 
 tlienicaiiiiig of this double present, .iiul he 
 totautly set off for Annandale, and arrived 
 there safely ; having taken tiic precaution 
 to have Ills horse shod baclcward, so tliat 
 even Inul a pursuit been commenced, tlic 
 piiriuers would speedily have been thrown 
 out. 
 
 High as Bruco ranked In tho Scottish 
 
 jnobility, ho had hitherto been looked upon 
 
 js wholly 'lost to Scotland; as tho mere 
 
 Ininion of the Englisli king; less anxious 
 
 tout the land to which he owed his birth, 
 
 tbaii to that in which ho lived a life of 
 
 [(fleudld slavery. It was, therefore, witli 
 
 ) little surprise, and perhaps in somo 
 
 ueseven with suspicion, that the Scottish 
 
 lobility then assembled at Dumfries .saw 
 
 im suddenly appear before them, witli the 
 
 ■owed determination of following up the 
 
 :ort3 of 'Wallace, and of lilierating Ills 
 
 milled country, or nobly perishing in 
 
 le attempt. Tho eloquence and spirit 
 
 iih which Bruce declared his intentions 
 
 id exhorted tho assembled nobles to join 
 
 lini in Ills efforts, roused tlieir spirits to 
 
 highest enthusiasm, and they at once 
 
 :lared their Intention to follow tho noblo 
 
 ce even to tho death To this entlm- 
 
 m and assent therp .vaa but one cxcep- 
 
 ion:— Cummin, who had already betrayed 
 
 le design of Bruce to tho king, now en- 
 
 iToured to introduce discord Into tho 
 
 mcll, by dwelling with great earnestness 
 
 )n the little probability that existed of 
 
 itlr being Fnrcessful against tlio tromen- 
 
 mspoweroi: England, and upon the still 
 
 laller probability of Edward showing any 
 
 wy to them, should they fall into liis 
 
 ids after insulting him by a new breach 
 
 their oath of fealty. 
 
 Tlie discourse of Cummin had the greater 
 light because ho was held to bo a true 
 
 patriot ; and Bruco clearly perceived that 
 this man, who had so nearly betrayed hinj 
 to certain Imprisonment and very probable 
 execution, had so strong a hold on tho 
 minds of the nobles, that they would most 
 likely follow his advice, until the arrival of 
 Edward with an overwhelming power would 
 render exertion useless. Enraged at such 
 an opposition being added to tho treachery 
 of which he was :.ware that Cummin had 
 already been guilty, Bruco, when tho meet- 
 ing of nobles -was adjourned to another day, 
 followed Cummin as far as the monastery 
 of the Grey Friars, in the cloisters of wlilcli 
 lie went up to him and ran him through 
 tho body. Bruce Imagined that ho had 
 killed the traitor, but on being asked by a 
 friend and confidante, named Fitzpatrick, 
 ■whether ho had done so, he replied, ' I be- 
 lieve so.' .'Believe I' exclaimed Fitzpa- 
 trick, 'an^ Is that a thing to leave to 
 chance? I will secure him I' So saying, 
 the fierce knight went back to the spot 
 where Cummin lay, and stabbed him 
 through the heart. The brutal violence, 
 which In our more enlightened day wo can- 
 not even read of without horror and dis- 
 gust, was then deemed a matter not of 
 shame but of triumph and boasting, and 
 tho murderer Fitzpatrick actually took for 
 his crest a hand and bloody dagger, and 
 the words 'I will secure him I' for his 
 motto. 
 
 Tlio murder of Edward's spy— and mur- 
 der it assuredly was, however base tho cha- 
 racter of the victim— left the assembled 
 nobles, and Bruco especially, no choice as 
 to their future course ; they must either 
 shake off the power of Edward, or perish 
 beneath Edward's aroused vengeance. 
 Bruce In this emergency provedhimsclf well 
 adapted for tho lofty and perilous mission 
 to wliicli he had devoted himself. Ho fiew 
 from 0110 part of the country to another, 
 everywhere raising armed partisans, and 
 sending them against the most important 
 to^\ii8 and castles that ventured to hold 
 out for Edward ; and by tills activity he 
 not only obtained strong holds in every di- 
 rection, but organised and roncentrated a 
 force so considerable, that ho was able to 
 declare Scotland independent, and to have 
 himself crowned as her king in the abbey 
 of Scone, tho archbishop of St. Andrew's 
 offlclating. Bruce, though both policy and 
 ambition led him to bo crowned, did not 
 BUifcr mere ceremonial to occupy much of 
 the time for which ho had so much moro 
 important a use, but busily pm-sued tlio 
 Englisli until they were all driven from the 
 kingdom, save those who found shelter in 
 the comparatively few fortresses that still 
 held out for Edward. 
 
 A.D. 1307.— Edward, Who seemed as en- 
 thusir^ti". in his desire to conquer Scotland 
 as tho r<c' ts were in their desire to live free 
 from h' yoke, received the tidings of this 
 new defeat of his purpose only as a sum- 
 mons to advance to tho conquests yet once 
 more ; and, while making his own arrange- 
 ments, ho sent forward a largo advance 
 force under Sir Aylmer do 'Valence, who 
 fell suddenly upon Bruco, In Perthriilre 
 and put him completely to the rout. Brao9 
 
 ] 1. 
 
<«lli.*i 
 
 himself, with a mere handful of personal 
 friends, took shelter la the western Isles ; 
 sir Simon Fraser, sir Christopher Seton, 
 and the earl of Athol wcro less fortunate ; 
 belngr taken prisoners, Edward ordered 
 their Immediate execution, as rebels and 
 traitors. Similar severity was shown In the 
 treatment of other prisoners, and Edward 
 In person now commenced his march against 
 Scotland, vowing vengeance upon the 
 whole of the nation for the trouble and 
 disappointment to which it had exposed 
 him. But a mightier titan Edward now was 
 at hand to render farther cruelty or Injus- 
 tice impracticable. Ho was already arrived 
 as far on his journey of vengeance as Cum- 
 berland, when he was suddenly seized with 
 Illness, and died on the 7th of July, 1307, 
 In the thirty -fifth year of hla rclgn aud the 
 Blxty-uiuth of his age. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 The Scign of Edward II. 
 
 A.D. 1307.— The dying commands of Ed- 
 ward I. to his son aud successor were, that 
 he should follow up the enterprise against 
 Scotland, and never desist until that nation 
 should bo completely subdued. An abun- 
 dantly dulflclcht force was ready for the 
 young king Edward II. ; aud as Brnco had 
 by this time milled forces round him, and 
 Inflicted a rather important defeat upon 
 sir Aylmer do Valence, the English people, 
 too fond of glory to pay any scrupulous 
 attention to the justice of the cause In 
 which It was to bo acquired, hoped to see 
 Edward II. at the very commencement of 
 his reign imitating the vigorous conduct of 
 his martial father ; and they wcro not a little 
 disgusted when Edward, after marching 
 some short distance over the border, gave 
 up the enterprise, not from any conside- 
 rations of its injustice, hut In sheer In- 
 dolence, and returned into England and 
 disbanded tliat army upon the formation of 
 which his father had bestowed so much ex- 
 ertion and care. Hitherto the character of 
 this prince had been held In esteem by the 
 English people, who, with their accustomed 
 generosity, took the absence of any positive 
 vice as an Indication of virtue aud talent, 
 which only needed opportunity to mani- 
 fest themselves. But this llrst act of his 
 reign, while It disgusted the people In 
 general, at the same time convinced the 
 turbulent and bold nobles that they might 
 now with safety put forward even unjust 
 claims upon a king who bade fair to sacri- 
 fice all other considerations to a low and 
 contemptible love of his personal case. 
 The barons, who had not been wholly kept 
 from showing their pride even to the stern 
 and determined hand of Edward I., were 
 not likely to remain quiet under a weaker 
 rule; and the preposterous folly of the 
 new king was not long ere it furnished 
 them with suflScIeutly reasonable cause of 
 complaint. 
 
 The weak int(MIect of Edward II. caused 
 him to lean with a chiUl-liko dependency 
 upon favourites : but with this difference, 
 that the dependency which Is touching and 
 beautiful in a child, la contemptible in a 
 
 man, and must to the rough and warllko 
 barons have been especially (lisRustliiff ' 
 The first favourite upon whom Mdwara ht 
 stowed his unmeasured coufldenco and fa. 
 vour was Piers Gaveston, a Gascon, whose 
 father's knightly service in the wars of tiie 
 late king had introduced the son tn tlie 
 establishment of the present kln^ wlijio 
 princo of Wales. The elegant tliouf,'ii Irl- 
 volous accomplishments of which CJavcston 
 was master, and the pains wliicli lio took 
 to display and employ them In the aimisc- 
 mcHt of the weak-minded young iiriii™ 
 whom ho served, obtained for liavcston 
 even during the lifetime of Edward I., so 
 alarming an Influence ov^r the mind of tiio 
 heir-apparent, that the stern monarcli, whg 
 had little tasto for childish pursuits, bn. 
 nlshed Gaveston not only from the com't 
 but from the realm altogether, and uxacuj 
 the most positive promise from the iirinco 
 never on any account to recall him. 
 
 His own Interests and his promise tn liij 
 deceased father were utterly forgotten liy 
 young Edward in his anxiety .again tn ciijdy 
 the company of his accom;)li8hcd favourite 
 and having astounded his rugged haroiisiij 
 disbanding his army, ho complotcil tlipir 
 wondering Indignation by hastily peiuliiii; 
 for Gaveston. Before the favourite couij 
 even roach England, the young kiiif? con. 
 ferrcd npon him the rich earldom of Corn- 
 wall, which had lately escheated to t!ie 
 crown by the death of Edmond, son of tiie 
 king of the Ilomans. In thus bostowin? 
 upon an obscure favourite the rich posses. 
 slons and liege title that had so rercDtl; 
 sufficed a princo of the blood royal, EilwarJ 
 had only commenced his career of libera. 
 Ilty ; wealth and honours flowed in up in 
 the fortunate young man, whom Edwarilat 
 length allied to the throne itself by givin; 
 him for his wife his own niece, the sisiorl 
 of the earl of Gloucester. 
 
 The folly of the king was in nowise oi- 
 cused or kept in the bark ground hy ilio 
 favourite. Instead of endeavouring' to dij. 
 arm the anger and envy of the barons hi, 
 at least, an affectation of humility, (iavesttja! 
 received each new favour as HkiucIi It 
 were merely the guerdon and the duo of liijl 
 eminent merit; in equipage ho surpassed 
 the highest men In the realm, and he took 
 delight in showing the wisest and most 
 powerful men, that he, relying only iiinia 
 the king's personal favour, had in reality a 
 power and Influence superior to all Hut 
 could be won by wisdom in the council or 
 valour In the field. Witty, ho made tlia 
 nobles his butt in the court conversations; 
 accomplished, ho took every opportunity to| 
 mortify them by some dexterous nituiocuvre 
 in the tilt-yard or at the tourney; anil ih 
 Insolence of the favourite thus conipIcteJ 
 the hatred which the folly of the king haii 
 first aroused. 
 
 Soon after his accession to the throw 
 Edward had to visit Franc*, In order to da 
 homage to Philip for Guienne, and also tj 
 espouse that monarch's daughter IsalnilJ. 
 to whom he had a long time been betrotliedj 
 and on his departure he gave a new prnoj 
 of his Infatuated altccMon for Gaveston, li; 
 not only preferring him to all theKn^li: 
 
ensTanlr.— ^lantos^it'tff.— eirtoartr M* 
 
 201 
 
 igh and wavUko 
 ally ilisKustlug, 
 liom Eilwaril lie- 
 luttdenco iiiid fa- 
 a Gascon, whoso 
 1 tUo wars of the 
 
 tiio son to tlie 
 sent Ulnpt while 
 gmit IhouKh Irl- 
 ilwUltlUiaveston 
 IS ■wlilcli hu louij 
 cm In the iiiiuise- 
 cd yoiuif! prince 
 ed tor (.Javeston, 
 3 of Edward I., so 
 gr tho mind of tlio 
 ,crn monarch, wlig 
 idisU imrsuiis, l)a- 1 
 ly from the oiiit, 1 
 fctlicr.nndoxacii'il 
 sc trom the iiriuco 
 
 recall him. 
 
 Ills promise to Ills 
 tterly forgotten liy 
 jlety again to eiijuy 
 m^'lislicil favmiritf, 
 ilsrugRcdharoiisliy 
 HO completed tlioir 
 
 by liastily seiKliiii; 
 the favourite could 
 ho yoimg liinw con- 
 ch earldom of Corn- 
 y escheated to the 
 
 Edmond, son ot ilie 
 
 In thus hestowiii? 
 irlte tho rich posses- 
 that had so recently 
 3 blood royal, EdwurJ 
 hla career ot lUiera- 
 ours flowed In up.ii 
 lan, whom Edward at 
 'rono itself by giving 
 
 iwn niece, the sister 
 
 ier. 
 
 iig was In nowise ci- 
 hack ground liy tlio 
 ,eudcavourln«toili3- 
 livy of tho haronsliy.l 
 lofhumlllty.«!ivcst^iil 
 >avour as ilumi-'li iti 
 Bon and the due of liu 
 bulpago ho surpassed 
 Se realm, and lie took I 
 the wisest mid i"0''l 
 ie. relyiuK o»ly ,'!f ""1 
 Ivour. had In reality si 
 1 superior to all t nil 
 Liu m tho counci lorl 
 
 I Witty, ho 1"*'^'^ ''"I 
 I court conversations;! 
 ■ every opportmiitytoi 
 i dexterous maiKTuyr^ 
 Ithc tourney ; mw ™ 
 lurilo thus coniplotol 
 If oily of tUokiiigl"'l| 
 
 Lslon to the tlirone 
 Vranc«,lnor(lertodo 
 fGuicnue.andiil'Otj 
 W daughter IsaKlli 
 PtlmcheenhetrotlioJ 
 fhoBavcanewproo 
 ttlonforGavesoii.i 
 flm to all llie Ei''?"-* 
 
 nobles for tho honourable and important 
 nfflce of guardian of the realm, but also 
 siring h'."^ -bat capacity more than usu- 
 Sliyext'- ; •'owera. 
 
 When Euward brought his young queen 
 to EtiRl'""^ he Introduced Gavcston to her, 
 ond showed so anxious an Interest in tho 
 favourlto's welfare, tliat Isabella, wlio was 
 lioth shrewd in observation and imperious 
 In temper, instantly conceived a mortal 
 hatred for tho man who evidently possessed 
 go much power over a mind which sho 
 deemed that sho alono liad a right to be- 
 mille or to rule. Uaveaton, though too 
 Quick of perception to bo unaware of tlio 
 aueen's feeling, was not wise enough to 
 aim at conciliating her, but aggravated lier 
 already deadly enmity by affronts, which 
 were doubly injurious as being offered to a 
 nueen by tho mere creature and minion of 
 her husband ; a prosperous and inflated 
 adventurer, wliom a breath liad made and 
 whom a breath could just as easily destroy. 
 AD. 1308. — Enraged that such a i)erson 
 should both share her luisband's confidence 
 and openly deride or defy her own inlluence, 
 Isabella gave every encouragement to the 
 nobles whom she perceived to bo Inimical 
 ' to Gavcston ; and it was with her sanction, 
 '• \i not actually at her Puggostlon, that a 
 i confederacy was formed for the express 
 purpose of expelling the Insolent favourite 
 from the court. At tho head of this con- 
 federacy was tho king's own cousin, Tlio- 
 nw9, earl of Lancaster. First prince of the 
 blood, he was also possessed of both greater 
 wealth and greater power than any otlier 
 suliject In tho realm ; and it was proi)ably 
 le«s from any patriotic feeling than from 
 teiation, at seeing hla private Inlluence 
 iflth the king surpassed ))y that of an up- 
 start favourite, that he now so strenuously 
 opposed him. This powerful noble assem- 
 bled arround lilm all those barons who 
 Tcre inimical to Qaveston, ami they en- 
 tered Into an agreement, whldi they so- 
 llemnised by an oath, never to brealc up 
 their confederacy until Gavoston should bo 
 expelled the kingdom. From this under 
 current of opposition many open dlsturb- 
 icces arose in the kingdom, and there were 
 trident symptoms of a near approach to 
 ictual civil war. At length a parliament 
 |fj8 summoned to meet at Westmlnstor, 
 rlilch Lancaster and his associates attended 
 rith EO great a force, that they were able to 
 Jttate their own terms to tho king. Gave- 
 |toa was accordingly banished, being at 
 lie same time sworn never to return, and 
 le prelates threatening him with excom- 
 Bimication, should ho venture to do so. 
 lough Edward could not prevent this 
 Btence being passed upon his minion, ho 
 mtrived to deprive It of Its sting. Iii- 
 »ead of sending Gavcston home to his own 
 ountry, he conferred upon him the ofllco 
 I lord-ileutenant of Ireland, went with 
 Jm on his way thither as far as Bristol, 
 id made him a parting gift of aomo valu- 
 blelanda. - 
 
 During his residence In Ireland, Gavc- 
 
 m displayed both courage and conduct 
 
 putting down rebellion, and probaliiy 
 
 tar happier in hla new poat than wlillo 
 
 mingling in the inane gaieties of the Eng- 
 lish court. But Edward was absolutely 
 wretched at the loss of his favourite. Com- 
 parative peace was restored by that per- 
 son's absence, but peace itself to the weak 
 klngseemed valueless until Gaveston should 
 return to grace it. In order to pave the 
 way for the restoration for whiclj ho waa 
 80 anxious, the king endeavoured to gratify 
 tho most powerful of tho barons. Tho 
 office ot hereditary high steward was given 
 to Lancaster, and gifts and grants were 
 profusely lavished upon tho earls Warcnno 
 and Lincoln. When by those means Ed- 
 ward had, as he thought, siilll<lently moiii- 
 fled Gaveston'8 enemies, he applied to the 
 pope for a di.spensation for tlio favourite, 
 recalled him from Ireland, and hastened to 
 Cheater to meet him at his landing. Aa 
 the absence of Gaveston had in a great 
 measure caused his insolence to bo for- 
 gotten, tho barons, willing to oblige tlio 
 klng», consented to tho favourlto's reesta- 
 blishment at court. 
 
 Had Gaveston been taught by thn past 
 to enjoy his good fortune unol)trusiv('ly 
 and Inoirenslveiy, all might now have bccii 
 well with him. But tho doting folly of liis 
 master was fully equalled by his own in- 
 curable Insolence and presumption, and ho 
 had not long been restored to his former 
 station, ero his misconduct aroused ilio 
 barons to even more than theirformcr hato 
 and Indignation. 
 
 At first they silently Indicated their an- 
 ger by refraining from their attendance in 
 parliament; but perceiving that no altera- 
 tion was made in the pri>fustoii of tlio king 
 or in tho insolence of Gaveston, tliey at- 
 tended parliament, indeed, but did so, in 
 contempt of an especial law to tho con- 
 trary, with a force powerful enough to 
 enable them once more to dictate to tho 
 king, to whom, in tho form ot a petition, 
 they presented their demand that ho should 
 delegate his authority to certain barona 
 and prelates, who, until the following Mi- 
 chaelmas, siiould have power to regulate 
 both the kingdom and the king's house- 
 hold ; that the regulations thus made should 
 become perpetual law ; and that the barons 
 and prelates in question should further bo 
 empowered to form associations for secur- 
 ing tho observance of those regulations. 
 In brief terms, thla petition did really 
 create an iviperium in imperio ; and tlie de- 
 gradation of the royal authority was not 
 a jot tho less complete because the iietl- 
 tloncrs professed to receive the vast powers 
 they demanded solely from the free grace 
 of the king, and promised that this con- 
 cession should not bo drawn into a prece- 
 dent, and that the powers demanded should 
 determine at the appointed time. 
 
 A.D. 1311.— Many of tho regulations made 
 under the extraordinary powers thus usur- 
 ped by tho barona deserve all praise, inas- 
 much as they tended to provide for the se- 
 curity of the people at largo and the regii- 
 laradinlnlstratlon of justice. But tho main 
 object of the barona waa to rid themselves 
 of Gavcston, who waa accordingly again 
 banished, and It was at tho same time or- 
 dained that should he ever again return he 
 
 
202 
 
 C^e Eteaimu af WiOovHt ^t. 
 
 Bliould be considered and treated as a pul)- 
 11c enemy. 
 
 To all other alterationa Edward was ut- 
 terly Indifferent ; but the baulshment of 
 Gaveston filled lilm with rago and grief. 
 He therefore retired to York, and, gathering 
 forces about hlui, openly invited Gaveston 
 back from Flanders, while he declared that 
 ho had been tyrannously and Illegally ba- 
 nished, and reestablished him in all his 
 former pomp and power. The Insolent and 
 haughty nature of Gaveston was now so 
 well known to the barons, that they felt 
 they must either wholly crush him or pre- 
 pare to bo crushed by him ; Lancaster 
 accordingly summoned around him a for- 
 midable confederacy, at the head of which 
 were Guy, earl of Warwick, Uohun, earl of 
 Hereford, and Aymcr do Valence, carl of 
 Pemljroko. Robert do Winchelsea, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, brought the whole of 
 the clergy to the aid of thU mighty con- 
 federacy ; and so general was the disgust 
 caused by the king's absurd and ruinous 
 folly, that earl Warenne, so long faithful, 
 now openly declared against hii'i. 
 
 Lancaster led the army of the confederacy 
 to York, but the king escaped thcnco to 
 Telgnmouth, whence he embarked for Scar- 
 borough castle. Here ho left the favourite, 
 while he himself returned to York, to en- 
 deavour to raise an army sulllciently nu- 
 merous to admit of his meeting the barons 
 in the neld. 
 
 In tho meantime Gaveston was far loss 
 secure than Edward had stipposed. Tlio 
 castle of Scarborough was very strong, but 
 it was insufficiently garrisoned, and still 
 more InsuIHciently jtrovlsioned ; and, Pem- 
 broke being sent to besiege it, Gaveston 
 found himself compelled to capitulate. Ho 
 did so on condition that ho should remain 
 in the custody of Pembroke during two 
 months, which time should be employed in 
 endeavours to bring about an accommoda- 
 tion between tho king and the barons ; 
 that should such endeavours fall, the castle 
 should be restored unimpaired to Gave- 
 ston ; and that Henry Plcrcy and tho carl 
 of Pembroke should with all their lands 
 guarantee the due performance of these 
 articles. 
 
 On tho surrender of Gaveston, the earl 
 of Pembroke treated his prisoner with all 
 clviiiry, and conducted him to Dedlngtcm 
 castle, near Banbury, where, on pretext of 
 business, he left him with only a very weak 
 guard. Scarcely had Pembroke departed, 
 when Guy, earl of Warwick, who had from 
 tlic first exhibited a most furious zeal 
 against Gaveston, attacked the castle, 
 which was readily surrendered to him by 
 the feeblo and probably tutored garrison. 
 Gaveston was now hurried away to Warwick 
 castle, where Warwick, Hereford, Arundel, 
 and Lancaster, after a very summary cere- 
 mony, ordered him to be beheaded. In con- 
 tempt alike of tho terms granted to him by 
 Pembroke, and of the general laws of tho 
 land. 
 
 When Edward first heard of the death of 
 his favourite, his rage seemed unappeasable 
 and his grief Inconsolable. But he was too 
 weali-minded to bo dangerous; and even 
 
 while he was threatening tho utter ojter- 
 mination of the barons, they reconciled 
 themselves to him by tho politic and cmptv 
 form of feigning to regret tho deed tliat 
 was irrevocable, and proffering to ask upon 
 their knees pardon for tho offence, 'fho 
 quarrel between the king and the b.irons 
 was, for the present at least, patched un' 
 and the people hoped from this reunion nf 
 sucli powerful interests some signal xUuV. 
 cation of the national honour, especiiiliy ^ 
 regarded Scotland, where Bruco hiul for 
 some time been both bravely and i;uecc<s. 
 fully exerting himself. Of tho hill country 
 ho had made himself entirely master, nnj 
 thence he had carried destruction upontiio 
 Cummins in the north lowlai'ds. Seccjnilcd 
 by his brother Edward Bruco, and Ijy the 
 renowned sir James Douglas, Robert waa 
 continually achieving some new coniiucst' 
 and the munlflconce with which hebestowcd 
 upon the nobility the spoils he took, grcMly 
 tended to secure him that confldeiico, for 
 want of which alone tho murdered Wallace 
 had failed In hia patriotic efforts. With 
 the exception of a few fortresses he hail 
 subdued tho whole kingdom ; and Edwanl 
 by tho distractions of England, had liein 
 forced to consent to a truce, wlilcli Bruce 
 wisely employed In consolidating his pwer 
 and in employing it to the reformatio:! dj 
 tho numerous abuses which war and li. i 
 cense had necessarily introduced. 
 
 A.D. 1314.— The truce, ill-observed from 
 the beginning, at length camo to an end 
 and Edward now assembled a' vast army 
 with the design of at once crnshing Briicti 
 and finally subduing that kingdom which 
 had given so much trouble to hia politic 
 and warlike father. Besides asiieniljiiiij; 
 all the military force of England, lie callej 
 over some of his powerful vassals of Ga;. 
 cony, and to the mighty army thus forraej 
 he added a huge disorderly force of Irish aiiJj 
 Welsh, eager for plunder and jipciiliarly 
 well fitted for tho irregular warfare of a' 
 mountain land. With tliia varioufl force, 
 amounting to at least a hundred tliousaiii 
 men, he marched Into Scotland. 
 
 Itobert Bruco, with an army of only thirt 
 thousand men, awaited the approach of hi 
 enemies at Bannockburn, near Stirlim 
 On his right flank rose a hill, on lils lei 
 stretched a morass, and In his fmiit was 
 rivulet, along the bank of which lie caiiji 
 sharpened stakes to be set in pita whii 
 were then lightly covered with turfs. 
 
 Towards evening tho English aprcari 
 In sight, and their advanced (,'uard 
 cavalry was fiercely charged by a Biinili 
 body of Scots led by Bruco in person, Ti 
 fight was short but sanglnary, and tl 
 English were put to flight upon tlielrmi 
 body; one of their bravest gentlem 
 Henry do Bohun, being cleft to the ci 
 by tho battle-axo of Bruco. 
 
 The combat proceeded no further t! 
 night, but very early on the followi 
 morning tho English army was led ou 
 Edward. The left wing of the cavalry v 
 intrusted to the command of the earl 
 Gloucester, Edward's nephew, wlioscyoi 
 ful ardour led to a terrible calaniitj. 
 daining all caution, lie led ou his fore* 
 
euflTanlr.— pantaflcnett.— etitoart M. 
 
 203 
 
 ) uttcvcitcr- 
 
 ey renoncUed 
 tic and empty 
 Wxo deed that 
 ig to ask \ipon 
 ofEcncc. 'Iho 
 nd the liarous 
 t, patched up; 
 ,Ul8 vcimion nf 
 le BiRiialvlmV. 
 ir, csiieci'.illy as 
 Bruco had lur 
 ly and success- 
 tho hlU country 
 ely master, mid 
 •uctlon upontlw 
 ai'dB. Secdwlcil 
 uce, and by the 
 (las, llohcvt WM 
 c new cmi'iucst; 
 •hlcUlicheatuwed 
 she took, grcat\y 
 vt confldeiice, lot 
 uurdered^VaUace 
 tic efforts, wm 
 fortresses he li;ul 
 loin; aiidEihw<l, 
 .'iiKland, had beon 
 ruce. -which Bruw 
 ,)idatinKhisp;wev 
 the reforiuaticmol 
 vhicli war aud !;• 
 itroduccd. 
 
 lU-oljaervcd Irom 
 th camo to an cnil, 
 mhleda'yastaray 
 
 Ct kinRdom winch 
 
 inoaldes asi'cmblras 
 Lf England, he calUi 
 orlul vassals ottov 
 ty army thus lonm, 
 'CTlylorceolInsluni 
 fnder and rocuUarly! 
 Tgular warfare ot a 
 thla various force, 
 a hundred thousand 
 
 ,fnarmyofoulytUrt, 
 
 'burn, near Stulm 
 ,9cahUl, onhHW 
 
 ndlnlilsfr"»t^^»» 
 Ucof which he cam. 
 
 !^o setinritf^^l"' 
 pred with turfs, 
 •"o English aprcar( 
 advanced t-'uard 
 chai-gedhyaBUu;^ 
 ^ruco m Person. Tl 
 
 BanBlt»ary,JJ»iJ 
 iiuht upon their m. 
 
 fttll charge, and rider and horso were' 
 ■needily plunging among tho staked pits 
 vJhlch Bruce had prei>ared for just such an 
 emergency. Tho young carl himself was 
 Blsln at tho very outset, tho greater num- 
 lier of his men were utterly disordered and 
 iiclpless, and before they could recover 
 and form In lino of battle, tliey were so 
 llercely ch rged by tho Scottish cavalry, 
 uiidcr sir James Douglas, that they were 
 fairly driven oft tho field. As the hopes of 
 Edward and tho anxiety of Uruco had 
 chleliy referred to tho Kngllsh superiority 
 lu cavalry, this event had a proportionate 
 eflecc upon the spirits of both armies; 
 and the alarm of tho Englisli was now 
 changed into a perfect panic by the success 
 of ttio following simple stratagem. Just as 
 tho Kngllsh cavalry wore in full retreat 
 from tho fleld, tho heights on the left were 
 thronged with what seemed to bo a second 
 Scotch array, but wliat really was a mere 
 mob of peasants whom Bruco had caused 
 to appear there with music playing and 
 banners flying. At sight of this new cne- 
 iiij--as this mere rabble was deemed— tlio 
 EncUsli on tho instant lost all heart, throw 
 down their arms, .ind betook themselves 
 from tho Held in tiic utmost disorder. Tho 
 Scots pursued tlieiii, and the road all tho 
 i iray to Berwick, upwards of ninety miles, 
 j ns covered witli tho dead and dying. Be- 
 sides au immense booty wliich was taken 
 on the field and during tho pursuit, tho 
 victors were enriched with tlio ransoms of 
 I upwards of four hundred gentlemen of note, 
 who were taken, in addition to a perfect 
 host of meaner prisoners, to all of whom 
 Bruco heliaved witli tho humanity and 
 courtesy of a triio hero. 
 Determined to follow up his success, 
 Robert Bruce, as soon as he could recall 
 bis troops from tho pursuit and slaughter, 
 led them over the border and plundered the 
 norili of England with(mt opposition ; and 
 gtlU further to annoy tho English govcru- 
 neut, he sent his brother Edward to Ire- 
 land with four thousand troops. 
 Lancaster and tho other malcontent ba- 
 rons who had declined to accompany Ed- 
 ward upon his Scottish expedition, no 
 Koncr beheld him return beaten and de- 
 jected, than tliey took advantage of lils 
 iliuation to renew their old demand for the 
 establlsliment of their ordinances. The 
 in? was in no situation to resist such for- 
 midable domestic enemies ; a perfectly new 
 .Binistry was formed with Lancaster at its 
 Ihexl, and great preparations were made to 
 iresiit the threatened hostilities of tho now 
 cnce luoro independent Scotland. But 
 |tli"iifth Lancaster showed much apparent 
 !al against tho Scots, and was actually at 
 le head of tho army destined to oppose 
 loin, It was strongly suspected that lie was 
 cretly favourable to them, and actually 
 leM a secret correspondence with Bnu-e, 
 dging that while the kingdom was thus 
 ireatened from without he could the more 
 iily govern tlio king. 
 
 In tho meantime Edward, utterly Inca- 
 ile of self-reliance, had selected a suc- 
 sor to Gaveston in the splendid but 
 igerous honour of his favour and confi- 
 
 dence. This person was Ilngli le Despenscr, 
 more commonly called .Spenser, who to all 
 the elegant accomplishments and perso- 
 nal graces of Gaveston, added no small por- 
 tion of the presumption and insolence 
 which had consigned that adventurer to 
 an untimely grave. The elder Spenser was 
 also very high In the king's favour, and as 
 he possessed great moderation as well ns 
 great experience and ability, he might pro- 
 bably have saved both Ills son and the king 
 from many misfortunes, had they not been 
 self -doomed beyond tho reach of advice or 
 warning. 
 
 A.D. 1321.— Any favourite of tho king 
 would, ipso facto, liavo been disliked by 
 tho barons; but the insolence of young 
 Spenser speedily made him the object of as 
 deadly a hate as that which had ruined 
 Gaveston. 
 
 To insolence Spenser added cupidity. Ho 
 had married a niece of -the king, who was 
 also a coheiress of the young carl of Glou- 
 cester who fell at Bannockburu, and had 
 thus acquired considerable properly on tho 
 Welsh borders, whidi he was so anxious to 
 extend that he became involved In liot dis- 
 pute with two neighbouring barons, Aubrey 
 and Ammori, towards whom conmion re- 
 port made him guilty of great dishonesty 
 and oppression. 
 
 In the same neighbourhood he got into a 
 still more serious dispute respecting tho 
 barony of Gower. This barony came, by 
 inheritance, into the possession of John do 
 Mowbray, who imprudently entered upon 
 possession without complying with tho 
 feudal duty of taking seizin and livery from 
 the crown. Spenser, !)cing very desirous to 
 possess this property, persuaded tho king 
 to take advantage of Be Mowbray's merely 
 technical laches, declare the barony es- 
 cheated, and then bestow It upon him. 
 This was done, nud the flagrant injustice of 
 the case excltca such general and lively in- 
 dignation, that the chief nobility, including 
 the earls of Lancaster and Hereford, Aud- 
 ley, Ammori, Roger do Mortimer, Roger do 
 Clilford, and other barons, flow to arms 
 and declared open war both against tho 
 favourite and the king himself. 
 
 As the barons had long been nursing a 
 BuUen and deep discontent, tliey had already 
 made preparations ; they, accordingly, ap- 
 peared at the head of a powerful force, and 
 sent a message to Edward, demanding tho 
 Instant dismissal of Spenser, and threat-ju- 
 Ing, should that be refused, to tako his pu- 
 nishment into their own hands. Botli tlio 
 Spensers were absent on tho king's busi- 
 ness, and Edward replied to the message of 
 his barons, that ho could not, without 
 gross and manifest breach of lils corona- 
 tion oath, condemn tho absent, against 
 wliom, moreover, there was no foxnial 
 charge inade. 
 
 The barons probably expected some such 
 answer ; and they scarcely waited to receivo 
 it ero they marched their forces, devastated 
 and plundered the estates of both tho 
 Spensers, and then proceeded to LondT)n 
 and tendered to tho parliament, which was 
 then sitting, a complicated charge against 
 botli father and son. Tho parliament, 
 
 i! ~ nil 
 
 ji I 
 
 If' I 
 
204 
 
 Cl^c ^Ktaiiiv^ at WitovUt ^r. 
 
 without obtaining or demaudlng a single 
 ono of the many articles of this clinrge, 
 Bontenccd both the Spensers to couflsca- 
 tlon of goods and to perpetual exile. 
 
 This done, they went through the mock- 
 ery of soliciting and obtaining from the 
 king an Indemnity for their proceedings, 
 which they thus plainly confessed to liave 
 been deliberately Illegal, and then dis- 
 banded their troops and retired. In haughty 
 confidence of security from any attempt at 
 vengeanco on the part of the weak king, 
 each to his own estate. 
 
 So weak and indolent was tho nature of 
 Edward, that it is probable that ho would 
 have left tho barons to tho undisturbed en- 
 joyment of their triumph, but for an insult 
 which had been offered to his fjucen. Her 
 majesty being belated In the neighbourhood 
 of Leeds castle, wasdeniedanlglit'sshelter 
 there by tho lord Badlesmere, to whom It 
 belonged, and on her attendants remou- 
 Btratlng, a fray arose, in which several of 
 them were wounded and two or tliree 
 killed. 
 
 In addition to tlie fact that the refusal of 
 a night's lodging was churlish, and In tho 
 case of a lady doubly so, the queen had 
 ever conducted herself so as to win the re- 
 spect of the baronage, especially in her 
 sympathy with their hatred of both Gave- 
 ston and tho younger Spenser ; and every 
 one, therefore, agreed in blaming tho un- 
 civil conduct of the lord Badlesmere. Tak- 
 ing advantage of this temper, which pro- 
 mised him an easy victory, Edward as- 
 sembled an army and took veuge.anco on 
 Badlesmere, without any one interfering to 
 save tho offender. 
 
 Thus far successful, the king now com- 
 municated with his friends in all parts of 
 the country, and instead of disbanding his 
 force on the accomplishment of the object 
 for which alone he had ostensibly assem- 
 bled it, he issued a manifesto recalling the 
 two Spensers, and declaring their sen- 
 tence unjust and contrary to the laws of 
 tho land. 
 
 A.D. 1322.— This open declaration he in- 
 stantly followed up by marching hi? troops 
 to the Welsh marches, where the posses- 
 sions of bis most considerable enemies 
 were situated. As his approach was sud- 
 den and unexpected, he met with no resist- 
 ance ; and several of the barons were seiz- 
 ed and their castles taken possession of by 
 the king. But Lancaster, the very life and 
 Boul of the king's opponents, was still at 
 liberty ; and, assembling an army, he threw 
 off the mask ho had so long worn, and 
 avowed his long-suspected connection with 
 Scotland. Being joined by the earl of Here- 
 ford, and having the promise of a rein- 
 forcement from Scotland under the com- 
 mand of sir James Douglas and the earl of 
 Murray, Lancaster marched against the 
 king, who had so well employed his time 
 that he was now at tho head of an army of 
 thirty thousand men. Tho hostile forces 
 met at Burton on tho Trent ; and Lancaster, 
 who had no great military genius, and who 
 was even suspected of being but indiffer- 
 ently endowed witli personnl courage, fall- 
 ing in his attempts at defending the pas- 
 
 sages of the river, retreated northward in 
 the hope of being joined and supported'by 
 the promised reinforcements from Scot- 
 land. Though hotly pursued by tlio royal 
 forces, ho retreated In safety and In perfect 
 order as far as Boroughbrldgc, where he 
 found his fartlier progress opposed liy •> 
 division of tho royal army, under sir au- 
 drew Harclay. Lancaster attempt lU to 
 cut his way through this force, but was so 
 stoutly opposed that his troops wore tlinnvn 
 into tho utmost disorder ; tho earl of Heio. 
 ford was slain, and Lancaster himself w.n 
 taken prisoner and dragged to the presence 
 of his offended sovereign. Tho werik- 
 minded are usually vindictive ; and even 
 had Edward not been so, tho temper if tii,. 
 times would have made It unlikely tliat a 
 king 80 offended should show any ineicy 
 But there was a petty malignity in j.;,;! 
 ward's treatment of Lancaster liigliiy di^. 
 graceful to his own character. Tlie re- 
 cently powerful noble was mounted niuni a 
 sorry hack, without saddle or bridle, hij 
 he.ad was covered with a bond, and In this 
 plight he was carried to his owncastlouf 
 Pontefract and there beheaded. 
 
 Badlesmere and upwards of twen'y mnre 
 of tho leaders of this revolt were legally 
 tried and executed ; a great number were 
 condemned to the mI»\or penalties of for- 
 feiture and imprisonment; andastlU groat. 
 er number were fortunate enough to make 
 their escape beyond seas. Sir Andrew liar- 
 clay, to whom the king's success was main- 
 ly owing, was raised to the earldom of Car- 
 lisle, and received a goodly share of the 
 numerous forfeited estates which the kiiii; 
 had to distribute among hisfrlcnds. If iliis 
 distribution had been made with anytliine 
 like judgement, it would have afforded the 
 king a splendid opportunity of iiiereasliij; 
 the number of his friends aiul of c(ulckciiiiiK '■■ 
 and confirming their zeal. But the king aiij 
 his favourite were untaught by the jia-t; 
 and to the younger Spenser fell the lUnis 
 share of these rich forfeitures ; a partiality 
 which naturally disgusted the true friendj 
 of the crown. 
 
 To the enemies whom Spenser's cupidity 
 thus mado even among his own party, dtlior 
 and scarcely less formidable enemlcd were 
 added In the persons of the relations of tlie 
 attainted o\vners of the property he tlnij 
 grasped at ; and his Insjlencc of denicaii- 
 our, which fully kept pace with his In- 
 crease in wealth, formed a widely-siiroad, 
 though as yet concealed, party that was 
 passionately and determinedly bent upon 
 his destruction. 
 
 A fruitless attempt which Edward now 
 made to recover his lost power In Scotland 
 convinced even him that. In the existing 
 temper of his people, success In that .iiiarierl 
 would be unattainable ; and after maliingl 
 au inglorious retreat, he signed a truce ioi 
 thirteen years. 
 
 A.n. 1.324.— If this truce was scasonabli 
 to king llobert Bruce— for king he was, 
 though not forniPlly acknowledged as m:\ 
 by England — it was no less so to Kdward 
 for, in addition to the discontent tliateij 
 Isted among his own subjects, he was jui 
 now engaged in a dispute of no small In 
 
northward, In 
 I supported by 
 M from Scot- 
 1 by tlio royal ^ 
 andlnperfi'ct 
 Igc, where lie 
 opposed liy a 
 
 under »\r An- 
 
 attcmpti'd Id 
 rcc, but WHS so 
 ipawcretliriiwu 
 lio earl i)t lU'vc- 
 tor himself was 
 itothcprescme j 
 n. Tlio weak- 1 
 stive ; and even i 
 10 temper ot ilio 
 
 unlikely tliat a 
 Bliow any iiievcy, 
 lallanlty in U- 
 aster liiglily ills- 
 barter. The re- 
 1 mounted uv'im a 
 il'.e or l)rldU',liij 
 hood, and ill tliis 
 Uls own casllcul 
 cadcd. i 
 
 is of twenty mote j 
 Bvolt were legally ; 
 'eat number were 
 r penalties ot for- 
 ,t; and a still groat. 
 to enough to make 
 } sir Andrew liar- 
 J success was main- 
 the earldom of Tar- 
 oodlv share of the 
 itcs which the kiiiq 
 thlsfrlcnds. IfUns 
 bade with anytluiiK 
 d have aftoraed tlic 
 unity of incroasiug 
 andof (lulckcniiitji 
 „, But the king OTtl; 
 
 aught by the m} \ 
 
 i>nser fell the ioii 1 
 
 •Iturcs; apavtWity; 
 
 ted the true f riciuli i 
 
 1 Spenser's rurWity I 
 Ws own party, "tlier 
 Idable enemies were 
 'the relations of lie I 
 ,e property hctlma 
 isjlence of deiucan- 
 " pace with Ins "• 
 ed a widely-si'icaJ.l 
 Lied, party that wjI 
 rmlncdly bent ui>oal 
 
 ■which Edward iioffl 
 9t power in Scotlandl 
 that, m the existingl 
 
 3 ; and after maMigJ 
 he signed a truce forj 
 
 rucc was scasonaWJ 
 ^i.for king hcwas^ 
 .cktiowledgedi^fUiX 
 10 less so to W^l 
 
 To discontent ^»^\fl 
 rpubierts.hewas]u* 
 
 Ipute ol no small lin 
 
 <!?nfilantr.— )9Iantn0(nettf. — eUfnarlr SS. 
 
 206 
 
 rortance wltli the king of France. Charles 
 the Fair found or feigned some reason to 
 complain of the conduct of Edward's mi- 
 nisters in tiulenne, and showed a determi- 
 nation to avenge himself by the conflscntion 
 of all Edward's foreign territory ; and an 
 embassy sent by Edward, with his brother 
 tlio earl of Kent at Its licad, had failed to 
 pacify the king of France. 
 
 Edward's queen, I»al)eila,had long learn- 
 ed to hold Iilm in utter contempt ; but on 
 tlio present occasion slio seemed to syin- 
 natlilso witli his vexation and perplexity, 
 anil offered to go personally to tlie court of 
 Franco and endeavour to arrange all mat- 
 ters In dispute. 
 
 Ill this voluntary ofTIco of mediation 
 Isabella made some progress ; but when all 
 tliciiiaiu points in dispute were disposed 
 of, Charles, quite In accordance with feudal 
 law, demanded tiiat Edward in person 
 glidiild appear in I'arla anO do liomago for 
 Ills Krencli possessions. Had he alone been 
 concerned, this reciulsltlon could not have 
 caused hini an hour's delay or a minute's 
 perplexity ; not so, bound up as his inter- 
 ests were with tlioso of Spenser. Tliat in- 
 Bolent minion well knew that ho had given 
 tlio deepest offence to the prido of Isabel- 
 a; lie well knew her to bo both bold and 
 malignant, and ho feared that if ho ven- 
 tured to attend the king to Paris, Isabella 
 would exert her power tliero tohisdestruc- 
 tidu; while, on the other hand, should ho 
 remain behind he would be scarcely able to 
 defend lilmself in the king's absence, while 
 liis Inlluenci' over that weak prince would 
 most probably be won away by some new 
 favourite. Isabella, who probably pene- 
 trated the cause that delayed her hus- 
 band's journey, now proposed that, instead 
 of Edward proceeding to France in person, 
 lie should send his son young Edward, at 
 that time thirteen years ot age, to do ho- 
 mage for Guiennc, and resign that domi- 
 nion to him. Doth Spenser and tiio king 
 gladly embraced tills expedient ; the young 
 frinco was sent over to Prance ; and Isa- 
 liolla, having now obtained tlie custody of 
 the lieir to tho crown, threw aside all dls- 
 giiisc, declaring her detestation of Spenser 
 and her determination to have him banish- 
 ed from the presence and Influence ho had 
 so perniciously abused ; a declaration which 
 iiiado Isabella very popular in England, 
 ivlicrc tho hatred to Spenser grew deeper 
 and more virulent every day. A great num- 
 ler of tho adherents of the unfortunate 
 Lancaster, whc had escaped from England 
 iihcii their leader was defeated and put to 
 death, Avere at this tlmo in France; and 
 as they, equally with the queen, detested 
 Spenser, their services were naturally ten- 
 dered to her. Foremost among them was 
 lioger Mortimer. This young man had been 
 a powerful and wealthy baron in tho Welsh 
 marches, but having been condemned for 
 II liigh treason, his life was spared on condi- 
 tion of bis remaining a prisoner for life in 
 the Tower of London. Aided by friends, he 
 tad been fortunate enough to escape to 
 France, and having in tho first instance 
 been Introduced to Isabella only In tho 
 tharactcr of a political partisan, his hand- 
 
 some person, accomplishments, and wit 
 speedily obtained hint a inoro tender and 
 nioro criminal favour. Having thus fallen 
 away from her duty to her husband, she 
 was easily induced to include him in tho 
 enmity she had hitherto professed to con- 
 fine to his minion. As Isabella henceforth 
 lived In tho most unconcealed intimacy 
 with Mortimer, and as their mutual cor- 
 respondence with tho most disaffected 
 barons in England was made known to tho 
 king, ho became alarmed, and sent a pe- 
 remptory message requiring her not only 
 to return to England, but also to bring the 
 young prince homo Avith her. To this 
 niessago Isabella aa peremptorily replied, 
 that neither she nor her son would over 
 again set foot In England until Spenser 
 should be definitively removed. 
 
 Edward's situation was now truly terri- 
 ble. At home, secret conspiracies were 
 formed against hitn ; abroad, a force was 
 rapidly preparing to Invade him ; tho mi- 
 nion for whom he had encountered so maiiy 
 eninltlea could do but little to aid him ; 
 and ills own wifo and child, those near 
 and precious connections upon which he 
 ought to have been able to rely in tho 
 worst of circumstances, wero at the very 
 head of the array that tlireatened his 
 crown, if not his person. Tho king of 
 Fratico entered warmly into tho cause of 
 the queen ; and Edward's own brother, tho 
 eorl of Kent, being Induced to believe 
 that tho sole Intention of Isabella was to 
 procure the banishment of Spenser, joined 
 the queen, as did the earls of Leicester and 
 Norfolk. Nor was the enmity of the cle- 
 rical order wanting to the formidable array 
 against Edward. 
 
 A.D. lazc— With all these elements pre- 
 pared for the destruction of tho unhappy 
 Edward, it was clear that nothing was 
 wanted towards tho commencement of a 
 civil war but tho appearance of the queen 
 at tho head of an Invading force. This ap- 
 pearance Isabellawas very willing to make; 
 but some delay was caused by the decent 
 unwillingness of the king of France to havo 
 an expedition, headed ))y the wife and son, 
 sail from any of his ports against tho hus- 
 band and father. Determined In her pur- 
 pose, Isabella removed this obstacle to Ita 
 accomplishment, by betrothing young Ed- 
 ward to PhiUppa, daughter of tho count 
 of Holland and Halnault. Having thus 
 allied herself with this prince, Isabella was 
 speedily enabled to collect a force of up- 
 wards of three thousand men ; and with 
 this force she sailed from Dort, and landed 
 safely and unopposed upon the coast of Suf- 
 folk, Hero she was joined by tho carls of 
 Norfolk and Leicester, and the bishops of 
 Ely, Hereford, and Lincoln, who brouglit 
 to her aid all their vassals : and Robert do 
 Wati eviUe, who was sent down to Suffolk 
 at the head of a force to oppose her, actu- 
 ally deserted to her with the whole of his 
 troops. As she progressed her forces wero 
 still more Increased. Tbemen of substance 
 thought that they ran no risk in elding 
 with tho heir to the crown, while the com- 
 mon sort wero allured by the general pro- 
 fessions of justice and lovo of liberty, of 
 
 
 ^tf' 
 
 '•■■Ki 
 
206 
 
 C^e ^vtninvti of WitavHt ^(. 
 
 which Isabella took caro to bo abundniitly 
 liberal In her proclaiuntlons. 
 
 On licarlng that hia nuccn hail landed 
 aud was advancing ngaiuBt hini In force, 
 Edward's llrst endonvourwas to raise the 
 Luudoncrs in his defcnoo ; rightly judging 
 that If liu could do that, he would still have 
 a chanco of obtaining reasonable terms. 
 IJut his attempt mot with no success ; his 
 entreaties and menaces alike wcro listened 
 to In a sullen sUcnc and ho departed to 
 niako a similar attem ^ in the west. 
 
 The king's departure was the signal for 
 a general Insurrection iu London. Wealth, 
 it may bo easily sunrosod, was the chief 
 crime ogalnst which tho Insurgent popu- 
 l.aco levelled its rage ; tlie next heinous 
 crime was that of being passively loyal to 
 Hie fugitive monarch, Ilobbcry aid mur- 
 der wcro committed wholesale and In tho 
 broad light of day : and among tho victims 
 was tUo bishop of Kxetcr. This prelate, 
 who was as remarkable for kindly disposi- 
 tion as for talent and loyalty, was seized as 
 he passed along tho street, beheaded, and 
 his body thrown into tho Thames, The 
 rioters, or rather the rebels, now by a stra- 
 tagem obtained possession of the Tower, 
 .ind then entered into a formal association 
 and covenant, by which they bound them- 
 selves to put to death all who should daro 
 to oppose tho designs and desires of tho 
 queen. 
 
 The advance guard of tho treacherous 
 aud \indictlvo I.sabclia passed through 
 Loudon In pursuit of the king, and ccni- 
 slsted of a body of mixed English and Hol- 
 laiiilers, tho latter commanded by John do 
 H:,luaalt, .and tho former by tho king's 
 own brother tho earl of Kent. Arrived at 
 Bristol, tho unfortunate king was utterly 
 disappointed of tho aid and support ho ex- 
 pected to llnd there ; and Ills furious pur- 
 suers being but a short distonce in his rear, 
 he hastily departed for Wales, leaving the 
 elder Spenser, who had been somo time 
 before created carl of Winchester, to de- 
 fend UrLstol castle, of which he was go- 
 vernor. Tho faithless garrison mutinied 
 against the earl, who was then nearly ninety 
 years of age, and delivered him into the 
 hands of tho auecn's partisans, by whom, 
 without even tho mockery of a trial, he 
 was hanged. Nor did tho brutality of his 
 enemies end even here ; be was scarcely 
 dead ere ho was taken from the gibbet, and 
 his body cut up aud thro\vn to tho dogs ; 
 his head being stuck upon a polo and ex- 
 hibited to tho populace. 
 
 After equally Ineffectual attempts to es- 
 cape and to raise sulllcicnt force for lils 
 defence In Held or fortress, the unfortunate 
 king was discovered iimong the mountains 
 of Wales, aud Imprisoned In Kenllworth 
 castle, in the custody of tho carl of Leices- 
 ter. The younger Spenser about tho same 
 time was taken, and ho speedily met with 
 the fearful fato of his father ; a fate which, 
 even in tho caso of this arrogaut minion, 
 whatever his faults or crimes, was illegal 
 and brutally Inflicted. The earl of Arundel 
 was also put to death by tho dominant 
 party, though the utmost malice could al- 
 lege nothing against blm, eare tbat be 
 
 had maintained his loyalty uusliakcii and 
 uncorrupted, 
 
 Ualdock, the choiiccllor, who, as bpino 
 the most active as well as the ablest (it th" 
 king's advisers, was especially hated by tlio 
 populace, and who, moreover, was dotcstoil 
 by Isabella, could not so eafely bo pm to 
 death by tho direct tyranny of tho barons ■ 
 for, lie being a priest, his death would liavii 
 been olfensivo to Home. Uut the linroiiH 
 well knowing the power and tamper cir iiio 
 London mob, sent tho unhappy man to ti,u 
 bis'.iop of Hereford's palace in London. Ah 
 had been foreseen, Ills slender guanlwnii 
 overpowered, and, after ho had been brti 
 tally maltreated by the mob, ho was thrown 
 into Newgate, wliero he shortly aftcrwarila 
 died of his wounds or of poison. 
 
 A.D. 13S7.— Having, by this long scries oj 
 illegal and cruel deeds, given obundant In- 
 timation of tho fato that would await tlni.so 
 who should daro to oppose her mcnsnrcs 
 Isabella now summoned a parliament to 
 meet her at Westminster, and a lonffniid 
 formal charge was presented toltnwilnst 
 tho king. Though tho charge was lahonrcil 
 with tho utmost Ingenuity, and obvii)u><iy 
 inspired by tlio utmost malignity. It did 
 not, from beginning to end, contain a 
 single accusation upon which tho meanest 
 of his subjects could justly have been |,ii- 
 nished, however slightly, either in purse or 
 person. Tlio worst that was alleged nKalnst 
 hlin was a most pitiable want of talent; 
 unless, Indeed, wo may condescend to ni> 
 tico that most strango charge against j 
 sovereign, that ho had Imprisoned sundry 
 barons and prelates who liad been cun 
 victed of treason, A more absiird cliarno 
 it would have been scarcely possiljlo to 
 frame ; but If such a charge liad been juc- 
 sented to that scandalous iiarllament, ilic 
 uiih.appy king would still have beeu im 
 nounced guilty, for they wiio sat in judg- 
 ment upon him could only confess his in- 
 nocence by confessing their own trcasun 
 and injustlco. 
 
 At the very commencement of these dis- 
 graceful proceedings, the young prince ul 
 Wales had been named as regent ; lie m 
 now pronounced to be king In the rnoni »( 
 his father, whoso deposition was decland 
 in the same breath, Uut, us if to siuw 
 more fully how conscious they were of ilio 
 Injustlco and Illegality of their conduct, 
 tliese niiillgnant and sei vllo nobles .sent a 
 deputation to Edward, In ids dungeon, to, 
 demand his resignation after they had lir*] 
 nounced him justly deposed. 
 
 Utterly helpless in the hands of his cm 
 mles, whose past conduct sufllcientlywarii' 
 cd him against trusting to their justice oi 
 compassion, the unhappy king gave 
 resignation required ; and Isabella, ro 
 wholly triumphant, lived In tho most oiic 
 and shameless adultery with her acooi 
 plice Mortimer, 
 
 The part which Leicester had taken 
 this most disgusting revolutlim had rn 
 cured him tho earldom of Lancaster ; l)i 
 not even this valued and coveted titl 
 could reconcile him, conspirator and trait 
 though he was, to tho odious task of addii 
 personal ill usage to tho many mlserii 
 
 pruii),' agaijist . 
 ydent guilt 
 III, ilieir lives 
 Vat event at Ip 
 
 mm to )(}• fj 
 
 VWattJulcnii, 
 WMicadedon 
 psationofsoni,, 
 Nso their coi 
 hrers lived for 
 wt, and at if. 
 iBie services to 
 pi', ventured 
 trrardon, wiiiej 
 lUiJivard III., ,v; 
 
 CHA 
 
 Tliolicign 
 
 ]32r.~WnEjr 
 "•iiadconsumiil 
 m murder of 
 teter was apii 
 J"" of tho vn.,,: 
 
IslUlkCll Mill 
 
 no, ns liPinB \ 
 ablL'Rt ol ll\o ' 
 liiited by tlio 
 was detcsloa 
 ely lio iiut to 
 
 I tlioliaroua; I 
 tu would Uavu 1 
 ut tUo liamu!!, 
 
 ,ny ninii to tlio 1 
 
 II Lonil>ii>. As 
 der gua'dwnii 
 
 had l)ce" ''"> 
 lio vras llirown 
 rtly altcrwarUa 
 son. , , 
 g lonPt Bcrlos ol 
 n\ abundant li\- 
 ould await tliitso 
 her iucasuri'9, 
 a, parliament in 
 „iid ftlonKana 
 ti'd to It nwaliist 
 rue was laliDurca 
 ty. and olivlouslj 
 
 malignity. '\,f"i 
 end. contain a 
 
 ijlcU the nioancst 
 
 it\y Uavo l)Ci'U I'U- 
 
 cither mvurseot 
 tffts alleged aRalnst 
 want, ot talem; 
 "oudesoend to m 
 
 clargo ngamst » 
 imv-rlsoned Huulry 
 lie had hecu e»iv 
 ,oro tihMViX I'liari-'o 
 
 .^rgo had been rvc- 
 ^vfvarllameut.Uie 
 n\ have bceu.rro 
 
 'lly confess bis ia- 
 their own trcasuu \ 
 
 enfllAuTr.— pinntagenetff.— d^titDiirlT S£S. 
 
 207 
 
 cmcntof thc?cili5- 
 as regent . ut 
 
 anRln tho vnomut 
 
 uatheywreonho 
 '"'oi: tueir cundiui, 
 wllo nobles f^m :> 
 ,'hlsaun^'e.m,>o| 
 after they bad M*] 
 
 krimnasolhisenc 
 rct8umclentlyvraru| 
 fg to their ius^^wj 
 Ippy King Bf '^ ,"'1 
 tand Isabella. H 
 
 led in the m«=^^"' 3 
 jry with her acwioj 
 
 under which his royal cni)t!vo was already 
 I juffcrlng. The honourublo and Rcutlo treat- 
 ment which Lancaster bestowed upon tho 
 kins tllK^'l tho guilty Isabella and her pa- 
 i funourwlth fears, lest tho carl should at 
 ' length bo moved to sonio more doclHlvo 
 maullestatlon of his good feeling ; and tho 
 rural prisoner was now taken from Kenll- 
 vforth. and committed to tho custody of tho 
 lords Berkeley, Maltravors, and (lournay, 
 each of whom guarded him an alternato 
 ii'ionlh. Tho lord Jlerkelcy, llko tho earl of 
 1 aiu'aster, had too much of true nobility 
 toaJd to tho miseries of his rrlsoner, but 
 when ho I'assed to tho hands of tho other 
 two state gaolers, they added personal 111- 
 trcatnicnt to his other woes. Every thing 
 that could IrrltMo flrst and then utterly 
 prostrate tho spirit of the unhappy king 
 - vnt in practice ; and when at length 
 'Icipalred of breaking down his cou- 
 stii lion with snmelcnt rapidity by these 
 indirect means, they broke through all re- 
 (tralnts and put him to death. We shall not 
 Sescrlhe with tho minuteness of somo of 
 oM historians the barbarous and disgust- 
 ing process by which tho rufllan keepers 
 (wrpetratcd their diabolical act. SuHlco it 
 towy. that a red-hot Iron had been forcl- 
 M)- Introduced Into tho bowels of tho un- 
 lijppy sufferer ; and though the body exhl- 
 biti'd no outward marks of violence, the 
 torrid deed was discovered to all tho guards 
 ind attendants by tho screams with which 
 itie agonised king fllled tho castle. 
 It is as well to state hero what brennic 
 (1 tlicso most d'.'tcstablo and feroelous 
 retches. Tho public Indignation was so 
 MK against them, that, even before tho 
 pmlent guilt of Isabella caused her down- 
 II, their lives were in danger, and when 
 jt event at length took place they were 
 ibilpcd to lly tho country. Uournay was 
 Wat Gulenne and sent to Kngland. but 
 ubeheaded on the way.probably at tho In- 
 Igatlon of somo who feared lest be should 
 ivulge their concern In his crime. Mal- 
 ivers lived for some years on tho cnn- 
 icut, and at length, on tho strength of 
 le services to Ills victim's sou and suc- 
 wr, ventured to approach lilm and sue 
 pardon, which, to the eternal disgrace 
 EJward III., Avas granted. 
 
 CHAPTEU XXVI. 
 Tlic licign of Edwavid III. 
 
 , l,'!27.~'WnKN Isabella and her pnra- 
 
 liiirliad consummated their liUloous guilt 
 
 Jllie murder of Edward II., the c.arl of 
 
 Vaster was appointed guardian of tho 
 
 loii of tho young king, and tho general 
 
 Irprnincnt of the kingdom was committed 
 
 |s council of regency, consisting of tho 
 
 mate and tho archbishop of "Vork, tho 
 
 (hops of Worcester. Winchester, and 
 
 rcford, the carls of Norfolk, Kent, and 
 
 and tho lords Wake, Ingbam, 
 
 bc)', and Ross. 
 
 Jkc flrst caro of tho dominant party was 
 Iprocuro a formal parliamentary ludera- 
 ffor their violent proceedings : their 
 t,to remove all stigma from the leaders 
 Ihead of tho Lancastrian party, and to 
 
 heap all possible odium nnd disquallflCAtton 
 upon tho adherents of tho Spenscrs. 
 
 Disgusted OS the people were by tho grosi 
 misconduct of Isabella, her power was as 
 yet too formidable to bo opposed. n!id tho 
 llist disturbance of tho young king's reign 
 came from tho Scots. Though Itobcrt 
 Druco. by his advanced age and feeble 
 health, was no longer able to take an active 
 personal part In tho field, as had been his 
 wont, his bravo and sngaelnus spirit still 
 animitteil and Instructed the councils ol 
 his people. Feeling certain that England 
 would never give lilm peace should Its do- 
 mestic affairs bo so completely and calmly 
 settled as to enable It advantageously to 
 make war upon him, ho resolved to antici- 
 pate Its hostility wl. lio It was labouring 
 under the disadvantages which are ever 
 In.supaniblo from the minority of a king and 
 tho plurality of tho rec'cncy. Having made 
 an unsuccessful attempt upon Durham cas- 
 tle, ho gave tho command of twenty-flvo 
 tliourtand men to lord Douglas and tho earl 
 of Murray, with orders to cross tho border 
 nnd devastate as well as plunder the north- 
 ern English counties. The English regency, 
 sincerely desirous of avoiding war, nt least 
 for that time, with so dllhcult and obstinate 
 an enemy nsScotlond, made some attempts 
 at maintaining peace, but. fliiding those 
 attempts unsuccessful, assembled an army 
 of sixty thousand men. exclusive of a strong 
 body of highly-disciplined foreign cavalry 
 under J(')hu of Ilalnault ; and tho young 
 prince himself led this formidable force to 
 Durham In search of tho invaders. Hut 
 tho diniculty of finding so active and desul- 
 tory an enemy was only Inferior to that 
 of comiuerlng him when found. Lightly 
 armed, mounted on small swifc horses so 
 hardy that every common supplied them 
 with abundant food, and easily subsisted 
 themselves, these northern soldiers passed 
 with incrt'diblo celerKyfrom place to place, 
 plundering, destmying, and disappearing 
 with unpnrallelcd raiiidlty. and suddenly 
 reappearing in .'iomc direction quite dilFo- 
 rentto tlmt In which thoy had been seen 
 to t;ike their departure. 
 
 On no occasion was their desultory ac- 
 tivity more remarkable or more annoying 
 than on the present. Edward followed 
 them from place to place, now harassing 
 his troops with a forced march by difllcult 
 roads to tho north, and now still more 
 dispiriting them by Ic.tdlng them to retrace 
 their steps southward again ; but though 
 ho everywhere found that tho Scots had 
 hccn In tho places where ho sought them, 
 and had left fearful murks ol their tempo- 
 rary stay, ho everywhere found that they 
 had made good their retreat ; and to this 
 harassing and annoying waste ol activity 
 he was for somo time exposed. In splto ol 
 his having offered tho then very splendid 
 reward of a hundred pounds per animm for 
 life to anyone who would give hhu such 
 Information as would enable him to como 
 up with the enemy. At length he received 
 Information of the exact locality ol the ene- 
 my, and was enabled to come up with them, 
 or rather to bo taiitaUsed with the sight of 
 them ; for they had taken up bo Btrong a 
 
 ^W 
 
208 
 
 Clje CreailiirD fl( ^itavtit M* 
 
 roaltton on Mm nnuthorii bniik of tlio river 
 VTcar, timt cvoti Edward, younff bb he wan 
 wad buniiiig fnr tho combat, wait obliged to 
 confess thnt it would bo r, wanton cxpo- 
 Buro of hU I)ruvo troopg to certain destruc- 
 tion wrro ho to attempt to cross tlio river 
 whiio tho foo maintained so admirably 
 chosen a position, Naturally brave, Ed- 
 ward was doubly annoyed at this new diltl- 
 ciilty on account of his previous vain re- 
 searches ; and in tho excess of his enthu- 
 siasm hu sent a formal clialienKO to the 
 Scots, to abandon their extraneous iMlvan- 
 taKcs, and meet his army, man to man and 
 foot to foot, in tho open flold. Tho gener- 
 ous absurdities of ciilvairy rendered this 
 challenge less IrrcKular and inughablo 
 tlum It would now bo ; and lord Douglas, 
 himself of a most flery and chivalric spirit, 
 would fain ha\o taken Edward at his 
 word, but ho was restrained by tho graver 
 thougli not less courageous carl of Murray, 
 who drily assured Edward tliat ho was 
 tho very last person from whom tho Scots 
 would like to tako advice as to their opera- 
 tion. 
 
 The Scots nnd Edward maintained their 
 respective positions for several days ; and 
 when tho former at length moved higher 
 up tlie river, they did so by so unexpected 
 and rapid a movement, that they were 
 again securely posted before Edwi>rd had 
 any chance of attacking them. Tho high 
 courage of tlio youthful monarch led him 
 to desire to attack tho enemy, no matter at 
 what risk or disadvantage ; but as often as 
 ho proposed to do so ho was overruled by 
 Mortimer, who assumed an aip i^-t despotic 
 authority over him Whilo uuth armies 
 tiius lay in grim and watchful, though in- 
 active hostility, an affair took place which 
 had well nigh changed tho fortunes of 
 England. Lord Douglas, audacious and 
 enterprising, had not merely contrived to 
 take an accurate survey of every portion of 
 Edward's cncampiuen*', but also to obtain 
 the password and countersign ; and in the 
 dead of night he suddenly led two hundred 
 of his most resolute followers into the very 
 lieartof tho English camp. His intention 
 was either to capture or slay tho king, and 
 lie advanced immediately to the royal tent. 
 Edward's chamberlain and his chaplain gal- 
 lantly devoted themselves to tho safety of 
 their royal master, who, after lighting hand 
 to hand with his assailants, succeeded In 
 escaping. The clianiherlain and chaplain 
 Were both unfortunately killed ; but the 
 stout resistance they made not only ena- 
 bled Edward to escape, but also aroused 
 so general an alarm, that lord Douglas, 
 baulked In his main design, was happy to 
 bcalilo to fight his way back to his own 
 c;imp, in doing which ho lost nearly the 
 whole of his determined little band. The 
 Scots now hastily broke up their camp and 
 retreated in good order into their own 
 country ; and when Edward, no longer to 
 bo restrained even by Mortimer, reached 
 the spot which tho Scots had occupied, ho 
 found no human being there save six 
 English prisoners, whose legs the Scots 
 had broken to prevent them from carry- 
 ing any intclUgence to the English camp 
 
 Thougli the high spirit and warlike trmnnr 
 which Edward liad displayed during tm> 
 brief and bootless campaign made liitu verr 
 popular, tho public mind was, justly, very 
 dissatlsfled with the absolute nullity nf rn. 
 suit from BO extensive and costly nn cxnc- 
 ditioii ; and Mortimer, to whom nil tho 
 errors committed were naturally nttrlMuted 
 became dally moro and more disliked. Bo 
 puffed up and Insolent was he rendered tiy 
 ills disgraceful connection with Nnbclla 
 that his general want of popularity sccincii 
 to give him neither annoyance nor ularm 
 Yet was there n circumstance In hU poili 
 tion which a wise man would have roado 
 hasto to alter. Though ho had usurped an 
 even more than royal power, and Kettled 
 the most Important public affairs without 
 deigning to consult cither the ynui^ iiini 
 or any of tho princes of tho blood royal' 
 thouph he by his mere word had (tmo m 
 far as to settle upon the adultrniiiD Iga- 
 belli' -learlythe whole of the royal ruvcnuc 
 yet 1 I forming tho council of tho regcncr 
 he 'iiad relied so much ou his power that 
 he reserved no ofllco or seat therein tor 
 him self. This was a grave error, lie murt 
 have been Ill-Judging Indeed if ho imagined 
 that the mere absence of nominal power 
 would procure a character for moderation 
 for a man whoso authority actually super- 
 seded that of tho whole council. 
 
 A. D. ia28.— To all the other offences com 
 niittcd by Mortimer he now added tbeverr 
 serious one of wounding tho pride o{ the 
 nation. War upon Scotland, and llio mm 
 strenuous attempts to reduce that nation 
 once moro to the condition of a cnnquered 
 province, were universally popular objecti 
 in England. But Mortimer, aware that he 
 was dally becoming moro and more hated, 
 concluded a peace with Kobert Bruee, (ear- 
 lug that tho continuance of a foreign \w 
 would |)Ut it out of his power to kecphl.f 
 domestic enemies in cheek. Ue stipulated 
 that David, son and heir of Robert liruceJ 
 should marry the princess Jane, Bbtcrol 
 tho young king Edward; that Englanij 
 should give up all claim to tho homageof 
 Scotland, and recognise that country as U 
 ing wholly independent ; and that, In n 
 turn, Robert Bruce should pay 30,000 mart! 
 by way of expenses. 
 
 This treaty was excessively unpopular 
 and Mortimer, conscious of tiint fart, noi 
 began to fear that tho close frlendsbliiam 
 unanimity that existed among thu thru 
 royal princes, Kent, Norfolk, and Lanca 
 ter, boded him no good. He accnrdln?l; 
 when summoning them to attend parlli 
 mcnt, took upon himself to forbid tlicni 
 the king's name, from being attended 
 an armed force. Whatever had been the 
 previous intentions, tho three princes i>al| 
 implicit obedience to this order; but, 
 their great astonislimcnt, they,un rcacU 
 Salisbury, where tho parliament was 
 meet, found that Mortimer and his frleni 
 were attended by an armed force. Nati 
 rally alarmed at this, tho earls retreal 
 and raised a force strong enough to cl 
 Mortimer from tho kingdom. Ihej 
 Tanced for the purpose of doing so, bi 
 unfortunately the earls, who had hiti " 
 
(fiiQlautr.— |)lAtitngeiu()[f.'etifnAr)f Mh 
 
 209 
 
 warllko temper 
 oil (luring thU 
 I matlo lilm vcrj 
 viis, Justly, very 
 Uo nullity ot re- 
 1 costly an cxiic- 
 o vrUon* nil tho 
 urallyiittrlliutcd, 
 ore dl>*lll(i''l. R'l 
 IB ho nnuliTcd liy 
 m with bnbdh, 
 lojiularlty Boomcil 
 lyaiice i>i)r alarm. 
 anco In l>ls po»l- 
 would liavu mado 
 10 had usurped »n 
 iowcr, and fettled 
 illc altalr* wlthflut 
 er tho yunn king 
 t tho blood royal; 
 word had gnuo «o 
 he aduUcrouii Isa- 
 f the royal revenue; 
 icll of tho rcKcncj 
 ou his power tliat 
 or seat therein for 
 ftvo error, llcmurt 
 iidced II ho Imagined 
 of nominal power 
 ctcr lor moderation 
 lorlty actually BUfcr- 
 e council. 
 other offences torn 
 enow added the vcrr 
 Una tho rrUlcotlbe 
 "land, and tho most 
 o reduce that nation 
 aitlon of a conquered 
 rBally popular o .jm « 
 rth.«r.awarot>atte 
 more and more Iwied, 
 PhllobcrtUruce.fcar- 
 nro of a foreign wr 
 U power to keep Ws 
 check. Ucstlpuliitei 
 ,elr of llohcrt I ruce, 
 inccsa Jane. Bktcr o 
 iwavd; that England 
 aim to tho homage.'f 
 Cthatco|vntryasl. 
 
 ipnt ; and tli.it, ni n 
 Sldpay30.<X)omart! 
 
 TCCBSlvcly unpoputatj 
 
 toclo8efricud=l.ii;4 
 Isted among tUo M 
 
 Kcm t? attend patllj 
 Cclf to forbid tliem,^ 
 r^ hPlnK attended H 
 KScvcrbadl'""'^ 
 
 pwfs 
 
 .|,,,i, tio closely united, now fiunrrcllod, 
 Kent and Norfolk decUneil to fdllow up 
 tho entt'rprlHO, and Lancaster, too weak to 
 firry It out by himself, was compelled to 
 ,^„);o liUHUbmlssloii to tho Insolent Mor- 
 
 "ad, 1,120.— Ihit thousrh. at tho liiterren- 
 ,|iiii (if tlin prelates, .Mdrtimer coiiHciited to 
 nveiliiok the pant, and bore himself towards 
 ilio prliict'S a.>i though tlio wliolo (|uiirrel 
 wreforKotlen as well aa forgiven, bo do- 
 uriiilKed to nmku a victim of ono ot them, 
 111 order to strike terror Into tho survlvorM. 
 jcciirdliiKlyJ'ls emissaries were Instructed 
 M deceive tho earl of Kent Into tho belief 
 tlijt king KJward II. liadnot tieeu put to 
 doatli, but was still secretly imprisoned. 
 I Ilie eiirl, who had suffered much from ro- 
 'morseftilreinemliranco of tlio part hn had 
 Uiicii ftKaliist his unhappy ))rotlier, eagerly 
 (oil into tlio snare, and entered into an un- 
 UertakliiKforsettlnK tho Imprisoned king 
 It liberty and replacing lilm uiiou tho 
 llhrone. The deception was kept «ip until 
 llheearlhad committed himself sufficiently 
 I (or the purpose of Ills ruthless enemy, wlien 
 ho was Bci/.ed, accused before parliament, 
 luid condemned to death and forfeiture ; 
 Klillo Mortimer and tho execrable Is.v 
 Iwia Imstened his execution, so that tho 
 Ijomig lildward had uo opportunity to inter- 
 
 osc. 
 
 A.1). IMO.— Though tho corrupt and do- 
 
 A'fd rarllament so readily lent Itself to 
 
 tlodeslKiis of Mortimer, the feelliij? vt the 
 
 Miiiiionalty was very different Indeed, and 
 
 [iwM QUlto evening before anyone could 
 
 ef.miul to behead the I, el rayed and nn- 
 
 jrtuiiiite prince, who during the day which 
 
 iifrveiicd l)Otween his sentence and cxc- 
 
 I'ion mu.'<t have been tortured Indeed with 
 
 lushtsof the unholy zeal wiili which lie 
 
 served tho royal adulteress, to wlioso 
 
 jf.iwmuch as to that of her paramour, 
 
 was now bacrlllccd. 
 
 Perceivinsr that tho sympathy of tho 
 iple was leas courageous than deep and 
 fndcr, Mortimer now throw Lancn.ster and 
 lorous other nobles into prison, on tho 
 harce of having been concerned in tlio 
 [B-lilraey of Kent. Any evitieiice, how- 
 rtrsllKlit, pufflccd to ensure conviction ; 
 ll »9 forfeiture was Invariably a part of 
 iscntenec, Mortimer bad abundant means 
 lenrldiing himself and his adherents ; and 
 ff little scruple he made about availing 
 iselfof tills opportunity may be judged 
 om tlio fact, that tho whole of t lie largo 
 ssions of tho earl of Kent Avere seized 
 Geoffrey, younger scm of Mortimer; 
 ougli this latter person was himself al- 
 ly in possession of tlie greater portion 
 [the vast wealth of the two Spensers and 
 (it adiicrents. Tlio cupidity and inso- 
 Ice of Mortimer at lengtli produced their 
 conseiiucnee ; a detestation so ge- 
 aiid so llerce, t&.t nothing was want- 
 j'toliig destruction but for sonic ono to 
 bold enough to make tho first attack 
 i.im ; and, fortunately, cliat person 
 ifouud lu tho young kinghimsclf. Most 
 laatc it assuredly was that Mortimer, 
 [Ids iDsoIcuco and pride of place, had 
 looked tho necessity of so treating the 
 
 liliig while yet a minor, as to m'i iiro bis fa- 
 vour and support wlien ho slioeld at length 
 attain his majority. 
 
 Kdward was of far too high and gcneroua 
 a nature to have been otiierwlso than 
 deeply stung liy till) petty Insults and gall- 
 ing restraints imposed upon lilm by .Mor- 
 timer: and now lliat bo was in his eiith- 
 teenth year lie determined, at llic ii jihI, lo 
 mako an effort at obtaining tlii> liidepeiid- 
 enco for wliicli ho had long siglied; liu 
 therefore communicated lils wLslies to llio 
 lord Montacute, who engaged liis friends 
 tho lords I'lilford and Muiiiis, sir .lolin 
 Nevll, sir Kdward Uidiun, and olliers, to 
 Join him in a Ixdd attempt at delivering 
 both king and people from tlio tyranny of 
 Mortimer. 
 
 yueeii Isabella and her paramour Sfor- 
 tlmer at this time resldeil In Nottlngiiam 
 castio; and so jealously did tliey guard 
 tiiemselv'.<s, tliat iven tlio king was only 
 allowed to have a fow attendants wltii him 
 when ho lodged there, and the keys of tiio 
 outer gales were delivered to tlio (|uecu 
 herself every evening. I^ord Moiitacuto, 
 however, armed with tlio king's authority, 
 had no dllllcully in procuring tho concur- 
 rence of sir AViiliain Kland, the governor, 
 wlio let the king's party enter by ix subter- 
 raneous passage wliicli had long lain for- 
 gotten and choked up with rubbisli. Ho 
 quietly was cvcrytliing done, tiiat tho 
 armed men reached the (lueen's apartment 
 and seized upon Mortimer before he could 
 prepare to mako resistance. Isabella Im- 
 liiored them to *sparo iier pentlo M'"'tl- 
 mer ; ' but the paramour's doom was se.oed 
 beyond tiie power of her entreaties to alter 
 it. A parliament was immediately sum- 
 nioncd, and was found as supple and facito 
 an Instrument for liis ruin as it had been 
 for doing his pleasure. Howas accused of 
 having usurped regal power, of liaving 
 procured the deatli of king Kdward II., of 
 having dissipated tlie royal treasure, and of 
 having obtained exorbitant grants, of se- 
 creting two-thirds of tho ;10,000 niark.1 
 paid by Scotland, and a variety of similar 
 misdemeanours. Tho thoroughly servile 
 parliament in itseagerness to convict could 
 not legally convict even this most outrage- 
 ous criminal. Evidence was not called to a 
 single point.thougli everj- point niiglit have 
 lieen proved l)y a perfect cloud of witnesses: 
 but this parliament convicted Mortimer and 
 sentenced him to the gibbet and forfeiture, 
 not upon testimony, but upon what they 
 called tlie notoriety of the facts I A loose 
 system ot condemning men, which none but 
 tyrants or their tools would ever tolerate, 
 even could no otlier evidence be found. 
 Though at the period of the conviction of 
 Mortimer, men were too mucn irritated 
 against him to look to strict justice, scarcely 
 twenty years had i)assed ere Ills illegally 
 attainted rank was restored to his son, upon 
 tiiu riglit and honourable principle that, 
 however detestable and however morally 
 undeniable the guilt of the elder Mortimer, 
 his c(mvictiou had been the result not of 
 evidence, but of mere rumour and assump- 
 tion. Simon do Beresford and some othon 
 of tho mere Batellites of Mortimer were 
 
 M. 
 
 W |i| 
 
210 
 
 CI)e Crrnitfui'ij o( W*tart}t 9ft, 
 
 rxcciiliil, mill ilicvllcMt rrliiilii;il of nil. tlir> 
 niliiKi'i-i'^.'* Iwilicllii, wim coiilliu'il fnr thd 
 rt'miiliiiliT (iC Jicr life In Inr ciiHtlo (if 
 
 IllHlMKrt. TIlO klllK (lllllWCll luT fnUr llllll- 
 
 tired a yrnr for Iht fiiiiport, ami ho luild 
 lipr Olio or two formiil vUim every ycnr; 
 liufc liavlni? oiirc <li|iilvt'c| licr of ilic lii- 
 lliiciico o[ ■wlilrli HJin Imil iimilP fo I'JhI 
 ami 1iii«i> a iimi', Iui took (nro Hint. hIio 
 hIkhiIiI never nKiilii liave uii <iiiiiorliinlly <if 
 j'.'^iiliiliiK Ir, 
 
 Ah noon n^ Kilwnnl lind wrrsfed from 
 the iiHiir|iln,'-r liiiiidi of Mortimer tlio royal 
 power, lio Hliowed liliiiHclf well worthy of It 
 liy the mnmier In Avhicli he iiH<'d It. llo 
 not only exhorted Iiln Jiultfe» and other 
 Kreat oltlrer.-«to exerutoj"**! '<•(■, iind to init 
 11 Kto|i to (he o| I'M ili'iireihilliinH ii'iil amicd 
 hamU of roMiir.-* by which the coiititry wis 
 now more Ihiin ever Infested and di.'Hf raced, 
 Iiut ho )ierrtiinally exerted hliiiKelf In that 
 good work, and showed liolh cuurngc and 
 conduct In tliii', Important tack 
 
 A.ii. 1333. —'Soon lifter the romplptlon of 
 thd'treiily lietrteen Mntfliind and Scotland, 
 as related muler the hi.'nd of iho year i;i28, 
 the Kreat lloliert. Uruco died, worn out 
 even inoro liy IndrmltleH and toll than liy 
 yearn; and liU Hon and heir, David Jlruco, 
 liehiK as yet a minor, tlin n't^ency was 
 left to Itandoljili, earl of Murray, the coii- 
 Bt. nt sharer of Itohrrt'g perils. In this 
 treaty It was agreed, that nil Scots who 
 Inherited i>roperty In Rnisrland,and all Kiiff- 
 Ilshnien who Inherited property In Kcot- 
 laiiil, should lio restored to posscsslen as 
 free nnd secure ns tlinuKh no war had 
 taken jilace lietween Ihn two ennntrles. 
 This part of the treaty had been faithfully 
 performed hy Kncrland ; liut Uohert llnico 
 nnd, HUlisequently, t]w recent Murray liad 
 rontrlveil to refu.so the restoration of con- 
 Blderahle properties In Scotland, cither from 
 actual rtin'culty of wroHtluj? them frori tho 
 Rrolllsh holders, or from a politic do.iht of 
 the expediency of go far strengthenlnpr an 
 enemy — which they judffod KnKland must 
 .ilways In reality Im— hy admitting so many 
 Kn«llshmen to wealth nnd consequent 
 jiower in the very heart of tho klnjrdom. 
 Whatever the motive hy which Uruce nnd 
 Murray were actuated In this matter, their 
 denial or delay of the stipulated restoration 
 pave preat otfenco to ttio numerous Kn(f- 
 Ilsh of hiph rank who had a personal In- 
 terest In It. Many who were thus situated 
 were men oflprcnt wenllh nnd InllueTice; 
 nnd their power hecanie more than ever 
 formldahle when they were nble to com- 
 mand the alllanco of Kdward llallol. Ite 
 wns tho son of that .Tohn llallol who had 
 briefly worn the Scottish crown; and he, 
 like his father, settled In France, with tho 
 determination of leading a private life ra- 
 ther than risk all comfort for tlin mere 
 chancelof ffrasplntr a precarious nnd anxious 
 power. This resolution, though consonant 
 with tho soundest philosophy, was not cal- 
 culated to procure him much worldly esti- 
 mation ; and his really strong claim to tho 
 Scottish royalty procured him r-io little con- 
 sideration In Prance, that for some In- 
 fraction of the law he was thrown Into 
 gaol, aa though he had been the meanest 
 
 privnto person. In ihls slttiallon he »« 
 dl.'ifiivered liy lord lli'iiunioni, uu Mii(,||,|, 
 baron, who laid claim In ilie Siori i. (.|ri. 
 (lorn of lliK-han. Ileaiimontwiiliiiiii |ii<^;,,,( 
 tlnio proem ed Ilallol's release innl cnrrlfii 
 him over to Kiiwliind, where he pliiird hin, 
 nominally at least, at the head of iin' en,! 
 f('ilerat Ion which already had niedltaiciltlio 
 liivaHliinof Hciitland. 
 
 Kln« Kdward secretly nided Il.illul tinii 
 the KuKllsh barons In I'repavluK tor tlicir 
 enterprise, (lioimli ho would not, iir> icf. 
 suaded to plvo them any open eiii'niir;i);(. 
 nu'nt, as he had bouiiil lilmsi if i,i |,,^,. 
 S!0,(Kio?. to tho pope, slioiilil he, iMwari 
 commit any hoHlllHIes nimn Hrntlmij 
 within a certain jierlod whlrii hml iintji 
 expired ; moreover, the younn kliw Ihvi.i 
 stiil a minor, was actually mnrrliii i,' 
 Kdward's sister Jane, though tho iiirirrh:.') 
 wnn not yet consummated; and tlicwurM 
 would scarcely fall to censure I'Mwai,!,!,-^ 
 under such circtnnstancos, ho sIhuiIiI omii,! 
 a renewal of war between the two cnuntrlcri 
 Under these circumstances, e.Twr ns Ki|. 
 wnrd mlRht bo to nid his hoIiUh in tJKif 
 enmity to Scotland, he deteriiiliiiil to ci;. 
 lino hlinscif to secret imiceedlnw.s mi tlitlr 
 behalf; nnd, thus nidod, their iniiiiinai 
 lender, llallol, wai speedily at tlic licid i,( 
 a force of two thousand Hve huiiilrnliiini, 
 coninianded by the lord Heauiiioiit JKfnre 
 mentioned, Umfrevllle, earl of Angii«, tin 
 lords Talbot, Mowbray, nnd oilier ciiiiiuNt 
 barons Interested In tho ndventiiiv. .\j 
 such a force could not bo sn gi'irrily 
 raised ns wholly to escape tlie nniiciMittlio 
 Scottish reprent, who would nainnilly tr 
 pect to be nttncked by tho Knijilsli liilnlir, 
 liallolnnd his friends embarked at li.ivm 
 spur and landed their force on tlio mast 
 Fife. Tho former reBent, Murrny, wj; 
 dead; and hh successor, Doualil, carl 
 Mar, was far Inferior to hlin In w.irliki 
 experience and ability. Never! licli'ss tlii 
 Enpllsh were promptly nnd vlpormwlyi 
 posed the moment they landed ; and tliniiui 
 they succeeded In beating biicli tlii'ir ui 
 disciplined opponents, time was iliii 
 forded to Mar to collect a very larpu ami] 
 which somo historians reckon as liigh 
 forty thousand men. 
 
 Tho hostile forces cnmo In Riiilu on t 
 opposite side of tho river Knie ; ami Italii 
 crossing that river In the niplit, atiaclii 
 tho unwieldy force of tho Scots sii v;i;i 
 ouslyand unexpectedly, that heilrovoiln 
 from the fleld with conslderiilile Hlaut'liti 
 their numbers being n db nlvantago 
 them nmid the confusion, lint as dnyli 
 approached, the Scots resolved diicoiiu 
 to try their fort unoapalnst an enriiiy will 
 Inferior numbers mnde It diswraiTfiil 
 yield to them ; but they were diaigoiU 
 Btragpling over some broken ami iliffli 
 ground, and so comidetc was the rnut 
 ensued, that while the English lo^tscan 
 fifty men, the Scots lost twelve tlinn: 
 Including tho earls of Athol and Moiitol 
 the lord Hay of Krrol, constable o£ 
 land, tho lords Keith and Llnddcy, and 
 carl of Corrlck, a natural son uf Itol 
 Bruce. 
 
 Ballot followed up this victory by 
 
 ftrlli. /f.ieli 
 bcnli'u-i il on III 
 thiiiicaiiil Ni'ol, 
 I (iml M'r Airliii,, 
 llilisJi/;isil(i)i,.| 
 Mli; ai,r( ,M II 
 ij foiiim.i/ii' .uuiliu 
 
 ; IllPhc.-l. liifiH,. 
 
 , rcilrc frn,„ ,|,„( 
 'ly wli/i'h tiii'y 
 lilm; ami (/,,. „;, 
 
 il I. f'lr the jir, 
 
 fWiiiiii/y eroivii,,, 
 Si'iifi'Hibi'r. Ho ;i 
 nrri'.ir til be of ,i 
 \our ,)[ |)„v/,| nr 
 
 (piluilw/fedepar 
 l-'liiTtozea/ous iin 
 triiei', tlint UU u, 
 nil/ii'il mid Uoclde, 
 I'Mlknwnt. 
 
 »m/.w as It ,a ' 
 J ciwl all JI/.S .-.nccos, 
 jEiwIWi Hii|i,„,c(pL 
 
 oMImlMall,',,; y,^ 
 
 \mihn,KUi^ and o( 
 I cii.hiice, slew ll, ' 
 
 |Woiis)ytiithlsrev,.i 
 
 lMJ.ruce,inThr' 
 Innrryliernnu also ,7, 
 
 I or Scotland ,-tTuVn 
 |». red ,0 Jnterfe'o* 
 
 '";, ^'"' plan of 1, 
 ' f '^'"'""".onl 
 
 ' " "i J'-dward n, 
 'rolls enemv • r' 
 
 ,1, , ''iicniy 
 '^"<'frc>a.l,°-''!''-rci,d| 
 
 Wis marched to Vi^' 
 ^S'lftirarrvnTr"""! 
 
 
 fOUllfs 
 
 till 
 
Vo VIM 
 
 1 \. p«rl- 
 
 t, lllHltClt 
 
 ciirrleil 
 
 \\w mil- 
 IntdUlic 
 
 enslAutr.— |)TnntnoritrtK.— etrtonrH SSS. 
 
 Pfrtli. "lit' lii'w.'iH lilncknilivl |iy Kill, 1111(1 
 bofdtuiil "" ""' ''^"'' ''J' "" '"■my of I'lMiy 
 i ihiiiiMiiil Hi'oIh, iinilcr llio t'iirl of M.ircli 
 »ml fii' Anlilliiild DdiikIum; tint tlio |;iik- 
 llili Klilpoll"!"'!''"''' "'*' lil'X'kiidlnK K'nmd- 
 roll' :ii<'' I'' llallol \\i\H tliiiM cimhli'd in 
 cominni"' niiiliuiKlaiitHiipiilydf iirnvUlniH, 
 (l,pl,(.^l, -iiifr Hccil* wore Hliorily i)l)ll>ri'il tn 
 rcilrc frii"" ilmt. very iiiipi'dncti to fiiiiiltic 
 liy wliii'li llii'y liail niitli'limti'd rcducliiw 
 lilm;iiiid llic imtlon licliiw In i ITci't. mili- 
 jiiril, 1<>r ilio prcHont i,: li'iisr, Itullnl wn* 
 jiilfii'iiily rrowiu'd at Hi'diii- on the "111 of 
 g,.ptonilic'r. Hii little (•liaiu'o<llil tlirro now 
 npnoar til lin iif a cliaiifjc nf fnrliiiu' In fa- 
 vour of Davlil nrnce, that ho and hl^ hi'- 
 ir'tlicd wlfcMlopartt'd for Kranrp ; and their 
 L ilicrto zealoiH jmrtlsaiin mu'd llallnl fur a 
 iriico, Hint lilH title inlKlit he fairly exa- 
 inliu'il niiJ docldt'd upon by tlio Scottish 
 Mrll.init'iit. 
 
 I A.D. i;i;i;i. — nallora rronporlty wni as 
 
 llootliitr lis It had hecn Hiiddcn. llavln« 
 
 owi'ilnll Ills t^ucccss to till,' pretii'iico of liln 
 
 EiiKllsli HUpporlcrs, ho was ii'i sooner 
 
 (il,lli((\l to allow tlieiii to depart, from want 
 
 otmi'iiiis to supixirt them, than i^lr Arolil- 
 
 \M Dinmlns ami others of llio friends of 
 
 Drmi'MI upon llallol and his sUiKh'rat- 
 
 iciiiliUK'e, slew HallolV lirolher Jnhu, and 
 
 drove llallol himself liaok to Knirlaiid In the 
 
 niojtfompleto destitution, llallol had pre- 
 
 vloinly to thia reverse proposed to K.hvard 
 
 ftathln sister Jniio should he divorced from 
 
 David Hruce, In wlileli event llallol would 
 
 marry lier and nUo do honniKC to Kdward 
 
 U Scotland ; thus restorhidf to I'^UKland 
 
 that suiM'rlorlty which tlio million Mor- 
 
 dmfr liad given up durliiK Kdward's ml- 
 
 inrlty. As Kdward now lieffaii to despair 
 
 Iclllallors success liy any other means, he 
 
 liBolvod to Interforo openly, and liavliiK 
 
 tiiaincil avCoiislderahle wraiit from parlla- 
 
 iciit fortliat purpose— which grant was ac- 
 
 inipanlod by avery hlnnt, ihoimh very rea- 
 
 mablc desire, that ho thenccforlli 'would 
 
 Ivcoulils own revenue and not Krievo his 
 
 ijcctuwilh Illegal taxes' — he leil a coii- 
 
 Idcnililo army to Uerv/Ick, where a power- 
 
 ilmrrlsnnwim commanded by slrWilliam 
 
 leiili. Tlie plan of the Scott Isli leaders 
 
 i,tli;it Keith should obstinately ilefend 
 
 fwick, and while ho thus cnifaifed the 
 
 iiti'iii (i£ Kdward, Dounlas should lead 
 
 mniiriiiiH enemy oyer the border, and 
 
 the horrors andlossewof war into the 
 
 my's own country. IJut Kdward's ;iriiiy 
 
 •0 Well disciidlnrd and po well pro- 
 
 M.iiml licfore Dongias could march into 
 
 inliuiiilicrland Ills plan of operations was 
 
 eodpliy the Infonnatlon that sir William 
 
 tliwaa reduced to such extremity, that 
 
 Wcimaged to surrender IJcrwlck slinnld 
 
 itlief reach lilm within a few days. 
 
 ijlfis inarched to tho relief of that Im- 
 
 aiit idacc, and in a Rcneral action that 
 
 led, tlicScots were utterly defeateU.wlth 
 
 ssot nearly thirty thousand men. Tho 
 
 lllsh lojs was certainly very trifling ; 
 
 n Ciinnot without considerable liesl- 
 
 in adopt the accounts which concur In 
 
 ng UB that tho total English loss 
 
 ^^nnted to thirteen soldiers, one esquire, 
 
 [victory ^7 ^*'^V°''^ kulgbt; a loss which coii only be 
 
 l^n>e;'.u'>^»* 
 
 iibiM, ntlacW 
 
 Bcois fo \' f' 
 at be drove I 
 
 ruble ?!:>«''«' 
 1^1, idvani;i«;: 
 
 ,nlve.\ eiicc'W 
 ',auenom>vh' 
 
 re cliiii>'w* 
 
 Men and diffl; 
 
 >vas the rou 
 
 «llsii lo=^«' 
 
 Twelve n>MW 
 
 ,voIandMoiU 
 
 onstabli! pI » 
 ai son ol m 
 
 Imagined liy considering timt battle to havs 
 been llttlo belter than a disorderly lllght 
 on the one part and a murderous pursuit 
 on the other. 
 
 Ah tlin result of thin battio, Scotland 
 was again apparently submissive to llallol. 
 He was acknowledged as king by tho 
 Hcottish parliament, and ho and many of 
 the Hcottish nobles did liomagi- to Kdwnrd, 
 who then returned to Kngland, leaving a 
 detachmenl to support llallol, As long an 
 this detachment remalne<l llallol was most 
 Hiiliinlsslvi'ly, not to say servilely, obeyed 
 by the Scots, even when Ik; stung their 
 national pride by reding In perpetuity 
 to Kngland, Uerwick, Dunbar, lloximrgh, 
 Kdinbiirgh, and the whole of tho south- 
 easd'rn counties of Hcotland. Hut ns soon 
 as llallol, onildcrlng himself rife, and 
 perhaps being seriously Inconvenienced by 
 tho expense of keeping them, sent away 
 his Kngllsh mercenaries, tho Scots again 
 rose against him, and after a variety of 
 struggles between lilni and Sir Andrew 
 Murray, who acted as regent In behalf of 
 the absent David Ilruce, llallol was onco 
 moro chased from all that ho fondly Ima- 
 gined ho had permanciuly comiuered for 
 himself or Kngland. 
 
 A, I). i:i;i5.— Kdward again marched to 
 chastise and subject tho Scots, who aban- 
 doned or destroyed their homes and sought 
 slulter in their nu)untaln fastnesses, but 
 only to return again the moment (bat ho 
 had retired. In this obstinately p itrlotio 
 course tho Scots were greatly encouraged 
 by Kdward's iioslf Ion with regard to Franco. 
 Tie had for years laid an unfounded claim 
 to tho sovereignty of that country; and 
 though lie had on ono occasion In the most 
 distinct terms recognised riiillp's right, 
 and doneliomageto htm for his lands thero 
 held.thcciicouragementof llobert d'Artols 
 and the concurrence of Edward'sifathor-ln' 
 law, tho count of Ilalnault, tho duko of 
 Drabant, tho archbishop of Cologne, and 
 several other sovereign princes, had In- 
 duced Edward to porscvero In a claim 
 which was opposed to common sense, and 
 plainly contradicted by his own delibe- 
 rate act and deed, and thus laid tho foun- 
 dation of a mutual hatred which has only 
 completely subsided within tho memory of 
 men who as yet are but young. Ho pre- 
 tended that heoueht to succeed In right of 
 his mother Isabella, though Isabella her- 
 self was legally and formally excluded from 
 succeeding; lie was thus guilty of tho spo- 
 clal absurdity of claiming to inherit from a 
 woman a crown to which a woman couid 
 not succeed — and lie could only support; 
 that special absurdity upon a general jirln- 
 clplc— that of the natural right of women 
 to succeed being wholly indefeasible by 
 special regulation ; and In that case each of 
 tho three last kings had left daughters 
 whoso right upon that general principle 
 would take precedence of lils I And yet 
 such a monstrous ateurdlty of assumption 
 found friends, and caused rivers of tho best 
 blood of botb nations' to be ehed in flerco 
 conflict I 
 
 To all Lis other abettors in this really 
 rldiciilouB as well as unjust claim was now 
 
 |i'«' 
 ^>i% 
 
 
«12 
 
 €i)t ^vta^nx}i at W^taru, ^c 
 
 iMlded tlio well-known flemish cleniaKoguc 
 James tVArtevelUt, a brewer of Ghent, 
 who had reached to so despotic a power 
 over his fellow-citizens, that, after exciting 
 tliem to furlour leslstance against their 
 legitiinato sovereigns, he himself could fill 
 all the other towns of Flanders with his 
 adroit and unprincipled spies, and could 
 put down all chance of opposition in Ghent 
 Itself by the simple process of ordering the 
 opponent to bo butchered — and lie was 
 butchered without remorse or delay. To 
 this demagogue Edward liad no difliculty 
 in recommending himself; for, with the 
 servility that ever accompanies the am- 
 bition of such men, the demagogue, who 
 detested his natural superiors, was In a 
 perfect flutter of gratified, vanity at being 
 solicited by a powerful foreign monarch, 
 and invited Edward to make the Low Coun- 
 tries his 'vantage point against France ; 
 suggesting to him that, to prevent the 
 Flemings from having any scruple about 
 aiding him, ho should claim their aid, as 
 rightful-king of France, in dethroning the 
 usurper Philip of Valois, — that wsitrpcr, to 
 wliom, both personally and by a formal 
 ANTlttcn deed, he had done homage and 
 owned fealty I 
 
 Tho king of France was greatly aided by 
 the influence of the pope, wlio at this time 
 resided .at Avignon, and was to a consider- 
 able extent dependent upon Philip. The 
 king of Navarre, the duke of Brittany, tlie 
 king of Bohemia, the bishop of Liege, and 
 numerous other powerful allies, tendered 
 their aid to Philip, as being really inte- 
 rested for him ; while Edward's allies, 
 looking only to what they could get of tho 
 largo sums he had WTung from Ills people 
 for this nnjustlflablc enterprise, were slow 
 and cold In theirs. 
 
 A.D. 1339.— After much dKTlcuUy in keep- 
 ing his hopeful allies even apparently to 
 their faith, and after having his pretensions 
 to the crown of Franco very accurately 
 pronounced upon by two of thosealiies.the 
 count of Namur and the count of Hainault, 
 —who succeeded his father and Edward's 
 father-in-law in the Interval between the 
 old count joining in Edward's scheme and 
 the actual commencement of operations— 
 the two counts in question abandoning 
 Edward solely on the plea that Philip was 
 their liege lord, against wliom they as vas- 
 sals could not flght, Edward encamped 
 near Capello with an army of nearly 50,iX)0, 
 the majority of whom were foreign merce- 
 naries. Philip advanced towards tho Bame 
 spot with nearly a hundred thousand of his 
 own subjects ; but, after simply gazing at 
 each other for a few days, these mighty 
 armies separated without a blow, Edward 
 marching his mercenaries back Into Flan- 
 ders and there disbanding them. In this 
 hitherto bloodless and unproductive con- 
 test Edward had not only expended all the 
 large sum granted by his people, and 
 pawned eyerything of value that he could 
 pawn, even to tho jewels of his queen, but 
 he had also contracted debts to the fright- 
 ful amount of 300,000!.; and probably it 
 was tho very vastness of tho sacrifice he 
 bad made that determined him to perse- 
 
 I 
 
 voro in a demand, of the injuHticu df wliUh 
 ho must have been conscious from the very 
 outset. Aware that ho had uiiinerclfniiy 
 pressed upon the means o£ his subjocts 
 and finding tliat they were dally grdwinif 
 more and more impatient of his di'iniimis 
 Edward now returned to England ami of-' 
 fered his parliament a full and now odh. 
 flrniation of the two charters and of tho 
 privileges of boroughs, a pardon for old 
 del)ts and trespasses, and a reform u£ cer- 
 tain abuses in tho common law. Tho nr-t 
 of these tho king ought to liavo beiii 
 ashamed to .confess to bo necessary, lim 
 public spirit and tho control ct narlia- 
 mcnt over the royal expenditure were as 
 yet oidy In their infancy ; and tho whoio 
 concessions were deemed so valu.ahle, that 
 the parliament in return granted the kiiR' 
 —from tho barons and knights, the ninth 
 sheep, fleece, and lamb from tlieir cstatPii 
 for two years ; from tho burgesses, a niiuii 
 of their whole movables at their rrai 
 value ; and from the whole parliament a 
 duty of forty shillings on, 1st, each threi' 
 hundred wool fells, and, 2nd, each last of 
 leather, .also for two years. It was ex- 
 pressly stated that this grant was not to ho 
 drawn into a precedent ; but as tlio kiiisj 
 necessities were great, it was adiUtiiinaliy 
 determined that twenty thousand sacks of 
 wool should Immediately be put at his dis- 
 posal, the value to bo deducted from tho 
 ninths which would of necessity ooino in 
 more slowly. While tho parliament of 
 England acted thus liberally in forwanlinj 
 Edward's design upon France, tliey iiwdo 
 a formal declaration that they aldea him 
 as king of England, and not as kliig of 
 France; and that in the event of liisW 
 quering the latter country, theformerimiit 
 ever remain wholly distinct from and illll^ 
 pendent of it. But had EdWan! boon suC' 
 cessful It certainly would not have liwiii 
 this bare and idle protest that wmild liavul 
 prevented so resolute and self-willed 
 monarch from removing the scat of go 
 vernment to France, and making EngLirn 
 a mere province and treasury. 
 
 A.i). 1340.— Philip kept a wateliful oj( 
 upon tho English movements ; .and whci 
 Edward at length sailed in a fleet of twi 
 hundred and forty vessels, lio was cncoiii 
 tered off .Siuys by a French fleet of near] 
 four hundred vessels, carrying forty tlioi 
 sand men. The inferior force of the Eii! 
 llsh was at the very outset fully compel 
 sated for by tho skill of their naval coi 
 manders, who got tho weatlicr-paKcoft 
 enemy, and the advantage of flglitingnil 
 the sun to their backs ; while the actii 
 taking place so near Flanders, tlic Floi 
 ings hastened out to join the Enplisli, ai 
 the result of the obstinate and saiiRuiii.i 
 action was the total defeat of the Frew 
 with the loss of two hundred and th 
 vessels and thirty thousand men,lucluJi 
 two of their admirals. 
 
 Edward, whoso loss had been compi 
 tlvely trifling, now marched to the frontli 
 of France with an army a hundred tLiius: 
 strong, his recent trlumpli having c.ius 
 host of foreigners to join him on his 1 
 ing. Kobert d'Artois, In order to fol 
 
 r 
 
eufllantf.— iBTantaflcncW.— eWuartr JtM, 
 
 213 
 
 juslloo of whldi 
 nafvom Uiivcry 
 ivd uiimovcltully 
 o£ Ws subjects, ' 
 
 (liiUy Krowlui? 
 
 01 Uis doinnmls, 
 ■Euglaiul aiul o{- 
 uU and lunv cm- 
 ivtcrs and of tl\o 
 a pardon for uUl 
 
 I a rctorm u£ cor- 
 on law. TUu Hr.4 
 lit to liavc hww 
 lO necessary, lint 
 control ct iwvlia- 
 pendlturo were m 
 ' V • and the wliolo 
 d 80 valualile, tliat 
 
 II crantcd the kiiit', 
 knlglits, tlic ninth 
 from their cstatf?, 
 ^ Durgcsscs, MtiiitU 
 tVAes at tlicir vua! 
 ,vUolo parli;imcm, a 
 , on.lst, eai'lithrw 
 nd. 2nd, each last df 
 
 years. It ^VM ex- 
 , grant was not to 118 
 t- hut as theUlncs' 
 t'ltwasaddltiniwlly 
 ^y thousand sacks pt 
 eW he put at WsOii- 
 c deducted fromihc 
 of necessity como in 
 tho parliamcii ot 
 ihcrally in f nrwaviling 
 ,. wrance. thoy mU 
 ^4rtuey»uicain». 
 and not as Umg "t 
 'ufe event otW*c(m. 
 ,u, try.thclormernm^t! 
 
 'treasury. ^, . ,„. „. 
 bout !i watfli™ fi' 
 
 ircarrylng fov{y '£; 
 vlor force of tlic m 
 rvTutset fully c«W 
 liU of their naval '_ 
 cweather-pa!!c«f', 
 
 nn tho success of Edward, laid siege to St. 
 Oinor.''. Uut though Ills force nuniliercd 
 60 000 moil, it was chiefly composed of a 
 mere ral)lilo of artiflccrs, so llttlo experi- 
 enced .'II war or in lovo with Its perils, 
 tliat .a sally of tho garrison put tho wliolo 
 of tliis douglity army to flight, to tho 
 pvoat auiioyaiico of its really able .iiid 
 brave cDiinnander. 
 
 Eawavd's .'!Ul)seriuont operations were hy 
 no inoaiis so succe.s.sfiil. lie greatly di.s- 
 trcpscd Touriiay, indeed, and lie sullcred no 
 very great advantage even In the way of 
 luanocuvro to ho gained by tlie French ; but 
 everyday brought some new proof that his 
 very allies were at lieart liostllc to lils pur- 
 iiose, and only supported lilm in their own 
 prcediaoss of gain ; wlille, on the other 
 liand, supplies arrived so slowly from Kng- 
 Iniiil, that he was utterly luiable to meet 
 tiie clamorous demands of his creditors. 
 A long truce, therefore, was very gladly 
 aiavedto by him, .and lio hastily and by 
 absolute stealth returned to England. An- 
 noyed at his want of success, and attril)nt- 
 ing it cliielly to tlie slowness with which 
 : supplies liad reached him, Edward no 
 sooner arrived in England than he began to 
 vent his anger upon his lU'liicliial odlcers ; 
 anil he with great iinpolicy showed especial 
 rigc ill the case of Stratford, arclibishop of 
 Canterbury, upon whom had devolved tlie 
 difllciilt and not very pleasant task of real- 
 ifini! tlie taxes granted by the parliament. 
 I: was in vain to urge that the ninth sheaf, 
 lamb, and fleece, being unusual taxes, 
 wrc necessarily collected with umisnal 
 |; slowness; the king was enraged at his 
 own ill-success, and was determined tovoiit 
 Uiii'on Ills olllcers ; sir John St. Paul, keep- 
 frotthe privy seal, sir John Storicr, chief 
 justice, tlie mayor of Londoii, and the bl- 
 sliops of Chichester and Liichdeld, were 
 Imprisoned ; and the archbisliop of Caiiter- 
 liiwy only e.scaped tho like indignity by 
 cliiinciiig to bo absent from London on Ed- 
 TOd'j arrival. 
 
 .til. 1311.— Archbishop Stratford, who 
 really seems only to have failed in his duty 
 friimthe novel and difflcult nature of it, 
 msiiot of a temper to quail before the un- 
 joit anger even of so powerful undpassion- 
 iiea prince as Edward ; and on learning to 
 iliat lengths tho king had gone witli the 
 ler great olllcers of state, the archbishop 
 tad a general sentence of excommuni- 
 (Jtion against all who should assail the 
 [clergy cither in person or property, in- 
 jlriiige the privllegea secured to them by 
 ithc ecclesiastical canons and by the Great 
 larter, or accuse a prelate of treason or 
 ly other crlino to ))ri!ig him under the 
 lag's di,'<pk'asnre. Nor did tho bold and 
 iiiicwiiat arnigant archbishop stop even 
 TO. After having thus generally aimed 
 the king's conduct, and after having 
 en care to employ tho clergy in painting 
 lilt conduct ill tho darkest colours to tho 
 iiple, Strattiu'd persoutilly addressed a 
 ilterto the king, in which ho .isscrted the 
 priority of tho clerical to tho civil 
 iwor, reiiiinded him that tho priestliood 
 TO mii-werabio at the divine tribunal as 
 ill for kings as for Bubjccts, and were the 
 
 spiritual fathers of tho former as of tho 
 latter, and were therefore manifestly and 
 fully entitled both to direct them to right 
 conduct and to censure them for trans- 
 gressions. TliLs bold and unlimited asser- 
 tion of superiority was in no wiso calcu- 
 lated to soothe Edward's irritation, and ho 
 marked his sense of Stratford's conduct by 
 sending hini no summons to attend the 
 parliament. But the archbishop, attended 
 by a numerous and imposing train of peers 
 spiritual and temporal, presented himself, 
 crosier In hand and in full pontifJcals, and 
 demanded admission. For two days tho 
 king refused to admit lilm ; but at length, 
 fearing tho consequences of too complete 
 a breach with tho ecclesiastical power, ho 
 not only permitted him to take his seat in 
 parliament, but also restored him to Ids 
 former high ofllce. 
 
 The maxim of the English parliament 
 seems at that time to have been, that tho 
 necessity of the king should be made the 
 advantage of tho subject. The close re- 
 strictions which had been laid upon Henry 
 III. and Edward II. were now, as far as 
 was deemed safe, made tho basis of tho 
 parliament's demands upon Edward III. 
 for conces.<i()iis to be granted by him in re- 
 turn for a grant; of twenty tliousand sacks 
 of wool. Jklward was so pressed by his 
 croditorf!, that he was obliged to comply 
 with the terms, hard as they were ; but as 
 soon as his necessities became somewhat 
 mitigated ho revoked all that he deemed 
 oltensive, alleging that ho was advised to 
 do so by some of his barons, and that In 
 originally making such concessions lie had 
 dinsembkil and had made them with a secret 
 protest. A most dishonest plea in itself ; 
 and one which, it is obvious, would, if al- 
 lowed, render all the most solemn pu))llo 
 engagements mere deceptions and mock- 
 eries. 
 
 A.D. I.l-i2.— Dissensions in Brittany led 
 to a state of affairs which revived Edward's 
 expiring hope of conquering France. Ho 
 accordingly sent a strong fleet and army 
 tliither to the aid of tho countess of Mount- 
 fort, who was besieged by Charles of Blols. 
 Uobert d' Artois, who commanded this 
 force, fought a successful action with tho 
 French, and landed his troops in Brittany. 
 Ho laid siege to Valines and took it, but 
 shortly afterwards died of a wound received 
 at the retaking of that place by a party ot 
 Breton nobles of the faction of Charles. 
 Deprived of the services of Uobert, upon 
 wliose ability and valour Edward had great 
 reliance, ho now determined. to proceed In 
 person to the aid of the countess. Tho 
 truce between England and France had e.x- 
 pircd, and tho war was openly and avowedly 
 to be carried on between these two powers, 
 which for some time had really been break- 
 ing their truce in tho character of parti- 
 sans to tho respective competitors for the 
 duchy of Brittany. Having landed near 
 Valines with an army of twelve thousand 
 men, Edward, anxious to make some im- 
 portant impression, and greatly over-rating 
 his means of doing so, simultaneously com- 
 menced three sieges; of Vannes, of Ueiines, 
 and of Nantes. As might have been ex< 
 
 11 ii 
 
 . '< !» I' 
 
214 
 
 C^e dTrea^ttri? af l^iiStors, ^c. 
 
 pected, but llttlo progress was made by a 
 small force thus divided. Even the chief 
 siege, of Vannes, couducted by Edw.ard In 
 person, was a failure ; and Edward was at 
 length obliged to concentrate all his troops 
 in that neighbourhood, on account of the 
 approach of Philip's eldest son, the duke 
 of Normandy, with an army of thirty thou- 
 sand foot and four thousand horse. Ed- 
 ward strongly entrenched himself ; but he 
 soon became so distressed for provisions, 
 while his antagonists, both of the fortress 
 and the army, were well and fully suppli- 
 ed, that he was glad to enter Into a truce 
 for three years, and consent to Vannes re- 
 maining In the hands of the pope's legates, 
 who negotiated the truce, while all the other 
 strongholds of Brittany should remain 
 In the hands of those who then held them. 
 Edward returned to England, and though he 
 had made a truce for the long term of three 
 years, it is quite clear from his conduct 
 that he merely did so to extricate himself 
 and his followers from actual capture. He 
 made complaints of a virtual breach of the 
 treaty by-tho punishment of certain Breton 
 nobles who were partisans of England ; and 
 the parliament, adoptlughis views, granted 
 him a fifteen* '.I from the countie.s, and a 
 tenth from tn j boroughs for two years, to 
 which the clergy added a tenth for three 
 years. Henry, earl of Derby, sou of the earl 
 of Lancaster, and cousin of the king, was 
 now sent with aforcclntoGuionne; and liav- 
 ing beaten oil all assailants from that pro- 
 vince, he followed the count of Lisle, the 
 French general, to Bergerac, beat him from 
 his entrenchments, and took the place. He 
 afterwards subjected a great part of Peri- 
 gord ; and the count of Lisle, having again 
 collected and reinforced his troojis, at- 
 tempted to recapture Auberoche, when the 
 earl, at the head of 1,000 horse, surpris-ed 
 lilm, completely routed his force, and took 
 him prisoner. 
 
 A.D. 1345.— After this the carl made a 
 most rapid series of conquests on the side 
 of Gulenne, partly owing to the general 
 discontent of the French at some new 
 taxes, especially one on salt, which Philip's 
 necessities had compelled blm to lay upon 
 his people. 
 
 A.D. 1346.— As soon as Philip's finances 
 became in better order, vast preparations 
 were made by the French to change the 
 aspect of affairs. A very splendid army 
 was led towards Gulenne by the dukes of 
 Normandy and Burgundy, and other of the 
 chief nobles of Prance; and the earl of 
 Derby found his force so inadequate, that 
 he was compelled strictly to confine his 
 movements to the defensive. The Frcncli 
 army, therefore, was left full opportunity 
 to lay Blege to Angouleme, and tlicy in- 
 vested It so closely, that lord Norwich, the 
 gallant English governor, was reduced to 
 the most painful extremities. Despairing 
 of relief, and unwilling to surrender himself 
 and troops as prisoners, lie had recourse to 
 a not very creditable stratagem, which, 
 moreover, was only successful In conse- 
 quence of the rigid honour of tlio duko of 
 Normandy. Desiring a conference with 
 that noble leader, lord Norwich proposed a 
 
 cessation of arms for the following fliv 
 which, as being the feast of the Virf in im 
 professed a dislike to desecratiiiK Tin" 
 cessation of arms being agreed to' loni 
 Norwich marched his troops thrcniLth [],,, 
 beleaguered city, and, as he wislicd id Msa 
 through the French lines, sent aiucssciiKcr 
 to remind the duke of the existing truee 
 ' / SCO the governor has outwitted mc,' wna 
 the noble reply of the duke, who allowed 
 the English to pass witliout annoyance 
 and contented himself with obtaining uosl 
 session of the place. 
 
 While these and minor transactinns-R-cre 
 passing In France, Edward had heen on- 
 gaged in England in preparing a siileudw 
 expedition with which he and Lis son the 
 prince of Wales, now about fifteen years of 
 age, at length set sail from SoutbaiiiDton 
 The origiuai destination of this expcditiiin' 
 which amounted to nearly a tliousand sail' 
 ■was Gulenne : but contrary wliiUs prevail! 
 iiig for some time, Edward listened to ijic 
 advice of Gcolfrey d'Harcourt, and rcsoiv, j 
 to make a descent upon Normandy, tin; 
 rich fields of which would supply liisariiiv 
 while the very proximity to tlio ciiuiiii 
 would render any Impression made tliereiif 
 proportionate Importance. This detcrmi. 
 nation made Edward speedily disembark at 
 La Hogue,withfour thousand Kunlishiuoii. 
 at-arms and ten thousand arcliers,togotlier| 
 with ten thousand Welsh and six thoibamii 
 Irish infantry, who, if not very imriortaatj 
 in actual lino of battle, were adinira'ilj 
 adapted, in quality of foragers and scuutj, 
 to bo serviceable to their own force aia 
 most mischievous to the enemy. 
 
 Having destroyed the shippinf? in 
 Hogue, Cherbourg, and Barlleur, Edwa; 
 who on landing had knighted his souEi 
 ward and some of the young nobility, Jii 
 persed his lighter and more disordori 
 troops all over the country, with orders t( 
 plunder and destroy, without other restrii 
 tion than that they should return to tliel 
 camp by night. The elTect of ihis orJi 
 was to spread the utmost con«ierimti( 
 not only all over the province, but even 
 Paris itself; and as Caen seemed im 
 likely to bo the next object of Kdwari 
 enterprise, the count d'Eu, constaWe 
 Fr.ance, and the count of Tancarville.w 
 debj)atched with an. army to its defoui 
 As had been foreseen, Edward could ii 
 I'esist the temptation to attack so ri( 
 a place; and the inhabitants, cneoitrai 
 l)y tlio presence < f regular troops, jiiii 
 them In advancing against the Kiidi, 
 But the zeal of these civilians gave way 
 the very first shock of Ijattle; ilietroi 
 were swept away along with them, h 
 the C(mnts were taken prisoners, ami i 
 conquering troops entei'ed and plundei 
 the city with every circumstance o£ n 
 and violence. The .uihuppy people smi| 
 to procrastinate their doom by linrricai' 
 their houses an'I assailing UiuKnglirfn 
 missiles from the windows aiul huuseti 
 and the soldiers, enraged at this nioro 
 suiting than Injurious opposition, set 
 to two or three houses In various partj 
 the town. But Edward, alarmed lest 
 spoil should thus be lost, 6toi>pcd tiie 
 
 ai 
 
 Hired 
 
dFttsIantf.— ^Tant«BciifW.— dftitoaitr 53i3J. 
 
 216 
 
 toUovjing day, 
 >{ the Virgin, Iw 
 esccratintr. Tlu? 
 
 agreed to, lord ( 
 ops tln-o\v-!li the 
 le -wislied to imsa ! 
 scut iiiuesscngct 
 existing truce, 
 Htu)i(tc(J mc,' was 
 like, who aiiowtd 
 tliout annoyance, 
 th ol)talniiis iws- 
 
 n?tal)li' 
 
 against lUo tui-'H 
 o civilians gave ^^« 
 
 ^^ of 1 attic; il.eiro 
 Umb' >vltli tliem, )' 
 
 '^^XcU nnd l>Un>M 
 ', circumstance o£r 
 'uibuwyvcoi-c^ 
 
 B:uing--»;-"^^±t( 
 
 [raged at this wor; 
 ,uHe9luyar .us 
 
 tolost,btoW'Cdlli^ 
 
 ifncc oi l>'s troops, and, having made tho 
 iilwtiitiinta give up their vain resistance, 
 allowed ills soldiers t(y plunder tho place In 
 nil orderly and deiHierate way for three 
 inys reserving to himself all jewels, plate, 
 silk 'an J "'"^ linen .ind woollen cloths. 
 These, together with three hundred of the 
 most coMs-iderable citizens of Caen, he scut 
 ovcrtcKnglaud. 
 Kdwat'd now marched towards Houe- ■, 
 vlicre lio expected to have a similar pro- 
 jtaWo triumph; but lluding tho bridge 
 over the Seine broken down, and tho king 
 of France in person awaiting him with an 
 army, ho marched towards I'aris, plunder- 
 iiieaiid committing tho most wanton de- 
 struction ou tho road. Ho had intended 
 id [lass tho Selno at Polssy, but found 
 i il,e orposite bank of the river lined with 
 11 tiic Frcncli troops, and that and all tho 
 iicichbouring bridges broken down. Uy a 
 jtilful maiioauvre he drew the French from 
 Poissy.rcturned thither.repaired tlie bridge 
 iviili wdnderf ul rapidity, imsscd over with 
 Ills whole army, and liaving tiius disen- 
 msed himself from danger, set out by 
 liasty marches for Flanders. His van- 
 piaril cut to pieces the citizens of Amiens, 
 ilio attempted to arrest their marcli ; but 
 jrhcntlic Kuglisli reached the Somnie they 
 (ouiiil themselves as 111 situated as ever, 
 a the bridges being either broken down 
 or closely guarded. Guided by a peasant, 
 Edward found a ford at Abbeville, led his 
 innvovcr sword in hand, and put to llight 
 iK- opposing French under Godemar de 
 Fjvc; the main body of tho French, under 
 Itiiir king, being only prevented from fol- 
 lowing Kdward across the ford by the riaiug 
 ilihctido. 
 
 After tills narrow escape, Kdward, un- 
 iug to expose himseil to tlie enemy's 
 fnior cavalry force In the open plains o^" 
 tanly, lialted upon a gentlo ascent near 
 jcvillago of Civscy, in a position very fu- 
 lOiirablo for his awaiting the iipproaeli of 
 icFniich. Having disposed ills army in 
 iree lines, he entrenched his Hanks, and 
 icrcbeingawoud In his rear, in that he 
 iccci his bagcagc. His llrst and second 
 lesiieconiniittcd to the young prince of 
 [jlej.with the carls of Warwick, ()xi:(>rd, 
 indel, and Northampton, and tho lords 
 iiiaoi<, Uolland, Willoughby, Uoos, and 
 ler eminent leaders ; while the third 
 '.under his own Immediate command, 
 kept back as a corps de rescn'c, either 
 (iipport the former two if beaten back, 
 to improve any Impression that they 
 lilt make upon the enemy. 
 |ln addition to tho care with which Ed- 
 tJ had secured hia flanks and rear, ho 
 ■d in his front so'no cannon, then only 
 ly invented and never before used to 
 extent In actual battle. His opponent, 
 luiih ho also posses.jcd cannon, had. It 
 M pcem, left then', beliind in his hasty 
 furious march from Abbeville, 
 ilip'sari'iy amouutcd to upwards of a 
 Ireil ana twenty thousand men; but 
 superiority of the English archers, 
 tho inefllclcncy of tho bow-strings of 
 irchors on tho i?rcncli side, from tlieir 
 having been secured against rain, 
 
 caused tho very first charge to be Injuri- 
 ous to this vast and tumultuous host, 
 Young Edward no sooner perceived the 
 confusion tiiat took place In the crowded 
 ranks of his enemy, than he led his lino 
 steadily into the nielLC, and so furious waa 
 the comliat, tliat tho carl of Wanvick, 
 alarmed lest tho gallant young prince 
 should bo overpowered, sent to the king, 
 who surveyed tlio battles from a neighbour- 
 ing hill, and entreated him to send a reiu- 
 forcenient. Ijcariiing tliat tlio prince was 
 not wounded, tho king said la reply to 
 Warwick's message, ' Iteturn to my son, and 
 tell him that I reserve tiie honour of t lie day 
 to him ; I am confident that ho will siiow 
 himself worthy of the honour of kniglithood 
 wliieli I so 'ntely conferred upon him. llo 
 will be able to repel the enemy without my 
 assistance.' 
 
 Tlie king of France, fac from inactive, 
 did his utn ~t to .sustain, the llrst line i)y 
 thatwiiicii was under his o\)n comniiind. 
 But tlio llrst disadv.antago could not bo 
 remedied, and the slaughter momentarily 
 became greater. I'hiiip liad already liad one 
 ■horse killed under him, and, being re- 
 mounted, was again rusiiing into tlie tliiek- 
 est of tlio ligiit, when Jolin of Hainaiiit 
 seized the liridle and literally dragged him 
 from the Held. Tlie battle waa now changed 
 into a complete rout, and the vanciuished 
 French were pursued and slaughtered until 
 niglitfall. AVIieu tho king received his 
 gallant son, Ik; ruslied into his arms, ex- 
 claiming, ' My brave son, persevere in your 
 honourable course. You are my sou indeed, 
 for valiantly have you acquitted yourself 
 to-day. You have shown yourself worthy 
 of empire.' 
 
 The loss to the French ou this most fat.al 
 occasion amounted to 1,'JOO knigiits, 1,400 
 gentlemen, 4,000 men-at-.arms, and .about 
 30,000 men of inferior rank. Among tlio 
 slain, of superior rank, were tho dukes of 
 l.orraino and Uonrbon, tho earls of Flan- 
 ders, Hiois, and Vaudemout, and tho kings 
 of Majorca and IJoliemia, The latter king, 
 though very old and quite blind, would 
 not lie dissuaded froi.i taking a persimal 
 part in tlie battle, but had Ills bridle 
 fastened to tlioso of i.vo attendants, and 
 was thus, by his own order, or at least by 
 his own act, led to perlsli in the thickest of 
 tho fight. His crest and motto were a 
 triple ostrich piumo and the words Ich 
 dirn, I serve, which were adopted by tho 
 prince of Wales, .In memory of this most 
 decisive battle. 
 
 Of this battle we may remark as of a 
 former one, tliat it seems to have been 
 rather a chaso murderously followed up ; 
 f(U' while the French lost so awful anumber 
 of all ranks, the English lost only three 
 knights, one esquire, and a few common 
 soldiers. 
 
 Great as Edward's victory was, he clearly 
 perceived that for the present many cir- 
 cumstances warned him to limit his ambi- 
 tion to capturing some place that would at 
 ail tlmcB afford him a reiidy entrance into 
 France; .and .accordingly, after employinga 
 few days in burying tlie dead andrestinghia 
 army, he presented himself before Calais. 
 
 
 li 
 
 nl^ 
 
216 
 
 C^e ^rtninvti ot Wfitavn, ^c. 
 
 John do Vlcnnc, knight of nurgiindy, 
 commanded tlils important garrison ; an 
 honour which he owed to Lis very high 
 renutation and experience. Ho was well 
 Buppllcd with means of defence; and Ed- 
 ward at the very nntsi't determined not to 
 attempt assmilt, but to starve this Import- 
 ant garrison into sul)mlssion. Ho accord- 
 ingly entrenclu-d tho whole cityand formed 
 his camp, causing liis soldiers to raise 
 thatched huts for their protection from 
 tho severity of the weather during tlio 
 winter. De Vicnne, judgiucr wliat was Ed- 
 ward's design, sent all tho t-uperlluous 
 hands out of the city, and, to the honour of 
 Edward he it s.aid, Iio not only let tho help- 
 less people pass through his lines, but even 
 supplied them with money to aid them In 
 seeking some other place of refuge. 
 
 During twelve months Edward was en- 
 gaged ill the siege of Calais, and the carl 
 of Derby was during that period carry- 
 ing on war in Guienne, I'olctlcrs, and the 
 southern provinces of Prance. Charles of 
 Blois at the same time invaded Drittany, 
 and laid siege to the castle of Uochelle do 
 Illon, where ho was attacked and taken 
 prisoner by thecountess of Montfort. 'While 
 she and her rival and antagonist, the wife 
 of Oharles de Blois, were displaying their 
 courage find talents in France, king Ed- 
 ward's queen, Phllippa, was still more im- 
 portantly exerting herself in England. The 
 Scots had a few years before recalled their 
 king, David nnice; and thougli tlicy could 
 not greatly rely upon his talent or i)rowess, 
 they were encouraged by the engagement 
 of Edward in France to make an Irruption 
 into tho nortliern English counties, to 
 which they were strongly urged by tho 
 king of France, who in all his truces with 
 Edward had shown great regard for tho 
 safety and welfare of Scotland. With an 
 army of 50,OOo men David Bruce broke into 
 Northumberland, and ravaged and devas- 
 tated the country as far south as the city 
 «>t Durham, riiilippa, doubly indignant 
 tliat such an outrage should be committed 
 during the absence of her husband, got 
 together an army of only about 12,000 men, 
 which she placed under tho command of 
 lord Piercy, and accompanied it and him 
 to Neville's Cross, near Durham. Here she 
 addressed tho troops in a very spirited 
 speech, and could scarcely bo persuaded to 
 retire even when tho battle actually com- 
 menced. The result was proportionate to 
 the gallantry of tho attempt. The .Scots 
 were completely routed, with a loss of from 
 fifteen to twenty thousand killed, .among 
 whom were Keith, the earl marslial, and 
 sir Thomas Charteris, tho chancellor; and 
 among a vast number of prisoners Vi-ero 
 David Bruce himself, tho earls of Fife, 
 Sutherland, Montelth, andCarrick, tho lord 
 Douglas, and many nobles of less note. 
 
 Queen Phllippa, after lodging her Im- 
 portant prisoners in the Tower of London, 
 was herself the bearer of the news to Ed- 
 ward, who was still before Calais, where 
 she was received with all the applause and 
 admiration duo to her gallant and more 
 than womanly devotion under circum- 
 st:uices so dilUcult. 
 
 A.D. 1.347.— John de Vionno in his ^n 
 fence of Calais had well justified liis snvc 
 reign's choice of lilm. But as riiliji) i|.,,i 
 in vain endeavoured to relievo lilm, uni 
 actual famine had begun to do Its dread. 
 ful work upon tho garrison. Do Viciino 
 now offered to surrender, on cnnditi,,,, 
 that the lives .and liberties of hu iir.ivn 
 fellows should be spared. But Edward wn 
 so irritated by tho very gallantry wliiri, as 
 De VIenno very pertinently areuwl, 'jin 
 would have cx|)ected from anyone nt hii 
 own knights under similar circumstance^ 
 that he at first would hear notliuij,' f\im 
 of the whole garrison surrendering atdis- 
 cretlon ; but lie was at length persuaded to 
 alter his terms, tliough even tlicii lie re- 
 auired that the keys of tho place »\]i,i\\,] 
 be delivered to him by six of tho iniiuipji 
 citizens, bareheaded, and with ropi's uivin 
 their necks, and that, as tho price «( tiii> 
 safety of the garri.son, these six men slioulij 
 be at his absolute disposal for either life or 
 death. 
 
 To send six men to what seemed certain 
 destruction could not fall to be a terrifjin'- 
 liropositlon. The whole garrison wa'j jj 
 dismay; but Eustace St. Pierre noMy v). 
 Innteered ; lils example was followed y 
 live other patriots, and tlie six bravo men 
 appeared in the prescril)ed fonn Lef,,,.,; 
 Edward, who only spared their lives-evi:! 
 after this touching proof of tlicir exrci- 
 lencc— at the entreaties made to lilm iiim 
 her knees by hlsqueen Phllippa. 
 
 On taking possession of Calais, Kdnri 
 adopted a plan far more jiolitic than ani 
 inhuman execution of brave iiu'a cnn]i 
 have been; for, considering that cvci 
 Frenchman must needs bo an eiieniv ti 
 him, he cleared this Important l;ey ti 
 Franco of all its native inhabitants, aai 
 m.ade it a complete English colony, 
 
 A.D. 1349. — Even this politic ineasim 
 and a truce which now existed hctwc 
 France and England, had well iiif-'h faiin 
 to preserve to Edward this only valuaM 
 fruit of all his expense of blood and tra 
 sure. He Intrusted tho governorsliip 
 Calais to a native of Pavla, who iiad tl 
 reput.ation of bravery, but who wa.^ uttc 
 unrestrained by any feelingof tUlolity;ai 
 this man volunteered to deliver his iniiioi 
 ant trust to Geoffrey de Cliarni, the cm 
 mander of the nearest French troniiJ, 
 payment of twenty thousand crown 
 traitor was himself betrayed by his sen 
 t.ary, who despatched tidings of the intci 
 ed treachery in time to en.ablo Kdw 
 with sir Walter Manny and the prince| 
 Wales, to reach Calais with a tiimis 
 men. The governor was secured and ta 
 with his crime; and easily consented, 
 the price of his pardon, to lead tlie Krei 
 into the ambush prepared for them liy 
 ward. The French appeared and weroj 
 tacked and conquered. Edward him 
 fought as a mere private geiuiemaii 
 was twice foiled to tho eartli by hi»g.il 
 antagonist, sir Eustace de Bibauniont 
 at length surrendered to him. Thosi 
 the French olllcers who were captured 
 treated with much distinction by Ed' 
 and his heroic son ; and the king not 
 
 Ba 
 
eiintanlf.— ^Tantaflcnctsf.— (iPliiuartf Mi. 
 
 217 
 
 That secmca cortniii 
 all to lie a territyiir,- 
 ,10 panif^oii \\:i3 in 
 St. Vlcrro iwMy v>. 
 nie -was followi'il liy 
 (X tho six lim-o 11(11 
 <crll)i'i^ fm-iu U'Uk- 
 red tliolr livos-i'v« 
 woof of llu'ir exec!- 
 OS luado to him uin^a 
 
 Ion of Calais, l.ita, 
 novo \)olitlc tliiui ai!) 
 (,1 l)ravc nu'u cnuV 
 inalderlng that cv«. 
 ecds be M\ tiuMiiy ti 
 lis Important Uoy ti 
 Uvo InUabitaiits, an) 
 ■^.nKlisU colony, 
 this pollt'C ineasim 
 now existed hewos 
 1 had well mi-'h ^H'V 
 ard tills only viiUui.* 
 use of blood ami Uf" 
 
 the governorsliii' 
 )f Pavla, who Iwil tt 
 ■V but who wai uttct 
 fccliim'offidelUy.ai 
 (1 to deliver his imi'o 
 sv de Charnl, the cil 
 rest French nmi.' 
 thousand cr()\yiis. i 
 hctrayedbyhiiscj 
 ■d tidings of the mie* 
 ino to enable hym 
 nny nw\ the iirmcel 
 dais with a thousJ 
 •was secured and t 
 ad easily onsenteil, 
 don. to lead the M 
 .pared for them l.y. 
 appeared aiunvoro^ 
 ered. Edward hiuU 
 private gcnilema". 
 the earth by his ga 
 
 taccdclUbauniont- 
 
 'ared to him. TUos( 
 who were captured 
 
 . distinction by U\ 
 
 • and tUc kins iw' 
 
 _g Eustace do Uibanmont liis liberty 
 without ransom, but also presented lilni 
 with a hanili»omo chaplet of pearl;*, which 
 he desired litni to wear In memory of his 
 having rrnvi'd the stoutest knight with 
 whom tlio king of Kugland had ever been 
 D..r-:oiially engaged. 
 
 Edward, partly In commemoration of his 
 tolls In Franco and partly to elevate tlio 
 niiilkc spirit among his nobles, shortly af- 
 terwards established the order of tlio Gar- 
 tor' an order which, being to this very day 
 limited to twenty-live persons bosliles tlio 
 fiivorelirn, Is one of the proudest and most 
 envied rewards of eminent merit. 
 
 AD. l.'ilO. — Tliis year deserves cpiiecial 
 remark from tlio awful pestileiH-e which, 
 .rising iu the Kast, swept with fierce and 
 flfstioving power through England, ns 
 tiiroi'eli all (ho rest of Knrope, carrying 
 off (in an average a full third of tlio popu- 
 lation of every country In which it made Us 
 t'crrilile appearance. 
 A.n. ^''''"•■"Tlie miseries Inflicted by the 
 iifftilenco upon both Franco and Kngland 
 tomled to prolonj,' the cessation of arms 
 Ktween them; but t'liarles kiiiir of Na- 
 varre, sunianied, very iippropriatily, the 
 ! jiiif, caused much bh odslied jiikI disturl)- 
 jaiicc in France; and Edward, at leiiuth 
 I wearied with peace, allied hiiiii^elf with the 
 froncli malcontents, and sent an ariiiy un- 
 der the heroic jirinec of Walen— who was 
 Low pciierally known by the tllle of the 
 lJliict/'f(»cc, from tlie colour of his aniiour 
 Lt,> make an incursion on the side of 
 Giiioiiiic, while he himself broke in on the 
 iiilo of Calais. 
 
 I Each of these incursions wag productive 
 
 Irf irreat loss to the French, and of nume- 
 
 Ifoiij prisoners and much spoil to the Eng- 
 
 lliih, hut led to no general or decisive en- 
 
 Ipcenieui; and before any such could bo 
 
 Ibrniight on, Edward was called over to 
 
 lEiidiind to prepare for a threatened inva- 
 
 lii,iii liy the Scots, who had surprised ller- 
 
 lirirt.and had gathered an army there ready 
 
 llnfiillupon the north of Eimland. Ihitat 
 
 Ijdward's approach they retired to tlio 
 
 luouiitalns, and ho marched without en- 
 
 Iwmtcring an enemy from Berwick to 
 
 lldiiiliurgli, plundering and burning at 
 
 Vrj- step. Ballol attended Edward on 
 
 iftis occasion, and was either so disgusted 
 
 Sitli the ruin which he saw Inliicted, or so 
 
 tiierly liopeless of ever establishing hlm- 
 
 Klfiipon the Scottish throne, that lie made 
 
 illiialand formal resignation of his pre- 
 
 Kisions, in exchange lor a pension of two 
 
 iiuuiand pounds. 
 
 \k.ti. l.'t,")0.— The prince of Wales in the 
 
 ^cantiine had penetrated into the very 
 
 irtof France and committed Incredible 
 
 bvoc. Havinp: only an army of liAtW 
 
 wi.inost of win I.', were foreign merceua- 
 
 p, he was anxioua to match Into Nor- 
 
 iimly, and form a junction with the king 
 
 ixavarro and tlio English force that was 
 
 jiilriiiig that monarch, under the c(mi- 
 
 Mid of the earl of I-ancaster; but every 
 
 tidpi, heing broken down and every pass 
 
 isrded, lie next directed his march to- 
 
 irds Guicnno. .fohn, king of France, 
 
 loliad succeeded I'hllip of Valols, though 
 
 a mild and just prince, was a very bravo 
 man ; and, being enraged at the destruction 
 wrought by tho young prince, ho got toge- 
 ther an army of nearly 00,000 men, with 
 which ho overtook tiio Black Prince at 
 Maupertuis, near Poictlers ; and tho prluco 
 h.aving done all that could bo done to pre- 
 vent liimself from being comiielled to light 
 at a disaavantage, now exerted himself 
 no less to avoid defeat even while so fight- 
 ing. 
 
 "With so great a superiority of force, the 
 French king, by merely surrounding tho 
 English, might without any risk havo 
 starved them into submission j but both 
 John and his principal nobles were so eager 
 to close witli and utterly destroy so daring 
 and mischievous an enemy, th.itthey over- 
 looked all the cooler sugge.'Xloiis of prti- 
 dence. Even this hot hasto would perhaps 
 have proved fatal to tho English ; but, 
 fortunately lor tliem, though John liad 
 not iiatlencc to surround his enemy and 
 starve him into submission, he did allow 
 his impetuosity to be j list sulUclentlychccIc- 
 cd to afford tliat ciiemy time to make tiio 
 very best of his situation, bad as it really 
 was. 
 
 The French had already drawn up In or- 
 der of battle, and were preparing* for that 
 furious and instant onset which, next to 
 patient hemming in of the English, would 
 have been their most certain means of suc- 
 cess, when king John suffered himself to 
 be delayed to enahic the cardinal of Peri- 
 gord to endeavour to bring the Euglish to 
 terms without fartlier bloodshed. The hu- 
 mane endeavour of the cardinal was not ill 
 received bytiic Black Prince, who was fully 
 sensible of tho disadvantageous position 
 which ho occupied, and who frankly con- 
 fessed his willingness to make any terms 
 not inconsistent with honour ; and offered 
 to purchase an unassailed retreat by, 1st, 
 the cession of all the comiuests he had 
 made during this and the preceding cam- 
 paigns ; and 2ndly, pledging himself not to 
 servo against Prauce for seven years from 
 tli.at date. Happy would it havo been for 
 John had he been contented with tlieso 
 proffered advantages. But iio Imagined 
 that the fate of tho English was now abso- 
 lutely at his disposal, and he demanded tho 
 surrender of Calais, together with prluco 
 Edward and a Iiundred of his knights as 
 prisoners ; terms which Edward indignant- 
 ly refus'^d. 
 
 By the time that the negotiation was 
 thus terminated the day was too tar spent 
 to allow of tho commencement of action, 
 and Edwiird thus gained the inestimable 
 advantage of having the whole night at his 
 disposal to strengthen his post and alter 
 the dispositlonof hisforces. Besides great- 
 ly adding to tho extent and strength of his 
 entrenchments, lie caused tho captal do 
 Bnchc, with three hundred archers and tho 
 like number of men-at-arms, to make a cer- 
 cuit and Iio In ambush ready to seize tlio 
 first favourable opportunity of falling sud- 
 denly on the flank or rear of the enemy. 
 The main body of his troops tlio prince had 
 under his own command ; the van ho in- 
 trusted to tho eail of Waiwick ; the real 
 
 w 
 
 '.''^: 
 
 • «« 
 
218 
 
 Cte Creajfurj? of Wfitov}}, ^c. 
 
 II , 
 
 to tho carls of Salisbury and Suffolk; and 
 evoii tlie chief subdivisions vecro headed, 
 for tho most part, l)y warriors of scarcely 
 Inferior fame and experience. 
 
 Tho kinpr of France also drew out his 
 army In three divisions ; tho flrst of which 
 was commanded by his brother tho duke of 
 Orleans, the Bec(md by tho dauphin and 
 two of John's younger sons, and the third 
 by John himself, who was accompanied by 
 his fourth son, Philip, then only fourteen 
 years old. 
 
 The comparatlvoweakness of tho English 
 army was compensated by Its position, 
 which (miy allowed of tho enemy arnroarli- 
 ing it along a narrow lane flanked by thick 
 hedges. A strong advanced guard of the 
 French, led by the marshals Clermont mikI 
 Andrehcu, commenced the engagement by 
 marching along this lane t ipcn a passage 
 for the main army. This detachment was 
 dreadfully galled and thinned by the Va\- 
 gUsh archers, who from behind the hedges 
 I'ourcd In their deadly arrows without be- 
 ing exposed to tho risk of retaliation. But, 
 In spite of the terrible slaughter, this gal- 
 lant advance guard pushed sti'adlly for- 
 ward, and the survivors arrived at the end 
 of the lano and bravely charged upon a 
 strong body of the English which awaited 
 them under tho command of tho prince In 
 licrson. Hut the contest was short as It was 
 furious ; the head of this brave and devoted 
 column was crushed even before its rear 
 could fairly emerge from iho lane. Of the 
 two marshals, one was taken i>risonor and 
 the other slain yiti the spot, and the rear of 
 the beaten column retreated in disorder 
 upon its own army, galled at every ste|) by 
 the ambushed archers. At the very Instant 
 that the hurried return pf their beaten 
 friends threw the French army Into confu- 
 sion, the captal do Buclie and his detach- 
 ment made a well-timed and desperate 
 charge upon the French Hank, so clo.^e to tho 
 dauphin, that the nobles who had the Uiargo 
 of that young prince bcc«mo alarniod for 
 his safety, and hurried him from the field. 
 
 The (light of the dauphin and his imme- 
 diate attendants was the signal for that of 
 the whole division ; tho duko of Orleans 
 and his division foHowed tho example ; 
 and the vigilant and gallant lord Cliandos, 
 seizing upon the Important Instant, called 
 to prince Edward to charge with all his 
 chivalry upon tho only remaining divi- 
 sion of the French, that which was under 
 tho immediate command of John himself. 
 Feeling that all depended upon this ouo 
 effort, John fought nobly. The three ge- 
 nerals who cominandcd the German aux- 
 iliaries of hisarmy fell within sight of him ; 
 young Plilllp, whoso sword was wielded 
 with ahero's spirit lu defence of his father, 
 was wounded ; and the king himself was 
 several times only saved from death by the 
 desire of his Immediate assailants to make 
 him prisoner; still he shouted the war- 
 cry and brandished his blade as brave'/ aa 
 though his cause had been surely triu- iph- 
 ant. Even when he was sinking wltii fa- 
 tigue he demanded that f'o prince In 
 person should receive his Sivord; but at 
 length, overwhelmed by numbers, and be- 
 
 ing Informed that tho princo was tno far 
 off to bo brought to tho spot, hu tlirjur 
 down his gauntlet, and ho and his (wllant 
 boy were taken prisoners by Sir Doiaiis ih, 
 Morbec, a knight of Arras, who liaj n^i 
 from his country on being chargia with 
 murder. 
 
 Tho gallant spirit which John ima ,ii^. 
 played ought to have protected him fi-m,, 
 further II! treatment; but some Englisli i,,|. 
 diers rescued him from do Morbec, in iiiih^ 
 of getting rewarded as his act; 'ilcaptorv 
 and some fiascons. ictuated by the shiikmiio.' 
 tlvos, endeavor.vvjd to wrest him frdiu iiie 
 English. So high, indeed, ran tlicdispuu' 
 that some on both sides loudly thrciitciini 
 rather to slay him than to psirt wiiliiiim 
 living to their opponents, when, furtiinii'u. 
 ly, tho earl of Warwick, despatchea iiy Hi,, 
 prince of Wales, arrived upon the ppntmii 
 conducted him in safety to the royal tent 
 
 I'rinco Edward's courage and comluci i';, 
 the Held were not more creditable to liiili 
 than tho striking yet perfectly uiiafTcciod 
 humanity with which ho now tvoatcil his 
 vauiiulshed enemy, lie received liinia:iiij 
 tent, and conducted him as an iiifcr,,,? 
 wailing tijion a suiicrlni- ; euniesiiy ,ii,j 
 truly ascribed Ills victory less to sl;i|'| tluu 
 tho fortune of war, and waited licliind tlie 
 royal prisoner's chair during the liaiiijiK! 
 with which ho was served. 'I'lio cxainpifl 
 of the prince was followed hy his anny: aH 
 tho iirlsoners were released, and at'-acii 
 moderate ransoms as did not i'i-('>s ii|«iii 
 tliem individually, though their great miin.i 
 ber nnido the English soldiers wtaitliy, 
 
 Edward now made a truce wltii t!ie 
 French for two years, and condiictf(l,Mai 
 to Liindoii, treating lilin not as a ciiiival 
 but as a monarch ; taking care to aitwr, 
 alike as to horse and attire, as a persuu oi 
 inferior station. 
 
 King Edward showed his approval of 
 son's modestand delicate conduct liydoj 
 ly Imitating it ; advancing to. Soutiiwarkti 
 meet John on liis landing there, and ii 
 every sense treating him not as a cai'tiv 
 but as a monarch and a volunt.ary visitur. 
 
 Edward bad now two kings his iirijonf 
 in Londoii. Hut tho continued cnitivi 
 of David Hrnco had proved less iiijnrio 
 to Scotland than Edward had .Miliripato 
 tho powers of that country being altlya: 
 indefatlgably directed by David's heir, ii 
 nephew, Kobert Rttiart. Edward tlioi 
 fore restored Davhf to liberty at a ran? i 
 of 100,000 marks, for the payment o£ wl:!i 
 tho sons of his iU'luclpal nobles kcai 
 hostages. 
 
 A.I). l.?r)S.— Though the very virtno' 
 John, king of France, were caU'iila' .'. 
 encourage disobedience to him in ho t 
 bulent and Ill-regulated an Jige, ami iii| 
 country so often brntallscd as Franco 
 by being made the theatre of war, yit 
 absence was early and visibly prciUucti 
 of Injury and disturbance to his kinedi 
 If his goodness had been sometiniw 
 posed upon and his kindness still more 
 quently presumed upon, yet, as it was w 
 known that he had both wi.' doiu and ci 
 rage, his pr. ience had kei)t the ill-disiioi 
 wlthiu certain bouuds. The dani'hin.uii 
 
©nnlantr.— ^lautaflciiet)*.— ©Utoarlr 3E3E3E. 
 
 219 
 
 nco was too far I 
 1 spot, \\ii throw ' 
 ami ills Kr\llaiit 
 by Sir Douuis ilo 
 as, who laJ lU'il 
 nu cliargca wiih 
 
 ^h John hai\ ills- 
 otcctcii hliM tvnm 
 iSomeKiis-'UshsMl. 
 ,0 Morhoe, iuli'Hic 
 lis act; 'il f ai'tnrs ; 
 cilhy the same ino- 
 voBt "Uliu from tlio 
 a, van the lUsimU', 
 3 louilly thnuicn 1 
 I to Viirt Willi liira 
 iS, when, fiirtui\:i*i> 
 
 despatched by tin 
 J upon tho Pilot :iwl 
 y to the royul tout, i 
 rage anil cmuluct in i 
 ■e crcdltiilile to liim 
 iievfcctly miafEoctcd j 
 ho now tvoatoil liis 
 ;t-reci'ivc(Uiiii\;Uli:3 
 
 him a« an iuforiMrl 
 ij-lnr ; oai'uo.-tly aiull 
 ory less to skilltliaiil 
 id waited lu'liiiidtliel 
 ■ during the liaiifwl 
 ;evved. 'I'lit' exatiii'1^1 
 nvedliy ill* ;"■'">■ ••'Jl 
 •cleaned, uiul at suflil 
 s did not l'l■e^s hvmuI 
 ouKh their great iiuiE-l 
 , soldiers wealtliy. I 
 le a trnce wiili tlijl 
 B and coudiu't I'd .Mini 
 
 him not as a nv'.ivol 
 akliitJ *'!""e 10 ■W'-n 
 t\ attire, as a iier- 
 
 vcd his approval o{ liij 
 llcato conduct iyolo;c^ 
 incinRtoSoutUwavU 
 
 landlnK there, aud IJ 
 ' himnota*acai>uve 
 ,\ a voluntary visitor. 
 ,,wokin»i>'lii;'l'>-'^;^;^' 
 10 continued p.ti)' 
 1 proved le?» wmA 
 iward had iaitinruto^ 
 •ouutrvhtlnKalilyM 
 led ,y David's lieiraij 
 tuart Kdward tlW 
 'to liberty at a m^.> 
 , the payment otvl.iil 
 lucipal nobles 
 
 licoau 
 
 whom tlio difficult task now lay of ruling 
 Lfingtlio Imprisonment of his father, was 
 hravo and of good capacity : but Lo h.id one 
 
 bravo 
 
 foV 
 ami ill] 
 
 Ih the very ^MV:^ 
 
 Ticc, were eaU'iila' 
 
 lenco to him ni 
 
 lated an age. !' 
 Vitalised as Frmu; V 
 
 Itheatro of w.nr, > t 
 land visibly VH'S 
 Irbanco to bl" Mmw( 
 Id been sometums 
 Kindness still nu^ 
 
 \,^r.n vet. as It was m 
 
 tehw^'i"'"""'^'' 
 
 lad kept the ill->lisi^o 
 
 fatal defect, In Itself sumdcnt to Incapaci- 
 tate liliii f"'' '""y supplying his father's 
 riace: lie was only elghlccu years (.C age. 
 How far that clrcumstanco weakened his 
 •lUtlierlty appeared on tlio very first occa- 
 flou of his assembling tho states. Though 
 lil3 lather was now mado captive in defend- 
 ing tlio kingdom, the young dauphin no 
 fiioner demanded tho supplies which his 
 (ither's captivity and tho situation of tho 
 kiiigduni rendered bo ncces.-sary, than ho 
 was met not by a generous vote of syinpa- 
 lllv, confidence, and assistance, Imt by a 
 linfiJi and eager demand for liiiiltatioii of 
 tiie royal authority, for redre ^s of certain 
 alleged grievances, and for the liberation of 
 the king of Navarre, who had been so nils- 
 cliievous to Prance even while John was at 
 liberty to oppose him, and whose Ul)eratlou 
 now might rationally bo expected to be 
 |i-,)iiiictive of the very worst consequences. 
 jiiis ungenerous conduct of tho states did 
 not lack Imitators. Marcel, provo.st of tho 
 inonliauts, the first and iiiost inlluentlal 
 ii,,i(.'istnUe of Paris, instead of u.-^liig the 
 mi^'litof his authority to aid the dauphin, 
 aoniaily constituted himself the ringleader 
 (if tlio r 'le, and '..'iicouragod them in tlie 
 Imost insolent and unlawful couduet. Tlio 
 djtil'liln, thus situated, found that he was 
 IH tiie ruler than the prisoner of tiiese 
 mimteful men, who CJirried their iiyuial 
 disrespect 80 far as to murdt in his pre- 
 wiice the marshals do Clermont and no 
 Coiilians. As usual, tho indulgence of 111 
 ijiilnisltlons Increased their strength; ail 
 tliO other friends and ministers of tho dau- 
 ijiiiiwcro threatened with thofatoof the 
 lurJered marshals, and ho at length seized 
 opportunity to escape. Tho frantic de- 
 laxiigues of Paris now openly levied war 
 [itiust tho dauphin, and it is scai-cely ne- 
 sary to add that their cxamplo was 
 ally followed by every largo town In 
 kingdom. Those of tho nobles who 
 itiiica it time to exert themselves In snp- 
 ■n of tho royal authority were taunted 
 itli tbclr flight from tho battlo of ?'auper- 
 i!,or, as it Is more generally terncd, of 
 ilctlers ; tho king of Navarre was liberated 
 m prison by aid of the disaffected, and 
 ivholc kingdom was tho prey of the 
 .jstborriliio disorders. 
 ne dauidiin, rather by his judgement 
 in by his military talents, reduced the 
 untry nt length to something like order. 
 Liard, ill tho meantime, had practised so 
 KMstidly, and, we may add, so uiigenc- 
 ily, upon the captive John, as to induce 
 to sign a treaty wlilch was so niaiii- 
 itlyand unfairly injurious to France, th;it 
 dauphin refused to bo l)0und by It. 
 , 1359-CO.] — War consequently \n. iv- 
 imenced by Edward; but though lie 
 jlish armies traversed France from end 
 Hiil.and committed thcmostdisgraceful 
 wes, Edward's success was so dispro- 
 lonate, and his advantages constantly 
 iTeU so fleeting, that even the duko of 
 icaster, his own near relative and zea- 
 us well as able general, remonstrated 
 
 with him upon his absurd obstinacy in In- 
 sisting upon terms so e.vtremc, that they 
 were calculated rather to Induco deSiierur 
 tlon tlian to Incline to submission. 
 
 riieso remonstrances, backed as thoy 
 were by the whole circuiusiiiiices of tho 
 case, at length led Kdward to Incline to 
 moro reasonable term.", liy way of salvo 
 to his dignity, or pride, he jirofessed to 
 have mado a vow di ring an awful te^npest 
 which threatened tie desiniction of his 
 army, and in obedlcn o to this hi.'-' alleged 
 vow, he now concluded peace on t'lefollow- 
 Ing footing; viz. that king John jhonid bo 
 restored to liberty at a ran.som of tlirco 
 inillloiis of golden crowns ; thai Kdward 
 should for himself Jind his successors re- 
 nounce all claim to tho crown of France, 
 and to his ancestral provinces Anjou, Tou- 
 raliio, Maine and Normandy; and should. 
 In exchange, receive other ppccltled dis- 
 tricts In that directlon.wlth Calais, liulenne, 
 Montrenlland Ponthiou, on the other side 
 of France, in full and independent sovo- 
 rcignty ; together with sundry other i-itlpu- 
 lations. John was acciu'dlngly restored to 
 liberty ; and as he had been personally well 
 treated In Kngland, and, besides, was at all 
 times greatly inclined I o sincerity, he seems 
 to have exerted himself lo the utmost to 
 cause the treaty to be duly fulllllcd. iiiit 
 the pe )ple iiilhonelghliourhoodof (iuitiino 
 were olisliiiately bent against living under 
 the English dominion ; and soino other dif- 
 llculties arose which Induced John to re- 
 turn to Kngland in the hope of adjusting 
 matters, when he sickened and died, A.u. 
 13G3. 
 
 A.I). 13GI.— Charles tho dauphin, wiio suc- 
 ceeded to the throne of France, devoted his 
 11 rst efforts to settling all disturbances in 
 his own realm, and ridding it of tlie nume- 
 rous //re companions, who, soldiers in time 
 oC war and robbers in time of peace, were 
 a very inincipal cause of ail the disorder 
 tliut reigned ; and he was prndent enough 
 to cause them to Hock to that .Siiaiiisli war 
 in which tho Ulack Prince most impru- 
 dently took part. 
 
 llav'ng got rid of this dangerous set of 
 men, and having with secret gladness be- 
 held the IJiack Prince ruining himself 
 alike i-.i liealth and fortune in the same war 
 whicli drafted so iiia.iy desperate runians 
 from Franco, Charles, in the very face of 
 his father's treaty, assumed a feudal power 
 to wiiich he had no just claim. Edward 
 recommenced war; but though France onco 
 moro was extensively ravaged, a t rucc was 
 at length agreed \ipou, whoa the varied 
 events of war, consisting rather of tho 
 skirmishes of freebooters than of the great 
 strife of armies, had left Kdward scarce a 
 foot of ground in France, save Calais, Hour- 
 deaiix, and IJayonne. 
 
 A.D. 1.170. — Kdward tho Ulauk Prince, 
 feeble In health, had for some time past 
 beon visibly hastening to tho grave. His 
 warlike prowess and his unsullied virtue — 
 unsullied save by that warlike fury wiiich 
 ail mankind are prone to rate as virtue — 
 made his condition tho source of u very 
 deep and u'.iiver^al iuterest in Kngland, 
 which was grcatiy helghtcujd by the uu- 
 
 
 !i 
 
220 
 
 0*1)0 ^ttjiinvti flC Witavu, ^c. 
 
 jioiniliirlly of the duko of Tiiincastcr, who, 
 It was feared, woulil take advantage of the 
 minority of lltcliard, son and heir of the 
 Ulack I'nme, to iisuri) the throne. This 
 general Interest gre\/ dally more deep and 
 raliiful; and the Black I'rinne, amid the 
 Borrow of tlie whole nation, expired on the 
 8th of June, la the very jirlinc of man- 
 hood, n^ed only forty-Htx. Tho king, who 
 was visibly affeeted hy the loss of liU son, 
 lived only a twelvemonth lon^'er, dying on 
 tho 21st of June, ].'177, In the 51st year of 
 his reign, and In the Ojth of his age. 
 
 The sense of power Is usually more In- 
 fluent Inl (Ml men's judgement than the smsc 
 of right; and though hU wars both with 
 Scotland and France ehlelly originated In 
 tyrannous self-will, tho splendour of his 
 warlike talents and the vigour of his cha- 
 racter made him beloved and admired by 
 his i>eoplo during his life, and still make 
 tho Kiiglish historian love to linger over 
 his reign. 11*:. '.ery injustice to foreign 
 people, kept sedition and its feurful evils 
 iifar from his own subjects; and if he was 
 himself too burthensome in tlie way of 
 taxation, he at least kept a firm hand over 
 his noliles, and did much towards advanc- 
 ing and establishing the right of tlio peo- 
 ple at largo to be uinnolested In their pri- 
 vate life, and to have their Interests con- 
 sidered, and their reasonable demands at- 
 tended to. It has, indeed, been generally 
 ndinltted that he was one of tho best and 
 most Illustrious kings tliat ever sat on 
 the Knglish throne, and that his faults 
 were greatly outweighed by his heroic vir- 
 tues and amiable (lualltles. On the whole, 
 the reign of IMward III., as It was one of 
 the longest, so was It also one of tho 
 brightest in our history. 
 
 ClIAPTEK XXVir. 
 
 TJiv Dciijn of IticnAiiD II. 
 
 A.D. 137".— Kdavauu III. was succeeded 
 hy Itlcliavd 1!., son of the Ulack I'rince. 
 The new king was '>ut little more than 
 eleven years old ; but ho had three uncles, 
 the dukes of Lancaster, York, and Cilouces- 
 ter, whoso authority, aided by tlic habits 
 of obedience which the firm rule of the late 
 king had established, secmeti to promise at 
 the least an undisturbed minority. 
 
 The very commencement of this reign 
 proved how much Kdward III. had raised 
 the views and added to the Importance of 
 the commons in parliament.the deliberative 
 business of which had now so ranch Incre.as- 
 ed, that they found it necessary to choose a 
 speaker, both to lie their organ of commu- 
 nication, ai d to keep due order and gravity 
 in their debates. Tho choice, however, 
 showed but rttle gratitude to the late king, 
 for It fell upon Peter de la Mare, a man who 
 had distinguished himself by opposition to 
 the late king's ministers, and had been 
 imprisoned for a violent attack on Alice 
 Pierce [or Ferrers], who, as the king's mis- 
 tress, had become so unpopular la con- 
 Bequence of the Inllucncc sho was sup- 
 posed to have upon his measures, that he 
 was obliged to part with her to appease the 
 popular clamou , 
 
 Though tho choice of this persnii fnf 
 speaker did not indicate any Inti'iitimi m 
 the part of the comnn)ns towards too kuIi 
 missive a conduct, they did not Ininiii 
 dlately show any desire unduly to iiitcrfiro 
 in the government, but coniliicd tlieiiisi.|v(., 
 to petitioning the lords that n councn ,,( 
 nlne,coinposed of trustworthy and virtuous 
 men, should be appointed to conduct tlin 
 public business and to superintend tliclifc 
 and education of the young king clurlnn 
 his minority. The former part of thu iicii. 
 tlon was answered by the appolntinpiit of 
 tho bishops of London, Carlisle, aiKi Saii*. 
 bury, tho earls of March and Si;iit„ri| 
 and sirs lUchard de Stafford, Himuv u 
 Scrope, John Devereux, and Hugli Si'^ravp 
 who were empowered to conduct tlicimiiiic 
 business for one year. With respect to tlie 
 latter pon.ion of tho petition, tlio Idnij 
 declined Interfering with It ; riasuiiadiy 
 thinking that to interfere in th' jdiiuj 
 prlnc',''s private life and educatliiii,iiiiit<'j 
 his rcyal uncles proved careless or luimi. 
 cal, would be neither delicate nor jii<t. 
 
 Of tho three uncles, the duke of Laiicii 
 ter was certainly by far the alilc^, ainij 
 probably not tlie least ambitious-; am 
 though there was no one to whom ani 
 authority was ostensibly or formally kjvo' 
 to control the council, Lancaster seoiiHii 
 have been tlie actual regent, who fur hdi 
 years not only controlled, but, by lii< irr( 
 sisllble though secret Inliuence, cviiu] 
 pointed the council. 
 
 As Is usual with popular and lar?( 
 semblies, tho commons, on (Indiu),' tliei 
 interference complied with Instemiofil 
 being resented, became anxious andsi 
 what Impatient to push It still farilii 
 Scarcely had the major part and the in< 
 important part of their llrst petition li« 
 acted upon,when they presented anothorj 
 which they prayed tho king ami his cm 
 ell to take measures to prevent the liaro 
 from confederating together to ui 
 each other and their followers in viuli 
 and uidawful deeds. A civil answer 
 given to this petition ; but though llic 
 swer was couched in those general te 
 which really bind the parties using tlm 
 no particular course. It speedily calkdfi 
 another petition of n far more aiiiMtli 
 nature, and calculated to add at (ino 
 most prodigiously to tho inliuence nf 
 commons, who now pr.ayed that,tiuriiii{| 
 minority of tho king all the great uliii 
 should bo appointed by parliament-di 
 meaning that the mere appointment hj 
 lords should thenceforth be of no valii 
 unless it were ccmflrnied by the romii 
 This petition did not meet with so fa 
 able a reception ; tlio lords still retaliii 
 themselves the power of appointing ti 
 great ofllccs of state, and the com 
 took part in the appointments only by 
 acquiescence. 
 
 Previous to thia parliament bciiii 
 solved tho commons gave another rn 
 their consciousness of their own gri 
 importance, by representing the \\m 
 as well as propriety of their beingan 
 assembled, and by appointing two of 
 number to receive and disburse tv 
 
 to 
 
 , Je uders. the d 
 Jfolent brutalit 
 Ktors, there coi 
 iwurrencoofgr, 
 
(SPiiflTnnti.- iPtauttjirucW.— 3KCcIjar^ M, 
 
 221 
 
 this IK'VSnll tiif 
 
 ftiiy Inti'iiiiim un 
 
 ttiwarils tiiii Mil]- 
 
 did not Imnii'- 
 iirtuly t<i intcvJoro 
 iillni'tltUi.'msi'lvH 
 
 tliat P ooum'll (i| 
 )rthyunil virtuous 
 >(1 ti) coiuluct tlio 
 ipcrlnto)\i\tlicllk 
 i)Uii« kill!,' (luring \ 
 ar piivt "' '"" l'*^"' 1 
 lie iivH"'*"'"""'-' »' I 
 OarlUU', mill S^IU- 
 ^rcli and SliitrinU 
 Btaftiivd, lli'iiry lol 
 
 nmlHuh'li^^t'Bravc, 
 > coudiu'l UiO iniWlc I 
 ■WltUrcrtpoi'ttotliel 
 
 iietltloti, tlie limUl 
 irlth It; vcasoiiaWyl 
 ■rfere lu Hi' y>m\ 
 ndeduciiUciii.uulwsl 
 cd cureless or luiiai-f 
 IcUciito utu- iii4. 
 
 the diike ot lAiin>.| 
 
 far lUe ablivt, audi 
 ,nst [vmblticus'; aiif 
 oono to wliommjl 
 bly or lornwUb- mi 
 1 fmicastcr soeiiuil 
 V,.ocnt.wlio{"VMiil 
 
 „\\vi\, but. I.y lu^ H 
 ct iunuonce, cviu aif 
 
 nopular and largo 
 
 me anxious nmls'ira 
 ' U8h It BtiU fanhi 
 siori.artaudtlicw( 
 
 'VyprcBentcdanotlicr 
 
 to lire vent tlio i>a o 
 
 together to ui* 
 
 ir followers In viulS 
 
 A clvlV answor i 
 
 nn ; but tUouKli tin 
 
 fa those gc'^'f^,,:^, 
 tc parties usiimlM 
 Rtt speedily ealloa 
 'a Jar more iuuimii 
 itcd to add at ouo : 
 Ito the influence "1 
 Vi.rayed that.duniw 
 Uallthcgre.|toWI 
 
 by parliament 
 
 tf orlh be of no vrf 
 Iftrmcdbytliecom 
 
 It meet with so to 
 
 the lords still >-^'''"';' 
 
 KS?e.andthoc;m 
 
 polutracnta ouU ui 
 
 , rarllament bcini 
 L (Jtavo anotlicr I't* 
 Is of their own gt; 
 'Ve'cntlnKtUcnel 
 
 ;ottbcirbcmgi'>1 
 eaud disburse l\'< 
 
 njnths and two tenths w.V.cn had been 
 ibtcdtothokiiig. 
 
 A.D. lasi.-Tliousrh the war with Franco 
 broke forth from tlnio to tlnio, in splto of 
 tlio prudent conduct of Charle.-<, wlio most 
 iujtly was calli 1 the ll'/w, the military 
 'nfratlona were not hucIi as to demand 
 detail. Ihit It rnproduetlvo of glory or 
 wrrltiry, the war was not tlio less destruc- 
 tive of treasuro ; and on tlio parliament 
 jicettnsr I" 1380, It was found requisite, In 
 %r to provide for the pressing and In- 
 aijwnsablo necessities of the government, 
 to Impose a poll-tax of three groats upon 
 every person, male and female, who was 
 uorc tliau fifteen years of age. 
 Iliero was no foreign country with which 
 Tpgiand had so close and continuous an In- 
 lercoiirso as with Flanders, which greatly 
 (Icpfiiilcd on Kngland for its supply of the 
 kool necessary for Its manufactures. Tlic 
 iplrit of Independenco that hud arisen 
 jiong tlie Flemish peasants, as exempll- 
 iilliitlie brutalities which they had com- 
 IttcJ upon their natural and lawful rulers, 
 latlic servility with which they had sub- 
 iiteil to the utmost tyranny at the hands 
 a brewer, now began to comiuunlcate 
 fUto the lower order In England. Then, 
 111 fur more modern times, there were 
 ijijtgogues Avho sought to yecommend 
 jiiiisclves to tlio credulous people, iind to 
 »)■ upon them by the loud Inculcation of 
 ie<|U»llty among mankind, which no man 
 itdocicledly Inferior to all the rest of his 
 loolii tlio quality of Intelligence, can fall 
 sec Is but partially true In the abstract, 
 jil wholly false by force of circumstances 
 lliiiii lire at once Inevitable and perfectly 
 ilflfiident of the form of government and 
 ;iii()f the good or bad administration of 
 ; laws. Among the demagogues who 
 ,1 at this period raised their voices to 
 elveand plunder the multitude, was one 
 jnBall, a degraded priest, Imt a man by 
 means destitute of ability. To such a 
 the imposition of a tax which was 
 excessive and cruel In tlio then state 
 lljbour and Us wages, was a jicrfect god- 
 id; and the opportunity it afforded him 
 [jlring vent to exciting and plausible de- 
 lation, was not diniliiislied by the bitter 
 Impolitic mockery of a recommenda- 
 from the council, that when this new 
 ■tax should he found t''- press too se- 
 ilj'on the poor, the wcaltliy should re- 
 tliem by increasing their own cou- 
 ition. 
 
 i not e.i.^y to imagine any clrcum- 
 
 s under which so excessive a demand 
 
 a suffering population could have 
 
 to cause discontent and sedition ; but 
 
 to the excess of the tax the excited 
 
 ir of the people and the activity of 
 
 deluders, the demagogues, was added 
 
 [Insolent brutality on the part of the 
 
 Ktors, there could be little doubt of 
 
 itccurrcuco of great and extended mis- 
 
 «tat In question was fanned out to 
 
 ii-gatherers of the various districts, 
 
 I thus had a personal Interest In the 
 
 irmanco of their Invidious duty, which 
 
 Imaiuly not likely to make them less 
 
 urgent or less Insolent. Kverywliere tli ■ 
 tax raised complaints both loud and deep 
 and every poor man was anxious to avail 
 himself of any possible misreiiresentatldii 
 as to the ago of the children for whom ho 
 wascliarged. The blacksmlili of a village 
 in Essex liav Ing paid for the rest of his fa- 
 mily, refused to do so for a daughter whom, 
 whether truly or falsely does not appear, 
 lie stoutly averred to bo umier tlio i>re- 
 scrlbed age ; and the tax-gatherer, a low 
 brutal fellow, offered a violent Indecc'icy to 
 the girl Ir. proof of his right, to the demand. 
 The father, poor. Irritated at the loss of the 
 money ho had already paid, and doubly In. 
 dignant at the (mtrage thus offered to liln 
 child, raised tlio ponderous liammer he had 
 just been using in ills business, and dasheij 
 the runian'£> brains out on the spot. Un- 
 der a state of less violent excitement the by- 
 Btinders would probably have been shocked 
 at the smith's fatal violence ; but, as it was, 
 the murder acted like a tallsiiian upon tho 
 hitherto suppressed rage of the people, and 
 In n few hours a vast iiinltltudc, armed 
 with every description of rude weapon, was 
 gathered together, with tho avowed in- 
 tention of taking vengeance on their ty- 
 rants and of putting an end to their ty- 
 ranny. From Essex tho llanio spread to 
 all the adjoining counties ; and so sudden 
 and so rapid was the gathering, that beforo 
 the astounded government ccmlderen de- 
 termine on what course to follow, upwards 
 of a hundred thousand desperate men had 
 assembled on lilackheath, under tho coni- 
 niand of Wat Tyler, the blacksmitli, and 
 several other ringleaders who bore the as- 
 sumed names of Hob Carter, Jack Straw, 
 and tho like. The king's mother, tho wiflow 
 of the lierolc Ulack Prince, in returning 
 from a pilgrimage in Canterbury, liad to 
 pass through this dci-perato and dissolute 
 multitude ; and such was their indiscrimi- 
 nate rage, that slie, te. whom they owed so 
 much respect, was taken fiom her vehicle, 
 Insulted with the familiar salutes of drunk- 
 en clowns, and her attendants were treated 
 with cciual insult and still greater vlo- 
 leiic?. At length, probably at tho inter- 
 cession of some of tho least debased of tlie 
 leaders, she was allowed to proceed on her 
 journey. 
 
 The king in tho meantime had been con- 
 ducted for safety to the Tower of London, 
 and tlio rebels now sent to demand a con- 
 ference with him. Ue sailed down the 
 river In a barge to comply with their re- 
 quest, but as ho approached the slicu-e tho 
 mob showed such evident Inclination to 
 brute violence, that ho was compelled to 
 return to tlie fortress. 
 
 In London the disorder wp"^ by this time 
 at Its height. Tho low rabblo of the city, 
 .always in that ago ripe for mischief, had 
 joined the rioters from the country ; wai-c- 
 houses and private houses were broken 
 open, and not merely plllag'^d, but tho con- 
 tents burned or otherwise uestroyed when 
 tliey could not bo carried away ; and tho 
 Savoy palace, the property of tho duke of 
 Lancaster, which had so long been the 
 abode of the king of France, was in wanton 
 mischief completely reduced to ashes. Aa> 
 
 — 
 

 2'j2 
 
 Orrje Crrniturj; of 1E{iiftorit, ^c. 
 
 rrlliiiiur ilii'lr KnircrliiKH to llio riclirr niid 
 lit'ilci" liintruclcil I'liiHHtM, the nioli not 
 merely iiiiilt rented, Imt in very ninny eases 
 even inurdereil, nueli went leineii iim were ini- 
 ferliiniite elioiiKli to full Into tlieir lianilM ; 
 ftiul l:uvycr-<, eHiicclally, were treiitt^d with- 
 out ini'n'y. 
 
 The kinpr rif. h'lifftli h'ft tlio Tower and 
 l)roeee(h'd to ii Held near Mile Kiid, wliero 
 one of the main liodles of the rioters had 
 as-iCMibled. They swrmuniled him with pe- 
 remiitory demnnUs for a general |iardonl'or 
 (ill eiiniriiicd III the liiriiirrect Ion, Hie lii- 
 i-lMiir aliolltlon of all villeliiaKe, aiidof tollx 
 anil ImpoHtH in all marl<elF>, to^el her with 
 n llxed money rent of laml-holdliiKH Instead 
 of personal Horvlce. Tho government was 
 lis yet In no condition lojirocecd to forcible 
 measiiires ; and, cniiHiMjiiently, charters to 
 tiic above were liMHilly drawn out and de- 
 livered, and this body of rioters was tliUB 
 sent i)oaiTal)ly away. 
 
 Jliit the danger was as yet only partially 
 past. A larger body of tho rebels, lieadcd 
 by Wat Tyler and other h-ading insnr- 
 rcetlonlstS: had In tlio nicantlmo Ijroken 
 into the Tower and put to death Simon Sud- 
 bury, rlianeeilor and arehbisiiop of Canter- 
 bury, and sir Hobert Hales the treasurer, 
 wltli some other persons of liigh rank, 
 tlioupfh of less note ; and were passluK 
 throuKli Smithlleid just as the king and 
 his att(>iulants entered that plaec. Tho 
 kiiw, w'itli a spirit and temper far bcyoiul 
 his years, for ho was now only sixteen, 
 entered Into conference with Wat Tyler, 
 wiio had previously left Ills band with nn 
 nrdiT to rush fiu'wavd at a j/lven signal, 
 murder the whole of the myal retinue, and 
 make the young monarch their i>risoner. 
 Flushed with his brutal and hitherto un- 
 checked triumph, Wat Tyler mailc such 
 menacing gestures as he spoke to the king, 
 that William Walworth, tho then mayor of 
 London, was so provoked out of all sense 
 of the danger, that ho struck the rullhin to 
 the ground, and he was speedily despatched. 
 A llerco yell from the rebels proclaimed 
 their rage at tho loss of their leader ; but 
 before they could rush upon tho royal 
 party, young Richard rode steadily up to 
 them, and In that calm toiio of high confl- 
 dence and command which has so great an 
 Intluenco over even tho most violent men, 
 exclaimed, ' My good people t What means 
 this disorder? Aro yo angry that yo have 
 lost your leader? 1 am your king I Follow 
 me 1 1 myself will bo my people's leader I ' 
 Without giving them time to recover from 
 the surprise his coolness and tho majesty 
 of his air and appearance had caused them, 
 the king led the way Into tho neighbouring 
 flelds, where ho was joined by an armed 
 force under sir Kobert KnoUos. Caution- 
 ing slrUobertand his other friends to allow 
 nothing short of the most vital necessity 
 to urge thorn into violence, the king, after 
 a short conference, dismissed this bend as 
 po.iccably and as well satisfied as h) had 
 the former one at JIllo End, and by i leons 
 of giving them similar charters. 
 
 Whllo the king had thus skllfull; been 
 temporising, tho nobility and gercry In 
 •11 parts ot tho country had beeii a .'lively 
 
 assembling and arming their rctnliioM • in 
 a few days illchard was able to tnke 'ii,,, 
 Held at the head ot .|0,(K)0 men ; the ri,,t,.r^ 
 dared no longer to niipear openly imd h, 
 force ; and the charters, which, r(';isiiii..|i,|,, 
 as they now seem, were not merely w^], 
 for tho state of tho country at tli;ii tinic 
 but actually linpractlcablo of exdiiti,,,,' 
 were formally revoked, not only uimii \\m 
 ground, but also as having bc(>ii exlurtcii 
 while the king was under constraint Hf 
 men who had banded together to iniirilfr 
 nil the higher ranks and brine aliiuii n 
 sanguinary and sweeping revolution, iti'j 
 scarcely possible to Imagine a sovereign so 
 yoiiiig giving more clear proof of roumiro 
 anil ability than Ulchnrd dM on tlilsKadof. 
 casioii ; but Ills later years by no nieaiisfm. 
 filled tho bright promise thus glvcu ijyiii, 
 boyhood. 
 
 A.n. 1388.— Scarcely was pc.ice restored 
 after this alarming revolt, when tlie atil- 
 tudc of tho Bcots rendered It nhsdiutciy 
 necessary to chastise and cheek tliein, Ac- 
 cordingly the king with a nuincniiHnrmv 
 entered Scotland by llerwlck. Hut tlm 
 Scots, who had a strong auxiliary lunij-of 
 Frendi cavalry, had already secnrLd all 
 their movable property In the niiiimtaiin 
 anil, leaving their houses to be liuriiej' 
 they entered Kngland, dlspcrswl thom.' 
 selves In huge marauding parties tlirniish- 
 out Cumberland, Westmoreland, ami l.an. 
 ca.'^hlre, and returned laden with bootr, 
 without having met any show of resist- 
 ance. 
 
 The English anny under nichard Indln 
 the nicantlmo marched unopposed toEJin' 
 burgh, burning all tho towns and vlllaBosI 
 on their way. Perth, Dundee, iiiu! a vai 
 number of other i)laces In tho liowlaiitl; 
 were treated In the same manner. But who: 
 news reached tho army of tho succpssli 
 Inroad of tho Scots upon tho nortlio 
 counties of England, tho true iiatiirc oi 
 Richard, his frivolity, and his dctiir'- 
 preference of pleasure to action, only,. 
 clearly appeared ; for ho positively rcfii-(i 
 to make any attempt at cutting off then 
 treat of tho spoil-laden enemy, aud linmi 
 dlatoly led his anny home. 
 
 A.D. 1380.— Tho French had nldoil ( 
 Scots chiefly. If not solely, with a view 
 annoy tho English. And Plandors heii 
 now at peace wltli France, a large tUct ai 
 army Assembled In the Flemish i.iit 
 Sluys for tho Invasion of Enulaiul. Tl 
 fleet [actually sailed, but was scavivl.v o| 
 of port when It encountered a torrib 
 storm, which dispersed It and dcstroyi 
 many of tho largest ships. Tho En?!' 
 men-of-war attacked and took the 
 malnder, and thus, for the present atlci 
 this new danger was averted. 
 
 But tho-'gh this expedition had tl 
 completely failed, it turned the atteut; 
 of tho nat lo; i, as well as the king and coi 
 ell, towards those circumstances wh 
 made It only too certain that a similar 
 tempt would bo made at no great disl.n 
 of tiroo. The disturbances which had 
 recently agitated England from one cm 
 tlie other could not fail to act as an in' 
 tlon to foreign enemies; aud, to luakc 
 
ei!BT«ntr.— ipinntattfitcW.— ll{rf)«rtf M. 
 
 223 
 
 Mrrotdlnors; In 
 ttblo to tnko tlio 
 imcn; tin- rintiT'i 
 •nr (U't'iily !>'i'l 111 
 wlllfll, rrn-'iniilik' 
 nut uicri'ly iinlU 
 iitry nt Hkii tlnu', 
 iMc of I'xii'Ulliiii, 
 not tii\ly upnii tli:it 
 luK l)ciMi I'xiciruil 
 ider ronslrnlia (ij 
 ofjollicr to muraot 
 niul lirlmr nliout, a 
 ig revolution. Itlj 
 iglucasowri'lBmo ■ 
 ir jirool of roungo I 
 •diU'l on tilts (iailoc- I' 
 arnl'y iioiiu'iiiHfiil- 
 10 thus glvcu Ijy Ills | 
 
 wns prare rostoml 1 
 volt, when the ntil- 
 lulereil U alisnlutdy | 
 md check tbtin, Ac- 
 tU (V iiuincnmsnrmy I 
 
 nerwlrk. liut ilio 
 utK auxillnvy liiulyot 
 
 iilrcady Ki'iniroil all 
 tyln the niumit;iln«, 
 I0USC9 to lio liuruoJ, 
 ind, dlsporsoil tliom- 
 ding rnftl^'S tlirmiBli. 
 stmoroland, iiiia I.m- 
 Dd laden with liodiy, 
 t any show of rcii;!-] 
 
 under nichftrd lirnllnl 
 led unorpoRCd t'iPnl 
 ho towna and vUlascsl 
 
 -rv Aiirt flllll n V!\«tl 
 
 ) towna uiKi w".»v3i 
 i, Dundee, aiid n vast^ 
 iiccs in the I.owlanJ'i 
 amcmanner. Butwlio 
 nay of the succcst! 
 "ts upon the nurtlio 
 d, tho true natviro Ql 
 V and his dctrrr'- 
 uro to action, oulyi 
 ' V ho positively rctufe 
 liat cutting off tie u 
 den enemy, aud imm( 
 home. , ,1 A , 
 ronch had niacrt t 
 solely, with a vlw 
 And Plander!? Iiol . 
 •ranee, n, lavKo tl.ct ;.ii 
 
 the FlewHi -It 
 ,lon of Enu'laiul. T 
 , i,ut was HCin'o > 
 . uH)untered a tOTl 
 crsed It ami dcstro 
 tst Bhlps. The Engll 
 cd and took the 
 for the present at le. 
 
 U averted. , 
 
 3 expedition had t 
 ft turned tbo attciit 
 .11 as tho king and CO 
 i circumstances ^w 
 .rtalntliatasliiiUar 
 Ideatnogreatd tai 
 
 rurbances which im 
 Ctollrom one cud 
 t fall to act as an to 
 fmlea-.and.tomakc 
 
 matter •'till worm', tho l)eiJt of tin- Knu 
 Huh oiilillery, to a very great nmnlicr, were 
 itthlHiinie in Spiiln, mi|i|iortliig the duke 
 ,,f LaiR'acler In tho claim ho hud long liUd 
 totliocrown of Cnstlle. I'erliapn the alnnn 
 fflilfh called attention to tliexo rlreum- 
 ftiiii'es mainly served to avert the danger; 
 at all I'ventH, It npeedlly npiieared tlmt the 
 poaooiit Kngland was In greater peril from 
 UkIIsIi""^" "mil from forelgnerH. 
 Wc linve already had occa-ilon, under the 
 ffifiiuit Kdward It., to point out tho pro- 
 nfliiilty of weak-minded prliiecrt to ihoadop- 
 Jltloniif favoiirlteo, to wIioko InterestM lli<'y 
 dollKlit In Haerlllcing all other eonnldera- 
 limis, liii'ludlng their own dignity and 
 (Vditlu'lrown personal safety. Itlchard, 
 irtolwul shown 80 much frivolity In Ms 
 godtcli expedition, now gavo a new proof 
 ,,flii<we!ikiiess of ndnd tiy adopting !i suc- 
 ((SJiir to tho Sponsors and tho Uavestona 
 cfaii earlier day. 
 lliibert de Vere, carl of Oxford, of noMo 
 WrtlLnSfeeahlo niaiincrs, and great aeeom- 
 pii-liniciits, hut extremely disHolute and no 
 le.ijvain and amhitious. luado his company 
 ungreeahlo to lllcliard, that the young 
 niiinarch seemed scarcely ahln to exist hut 
 In liis presence. In proof of his attach- 
 gioiit tn him, tho king inadu lilm lu.iniuls 
 „( Diililln— tho title helng then llr,-<L used 
 la KiiRlnnd— created hlin by patent vlco- 
 hiucof Ireland for life, and evinced Ills pre- 
 ti'iii'i' for him Jiy various other marks of 
 lirnl favour. 
 
 .is l9 uniformly tho caso with such fa- 
 iTrarltisni, the favourite's rnpaeity and In- 
 (olciici) kept full pace with tho king's folly ; 
 |ilieiiiar(|iil3 of Dublin horanio tho virtual 
 It; all favours were obtainable through 
 lij Interest, justice Itself scarcely obtaln- 
 b:e witliuut it ; and tho ni.iniuls and his 
 itellitcs hecamo at oncotho plague and 
 ie detestation of tho whole nobility, but 
 )re especially of tho king's uncles, who 
 iw the intlucncc which they ought to have 
 Mcssed, and much that ouglit, to have 
 mrefused oven to them, transrorred to a 
 of comparative obscurity. Tlie minis- 
 !, tlioiigh they. It is quite clear, could 
 ite little power to correct their master's 
 rallar folly, shared tho sjverelgn's dis- 
 ice, and tho whole kingdom soon rang 
 All complaints and threaten! ngs. 
 [neHrPt rush of tho :oiig-brewing tern- 
 showed itself in a tlereo attaclc upon 
 Ichael do la Pole, earl of Sulfolk, tho 
 icellor. Though ho was originally only 
 son of a merchant, ho had won a high 
 ffell-descrved celebrity by his valour 
 conduct during tho wars of tho lato 
 !, and hatl since shown very s{*leudld 
 ability. lie was supposed to bo tho 
 confldential friend of the king and of 
 iTere, who was now, from tho maniuls- 
 lof Dublin raised to the dukedom of Ire- 
 I; and the duko of Qlouccstcr consc- 
 itly singled him out for persecution. 
 iccster, who was both able and ambl- 
 B,had secured a most potent sway over 
 ' the lords and commons, and ho now 
 iced tho latter to impeach tho carl of 
 »llt before tho former : a power and 
 of prccee. ^ng which the oommona 
 
 had possessed themselves of towards tlio 
 ehme of the reign of Kdward III. 
 
 Tlio Impeachment of the most eminent 
 of his niliilHters naturally alarmed the king 
 for himself and his favourite ; and ho re- 
 tired to tho royal palaco at Kltliain, to lie 
 out of Immediate danger, and to ili'llbrrato 
 upon his future cotirse. Uigiitiy judging 
 tliat while tho king was thus comparatively 
 removed from danger and annoyance they 
 Would have little chanec of bringing him 
 to eompllaneo with their wishes, tho par- 
 liament sent to Inform him that unless ho 
 Inunediateiy returned they would dissolve 
 without making an attempt at preiiaration 
 for tlie l''reneh Invasion with which the na- 
 tion was at that time threatened. And Ii'st 
 this threat should fall to compel tho king 
 to compliance, they called for tho produc- 
 lion of tho parliamentary record of the de- 
 position of Kdward ir. This hint was too 
 Intolllglblo to be disregarded, and the king 
 at oiieo cotisentcd to return, on tho solo 
 condition that, beyond the Impeachment 
 aireailjr commenced against the earl of auf- 
 folk, no attack shmild bo made upon his 
 ministers; a stipulation which, most pro- 
 bably, he chiefly made wUh a view to tho 
 safety of the duke of Ireland. 
 
 The charges against Suffolk were directed 
 almost wholly against his pecuniary tnuis- 
 actlons. 1I(! was accused, for Instance, of 
 having exchanged a perpetual annuity, 
 which he had /airly inherited, for laiuls of 
 cuual value, with tho king | of having 
 purchased a forfeited crown annuity of 
 50/. and induced tho king to recognise it 
 as being valid ; and of having obtained a 
 grant of 600/. per annum to support his 
 dignity on his being created earl of Suf- 
 folk. Tho first of these charges, it Is clear, 
 could only have been made by men who woro 
 sadly at u loss for some weapon with which 
 to assail their enemy ; tho second was 111- 
 supiiortod ; and tho third proceeded with 
 a very ill-grace from Gloucester, who, 
 though as wealthy as Suffolk was poor, 
 was himself In receipt of just double tho 
 amount by way of pension I When to this 
 wo add that, as to the first charge, it was 
 positively proved th.at Suffolk had made no 
 sort of purchase, honest or dishonest, from 
 the crown during his enjoyment of office, 
 the reader would be greatly surprised at 
 learning that ho was convicted and sen- 
 tenced to lose his ofBcc— If it were possible 
 for the reader to liavo noticed the events 
 of history even thus far without learning 
 that when powerful men hate deeply, they 
 do not require either very Important charges 
 or very clear evidence to induce them to 
 convict tho party hated. 
 
 This triumph of tho antl-favourlte party 
 emboldened them to fly at a higher quarry. 
 They kept the letter of their agreement with 
 tho king, and made no farther attack upon 
 his ministers; but at onco proceeded to 
 strike at his own authority l)y appointing a 
 council of fourteen, to which tho sovereign 
 authority was to bo transferred for a year, 
 the council in question consisting, with the 
 single exception of tho archbishop of York, 
 of tho personal friends and partisans of tho 
 duke of Qloucester ; and thoa ZUchard 11.. 
 
 4} 
 
224 
 
 €i)t €vttii\\tvi of 1ftWt0ry, ^r. 
 
 wlioHo boylinoil liatl prom I soil ho vIkoi-oih 
 (iml Htiloiidlil a ii'iKii, wng iit Iho fiirly iiko 
 of twnity-llvu vlrtudlly (li'i>ontnl, nnd ii 
 iiirro |iii|i|i('t and prUoiicr In llio Iiniidi4 of 
 IiU iMirnili'H. No I'lianco <if pri'dcnl rcslKt- 
 mii'o oiforcd IlKc'lf, nnil the iiiiroiiiinali' 
 nnil weak klnf^nlKncd l ho coininlcHlon whicli 
 III reality niirrowncd liliii, InrriMiHliiKralluT 
 than dluilnlohhm llio pleaHun' nnd iriiniit>li 
 of IdHoneinlcnliy an Uiii'otent lu-otOHt which 
 )io nmdu at tho ond of tliu ncnnlon of jiar- 
 llanient, to tho ifTcrl; tlint. noilihiK in tho 
 ronnnlHslon ho had FlKmd wan to ho 
 held to liniiair tho preroKailvei* of tho 
 erown, 
 
 A.I). LIS".— The panipercil favourite nnd 
 lilx HM|)porterH, na they liait KoKreally jiro- 
 (Ited l)y the khmV weak nilsii.-e of IiIh 
 power, did not fall to do their iitnin.'^t to 
 Hthnulato hU anKor and to Induce hirn to 
 inako Bomo effort to recover hl-t lont antho- 
 rliy, In which, In truth, they worofar more 
 IntorcHted than ho was. 
 
 I'tterly entrangod n» tho lords Rcetned, 
 ho resolved to oudoavonr to Inlluence tho 
 HherlflM toroturn acominonH' lionso calcn- 
 lated for his i)iirposo ; l)Ut hero lie foinid 
 Idniself coninletely anticipated hy tho fact 
 that most of tlio Hherlffti and niaKltttrates 
 wero tho partisans of UloucoHter, nnd ac- 
 tnally owed tliolr appointments to his fa- 
 vour. 
 
 Ilatllcd In tills qimrtcr.lic now tried what 
 iiso ho could niako of tho aiilhorliy of tho 
 judges. Having mot, at Nottingham, Tre- 
 Hllia.'i, chief justico of tho King's lieiich, 
 and several of tho other most eminent 
 judges, he in "lo.ied to them ci'rtain fjuerlcs, 
 to which. In BUbsiance, they replied, that 
 tho commission was derogatory to the pro- 
 rog.atlve and royally of tho king, n;id that 
 tlioso who urged It or advised tho royal 
 comi>lianco with It were puiilsliahlo with 
 death ; that those who compelled him were 
 guilty of treason ; that nil who persevered 
 In maintaining It were no loss guilty; that 
 tho king had tho right to dissolve jinrlla- 
 inent at his pleasure; that tho parliament 
 while sitting must give Its flrst attention 
 to tho business of the king ; and that with- 
 out tho king's consent the parliament had 
 no right to Impeach Ills ministers or 
 judges.' 
 
 Jllclmrd did not conBlder when ho took 
 this step that opinions, even thofavourablo 
 oi>lnlonsof judges, are onlu opinions, and 
 of little weight wlien opposed to usurped 
 power, armed force, and an Iron energy. 
 Moreover, ho could scarcely hope to keep 
 his conference and the opinions of the 
 judges a secret ; and if ho could do so, of 
 what avail could be the latter? and would 
 not this step sharpen tlse activity of lils 
 enemies by leading them to fear tliat it was 
 but tlie prelude and foundation of a far 
 more decided stop? It actually had that 
 effect ; for as soon as the king returned to 
 London, Gloucester's party appeared with 
 an overwhelming force at Highgate, whence 
 they sent a deputation to demand that those 
 who had given him false and perilous coun- 
 sel should be delivered up to them as trai- 
 tors alike to king and kingdom ; and they 
 •peedlljr followed up this message by ap- 
 
 pearing armed ami at tended In his picsruiv 
 aiKl accusing of having given <.ii.li ciiihhi.i 
 the archbishop of York, the (liike of ii,, 
 land, the eiirl of rtiiirolk, sir Itnljcit Tiv-| 
 Han, and sir Nli'liolas llrembre, n-i iiniin,. 
 eneiiiles, 'I'lils aeriisallon the Icinl^ ii(Ti>|.|.,i 
 to maintain by iliul, and In toki ii ii( tin ir 
 wllllngiUMS to do so they aitimllj tinny 
 down tliclrgiiiintlet-i. 
 
 The duke iif Ireland, at the fliv^t nprnr. 
 nnco of this new and uigent danger, ivn,, . 
 Into Cheshire to levy troops to aUliiii.Un^. 
 but he was met by Oloucester, as lir h,,,; 
 tened to join l(ichard,aiid utterl) ilrriiiii^i 
 Tills defeat deprived liliii of all cliiiiiicj 
 beliip of uso to Ills friend and miixiti', .mi 
 be escaped totli<' I-ow ('ouiltrlcs, wlicrcli 
 reiiialiied In exile nnd comparallve utwn- 
 rity until his death, v.Milch occuirLj n.it il 
 many years afterwards, 
 
 A.I). 1388.— Ilendered bolder nml nmro 
 eager than ever hy this defeat of ihc iiii;,^ 
 of Ireland, tho lords now enteral Lund,, n 
 at the head of an army of .|ii,(hmi nu-ii; aini 
 (he king, being entirely In lluir imwir 
 was obliged to summon a parliaiin'iit wlii.il 
 lie well knew would bo a iiieii' passive in 
 strumetit In tho hands of hU r('l>(Hi,,iiji 
 limls. Ileforo this packed and sliivl-li |i:ir, 
 llament an accusat Ion was now iiimleMiin 
 the live personages who had already In, 
 denounced ; and this accusalluii was >:i|, 
 imrted by live of the most powerful iii,t || 
 i;?i>fland, vl/,. tho duke of (ilourestir, iuhIi 
 to (he king whom he was endeavMuiim; 
 ruin, the earl of Derby, son of llic duk,. 
 Lancaster, tho earl of Arundel, iIiimihI 
 Warwick, and the earl of NulUiigliaiii.iu; 
 shal of Kngland. 
 
 As If tho combined and foriiililitilci 
 er of these great nobles ha<l birn In- 
 dent to crush the accused, ilai mivi 
 parliament, though judges in ilio a. 
 actually pledged themselves at tin' 
 set of the proceedings ' to live iim 
 with tho lords appellant, ar.d in iiifui 
 them against all opposition with their I 
 and fortunes!' BIr Nicholas Itninljio 
 tho only one of tho Ave accused inr* 
 who was present to hear the tliiitynl 
 charges made against him and tin' ntj 
 four persons accused. Ilehadtlieiuocki 
 and but the mockery, of a trial ; tlicoili 
 being absent were oot even noticed in 
 way of evidence ; but that did not pro 
 tliem from being found guilty of lii^h 
 son. Sir Nicholas and also sir Uulicrt 
 slllan, who was apprehended after tlif 
 were executed; and here It might Imvc 
 sui>posed that even these rancoruiis 
 and their parliamentary tools would 
 halted In their career of chicane and 
 lence; but far other was their actu.il 
 duct. All. tho other judges who had u( 
 to the opinions given at Nottliigliain 
 condemned to death, but aftcrwiirdi 
 nished to Ireland ; and lord Heauclwii 
 Holt, sir James Uerners, sir Simon Hi 
 and sir John Salisbury were cniide 
 and, with tho exception of tho Inst-ni 
 executed. 
 
 The execution, or to speak more 
 tho iriurder, of sir Simon Burley, ii 
 very greatand painful sensatlonuvcu 
 
 [? 'i«(l heeii""tj 
 
 '"wli/chjjo 
 'UriMten uot 
 lulllnrlty, but , 
 
 "i«r striigKli 
 wilioinse/jv^ 
 
 mwiiceof thV 
 '"» more pou. 
 Mr power, \ 
 "ntHH-ero so |(t 
 
 If" "lat he hail 
 S^'TbinJl, 
 ™ govern 
 irn household 
 
 w««ou„rc,} /or 
 
 XT ""WO d 
 *« enemies afr, 
 
 Med the bi. 
 
 
®"0raiilr.— 3 
 
 il"WH.l,„£S'l..?Li1."'« .l.OT.£ &'."' ™io-!.». S,'M«""iolnai- 
 
 y and 8o pros croiSiv ifl' "" 
 I'litc occurred of rr,;, "' ""' 
 
 l"li"rlt}-. »,„t even ''■,/'*^''" '".■••"vctI, i' 
 
 yilioinsel vrs. or from „ '"'"'?''e«'nicn(.s 
 rtTcnce of the'conu f""":.{'-^''rof tile 
 
 |"""e tlnio of a inorV. i. ir • ' "■?'• ^™s at thu 
 
 *iiI«woro so litti,, ', , " of tlio injii. 
 
 |lf- ilrd year, ve, ' n'r. I r^ "°^ '" '"'^ 
 I'll Hint |,c had fi ,Vi(i" 1'^y '» "I'fii 
 
 md Kovern both tL t..'"','"^^'^""'' 
 IraJiousehold; a jd ,n ni"'*^'l°'» «•"! 
 t"erco and oVerhi''^^^""'^ »' «" lii 
 
 
 rrs "ir 8T;nm;i». archbishop Of IXh'" '•<'"•""" SWo'^'l? ^"'"° 
 ,bury were coMde»e of chancellor? and ioj^ ^iV'W "'"atlsln^ tK?V'?"' '" 
 :,tlon 01 the la^t-n^ ^^brated Wliiian, of i&'">^,^, '"'« """-'iage.Vnd i.o l^f 1.''^'"' 
 ™. LT-'?cJie8ter. Procp«^^iH«: '»!". the eldlst n??. *'° ."' ".'o ?ai 
 
 ^^^fc 
 
226 
 
 ^t t!Cvtai\tv]$ at Witary!, iet. 
 
 feeble and Infrequent. This was especially 
 the case as to Franco ; while the most Im- 
 portant battle on the Scottish side was 
 that of Otterbonrne, In which the young 
 Percy, surnanicd Harry Hotsi>ur, from his 
 Impetuous temper, was taken prisoner, and 
 Douglas killed ; but this really was less a 
 national battle than a combat arising out of 
 a private quarrel and Individual animosity. 
 
 A.D. 1308.— The insurrections of the Irish 
 having become so frequent as to excite 
 SDUie fear for the safety of that conquea.', 
 the kingwent thither In person; and the 
 courage and conduct ho displayed In re- 
 ducing the rebels to obedience, did much 
 towards redeeming his character In the 
 judgement of his people. A still farther 
 hope was raised of the tranquillity and re- 
 spectability of the remainder of this reign 
 by a truce of twenty-tlvo years which was 
 now made between France and England. 
 To render this truce the more solid, Illch- 
 ard, who ere this had burled the 'good 
 queen Anne,' was affianced to Isabella, the 
 daughter of the king of France, then only 
 Boven years old. It seems probable that 
 llichard, still feeling insecure of the peace- 
 fulness of his uncles and the barons gene- 
 rally, sought by this alliance not only to 
 strengthen the truce between the two na- 
 tions, but also to obtain from it additional 
 security against any domestic attacks upon 
 Ills authority. 
 
 nut though lie tlnis far gave proofs of 
 judgement, there were other parts of his 
 conduct which were altogether as Impolitic 
 and degrading. Unstable, inconsistent, 
 wildly extravagant, and openly dissolute, 
 flie king effectually prevented his popula- 
 rity from being confirmed. Having shown 
 so much wisdom in refraining from re- 
 calling the duke of Ireland— and perhaps 
 oven that arose less from wisdom than from 
 satiety of his former minion— he now se- 
 icctedas his favourites, to almost an equally 
 offensive extent, his half-brothers the earls 
 of Kent and Huntingdon, to whom he so 
 completely committed the patronage of the 
 kingdom, as to render himself, in that re- 
 spect at least, little more than their mere 
 tool. This, with his Indolence, excessive 
 cxtr.avagance. Indulgence at the table, and 
 other dissolute pleasures, not only prevent- 
 ed bis growing popularity from ever being 
 ron firmed, but even caused a revival of the 
 former complaints and animosities. 
 
 A.i). lii'.ir.- What rendered tills Impnlitic 
 conduct tho more surely and entirely de- 
 structive to Richard, was the profoundly 
 artful manner in which his chief and most 
 Implacable enemy, the duke of Gloucester, 
 availed himself of it. Instead of endeavour- 
 ing to vie with Richard's favourites and to 
 Invite ashare of his favour, the dukealnost 
 retired from the court ; appearing there 
 only on tho public occasions which would 
 Lave caused bis absence to have been ill 
 remarked on, and devoting ail the rest of 
 his tlrao to cultivating the popular favour 
 by every art of which he was master. When 
 obliged to offer his opinion in council, he 
 took care to give the most powerful reasons 
 he could command for his opposition to 
 the measures of the king. As the truce 
 
 and alliance which llichard had concludpfl 
 with Franco were almost universally iin 
 popular, Gloucester, to all orders of nion 
 who had approach to him, affected tlieiit. 
 most personal sorrow and patriotic Indiir 
 nation, tliat Richard had so comnlcttlv 
 and shamefully degcner-tod from the hlBh 
 antl-GalUcan spirit of his nuowued anrt 
 warlike grandfather, who looted uiwii tha 
 French as the natural foes of England and 
 upon France as the treasure-house of v^ng 
 land's high-born chivalry and lusty yeointn 
 To fall In with tho interested opinio^ „{ 
 men is tho surest possible way to oiitiii, 
 their favour; and tho more unpopular Itk;. 
 ard became, tho more openly and earnestly 
 did the people, and more especially the 
 military, declare that the duke of Glou- 
 cester's patriotism was tho real raiiso of 
 his want of favour at court ; and that hu 
 wisdom and counsel alone could everrestoro 
 tho honour and prosperity of tlio nation 
 whoso true Interests ho so well understood 
 and 80 disinterestedly advocated. ' 
 
 That Gloucester for a long time had 'lar. 
 boured tho most treasonabledesigiisagains 
 Richard is quite certain from even hisov 
 confession ; and Richard, urged by the i 
 vice not only of his favourites, but also oi 
 the king of France, suddenly caused Olm 
 cester to be arrested and conveyed to Ci 
 lais ; while at the same time his friends tl 
 earls of Arundel and Warwick were scizi 
 and thrown into prison. As both the duki 
 of Lancaster and York and their clde 
 song approved of and supported the kini 
 suddenly adopted course, the friends of ti 
 Imprisoned nobles saw tliat resistaui 
 would only serve to involve themselves 
 ruin. The king, too, by inllucnclnff tl 
 sheriffs, caused a parliament to bo asset 
 bled, which was so completely subscrvia 
 to his wishes, that it not only annullj 
 tho commission which had so extcnsivi 
 tienched upon the royal authority, and 
 clared it high treason to attempt the 
 newal of a like commission, but evenw 
 so far 08 to revoke the general pardon tl 
 Richard Lad voluntarily conflrnn.'d after 
 regained his authority, and to revoke it, 
 the face of that fact, upon the gruuiidof] 
 having been extorted by force and w 
 freely ratified by the king I 
 
 The duke of Gloucester, the earlj] 
 Arundel and Warwick, and tho arclibia 
 of Canterbury were now impeached by 
 commons. Arundel was executed, 
 wick banished for life to the Uk • f 
 and the archbishop was deprived of 
 temporalities and banished tlio kin?( 
 That they all really were cognizant uf 
 concerned in Gloucester's more recent 
 sonablo projects there can to no i) 
 doubt ; and yet, legally, these men wei 
 unjustly condemned, for they were 
 demned not for any recent treason, bi 
 that old rebelll(m which tho klng/wi 
 doned voluntarily, and while under i 
 straint. Tho chief partisans of Gloui 
 being thus disposed of, the governor 
 lals was ordered to bring tho duke hli 
 over for trial ; but to this order he rcti 
 word that tlio duke had suddenly dl 
 apoplexy. When it is considered tlii 
 
 ■»' 
 
 t 
 
 JiMardous i 
 
©ttfllanlr.— piantaflctwW.— SRfc^arlr 3E3E. 
 
 227 
 
 redden death of tho du)-.e happened so con- 
 veniently for releasing the king from the 
 Lpieasiint practical dilemma of either set- 
 tliiBat liberty a powerful and most Impla- 
 cable foe, or incurring tho odium which 
 could not ^^^ attach to tho act of putting 
 to death so near a relation. It is dlfllcult to 
 vtlthhold hellef from tho popular rumour, 
 ivliicli was very rlfo at tlie time, and still 
 more so during the next king's reign, that 
 the duke was, in fact, smothered in his bed, 
 jfl obedience to a secret order of his king 
 and nephew. 
 
 Kre the parliament was dismissed, very 
 osicusive creations and promotions took 
 place in tho peerage, of course among 
 ^ those who liad been most useful and zea- 
 lou3 in aiding the recent royal severity ; 
 jjil at the very close of this busy and dis- 
 creditable session tlic king gave a singularly 
 EtrikiiiK. though practically unimportant, 
 proof of his inconsistency ; ho exacted an 
 Kitli from the parliament perpetually to 
 maintain the acts they had passed— one of 
 those very acts being in direct and shanie- 
 fjl violation of a precisely similar oath 
 rtlcli had l)een subsequently sanctioned 
 bytlie king's free and solemn ratification ! 
 A,D, laos.— "VVheu tho parliament met at 
 Shrewsbury, in January, 1398, the ki'"; 
 igaiu manifested his anxiety for tho secu- 
 rity of the recent acts, by causing both 
 [lonls and commons to swear, upon tho 
 (TOSS of Canterbury, that they would nialn- 
 [Uin tlicm. Still ill at ease on this point, 
 lesliortly afterwards obtained tho addi- 
 Itionil security, as ho deemed it, of a bull 
 nil tlio pope, ordaining tho permanence 
 ilicso acts. At the siuuo time, as if to 
 lowtlic utter folly of swearing to the per- 
 itiutiuu of acts, tho parliament reversed 
 le attainders, not only of Trcsilian and 
 «otlier judges, for the secret opinions 
 leyliad given to tho king at Nottingham, 
 it'also of tho Siiensers, father and son, 
 iho were attainted in the rclgu of Ed- 
 irJIl. 
 
 Hough tho enmity towards Gloucester 
 !ho nobles who had so zealously aided in 
 ilostructlon of that prince had united 
 m in apparently Indissoluble friendship 
 Ictiicdukolived, animosities and heart- 
 liugs soon spraugup among them when 
 common bond of union was removed. 
 duke of Hereford in his place lu jiar- 
 leiit solemnly accused the duke of Nor- 
 of having slandered tho king, by im- 
 ig to him tho intention of destroying 
 iCof the highest of tho nobility; for- 
 gave Hereford tho lie, and demanded 
 trial by duel. Tho challenge was al- 
 sl and accepted; and as tho parliament 
 now separating, and legislative autho- 
 niifjlityetbe rendered necessary by tlio 
 lit of this duel, a singular and sonie- 
 liazardous expedient was resorted to ; 
 (if delegating tho full powers of tho 
 iament to a committee of twelve lords 
 six of the commons. 
 
 ic lists for tho duel were fixed at Co- 
 
 :ry, thv3 king in person was to witness 
 
 combat, and tho whole chivalry of 
 
 in had Buuueuij "^aiid ^as split into two parties, siding 
 
 it Is considered tui"^ the respective champions. Buton the 
 
 d bad concluded ' 
 universally vrn- ' 
 II orders ol men ' 
 I affected the ut- i 
 li patriotic Indlg- 1 
 id so completely 
 ted from tlieUgli 
 lis n uowued and 
 
 looked upon tlie 
 ea of England, and 
 sure-house of Eng 
 • and lusty yeunui). 
 rested opinions df I 
 ,lblo way to obtain 
 ore unpopular lUt',,-1 
 iicnly and earnestlj I 
 aoro especially Uia I 
 
 the duke of Gluu-I 
 g tho real ranseotl 
 court; andtliatlnjl 
 inecouldevervestorol 
 lerlty of the nation,! 
 lo 80 well uudcrstoodi 
 
 advocated. 
 
 a long tltiic had to 
 
 luabledeslBusaplustf 
 
 tin from even hUowr" 
 
 ard, urged by the aJ 
 
 avourltcs. but also ol 
 suddenly caused Wou 
 
 1 and conveyed to Ca 
 10 time his friends a« 
 1 Warwick were fei4 
 !on. AS both tie d«d 
 vnrk and tlieir ddcj 
 fd supported the iiul 
 mrse, the friends ot 111 
 ? saw that resistaui 
 , involve themselves 
 00 by intlucticlng tl 
 ?rrllamcnttol.casse 
 
 rirnSt'onlyf"- 
 ,ich had so extensive 
 
 mrUu contlrmtAi .uur 
 ritv and to revoke It 
 
 f|»mpcac^.cdb, 
 
 Id was oj^cnUeJ, 
 Ir life to the Hie 
 
 Ksmorereceut 
 [there can 
 
 to no 
 
 
 .which tho klnB 
 3 while uud J 
 
 ifhrlngthodukcM 
 
 day of duel the king forbade the combat, 
 banishing Norfolk for ten years, and Here- 
 ford for life. 
 
 The great Inconsistency of Richard makes 
 it diftlcuit to ^vrlte his reign. By tho act we 
 have just recorded ho showed sound and 
 liuniano policy ; yet In the very next year 
 wo And blm committing a most wanton and 
 despotic wrong ; as though he would ba- 
 lance tho prudence of putting an end to 
 one source of strife among his nobles by 
 taking the earliest possible opportunity to 
 open up another I 
 
 A.D. 1399.— The duke of Lancaster dying, 
 his son applied to be put into posses- 
 sion of the estate and authority of his 
 father, as secured by tho king's own patent. 
 But Ilichard, jealous of that succession, 
 caused tho committee to which the autho- 
 rity of parliament had been so strangely 
 delegated, to authorise him to revoke that 
 patent, and to try and condemn Lancaster's 
 own attorney for having done his duty 
 to his employer! This monstrous tyranny 
 was not carried to the length of actually 
 putting the attoniey to death, in pursuauce 
 of the sentence, but that extreme rigour 
 was only commuted to banishment 1 
 
 The tyranny of this strange act was in- 
 disputable and detestable ; but by no means 
 more strango and unaccountable than its 
 singular impoUcy. It would have been ira- 
 posslblo to name a noble then living who 
 was more generally and universally popular 
 than Henry, the new duke of Lancaster. 
 He had served with great credit against tlie 
 infidels in Lithuania; ho was closely con- 
 nected by blood with many of tho most 
 powerful of the nobility, and by friendship 
 with still more ; and his own popularity, 
 and tho detestation into which tho king 
 liad now fallen, caused tho great majority 
 of tlie nation not only to take an indignant 
 interest In the tiagraiit wrong done to the 
 duke, but also to hope that the vastness of 
 his wrongs would induce hiiu to become 
 the avenger of tlieiis. 
 
 Notwithstanding the mere irritating and 
 driving out of the country a man who, alike 
 by birth, popularity, and talents, was so 
 well calculated to wrest from him his tot- 
 tering throne, the infatuated Richard now 
 left Kngland, as tliough for tho express 
 purpose of inviting and facilitating some 
 attempt likely to consummate hia probable 
 ruin ! His cousin, and tho presumptive 
 heir to the throne, Roger, earl of March, 
 having been slain in a skirmish with tho 
 Irisli kern, Richard went over to Ireland 
 in person to avenge his deceased relative. 
 The promptitude of tho duke of Lancas- 
 ter was fully ecpTal to the Infatuation of 
 Richard. Embarking at Nantes with a re- 
 tinue only sixty in number, tho duke landed 
 at Ravenspur in Yorkshire, and was joined 
 by the earls of Nortliumbe. .and and West- 
 moreland. In the presence of these two 
 potent nobles, .and of the archbishop of 
 Canterbury and that prelate's nephew, the 
 young carl of Arundel, both of whom had 
 been his companions from Nantes, tho duke 
 solemnly made oath that he had returned 
 to the country with no other purpose than 
 that of recovering his duchy that had been 
 
 IPri 
 
 14 
 
 ■,M 
 
228 
 
 Ci^e ^ttainv^ of W^tcxDt ^r. 
 
 60 tyrannouBlywithbcIdfrom him. Having 
 thus taken the best means to appease the 
 fears of the king's few friends, and of the 
 numerous lovers of peace whom the dread 
 of a civil war, as a conseauence of his aim- 
 ing at the thrc le, would otherwise liave 
 rendered hostile to him, theiduke invited 
 not only all his own friends, but all in 
 England who were true lovers of justice, to 
 aid and uphold him in this incontestably 
 Just and reasonable design; and his ap- 
 peal, partly from personal affection to him, 
 bnt chiefly from general and intense detes- 
 tation of the absent king, was so eagerly 
 and speedily answered, that, in a very few 
 days, he who liad so lately left Nantes with 
 a slender retinue of only sixty persons was 
 at the head of an army of as many thou- 
 sands, zealous in his cause, and beyond ex- 
 pression anxious to take sit^nal vengeance 
 for the numerous tyrannies <;if Richard. 
 
 On leaving England for the purpose of 
 chastising the Irish rebels, Richard gave 
 the important oHlco of guardian of the 
 realm to the iukc of York. This prince 
 did not possess the talents rcciuislte in the 
 dangerous crisis which had now arisen ; 
 moreover, he was too closely connected 
 with the duke of Lancaster to allow of his 
 exerting the extreme rigour by which 
 alone the advances of that Injured but 
 no less ambitious noble could be kept 
 in check ; and those friends of the king 
 whoso power and zeal might have kept 
 York to his fidelity, and supplied his want 
 of ability, had accompanied Richard to 
 Ireland. Everything, therefore, seemed to 
 favour the duke of Lancaster, should am- 
 bition lead him to attempt something be- 
 yond the mere recovery of his duchy. 
 
 The duke of York, however, did not at 
 the outset show any want of will to defend 
 the king's rights. He ordered all the 
 forces that coald be collected to meet him 
 at St. Albans ; but after all exertion had 
 been made, he found himself at the head 
 of no more than 40,000 men ; and these 
 far from zealous in the royal cause. Just 
 as ho made this discovery of his two- 
 fold weakness, lie received a message in 
 which the duke of Lancaster begged him not 
 to oppose his recovery of his inheritance, to 
 which he still with consummate hypocrisy 
 affected to limit hi:* demands and wishes. 
 York confessed that he could not think of 
 opposing his noiihow in so reasonable and 
 just a design, and York's declaration was 
 received with a joy and applause which 
 augured but ill for the Intercts of the 
 absent king. Lancaster, still pretending 
 to desire only the recovery of his right, 
 now hastened to Bristol, where some of the 
 ministers had taken refuge, and, having 
 speedily made himself master of the plac3, 
 grave the He to all his professions of mode- 
 ration by sending to instant execution the 
 earl of Wiltshire, sir John Bussy, and sir 
 Henrj- Gret-n. 
 
 Intelligence of Lancaster's proceedings 
 had by this time reached Richard, who 
 hastened from Ireland with an army of 
 W.OOO men, and landed at Milford Haven. 
 Against the force by which Lancaster had 
 by this time surrounded himself, the whole 
 
 of Richard's army would have avaUod but 
 little; but before he could attempt aiiv 
 thing, above two-thirds of even that small 
 army had deserted him ; and h' ^'^und iiin. 
 self compelled to steal away from thcfiiitii" 
 ful remnant of his force and take shelter in 
 the isle of Anglesey, whence he probably 
 intended to embark for France, there to 
 await some change of affairs which niight 
 enable him to exert himself with at least 
 some hope of success. 
 
 Lancaster, as politic as he was amhitlou? 
 saw at a glance how much mischief ami 
 disturh?nce might possibly accrue to him 
 if Richard obtained the support ana shel- 
 tcr of France or even of Ireland, ami he 
 determined to possess himself of the un- 
 happy king's person previous to whollv 
 throwing off the thin mask he still wore of 
 moderation and loyalty. He, therefore 
 sent the earl of Northumberland to If iohard' 
 ostensibly for the purpose of assuriiiKhiiii 
 of Lancaster's loyal feeling and nioderate 
 aim ; and Northumberland, as instructed 
 took the opportunity to seize upon Ulcbard' 
 whom he conveyed to Flint castle, wiiere 
 Lancaster anxiously awaited his precious 
 prize The unfortunate Richard was now 
 conveyed to London, nominally under the 
 protcc^!on, but really as the prisoner, ol 
 Lancaster, who throughout tho jourr^vl 
 was everj'wherc received with tho su' 
 slon and acclamations that of rieii 
 longed to his sovereign. The Lo:ii, 
 especially, showed unbounded affect 
 the duke ; and some writers even 
 that they, by their recorder, advised Laii 
 caster to put Richard to death. Howmei 
 atrocious tliis advice, the spirit of tliatagi 
 was sucli as by no means to make it im 
 prob.able that It was given. But Lancajia 
 had deeper thoughts, and had no iiiiontjiji 
 of letting Ills whole designs be visible, o 
 at least declared, until ho could do soiiiil 
 perfect safety from having the cliief auiln 
 rltles of the nation compromised by h| 
 acts. Instead, therefore, of violently pn 
 ting an end to the captive kiiiji, lie iiiai 
 use of the royal name to sanction bis oi 
 measures. Richard, helpless and a i 
 soner, was compelled to summon a iiarll 
 ment; and before this parliamciit thir 
 three articles of accusation were laid agaii 
 the king. Most of tho nobles wbo w 
 friendly to Richard liad secured their oi 
 safety by flight ; and as Lancaster was 
 once powerful and popular, we may fail 
 believe that Richard was as ill provided iv 
 friends in tlie commons as in the loi 
 But the bishop of Carlisle, in the lai 
 house, nobly redeemed the national ( 
 racter, by the ability and firmness \i 
 which he showed, at once, the Iiisiiflleiei 
 of the charges made against Richard, 
 the unconstitutional and Irregular nai 
 of the treatment bestowed upon hiin. 
 argued, that even those of the clia 
 against Richard which might fairly be 
 mitted to be true, were rather cvlden( 
 youth and want of judgement than nl 
 ranny ; and that the deposition of Kd\ 
 II., besides that It was no otherwise a 
 cedent th?r\ as it was a successful m 
 violence, was still farther no precede 
 
 ■^i 
 
 Se 
 
 fer too 
 
 acconipiisi 
 
 ntofitsgrossnesf 
 «• tiepositlon of n 
 
 ssary that the pi-iia 
 

 I tlifs case, because on tho rion».iT; — " — ■ 
 I Edward thesuccesslr"walkPnW?'} «* 
 ills son being placed uponthethii"/'"'?'^' 
 flieduko 01 Laii(^astcr. Whom 1, V°'^''^'"c 
 proposed to substitute for mJ,L^«« ""w 
 j only mount the throne^ven Vf tor m^*'''"''' 
 deposition, by violatini «^f. w^f,?'*/'"'!'^ 
 I children of his fatherMer l.m ^ "V^e 
 iiel, duke of Clarence im^i^'^^V'^'"' I-'o- 
 crown had been 8olemniy"C7J\"rn the 
 parliament. ^"iiuy entailed oy the 
 
 |i Tlio spirited and iii<!/- pn„ 1 ^ . 
 ! prelate, however honourS"„',* ?^ ^^^ a»>Ie 
 I liowerer Precious as. Jfro^^t?.'""^^"' 'i'"! 
 the national characte/ from fhf' ^"cuing 
 ■ mg utterly lost to all sMse of rf ^"^»'^ «f 
 of no service to the unhannv p^- ,f '^'i'' ^as 
 lishop was heard by tJ^o^mi'""'''- ^he 
 "tliough he had giveij uVfnr.f.^'^'^''""^"* as 
 tiling of incredible folV and n-,?«.',° '"""e- 
 cliargeswerc voted to ho nrl.i."®"'"' = the 
 Ificnard; and the duke of t„°J*'" "^a'nst 
 .•holly triumphant, Immedi;^nfi!^"^'■; """^ 
 Wshop of Carlisle arrested n^',^ ''"'^ "'e 
 I soner to St. Albans' abbet t ., ""''. ^''"t Pri- 
 aniore subservient um?nd'''^''i',to acQu're 
 Kineiplcsof cons tu"ioSaw'''"«^ *** the 
 
 dake of I.an,'.St"'r'' -hoTJi ''"''^'''"'^ 
 made oath that he s mufht o . w .?° recently 
 -Jet his ducl)y._of wl fch "i'l^V^l^^fx^ovcry 
 .>,| •'stlontliatheliadl^eeJii.mif^^''"'' i" 
 J.- rived-now came forw«,.i^*' ^ongf„iiy 
 .% ^in the foreliead anrtT''^' ^'""^^ed lifni- 
 
 ■Walng devotionrand sa 5 1 ."^m"' "'"'''• 
 rfthe Patlier. tlio sm. .' t'lo name 
 
 post, I. Henrv of To"' ""'^ the Holv 
 kisreala. of E7gia,^/':^"S''f J' challenge^ 
 
 ku the members and 'a.m.r If *''"°'*'"' ""d 
 
 felam descended jfj?Li?"n"*=*'^ "'««. 
 ilwd, coming from tl.o^n^i.'"® »* the 
 ie Third, nnathroua] ti^„T3 ?'"» Henry 
 this grace hati set me "vlff',!* ,"'*'' «°d 
 «lof my friends, to recover . ^f,^ °*. '^'■" 
 m was on poin't of beinw ,/,;,"''' r'''*"'' 
 I of govern.inc<. n.wi *",""""el)y( 0- 
 
 ...dlaws/ *^'-™'^"^e a'ld undoing of t lie 
 
 iThe right to which tho duke of t„ 
 frhere pretends re<iulrf«n*f, °' I-ancas- 
 k words of explanauon *^^^^^^^ 
 iTsHume, 'a silly cto"";„ \^tine was.' 
 Slowest of tl.o vulgar ^tlSZ*^ "?»«"» 
 lUncaster, son of Henry tife-K.?"' '''"••■l 
 i^y the elder brotl" r of e,1 Jil'?''' T^ 
 It by reason of some defnt^?'^''/ '"'t 
 mi lie had been post nonoT'?''^. '" his 
 ilon.andhis youS w '"?''<' ^uc- 
 .othe nation in hfVa^?"'" {"'Posed 
 It duke of Laiicaster ?nJ, Jf ^''« l""o- 
 hond, l,y his motlier Vm^ "'''' ^''"'n 
 ehim tlic true he r of tho «'^"eal"gy 
 lit Is therefore Insinuated in ."^""arcJiy, 
 the absurdity was too '"hisspeerii, 
 
 Jf avowed eit«;h*i^?ofrpl';,i'- 
 
 paTarce,'; ft'lj ^ ''™/"^«'-y 
 P?upon tbe chMiof,,^'',«''''Ss for im- 
 fet rabble- and H^n''*50""t. and 
 \hr too accomn" 8i?p?,T^°' Lancaster 
 
 '^n"l!:l^,*'ays after 
 
 ffi,^a n7w7mtZlftt^ that^^;;Sri^ 
 usurping successor This narM^'"*^ ''^ "U 
 a new proof of tho o»r ^,'?arliament«avo 
 the r<.rllameHt and nf""?''^ °' 8wea?fn| 
 
 former parlllm'eut Which hl):f ."'. «'«^ 
 sworn to tut also tonflrmo^'^ "*^t only been 
 heing now abrogated i?^®** "^^ « papal bull 
 ■AndtomakethSon li?."'' '«» «woop/ 
 and etil! more disgus?i^L"'„iV''/u® "rlking 
 Glpuce^^ter•8parllamen^ w^'.„">''v*''« acts of 
 solem'.iy abrogated wor!!'^-* ^ad been so 
 confirmed I Fwacru* n^^?^'^^ solemnly 
 Wick, and Arundel ,nan*v^i°"''e8ter, W 
 promoted ; they were noi ^^^F,^ ^^ad !)een 
 degraded t The w.>.o»,?°^ "" that account 
 appeals In parliamon<-"f.P'"^''"ee had inada 
 
 emuwayoSKh^,o'#^.'"' ^^^^^ 
 tice; such appeals wori^i °**'"<Jers to jus. 
 
 favour Of common-wl "j*?,"^ abolished in 
 could peaceable and fi7on,'"''''"ent8. How 
 
 ^ "- °^ "''-^^o'z^^^'?f\r' 
 
 le&d"ad "'o'/ i;!r'"? '•""'•se Of v,o 
 jury, having usuV°prtP°"'«y and of pe?. 
 
 salof the person Of th^aToT."' "'^ ^ifpo- 
 ecame a question of 8omo^''l^"'*turally 
 tl e earl of Northumberland ,'''^''r^«t -• and 
 so treacherous a part wS='^"" ''ad acted 
 the advice of the nnn,.^"^ ^''""ted to ask 
 and to inform them^t^^^« T.V,^"*^ r«int. 
 solved to spare Kichard's ?»^''i? ^^ad re- 
 
 a"d Prevei^^Ied from h ° }!f '^'^"'•e fortress 
 cauon With his frHds fc"!' "ommuni: 
 was accordingly fllprttm^.^tefract cast e 
 
 kng's prison, and here Se inn ^}}? «l^lS 
 the early age ot thiZZ * speedily died at 
 
 murdered no historhn r*"-, '"''at howta 
 some say that 1 e wa "onn ^,^^' "^"t whill 
 assassins who w'ero adnwl^T J.'^ attacked by 
 •'•nts.a„a thri'efore "^'i^V.''^ "Part! 
 he killed one of his nssafh.^^o dispatched 
 overpowered the rest iVi"*^ and nearly 
 was starved to death 'and'' f.^^a^ that h^ 
 constitution inflkfeA "Si'^?* his strong 
 speakable misery of livings ''"" the un- 
 after his inhuman i.„i^ ^°'" a fortniffjit 
 supply him witram^fouf? ^'\<^ cease Ho 
 account is tlie more like vV^?'' *hi8 latter 
 one. as his body whonL''''*he correct 
 
 view «hibite7n'o mark"o?v1o? *° »»•>"« 
 't. Whatever his fn 1 1 i^ . ^'olence upon 
 deny that he wil n?^iV' " > impossible to 
 tho usurper Henry anU"^"""? trea ed by 
 doned by both houses of '.,'■*;'"•«'''»• abaii^ 
 his fato fumis PS n^,^ Parliament : and 
 smallest tyr™n tfs of a wooi?'"''°' that the 
 a rude and unlettered L^^^-.^o^ereign. jn 
 most sangulnary'Sranc^i't' ^ ^^^e the 
 the very same men who w».*'. the hands of 
 basely put un with ti, ^^"1 Patiently and 
 
 wlW^h we'havealre^t'L? and^^o'lcnce of 
 count, the leien !ff f / * *'®" a detailed aiC 
 dered'Ric'hard^' ,^' ^^„^t on^'^^ '"'<» ""^^ 
 worthy^fesoeclafrSrk^fth^S^-- 
 
 f li 
 
 
230 
 
 fSn^e Crea^urii at ^^Wtorij, &r. 
 
 ment In England of tho reform of the 
 church. John Wlckiiffo, a seculai' priest of 
 Oxford, and subseancntly rector of Lutter- 
 worth, in Leicestershire, helngr a man of 
 great learning and piety, and being unable, 
 by tho moat careful study of the Bcripturos, 
 to find any justiflcation of the doctrine of 
 tlie real presence, the supremacy of ^ Moe, 
 or the merit of vows of celibacy, felt himself 
 bound to make public his opinion on these 
 points, and to maintuin ' that tho scriptures 
 were tho sole rule of faith ; that, the cliurch 
 was dependent on tlio state and should bo 
 reformed by it ; tliat tiio clergy ought to 
 possess no estates ; that the begging friars 
 were a nuisance and ought not to bo sui> 
 ported ; that tiio numerous ceremonies of 
 the church were hurtful to true piety ; that 
 oaths were unlawful, that dominion was 
 founded in grace, that everything was sul> 
 ject to fate and des^'ni, r.n-^ that all men 
 were predestined to eternal 8i»lvatlon or re- 
 probation.' 
 
 It will bo perceived from this summary 
 that Wickiiffe in some particulars went lie- 
 yoiid the reformers of tho sixteenth cen- 
 tury; but, drawing his opinions from tho 
 scriptures and writings of the fathers, 
 he, in the main, nsrees with the more mo- 
 dern reformers who also souglit truth in 
 tiiat same true source. Pope Orotrory XL 
 Issued a bull for the trial of Wickiiffe as to 
 the soundness of his opinions. Tlio duke 
 of Lancaster, who tlicn, in consoaucnco of 
 lUchard's minority, governed the kingdom, 
 not only protected Wickiiffe, but appeared 
 in court with him, and ordered tliat ho 
 should be allowed to sit while being exa- 
 mined by Courtenay, bisliop of London, to 
 whom tho pope's bull was directed. Tho 
 populace at tiils time were much against 
 Wickiiffe, and would probably have pro- 
 ceeded to commit actual violence upon 
 both him and his great protector but for 
 tiio interference of tho bishop. But Wick- 
 lifle's opinions being, for tho most part, 
 true, and being maintained by an extremely 
 earnest as well as learned and pious man, 
 soon made so much progress, that tho uni- 
 versity of Oxford neglected to act upon a 
 second bull which tho pope directed against 
 the Intrepid reformer; and even tho popu- 
 lace learned to see so much soundness In 
 his arguments, that when he was sum- 
 moned before a synod at Lambeth, they 
 broke Into the palace and so alarmed the 
 prelates who were opposed to him, that he 
 was dismissed without censure. On 8ul> 
 sequent occasions he was troul)led for liis 
 opinions, but though he showed none of the 
 stem and headlong courage of Luther In a 
 later age, he did that which paved tlic way 
 lorit. Being sufflciem:, tinctured with the 
 enthusiasm necessary io unmask Impos- 
 ture, ho gained tho appi*' 'latlon of honest 
 men; while ho so ..VHfulU ■explained and 
 temporised, that he liwl t^r.jsperously and 
 died In peace at his rectorj'i in the year 1385 ; 
 having set tlio example of deep and right 
 thinking upon the Important subjects of 
 religion, but leaving it to a later genera- 
 tion to withstand the tyrannous assump- 
 tions of Rome even to tho death. The 
 Impunity of Wickiiffe and bia contempo- 
 
 rary disciples must not, however, be wlioiw 
 set down to tho account of his and tlielf 
 prudent temporising and skilful oxplnni 
 tion. These, indeed, under all the (irt'uiu. 
 stances, greatly served them, but would 
 have utterly failed to do so but that ng 
 yet there was no law ov which tlio Pt'cniar 
 arm could bo made to punish tliu hetn. 
 rodox ; and Bonic, partly from lur own 
 scl.Isms and partly from tho state (if Kdp. 
 land, was just at this time in no conditioii 
 to take tliose sweeping and stern inoa.suros 
 wlilch, either in an earlier or later anc.witi, 
 tho greater favour * tho civil ruler, siia 
 would have proved herself abundantly \vii] 
 Ing to take. That tho power and opportu- 
 nity, r-vthcr than tho will, were wanting on 
 the part of Home to suppress the Lollarjj 
 —as Wlckllffo's disciples were called- rests 
 not merely upon speculation. Front of that 
 fact Is afforded by an act wlildi abuut 
 four years before the death of Wickiiffe the 
 clergy suircptltlously got enrolled, though 
 it never had tho consent of tho coinrnoris 
 by which act all sheriffs were bound to an-' 
 prebend all preachers of heresy and tlKir 
 abettors. The fraud was dlscovcrod and 
 complained of In the commons diirinKth" 
 next session ; .and the clergy were tlnis de- 
 terred from making inimediatc u.se of their 
 new and lll-aciinircd iiower, thmivU they 
 contrived to prevent the foruiid niiaio'f 
 the smuggled act. 
 
 ciiAPr"R xxvin. 
 
 The Reign of IiE}iJ.Y IV. 
 
 A.D. 1399. — IIOWEVEii Ueiir.' TV. tiiishtl 
 glo.->8 over tlic matter to tlic servilt' e.in\.\ 
 mens or to the profoundly ignonut v' i : 
 he could not but be perfectly aware that I. 
 had no hereditary right ; that liU'riehtJ 
 in fact, was merely the right of a usurrea 
 wlio had paved tho way to tho tliroiie 1)* 
 the grossest hypocrisy. And he musthaTl 
 constantly been tortured witli doubts anl 
 anxieties, lest the ambition of some nef 
 usurper should be sanctioned as his i 
 had been, by what artful de:ii.tgogues facj 
 tiously called tho ' voice of tlio iioople,' 
 lest some combination of thobaronsshoulj 
 pluck the stolen diadem from his brow, i 
 place it on that of tho bclr of tho house ^ 
 Mortimer, whom parliament had formcrj 
 declared the heir to the crown. But Hen: 
 could lessen these cares and fears hy i 
 fleeting that he had possession, and tit 
 possession was not so easily to he wrcsti 
 from him by a future usurper, as it hi 
 been by himseif from tho weak and i 
 skilled arm of Ilichard; wliile, even shod 
 the parliamentary decision in favour oft 
 true heir be brought into play, It was: 
 so dinicult or uncommon a tliiiii,' to all 
 the most solemn acts, even wlicn pa-i 
 amid oaths and su'jported liy a lit 
 Moreover, as to the dilllciiUy that niiJ 
 arise from tho true heir, Henry proliaj 
 placed his chief reliance here— that thishf 
 then only seven years old, and his youn 
 brother, were in Henry's own custodj] 
 the royal castle of Windsor. 
 
 A.U. 1400.— Had Henry been prcviod 
 ignorant of tho turbulent character of I 
 
jvrevei", be wholly 
 of his and their 
 1 gUllful oxplatia- | 
 cr all the I'lrcum- i 
 them, 1>ut wouKl ! 
 
 BO hut that as 
 which thP secular 
 
 ininlsh the hetc- I 
 ,ly Iroui her own I 
 tho state ef En?- : 
 uo In no coiiilUirm 
 nd stern uieasuvon 
 jr or later ase.wiili 
 ho civil rulor, slio 
 ;l£ ahutiCaiilly will 
 lowcr and npportu- 
 11, -were wanting on 
 ipress the LoUaras 
 a were called- rests 
 atlon. Proot n£ tliat 
 
 1 act which ahout ' 
 'ath of "Wicklifle tlio 
 rot enrolled, lhou?li 
 \t of the commons, 
 la werehiiuiul toa^ 
 of heresy and tluir 
 was discovered and 
 'ommons duruiKtlio 
 clergy were thus do- 
 iimcdiatcuseottlioirl 
 vowcr, tliiiu'-'h tlioyl 
 Ihc loi-mid rui'dilofl 
 
 [I XXVIII. 
 
 .:u neur.' IV. nii?W| 
 r to tlic servile com- 
 
 iiuUyiKno""^''"';';:; 
 erfcctly aware that I L 
 
 .,l,t ; that his ' ridit,] 
 lie right of a usurrn 
 Ivav to the throne 1)] 
 jy Andhcmu3thaT( 
 liir'ed with douMs anj 
 tubitlon of some tic> 
 anctioncd as hisow 
 
 tful den;.it,'0B"e9h'' 
 olco of the peop e, ( 
 in of the barons slioul 
 [cm from hishrow,' 
 lO heir of the house 
 -Uameut had f orraei 
 :{io crown. But Her 
 sares and fears hy 
 I nossessioii, and ti 
 o easily to he wrest 
 ire usurper, as it W 
 nm the wealc and V 
 rd; while, even slioi 
 'scisloninfawurof 
 
 i into rlny.itY",i( 
 tmon a thin;-? to al 
 ".even when pas^ 
 unported by a > 
 ' dlfflculty that mi 
 
 heir, Heuvy proln 
 ocehMe-thatihisbi 
 f8old,andhisyouii 
 enry'B own custoa: 
 
 Indsor. 
 
 cnry been prcvioi 
 
 ■lulcnt character of 
 
 ©nalmiU.— ^lantajtciwW.— I^cnrfi W. 
 
 231 
 
 taron«, Ills very first parliament had fur- 
 nished ulm Willi abundant Infrrmation 
 „Don that Bcoro. Scarcely bad tbT peers 
 assembled w>"-n disputea ran so high 
 Jmong them tnat not only was very ' un- 
 narllamentary' language b&ndled about 
 imong them, even to the extent of giving 
 gicU other tho lie direct, and as directly 
 charging Ciich other with treason, but this 
 lanpiidgo was supported by the throwing 
 dorni, upon the lloor of the house, of no 
 fewer than forty gauntlets in token of their 
 owners' readiness to maintain their words 
 m mortal combat. For the present the 
 iHnghad influence ehough among those 
 joughtv peers toprevent them from coming 
 iQto itctiial personal collision. But he was 
 not able to prevent their quarrel from still 
 nuklliig in their hearts, still less was he 
 iWe to overpower the strong feeling of ha- 
 tred which some of them cherished against 
 lis own power and person. 
 Wespolce, a little while since, of tho do- 
 mdatlon by Henry's parliament of certain 
 I jeers who had been raised by lUcliard's 
 Ipailiament, on account of the part they 
 look at tho time of the rebellion of the 
 Idolieof Gloucester. Tho earls of Rutland, 
 lEcnt.ftiid Huntingdon, and tho lord Spen- 
 Iter, wlio were thus degraded, respectively, 
 Ifrora the titles of Albemarle, Surrey, Exeter, 
 |ind Gloucester, the three first being dulic- 
 Idoms and tlio fourth an earldom, now en- 
 lured luto a conspiracy to seize tho king at 
 Iwindsor; and liis deposition, if not his 
 Ijcaih, nn's': Infallibly have followed had 
 Itlier succeeded In the first part of their 
 Mfslgn. Tho earl of Salisbury and the lord 
 lamley joined in this conspiracy, and tho 
 leasures were so well taken tliat Henry's 
 to would have been morally certain, but 
 jt Rutland, from compunction or some 
 ) creditable motive, gave the king timely 
 kotlce, and ho suddenly withdrew from 
 ilndsor, where ho was living compara- 
 pvfly unprotected, and reached Loiulou in 
 [irate just as tho conspirators arrived at 
 (indsor with a p.arty of five hundred ca- 
 y. Before the battled conspirators could 
 ffoverfrom their surprise the king posted 
 isclf at Kingstnn-on-Tliamcs, with ca- 
 ilrvand infantry, clileily supplied by tho 
 ;of London, to the number of twenty 
 msand. The conspirators had so en- 
 pely depended upon tho effect of surpris- 
 I ;bo king and making use of tho pos- 
 sion of his person, that tliey now saw 
 leyliiid lost all in losing him, and they 
 dok themselves to their respective coun- 
 itoralso their friends and dependents. 
 I the king had now all the advantage of 
 ng already In force, and strcmg detach- 
 |(nt9of his friends pursued the fugitives 
 'hotly that they had not tho chance of 
 Qg any combined resistance. Tho 
 |ri! of Kent and Salisbury were seized at 
 nccster. In Gloucestershire, by the in- 
 ibltMits of that place, and were beheaded 
 |tbc following day ; Spencer and Lumley 
 Bimllatiy disposed of by tho men of 
 litol ; and tho earls of Huntingdon, sir 
 Mas Blount, sir Benedict Bely, and 
 nil others who were mado prisoners, 
 i subsequently put to death by Henry's 
 
 own order. It gives us a positive loathing 
 for the morality of that ago when wo read 
 that on the quartered bodies of these per- 
 sons being brought to London, tlio man- 
 gled and senseless remains were insulted 
 by tho loud and disgusting joy, not only of 
 Immense numbers of tho rabble of the tur- 
 bulent metropolis, but also by thirty-two 
 mitred abbots and eighteen bishops, who 
 thus set an example whlcli— can wo doubt 
 It?— was only too faltlifully followed by 
 tho Inferior clergy. But tho most disgust- 
 ing as well as the most horrible part of this 
 sad story still remains to be told. In this 
 truly degrading proeessioti the earl of Rut- 
 laud made a conspicuous figure, not merely 
 as being son and heir of the duke of York, 
 as having aided In th murrlcr of his uncle 
 tho duke of Gloucester, as having deserted 
 from Richard to Henry, and having con- 
 spired against tho latter and betrayed to 
 him tho wretched men who"o remains were 
 now being brutally paraded before the eyes 
 of the ral)ble ; these distinctions wero not 
 enough for his evil ambition, and lest ho 
 should be overlooked in tho bloody proces- 
 sion, ho carried upon a polo tho ghastly 
 head of one of those victims whom ho liad 
 first ■seduced .and conspired with, and tlien 
 betrayed— and that victim was tho lord 
 Spencer, his own brother-in-law I Surely 
 this man had successfully aimed at the sub- 
 limity of infamy 1 
 
 A.D. 1101.— Politic In everything, and re- 
 solute to make everything as far as possi- 
 ble subservient to his safety and Interest, 
 Henry, who in his youth and while as yet a 
 subject had been, as his father had, a fa- 
 vourer of tho Lollards, now laid himself 
 out to aid in their cppresslon, in order to 
 conciliate tlic established clergy, And to 
 ail tho other evil characteristics of this 
 reign is to be added that of the originating, 
 in Knglaiul, of civil penal laws aijalnst tlio 
 undefined and Indefinable crlrr.o of heresy. 
 
 LoUardism, appealing to tl'.e simple com- 
 mon sense of the multitude, had by this 
 time become very widely disseminated la 
 England ; and the clergy, unable to oppose 
 tho leading arguments of the detested he- 
 retics, and unpossessed of tho power to 
 silence those whom they could not confute, 
 loudly demanded the aid of the rivll power. 
 Anxious to serve a vai^t and powerful l)ody 
 of men who in any great emergency would 
 be so well able to servo him, Henry en- 
 gaged tho parliament to pass a bill, whicli 
 provided, that all relapsed heretics who 
 should refuse to abjure tlvclr errors of faitli 
 when summoned befuio tho bishop and 
 his commissioners, should be delivered over 
 to the civil authorities, who should publicly 
 commit them to the fiamcs. An atrocious 
 use of the king's ]>ower; but every way 
 worthy of tho atrocious hypocrisy and vio- 
 lence by which that jiower had been ac- 
 quired. 
 
 When this act was pa«sed with all the due 
 forms, tho clergy speedily afforded proof 
 that they did not Intend to allow It to re- 
 main a dead letter. William Sautro, a 
 clergyman of London, was condemned as 
 a relapsed heretic by tho convocation of 
 Canterbury, and being committed to tho 
 
 M 
 
 
232 
 
 W^t ^vt&imn at W^^^VTSit *«• 
 
 chastlaement of *Jbe civil power, tho king 
 IsBUCd Ills writ, und the wretched man was 
 burned to death. Great as all tho other 
 crimes of Henry were, they fall into coru- 
 pamtlvo Inaignlflcanco In comparison of 
 this : that ho was the first, sincj the ex- 
 tinction of the dark and brutal siiperstitinn 
 of the Druidei, who disgusted and horrified 
 the inhabitanta of England with the awful 
 sight of a fellow-creuture yielding up hia 
 breath amid the ineffable torturea of the sa- 
 crificial flames. 
 
 While Henry, conscious of the badness 
 of his title, was thus endeavourinpr, by tho 
 most atrocious sarrlflccs to expediency, to 
 strengthen himself In England, he, as far 
 as possible, avoided the necessity of making 
 any considerable exertions elsewhere. But 
 even his consummate art could not wholly 
 preserve hini from the caret, if war. 
 
 The king of France had too many causes 
 of anxiety In his own kingdom to admit of 
 his making, as both ho and his friends were 
 anxious to make, a descent upon England, 
 and he was obliged to content himself with 
 getting his daughter safely out of the hands 
 of Heur.v. But the Gascons among whom 
 Richard was born, and who. In spite of his 
 numerous and glaring faults, wen? passion- 
 ately attached to his memory, refused to 
 Bwtar allegiance to his murderer ; and had 
 the king < f Franco been able to send an 
 army to their support, they would, beyond 
 all doubt, have made an obstinate resist- 
 ance. But Charles's own situation render- 
 ing him unable to assist them, the earl of 
 Worcester, at the head of an English army, 
 found no difllrulty in bringing them to ol>e- 
 dience ; and they were the less inclined to 
 make any new attempt at shaking off 
 Henry's yoke, because ho was in commu- 
 nion with the pope of Rome, wuose zealous 
 partisans they were ; while France was in 
 communion with tho anti-pope, then resi- 
 dent at Avignon. 
 
 A sturdier and more formidable opponent 
 of the usurper was found nearer 1 ome. 
 Owaln Glendwyr, the powerful chief tr, in of 
 Wales, a lineal descendant of the a'lcient 
 princes of that country, and greatly b jloved 
 on that account as well as for his renmrk- 
 able personal courage, gave deep offence to 
 Henry by the Arm attachment which he 
 displayed to the memory of the murdered 
 Richard. Lord Gray, of Ruthyn, a con- 
 fidential and unscrupulous friend of Henry, 
 had a large possession In the Welsh 
 marches ; and well knowing that he should 
 please Henry— perhaps even personally In- 
 Btlgated by him— he forcibly entered Glen- 
 dwyr's territory, and expcUeil him and his 
 followers. The personal fame and the an- 
 cient descent of Glendwyr enabled him 
 easily and speedily to collect a sufllcient 
 force to oust the intniders, and Henry, as 
 probably had been agreed, sent assistance 
 to lord Gray, whence a long and sanguinary 
 war ensued. 
 
 The Welsh chieftain no longer combated 
 merely his personal enemy, but made war 
 without distinction upon all the English 
 subjects In his neighbourhood, and among 
 them upon tho earl of Marche. Sir Ed- 
 mund Mortimer, uncle of that nobleman, 
 
 assembled tho family retainers and en 
 deavoured to make head against Oleimwyr 
 but was defeated, and both ho and tho 
 young earl, who, though only a youfi, 
 would go to the field, were taken prlsoneN* 
 
 Detesting the family of Mortimer In nil 
 Its branches, Henry not only took no stons 
 towards obtaining the release of the ynui'if 
 earl, but even refused to grant the oariust 
 Intreatles of tho earl of Northuml)crlan(l 
 to bo permitted to do so, although tlie carl 
 had 80 mainly contribtited to Hcnry'a n\vn 
 elevation, and was, besides, very nearly re- 
 lated to the young captive. But in poliit 
 of Ingratitude, as In point of hypocrisy 
 Henry stopped at no half measures ; and 
 having thus shown his sense of the carl's 
 past service, ho very shortly afterwards 
 made a new sc. vice the actual ground of i 
 new and even more directly Insulting in. 
 gratitude. 
 
 The Scots, tempted by the occasion of «o 
 recent and flagrant an usurpation of tiie 
 crown, made incursions into the nortlicm 
 counties of England; and Henry, atteiidtd 
 by the most warlike of lils nobles, marcliod 
 In such force to Edinburgh, that tlie Scot* 
 unable at that moment prudently to givd 
 him battle, retired to the mountains, !« 
 was ever their custom when they could not 
 flght, yet would not resist. In this dj. 
 lemma, with a foe which he could iicltlicr 
 provoke into tho field nor terrify into a 
 formal and Insincere sulimission, llwiry 
 issued a formal and pompous summons to 
 Uolx.-rt III. to come to him and do homnsj 
 for his crown, and then march«d home and 
 disbanded his army. 
 
 A.D. 1402.— Delivered from the Immcdiata 
 presence of their enemy, tho Scots oxortodj 
 themselves so well, that lord DouKlas wai 
 now able to lead an army of twelve tliousain 
 men, ofllcered by all tho heads of tlionc 
 billiy.. Into England, where the usual ilsi 
 vastatlon and plunder marked tlwlr ire 
 sence. The earl of Northumberland an( 
 his gallant son collected a force and nvi 
 took the Scots at Holincdon, as tliuy we 
 returning homo laden with booty. Int 
 battle which ensued the Scots were ouiii 
 pletely routed, vast numbers of tlieniwei 
 slain or taken prisoners, and among 111 
 latter were lord Douglas " .'niself, the c,i 
 of Fife, son of tho du.j of Alliany in 
 nephew of tho king of Scotland, and tl 
 earls of Angus, Murray, and Orkney. 
 
 In that age the ransom of prisoners 
 a most Important part of the profit of tl 
 warrior, whether officer or private. Tl 
 noble who went to war for his sovcrci 
 not only ran the ordinary risks of the fid 
 but also. If taken prisoner, had to i urfli! 
 his own release, often at a sum so vast 
 to entail comparative poverty tipon I 
 fam.iy for generations. Under such c) 
 cumstances to Interfere with him as to tl 
 ransom of his prisoners, when lie was 
 voured by the fortune of w.ar, was as scam 
 lous a breach of faith as any otlier 
 more obvious Invasion of his property ; 
 this breach of faith, with tlie added infai 
 of extreme Ingratitude, did Henry n( 
 commit, by sending a perompt^-ry nicssi 
 to the Percle>), not to ransom their prii 
 
(!?ii0latftr.— I^ottitf of U,tittciiitev,—Vktnvi]i W» 
 
 Ttg on any terms ; tho desiro ot tlio politic 
 tvrant being to mako the continued Im- 
 iiVlsniinient of these noblemen a means of 
 nrocuriiig advantnf?P()U8 terms from tho 
 Kingdom of which they were the prldo and 
 
 ""a-D. 1403.— Henry had proV.nMy reckonc 1 
 on the conthiued faith of ti>o earl of Nor- 
 tliumhfrland, under any circumstances of 
 [irovocfttlon.from the unprincipled absence 
 '( all scruple which that nobleman had 
 shown 1" aiding his usurpation, liut tho 
 ^rl besides that hu himself smarted under 
 ilie'inli'Sle'l l"»«lt »"tl Injury, was still 
 i (jrth«r prompted to vengeance by his sou 
 i ibe younger Percy better known as Harry 
 t Hotspur, and it was determined between 
 tiicm that an attempt should bo made to 
 hurl the ungrateful usurper from the throne 
 lowblch they had so mainly contributed to 
 «ise him. Entering into a corrosiiondeuco 
 jltli Glendwyr, they agreed to join hlni In 
 l,{3 (ippositlou to Henry, and, still farther 
 to strengthen theniselvcs, gave lord Uoug- 
 Im his liberty, and engaged that warlike 
 lioMe to join them with all tho Scottish 
 (iiroetliat he could commiiud. Their own 
 military retainers and friends were not 
 J ffcfik army ; and so desijotic was the 
 power of the earl's family, and, at the same 
 time, 90 implicit and undyin^' was the at- 
 ijfliincnt of Its followers, tliat the very 
 Bicii who liad formerly followed tho earl 
 [(ir the purpose of placing Henry on tho 
 ibrnne, now followed for the purpose of de- 
 
 tojlng blin- 
 
 All the preparations being made, tho 
 (jri'3 army was ready for action when It 
 irai deprived of its leader by a sudden ill- 
 teij which disabled the earl from mov- 
 Ihj. But young Henry I'ercy had tho con- 
 Idenoe of his troops In a degree not infe- 
 [iorto that In which it was enjoyed by the 
 jdrl lilmself, and ho marched towards 
 gireffsliury, where he was to bo joined by 
 biidwjr. 
 
 Henry who, whatever Ills crimes, was 
 Iboili brave and able, had just collected a 
 [urccwith a view to repelling or chastising 
 If Scots, and by hurried marches he con- 
 ned to reach Shrewsbury before Uleudwyr 
 tivcd to tho support of Percy. 
 It was obviously the king's true policy to 
 itcc Percy to an engagement before his 
 iperted allies could arrive, and the fierce 
 Kl impatient temper of Harry Hotspur 
 tair it)ly seconded the king's wish. 
 As if fearful lest any motive should In- 
 icethe king to decline the instant trial of 
 lelr strength. Hotspur issued a manifesto, 
 which he urged every topic that was cal- 
 lited to goad the king's conscience, or to 
 mid his pride and lower his cluracfer. 
 the words of Hume, ' He renounced his 
 giance, set him at dellance, and in the 
 ime of his father and uncle as well as in 
 idwn, ho enumerated all the grievances 
 which he pretended the nation had rea- 
 to complain. He upbraided him with 
 perjury of which he liad been guilty 
 n, on landing at llavenspur, he had 
 lorn upon the gospels, l)eforc the earl of 
 irthumberland, that he had no other in- 
 iiion than to recover tho duchy of Lan- 
 
 caster, and that he would ever remain a 
 faithful subject to king lUclmrd. Ho ag- 
 gravated his guilt in llrst dethroning and 
 then murdering that prince, and In usurp- 
 ing on tho title of tho house of Mor- 
 timer, to whom, both by lineal succession 
 and by declarations of parliament, the 
 throne, when vacant by liichard's demise, 
 did of right belong. He complained of his 
 cruel policy in allowing tho young earl ot 
 Marche, whom Iio ought to regard aa his 
 sovereign, to remain a captive in the hands 
 of his enemies, and in even refusing to all 
 his friends permission to treat for his ran- 
 som. Ho charged him again with perjury 
 in loading the nation with heavy taxes, after 
 having sworn that, without tho utmost ne- 
 cessity, ho would never lay any impositions 
 upon them ; and lie reproached liim with 
 the arts employed in procuring favourable 
 elections into parliament ; arts which he 
 himself had before imputed as a crinio to 
 Richard, and which he had made one chief 
 reason of that prince's arraignment and 
 deposition.' 
 
 The truths here collected tell very heavi- 
 ly against the character of Henry ; but tho 
 reader must not omit to notice that in most 
 of tho crimes here laid to his charge the 
 earl of Northumberland had been his zeal- 
 ous accomplice, and by his own overgrown 
 power had mainly enabled him to do those 
 very things which he now charged against 
 him as crimes, and which ho so charged 
 only because of their bitter personal feud. 
 So rarely, so very rarely, do even tho most 
 patriotic enterprises take their rise solely 
 In patriotic and i)uro feelings. 
 
 On tlio followln^' morning the embattled 
 hosts attacked ear a other, and rarely upon 
 Kngllsh ground has so sanguinary an action 
 taken place. Uouglas and young Percy, who 
 had so often and so bravely opposed each 
 other, now that they fought in the same 
 ranks seemed to strive to outvie each other 
 In deeds of daring and self-exposure. Hen- 
 ry, on his side, with whom was thj young 
 prince of Wales, wi.o now ' fleshed his 
 maiden sword,' proved himself worthy of 
 the usurped crown, as far as valour and con- 
 duct were concerned. Yet, though he re- 
 peatedly charged where the battle was the 
 fiercest and the slaughter the most terrible, 
 he even on this occasion showed that ho 
 never allowed courage to leave policy alto- 
 gether behind. Feeling sure that tho hos- 
 tile leaders would not fail to direct their 
 especial exertions to slaying him or making 
 him prisoner, he caused several of his of- 
 ficers to bo dressed and armed in the royal 
 guise, and this policy at once proved the 
 correctness of his judgment, and, in all hu- 
 man probability, saved his life, for several 
 of the seeming kings paid with their lives 
 for their temporary disguise ; the fierce 
 Douglas roaming through tho Held, and 
 slaying each that bore the royal semblance 
 who had the misfortune to come within the 
 sweep of his trench.ant and unsparing blade 
 The slaughter was tremendous, but the vic- 
 tory was on the side of the king, the troops 
 of Percy falling into complete and irreme- 
 diable disorder when that gallant, though 
 too impetuous leader, was Blaiu by some 
 
 f .: fl 
 
 iih 
 
 ' ?" 
 
I 
 
 23t 
 
 Clbe €vtuiiwii at I^Wtorv, ^c. 
 
 nndlAtlnvrnishcd hand. About four tliou- 
 eand noldicrs pprlshed on tho sldo of Tcrcy, 
 and above hnU that number on tho sldo of 
 tho khig, whilo, Including tho loss of both 
 armies, con8lderiU)ly nioro than two thou- 
 sand nobles and gentlemen were slain. Tho 
 onrls of Worcester and Douglas were taken; 
 tlie latter was treated with all the resiieit 
 and Kindness duo to ,a distinguished pri- 
 soner of war, brt tho former, together 
 with sir niilianl .'crnon, w.ns beheaded at 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 Tho earl of Northuinberlnnd, who by this 
 tlmo had recovered from his Illness, had 
 raised a small force and was advancing to 
 tho aid of his gallant son, when ho was 
 shocked and astounded by the disastrous 
 tidings from Shrewsbury. Perceiving tho 
 Iniposglbility, ' ith all tho force ho could 
 then command, of making head against the 
 king, ho Ulsmliised all his followers, ex- 
 cept tho retinue usual to men of his rank, 
 proceeded to York, and presented himself 
 to tho king, to whom ho boldly atUrmed 
 that his solo Intention was to endeavour, 
 by mediating between his son and tho 
 king, to prevent tho effusion of blood which 
 now unhappily had taken place. H'-nry, 
 whoso policy It was to evade war by i.'very 
 means In his power, pretended to be de- 
 ceived, and a formal pardon was given to 
 the carl. 
 
 A.n. 1105.— But the earl of Northumber- 
 land knew niniikiiid in general, and Henry 
 In particular, far too well to suppose that 
 there was any reality in this very facile 
 forgiveness; and ho was connrmed in bis 
 own enmity not only by the loss of his 
 brave son, but also by the ""onvlctlon that 
 he had been too iniiiuitou=ily useful, and 
 was too dangerously powerful, to .allow of 
 his ever being safe from Hf nry, should clr- 
 cumst.nnces allow of that prince acting 
 upon his real feelings. He now did what had 
 he done it previous to the battle of Shrews- 
 bury w(mld most probably have given him 
 a complete and comparatively easy victory 
 over Henrj". The e.arl of Nottingham, son 
 of the duke of Norfolk, and the archbishop 
 of York, brother of that earl of Wiltshire 
 whom Henry, while still duke of Lancaster, 
 had beheaded at Bristol, had never ceased 
 to hate Henry. Whether from their own 
 backwardness or from some unaccountable 
 oversight on the part of tho Perclcs, these 
 two powerful personages had taken no part 
 against tho king at Shrewsbury, but they 
 now very readily agreed to Join with Nor- 
 thumberland in a new attempt to dethrone 
 tho usurper. Still, as though the w.ant of 
 judgement on tho part of the foes of Henry 
 wore always to stand him In as much stead 
 as even his own profoundly artful policy, 
 Nottingh.ara and tho archbishop took up 
 arms before Northumberland had com- 
 pleted his preparations for joining them. 
 They Issued a manifesto. In which they 
 descanted, though In temperate terms, 
 upon Henry's usurpations, and demanded 
 not only that sundry public grievances 
 shonld bo redressed, but also that the right 
 line of succession should be restored. The 
 carl of Westmoreland, who commanded tiio 
 king's forces In their neighbourliood, find- 
 
 ing himself too weak to allow of hla nm 
 dently engaging them, had recourse toil 
 stratagem so obvious, that he could only 
 have resorted to It on the assumptlun tlint 
 he had to do with very simple persons niu 
 one that in proving successful showou'that 
 assumption to bo very correct. 
 
 Westmoreland desired a conference with 
 Nottingham and tho archblshni>, liKiom,! 
 with admirable gravity to all the com. 
 plaints they had to make, begged ilicm to 
 suggest remedies, con lally assented to tlin 
 propriety of all that they proposed, and 
 flosed tho conference, by undertakinff on 
 the part of tho king, thateverythinff should 
 be arranged to their entire satisfaction U 
 might bo supposed that me.i of their riink 
 men, too, who had entered upon so prrllous 
 an undertaking, would have had their su*. 
 plclons aroused by the very facility of the 
 assent to their terms; and It Is dinirult.cvcii 
 with the well-authenticated account t)Wiiio 
 us.to believe that so far from that belngtho 
 case, they actually suspected nothlnt^whin 
 Westmoreland proposed that, as nil thtir 
 terms had been agreed to, and tlieiv wh 
 no longer any feud between them ninl liis 
 royal master, both armies should lie dj;. 
 banded, that tho conntrj' might be riliovoj 
 f "om the very great burthen of haviiDJtwn 
 puch large and expensive bodies to snpiniri 
 But the earl and tho archbishop, like tlio 
 doomed men told of in tales of witilicralt 
 rushed upon their ruin with closed cvh' 
 Tln>y disban<led their army, and Wcstninre^ 
 land pretended to disband his; but the 
 instant that his opponents were uttnlv 
 powerless, Westmoreland's secret ordirjl 
 I'alled his forces together again as if iy| 
 magic, and Nottingham and theanliiji.hri 
 were made priii')ners, and sent to tlie kirn.' 
 who was at that moment nialiinj,' h,m 
 marches towards them In the cxiMctaiii 
 of having to oppose them In the ilcki. Tin 
 carl of Nottingham and the arcliiii-imi 
 were both cotidemned and both cxcomtj 
 a new proof, as regards tho arcliliisiidi 
 the very limited extent to viiiili Km 
 coidd at this time exert its foriiieiiy .wfi 
 power in England. 
 
 The earl of Northumberland, on loanilni 
 this new calamity, —hich was chiellv.vti 
 butablo to the double folly of his friiiids 
 revolting before ho coald join them, and 
 listening to deceptlont by which even (hi. 
 rcn ought not to hiivc been Inuiosed iipu 
 escaped Into Scotl.nd, accoinp.anicd i 
 lord Bardolph ; and Henry rcvenirud iiii 
 self upon them by seizing and disniaiitii: 
 all their fortresses. This done, llciii 
 marched against Glendwyr, over wIkhh ti 
 prince of Wales had obtained sonic adv 
 tagcs ; but though Glendwyr wa? int 
 force to meet his enemies in tlioililil.li 
 mountain f.astnesses and the infomii'tili 
 lldolity of his friends enabled him to isc 
 from being captured. 
 
 A.n. 1107.— The carl of Northunil)crl 
 and lord Bardoljih, more Inveterate tli 
 ever against Heni-y.slncc he had dlamantl 
 their castles, entered the north of Engl: 
 with but a slender retinue. In the h^ 
 that sympathy with them and hatred of 
 king would cause the people to Hock 
 
(ftislAttir.— I^ouite at UMntnittv^—^cnvu W, 
 
 235 
 
 their Rtntidnrd. But if IIcnry'8 crimes li:ul 
 made him tinted, his siicress had iiiiido liim 
 fonrcd ; the attempt was utterly uiisuccc ss- 
 ful-nud the Bhcrlfl of York, sir Thomas 
 llokcby, having Kot together a force, nud- 
 (linily attacked the outlawed iioblcs, hot h 
 of whom jicilshcd In tho battle. To tom- 
 nlctc Henry's good fortune and wholly Ireo 
 lilm from his domestic enemies, tho for- 
 nildiiblo Glendvrr soon after died. 
 
 [.'(irtmio served Henry In Scotland on It 
 jlfcady had served hlni in England, llobert 
 I III a mild and lucaoable sovereign, al- 
 lowed his brother, th i Duke of Albany, 
 completely to usurp his authority ; Albany, 
 tmnnlcal and ambitic us, threw Ills elder 
 ncrhcw, David, tho liilr apparent to the 
 throne, Into prison, where lio was starved 
 to death, llobcrt's younger son, James, 
 whoalono now stood between Albany and 
 tiijt tlirono for which ho had already 
 cnmmttted so awful a crime, was sent by 
 lij3 alarmed father for safely to Franco ; 
 int the vessel in which he sailed was cap- 
 tured hy the English, and tho prince was 
 (jrrled to London. There was at this time 
 I truco between England and Scotland, 
 notwithstanding which Henrj would not 
 part with his young prisoner ; and this vlr- 
 taallossof his only remaining child com- 
 fletely broke tho heart of tho unfortunate 
 Eotjcrt, who shortly afterwards died. Ucnry 
 toirharta most stringent power over Al- 
 tunv, who governed Scotland as regent ; 
 loriio could continue the dukcin that high 
 iOfflcc by detaining young James, while, 
 nfon the slightest breach of peace on the 
 Joke's Bide, Henry could at once ruin him 
 jindf?aln the friendship of tho Scots by rc- 
 [itoriiig them their rightful king. 
 In the wars which occurred among the 
 ench factions during the latter part of 
 j8 reign Henry took but little part, and 
 lOtMng that his troops did in that country 
 sof importance enough to merit any dc- 
 Jed mention. 
 
 Itmustnotbo supposed that tho king, 
 loogti outwardly thus prosperous, en- 
 red his usurped dignity without any 
 iwbaeks. His mental sufferings are 
 scribed to have been tremendous ; the 
 atcst success could not fortify his mind 
 linst harrowing dread of future mi sfor- 
 le, and even v;hilo ho was preparing for 
 rc'luics by which to support his throne, 
 was haunted by remorse for the old 
 les by which ho had acquired It. This 
 etual misery at length wholly deprived 
 of his reason, and he died tho victim 
 crime and remorse, a worn-out man, 
 lie yet as to ago only !a the very prime 
 Mc, on March 20, 1413, in tho thirteenth 
 of his reign and in the forty-sixth of 
 age. 
 
 01 this reign little needs to bo said In 
 
 ' wny of summary. Illacauired as was 
 
 iry'a authority, ho showed himself so 
 
 letowieldit, that had he beenaleglti- 
 
 ite sovereign his reign would undoubt- 
 
 liave been one of the most glorious In 
 
 history. 
 
 [Hie parliament, profiting by the defect 
 ithc king's title, made considerable ad- 
 ices in authority In this reign; but 
 
 though Henry was politic enough to yield 
 in matters of little moment, ho nlso knew 
 how to refuse when refusal was necessary 
 to prevent encroachment from going fur- 
 ther. Thus on one occasion ho dlnmlssed 
 four persons from his household, includ- 
 ing his confessor, nt tiio denmnd of tho 
 commons ; while, on another, ho replied 
 to tho demand of tho commons for greater 
 lenity to tho i.ollard.s, by irdering a Lol- 
 lard to bo burned before luo close of tho 
 session I 
 
 OHAI'TEU XXIX. 
 The Iteii/n of Heniiy V. 
 
 A.D. 1413.— Though tlio bad title of Henry 
 IV., and tho care wltli which his father's 
 jealous suspicions during tho latter years 
 of his reign had caused him to oxdudo 
 his son from any share in tho civil go- 
 vernment, seemed to give tho young 
 prlnc« but littlo oi)portunity of easily as- 
 cending tho throne, ho had tlio very great 
 advantage of being popular. The courngo 
 and conduct which he had shown in mili- 
 tary affairs, so far as his father had allowed 
 him to act in them, and a certain eliivalrio 
 and fantastic generosity, liuu not only 
 caused tho P' splo to set at leu.«t a full 
 v,i.liic upon wliai) he did of good, but also 
 to e-xcuse, as tlio mere ' Hash and outbreak 
 of a flcry mind,' irregiiliiriiks wliicli would 
 have excited their uiiuost hullKiiation 
 against a prince of a nioro tulle niul less 
 generous temper. 
 
 Looked upon with jealousy by his father, 
 and discouraged, or rather preveuteit, i'rom 
 mixing with the statesmen of the day and 
 sharing in tho cares of government, tlio 
 mercurial temper of tlio joung prince 
 caused him to seek pleasure and com- 
 panionship out of his proper spiiorc, and to 
 make himself talked of among his future 
 subjects for many frolics, which in any 
 other person would have been treated as 
 crimes of no ordinary magnitude. He not 
 only rioted and drank witli men of bail re- 
 pute and broken fortune, but it is even said 
 that on more than one occasion he joined 
 them in laying thcwealtliy passenger under 
 contribution on tho highway. Shakspeare, 
 who In this as In many other cases has 
 painted faithfully, makes Falstaff cxciai'n 
 to this young prince—' Rob me tiie exche- 
 quer. Hall' but the prince. If historians 
 speak the truth, took tlio liberty to rob tlio 
 subject ere bis coin could llnd its way to tho 
 exchequer. Such a course was but Ill-adapt- 
 ed to reconcile the nation to the bud tltlo 
 upon which Henry V. now ascended tlio 
 throne, or to give them hope that the laws 
 would be well administered imdcr his go- 
 vernment. But ns his generous and gay 
 nature had reconciled them to tho faults of 
 the youthful prince, so now, young as ho 
 still was, tho wisdom and propriety of his 
 very first act gave them reason to think 
 hopefully of him as their king. 
 
 On one of tlie many occasions in wlilch 
 prince Henry's turbulent companions had 
 disturbed tho public peace, certain of them 
 were indicted for their misconduct, and tho 
 prince Henry attended their trial In tho 
 
 
 'J 
 
 
 4 
 
 "1? .1 
 
 1* i> i 
 
 I ". ' *' 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 I' ! 
 
236 
 
 €\)t Crratfurif o( |l^(Ktort^, ^c. 
 
 court of King's Detich. Pcrrel ving that tho 
 lord chief Justtro Oascolgno was not over- 
 awed by tho presrncp of tlic heir apparent, 
 prince Henry wan guilty < f some Intcrrup- 
 llon, for which the chlel justice at oiico 
 orMornd him to he taken to nrlxon. It may 
 lie <loul)ted whether Home of tho 'courage' 
 mill ' uprlffhtness' which historian* so em- 
 lihtitlcally attrlhute to tho lord chief jus- 
 tice, on account of tlilx nirnlr, did not origi- 
 nate In tho knowledge that tho iing would 
 ho ratlier pleased tlmn angry at any mortl- 
 flcatliiu Inflicted upon the popular lieir ap- 
 parent. At all events, however, wo must 
 admit that Gascolgno at least showed 
 that ho did not calculate, as many more 
 eminent men have done, tho future con- 
 sequences of his prortcnt performance of 
 his duty. 
 
 On the accession of Henry V., Oascolgno 
 waited upon him with every expectation of 
 receiving tho plainest discouragement; but 
 tho king, BO far from showing himself of- 
 fended at tho past, made it the especial 
 subject of Ills commendation, and exhorted 
 tlio chief justice to continue still to admi- 
 nister tlio laws faithfully and fearlessly, 
 witliout reference to the rank of tho of- 
 fender. To the grave and wise mInistorB 
 who had ably served Ills father the young 
 king gave a like gracious reception ; and 
 sending for the former companlnns of 
 his dissolute youth, he made them liberal 
 presents, "seured them of his intention 
 wholly to reform his way of life, and for- 
 bade their ever again npproa<'hlng his prr>- 
 sence, until they should have followed his 
 present cxami>le, as thev had participated 
 and encouraged his fornv r vice. 
 
 Most men were greatly surprised at this 
 wise conduct, and all were gladdened by it ; 
 and probably none were more completely 
 in either of these categories than tho mi- 
 nisters who, at tho very time that they 
 Imagined they were earning the prince's 
 bitter enmity by their discouragement of 
 his youthful levities, were. In fact, secur- 
 ing both his esteem and his conlldence. 
 
 Henry's prudence and justice were not 
 manifested merely In tluis making ametuls 
 for his own early follies. Deeply conscious 
 that his father had wrongfully acquired that 
 throne which he lilmself had too much am- 
 bition to give up, he endeavoured, in all 
 but giving It up, to do what ho coulil to- 
 wards repairing the wrongs committed by 
 his father. He caused the memory of the 
 murdered Richard to be honoured with tho 
 most solemn and splendid obsequies that 
 could have been bestowed upon a potent 
 Boverelgn newly deceased, and he set at li- 
 berty the young earl of Marche, of whom 
 his father had been so extremely jealous, 
 and showed him every kindness. The young 
 earl, who was of an extremely mild temper 
 and who seemed to have had no particle of 
 ambitio?!, appeared fully sensibleof Henry's 
 kindness, and not only would never make 
 any attempt to disturb his government, but 
 Bhowed himself strongly and sincerely at- 
 tached to his person. As if anxious to 
 leave no token existing of the sad tumults 
 of tha last reign, Henry also restored the 
 Percy family to their bonourB and pro- 
 
 perty; and iiy this and numenm* othi-r nrtl 
 indicative of hla determination to twalt 
 all party distinctions, caused all iimil, 
 to bo too much delighted with Ills n-n ,3 
 power to liave either leisure or Incllnnii,,; 
 to Inquire how he became posscHKeii of it 
 
 nut party-spirit could not be wlinjiy ,.„ 
 dicated from the popular heart even lly til^' 
 personal exhortations and example „( tt,< 
 king himself. Tho horilblo punl»liinon . 
 which in tho recent relgu were for tho nm 
 time In England Inlllcted upon lierctlrj 
 though it might have awed many whr 
 would otherwise have continued to ho L( 
 lards, far more certainly made innny gnoi," 
 who, but for this terrible advertlscnicn ' 
 would have gone to tli«lr graves In uttci 
 ignorance of the very existence of Lollard 
 Ism. Tho public attention was iiiouseiianj 
 llxod by tliese brutal executloiis ; (llscug 
 Blonand inquiry followed, and hydogmi 
 tho country became divided into two mr 
 ties, the friends of Rome and theLoHardv 
 and if tho latter were by far inferior to tlio 
 former in number, they were alrcaily siif. 
 flclently numerous to cause grciit anuhv 
 ance to the clergy and some anxiety uve'n 
 to the civil power. 
 
 By far the most eminent man amonir 
 the r.ollards at this time was lord (,'olihaiii 
 who both under tliat title and ns sir Juini'l 
 Oldcastle, liad done good service to tlii 
 nation, and had been honoured with thi 
 notice and approba Ion of both the lat( 
 and the present king. Tho very exc(lliiir( 
 of his character and the extent of hUnl.ll 
 lities made his sectarianism the niurt- nfl 
 fenslvo to the church ; and as it was ilcpiim 
 that the Increasing number of the I.nllanl, 
 required to be checked by some ciiiifojalli 
 striking example, lord Coblmin waa s 
 lected as the victim, and the arclilj|sh(ip 
 Canterbury, Arundel, applied to Uuiiry fo 
 permission to Indict Cobham. 
 
 Henry, who seems to have been Imtt 
 aware than the bigoted archblshoii ul tl 
 real effects of persecution in luaacrs ^ 
 faith, was extremely unwilling to consej 
 to a prosecution which, ho judged, woi 
 but too surely end In Cobham's deatructloi 
 and the archblsliop was forbidden to tal 
 any steps until Henry himself should haj 
 endeavoured, by force of argument aioi 
 to lead Cobham liack to the church fro 
 which ho had departed. Henry accui 
 Ingly sent for lord Cobham to cmnt, al 
 endeavoured to convlnco him ot UU m^ 
 but Cobham was fully equal to llinr)- 
 tho use of intellectual wr mis, and v 
 not, upon so Important o. „uiilc, at all 
 cllned to sacrlflce truth to coiiiplalsai 
 and etiquette. Finding It in vain tu i 
 deavour to convert the unfortunate not 
 man, Henry, with seemingly slnccrenfl 
 was obliged to give the clergy their 
 quired permission to indict hini. Thoar 
 bishop, assisted by the bishops of Loinlj 
 Winchester, and St. David's, proceed 
 against him, and he was condemned to] 
 burned. He was sent to tho Tower, an] 
 day was appointed for hia execution, f 
 before that day arrived he maiiageili 
 escape from his gaolers. Naturally o\ 
 fierce and somewhat baughty spirit, 
 
I 
 
 mcr(m« otliiT neti 
 iluatlon to forael 
 :auHi>(l all imrtloa 
 ed wlUi bin WW of 
 sure or IncUnnilon 
 
 10 iJOBHCHHCll lit It. 
 
 not be wbdUy era- 
 rlieartevonby the 
 u\ example tit ihi) 
 •rlWo iiuulKbmcntj 
 ;u wore lor Uic first 
 tod ui)oi\ bcrctlcs, 
 ) nwcd mmiy wlir 
 ontlnwcd to ho Lr, ■ 
 ly mndo innuy such, 
 IMo ndvortUcmom, 
 Blr Bravt'ft In uttii 
 xlstoiu'O of Lnllanl- 
 tlouwasiirounedanil 
 executions ; Ulscus' 
 (vcd, and by rtegrccii 
 Ivlded Into two rar 
 mo andtboLollanls; 
 by far liiforlor tn \\\e 
 loy were nlrcaily ?ut- 
 I cauno grout aiiii»y. 
 d soiuo uuxlctyuvm 
 
 enoTanO.—f^auife of ftaticsjiter.— V)(nr]} 19. 237 
 
 eminent ninn ftranni! 
 lino was lord CuliliiuiiJ 
 title and m sir .lulm 
 good servU'i! to tli( 
 n honoured with x\v 
 Ion ol both the l.iK 
 [ TUo very exci'llciK 
 'the extent of hU alili 
 irlanUm the iii"re nf 
 i; andasltwiisawiiw 
 lumber of the Lollavj 
 ■ed by »<""''" ei^pcclaH 
 lord Cobliaiii waa s 
 nnd tlie arclil.islKip 
 [l, appUe*! loUcnryli 
 'Cobhain. 
 ,3 to liavo been bott 
 i)ted arcliblsliup tii V 
 ecutlon In makers 
 f unwllUnB to cnnsci 
 ilcli, bo judged, wou 
 iCobbam'sdestniciioi 
 was forbidden tn tsl 
 iry himself shmild liai 
 CO of arguuicnt alor 
 ;V to the eliurch fri 
 iartcd. Henry accoi 
 Coliliam to rourt, 
 Ivlnco lilmothUcrR^ 
 iilly equal to lU'ury 
 Itual wr >ns. and ^ 
 ■tant ». vvjiilc, at all 
 truth to complalsai 
 
 ding It In v»'" '"> 
 the unfortunate nol 
 
 cmlngly sincere ri^ 
 :e the elergy t hoi 
 olndletblm. Thoa 
 
 the bishops of Um 
 
 1st. David's, procee 
 
 , was condemned to 
 
 :nt to the Tower, an 
 
 for hl8 execution, 1 
 rrlved he managed 
 '^lers. Naturally ol 
 
 at haughty spirit, 
 
 treatment ho had received and tho danger I 
 from wlili'li lio had so narrowly OHcaped 
 Pidtcd lilni to »o lilgli a I'ltcli «f anger 
 •ndreialutlon, that hodoturmlned to aim 
 It K general revolution of tho kingdom. 
 And accordingly, from tho ohscuro retreat 
 I ^whlr' fonnd shelter, ho Issued orders 
 to tbe liOllards niion whom ho could most 
 depend, to Julu hhu npuii a certain day, 
 thp' tbey might in the tirst place seize upon 
 
 .ne P«w" "' *'•" •''"*'> *■•'" ^'^'^ "•' that 
 I tiino lodging la tho palaco of Kllliaiu, In 
 Keut. Mill then take summary vetigeanco 
 nnou tho chiefs of their persecutors. 
 i.D. 1414, — As Oobham was very highly 
 Hli'oincd among the Lollards, and as they 
 ,ero not only very numerous but aNo In- 
 tluded great number of wealthy and 
 ~jiectal)Io poraouB, tho king, wlio was 
 igfunued of what was in contemplation, 
 Icomcd it necessary not only to guard him- 
 uiagi'Mst tho Intended surprise, but also 
 toiirepuro to resist open insurrection, llu 
 Kfiirdlugly removed to tho palace at West- 
 jIuBtcr, and prepared himself for wliat- 
 mrforco Cobham might bo able to bring. 
 [ven iiowOobhnm liad ample opportunity 
 loabandun his design, which became hope- 
 Ifjj trom tho moment it beciiirio known, 
 iiail to escape from tho kingdom, liut ho 
 fKm to have been of a temper which 
 Ijilllciilty and danger might enrage but 
 lald not intimidate, and ho assembloil all 
 le forces ho could raise in the Holds of 
 I.Giles. lielng made ac(|iialnted with tho 
 .Boluted timo as well as place of meeting, 
 ■ king caused tlie gates of the city to bo 
 ijtd to prevent tlie discontented from 
 ling an Increase to their number from 
 it quarter; ho then wont, well attended, 
 st.lille.', and seized those of the leaders 
 loliad already arrived, while the military, 
 iltully stationed, arrested all who were 
 id iiastoning to the spot. It appeared 
 , as Is usual In such coacs, tho greater 
 jber of tho prisoners knew llttio or 
 iiliingof the real designs of their leaders, 
 lough of tho criminal and treasonable 
 !lpi9 of tho latter there remained no 
 kowof doubt. Those who were proved 
 iiave had ' .easonablo designs were exo- 
 ,but by far Uie greater number were 
 Joued. He whom tlie clergy were tho 
 It anxious to punish, and who, indeed, 
 uow not much less obnoxious to tho 
 than to tho ecclesiastical authority, 
 lord Cobliam himself, was fortunate 
 jh to escap( But sentence was pro- 
 iid against iiim, par contuvwcc, as a 
 iioraiida relapsed and ineorriglblo ho- 
 lt; and being appreliended about four 
 B afterwards, h • was hanged for his 
 itliipatlon In treuson against tiio king, 
 IWs body was burnt in pursuance of 
 leutcnco passed against hhn for heresy. 
 le severity with which tho leaders In 
 crude and Ill-planned revolt were 
 led, and the advantage which tlio clr- 
 itances of it gave the clergy, in being 
 to couplo heresy and treason as cf- 
 18 naturally springing tb*^ one from 
 other, had a vorj* senslblvi effect in 
 king tho progress of Lollardy ; but 
 so much on account of tho terroi* 
 
 attached to the punishment, aa tho dls- 
 grueo and contemiit wiiich seemed every- 
 where to be attadied to tlio crime. Very 
 wisely llio clergy and tlio civil autho- 
 ritiea appeared at this timo to treat tho 
 Lollards, aaaociated as they had confessedly 
 been witli tho civil disobedienco uf Cob- 
 ham, not 80 much as heretics as partly 
 heretics and partly loose fellows who were 
 desirous of causing public disturbance for 
 tliu better accomplishment of their own 
 private ends ; a mode of treating tlio case 
 tho boat possible for making it intolerablo 
 ill the oye:> of all decent people, and for 
 depriving sucii people ol all curiosity as 
 to its doctrinal poculiaritlos. Happy had 
 it been for mankind if ridicule had ever 
 been the substitute for persecution I Truth, 
 indeed, would overcome the former as it 
 lias the latter ; but wliat pangs would have 
 been s|)ared to some of tho combatants— 
 wliatdark and undying Infamy to others 1 
 >'<>r was It merely among tho unrelioctiiig 
 nuiltttudo, and those who, simply with 
 reference to their worldly possessions, wore 
 unwilling to countenaiiee thoso whose opi- 
 nions and practices were likely to disturb 
 tlio public peace and put wealth in peril, 
 that tho exploded plot of Cobham caused 
 a distaste for Lollardism. Tho parliament 
 met just after the disperalon of Cobliam's 
 adherents, and one of Its llrst acts was 
 lovoilod against heretics. This act pro- 
 vided that all persons who were convicted 
 of Lollardy should not only bo capitally 
 punished, as was provided for by the former 
 act, but should also forfeit all their lands 
 and goods whatever to the king ; and that 
 the chancellor, trcsurer, the justices of 
 the two bcnchoH, all sheriffs, justices of the 
 peace, and chief magistrates of all cities 
 nnd boroughs, should be sworn to use their 
 utmost pains and diligeuco in tho cxtirptv- 
 tloii ol heresy. 
 
 Tiiat the Lollards were feared and de- 
 tested, less on account of their religious 
 heresy than n8clvlldl»turi)ers,appearsfroiu 
 the contrast between tlio act thus provi- 
 ding, and tho subseiiuent coolness with 
 which this same parliament, on thj king 
 doinamllng a supply, liegged him, instead 
 of putting them to tho task of imposing .1 
 tax upon tho people, to take possession ol 
 the ecclesiastical revenues and convert 
 them to tho use of the crown. Tlie re- 
 newal ol this proposition, which had for- 
 merly heen made to Henry's father, threw 
 the clergy into alarm. To turn tho king's 
 attention from the proposed wholesale 
 spoliation of the cliiircli, they endeavoured 
 at once to supply his more pressing and 
 Immediate w.ants, and to conciliate his per- 
 sonal favourby voluntarily conferring upon 
 him tho valuable alien priories wlilch wero 
 dei)endoiit upon chief abbeys in Normandy, 
 and had been beiiuoatlied to thoso abbeys 
 while England and Normandy wero still 
 united under tho crown of Kugland. Still 
 farther to turn the attention of tho king 
 from a proposal which was so pregnant with 
 alarm and danger to the clergy, Chichely, 
 the then archbishop of Canterbury, endea- 
 voured to cngago tho king in a war witb 
 Franco. 
 
 m 
 
 hi 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
238 
 
 Ct)e €ttnMurti at D(fltorv, ^c. 
 
 A.D. 1416. — In thli donlffii, wlitch wm 
 much more politic than cither hiimiino or 
 OhrNflan, tli») iiitIiMmIuip waM ('(iimltlornhly 
 nlilcd liy the tlyliiK liiluni'tloiiH iif II(>iiry 
 IV,, who li!iil wnnu'd iiln Hon, If ho coulil 
 nt nil plmi.HlMy ciiffnoro tlio Knglloh pcopio 
 In «!ir, ncnur to iillow thorn to roiimin nt 
 poiicf, which would Infallibly tiirnthoir In- 
 rllniiMon^ towanU doniofltic dlsHcnHloui. 
 Till- kliiKdoni of Knincc hud now for a lon^ 
 tlino Ix'cn pliinKod In tho utmust cunfuHion 
 axid (lUi'oi'd, find tho rarlou!« partlox had 
 iK'i'n wnlUy of rrnoltlP:^ and ontraKcn, dlB- 
 Hi'Hccfnl not nicrt'ly to thoniselves tiutcven 
 to our common nature. Tho otato of tlint 
 klnu(l(mi was consciiucntly at tliU time 
 Hucli as to hold out advantages to Henry, 
 whl(')i were well calcnlated to kIvo force to 
 the advli'ii of I'hli'hi'ly and tliu dylnff ro- 
 (liicst of Jfcnry IV. But jti»»t m Henry, 
 who did not want for either ambition or a 
 warlike opirit, waa itrepnrliiff and niedl- 
 tal lu^^ an ai tack upon tho nelKhbourInK and 
 rival kingdom, hU attention was for the 
 moment arrested by I lie discovery of a dau- 
 Korous and extensive conspiracy at home. 
 
 A^ we havo already nald, tho young earl 
 of Marche was so sensible of the kindness 
 shown to hini by tlio present king at the 
 commencement of his reign, that hcsecmcd 
 to have no desire ever to give any disturb- 
 ance to his government. But tho earl's 
 sister was married to the carl of Cam- 
 bridge, second son of tho deceased duko of 
 York, and he thus, not unnaturally, became 
 anxiously concerned for tho rights and 
 Interests of a family with wlilch ho had 
 himself become so Intimately connected. 
 Deeinlnc,' It possible to recover tho crown 
 for that family, lio took pains to aeqniro 
 partisans, and addressed himself, among 
 others, to lord Scrope of Masham, and to 
 sir Thomas (Irey of Ilcaton. WhethiT 
 from treachery or from want of Bumclent 
 caution on tho part \if tho earl of Cam- 
 bridge, the conspiracy J)Ccamo known to 
 tli(> king before it had gono b(>yond tho 
 mere prelimluarii's ; but the conspirators 
 upon being seized made such ample disclo- 
 sures of tlieir ultimate designs, as both en- 
 abled tho king to order tlieir trial, and fully 
 warranted lilm in so doing. They were in 
 the llrst Instance tried by n jury of coin- 
 moners,niulcoiidemnedupon the testimony 
 of the constable of Koutbampton castle, 
 who swore that ihe jirlsoncrs had confessed 
 their guilt to him; but they afterwards 
 pleaded, and were allowed, their privllego 
 as peers. Hut tlionali Henry had hitherto 
 shown so mucli iiu-lination to moderation, 
 h(! on this occasion evinced no desire to 
 depart from the arbitrary practices of the 
 kings of tliat age. A court of eighteen 
 barons was summoned and , presided over 
 by the duke of Clarence; before this court 
 the single testimony that had been given 
 before tlio common jury was read, and 
 without furtlicr evidence or nearer ap- 
 proach to even tho form of a trial, these 
 two prisoners, one of them a prince of tho 
 hlood, were condemned to deatli without 
 being heard In their own defence, or even 
 being produced in court, and were executed 
 accordingly I 
 
 Tho Ill-digested and unsuccessful all inini i 
 of his brother-in-law put tho yumigi.ui'f 
 IMarchfl In conslderablo peril, Ah It »,, 
 nominally, on his account that war w;n i,I 
 havo been levied agalnut the king, |„. (y^ 
 accused of tiaving at tho least consint,.,! |,: 
 tho conspiracy! but tho constant lutinii 
 menl ho had shown to Henry had imiljiii,!, 
 gained him a strong personal Interest wiih 
 that monarch, who freed him from all fur. 
 ther perlion account of ttiisalfairbygiviui 
 him a general pardon for all offences. 
 
 As soon as tho excitement cuuHC'iucnt 
 upon tills conspiracy hod somewhat i)a««,.(i 
 away, Henry again turned his nttentluu t,,. 
 wards France. 
 
 The duke of Burgundy, who Imil been 
 expelled from France by a comblniitlon i,f 
 tho usually jarring powers of tiint country 
 had been in such correspondenco wliii 
 Henry, that the latter prince felt quito 
 secure of the duke's aid whenever nii tni. 
 lish army should appear to claim it; anil 
 therefore, without making any preclae ar- 
 rangements with the duke, ami imletiii 
 without even comlngto any posit IvcaKrie- 
 ment with him, Henry on the 1 ith of Au. 
 gust In this year put to sea and Innded 
 s.-ifely In Normandy, with about twciitj-(,iiif 
 thousand Infantry, chlctly consifltlni} ^j 
 archers, and six thousand men-at-'vrmi!. 
 
 Harlleurhad for Its governor D'Kstduti 
 vllle, under whoso command wero ft 
 Oultcl, De tJancourt, and otlier tiiiliuu 
 Frenili soldiers. Henry laid liinin\li;ii( 
 siege to the place, but was so stoutly {im 
 successfully resisted, that, betwcon tiii 
 excessive futiguo and tho more (liaii \isu; 
 lieat of tho weather, his men BulTercddnaii 
 fully, and were alarmingly thinned byfivi' 
 and other sicknesses. But, In spite of a) 
 losses nnd discouragements, Henry m 
 lantly persevered; and tlio French were'. 
 much straitened, that tliey wero oIiIIchIk 
 promise that If no relief wero affordcili 
 by tho I8tli of September tiieywiiul. lev 
 cuato the place. Is'o signs of relief npi 
 Ing by that day, the English wero nduiliti 
 but so much was tho army thinned, iiiiJ 
 so sickly a condition wero the niajurlty 
 the survivors, that Henry, far fnuii Imvii 
 any eccouragement tofollowuptliisfiurfi 
 by some new enterprise, was advised liy 
 about him to turn his attention to ^'ottli 
 the skeleton of his anny in safely li;icl( 
 Kngland. Even this was no easy or «i 
 matter. On his first landing lie Imd 
 little anticipated ilio havoc wlilcli fiti 
 and sickness had made In bis army, that 
 liad incautiously dismissed his transpci 
 and ho now lay under tho necessity 
 marching by land toOalais, before hecoi 
 place his troops out of danger, ami tt 
 too, in the face of an army of fnurti 
 thousand men-at-arms and forty tlioii* 
 foot, assembled in Normandyundertlieci 
 mand of the constable D'Albret. TUeFrei 
 force BO tremendously out-numbered 
 of Henry, that the latter verypriidei 
 offered to sacrlflce hla recent coiKiuei 
 Harflcur, at the price of being allow 
 pass nnmolested to Calais ; but tho Frei 
 confldont in their superiority, rejected 
 proposal. Henry, therefore, in order cqi 
 
1" 
 
 ensXmn.—Vkaxtit a( !lnnrAi(trr.-!f)rnrit W, 239 
 
 lUcccMtul ittU'mitt 
 ; tlio yoim« ( !iil i]( 
 
 juTll. Ah It WM, 
 ut llmt war win lo 
 t Hiu kliiK, 111' Win j 
 I u-axt roiiKiiitfilti) ; 
 t'DiiKtaivt ntincli. i 
 Icnry htul iirulmliit 
 raoiialluieroittwuh 
 a lilin from all fur. 
 
 tUliivlTiklrliyKlviug 
 )r all oflciues. 
 temcnt coiinciupnt 
 xA Boiuowlmt iiii»*i>ii 
 ncd Ul* nttimtluu ti> 
 
 ndy, wli" '"^'^ ''fcn | 
 j)j- a coml)limlli>ii ot I 
 von ol tl'"' """"ntry, 
 'orrcBix'udi'tico with I 
 er prliico Ii'lt (lultol 
 III whenever nil tin- 1 
 lenr to claim It; and I 
 aking any vrwUe «r. 
 
 ilukei mill liiileiil 
 to any posit ivcRKTie- 
 ry on the lltli "t Au-L 
 it to «ea ami Iniidedl 
 vlth about twciityfourl 
 rhletly conslstliii! oil 
 isanil mcn-at-xrmi". 
 g governor D'Kstlrat^ 
 
 1 command wcro IX 
 t and ollio'" vwmmi 
 ll'enry laid limiuJIatd 
 but wag 80 Btimily anJ 
 d. that, betwioii tliJ 
 \A tbo more tlmii ti-ui 
 , 1,1b men sultoroiUlrtKli 
 nlnmythlnnort ))■ ivvl 
 
 >d. Hi»ti '" "!'''' ^' ^1 
 raKenients, llt'iiry b;i1 
 
 InudthoVreucWyM 
 mitlH'ywerooblli.'cjli 
 L-llftweroafforacililitl 
 itcmbertlieywimM"! 
 lo nlnns lit roUit (\it(f 
 !En«ll»bwovonJmlit( 
 .oarroy tblnucil.imJ 
 In wcro the mi\ji'rlt> 
 IHenry, farfnimlmvii 
 
 to follow uiuljl^fuw 
 brlscwasadvlseaiiy. 
 Kla attention to kcuIi 
 V army m wifcty IncK 
 
 19 was no cftfy or m 
 Vat landliiK be M 
 
 Tho havoc which :it.( 
 
 ado m bla army, that 
 'sml98cdhUtraii»ror 
 
 mdcr the nocessity 
 ■oCalalH. before he cifl 
 nt ot danBcr, niul « 
 f nn army ot w\ru 
 'rmB and forty timi* 
 jormandyundcrtlicct 
 fielVAlbret.TheFte 
 uBly out-numhereil t 
 lo latter veryprndei 
 I hlB recent conducs 
 ■ice of being allow 
 b Calais; but them 
 
 fsuperlorlty, rejectcil 
 Wore.lnordcre.nl 
 
 Mtrold (ll»i('iitirnffement to hUown troops 
 •ndeiifouraKtinontto tlio French.retreated 
 
 \r ciioy iiiarflK'H to tho Soninic, where ho 
 hnpi'it tu liWH tho ford lit IllitiinuetnKno, lu 
 iaw;ird had cdriiiiod from Plillii) do Vaioln 
 nniler very ulnillar clriMimatanceH ; hut ho 
 (uuml "i"'' "'*' ''"'■etieh had taken tho pre- 
 raiitloii to render I ho ford Imiiasgahle, ho- 
 iiac.'* Unluff tho opi<o.4ltc hank with nHtroii){ 
 liody of troopd, and ho wan ohIlBed to seok 
 • mfo panimgo hlKJicr up tho river, Si-arroly 
 jnytlihiff couM oxiecd tho dIstroHsof Itcu- 
 rv'ii |ire!<eiit «ltuutlon. IIU troopx worofiiHt 
 ticrii>liliif7 with eoiitliiual fatlKuo and tho 
 nviili'iit slekneHH; ho could iirmuro no 
 r,rovli«lonf<, owlMK to tho activity df the 
 t'ri'ni'li ; and evcrywiiero ho found lilinself 
 (iiiifronted by numerous enemies, ready to 
 failiipon him tho liiHtaiit ho Hhould croKS 
 ilio river. But under all Ihetso clrcuiUHtnu- 
 (fs Henry rrenerveil hl.s cournKo and pre- 
 ,01100 of nihid ; and a ford neur St. tjueiitlii 
 (iiliin hut Hlenderly Kuarded, ho Buri>rl8ed 
 Uio I'lieiiiy thcru, uud led hU army over In 
 
 jaff'y. 
 lli'iiry now ImHteiu'd towards Calais, but 
 on piissliiK tho llttlo river of TeniolH, at 
 Ii!.in«l. he had tho niortlllcatlon to jier- 
 fiive the main body of tlio French drawn 
 iiiaiidawaltlnKhlmlii Ih(<exteii!4lvei>litlii3 
 i,(At«liicourt. To reach Onliils without an 
 jiiliiiiwas now cvldeiilly IiiiimicmIIiIi' j the 
 irciioli wore to tho KiiKllfih an four to 
 iiiii', lii'.jlikrt heliiK free from ulckness, and 
 iMiiiilaully supplied with iirovlsloiis; In a 
 inril, Henry was now In fully as daiiReroUB 
 I piisltloii as that of Kdward at Cresny, or 
 III, heroic mack I'riiice at I'olctlers. Sltu- 
 liiil an they had been, ho resolved to liiil- 
 m iliclr plan of battle, and he awaited tho 
 iiiai'kol' theenemy on a narrow land closolr 
 Haiiki'il hy a wood on either side. With 
 ilii'iradvaiita^re In numbers and In facility 
 |c(ii|jt!iliilnK provlHlons, the French oii«ht 
 Idoiirly to have remained olmtlnately on tlip 
 lt[rn>lve, until Iho Kiinllwh should by abso- 
 Ittofiiiiilne be ohilged to advance from their 
 iviiiiralilo position ; a position which to a 
 ryureat extent, pave a(lvantnK(< to the 
 iiJeliavlng the HiiiMller iiumlier ot men to 
 mu'iivre. Ibit their very buperlorlty In 
 iiiibcrs di'prlved the Fnueli of all pni- 
 iii'c, and they pressed fnrwiird as If to 
 idi tho Enffllsh by their mere welKht. 
 ic mounted nrdiers mid men-at-arms 
 iilioil ill crowded ranks upon tho GnfrlNh, 
 1, defended by pall.iadoes, and free from 
 le crowdln^f which embarrassed the ac- 
 lons and distracted tho attention of the 
 itmy, piled them with a deadly and liices- 
 it shower of shafts and holts. The heavy 
 111, rendered Btlll nioro heavy and tena 
 m by recent rain, was highly disad\.ui' 
 UB to tho French cavalry, who were 
 in Btlll further Incommoded in their 
 mmenti by tho Innnmerablo dead and dy- 
 men and horses with which tho English 
 icrs strewed the narrow ground. When 
 disorder of the enemywasat Its height, 
 ry gave orders to tho English to ad- 
 iccwlth their pikes and battlo-axes ; and 
 mcn-at-arm8 following them, tho con- 
 and pcut-up multitude fell in crowds, 
 loot eren the poBsibility of resistance. 
 
 Tho panic of tho enemy speedily led to n 
 general rout, with the soioi-xceiitlon of tho 
 Kreiich rear-guard, which still maintained 
 Itself In lino of liattio upmi tho open plain. 
 This also was speedily cut to pieces: and 
 Just as tho action closed completely In fa- 
 vour of the English, an Incident occurred 
 which caused the loss of the Fronch to bo 
 far more numerous in killed than it otiier- 
 wiso would have been. A mob ot a few 
 peasants, led on by some gentlemen In I'l- 
 cardy, hail fallen upon tho unarmed follow- 
 ei-s oftlie lOiigliHli camp with tho design of 
 bei/.liig upon thebiiggago; and tho alarm 
 and outcry, thus causetl, leading Henry to 
 iiiiiigliio that his numerous prisoners wero 
 daiigerons, ho hastily gavo orders for them 
 to ho put to tho sword; upon which a ter- 
 rible slauK'.\'er of theso unliappy 'ucn took 
 place befo'' ho discovered his mistake, and 
 revoked an order so aanguir jry and so con- 
 trary to tho laws of war. 
 
 Ill this short but most dc IbIvo action tho 
 Frenrh lost ten thousand .^lllcd.of whom 
 elglit thousar.' wero cav 'ry, and for-. r,een 
 thousand prisiiiers; tin lormer In .uded 
 the cmistalile d'Alliret, the count of /. ers, 
 liio duke of Urabant, tho duke of * , n.on, 
 the diikoof Uarre, the count ot V, ''ue uont, 
 and the count of JIarIc ; whilo auioug tho 
 prNoiiers were tho du' of llourbon, tho 
 duke of Orleans, the n .1 •••lal Houclcaut, 
 and thu counts d'Kii.V'iidoiPie, and lUcho- 
 mont. The Eiigllsh U. j, thuiigh consider- 
 able, was siiiall compared to that of tho 
 enemy, and tho chief Englishman of note 
 that was slain was the duke ot York. As if 
 fully satlslled with his victory, and Intent 
 only on regaining his native land, Henry 
 iniinedlately continued his march to Calais, 
 whence ho embarked with his prisoners for 
 England ; and ho even p-'-anted tho French 
 atrnc(>fiir iwi),vears,wltnout Insisting upon 
 any ciirn-jiniiillMg concession on I heir part. 
 
 A.i). MIH. — Tho Intestine disputes of 
 France still continued to rage most furi- 
 ously ; not only wero t'lo diiko of llur- j 
 giiiidy and tho French co.ir- fiercely war- 
 ring upon each other, but continual feuds, 
 scarcely less violent, and no less bitter, 
 raged among the various members of tho 
 royal family. This sl.ito of things encou- i 
 rap-ed '.' ■ vrv to make a new .ind stronger 
 attempt ■!;■■ , France; and lio landed In I 
 Js'oriiiaj; '■ : the head of an army of twcn- | 
 ty-llve thoiisaiid men, without encountering i 
 the slightest opposition. He took Falaise; | 
 Kvreux and Caen Immediately surrendered 
 to him, and I'ont do I'Archo uulckly at ter- 
 w: 1,1s oiiened its gates. Having subdued 
 a'l Jiower Normandy, Henry, having ro- 
 clved from England a reinforcement of 
 llfteen thousand men,procccdcd to lay siege 
 to Uoueii. While thus engaged ho was vi- 
 sited by the cardinal des Urslna, who tried 
 to persuade him to ntford a chanco of peace 
 to Franco by moderating his pretensions. 
 Hut Henry, bent upon obtaining tho sove- 
 reignty of that kingdom, and well aware 
 of the advantages ho derived, not only from 
 his own strength, but also from the dissen- 
 sions of tho French, calmly replied, 'Do 
 you not perceive that God has led mo as by 
 tho hand ? France has no soTereign ; I 
 
 i 1 
 
 I 
 
 i\ 
 
240 
 
 dD^c Crcatfuru of I^Wtorii, ^c. 
 
 havo just pretensions to that kingdom : 
 everything hero Is in the utmost confusion, 
 and no one thinlss of resisting me. Can I 
 have a more sensible proof tliat the Being 
 who disposes of empires has determined to 
 put the crown of France upon my head?' 
 
 But while Henry expressed this con- 
 fidence, and made every effort and prepara- 
 tion to carry his designs into execution l)y 
 force, he at the same time carried on nego- 
 tiations for a peaceful settlement, on the 
 one hand, with the queen and duke of Bur- 
 gundy—who had the semblance, at least, of 
 the only legal authority In the kingdom, 
 inasmuch as they had the custody of the 
 king's person— and with the dauphin on 
 the other hand, who had all the popular 
 favour on his cide, and was, besides, the 
 undoubted heir to the monarchy. 
 
 It is unnecessary here, indeed it would be 
 out of place, to do more than merely to 
 allude to the distractions of which France 
 was now and for a long time had been the 
 prey. Suffice it to say, that the disputes of 
 the rival parties were so wholly and in- 
 tensely seinsh, that either of them, but 
 especially the queen's party, seems to have 
 considered the interests of the nation as 
 nothing in comparison with even tempo- 
 rary personal advantages. Taking advan- 
 tage of this temper of the antagonist par- 
 ties, Henry offered to make peace with 
 them on the condition of their giving him 
 the princess Catlierlne in marriage, and 
 with her. In full sovereignty, Normandy and 
 all the provinces which were ceded to Ed- 
 ward III. by the treaty of Bretignl ; and 
 these terms, so obviously injurious to the 
 power of France, were agreed to. 
 
 A.D. 1419.— While Henry was attending 
 to some minor circumstances, the adjust- 
 ment of which alone was waited for ere the 
 treatyabove described should be carried Into 
 effect, the duke of Burgundy, who had been 
 carrying on a secret negotiation with the 
 dauphin, formed a treaty with that prince, 
 by which it was agreed between them tliat 
 they should divide the royal authority as 
 long as king Charles should survive, and 
 that they should join their efforts to expel 
 all Intruders from the kingdom. An inter- 
 view was appointed to take place between 
 them ; but as the duke of Burgundy had, by 
 his own avowal, been the assassin of the 
 late duke of Orleans, and had thus by his 
 own act sanctioned any treacherous at- 
 tempt that might be made upon his life, 
 and had at the same time given every one 
 reason to refuse to put any confldence in 
 his honour, the most minute precautions 
 were taken to guard against treachery on 
 either side. But all these precautions were 
 taken in vain. Several of the retainers of 
 the dauphin, who had also been attached 
 to the late duke of Orleans, suddeiily at- 
 trcked Burgundy with their drawn swords, 
 and dispatched hini before any of his 
 friends could Interfere to save him. 
 
 This murder created so much rage and 
 confusion In Prance, and all parties, though 
 from widely different mot'ves, were so 
 much excited by It, that all thought or 
 care for preserving the nation from foreign 
 domination was lost sight of ; the views of 
 
 Henry were thus most iniportaatly for 
 warded, through an accident arising out of 
 that very interview by which it a'.is in. ; 
 tended wholly to destroy his chances of ' 
 success. 
 
 Besides the advantage which Henry de- 1 
 rived from the new state of confusion and 
 turmoil Into which Prance was thrown by ' 
 this event, he gained from it an extremely ' 
 powerful ally in the person of the nowdulic 
 of Burgundy, who, stipulatlngonly for yen. 
 geanco upon the murderers of his fatlier 
 and the marriage of his sister with the 
 duke of Bedford, agreed to lend Henry 
 whatever aid he might require, without la- 
 quiry or care as to the evil that aid might 
 eventually entail upon the nation. Henry 
 had already made immense progress in 
 arms. Uouen, though most gallantly de- 
 fended by a garrison of four thousand men 
 who were zealously aided by fifteen thoul 
 sand of the citizens, had at length been 
 taken ; as had Pontoiso and (lisor? witii 
 lessdilBculty; and so closely did he threaten 
 Paris itself, that the court had removed iu 
 alarm to Troyes. 
 
 A.D. 1420.— When the negotiations be- 
 tween tlieduke of Burgundy and Henry hsd 
 arrived at this point, Henry, accompanlcil 
 by his brothers the duke of Clarence anjl 
 Gloucester.proceeded to Troyes to finish tha 
 treaty, nominally with Charles, but in re* 
 lity with the duke of Burgundy ; for the uu. 
 happy Charles was in so completely Inib 
 clle a condition, that he was at best but 
 mere puppet In the hands of whoever bai 
 for the time the charge of his person. 
 
 The chief provisions of this treaty, I 
 which the honour and interests of the n; 
 tiou were accounted as nothing, were i 
 follows. Henry was to marry the rrincei 
 Catherine; Charles was to enjoy the titl 
 and dignity of king during his life, hi 
 Henry was to be his heir, and was also to 
 intrusted with the Immediate admiuisti 
 tlon of the affairs of the kingdom, whii 
 was to pass to his heirs in common wi 
 England, with which kingdom it was to 
 united under liim, though each kiugdoi 
 should Internally retain its own custou 
 privileges, and usages ; all the Freu< 
 princes, peers, communities, and vassi 
 were to swear to obey Henry as regci 
 and in due time to adhere to his succossii 
 as king ; Henry was to unite with Charl 
 and the duke of Burgundy in cliasii 
 the dauphin from the kingdom; and 
 one of the members of this triparti 
 league was to make peace with hhn.exci 
 with the consent of tlio other two, 
 treaty more scandalous to all parties 
 would be ditncult to imagine. Even 
 regarded England, Henry was king only 
 succession to a usurper ; and his claim 
 France, even on that ground alone, woi 
 ha ve been scouted by the duke of Burguni 
 liad patriotism not been entirely banisl 
 from his breast by passion and pcriii 
 interest. 
 
 But interest, and Interest alone, was 
 tended to by the parties concerned in 
 very singular treaty, which was drai 
 signed, and ratified with as little sen 
 on the Bide ot Burgundy, as though tl 
 
 Bcli territory he 
 tite maintenance,, 
 (logether. With the 
 Mnew army of t 
 m, and four thoi 
 ted at Dover and 
 "fir^ytlilng ha.l 
 mity under the 
 
 f tlurlng the aL 
 
 u liad recelveil 
 
 N"". A Scotch I,,: 
 
 nwu had long {.'^ 
 
 tf. sent tliftiier by 
 
 i «^iio had so Ion 
 nco.ana caused , 
 
 Scots to leave t, 
 l"ic earl of Bud 
 *fs, rej,licd, I 
 % could not I 
 
 »»"ant and woli-.i 
 
 now encounter" 
 
 nt under the con 
 
 7ce. Tliat print 
 
 Ji'l ScottisLTn 
 
 ■"^n, the earls of S( 
 
 WOI the dauphin 
 [Buchan with the o 
 s return, howev 
 
rtautly lor- I 
 rising out ol 
 II it A'aa In- I 
 I chauccs ol ; 
 
 ;h Henry dc- 1 
 onfuslon nnd 
 0,9 thrown by 
 an extremely I 
 tlie now duke | 
 J only for veil- 
 of his father, 1 
 stcr with the 
 o lend Henry | 
 re, without lu- 
 tliat aid might I 
 nation. Henry I 
 ,0 progress in | 
 it gallantly do- 
 • thousand men, I 
 oy flttcen thou- 
 at length hccii I 
 ,nd Olson with I 
 r did he threaten I 
 hadreiiiovediuj 
 
 eiTfllantr.— SjntD^e of %nntngtev,—^mvti W* 241 
 
 ^rest alone, was 
 
 concerned n« 
 
 vhtch was dra^ 
 
 Ih as little sen 
 
 Vy astUougUtI 
 
 lijdheen no other object In view than the 
 me gratification and aggrandisement of 
 n,,|,ry. A few days after the Bigning of the 
 treaty, this prince esponsed the princess 
 A,,'li;ivlne, and with her and ber father pro- 
 foodcd to I'aris. Possessed of the capital, 
 hehiid hut little dllTlculty In procuring from 
 tlic narliament and the three estates a full 
 aiid formal ratification of that treaty, in 
 (Yory line of -ivliich their degradation was 
 riiiiiiy written. 
 Ihe dauphin now assnmed the stylo of 
 Mint of the kingdom, appealed to Uod to 
 uiiiicss the justice of his causts and pre- 
 .jrcdto defend it in arms ; and Henry pro- 
 ceeded to oppose him. He first laid siege 
 Sens, which, after a very slight resist- 
 jnce surrendered to him, and Montereau 
 ns 'subdued with no less ease. Henry 
 tuoiv proceeded toMelun, but licre he met 
 Liii a stouter resistance, the governor, 
 Barbasan, repelling every effort he could 
 jiike for above four months; and even at 
 llcomlof that time the brave governor was 
 onlyiiMiiccd to treat for surrender by the 
 lilute state of famine to which the gar- 
 Isoiiwas reduced. Henry was now obliged 
 iTisit England for the purpose of obtain- 
 iiboth men and money, and during his 
 Miicehe left his uncle the duke of Kx- 
 lirin the post of governor of Paris. 
 By this tlnio the English, however much 
 (y were dazzled and flattered by the 
 Itnts and success of their king, seem to 
 ivc begun to take something like a cor- 
 ttview of the possible ultimate conse- 
 KC to them, and to their posterity, of 
 prorosed union of the two crowns ; and 
 rarliament voted him a subsidy of only 
 ijltcentli, which would have been quite 
 ieiuate to liIs necessities, but that the 
 (DCli territory he had conquered served 
 lie maintenance of his troops. Having 
 Itogether, with the subsidy thus voted to 
 ,anew army of twenty-four thousand 
 iers, and four thousand cavalry, he em- 
 led at Dover and safely reached Paris, 
 (everything had remained In perfect 
 lulllity under the government of his 
 
 lit during the al/senco of Henry the 
 iih had received a very severe check 
 lujoii, A Scotch brigade of seven thou- 
 diiien had long been In the dauphin's 
 jtlfe, sent thither by the regent of Scot- 
 Henry had taken tlie young king of 
 |b, wlio had so long been in captivity, 
 nnce, and caused liim to Issue orders 
 lillScots to leave the dauphin's service. 
 Ithc earl of Buchan, who commanded 
 ■Scots, replied, that his king while in 
 iTlty could not issue orders,, at all 
 Its could not expect him to obey them. 
 ^gallant and well-disciplined body of 
 .! now encountered the English de- 
 lent under the command of the duke 
 irence. That prince was slain In the 
 1 by a Scottish knight named Allan 
 ton; the earls of Somerset, Huntlng- 
 lisd Dorset were taken prisoners ; and 
 mgllsh were completely routed ; to the 
 |ljoy of the dauphin, who rewarded the 
 iBuchan with the office of constable. 
 
 tlie new-born joy of the dauphin, who was 
 besieging Chart/es, whither Henry march- 
 ed, and compelled him to raise the siege 
 without a struggle. From Chartres Henry 
 marched to Dreiix, which also surrendered 
 without reslstanc", and then proceeded to 
 lay siege to Meaux, the garrison of which 
 had greatly annoyed the Parisians. Hero 
 the English were resisted with great skill 
 and courage for eight months, by the go- 
 vernor Vaurus. At the end of that time 
 the place was taken ; and It was probably 
 in reality on account of the obstinate re- 
 sistance that lie had met with, but pro- 
 fessedly for the cruelty which Vaurus had 
 undoubtedly shown to his prisoners, Eng- 
 lish as well as Burgundlan, that Henry 
 oi'dcred him to be hanged upon the same 
 gibbet upon which he had caused bo many 
 brave men to be executed. 
 
 The capture of Sleaux led to the sur- 
 render of other places iu the neighbourhood 
 that until then had obstinately held out ; 
 and the dauphin, unable to resist the united 
 power of the English and Burgundlans, 
 was driven beyond the Loire, and compelled 
 to abandon neatly all the northern pro- 
 vinces; while the son of whom Henry's 
 queen was just now delivered was as enthu- 
 siastically hailed at Paris as at Loudon, as 
 the future king of both nations. 
 
 Singularly handsome and vigorous In per- 
 son, and having not yet nearly reached 
 middle age, Henry might h,.ve been ex- 
 pected to have very many years of glory and 
 triumph yet before him. But he was af- 
 flicted with a fistula, a disease with which 
 the rude surgery of that age knew not how 
 to deal ; and he the powerful and am- 
 bitious, the envied and the successful king, 
 found himself hurrying to t!io grave by the 
 rapid progress of a disease, from which In 
 our own time the poorest person would 
 be relieved. 
 
 Conscious of his approaching end, he 
 gave a new proof of ' the ruling passion 
 strong in death.' Sending for his brother 
 the duke of Bedford, the carl of Warwick, 
 and some other noblemen who stood high 
 in his esteem, he with great calmness de- 
 livered to them his last will as It affected 
 both the kingdom and his family. Pro- 
 fessing to view his approaching death with- 
 out any other regret than that which arose 
 from his leaving his great project Incom- 
 plete, he assured them that they could not 
 fall of success by the exertion of their 
 known prudence and valour. Ho appoint- 
 ed Bedford regent of Franc ;, his younger 
 brother the duke of Gloucester regent of 
 England, and to the earl of Warwick ho 
 committed the government and protectloi\ 
 of his Infant son. He at the same^^t-J-Z 
 most urgently enjoined these fTiVnvM nt tii« 
 
 consideration to give freedjj.-^^„t',o» ,„ g, g,. 
 princes taken at Apinr^ ' creater nrndence 
 should be of an age^^ jT^se^ved hlra'l waX 
 
 the 
 
 dukeof Bn?m'°?'^'i«P<^t»o«« ''■'^"hness of .„„ 
 secure the tf^Narbonne, who led his men so 
 v\n^ ■ oiirv to the charge, that for an Instant 
 iil.vrpr ''"glish archers were beaten from the 
 ", ..b of pallsadoes, behind which, according 
 
 •a return however soon damnpd "i^^o **>'"*"* "^ual custom, they had stationed 
 s return, However, soon aarapea^jthe^geiyeg^QQicay recovering tliemselves, 
 
 ■' J 
 
 ^ 
 
 P fl 
 
 l!l 
 
242 
 
 €^t CtrtatfurB at Witavn, ^c. 
 
 Apart from his ambition and the violent 
 Injustice which necessarily resulted from 
 It, this prince was in A'ery many respects 
 deserving of the high popularity which 
 throughout his life he enjoyed In England, 
 and which hocnjoye>l no less In Prance sub- 
 sequent to his marriage with the princess 
 Catharine. His civil rule was nrm and 
 productive of excellent order without be- 
 ing harshly severe ; and the uniform kind- 
 ness and confidence which ho bestowed 
 upon the earl of Marche, who beyond all 
 question had the preferable title to the 
 crown, betokened no common magnani- 
 mity. Henry, who died in 1423, aged only 
 thirty-four, left but one child, young Henry, 
 then only nine months old ; and the queen 
 Catharine, ratner sooner after the death of 
 her husband than was strictly becoming, 
 gave her hand In second marriage to sir 
 Owen Tudor, a private gentleman, who, 
 however, claimed to be descended from 
 the ancient Welsh princes : to him she 
 bore two sons, the elder of whom was created 
 earl of Richmond, the younger earl of Pem- 
 broke; and the earl of Richmond BUl)se- 
 quently became king of England, as we shall 
 hereafter have to relate. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 The Reign of Henry VI. 
 
 A.D. 1422.— We had occasion to remark, 
 under the head of Henry IV., that the 
 usurpation of that prince gave a great and 
 manifest Impetus to the power of the par- 
 liament. A new proof was now afforded 
 of the extent to which that power had in- 
 creased. Scarcely any attention was paid 
 to the Important instructions given l)y 
 Henry V. on his death-bed ; and the parlia- 
 ment proceeded to make arrangements In 
 accordance rather with its own views than 
 with those of the deceased monarch, with 
 respect to both the kingdom and the young 
 king. 
 
 They altob'ether set aside, as to the for- 
 mer, the title of regent, and appointed the 
 duke of Bedford, and during any absence 
 of his, the duke of Gloucester, to act as 
 protector or guardian of the kingdom ; 
 evidently placing a peculiar value on this 
 distinction of terms, though to all practical 
 purposes It necessarily was a mere dis- 
 tinction without a dlltereiice. They show- 
 ed, however, a more practical judgement 
 In preventing, or, at the least, In antici- 
 pating, any undue stretch of authority on 
 the part of either of the royal personages, 
 by appointing a council whoso advice and 
 approbation were necessary to the legalising 
 I of all Import.ant measures, 
 the daiinr."®*'' P''<'ceeded to show an equal 
 to the late^^duWI^^ ^'f^'P/S "* the deceased 
 tacked Burgundy w'?*^ 'V ^^° custody and go- 
 and dispatched him 7.t so'i.jvhen they cora- 
 Xrlends could Interfere to C' ^PV^ Beaufort 
 This murder created so mi''**"™' «?? »* 
 confusion in France, and all partld *, fuiL i^? 
 * widely different motives, >, ^^^^ ^°' 
 
 from 
 
 much excited by It, that all thougu. *^".°!: 
 care for preserving the nation from forefsl" ° 
 domination was lost sight of ; the views of j 
 
 The duke of Bedford, long renowned for 
 equal prudence and valour, immcdiitciv 
 turned his attention to Prance, wliim, t 
 making the slightest attempt to alter tlin 
 determination of parliament, which a ]J", 
 disinterested and nolile-splrlted miunvouiii 
 
 very probably have Interiiretcdasapersoni 
 affront. ' 
 
 Charles, the late dauphin, had now as 
 sumcd, as ho was justly entitled to aasumo" 
 the title of king of Prance ; and bciiiK'sln t ' 
 out by the English from Kheinis, tliemi 
 dent and especial place of coronation of tim 
 kings of France, he caused himself to )« I 
 crowned at Polctlers. This prince, tliouRh 
 only twenty years of age, was very ponn 
 lar with multitudes of the Frencli, m well 
 for the many virtues of his private cliarac- 
 ter, as for the great and precocious abilities 
 he had shown in mostdifllcult phases of his 
 public affairs. 
 
 No one knew better than the duke of 
 Bedford that, excluded though tlio daiipliln 
 Avasfrom hisrightful succession, l)y the un- 
 natural and unpatriotic act of his iiiil)ecil8 
 father, his own abilities would be stronciyj 
 aided by a natural and inevitable revulsi(,ii 
 of feeling on the part of those FreiicliiiKnj 
 who had hitherto shown themselves bi' 
 friends to England. Ho therefore striotii 
 obeyed the dying Injunctions of Henry ' 
 to a sedulous cultivation of the frieml^liii 
 of the duke of Burgundy, whose i)ersiin; 
 quarrel with Charles had so mainly aidei 
 the success of the English cause tliiis fn 
 and whose support would henceforth he; 
 vitally Important to their malutaininifiin. 
 ground In Prance. Bedford, therefore, h 
 tened to fulfil his part in the treaty 
 Troyes, by espousing Philip's sister, tl 
 princess of Arras ; and he even offcrod 1 
 new brother-in-law the regency of Fraiii 
 which Philip, for not very obvious roasnii 
 declined ; though, as he was far from ha 
 un.amljltious, he could scarcely Imvoov 
 looked that the regency, during the n 
 norlty of young Henry and the cnntiiiui 
 success of the English, would be iiwi 
 equiv.alent to (ho actual sovereignty, 
 might, by Hcimo very slight circiinistaii( 
 actually lead to it. 
 
 The duke of Bedford next tumod 
 attention to securing the friend^liip of 
 duke of Brittany, who, whether as frioii' 
 foe, was next In Importance, as roiian 
 tlie English power, to Burguiuly liiiiia 
 Tlio duke of Brittany had already given 
 his adhesion to the treaty of Troyes ; Ini 
 Bedford knew how much that prince 
 governed by his brother, the count of Rii 
 mont, he skilfully laid himself mitto 
 the friendship of that haughty and not 
 strictly honourable person. Ricliemont 
 among the high personages who were id 
 prisoners at Agincourt, but had been ti 
 ed with great kindness In England, 
 even allowed by Henry V. to visit Britti 
 on his parole of honour, to return ata?! 
 time. Before the time arrived tlio deal 
 Henry occurred ; and lUchemont, con 
 to all the usages and maxims of chivi 
 affected to believe that as his parole 
 been given personally to Henry V., lili 
 lour was In nowise engaged to maiiiti 
 
 toivards th( 
 
 ivas lis Irre 
 
 but as Hedf( 
 
 comj'cJUng , 
 
 able course i 
 
 himself In a 1 
 
 I with the duJ 
 
 iiiado a virtt; 
 
 I overlooked tli 
 
 obtained for 1 
 
 the deceased 
 
 riilllp of Burj 
 
 Having thu 
 
 ally allied him 
 
 i Burgundy anc 
 
 rccted his atte 
 
 of Albany, wh( 
 
 80 considerabl 
 
 ting Charles, h 
 
 of veteran Sec 
 
 and his office a 
 
 brhls son Mil 
 
 neither the tal( 
 
 fttlier, and hei 
 
 as the duke of / 
 
 fThes to which 
 
 Scotland might i 
 
 aitenilon. This 
 
 from the suddei 
 
 number of Scotti 
 
 offer their swf-d' 
 
 lie vlcvcing gjaj 
 
 ilie strong proba 
 
 imnt. day, doln 
 
 ■'fi,"",'/,^''^'<'eo: 
 
 ud dividing the 
 
 nie-S I'y making 
 
 tociirsions upon t 
 
 England. • 
 
 , ^s "10 readiest 
 
 tag this portion 01 
 
 ■induced the En«rlf 
 
 [loliberty the Scot 
 
 tne payment of 
 
 Id Poimds. Thl- 
 
 sided In Engianii 
 
 ifliad there ?ecj 
 
 ilion which the 
 
 ? could afford 
 
 W much of ; 
 
 ffs; aiiddnrliiff 
 
 *n-fhe Was mi 
 
 ■lofAthol)-^hi 
 
 'ofthe^nTn'r 
 ardg Prance ho 
 
 If" cause to rea 
 throw blame nn^ 
 
 ;hichthe;;,i,°^, 
 
 iren while engag, 
 
 ta Precaiitfon.f ^ 
 
 ■nuousiy exerted 
 
 movements and 
 
 fnsabletotho 
 t'fnipiated. 
 
 % Charles In pei| 
 
 Wlsownimmed 
 
 -been driven In 
 
 I beyond the L 
 
 ^0/ Ws attach 
 
 Of fortresses 
 
 ■I'ldeven In 
 
 the 
 
 e< 
 
 . .^CTlnst theqna 
 ^"ke of Bedford d« 
 
 N^ 
 
I 
 
 (Ifnslanlr.— |^0ti)ie nC %nmnittr,'-Wnr\j W^, 24.T 
 
 towards that prince's successor. His plea 
 was as Irreguliir as it was meanly false ; 
 but as Beilford had obviously no means of 
 romrelliiig llichemont to a more honour- 
 nWe conrso of conduct, without Involving 
 liiniself in avery mlscUlevousdlsagreemcnt 
 ^•itii the duke of Brittany, he very wisely 
 made a virtno of necessity, and not only 
 overlooked the count's misconduct, but even 
 ohtalncd for him the hand of the widow of 
 (lie deceased dauphin Louis, the sister of 
 rhilip of Burgundy. 
 HavIiiK thus both politically and person- 
 ally allied himself with the potent dukes of 
 gurgnndy and Brittany, Bedford now di- 
 rected his attention to Scotland. The duke 
 of Albany, who, as regent of Scotland, had 
 50 considerably aided the dauphin, now 
 king Charles, by sending him large bodies 
 of veteran Scotch troops, was now dead, 
 and his office and power had been assumed 
 iThis son Murdac. This nobleman had 
 neither the talents nor the energy of his 
 father, and he was totally unable to limit, 
 as the duke of Albany had done, any enter- 
 priJes to which the turbulent nobles of 
 Scotland might think proper to turn their 
 attention. This instantly becatne evident 
 from the sudden and vast increaije of tlio 
 number of Scottish nobles who hastened to 
 offer their sw -ds to Charles of France ; and 
 the piercing glance of Bedford discerned 
 itie strong probability of the Scots, at no 
 distant day, doing Charles the still more 
 •Jectual service of distracting the attention 
 ind dividing the force of his English cne- 
 Bie?, by making formidable and frequent 
 Incursions upon ,tho northern counties of 
 England. 
 
 A3 the readiest and surest way of meet- 
 Itgthls portion of his dlfUculties, Bedford 
 tadnced the English government to restore 
 lloliherty the Scottish king, young James, 
 the payment of a ransom of forty tli(Ju- 
 1(1 ponnds. This young prince, who had 
 sided in England from his early boyhood, 
 id'had there received the very best edu- 
 ition which the scholastic state of that 
 K oould afford even to princes, had im- 
 ikd much of the English feelings and 
 isifs ; and during the whole of his short 
 !fn — (he was murdered in 14,17 by the 
 1 of AthoD— whatever might be the ex- 
 it of the leaning ho was alleged to have 
 ifsrds Prance, ho never once gave the 
 lellsh cause to regret their generosity or 
 "throw blame on the policy of Bedford, 
 which the young king owed hla freedom 
 dthe enjoyment of his throne. 
 Iven while engaged In these wise poli- 
 precautlons, the duke of Bedford 
 luously exerted himself in those mlll- 
 raovcmenta and operations whiclnvere 
 ispensable to the ultimate measures ho 
 iteinplated. 
 
 iLng Charles In person, and nil the forces 
 lerhls own Immediate leading, had long 
 tc been driven Into the southern pro- 
 ices beyond the Loir . But there were 
 ly of his attached partisans still pos- 
 i of fortresses In the northern pro- 
 3, and even in the neighbourhood of 
 . Against t hese fortresses, therefore, 
 duke of Bedford deemed It necessary to 
 
 exert liirasclf, before proceeding to deal 
 with the main strength of Charles. Dor- 
 say, Noyelle, and Hue in Picardy, were be- 
 sieged and taken ; and I'ont sur Seine, 
 Vertus, and Montaigne soon after fell Into 
 the English power. These successes were 
 followed up by still more brilliant and im- 
 portant ones ; till at length the constable 
 of France, with many of the French 
 nobles, were taken prisoners, and Beuford'a 
 army occupied La Charlto and other towna 
 upon the Loire. 
 
 Every new success of the English by 
 which they were brought nearer to hla 
 southern provinces, made Charles the more 
 painfully anxious for the preservation of 
 the few strongholds which he still held in 
 those of the north, where they could sO' 
 greatly annoy and impede their Inimical 
 neighbours. One of these, Yvrl in Nor- 
 mandy, had for three months held out 
 against the utmost efforts of Its besiegers,, 
 under the personal command of Bedford- 
 himself ; but the galHnt governor at lengtlv 
 found himself reduced to such straits, thai! 
 heaijreed to surrender unless relief should 
 reach him by a certain day. Informatloiv 
 of this threatened state o£ Yvri no sooner 
 reached Charles than he sent a detaclimenti 
 of fourteen thousand men to its relief, ono- 
 half of the detachment being Scots and the- 
 other half French. The chief command of 
 this detachment was given to the carl of 
 Buchan, the titular constable of France,, 
 who made the utmost efforts to perform hi* 
 mission successfully, but had the mortifica- 
 tion to Und thit the place had already been 
 surrendered ei o he could arrive. Resolved 
 not to return from so long a march without; 
 having at least attempted some iraportanS 
 enterprl.se, he turned to the left, and 
 marching nipidly to Vcrneull, prepareii 
 to besiege that place, which was delivered 
 up to him by the citizens, in spite of all the 
 opposition that could be made by the gar- 
 rison. 
 
 It had been well had Buchan content- 
 ed himself with his success. But en- 
 couraged by it, he called a council of war 
 to con.ault whether ho should now make 
 good his retreat, with the glory he had so 
 easily and cheaply acquired, or await the 
 coming up of the duke of Bedford. Though 
 the former plan was strongly and well 
 urged by the graver and more politic of his 
 officers, the latter was so agreeable to 
 Buchan's own dcslro to engage the enemy 
 at any risk, tli.at he Anally adopted it, and It 
 was not long ere his army was confronted 
 with tliat of Bedford. The numbers were 
 tolerably equal ; and Buchan, drawing up 
 his men in excellent order under the walla 
 of Venieull, determined In that advantage- 
 ous position to await the charge of tlie 
 enemy. This prudent precaution, In a si- 
 tuation from which greater prudence 
 would wholly have preserved hlra, waa do 
 featcd by the impetuous rashness of the 
 viscount of Narbonne, who led his men so 
 furiously to the charge, tli.-it for an Instant 
 the English archers were beaten from the 
 line of pallsadoes, behind which, according 
 to their usual custom, they had stationed 
 themselves. Qnlckly recovering themselves. 
 
 I 
 
 
 y 
 
 n 
 
 
I 
 
 244 
 
 ^e fS^reaimi) of WitavUy &c. 
 
 liowever, and forming behind and among 
 their baggage, they ponred lliclr arrows so 
 thickly and with such deadly precision, that 
 Karbonnc's men fell fast around him and 
 •were soon thrown Into confusion. The 
 :natn body of the constable's army, anl- 
 ihuted out .)f all sense of steady discipline 
 by the dashing but most imprudent charge 
 of this division, rushed to Narbonne's sup- 
 i!.>rt, and necessarily partook with his men 
 < ' slaughter and the panic caused by the 
 
 ;ngllsl; archers; while the duke of Bod- 
 ford, perceiving the confusion of the enemy, 
 seized upon the favourable moment, and 
 charged them at the head of the main body 
 of his men-at-arms. The French ranks 
 quickly broke under this vigorous attack, 
 and the rout in a few minutes became ge- 
 neral. Thougli Bedford's victory was com- 
 plete, it was, as he considered, so dearly 
 j)urchased by tlie loss of sixteen hundred 
 of the Englisli to about two thousand of 
 the Frencli, that ho would not allow any 
 rejoicings for a victory which had cost the 
 Knglish a loss so nearly i>roportloned to 
 that of the enemy. But the loss of the 
 French could not fairly be estimated by a 
 mere statement of numbers. It was un- 
 usuall',' ffreat among the loaders ; Buclmn 
 liimself, the earl of Douglas and lils son, 
 the counts U'Auniale, Ue Tonnere, and De 
 Vontadour, witli many other nobles, were 
 among the plain ; and the uuke D'Alengon, 
 the marshal do la Fayette, anu the lords 
 (iaucourt and Mortemar among the pri- 
 soners. On the following d!»y Verncuil, 
 liaving now no hope of relief, surrendered 
 to Bedl:ord. 
 
 Nothing could appear morj desperate 
 than the case of the French king. He had 
 In this fatal battle lost the bravest of his 
 leaders; his partisans had no longer even 
 u chance of making any head against the 
 English in the provinces nortii of the 
 Loire ; and he was so far from possessing 
 the necessarj' means of recruiting his army 
 and enticing otlicr gallant men to embrace 
 Ills desperate cause, that he actually had 
 not even tlie means of paying for the sup- 
 port of his retinue, though he carefully 
 abstained from indulging many of the fri- 
 volous and expensive shadows of royalty, 
 while ho was still uncertain of the issue of 
 Ills contest for its substance. But junt as 
 he himself, as well as both his friends and 
 his foes, began to deem his cause utterly 
 lost, a most unexpected Incident occurred 
 to save him. 
 
 Jacqueline, countess of Holland and 
 Hainault, had, from the politic motives 
 which 80 generally determined princely 
 marriages, espoused the duke of Burgundy's 
 cousln-german, John, duke of Brabant. 
 The bridegroom was a mere boy of flfteen ; 
 the lady was much older, and of a mascu- 
 line and ardent temper. The sickly and 
 weak-minded boy-husband soon became 
 the utter dete.stuilou of his vigorous and 
 liigh-spirited wife, and she applied to Rome 
 to annul the unei]ual and unsuitable mar- 
 riage. Being well aware that, venal as Rome 
 was, much diniculty would ensue, from 
 the powerful opposition which would bo 
 made to her design by tho duke of Bur- 
 
 gundy, and being fearful that he woiilJ 
 even go to the extreme of putting lieruiuler 
 personal restraint, she made her escape to 
 Kngland, and solicited the aid and prutcc- > 
 tion of the duke of Gloucester, The per- 
 soiial beauty of tho countess JacqueUne ' 
 together with the temptation of her liiiie! 
 rited wealth and sovereignty, stiinulutcj 
 the love and ambition of Oloucester so fur 
 that, without et'en waiting tlie result of aii' 
 application to Rome, ho made a contract o? 
 marriage with her, and commenced an at- 
 tempt to wrest Lcr territories from tli« 
 duke of Brabant. 
 
 The duke of Burgundy was doubly an- 
 noyed and disgusted by this proceeding of 
 Gloucester; for .vhilo It very Korlousiy 
 trenched uponhisfamily power and wca'.tl' 
 It gave but an unpromising earnest of ii|.I 
 conduct to be expected from the linglli]' 
 •vhen, having fully established thoinsclvij 
 la France, they should no longer, from not 
 needing the duke's alliance and suppDrt 
 have any Interested motive for putting any 
 limits to their personal ambition or i'ui>i. 
 dity. Actuated by these feelings, he iint 
 only counselled his cousin to resistance 
 but exerted himself to induce the mori! 
 powerful of Jacqueline's subjects to h^ 
 pose her, and marched himself with a ojh. 
 siderabie body of his troops to support tlicm 
 in doing so. 
 
 Too exclusively engaged with his pw 
 sonal designs to give their due weight to 
 political considerations, Gloucester would 
 not be diverted from his purpose ; and i 
 quarrel at once political and povsonal thus 
 engaged him and the duke of Burgiuidyin 
 war in the Low Countries. 
 
 Gloucester, in the course of the anory 
 correspondence which accompanied iho 
 warlike contest between him and tlie 
 duke of Burgundy nputed falsehood loj 
 riiillp, in terms so insultingly direct, that 
 I'hilip Insisted upon a retractation, and 
 j)er8onal challeugea now passed bctwccul 
 thent. 
 
 The grave and politic Bedford was tpj 
 to the soul at the consequences of tiloiiw 
 tor's imprudence; consequences as di^ni 
 trous and threatening to the Euglishpow 
 in France, as they were fortunate and iKf 
 ful to the cause of tho rightful kiiiu i 
 France. For, in tho first place, Gloiicc-tci 
 employed in his own quarrel the troo] 
 which Bedford had been so anxiously c 
 pecting from England, and, in the ne: 
 l)lace, this occurrence could not butweako 
 if It did not wholly alienate, the friondjlii| 
 of the duko of Burgundy, to which tli 
 English causo was so much indcMri 
 Having endeavoured, but in vain, to nii 
 diate between the angry dukes, Bodfoi 
 now saw himself obliged to alistalii froi 
 following up his signal victory at Verneiil 
 and to hasten to England, to endeavour I 
 his presence tliero to repair the alreai 
 very mischievous consequences of )i 
 brother's headstrong temper and persoi 
 ambition. 
 
 Nor was It on account of Gloucestff 
 folly alone that the presence of Bodfoj 
 was at this juncture mudi needed in En 
 land. Tho bishop of W'.taester, as 
 
at lio wouU 
 liig'.ierviuilcr 
 hev escape to i 
 
 I and protcc- ; 
 ter. The per- j 
 a JaCfiucUue, I 
 
 II ol her inlie- i 
 ty, Btlnmliited I 
 uccaler so fur, 
 lie result of an 
 c a contract p! 
 meiKotl an at- 
 jrles frum llm 
 
 fas donWy an- 
 a iirocceillng ot 
 very fovluusly j 
 wer and wcii'.Ui, 
 ! earnest ol tlia 
 ,m the KnglKi, 
 lied themseUij 
 longer, from not 
 CO and supimrt, 
 3 for putting any 
 mbillon or iiipi- 
 locUngs, he m 
 In to resistance, ' 
 Induce the inuw 1 
 1 atihjects to oil- ] 
 mself withat'uu- 
 iatosupV'Orttkni 1 
 
 red with 1,19 per- 1 
 ylr due weight Ml 
 Gloucester wuuUI 
 la purpose; and a I 
 andppTSonal tnwl 
 koof Uurgmulyinl 
 
 *vsc of the anatyl 
 accompanied tliol 
 ca hlni and "^^l 
 ,utcd falsehood tol 
 Itlngly direct, tliati 
 retraetatimi, luidl 
 ,V passed ljetwcett| 
 
 eiTflTanlr.--?ft0tiJlc ot ^munitcw—'^tmi) 5U3I. 245 
 
 [repair the ahead 
 lisequcnecs ol J 
 fmper and person 
 
 pnt of Gloucesg 
 fesencc of Ueafol 
 Veil needed In i-^ 
 '.taester, "° 
 
 mentioned before, liad hcen selected by 
 narllament as custos of the young kind's 
 iierson, not only on account of his great 
 (il)llltios, init also because his family had 
 no claim to the throno that could induce 
 lilni to behave unfairly to his young charge. 
 Hut this prelate liad great persourtl miiDl- 
 tloii. He was of an arbitrary and peremp- 
 tory temper, and required fro'u the council 
 afar greater share of authority In the state 
 tlian his oflBce of custos of the king's person 
 could warrant him la denmnuing, or the 
 council in granting. 
 
 Between the prelate, thus peremptory 
 ami ambitious, and the equally ambitious 
 andflery Gloucester, it was Inevitable that 
 m open quarrel should take place under 
 sudicircumstanees ; and as each of t'-jm 
 iiad his partisans in the ministry, it was 
 not without some difllculty that even the 
 great authority ^>t Bedford composed the 
 existing differences; nor did he wholly 
 siicfced in so doing until he had Invoked 
 llie authority of parliament, before wlilch 
 assembly the two disputants were com- 
 pelled to come to an ajiparont rccnncl- 
 llatlon, and to promltc that tlienrcforlh 
 all tiielr differences should bo burled In 
 oblivion. 
 Willie Bedford iwul been l)usy in adjust- 
 ing this untoward and unseemly quarrel, 
 tlic duke of Burgundy had so well em- 
 ployed his credit at Home, as to liave prn- 
 fureil a bull which not only annulled the 
 marriago contract between tlio c<uintess 
 Jacauellne and the duke ot Gloucester, but 
 also forbade their marriage even In the 
 event of the duke of Brr" int being re- 
 moved by death. Tlie duke I Gloucester, 
 nholiad all along been actuated In his nd- 
 TontHrous suit far more byaml)ition and 
 cupidity tlian by love, flnding so Insuper- 
 able an obstacle Interposed between liiin 
 ami even his future success, very soon con- 
 filed himself for Ills disappointment by 
 giving his hand to a lady who had for a 
 tiiiisiderable time bcoii known as his mis- 
 lire??. 
 
 Soon after, the duke of Brabanf. died ; 
 lind Ills widow, In order to recover lier 
 jterritory, was obliged to declare tliedako 
 Id Burgundy her heir tshould she die with- 
 iDiit issue, and to engage )iot to take a 
 liccond Imsband unless with the duke's 
 Iwisent. 
 
 roistermliatlon of the affair prevented 
 
 Itie Imniedlf.te hostility upon the part of 
 
 Burgundy, of wliich Bedford at first had 
 
 eu very Justly apprehensive ; but all the 
 
 rircumstances of the quarrel were caicu- 
 
 ed greatly to we;ikcn tlie duke of Bur- 
 
 gndy in Ills attachment to the English, 
 
 iom whom ho could no longer expect, 
 
 tlio event of their complete success, 
 
 receive much better treatment th.an 
 
 « which on the part of king Chrirles hud 
 
 oused tlie duke to such tierce enmity ; 
 
 iJ ultimately this (luarrel did alienate 
 
 h duke from his unnatural and, on the 
 
 We, very Impolitic alllauco with the 
 
 Bglieh. 
 
 [Tiie duke of Brittany, whose alliance 
 Mord valued only sjcond to that of Bur- 
 idy.was very effectual Iv detached from 
 
 the Kngllsh side by tlio gift to Ills brother, 
 tlio count of llichemont, of the ofllco of 
 constable of France, vacant by the death 
 of Buclian ; and tliis loss must have been 
 the more mortifying to Bedliord, because ho 
 could not bo unaware that It was mainly 
 owing to the Impolitic pertinncity with 
 which he had refused to gratify the passion 
 of the count of llichemont for military com- 
 mand. 
 
 The cooled zeal of one ally and the total 
 loss of another, and the favourable moral 
 effect which these things and eight months 
 of comparative quiet had produced upon 
 the partisans of king Charles, were sut- 
 Hcient to cause anxiety to the s.agaclouii 
 duke of Bedford when ho rcturued to 
 France. 
 
 The French garrison of Mont.argis was 
 besieged by the en.ri of Warwick and an 
 army of three thousand men, and was so 
 reduced as to bo on the very point of sur- 
 rendering, wlien the Bastard of Orleans, 
 afterw.irds so famous under his title of 
 duke of Dunols, nKitchcd with only sixteen 
 hundred men to Moiitargis, and compelled 
 Warwick, In spite of his superior numbers, 
 to raise the siege. 
 
 The llrst aim of the duke of Bedford 
 was to bring back to his alliance the duko 
 of Brittany. Sensil)le tliat that prince had 
 chletly been guided in his cliango of alli- 
 ance by tlie count of Illchemont.and would, 
 therefore, most prol)abIy allow his own ob- 
 vious interest to induce lilm to change sides 
 once more, Bedford secretly concentrated 
 several detachments of Kngllsh upon tlio 
 frontiers of Brittany, .and Invaded that pro- 
 vince so suddenly, that tlio duke h.ad no 
 chance of resistance, but saw himself oblig- 
 ed to consent to give up the French alii 
 anco and adhere to the treaty of Troycs, to 
 ackmnvledgc the duke of Bedford as regent 
 of France, and to pledge himself to do 
 homage to the young king Henry for liis 
 duchy. 
 
 H.aving thus freed himself from a danger- 
 ous enemy In his rear, Bedford prepared for 
 a> "nterprise, the success of which would 
 pretty uompletely Insui-'? the entire success 
 of tlie English cause -the siege ^i the city 
 of Orleans, which was so situated between 
 the northern and southern provinces as to 
 open a way to the entrance of either by its 
 possessor. As Bedford, liaving been so suc- 
 cessful in expelling Ciiarles from the iior- 
 tliern provinces, was about to attack lilm 
 in the soutli, the possession of Orleans was 
 evidently of the greatest importance to 
 him. 
 
 The conduct of the attack upon Orleans 
 was intrusted to tlio earl of Salisbury, a 
 distinguished soldier, who had just brought 
 a reinforcement of sis thousand men from 
 England. The earl, quite rightly, no doubt, 
 contlned himself to tho task of taking 
 several places in tho vicinity of Orleans, 
 which, though th(>y were but small, 'night 
 prove ol very serious inconvenience to him 
 when engaged In tlic contemplated siege. 
 These prelimin.ary measures of tho carl, 
 liowever conformable to the rules of war, 
 and however indispensable under the par- 
 ticular circumstauccs, were at tUc least 
 
 I N i 
 
 n 
 
 ! 
 
^'Wfi 
 
 246 
 
 Cljr CrfR?iin* ot |ftWtar»» ^c. 
 
 thus fir unfortunate, that they at onco (Its- 
 closed to king Charles the miilu dcBlKu 1 i 
 t 'le English, luid gave him tlnio and i>iit"ir- 
 tunlty to tlnow In such stores of pr >s < -hji's 
 rind reinforcements of men as mlghi iiiiiblc 
 lie garrison to make au effectual rcsl-C- 
 ;iiice. 
 
 Tho lord of Gaucnur, nn '-nicer of rtixuil 
 conduct, valour, siad oxpe '< uce, wa." )iriud 
 fjiveruor, an.' many othei veteran -in'era 
 throw themselvi'- into the iilfioo to '.Id 
 IrMi In it9def'"ici-: the trooj , Uieyha.: to 
 com I'l.ind were v'.t 1:1ns in i vitv sense of 
 the vord, and ivc;' iho very ilu,;en8, In- 
 Htend ..f being ii'-.. ^v to disturb their <!c- 
 fendera by idle Lmph, were now so iic- 
 cuHtomcd towar that they t'l'oinidct'. to bo 
 of veiy important so 'Vice. 
 
 Havii!), coniiileteci h'n prt'liniiii iry > (>c- 
 raiions, the earl of Kallsl 1 i-y ;ii'|)riiaclu(l 
 Orleans with an army (>•' tei Jhoiisand 
 men* and all Kuropc lookiii wah anxiety 
 for the vsult of a siege whii'.'i \\:\^ likely to 
 111' so Ciimjiletely decisive as to (In future 
 fa'e of Krancp, and wliere, couseiiuontly, it 
 !-ciioved Charles to make his utuiost and 
 lluiii effort. 
 
 Having too small a force f^r the com- 
 lileto Investment of a city AMii.'h, apart 
 from Its great extent, had the advantage of 
 a bridge over the Loire, the earl of Salis- 
 bury jiroceeded to attack thesoitMuru side, 
 towards Rolognc ; but as he was .stacking 
 the fortincatlonswhlch defended .i'j bridge, 
 lie was killed by a cannon-shot v, liilo in 
 the very act of reconnoitring tho i.uemy. 
 Tho command of tho English iv,w fell 
 upon the earl of Suffolk, and lie, receiving 
 at tho same time a largo reinforceui>:it of 
 both English and Burgundians, (Icp-irted 
 from Salisbury's plan of partial operations, 
 led his main force across tlic river, and 
 thus Invested the city on tlie other side. 
 The winter having now commenced, the 
 severity of the weather rendered It Im- 
 practicable to throw up entrenchments 
 completely around ; but by constructing re- 
 doubts at convenient distances, Suifolk was 
 at once able to lodge his soldiers safely, 
 and to distress tho enemy by preventing 
 any supplies being conveyed to them ; leav- 
 ing the task of connecting the redoubts by 
 a series of trenches until the arrival of 
 spring. It thus appears that Suffolk trusted 
 rather to famine than to force ; to conflning 
 the enemy strictly within their walls, than 
 to hazarding his cause by splendid storm- 
 ing feats, which were certain to cost hlin 
 many of his bravest men, and were not like- 
 ly to be soon successful; for though he had 
 a train of artillery, the engineering art was 
 as yet far too Imperfect to allow of Its mak- 
 ing any speedy impression upon so strong 
 a fortress. The attempts of the friends of 
 the besieged to throw In supplies, and of 
 the English to prevent them, gave rise to 
 many splendid but partial engagements. 
 In which both parties displayed great gal- 
 lantry and enterprise. 80 enterprising, in- 
 deed, were the French, that upon some 
 occasions they succeeded In throwing In 
 supplies. In defiance of all tho vigilance 
 and courage by which they were oppos- 
 ed ; but the convoys that were thus for- 
 
 tunate could but In a very Inconsldcr- 
 ;iliicdiH;r''0 assist a garrlami Bonunierons, 
 and i! ^v■r•, evident to all military ob.scrvitj 
 that bu;r(,:i,'9 ciufious policy baUo fair to 
 1 ? f uccttsful, ra J tliat.however slowly, the 
 > igllsh were ytci'lily and constantly ad- 
 ALUcIng uearci I lie accomplishment ut 
 ll.'ei'- inifiortaiif il i/r. 
 
 1 '.^ l4 — Wiii.j, jufflolk was thus oil. 
 jiiiK^'d ill htaiviiif. '.*io enemy witliiu the 
 wall:4, he was hims'^if In no small danger 
 of being iilaced ii the same prcdlciimciu 
 There were, it is true, neither eiitrcinii! 
 iiients nor red(jubt!v Ik hind him, but there 
 were numerous and indefatigable pi.rikj 
 of French rava^cTi- . '■hn completely dcnudej 
 of priA ir"oi\~ all ilh neighliourlngdisirktj 
 from whlili i'o might otlierwlse have jiro- 
 cured i3Uiiiii( i-; and from his small force he 
 f.iiil.'. ■'loi.,^' it tiout great danger to his main 
 di'Mi' ... ii'tacli ;iny couslderalilo nuiiilHiti, 
 keei) i' J FrciK'li ravagers in check. Just 
 n.-! iSultoll^'s men begiui to ba seriously dis. 
 tressed for provisions, a very great i-i<\\\\ij 
 of stores of every description arrived to 
 tlieir relief under the couiniKiid of sirJclm 
 Kastolffe, with an escort of two tlmnjainl 
 live hundred nieu, but before it could rcirh 
 Suffolk's camp, it was suddenly attacked l-y 
 nearly double that number of French niij 
 Scotcli, under the command of l)iiii(iisai:(i 
 the count of Clermont. FastollTo cndiw 
 voured to counterbalance his iiiferinntjin 
 men, by drawing them up behind tlu'wai;. 
 gons, but the enemy brought u small hat- 
 tery of cannon to bear upon him, whifii 
 very effectually dislodged and disurddcj 
 the English. The affair now seeineil to ic 
 secure on tlie French side, as a sleajy i or- 
 severance but for a few minutes in ihtir 
 first proceeding would have made it. Dctj 
 tlie fierce and undisciplined impel iio.<ityi 
 a part of the Scotch troops caused tluinti 
 break their line and rush In upon tlioi:n' 
 gllsh; a general action ensued, and cncled 
 the retreat of the French, who lust iln 
 hundred in killed, besides a great iiunihe 
 of wounded, and among the luticr h 
 Dunols himself. The convoy that wasthui 
 saved to the English was of Immein-e 
 portance, and owing to a part of it l)ciii| 
 hcrrlugg for the food of the soldiera dtirini 
 Lent, the affair commonly went by tl 
 name of tho ' battle of the herrings.' 
 
 The relief thus afforded to the Eiiglii 
 enabled them dally to press more closel 
 upon the Iniportaut city; and Charles, 1101 
 wholly despairing of rescuing it by force 
 arms, caused tho duke of Orleans, wliowi 
 still a prisoner In England, to propose 
 Gloucester and tho council, that this cil 
 and all his territory should be .lilowcd 
 remain neutral during the whole rein.iin(l| 
 of the war, and, as the best security " 
 neutrality, be placed In the keeping of tl 
 duke of Burgundy. That prince rcadi 
 grasped at tho proposal, and went to 1' 
 to urge it upon the duke of Bedford, v 
 however, replied that he had no notion 
 beating the bushes that others nil: 
 secure the game; and Burgundy, dec] 
 offended both at the refusal and tlie nil 
 ncr In which It was made, immediately 
 pai-ted and withdrew ail those of his 
 
 Hiudi indauu'c 
 uiii liy a passi 
 Her reveries 
 Jumc the asji 
 (iNjip, and sli 
 (ailed ujion 
 111' exert hersol 
 |Ilis delusion 
 ieiigth, iiat; 
 Ted still nion 
 overlooked 
 mst have been 
 Ticiiced mint 
 ludricourt, th 
 'latcd to him c 
 id besought h 
 leaven, and to 
 After son 
 Aether really 1 
 "led of her 
 'ra visionary 
 ie use might 
 ifndg.furnishc 
 iJsentiier to 
 scanty court 
 "here so rau( 
 leofuhiehso 
 Isf. it Is no ci 
 le from tho w 
 ■gerated, "W 
 'lam what pas 
 wd, contentln 
 caution to th 
 «u very many n 
 
^ 
 
 enfllantr.— 1^0tt<e of ttanwrftcr.— Urnry WJt, 247 
 
 'oik was tliua en- 
 enemy wiiliiu tho 
 II no Binnll Aanm 
 Biimc iircdlcimiciit. 
 jicitlier cutrt'iich- 
 
 Inil liim. 1'"'' ^Ix''' 
 iik'Iatlgablo V:\-<M 
 complelely ili'iiuiH 
 i«lit>ourluB iHsliicis 
 )llicrwi80 Imvo iiru- 
 ui liis BUiall force lio 
 itdiinBcrtoliisiuMi 
 sUloraWo luimljir lo 
 icra In c'licfk. Just 
 
 to 1)« seriously ilis- , 
 II very Ki'fiit I'Hivuy 
 script loll iwnvcd in 
 ■oniuiWHl ()£ sir John 
 "ort of two tliuu-aiiJ 
 before it coulilrcirli 
 siuUleulyiittiu'kwlls 
 iiuber of Vreucli and 
 imanil of Uiuun^ mA 
 )Ut Fastollto I'Kiliv 
 Mice Ills iiilerinniy ill 
 n up behind lilt; Wk'- 
 ' bvouglit a small Iflt- 
 ,ear upon lilni, wliiA 
 Ddf/cd and disorainl 
 fair now seemed 1.1 !c 
 
 Bide, na a sleiidy jor- 
 
 lew minutes lu lint 
 Id have made It. lliiti 
 tiplined Impel ui>/it>' 
 
 troops caused Uuiin. 
 \ rush In upon tli;^ l.n. 
 ,niii8Ued,iiudeinlcJir 
 kreiich, wlio iDSt iTi 
 
 sides a great iiunibei 
 
 Imong tlio latter m 
 
 convoy that was tliui 
 
 W4iS ol Imraeuse ira 
 
 to a part of it licmi 
 
 I of the soldiers duniii 
 
 nimonly went Dy n 
 )f the licrrlngs. 
 Tordcd to the Englii 
 I to press more close 
 city; and Charles, no' 
 Vsculngltbylorce 
 roof Orleans, who w 
 England, to prorose 
 council, that this 
 r should bo allowei 
 IK the whole reinamil 
 I the best security t 
 h in tho keeping of 
 ' That prince vof 
 osal, and went to u 
 Iduke of Bedford. 
 at he had no nutio 
 8 that others ini 
 ind Burgundy, aef 
 le refusal and 1 lien" 
 made, ImmediiitclV 
 all those of iii^ ^ 
 
 dho were concerned In the Investment of 
 Orleans. Foiled as well In negotiation ns 
 lu arms, Charlea now wholly despaired of 
 saving Orleans, when an incident occurred 
 to save It, and to give new hopes to his 
 ciiise, EO rafirvellous, that It readp iiiorc like 
 tiio Invention of a romancer's fancy than 
 tiic sober relation of the matter-of-fact hls- 
 
 torld"' 
 
 I,(iug as Orleans had been invested, and 
 Intimately connected aa Its futo seemed 
 villi tliat of tho whole iiat ion. It ia not to 
 lie wondered at that the siege was talked 
 of in nil parts of France, and speculated 
 upon even by minds usually but little eog- 
 niziiut of public alfalrs. Among tlie thou- 
 ,,,„(i3 whose minds were strongly agitated 
 i,v ilie frequent and various news from 
 Orleiins was Joan of Are, the maid servant 
 ,,[ a country iiin at IJniiircml, near Vaii- 
 iiult'urt'. Though of the lowest ordc/ of 
 liiiiiial servants, this yoiiiig woiiinii, now 
 twenty-seven year.s of ago, was of hlanieless 
 1 iV iiiij manners. Well ioniud aiul aotive, 
 liii siiiiple living and her hard work pre- 
 a'rvi'd her naturally healthy eonstltut Ion ; 
 jiiil ;is she was •accustomed to rido lier 
 uiasler's horses to their watering jiliice, 
 jiij to do work which in other houscholda 
 ifiiulil fall to the share of men, she was nn- 
 u-uiilly hardy and of a somewliat iiiasculiiio 
 habit, though, as han been said, unmarked 
 by any eccentricity of mauuer of conduct. 
 Tills young woman paid so much attcn- 
 lion to what she lieard respecting the siege 
 of Orleans, and tho distress and perils of 
 lier rightful sovereign, that by degrees she 
 jcoustomed herself to make them the sole 
 iulijeets of her thoughts; and her sanguine 
 mJ untutored mind at length became so 
 inudi iuliamed by sympathy with the king, 
 jdJ by a passionate desire to aid him, that 
 ber reveries and aspirations seemed loas- 
 ifiinie the aspect of actual visions from 
 Lwc, and siio imagined herself audibly 
 Inlled upon by some supernatural power 
 I! exert herself on her sovcri'ign's tielialf. 
 litis delusion became daily stronger; and 
 length, naturally courageous, and rcn- 
 ;recl still more so by her imagined visions, 
 le overlooked all tho vast dlflicultles which 
 list have been evident to even her inex- 
 ritiiced mind, and presented lierself to 
 judricourt, the governor of Vaucouleurs, 
 latcd to him all her fancied experiences, 
 d besought him to listen to the voice of 
 leaven, and to aid her in fultlUing its do- 
 Alter some liesitation,the governor, 
 ihether really believing all that Joan af- 
 med of her visions, or only considering 
 'ra visionary of whose delusions a proflt- 
 ile use viight be made by tho king's 
 lends, furnished her with some attendants 
 „fent her to Cliinon, where Cliarles and 
 is scanty court then resided. 
 Wliere so much is undeniably true in a 
 !eof >rhich so much must of necessity be 
 lie, it is no easy matter to separate tho 
 from tho wholly false or the greatly 
 gerated. Wo, therefore, shall simply 
 line what passed and is said to have 
 ii>ed, contenting ourselves with this sln- 
 I caution to the reader— to conceive that, 
 ini very many motives, even tho best men 
 
 then living about tho French king's court 
 were liable to be seduced into credulity on 
 the one hand, and exaggeration on tho 
 other, and that, consciiuently, tho wise 
 plan In reading what follows will be to re- 
 ject altogether all that assumes to bo mira- 
 culous, and to credit only what, however 
 extraordinarj', is still perfectly natural, 
 especially under tho extraordinary state of 
 affairs at that time, 
 
 Wlien Joan was Introduced to the king 
 she at once singled him xmt from among 
 the courtiers by whom ho was suiTonnded, 
 although an attempt was made to baffle her 
 on this point by the king's assumption of a 
 l)lain dress, totally destitute ol all luarks or 
 ornaments that could discover his rank to 
 her. Itepeatlng to him what she had al- 
 ready told to IJaudrlcourt, she assured him, 
 in the name of Heaven, that she would com- 
 pel the Knglish to raise the siego of Or- 
 leans, and would safely conduct him to 
 Iflieims, that, like his ancestors, ho might 
 1)0 crowned there. The king expressed 
 some doubts as to the genuineness of ber 
 mission, and, very pertinently, demanded 
 some unequivocal and convincing proof of 
 her supernal inspiration ; upon which, all 
 tho attendants except the king's confiden- 
 tial friends being withdrawn, she told him a 
 secret which, from its very nature, he had 
 every reason to believe that by natural 
 means no one In tho world could know ; 
 and she, at tho same time, described and 
 demanded to bo armed with a certain 
 sword whiQh was depositeil in tho church 
 ol St. Catharine ol Fierbois, and ol which, 
 though It was certain that she never could 
 have seen it, she described tho various 
 marks with great exactness. Though 
 greatly staggered, tho king was even yet 
 miconvlneed; and a conclave ol doctors and 
 theologians was assembled, to Inriuire Into 
 and reptn-t upon Joan's alleged mission. 
 The report of those learned persons was 
 decidedly In favour ol the damsel's truth, 
 .iml she was then closely interrogated by 
 the parliament which was sitting at I'oio- 
 tlers, and here again it was decided that 
 her mission was genuine. 
 
 If the king and hia advisers first simu- 
 lated doubt and scrupulosity, only to in- 
 crease the effect upon tho vulgar of their 
 subscciuent and seemingly reluctant belief, 
 the device had all the success they could 
 have desired. Ever prone to belief in tho 
 marvellous, the people who had lately been 
 in the deepest despair now spoke in accents 
 not merely of hope but ol conviction, that 
 Heaven had miraculously inspired a maiden 
 champion, by whoso instructions the king 
 would be enabled to triumph over all hU 
 dimcultles and to expel all his enemies. 
 
 Hut it was not merely aa an nd\iser that 
 Joan believed herself instructed to aid her 
 king. In her former servile occupation she 
 had learned to manage ahorse with ease, and 
 she was now mounted on a war-steed, armed 
 cap d pie, and paraded before the people. 
 Her animated countenance, her youth, and, 
 above all, her graceful and fearless cqulta- 
 tion, which seemed so marvellous and yet 
 might have been so easily accounted lor, 
 conllrmed all tho lavoiuable Iniprcssionu 
 
248 
 
 CTbe ^ttnimti of )g(][(tarp. ^c* 
 
 which liad been formed of her; and the 
 multltudo loudly, averred tlmt any enter- 
 prise headed by her must needs !)c success- 
 ful. With these fond prepossessions In her 
 favour she set out for Blois to head tho 
 escort of a convoy about to bo sent to tho 
 relief of Orleans. 
 
 Tho escort In question consisted of an 
 army of ten thousand men under the com- 
 mand of St. Severe, who now had orders to 
 considor himself second In command to 
 Joan of Arc ; — though probably wUh a se- 
 cret reservation not to allow her superna- 
 tural fancies to militate against any of tho 
 precautions commanded by tho laws of 
 mortal warfare. Joan ordered every man 
 In tho army to confess lilmsclf bcforo 
 marching, and all women of bad life niul 
 character to bo prohibited from following 
 tho uriiiy, which last order had at least the 
 reconniiendation of removing a nuisanoo 
 which sadly militated iigainst good disci- 
 pline. At the head of the troops, carrying 
 in her right hand a consecrated banner, 
 upon which was embroidered a rcprcscntn- 
 tion of tho Supreme Being grasping tho 
 earth, Joan led the way to Orleans, and on 
 approaching it sho demanded that Orleans 
 should be entered on the sldo of tlic ncausse; 
 but Ounois, who well knew that the Kng- 
 llsh were strongest there, so far interfered 
 with her prophetic power as to cause tho 
 other side of the river to be taken where 
 tho English were weaker. Tho garrison 
 made asally on the side of tho BcauHir>,and 
 tho convoy was safely taken across tho 
 river In boats, and was accompanied by the 
 Maid of Orleans, whose oppearance, uiuler 
 such circumstances, arrayed In knightly 
 garb and soienmly waving her consecrated 
 banner, caused tho soldiers and citixcns to 
 welcome her as being indeed an Inspired 
 and glorious prophetess, under whoso or- 
 ders they could not fail of success ; and as 
 another convoy shortly afterwards arrived, 
 even Dunois was so far converted to tho 
 general belief, as to allow it, in obcii; rrc 
 to Joan's orders, to approach It by the side 
 of tho Beausse. This convoy, too, entered 
 safely, together with its escort, not oven 
 an attempt being made on tho i)art of the 
 besiegers to cut It off. 
 
 Yet a few days before Joan's nrst arrival 
 at Orleans, when she had sent a letter to 
 Bedford, threatening liim witli tho Divine 
 anger should ho venture to resist the cause 
 which sho was sent to -lid, tho veteran 
 duke treated tho matter as tho ravings of a 
 maniac, or as a most shallow trick, tho 
 mere resorting to wlilch was sufllclent to 
 show the utter desperation to which Charles 
 was driven. But tho ago was supersti- 
 tious, and tho statural success wliiih liad 
 followed tho pretensions of Joan was by 
 the Ignorant soldiers a- .; by their (as to 
 superstition) scarcely less ignorant olllcers, 
 taken to have been caused by it, and to U\ 
 therefore, a sure proof of her Bui)ernatural 
 mission and an Infallible augury of its suc- 
 cess. Gloom and terror were in the hearts 
 and upou tho countenances of tho English 
 soldiery, and Suffolk most unwisely allowed 
 these feelings full leisure to exert thein- 
 aelves by leaving his men unemployed in 
 
 any military attempt; their inactivity thm 
 serving at once to increase their (Icsiidhj, 
 ency, while It increased tho couUdcnce mi 
 exultation of the garrison. 
 
 Whether merely obeying tho promrtlncj j 
 of a naturally bravo and active f\:i„i 
 worked into a state of high cnthuslniiiii i,vi 
 tho events in which she had taken so oon. I 
 spicuoua a part, or from tho polltlr iiriini|,t, 
 ings of Dunois and tiie other Frriu'li rnm. J 
 manders, Joan now exclaimed tliat tho Kir. 
 risen ought no longer to be kept nieri'lyoii I 
 tho defensive ; that tlie l)ravo ' on wlm Ii;ij 
 so long been compulsorlly Idle and pput m I 
 within their beleaguered walls (■linuia jiol 
 led forth to attack tho redoubts of 11,^ I 
 enemy, and that she was comini.isioiii'diiyl 
 Heaven to promise tliem certain siuces' ' 
 An attack was accordingly made ii|Min 1^ 
 redotilit and was completely successful, HiJ I 
 defenders being killed or taken prisoners i) I 
 a man. Tills success gave new nnimatiwil 
 to the Frencli, and tlio forts on tlit! oihcrl 
 side of tlie river were next attarkid. onl 
 one occasion the FriiUM were repul-icil.ninil 
 Joan received an armv in her iicrk ; liutl 
 she led back the Kreiicii to tlie dmrw, mil 
 they overcame the fort from wlilcli I'.rjl 
 moment tliey had tied, and the lii'ini)io-| 
 for such she wat^, Mpart from licr suihtmJ 
 tural preteiisious- plucked the arrow fnifi 
 the wound witli her own hands, and siin, !) 
 staid to have tlie wound dresseil ere -i 
 returned to tlieselMmposedduty IntowLi 
 siie so zealously entered. 
 
 Kiich was the clfect of Joan's ilecils ani 
 pretensions, that tho English lost, rejuuii 
 after redoubt, besides having upwarils 
 six thousand men eltlier killed or wmin.!, 
 in these nio: t desperate tliougli nnljii 
 tial contests. It was in vain thai tho KiJ 
 glish commanders, llnding it utterly iisili 
 to endeavour to convince their iiicii u, 
 Joan's deeds were natural, laboured tui. 
 suado them that slio was aided iiut 
 Heaven, but by the powers of darkiu-J 
 for it was imposslblo to persuade the mi 
 that those powers were not, for the tiiii 
 at least, too st-ong to be ci)iiil),'iteil ivji 
 any possibility • t success. Feariiip, tlnTi 
 fore, that the r.ost extensive disaster, ovf 
 a total destruf tlon of his army, iiiiKlit itji 
 from his kc'.ping men so tliorouu'lily aij 
 incurably r'lshcartened, before a plac 
 fended by men whose natural couiiiu'eivl 
 iiidescri'jably heightened by tlieir lulil 
 that th'jy were superiiaturally nssisteil,i| 
 earl of Suffolk prudently, but most iv 
 tantly, resolved to raise the Blege, aiiJ| 
 commencedhls retreat from before OrleaJ 
 with all the deliberate calmness which tl 
 deeii-seated terror of liis men would allJ 
 him to exhibit. He himself with a iirf 
 cipal part of his army retired to Jerwi 
 wliither Joan followed him at '''cheadl 
 an army six thousand stroiiK. I'lir 
 days the place was gallantly aitackeil ; 
 as gallantly defended. At the end nl ta 
 time orders for tiie assault were givcii,:i| 
 Joan lierself descended into tiie foscu 
 led the attack. Here she was struck to l| 
 ground by a stone, but almost imiiia 
 atcly recovered herself, and fought \\\ 
 her accustomed courage until the asioi 
 
 tl 
 
1 
 
 r 
 
 ©KjjTanTi.— !|0iii*e at ttnuM^tcr.— ©Jitrj) Wh 249 
 
 m» completely successful. Suffolk was 
 himself taken prisoner by a French offlccr 
 nnnicd Rcnnud, nnd on this occasion a sln- 
 ffulnr specimen was given of the nice punc- 
 tilios of chivalry. When Suffolk, com- 
 pletely overpowered, was about to give up 
 h|g sword, he demanded whether his suc- 
 icesrfiil opponent wore a knight. Rcnaud 
 I ffMolillged to confess that he had not yet nt- 
 U'lned to that distinction, though ho could 
 I boast of being a gentleman. Then I knight 
 Lou, sfi'd 8uff"'k; and ho bestowed upon 
 I Rcnaud thek' glitly accolade with the very 
 I jwrd which iiii Instant afterwards was do- 
 lllvtred to blni as tho captor of the man to 
 I f\\m\ lio owed his knighthood. 
 
 ffbile these things were passing at Jer- 
 
 Il'imu, tlic remainder of th.'i Ktigllsh army, 
 
 I miller Fastolffe, Talbot, und Scab's, was 
 
 IniitiiiS 1 somewhat disorderly n'troatbe- 
 
 |((fc II strong body of French ; and the van- 
 
 IgiwrJ of tho latter overtook the rear of the 
 
 llonin-T near tho villittie of Tatny. f-'o ut- 
 
 Iwrly dismayed wore the Kntrlirib, and so 
 
 IcoiiUili-'i't tho Freucli, that tho battle had 
 
 liofODiicr commenced than It became con- 
 
 Itcrlod Into a mere rout. In which upwards 
 
 loinvo thousand of the English wercklUcd, 
 
 liDilavast ■lumber, Including both Scales 
 
 Bill Talbot, taken prisoners. So great and 
 
 ji universal was the panic c>f the Kngllsb at 
 
 llij iierlod, that Kastolffe, ;vh() had often 
 
 hocn present in the most disastrous scones 
 
 |o! war, actually set the example of Hight to 
 
 Si: astounded troops, and wassubseiiuently 
 
 lauUlicd for It by being degraded from tho 
 
 Irdor "f tho Garter, which had been be- 
 
 B-nvedupon him as tlie a|iproprlate reward 
 
 I a long Ufo and gallant conduct. So 
 
 IWitliig a power has superstition even 
 
 ipoii niliuls accustomed to treat mortal 
 
 Ed tangible dangers with even an cxces- 
 
 Ite iiidllferencc ! 
 
 [During this period king Charles had kept 
 Moto from the actual theatre of war, 
 fcnjli he had actively and clllclently 
 [i-ied himself in furnishing supplies and 
 Biiing directions to the actual connuand- 
 [sof his troops in tlie field. But now that 
 oil had so completely redeemed her 
 edge as to tho raising of tlu; siege of 
 feans, and now that tho prestige of her 
 ■ffliatunil mission had so completely 
 liaedthc ascendency over the minds of 
 Itoudltions of men, he felt neither sur- 
 fciciior reluctiuico when she urgently 
 idtcd him to set out for Kheinis, and 
 iJJently repeated her assurances that lie 
 ^iiild without delay bo crowned In that 
 True it was that Rhelms could only 
 IreadieJ by a very long inarch through 
 >untry in wlilch the cucray was In great 
 », and in which, of course, every advan- 
 I0U3 posit Ion was carefully occupied by 
 |(a Hut tlie army was confident of suc- 
 880 long as Joan marched at its head; 
 UCliarles could not refuse to accomi)any 
 bberoiiie, without tacitly confessing that 
 I bud less faitii In her mission, or was 
 pAl possessed of less personal courage, 
 in tho lowest plkeman in his army. 
 Uierot these suppositions would iieces- 
 Jlly be fatal to his cause ; and ho accord- 
 rset out for llhclms, accompanied by 
 
 Joan and an army of twelve thousand 
 men. 
 
 Instead of meeting with tho opposition 
 ho had anticipated, Charles marched as 
 peacefully along as thougli no enemy had 
 been In tho neighbourhood. Troys and 
 Chalons successively opened their g.iies to 
 him ; and before he reached lllieims, where 
 he might reaaonal)ly have expected I hat the 
 English would muster their utmost force to 
 prevent a coronation of which they could 
 not but Judge the probable influence on tho 
 minds of the French, ho was met by a 
 peaceable and humble deputation which 
 presented him with tho keys. 
 
 Aid in Ithelms, tho especial and ancient 
 coronation place of his fathers, Charles 
 was crowned, as tho Maid of Orleans had 
 prophesied that ho would be ; and he was 
 anointed with the holy oil which was said 
 to have been brought from Heaven by a 
 pigeon at tho coronation of Ciovls ; and tho 
 lately obscure menial of the village Inn 
 waved over his head the consecrated l)anner 
 before wlilch Ills foos had so often fled; and 
 while the glad niultltudo shouted in tri- 
 umphant joy, she to whom so much of Ibis 
 triumph was owing fell at hisfect and bathed 
 them with tears of joy. 
 
 CnAPTEU XXXI. 
 
 The liclgn of IlEsnY VI. {continued). 
 
 Tjir coronation of Charles In tho city of 
 lUielms was doubly calculated to raise the 
 spirits and to (lulckon the loyal attachment 
 of his subjects. For while, as tho esta- 
 blished coronation place of the kings of 
 France, Uheims alone seemed to them to ))e 
 capable of giving full sanctity and effect to 
 the solemnity, the truly surprising difflcul- 
 tiesthxthad been surmounted by him in 
 obtaining possession of that city, under the 
 auspices of the Maid of Orleans, seemed to 
 all r.anks of men in that superstitious ago 
 to bo so many clear and undeniable evi- 
 dences that the cause of Charles was in- 
 deed miraculously espoused by Heaven. On 
 turning his attention to obtaining posses- 
 sion of tho neighbouring garrisons, Charles 
 reaped thefullbencBtof this popular judge- 
 ment; Laon, SolsBous, Chateau-Tlilery, 
 Proving, and numerousothcr townsopcuing 
 their gates to him at tho first summons. 
 This feeling spread far and wide ; and 
 Charles, who so lately saw himself upon thu 
 very point of being wholly expelled from 
 his country, had now the satisfaction of 
 seeing tho favour of the whole nation ra- 
 pidly and warmly inclining to his cause. 
 
 Bedford la this dlQlcult crisis showed 
 lilmself calm, provident, and resolute as 
 ever he had been during the greatest pros- 
 perity of tho English arms. Perceiving 
 that tho French, and especially tho fickle 
 and turbulent population of Paris, were 
 wavering, he judiciously lulxcd curbing and 
 indulgence ; at once ImpreHsiug them with 
 a painful sense of tho danger of insurrec- 
 tion, and diminishing, as far as kindness 
 could diminish, their evidently strong de- 
 sire for one. Conscious, too, that Bur- 
 gundy was deeply offended, and that lila 
 open enmity would just at this juncture bs 
 
 i m\\ 
 
 (•■■ ,-. 
 
260 
 
 e^t Crmtluri; of ^iMtarUt ^c* 
 
 ftbuolntoly fatal to tho English cnuso, Hod- 
 foril skilfully laid lilmscU out to wlu Jilm 
 back til Kood humour aud to conflrm him 
 liihlH alliunco. 
 
 Hut (liL'iowaH In llL'dford'8 iltuntlon an- 
 other I'lonicnt of Uiniculty.agalnHt which ho 
 found Itstlll morudimcuittoc.ontond. Tho 
 roiKiuost of Franco had lost much of its 
 popularity in tho judgement of the Kngllah. 
 As regarded tho mero multitude, tliU pro- 
 bably aroHo simply from Itrt having lout Us 
 noveliy ; but thinking men both In and out 
 of parliiiment had begun to count tho cost 
 against tho pmllt ; and not a few of them 
 had even begun to anticipate not proUt but 
 nctmd Injury tn lOnwInndfrom thecontiuoHt 
 of France. Thojc fi'ellngd wero 8o general 
 iind HO strong, that while tho parliament 
 stcaillly refused BUpplles of money to 15ed- 
 ford, a corresponding dlnlncllnalkin v,n,n 
 shown by men to enlist In tho relnforco- 
 ments which ho ho nnich needed, llrave as 
 tliey wore, tho Kngllsh soldiers of that day 
 (leslri'd gold as well as glory ; and they got 
 a notion tliat neither tho one nor tho other 
 was to be obtained by warring ai-'nlnst tlic 
 king of France, wlio, even by tho stato- 
 ments of tho Kngllsh cimimanders them- 
 selves, owed far more of his recent and 
 marvellous successes to tho hellisli arts of 
 I lie Maid of Wrlcans thou to mortal skill 
 and prowess. 
 
 Just as tho duke of Bedford was In the 
 iiMuost want of reinforcements, It most op- 
 porttmely ohanced that tho bishop (now 
 <-ardlrial) of Winchester landed at Calais on 
 his way to Bohemia, whltlier lie was le.'ul- 
 Ingan army of flvo thousand men to com- 
 bat against tho Hussites. This force the 
 eardUial was Induced to yield to the more 
 pressing need of Bedford, who was thus en- 
 .•ibled to follow tlio footsteps and thwart 
 tho designs of Charles, though not to ha- 
 zard a general action. But In splti> of this 
 aid to Bedford, and in splto of all tho skill 
 and llmincss of that general, Charles made 
 himself master of Compelgne, Beauvals, 
 Senlls, Sens, Laval, St. Denis, and nume- 
 rous places in the neighbourhood of I'arls. 
 To this amount of success, however, the 
 Fabiau policy of Bedford confined the king 
 of France, whoso forces being chiefly vo- 
 lunteers, fighting at their own expense, 
 were now obliged to bo disbanded, and 
 Charles himself retired to Bourgcs. 
 
 A.D. 1430.— Attributing tho advantage 
 which Charles had evidently derived from 
 his coronation ratlier to tho splendour of 
 tho ceremony than to the real cause of its 
 locality, Bedford now determined that his 
 own young princo should be crowned king 
 of Kniiico ; and he was accordingly brought 
 to I'arls, and crowned and anointed there 
 Witli all tho pomp and splendour that could 
 he commanded. Tho splendid ceremony 
 was much admired by tho Parisian popu- 
 lace, and all the crown vassals who lived 
 In tho territory that was actually in the 
 Lands of tho English duly appeared and did 
 homage to the young king; but to an ob- 
 servant eye it was very evident that this 
 ceremony created none of the passionate 
 enthusiasm which hod marked that of 
 i'harles at Uheims. 
 
 HUliorlo wo have icon tho Maid of ot. 
 leans only Jn one long brilliant and url 
 broken career of prosperity ; but tlin tinii 
 now approached for that sad and tutiil n' 
 verso wlilcli must, from tho very first, ii.vj 
 been anticipated by all men who had m n,, 
 enough to discredit alike tho repreniinii. 
 tlon of her miraculous support tliat wsj 
 given by her friends, and of her diulji.iiciu 
 commcrco that was given by her iiu'inicg 
 It would seem that sho herself bewii t,,' 
 have misgivings as to tho nature nf lu., 
 inspiration, as tho novelties of nillli.iry 
 splendour grew stale to her eye, ainl in, 
 judgement became nioro aud njore alivc 1,1 
 tho resU dilficultics of tho military aclilt'V(v. 
 ments which must bo pcrfornie(l liy h,, 
 royal master, before ho could becniuo kiiDjI 
 of Franco In dei'd as well ashy right, KrniJ 
 such nilsirivlnifs It |)r<>b:ili|y ar i' iliit 
 having now performed her two pnai aiij 
 at first discredited promises, of r.ai-lnc Hm 
 siege of Orleans and of causing diaries in 
 1)0 crowned at Ulielms, she now iirKinil] 
 desired to bo allowed to return to lur ori, 
 giiiid obscurity, and to the occupaticuisani 
 apparel of her sex. But t<unois w;i» i, 
 well aware of the Infiuencc of lier !-u|'|1'Kii 
 sanctity npon tho soldiers, not to Ihm'^ 
 anxious to keep herammig them; aiii! ii 
 so strongly urged her to remain, ain! ;i ,li 
 tho crowning of her prophetic aiul era 
 career by tlio total cxjiulslou of Uie tni 
 mles of her sovereign, that she, In a 11: 
 evil hour for herself, was worked uimh 
 consent. As the best service tlmi it wi 
 at tho instant In heri)ower to do, sluilm 
 lierself Into Compelgne, which the duke 
 Burgundy and tlio earls of Arumli I ,11 
 Suffolk were at that time hotly bcsieirln 
 Her appearance was hailed by the ix'sinfl 
 with a perfect rapture of joy ; she lii 
 provfMl her miraculous power !■}• su( 
 splendid and unbroken success, tlnUtvti 
 man among them now believed himself 
 vincible and tho victory secure; and 
 news of her arrival undoubtedly imij 
 with very opposite feelings not a fcvoJ 
 brave hearts in the English camp. But 
 joy of tlio one party and tho gloom of 
 other were alike sh'-n-Uved and uufnuiiJi 
 On the very day after that on wliidi 
 arrived In tho garrison sho led fortliasi 
 and twice drove the Burgunaiaiic, uii( 
 John of Luxembourg, from their eiiiri 
 ments. But the Burgundlans wcro 
 (lulckly and so numenmsly reinforced, 
 Joan reluctantly ordered a retreat, aiu 
 tho disorder sho was separated from 
 party and taken prisoner, after liavinu 
 fended herself witli a valour and addi 
 which would have done no discredit to 
 bravest knight among her Burguui 
 captora. 
 
 This event was bo unexpected, tliat 
 popular humour of the times attriliut 
 to tho treachery of tho French officers, 
 said tlie rumour, were so weary of heal 
 themselves depreciated by tho attrilmj 
 of every success to Joan, tliat they 
 posely abandoned her to tho enemy. 
 besides that there is not a shadow of |i 
 of this charge of treachery, whldi si" 
 historians have somewhat toobastil)' 
 
!■ 
 
 enolAtiH.— |[|aui(e o( ILancatftcr.— Itirnrn Wii, 251 
 
 Jincxpcctcd, tliat 
 fc times attrilmu 
 ) French oftlcers, 
 80 wesiry of lieal 
 ],y tUo attrlliul 
 JoiUi. tliat they ' 
 r to the ciicniy. 
 Lot a shadow of |i 
 tchery, which bc' 
 yhat too hastily w 
 
 li the fAli* rrcHUiiii'tloii la entirely nKulniit 
 lit' on the ono hum), wu rnniiot ininKlnu 
 'IhittlJO |)rlvatoenvy of the Krencli unicern 
 ■oulcl tlum outweiKh allku tlulr arilour for 
 tho cauai) In which the;- foimht anU their 
 Ljeof tlioir own nafcty, wliUh ilepondeil 
 wiimliily ui)ou that trlunii>h which tho In- 
 ,Mng eltoct of Joiui'h iireHonco mnoiiMT 
 'Lit lucn was nioro than anythlnt? rlso 
 litclyto Insnre. Un thu otiicr hiuxl, what 
 morollltely than that a woman, in »|ilto of 
 llic best elfortrt of Jicr frleniU, mIkiuIiI Ihi 
 ^^l.ll in-liiciiier In hucIi a Hceno oT conl'iislon ( 
 gow Ill-toy tliouMUHUof men liail been, in 
 luiat very war, taken prMoncrrt in tiiiiillar 
 Li'UW, wiilionl any mirinlso nf Irciicln'ry ? 
 i.i). IWl.- It lb ahvaya iialnful to liavo 
 ispt'iikuf Honioono ciiormDUs mid liidili- 
 ft.ilii iil'i'U a cliaranrr olhoi-wise lair 
 j luiiiili'alile. The liihiorlan Irrewistllily 
 jjaliiioHt unoonneloUHly UndM lil<( fyiiiiia- 
 ;liit!i awakened on hrlialC of tho vreat rha- 
 iftors "lioi*o decdi ho di'serllii'M. It In 
 ii|ii)!i»il)le to write uhoui. the wise and 
 il.irous course of tlio great duko of Hcd- 
 jnlnilliout ft feelln« of intense ;uliiilra- 
 imi; i'r"i'ortlonally painful it nerds must 
 l,)|i;ivo to deserllio him i\* beiiii.' KUllty 
 most siittish and linilal cruelty. Awaro 
 i« much tho BUcci'ss i>f Joanliad tended 
 ijiniw disaster and discredit niioii his 
 i\i, Uedford lin.'iKined tli;it to liavo her 
 lijjlHiwer was to Miure I'ls fuiuro huc- 
 M, and ho paid a ronslderalile sum for her 
 Julia of Luxemboun?. 
 jo,in, lieinK dflivered Into the pnwcr of 
 (iforil, was loaded with chains and t lirown 
 itoaduiigeon ; and ilield.-diopoC Hcaiivais, 
 tlio i)lea that she was captured within 
 niiocese, iietitioncil lledtord lliat flic, 
 plit be delivered over to tho ecclesiastical i 
 imr, to bo tried on the diaries ot Im- 
 (j.siircery, idolatry, and iiiatfic ; and his 
 liiion was sfconded liy the university of 
 ■i. To llio eternal infamy of Uedford, 
 IKtition was eouipiled with ; and, li laded 
 lit Ir Ills, tho hi^li-hearted and admiralile, 
 iii'vcr deluded, woman was taken before 
 jiiilKCS at Itouen, only one of tlieiii, llic 
 liwl of Wineliester, beliiK an Kiiglisii- 
 . Slio defended herself with eouriiKo 
 Willi a cogency of reply ciiual to what 
 tit bo exiHJCted from a man who, to good 
 iy training, (ihould add tho practice and 
 frlence of a long life. She boldly avow- 
 tliat tho great aim and end of all her 
 iic acts had been to rid lier count ry of 
 enemies, tho Ungllsh. 'Whcii taunted 
 1 iKivIng endeavoured to escape by 
 iwiiig herself from a tower, she frankly 
 leffed that flie would repeat that at- 
 il'tif she had tho opimrtuiilty ; and when 
 (i why she put trust In a standard 
 Ith hud been consecrated by magical 
 lations, and why sho carried it at tho 
 miitlon of Charles, sho replied that slie 
 ited uot in tho standard but lu tho 
 mo Being whoso imago it bore, and 
 tbo person wlio had shi red tho danger 
 Ics's enterprise had a just right also 
 e Its glory. Tho horrors of solitary 
 Inement, and repeated exposure to tho 
 Its and insults cf her persecutors, at 
 li bruko down tven tho lino proud 
 
 spirit of Joan ; and In order to put an end 
 to so much torture, sho at length confessed 
 that what sho had been in tlie liaMt of mis- 
 taking for visions from lieaveu,mii-t needs 
 lie mere Illusions, as they were condemned 
 liy the church ; and sho jiromlsed that sho 
 W(juld no longer allow them to influence 
 her mind. This confession temporarily 
 saved her Justus she was about to be de- 
 livered over to the secular arm ; and, instead 
 of being tortliwlth senteiieed to tlie stake, 
 she was sentenced to tlie coiiipai'atlv<'iy 
 mild, though still shamefully unjust, luinlsh- 
 ment of periK^tual Imprisonment, with uo 
 other diet than bread and water. 
 
 Uere, at ail events, ono might have sup- 
 posed that the cruel rago of Joan's enemies 
 would have stopped, lint even now that 
 she was a captive, and wholly powerless to 
 Injure them, her enemies were not satiated. 
 Judging, Willi a malignant iiigeiiulty, tliat 
 tlie ordinary halilllments of lier sex, to 
 which since her capture sho had constantly 
 been conlliied, were less agreeablo to her 
 than the malo and martial attire in whidi 
 slio had achieved so many woiidi'is and ex- 
 torted so niiii'li lioniage, they cimsed a suit 
 of nialo attli'i^ and aptiroprlate arnmur to 
 1)0 placed wltiiiii her reach. As had been 
 aiitici|inted, so many associations were 
 awakened In her mind by this dress, that 
 tho temptation to put it on wa.s nulte Irre- 
 sistible. As soon as sho had donned t lie 
 dress her enemies rushed in upon her; tliis 
 mere and very liariii less vanity was Int'r- 
 jireted Into a relapse Into heresy, and sho 
 was delivered over to tho llaiucs In tho 
 market-place of Itouen, though tho sole 
 crime she had committed was that sho jiad 
 loved her country, and served It. 
 
 A. I). 14a2. — The lirutal injustice Inflicted 
 uiioiiawoinan wliom Uienoiiler delusions of 
 Ureece and Homo would have delflcd and 
 worshipped, by no means produced tho 
 striking beiielU to the Knglish cause that 
 had been anticipated. Tlie cause of Oliarles 
 was from rational retlection dally becoming 
 more popular, and the crm ity of the Kng- 
 lish served ratiier to cortlriu tlian to di- 
 minish tliat tendency ; rdiilo ii series of 
 successes on the pan of tho French followed 
 as a matter of cour^ e. 
 
 Tho death of the diichessof Bedford very 
 much weakened tho httmhiuent of her 
 brother, the du'.o of IJurgundy, both to 
 Uedford personally and In general to Iho 
 Knglish cause ; and the coolness which fol- 
 lowed this event was still farther Increased 
 when Bedfop' very shortly afterwards es- 
 poused Jaciiuellno of Luxembourg. I'hilip, 
 not without reason, complained that there 
 WHS a want of decent regard to his sister's 
 memory exhibited In so hasty a contract of 
 a new marriage, and that a personal alTront 
 was offered to himself by this matrimonial 
 alliance without any intimatlou of it being 
 given to him. 
 
 Sensible how serious an Injury tho con- 
 tinued coolness between these princes must 
 inUict upon tho Knglish cause, the cardinal 
 of Winchester offered himself as a mediator 
 between them, and a meeting was appoint- 
 ed at .St. Omer's. Both Bedford and Bur- 
 gundy went to that town, which was In thi 
 
 11 
 
 f 
 
 
262 
 
 C^t WttKiwrj uC Witoxut ^r. 
 
 doiiiliilon* o( )lio Intter, niul licdfortl vx- 
 pfcU'd timt, fii ho lind Hum fur waved itl- 
 qiuitt(>, tliH diiku of Ilm-KUiidy would imy 
 hliti tlio llrrtt vinit. I'lilllp d(.'clliu<d Uoliitf 
 ■oj anduiion tliN Idlo idccc (if iiieru c«'r»<- 
 nionytlicy bntli, wltlimitiiHlnnloliitcrvliw, 
 Ifft atowii to which tlii'y hotli profeHni-d to 
 liavo Koiio with thn poIc Intent of intoting 
 and bcroniing rcroni'llrd. Mo Krunt in tlio 
 effect of Idle riiKtoiii ui)QU ovi'U tho wUo 
 and the powerful I 
 
 ThU nuw rnuHo of dlnrontent to the d''.ko 
 of liurKundy Iwippciied thu mora untow.ud- 
 ly, liocauNt' ItKii'iitly tended to conflrin lihn 
 In liU Incllnutlon to n reconrlllatlon wl'li 
 kInK ClmrlH^. Tlinl prlncu nnd UIh frlttn Is 
 liiul ninduiill poi^HlltltMipiiloKy to the duko 
 on account (if llio murder of the late duko 
 Ills fdtlur; nnd an adusire for the reveuffo 
 of that murder hud been I'hillp'ri chief rea- 
 Hoii for nllyluK hluuelf with Kiivland, the 
 more tliat reason liecauie dlinlnlKhttd, the 
 more lUirKuudy Inclined to rcllcctupon thu 
 Impolicy of hlMnldltiK to place foes and fo- 
 reigners upon thu throne whh'h, falling In 
 tho elder French braucUcs, might Ucdcund 
 to his own posterity. 
 
 A.i). 143.V— Tlu'so rcllectlonH, nnd tho con- 
 stant urging of thu most eminent men 
 In Europe, Including his brothers-in-law, 
 tho duke of iiourbon nnd tho cnunt of 
 I nicliemont, HO far prevailed with UurKundy, 
 that ho consented to attend n cniigrcHS ap- 
 polntcd to meet ot Arrai*, at which It was 
 Iiropused that deputies from thu pope and 
 the council of Baslu should mediate be- 
 tween king Charles nnd tho KnglUh. The 
 duke of Hurgundy, the duke of Uourbon.the 
 count of Ulchemont,tho cardinal bishop of 
 Winchester, the bishops of Norwich nnd 
 Bt. David's, nnd the earls of SufTolk nnd Hun- 
 tingdon, with several other omlnttnt per- 
 sons, met accordingly nt Arras and had 
 conferences In the nbbey of St, Vnnst. On 
 the part of Kran(;c the ambassadors olfercd 
 tlu cession of Gulenne aiul Normnndy, not 
 In free sovereignty, but only as feudal tiefs ; 
 on the part of England, whose iirior claim 
 ts'as upon tho whole of France ns rightful 
 possession and free sovereignty, this offer 
 seemed BO small as to bu utterly un Wort by of 
 any detailed counter-offer ; and though the 
 mediators declared the original claim of 
 England preposterously unjust, the bishop 
 of Winchester and tho other Kngllsh au- 
 thorities departed without any detailed 
 explanation of their wishes, but obviously 
 dissatisfied nnd inclined to persevere in 
 their original design. The negotiation as 
 between France and England being thus 
 abruptly brought to an end, tho reconcilia- 
 tion of Charles and tho duke of Burgundy 
 nlone remained to be attempted by tho me- 
 diators. As the provocation originally 
 given to Burgundy was very great, and as 
 the present Importance of his fi'lendshlp to 
 Charles was confessedly of vast Importance, 
 80 were his demands uuraerousand weighty. 
 Besides several other considcrablo territo- 
 ries, Charles ceded all the towns of IMcardy 
 situated between tho Low Countries nnd 
 the Sonimo; all of which, as well as tho 
 
 {' u'opcr dominions of tho duke, were to bo 
 icld by him during his life, without his 
 
 either d. ng homnge or nwenrlng fcnity t,, 
 CImrlfH, who. In pledge of his slniTrlty i, 
 tho making of tliis treaty, milciimiy nlcn.,, 
 his subjects from all nlleglnnco id ij, 
 ihould ho ever violate it. """I 
 
 Willing to break with Knglntid wiiiiaiij 
 duo regard to tho externals ofclvlliiy ti,, I 
 duke of Burgumly sent n herald tn linu'in,,! 
 to notify nnd apologiso fur this tnitv 
 which was directly opposed tn iimt ,',/| 
 Troycs, of which he bail so long Ik.,.,, ,1 'I 
 z«nlous and powerful defender. IHh n,,',, I 
 monger was very coldly listened In liynnj 
 English coiuiell, nnd pointedly Insiiltia hyl 
 hnving lodgings nsslgned to him ii, i{,if 
 house of a mean triulesnian. 'I'lie pnimianj 
 too, were encouraged to Insult tin' Milli'tiJ 
 of I'hiilp who chanced to be vUltlnu 
 resident In London; nnd, witli iln' imij 
 brutal willingnessof tho mob toslinwiii, 
 hatred of foreigners, they In soinc (.;|,,,j 
 carried their violence to the extent < 
 murder. 
 
 This conduct was ns inipollllc ns it irrj 
 disgraceful, for It not only sliarpcneiiri 
 lip's new /(!al for France, but also fiinii. 
 ed him with that iileawhlcli he i^oi'iini.ii. 
 only for the world but also fur liis 'i«i 
 consdenco, for his Hiidden nnd rdiniiittf 
 nliiuulonment of his alliance with tliuKiJ 
 lish. Almost at the »'anie time time Kii] 
 land was deprived of the powerful sujtiJ 
 of Burgundy, slio exiierlencrd two ,,[\J 
 very heavy losses, the duke of Ucilforddyii 
 of disease a few days alter he had tlillnJ 
 of the treaty of Arras, and the cuiiil Aril 
 del dying of wounds received in n liait| 
 where he, with three thousand iiifii, w| 
 utterly defeated by XaintralUesut tlnjlic( 
 of only six liundred. 
 
 A.u. 14;iO.— As in private so Inpiililici 
 fairs, misfortunes ever come In slKial-i. ,iij 
 as England required tlie most active al 
 disinterested exertions on the pint (if ih^ 
 to wliom Bedford's death had left tlii' 
 rcctlon of affairs, the disseMslmis wiiij 
 had long existed between the liisli(i|ij 
 WIncliester and the duke of lilnucijl 
 grew so violent, that In their personal qiJ 
 rels the foreign Interests of the king a 
 kingdom seemed to be for tlie tlmcl 
 least, entirely lost sight of. A roKciit| 
 France was appointed, Indeed, ns surccs 
 to Bedford, in thu person of tiic duk^ 
 York, son of thitt earl of Caiiibridge 
 was executed early In the iirecedhiK rcll 
 but owing to tlio dissensions abuvu iii 
 tlont'd, his commission was left utiles 
 for seven months after his appolntiii] 
 and the English in France were, of con 
 during tluit long and critical perlnd vi| 
 ally left without a governor. Tlie fuj 
 qucnco, as might have been aiitlci|i;i 
 was, tliat wlien he at length was ciiabki 
 proceed to his post, Paris was lost; tliej 
 hablt:ints, who htul all along, even hy i 
 ford, been only with difllcidty previJ 
 from rising in favour of Charles, liuf 
 seized this favourable opportunity tudq 
 and lord WlUoughby, with tifteen luiiil 
 men, after a bravo attempt llrst to ircsl 
 the city and then to maintain thenisa 
 in the OastUle, was at length rediicef 
 such distress, that he wusglad to cupitd 
 
eiiBTrtiiV.— ?ft0«<e 0f ftniirntftfr.— IDciitj; Wh 2/53 
 
 l^,ipfrii)Uitloit to witliilriiw III* trciupR Intii 
 
 r l(«olvc(i that liU minify to Kiitrtand 
 lihiitilil II"' '"""* '"' without niitwiiril (li*- 
 I' ii.tnitliiiis, tlio (liikoi.f Miirgiinily riilnnl 
 I"! iiiiiiH'iiHO but hcti'MKf'iit'iiiin niul lll-dla- 
 llnilm'il iiriiiy In tlio Low tioniitrli'H, jiiid 
 
 1,1,1. iliiki) of Hiii'Kuiiily.wlioin lioclmlhMiKrd 
 ILri'iiwI" l'«'f'"''' <'«IhI» until tlio wi'iiMut 
 Ifiuld iicriult tlio EnglUli to fiicu lilm 
 
 Pirtljr from tlio cvidrnt trrror which 
 Uiiirt'ntcr'H hlRh tone Ktnirk Into tlio l'"lo- 
 u,KJ, Riid piirtly from tlio derldod 111-huc- 
 t..!«liloh ftttciided two or llirco imrtlnl 
 i,nil>t« which llurKiindy had iilrondy 
 k)!i'U|)nn CiihilH, tliiit iirinco, liiHtt'iid of 
 Jiiiiim for (iloucoHicr'H urrlval, ruUcd tlio 
 f ;i. mill ri'trcntt'd. 
 
 Vp. 1 140.- For llvo yrnrs tlio wnr was 
 Inilnccl to petty enttTprlgt's of HUrprli«liiK 
 Ltny^niid InkliiK niid ru-taklnK townx. 
 Ill though tlioHo enterprlHoa had none of 
 Lbrllliinioy of nioro rcKular and Hiintulii- 
 ywar, they woro to tho utnioitt doKroe 
 Ei(blcvuu8 to both tho rontcndInK part li'g 
 U tho unfortunate liihahltnntK. More 
 Mwas shod 111 thoso nniiiuioMS and Inde- 
 tire rencontres tlian would have Hunicod 
 tisCrcssy or an Aglncourt ; and tho con- 
 Tiul presence of nnincrouit niid ruthlegg 
 .ilers rcndcrod tho lumbandnian both un- 
 ,.;inil unwIllliiK to sow for that harvest 
 ill) It wna BO iniprohabto that ho would 
 lirlii'pt'rmlttcd to reap. To ourh a war- 
 tlxitli the contendinK partloi^ at length 
 JiWid tlienisclvca wllllntf to put an eiul, 
 da treaty waa coniiiieaced for that pur- 
 Krane«, aa before, offered to rede 
 Biandy, Gulcnno, and Calais to KiiKlaiid 
 lituJiil llefH ; EiiKlaiid, on tho other hand, 
 Tiindcd tho cession of all tho provinces 
 Lhhad onco been annexed to Kngland, 
 EidliiHtho flnal cession of Calais, wit h- 
 luiy feudal burthen or observances 
 iicver. Tho treaty was consoiiuently 
 bill off, and tho war was still carried on 
 [ksBiiio petty but destructive manner ; 
 la truce was made as between Kng- 
 Iiinil tho duke of BurKundy. 
 Jura long time after tho battle of Agln- 
 rt, England had possessed a great nd- 
 uucln all affairs with France, from tho 
 jUvlty of tho royal princes, llvo In iiuni- 
 fwho were made jtrlsoncrs at that bat- 
 ] Death had now very materially dlml- 
 _ tills advantage, only the duko of 
 us surviving out of tho whole live, 
 brtnce now offered tho large ransom 
 nyfour thousand nobles, and his pro- 
 -llko all publlo questions nt this pe- 
 >wa9 made matter of factious dispute 
 pecn the. partisans of the cardinal of 
 Jiester and those of the duke of Glou- 
 Tho latter urged tho rejection of 
 ttoposal of Orleans, on the ground that 
 |ite king had on lila death-bed advised 
 )ouo of tho French princes should 
 r account bo released, until his son 
 
 should hoof ago to govern tlio klngditiii In 
 III'* own pcrnon. The cardinal, on the other 
 hand, expatiated on the largcnesit of tho 
 <iffered raniioin, nnd drew tho Kttentlon of 
 lliu council to tho remarkable and unqiien- 
 llonable fact, that tho Huni offered wan, In 
 truth, very nearly equal to two-thlrdn of all 
 the extraordinary fujiplles which tho par- 
 llanieiit had grunted for tho publlo serrlco 
 during tho current Kcven years. To thiH 
 solid argument of pecuniary matter-of-fact 
 he added tho plauslblo argument of specu- 
 lation, that the liberation of OrltianM, far 
 from being advantageous to tho French 
 cause, would lie of direct and signal Injury 
 to lt,by fllvliig to tlio French malcontent)*, 
 whom Chiirles already had much dlltlculty 
 In keeping down, an ambltloua and proniU 
 neiit as well as capable leader. 
 
 Tho arguments of tlio cardinal certainly 
 seem to deserve more weight than tho 
 wishes of a deceased king, who, however 
 politic, could when giving hla advice havo 
 formed no notion of tlu! nnnierous changen 
 of circumstances whl''li had since taken 
 place, and which, iii(i.->t probably, would 
 have caused hliu very considerably to mo- 
 dify his opinion. It was, however, less to 
 tlio superiority of his advlco than to his 
 superiority of Influence, that tho cardinal 
 gained his point, and that tho duke of Or- 
 leans was released after a captivity of llve- 
 ond-twen'y years, tho duko of Burgundy 
 Kcnerously assisting liliu la tho payment of 
 Ills very heavy ransom. 
 
 A.D. 144-1.— However acquired, tho Influ- 
 ence of the cardinal was unquestionably 
 well mid wisely exerted In the affair abovo 
 described ; and he now, thoughwlth less per- 
 fect success, exerted It to a still more Impor- 
 tant end. lie had long encouraged every at- 
 tempt at ]ieace-niaklng between France and 
 Kngland, and lie now urged upon tho coun- 
 cil tho utter Iniposslblllty of a completo 
 comiuest of France, and tho great dlfllculty 
 of even maintaining the existing Kngllsh 
 power there while Normandy was In disor- 
 der, tho French king dally gaining some ad- 
 vantage, and the English parliament so In- 
 curably reluctant to grant supplies. Ho 
 urged that it wimid bo far better to make 
 jicaco n4)w than when somo new advantage 
 should make tho French king still more un- 
 yielding and exacting In his humour; and 
 Ills arguments, based alike upon huinano 
 motives and facts which lay upon tho very 
 surface, prevailed with tho council. Tho 
 duke of Gloucester, Indeed, accustomed to 
 consider Franco the natural battle-ground 
 and certain conquest of England, opposed 
 tho paclflc views of the cardinal with all 
 the violence arising from such haughty 
 prepossessions increased by hla fixed ha- 
 tred of witnessing tho triumph of any pro- 
 posal made by the cardinal.' Tho latter, 
 however, was too completely in the ascend- 
 ant to allow Gloucester's opposition to bo 
 of any avail, and the earl of Suffolk was 
 sent to Tours with proposals for peace. 
 The pretensions of the two parties were 
 still too wide asunder to admit of a perma- 
 nent peace being concluded ; but as the earl 
 of Suffolk was in earnest, and as the dreadful 
 state to which most of Charles's territories 
 
254 
 
 €fit ^vtKinvs at I^Wtoru, &f. 
 
 were reduced by tlio long roiitlmied war 
 made some respite of great iiniiortanco to 
 his subjects, as well as to liis more perso- 
 nal Interests, It was easily agreed that a 
 truce should take place for twenty-two 
 months, each party as to territory remain- 
 ing as It then was. 
 
 As Ho'iry of England bad now reached 
 the mati.ro age of twenty-three, this truce 
 ailordeii the English ministers opportunity 
 and leisure to look around among the 
 neighbouringprincesses for asnital)lc queen 
 for him. To all the usual diftlculties of 
 Buch cases a serious one was added by the 
 extremely simple, weak, and passive nature 
 of Henry. Without talent and without 
 energy, it was clear to everyone that this 
 prince would reign well or ill, exactly as ho 
 fell under tho influence of a princess of 
 good or bad disposition. Easily attached, 
 he was as easily governed tlirough his 
 attachments ; and each faction was conse- 
 fjuontly possessed with tho double anxiety 
 <if marryi?ig him well, as to itself In tho 
 first place and as to tho nation in tho 
 next. The first princess proposed was a 
 daughter of the count of Amiagnac ; but 
 as she was proposed by tho duke of Glou- 
 cester, the predominant faction of the car- 
 dinal at once r jccted her, and proposed 
 Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Kegnier, 
 the titular king of Sicily, Naples, and Jeru- 
 salem, whose real wordly possessions, how- 
 ever, were in exactly inverse ratio to his 
 magniflcent and sounding titles. 
 
 Margaret of Anjou, notwithstanding her 
 poverty, had personal qualities independent 
 of licr beauty, which made her Indeed a pro- 
 mising queen for a prince who, like the 
 weak and almost childish Henry, required 
 not a burthen but a support in the person 
 of his wife. She had great and, for that 
 age, very highly cultivated talents, and her 
 courage, sagacity, and love of enterprise 
 were such as are seldom found even in the 
 other sex. Her own high (luallties and the 
 strong advocacy of the cardinal caused Mar- 
 garet to be selected, in spite of all opposi- 
 tion on the part of the duke of Gloucester ; 
 and Suffolk was entrusted with the business 
 of negotiating the marriage. In this im- 
 I)ortaiit negotiation Suffolk proved that his 
 party had by )io means overrated either his 
 tact or his zeal. Notwithstanding the high 
 personal qualities of Jlargaret, it could not 
 oe concealed that she was the daughter of 
 a liousc far too poor to offer any dowry to 
 such a monarch as the king of England ; 
 and yet Suffolk, desirous to prepossess the 
 future queen to the utinost in favour of 
 himself and his party, overlooking .alto- 
 gether the poverty f roni whicli the princess 
 wa.s to be raised by her m.irriage, consented 
 to the insertion of a secret article in the 
 treaty, by which the province of Maine was 
 ceded to her uncle, Charles of Anjou, prime 
 minister and favourite of the king of 
 Prance, who had previously made Charles 
 the grant of that province— only the grant 
 was conditional upon the wresting of the 
 province from the English who at present 
 possessed it. 
 
 Had any member of the Gloucester fac- 
 tion been guilty of this Impudently politic 
 
 nnd dexterous sacrifice of his conntry's in 
 tercst, ho would undoubtedly have been Ira" 
 peached and ruined for his pains ; but it l« 
 most probable that Suffolk had In socrol 
 the concurrence of the cardhial, for tho 
 treaty was received in England ami rntificd 
 as though it had secured soiuo vast tcrri- 
 torlal advantage ; and Suffolk wns urit „„i^ 
 created first a marquis and t lion a duko hA 
 also honoured with the formal thank's nf 
 parliament for the ability he had disiijavoii 
 
 As the cardinal and his party had ciilcii- 
 lated, Margaret as soon as she came to 
 England fell into <!ose and cordial connec- 
 tion with them, >l gave so much Incrcusa 
 and solid suppori to the already overgrown 
 though hitherto well exerted, authority of 
 ■Winchester himself, th.at he now deemed it 
 safe to attempt what he had long Gesired 
 the utter ruin of the duke of.GlouceistCT ' 
 
 A.D. 1447.— Tho malignity with wiiicii' 
 tho cardlniil's party hated the duke of 
 Gloucester abundantly shows itself in tliol 
 treatment which, to wound him in his teiiJ 
 derest affections, they had already bestoweil 
 upon his duchess. She was accused of tiu 
 impossible, but at that time univovsallj 
 credited, crime of witi'hcraft, and of hav 
 ing, in conjunction with sir Roger Boliii;.; 
 broke and Margery Jord.an, melted a iUwn 
 of the king before a slow fire, with magii'i 
 incantations Intended to cause his natiu;. 
 body to consume away simultaneously ffitj 
 his waxen efflgy. Upon this prei)()st(?iMii( 
 charge the duchess and her alleK'edoun 
 federates were found guilty; andslicw; 
 condemned publicly to do penance, lier lei 
 illustrious fellow-sufferers being cxceutod 
 
 The duke of Gloucester, though noted fo 
 his hasty temper .and pride, was yet very ii( 
 pular on account of his candour and giinis 
 humanity ; and this shameful treatment < 
 his I'uchess, though committed upon whs 
 we may term the popular charge of wite; 
 craft, was very ill taken by the people, v\ 
 plainly avowed their sympathy with tl 
 sufferer and their indignation against hi 
 persecutors. 
 
 The popular feeling for once wai5 w 
 founded as well as humane; but as t 
 cardinal's party feared that this sy 
 pathy might soon shape itself into dei 
 it was now resolved to put tho niifc 
 tunato duke beyond the power of doii 
 or causing mischief. A parliament w( 
 accordingly summoned to meet ; and, 
 the popularity of the duke in I.ondi 
 should cause any obfitruction to tin 
 signs of his enemies, the place of mectii 
 was St. Edmund's Bury. The duke arrivi 
 there without any suspicion of the in 
 chief that was in store for him, and w 
 immediately accused before the p.irliaiw 
 of high treason. Upon this cliarse lie v 
 committed to prison, and shortly :ifl 
 wards was found there dead in his lied, 
 is true that iiis body was publicly cxiwsj 
 and that no marks of violence could lie 
 tected; but the same thing liad otcur 
 in the cases of Thomas of Woodstork, di 
 of Gloucester, Kichard the Second, 
 Edward the Second, yet does any mi 
 of sane mind doubt that they were in 
 dered? Or can any such reader doubt tl 
 
dPitfllantf.— ?|a«)ie of U^mxtsitev.—V^mvv! ^3E. 255 
 
 rjTuiifortunato princo waa murdered, 
 I'Jao liis enemies fearing that Ills public 
 ilie'cutlon, though the servility of the par- 
 liament would have surely sanctioned it, 
 I miriit 1)0 dangerous to their own interests ? 
 I The death of tho duko did not prevent cer- 
 Itiitt of hi? suite, who were accused of 
 Itielii? accomplices of his alleged treasons, 
 jLinljelngtrled, condemned, and partially 
 leiecuted. Wo say partially executed, be- 
 iffluse these unhappy men, who were or- 
 ISreil to bo hanged and quartered, were 
 lictually hanged, preparatory to the more 
 llnital part of the sentence being executed ; 
 I lilt just as they were cut down and the 
 laccutloiicrs preparing to perform their 
 Iwrc revolting task, orders arrived for that 
 (art of tlic sentence to bo remitted, and 
 tigical means to be taken for the resuscl- 
 tjtloiiof the victims. And this was actually 
 
 Tlie unhappy prince who thus fell a vlc- 
 tiBito tlio raging ambition of the cardinal's 
 Mfty was a scholar and a man of intellect, 
 Jr superior to the rude age in which he 
 (ted, Sif Thomas More gives a striking 
 lliough whimsical instance of his acuto- 
 lesiof judgment. The duko while riding 
 liot one day chanced upon a crowd which 
 y gathered round an Impostor, who al- 
 W that he, having been blind from his 
 Krtb, had just then obtained his sight by 
 Leliiiig tho then famous shrine of St. 
 [ban's. The duke, whoso learning en- 
 ileil him to SCO througli and to despise 
 It monkisli Impostures which found such 
 idy acceptance with tho multitude, high 
 veil as low, condescended to ask this 
 (TfJit several questions, and, by w.iy of 
 itiiig his story, desired him to name tho 
 lours of tho cloaks of tho bystanders. 
 It perceiving the trap that was laid for 
 ,tUo fellow answered with all the qrllb 
 iracy of a clothier commending his 
 ■es, when tho duko replied, ' You are a 
 7 knave, man, had you been born blind, 
 I'ngha miraclo had given you sight, it 
 a not thus early have taught you aecu- 
 ly to distlngu.ih l)etweon colours," and, 
 iiig away, he gave orders that the Ha- 
 lt impostor should bo set in tho nearest 
 (lis as an example. 
 
 It was generally considered tliat the 
 
 n, whose masculine nature liad already 
 
 m her great weight in the dominaiit 
 
 iy.lmd at least tacitly consented to the 
 
 lerof thounfortnnate Gloucester. This 
 
 ibahle supposition had Cftused her consi- 
 
 ible unpopularity, and a circumstance 
 
 occurred by which tho ill opinion of tho 
 
 iple wa«" much aggravated. It would 
 
 that t..,.tarticleof Margaret's marriage 
 
 leinent which ceded Maine to her uncle 
 
 kept secret during tho life of the duko 
 
 Gloucester, to whose opposition to the 
 
 ' iml's party it would of necessity have 
 
 n additional weight. But the court of 
 
 fo now became so urgent for its im- 
 
 ate performance, that king Henry was 
 
 iced by Margaret and tho ministers to 
 
 atch an autograpii ordcrto thegovcrnor 
 
 fens, the capital of that province, to 
 
 up that place to Charles of Anjou. 
 
 governor, Sir Francis Surlenne, strong- 
 
 ly interested in keeping his post, and pro- 
 bably forming a shrewd judgemetit of tho 
 manner in whlcii the king had been Induced 
 to make such an order, flatly refused to obey 
 it, and a French army was forthwith led to 
 the siege of tlie place by the celebrated 
 Dunols. Even then Surlenne ventured lo 
 hold out, but being wholly left without suc- 
 cour from Normandy, where the duke of 
 Somerset had forces, he was at length 
 obliged to capitulate, and to give up not 
 only Mans but tho whole province, which 
 thus inglorlously was transferred from 
 England to Charles of Anjou. 
 
 A.D. 1418. —The ill eltocts of the dis- 
 graceful secret article did not stop here. 
 Surlenne, on being suJIered to depart from 
 Mans, had two thousand five hundred men 
 with him, whom he led into Normandy, na- 
 turally expecting to be attached to tho 
 force of the duko of Somerset. But the 
 duke, straitened in means, and therefore 
 unwilling to have so largo an addition to 
 the multitude that already depended upon 
 him, and being, besides, of the cardinal's 
 faction, .and therefore angry at the disobe- 
 dience of Surlenne to the orders of tho 
 king, would not receive him. Thus sud- 
 denly and entirely thrown on his own re- 
 sources, Surlenne, acting on the maxims 
 common to the soldleiy of liis time, re- 
 solved to make war upon his own account ; 
 and as either tho king of England or the 
 king of Franco would be too potent and 
 dangerous a foe, he resolved to attack tho 
 duko of Brittany. He accordingly marched 
 his daring .-^nd destitute band into that 
 country, ravaged it In every direction, pos- 
 sessed himself of the town of Kougeres, 
 and repaired, for his defence, the dilapida- 
 ted fortresses of Poutorsou and St. Jacques 
 de Beavron. Tho duke of Brittany natu- 
 rally appealed for redress to his liege lord, 
 tlie king of Franco ; and Charles, gljul of ai- 
 opportunity to fasten a plausible quarroi 
 upon England, paid no attention to Somer- 
 set's disavowal alike of connection wl'li 
 the adventurer Sourienne and contr oul over 
 his actions, but demanded compensation 
 for tlie duke of Brittany, and put the grant- 
 ing of that compensation wholly out of tho 
 (luestiim by fixing it at tho preposterously 
 large amount of one million six hundred 
 cro'.vns. 
 
 A.D. 14'19.— Payment of this sum waa, in 
 truth, the very last thing that Charles 
 would liavo desired. Ho had most ably 
 employed himself during the truce for a re- 
 newal of war at its expiration, as soon as 
 fortune should favour him with an advan- 
 tageous opening. AVhile he had been thus 
 employed, England had been daily growing 
 weaker ; faction dividing the court and 
 government, and poverty and suffering ren- 
 dering tho people more and more indilferenfc 
 to foreign wars and conquests, however 
 brilliant. Tinder such circumstances Charlea 
 gladly seized upon the wrong done to tho 
 duke of Brittany by a private adventurer 
 as an excuse for invading Normandy, which 
 ho suddenly entered on four different points 
 wlUias many well-appointed nrinles, under 
 the command, respectively, of Charles in 
 person, the duko of Brittany, tho duko of 
 
 r 
 
^ 
 
 256 
 
 €i)t Crta^urt) at W^tox^y ^f* 
 
 AleuQoii, ami the count of Dunois. So 
 sudden was tlie irruption of Charles, and so 
 completely unprepared were the Norman 
 garrisons to resist him, that the French had 
 only to appear before a place to cause Its 
 fiurrendcr ; and they at once, and at the 
 mere expense of marching, obtained pos- 
 session of Vemeull, Noyent, Chateau Gall- 
 lard, Ponteau do Mer, Glsors, Nantes, 
 Vernon, Argontau, Llsieux, Fecamp, Cou- 
 tances, Beleslne, and Pont de L'Archc, an 
 extent of territory which had cost the En- 
 glish Incalculable expense of both blood and 
 treasure. 
 
 Thus suddenly and formidably beset, the 
 duke of Somerset, governor of Normandy, 
 found 1t utterly useless co endeavour to 
 check the enemy In the fleld ; so far from 
 t)eing able to raise even one numerous 
 array for that purpose, his force was too 
 scanty even to supply sufficient garrisons ; 
 and yet, scanty as It was, far too numerous 
 for his still more limited means of subsist- 
 ing it. He conseauently threw himself 
 with such force as ho could Immedlsttcly 
 command into Rouen, hoping that he miglit 
 maintain liimself there until assistance 
 could be sent to him from England. But 
 Charles allowed no time for the arrival of 
 Buch aid, but presented himself with an 
 army of fifty thousand men at the very 
 gates of Rouen. The inhabitants, already 
 disaffected to the English, now became 
 driven to desperation by their dread of the 
 Beverlties of the French, and tumultuously 
 demanded that Somerset should instantly 
 capitulate in order to save thorn. Thus as- 
 sailed within as well as from without, Ko- 
 mersct led his troops Into the castle, but 
 finding it untenable ho was at length 
 obliged to yield it, and to purchase permis- 
 sion to retire to Harlleur by surrendering 
 Arijues, Tancarville, Honfleur, and several 
 other places in higher Normandy ; agreeing 
 to pay the sum of flf ty-six thousand crowns, 
 and delivcringhostagesforhisfaltliful per- 
 formance of the articles. Among the host- 
 ages was the earl of Shrewsbury, the ablest 
 Knglish general in France ; and he was 
 now condemned to detention, and to in- 
 activity at the very moment when his ser- 
 vices were the most needed, by the positive 
 refusal of the governor of Honfleur to give 
 up that place at the order of Somerset. 
 lIonRcur also gave a refusal, but, after a 
 Huiirt defence l)y sir Thomas Curson, w.ts 
 at length compelled to open its gates to the 
 French under Dunois. 
 
 Succour at length arrived frotn England, 
 but only to the very Insuniricnt number of 
 four thousand men, who soon after they 
 l.indcd were completely defeated at Four- 
 mlgni by the count of Clermont. Somer- 
 set, who had retired to Caen in hope of \ 
 aid, had now no choice but to surrender ; 
 Filial se was giveii up In rxchanrsc for the 
 liberty of the carl of Shrewsbury ; and just 
 one year after Charles's first Irruption Into 
 Normandy the very last possession of the 
 English in that province, the important 
 town of Cherbourg, was surrendered. 
 
 In Gulenne the like rapid i rogress was 
 made by the French under Dunois, who 
 euoouutered but Uttlo difficulty even from 
 
 the strongest towns, his artillery being of « 
 very superior description. Bordeaux ami 
 Dayonne made a bravo attempt at lioldjn™ 
 out, but no assistance being sent to tliein 
 from England, they also were compelled to I 
 submit; and the wliole province of Guieimo 
 was thus reunited to France after it iiaii 
 been held and battled for by the Engligi, 
 for three Inmdrcd years. A faint r^tton 
 was subsequently made. Indeed, to recover 
 Guicnne, but it was so faint that it utterly 
 failed, and war between England anj 
 Franco ceased as if by their mutual cnn. I 
 sent, and without any formal treaty oil 
 peace or even trues. ' 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 TIte lieign of Henuy VI. (concUideir). 
 
 A.D. 1450.— The affairs of England iv^roi 
 as threatening at home as they were dij. 
 astrous abroad. The court and the minis. 
 terlal factions gave rise to a thousand di J 
 orders among the people, besides Imliltu. 
 a. iiig them to the complacent antlclpatiur 
 of disorders still more extreme and general 
 Hiid it was now only too well known tliai 
 the king, by whom both factions nii(;hi 
 otherwise have been kept in awe, wasthi 
 mere and unresisting tool of those bi 
 whom he chanced to be surrounded. T( 
 add to the general distress, the cessation o| 
 the war in France, or, to speak ni 
 plainly, the Ignominious expulsion of i 
 English from that country, had filled Fm 
 land with hordes of able and needy niei 
 accustomed to war, and ready, for the me 
 p.Tke of plunder, to follow any banner ai 
 support any cause. Andacauseforllieci 
 war which these needy desperadoes so 
 dcntly desired soon appenred in the iiritoi 
 sions to the crown put forw.ardby Uiclia 
 duke of York. Descended by his nintlii 
 from the only daughter of the duke of u 
 rence,seco?i(/ son of Edward IH,, lliediii 
 claimed to stand bci iro king Hciiiy, ii; 
 was descended fron lie duke of I.ancasti 
 the thirdsiin of Edward III. ; and liis c'al 
 being thus cogent, nnd ho beluR a lirai 
 and capable miin, immensely rich andc. 
 neried with numerous noble families, 
 eluding themost potent of them ali.iliu 
 the earl of Westmoreland, whose daui-'hl 
 he had married, he could not fall o U 
 most formidable opi.onent to so weal; a 
 incapable a king as Henrj-; and tlie A 
 increasing disorders, sufferings, and 
 contents of the nation,promised ere Imi 
 afford him all the opportunity he eoukl 
 (lulrc of pressing Lis clalmwitli advant; 
 Though parliament and the peojile 
 large were unwilling to make any .s.ienfli 
 for the defence of the foreign interest 
 the nation, and could not or would not 
 derstand that much more exertion and 
 pense are often necessary to preserve ti 
 to make conquests, they were not a jo* 
 less enraged at the losses in Franee.wh! 
 though they mainly originated In tlie 
 sion of Maine to Cliarles of Anjou, - 
 consummated through the rigid parsiim 
 which withheld supplies and reinfol 
 ments when they were actually indis 
 sable. The cesslou of Maiuo to Chniki 
 
-r --_=i_:::i:__w«Mse at , 
 
 Uiijou, coupled with hiTflirTT" 
 
 (rtions m that prlnco's ,ut"p'l„^i^ """vo ex- 
 ile English people that thpir ^''"'""''i'^"' 
 their enemy at heart and twf l"^'?'! was 
 in the English couuclMvX^U\%'''"uonce 
 
 theEnglis'i disgrace and "os/i''.' '''*"«'' '^f 
 Urtlsans of the duke of York h.fif''?''^ "'" 
 solves in pi-eparlug to kimfi„ "^ '^'^ "'phi- 
 and already the n,u?do? of g1 ml*'.'^" ^^^r ; 
 10 e avenged upon its authr 4''^.'' .'''■'^'^^■■'» 
 In l,ic hitterness whicli ^^ i^., ' 1*" merely 
 kiol the people; but i^thn''. ^° "'«'"'- 
 Lrageous authority of tijp,«nJi°*^ °^ "le 
 
 M daily grevfC,der'a."i'?li'^'-«and the 
 Hi lironounced with tiVn ^l* "'*"'e that 
 ,0.4 intense liato was .,M.f "P^"*' ''"kI 
 loTCver the People nl-i'v °h ^'"^"1^. 
 wues of their time a id com. f "'°, '^ema- 
 (dto clamour against fim'"'^^'' '^emis- 
 rtiin and an im, omn^./'Tat. it is a 
 *g3 and affect og-'^'f t*"^""' that the 
 tidcdly aristocratic. As fL^'?°l"o ■"•0 
 nistcr of the uiipo,,,!^- 4'° favourite 
 
 dexterously unpa ■ nf' ^ '^''''''''^' "« 
 :o oblige ],cr ' ai rof . ,fl'' ^.'»'-^''i''o>- 
 IMiic and as the man '"I England 
 
 4r of fJlon CCS er^ r^W" about th^ 
 Hrennistaii CCS /, ™,''' ^^'0"''l under 
 .tliis detestation Was 1.^;',' ■ "'-''"^tcd ■ 
 fe very like insanity bv'^'' """ ^ome- 
 inliioh was const ,?flvL"""^""SHIera- 
 ,in"Wo, so PoCrf, ' ,.rf?i-'-'''fe'. that 
 Eiinleriiig the nafinnv i '"^ could aid 
 
 roi.tim,f;.tioUfc :ii^l!?";''".™'"r. 
 
 sprlncess who so late -w .1 '"^ ^'"'""r 
 [i,was a mere no e of • !." ^/'•■■"'Kor 
 
 'er This considcratio, i? ^"'■'•'''•"^'o 
 ""tferness to everr J^ ^'■■■'*' t'lnt 
 nin,!,. against him'a^'^T- "'•■''' ^^■'•^ 
 
 iMns.-duotafew tlVi.^ I ."■'^ '' was 
 
 -'^"-<MvhicL^li';:Sl'^i^;?i;;«^ 
 
 J'o contended, that /n^ '^"^ scandalous 
 c hargo him with fre^cheT '^'","'^ ^S 
 
 -w^ed hy^hi|r?l%^-w,.. a^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 -.-'aaS'"^ Sr ^^'^ ^"^ ''oncluct 
 ''ours that were curre,?fL°'"*' '" "'e ru- 
 
 "iemselves now t ,f J "^ ^'''" > £»tl feeliiia 
 and bound o do so }hn '"'"' cl^allengeS 
 peers a charge of hici. rr^^ ^''"^ "1' to the 
 
 s'sted that ho bn,? ^"nimary :-«ti ly !„' 
 f.!;^,?c '," '"^'''di"^nat'5f, ""^^'<^nch 
 r ice in order to deS n^!. '. '^" '*™ed 
 
 ?'»''efe;ie^''?--^''^^^Z^' 
 f"o only daughter of "A'"''^/" Margare ' 
 
 j™.rcj, ,„ .nS™S" "",«'«»o' tSii 
 
 r 
 
 br 11 • '"Jiu- 
 
 F"'<lwith thedanySn" ''^^ 
 
 t orown. Which r' used ? u'"^' "^'"'"•J- 
 Wf^ti'd to a thous ,, ' ' "/'"'"« to 
 Jfc'wwas continual v'y * f tortious. 
 h«K d;u;x,Iing i , '^ ,^.y'''''"F '"ore 
 |.i"<lebted to the <■ or ,ni"''"'l^'' "'o 
 r.ivas virtually b- Li ";^ '-''tent of 
 fcruvisionsforS-ovn.i "'''^' ""d tlio 
 y >>y arbitrary piv'!!l'"^'^'''<''d «-ere 
 
 !j';i^?SKi;^^^f'-i"-hich 
 
 |™al attack by't eZn-*" ^"'^''^ 
 |flanicnt. j)y rlsinir^,, 1? ""!'"« J'o"w 
 iiiduiudly CO .,,.?(,;. ^"•' '''•■^••c in (ho 
 Itot were^ permi ted"*^. "V"« ''•■'"'"- 
 Pl'iini.afterhe a.iin //', '"' "ttered 
 
 J heso Clinr .«, 
 
 «o'>'te an< seif-;o.'cK 'ff "^' '"''^"t^d by arc- 
 
 1::;,^, ^:> »dd, that t'Ch hu V.;^ """^ caro 
 a lit '■'■■,s,„i ,vhy lie KhoMi, , '1^^ an excel- 
 ;!;'^1-.. nujpuilislunm'lt v ,"" '"'""''» 
 
 U 1,,,„,.;„|, ,„,"'„';''■' 1 " ll«<l lllKlft 
 
 ;f""Mi™, 111 w irt ;; s,'<"<i"-i "cc.ni 
 
 ci II dolus,, Sii(I„.|; ;,",;« 'imiy olhiT 
 
268 
 
 W)t CrwSurK ai Wiiovut ^c. 
 
 the crown, wit' embezzling tho public 
 money, and wltii conferring offices upon 
 Improiicr persons, and improperly using 
 Ills Influenco to defc'it the due execution of 
 tlie laws. 
 
 Tho court now becamo alarmed at tlio 
 evident determination of tlio commniis to 
 follow up tlio proceedings against Sulfollt 
 with rigour, iiud an extraordinary expedient 
 was hit upon for the purpose of saving liini 
 from t'lo worrt. The peers, both spiritual 
 and temporal, were summoned to the l<lng'3 
 presence, and Sullollj being then produced 
 denied the charges made against him, Init 
 submitted to tho king's mercy; wlien tl'O 
 king pronounced that tlie first charge was 
 imtrue, and that as to (lie second, Suffollc, 
 having submitted to mercy, should be l)a- 
 nlshed for Ave years. This expedient was 
 far too transparent to deceive tho enemies 
 cf Suffolk, who clearly saw that It was 
 merely Intended to send )ilm out of tho way 
 until the danger was past, and then t.) re- 
 call him and restore him to r.utliorlty. IJut 
 their hatred was too intonso to allow of their 
 being thus easily batliod in their purpose; 
 and they hired tho captain of a vessel and 
 some of his fellows, who surprised Suffolk 
 near Dover, as ho was making for France, 
 beheaded him, and threw his bodj- into the 
 sea. 
 
 Greatly as Suffolk had been favoured 
 by queen Margaret, It was no^ deemed ex- 
 pedient to tako any stops f„> bring his 
 murderers to justice, lest In tho enquiry 
 more should be discovered than would con- 
 sist with the possibility of the queen and 
 tho house of commons keeping up any 
 longer even the simulation of civility and 
 g-^od feeling. 
 
 Though the duke of York was In Ireland 
 during the whole of the proceedings against 
 Suffolk, and therefore could not dlrocily be 
 connected with tliom, Margaret and her 
 friends did not the loss suspect htm of cvl! 
 designs agahist tiicm, and were ))y no means 
 blind to Ills aspiring views to the crown; 
 nor did they fall to connect him with an in- 
 surrection which just now brolcc out under 
 the direction of one Cade. This man, wlio 
 was a native of Ireland, l)ut whose crimes 
 had obliged him for a considerable time to 
 And shelter in France, possessed great re- 
 solution and no small share of a rude but 
 sliowy ability, well calculated to Impose 
 upon thoi-.ultltude. lleturnhigto England 
 just as ihe popular discontent was at its 
 highest, he took the name of John Morti- 
 mer, wishing himself to be taken for a son 
 of sir John Mortimer, who very early in the 
 present reign had been sentenced to death 
 by tho parliament, upon an Indictment of 
 high treason, wholly unsupported by par- 
 liament, and most Iniquitousiy, on tlie jiart 
 of Gloucester and Bedford, allowed to be 
 executed. Taking up tho popular outcry 
 against tlie queen and minlfitur, this Cude 
 sot himself up as a redresricrof grievances ; 
 and partly from his own plausible talents, 
 i)ut cliietly from the charm of the very popu- 
 lar name he had assumed, he speedily found 
 liimself at the head of upwards of twenty- 
 thousandmeii. ImagiDing that a, very small. 
 torco would sufllcc to put do^vn what was 
 
 considered but a vulgpr riot, the court sent 
 sir Humphrey St"fford with a mere handful 
 of men upon that errand ; but sir Iluinpiircy 
 was attacked by Cado near Seveuoaks hia 
 little force cut up or scattered, and hlniseu II 
 slain. Kmboldened by this succe ig, Cadr I 
 now marched his disorderly band towanlj f 
 London and encamped upon Biackhca 
 whence he sent a list of obvious grievauces 
 of which ho demanded tho correction ; i,ut I 
 solenmlyprotested that iic and his followers I 
 would lay down their arms and disperse I 
 tho nioiucnt tlieso grievances should u'l 
 remedied, and lord Say, the treasurer, am I 
 Croi ler, the sheriff of Kent, against l«itij,'i( I 
 who. 1 he had a malignant feeling, sliuuij 
 1)C condlgnly punished for sundry luahcr- 
 satlons with which ho strongly charecj 
 tliem. Confining his demands within tiiese 
 bounds, and taking care to prevent Iilsw 
 lows from plundering Londou,wb '. iico liorw 
 gularly withdrew them at ni -»: ." 'II, ho \\J 
 looked upouAvith no animosu. ,,it least,!)' 
 the generality ol men, who knew that man' 
 of the grievances he spoke of really existti 
 But when tho council, seeing that thei 
 was at least a passive feeling infavourol 
 Cade, withdrew with the king to Koui 
 worth, in Warwickshire, Cado so far U 
 sight o'l his professed moderation as tof 
 lord Say and Cromer to death without evei 
 the form of a trial. As soon as he hiidilu 
 set the ex.ample of Illegal violence he ijj 
 all his previous coutroul over theniob.w 
 now conducted themselves so inf^'i'ioiiii 
 towards tho citizens of London, that the] 
 aided by a party of soldiers sent by lo; 
 Scales, governor of tho Tower, re'slsti 
 them, and the rebels were complotely 
 feated with very great slaughter. This 
 verc repulse so far lowered the spirits 
 the Kentish mob, that they gladly reiiri 
 to their homes on receiving a imrdoi; jrc 
 the archbishop of Canterbury, who i, 
 filled tho olHco of chancellor. As soon 
 It couiu safely be done, this iiardun 
 pronounced to bo null and void, noon 
 ground that it had been extorted liyv: 
 lence; many of the rebels were seizcda 
 executed, and Cado himself, upon ivhi 
 head a reward was sot, was killed byag 
 tloman named Arden, while cndcavo 
 to conceal himself in Sussex. 
 
 Many circumstances concurred tn 
 the court to suspect that this revolt 
 been nrivatelv set on foot by tho duki 
 York, to facilitate his own designaupon 
 crown ; and as ho was nov/ returning ft 
 Ireland, they Imagined that he was at 
 to follow up tho experiment, ai'd acci 
 ingly Issued an order, In the naiiieuf 
 Imbecile Henry, to oppose his rctiiri 
 Knglaiid. But the duko, who was far, 
 wary to hasten his measures in tho wuj 
 enemies anticipated, converted all 
 fears and precautions Into ridicule, hy 
 ly landing with no other attendants 
 Ills ordinary retinue. But as tliofom 
 his enemies had caused them to betray 
 real feelings towards him, he nowiT'i 
 to proceed at least ouo step toward: 
 ultlm.'itc designs. Hitherto lils titloi 
 been spoken of by Ids friends onl 
 whispers among themselves, but Lc 
 
 ed 
 
(SngTautr.— ?[?0Ui?c al anncniSttr.— |[K»ri' 5^2. ^^sy 
 
 authorised them openly to urge It at all raddition to his force, he was nstoundca to 
 tlmc3 niid in nil places. find the Rates fast closed aga;ast him. 
 
 Tlii3 partisans of the rolgning king and 
 
 1 London, tli'|';.H«l 
 
 ,ln 
 
 of the aspiring duke of York, respectively, 
 had each very plausible arguments; and 
 though men's minds were pretty equally 
 (llvlded as to their respective claims, tlic 
 superiority Avhieh York had as to the fa- 
 vour of powerful noblemen seemed to bo 
 more than counterbalanced by the posses- 
 flon, hy the royal party, not only of all au- 
 iliority of the laws, hut also of that ' towei' 
 of strength,' 'Iho king's name.' On the 
 ,ijc of the crown, besides the advantages 
 [o'vhk'h wo liavo already aiUulcd, there 
 wcc raiiged tlio carl of Nortliumlicrland 
 and the carl of 'Westmoreland, and these 
 i^onoldes carried with them all the power 
 aiidlnlliicnce of the northern counties of 
 England; and besides these tvo great men, 
 tlio crown could reckon upon the diiko of 
 Somerset and his brother i. ". dnko of 
 Eseter, the duke of IJuckinghain, the earl 
 cJ Shrewsbury, the lords ClilEord, Scales, 
 mvcriior of tlie Tower, Audley, and a long 
 M of noliies of less note. 
 ' A-D. lir)!.— The party of the duko of 
 iTork was scarcely less strong ; but so far 
 I'ld arts and literature begun to show their 
 •ivlIl?liiP elTects, that instead of instantly 
 cidllereely flying to arms, tlie hostile par- 
 ies seeiiied inclined to struggle rather ))y 
 ittthiia force. Tiie duUe of York was the 
 lorc inclined to this plan, because he Ima- 
 Incd he had power enough in the parlla- 
 icnt to deprive tho weak Henry o* the 
 ■oscnce and support of his friends; in 
 liich case he would have but little dllll- 
 ilty in causing the succession to be al- 
 lod hv law, or even In inducing Henry to 
 <lir,ite a throne which he was obviously 
 id lamentably unfit to fill. 
 ivvr Mill the parliament which now met 
 fclto Clin firm York's hopes; tbe tirst step 
 iloiil'V the house of commons was to jie- 
 ilou the king to dismiss from about ills 
 ii'on the duke of Somerset, the duchess 
 iSulIolk, tlie bishop of Chester, lord Dud- 
 Vaiiil sir John Sutton, and to forbid them 
 lauv pretence to approach within twelve 
 i!o?'(iC the court. Tho king agreed to 
 jfiiih 111! named, save the lords, for a whole 
 Er, unless, as the answer written for him 
 vi-ii-'nillcantly said, he should need their 
 iii'es in the suiipre^jsion of rebellion, 
 llfarlher to show Ills sense of the tem- 
 jtotthe lower house, the king -or rather 
 tfrlcnas—refused to consent to a bill of 
 Wi'-H' against the late duke of Sulfolk, 
 g!i it had passed through all the iiar- 
 Leutary stages. 
 
 llB. H.V-'— The mere demojistralion thus 
 
 Jjebythe house of commons.even though 
 
 fcad lu-oved but partially succesi ul, was 
 
 Iclentto cucourago the duko to more 
 
 li) advances, and ho Issued a proclama- 
 
 fi'cnianding a thorough reform of the 
 
 fcnunent, and especially the removal of 
 
 Idukf! of Somerset from all otllco and 
 
 llority ; and he then marched upon Lon- 
 
 fwltn an army of ten thousand men. 
 
 ■tly popular as ho knew lilmself to be 
 
 Icudon, where ho counted upon an .af- 
 
 Uonato wclcomo and a considerable 
 
 Scarcely knoning how to act imder such 
 unexpected and untoward circumstances, 
 he retreated Into Kent, whither he was 
 closely pursued by the king at the head of 
 a far superior army. In tho king's suite 
 were Salisbuiy, Warwick, and many more 
 fast friends ov tho duke of York, who pro- 
 bably thus attended tho king in hope of 
 serving York as mediators, or even, should 
 an action take place, turning tho fortune 
 of tho day by suddenly leading their forces 
 to his side. A parley ensued, and Somer- 
 set was ordered Into arrest to await a par- 
 liamentary trial, and York, whom the court 
 did not as yet daro to assail, was ordered to 
 confine himself to his secluded house ut 
 WIgmore in Herefordshire. 
 
 Cool and circumspect as ho was resolute, 
 Hie duko of York lived quietly in this re- 
 tirement for some time, but was at length 
 called from it by tho torrent oi popular in- 
 dignation against tlie ministers, -.vhich fol- 
 lowed a new and utterly abortive attempt 
 to recoiiiiuer (iascony; In wliicli attempt, 
 besides a vast number of men, tlie Kiigllsh 
 lost tiieir deservedly beiovei. general, tho 
 earl of Shrewslmry, who foil In battl'; at tho 
 age of more than eiglity years. This event, 
 and the iiueen giving birth to a son, which 
 did away with tho liope great numbers had 
 eiiterfained tliat York might wait and suc- 
 ceed to Henry quietly and as next heir, 
 urged tlie Yorkists beyond all farther power 
 of their chief to control them; and Henry 
 being, by an Illness, now rendered too com- 
 liletely imbecile even to appear to rule, tho 
 (lueeii and her council were obliged to yield 
 to flic tort-ent of popular feeling, and they 
 consented to send Somerset; to tho Tower 
 —he being now hated even more than Suf- 
 folk lifid formerly been— and to appoint tlic 
 duke of York lieutenant of tho kir.gdom. 
 Tlie friends of the duko of York might, 
 naturally enougli, desire to see hlin in a 
 situation BO favouriible to his and their 
 ultimate views ; but the duke's conduct 
 wliolly disappointed any expectations they 
 niigiit have formed of decisive measures on 
 his part, as he fairly and moder .tely exerted 
 the proper authority of Lis office, and no 
 more. 
 
 A.D. 1455.— Margaret and her friends, 
 howc ■ i:^ well pleased to profit by tho duke's 
 moderation, showed no Intention of Imi- 
 tating It. On the contrary, the king reco- 
 vering sufllciently to be again put forward 
 in public as if acting from his own free 
 will, was made to annul the appointment 
 of York, to releaso Somerset from tho 
 Tower, and give him back all his former 
 power. Even the moderation of York was 
 no longer able to avoid open extremities, 
 as it was clear, from the hasty annulling of 
 his commission, that ho was not safe from 
 being, by some artful device, brought into 
 difficulty for having ever consented to acr 
 cept it. But even now, though ho called 
 his forces about him and pirtccd himself at 
 their head, he made no claim to tho crown, 
 out limited his demands to p reformation 
 of tho government aud dismissal of the ol>- 
 noxlous ministry. 
 
 [ 
 
i'i 
 
 260 
 
 tSfft CCreajjurtJ of ?^t)8tori», &c. 
 
 The liostllo forces met near St. All)anV, 
 and in tho battle whicli ciisuetl the York- 
 ists gained the rlrtory, their enemies losing 
 5,000 men, iunluding the detested Somerset, 
 the earl of Northumberland, tlie earl of 
 Btuflord, eldest son of tlio duke of ButkinK- 
 hani, the lord Clifford, and many oilier 
 leading men of tlie party. The prisoners, 
 too, were numerous, and, chief of all, the 
 king was among tlioni. His own utter Im- 
 becility and the mild temper of the duke of 
 York saved the unfortunate Henry from all 
 annoyance. The duke showed him every 
 Dossil lie respect and tenderness ; aad though 
 he availed himself of his good fortune to 
 exert all the kingly authority, while still 
 leaving unclaimed tho empty title of king, 
 Henry was little iMclined to quarrel with 
 an nrrangement which sa^od In'in from 
 wliat ho most of all dctcs'-cd, exertion and 
 trouble. 
 
 The moderate or timid policy of tlic duke 
 of York, and the s)p|rit and ability with 
 which Margaret kept togetlicr lier w vik- 
 cned party, prevented fiirtlier blood^hrd 
 fora time, even after this battle had Cmhi- 
 nienced the dread war of ' the rises; ' in 
 wliicli, licsldes iiiinimeralile skirnishes, 
 twelve pitciied battles wtie fought upon 
 Knglish ground, and wlildi for thirty long 
 years divided families, desolated the land, 
 niid cause* a loss of life of which some 
 notion may be formed from the simple fact 
 that .among the slain were no fewer than 
 eighty princes of the blood ! The parlia- 
 ment, seeing tlio disinclination of the duke 
 vt York to grasp the sceptre wliicli seemed 
 Bi ne.-xrly within his reach, shaped Its pro- 
 ceedings accordingly ; and while, by grant- 
 ing an indemnity to tho Yorkists and re- 
 storing tlie duke to his oHlce nf lieutenant 
 or protector of tlio kingdom, they renewed 
 their oath of allegiance to the iniconsclous 
 ind imbecile kiiii-', they limited York's ap- 
 .lointment totlietime wiien tlieking's son, 
 who was now maiU; prince of Wales, should 
 attain his majoilfy. This par'iament also 
 did good serviio by revoking ali the im- 
 politic and extensive grants which liail 
 been made sln.'e the death of the late king, 
 and which were so extensive tlial they liail 
 m.aiiily caiisi'd tiie excessive poverty into 
 which tlKuTown liad fallen. 
 
 A.H. ll.")0.— Margaret was of too stern 
 and eager a nature to neglect any of the 
 opportunities of strengthening lier party 
 which were aff(jrde(l by the singiilar mode- 
 ration or indecision of York, Tlie king 
 having a tei orary lucid interval— for his 
 real disease \,.is a sort of Idiotcy— she took 
 advantage of the duke's absjuce to parade 
 her unfortunate and passive husband be- 
 fore the iiarliamunt, and to make ill m de- 
 clare his inteiithjn of resuming liis anllio- 
 rlty. Uncxipected as tins jiroposal was, 
 York's friends were wholly unprepared with 
 any reason.able argument ag.aliist it ; aiKl, 
 Indeed, many of them, Iteing sulferersfrom 
 the recent resumption of the crown grants, 
 were greatly disgusted with their leader on 
 that account. The king was accordingly 
 pronounced in possession of Jiis prfpper 
 •uthority ; and York, constant to ids mode- 
 rate or temporising polity, laid Uowu Liu , 
 
 onico without a Btrugglo or even a com 
 plaint. 
 
 A.i). 1157.— The king, or rather Margavof 
 being thus again In full possession of powof' 
 tlie court went to pass a season atCJovciitrv' ' 
 where York and the earls of Warwick aiKi 
 Salisbury were Invited to visit the kinu ' 
 They were so unsusiiiclous of the real nini ' 
 live of this invitation that tliey rwidiij 
 accepted it, and were actually on tlicroali 
 when tlicy were informed of Margarrf. 
 intention certainly to seize upon their m. 
 sons and, not improbably, to put tlicni to 
 de.atli. On receiving tills startling Inttiii. 
 gence the friends separated, to nrepare fir 
 an open defence against tlie open violeno,. 
 which, it seemed probable, Margaret \rn\i\i 
 resort to on Hndliig her treachery iu. 
 covered and disappointed ; York retirimr 
 to AVlgmore, Salisbury to Ills nobin j.iarc 
 at MIddleham In Yorkshire, and Warwick 
 to Calais, of which lie had been made !>•). 
 vernor after tlie battle of St. Allian's, aiij 
 wlilch was especially valuable to tliu Yurk. 
 ist c.iusc. Inasmuch as it contained tlio fiiiiy 
 regular military body which Englaiul ilmi 
 supported. Kven now York was ikh ii;. 
 dined to pniceed to extremities ; ami as 
 Jl.-.rgaret on her part was doubtful as to, 
 the sulllcieiicy of liermilltdrystniiirtli.niiii 
 wellawareof theverygreatextem to\vl;i,' 
 the popular sympathies were eiilisii'I d 
 the side or York, a pause ensued, of winv- 
 Hourchier, archblshf.p of York and sin: 
 otiier sincere lovers of their count ry.ava; 
 ed tlieiiiseives, to attempt a mediation ' 
 wliidi the people might be spared tln' riii, 
 ous and revolting horrors of civil war. 
 A.I). 115«. — Tlio humane endcavmir 
 these personages so far succeeded, tliP! t!i 
 leaders (;f both parties .igreed to iinvt ii 
 London for a solemn and public recdiicilii 
 tion : iHit tho very manner of their iikiI 
 Ing, notwltlistan''.liig tli<> avowed pari 
 of it, was sufllcient to have conviiicul 
 accurate observers of thelittlereliaiicotiii 
 could be placed upon the friendly fitHi! 
 of eltlur party. Hoth came nuiiiirnii. 
 attended, and both kept their aiioiiilaiii 
 m :ir them, and in the same do.-o wan 
 and serrleil distribution as would ij, 
 served in hostile armies em'".;:;;..,; up 
 the same ground at evening, prcii.into 
 for the bloodshed and tho struggle of 
 morrow. 
 
 TlKuigh this mutual jealousy and <!n 
 augured but ill for the periuaiicnccii 
 ■ friendship declared umkr sui'li ciii'ij 
 I stances, the terms between tlio oppu! 
 I jiarties were arranged without iiunh Jl 
 I ciilty and wholly without strife ; anu 
 . hollow peace having been fully ;irniu 
 the parties went in solemn processioi 
 St. ruurs,tliattlieirunion might becvidi 
 I to tlie iieopie;York gallantly Icailing 
 I the hand Iiis truculent and iinplacalil 
 I my Margaret, and eacli of the coupltv 
 j followed them In the procession In 
 composed of a leading man of the oii»i 
 parties respectively. 
 
 A.I). 1159.— Tlie peace thus patrlio 
 was of exactly the frail tenure that in: 
 have been anticipated. Thetrlvlalacci 
 of a retainer of tho carl oX Warwick in 
 
 1 
 
 i«o,— iiaviut 
 jralfons,.n„d beli 
 f''fi«'« friend." 
 
 W lOly upoM a CO 
 
— ll 
 
 eVL'U a com 
 
 (jPttfiTanir.— |^0Mj*e af 3tanc«iJtfr.— ^«»vji WJi* 261 
 
 i.f 
 
 iealousv nml < 
 h,e penuaurun 
 lumUT P»i-l> """ 
 
 IwiiUout iiiuiii ai 
 
 lout 6triff ; 'uw 
 
 Veen fully ^trm 
 
 lolomn l'r'\"'^f';^| 
 llonuilKhtbeoudl 
 
 zallimily iL'^' l'^ 
 
 , and iniplacii lie 
 
 L of tlio CdUi'U's 
 
 Imau of the m'l"" 
 
 liisuUed led to a general brawl, swords were 
 irnwiii tlio light became serious, and tlio 
 royal party being tl>e inorenumsrous, War- 
 wick only caved Ills own llfu by flying to 
 Calftls- This originally petty affair put an 
 oiid tn peace ; both parties took off their 
 iiia«ks ; everywhere the din of preparation 
 ^'a<t lipard, and it became evident even to 
 tl|o«e wh'- most desired peace for tlicir 
 oiiuntr;', that a civil war was now wholly 
 Inevlta'blo. 
 The earl of Sallsburj having raised a con- 
 tlJerrtl'le force, was making hasty marches 
 to form a junction with the duke of York, 
 when lie was overtaken at Ulnre heath. In 
 gtaJtordsliIre, by a much larger party of 
 tlic royalists under the lord Audley. Salls- 
 tury's numerical Inferiority was fully com- 
 pensated by his superiority of judgement. 
 ^0 reach him the royalists had to descend 
 iftoep bank and cross a stream. Salisbury 
 faiised his men to retreat as if alarmed at 
 iliefr enemies' numbers ; and Audiey, fall- 
 liiirlnlo the snare, gave his vanguard tlic 
 wril to chargennd led them In full pursuit. 
 As tin: vanguard reached the Flile ot the 
 rivulet, Saliiibury suddenly faced about, 
 Hid having only to ileiil with a body Inferior 
 Wilis own, put It completely to the rout, 
 llie remaining body of the royalists, In- 
 fteadof hastening over to support their 
 fdiiirades, betaking themselves to llight in 
 IjoihI earliest. 
 York's post WHS at Ludlow, In Shropshire, 
 iij tlilther Salisbury now ninrehed his 
 •mips, whoso spirits were helghfened and 
 iiitlrmed by tlielr victory. Soon after his 
 rival York received a now accession to bis 
 iiimliers, theoarl of Warwick joining liim 
 iili a body of veterans from the garrison 
 ll Calais. York was naturally deliglitcd 
 iih this accession of dloclpllned mev, 
 ho, under ordinary circumstances, nr.ist 
 s«ii'ily have been of immense iniport- 
 ifc; hut their Commander, sir Andrew 
 lidne, turned their presence Into a ea- 
 ityinsteadof an advantage to thcduke's 
 ac. The royal army arrived In siiilit of 
 le Vorkists, and a general action wa^ to 
 e place on the morrow, when sir An- 
 V, under rover of the night, basely led 
 veterans ove ■ to the king. Th(; mere 
 9 of ,1 large anc ;M«clpllned body of men 
 10 least nilschi'f this treachery did to 
 irK. It spread a perfect panic of siispl- 
 in and dlsnuiy 'hrough the camp ; the 
 lenders couM iio longer rely upon each 
 ir's good faith ; liopo and conlldeneo 
 l.aml the Yorkists determined to sepa- 
 (and await some VMre favourable state 
 tilings before putting their cause tc the 
 Id of a pitched battle. The duke of York 
 red to Ireland, where he was universally 
 ved, and Wa.'wlck returned to Calais, 
 re lie was from time to time joined by 
 reinforcements; York's friends who 
 lined In Knglantl continuing to recruit 
 iiim as zealously as though his cause 
 sustained no check from the recent 
 
 Ico thus patclif^ 
 111 tenure thatiuj 
 VThetrivlalumJ 
 Irl ol Warwick ui 
 
 H80,— Having trotnpleted his own 
 
 larat ions, and belnn satisfied from the 
 
 Bees of Jils friends in Kngland that he 
 
 ■lit rely upon a considerable rising of 
 
 the people in hla favour, Warwick now 
 galled from Calais with a largo andwell- 
 eaulpped army, and, after capturing somo 
 of the royal vessels at sea, landed in safety 
 on the coast of Kent, accompanied by tho 
 earl of March, tho eldest sou of the duko 
 of York, and tho earl of Salisbury ; and on 
 his road to London lie was joined by tho 
 archbishop of Canterbury, lord Cobliam, 
 and other powerful nobles and gentlemen. 
 
 The city of London eagerly opened Its 
 gates to Warwick, whose numbers dally In- 
 creased so much, that he was able with 
 confldcneo to advance to Nortlianipton to 
 meet the royal army. The battle com- 
 menced fnrlouisly on both sides, but was 
 speedily decided. The royalists who liad 
 lately been beiic.nted by treason were now 
 snfferersfroni ii ; the lord (?rey of Kutliln, 
 who had the command of its vanguard, 
 leading the whole 'if his troops over to tho 
 Yorkists. A universal panic spread through 
 tl'.e royalists by this base treachery, and 
 the battle liecaiiie a rout. The slaughter 
 aitumg the nidiliity was treiucudous, and 
 included the duke of Buckingham, the cnrl 
 of Shrewsbury, lord Hgreinont, sir William 
 l.ucie, and many othergallantolTlcors. Tho 
 loss of the coni:iiou soldiery on tho royal 
 side was comparatively trilling ; tho earl of 
 Warwick and hl.s colleagues directing tho 
 Yorkists, both in the battleand Inthechnse, 
 to spare tli(^ scddiery, but to give no quarter 
 among 'he leaders. 
 
 The uiiliappy Henry, who was far more 
 fit for tlieiiuiet seclusion of some well-or- 
 dered country abode, w.as by tho compul- 
 sion of his imperious wife a -spectator of 
 this battle, and w,as taken prisoner; but 
 both polieyand good feeling led (he Yorkist 
 leaders to show every respect and kindness 
 to one whose greatest misfortune was bis 
 being a king, and whose greatest fault was 
 a disease of the brain ; whose patient and 
 simple bearing, moreover, had won him tho 
 tender pity of hi? people. 
 
 Warwick marched with hisroy.al captlvo 
 to Jjondon, where the duko of York sborlly 
 afterwards arrived from Ireland, and a par- 
 liament was summoned in the king's nanio 
 to meet ;it Westminster on the 7th of Oc- 
 tober. The real or affected scruples ot 
 York were now wholly at an end, and he 
 had determined to bring forward for the 
 llrst time an open and positive claim to the 
 throne. But even now he would only do 
 so thraugh tho medium of a farco which 
 oiui cannot read of without feeling some- 
 thinglike contetrpt for him, in spite of flio 
 remarkable ability of his general ctrnduct. 
 Though tho arclibishopof Canterbury knew 
 the intentions of Y'ork fully as well as tho 
 duke hiiiiselt know them, that prelate on 
 seeing him enter the house of U)rd8 and 
 advance towards tho throne, asked lilm 
 III a low tone, whether he had as yet paid 
 his resjiects to the king; iiiid York au- 
 sw(>red— as the jirelatowell knew that ho 
 was to answer— that he knew of no one to 
 whom he owed the respect due to that title. 
 How two grave nu>n could unblushiugly 
 perform this scene of needles- mockery, or 
 how they could perform It unchecked by 
 the indignant imd contemptuous laughter 
 
 m 
 
 '<ii 
 
 i 
 
 ■fr\ 
 
■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 202 
 
 ^lit ^veniwxi} at KJtiltorj), &^c- 
 
 of their follow peers, it really la not easy to 
 ImnKlno. 
 
 ITavingby this ridiculous scene made all 
 the preparation that lio could dcalrc, the 
 duke placed himself closo to the throne, 
 and addressed a lonK speerh to the peers In 
 advocacy of hlaown vlRhtto the throne, and 
 In coniiuont upon the treason and cruelty 
 hy which tho house of Lancaster had usurp- 
 ed and kept possession of It. So unneces- 
 sary was tho farce with which tho duke had 
 thought fit to preface this statement, so 
 well prepared were at least tho majority of 
 tho peers present to hear It, that they pro- 
 ceeded to take tho subject Into considera- 
 tion as coolly as tlieir descendants of tho 
 present day would resolve themselves into 
 a committee fiu- tho consideration ul a 
 turnpike bill. Tho d iko rrol)al)ly -was not 
 very well pleased with the exces;t of this 
 coolness ; for the spot upon which ho had 
 placed himself and his hearing through- 
 out tho scene go to show, that lio expected 
 that the peers would by acclamation place 
 him upon tho throne against which ho 
 leaned. 
 
 Tho lords having Invited the Icadiaj? 
 members of the lower house to aid them 
 in tho Investigation of the claim of the 
 duke of York, objections wore made to. it, 
 grounded on former parliamentary srttle- 
 meuts of the succession, and upon tlic fact 
 that the duke, who had always liornc the 
 arms of York, now claimed tlimuxli the 
 house of Ciart'nco ; but to both tlicsc (ili- 
 jpctions tlio iluUe's frloiuls reiilioil by al- 
 ICKlng tho prcvalllnir iiowcr and grtat ty- 
 ranny of the I-auciVBtrians ; and tho peers, 
 whom this reply satisfltvl— as, no doubt, 
 had been duly agreed upon long before 
 they met in the house- proceeded to do- 
 termine that tlie til'iO of the duke of Vv ik 
 was Kyond doubt junt and indefeasilile, 
 but that in consideration of Henry bavliii^ 
 worn the crown during thirty-eight vear.-, 
 he should continue to do \.) duriuK the re- 
 mainder of his life, tho duke .acting (luring 
 that time as regent. The lords further dc- 
 ternilr.ed that the duke shouKl succeed to 
 the throne at Henry's decease ; that any 
 attempts upon his life should bo equally 
 treason with attempts on the life of tlie 
 king; and that this new settlement of tlie 
 crown should be final, and utterly abrogate 
 and annul the settlement made previously. 
 The duko was well contented with this 
 moderate settlement of the question; the 
 weak-minded and captive king had of 
 course no power to oppose It; and this 
 transfer of the settlement was agreed to 
 by the whole p.arl lament with less excite- 
 ment than a trivial jiarty question has 
 often caused since. 
 
 Invested with tlio regency, and also hav- 
 ing the king's person in his power, Yurk 
 was now king In all but name : but he too 
 well understood tho amlaeious and alile 
 spirit of queen Margaret, to deem himself 
 penuancntly in possession as long as she 
 remained in tho kingdom and at liberty. 
 Anxious to gev, her Into his power, that ho 
 might either imprison or banish her, he 
 sent her. In the name of her husband, a 
 sunnnons to join him in I.oiulon. IJut 
 
 Margaret, who wa» busy raising force, i,, 
 Scotland and tho north of England, hy i,,^. 
 lulalng to tho bravest and most turbulent 
 men In thoso parts tho spoiling of all (ho 
 country nortli of tho Trent, Instead of ciiin 
 plying with this summons, unlurlid iii,i 
 royal standard, ond, showing lierselt at ijni 
 head of twenty thousand men, piciiinvii 
 to flght yet another battle against Vorii i,, 
 despite of disadvantageous fortmie. wik,. 
 ther from sonio unaccoun table want of 
 judgement on tho part of tho duke, or from 
 the excecdingjiopularity of Margaret (iinnui/ 
 tho inhabitanla of the north, causing ||{|^ 
 to bo wantonly misled as to her resources 
 the duko with only live thousand men innrciil 
 ed against Margaret's army, as tlioiiKli ho I 
 had merely to put down an ordinary i\-\{,\i 
 of an undisciplined handful of mm. a 
 fatal error, from whatever causo it .iio^'l 
 Tho duko had already led lilslitt'i nvmj aa I 
 far as Wakeneld, In Yorkshire, beforu iio 
 discovered his error just in time to tlmny I 
 himself into Sandal castle, In tliat neigh.l 
 bourhood; and even now ho mlglit linvoj 
 been safe had lio not been guilty of a.-,..' 
 cond error, for which no one but liinivitl 
 could possibly ho blamed. Uo was uivall 
 by the earl of Salisbury and the vt»t of iiiol 
 friends wiio accompanied him, to ki'ep tiu-jol 
 \\;thintho castle until his son, tlie eaihitl 
 A! arch, could arrive from tho buiUers f,(l 
 Wa'.'s, where he was levying troop;;, nnjl 
 tlius, when ho had something like an e.|iiiJ 
 lily as to numbers, to deseend into ihjf 
 plai.i and give tho queen battle. Tlil.< 1 1 
 dent couneil the duko with Inconcciviiliid 
 folly rejected, upon the ridiculous plea tli:i| 
 he should be for ever disgraced as a«oWii.J 
 wi're ho to remain shut up wltliln a fni 
 tress because threatened by a wuni™ 
 Now tho duko must full well have kijuwij 
 that, spirited and sanguinary as JlarL-iuu 
 most u\ulonl)tedly was, she was in mciHi 
 the \ioiulnal command of her army ; ili 
 sh(> was .lided by coTumanders of wiiui 
 talents It would bo no disgrace to lilnul 
 sliowhis respect ; and that,llnally,lip|-(iirci 
 outnumbered his in tho ovorwheliniiigiirl 
 portion of four to one. But the trutli wj 
 that tho duko hail more courage as a kiiig^ 
 than judgement as a commander ; and, 
 spite of all that could bo said by liis nj 
 and judicious friends, he obstinately \m 
 si.-ited in descending to tho nei^'li'iouiiii 
 plain and giving battle to tho (jueen. 
 might have been anlicip.ated, the roynlisl 
 availed themselves of their vast nuiiiorief 
 superiority, and at tho contmenremeiitj 
 the action detached a considerable liodyl 
 fall upon the rear of tho duke's force. Til 
 maii'Puvre h.astened tho event, wliicli \q 
 not doubtful even from tho coimiieiia 
 ment ; the Duke's army was totally voiita 
 and he himself was among tlie mimbirj 
 the slain. 
 
 That Margaret should choose to resist t| 
 duko was natural, even ai)art fnui ; 
 doubt she might have I'llt a* to tin sud 
 riority of his eiaim to tliai of ber luijbaiu 
 Imt her conduoi, after tho battle slio\ve| 
 depravei' and viralent fivliiig;, wli.^ 
 at onco unwomanly .and of evil augnryj 
 the people In tho event of her ever beif 
 
Islng fiivciv in 
 iiHlantl, by jno. 
 motit turlmlciit 
 Uing ol all tlio 
 liistpuddt com- 
 », uuturlcd llio 
 glicrbult lit tlin 
 
 lUCll, liVrliiiiid 
 
 a«iiiii8l York lii 
 fovtuno. AVhe- 
 ntii1)lo want of 
 10 duke, or from 
 MargureUiiuiiii; 
 til, cauBliiK liim 
 ,0 licr iTjourtej, 
 .sfimlnu'um.iri'h. 
 ly, a« tlimiKli ho 
 1 ordinary ri.'volt 
 Ifiil of mtn. A 
 ■ cause It ar(i>el 
 hisll-tl'* nnuyaa 
 Lslilre, lieforo lio 
 In time to tliviiw 
 c, In tliati\t'iKh. 
 
 V ho llllKllt li:iVi) 
 
 3n KUlliy i>t asi'- 
 ouo but liimMlt 
 I. Uo was urui'il 
 lid tlio rot of tlioi 
 lilni.to kiHiiK'l.iio 
 l« 8011, tlio t'iirlot 
 111 tlio lioriUrs 1.(1 
 vyintT troop.s ;iiij| 
 .lilliK liko an t'4in. 
 desi'Oiid into tin. 
 battle. Tills Mil. 
 flth incnnceiv 
 •IdU'ulous I'Ica tliiil 
 ijjcraced a!< a soUk- 
 t up within a fo: 
 led hy a \vom;ii 
 well have ktiuwii 
 [ilnary as Miirmuej 
 sUo was 111 inticll 
 of her aniiy ; tli: 
 liiauders of wIm 
 llisgracc to him 
 at,tlualty,lior(oi( 
 jverwhcltniiigiiri 
 jut the trutli w: 
 ^ourago as a kuigl 
 Iniiiiiaiider ; and, 
 1)0 said by bis ro 
 lio ohi»tliiiitc'ly re| 
 the neiribb""'"' 
 to the (iiiiiMi. 
 lated, the rcjyalisl 
 ielr viist iiumt'rli 
 conuncnrciiieut 
 liiBiderablc body 
 duke's fon'o. TU 
 event, wliidi v 
 in the cnniiiiciii 
 wa« totally r(niti 
 Lg the munbcr 
 
 IchoodCto resist t] 
 111 aiart fr.iii " 
 Vclt a* to tlK sii! 
 T;ii of bn-buskiii 
 Jlio battle fU'iw 
 
 1 o£ evil aiwury 
 of her ever ber 
 
 ettfilAtitr.— I^otiiie of ^mitmittv—'^mv}} WJi, 203 
 
 Jrnily flxcd In power. The body of her il- 
 ittslrloua opponent, whoso triumph wouUl 
 Hvo been socuro some years before had ho 
 thosen to push lilspowerto extremity, was 
 found among the slain; and this dlsgust- 
 l„ff]y unfemlninequoen hiul tho head struck 
 • oltnnd afflxod to tho gate o^,york castle, n 
 Mper crown being first placed upon tho 
 Kli.i»tly head. In bitter and brutal mockery 
 of tlio duko'8 unsuccessful endeavours. 
 Margaret's brutal temper hi ems to have 
 iDllucnced her friends. The young earl of 
 Rutland, son of tho duke of York, and then 
 only seventeen years old, being taken prl- 
 (oncr and led Into tho presence of lord 
 Clifford, wai4 by that nobleman's own hand 
 put to death. This dastardly butchery of a 
 uicro boy Is accounted for by the historians 
 on tho ground of Clifford's own father liav- 
 Ini? perished In the battle of St. Albau's I 
 A«though that could have been any justl- 
 jotlon of his present butchery of a young 
 prince who nt tho time of that l)attlo was 
 liarely twelve years old I Another Illustri- 
 ous victim was the earl of Salisbury, who 
 loins; severely wounded was taken prisoner, 
 tarried to Pontefract, and there beheaded. 
 This battle was a terrible loss to the 
 Torklsts, upwards of three thousand of 
 nlwm perished, besides tho duke. That 
 [rinco was only fifty years of age when ho 
 fcll, and was reasonably looked upon by his 
 fariyas b( ' ■^g likely to bo their support and 
 oriiiiincnt for many years. IIo was sue- 
 (tcdcd in his title and pretensions by his 
 (Idest Fon, Kdward; besides whom lie left 
 two other sons, Qeorgo and Ulchard, and 
 three daughters, Anne, Elizabeth, and Mar- 
 laret. 
 
 i.D. 1481.— Immediately after this action 
 the able and active, though cruel, Mar- 
 pret marched with the main body of her 
 inuy against the earl of Warwick, who 
 ns left in command of the main body 
 {gl the Yorkists at London ; wlillo she 
 irat a detachment under Jasper Tudor, 
 Inrl of Pembroke, and half brother to her 
 infortunato husband, against Edward tho 
 IfW duke of York, whi) was still on tho 
 telsli border. The earl of Pembroke and 
 le duke of York mot at Mortimer's cross, 
 ||b Herefordshire, when the carl was com- 
 tcly routed with tho loss of nearly four 
 rasaiid men ; the remainder of his force 
 iliig scattered In all dlrectifuis, and he 
 isclf having no small difllculty in making 
 id Ills retreat. UIs father, sir Owen 
 idor, who accompanied him to this dlsas- 
 lus battle, was stili less fortunate. Ho 
 ! taken prisoner and led Into the prc- 
 ice of tlio duke of York, who Instantly 
 lered him to be beheaded. 
 Margaret was more fortunate than Pein- 
 oke. Sho encountered AYarwick at at, 
 [tail's, whither he had marched from 
 mdoii to meet her. Warwick's own force 
 13 large, and he was strongly reinforced 
 volunteers, the Londoners being for the 
 )st part Btauncli Yorkists. At the cora- 
 incpmcntof the battle Warwick oven had 
 advantage, but he was suddenly de- 
 tod by Lovelace, who commanded under 
 iiftndwho led the whole of his menover 
 tlic enemy. The couscqueuco was the 
 
 complete rout of tho Yorkists, two thou- 
 sand three hundred of whom perished on 
 the field. Many Yorkists also were taken 
 priHoiiers, as was the unhappy king, who 
 had tjccn taken to tho battle by Warwick, 
 and who. In falling again Into the power of 
 hlsquceii, could sc.reelyso properly bo said 
 to bo rest ued as to be taken prisoner. Un- 
 happy prince I Into whose hands soever 
 he might pass, the weakness :>f his mind 
 rendered him but the mere tool ond pre- 
 text of his possessors, who hurried him 
 hither and thither, now vexing his dull In- 
 tellect with tho subtle schemes of party, 
 and now startling his tame and timorous 
 spirit with tho bloody scenes and rado 
 alarms of war. 
 
 Margaret li< re gave a new proof of her 
 sanguinary temper Lord Bonvllle, who 
 had been entrusted with tho care of the 
 king's person during tho battle, was rather 
 agreeable to the weak i)rince, who, on tho 
 defeat of tho Yorkists, I)egged this noble- 
 man to remain, and assured him of pardon 
 and protection. But Margaret, as soon as 
 tho coiifuston of battle allowed her to inter- 
 fere, I rdcrcd hlui. to bo beheaded ; and a 
 simllai doom was Inllictcd upon BirThomaa 
 Kyrlel, who had greatly distinguished him- 
 self during the wars in France. 
 
 Before Margaret could turn tho victory 
 she thus abused to .my practical advantage, 
 the young duke of York rapidly approarhed 
 her ; and as she was sensible of her disad- 
 vantages In being between his army and 
 London, where he was so popular, she has 
 tlly retreated northward; while Edward, 
 whom she but narrowly avoided, and 
 w hose army was far more numerous than 
 hers, entered London In triumph, to tho 
 great delight of his iiarty. Finding his 
 cause so numerously supported hy tho Lon- 
 doners, and greatly elated by tho cordial 
 gratulations which they bestowed upon 
 him, which he doubtless owed fully asmuch 
 to his youth, the elegance of hU person, 
 and his kindly though courtly address, 
 lie determined to cast aside all tho hesita- 
 tion and delay which had proved so fatal 
 to his father, to assume tho throne In de- 
 spite of Ilenry's existence, and to maintain 
 his assumption by treating as traitors and 
 rebels all who should venture to oppose it. 
 As, however, ho w aa desirous of having .it 
 least tho appearance of the national con- 
 sent to his claims, and as the appealing to 
 parliament would he Infinitely too tedious 
 for his Impatience, and might even give 
 time for soruo fatal har to arise to his suc- 
 cess, ho assembled his ai'iny and a great 
 niultitudo of the Londoners In St. John's 
 Fields, where an artful and yet passionate 
 harangue was pronounced in vituperation 
 of the other faction, and in support of tiio 
 dtilms and In praise ol the high qualities 
 of Edward himself. Such an harangue as 
 this, delivered oeforo a meeting composed 
 exclusively of tho friends and partisans of 
 Edward, could not but elicit applause; and 
 when It was followed up by tho question 
 •which king they would have, Henry of 
 Lancaster or Edward of York,' who can be In 
 doubt aa to the reply with which the mul- 
 titude made tho very welkin ring } Edward 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 *'^ I 
 

 264 
 
 t^t €rtaiur\i at fDMtarj}, Set 
 
 duko of York liavinff tliua boon Imllcd by 
 •tlio people' as tliolr klii« imddr tlwi stylo 
 of KdwanJ IV., rcrtnln pocrs, prol "md 
 oflur Inllnnntlnl iirrsoiiiiiff's worr i"M ,i«- 
 Ri'tnblod lit Hftyiiard'H raHl.lc, who .ib- iicd 
 what thpy ohsthmti'ly nfTin-tcd to crdl ' the 
 pooplt's decision;' and Kdward IV. was 
 duly pioclalincd king on f ho 6th of Mnrrh, 
 thus putting a formal cud to tho relfrn 
 of tho '• ifortunato Ucnry, whoso Infancy 
 was gf' od with two crowiis, and hailed 
 by the loyal shouts of two nations, and 
 whoso maidiood had been only ono long 
 •cries of servitude In tho hands of avowe 
 enemies, or of friends whoso yoke wi. ■ 
 qulto an heavy, and perhaps even more 
 painful. 
 
 CHAI'TEU XXXIII. 
 
 Ttic Reign of Edwaud IV. 
 
 Tnoron Edward was now only In his 
 twentieth year, ho had already given proofs 
 of activity, courage, and a very determined 
 purpose ; to which we must add, that al- 
 most tho very Ilrst act of his reign showed 
 that If he were more prompt and resolute 
 than his father, ho was also by far more 
 Violent and sanguinary. A citizen of Lon- 
 don had tho sign of tho i rowii above his 
 shop, and jocularly said that his son should 
 bo 'heir to tho crown." Anything more 
 harmless than this joculor speech, or more 
 obvious than the tradesman's real meaning, 
 it would not be easy to Imagine. But Ed- 
 ward, jealous of his tltlo and feeling him- 
 self Insecure upon the throne, gave a troa- 
 Bonablo Interpretation to a merry joke, iu- 
 Blsted that It had a derisive allusion to lilin- 
 Si : t, and actually had tho unfortunate man 
 Condemned for treason — and executed 1 
 
 This brutal murder was a flttlng prelude 
 to the scenes of slaughter with which the 
 kingdom was soon filled ; and plainly pro- 
 claimed that Margaret had now to deal 
 with an opponent to the full as truculent 
 and unsparing as herself. The nation was 
 divided Into Lancastrians and Vorklsts, tho 
 former bearing the symbol of the red, the 
 latter of the white rose ; and as though tho 
 blood shed In actual flght werelnsulllcient 
 to allay tho ti^er-Uke desiro of the princi- 
 pal opponents, the scaffolds wero dyed 
 deeply with tho blood of the prisoners 
 taken by either party. 
 
 Margaret's popularity In the northern 
 conntles had enabled her to get together 
 an .irmy of sixty thousand men, with which 
 Bhe took post in Yorkshire, whither Ed- 
 ward and the carl of Warwick hastened to 
 meet lier. On arriving at Pontefract, Ed* 
 ward dispatched Lord Fitzwalter with a de- 
 tachment to secure the passage over the 
 river Ayrc, at Ferrybridge. Fitzw.alter ob- 
 tained possession of the Important post in 
 question, but was speedily attacked there 
 by very superior numbers of tho Lancjis- 
 tri.ans under lord Clifford, who drove tho 
 Yorkists from their position with great 
 Blaugliter, Fitzwalter himself being among 
 the slain. When the remains of tho beaten 
 detachment carried thescdisastrous tidings 
 to the earl of Warwick, that nobleman, fear- 
 ing that the misfortune would destroy tJio 
 
 spirits of Ills troops, had his horse liroiiKht 
 to him, stabbed it to the heart In prrsoK-n 
 of tho whole army, and solemnly Hwori' {\m 
 he would share tho fatigues and tho fntn »t 
 tho meanest of his soldiers, lie ai, iho 
 samo time caused public pro. iniimtjon to 
 be made, giving pernilsshm to any Mdidjor 
 whofeareil tho approaching struggle Innins 
 diateiy to depart from the army ; and Iikihl 
 niilar spirit denounced tho most severe iiun. 
 Ishment upon any who on tho actual day of 
 'attic should show any symptoms of (-,1^. 
 
 lice whllo before tho enemy. As tho imjt 
 
 Icli had been so disastrously lost liy Kitj. 
 
 ' f>r was of great hnportancc, lord Falcon. 
 
 rg vas sent with a new detachment to 
 . jccver It ; and, crossing the river at sntno 
 miles above Ferrybridge, he fell suddenly 
 upon lord Clifford's detachment and routiii 
 It, Clifford himself being among the very 
 considerable number of tho killed. 
 
 Tho opposing armies at loigth met at 
 Towton. Tho Yorkists charged under favour 
 
 of a severe snow storm which the wiiiddrino 
 Into tho faces of the enemy, wIkish Ihk 
 bllndetl condition was still further tiirnol) 
 to advantage by lord Falconberj.', who 
 caused n parly of his archers, while yet at 
 more than ordinary arrow-shot fiom n^i 
 opposite army, to discharge a volley nf n,) 
 lltfiit, far tlylng, but nearly harmless ano™ 
 called Jtii/I't arrows, and Immediuiely ta 
 siilft their position. Tho Lancasiilaniij 
 'luito unsuspicious of the stratiieem, nj 
 prevented by the snow from noticing' thtl 
 opponents' change of position, sent villv 
 after volley of thelrarrows In that illreiiiu 
 whonco they had been assailed, and wIk 
 they had thus bootlessly emptied tlitl 
 <iulver8 the main body of the Yorkiistsjn 
 on by Edward himself, made a grand tim 
 terribly destructive charge; tho howwa 
 laid aside on both sides for tho sword am 
 battle-axe, and the Lancastrians were nnii 
 ed and pursued all tho way to Tadcasterlr 
 their enemy. Tho Lancastrian loss, in iiil 
 battlo and the scarcely less murderous pui 
 suit, was calculated at six and thirty tlioi 
 sand men ; among whom wero tlie carl 
 Westmoreland and his brother sir Jn 
 Nevll, the earl of Northumberland, the lore 
 Uacrcs and Welles, and sir Andrew Tn 
 lope, whoso treachery had formerly been . 
 disastrous to tho cause of the Yorkists. Tli 
 carl of Devonshire, who was among i 
 prisoners, was carried before Edward, w 
 sternly ordered him to be beheaded and lii 
 head to be stuck upon tho gate of Yui 
 castle ; whence the heads of the late dnl 
 of York and the earl of Salisbury werem 
 taken down. JIargaret and her uiiliapi 
 husband were fortunate enough to csrai 
 to Scotland, whither they were acooi 
 P tiled by the duke of Somerset and by tl 
 duke of Exeter, who had sided against 1 
 ward, although ho had married his slst 
 Scotland was so much toni by faction tli 
 tho Scottish council afforded but liti 
 encouragement to Margaret to hope fj 
 assistance, until she promised to give 
 Herwlck and to contract for a marriage 
 her son and the sister of king James. Evj 
 then the friendship of tho Scots did not 
 sume an aspect very threatening to 
 
 jaret after her < 
 of Hexham went 
 'A read almost li 
 mce. She was pas 
 1 ncr son when s 
 ,.f "• „\ho. treating 
 J rank, robbed i 
 
 division of their 
 
 ■?' '>"fel, whlcl 
 
 i'""ent'on thot Mi 
 
 f enabled to esca 
 
 fPed in tho forest bj 
 
=v 
 
 CPnsTxntr.— Umiife of ^arlt.—emDnrTr W, 
 
 265 
 
 Ikitko lirmmlit 
 rt 111 iircscnoo 
 nly t*\vi)n'tl\at 
 untl Uio fall' (if 
 r». He 111. ilic 
 rdilamnllon to 
 to any wildlor 
 rtniKKlp Imiiii^ 
 my ;iiiul liiniil. 
 io»t Hcvorc imn- 
 \e actual day (i( 
 
 iptoms lit I'nw. 
 
 my. As till" iiost 
 isly \o»i liy Flu- 
 [ICC, lord Kiilcon- 
 ' detacliment to 
 
 10 river Rtsomo 
 le fell BU(iaei\lj 
 mput ntul routotl 
 anintiR the very 
 e wmcil. 
 
 length met at 
 RC(l"i>'leT favour 
 I'll IhcwIiuUlMvo 
 leiny, wliosi^ li;ill 
 
 11 furtlier Hirucd 
 Falcoiilicru, who 
 tiers, wliili' yttM 
 
 )W-f>l><lt fli'l" IliD 
 
 get a volli'y ut 
 y U;lnnlt'^sun■l)^v^ 
 I immeiliauly to! 
 'ho LlllH"v^ll•lall',l 
 10 Btratiintin, m 
 fomiiotlciiiijtluir] 
 isltloll, sent \-v\V 
 vslutlmlillrnli. 
 annulled, imd wlm 
 ly cmi'll'''! "'™ 
 tho YorklMs.k 
 iiado a Kranaaw 
 rgo ; tlio liow M 
 fur tlio sword aw 
 'istrlar.Bwerfmm 
 ay t(i TadcuKtcr li 
 strlanloss, liitlii 
 BS itmrdcrotis w 
 ,lx and thirty tlioi 
 I were the carl; 
 lm)tUcr Fir J"lii 
 .hcrland.thelotf 
 sir Andrew Ttf 
 .d formerly liceii 
 IhoYorkUtn.Ti 
 o was numngti 
 >foro Edward, wli 
 > beheaded and lil 
 tho gate of Yor 
 sof the latcdHl 
 „lgbury wore w 
 and her uiiliapi 
 enough to em 
 Ihcy were atcoi 
 imorsetandliytj 
 iBldedagiiliistt 
 Siarrled hi^ »«; 
 m hy faction 111 
 orded hut in 
 ,aret to hope ii 
 niised to plvc ' 
 t, for a inarrmpe 
 IklngJatiie?. !•' 
 0. Scots did not 
 iircatenlng to 
 
 •nrd, who tranaulHy returned to London 
 ind summoned a parliament. 
 
 Edward's success niidorod fliU parlia- 
 ment very ready to recognise lils tide to 
 tiift tlirono by descent from tho family of 
 Mortimer ; It oxpresMod tho utmost detes- 
 tflflin of what It now called tho Intrusion 
 nt Ki'iiry IV'., annulled all grunts made by 
 thp Lancastrians, and declared Kdward's 
 Jailier rightly seized of tho crown, mid 
 himself tho rightful king from tho very day 
 that lio was hailed so by acclamation of the 
 loidlcry and rabble, which It couuuaccntl 
 t termed ' tho people.' 
 " A.D. 1403. — Though Edward fonnd 
 Mrllanient thus acconmiodatliit-', I 
 wrcelvcd that hohart very greatdim 
 {,1 contend against before ho coulu n-^ 
 llnist'lf secure In his pos.seHslon ■ 
 (roffn. Not only wore there nuiu 
 Jljorders at home, tho necessary resu 
 (Ivllwar, but thcr ) were enemies aim i. 
 Franre, especially, seemed to threaten KU- 
 wardwlthannoyanceand injury. The throne 
 citliat country wasnow llllcd by Loula XI., 
 s wily, resolute and unsparing despot. Tor- 
 luimti'ly for Kdward, however, tho tortuous 
 [jKilloyof Tiouls had placed him in circum- 
 (tanccs which rendered his iiowcr to injure 
 ItlerclBiilng.klngof Knglaiid very uiidiual 
 jiiJei'd to hls'WiU to do so. He at first sent 
 ply ft very small body to the asslstatice of 
 argaret, and even when tlmt queen subso- 
 lucntly paid him a personal visit to solicit 
 more decided and cflUient aid. Ills own 
 luarrols with the independent vassals of 
 'ranee only allowed him to spare her two 
 housand men-at-arms, a considerable force, 
 10 doubt, but very unequal to tho task of 
 iposing such a princo as Kdward. 
 With this force, augmented by numcroua 
 'OttlBh adventurers, Margaret niado an Ir- 
 iptlon into the nonhorn counties of Eng- 
 id, but she was defeated by lord Monta- 
 le, warder of the eastern marches between 
 inland luid Scotland, first at Iledgeley 
 ioor, and then at Hexham. In the latter 
 Ion Margaret's force was completely 
 itroyed. Among tho prisoners were sir 
 liinpbrey Neville, tho duke of Somerset, 
 1 tlie lords Hungerford and Do Roos, 
 of whom, with many gentlemen of less 
 If, were summarily executed as traitors, 
 ry, who had been, as usual, forced to 
 : battle-field, was for a time concealed 
 !omc of his friends In Lancashire, but at 
 ! end of about a year was given up to 
 Iward, who held him In too much eon- 
 ipt to Injure him beyond committing 
 to close custody in the Tower of Lon- 
 
 irgarct after her escape from tho fatal 
 dot Hexham went through adventures 
 llch read almost like the inventions of 
 pance. She was passing through a forest 
 
 I her son when she wtis attacked by 
 Ibers, who, treating with contempt her 
 111 rank, robbed her of her vnlunblo 
 •els and also personally ill treated her. 
 ■division of their rich booty caused a 
 kcral quarrel, which so much engaged 
 llf attention that Margaret and her son 
 K enabled to escape. She was again 
 bed in the forest by a single robber, to 
 
 whom— deriving fearlessness from th«* very 
 desperation of her (^Irfumstanees— she cou- 
 rageously said, ' Here, my friend, Is the 
 son of your king; to your honour I en- 
 trust bis safety.' Tho bold demeanour of 
 tlio queen eliaiiced to clilmo in with tho 
 roblieWs humour; ho vowed himself to 
 her service, and protected her through 
 the forest to Mio sea coast, whence sho 
 escaped to her father's court, where for se- 
 veral years sho lived In a state of caso 
 and (luletude strangely In contrast with tho 
 -itormy life which sho hud so long been ac- 
 
 ustoined to lead, 
 
 Margaret powerless, Henry imprisoned, 
 
 f.iiuU of Franco fully engaged with 
 
 ■ nearer nt homo, Kdward now 
 
 himself suftlciently secured upon 
 
 .i' to bo warranteil in indulging 
 
 iletles and amours whlcli were so 
 
 ,. lilted to Ills youth and temperament. 
 
 liul i hough Ills galliiiitrles were by no 
 
 means III taken by bis good oitizeiis of 
 
 London, and perliiip-* even made lilni more 
 
 popiil.'ir tliiui a prince of graver llfo would 
 
 have been nt that lime, his susceptibility to 
 
 tho eliarms of tlio fair nt length Involved 
 
 lilm Ilia serious quarrel. 
 
 The earl of 'Warwlek and other powerful 
 friends of Kdward advised him to marry, 
 and thus, by his niatriiiioiilal alliance, still 
 farther streiii-'tlien his tliroiie. Tho advico 
 tallied well with Kdward's own judgement, 
 and the earl of Warwick was despatched to 
 Paris to tn It, for the hand of Ilona of Sa- 
 voy, sister of tlio queen of Franco; and 
 Warwick succeeded so well that he return- 
 ed to Kiiglaiid with tho whole affair ready 
 for formal ratlllcatlon. But during War- 
 wick's absence his fickle and amorous mas- 
 ter had been engaged In rendering tho 
 carl's mission not merely useless, but as 
 mischievous as anything could be that was 
 calculated to excite tho hatred and rage of 
 such a prince as Louis XL 
 
 The lady Elizabeth, widow of sir John 
 Orey of (Jroby, who was killed at tho se- 
 cond battle of St. Alban's, was by the con- 
 fiscation of lier husband's estates, for his 
 siding with the Lancastrians, so reduced 
 In her worldly circumstances, that sho and 
 her children were dependant on her father. 
 In whoso house, at Wrafton in Nortliamp- 
 tonshire, they all resided. Slio was still 
 young, and her remarkable beauty was lit- 
 tle Impaired by tho sorrows she had en- 
 dured; and tho king, while hunting, chanc- 
 ing to visit Grafton, tho lady Elizabeth 
 took tho opportunity to throw herself at 
 his feet and entreat the restoration of lier 
 husband's estates, for the sake of her un- 
 fortunate children. At sight of her beauty, 
 heightened by her suppliant attitude, tho 
 Inllammablo king fell suddenly and deeply 
 in lovo with her. He in bis turn became a 
 suitor, and as her prudence or her virtuo 
 would not allow her to listen to dishonour- 
 able proposiils, the infatuated monarch pri- 
 vately married her. 
 
 When Warwick returned frotn Franco 
 with the consent of Louis to the marriage 
 with Ilona of Savoy, tho imprudent mar- 
 riage of the king, hitlierto kept quite secret, 
 was of necessity divulged ; and Warwick, 
 
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266 
 
 Cl^e Zttaint^ at ^ititaxvit ^t* 
 
 Indignant and disgusted with the ridiculous 
 part ho had been made to play in wooing a 
 bride for aprlnco who was already married, 
 left tho court with no amicable .feelings to- 
 wards his wayward master, 
 
 A.D. 1485, — Tlie mischief of Edward's 
 hasty and Inconsiderate alliance did not end 
 here. Like all persons who arc raised 
 much above their original rank, tho queen 
 was exceedingly presuming, and tho chief 
 business of her life was to use her influence 
 over her still enamoured husband to heap 
 titles and wealth upon her family and 
 friends, and to ruin those who were, or 
 were suspected to be, hostile to her grasp- 
 ing and ambitious views. Her father, a 
 private gentleman, was created earl of 
 Rivers, made treasurer in the room of 
 the lord Mountjoy, and constable for llfo 
 with succession to his son, who, marrying 
 the daughter of lord Scales, had the title 
 as well as the vast estates of that noble- 
 man conferred upon him. The queen's 
 sisters were provided with proportionally 
 splendid marriages, and tho queen's son by 
 her llrst marriage, young sir Thomas Grey, 
 was contracted to the heiress of tho duke 
 of Exeter, a niece of the king, whoso hand 
 had been promised to lord Montague, who, 
 with the whole powerful Neville family, 
 was consequently very deeply offended. 
 
 The exorbitant .ind Insatiable craving of 
 the queen's family disgusted every one ; 
 but to no one did It give such bitter feel- 
 ings as 10 tho earl of Warwick, who, 
 though from his favour with the crown he 
 had made up his fortune to the enormous 
 amount of eighty thousand cro^vns per 
 annum, as we learn from Philip do Co- 
 mines, was himself of so grasping a nature, 
 that he was still greedy for more gain, and 
 perhaps still more disinclined to see others 
 Jn possession of the favour and Influence 
 which formerly he had almost exclusively 
 enjoyed. This powerful noble, having vex- 
 ations of this kind to embitter Ills anger at 
 tho way In which ho had been treated as 
 regarded the marriage, was urged to wishes 
 and projects most hostile to Edward's 
 throne ; and as many of the nobility were 
 much disgusted with Edward on account of 
 his resumption of grants, Warwick had no 
 difficulty In finding sympathy in his anger 
 and association in bis designs. 
 
 Among all the high personages of the 
 kingdom to whom Kdwfird's imprudent 
 marriage and uxorious folly gave oflence, 
 none felt more deeply, perhaps none more 
 reasonably, offended than Edward's second 
 brother, tho duke of Clarence. From his 
 near relationship to the king he had every 
 right to expect the most liberal treatment 
 at his hands; but so far was he from re- 
 ceiving it, that while tho queen and her re- 
 cently obscure relations were overwhelmed 
 with favours of the most costly kind, his 
 fortunes were still left precarious and 
 scanty. Warwick, a shrewd judge of men's 
 tempers, easily descried the wounded and 
 Indignant feelings of Clarence, and offered 
 him the hand of his eldest daughter, who, 
 bolng Warwick's co-heiress, could bring the 
 duke a much larger fortune than the king 
 could bestow upon hlra, even had the king 
 
 been better inclined than he had hitherto i 
 appeared, to mend the Blonder fortunes of 
 his brother. Having thus united tho influ- 
 ence of tho duke of Clarence to his own, and 
 engaged him Inextricably In his projects, 
 Warwick had no difficulty In forming aii 
 extensive and very powerful confederaov f 
 against the king. 
 
 A.D. 1469.— The unsettled and turbulent! 
 temper of thokingdom,and the preparatory I 
 measures of such a confederacy so headed, I 
 could not fall to produce a state of thlngjl 
 in which tho merest accidental occurrencol 
 might lead to the most extensive and daii-l 
 gerous public disorders, especially as, inl 
 spite of all Edward's success and the stcriif 
 severity with which ho had used It.tliera 
 was still existing throughout the countryi 
 a strong though a concealed attachment td 
 the ruined house of Lancaster. A grievi 
 ance which at first sight appeared littlC 
 connected with state quarrels, and of i 
 nature to be easily settled by so arbitran 
 a monarch as Edward, caused the brooi 
 Ing discontents to burst forth Into opci 
 violence, 
 
 St. Leonard's hospital. In Yorkshire, lilt 
 many similar establishments, had froml 
 very early age possessed tho right of rd 
 ceivlng a thrave of corn from every plougq 
 land In tho district ; and the poor com 
 plained, most likely with great reason, thi 
 this tax, which was Instituted for their ri 
 lief, was altogether, or nearly so, perverta 
 to the personal emolument of the manage j 
 of the charity. Prom complaints, wholf 
 treated with contempt or neglect, the pq 
 santry In tho neighbourhood proceeded j 
 refuse to pay tho tax; and when tlid 
 goods and persons were molested for tliol 
 contumacy, they fairly took up arms, aq 
 having put to death the whole of the hii 
 pltal officials, they marched, full flftci 
 thousand strong, to the gates of the city I 
 York. Here they were opposed by son 
 troops under the lord Montague, and j 
 having taken prisoner their leader, by nan 
 Robert Hulderne, instantly caused himj 
 be executed, after tho common and d| 
 graceful practice of those violent times.] 
 
 The loss of their leader did not in d 
 least intimidate the rebels ; they still kj 
 in arms, and were now joined and heaif 
 by friends of the earl of Warwick, who a 
 in this revolt of the peasantry a favoural 
 opportunity for aiding their own more | 
 tensive and ambitious views, i 
 
 Sir Henry Neville and sir John Cony 
 having placed themselves at tho head 
 the rebels, drew them off from their men 
 local and loosely contrived plans, ( 
 marched them southward; their numli 
 increasing so greatly during their progi 
 as to cause great and by no means f 
 founded alarm to the government, 
 bert, who had obtained the earldon 
 Pembroke on the forfeiture of JasperJ 
 dor, was ordered to march against tbq 
 bels at the head of a body of WeUbn 
 reinforced by five thousav I well-appoln 
 archer') commanded by Stafford, earl 
 Devonshire, who had obtained that tltll 
 tho forfeiture of the great Courtney fair 
 Scarcely had these two noblemen, bowa 
 
enslnnlr. -I^Qttiie of tacit*— <!^)it»iu:) m. 
 
 267 
 
 I joined their forces, when a quarrel broke 
 ligtl)etween them upon aome trivial ques- 
 I don slwat priority of right to quarters, and 
 liontterly forgetful did the anger of Devon- 
 liblra render nim of the great and impor- 
 llut object of Ills command, that he sul- 
 lleoly drew oil hU valuable force of archers, 
 liDdleft the earl of Pembroke to stand the 
 llinmt of the approaching encounter with 
 l|be rebels with his own lumlded and infe- 
 llior force 
 
 ' Undismayed by this defection of his col- 
 igno, Pembroke continued to approach 
 (rebels ; and the hostile forces met near 
 inbury. At the first encounter Pembroke 
 Ined the advantage, and air Henry Kc- 
 je being among his prisoners, he had 
 tit popular gentleman immediately exc- 
 b^ed. If this severity was intended to 
 (like terror into the rebels, it wholly failed 
 kU purpose. The rebels, so far from be- 
 ll intimidated, were incited by their rage 
 III carnage more desperate than, proba- 
 f,any other means could have inspired 
 la with, and they attacked the Wel»h so 
 itloualy that the latter were utterly routed 
 iJvast numbers perished in the pursuit, 
 l( Welsh sternly refusing quarter, Pcm- 
 klie being unfortunately taken prisoner 
 • the rebels, was by them consigned to 
 K same fate which be liad inflicted upon 
 klr leader. The king was very naturally 
 kited to the utmost indignation by the 
 |tl resulta of the obstinacy and insubor- 
 lition of the earl of Devonshire, whom 
 [tauscd to be executed. 
 Ivea hero the cold butcheries which cl- 
 I party dignified with the name of exe- 
 lons did not terminate. Some of tlic 
 i«ls, despatched to Orafton by sir John 
 ircrs, succeeded In capturing tlie queen's 
 incr, the earl of Rivers, and his son, sir 
 D Grey ; and, their sole crime being 
 I they were related to the queen and 
 itthey were not phllosopliers enougli to 
 be to profit by that relationship, they 
 Iwere ' executed' by the rebels. 
 bough there is no reasonable ground 
 Idoabtlng that the earl of Warwick and 
 lioD-ln-law the duke of Clarence were 
 Irc.il directors of the revolt, they deem- 
 1t politic to leave its public management 
 Ecvllle and Conyers,— doubtless to be 
 rably sure of tho result ere they would 
 |tar commit their personal safety. And 
 'dingly all tho while that so much 
 Islied had been going on in England, 
 wick and Clarence lived in great appa- 
 Innconcem at Calais, of which the for- 
 has governor ; and, still farther to con- 
 Itkeir ultimate intentions from the 
 k Warwick's brother, the lord Mouta- 
 iwas among the bravest and the most 
 |c of the opponents of the rebels. So 
 Ident was Warwick that the suspicions 
 liie king could not light upon him 
 igh the murder of the earl Illvera was 
 a circumstance to have pointed to 
 lilt of that nobleman's bitterest rival), 
 liie and Clarence, when the languid 
 lat which the rebellion progressed 
 Kdto promise a disastrous issue to it, 
 lover to England, and were entrusted 
 idward with very considerable com- 
 
 mands, which, probably from want of op- 
 portunity, they made no ill use of. Tho 
 rebellion having been already very con- 
 siderably quelled, Warwick, probably an- 
 xious to save as many malcontents as pos- 
 sible for a future and more favourable 
 opportunity, persuaded Edward to grant a 
 general pardon, which had the effect of 
 completely dispersing tho already wearied 
 and discouraged rebels. 
 
 Though Warwick and Montague gavo ao 
 much outward show of loyalty, and though 
 the king heaped favours and honours upon 
 the family, ho yet seems to have been by 
 no means unaware of the secret feelings of 
 both these restless noblemen ; for on one 
 occasion when ho accompanied them to n 
 banquet given by their brother, the arch- 
 bishop of York, he was so Impressed with 
 the feeling that they intended to take that 
 opportunity of despatching him by poison 
 or otherwise, that he suddenly rushed from 
 the banqueting room and hastily returned 
 to his palace. 
 
 A.D. 1470.— A new rebellion now broke 
 out. At the outset there were no signs to 
 connect either Clarence or the carl of War- 
 wick with it ; yet wo know how invete- 
 rately disloyal both the duke and tho earl 
 were from the moment that Edward mar^ 
 ricd, and also that as soon as they had an 
 opportunity, .and had reason to believe that 
 the rebellion would be successful, they pre- 
 pared, as win be seen, to add open revolt 
 to the foulest treachery. This rebellion 
 commenced In Lincolnshire, and In a very 
 short time the leader of it.slr Robert Welles, 
 was at the head of not fewer than thirty 
 thousand men. Sir Robert's father, tho 
 lord Welles, not only took no part In tho 
 procecdingsof his son, but showed his senso 
 of both their danger and their impropriety 
 by taking shelter in a sanctuary. But this 
 prudent conduct did not save him from tho 
 vengeance of the king. The unfortunate 
 nobleman was by plausible arguments al- 
 lured from sanctuary, and, in company of 
 BlrThom.as Dymokc, beheaded by the king's 
 orders. Edward soon after gave battle to 
 the rebels and defeated them, and sir Ro- 
 bert WMlea and sir Thomas Launde being 
 taken prisoners, were immediately behead- 
 ed. 80 little did the king suspect Clarence 
 andWarwlck of any concealed influence In 
 these disturbances, that he gavo them com- 
 missions of array to raise troops to oppose 
 the rebels. The opportunity thus ailordcd 
 them of forwarding their treasonable views 
 was too tempting to be resisted, and they 
 at once removed all doubts as to their real 
 feelings by levying forces against tho king, 
 and Issuing remonstrances against the 
 public measures and the king's ministers. 
 Tho defeat of sir Robert Welles was a sad 
 discouragement to them, but they had now 
 proceeded too far to be able to withdraw, 
 and they marched their array into Lanca- 
 shire. Here they fully expected the coun- 
 tenance and aid of sir Thomas Stanley, who 
 was the earl of Warwick's brother-in-law, 
 but finding that neither that nobleman nor 
 the lord Montague would join them, they 
 dismissed their army and hastened to Ca- 
 lais (the government of Wai'wick) whcrfl 
 
268 
 
 W^t Crwrfiir» at W^tam ^t* 
 
 they confldcntly calculated upon finding a 
 Biire and safe refuge. Hero again, however, 
 they were doomed to he disappointed. On 
 leaving Oalala the last time, Warwick hod 
 left there, as bis deputy governor, a Gascon 
 named Vauclcr. This gentleman, who was 
 no stranger to Warwick's disloyalty, readily 
 judged by the forlorn and 111-attcnded stylo 
 In which that nobleman and the duke of 
 Clarence now made their appearance bo- 
 fore Calais, that they had been unsuccess- 
 fully engaged in somo illegal proceeding ; 
 he therefore refused them admlttince, and 
 would not even allow tho duchess of Cla- 
 rence to land, though she had been deliver- 
 ed of a child while at sea, and was in a most 
 pitiable state of 111 health. As, however, 
 he by no means wished to lircak irreme- 
 diably with men whom some chance might 
 speedily render as powerful as ever, Vaucler 
 sent wine and other stores for the use of 
 the duchess, and secretly assured Warwick 
 that he only seemed to side against him, in 
 order that he might, by gaining the confi- 
 dence of .0 king, be able to give the for- 
 tress up to i;he earl at the first favourable 
 opportunity; and he dilated upon those 
 circumstances of the place which rendered 
 it very Improbable that the garrison and 
 inhabitants would just at that time suffer 
 it to be held by Warwick against the estab- 
 lished government of England. Whatever 
 might be Warwick's real opinion of the 
 sincerity of Vaucler, he feigned to be quite 
 satisfied with his conduct, and having seized 
 somo Flemish vessels which lay off the 
 coast, he forthwith departed to try his for- 
 tune at tho court of France. Here he was well 
 received, for the French king had formerly 
 held a close correspondence with the carl, 
 and was just now exceedingly hostile to 
 Edward on account of the friendship which 
 existed between that monarch and the 
 most turbulent us well as the most power- 
 ful vassal of France, the duke of Bur- 
 gundy. Though the earl of Warwick had 
 so much reason to hate the house of Lan- 
 caster, the king so urgently pressed him to 
 a reconciliation, and to the attempt to re- 
 store that house to the throne of England, 
 that at an interview with queen Margaret 
 the earl consented to a reconciliation, and 
 to doing his utmost to restore Henry to his 
 throne on certain conditions. The c'.lef 
 of these conditions were, that the ef' .-1 of 
 Warwick and the duke of Clarence should 
 administer in England during the vvliole 
 minority of prince Edward, son and heir of 
 Henry; that thatyoung prince should marry 
 the lady Anne, Warwick's secov J daughter, 
 and that, falling issue to them, tha crown 
 should be entailed on the duke of Clarence, 
 to the absolute exclusion of tho issue of 
 tiie reigning king. By way of showing the 
 sincerity of this unnatural confederacy, 
 prince Edward and the lady Anne Avere 
 married Immediately. 
 
 Edward, who well knew tho Innate and 
 ineradicable hostility of Warwick's real 
 feelings towards tho house of Lancaster, 
 caused a lady of great talent to avail herself 
 of her situation about tlie person of the 
 duke of Clarence, to influence the duke's 
 mind, especially with a view to making him 
 
 doubtful of the sincerity of Wnrwlck, audi 
 of the probability of his long oontlnuliiBl 
 faithful to this new alliance ; and go well! 
 did tho fair envoy exert her powors, thati 
 the duke, on a solemn assurance of Kdward'al 
 forgiveness and future favour, coiisentoiil 
 to take the earliest favourable opiiortunityr 
 to desert his fathcr-ln-law. But wliiie KdJ 
 ward was intent upon detaching the (Uikcofl 
 Clarence from Warwick, this latter ikjIjIo. 
 man was no less successful in gnlnlng ovc>i 
 to his side his brother the marquis ot MouJ 
 tague, whose adhesion to Warwick was ti J 
 more dangerous to Edward because MontaJ 
 gue was entirely in his confidence. f 
 
 When Warwick had completed lils pr« 
 parations, Louis supplied him with mctd 
 money, and a fleet ; while the duke of Burl 
 gundy, on the other had, closely unltcl 
 with Edward, and having a personal qiiati 
 rel with Warwick, cruised in tlio cliaa 
 nel in the hope of intercepting that noblei 
 man on his way to England. Tho diikca 
 Burgundy, while thus actively exertinj 
 himself for Edward's safety, also scut hif 
 the most urgent and wise advice ; tmt Eil 
 ward was so over confident In I1I3 owl 
 strength, that he professed to vlsli thi 
 Warwick might make good his landing, 1 
 
 In this respect his wish was soon grani 
 ed. A violent storin dispersed the dukef 
 Burgundy's fieet, and Warwick was tiid 
 enabled to land without opposition on tu 
 coast of Devon, accompanied by the dull 
 of Clarence and the earls of Oxford an 
 Pembroke. The king was at this tinicl 
 the north of England, engaged in puttia 
 down a revolt caused by Warwick's brothj 
 in-law, the lord Fltzhugh ; and WanvlrJ 
 popularity being thus left imopposcd, 1 
 who had landed witli a force far too sini 
 for bis designs, saw himself in a vcr}'fi 
 days at the head of upwards of sixty tliq 
 sand men. 1 
 
 The king on hearing of Warwick's laq 
 ing ha!:.tencd southward to meet hlin,a[ 
 the two armies came In sight of each otM 
 at i' gham. An action was nInJ 
 hou '.cted, and Edward was still cJ 
 
 ilden. lis good fortune; but hen 
 
 now I. .'etl the ill effects of the ovenvcl 
 Ing trust he had put in the nianiulsl 
 Montague. That nobleman suddoiily r 
 his adherents undrr arms during the da^ 
 ness of the niglit hours, and made tij 
 way to the quarter occupied by the kll 
 shouting the war-cry of tho hostile ari 
 Edward, who was awakened by this audi 
 tumult, was Informed by lord IlastlngI 
 the real cause of It, and urged to savelil 
 self by flight while there was still tiniel 
 him to do so. So well had the marquil 
 Montague timed his treacherous mcasl 
 that Edward had barely time to make I 
 escape on horseback to Lynn, in Norfl 
 where he got on board ship and sailed fi 
 England, leaving Warwick so suddenlyl 
 rapidly master of the kingdom, that [ 
 flckle and hesitating Clarence had not| 
 time for the change of sides he had ( 
 templated, and which would now have t 
 fatal to him. 
 
 So sudden had been Edward's forccdl 
 parture from his kingdom, that he hadf 
 
eii!|Tautr.-ie0urfc of |?0rit.— (IKitoarli W, 
 
 269 
 
 adward'8 forced 
 bra, that Ue had) 
 
 Ume to take money, jewels, or any valu- 
 libleswlth him; and when, after narrowly 
 eKapIntr from the Hanse towns, then at 
 I war with both England and Franco, lio 
 I landed nt Alcmacr, In Holland, ho had no- 
 Ithins with which to recompense the roas- 
 [terofthu ship save a robe richly lined with 
 IjaMc fur, which ho accompanied with as- 
 hsrances of a more substantial recompense 
 litiould moro prosperous times return. 
 I The dutce of Burgundy was greatly an- 
 Igoycd at the misfortune of Edward. Pcr- 
 lionally and in sincerity the duke really 
 lireferred the Lancastrian to the Yorkist 
 Itiouse; he hnd allied himself with the lat- 
 her solely from the politic motive of being 
 yied to the re' Tning house of England ; 
 liBd now that the Lrncastrians wero so 
 llriumphant that even the cautious Vauclcr, 
 Ifbo had been conflrmcd I)y Edward in his 
 Imrernment of Calais, did not scruple to 
 Ijive that Important place up to 'Warwick— 
 li pretty certain proof that the Lancastrl- 
 1(18 were secure for some time at least — 
 lllie duke was greatly perplexed by the ne- 
 lieuity ho was under of invidiously giving 
 ■icold reception to a near connection who 
 InsBulfering from misfortune, or of being 
 lit the cxpcnse.and discredit of supporting 
 lipennilessfugitivc whoso very misfortunes 
 here in no slight degree attributable to his 
 jura want of judgement. 
 1 Ilie lllght of Edward from the kingdom 
 3 the signal for Warwick to give liberty 
 itlie unhappy Henry, whose conflnement 
 I the Tower had been chiefly the earl's 
 |im work. Henry was once moro pro- 
 aimed king with all due solemnity, and a 
 irllament was summoned to meet him at 
 ifestmlnster, whose votes wero, of course, 
 lie mere echoes of the instructions of the 
 T dominant faction of Warwick. As 
 formerly been agreed between War- 
 ^ck and queen Margaret, it was now en- 
 ded by tlic parliament that Henry was 
 le rightful and only king of England, but 
 Bthis im))ecility of mind rendered it re- 
 ^islte to have a regency, the powers of 
 tich wero placed in the hands of the duke 
 (Clarence and the earl of Warwick dur- 
 jthe minority of prince Edward, and tho 
 h of Clarence was declared heir to the 
 bno failing tho issue of that young 
 BDce. As usual, very much of tho time 
 Jthe parliament was occupied in reversing 
 i attainders which had been passed 
 linst Lancastrians during the prosperity 
 Itlie house of York. In one respect, how- 
 , this parliament and its dictator War- 
 Iklc deserve considerable praise — their 
 wer was used without that wholesale 
 J unsparing resort to bloodshed by which 
 triumphs are but too generally dis- 
 Kcd. Many of the leading Yorkists, It 
 |iruc, fled beyond sea, but still more of 
 1 wero allowed to remain undisturbed 
 |the sanctuaries in which they took re- 
 el and among those was even Edward's 
 m, who was delivered of a son whom 
 I had christened by tho name of his ab- 
 k father. 
 
 p. 1471.— Queen Margaret, who was, 
 laps, somewhat less active than sho 
 Ibccn ill earlier life, waa just preparing 
 
 to return to England with prince Edward 
 and the duke of Somerset, son to the duke 
 of that title who was beheaded after the 
 battle of Hexham, when their journey was 
 rendered useless by a new turn in the af- 
 fairs of England ; a turn most lamentable 
 to those Lancastrians who, as Philip do 
 Comines tells us of the dukes of Somerset 
 and Exeter, were reduced to absolute beg- 
 gary. The turn of affairs to which we allude 
 was mainly caused by the imprudence of the 
 carl of Warwick, who acted towards the duke 
 of Burgundy in such wise as to compel that 
 prince in sheer self-defence to aid the ex- 
 iled Edward. The duke's personal predi- 
 lections being really on the side of tho 
 Lancastrians, it required only a timely and 
 jirudent policy on tho part of the .^ari rtf 
 Warwick to have secured, at the :"if t. tho 
 duke's neutrality. But the earl, lay i^ too 
 much stress upon tLd relationsliip between 
 Edward and Burgundy, took it for granted 
 tliat the latter must be a determined ene- 
 my to the Lancastrians, and caused him to 
 become so by sending a body of four thou- 
 sand men to Calais, whence they made 
 very mischievous irruptions into the Low 
 Countries. Burgundy, fearing the conse- 
 quences of being attacked at once by 
 Erance and by England, determined to di- 
 vert the attention and power of tho latter 
 by assisting his brother-in-law. But while 
 determined so to aid Edward as to enable 
 him to give Warwick's party abundant 
 anxiety and trouble, the duke was not the 
 less careful to do so with the utmost at- 
 tention to tlie preservation of friendly ap- 
 pearances towards tlie English government. 
 With this view he furnished Edward with 
 eighteen vessels, large and small, together 
 witli a sum of money ; but he hired the 
 vessels in tlie name of some merchants, 
 and still fartlier to mislead Warwick, or to 
 give him a plausible reason for pretending 
 to be misled, no sooner had Edward sailed 
 than the duke publicly forbade his subjects 
 from ailurding any aid or countenance to 
 that prince either by land or water. 
 
 Edward in the meantime, with a force of 
 two thousand men, attempted to land upon 
 tho coast of Norfolk, but was driven off, 
 and he then landed at Ravenspur, in York- 
 shire. Perceiving that here too, from 
 tlie care which Warwick had taken to (ill 
 the magistracy with his own partisans, tho 
 Lancastrian party was far the most popular 
 and powerful, Edward adopted the policy 
 which had formerly so well served tho 
 duke of Lancaster, and issued a proclama- 
 tion in which ho soiennily averred that he 
 bad landed without any intention of chal- 
 lenging the crown or of disturbing the na- 
 tional peace, but had come solely for the 
 purpose of demanding tlie family posses- 
 sions of the house of York, to which he waa 
 incontestably entitled. Tliis affected mo- 
 deration caused great numbers to join his 
 standard who would not have done «o had 
 he openly avowed his intention of endea- 
 vouring to recover the crown ; and he speed- 
 ily found himself possessed of tho city of 
 York, and at the head of an army suffl- 
 ciently numerous to promise Iiim success 
 in all Ilia designs; wliile bis chance of 
 
270 
 
 0:1)0 Cteajtftirji of ^Utaxvit ^c. 
 
 ■UCCC8B was still farther increased by tlio un- 
 accountable apathy of tho murciuls of Mon- 
 tague, who, though ho had tho command 
 of all the forces in the north, took no steps 
 to check the movements of Edward, though 
 he surely could not have been unaware 
 liow important and dangerous they were. 
 Warwick was more alert, and having as- 
 sembled a force at Leicester, be prepared to 
 give battle to Edward, who, however, con- 
 trived to pass him and to make bis way to 
 London. Hod Edward been refused ad- 
 mittance liere, nothing could have saved 
 his cause from utter ruin ; but ho had not 
 taken so bold a step without carefully and, 
 as it proved, correctly calculating all his 
 chances. In tho Urst place, the sanctuaries 
 of Loudon were filled with his friends, 
 who he well knew would join him ; In the 
 next place, he was extremely popular with 
 the ladles of London, and indebted to their 
 husbands for sums of money which they 
 could never hope to receive unless he should 
 succeed in recovering the crown ; and In the 
 third place, Warwick's brother, the archbi- 
 shop of York, to whom tho goveniment of 
 the city was entrusted, gave a new instance 
 of tho facile and shameless treachery whlcli 
 disgraced that time by entering into a cor- 
 respondence with Edward, and agreeing to 
 betray and ruin his own brother. 
 
 Being admitted into the city of London, 
 Edward made himself master of tho person 
 of the unfortunate Henry, who thus once 
 moro passed from tho throne to tho dun- 
 geon. 
 
 Though many circumstances gave ad- 
 vantage to ndward, the earl of Warwick 
 was by no means inclined to yield without 
 a fairly stricken field, .tud having collected 
 all the force he could raise he stationed 
 himself at Barnet. Hero ho was doomed 
 to the deep mortification of fully expe- 
 riencing the ingratitude and treachery of 
 Clarence, who suddenly broke from his 
 quarters during tho night, and made his 
 way over to Edward with twelve thousand 
 of Warwick's hez'u troops. Had Warwick 
 listened to tne dictates of prudence ho 
 would now have -iosed with the otters of a 
 peaceful settlement which were made to 
 him by both Edward and Clarence : but ho 
 was thoroughly aroused and enraged, and 
 he resolved to put all consequences upon 
 the issue of a general action. It commenced 
 accordingly, and both leaders and soldiers 
 on each side displayed extraordinary valour. 
 A mere accident gave a decisive turn to the 
 long uncertain fortune of the day. Tho 
 cognizance of the king was a sun, that of 
 Warwick a star with rays diverging from 
 it ; and in the dense mist wiilcu prevailed 
 during tho battle the earl of Oxford was 
 mistaken for a Yorkish leader, and he and 
 his troops were beaten from the Held with 
 very great slaughter by their own friends. 
 This disaster was followed by the death of 
 Warwick, who was slain while fighting on 
 foot, as was his brother Montague. The 
 Lancastrians were now completely routed, 
 and Edward giving orders to deny quarter, 
 a vast number were shiln in the pursuit as 
 well as In the battle. Nor was tho victory 
 wholly without cost to the conquerors, who I 
 
 lost upwards of flf toon hundred men of nil 
 ranks. 
 
 As Warwick had determined not to niiiirn 
 terms with Edward, his best policy wnind ' 
 have been to await the arrival of niiccn 
 Margaret, who was dally expected frnm 
 France, and whoso influence would liavn 
 united all Lancastrians and probably \ml 
 ensured victory. But Warwick, unsusni 
 clous of Clarence's treachery, felt bo CDnfi 
 dent of victory, that he was above all tliinw 
 anxious that Margaret should nnt arrivo I 
 in time to share his anticipated glory ; but I 
 though ho had on that account hurried on I 
 tho action, Margaret and her son, attciuii'O I 
 by a small body of French, landed in Dnr. I 
 setshlre on the very day after the fatal ii-'iit I 
 of Barnet. Hero as soon as she landca she I 
 learned Warwick's defeat and dcatii, jiuj I 
 tho new captivity of horinvcteratcly uiifor.l 
 tunate husband; and she was so much dc-l 
 pressed by tho information that she tuokl 
 sanctuary at Beaulleu abbey Slio wajl 
 here visited and encouraged by Tudor, oaril 
 of Pembroke, Conrtenay, carl of Devon-I 
 shire, and other men of rank and liilliiciirel 
 and Induced to make a progress througli'l 
 Devon, Somerset, and Qioucestershtro. luf 
 this neighbourhood her causoappearodtoM 
 exceedingly popular, for every day's inarci 
 made a considcrablo addition to her (nrccl 
 She was at length overtaken at TewkesT 
 bury, in Gloucestershire, by Edward'sarnijl 
 and In tho battle which ensued plic wJ 
 completely defeated, with tho los t of aboil 
 three thousand men, among vhom wcrl 
 the earl of Devonshire and JjrdWcnlocJ 
 who were killed In the field, und the ilukeol 
 Somerset and about a scoro more pcrsonsoi 
 distinction, who, having taken sanctuarjlj 
 a church, were dragged out and beheaded.] 
 
 Am ong the prisoners were queen Marxarel 
 and her son. They were taken Into the iirl 
 sence of Edward, who sternly demanded of 
 the young princo on what ground he lial 
 ventured to invade England. Tlio lilg] 
 spirited boy, regarding rather the fortuJ 
 to wMch ho was bom than the powcrlci 
 and perilous situation in which theadvcrl 
 fortune of war had placed him, boldly aj 
 Imprudently replied that ho had come \ 
 England for the rightful purpose of clalJ 
 ing his just Inheritance. This answer? 
 much enraged Edward, that he, forpeti 
 alike of decency and mercy, struck til 
 youth in the face with his gauntlettod haiJ 
 As though this violent act had been a p^ 
 concerted signal, tho dukes of Glourcstl 
 and Clarence, with lord Hastings and J 
 Thomas Gray, dragged tho young prinl 
 Into an adjoining room and there dcspatchl 
 him with their daggers. The uuliapj 
 Margaret was committed to close conliJ 
 mcnt in the Tower, in which sad prlsl 
 Henry had expired a few days after tl 
 battle of Tewkesbury. As Henry's heaJf 
 had long been infirm. It seems quite liki 
 that his death was natural, but as the tcmn 
 of the times made violence at the least pi 
 bable, Edward caused the body to be expo J 
 to public view, and it certainly showed] 
 signs of unfair means. I 
 
 The cause of tho Lancastrians was nl 
 extinguished. The princes of that hof 
 
enslitnlr.HlaujKe at 9ar&.— eti&iarlr m. 
 
 271 
 
 Irod men ol au | 
 
 icd not to nisVo 
 Rt policy wmld 
 rrlval of queen I 
 expected frnni 
 ICO would liavo 
 I probably Imvo 
 rwlck, uususpl- 
 ry, felt bo confl. 
 above all things 
 ouUl not arrivo 
 >atcd glory ; but 
 ;ount hurried on 
 icr son, attwiiloj 
 I, landed In Dor- 
 ter the lutal llgiit 
 is she lauileil riio 
 ; and dcatli, and 
 LVCteratclyuuto^ 
 was BO much dc- 
 on that slic tonlt 
 abbey She wwi 
 [edbyTudnr.carlj 
 , earl ol Devon' 
 ink and lullucnrc, 
 progress through 
 jucestcrshtrc. ' 
 luse appeared to 
 every day's iiiarcl, 
 itlon to her force, 
 taken at Tewkci 
 by Edward's army 
 I ensued she n 
 h the los J of abo\ii 
 nong -^vhom wen 
 ind jjrdWcnlocl 
 3ld, and the duke 
 ir5 more persons o| 
 taken sanctuary' 
 ut and belicadci 
 ere queen Marfan 
 .akenlntotheim 
 icrnly demanded 
 at ground he liaj 
 gland. The lilgf 
 irather the fortui 
 ban the powcrlei 
 which the ndvers 
 id him, boldly 
 [t he had come 
 I purpose of clal; 
 This answer 
 that he, (orgetl 
 ercy, struck tl 
 gauntletted liai 
 it had been a pi 
 kesot Gloucestj 
 Hastings and 
 Itho young prln 
 d there despatch! 
 8. The unhapi 
 to close contli 
 which sad prls 
 ew days after t 
 ^a Henry's h«il 
 seems quite m 
 l.butiasthetcmi 
 CO at the least rl 
 body to be expos 
 irtainly showed 
 
 Icastrlans was m 
 IccB ot that hot 
 
 «ere dead, the best and most devoted of Its 
 (riendB were either fugitive or dead, and 
 Tudor, earl of Pembroke, who had been 
 nlslng forces In Wales, now disbanded 
 them in utter despair, and sought safety, 
 •Itb bis nephew, the carl of HicUmond, lii 
 Brittany. Tho last effort was made by 
 the bastard of Falcouberg, who levied forces 
 ind advanced to London ; but ho was do- 
 lerted by taia troops, taken prisoucr, and 
 necutcd. 
 
 Edward, now wholly triumphant, sum- 
 moned a parliament, which compliantly 
 lanctlonedhlB deeds ; and all dangers being 
 now at an end, he resumed the jovial and 
 liulpated life to which he owed no small 
 (ortlon of that popularity which would, 
 BOBt probably, have been refused to a 
 ■rioce of a higher cast of character and of 
 ■OK manly and digniiled bearing. 
 Edward, however, was soon recalled from 
 Iiiudulgence In pleasure, by the necessity 
 jratteudlng to his foreign intercBts. Ho 
 luby no means unconscious of tho cold 
 id coDBtrained reception that had been 
 iren to him in his adversity by the duke 
 Burgundy ; but considerations of interest 
 IT led Edward to make a league with 
 eduke against the king of Franco. By 
 lis league it was provided that Edward 
 lould cross the sea with not fewer than 
 , thousand men for the invasion of 
 ince, in which he was to be joined by the 
 K of Burgundy with all the forco he 
 old command. Tho objects jiroposed by 
 le allies were to acquire for England tho 
 vinces of Normandy and Qulennc, at 
 It, and if possible the cro>vn of Franco, 
 which Edward was formally to challenge 
 iright, while tho duke of Burgundy was 
 obtain Champagne, with some farther 
 itory, and thcf recdom for his hereditary 
 torlesfrom ail feudal superiority on tho 
 of Franco. Their league seemed tho 
 ire likely to bo successful, bccauBO they 
 good reason to hope for the coopcra- 
 of the duke of Brittany, nnd they had 
 secret assurance of thu count of Kt. 
 , who was constable of France, and held 
 Qucutin and other Important places on 
 iSomme, that he would join them when 
 rahould enter France. 
 French war was always suro to excite 
 pecuniary liberality of the EUKlish par- 
 lent, which now granted the king two 
 ings In tho pound on all rents, and a 
 enth and three quarters of a fifteenth ; 
 this money was to be kept In religious 
 ses, and returned to the contributors in 
 ereutof the expedition against Franco 
 taking place. From this stringent care 
 he money we may perceive how much 
 commons of England had Increased, 
 I in power and in the knowledge how 
 |niake eiaclent and prudent use of It. 
 D. 1476.— So popular was the king's pro- 
 agalnst France, that all the powerful 
 ilea of England offered him their aid 
 attendance ; ana Instead of tho stipu- 
 Uen thousand laen, he was enabled to 
 at Calais with fifteen thousand archers 
 Ofteen hundred men-at-arms. Butt to 
 "d's great annoyance, when ho cn- 
 Fnmce he was disappointed by the 
 
 count of St. Pol, who refused to open his 
 gates to him, and by the duke of Burgundy, 
 who, instead of joining Edward with all 
 his forces, had employed them against tho 
 duke of Lon-alne and on the frontiers of 
 Germany. This circumstance, so fatal to 
 Edward's views, arose out of the fiery tem- 
 per of Burgundy, who personally apologis- 
 ed, but at tho same tlmo confessed that It 
 would bo Impossible for him to make his 
 troops available to Edward for that cam- 
 paign. Louis XL, that profound poUtlriau 
 who thought nothing mean or degrading 
 which could aid him In his views, nu sooner 
 learned tho disappointment which had be- 
 fallen Edward, than ho sent him proi)osals 
 of peace ; and a truce was easily concluded 
 between them, Louis paying seventy-flvo 
 thousand crowns down, and agreeing to pay 
 two-thirds of that sum annually for their 
 joint lives, and to marry the dauphin, when 
 of ago, to Edward's daughter. Tho two 
 monarchs met at Pecquigin to ratify this 
 treaty: and tho precautions which wcro 
 taken to prevent the possibility of assassi- 
 nation on cither side give us but a low 
 notion of the honour by which either prlnco 
 was actuated himself or supposed tho other 
 to be. 
 
 There was one clause of this treaty— 
 otherwlbo so disgraceful to Louis,— which 
 was highly creditable to tho French king. 
 By it he stipulated for tho safe release of 
 tho unfortunate Margaret, for whose ran- 
 som Louis consented to pay fifty thousand 
 crowns. She was released accordingly, and 
 until her death, which occurred in 1482, 
 she lived In complete seclusion from that 
 world in which she had formerly played 
 BO conspicuous and so unfortunate a part. 
 
 There was in the character of Edward a 
 certain cold and stubborn severity which 
 made It no easy matter to recover his fa- 
 vour after ho had once been offended. Hia 
 brother Clarence, much as he bad done la 
 tho way of treachery towards his unfortu- 
 nate father-in-law, was far enough from be- 
 ing really restored tc Edward's confidence 
 and favour. The brooding dislike of tho 
 king was the moro fatal to Clarence from 
 that unfortunate prince having imprudent- 
 ly given deep offence to the queen and to his 
 brother the duke of Gloster, a prlnco who 
 knew not much of truth or of remorse when 
 he had any scheme of ambition or violcnco 
 to ciury. Well knowing the rash and open 
 temper of Clarence, his formidable ene- 
 mies determined to -act upon It by at- 
 tacking his friends, which they rightly 
 judged would bo sure to sting him Into 
 language that would ruin him with hia 
 already suspicious and offended king and 
 brother. 
 
 It chanced that as tho king was hunting 
 at Arrow, In Warwickshire, he killed a 
 white buck which was a great favourite of 
 the owner, a wealthy gentleman named Bur- 
 dett. Provoked by the loss of his favourite, 
 the gentleman passionately exclaimed that 
 he wished the buck's horns were stuck in 
 tho belly of whoever advised tho king to 
 kill It. In our settled and reasonable times It 
 retilly is no easy matter to understand how 
 —even had the speech related, as it didnott 
 
 I III 
 
ii 
 
 272 
 
 Cbe €vtiii\tvti aC WfHovHf ^f* 
 
 to tho kinghimscif— such a speech could by 
 tho utmost torturln^r of language bo called 
 treason. But bo it was. Burdett had tho 
 misfortune to be on terms of familiar 
 friendship with tho duko of Clarence ; and 
 he was tried, condi'iimcd, and bclicadcd at 
 Tyburn for no alleged offence beyond tlicso 
 few Idle and intemperate words. That 
 Clarence might have no shadow of doubt 
 that ho was himself aimed at in tho persons 
 of his friends, this infamous murder was 
 followed by that of another friend of tho 
 duke, a clergyman named Stacey. He was 
 a learned man, and far more prollclcnt than 
 was connnon in that half barbarous age in 
 astronomy and mathematical studies in ge- 
 neral. The rabble got a notion that such 
 learning must needs imply sorcery; the po- 
 pular rumour was adopted by Clarence's 
 enemies, and the unfortunate Stacey was 
 tried, tortured, and executed, some of the 
 most eminent peers not scrupling to sanc- 
 tion these atrocious proceedings by their 
 presence. As tho enemies of Clarence had 
 anticipated, the persecution of his friends 
 aroused him to an imprudent though gener- 
 ous Indignation. Instead of endeavouring 
 to sccuro himself by a close reserve, he 
 loudly and boldly Inveighed against the In- 
 justico of which his friends had been the 
 victims, and bore testimony to their Inno- 
 cence and honour. This was preclwoly what 
 the enemies of the duko desired; the king 
 was insidiously urged to deem tho com- 
 plaints of Clarence insulting and injurious 
 to him, as imi)lying his participation In 
 tlio alleged injuatico Uona to tho duke's 
 friends. 
 
 A.D. 1478.— Tlio unfortunate duko was 
 now fairly in tho tolls which had been set 
 for him by his enemies. He was committed 
 to the Tower, and a parliament was speci- 
 ally summoned to try him for treason. The 
 treasons alleged ngaiust hlra, even had they 
 been proved by the most trustworthy evi- 
 dence, were less treasons than mere petu- 
 lant speeches. Not a single overt act was 
 even alleged, far less proved against him. 
 But the king In person prosecuted him, and 
 tho slavish parliament shamelessly pro- 
 nounced him guilty ; the commons adding 
 to their vileness by both petitioning fortho 
 duke's execution, and passing a bill of at- 
 tainder against him. The dreadfully severe 
 temper of Edward required no such vile 
 prompting. There was Tittle danger of his 
 showing mercy even to a brother whom ho 
 had once fairly learned to hate I Tho sole 
 favour that ho would grant the unhappy 
 duko was that of being allowed to choose 
 the mode of his death ; and he made choice 
 of tho strange and unheard-of ono of be- 
 ing drowned in a butt of Slalmsey wine, 
 which whimsiciiliy tragic death was accord- 
 ingly inflicted upon him in the Tower of 
 London. 
 
 A.D. 1482.— Louis XL of Franco having 
 broken his agreement to marry the dauphin 
 to tho daughter of Edward, this king con- 
 templated the invasion of Franco lor tho 
 purpose of avenging the affront. But while 
 he was busily engaged with tho necessary 
 preparations he was suddenly seized with a 
 mortal sickness, of wbicb he expired in the 
 
 twenty-third year of bla reign and tha 
 forty-second of his afre. ' 
 
 Though undoubtedly posscsgcd nf hath 
 abilities and courage, Edward was dixirrarn. 
 fully sensual and hatefully cruel. iUfi yi 
 gourand courage might earn him ndmln. 
 tlon in times of difficulty, but his lovent 
 effeminate pleasures must always prccludn 
 him from receiving the apprnl)atloii of 
 the wise, as his unsparing cruelty nmji. 
 always ensure him the abhorrence of the 
 good. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 The Reign of Edward V. 
 
 A.D. l4fl.T— FnoM the timo of the itmr-i 
 rlageof Edward IV. with tho lady Ellzj.! 
 both Gray tho court had been divided into I 
 two flcrce factions, which were none tlio I 
 Ies.4 dangerous now because during tlie life I 
 of Edward the stem character of that kinvl 
 had compelled tho concealment of tlielrl 
 enmities from him. Tho queen liprstif I 
 with her brother the earl of Rivers aniil 
 her son the marquis of Dorset, were at thol 
 head of tho one faction, while tho other InJ 
 eluded nearly the whole of tho ancient andl 
 powerful nobility of tho kingdom, whona.! 
 turally wero indignant at the sudden ruj 
 and exceeding ambition of the queen's hi 
 mlly. The duke of Uurklnghani, thougU 
 he had married the queen's sister, was alj 
 the head of the party opposed to her faralljl 
 inliuenco, and he was zealously and ^itrDiii;!]] 
 supported by tho lords Hastings, StaulcyJ 
 and Howard. f 
 
 "When Edward IV. felt that his end W 
 approaching, he sent for these nobleincnaiil 
 entreated them to support the authority ol 
 bis youtlifnl son ; but no sooner was Kdwaif 
 dead than the leaders of both factions (ji 
 dcavoured to secure tho chief interest witi 
 tho heartless and ambitious duke of Glu| 
 ter, whom Edward IV. most fatally iJ 
 named regent during tho minority ul KJ 
 ward the Fifth. 
 
 Though Oloster was entrusted with tk 
 regency of the kingdom, the care of tli) 
 young prince was confided to his uncle tlif 
 earl of Rivers, a nobleman remarkable ll 
 that rude ago for his literary tasto aiil 
 talents. The queen, who was very anxioiil 
 to preserve over her son tho same great la 
 fluenco she had exerted over his father, al 
 vised Rivers to levy troops to escort til 
 king to London to bo crowned, and to prl 
 tect him from any undue coercion on tlf 
 part of the enemies of his family. To tU 
 step, however, lord Hastings and his f rlcnl 
 made the strongest and most open oppo^ 
 tlon ; Hastings even going so far as to d 
 Clare that if such a force were levied 1 
 should think it high time to depart fl 
 his government of Calais, and \\\i frienf 
 adding that the levying such a force wouT 
 be the actual recommencement of a cli| 
 war. Gloster, who had deeper raotlv 
 than any of the other parties coneernej 
 affected to think such force needless I 
 least, and his artful professions of detd 
 mination to afford tho young king all nea 
 ful protection so completely deceived t| 
 queen, that she altered her opinion and f 
 
'eign and Ui« 
 
 icsscd of hothi 
 d was dlsOTaco- 
 cruol. Ills vi. I 
 n lilm ndmlrs. I 
 but Ills Invent 
 ilwnys prcfludo ! 
 apprnbiitUm ot 
 f cruelty must I 
 torrcuco ol the I 
 
 XIV. 
 
 IBD V. 
 
 10 of tlio mnr<l 
 the Inily VMorX 
 een dlvkledlntol 
 1 were none tho I 
 lodurliiK the lite I 
 cter of that kill? I 
 raiment ol tlielrl 
 B queen herstlf.l 
 I of Rivera anil 
 irset, were at thol 
 hilo tlio other InT 
 f tlio ancient audi 
 kingdom, who 111.1 
 t tho sudden rUr 
 of tlic queen's Jul 
 klngliam, thougtf 
 ;n'8 slater, wasaJ 
 OBcd to her fnmlljl 
 ouslyandstroiigljl 
 Hastings, 8tauley| 
 
 that his end wsi 
 
 ,lje8cnol)lciiienaiil 
 
 irt tho authority ol 
 
 lOonerwasEdwarr 
 
 both factions eiJ 
 
 jhlcf Interest vflil 
 
 ouB duke of Gloi 
 
 most fatally liaf 
 
 minority ul ^ 
 
 ^trusted with tl 
 tlie care of tlij 
 pd to Ills uncle tl 
 tan reninrkablo 
 literary tasto an 
 J was very anxloi 
 [tho Banio great li 
 Wer his father, a( 
 lops to escort tl 
 Wned, and to pr 
 [e coercion ont! 
 1b family. To tli 
 igBandhlsfrlcm 
 Imost open oppoi 
 ig 80 far as to 
 5 were levied 
 le to depart f( 
 and ilia friew 
 Such a force woj 
 
 [cement of a cl' 
 
 deeper raotr 
 
 parties conccrw 
 
 force needless 
 Jessions of deti 
 lung king all n. 
 Itely deceived tl 
 
 er opinion and' 
 
 ePnsInnlr.— IDatiile of |?arit.— d^DtUAi:)! W, 
 
 273 
 
 itufstcdlier brother to accompany his ne- 
 nhcw to London wltli only such ciiuipago 
 uwss beflttlng b's high rank. 
 When the young king was understood to 
 M on his road, Oloster sot out with a nu- 
 merous retinue, under pretence of desiring 
 to escort him honourably to London, and 
 ^joined at Northampton by lord Hast- 
 liigH, who also had a numerous retinue. 
 Rivers, fancying that his own rotlnuo 
 idded to tho numerous company already 
 u;embled at Northampton would cause a 
 vant of accommodation, sent young Ed- 
 nrd on to Stony Stratford, and went lilm- 
 (Clf to pay his respects to tho regent Olos- 
 ter at Northampton. Rivers was cordially 
 lecolvcd by the duke of Oloster, with whom 
 ind Buckingham he spent tlie whole even- 
 |gg, Not a word passed whence lie could 
 lulerenralty or danger, yet on the following 
 morning as he was entering Stony Stratford 
 to join Ills royal ward, ho was arrested by 
 order of the duke of Oloster. Sir Richard 
 Cny, a son of the queen by her first inar- 
 jitge, and sir Thomas Vaughan, were at 
 tjiesanie time arrested, and all three wcro 
 loimcdlately sent under a strong escort to 
 pontcfract castle. 
 
 Having thus deprived tho young king of 
 
 lis wisest and most zealous protector, 
 
 Gloster waited upon lilni with every out- 
 
 lird show of kindness and respect, but 
 
 Uuld not with ail his art quiet the regrets 
 
 ind fears excited in the prince's mliui by 
 
 Hie sudden and ominous arrest of his kind 
 
 {ind good relative. Tho queen was still 
 
 lore alarmed. In the arrest of her brother 
 
 le saw but tho first stop mado towards 
 
 ien;< ■ of herself and her whole family; 
 
 id s.iO .mmedlately retired to tho sanc- 
 
 iry of Westminster, together with tho 
 
 lunjT duke of York and the five princesses, 
 
 istlng that Oloster would scarcely dare 
 
 Tlolato tho sanctuary which had proved 
 
 f efllclent defence against thoworst fury 
 
 the Lancastrian faction during tho worst 
 
 DCS of her husband's misfortunes. Her 
 
 inlldence In the shelter sho had chosen 
 
 IS naturally Increased by the consldcra- 
 
 ID, that whereas formerly even a family 
 
 )8cd to hers by tho most deadly and 
 
 iltlgable hostility was not tempted to 
 
 ilate the sanctuary, Bhe had now to dread 
 
 her own brother-in-law, whllo her son, 
 
 approaching tho years which would cit- 
 
 blm to ternihiato his uncle's protccto- 
 
 iWas tho king. 
 
 [Bat in reasoning thus tho queen wholly 
 
 trlooked the deep and dangerous nature 
 
 her brothcHn-law, whoso dark nilud was 
 
 n? enough for the most desperate deeds, 
 
 subtle enough to suggest excuses fit to 
 
 ase even upon tho shrewdest and most 
 
 itlous. Oloster saw tliat the continuance 
 
 his nephew in sanctuary would oppose 
 
 insurmountable obstacle to his abomin- 
 
 designs ; and he at once devoted his 
 
 rers of subtlety to the task of getting 
 
 young prince from that secure shelter 
 
 lOut allowing the true motive to appear. 
 
 ig full allowance for the power of the 
 
 h, he represented to the archbishops 
 
 itcrbury and York, that the queen in 
 
 te sort Insulted tho churcb by abusing, 
 
 to the protection of herself niid children 
 against tlio dangers which vxlHtcd only in 
 her imagination, a privilege which was In- 
 tended only for persons of mature years 
 having reason to fear grievous Injury on 
 account r)f either crime or debt. Now, ho 
 argued, could a uicro child like tho brother 
 of their youngklng bo in any wise obnoxious 
 to the king, from any cause for which tho 
 right ot sanctuary was Instituted 7 Was 
 not the church as well as the govcrnnieut 
 concerned in putting a stop, eve. by force 
 If necessary, to a course of conduct on tlio 
 port of the queen which was calculated to 
 possess mankind with tho most horrible 
 suspicions of tlioso persons who wero tho 
 most concerned in the king's happiness 
 and safety! Tho prelates. Ignorant of 
 the dark designs of Oloster, and even ot 
 Ills real nature, which hitherto ho had 
 carefully and most dexterously disguised, 
 could scarcely fail to agree witli him as 
 to the folly ot the queen's conduct, and its 
 utter ncedlessness for securing her son's 
 safety. But, careful of tho privileges of the 
 church, they would not hear of the sanc- 
 tuary being forcibly assailed, but readily 
 agreed to use their personal influence with 
 the queen to Induce her voluntarily to 
 abandon alike her retreat and her tears. 
 
 Tho prelates had much difllculty in in- 
 ducing the queen to allow the young duko 
 of York to leave her and tho protection of 
 the sanctuary. His continuance tliero she 
 again and again affirmed to bo important, 
 not only to his own safety, but to that ot 
 the young king, against whose life it would 
 appear to bo both useless and unsafe to 
 strike while his brother and successor re- 
 mained in safety. In reply to this tho pre- 
 lates, sincerely though most mistakenly, 
 assured her that she did but deceive herself 
 in lier fears for either ot tho royal brothers. 
 But perhaps their strongest argument wat 
 their frank declaration that tho seclusion 
 of the young prlnco was so offensive both 
 to the duke of York and tho council, that 
 it was more than possible tliot even forco 
 might be resorted to, should the queen re- 
 fuse to yield tho point. Breading lest fur- 
 ther opposition should but accelerate tho 
 evil that she v islied to avert, the unhappy 
 queen at length, with abundance of tears 
 and with lamentations which wero but too 
 prophetic, delivered tho young prince up, 
 bidding him, as she did so, farewell for 
 ever. 
 
 Possessed of the protectorate, which tli<< 
 council, on account of his near relation to 
 tho throne, had at onco conferred upon 
 him without waiting for tho consent of par- 
 liament, and now possessed of the persons 
 of the young princes, Oloster Boems to have 
 deemed uM obstacles removed to his bloody 
 and treacherous purpose ; though to any 
 less uncompromising and daring schemer 
 there might have seemed to bo a formid- 
 able one In tho existence ot numerous 
 other children of Edward, and two ot the 
 duke of Clarence. 
 
 The first step ot Oloster In his Infamous 
 course was to cause sir Richard RatcliflFe, 
 a tool well worthy of so heartless and un- 
 sparing an employer, to put to deatb tbe 
 
274 
 
 €!|ie Cvrntfurtt of Witatu, fft. 
 
 oarl of Uivcrfi and tlie other prisoners whom 
 lio hnil 8(>nt to Pontofract caHtU>, as lieforu 
 iianiud ; and to tlili innaBuro the tyrant 
 liod the art to obtain tho Banctimi of tho 
 duko of nucklnffbam and lord IlaatlnRii ; 
 whom BUbsoquently he most tlttlntrly re- 
 paid for tholr participation In this men- 
 Btrous guilt. 
 
 Gloater now qntte literally imitated tho 
 frreat enemy of mankind — he made this 
 llrat crime ut Huckinffham's, tills participa- 
 tion in one murder, tlio cauue and the justi- 
 fication of farther crime. lie pointed out 
 to Buckingham that the death— however 
 justiflnbiy InHictod, as ho affected to con- 
 sider It— at their suggestion and command, 
 of tho queen's brotlicr and son was an of- 
 fcnco which a woman of her temper would 
 by no means forgot ; and that, however Im- 
 potent sho might bo during tho minority 
 of her son, tho years would soon pass by 
 which would bring \\U majority ; she would 
 then have access to him and Influence over 
 him ; and would not that Influence be most 
 surely used to their destruction? Would 
 It not be safer for nuckingham, aye, and 
 better for all tho real and ancient nobility 
 of the kingdom, that tho offspring of tho 
 comparatively plebeian Kllzaheth Gray 
 should bo excluded from tho throne; and 
 that tho Hcoptru should pass Into tho hands 
 of Oloster himself —(Jlostor, who was so 
 Indlssolubly the friend of Ducklnghara, and 
 BO well affected to the true nobility of tho 
 kingdom? Safety from tho conscauences 
 of a crime already committed and irrevo- 
 cable, with great and glowing prospect of 
 rich bonents to arise from being tho per- 
 sonal friend, the very right hand of the 
 king, albeit a usurping king, were argu- 
 ments precisely adapted to tho comprehen- 
 sion and favour of Buckingham, who with 
 but small liesltatlon agreed to lend his aid 
 and sanction to the measures necessary to 
 convert the duke of Gloster into king 
 Richard III. 
 
 Having thus secured Ducklnghara.GIoster 
 now turued his attention to lord Hastings 
 whose influence was so extensive as to 
 be of vast importance. Through the me- 
 dium of Oatesby, a lawyer much employed 
 by Gloster when chicane scorned tlie pre- 
 ferable weapon to actual violence, Gloster 
 sounded Hastings ; but that nobleman.wcak 
 and wicked as he had proved himself, was 
 far too sincerely attached to the children of 
 bis late sovereign and friend to consent to 
 their Injury. He not only refused to aid in 
 the transfer of the crown from them, but 
 BO refused as to leave but little room for 
 doubt that he would be active In his oppo- 
 Bitlon. Thodnere suspicion was sufflcient 
 to produce his ruin, which Gloster set 
 about instantly and almost without the 
 trouble of disguise. 
 
 A council was summoned to meet Glos- 
 ter at the Tower ; and Hastings attended 
 with as littlo fear or suspicion as any other 
 member. Gloster, whose mood seems ever 
 to have been tho most dangerous when his 
 bearing was the most Jocund, chatted fo- 
 mlllariy with the members of the council 
 n» tbejr assembled. Not a frown darkened, 
 tall terrible brow, not a word f eU from bis 
 
 lips that could excite doubt or fia,' ; v/Ua 
 could have supposed that ho was abdut to 
 roinniit a fnul uiurcicr who was nulllclcntiy 
 at cnso to conuiliment blHliop Morton u|i(jn 
 tho hIzo and Lvirllnens of the Btrawl)(<rrlrj 
 In his garden nt Uolboru, and to be/:; tlini 
 a dish of th«ni might bo sent to him 't Yi t 
 it was in the midst of such light talk tiia( 
 ho left tho council-board to ascertain thut 
 all hlBVlllanous arrangements were exactly 
 modo. This done, ho entered the t<m\\ 
 again With a dlsturliod and angry counti 
 nance,'and startled all present by stirnii 
 and abruptly demanding what punL-tliiiuMu 
 was deserved by those who should Unrc u, 
 plot against tho life of the uncle of tlic 
 king and tho appointed protector of tlic 
 realm. Hastings, really attached to (Slos- 
 tcr, though still more so to the royal diii. 
 drcn, warmly replied that whoever shouM 
 do so would merit the punishment of trai- 
 tors. 
 
 'Traitors, nyo traitors I' said the duko, 
 ' and those traitors are the sorccresr* niy 
 brother's widow, and his mistress Jano 
 Shore, and others who aro associated witli 
 them; And then laying baro his ,irui, 
 which all present knew to have been sliri- 
 veiled and deformed from his earliest year?, 
 ho continued, 'See to what a condition 
 they have reduced me by their abominablo 
 witchcraft and incantations I ' 
 
 The mention of Jano Shore excited tlio 
 first suspicion or fear in tho mind of nav 
 tings, who, subsequent to the death of tlie 
 lato king, had been intimate with the beau- 
 tiful though guilty woman of that name. 
 
 •If,' said Hastings, doubtfully, 'they 
 have done this, my lord, they deserve the 
 severest punishment.' 
 
 ' If 1 ' slioutcd Gloster ; ' and do you prate 
 to me of your i/a and andal You nrctlio 
 chief abettor of the sorceress Shore ; ym 
 are a traitor, and by St. Paul I swear tliat I 
 will not dine until your head shall lo 
 brought to me,' 
 
 Thus speaking, he struck the tabic with 
 his hand, and in an Instant the rouin wu 
 flllcd with armed men who hiyt already re- 
 ceived Ills orders liow to act ; IlaMtiiigg vas 
 dragged from the room, and beheaded on a 
 log of wood which chanced to be lying la 
 the court-yard of the Tower. In two hours 
 after this savage murder, a proclanistion 
 was made to tho citizens of London, apolo- 
 gising for the sudden oxccution of Hastliib'^ 
 on the score of the equally sudden Ulscoverf 
 of numerous offences which tho proclanii- 
 tlon charged upon him. Thouglt Ciloster 
 had but littlo reason to fear any actual out- 
 break in the city, the lord Hastings fnal 
 very 'popular there; and not a few oftlio 
 citizens, even including tlioso who weretbej 
 most favourable to Gloster, seemed toagrei 
 with a merchant who, noticing the claba-| 
 rate composition of tho fairly written pro 
 clamation, and contrasting it with th( 
 shortness of the time which had elapet 
 from Hastings's murder, shrewdly remarki 
 that 'the proclamation might safely be r 
 lied on, for it was quite plain that ii ha4 bet 
 dravm by the spirit of prophecy.' 
 
 Though the extreme violence of QlosI 
 was for the present conflued to Hasting) 
 
I or tia.': who 
 
 was VL\m\\t to 
 kvnH kunirU-ntl; 
 )p Mortiiii uiiun 
 110 BtriiwbcrrlPi 
 md to l)c« tliaj 
 nttohtmt Yd 
 
 1 light tnik tlm( 
 ) oscortnlu tliut 
 ntBWcro exactly 
 tcrcd the ruum 
 d migry couiitc 
 iseut Viy ntcriilj 
 hat punlrihmoiii 
 (> gtaould Unri' i.i 
 he uncle of tlio 
 [)rotector of the 
 tinchcd to (ills- 
 ;o the royal I'hll- 
 
 whoever BhouH 
 alihmeut ol tral- 
 
 r said the (\ulio, 
 the sorccresri my 
 is mlitrcaa Jnno 
 e associated wtth 
 J bare hU arm, 
 have liecn shri- 
 this earliest years, 
 (That a cotuUtiuii 
 ' their aboinluablo 
 jns ! ' i 
 
 Bhoro excited tlio ' 
 the uilnd of Hai- 
 the death of the 
 late with the beau- > 
 BU of that name, i 
 doubtfully, 'thcjl 
 |, they deserve the 
 
 • and do you prate | 
 
 'nda 1 You are ilic 
 
 ceress Shore ; yi>ii I 
 
 aul I Bwcar that I 
 
 T bead shall ho 
 
 iclt the table with I 
 lant the room to I 
 fhohi¥l already re- 1 
 I act; HasttiiigBwajl 
 land beheaded oil J 
 Iced to bo lying ill I 
 [wer. lu two hours 1 
 ler, a x>roclaraationl 
 Sof London, apolo- 1 
 ecutlon of Hastings I 
 dy sudden discover I 
 Fhlchthe rroclamal 
 h. Though Glostorl 
 Ifear any actual oiu-l 
 llovd Hastinga «| 
 U not a lew o£ thol 
 [those who were iliel 
 Ler, seemed toagri.'«| 
 rnoticing the clahoj 
 1 fairly written ri;i>f 
 ustlng It with m 
 fwhlch had elapsw 
 I. shrewdly remarks, 
 'might safely be » 
 ^lainthatilhadm 
 
 /violence ol Qlosti 
 Inflned to Hastlr" 
 
 dPnQlAitlr.HQottife of |?ar&.— Ctrbmrlr (9. 
 
 278 
 
 |g it lu retributive Justice upon his crlino 
 towards the Tlctlnis of Tuntefract, the other 
 councillors were by no means allowed to 
 crtc.'ipo scot free. Lord Stanley was actually 
 wounded by the poU-oxo of one of the hoI< 
 dlers suniiuoned by the treacherous pro- 
 tector, and only, perhaps, escaped being 
 nnuilercd lu the very presence of that ty- 
 rant by the more dexterous than dlgnlfled 
 I'xpcdicnt of falling under the table, and re- 
 maining there till the confusion attendant 
 ii|iiin the arrest of Hastings had subsided. 
 He was then, together with the archbishop 
 of Vork, the bishop of lily, and Konio other 
 rouiiclllors, wlioni Qloster hated for their 
 Fliicore attachment to the family of the late 
 king, conveyed from the council room of 
 the Tower to Its too ominous dungeons. 
 
 A new and a meaner victim was now cs- 
 Bcutlal to the dark and uusparing purposes 
 of the protector. Ills connection of the 
 murdered Hastings with the alleged sorce- 
 ries of the late king's mistress, Jane Shore, 
 rendered It necessary that he should ap- 
 pear to be fully convinced that she was 
 euUty of the crimes which he bad laid to 
 her charge. The charge of witchcraft, that 
 upon which ho laid the most stress, was so 
 utterly unsupported by evidence, that even 
 the ignoranco of the age and the power of 
 Glostcr could not get her convicted upon 
 it; but as it was notorious that she, a mar- 
 ried woman, had lived in a doubly adulte< 
 rous intercourse with the late king, the 
 spiritual court was easily induced to sen- 
 tence her to do penauce publicly, and at- 
 tired in a white sheet, at St. Paul's. Her 
 Bubscquent fate was just what might he ex- 
 pected from her former life. Though In her 
 guilty prosperity she showed many signs of 
 a humane and kindly temper, liberally suc- 
 couring the distressed and disinterestedly 
 uslug her Influence with the king for the 
 bcneflt of deserving but friendly court 
 Bultors, she passed unheeded and unaided 
 from her public degradation to a privacy of 
 miserable Indigence. 
 
 Gloster's Impunity thus far very luitu- 
 rally increased both bis propenslon to 
 crime and his audacity In its commission, 
 aud ho now no longer made a secret of his 
 desire to exclude the present king and his 
 brother from the throne. Reckless of wo- 
 man's fame as of man's life, Qloster took 
 advantage of the kno^vn luxurlousness of 
 the late king's life to affirm that, previous 
 to that prince marrying the lady Elizabeth 
 Gray he had been married to the lady Elea- 
 nor, Talbot, the daughter of the carl of 
 Shrewsbury ; that this marriage, though se- 
 cret, was legal and binding, and had been 
 solemnized by Mllllngton, bishop of Bath ; 
 and that, consequently and necessarily, Ed- 
 ward's children by the lady Elizabeth Gray 
 were Illegitimate. The children of Edward 
 being thus pronounced illegitimate, Glos- 
 ter, byhis partisans, maintained that the 
 attainder of the duke of Clarence necessa- 
 rily dispossessed Ms children of all right. 
 Bnt as assertion in the former case could 
 hardly pass for proof, and as attaint had 
 nsrer been ruled to exclude from the crown 
 as from mere private succession, Gloster 
 ioaied to a higher and more damning pitch 
 
 of Infamy : hitherto ho had Impugned the 
 chastity of his sister-in-law— now he passed 
 beyond all the ordinary villany of the world, 
 and imputed frequent and familiar harlotry 
 to his own mother I To make his right to 
 the throne wholly independent either of the 
 alleged secret marrlngc of the late king to 
 the lady Eleanor, or of the effect upon Ola- 
 r nco'B children of the attainder of their 
 father, Gloster now taught his numerous 
 and zealous tools to maintahi that his mo- 
 ther, the duchess of York, who was still 
 alive, had been repeatedly false to her mar- 
 riage vows, that both Edward IV. and the 
 duke of Clarence had bc«n illegitimate and 
 the sons of different fathers, and that the 
 duko of Gloster was alone the legitimate 
 son of the duke and duchess of York. 
 
 As If this horrible charge of a son against 
 his mother, who had lived and was still 
 living In the highest credit of the most ir- 
 reproachable virtue, were not sufficiently 
 revolting to all good and manly feeling, the 
 horrlblu charge was first brought forward 
 in church; on tho occasion of Dr. Shaw 
 preaching a sernton before tho protector. 
 The preacher, well worthy of the patron, 
 took the slgnlllcant text, ' Bastard slips 
 shall not thrive ; ' upon which the preacher 
 enlarged with great zeal In tho endeavour 
 to throw tho stain of bastardy upon Bdward 
 IV. and his brother Clarence. Though 
 Gloster was far too free from shamefaced- 
 ness, as well as from every thing in the 
 shape of ' compunctious visiting,' to bare 
 any objection to being present during the 
 delivery of tho whole of tho tirade against 
 his own mother's chastity, yet from a poll- 
 tic motive It was arranged that he should 
 not enter tho church until the preacher 
 should finish pronouncing the following 
 passage. Contrasting tho duke of Gloster 
 with the alleged Illegitimate sons of his 
 mother, the preacher exclaimed, 'Behold 
 this excellent prince, tho express image ot 
 his noble father, the genuine descendant 
 of tho house of York; bearing, no loss In 
 the virtues of his mind than In the features 
 of his countenance, the character of the 
 gallant Richard, once your hero and fa- 
 vourite. He alone is entitled to your alle< 
 glance ; he must deliver yon from the do- 
 minion of all Intruders ; be alone can re- 
 store the lost glory and honour of the 
 nation.' 
 
 It was intended that this glowing pane- 
 gyric on the duko of Gloster should t>e 
 pronounced at the very moment of the ob- 
 ject of It making his appearance in the 
 church, in the hope that, taken by surprise 
 and urged Into cnthusiastio feeling, the 
 congregation might be Induced to hall the 
 wily and heartless tyrant with the cry of 
 •God save king Richard I ' But by one of 
 those mistakes which very often occur to 
 throw ridicule upon the deepest schemes, 
 the doke did not make bis appearance until 
 the whole of this precious passage had al- 
 ready been delivered. Rather than bis elo- 
 quence and the chance of Its success should 
 be lost by this accident, the preacher ac- 
 tually repeated it ; but the audience, either 
 from the repetition seeming ridlenlona, or 
 Its Impressing tbem tbe mote strongly 
 
376 
 
 C!)r Crmittiru at WitatUt ^^ 
 
 with tho faUcliodd nnd villnnr nf tlin 
 rhnrfioii liitliiuatcd AKnlnnt tho diiilioNR of 
 Yurk, wltnemcd thi< pcrfnriimnrv of tho 
 dlmniitliiK farce with nn lixllfrircnrc which 
 prubnbly wbh moro novi-rcly felt l>y (Jloitcr 
 thnn any other punUbmuiit wuuld bavo 
 been. 
 
 Tho prcftchlnff of Dr. Rbaw hnrlnir thiia 
 failed to effect tho imriioie of OloHtcr, ro- 
 couno was now liad to tho management of 
 Dr. Shaw'M brother, who at thta time waa 
 mayor of London. IIo called a meeting of 
 tho cltlcena. to whom he Introduced tho 
 dnko of Buckingham, who exerted to tho 
 utmoit bla powera of eloquonco upon tho 
 •uhjoct of GloRter's great and numerous 
 Tirtuoa, and upon the superiority of his un- 
 questionable claim to tho throno. Though 
 Buckingham waa as earnest as he was olo- 
 nueut, ho could by no means conimunlrato 
 his own feellnifB to tho bosoms of tho good 
 citizens, who with most unmoved counte- 
 nances and lack-lustre oycs heard him in 
 rUI gravity, and beard tho very conclusion 
 of his address with all silenrc. At once 
 nnnoyod by this repulslvo silence, and as 
 much abashed by it as so experienced a 
 courtier well could be by any thing, tho 
 duke angrily demanded of tho mayor what 
 tho silence of the citizens might mean. 
 The mayor replied, that probably tho citl- 
 sons hod not fully nnderstood tho duke, 
 who then repeated the former speech, but 
 Btill failed to elicit any reply from his au- 
 ditors. The mayor, in his desire to gratify 
 the duke, pretended that tho citizens, who 
 wore always accustomed to lie harangued 
 by their own recorder, could only compre- 
 hend tho duke's speech If delivered to tbem 
 through the medium of that officer. 
 
 Tiie recorder, Fitzwilllam, was accord- 
 ingly desired to repeat the duke's speech, 
 which, being no friend toOlostcr's projects, 
 he took care to do in such wise that the 
 people could by no means take tho word», 
 though delivered by him, as In any way ex- 
 pressing bis wishes ; and he, Itko tho duke, 
 was heard to the very Ust word without 
 anyone giving him a word of reply. 
 
 The duke now became too much enraged 
 to refrain from speaking out, and he said, 
 ' Tills la wonderful obstinacy ; express your 
 meimlng, my friends, in one way or tbo 
 other. When we apply to you on this oc- 
 casion, it Is merely from the regard which 
 we bear to you. The lords and commons 
 liave Bufflclent authority without your con- 
 sent to appoint a king ; but I require you 
 taero to declare, in plain terms, wiiether or 
 not you will have the duko of Gloster for 
 your sovereign?' The earnestness and 
 anger of tho duke, and the example set by 
 some of his and tho duke of Oloster's eer- 
 vants, caused this address, moro fortunate 
 than the former ones, to bo received with a 
 cry of Ood save king Biclmrd I The cry was 
 feeble, and raised by people few in number 
 and of the humblest rank ; but It served 
 the purpose of Buckingham, who now, as 
 bad been concerted, hurried off to Baynard's 
 castle to inform Oloster that the voice of 
 • the people ' called him to tbo throne I 
 
 Bneklogham was attended to Baynard's 
 castle bj the mayor and a considerable 
 
 number of citizens ; and though tho wily 
 lirotocior was moHt anxlounly oxiiortimf 
 thU vUlt, ho AlTccted to 1)0 HiirprlHi'd aticl 
 oven alarmed at mo many porHoiis In (•(un. 
 pany demanding to Hpeak to him; whirh 
 pretended surprise and alarm of the pro- 
 tector, llucklngham took caro to point out 
 to tho cspeelat notice of the thlck-wltttd 
 citizens. When tho protector at lenuth 
 suffered himself to bo persuaded to Hiunk 
 to tho duko of nurkhiKham and the cliu 
 zons, ho affected aHtonUlmu'nt on honrlnot 
 that he was duslrod to bo king, and rounii- 
 ly declared his own intention of remnhiiiii{ 
 loyal to Kdward V., a course of coiiduct 
 which ho also recommended to DucklnMrljimi 
 and his other auditors. Buckingham now 
 affected to take a lilRher tone with tlio pn). 
 tector. That prince, argued Burklnglmm, 
 could undoubtedly refuse to aocept tho 
 crown, but bo could not compel tho ponplu 
 to endure their present sovereign. A new 
 ono they would hare ; and If tho diikc nt 
 Uloster would not comply with their lovlnir 
 wishes on his behalf, it would only bclinvn 
 them to offer tho crown clHewberc. Iiiiv- 
 Ing now Bufllclcntly kept up tho dlsgUHtln;^ 
 J arcc of refusing that crown for the Raku 
 of which ho had already waded throui^h lio 
 much Innocent blood, and was so perftrtly 
 prepared and determined to conuiilt cvt'ii 
 more startling crlnioa still, Gloster now 
 gave a seemingly reluctant consent to nr- 
 cept it ; and without watting for farttiir 
 repetition of this offer from ' the peoijlp; 
 ho thenceforth throw aside even the mive- 
 tatlon of acting on behalf of any other so- 
 vereign than his own will and iilcnRuro. 
 
 Tho farcical portion of tho UHurimtlnn, 
 however, was but too soon afterward ful. 
 lowed by a most tragical completion ot 
 Richard's vile crime. Tortured by the truo 
 bane of tyrants, suspicion and fear, Itlciiard 
 felt that so long as his young ncpIicwH xiir- 
 vlved, his usurped crown would ever bn In- 
 secure ; as an opponent would always be nt 
 hand to bo set up against him by any nolilo 
 to whom lie might chance to give offoure. 
 This consideration was quite cnouKh to 
 ensure tho death of the unfortunate yoimi^ 
 princes, and Richard sent orders for tlieir 
 murder to tho constable of tho Tower, sir 
 Robert Brackonbury. But this gentleman 
 was a man of honour, and ho refused t<> liavo 
 anything to do with a design so atrocioiii). 
 The tyrant was, however, not to be baflled 
 by the refusal of one good man to bend to 
 his infamous designs, and having found a 
 more compliant tool in the person of sir 
 James Tyrrol, it was ordered that for one 
 night Brackenbury should surrender to tlint 
 person tho keys of the Tower. On that fatal 
 night throe wretches, named Slater, Dlgli- 
 ton, and Forrest, wero introduced to the 
 chamber in which the two young princes 
 were buried in sinless nnd peaceful sleep. 
 In that sleep the young victims were einif 
 thered by the three assassins Just named, 
 Tyrrel waiting outside tho door while the 
 horrid deed was being perpetrated, and, on 
 its completion, ordering the t)urinl of the 
 bodies at tho foot ot the staircase leading 
 to the chamber. 
 
 It may not be quite unnecessary to men* 
 
CPnolanlT.— Dotitfe of 9ork.~C)ifoarti 07. 
 
 ill 
 
 Icessary to iuen< 
 
 ttun horo that ilouhm, frniu which mnn'H 
 ItiKotiulty allowa few trulli*, howovor plain, 
 wholly tu eicttpo, iiitvo lioeii thrown upon 
 till* portion of Illrhard'H Kullt; hut the 
 iiDnt InNTcnlouH rcaHoiihiK ami tlio utmost 
 (I'llclty nt KUOHHliiK aru liut Idio when op- 
 poHi'd to plain fact, ai In tho pruiont caio; 
 KiMii'lhInK niuru Is rrQulslte In opposition 
 to tho actual confession made by tho mur- 
 derers themselves in tho following rultfn. 
 
 CHArTKIl XXXV. 
 The Ueign of Uioiiaiid III. 
 
 A.a MM.— ItAViHo not only grasped tlie 
 rrnwn, but also put to death tho two claim- 
 ants from whom ho had tho most reason to 
 finr future annoyniirc, Ulchard now turned 
 liU attention toserurlnn as ctrouKabody 
 of supporterit as he could, by tho Ulstrlbu- 
 tl»n of favours. And so uuaIous was ho 
 upon this point, so ready to forget all other 
 cimslderatlons in the present usefulness of 
 those of whose services ho stood In need, 
 that he cast his shrewd eyo upon iiowerful 
 riiemles to bo conciliated as well as devoted 
 friends to bo rewarded fur the past and re- 
 tained for tho future. 
 
 Among thoBo whom Ulchard tho most 
 carefully sought to keep Arm to his inte- 
 rcuts was the duke of llucklngham. De- 
 scended from Tliomas of Woodstock, duko 
 of Ulouccster, and uncle of Richard II., 
 this nobleman was allied to tho royal fa- 
 mily, and from tho samo cause lie had a 
 claim upon a moiety of tho vast property of 
 Dohun.oarl of Hereford, wlilch moiety had 
 long been held by tho crown undercscheat. 
 Uucklngham, though his wealth and lio- 
 iiours were already enormous, deemed that 
 the services ho liad recently rendered to 
 Richard gave LIm good ground to claim 
 tliU property, and also tho offlco of con- 
 stable of England, which had long been 
 hereditary In tho 1I( rcford family. In the 
 first exultation causi 1 by his own success, 
 BO much of which w;is owing to Bucking- 
 ham, Ulchard grantt d all that nobleman 
 Bilked. Uut on cooler retlectlon Ulchard 
 seems to have imagined that Uucklngham 
 was already as wealthy and powerful as a 
 subject could bo consistently with tho safety 
 of tho crown, and though ho virtually made 
 a formal grant of tho Hereford property, 
 ho took caro to oppose Insuperable dlfDcul- 
 tics to its actual fullllment. Uucklngham 
 was far too shrewd to fall to perceive the 
 real cause of tho property being withheld 
 from him ; and ho who had so unscrupu- 
 lously eierted himself to set up the usurper, 
 now felt fully as anxious and resolute to aid 
 in pulling him down. The flagrancy of 
 Richard's usurpation was such as to pro- 
 
 \ mlsecveryfacllity to an attempt to dethrone 
 him, if that attempt were but headed by a 
 
 i man of adequate power and consequence. 
 In truth, the very success of his usurpation 
 was scarcely more .ittrlbutablo to his own 
 daring and unpriuclpled wickedness than 
 to tho absence of any powerful opponent. 
 Even tho lowest and meanest citizens of 
 London had rather been coerced into a pas- 
 sive admission of his right to tho crown 
 than iutu au activo support uf It ; and now 
 
 that tho duko of Oucklnr^am waa conrcrt> 
 od Into an enemy of tto usurper, tho long 
 dormant claims of tho Lancastrians wero 
 pressed upon his attention, and not unfa- 
 vourably looked upon bv him. Morton, bl« 
 shop of Ely, whom RIchvrd committed to 
 tho Tower ou tho day of lord HaMtlngs's 
 murder, had recently been committed to 
 tlio less rigorous custody of tho duko of 
 UucklMKham, and, perceiving tho <luko't 
 discontent, turned his attention toa llttlng 
 rival to oppose to tho tyrant, In tho person 
 of Uenry. tho young carl of Iilchniond. 
 Through bis mother tho young carl was 
 heir of tho older branch of tho house of 80- 
 morsct ; and though that claim to the crown 
 would formerly have been looked upon as 
 very slight, tho failure of the Icgltlmatu 
 branches of tho liouso of Lancaster now 
 gave it considerable Importance In tho 
 eyes of tho adherents of that house. Even 
 Edward IV. had been su Jealous of tho earl 
 of Illchmond'H claim upon tlio throne, that 
 after vainly endeavouring to got him into 
 his power, he had agreed to pay a consider- 
 able yearly sum to tho duko of Urittany to 
 keep tho dangerous young noble pc his 
 court, nominally as a guest, but really as a 
 prisoner. Tho very Jealousy thus shown to- 
 wards tho young earl naturally Increased 
 tho attention and favour of tho Lancas" 
 trians ; and it now occurred to the bishop 
 Morton, and, from his reasonings, to tho 
 duko of Ducklnghain, that Ulchard might 
 bo dethroned in favour of young Henry, 
 But as the long depression of tho house of 
 Lancaster had diminished both thezeal and 
 tho number of Its adherents, Morton with 
 profound policy suggested the wisdom of 
 strengthening tho bonds of Henry, and at 
 the saino time weakening those of Ulchard, 
 by tho marriage of the former to king Ed- 
 ward's eldest daughter, the princess Elisa- 
 beth, and thus uniting the party claims of 
 both families agal)i!<t tho racro personal 
 usurpation of Ulchard, who was deeply de- 
 tested by the nation for his cruelty, and 
 would consequently meet with no liourty 
 support, if he should be openly opposed 
 with even a probability of success. 
 
 Young Henry's mother, tho countess of 
 nichmond, was informed by Morton and 
 Buckingham of their views in favour of her 
 sou ; and tho honour intended for him was 
 too great to allow of any hesitation on her 
 part. Dr. Lewis, a physician who had, pro- 
 fessionally, tho means of communicating 
 with tho queen dowager, who still found 
 shelter in the sanctuary of Westminster, 
 knew that, whatever might have been her 
 former prejudices against the Lancastrians, 
 they instantly yielded to the hate and dis- 
 gust with which she thought of the success- 
 ful usurper who had murdered her brother 
 and three sons. Sho not only gave her con- 
 sent to tho proposed marriage, but also bor- 
 rowed a sum of money which she sent to aid 
 Henry in raising troops, and she at the samo 
 time reciulrcd liim to swear to marry her 
 daughter aa boou aa lio could safely reach 
 England. 
 
 Morton .and Buckingham having thus far 
 met with Bucce8s,bogan to exert themselves 
 amoutf their iuHueutlal friends la the va- 
 
278 
 
 C^e Crfa?tirj) at Utotorg, ^c. 
 
 tlons counties, to prepare them for a ge- 
 neral and simultaneous rising In favour of 
 the carl of Richmond when ho should land ; 
 and in this respect, too, their efforts met 
 with an uncommon success, the tyranny 
 of Richard becoming every day more hate- 
 ful to all orders of his trampled subjects. 
 
 But guilt such as thiit of Richard is ever 
 suspicious, even where there Is no real 
 cause for suspicion ; and the sudden acti- 
 vity of various men of influence could nei- 
 ther escape the sharpened observation of 
 the tyrant, nor seem Inexplicable to him 
 on any other ground than that of treason 
 against hlra. Well knowing that Buclcing- 
 ham was greatly addicted to political plot- 
 ting, Richard with many friendly expres- 
 sions Invited tho duke to court, where for 
 Bome time he haC bsen a stranger. Whe- 
 ther the king reaJly sought a reconciliation 
 with tho duke, or merely wished to obtain 
 possession of his person, does not clearly 
 appear. The duke, however, who well knew 
 with whom he had to deal, interpreted the 
 king's message in the latter sense, and 
 only replied to it by unfurling the standard 
 of revolt In "Wales at the moment when 
 Richard was levying troops in the north. 
 
 Ithappeued most unfortunately for Buck- 
 ingham, that just as he had marched his 
 troops to the Severn, that river was so 
 swollen in conseauencc of rains of almost 
 unexampled copiousness and duration, as 
 to bo quite Impassable. This unlooked-for 
 check cast a damp upon the spirits of 
 Buckingham's followers, who were still far- 
 ther dispirited by great distress from want 
 of provisions. Desertions among them 
 dally became more numerous, and Buck- 
 ingham, at length finding himself wholly 
 abandoned, disguised himself In a mean 
 habit and made his way to tho house of an 
 old servant of his family. Even In this ob- 
 scure retreat, however, he was discovered, 
 and carried as a prisoner to the king, who 
 was then posted at Salisbury. All the for- 
 mer services rendered by the iluke were for- 
 gotten In the fact of bis more recent ap- 
 pearance In arms as the avowed enemy of 
 the king, and he was Immediately sent to 
 execution. Several other though less emi- 
 nent prisoners fell into the hands of Rich- 
 ard, and were by him transferred to the 
 executioner ; and one of these, a gentleman 
 named Collingbournc, lii said to have suf- 
 fered not for his direct and open opposi- 
 tion to Richard, but for some miserable 
 doggrel In which ho made It a complaint 
 tbat 
 
 The cat the rat, and LotcI the dog, 
 Bnle all England under tuo hog. 
 
 Stupid as this doggrel production was, 
 Its stupidity ai 1 the heinous offence of 
 playing upon t o names of Catesby and 
 Batcllffe, upon that of Lovel and upon the 
 cognisance of the klug, seem to have me- 
 rited a somewhat less severe pnuishment 
 than death I The bishop of Ely and the 
 marquis of Dorset, to neither of whom 
 Avould Richard have shown any mercy, were 
 fortunate enough to escape from the king- 
 dom. In the meantime the young earl of 
 Richmond with a levy of five thousand 
 men had sailed from St. Maloes, in igno- 
 
 rance of the misfortune that had occurred 
 to his cause in England ; and on arriving 
 there ho found that, for tho prescut at 
 least, all hope was at an end, and he sailed 
 back to Brittany. 
 
 A.D. 1484.— Tho politic Richard easily 
 saw that the recent attempt to dethrono 
 hlin had by its ill success, and the severity 
 with which he had punished some of tlio 
 chief actors in it, very considerably tcndea 
 to strengthen his cause not in the iUrcc- 
 tions, indeed, but in the terrors of the peo- 
 ple. Hitherto, being sensible of tho ila- 
 grant impudence as well as deep guilt nf 
 his usurpation, ho had been well content 
 to rest his right to tho tlirone upon tho 
 tyrant's right, superior strength. But lio 
 judged that he now might safely call a par- 
 liameut without any doubt of its recog- 
 nising his title. His anticipation proved 
 to be quite correct ; the parliament acted 
 just as he wished, echoed his words, granted 
 him tho usual tonnage and poundage for 
 life, and passed a few popular laivs. Wltli 
 tho same purpose in view he now addressed 
 hiUiseU to tho seemingly difficult task of 
 converting the queen dowager from a foe 
 into a friend. Ho saw that the chief source 
 of Richmond's popularity was his projected 
 espousal of , tho princess Elizabeth, and lio 
 knew enough of human nature to feel sure 
 that a woman of the queen dowager's tem- 
 per would be far from unlikely to prefer tho 
 union of her daughter with aking in fact, to 
 her union with an earl who might never lie a 
 king at all. True it was that the princess 
 Elizabeth was solemnly betrothed to his 
 rival and foe, the earl of Richmond, and 
 was related to Richard within tho prolii- 
 bited degrees; but then Rome could grant 
 a dispensation, and Rome was venal. Thus 
 reasoning, Richard applied himself to tho 
 queen dowager, and met with all the success 
 ho had anticipated. Wearied with her 
 long seclusion from all pleasure and all 
 authority, she at once consented to give 
 her daughter to the wretch who had de- 
 prived her of three sons and a brother, and 
 was so completely converted to his Inter- 
 ests that she wrote to her son, the marquis 
 of Dorset, and all the rest of her connec- 
 tions to withdraw irom supporting Kicli- 
 mond, a piece of complaisance for wliich 
 she paid full docarly In tho next reign. 
 
 Flattering himself that no material dan- ' 
 ger could assail ills tlironc during the in- 
 terval necessary for procuring the dlsiieu- 
 sation from Rome, Riclicrd now began to 
 c6nsider himself securely settled on tlio 
 tlirone. But danger accrued to him even 
 out of the very measure on which lio 
 mainly rested for safety. The friends of 
 the earl of Richmond now more than ever 
 pressed him again to try his fortune in in- 
 vading England, lest the dispensation from : 
 Rome should enable Richard to complete 
 his project of marrying the princess Eliza- 
 beth, which marriage would do so much tu 
 injure all the future hopes of the carl, as 
 far as the sympathies of tho people were 
 concerned, in a union of the houses of Turk 
 and Lancaster Henry accordiugiy escaped 
 from Brittany, where ho deemed hinisdl 
 in danger from tho treachery of the duke's 
 
confltlt'iitial minister, nnd proceeded to the 
 court of Prance. Here he was greatly aided 
 Ijy Charles VIII., wlio had succeeded the 
 tyrant Louis ZI.; and hero too, he was 
 i joined by the earl of Oxford, wiiu had 
 escaped from the gaol Into which Richard's 
 Buspiclons had thrown hlni, and who now 
 brought Henry most flattering accounts of 
 the excellent chance lie had from the po- 
 pulnr disposition In England. 
 
 Ilichard In the meantime, unconscious 
 or careless of the effect produced on the 
 conduct of Richmond by the expectation of 
 the dispensation which was to allow Rich- 
 ard to deprive him of his promised bride, 
 triumphed in his fortune of having become 
 s, widower at only a short time before by 
 tlio sudden death— so sudden that poison 
 WHS suspected, but rather from the sudden- 
 ness and from the general cliaracter of 
 llii'liard than from anything like proof— 
 ot ills wife Anne, widow of that lidward, 
 prince of Wales, of whom Richard was the 
 murderer. His actual and his proximate 
 marriage must, in truth, have led him to 
 Ix'lieve that the murder of a lady's male re- 
 latives was anything rather than a bar to 
 licrfavourl 
 
 A.D. 1485. — But While Richard was ex- 
 ulting in triumph as to the past and In 
 hope as to the future, Richmond with 
 an army of two thousand men had sailed 
 from the Norman port of Harfleur, and 
 landed, without experiencing opposition, at 
 Milford Haven, In Wales. Here, as he ex- 
 pected, the zealous though unfortunate ex- 
 ertions of the duke of Buckingham had 
 greatly prepossessed the people In his fa- 
 vour, and his IWtle army was Increased by 
 volunteersat every mile he marched. Among 
 those who joined him was sir Rice ap 
 Tliomas with a force with which he had 
 been entrusted by Richard ; and even the 
 ntlicr commander of the tyrant, sir Walter 
 Herbert, made but a faint and iniQlcicnt 
 showofdcfcncefor Richard. Thus strength- 
 ened by actual volunteers, and encouraged 
 by the evident lukewarmness of Richard's 
 partisans, Richmond marched to Shrews- 
 bury, where he was joined by the whole 
 strength of the great Shrewsbury family 
 under sir Gilbert Talbot, and by another 
 numerous reinforcement under sir Thomas 
 i^ourchier aud sir Walter Hungerford. 
 
 Richard, who had taken post at Notting- 
 ham, as being so central as to admit of his 
 hastening to whichever part of the kingdom 
 might earliest need his aid, was not nearly 
 so much annoyed by the utmost force of his 
 known enemies as ho was perplexed about 
 the real extent to which ho could depend 
 upon the good faith of his seeming friends. 
 The duke of Norfolk Richard had reason to 
 believe that he could securely rely upon ; 
 but lord Stanley and sir William Stanley, 
 who had vast power and influence In the 
 north, were closely connected with Rich- 
 mond's family. Yet while the usurper felt 
 the danger of trusting to their professions 
 of friendship, ho dared not break with 
 them. Compelled by his situation to au- 
 thorise tbem to raise forces on lils behalf 
 In Cheshire and Lancashire, ho endev 
 ronred to deter them from arraying tliDM 
 
 forces against him, by detaining as a host- 
 age lord Stanley's son, lord Strange. 
 
 Though in his heart lord Stanley was de- 
 voted to the cause of Richmond, the peril 
 in which his son lord Strange was placed 
 induced him to forbear fromdeclarlnghim- 
 self, and ho posted his numerous levies at 
 Atherstone, so situated that he could at 
 will join either party. Richard in this con- 
 duct of lord Stanley saw a convincing proof 
 that the hostility of that nobleman was 
 only kept in check by the situation of his 
 son ; aud judging that the destruction of 
 tho young man would bo a spell of very 
 different effect from his continued peril, 
 the politic tyrant for onco refused to shed 
 blood when advised to do so by tlioso of his 
 friends who discerned the meaning of lord 
 Stanley's delay. Trusting that lord Stan- 
 ley's hesitation would last long enough to 
 allow of the royal troops dealing only with 
 the carl of Richmond, Richard approached 
 the army of tho latter nobleman at Bos- 
 wortli, in Leicestershire. Tho army of 
 Richmond was only six thousand, that of 
 Richard double the number. Both Richard 
 and tho carl fought in the main guards of 
 their respective armies, which had scarcely 
 charged each other when lord Stanley led up 
 his forces to tho aid of Richmond. The 
 effect of this demonstration was tremen- 
 doi.s, both in encouraging the soldiers of 
 the earl and in striking dismay Into the 
 already dispirited troops of Richard. Mur- 
 derous and tyrannous usurper as ho was, 
 Richard was brave as a Hon In the field. 
 Perceiving that, since such powerful aid 
 had declared for his rival, nothing but tho 
 death of that rival could glvo him any hope 
 of safety for either life or throne, Richard 
 intrepidly rushed toward tho spot where 
 Richmond was ordering his troops, and en- 
 deavoured to engage with him in personal 
 combat ; but while lighting with murderous 
 vigour he was slain, after having dismount- 
 ed sir John Clieyne, and killed sir William 
 Brandon, Richmond's standard bearer. 
 
 The battle ended with the life of Richard, 
 of whom it may with v'le utmost truth be 
 said, that ' nothing in ills life became him 
 like tho leaving of it.' Even while under 
 Ills dreaded eye his soldiers had fought with 
 no good will ; aud when he fell they Imme- 
 diately took to flight. On the side of 
 Richard, besides the tyrant lUmself, there 
 fell about four thousand, including the 
 duke of Norfolk, the lord Ferrars of Chart- 
 icy, sir Ri. lard Ratcliffc, sir Robert Plercy, 
 and sir Robert Brackenburj' > and Catesby, 
 the chief confidant and most willing tool of 
 Richard's crimes, being taken prisoner, was, 
 with sonio minor accomplices, beheaded 
 at Leicester. 
 
 The body of Richard being found upon 
 tho field, was thrown across a miserable 
 horse, and carried, amid the hooting and 
 jeers of the people who so lately trembled 
 at him, to the Grey Kriar's church at Lei- 
 cester, where it was interred. 
 
 The courage and ability of this prince 
 were unauestlonable ; but all bis courage 
 andablilty.misdirectedas they were, served 
 only to render him a new proof, if such 
 were needed, of the inferiority of ttaemoBt 
 
280 
 
 Q^e €tttii\txii at 3g{tftorts ^t. 
 
 brilliant gifts of Intellect toiUwut honour 
 and religion, to comparatively inferior 
 talents with them. Low in stature, de- 
 formed, and of a harsh countenance, Rich- 
 ard might yet have commanded admiration 
 by hia talents, but for his excessive and in- 
 eradicable propenslon to the wicked as re- 
 gards projects, and the bloody as regards 
 action. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 The Iteign of Hesuy A'II. 
 
 A.D. 1485.— The joy of Richmond's troops 
 at the defeat of Richard wns proportioned 
 to the hatred with which that tyrant had 
 contrived to inspire every bosom. Long 
 live king Ilenry the Seventh I was the exult- 
 ing cry which now everywhere saluted the 
 lately exiled and distressed carl of Rich- 
 mond ; and his victorious brow was bound 
 with a plain gold coronal which had been 
 worn by Richard, and had been torn from 
 the tyrant's forehead by sir William Stanley 
 In personal combat with him when he fell. 
 
 Though Henry, late carl of Richmond, 
 and now, by possession, king Henry VII., 
 had more than one ground upon which to 
 rest his claim, there was not one of those 
 grounds which was not open to ol>jcction. 
 The Lancastrian claim had never been 
 clearly established by Henry IV., and if the 
 parliament had often supported the house 
 of Lancaster, so the parliament had not 
 less frequently — and with just as much ai)- 
 parent sincerity — paid alike compliment 
 to the house of York. Then, again, allow- 
 ing the Lancastrian claim to be good ex 
 fmite, yet Richmond claimed only from the 
 illegitimate branch of Somerset ; and .again, 
 allowing that claim to be ever so good, it 
 In reality was now vested not in him but in 
 his still living mother, the countess of 
 Richmond. 
 
 On the other hand, it was open to Henry 
 to fix upon himself, by virtue of his mar- 
 riage with the princess Elizabeth, the supe- 
 rior and more i)opular title of the house of 
 York ; but in this, so far as the York title 
 was concerned, Henry could look upon 
 himself only as a king consort, with the 
 loss of his authority should his queen die 
 without issue. 
 
 The right of conquest he could scarcely 
 claim, seeingthatthat conquest was achiev- 
 ed by Englishmen. On the whole review 
 of his case, therefore, Henry's obvious po- 
 licy was to set forward no one of his grounds 
 of claim with such distinctiveness as to 
 challenge scrutiny and provoke opposition, 
 but to rely chiefly upon the strongest of all 
 rights, that of possession, strengthened still 
 further by his concurrent circumstances 
 of right, and maintained by a judicious po- 
 licy at once firm and popular, watchful yet 
 seemingly undoubtlng. In heart Henry 
 was not the less a Lancastrian from bis de- 
 termination to link himself to the house of 
 York, and strengthen himself by its means 
 in the popular love. Of the Yorkish sup- 
 port he was sure while connected with the 
 house of York by marriage, but this far- 
 lightcd and suspicious temper taught him 
 to provide against his posslblo dlscouueo 
 
 tlon from that house, and to give every 
 •coign of 'vantage' to the Lancastrians 
 whose friendship was, so to speak, moro 
 germane to his identity. 
 
 Only two days after the victory of Boa- 
 worth field Henry gave a proof of the fed. 
 ings we have thus attributed to hira, liy 
 sending sir Robert Willoughby to convey 
 the young earl of Warwick from Sherift 
 Watton, in Yorkshire, where Richard liad 
 detained him in honourable and easy cap- 
 tlvity, to the close custody of the "Tower of 
 London. Yet this unfortunate son of tlio 
 duko of Clarence, inasmuch as his title, 
 however superior to that of Richard, was 
 not hostile to the succession of either Ueiny 
 or his destined bride, might have reason. 
 ably expected a more Indulgent treatment. 
 
 Having thus made every arrangement, 
 present and prospective, which even hi?, 
 je.alous policy could suggest, Henry gavo 
 orders for the princess Elizabeth being 
 conveyed to London preparatory to licr 
 marriage. He himself at the same tlnio 
 approached the metropolis by easy journeys. 
 Everywhere ho was received with the most 
 rapturous applause ; which was tlie more 
 sincere and hearty, because, while his iht- 
 sonal triumph was shared by the Lancas- 
 trians, his approaching marriage with Kliza- 
 beth gave a share of that triumph to tlio 
 Yorkists, and seemed to put an end for 
 ever to those contests between the rival 
 houses which had cost them both so mucli 
 suffering during so long a time. But even 
 amidst all the excitement attendant upon 
 the joy with which men of all ranks hailed 
 their new sovereign, the cold, stern, and 
 suspicious temper of Henry displayed itself 
 at once offensively and unnecessarily. On 
 his arrival at London the mayor and tlio 
 civic companies met him in public proces- 
 sion ; but as though he disdained their gra- 
 tulatlons, or suspected their sincerity, ho 
 passed through them in a close carriage, 
 and without showing the slightest symia- 
 thy with their evident joy. 
 
 Though Henry well knew the Importance 
 which a great portion of his people at- 
 tached to his union with the princess Eli- 
 zabeth, and, with his customary politic 
 carefulness, hastened to assure them of liis 
 unallercd determination to complete that 
 marriage, and to contradict a report - 
 founded upon an artful hint dropped hy 
 himself while he was yet uncertain of the 
 Issue of his contest with Richard — of his 
 having promised to espouse the princess 
 Anne, the heiress of Brittany, yet he de- 
 layed his marriage for the present ; being 
 anxious, tacitly at the least, to afOrra his 
 own claim to the crown by having his co- 
 ronation performed previous to his mar- 
 riage. Even the former ceremony, how- 
 ever, was for a time deferred by the raging 
 of an awful plague, long afterwards spoken 
 of with shuddering, under the name of the 
 sweating 8lckne»-s. The sickness in ques- 
 tion was endemic, and so swift In its oiiera- 
 tion, that the person attacked almost Inva- 
 riably died or became convalescent within 
 four-and-twenty liours. Either by the skill 
 of the medical men or by some s.anatory 
 alteration iu tbo couditloa of the atniu- 
 
d to give every 
 10 Lancastrians, 
 to speak, nioro ' 
 
 > victory of Bos- i 
 proof of the led. i 
 uted to htm, liy I 
 iighbyto convey | 
 Ick from Shcrilt 
 ere Richard liad I 
 lie and easy c.iii. ' 
 J of the Tower of 
 inato son of tlio 
 ich as his title, \ 
 
 of Richard, was i 
 n of either Ui'iivy i 
 jfht have reason. \ 
 ilgeiit treatment. I 
 jry arrangement, 
 which even IiIb 
 rest, Henry gavo 
 Elizabeth being 
 paratory to licr 
 ; the same tlnio 
 I by easy Journeys, 
 red with the most 
 cb wag the moro 
 se, while his pei'- 
 \ by the Lancas- 
 .rrlage with Eliza. 
 ; triumph to tlio 
 I put an end for 
 etween the rival 
 3m both so mucli 
 1' time. But cTcii 
 ^ attendant upuii 
 if all ranks hulled 
 ) cold, stern, nml 
 •y displayed ltsel{ 
 iineccssarily. On 
 mayor and tlio 
 
 In public procus- 
 sdalned their gra- 
 tielr sincerity, ho 
 
 a close carriHiro, 
 
 slightest syuiint- 
 
 «r the Importance 
 )f his people at- 
 the princess EU- 
 ustomary politic 
 asure them of liU 
 to complete tliat 
 diet a report - 
 hint dropped tiy 
 uncertain of the 
 Richard— of his 
 use the princess 
 ;tany, yet he do- 
 B present ; being 
 ist, to alBrm his 
 by having his co- 
 loua to his mar- 
 ceremony, hew- 
 ed by the raging 
 fterwards spuken 
 the name of the 
 sickness in (lues- 
 wlft In Its opera- 
 ked almost inva- 
 valescent within 
 Itherby thesliill 
 y some B.iuatory 
 on ot ttio (ttrau- 
 
 ipberc, this very terrible visitation at length 
 (eased, and Henry was crowned with tho 
 ntmost pomp. Twelve knights banneret 
 vere made on occasion of this ceremony ; 
 the king's uncle, Jasper earl of Pembroke, 
 was created duke of Bedford ; lord Stanley, 
 tlio king's father-in-law, carl of Derby; 
 and Edward Courtcnay, earl of Devonshire. 
 The ceremony was performed by cardinal 
 Bourchler, archbishop of Canterbury, who 
 liftd contributed so much to Henry's good 
 fortune. 
 
 Kvcn in tho matter of his coronation 
 Henry could not refrain from showing 
 that constant and haunting suspicion which 
 contrasted so strangely wltli his unques- 
 tionable personal courage, by creating a 
 iHxiy guard of llfty-flvo men, under the 
 title of yeomen of the guard. But lest tho 
 duty of this guard, that of personal watch 
 and ward over the sovereign, should imply 
 the suspicion he really felt, Henry affected 
 to contradict any such motive by publicly 
 and pointedly declaring this guard a perma- 
 nent and not a per^joual or temporary ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 Henry now summoned a parliament, and 
 I)l9 partisans so well exerted themselves 
 that a majority of the members were de- 
 cided Lancastrians. Some of them, Indeed, 
 had bceu outlawed and attainted while the 
 house of York was in tho ascendant, and 
 1 question was raised whether persons who 
 had been thus situated could rightfully 
 chiini to sit in parliament. The judges who 
 wre consulted upon this point had but 
 little diniculty ; It was easily to be dealt 
 ifith as a simple matter of expediency. 
 Accordingly they recommended that tho 
 elected members who were thus situated 
 should not be allowed to take their seats 
 nntil their former sentences should be re- 
 rersed by parliament, and thero was of 
 course neither difficulty nor delay experi- 
 enced iu passing a short act to that especial 
 efft'ct. 
 
 This doubt as to tho members of parlia- 
 ment, however, led to a still more impor- 
 tant one. Henry had been himself attaint- 
 ed. But the judges very soon solved this 
 dlfflculty by a decision, evidently founded 
 ipon a limitation of tlie power of a court 
 of judicature from Interfering with the 
 fuccesslon ; a power which, if such court 
 possessed it, might so often be shamefully 
 perverted by a bad king to the injury of an 
 [obnoxious heir to the throne. The judges, 
 therefore put an end to this question by 
 [deciding 'that the crown takes away all 
 defects and stops in blood ; and that from 
 the time that the king assumed tho royal 
 tathorlty, the fountain was clenred, and all 
 attaints and corruptions of blood did cease.' 
 [A decision, be it remarked, far moro re- 
 markable for its i>artlcular justice than for 
 lis logical correctness. 
 
 Finding tho parliament so dutifully In- 
 [cllued to obey his will, the king in his open- 
 ing siieech insisted upon both his hercdl- 
 ary right and upon bis ' victory over his 
 
 uemles.' Tho entail of the crown was 
 ,wn in equal accordance Avlth the king's 
 
 utety to avoid such special assertion on 
 
 ly cue of bis grounds of claim as should 
 
 be calculated to breed disputation ; no men< 
 tion was made of the princess Elizabeth, 
 and the crown was settled absolutely and 
 In general terms upon the king and the 
 beirs of bis body. 
 
 It forms rather a remarkable contrast to 
 the general reserve and astuteness of tlio 
 king, that he, as if not content with all the 
 sanctions by which be had already fortified 
 bis possession of tho crown, now applied to 
 the pope for a confirm Ing bull. This applica- 
 tion, besides being liable to objection as aw 
 Impolitic concession to the miscblevousand 
 undying anxiety of Rome to interfere in tho 
 temporal affairs of nations, and still farther 
 impolitic as showing what Henry ought of 
 all things the most cautiously to have con- 
 cealed— liis own misgivings as to his title. 
 Innocent VIII., the then pope, was deliglit- 
 ed to gratify Henry and to Interfere in his 
 temporal concerns, and bo immediately 
 obliged blm with a bull in which all 
 Henry's titles to the crown were enume- 
 rated and sanctioned, and in which excom- 
 munication was denounced against all who 
 should disturb Henry in his possession, or 
 his heirs in their succession. 
 
 It consisted at once with justice and with 
 sound policy that Henry should reverse tho 
 numerous attainders which had been passed 
 against the Lancastrians. But bo went 
 still farther, and caused his obsequious 
 parliament to pass attainders against tho 
 deceased Richard, the duke of Norfolk, the 
 earl of Surrey, the viscoiuit Level, the lords 
 Ferrardof Chartles, and upwards of twenty 
 other gentlemen of note. Thero was n 
 something of tho absurd added to very 
 much of the tyrannical in these sweeping 
 attainders. Richard, usurper tliough ho 
 was, nevertheless was king de facto, and 
 those against whom these attainders were 
 passed thus fought /or tAe king, and against 
 the earl of Richmond, who had not then 
 even assumed the title of king. The at- 
 tainders were farther impolitic, because 
 they greatly tended to weaken the contl- 
 derce of tho people In the total oblivion of 
 the quarrels of tho roses; to which conft< 
 dence Henry ought to bavo been mindful 
 that he owed no small portion of security 
 and popularity. 
 
 Though Henry did not deem it expedient 
 to add to the numerous demands he bad so 
 successfully made upon this obsequious 
 parliament, it volimtariiy conferred upon 
 him the perpetuity of tonnage and pound* 
 age, which had been just as complacently 
 conferred upon the deceased Richard. By 
 way of compensation for the spiritual seve- 
 rity with which ho had treated the leading 
 friends of the deceased king, Henry now 
 proclaimed grace and pardon to all who 
 should by a certain day take the oaths of 
 fealty and allegiance to blm. But when 
 tlic earl of Surrey, among the multituda 
 whom this proclamation drew from their 
 sanctuaries, presented himself to the king, 
 ho was, instead of being received to grace, 
 Iminediately committed to the Tower. Be- 
 sides rewarding his immediate supporters 
 by creating Chandos of Brittany, earl of 
 Bath ; sir Giles Daubcny, iord Daubeny ; 
 and sir Robert Willo»ghli.v, lord Broke; 
 
 11 
 
282 
 
 QT^e CrrxKuts at Witavut ^c. 
 
 the king bestowed upon the duke of Buck- 
 Ingham, who so fatally to himself had em- 
 braced Henry's cause, a sort of posthumous 
 reward in making restitution of the family 
 honours and great wealth to Bdward Staf- 
 ford, the duke's eldest son. 
 
 Morton, who had so ably and nnder such 
 perilous circumstances proved his friend- 
 ship to Henry, was restored to the bishopric 
 of Ely, and he and another clergyman, Pox, 
 now made bishop of Exeter, were the mi- 
 nisters to whom Henry gave his chief confl- 
 dence. Hume thinks that Henry's prefer- 
 ence of clerics to laics, as his confidential 
 advisers, arose from his narrow and calcu- 
 lating turn, their promotion from poorer to 
 richer bishoprics affording him the means 
 of stimulatlngand rewarding their zeal less 
 onerously to himself than could have been 
 the case with laymen of rank. But Hume 
 seems here to have laid a somewhat undue 
 weight upon Henry's general character, 
 and so to have mistaken his motives to a 
 particular transaction : Henry, though per- 
 sonally brave, was emphatically a lover of 
 peace ; ho preferred the conquest of the In- 
 tellect to the conquest of the sword. He 
 was himself, so to speak. Intellectually of a 
 clerical mould. The learning and the In- 
 tellectual mastery of the day were chiefly 
 In possession of the clergy ; and we need 
 look no deeper than that fact to account 
 for his preference of them, that fact snffl- 
 clently proving that they were best adapted 
 to the cautious, tortuous, tlioughtful, and 
 deep polity which he from the first deter- 
 mined to follow. 
 
 A.D. 1486. — Henry's emphatic declara- 
 tion of his unaltered Intention to espouse 
 the princess Elizabeth did not wholly quiet 
 the apprehensions of the people upon that 
 head. The parliament, even when showing 
 its trustfulness of him and its zeal for his 
 pleasure in granting him the tonnage and 
 poundage, expressed strong wishes upon 
 the subject; and tliough they concealed 
 their real motives under a general declara- 
 tion of their desire that they should have 
 heirs to succeed hlra, his own comparative 
 youth must have sufficed to convince so as- 
 tute a person that the parliament had other 
 and stronger reasons for its anxiety. This 
 very conviction, however, was but an addi- 
 tional reason for his hastening to comply ; 
 and the nuptials were now celebrated with 
 a pomp and luxury surpassing even those 
 which had marked his coronation. The joy 
 of the people was conspicuously greater 
 in the former than it had been in the latter 
 case ; and to the brooding and anxiously 
 suspicious mind of Henry this new and 
 plain indication of the warmth of affection 
 with which the house of York was still 
 looked upon by a great portion of his sub- 
 jects, was to the highest degree painful and 
 offensive. Publicly his policy prevented 
 this from appearing, but in his domestic 
 life it caused him to treat the queen with a 
 hardiness and coolness which her amiable 
 temper and the extreme Bubmisslveness of 
 her bearing towards her hnsband by no 
 means appear to have deserved. 
 
 Soon after his marriage Henry deter- 
 mined to make a progress through the 
 
 northern counties, in the view of awln» 
 some and conciliating the rest of the partu 
 sans of the late king and his house, vhnl 
 were more numerous in that part of the! 
 kingdom than elsewhere. He had already I 
 reached Nottingham when he receivea In I 
 formation that sir Humphrey Stafford biJ 
 brother, and the viscount Level had leitl 
 the sanctuary at Colchester, in which theyl 
 had found shelter since the battle of Uoil 
 worth field. Unheeding, or at any rate not! 
 fearing the consequences of this movement I 
 ho continued his progress to York, whcrol 
 
 ho learned that viscount Level, with a force! 
 three or four thousand strong, was march.! 
 ing to York, while another army, under si J 
 Humphrey Stafford and his brother, Tvajl 
 hastening to besiege "Worcester. The \trf 
 rising of such enemies at the very momenu 
 when he was in the centre of preclscijl 
 that part of England which was the mosu 
 disaffected to him might have paralyg^ 
 an ordinary mind ; but the resources o] 
 Henry's Intellect and courage rose iu ,icT 
 cordanco with the demands on them. Tij 
 mere retinue with which he travelled form 
 od no mean nucleus of an army, and he acf 
 tively and successfully engapred himself iJ 
 adding to their numbers. The force tlinJ 
 raised was of necessity but 111 found l| 
 cither arms or the munitions of war; anl 
 Henry therefore charged the duke of Bed 
 ford, to whom he entrusted the chief com 
 mand, to avoid any Instant general cngagfl 
 mcnt, and to devote his chief cxcrtlons'tl 
 weakening Level by seducing hisadlicrcntl 
 by promises of pardon. This policy 
 even more successful than Henry conll 
 have anticipated. Ootisclous of the prcal 
 effect which the king's offers were likely tl 
 produce upon rude minds, already bytl 
 means zealous In the cause which they ha| 
 embraced. Level was so terrified with thl 
 thought of being abandoned, and iierlupf 
 even made prisoner by his motley le\i 
 that he fairly ran away from liis trodps.aiil 
 after some difflcnlty escaped to Flandcrl 
 where he was sheltered by the duchess c 
 Burgundy. Abandoned by their leadel 
 Level's troops gladly submitted to the kin] 
 in accordance with his oflters of mercy ; anl 
 the utter failure of this branch of the i 
 volt so terrified the rebels who wcrcl, 
 fore "Worcester, that they hastily raised tW 
 siege of that place and dispersed, t™ 
 Staffords, thus deserted by their troops, anJ 
 unable to find Instant means of escaplil 
 beyond sea, took shelter In the church J 
 Colnham, near Abingdon. It turned onl 
 however, that this church was one whlcf 
 did not possess right of sanctuary, and ta 
 unfortunate Staffords were dragged fortj 
 The elder was executed as a traitor and rf 
 bel at Tyburn ; the younger was pardnnej 
 on the ground of his having been rnlsla 
 by his elder brother, who was presuraq 
 to have a quoH paternal influence over 1 
 mind. 
 
 To the Joy which the dissipation of thl 
 threatening revolt diffused among tl 
 friends of Henry was now added that el 
 cited by the delivery of the queen of aaf 
 and heir, on whom was conferred the nanj 
 of Arthur, both in compliment to the t 
 
engHmls,-^ava$ of Cu^ron-I^enrfi ?^J3E. 
 
 28S 
 
 st'a prlaolpality of Wales, and In allusion 
 I tbe pretended descent of the Tudors 
 jgm tbe far-famed prince Arthur. 
 fWe succesa of the king in puttiug an 
 id to the late revolt had arisen chiefly 
 nm the incapacity of Lovel for the task ho 
 irentured to undertake ; and there was 
 jl a strong under-current of ill-feeling 
 Ujrds the king, to which he was dally, 
 hvJfb, perhaps, unconsciously, adding 
 toengtb' To the vexation caused by Henry's 
 >ident Lancastrian feeling, as manifested 
 rhl9 soverltlca to men of the opposite 
 ftr.anJ especially by hta stern andharsh 
 >atmcut uf tho queen, much more vexa- 
 Lwas caused by tho suilerings of many 
 ilBclpal Yorkists from the resumption by 
 lecrowuofall grants made by princes of 
 (house of Turk. This resumption was 
 i by Henry upon what appears reilly 
 Mave been the just pica that it was ab.-o- 
 Itelr necessary for the remedy of the grei\t 
 M mischievous impoverishment of th i 
 C,wn. This plea has all tlie more appear- 
 face of sincerity from the fact that by the 
 iTsamclawall tho grants made during 
 J later years of Henry VI. were resumed ; 
 [wumption which injured not Yorkists, 
 V Lancastrians. But losing men are 
 iciy reasonable men : and as the balance 
 I injury was heaviest on the side of the 
 jrMsts, they saw In this a new proof of 
 (Uncastrian prejudice of Henry, which 
 caused him to imprison in 'Julius' 
 jdy tower,' in the very place where his 
 Etortunate cousins had been butchered, 
 Eyoung earl of Warwick. Faction is de- 
 Fred of none of its virulence or activity by 
 ladmixture of pecuniary interests ; and 
 Le wbo were Injured by tho resumption 
 Hrants were not 111 disposed, as events 
 Improved, to countenance, at the least, 
 Ut that OTomlsed to injure the gaoler of 
 jeearl of Warwick and the harsh spouse 
 fthe princess of the house of York, who, 
 Vlf because she was such, was still uu- 
 iimed, though the mother of a prince of 
 ■lies, and wholly irreproachable whether 
 Ijueeu, wife, or mother. 
 Tie great and growing unpopularity of 
 iry'B government combined with other 
 .vmstances to suggest to a priest of Ox- 
 lone of the most remarkable and audar 
 I Impostures i-ecordod in our history, 
 priest in question, Richard Simon, 
 il knowing how strong the Yorkist fcel- 
 j among tho people was rendered by 
 ! king's unpopular manners and mca- 
 IM, formed a plan for disturbing Henry 
 Ibringing forward, aa a pretender to the 
 ■wn, a very handsome and graceful youth 
 bed Lambert Slmnel. Thisyouth, though 
 Iwag only the son of a baker, added great 
 rewdness and address to his external 
 Irantages; and Simon doubted not, by 
 eful instruction, of being able to form 
 ! youth to personate Richard, duke of 
 |(k, the younger of the murdered princes, 
 fose escape from the Tower and from tho 
 of his elder brother had become a 
 «rof rather extensive belief. But while 
 ton was carefully giving young Bimnel 
 Je necessary Instructions and information 
 lenablohim to support tho part of tho 
 
 duke of York, a new mmotnr prevailed that 
 the earl of Warwick bad escaped from the 
 Tower. 'On this hint spoke the priest;' 
 the name of the earl of Warwick would bo 
 as good to conjure with as that of Richard, 
 duke uf York; and Simnel was now ln< 
 structed in all such particulars of tho life 
 and family of young Warwick as would ba 
 necessary to enable him to bear the ques- 
 tioning of the friends of that family. So 
 excellently was the young impostor ' cram- 
 med ' for his task, so well Informed did ho 
 afterwcrds ai)pear to be upon certain points 
 of tho private history of tho royal family 
 which could by no means have come within 
 the observation of an obscure priest like 
 his instructor, that shrewd suspicionswcre 
 entertained tliat certain of tho royal family 
 of York must themselves have aided in pro- 
 paring tho youth for his mission of impos- 
 ture. The queen dowager was among tho 
 personages thus suspected. She and her 
 daughter were both very unkindly treated 
 by Henry, and tho dowager was precisely 
 of that busy and aspiring turn of mind 
 vhlch would render neglect and forced In- 
 action BUlHciently offensive to prompt the 
 utmost anger and injury; and sho might 
 safely promote tho views of the impostor 
 in the first place, in the full confidence of 
 being able to crash him whensoever ho 
 should have suinciently served the views of 
 herself and of her party. 
 
 Aw^e that, after all the pains ho had 
 taken to prepare the apt mind of his pro- 
 mising young pupil, many chances of dis- 
 covery would exist in England which would 
 be avoided by commencing their nefarious 
 proceedings at a distance, Simon determin- 
 ed to lay the opening scene of his fraudulent 
 drama In Ireland. In that island War- 
 wick's father, the late duke of Clarence, 
 was remembered with the utmost affection 
 on account of his personal character, as 
 well as of his many public acts of justice 
 and wisdom while ho had been governor. 
 The same public officers now held their 
 situations there who bad done so under 
 Clarence, and under so many favourable 
 circumstances Simon, probably, could not 
 better have chosen tho scene of the first 
 act of his elaborate and very impudent im- 
 posture. 
 
 Henry, on getting the alarming Intelli- 
 gence from Dublin, consulted with his mi- 
 nisters, and among the first measures 
 taken was that of seizing upon all the pro* 
 perty of the queen dowager, and closely 
 confining her in the nunnery of Bermond- 
 sey. This rigorous treatment of the queen 
 dowager, occurring, too, at this particular 
 time, seems to leave no doubt that she 
 had been discovered to have materially 
 aided the imposture of Simon and Simnel. 
 The alleged reason of the king for thus 
 severely dealing with one with whom he 
 was BO closely connected, was her having 
 shown so much favour to tho deceased 
 tyrant Richard, as to place herself and her 
 daughters in his power when she was safe 
 within her sanctuary, and to consent to 
 his marriage with tho princess Elizabeth. 
 But it was quite clear to every man of 
 discernment, that tho king's subsequent 
 
 ■| 
 
284 
 
 CIjc Creaiury at ^^{rftarg, »c. 
 
 marriage to the princess was a complete con- 
 donation of all that had previously passed 
 between hlin and the dowager which could 
 materially offend him; nor was he of a 
 temper so long to have suffered his avarice 
 and his vengeance to remain in abeyance, 
 had that really been the ground of his of- 
 fence. That ho disliked, not to say bated, 
 his mother-in-law, had long been certain ; 
 and it 3cems no less so, from his present 
 proceeding ■sitli respect to her, that he 
 now hud discovered reason to fear her, 
 as having importantly aided in an impos- 
 ture, which hod been eminently success- 
 ful in Ireland, and which ho was by no 
 means sure would not bo equally so in Eng- 
 land. Having Bccnvely guarded against 
 any future mischief from tlie queen dow- 
 ager, by thus consigning her to a poverty 
 and seclusion which terminated only with 
 lier life, the king now gave his English sub- 
 jects the very best possible proof of tho im- 
 pudence and falsehood of Simncl's assump- 
 tion of the title and character of the earl of 
 Warwick, by producing that unfortunate 
 young nobleman himself at St. Paul's, and 
 causing many persons of rank who had In- 
 timately known him to have free conversa- 
 tion with him ; and thus not only showed 
 that tho pretensions of Slmncl were false, 
 but also that they were even founded upon 
 a false report, the earl's escape from tho 
 Tower, which Simon and his abettors had 
 too hastily believed on tho strength of 
 popular rumour, never having actually 
 taken place. 
 
 In London and In England generally this 
 judicious measure was comi)letely decisive 
 of the popular belief ; and all who were ac- 
 quainted with the king's tortuous mind, 
 easily understood that ho himself had 
 caused the rumour of tho young earl's 
 escape, for the purpose !of saving himself 
 from being importuned to release him, and 
 also to prevent any plots being formed for 
 that purpose. 
 
 Henry's bold temper would probably 
 have prompted him to go over to Ireland, 
 carrying with him the real Warwick. But, 
 In the llrst place, he knew that the consum- 
 mate assurance of Simon and his friends 
 bad led them, even after their imposture 
 had become a mere mockery in England, 
 to protest that the real Warwick was tlio 
 youth in their company, and that the War- 
 wick whom Henry had so ostentatiously 
 produced was the only Impostor. And, in 
 the next place, Henry from day to day had 
 Information which mado It quite certain 
 that too many powerful people in England 
 were his enemies, and inclined to aid the 
 Impostor, to render It safe for him to be 
 absent from the kingdom for even a brief 
 spaco of time. He therefore resolved to 
 await the farther proceedings of the im- 
 postor, and contented himself with levying 
 troops, which he iilaced under the command 
 of tho duko of Bedford and tho earl of 
 Oxford, and throwing into conllnement tlio 
 marquis of Dorset, not on account of any 
 actual overt act, but lest he should be In- 
 clined to treason by the hard measure 
 which had been dealt out to his mother, 
 the queen dowager. 
 
 Having pretty nearly worn out thelrwJ 
 come in Ireland, and having, besldea i 
 merous Irish adventurers, been suppnJ 
 by the dowager duchess of Burgundy vf 
 about two thousand veteran Genni^ 
 headed by a veteran commander, Mai 
 Schwartz, Simon and Slmnel made a lu 
 Ing at Foudrey, in Lancashire, not dooii 
 Ing that the Yorkists, whom they knewl 
 bo so numerous in the northern countj 
 would join them in groat numbers 
 this respect they were grievously dlsi 
 pointed. The well-known courage andc<k 
 duct of the king, the general iniprejgi 
 even among the Torkists of England tlf 
 Slmnel was a mere impostor, and the i 
 cellent military arrangements mid lai; 
 military force of the king, caused the Inll 
 bitants of the northern counties citl 
 to look on passively, or to manifest tb] 
 loyalty by joining or supplying tho roi 
 army. 1 
 
 John, earl of Lincoln, son of John del 
 Pole, duko of Suffolk, and of Elizabel 
 eldest sister of Edward IV., had for sol 
 time past been residing with the kliJ 
 bitter enemy, the dowager duchess ol fil 
 gundy ; and he now appeared at the hi 
 of the mingled crew of Impostors, n\n 
 and their foreign and hireling nierccrarl 
 This nobleman perceiving that nothlngJ 
 to be hoped from any general rising of j 
 people In favour of the pseudo enrl o(m 
 wick, resolved to put the fate of the c.i| 
 upon the Issue of a general action. i 
 king was equally ready to give battle,) 
 the hostile forces at length met at Stoke] 
 Nottinghamshire. The rebels, conscll 
 that they fought with baiters around tq 
 necks, fought with proportionate desn 
 tion. The action was long and sanguiiiil 
 and though It at length terminated Inl 
 Tour of tho king, his loss was far morel 
 tensive than could have been expcctcdicT 
 slderlng bis advantage of numbers andl 
 ability of his officers. The loss on the i 
 of tho rebels, also, was very great. 
 earl of Lincoln, Broughton, and the \ 
 man, Schwartz, were among four thousi 
 slain on that side; and as tliOYlscul 
 Level, tiie runaway of the former and f 
 sanguinary revolt, who also took a pan 
 this, WHS missing and never aftcnrJ 
 heard of, it was supposed that he, tooj 
 among the slain. Both the impostor 7 
 nel and his tutor Simon fell Into the ha^ 
 of tho king. The priest owed his life t« 
 clerical character, but was scnteneedl 
 pass the whole remainder of It in coni 
 mcnt ; and Henry, both mercifully ( 
 wisely, signified his contempt of the I 
 Slmnel, by making him a scullion Inl 
 royal kitchen. In this capacity, hel 
 suited to his origin than tho parti 
 priest had so uselessly taught hlml 
 play, Slmnel conducted himself so hunf 
 and satisfactorily, that he was afterwf 
 advanced to the rank of falconer, s t 
 at that time very far higher than c| 
 ordinarily bo attained by one so bunf 
 born. 
 
 Havingfrecd himself from adangerwl 
 had at one time been not a little alarml 
 Ileury now turned Lis attention towl 
 
ly worn out thelnjl 
 1 having, bcslUes iJ 
 turers, been suppiil 
 esB of Burgundy ■ 
 id veteran Genu 
 1 commander, Man 
 L Simnel maaealai, 
 lancashire, not doal 
 9, whom they knewi 
 he northern countJ 
 I great numbers. 1 
 ere grievously did 
 lown courage and cl 
 10 general Impreajil 
 rklsts of England tU 
 impostor, and the ( 
 angemcnts and lai, 
 king, caused the InH 
 Lhem counties citl 
 , or to manifest thl 
 >r supplying the roi 
 
 >In, Bon of John del 
 3lk, and of Eiizabel 
 ard IV., had for eoi 
 Idlng with the liln 
 iwagor duchess of ^ 
 • appeared at the lij 
 t of impostors, rtli 
 d hireling niercenari 
 Jiving that nothing! 
 y general rising of j 
 thepseudocarlofi 
 It the fate of tlie caj 
 a general action. 
 ady to give battle, i 
 length met at Stokel 
 The rebels, conscll 
 th halters around tu 
 proportionate desp 
 8 long and sangulns 
 ngth terminated In I 
 loss was far morel 
 ave been expected, 
 igo of numbers and I 
 The loss on the I 
 was very great, 
 lughton, and the 
 among four thou!< 
 and as thoviscol 
 of the former and 1 
 vho also took a pari 
 and never aftcrwjl 
 posed that he, too.j 
 oth the impostor r 
 non fell into the lia 
 lest owed his life to 
 but was sentenced 
 inder of it inconl| 
 both mercifully 
 contempt of the I 
 him a scullion In I 
 this capacity, hel 
 in than the partf 
 easly taught him| 
 ted himself so hun 
 lat he was afterw^ 
 ik of falconer, 
 ar higher than cd 
 ed by one bo hun 
 
 elffromadangerwll 
 . not a little a1arm| 
 his attention tov 
 
 dPiiBlanTT.— |ftoti!*c at CtilWr.— Iftetnt) ^M, 
 
 285 
 
 jking iti "8 ho loved to make everything, 
 nonrco of profit. Few perished on the 
 loldfor this revolt, but vast numbers 
 a heavily lined for their having taken 
 tin it- A»d lest the fining of artunl 
 ■tiatantB should not Bufnclcntly enrich 
 • royal treasury, Henry caused all to be 
 d who were proved to have given cir- 
 jtlon to a rumour, which had somehow 
 t into circulation before the battle of 
 ike, that the rebels were victorious, and 
 It Eenry himself, after seeing his friends 
 I to pieces, had only secured his safety 
 right. To our modern notions, the 
 le crediting and reporting of such a 
 lement seems to bo somewhat severely 
 Ijhed by heavy pecuniary fine ; but 
 jry, perhaps, thought tliat In most of 
 J cases 'the wish was father to the 
 Cgght,' and that many who had given 
 Illation to the report would not have 
 J violently grieved had it turned out to 
 [•prophetic, though not true.' 
 Wimed by much that had reached his 
 I during the absurd but mlBchicvous 
 Krof Simnel, Henry now determined to 
 Wcat least one cause of dissatisfaction, 
 fliavlng the queen crowned. This was 
 lordlngiy done ; and to render the ccre- 
 ny the more acceptable to the people in 
 ■era), but especially to the Yorkists, 
 iry graced It by giving liberty to the 
 iDgmarquls of Dorset, sou of the queen 
 ger. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 I i:htBeign of Henuy VII. {continueJ). 
 
 . 1488. — Hekry's Steadfast stylo of 
 klnistcrlng the affairs of his kingdom, 
 llhe courage, conduct, and facility with 
 tdi he had delivered himself from the 
 igerons plots and revolts by which he had 
 I threatened, acquired him much const- 
 htlon, out of his own dominions as well 
 6 them. Of this fact he was well aware, 
 Blntemal peace now seeming to be pcr- 
 ^ently secured to him, ho prepared to 
 MhlB influence abroad. 
 Die geographical circumstances of Scot- 
 1 rendered it inevitable, that so long as 
 itlilngdom remained politically Indepcn- 
 pot England, the former must always 
 tin either an open and troublesome 
 ■as, or an unsafe, because insincere, 
 ad to the latter. The character of 
 kes III., who now filled the Scottish 
 W, was precisely of that easy and indo- 
 itcast which, while it encouraged a tur- 
 lent nobility to waste the country and 
 I the people, would have encouraged a 
 igof England, addicted to war and con- 
 Kt merely for their own sake, to prose- 
 tewar with Scotland in the assured trust 
 linalcing a final and complete conquest. 
 TtHenry, though he could look with un- 
 Bched cheek upon the most sanguinary 
 flle-fleld, was profoundly sensible of the 
 sslngs of peace. He therefore now sent 
 issadors to Scotland to propose a per- 
 cent and honourable peace between the 
 b countries. James on his part would 
 h well I^ked to conclude such a peace, 
 UlB nobility had other views, and all 
 
 that came of this embassy was a snmcwhiit 
 sullen agreement fcr a seven year.s' truce ; 
 but it nnist have been evident to a fur less 
 keen observer tlinn Henry, that even that 
 truce would be very likely to be broken 
 should the breach be invited by any pecu- 
 liarly unfavourable circumstances in tlio 
 situation of England. With this truce, 
 however, sullen and Insincere as the Scot- 
 tish temper very evldenily was, Henry de- 
 termined to content himself; and from 
 Scotland ho now turned his attention to 
 France. 
 
 Luuis XI. was some time dead, and his 
 Bon and heir was too young for rule, espe- 
 cially in a kingdom more than any other 
 in Europe liable to disturbance from 
 tho turbulence and ambition of powerful 
 vassals. But Louis, a profound judge of 
 huniiiu dispositions and t.alents, had well 
 provided for tho juvenile Incapacity of his 
 son, by communing tho care of tho king- 
 dom, during his minority, to his daughter 
 Anne, lady of Beaujeu, a prhicess of mas- 
 culine talents and courage. This lady be- 
 came Involved in many and serious disputes 
 with Brittany, which disputes were greatly 
 fomented by the duke of Orleans, and so 
 far involved Prance with other provinces, 
 that at this time the lady of Beaujeu felt 
 that tho issue of tlie struggle in which 
 she was engaged depended almost enti vely 
 upon the part which mightbe taken by tlio 
 powerful, prosperous, and sagacious king 
 of England. The subjection of Brittany by 
 France seemed quite certain, if England 
 should not interfere; and Anne of Beaujeu 
 sent ambassadors to England, ostensibly 
 with the chief purpose of congratulating 
 Henry on his success over Simnel and tho 
 partisans of that misguided youth. The 
 real purpose of this embassy was, in fact, 
 to engage Henry to look on without Inter- 
 fering while his benefactor, tho duke of 
 Brittany, should be plundered of his terri- 
 tory. Henry, who well understood that, and 
 who really wished to serve the duke of Brit- 
 tany, but who mortally hated the expense 
 of war, endeavoured by polity and media- 
 tion to put an end to the strife. As will 
 bo seen in the History of Prance, both 
 mediation and warfare were tried in vain 
 until the year 1491, when the young duchess 
 of Renncs being besieged in Rennes by tho 
 French, was compelled to surrender, and 
 restored the duchy to peace by giving her 
 hand to the French monarch. 
 
 This termination of an affair in which he 
 had lost tho benefit of much thought and 
 money, by not being more liberal both of 
 money and vigour, vexed Henry exceeding- 
 ly ; but, with a most philosophic greed, he 
 resolved to turn even his failure to profit. 
 The loss of Independence to Brittany really 
 affected Henry very deeply, and the moro 
 so as he had been in some sort out-general- 
 Icd by Charles VIII of Prance. But It was 
 Henry's care to appear more deeply hurt 
 than he really was, and he loudly and pas- 
 sionately declared his intention of going 
 to war. He well knew that the acquisition 
 of Brittany to Prance was to the last degree 
 offensive to the people of England, and a 
 war with France proportionally popular ; 
 
286 
 
 C^e Crrniturti of 1i)ttftar|t, Sft, 
 
 and lio took hia nioaaurea arcurdliigly. Ho 
 IxBuru n con)mt88ion for tho ratting of a 
 bciicrolonco, which Bpoclca of tax had, how- 
 ever, heen formally and positively abolished 
 by a law of tho tyrant Rldiard, though now 
 BO coolly laid on ))y a king who would have 
 deemed it Btrango had ho hecn called a 
 tyrant. Of tho extent of tho extortion— for 
 It was no bettor— practised upon this occa- 
 sion, some notion may bo formed from the 
 fact, that London alono contributed up- 
 wards of 10,000J. Morton, tho chancellor, 
 and now archbishop of Canterbury, was 
 disgracefully pleasant upon tho occasion, 
 directing tho comnilsslonera to take no 
 excuse ; If men lived handsomely and at ex- 
 pense. It was only fair to conclude that they 
 must bo wealthy, and If they lived after a 
 mean and miserly fashion, it was equally 
 Buro that their means must bo lioardedl 
 The dilemma is not always a flgurc of logic 
 even for a chancellor; the archbishop's 
 dilemma had cmo horn very faulty, for It Is 
 quite certain that badness of trade and 
 oppressiveness of taxation might make 
 many a man live meanly, from sheer neces- 
 sity, who, nevertheless, would far rather 
 have furnished his table with viands than 
 Ills strong box with gold. Having raised 
 all that ho could by way of benevolence, 
 •hails to say, by a violence expressly for- 
 bidden by BfJaw made eveuduring the reign 
 of a bad king, Henry now proceeded to 
 summon his parliament together, for tho 
 purpose of 8c:Inb- how much more money 
 could be extracted in a more regular way, 
 Still keeping in view tho warlike character 
 of his people, and their recent and deep 
 vi'xation with France, Ueury now appealed 
 to the national feelings in a speech to par- 
 liament, which is so curious a specimen 
 of the art of being eloquently insincere, 
 that wo tran8cril)e Hume's summary. He 
 told them that 'France, elated with her 
 lato successes, had even proceeded to a 
 contempt to England, and h.ad refused 
 to pay the tribute which Louis XI. had 
 stipulated to Edward IV. : that It became 
 BO warlike a nation as tho English to bo 
 roused by this indignity, and not to limit 
 their pretensions merely to repelling the 
 present injury. That, for his part, he was 
 determined to lay claim to the crown itself 
 of Francez-and to maintain by force of arms 
 80 just a title transmitted to him by his 
 gallant ancestors. That Cressy, Poitiers, 
 and Agincourt were sufflcicnt to instruct 
 them ill their superiority over tho enemy, 
 nor did he despair of adding new names to 
 tho glorious catalogue. That a king of 
 France had been prisoner in London, and 
 a king of England had been crowned in 
 Paris ; events which should animate them 
 to an emulation of like glory with that 
 which had been enjoyed by their fore- 
 fathers. That tho domestic dissensions of 
 England bad been tho sole cause of her 
 losing these foreign dominions, and that 
 her present internal union would bo the 
 effectual means of recovering them ; that 
 where such lasting honour was ir. view, 
 tnd such an important arxjuisition, it be- 
 »mo not brave men to repine at the ad- 
 vance of a little treasure ; and that, for M» 
 
 part, ho was determined to make thowJ 
 maintain itself, and hoped by the iiivaslJ 
 of so opfclcnt a kingdom as Franco, to iJ 
 crease rather than to diminish the riches 3 
 tho nation. 1 
 
 If all men were gifted with the far ilfrJ 
 of La llcrhefoucault into the human lipJJ 
 perhnpa such a speech as this (if HmJ 
 would defeat Itself by tlio very fxpossaj 
 exquisiteness of its art. But all men t 
 not so gifted, and never was niun hcttJ 
 aware of that fact than Henry was, m 
 knew tho Instruments ho had to wo] 
 with, an('. ho worked accordingly. TIiom 
 there were many circumstances In thesti 
 of Europe which ought to have madotj 
 
 J)arliamcnt chary of advancing Imrd cm 
 or a war with France; though cvcn( 
 tho very edge of England, to wif, 
 Scotland, a new and worliko monvd 
 James IV., had succeeded to the indold 
 James III., and was so much attach! 
 to the Interest of France, that he «i 
 nearly sure to evince his attachment i 
 making war on England whenever Henl 
 should lead the Oowcr of England's ford 
 to tho shores of Fr.ance, tho parllamj 
 hailed Henry's boastful promises with d 
 light. Two flftecuths were readily voti 
 t( him, and an act was passed to cnaJ 
 the nobility to sell their estates ; by whl] 
 Henry accomplished the double purpoKl 
 having wealthy volunteers to defray maf 
 unavoidable expenses, and of grcntlydil 
 nishing that baronial power which cvl 
 yet trod closely upon tho kibes of Kngll 
 royalty. 
 
 A.D. 1403.— As Henry had antlcipai 
 many powerful nobles, inflamed with a { 
 sire of making in France rich territorial ij 
 quisltions, such as their Kormaii ancestd 
 had made in England, availed thcmsdil 
 of his politic act, and 80ld or paw 
 their broad lands to raise troops for i 
 invasion. So well, in short, were Hcnn 
 well -feigned desires seconded, that onq 
 6th of October in this year, he wasf 
 bled to land at Calais, with a splcudlj 
 equipped army of twenty-flvo thousaT 
 Infantry and sixteen hundred cavalry,^ 
 whole commanded, under tho king bimse 
 by the carl of Oxf ora and the duke of f 
 ford, and ofDccrcd by some of tho \ery I 
 men in England. Many a bright dreaml 
 avarice and of nobler ambition wa^! droaiif 
 among that mighty host ; but liku ota 
 splcndlct dreams, those dreams were as I 
 laclous and short-lived as they were b| 
 llant. Tho truth is, that, nobly as the k 
 had denounced wrath to France and] 
 mlscd wealth to England, ho had from t 
 very first not the slightest intentlonl 
 firing a gun or drawing a sword. His f 
 jcct was, simply, to obtain money; theoi 
 sincere part of his speech was that! 
 which he professed his hope of makingl 
 war maintain Itself ; and he so manad 
 the affair, with both friend and foe, tl 
 ho really did make the war not oi 
 pay its own expenses, but contrlbata 
 very handsome surplus to the royal tij 
 sury. 
 
 It was whispered among shrewd 
 that octoher wag a eintnalar R«aion| 
 
^iifilmttr.— ^ottife at CtiUar.— I^enrit WM, 
 
 287 
 
 Ifblchto invado Franco, if a real war of 
 l(cnquc»t; WM intended. Uenry heard or 
 ImcsBod this rumour, and ho hastened tn 
 ItcDtriidlct it, by professing his conviction 
 Itbnt to conquer tlie wliolo of Franco would 
 Igotfoathira a whole summer, and that aa ho 
 llindCiilals for winter quartera, tho season 
 loOils arrival was b, matter of perfect In- 
 1 inference. 
 
 I Yet at tho very time that Henry made 
 1(1,18 hoftst, which would have been mar- 
 Ifelloiisly Billy had it not been entirety 
 luilnfcrc, and made only for an especial 
 liml temporary purpose, a Focret corro- 
 locnilcnco for a peace liad for some time 
 [|«eii carried on by Henry and tho liing of 
 Imnco. The landing of Henry in France, 
 liith a numerous and well-appointed army. 
 1^, aa he bad foreseen, gre.itly strength- 
 liocd the deslro for peace on tho part of tho 
 lung of France, and commissioners were 
 lioTVcn'Bpccdliy appointed to settle tho 
 Itenns. 
 
 I Any other man but Henry would have 
 Ibeen much puzzled for even plausi)>lo rea- 
 Jioiis by which to account to bis subjects 
 llor BO early and suddeuly agreeing to treat 
 l|or peace, after making such magnlflcent 
 ■(romlsos of a war of actual conquest ; pro- 
 Kim, too, which had caused so many of 
 IMS subjects very largely to Invest their for- 
 Ituneg in his service. But to Henry this 
 liu no difllcult matter. He bad rcpre- 
 licttted himself aa sure of largo aid from tho 
 Jlov Countries ; ho now caused iMaxIml- 
 ijlin.kiugof tho Romans, to send to inform 
 Itlm that such aid could not then bo fur- 
 lilshed. Spain, too, was at war with Franco, 
 jnd Spain suddoniy received the counties 
 |ti RouBlilon and Cordngue, and concluded 
 lieace with France I Tlieso alterations In 
 Itbe state of affairs would naturally suggest 
 liomo altcratlou In tho proceedings and 
 jopea of Henry 1 He gave full time for 
 Ehc circulation of the news through his 
 lump, and then he caused the marquis of 
 llorset, and nnmernus other nobles in his 
 Icnflclence, to petition him to do precisely 
 ^hat ho had from tlie flrst intended to do 
 -to makoa treaty with France I Strangely 
 nougli, too, they were made tc< allege in 
 Ibeir petition, that very lateness of tho 
 ison which tho king had so recently af- 
 llrraed to bo utterly without importance, 
 id the dlfflculties at tondan t upon tlie siege 
 ! Boulogne, which ho had only just com- 
 nenced, and which no one with a particle 
 lefcoramon-eensc could ever have supposed 
 bo an undertaking without its dim- 
 ilticsl Henry, with well-feigned reluct- 
 Bce, suffered himself to be persuaded ; and 
 iFrance bought peaco by the payment of 
 leven hundred and forty-flve thousand 
 flwna down, and a pension of twenty-flvo 
 Ihousand crowns yearly. Well indeed might 
 Ihe money-loving Henry consider now, that 
 letveen the contributions of his subjects 
 ud those of France the war had indif- 
 ferently well maintained itself. 
 Scarcely had Henry concluded this sln- 
 lalarly cool and as singularly successful 
 Ddeavour to convert a glaring political 
 Hnnder Into a means of raising a large Bum 
 ( money, tban lie was onc« more called 
 
 upon to defend his throno against a darinK 
 and Impudent pretender. 
 
 Tho duchess of Burgundy, whoso hatred 
 of Henry was by no means decreased by the 
 ease and perfect sucresa by which ho had 
 bafhcd tho designs of SImnel, once more en- 
 deavoured to disturb Henry's throne. Slio 
 cau iod It to bo given out, that Ulcbard, tho 
 young duke of York .escaped from the Tower 
 when Ills young brother and Bovercign was 
 murdered by Ulcbard, duko of Oloster, who 
 afterwards usurped tho throno. Improbable 
 as it was that tlie yountror of the two bro- 
 thers should have escaped from tho mon- 
 Btrous and unsparing murderer of the elder, 
 tho talo was eagerly and credulously list- 
 ened to by tho people, who seem to have 
 received no warning from tho former im- 
 pudent Imposture of Rlmnel. Perceiving 
 that tho fund of public credulity was far 
 from ])cliig exhausted, the duchess eagerly 
 looked around her for "omc youth qualified 
 to sustain the part of that young duke, of 
 whoso approaching reappearance emissa- 
 ries were now instructed to hold out ex- 
 pectations. The youth sslie desired soon 
 presented himself in tho person of Perkin 
 Warbeck, tlio son of a christianised Jew. 
 Young Perkin was bom during the reign of 
 the amorous monarch Edward IV.,wlio was 
 a frequent visitor to tho house of tho 
 wealthy Jew. This f&ct, and tlio singular 
 likeness of young Perkin to tho king, 
 had occasioned not a little scandalous 
 talk as to the actual parentage of tho 
 boy. Tho youth, whc had removed with 
 his father to Tournay, the native country 
 of the latter, was subsequently thrown 
 upon his own resources, and caused by tho 
 change of fortune to visit a variety of places ; 
 and travel bad thus added its benedts to 
 those of nature and the advantages of a 
 good education. Tho youth was naturally 
 very quick wltted and of graceful manners, 
 and tlio singular likeness he bore to Ed- 
 ward IV. was thus rendered the more re- 
 markable, especially when, having been in- 
 troduced to tlio duchess ci' Burgundy, and 
 by her Instructed In the part it was desired 
 that he should play, he designedly made the 
 utmost disi'lay of those qualities which 
 hitherto ho had enjoyed <ilmost unconsci- 
 ously. Tho rapidity and completcnesswith 
 which he mastered all that it was deemed ne- 
 cessary to teach him delighted the duchess, 
 who, however, in order to give time for tho 
 reports of her emissaries to spread among 
 tho populace lu England, sent the pseudo 
 duko of York to Portugal under tho care of 
 lady Brampton. From Portugal he was re- 
 called on tho breaking out of what Henry 
 had called the ' war" with Franco ; and, as 
 his predecessor In Imposture had formerly 
 been, he was sent lo make the flrst public 
 essay of his powers of impudence in Ire- 
 land. His success there was sumclcnt to 
 Cfinso a great Interest and curiosity not 
 only In England but also lu France, to 
 which country he was Invited by Charles 
 VIII., who received him with all the ho- 
 noura due to distressed royalty, assigning 
 bim splendid apartments, and giving nim « 
 personal guard of hononr. 
 
 The personal resemblance of young Waiw 
 
 li 
 
 • 1 1 
 
 i 
 
 .1-.; 
 
288 
 
 Clje Crrniuru of Hiiitortf, fet. 
 
 hock to Edwnrd IV., his graceful exterior 
 and ronlly rciimrkitblo ncrompllAlimoiiti), 
 milled to the air of riitiro sincerity which 
 Ubarles— with tlio politic design of cinlmr- 
 rasslng Henry— affected In hla treatment 
 of the Impostor ns the genuine duke of 
 York.roiideredtlio Imposition so fur success- 
 ful, tlmt upwards of a hundred gentlemen, 
 Bomoof them (as sir George Nevll and sir 
 John Taylor) of ctmslderahio eminence, ac- 
 tually travelled from England to Tarls to 
 offer their swords and purses to tho duku 
 of York. 
 
 \n tho midst of a tide of good success, 
 which must have astonished himself moru 
 than any one, Warbeck mot with an unex- 
 pected check In conseauenco of tho pcaco 
 that was so suddenly concluded between 
 France and Kngland. Henry, Indeed, on this 
 occasion tried to induce the king of Franco 
 to givo Warbeck up to him ; but Charles, 
 with a degree of spirit which did him great 
 lionour, replied, that no matter what was 
 tlio real cliaractcr of tho young man, ho 
 ought to go frco from France, to which 
 Charles had himself Invited him. Warbeck 
 accordingly, to the great vexation of his 
 friends, was dismissed from tho court and 
 kingdom of Charles ; and he now made 
 his flrst puUlIc appearance beforo the 
 duchess of Burgundy, whose Instructions 
 ]io had hitherto so well obeyed. With a 
 gravity which did infinite credit to her 
 talents as an actress, the duchess, affecting 
 to have been but too well instructed by 
 Blmnel's affair ever to gIvo credit again to 
 mere plausible stories, received Warbeck 
 with a coolness which would speedily have 
 terminated his suit had he been other than 
 an Impostor, and not quito as well aware 
 as the duchess herself was of Its motive. 
 Well knowing that her nltlmato counte- 
 nance of his pretensions would bo valuable 
 precisely In proportion to her seeming un- 
 willingness, at tho outset, to grant It, tho 
 duchess publicly and with much seeming 
 severity questioned Warbeck upon his pre- 
 tensions to the title of York. As question 
 after question was answered with a correct- 
 ness far beyond tho power of any mcro im- 
 postor—of any Impostor unless assisted, as 
 Warbeck was, by tho duchess or some 
 other member of tho royal family— tho 
 duchess, by admirably regulated grada- 
 tions, passed from scornful doubt and In- 
 dignation to wonder, and from wonder to 
 conviction and a rapture of delight, as, all 
 her doubts removed, she embraced him as 
 the marvellously preserved son of Kdwcrd, 
 tho true scion of tho Plantagenets, the 
 only rightful heir to tho throne of England, 
 her own long lost and miraculously restored 
 nephew 1 Tho scene. In short, was cxccl- 
 Jcutly performed, and was as pathetic to 
 those who were not in the secret, as it as- 
 suredly must have been wearisome to those 
 who were. 
 
 The duchess of Burgundy having thus 
 with difUculty and reluctance satisfied her- 
 BcU ot tho truth of her soi-disant ne- 
 phew's pretensions, assigned him a guard of 
 honour, and not only intimated her desire 
 that ho should be treated with tho utmost 
 respect by all her court, but herself set the 
 
 example, never mentioning him bin wm, 
 tho honourablo and endearing title or the 
 white rn»e of England. , 
 
 A.D. l-IM.— Tho English of high rnm' 
 were not behind tlie Klemlsh populni-n ||> 
 giving credence to Warbeck's pretensinnn 
 Men easily believe that which tliry iijiyj 
 learned to desire ; and the firm rnli" nf 
 Henry, and tho great and obvious pniiu 1,0 
 took to depress tlio nobility, and to clcvnti' 
 at their expense, the middle and trndlni/' 
 classes, disposed very n\any men of iiow, r 
 and consequence to assist Warbeck in th.) 
 Htrugglo ho meditated for tho EriRiuii 
 throne. Even sir William Stanley, wliiiiimj 
 done so much to secure Henry's clovaildn 
 now began to look with complacency upnii 
 his possible dethronement by tho psondo 
 iluko of York ; and sir Robert CIllTora ar. 
 tually went to Flanders to join tlio prc' 
 tender, and wrote thenco that ho couij ! 
 personally voucli that the youth In question I 
 was really that Ulchard, duke of York, who 
 had so long been supposed to have bcm 
 murdered by his uncle, the lato king. tIk ;L 
 high rank and respectable character nj f 
 Clifford made this assurance of his cxtoii- 
 sively and mischievously influential ; ciiuj. 
 Ingmany, who would have disdained ti)a<. 
 sail Henry's throne fortho sake of an IniiKij. : 
 tor, to join In the wide-spreading coiisiiiracy j 
 in favour of tlio supposed duko of York. 
 
 In these circumstances the kliiK's hp;t 
 safeguard was his own politic and vlgli.nn 
 temper. Well served by his numerous spipj 
 both in England and on the continent, iic 
 was thoroughly Informed of every Impor- 
 tant step that was taken by his eiicmlo,), 
 Being morally certain that the duke ot York 
 had been murdered by tho late king, he took 
 tho necessary steps for making tlmt fact 
 appear from tlio statement of those wlio ! 
 were still living who had personal Cdirni. 
 sancc of it. These persons were twi) In ] 
 number : sir James Tyrrel, who hiul fnnvr- 
 Intended the murder and seen the dcail | 
 bodies of tho niuroercd youths, and DiKli- 
 ton, who had been one of tho actiiiU iiiiir- 
 derers ; both of whom stated tho niiinlertD I 
 have been committed on both tho princes; 
 and their separate statements agreed witli | 
 the utmost accuracy in every particular. 
 
 The next point that Henry was nnxloiiii I 
 to clear up, was the identity of tin; pn'. j 
 tended duko of York, That he was an Im- 
 postor was beyond all doubt ; but It tviu I 
 very important that Henry should be alio 
 to say, not only who ho was not, imt 
 who ho was and whence ho had spniiie, to 
 aim, by a daring Imposture, at the Knglish 
 throne. With this view ho sent spies Into 
 Flanders, and instructed some of tl:om 
 to pretend the utmost zeal against lilm, Jiiiil 
 to join the opposite party. By this plan lio 
 became aware of the number and rank ct 
 Warbeck's adherents ; and upon those new 
 spies were set, until Henry, by slow Oe- 
 grees, and through the instrumentality of 
 men against whom ho feigned the most 
 ungovernable indignation, possessed bim- 
 self of every passage in tho history of young 
 Warbeck from his very childhood. The 
 tidings thus obtained Henry took great 
 palna to circulate throughout Bngloud; nuil 
 
eitslAnlr.-){)autfe of Cutfar.— $}em-i; ^SS. 
 
 280 
 
 tho clonmosii with whicli every step In the 
 
 liiirn«tnr'« career wn» traced greatly toiidcd 
 to dlniiulBh the poiitilarlty of Mn caiiHO, 
 ,1,(1 to weaken tlio zeal of his partlsanii.— 
 I uiii'n whom Ilonry dcterniUiud to take 
 ample vengcauco at hU own lelauro and 
 convenience. 
 
 A. p. 14W. — Havlnff taken all prudent 
 
 nu'iuin-ra for dlsabuBlng tlio nilndu of hla 
 
 (iWM Hub,li".'-tH an to the real liltitory of 
 
 i (1)0 pretended duke of York, Henry made 
 
 j n furmal complaint to the arcliduko I'lil- 
 
 lip nt the oncouragoniout and Bhultcr 
 
 I ivlilcli BO notorious an Impostor as War- 
 
 ll^^ck liiid met with in Flanders; and as 
 
 I I'liillPi nt tlio InstlKatlou of tho duchess 
 
 j rtowiiKcr of nurguiidy, coldly replied that 
 
 I iio Imd no authority over tho demesne of 
 
 iliatprlnccas, Henry banished all Floiuinga 
 
 Irnin England, and recalled all his own 
 
 (utijccts from tho Low Countries ; feeling 
 
 f.iti«flcd that the Injury thus done tu the 
 
 irado of 80 commercial a people as tho 
 
 Flemings, would soon urge them Into such 
 
 revolt as would al>undautiy ruTcngo him 
 
 upon their sovereign. 
 
 In tho meantimo Henry suddenly and 
 fimultaupously seized upon those of his 
 ovn subjects who had liccn the most 
 icaluud In conspiring against him, oiid some 
 wore speedily tried and executed. Others, 
 jmoug whom was William Worsely, the 
 (lean uf St. Paul's, escaped with a short 
 liiiprlBonment. Hut a more Important 
 virtlin was yet to bo sacrlllced. Staidey, 
 ilio lord chamberlain, was accused by Clif- 
 ford, who was directed to come to Kngland, 
 tiiecl to tho king for pardon, and accuse 
 Stanley. Tho Immense woiilth of tho latter, 
 who had forty thousand marks In ready 
 iiumcy and valuables, and n yearly revemic 
 iif tlireo thousand pounds, by no means 
 tondod to dimlnl.sh tho king's desire to con- 
 vict him. But Henry feigned tho utmost 
 sstoulshraent and incredulity, expatiated 
 upon tho very great tmprol)ability that 
 Stanley, connected with Henry and hold- 
 ing tho Important otllco of chamberlain, 
 gliould be guilty of treason, and even so- 
 leuinly exhorted Cllllord to beware that he 
 (lid not wrongfully accuse an Innocent 
 man. Clifford, In spite of all thispretendcd 
 iiiixlety on tho part of the king, persisted 
 III his statements of Stanley's guilt, and tho 
 accused was confronted with him. Either 
 from a high sense of honour, which deemed 
 every suffering and danger preferable to tho 
 liaseness of falsehood, or from a weak no- 
 tion that hid great services to the king lu 
 fiiriniT days would prove his sof egu.ird now, 
 Stanley did not affect to deny his guilt. 
 
 A. n. 1495. — Even now, though Henry 
 could not have a doubt of Stanley's guilt, 
 and was fully resolved not to spare him, 
 six weeks were suffered to elapse before the 
 lirisoiicr was brought to trial ; a delay by 
 which it probably was Intended to give the 
 imbllc a notion that the king was unwilling 
 to proceed to extremities ag.ainst a man 
 who had formerly been so serviceable to 
 him. At length he was tried, and tho part 
 of his conduct which gave tho most offence 
 was his having said to Clifford, that if he 
 were quite sure tLat the young man wbo 
 
 claimed to bo tho duko of York renliy was 
 so, ho never would bear arms against him. 
 ThUspeech,a8 sliowing a preference to tho 
 house of York, was far more unpardonable, 
 in tho judgement of Henry, than tho of- 
 fence 01 siding witli a nicro nameless pre- 
 tender, and probably was more cont^lusivo 
 against Stanley tlinn tho actual usiilMianre 
 wlilcli ho gave to Warbock In tlio way of 
 money and advice. As he did not even at- 
 tempt to show himself Innocent, a verdict 
 was of course returned against him; and 
 tho king, who previous to tho trial had pre- 
 tended so much reluctance to bcliove aught 
 against him, did not allow much time to 
 elapse between sentcnco and execution, 
 being clilelty liifluenred. It would seem, by 
 tho largo furfclturu which accrued to tlio 
 crown. 
 
 Tho execution of Stanley, high In rank, 
 holding an Important olHce, and having 
 until so late a date enjoyed so large a share 
 of the king's favour and conlldencc, natu- 
 rally struck terror Into tho confederates of 
 Warbeck, as Henry Intended that It shotdd. 
 And not only did this expectation warn 
 them that mercy was out of tho question, 
 should any be convicted, but the mere aj)- 
 penrance of ("litTord as tho king's Informer 
 was well ralculated to strike terror into tho 
 guilty, who must now bo awaro th.at they 
 had no longer any secrets from the cold- 
 blooded and resolved king against whom 
 they had plotted so much mischief. Kach 
 of tho conspirators now learned to look 
 with dread and suf^piclon upon his neigh- 
 bour. Many were thus frightened into with- 
 drawing from tho support of tho pretender 
 while they stiii had an opportunity to do 
 so ; and though rumours and libels still 
 continued to dismay the king, a very gene- 
 ral and wholesome opinion was formed of 
 tho great extent of the king's secret Infor 
 matlon, and of his resolute determiuatlon 
 to crush the guilty. 
 
 Even while punishing conspirators, the 
 king seemed far more bent upon Increasing 
 his wealth, by whatever arts and schemes 
 of extortion, than upon conciliating tho 
 affections of his people, and thus arraying 
 them in defence of his throne against tho 
 arts and efforts of open pretenders or se- 
 cret conspirators. His extortions were per- 
 petual, shameless, and merciless ; tho very 
 laws which ought to have been tho safe- 
 guard of the people, were made the mcana 
 of extorting money from the wealthy. Sir 
 William Capel, a London alderman, had In- 
 formation laid against him which Involved 
 him in penalties to tho enormous amount 
 of two thousand seven hundred and forty- 
 three pounds, and ho actually had to pay 
 near two thousand by way of composition. 
 Tho lawyers were encouraged to lay Infor- 
 mations against wealthy men, and the guilt 
 or Innocence of the parties seems to hnvo 
 been far less considered than tlieir willing- 
 ness and ability to enrich the king, by com- 
 pounding with him for their offences, real 
 or imaginary. Aided by his tlnancial agents, 
 Kmpsonand Dudley, to whose unscrupulous 
 misconduct wo shall by and by have to re- 
 cur, Henry in this way fleeced tho great 
 and tho wealthy of enormous sums, and 
 U 
 
290 
 
 Cbe €vtniMvu ot !t}iKtartf, ^c. 
 
 thnii forwnntod Ms doiiMo ilcntun of do- 
 prpssltiK tlio noincwJmt ilniijforous ixiwor of 
 tlio Krciif, aiiduf incrcaHiiitf iilA own vast 
 tri'nuiiri'. 
 
 TliiMinh tlio kinsr oppressed tlio wofiltliy 
 licyoiid nit'iiKiiro, tlio iiialti lioily of tlio poo- 
 I'lo liiiil hut llttio cniino to cotiiplnlii of lilin, 
 fur It iiilKlit iniint truly Iio wild of liliii that 
 lio would iillow no oppressor In his kingdom 
 except himself. In spite, therefore, of nu- 
 iiiiTons nets of i>iirtlcular oppression, tho 
 kliiK's fiutliorlty was dally nioro nii<l nioro 
 ri'Hpeeted hy the people at liirRo; mid War- 
 luck, fearing that a longer delay would hut 
 liicreaso the dllllcultlcs of his desii.'n, lit 
 h'liKi li duternilned to mako a descent ipon 
 Kiitfland. Havlnir colleoted an army of 
 souu'wliiit less than a thousand men, con- 
 Hl!<lliiK clilcllj of men ecin.illy liankrupt In 
 eliaracter and In means, Warbcek took nd- 
 vantago of tho ahsenco of the kliinf, who 
 was ninktufr a Htiit.- progress through tho 
 north of Knglnnd, and made his apprar- 
 anco olf tho coast of Kent. Uut tho care 
 villi which tho king had exposed tho real 
 cliiiraclcrand coiiiiectlniis of Warliock.aiid 
 the sad fato of sir William .Stanley, caused 
 Iho K(!ntlsh gentry to ho on the alert, not 
 to jdin tho Impostor, but to oppose him. 
 Wlxhlng. however, to mako him prisoner, 
 they told tho mes.^onKcr whom ho sent 
 ashore that they wero actually In arms for 
 hini, and Invited him to land and place 
 lilmself at their head. Warheck was too 
 suspicious to fill Into the Bnarc; and the 
 KeiitUh men, finding that they could not 
 iiiduco him to trust himself ashore, fell 
 uiion those of his rotalnorflwlo had landed, 
 and took a hunOred and l"i y iirlsoncrs, hc- 
 slde.s putting a conslder:i!jlo nuuibcr to 
 deiilli. This action drove AVurbock from 
 the coast ; and fhc kliic, who vas thorough- 
 ly determined to put down the revolt with 
 a strong and unaiiiiring hand, ordered tho 
 luuulred and llfty prisoners to bo imt to 
 deaili, without r!i exception I 
 
 A siiiirular law was just now enacted 
 by which it was provided that no man 
 should bo attainted for aldi-ig tho king 
 tlo facto, whether by arras or otherwise. 
 Henry pi'obably Initiated this law for the 
 purpose of giving Increased confidence 
 and zeal to his own partisans, by making 
 it imposslblo that even his fall could 
 Involve them in ruin, As tho first and 
 most important uiid of all laws is to 
 ■ecuro tho peace of tho cornnmnlty, and as 
 the defrnderp of tho dcfado king aro usu- 
 ally such by their attach.' mt to public 
 order, tho law was a very jiroper ouo in 
 Bplrlt ; but It w.as ono which in tho case of 
 any violent revolution was but llttio likely 
 to bo respected in practice, ospcclally as 
 nothing could bo easier than for tho domi- 
 uant party to cause it to bo repealed. 
 
 Of 'he iavasion of Italy by France, and 
 the 1 ,7116 formed to check tho French 
 \'\ng' ambitious Bchemes, we need only 
 5 arel' make mention licre ; for though 
 iV^nry was a member of that le.iguo, ho 
 vas p ; .ere honcrary member of it, neither 
 tbo r-tpcnscs nrif the trouble of warfare on 
 so distant a sciiic suiting with his roaco> 
 iortuff and rlgidi/ economical temper. 
 
 CUAlTEn XXXVIII. 
 
 The liclgn of Uttsux VII, (.c>/nciuktt). 
 
 A,n. 1405.— Waudeok, c pr rcelvl iw t),,, 
 treat iiieiit that was bestowed by IIm Kciu. 
 Isli peo|)lo upon tluisu of hit adhernttwii) 
 had been so unfortuniito as to hnd, |iiu. 
 eerely congratulated lilmself upon the nn^ 
 piclon which had arisen in his mind at ti,„ 
 regular and disciplined appearance nf niy 
 men who had pretended to bo newly Icvli,) 
 and with an especial view to his servlci'. ij^ ' 
 had, however, gone too far to recede, mui 
 was, besides, without tho funds niTc,<Mry 
 to suiiiiort his numoroiis followers In lai.i. 
 ness. Ireland had aver been ready tn war 
 against tho king of Kngland on aiiynrn!, 
 no pretext, and tu Ireland ho accordlin;;. 
 steered his course. Hut, as wo have Minro I 
 particularly mentioned undor tho ll^.^, ,; 
 that country, i'oynliig's law.nd othcrco-i 
 measures had so fur strengthened i!i( i i.4 
 authorlty,thateven In thoiisui r> liii'iji„ii!t 
 Ireland theadventurer could obtain imsiip. 
 port. Certain liospltallti.j, indeed, lie 05. 
 pcrlenced at the hands of loinoof tliecliiit. 
 tains, but their coarr'u faro and rudu iiiiUtj 
 woro but llttio to his laste.andhe left tlieni 
 to try his fortune In Scotland. The kliimt 
 Fraaco.in revenge forthcjunctlon of liiurj 
 with tho other opponents of the amhiiinuj 
 Bchemcs of France, and the king of i! r,o- 
 mans, in revenge for Henry's pr(diililtlMii,>( 
 all commerce with the I^ow rountrlesK. 
 cretly furnished Warbeck with strniitf ro- 
 commcndatlona to tho then king of S'lt. 
 land, James IV. That chlvalric prince sdnii ] 
 at first to havo suspected tho truth of Vix- 
 I'cck's story; for whilo ho received him I 
 otherwise kindly, ho somewhat polmcdlyl 
 told hlin that bo ho whoeverorwhatovorliol 
 might ho should never repent having truit- 1 
 ed to a king of Scotland, a remark wlilihi 
 ho would scarcely have ni.ado had he tilt | 
 any confidence that ho was really the dnte 
 of York. Hut the king's susiilclonsiiuinotl 
 long hold out against tho fascinating min.r 
 ners and numerouaaccoinpllshmentsi.fiiijj 
 young adventurer. 80 comiiletelydlil.hraiMl 
 become the dupe, and so f.ar was that klnj.l 
 hearted monarch Interested in tho wcltool 
 of tho young impostor who practised iiprn I 
 his credulity, that ho'actually gave Iilmlal 
 marriage the lady Catherine Gordon, diuinh- f 
 ter of tho earl of Huntley, and not very dis- 
 tantly related to tho king himself, I 
 A.D. IViX- T'.nt Jan.cs of Scotl.a'idrnllrl 
 did givo cod';. .1.0 to tho elaborate fii.so-l 
 hoods w'llch wiTo ii-'d to lilri 1 • in;! 
 Warbe- ., yvr'<. .'I'l 'ii.orhowo .u ^c■lm'•l 
 ly hav . 1 iini, i marriage, ayoungiuid] 
 beautUul lady of a noblo family and cychI 
 related to tho crown. Uut policy had, iir*| 
 bably, still more to do in producing.Iamos'il 
 kindness to tho adventurer, than anycou-r 
 slderations of a merely humane luul iicr-l 
 Bonal nature. Injury to Kngland, at aii;l 
 rate and under any circumstances, seems tol 
 have been the invariable maxim of the Scot-I 
 tUh kings and of the Scottish people; anil I 
 James, deeming it probable that tho peol 
 pie of tho northern counties of England I 
 would rise In favour of Warbeck, Icalilnil 
 thither at tho head of a strong and well-ap-l 
 
CPnOlAiitr.— IRotitfr of Ctitfav.-fftfiirt* ©iJ. 
 
 201 
 
 a strong and well-op- 1 
 
 nnliiiml Rrmr. Am *noii IIS tlicy liikd ( r'>S'<oa 
 lliu lionlor, Warhcrk IhhikhI a iirorliimal i m 
 III wlilcli ho fitriiiiklly Htiitcil liliimoir ti> i» 
 tiiitt (luko of York will) liail ho \n\]u hiM>ii 
 i,ii|i|»i!iiMl (lon<l, clitliiu'd to li(< Mio rlKlilfiil 
 kiiviTolirti of KiiHliiiiil, mid riklli'd upon nil 
 liM i/iiiut iwi(t loyiil HiiliJf'tM to riKO niid aid 
 liliii III i>t|)(>llliiK the UMiir|i(<r nlio laid lii'avy 
 liurilicii«ii|ionthoin,Riid whoNoopprc'itKloiiii 
 „r nit'ii of all rank*, and I'Mpcrlally liU ittu- 
 illi'il (li'Krndatloii uf tlin iiol)illty, had. Hnld 
 lli,< jir 'clatratlc u, jusfly oaiiMcd hlin to 1)0 
 oiliou-' M »ll men. Uiit l)(<«ld(<a that thu 
 iimi, ill ilio north of England wcrt! but llttlu 
 .il I' '' lo ;■ upon a Si'Dttlnli army a!< a 
 1 ,, iiii ill . 'II of the new runu'r, thoro 
 wi J two c iTiimgtanccn which iircvciited 
 ihH "roclaii .u.lon from IicIhk much at- 
 < )i' '■'. to ; every day tauuht mm to look 
 will mrrraiicd dread upon tlio unitpnrInK 
 :iM.| uiifallorliiR tomper of tho ktuK; and 
 WiirlipiK's Boottifih frlcndH, by their fasto 
 fur plunder, niado It Romewlmt more than 
 (|iWcii tfor fho KnRllnh honlorera fo look 
 111 11 iliem In any other UffUt than that of 
 lliiiiderliiff foemon, Warheck wiisconseloiis 
 li-w i-renlly f hlH practice of tho Scotch tend- 
 (,1 to Injure hU caURoamontr tho RiiRllxh, 
 mill lin rcmonntrated with JamrR upon thu 
 siilijcct. llut James, who now clearly faw 
 tho llttlo chanco tlicro wan of any rlslnn In 
 fiiTOur of Warlieck, plainly told him that all 
 Ills nympathy was tlirown away upon one- 
 iiiU'-i, and all his anxiety for tho preserva- 
 tlim of tho country oiiually wasted, liins- 
 imich as It seemed hut too certain that 
 ihiit country would never own his swny. 
 Ill fiict, hut for their plunderliiK. the Scots 
 wdtild literally have crossed the border to 
 1111 earthly purpose, scarcely an Englishman 
 IciiiK Induced by their comlnjf to join tho 
 i-tniKlard of Warbeck. Henry was so con- 
 (lileiit that tho marauding in-opensltles of 
 tlic Scots would make Warbeck'.s cause iin- 
 imimlar In tho northern counties rather 
 tli.in the ciHilrary, that hewa.s by no imans 
 porry for the Rci^ttlsli Irruption. Nevertlic- 
 Ics", true to his constant maxim of making 
 n iTotlt of every thinw. lio alTocted fo bo 
 very liidlKiumt at this violation of lils ter- 
 ritory, and ho Bumnioncd a parliament to 
 listen to his complaints on this head, aiul 
 |..;ikl him In obtalnln^f redress for bo great 
 ami affrontlnpan Injury The patlu'llc stylo 
 In which Henry so well knew how to couch 
 liU complaints, bo far prevailed with tho 
 1 r'llamcnt as to Indie-e them to vote hlni a 
 ^: isldy of ahundret\ 4nd twenty thousand 
 lumnds, and they were then dismissed. 
 
 A.D. 1197. — Tho peoiile, always shrewd 
 judKCS of character, b,ii| by this time learned 
 til understand that of Henry. Comparing 
 tlio frequency and IKe larijreuc.ss of thu 
 (rrants made to hiiu by the parlKi'iient with 
 his own regal ocou "iiny and person.'U stingi- 
 ness, they easily r»i<"»1nt' 1 that he liad by 
 liim atroasuro of saflJloiiai exlentto cnablo 
 him to spare his su^jecits this new imposi- 
 tion. It followed that, though tho parlia- 
 ment had 80 willingly aantedthe subsidy 
 In tho mass, the peo; 'o were by no means 
 so willing to iiay itt) tho tax cob' etc. ra in 
 detail. This was more i speclallr •'*(• cnso 
 In Cornwall. Par removed fruiu luy In 
 
 roads of tho Scots, the p<<op|o of that put 
 could not or would not understand wlijr tnoy 
 "hould lio tiucd to repel an enemy whom 
 licy had never seen. The popular discon- 
 tent In Cornwall was still farther Increased 
 by two di'iiiagiigues, Joseph and Fjanimoclr. 
 Tho latter especially, who was a lawyer, 
 WHS much trusted by tho populace, whom 
 lie assured that tho tax that was laid upon 
 II em on this occasion was wholly Illegal 
 Inasmuch as tho nobility of th<:! northern 
 counties held their lands on thu expreii 
 condition of defending them against all in- 
 roads of the Hcots ; and tliat It behoved tht 
 people promptly and firmly, but peaccablf, 
 to petition against the system under which 
 their burthens bade fair to become qultfl 
 Intolerable. It is scarcely worth while to 
 einiulrohow far tlio demaKogiiM were sin- 
 cero In their exhortations to peaceable agi- 
 tation ; tho event showed how much easier 
 It Is to set a multitude In motion than to 
 control It afterwards. Tho country people, 
 having their own opinions of tho illegality 
 and injustico of tho tax conflrined by men 
 of whoso talents and Information they had 
 a very high opinion, gathered together in 
 great numbers, nuist of them being armed 
 with the Impiementa of their rural labour. 
 This numerous and tumidtuous gathering 
 choso Flammock atid Joseph for their lead- 
 ers, and passing from Coruwidl through 
 Devonshire, reached Taunton, In Somersct- 
 shlre, where they klllod ono of tho col- 
 lectors of fho subsidy, whose activity and, 
 perhaps, severity li.ad given them much of- 
 fence. I'rom Taunton they marched to 
 Wells in tho same county, wbero they got 
 a distinguished leader in tho person ot 
 tho lord Audley, a nobleman of ancient 
 family, but very prono tn popularity hunt- 
 ing. Headed by this silly nobleman, tho 
 rebels marched towards London, bren ilng 
 vengeance against tho principal mlni-teri 
 ot the king, though utioii the whole tolera- 
 bly iiuiocent of actual wrong or violenca 
 during tho latter part of their march. 
 Though tho Kentl.sh-nien had so liitcly 
 shown by tho course they bad adopted to- 
 wards Warbeck liow llttlo they wore In- 
 clined to involve thcmi-clvos In a quarrel 
 with flu; king, Flamniuck had persuaded 
 tho rebels that they were sure to bo Joined 
 by the Kentish people, because these latter 
 bad ever maintained their liberty even 
 against the Norman Invaders. Tho non sc- 
 quititr was either not perceived by the mul- 
 titude or not considered of much import- 
 ance, for into ICent they marched in pursii- 
 aneu of Flamniock's advice, and took up 
 their positii.'U on a hill at Kltham, avery 
 few miles from London. So far was tho 
 ad\ ico otli^lammoek from belngwell found- 
 ed, that there probably was not at that 
 uiomcut a single spot In tho whole kingdom 
 where tho rebels were less likely to meet 
 with support than they were in Kent. 
 Everywhere throughout tho kingdom thoro 
 was considerable discontent arising out of 
 the extortionate measures of the king, but 
 everywhere there was also a great respect 
 for the king's power, to Tvhlch was added 
 i'\ Kent considerable kindly feeling eprlng- 
 u.g out of tho favour and consideration 
 
292 
 
 Clje STrMjSuri) of W^tavVt ^t. 
 
 with which lie had acknowledged the ser- 
 vice done to hltn wheu Warbeck appeared 
 oS the coast. Of this feeling the carl of 
 Kent, lord Ahcrgavenuy, and lord Cobhuin 
 BO well availed themselves, that, though tlio 
 rebels niado every peaceful endeavour to 
 recruit their ranks, none of the Kentish 
 men would join them. 
 
 On this, as Indeed on all other emergen- 
 cies, Henry showed himself C(iual to the 
 occasion. He detached the earl of Surrey 
 to hold In check or beat back the Scots ; 
 and having posted himself In St. George's 
 flelda at the head of one body of troops, ho 
 despatched the earls of Oxford, Suffolk, and 
 Essex, at the head of another, to take the 
 rebels In the rear ; while a third under lord 
 Daubeuy charged them hi front. The 
 more completely to take the rebels by sur- 
 prise, Henry had carefully spread a report 
 that he should not attack them for several 
 days ; nor did he give the word to Daubeny'a 
 division to advance until so late an hour !u 
 the day that tiie rebels could have no idea 
 of being attacked. They had a small ad- 
 vance at DeptEord bridge, which Daubeuy 
 easily put to flight, and pursued them so 
 closely that he charged upon their main 
 body at the same time that they re- 
 joined It. Daubeny charged the rebels gal- 
 lantly, but his contempt of their want of 
 discipline led him to undervalue their 
 number, In which respect tliey were far 
 from despicable, being above sixteen thou- 
 Band. The rash gallantry of Daubeny actu- 
 ally caused him to be for a few moments 
 taken prisoner, but he was speedily rescued 
 by his troops, whose discipline soon pre- 
 vailed over the raw numbers of the rebels, 
 and the latter were put to flight with the 
 loss of two thousand killed, and many thou- 
 sands prisoners; the flrst divialon of tlie 
 king's troops having aided Daubeny so that 
 the rebels were completely surrounded, and 
 but a comparatively small number of them 
 Bucceeded In cutting their way through. 
 
 Among the numerous prisoners were the 
 lord Audley, Flammock, aud Joseph, all of 
 whom the king sent to immediate execution, 
 Joseph actually exulting in his fate, which, 
 he said, would ensure him a place in the 
 history of his country. To the other pri- 
 soners the king gave their liberty ; partly, 
 perhaps, because he dt'eiued tliein to have 
 been mere dupes In the hands of their lea- 
 ders, and partly because, however much they 
 had exclaijied against the oppressions of 
 his ministers, they had in nowise through- 
 out the whole revolt called in question his 
 title, or showed any disposition to mix up 
 with their own causes of complaint the pre- 
 tensions of the pseudo duke of York. Lord 
 Surrey and the king of Scotland, nicau- 
 whlle, had made some few and iuelBcient 
 demonstrations which led to no Important 
 result, and Henry took an early opportunity 
 to get Hialas, the Spanish ambassador, to 
 propose himself— as If without the know- 
 ledge of Henry — to mediate between the 
 two kings. When Hialas was agreed to as 
 a mediator, the flrst and most important de- 
 mand of Henry was that Warbeck should 
 be delivered up to him, ademand to whicli, 
 to hlB eternal bunour, James IV. replied 
 
 tliat ho could not pretend to decide uiioii 
 the young man's pretensions; but tlmt 
 having received hlni and promised liini \i\i 
 l)rotection, no Imaginable considoralidn 
 sliouid ever induce him to betray lilm. suh. 
 sciiuently, a truce of a few niontlis liaviiiK 
 been agreed to between England and Scut- 
 land, James privately beggeil Wurljcck to 
 seek some safe asylum, as It was very evi- 
 dent that while he remained in Scotland 
 Henry would never allow that country to 
 have any permanent peace. Tlio measures 
 of Henry, meantime, as regarded the t'lem- 
 ings had produced exactly the result which 
 he expected from them ; the Fiemisli mci-. 
 chants .lud arti fleers had suffered so mucji 
 from his system of nou-intercourso, tlmt 
 they had In a maimer forced their archduke 
 to make a treaty by which all English rebcU 
 were excluded from the Low Countries, and 
 the demesnes of the dowager duchess of 
 Burgundy were especially and pointedly in- 
 cluded in this treaty. Warbeck, thereCoiv, 
 on being requested to quit Scotland, found' 
 himself by this treaty completely shut out 
 of the Low Countries too, and ho was fnin 
 once more to take refuge among the biiL-j 
 and mountains of Ireland. 
 
 Jiven here, such were the known vigi- 
 lance, art, and power of Henry, tlie iiiif„r. 
 tunate impostor did not feel himself secure 
 His fear on thiit head, aud his dislike of tiic 
 rude ways and scanty fare of liis entertain- 
 ers. Induced him to follow the advice df 
 three needy and desperate adherents, Asi- 
 ley, Heme, and Skelton ; and he lamlud in 
 Cornwall, where he endeavoured to proilt 
 by the still prevalent disposition to dis- 
 content and riot in that neiglibourhodd »( 
 hardy, turbulent, and Ignorant men. (ju 
 his landing, at Uodmin, Warbeck was 
 joined by upwards of three thousand men; 
 and so much was he encouraged by evi u 
 this equivocal appearance of popularity, 
 that he now, for the flrst time, assumed tiii' 
 title of king of England Ijy tlio name uf 
 Richard IV. He next marched his ceuri- 
 geous but utterly undisciplined men hi 
 Exeter, where the inhabitants wisely, ,is 
 well as loyally, shut their gates aKainst 
 him, despatched messengers to the liiiiu', 
 and made all preparation for suslainini; 
 such a siege as Warbeck, destitute of artil- 
 lery and even of ammunition, might bo ix- 
 picted to carry on against them. i 
 
 Henry rejoiced to hear that the pretender ' 
 wlio had so long eluded and perplexed liini, 
 had, at length, resolved to take the ikM. 
 The lords Daubeny and Broke, with tlio 
 earl of Devonshire, the duko of llllckin^'• 
 ham, and many other considerable udIjIcs, 
 hastily raised troops and marclied again,~t 
 the rebels ; the king, at the same time, ac- 
 tively preparing to follow with a numeruuj 
 army. 
 
 Warbeck had shown himself unfit fur ' 
 rule, ^y the mere elation of spirit intrj 
 wlilch he was betrayed by the adhesion of 
 three thousand iii-armed and undisciplined : 
 men ; he now showed himself still funlicr i| 
 unflt by utter want of that desperate cour- 
 age which. If it often betrays its possessor 
 into situations of peril, no less frciiucntlv 
 enables him, as if bv miracle, to extricate 
 
(I to decide upmi 
 nsions; but tli»t 
 promised liim hij 
 ble cousldoraliuii 
 J betray him. Suh. 
 w luoiiths liaviii^ 
 England and Scot- 
 ggetl WiirljL'ck to 
 19 It was very cvi- [ 
 alncd in Scotland ' 
 w that country to ' 
 CO. Tho measures 
 egardud the Fleiii- 
 ly the result wlncli 
 the Flemisli luor- 
 I Buflered no nuu li 
 ii-lntercoursc, tlmt 
 ced their archduke 
 liaUEugUshrcljel-i 
 Jow Countries, ainl 
 )wager duchess df 
 ly and pointedly in- 
 rarbeck, therefore, 
 lit Scotland, louiul 
 Miiplotely shut nut 
 10, and ho was faii\ 
 :e amoug tho bii-'j 
 1. 
 
 the known vU'l- 
 Henry, the unfni-- 
 
 feel himself secure. 
 id his dislike of the 
 re of his cntc'rtiiiii- 
 How the advice ej 
 ito adherents, Aoi- 
 ; and he landed in 
 leavoured to proiit 
 disposition to (lis- 
 
 1 neighbourhood of 
 guorant men. On 
 in, AVarbeck vm 
 reo thousand men ; 
 icouraged by even 
 ice of populaiiiy, 
 
 time, assumed llie 
 id by tho name n[ 
 narchcd his cuun- 
 isciplined men ti 
 ibltants wisely, us 
 lieir gates against 
 igers to the kiiiu-, 
 ion for siistaiiiiiis' 
 , destitute of anil- 
 ition, might Ijo ex- 
 St them. 
 
 that the pretender 
 uid perplexed lilni, 
 to take the llelil. 
 Broke, with the 
 duke of Buckiii.,'- 
 nsiderable noliles, 
 marched again.-t 
 the same time, ac- 
 with a uumerouj ; 
 
 himself unfit fur 
 Ion of spirit inf'i 
 the adhesion nf 
 and undisciplined I 
 isclf still fiuUier i| 
 at desperate cour- 1 
 ;rays its possessor . 
 no less freiiucutly i 
 racle, to extricate 
 
 CttflTan^.— |^0tti*c 0f Cutror.— ^cnr|t. WM, 
 
 293 
 
 liimselfwlth advantage even where his ruin 
 npiiears Inevitable. The zeal of the king's 
 friends was so far from destroying the hopes 
 of Warbeck's supporters, that in a very few 
 flays their number Increased from three to 
 
 , al)out seven thousand. But tho encourage- 
 ment afforded by this enthusiasm of his 
 
 i friends could not counterbalance In tho 
 mind of this unworthy pretender to empire 
 the terror excited by the number and rapid 
 approach of his foes. He liastily raised the 
 
 ; Bicge of Exeter and retired to Taunton ; and 
 tlicnce, while numbers were joining him 
 
 : from the surrounding neighbourhood, ho 
 
 i made a stealthy and solitary llight to tho 
 
 I sauctuary of Bcauiieu, in Hampshire. De- 
 serted by their leader tlie Cornish men 
 
 i Biibmittcd to the king, who used his tri- 
 umph nobly. A few leading and particu- 
 larly obnoxious offenders were executed, 
 
 \ but the mijority were dismissed uninjured. 
 
 ' In the case of Warbeck's wife, Catherine 
 Gordon, Henry bcliaved admirably. That 
 lady being among his prisoners, lie not only 
 received and pardoned her, as being far 
 niore worthy of pity than of blame, but 
 even gave her a highly reputable post at 
 court. 
 
 •■ A.i). 1198.— The long nnnoyanco caused 
 liy W.irbeck Induced Henry's advisers to 
 inirc him to seize that Impostor even in de- 
 llance of the cliurch. But Henry, wlio 
 ever loved the tortuous and the subtle bet- 
 ter than the openly violent, caused Jiis 
 emissaries to persuade Warbeck voluntarily 
 to leave his staeiter and throw himself upon 
 liic king's mercy. Tliis he accordingly did, 
 .iiid after having been led in a mockery of 
 reyal state to Loudon, he was compelled to 
 make a formal and detailed cunfession of 
 lliD whole of his strange and hypocritical 
 
 1 life, and was then committed to close 
 custody. 
 
 ; A.D. 1499.— Ho might now have lived se- 
 curely. If Irksomely ; but he had so long 
 lieen accustomed to Intrigue and tho acti- 
 vity of imposture, that he speedily took an 
 opportunity to elude the vigilance of his 
 keepers and escape to sanctnary. Here the 
 prior of the monastery mediated for him, 
 and the king consented once more to spare 
 his life ; but set him in the stocks at West- 
 miustcr and at Cheapside ; compelled him 
 
 : la that disgraceful situation, to read aloud 
 Ills confession, and then committed him, 
 to close custody in the Tower of London. 
 Even now, this restless person could not 
 submit to Ills fate. He contrived to seduce 
 some of the servants of the governor, and 
 to associate with himself in the project of 
 escape the unfortunate young earl oi War- 
 wick, whose long Imprisonment had so 
 weakened his mind, thatno artlUce was too 
 gross to impose upon him. It would almost 
 eoem that this hopeless scheme mu.st. In- 
 directly, have been suggesteil to the adven- 
 turers by the king himself, that he might 
 liave a sufficiently plausible reason for put- 
 ting Warbeck to death. Nor is it any an- 
 swer to this opinion to say, that two of tlio 
 conniving servants of tho governor were 
 put to death for their share In tho project ; 
 for Henry was not of a character to allow 
 
 I Ills scheme to fall for want of even such a 
 
 sacrlflceas that. Both Warbeck and War- 
 wick were executed ; the latter on the 
 ground of his Intention, which he did not 
 deny, to disturb the king's government. 
 
 Tho fate of the unfortunate Warwick ex- 
 cited universal indignation against Henry, 
 who certainly sinned no less against policy 
 than against humanity In this gratuitous 
 violence upon so Inoffensive a character. 
 
 A.D. 1501.— Henry had always been anxi- 
 ous for a friendly and close connection with 
 Ferdinand of Arragon, whoso profound and 
 successful policy, In many respects, resem- 
 bled his own. He now, accordingly, ex- 
 erted himself, and with success, to unite 
 Ferdinand's daughter, tho princess Cathe- 
 rine, to his OAvn eldest son, Arthur, princo 
 of Wales, the former being eighteen, tho 
 latter sixteen years of age. 
 
 A.D. 1502.— Scarcely, however, had the 
 king and people ceased their rejoicings at 
 this marriage when It was fatally dissolved 
 by the death of tho young prince. The sor- 
 did monarch was much affected by tlie Iobb 
 of his son, for It seemed to place him under 
 the necessity of returning the large sum of 
 two himdred thousand ducats which had 
 been received as the dowry of the princess. 
 Kather than part with so Large a sum, 
 Henry exerted himself to bring about a 
 marriage between the princess and his 
 second son, Henry, who was only twelve 
 ye.'irs of age, and whom he now created 
 prince of Wales. The young princo was 
 as averse to this match as so young n 
 princo could be; but his father was reso- 
 lute In the cause of his beloved ducats, and 
 that marriage was celebrated which was 
 afterwards the prime cause of so much 
 crime and suffei'liig. 
 
 The latter years of the king were chiefly 
 spent In the indulgence of that detestable 
 vice, avarice, which seems not only to In- 
 crease by enjoyment, but also togrowniore 
 and more craving in exact proportion to 
 the approach of that hour In which the 
 wealth of the world is vain. His excellent 
 but far from well-treated queen having died 
 In child-bed in 150.3, Henry, from that time, 
 seems to have been haunted with a notion 
 that no treasure could bo too Immense to 
 guard him against the rivalship of his son, 
 tho princo of Wales. Conscious that tho 
 late queen's title was better than his own, 
 Henry probably thought that if tho prince 
 were to aim at the crown In right of his 
 mother he would not be without support, 
 and that. In such case, the successful side 
 would be that side which had the beat sup- 
 ply of money. Upon no other principle can 
 wo account for tho shameless and unceas- 
 ing rapacity with which, by means of be- 
 nevolences extorted from parliament, and 
 oppressive flues wrung from Individuals 
 tlirough the arts ''. the infamous Dudley 
 and Einpson, the lyiv enormously wealthy 
 monarch continued uo add to his stores, 
 which. In ready money alone, are said to 
 have approached tho large sum of two mil- 
 lions. Even when he was rapidly sinking 
 under a consumption, he still upheld and 
 employed his merciless satellites In their 
 vile attacks upon the property of Innocent 
 men. The heaping up of gold, however, 
 
294 
 
 ^l^e Creniiur]; at W^ta^u* ^t> 
 
 conid not stay tbe ravages of his fearful 
 dlBeaae, and lio expired at his palace at 
 Richmond, at the comparatively early ago 
 of flfty-two years, and after a prosperous 
 relgrn of twenty-threo years and eight 
 months, on the twcnty-socond of April, 
 1800. 
 
 Cold, cautious, resolute, and stem, Henry 
 was an arbitrary and unjust monarch ; yet 
 for the mass of the people his reign was a 
 good one. To tho wealthy his avarice was 
 a scourge ; to tho haughty and to tbe high- 
 horn his firm and vigilant rule must havo 
 been terrible. Biif. he allowed no ono to 
 plunder but for him ; no ono to tyraiiniao 
 but In obedience to his orders. Tho barba- 
 rous tyranny of tho feudal nobles was for 
 ever stricken down ; tho middle classes wcro 
 raised to an importance and influence pre- 
 viously unheard of In England ; and, apart 
 from his arbitrary and really impolitic, be- 
 cause needless, extortions of money, tho 
 general strain of his laws tended to the 
 making of a despotic monarch, but also of 
 a regulated nobility and of an enterprising 
 prosperous people, whoso enterprise and 
 whoso prosperity, having no check except 
 tho despotic power of the monarch, could 
 not fail sooner or later to curb that one des- 
 potism which had so far been useful that It 
 had freed them from the maiiy-licadcd des- 
 potism of the nobility. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 The Reign of Henut VIII. 
 
 A.D. 1509.— It is a sad but a certain truth 
 that the mass of mankind have but a loose 
 and deceptive morality ; they look rather to 
 the manner than to the extent of crime when 
 foT'mlng their judgements. The splendid 
 tyrannies of an Edward were rather admired 
 than deplored ; even the gifted ferocity of 
 tho usurping third Richard was thought 
 to bo in some sort redeemed by tho very 
 excess of subtlety In the plan, and of mere 
 animal daring in the execution, by that na- 
 tion which now scarcely endeavoured to 
 conceal Its joy at the decease of the cold, 
 avaricious Henry. 
 
 The cautious policy of Henry VTL, tho 
 severity of his punishments, and his incu- 
 rable cupidity, gave no small advantage to 
 tbe commencement of the reign of his suc- 
 cessor, who ascended the throne with pro- 
 bably as many prepossessions in tho hearts 
 and minds of bis people as any monarch in 
 our history. 
 
 Young,handsome,gay,skilled in all manly 
 exercises, and far better educated, scholasti- 
 cally speaking, than was usual even among 
 princes at that time, Ilcnry VIII. had tlio 
 Inestimable advantage of having never 
 been in any degree associated in men's 
 minds with the cruelties or the extor- 
 tions of bis father, whoso jealousy had al- 
 ways kept tho young prince unconnected 
 With the management of public affairs. 
 "With all these advantages, and uniting in 
 hia own person tho claims of both York and 
 Lancaster, Henry VIII. may most truly bo 
 said to have commenced liiij roign with the 
 nniversal love and admlrni ion of his people. 
 HlB grandmother, tho dowager countess of 
 
 Richmond and Derby, was still alivn, ana 
 Henry had the good sense and tlie Kood 
 fortune to be guided by her shrewdnps-i ami 
 experience in tho important matter of 
 forming his first ministry. Tho ability of 
 the ministers of the late king was beyond 
 all cavil, and it was Henry's obvious pniicy 
 to retain as much of the talent whicli imii 
 aided his father, with as little as rossii,|,. 
 of citbcr tho wickedness or the unpnpuia. 
 ritj'. The numberless and severe suffer. 
 ings which bad been inflicted upon men of 
 wealth during the last reign, caused a jiro- 
 portionatcly loud and general cry to bo now 
 raised against tho informers, and princi- 
 pally the noted Dudley and Empson, who 
 had so successfully and unscrupuluusly 
 served the late king; and though tho jus- 
 tice of Henry VIII. did not induce him to 
 part with any portion of the treasure wliUh 
 his father had so iniquitously obtained, so 
 neither did it prompt him to defend hu 
 father's tools. Both Dudley and Emjison 
 were seized and committed to the Towor, 
 amid tliejoy and execrations of tlio people; 
 although, as we shall, in a very f(!w wmd.:, 
 be able to show, tho very criniinalliy or 
 which these men wcro accused, was n^t 
 more flagrant or hateful than that wiiich 
 was now committed against thcni. "Win u 
 they were pummoncd beforo tlio ciiun- 
 ell, .and called upon to show why ilicv 
 shouiu not be punished for their condiu't 
 during the lato reign, Empson, who wii< a 
 fluent speaker and a really able lawyer, 
 made a defence of his own and his nil. 
 league's conduct, which, had tho king heon 
 just and the people reasonable, would liavi^ 
 led to such alterations in the laws as would 
 for ever after havo rendered it impossible 
 for unprincipled informers to niin the 
 wealthy subject, while pandering to tlic 
 greediness of a grasping and unjust l<lni,', 
 He very truly argued that be and his rui 
 league had acted In obedience to tho kiiiir, 
 and in accordance with laws which, Ikiw- 
 ever ancient, were unrepealed, and, tliere- 
 fore, as authoritative as ever; that it w.i* 
 not at ell to bo marvelled at if those who 
 were punished by law should rail at tlioso 
 who put the law in force ; that all well-re- 
 gulated states always mado tho Impavtial 
 and strict enforcement of the laws tlieir 
 chief boast, and that that state would, in- 
 evitably, fall into utter ruin, where a con- 
 trary practice should bo allowed to obtain. 
 This defence, which clearly throw llio 
 blame upon the state of the laws and uiton 
 the evil Inclinations of the late kinp, did 
 not prevent Dudley and Empsonfrom beini; 
 sent to the Tower. They were soon after- 
 wards convicted by a jury, and this convic- 
 tion was followed up by an act of attaiinicr, 
 which was passed by parliament, and llinp- 
 son and Dudley were executed amid the 
 savage rejoicings of tho people, whose de- 
 meanour on this occasion showed them tn 
 bo truly unworthy of tho liberty they ?o 
 highly valued. Wo do not palliate tin' 
 moral feelings of Empson and Dudley, bur, 
 legally speaking, they were murdered ; tliiy 
 were put to death for doing that which the 
 law directly authorised, and indirectly com- 
 manded them to do. 
 
dFnsTantt.— ?U0U)ic ot (!rutf0r.— I^cnru ©552. 295 
 
 In compUanco with tho a<lvlco of his 
 council, and of tho counter,- lltchniond 
 and Derby, Henry complex . .„ mnrrlnge 
 
 i with tho princess Catherine, the widow of 
 Ills brother Arthur ; though It sccina cer- 
 tain, not only that Henry had himself no 
 iircforcnce for that princess, who was plain 
 111 person, and his senior hy six years, but 
 also that his father on his death-bed con- 
 
 ' jured him to take tho earliest possible op- 
 
 ; iiortinilty to break the engagement. 
 
 Though Henry VIII. had received a good 
 education, and mlglit deserve tho praise of 
 loarniiig and ability, even without reference 
 to ills high rank, he was far too Impetuous, 
 and too much the creature of Impulse, to 
 deserve tho title of a great polltlci.in. At 
 
 : Ills coming to the throne, tho state of 
 Europe was such that laissez aller would 
 
 ! iiiivo been tho best maxim for all sove- 
 reigns; and Kngland, blest with domestic 
 peace, and little concerned In tho affairs of 
 tlio continent, ought especially to have kept 
 aloof from Interference. Italy wiis the 
 theatre of strife between the powers of 
 Spain and France : Henry's best policy 
 
 : clearly would liave been to let these great 
 
 ' powers waste tlioir tlmo and stroiigth 
 iij.ilnst each other; yet, at the very com- 
 iiicnecinpnt of Ills reign, ho allowed pope 
 jiiliim II. to seduce him into the grossly 
 liiipnlltic step of allying himself with that 
 pontiff, tho emperor Maximilian, and 
 Henry's father-in-law, Ferdinand, to crush 
 and trample upon tho commonwealth of 
 Venice. 
 
 A.D. 1510.— Having succeeded In engag- 
 ing Henry in tilts league, to which neither 
 Ills own honour nor the Interests of his 
 people obliged liim, Julius was encourag- 
 ed to engage him In tho more ambitious 
 project of freeing Italy from foreigners. 
 Tlie pontiff, accordingly, sent a flattering 
 message to Henry, with a perfumed and 
 anointed rose, and ho lield out to Hein-y's 
 mihassador at Uomo, Bainbridge, .arch- 
 liishop of York, a cardinal's liat as the re- 
 ward of his exertions in his interest. This 
 done.hc persuaded Ferdinand and the Swiss 
 fantons to Join liim, and declared war 
 arainat tho duko oC Ferrara, the ally and 
 friend of tho French. 
 A.n, l.Ml.— Tho emperor Maximilian FtlU 
 licld to his alliance with Louis, and they, 
 with some malcontent cardinals, now en- 
 deavoured to check the ambition of Julius, 
 liy calling a general council for the pur- 
 pose of reforming the church, Wltli tlio 
 eiccptlon of some French bishops, the 
 cardinals had scarcely any supporters, and 
 they were bo ill received at Pisa, where 
 they first met, that tliey were obliged to 
 adjourn to Milan. Even here, though un- 
 der the dominion and protection of France, 
 they were so much Insulted, that they again 
 adjonmcd to Lyons ; and it was evident that 
 theyhadbut little chance of success against 
 the pope, who, besides being extremely 
 popular, did not fail to exercise his power 
 of excommunicating the clerical attendants 
 of tho council, and absolving from their 
 allegiance the 8ut)]cct8 of tho nionarchs 
 who protected them. 
 A.T). 1M2.— Henry, who at this period of 
 
 his life was far too impetuous to bo other- 
 wise than sincere, was really anxious to 
 protect tho sovereign pontllt from Insult 
 and oppression, and he was strengthened 
 in this inclination by the Interested coun- 
 sel of his father-in-law, and by his own 
 hope of being honoured with the title of 
 Most Christian King, which heretofore had 
 belonged to tho king of Franco. Ho con- 
 sequently allied himself with Spain, Venice, 
 and tho pope, against the king of France, 
 and not merely sent an embassy to deliort 
 Louis from warring against thn pope, but 
 also demanded the restoration to England 
 of Anjou, Maine, Gulenne, and Normandy, 
 This demand was considered tantamount 
 to a declaration of war, and was supported 
 by parliament, which granted Henry a very 
 liberal supply. 
 
 Ferdinand, who had his own ends to 
 serve, affected to bo extremely anxious to 
 serve Henry, and sent i fleet to convey the 
 English troops, to the number of ten thou- 
 sand, to Fontarabia. The mareiuis of Dor- 
 set, accompanied by tho lords Broke and 
 How.ard.and many other joung noblcnu'n 
 ambitious of warlike fame, commanded tlli^^ 
 force, which was extremely well appointed, 
 though it chiefly consisted of infantry. But 
 Dorset very soon found tliat Henry'b iiiic- 
 rests wero not consulted by Ferdinand uiul 
 his generals ; and, after much idle disputa- 
 tion, the English troops broke out into mu- 
 tiny, and the expedition returned without 
 achieving anything. Henry was much an- 
 noyed by this egregious failure, and Dorset 
 had great difflculty in convincing him of tho 
 exclusively selDsh nature of Ferdinand's 
 designs. 
 
 By sea the English were not much more 
 prosperous than by land. A fleet of forty- 
 live sail was encountered off Brest by thirty- 
 nine sail of the French ; the French admi- 
 ral'^ ship caught Are, and Prlmauget, tho 
 commander, resolutely grappled witii tho 
 English admiral, and both vessels blew up 
 together, tho enraged crews combating to 
 tho last. Tho French, notwithstanding the 
 loss of their admiral, made good their es- 
 cape with all the rest of their ships. 
 
 But though Henry acQUlred no glory or 
 advantage by these operations against 
 France, he did Louis serious misfbiof by 
 compelling him to ret,".in in France troops 
 whose presence was absolutely necessary to 
 his interests in Italy. But for this circum- 
 stance Louis would probably have prospered 
 there. His young and heroic nepliew, 
 (laston do Foix, even with tlie sU'uder 
 forces that could be spared to him, durinuf 
 a few months of a career which a great 
 modern poet most truly calls ' brief, brave, 
 and glorious,' obtained signal advantages ; 
 but he fell In tho very moment of vU'tory 
 over tho army of the pope and Ferdlnaiul, 
 at Ravenna, His genius had, in a great 
 degree, compensated for tho numerical in- 
 feriority of tho French; but directly after 
 his death Genoa and Milan revolted, and 
 Louis was speedily deprived of every foot 
 of his newly acquired Italian conquests, 
 except some Isolated and comparatively un- 
 important fortrosses, 
 
 A. I). 1513.— Popo Julius II. had scarcely 
 
290 
 
 etc ^vtniurti al ?^tjSt0rj?, ^t. 
 
 time to exult over Ills successes against 
 the anns of Louis when lie died, and was 
 Bucceeded by John do Medlcls, who, under 
 the title of Leo X., Is famed In history 
 110 less for his patronage of the arts and 
 sciences, than for his profound political 
 talents. Leo X. had no sooner ascended the 
 papal throne, thanhedoxterously.wlthdrew 
 the emperor JMaxlmlllan from the French 
 Interests ; and by cheap but llattcrlng coni- 
 plimenta to Henry and his leading cour- 
 tiers, greatly Increased the popularity of 
 the papal cause in England, where the par- 
 liament Imposed a poll-tax to assist the 
 king in his designs against France. Wliilo 
 Henry was eagerly making his preparations, 
 he did not neglect his dangerous enemy, 
 James of Scotland. That prince was much 
 attached to the French cause, and sent a 
 sauadron of vessels to aid It ; and, though 
 to Henry's envoy he now professed the most 
 peaceable Inclinations, the earl of Surrey 
 was ordered to watch the borders with a 
 strong force, lest England should be assailed 
 in that direction during the king's absence 
 In France. 
 
 While Henry was busied in preparing a 
 large land force for the Invasion of France, 
 his fleet, under sir Edward Howard, cruised 
 In tho channel, and at length drew up In 
 order of battle off Brest and challenged 
 the French force which lay there ; but the 
 French commander being In daily expecta- 
 tion of a reinforcement of galleys under the 
 command of Prejeant de Bidoux, would not 
 allow any taunts to draw him from his se- 
 curity. The galleys at length arrived at 
 Conquet, near Brest, and Bidoux placed 
 himself beneath a battery. There he was 
 attacked by sir Edward, who, witi; a Span- 
 ish cavalier and seventeen English, boldly 
 boarded Bldoux's own vessel, but was killed 
 and thrust Into the sea. Tho loss of their 
 admiral so dIscour.aged the English, that 
 they raised their blockade of Brest harbour, 
 and the French tiect soon after made u de- 
 scent upon the coast of Sussex, but was 
 beaten off. 
 
 Eight thousand men under tho command 
 of the earl of Shrewsburj*, and six thou- 
 sand under that of lord Herbert of Cher- 
 bury, having embarked for Prance, tho 
 king now prepared to follow with the main 
 army. He had already mado tho queen 
 regent during his absence; and that she 
 might be In the less danger of being dis- 
 turbed by any revolt, ho now caused Ed- 
 mund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, who had 
 been attainted during the last reign, to be 
 beheaded In tho Tower of London. 
 
 On arriving at Calais Henry found that 
 tho aid afforded him fell very far short of 
 what ho hud been promised. Maximilian, 
 who was to have brought a reinforcement 
 of eight thousand men In return for a hun- 
 dred and twenty thousand crowiis which 
 Henry had advanced him, was unable to 
 fuini his engagement. He, however, made 
 the best amends In lils power by joining 
 with such scanty force as ho could com- 
 mand ; and he enlisted himself under Henry 
 as his officer, with a salary of one hundred 
 crowns per day. 
 
 Tho earl of Shrewsbury and tho lord Her- 1 
 
 bert Immediately on thelrarrival In Fraiice 
 had laid siege to Terouenne, a town on the 
 borders of PIcardy, which was gallantly 
 defended by two thousand men under tlie 
 command of Qrequl and Tellgni. The 
 strength of the place and the gallantry of 
 tho garrison badedellanee to the besicgors- ! 
 but a dreadful want of both provision inid' ' 
 ammunition was soon felt In the jiiace ! 
 Fontrailles was detached by Louis from' 
 the army at Amiens to carry some rcliff to i 
 this place. He took eight hundred horse- 
 men, each of whom carried behind hlni n 
 sack of gunpowder and two quarters nl 
 bacon, and, though thus encumbered, this 
 gallant cavalry cut their way thrnugli tlie 
 English, deposited their burthens in the 
 fosso of the town, and returned to their 
 quarters with scarcely any loss. 
 
 The same gallant Fontrailles was shortly 
 afterwards again about to throw some relief 
 into Terouenne ; and as It was judged tlmt 
 the English would now bo on tho alert, a 
 strong body of French cavalry was ordered 
 up to protect him. Henry sent out ahoily 
 of his cavalry to hold them In check, niui, 
 strange to relate, though the French were 
 picked troops, consisting chiefly of gcntk'- 
 men who had fought gallantly and often, 
 they were seized with a sud.len panic at tlie :| 
 approach of the English, auv\ fled In Bpiie 
 of tho attempts to rally them which were 
 made by such men as tho chevalier BayarJ, 
 the duke of Longuevllle, and other distin- 
 guished officers who were among the mini- 
 ber taken prisoners. This battle, from the 
 panic flight of the French, Is known as the 
 Battle of Sjmrs. Had Henry immediately 
 after this pushed his advantages, ho miglit 
 easily have marched to Paris, where lioth 
 friends and foes fully expected to see him; 
 but he allowed Maximilian to persuade him 
 Into the besieging of Toumay, which, after 
 much delay, was taken. Henry then re- 
 turned to England, having gained some re- 
 putation as a chivalrous soldier, but rer- 
 talnly with no Increase of his reputation a 
 a politician or a general. 
 
 During Henry's absence tho Scots netej 
 precisely as had been anticipated. Janu^, 
 with an army of fifty tliousand men, li;ij 
 crossed the border and taken several cast Iij, 
 ravaging and plundering the country in 
 every direction around them. Having taken 
 the lady Forde prisoner In her castle, James 
 was so much charmed with her society that 
 ho lost much precious time, and his dis- 
 orderly troops took advantage of his negli- 
 gence and retreated to their homes, In great 
 numbers, with tho plunder they had oli- 
 tained from the Southrons. Tho earl of 
 Surrey, after much difficulty, catne up with 
 the Scots, who by these desertions were re- 
 duced to somewhat nearer his own force ef 
 twenty-six thousand men. James in per- 
 son commanded the centre division of the 
 Scots, the earl of Huntley and Lord Iluine 
 the right, the earls of Lennox and Avf-'yle 
 the left, while the earl of Bothwell had the 
 charge of the reserve. Tho English centre 
 was commanded by lord Howard In the flrst 
 line, and by the gallant earl of Surrey him- 
 self in the second; the wings by sir Kd- 
 mund Howard, sir Marmadukc Constable, 
 
 lord Pacre, 
 
 right wing 
 
 tion, and fa 
 
 off the fleUl 
 
 meantime, 
 
 attarkcd so 
 
 order, tliat f 
 
 pacrc, who 
 
 received the 
 
 fore tlicy C( 
 
 division ant 
 
 Though the 
 
 thcpresciic 
 
 mated their 
 
 engagcmen 
 
 Kven then 1 
 
 m reality, St 
 
 on the follo' 
 
 the English 
 
 about Ave t: 
 
 suffered aln 
 
 while the 
 
 hrsvest nob 
 
 liiniself amo 
 
 'Kloddcn F 
 
 fiiiiiid amon 
 
 royal attire, 
 
 .iiid it was c'^ 
 
 nerously pre 
 
 iiig, cxpress( 
 
 conduct tow; 
 
 him under tl 
 
 miinlcatlon. 
 
 dently convl 
 
 honour to th 
 
 the Scots we 
 
 was not, and 
 
 lattle. By S( 
 
 monarch, esc 
 
 to death by 
 
 others no lei 
 
 oaped to the 
 
 subsequently 
 
 return. 
 
 The event c 
 lug released 1 
 them border 
 made no dlffl( 
 his sister Mr 
 regent of Sco 
 her son. 
 
 A.D. 1514.— 
 
 struments In 
 victory, by cc 
 the title of < 
 been forfeltoc 
 who sided wli 
 Field ; upon 1 
 earl of Surrey 
 of Worcester 
 that of lord I 
 Brandon, ear: 
 Suffolk. 
 
 At tho eami 
 coin was best 
 favourite and 
 Ecy, whose pi 
 portant as to 
 sently speak o 
 
 The war wit 
 terminated, H 
 attention to J 
 found little 
 latlier-ln-law. 
 
elrarrlvalln France 
 enne, a town on tiie 
 hlch was gallantly 
 and men under the 
 and Tellgnl. The 
 md tho gallantry o{ ' 
 ice to the beslcgors ; I 
 botli iirovlslon mid ] 
 felt la the jilaco. 
 lied hy Louis from ' 
 carry some relief to 
 Kilt hundred horse- ! 
 nied hehind hlni a ; 
 ad two quarters nt 
 IS encumbered, this '. 
 ;ir way throuKh the 
 )lr burthens In the i 
 d returned to their i 
 any loss. i 
 
 ntrallles was shortly ! 
 tothrowsoinerelk'f I 
 s it was judged that 
 r bo on tho aUMt,;i 
 cavalry was ordorcil 
 Miry sent out a lioily 
 them in check, aiui, 
 gli the French wiio 
 iiig chiefly of gcntlo- 
 gallantly and often, 
 a sud.len panic at the 
 sh, aui.'l fled In spiio 
 illy them which were 
 Che chevalier BaymJ, 
 lie, and other dlstiii- 
 'CTQ among tho imin. 
 This battle, from the 
 nch, is known as the 
 Henry immediately 
 idvantages, ho might 
 ;o Paris, where lioth 
 ;xpected to sec him; 
 Ulan to persuade him 
 'oumay, which, after 
 en. Henry then ro- 
 ving gained some re- 
 us soldier, but nr- 
 of bis reputation aj 
 
 hi. 
 
 nco tho Scots acted I 
 anticipated. Janus I 
 thousand men, had I 
 takenseveralcasili?,! 
 Ing the country in I 
 them. Having tiikcii I 
 in her castle, Janus I 
 with her society tliat I 
 
 time, and his dis-r 
 mntage of his negll- 1 
 their homes, in gMt I 
 under they had oli- 
 hrons. Tho earl o( I 
 Iculty, came up with I 
 
 desertlonswcrcii'-l 
 irer his own force et I 
 lien. James in iw-[ 
 
 trc division of the I 
 ley and Lord Ilunio 
 Lennox and Arnjlcl 
 of Bothwell had the I 
 
 Tho English centre I 
 IHowardin thollrsti 
 
 earl of Surrey him- 1 
 
 ) wings by sir Kd- 1 
 
 maduke Constable, 
 
 engLintf.— ?ft0ti ic nf Ciilfov.— ?[Knvi| ©3:3i£. 
 
 297 
 
 lord Dacre, and sir Edward Stanley. Tim 
 right wing of the Scots commenced the ac- 
 tion, and fairly drove the English left wing 
 off the field; but tho Scottish left, in the 
 jncantiiiie, broke from all disclplliie, and 
 Bttacked so Impetuously, but in such dis- 
 order, that sir Edward Howard and the lord 
 Pftcrc, who profited by their ^ infusion and 
 received them coolly, cut them to pieces bo- 
 fore they could be rescued by James's own 
 division and the rcser^'e under Bothwell. 
 Though the Scots sustained this great loss, 
 the presence of the sovereign so much ani- 
 mated their courage, that they kept up the 
 engagement until night put an end to It. 
 Kven then It was uncertain which side had, 
 m reality, sustained tho greater loss. Hut, 
 on the following day, It was discovered that 
 the English, as well as the Scots, had lost 
 ahout five thousand men ; tho former had 
 suffered almost exclusively in tho ranks, 
 wliilo the latter had lost many of their 
 hravcst nobles. The king of Scotland was 
 hlnisolf among the missing from this fatal 
 'Klodden Field.' A body, indeed, was 
 fciund among the slain, which, from tlio 
 royal attire, was supposed to bo the king's. 
 Mid it was even royally interred, Henry ge- 
 nerously pretending that James, while dy- 
 ing, expressed his contrition for that mis- 
 fomluct toward the popo which had placed 
 liiin under the terrible sentence of excom- 
 munication. But though Henry was evi- 
 dently convinced that he was thus doing 
 honour to the body of his brother-in-law, 
 the Scots were equally convinced that ho 
 was not, and that James did not fall in the 
 hattle. By some it was asserted that the 
 monarch, escaping from tho field, was put 
 to death by order of lord Hnnie; while 
 others no less firmly believed that he es- 
 caped to the Holy Land, whence they long 
 £ubsc(iuently continued to expect him to 
 return. 
 
 The event of tho battlo of Ploddcn hav- 
 ing released Henry from all fear of his nor- 
 thern border, at least for that time, ho 
 made no difficulty about granting peace to 
 his sister Margaret, who was now made 
 regent of Scotland during the minority of 
 her son. 
 
 A.D. 1514.— Henry rewarded the chief in- 
 struments in obtaining him this splendid 
 victory, by conferring on the earl of Surrey 
 the title of duke of Norfolk, which had 
 been forfeited by that nobleman's father, 
 who sided with Richard IIL at Bosworth 
 Field; upon lord Howard tho title of the 
 earl of Surrey ; on lord Herbert that of earl 
 of Worcester ; upon sir Edward Stanley 
 that of lord Monteagle ; and upon Charles 
 Brandon, carl of Lisle, that of duko of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 At tho samo time the bishopric of Lin- 
 coln was bestowed upon the king's chief 
 favourite and prime minister, Thomas Wol- 
 scy, whose part in this reign was so im- 
 portant as to demand that wo should pre- 
 sently speak of lilm at some length. 
 
 The war with Scotland being fortunately 
 terminated, Henry again turned his whole 
 attention to Franco. There, however, he 
 found llttlu cause of gratulation. His 
 latlier-ln-law, Ferdinand of Arragon, hav- 
 
 ing obtained possession of tho petty fron- 
 tier kingdom of Navarre, had eagerly made 
 peace with France, and induced the em- 
 peror Maximilian to do thcsam.o; and the 
 pope, in whoso cause Henry had sacrificed 
 so much, had also accepted of the submis- 
 sion of Louis. 
 
 The truth was now more than ever appa- 
 rent, that, however great might bo Henry's 
 other qualities, he was by no means skilled 
 in the wiles of politics ; and his present ex- 
 perience of that truth was tho more emhlt. 
 tered, becauso he found that Maximilian 
 had been induced to abandon him by au 
 offer of the daughter of Franco to tho son 
 of that prince; though that son Charles 
 had already been afllanced to Henry'e own 
 younger sister, the princess Mary, who was 
 now fast approaching tho ago for the com- 
 pletion of the contract. 
 
 Thus doubly duped and Injured, Henry 
 would, most likely, have relnvaded France, 
 no matter at what sacrifice, but that the 
 duke of Longuevillc, who had remained a 
 prisoner ever since the memorable ' battlo 
 of spurs,' suggested a match between tho 
 deserted princess Mary and Louis of Franco 
 himself. It Is true that that monarch was 
 upwards of flf ty years of age, and tho prin- 
 cess not quite sixteen ; but so many advan- 
 tages were olTcred to Henry, that the mar- 
 riage was concluded at Abbeville, whither 
 Louis proceeded to meet his young brido. 
 Their happiness and tho rejoicings of the 
 French people were of but short duration, 
 tho king surviving tho marriage only about 
 three months. 
 
 The young queen dowager of Prance had, 
 before her marriage, shown some partiality 
 for tho duke of Suffolk, the most accom- 
 plished cavalier of the age, and an especial 
 favourite of Henry ; and he now easily per- 
 suaded her to shorten the period of her 
 widowhood. Henry was, or f el., ood to be, 
 angry at their precipitate union : but his 
 anger, If real, was only of short duration, 
 and the accomplished duke and his lovely 
 bride were soon invited to return to tho 
 English court. 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 TJie Heign o/Henuy VIIL (cmtimied). 
 
 As Henry VIIL was, in many respects, the 
 most extraordinary of our monarchs, his 
 favourite and minlster,the cardinal Wolsey, 
 was at the very head of tho extraordinary 
 men, even In that age of strange men and 
 strange deeds. Ho was tho son of a butcher 
 in the town of Ipswich, and displaying, 
 while young, great quickness and intelli- 
 gence, he had a learned education, with a 
 view to his entering the church. Having, 
 at the conclusion of his own education, 
 been employed in teaching the children of 
 the marquis of Dorset, ho gave so much 
 satisfaction, that that nobleman recom- 
 mended him to Henry VIIL as his chaplain. 
 As the private and public servant of that 
 monarch, Wolsey gave equal satisfaction; 
 and when Henry VIIL, a gay, young, and 
 extravagant monarch, showed a very evi- 
 dent preference of the earl of Surrey to the 
 somewhat severe and economic Fox, bishop 
 
\i' 
 
 208 
 
 C^e Crtnifuri; at W^tarnt ^t. 
 
 of Winchester, this prolatclntrniluccd Wol- 
 Bey to the king, hoping thdt, while his ac- 
 complistamcnts and plinbillty would enable 
 him to eclipse the oarl of Surrey, ho would, 
 from his own love of pleasure. If not from 
 motives of gratitude, bo subordinate In all 
 matters of politics to tho prelate to whom 
 he owed his Introduction. Wolsoy fully 
 wc.Tanted Tox's oxpectations In maklnt? 
 himself even more ngrceablo to tho gay 
 humour of the king than the earl of Surrey. 
 I But Wolsoy took advantage of his position 
 I to persuade Mio king that both the carl and 
 tho prolate, tried counsellors of tho late 
 ' king, felt themselves appointed by him 
 rather than by their present royal master, 
 to whom they considered themselves less 
 servants than authoritative guardians and 
 tutors, lie oO well, at the same time, showed 
 I his own capacity eiiually fur pleasure and 
 i for business, and his own readiness to ro- 
 j llcve tho king from the weight of all Irk- 
 ! Bomo details, and yet to bo Ills docllo 
 ' creature, that Ilenry soon found It Im- 
 possible to do without liim, In either his 
 : gaieties or In his more serious pursuits ; 
 ! and "Wolsey eaually supplanted alike tho 
 courtier and tho graver man of business, 
 who. In endeavouring to niako him his tool, 
 enabled him to become liis superior. Con- 
 fident In his own talents, and In tho favour 
 ! of Hein-y, this son of a very humble trades- 
 man carried himself with an all but regal 
 pomp and haughtiness; and left men in 
 some difllculty to pronounce whether ho 
 were more grasping in obtaining wealth, or 
 more magnificent In expending It. Super- 
 cilious to those who affected equality with 
 hlra, ho was liberal to the utmost towards 
 those beneath him ; and, with a singular In- 
 consistency, though he could be ungrateful, 
 as we have seen In the case of the unsuspect- 
 I'lgblshop of ■Winchester, no man was more 
 prone to an exceeding generosity towards 
 those who were not his patrons but his 
 tools. 
 
 A.D. 1515.— A favourite and minister of 
 this temper could not fall to make many 
 enemies; but Wolsey relaxed neither in 
 haughtiness nor In ambition. "Well know- 
 ing tlic tomjicr of Henry, the politic minis- 
 ter ever nlEectcd to be the mere tool of his 
 master, though the exact contrary really 
 was the case ; and by thus making all his 
 acts seem to emanate from Henry's will, 
 he piqued his vanity and wilfulness into 
 supporting them and him against all sha- 
 dow of opposition or complaint. Made 
 bishop of Lincoln, and then archbishop 
 of York, Wolsey held in commcndam the 
 Mshoprio of Winchester, the abbey of St. 
 /.Iban's, and liad tho revenues at very easy 
 leases of tho bishoprics of Bath, Worcester, 
 and Hereford. His Influence over tho king 
 made the pope anxious to acquire a hold 
 upon him; Wolsey, accordingly, was made 
 a cardinal, and thenceforth his whole ener- 
 gies and ambition were devoted to the en- 
 deavour to win the papal throne Itself. 
 Contrary to the custom of priests, the pre- 
 cious metals ornamented not only his own 
 attire, but even the saddles and furniture 
 of his liorsea; his cardinal's hat was car- 
 ried before him by a man uf rank, and laid 
 
 upon tho altar when ho entered cliapol, 
 one priest, of noble stature and handsnnn) 
 countenance, carried before him a mnsslvo 
 silver cross, and another tho cross of York. 
 Warham, archbUhop of Canterl)ury, also 
 held the olllce of chancellor, and was but 
 111 fitted to contend with so resolute a per. 
 son as Wolsey, who speedily worried liim 
 into a resignation of tho chancellorsliip, 
 which dignity ho himself grasped, nis 
 emoluments were vast, so was his cxpoiidi. 
 turo magnificent; and, If ho grasped at 
 inanyofllcos. It Is but fair to add that ho 
 fulfilled his various duties with rare oiii'rpy, 
 judgement, and justice. Wolsey mlghtiiow 
 be said to bo Henry's only minister : Fnj, 
 bishop of Winchester, the duke of Norfolk, 
 and tho duko of Sufi'olk being, like iliu 
 archDishop of Canterbury, unable to nmko 
 head against his arbitrary temper, and 
 driven from the court by a deslro to avoid » 
 useless and irritating conflict. Fox.bUlidp 
 of Winchester, who seems to have been 
 greatly attached to Henry, warned him 
 against Wolsey's ambition, and besouglit 
 him to beware lest tho servant should tip- 
 come the master. But Henry had no inx 
 of tho kind ; ho was far too despotic, and 
 passionate a person to fear that any minu- 
 ter could govern him. 
 
 Tho success which Trancls of Fraiiro 
 met with In Italy tended to excite the jea- 
 lousy and fears of Kiigland, as every new 
 acquisition made by Franco encroaclicJ 
 upon the balance of power, upon which tliu 
 safety of English Interests so grreatly de- 
 pended. Francis, moreover, had given of- 
 ■^ence, not only to Henry, but also to Wol- 
 sey, who took care not to allow his master's 
 anger to subside for want of a prompter 
 But though Henry spent a largo sum of 
 money In stirring up emmitles ag.iiii.st 
 France, he did so to little practical elCcct, 
 and was easily Induced to peace. 
 
 A.D. 15X6.— Ferdinand the Catholic, tin 
 f ather-ln-iaw of Henry, died In the mUlstof 
 a profound peace In Europe, and was suc- 
 ceeded by hia grandson Charles. This event 
 caused Francis to see the necessity of be- 
 stirring himself to ensure the friendship of 
 England, as a support against the extensive 
 power of Spain. As tho best means of doin? 
 BO, ho courted his ambassador to make \\k 
 peace with Wolsoy, and affected to ask tliat 
 haughty minister's advice on the most eon- 
 fldcntial and Important subjects. One of 
 tho advantages obtained by Francis fi'om 
 this servile flattery of the powerful minis- 
 ter, was the restoration of tho Impurinnt 
 town of Tournay, a frontier fortress of 
 Prance and tho Netherlands; Francis 
 agreeing to pay six hundred thousaiul 
 crowns, at twelve equal annual Instalments, 
 to reimburse Henry for his expenditure on 
 tho citadel of Tournay. At the same time 
 that Francis gave eight men of rank as Imfi- 
 tages for tho payment of the above liiige 
 sum to Henry, he agreed to pay twelve 
 thousand llvres per annum to Wolsey as an 
 equivalent for the bishopric of Tournay, to 
 which he had a claim. Pleased with this 
 success, Francis now became bolder In his 
 flatteries, terming Wolsey governor, tutor, 
 and oven father, and bo winning upon tin) 
 
 nlnd of W 
 
 of humility J 
 
 Virgil, who 
 
 ffenkn of It 
 
 Wolsey was 
 
 and was onl 
 
 the generals! 
 
 (i( its value t( 
 
 closer conno( 
 
 ffliat cooled 
 
 Ihc pojie's 1 
 
 called on hli 
 
 deniAiided by 
 
 clergy, on th( 
 
 war with the 
 
 Icdatino pow( 
 
 With this no 
 
 llio loftinoas 
 
 niagiiiilccnce 
 
 It had bishop 
 
 him when hoi 
 
 nobles of tho 
 
 tlic water and 1 
 
 So haughty 
 
 even complali 
 
 of Cunterburj 
 
 Ifjmlllarity In 
 
 IW/iw;' whie 
 
 ited Warham 
 
 tbis man l.i il 
 
 ,(ty.' But Wol! 
 
 Ifpolntment as 
 
 iliyand pomp 
 
 lecAlled the le 
 
 ;rc89lve and m 
 
 itholnqulsltl 
 
 itoftll matterf 
 
 id, as It was e 
 
 JO land, Itsau 
 
 liiiltcd by tho 
 
 lie first judge ( 
 
 111 dangerous ( 
 
 rhoso life was 
 
 iseven said i 
 
 fclsoy hlmsell 
 
 llsuch a man a! 
 
 the legatlne i 
 
 . made mere 
 
 id it was publl 
 
 ithe habit of ( 
 
 c was unbribi 
 
 lought to recel 
 
 ims thus obi 
 
 ickedness or t 
 
 is court. Much 
 
 rolsey, too, by 
 
 owerho clalmei 
 
 mceruing wills 
 
 I which he con 
 
 ithout tho sllg 
 
 Ight of election 
 
 lllty's right of r 
 
 Hen at length c 
 
 id convicted ; i 
 
 on, expressed f 
 
 clseywas eve; 
 
 iiarded In tho u 
 
 A.D.1619.— Imii 
 
 intrlved to exp 
 
 Wch accrued t( 
 
 tlier; and hev 
 
 rcnmstance oc^ 
 
 Hsiou of treasu 
 
 irtant. Maximll 
 
«ffnflTrtntf.-'Hj0uj]le of (!i:utf0v.— ?fifnri> WMh 
 
 299 
 
 3 entered clmpnl, 
 ire and linndsonio 
 lore lilm a innaalvo 
 tlio cross of York. 
 ! Ctinterbuvy, niso 
 ?llor, nnd was Imt 
 , BO resolute a pcr- 
 ■edlly worried liim 
 111) clianccllorsliip, 
 elf Brasped. II is 
 ,0 was his cxiinidi. 
 
 If lio grasped at 
 fair to add tliatlio 
 .'s with rare rnorgy, 
 
 WolaeymiKlitiiuw 
 nly minister ; Vox, 
 he duke of Norfolk, 
 Ik being, like iIid 
 ry, unable to niako 
 Irary temper, nml 
 ,' adejiiro toaToidn 
 ntllct. Fox.bUlioii 
 ems to have lieuii 
 [enry, warned liiia 
 ;lon, and bes()ii(,'lit : 
 
 servant should lio- | 
 
 Henry had no fiiiv 
 ,r too despotic, ami j 
 fear that any niliils- 
 
 Francis of Fraurc 
 'd to excite the jtn- 
 afland, as every new 
 Franco encroaclicil 
 wer, upon wlilcli tlic 
 rests BO greatly do- 
 Qover, had given of- 
 iry, but also to Wol- 
 Ito allow his mastiir's 
 /ant of a prompter. 
 eut a largo sum of 
 ) emmitles aK;iin;t 
 ttlo practical eltcct, 
 to peace. 
 
 J the Catholic, tlio 
 died in the midst of 
 lurope, and was sur- 
 Charles. This cvem 
 the necessity of lic- 
 ire the friendship of 
 gainst the extensive 
 best means of doini! 
 assador to make lii< 
 affected to ask tliM 
 ice on the most ron- 
 . subjects. One of 
 ed by Francis fi'mii 
 the powerful minis- 
 n of the ImpDi'taiit 
 'rentier fortress of 
 theriands ; Vruncii 
 hundred tluuisaiid 
 annual Instalmoiits, 
 Lis expenditure on 
 At the same tiiiw 
 men of rank as lios- 
 of the above largo 
 •eed to pay twelve 
 um to Wolsey aa an 
 )prlcof Toumay.to 
 Pleased with tliU 
 icame bolder in his 
 laey governor, tuim; 
 1 winning upon tlie 
 
 nind of Wolsoy by fulsome affectations 
 of humility and admiration, that Tolydoro 
 Virgil, who was Wolsoy's contemporary, 
 ipe.iks of It as being (lulto certain tliat 
 ffolscy was willing to have sold him Calais, 
 jnd was only prevented from doing bo by 
 thp freiieral sense ho found to bo entertained 
 of its value to England, and by his forming 
 clnser connection with Spain, whlcli some- 
 wliat cooled his attacliment to Franco. 
 Ilic pope's legato, Compegglo, being re- 
 called o:i his failure to procure a titlie 
 demanded by the popo from the Engllsli 
 ticfgyi on the old and worn-out pretext ot 
 tar with the infidels, Henry procured the 
 icnatine power to be conferred on AVoIsey. 
 With this new dignity, Wolsey increased 
 the loftiness of his pretensions, and the 
 Lagnlflcence o' his habits; like tho pope, 
 la liad bishops and mitred abbots to servo 
 lilmwhen ho said mass, and ho farther had 
 nobles of tho best families to hand him 
 tliewaterand towel. 
 
 So haughty had ho now become, that he 
 
 even complained of "Warham, archbishop 
 
 ol Canterbury, as being guilty of undue 
 
 ftmiliarity in signing himself 'i/ourZormfr 
 
 |w/iw;' which caused even the raeek-spl- 
 
 flted Warham to make tho bitter remark, 
 
 this man Is drunk with too much prospo- 
 
 Ity,' But Wolsey did not treat his legatlno 
 
 rpolntment as being a mere matter of dlg- 
 
 jlty and pomp, but forthwith opened what 
 
 le called the legatlno court ; a court as op- 
 
 [rcsalve and as expensive In its authority 
 
 itlio Inquisition Itself. It was to enquire 
 
 ito all matters of morality and conscience, 
 
 ii), as it was supplementary to the law of 
 
 ic Inud, Its authority was, in reality, only 
 
 Imltod by tho conscience of the judge. 
 
 le first judge appointed to this anomalous 
 
 iddangerous court was John Alien, a man 
 
 r!i03O life was but ill spoken of, and who 
 
 ss even said to have been convicted by 
 
 fclscy himself of perjury. In tho hands 
 
 Itsiicli a man aa this, tho extensive powers 
 
 tlie legatlne court were but too likely to 
 
 made mere Instruments of extortion ; 
 
 id it was publicly reported that Allen was 
 
 the habit of convicting or acquitting as 
 
 ! was unbribed or bribed. Wolsey was 
 
 lought to receive no small portion of the 
 
 ID19 thus obtained by Allen from the 
 
 Ickedness or the fears of tho suitors of 
 
 |i3 court. Much clamour was raised against 
 
 folsey, too, by the almost papal extent of 
 
 jwerhe claimed for himself In all matters 
 
 )nceruing wills and benefices, tho latter 
 
 which he conferred upon his creatures 
 
 Ithout the slightest regard to tho monks' 
 
 Ight of election, or the lay gentry and no- 
 
 llty's right of patronage. The iniquity of 
 
 len at length caused him to be prosecuted 
 
 id convicted ; and the king, on that occa- 
 
 lon, expressed so much indignation, that 
 
 7olsey was ever alter more cautious and 
 
 larded in the use of liis authority. 
 
 A.D. 1519.— Immersed in pleasures, Henry 
 
 Dntrived to expend all the huge treasures 
 
 Ihlch accrued to him on tho death of his 
 
 ither; and he was now poor, just when a 
 
 rcumstance occurred to render his pes- 
 
 tsiou of treasure more tlian usually Im- 
 
 irtant. Maximilian, the emperor, who had 
 
 long been declining, died; and Henry, and 
 the kings of France and Spain were candi- 
 dates for that chief place among the princes 
 of Christendom. Money was profusely la- 
 vished upon tho electors by l)otli Charles 
 and Francis; but Henry's minister, I'acp, 
 havingscarceiyany command of cast), found 
 his efforts everywhere useless, and Charles 
 gained tlie day. 
 
 A.D. ir>20.— In reality Henry wag fonnld- 
 ablo to either France or the enipiM'or, and 
 he could, at a moment's warning, throw his 
 wciglit Into tlio ono or tho other scale. 
 Aware of this fact, Francis was anxious for 
 an opportunity of personally practising 
 upon tho generosity and want of cool 
 jut'j'oment, which he quite correctly Im- 
 puted to Henry. He, therefore, proposed 
 that they should meet In a field within the 
 English pale, near Calais ; the proposal was 
 warmly seconded by Wolsey, who was as 
 eager as a court beauty of the other sex for 
 every occasion of personal splendour and 
 costliness. Each of the monarchs was 
 young, gay, tasteful, and magnificent ; and 
 so well did their courtiers enter Into tliclr 
 feeling of gorgeous rivalry, that some nobles 
 of botii nations expended on the ceremony 
 and show of a few brief days, sums wliich 
 Involved thoirfamiilesin straitcncdcircum- 
 stances for the rest ot their lives. 
 
 The emperor Charles no sooner heard of 
 tho proposed Interview between the kings, 
 than he, being on his way from Spain to 
 tho Netherlands, paid Henry tho compli- 
 ment of laii-llng at Dover, whither Henry 
 at onco proceeded to meet him. diaries 
 not only laid himself out In every posslblo 
 way to please and flatter Henry, but he also 
 paid assiduous court to Wolsey, and bound 
 that aspiring personage to his interests by 
 promising to aid him in reaching the papa- 
 cy ; a promise which Charles felt tiie less 
 dlfflculty about making, because the reign- 
 ing popo Leo X, was junior to Wolsey by 
 some years, and very likely to outlive him. 
 Henry was perfectly well aware of the pains 
 ChaTlea took to concillato Wolsey, but, 
 strange to say, felt rather flattered tlian 
 hurt, as thougli tho compliment were ulti- 
 mately paid to his own person and will. 
 
 When the emperor had taken his depar- 
 ture Henry proceeded to France, where tha 
 meeting took place between him iind Fran- 
 cis. Wolsey, who had tho regulation of 
 the ceremonial, so well indulged his own 
 and his master's love of magnittcence, that 
 tho place of meeting was by the conunou 
 consent of the delighted spectators hailed 
 by the gorgeous title of The field of tha 
 cloth of gold. Gold and ; ewels abounded ; 
 and bot}i the monarchs and their numerous 
 courts were apparelled in the most gorgeous 
 and picturesque style. The duke of lluck- 
 Ingham, who, though very wealthy, was not 
 very fond of xmrtiug with his money, found 
 the expenses to which ho was put on thlf 
 occasion so intolerable, that he expressed 
 himself so angrily towards Wolsey as led 
 to his execution some time after, though 
 nominally at least for a different offence. 
 
 The meetings between tho monarchs were 
 for some time regulated with the most jea^ 
 Icus and wearisome attention to strict 
 
300 
 
 cri)e VLvtniMx^ at W^tov^t ^t. 
 
 etiquette. At longtli Prnncls, attended l)y 
 only two of Ma gentlemen and n page, 
 rodo Into Henry's quarters. Henry was 
 dellsrhtcd at tlils proof of his lirotlier nio- 
 narrli'8 conlldenre, and throw upon Ills 
 nock a pearl collar worth flvo or six thou- 
 Bimd pounds, wlileli Francis repaid by the 
 present of an iniilet worth twieo "■ nnicli. 
 So profuse and gorgeous wcro thci - young 
 kings. 
 
 While Henry remained at Calais lie re- 
 ceived another visit from the emperor 
 Charles, That artful monarch had now 
 completed the good Impression ho had al- 
 ready made upon both Henry and cardinal 
 Wolsey ; by offering to leave all dispute 
 between himsolf and France to the arbitra- 
 tion of Henry, as well as by assuring Wol- 
 sey of the papacy at some futu e day, and 
 putting him Into instant posses'- u of the 
 revenues of the bishoprics of B, > ijos and 
 riacencla. The result was that i j empe- 
 ror made demands of the most cxt. vag.ant 
 nature, well knowing that Franco would 
 not comply with them ; and when thenego- 
 t I'ltlons were thus broken off, a treaty was 
 made between the emperor and Hein-y, by 
 which the daughter of the latter, the prin- 
 cess Mary, was betrothed to the former, 
 and England was bound to Invade France 
 with an army of forty thousand men. This 
 treaty alone, by the very exorblt.incy of Its 
 injurloueness to England, would sufflclcntly 
 show at once the power of Wolsey over his 
 king and the extent to which ho was ready 
 to exert that poW'^r. 
 
 The duke of Bncklngham, who had Im- 
 prudently given offence to the all-powerful 
 cardinal, was a man of turbulent temper, 
 and very Imprudent in expressing himself, 
 by which means he afforded abundant evi- 
 dence for his own ruin. It was proved that 
 he had provided arms with the Intent to 
 disturb the government, and that he had 
 even threatened the life of iho king, to 
 whom ho thought himself, as being de- 
 scended In the female line from the young- 
 est son of Edward the Third, to be the right- 
 ful successor, should the king die without 
 Issue. Far less real guilt than this, aided by 
 the enmity of such a man as Wolsey, would 
 liave sufflccdto ruin Buckingham, who was 
 condemned, and, to the great discontent of 
 tlie people, executed. 
 
 A.D. 1521.— We have already mentioned 
 that Henry in Ills youth had !)een jealously 
 secluded from all share In public business. 
 Ho derived froni this circumstance tlie 
 n<lvantage of far more scholastic learn- 
 ing than commonly fell to the lot of 
 princes, and circumstances now occurred 
 to set bis literary attainments in a striking 
 light. Leo X. having published a general 
 Inilulgence, circumstances of a merely 
 personal interest caused Arcemboldl, a 
 Genoese, then a bishop, but originally a 
 merchant, who farmed the collection of the 
 money in Saxony and the countries on the 
 Haltic, to cause the preaching for the In- 
 dulgences to be given to the Dominicans, 
 Instead of to the Augustincs who had 
 usually enjoyed that privilege. Martin 
 Luther, an Augustine friar, feeling him- 
 self and bis wholo order afCronted by this 
 
 change, preached against It, and invoitfiieii 
 against certain vices of life of which, prn. 
 bably, the Dominicans really were Kiilliy 
 though not moro so than the Augiistin,'/ 
 His spirited and coarse censures provokcii 
 the censured order to reply, and as they dwelt 
 much upon the papal authority, as nii ni|. 
 suinclent answer to Luther, ho was liidurcd 
 to (inestlon tlint authority; and as ho ej. I 
 tended his roinling hefounn causofnr more 
 and more extended complaint ; so that do 
 who at first had merely complained if „ 
 wrong done to a particular order of rhiin ii. f 
 men, speedily declared himself against iimrii 
 of the doctrine and dlsclplinoof the cluircli 
 Itself, as being corrupt and of nieroly im. 
 inanl nventlon for evil human purposes, l 
 From Germany the new doctrines of Lnthpr I 
 quickly siiread to the rest of Europe, anil I 
 found many proselytesin England, llinrv,! 
 however, was thchistman In hlsdoniinloiisl 
 who was likely to assent to Luther's nnfii.l 
 mente; as a srholar, and as an extrciiuiyf 
 despotic monarch, he was alike shorkod lyl 
 them. He not only exerted himself Ui |iro.| 
 vent the Lutheran lieresles, as ho tenindl 
 and no doubt thought them, from tiiklii?! 
 root In England, but also wrote a bool: iij 
 Latin against them. This book, wlilfhl 
 would have been by no means discrortllalilel 
 to an older and moro professional pdlcnilrj 
 Henry sent to the pope, who, charmed wiilj 
 the ability displayed by so illustrious ani 
 advocate of the papal cause, conferred iipunl 
 him the proud title of Defender of the Fa'MM 
 which has ever since been borne by oiirl 
 monarchs. Luther, who was not of n teiii.! 
 per to quail before rank, replied to Ilenrjl 
 with great force and with but little decwioyj 
 and Henry was thus made personally as wc'iil 
 as seholastlcally an opponent of tlio iicwl 
 doctrines. But those doctrines involved sol 
 many consequences favourable to huuianl 
 liberty and fl.ittering to human pride, iliatT 
 neither scholastlcal nor kingly power coiiliil 
 prevent their spread, which was mucli faclJ 
 litated by the recent invention of priiitliiirJ 
 The progress of the new opinions was stiljl 
 farther favoured by the death of the viifor-f 
 ous and gifted Leo X., and by the euccf jJ 
 slon to the papal throne of Adrian, wliowaJ 
 so far from being inclined to go too far iiil 
 the support of the establishment, that liJ 
 candidly admitted the necessity for miifU 
 reformation. \ 
 
 A.D. 1522.— The emperor fearing lest WolJ 
 sey's disappointment of the papal tlmmJ 
 should Injure the imperial Interests In lii;gl 
 land, again came hither, professedly ojiljl 
 on a visit of compliment, but really to fori 
 ward his political Interests. Ho paid assif 
 duous court, not only to Henry, but aid 
 to Wolsey, to whom ho pointed out thai 
 the age and infirmities of Adrian renderctf 
 another vacancy likely soon to occur in tlia 
 papal throne ; and Wolsey s.iw It to be iiiJ 
 Interest to dissemble thelndlgnant vexation 
 his disappointment had really caused liinij 
 Tho emperor In consequence succeeded til 
 his wishes of retaining Henry's alllancej 
 and of causing him to declare war agaiiisf 
 Franco. Lord Surrey entered France wita 
 an army which, with reinforcements fioiJ 
 the Low Countries, nombered ciglitcei( 
 
eii0laiilr.— Hiauiic at CuliDr.-lftcnrj} WM^, 30i 
 
 i8t It, niul liivoiuhed I 
 )t life of whirl), pro. 1 
 1 really wcro Kulliy, 
 lan tho A\»pn»rini'j, ' 
 3 censures provokoii , 
 ply, and as they dwelt 
 authority, ns nii mi. 
 ithor.hewasliuliiml 
 )rlty ; and as l\o es- 
 touiid cause for more 
 implalnt ; bo that li« 
 ely complained (>f h 
 ular order of rluinli. 
 himself afralnstiimoii 
 iclpUnoottho church 
 it and of merely im. 
 i-ll human purposes, L 
 ,v doctrines of Luthor I 
 rest of Kuroiie, :\iiil I 
 jlnEntfland. llinry, 
 man in hlsdominlmis 
 ■nt to Luther's nniii-[ 
 and as an extrcmtiy 
 was alike Bhockoil i.y 
 tcrted himself til [iro- 1 
 ercsles, as ho toriiu'dl 
 it them, from tiiklii?! 
 also wrote a bunk In I 
 This book, wliiilil 
 o means dlscrodllalilal 
 professional polt'iiilf, I 
 )e,who, charmed with I 
 liy so illustrious ml 
 cause, conferred upiinl 
 ' Defender of the Fait}\,\ 
 been home hy ourl 
 fho was not of a tciii-l 
 ink, replied to Ileiiiyl 
 ulthhutlittledecwifyj 
 lade personally as wpii 
 opponent of the luwl 
 doctrines Involved SM 
 favourable to huniani 
 to human pride, tliati 
 or kingly power couMi 
 which was much facl-l 
 nventlon of i)rliitiiisJ 
 lew opinions was still 
 ho death of the vi(,'orJ 
 C, and by the Buocesf 
 no of Adrian, whowa^ 
 lined to go too far liij 
 jtablishment, that liaf 
 e necessity for mucU 
 
 -rnr fearinf? lest ^Volj 
 
 of the papal tlinma 
 
 erlalinterestslulir.gj 
 
 her, professedly wilJ, 
 
 cut, but really to for 
 
 jrests. Ho i)aid assl' 
 
 ,• to Henry, but al^l 
 
 ho pointed out tha 
 
 s of Adrian reiidcroi' 
 
 ' soon to occur in tin 
 
 — jlsey saw it to he liii 
 
 lio Indignant vexatloi 
 
 ad really caused lura 
 
 'quence succeeded id 
 
 ng Henry's alllaiioc 
 
 ) declare -war again?' 
 
 entered Prance witl 
 
 reinforcements from 
 
 nnmbered elglitecr 
 
 thoutinnd men. liut iho operations by no 
 means corresponded in Importance to tho 
 force assembled ; and, after losing a great 
 iiumlicrof men by sickness, Surrey went 
 Into winter quarters In tho month of Octo- 
 ber without having made lilmseU master of 
 iiB<nt(lo place in Franco. 
 When France was at war with England, 
 there was but llttlo probability of Scotland 
 remaining QUIet. Albany, who had arrived 
 Ifroni France, es'>cclally with a view to vex- 
 |liii( tlio norther 'ontler of Bngln-ul, sum- 
 iiiiincd all'tho l ttlsh force that could be 
 niised, marched into Annandale, and pre- 
 lared to cross Into r •'and at Solway Frith. 
 But the storm was a. edfroin Kngland by 
 llhe discontents of tho .cottlsh no'des, wlio 
 l((im|)lalncd that tho interests of Scotland 
 Ifhiiuld bo exposed to all tho danger of a 
 Iwiitest with so superior a power os Eng- 
 lljuil, merely for the adrnntagc of a foreign 
 Iptiwcr. So strongly. Indeed, did the Oor- 
 lilonsand other powerful clansmen cxi)ress 
 llliclr discontents on this head, that Albany 
 Ijiadc a truco with tho Engllsli warden, the 
 JMDacro, and returned to France, taking 
 Itlie precaution of sending tlilther before 
 him the carl of Angus, husband of tho auccn 
 Idowager, 
 
 I A.D. 1523.— With only an infant king, and 
 
 Iflth their regent absent from tlie kingdom, 
 
 Itbe Scots laboured under Oio additional 
 
 lllsadvantago of being divided into almost 
 
 liiiiur.iy factions as they numbered potent 
 
 ad iioblo families. Taking advantage of 
 
 bis melancholy state of things in Scotland, 
 
 lonry sent to that country a powerfulforce 
 
 nder the earl of Surrey, who marched with- 
 
 iit opposition into tho Merseand Teviot- 
 
 ile, burned tho town of Jedburgh, and 
 
 avagcd tlio whole country round. Henry 
 
 ndcavoured to improve his present supc- 
 
 (iority over the Scuts, by bringing about a 
 
 liarriage between his only daughter, the 
 
 oung princess Mary, and the infant king 
 
 Scotland; a measure whicli would at 
 
 ace have put an end to all contrariety of 
 
 ktercsts as to tho two countries, by uniting 
 
 iem.as nature evidently intended them to 
 
 , into one state. But the friends of Fran ce 
 
 bpiiosed this measure so warmly, that tho 
 
 Imcn dowager, wlio liad every possible 
 
 liutive for wishing to comply with it, both 
 
 ! favouring her brother, and promising an 
 
 Klierwlse unattainable prosperity to tho 
 
 kture reign of her son, was unable to bring 
 
 about. Tho partisans of England and 
 
 Vance were nearly equal In power, if not 
 
 number ; and while they still debated 
 
 lie question, it was decided against Eng- 
 
 ad by tho arrival of Albany. He raised 
 
 oops and made some show of battle, but 
 
 tcrc was little actual fighting. Disgusted 
 
 nth the factions into which tho people 
 
 ^ere divided, Albany at length retired 
 
 ^la to France ; and Henry having enough 
 
 ) do in his war with that country, was well 
 
 lontcnt to give up hia notion of a Scotch 
 
 Ihaiice, and to rely upon tho Scots being 
 
 Bsywlth their own feuds, as his best se- 
 
 iirlty against their henceforth attempting 
 
 ny serious diversion in favour of France. 
 
 In truth, Henry, wealthy as ho had been 
 
 the commenceuicut of his reigu, had 
 
 been so profuse In his pursuit of pleasure, 
 that lie liad now no means of prosecuting 
 war with any considerable vigour even 
 against Franco alone. Though, in many 
 respects, possessed of actually despotic 
 power, Henry had to suffer tho usual In- 
 convenience of poverty. At ono time ho 
 Issued privy seals demanding loans of 
 certain sums from wealthy men ; at another 
 ho demanded a loan of live shillings In tho 
 pound from thu clergy, and of two shillingi) 
 in tho pound from the laity. Though no- 
 minally loans, these sums were really to bo 
 considered as gf/ts i and Impositions at oj'co 
 so large, so arbitrarj', and so liable to be re- 
 peated at any period, necessarily caused 
 much discontent. Soon after this last -x- 
 pedlent for raising money without tho con- 
 sent of parliament, h'- summoned a convo- 
 cation and a parliament. From the former. 
 Wolsoy, relying upon his high power and 
 intluenco as cardinal and archbishop, de- 
 manded ten shillings in the pound on tho 
 ecclesiastical revenue, to bo levied in flvo 
 years. Tlio clergy murmured, but, as "Wol- 
 sey had anticipated, a few sharp words from 
 him silenced all objections, and what ho 
 demanded was granted. Having thus far 
 succeeded, Wolsey now, attended by several 
 lords spiritual and temporal, addressed tho 
 house of commons ; dilating upon tho 
 wants of the king, and upon the disadvan- 
 tageous position in which those wants 
 placed him with respect to both Franio 
 and Scotland, aud demanded a grant of two 
 hundred thousand pounds per annum for 
 four years. After much hesitation and 
 murmuring, the commons granted only ono 
 half the reiiuli'ed sum ; and hero occurred a 
 striking proof of the spirit of Independence, 
 which, though it was very long in growing 
 to its present height, had alre.idy been pro- 
 duced in tho house of commons by its pos- 
 session of the power of the purse. Wolsey, 
 on learning how little the commons had 
 voted towards what he had demanded, re- 
 quired to bo allowed to ' reason ' with tho 
 house, but was gravely, and with real dig- 
 nity, informed, that the house of commons 
 could reason only among Its own members. 
 But Henry sent for Edward Montague, an 
 iiilluontial member.and coarsely threatened 
 blm, that If the commons did not vote bet- 
 ter on the following day, Montague should 
 lose his head. This threat caused the com- 
 mons to advance somewhat on their former 
 oilers, though they still fell far short of tho 
 sum originally asked. 
 
 It may be presumed that Henry was 
 partly goiided to his violent aud brutal 
 threat to Montague by very urgent neces- 
 sity; among tho items of the amount 
 granted, was a levy of three shillings in tlio 
 pound on ail who possessed fifty pounds 
 per annum, aud though this was to bo le- 
 vied in four years, Henry levied the whole of 
 It In tho very year in which it was granted. 
 
 While Wolsey — for to him tho people at- 
 tributed every act of the king— was thus 
 powerful In England, either very great 
 treachery on the part of the emperor, or a 
 most invincible misfortune, rendered him 
 constantly unforcunato as to the great ob- 
 ject of bis ambition, the pai^al throne. It 
 
802 
 
 QT^e ^xtniutti at ^iitavut ^r. 
 
 now again borarao vacant by tho death o{ 
 Adrian, but tlilit now iiwnkunlnK' of hlH hopo 
 was merely the preludo to a now and bitter 
 OlHaiipiiintniont. He wax nirain i>ass(-d over, 
 nud ono ot tho l»u Medlclg nseended tlio 
 jifipnl ilirono nnder tlio tltlo of Clement 
 
 j V 1 1. WolMey was well awaro that this oloc- 
 
 [ tloii took plaeo with tho concurronco ot tho 
 iniiierlal i>arty, and ho, therefore, Ictor- 
 niliiod to turn Henry from tho uUlanuo of 
 
 ' till' emi)cror to that of Franco. 
 
 I Disappointed In tho great objoct of Ills 
 niubltlon, AVolRoy affected tho utmost ap- 
 proval of tho election which had bo much 
 niortllled him, and ho applied to Clement 
 for a continuation of that legatlnc power 
 
 I which Iiad now been intrUBtod vo him by 
 two popes, and Clement prrant-ed It to lilm 
 for life, a great and most unusual conipll- 
 meiit. 
 
 j A.u. 1525. — Though Hcnry'a war with 
 FPMMce was productlvo of much oxpcnso of 
 
 I both blood and treasure, tho Kngllsh sharo 
 
 I In It wa.i so littlu brilliant, that tliero Is no 
 necessity for our enterlngherolnto details, 
 which must of necessity bo given In an- 
 other |)laco. Wo need only remark thac 
 the defeat and captivity of Francis at tho 
 prroat battle of Tavla, In tho rrcvlous year, 
 would have been improved by Wolsey to 
 the probable utter comiuest of France, but 
 for tho deep offence ho h.ad recelveu from 
 the emperor, which caused him to represent 
 to Ilonry the Importance to hlin of Franco 
 as a counterbalancing power to tho em- 
 peror, lie carefully and BUCcossfuUy ap- 
 pealed to the powerful passions of Hen»y, 
 by pointing out proofs of coldness and of 
 Increasing assumption In tho stylo of the 
 emiHTor's letter subsequent to the battle 
 of I'avia; and Henry was still more deter- 
 mined by tills merely personal argument 
 thiiii ho h:i<l been by oven tho cogent poli- 
 tical one. Tho result was, that Henry made 
 a treaty with tho mother ot Francis, who 
 had been left by him as regent, In which lio 
 undertook to procure tho liberty of Francis 
 on ri'asoii.'iblc terms ; whiin she acknow- 
 ledged Hi'Ury cnnlitor of Franco to tho 
 ainount of nearly two millions of crowns, 
 wlilcli she undertook to pay at tho rati^ oC 
 fifty thousand In every wlx months. Wol- 
 sey, besides gratifying his spleen against 
 the emperor in bringing about this treaty 
 with Franco, procured the more solid grati- 
 fication of a hundred thousand pounds paid 
 to him under the name of arrears of a pen- 
 Blon granted to him on the giving up of 
 Tournay, as mentioned In its proper place 
 In this history. 
 
 As It was very probable that this treaty 
 with Franco would lead to a war with the 
 emperor, Henry issued a commission for 
 levying a tax of four shillings in the pound 
 upon tho clergy, and three-and-fourpence 
 upon tho laity. As this heavy demand caused 
 great murmuring, lie took caro to have it 
 made known that ho desired this money 
 only In the way of beiievolence. But people, 
 by this time, understood that loan, benevo- 
 Icnce, and tax were only different names for 
 the one solid matter of ready m viey, and the 
 murmuring did not cease. In some parts 
 of the country, tho people, indeed, broke out 
 
 Into open revolt ; but as they liaii i,^ 
 wealtliy or Inlluontial leader, tho kliuf's of. 
 fleers and friends put them do^^■|l, jii,|i 
 Henry pardoned tho ringleaders on iiio i,,,. 
 lltio pretence that poverty and not wlllui 
 disloyalty liad led them astray. 
 
 A.T). 1,'>27.— Though Henry had now jo 
 many years lived with his queen In nil np. 
 parent cordiality and contentment, sivcni 
 circumstances had occurred to give iiim 
 doubts as to tho legality of their marriage 
 When tho emperor Charles liad proiio-ij 
 to espouse Hcnry'tf daughter, tho jouiiu 
 princess Mary, tlio states of Castile olj. 
 jectcd to her as being lllogltltnato ; and tlio 
 same objection was subsequently mmlo ly 
 Franco, when it waa proposed to ally her ig 
 tho prince ot that country. 
 
 It Is, wo think, I'SU'U too readily to take 
 It for granted that iT ,nry was, from ilio 
 llrst, prompted to weii. tho dissolution ut 
 this marriage, merely by a libertine anj 
 sensual disposition, it is quite true tliat 
 the queen was consl'lvrably older than \w 
 and that her beauty w.-.s not rcmarl<;il)lu; 
 and it may be quite truo tliat those circiim' 
 stances were nmong his motives. Itut U 
 should not bo forgotten that ho had stndicj 
 deeply, and that his favourite niitimr, 
 Thomas Aquinas, spoke in utter reprolia' 
 tion of tho marrying by a man of iiij 
 brnther's widow, as denounced In the \mi 
 of T^evltlcus. Tho energetic reprobation 
 of I,.' author of whom lio was accustoini'J 
 to t 'i ik so reverently was, of courso, not 
 wealamed by tho rejection of his daiiKincr 
 by both Spain and France, on tht KniiiiiJ 
 of tho incestuous marriage of her paronis, 
 and Henry at length became so dosirouj 
 to have some authoritative ycttlemcntiifiiij 
 doubts, that ho causecl tho question to lio 
 mooted before the prelates of KniflaiiJ, 
 who, witli tho singlo exception of KIslicr, 
 bishop of Uochcster, subscribed to thonpi- 
 nion that tlio marriage was «6 incejitn il!o- 
 gal and null. While Henry's conscieiitiuiu 
 scruplo was thus strongly conllriiicd, lili 
 desire to get his marrlago formally an.l 
 effectually annulled, was greatly IncivasiJ 
 by his falling in love witli Anno Dolt.vn, n 
 young lady of great beauty and accoiii|iliili. 
 ments. Her parents were connected wlili 
 some of tho best fanillles in tno nation, lior 
 lather had several times been honuural)!? 
 employed abroad by I ho king, and the young 
 lady herself, to her very great mlsfortuin', 
 was, at this time, ono of the maids of lio- 
 ncnir to tlio queen. Ho now, thercforo, 
 applied to tlio pope for a divorce, iiimi 
 tho ground not merely of tho Incestibuu; 
 nature of tho marrlago — aa that mi«lit: 
 liavo seemed to question or to limit tlie 
 dispensing power ot Rome — but on tlio 
 ground that the bull whicli had authorised 
 it had been obtained under false pretonrcjj 
 which were clearly proven ; a ground wlilrh 
 had always been held by Rome to bo snfll- 
 dent to authorise tho uulllfying of a bull 
 Clement, the pope, v/as, at this time, a rri* 
 soncr in the hands of tho emperor, and liia 
 chief hope of ohto'.ning Iiis release ou surli 
 terms as woulu render It desirable or lio- 
 nourable rested oa tho exertions of Henry, 
 Froucist and the etatea with which tliejr 
 
eiifllautr.— |[l0tirfc 0f CulfDr.— 5tciny WHh 
 
 303 
 
 )Ut ns they li;i,| i,,, 
 leader, the klim's ut. 
 ut them down, nnj 
 limleiulern on ilio im. 
 ivcrty and uot wllfm 
 HI antrfiy. 
 
 lleiiry had now so 
 I hiB queen In nil np. 
 contentment,, several 
 rcurrcd to kIvo liim 
 Ity of their iiwirrlaKc 
 ;imrle9 had iipipojij 
 ilaugnter, the jounu 
 states of Castllo oij. 
 lIlCRltlmnto; andtlio 
 ulmequenMy niiide liy 
 )ropo8ed to ally licr to 
 in try. 
 
 ■u too readily to tdke 
 iT.jiry was, from ilie 
 \'i the UlnRolutUni i,( 
 y ly a Ubcrtlno nnj 
 it Is qulto true tliat 
 icrably older tlian lio, 
 ■wr.3 not rcmarkiihlo; 
 mo that those circum- 
 Ills motives, lim ii 
 en that ho had siudkil 
 Is favourite nutlmr, 
 Dko in utter rciirola- 
 ft by a man of hij 
 enounoed In the Imnii 
 jnergetle rcrrciliiitj,,|i 
 n lio was ncciistninij 
 ly was, of course, not 
 •etion of Lis daiiKhter 
 'ranco, on the KrminJ 
 rrlaffo of her iiarents, 
 I hocJinio BO dosinml 
 atlve ycttlcmcntiif liij I 
 1 the question to liol 
 prelates of EnKlaiiJ,! 
 exception of Flslior, I 
 HUbSLTlbed to tlio npi. ' 
 e was «6 inct'iiti) \U 
 Ifonry's conBcieiitluiijI 
 mj-'ly conllrincd, til^l 
 irrlago formally and 
 as greatly liu-iciiiijl 
 with Anno D(de.vii, ,i| 
 autyandaccomi'lii] 
 were connenti'J wiilil 
 lies In tno nation, hor I 
 mes been honouraWyl 
 lu king, and thcyouiigl 
 ry great mlsfurtiiiu',! 
 of the maids o{ lii-r 
 IIo now, tliercfori',! 
 for a divorce, uimil 
 ly of tho Inccstueiul 
 ago — as that nil«litl 
 tlon or to limit tliel 
 Rome — but on tliol 
 whicli had authorisedl 
 under false pretenrosl 
 oven ; a ground wlilrbl 
 by Rome to bo sufll-1 
 nullifying of a bulLl 
 3, at this time, a rrl-F 
 the emperor, and liial 
 g his release on surlil 
 r It desirable or lio-l 
 > exertions of Henry,! 
 63 with which thcyl 
 
 were In allionco. The pope, therefore, was 
 du^ilrouii to conclllnto Uenry'ii favour ; but 
 1,0 VIM timid, varlllatlMg, an Italian, and 
 ta adept In that dlitslmulatlon which i<i so 
 fliariiL'tcrlstlo of men who add coustltu- 
 tionnl timidity to Intellectual power. Anx- 
 liius to conclltato Henry by granting tlio 
 divorce, ho was fearful lest ho sliould en- 
 rage llio emperor— queen Catherine's no- 
 iilicw— by doing 80 ; tho consequence was, 
 ,T long series of expedients, delays, pro- 
 inUes, and disappointments. 
 
 Tim cardinal Cumpegglo was at length 
 joined with Wolsey In a commission to try 
 tlio affair in England. Tho two logatcst 
 opened their court hi London ; both the 
 iHioen and Henry were summoned to ap- 
 |,c.ir, and a most painful scene took place. 
 iVIieu their maJcHtlcs were called by name 
 In till! court, Oatherliio left her seat and 
 threw herself at tho feet of tho king, re- 
 oalled to Ills memory how sho had entered 
 lild dominions, leaving all friends and sup- 
 piirt to depend upon hlui alono ; how for 
 twenty years she had been a faithful, lov- 
 Int^.and obedient wife. 8ho impressed upon 
 lilin tlio fact that the marriage between her 
 ;ind his elder brother had. In truth, been 
 l.iit Biieh a mere formal betrothal, as In In- 
 Dumcrablo other cases had beau held no 
 tiir to subsequent marriage ; that both 
 'lieir fathers, esteemed tho wisest princes 
 ill Clirlslendom, had consented to their 
 niarrlngc, which tliey would not liavo done 
 ludess well advised of its propriety; and 
 flie concluded by saying, tluit being well 
 assnred that sho had no reason to expect 
 jii«tlrofrom a court at the disposal of her 
 iiieinies, so never more would she appear 
 before it. 
 
 After tho departure of the ([uecn tho trial 
 proceeded. It was prolonged from week to 
 \\w\i, and from montli to month, by tho 
 arts of Cam peggio, acting by tlio Instruc- 
 linns of Clement, who employed tho time 
 111 making his arrangements with tho em- 
 leror for his own benefit, and that of tlie 
 De.AIcdl -Is in general. Having succeeded 
 ill doing this, he, to Henry's great asio- 
 iilsliment, evoked tlio chuho to Homo on 
 ilio (lueeu'a appeal, just as every oiio ex- 
 pected tho legates to pronouuco for the 
 divorce. Henry was greatly enraged at 
 Wolsey on account of this result. Ho had 
 sn long been accustomed to boo tho cardi- 
 nal successful In whatever ho attempted, 
 that lie attributed his present failure rather 
 to treachery than to want of judgement. 
 The great seal was shortly taken from him 
 mid given to sir Thomas More, and lie was 
 ordered to givo up to the king his stately 
 mid gorgeously furnished palaco called 
 York House, whicli was converted Into a 
 royal residence, under the name of "Whlto- 
 liall, Tho wealth seized In this ono resi- 
 dence of tho cardinal was immense; his 
 plate was of regal splendour, and included 
 what indeed not every king could boast, 
 one perfect cupboard of massive gold. His 
 furniture and other effects were numerous 
 and costly In proportion, as may bo Judged 
 from the single item of one thousand pieces 
 of fine Holland cloth ! The possessor of 
 all this wealth, however, was a ruined man 
 
 now; in the privacy of his comrsrallvely 
 mean cmintry housu at ICither. In Hnrrey, ho 
 was unvlslted and uiinotieed by those cour- 
 tiers who liad so eagerly crowded around 
 h!m Willie ho was yet dltningulshed bv tho 
 king's favour. Out if tlio ingratitude of 
 his friends left him undisturbed in his snil- 
 tude, tho activity of his foes did not leave 
 liini undisturbed even there. The king liad 
 not as yet deprived him of his sees, and 
 luid, moreover, sent lilm a ring and a kind 
 message. His enemies, therefore, fearful 
 lest ho should oven yet recover Ills lost fa- 
 vour, and BO acquire tho power to repay 
 their 111 services, took every method to pre- 
 jiulU'o him In tho eyes of the king, who at 
 length abandoned hlin to tho power of par- 
 liament. Tho lords passed forty-four arti- 
 cles against him, of which It Is not too 
 much to say that there was not ono which 
 might not have been explained away, had 
 anything like legal form or proof beep 
 called for or considered. Amidst tho gene- 
 ral and shameful abandonments of Wolsey 
 by those who had so lately fawned uiiou 
 him, it Is delightful to have to record that 
 when these articles were sent down to tho 
 house of commons, tho oppressed and 
 abandoned cardinal was warmly and ably 
 defended by Thomas Cromwell, whom his 
 patronage had raised from a very low ori- 
 gin. All defence, however, was vain ; tiio 
 pnrllaiiient pronounced 'That he was out 
 of tile king's protection; that bis lands 
 and goods were forfeited ; and that his per- 
 son might bo committed to custody.' 
 
 l'"rnm Esber, Wolsey removed to Rlch- 
 inonii, but his enemies had him ordered to 
 Yorkshire, where he lived in great modesty 
 at Cawood. The king's dltferences with 
 Rome were now every day growing greater, 
 and he easily listened to those who assured 
 him that in utterly shaking off all connec- 
 tion with tho holy see, ho would encounter 
 powerful ojiposltion from tho cardinal. An 
 order was issued for his arrest on a charge 
 of high treason, and it Is very probable that 
 liii death o!i tho scaffold would have been 
 added to tho stains upon Henry's memory, 
 but that the harassed frame of the cardinal 
 .-■unk under the alarm and fatigue of his ar- 
 rest and forced journey. He was conveyed 
 by sir Wllllaiu Kingston, constable of tho 
 Tower, as far as Leicester aljbcy. Hero 
 his illness became so extreme that ho could 
 be got no farther, and here ho yielded up 
 his breath soon after ho had spoken to 
 sir William Kingston, this memorable and 
 t(juchlng caution against an undue worldly 
 ambition ; — 
 
 • I piay you have mo heartily recom- 
 mended unto his royal majesty, and be- 
 seech him, on my behalf, to call to his re- 
 membrance all matters that have passed 
 between us from tho beginning, especially 
 with regard to his business with the queen, 
 and then ho will know in his conscience 
 whether I have offended him. He is a 
 prince of a most royal carriage, and hath a 
 princely heart; and rather than ho will 
 miss or want any part of his will, he will 
 endanger the one half of his kingdom. I 
 do assure you that I have often kneeled be- 
 fore hlui, Bometimcs three hours together, 
 
30i 
 
 €\)C Crrnitfury of ?i}idtnri;, frr. 
 
 to iK^rHunilu hiiii (rom liiM will anil iipiKailc, 
 but coulil iiiit |iruvnll. Iluil I hut nei-fal 
 OoH an ittUni'iitlii an / hai'o nerved llio kiiiit, 
 ■ In u'oiilil not. /iiji'it iiii'vn vio over in inu 
 (lirn Aiiirn. Iliil IliU U llio jiiMt rcwiinl 
 tlwkt I iiiii.-it rci'clvo fur my liiiliilK*'Mt ihiIiik 
 mill Htiiily, nut ri'KiirilInK my iliily t<i (jml, 
 iMit only lo my prlnci-. Tlicifforf, lit mn 
 uilvlito you, If you liu one of I lie privy coun- 
 cil la liy your win.loin you aro lit, (iiku euro 
 uliiit you put Intiilm kliiK'H liuiiU, tur you 
 call uuvcr put It out ttgiilu.' 
 
 cnAi'TKii xr-r. 
 
 Thtilldun o/UUNUv VIII. (.continued). 
 
 Natiiuai.i.v too fond of autliorlly to fei'I 
 wliliout ImiiitMi'ncu llio lii'iivy yoko of 
 .'toini', llio opp.iiillion lio liuil HI) HiKiiiiIly 
 cxpcrlonccil In tlio mutter u( lilii dlvorru 
 liiiil I'liriiKcil lU'ury mu uiui-li, tlwit lie khvo 
 every cncouruKomci.;, tu tlio piirMiiment to 
 nljrliJKO lUu oxorlillitnt prlvilcKert of tho 
 clergy ; In doln»( which, lu; L'(|uiklly (ileaHod 
 hluixelf In mortlfyiUK Kome, and In ptivhiK 
 thu way for that uutlru Inilepenileiico of 
 tlio papal power, of which every day inado 
 lili.i muro dcHlrouH. Tho i>arlliiiiieiit wan 
 oijuaMy ready to deiircMx the clergy, and bo- 
 veral MIId weru paHsed which (ended to 
 mako ihu laity nioro Independent of them. 
 Tho parliaiueiit, uhuut thirt lime, iias.sud 
 another hill to uc<|Ult the kliiK of all claims 
 on account of those exuctlon.s which Lu hud 
 BjieeloiLsly called loans. 
 
 Whilo Henry was nffltatcd betwoon tho 
 wldh tolireakwith Home, and tliu oppon- 
 liiK miwiiiinffnesit to givo »o plain a contra- 
 diction to all that ho had advanced in tho 
 book which had procured lilin thu llatter- 
 lUK title of Di/iiulur of tlin Fiiilli, \w was 
 infornicd tliat Dr. Cranmor, a fellow of 
 Jesua' Coiiego, Cambridgo, and u man of 
 good repute, both m to life and learning, 
 had Huggestud that uU tho universities uf 
 Kuropu Hhuuld bu conBultcd as tu the lega- 
 llty uf Hcnry'd inurrlago; If tho ducislon 
 were In favour of It, tho king's qualms of 
 con.scicuco must needs disappear before 
 such a liO!it of learning nnd judgment; if 
 tho opinion weru against it, eiiu.illy mu.-<t 
 the hesitation of Ucimo as to grunting the 
 divorco bo shamed away. On hearing this 
 opinion Henry, In his.blull way, exclaimed 
 that Oraiimer had taken the right Bow by 
 the ear, sent for him to court, and was so 
 well pleased with him as to employ hliu to 
 wrlto In favour of the divorco, amlto super- 
 intend thu cuursu lie had himself buggostcd. 
 
 A. D. 15;i3.— Tho measures taken by par- 
 liament, with tho evident good-will of tlio 
 king, wore so obviously teudini,' towards a 
 total ^oparntiou from Uumo, that air Tiiumas 
 More, tho chancol'cr, re>'l<rned tho great 
 seal; that ablo mau buiug devotedly at- 
 tached to the papal authority, and clearly 
 Hoeiiif, that be could no longer retain otllce 
 but r.t tho risk of bciug called upon to act 
 against tho pope. 
 
 At llonio tho meaaurea of Henry were 
 not witnessed without anxiety ; and while 
 tho emperor's agents did all lu their power 
 to determine tho pope against Henry, tho 
 more cautious members uf the conclave ad- 
 
 vlsi'd that a favour, oflen granted to 11.1111117 
 prlnceH, Hliould not bn denied to him ulm 
 iiad herelofiiro been ho good a son of iii,. 
 cliurrli, uiiil who. If driven to ileHperatlmi 
 nilglii wliuliv nlleiiate from thu papacy ih,! 
 most precliiiisof ail Ihu staluH over wiiiiii 
 It held Hway. 
 
 Hut the Mine for cimclilnllng Henry wiih 
 now goiio by. lie hail an Interview win, 
 the king of France, in which iliey reiiiwc.i 
 their personal frieiulHlilp, and agreed iiiMm 
 measnresof niulual defence, and Henry |,|', 
 valely married Aniiii lloleyu, whom lie li.ii. 
 previously created counless of remliruki', 
 A. 1). ir»;i;i,— Till! new wife of Henry iiruv- 
 liig pregnant, Craniiier, now archlilHlKiimf 
 ('anleibury, viis dln-cieil to hold a cniin m 
 HuiiHtable, to decide on the liivallilily nfih, 
 iiiurriage of Cailierine, who lived at Aiii|ii 
 hill In that nelghliuurliood. If this cmirt 
 were iinylliing but a iiu re mockery, r.';i- 
 Honablo men argued, lis decision HiiiiiiM 
 surely havo preceded and not foiioweii iho 
 Hecoiid marrlago. Hut thu king's will wat 
 absolute, and tho opinioiiH of tlio nnivor.M- 
 ties and the Judgemeiib of tliu con vociiluiii 
 having been formally read, and bolli i>|ii. 
 nlonsund Jiulgeiaeiit being against (':iilii'- 
 rine's marriage, It was now soiemiily wh- 
 nulled. Koon after (lie now iiueen was il.' 
 liveredof i\ daughter, liiu afturwards wUo 
 luid iiowerful i|neen Kll/abvth. 
 
 Notwillistandlng all Iho formalities tlial 
 had been brought to bearagaiiiHt her rlKliix, 
 queen t'allierine, who was us resoiuto ,w 
 hIio was otiierwisu niiilalilo, refused to lio 
 styled ought but iiiieeu of I'^ngiand, ami U 
 thu day of lier dealli com|ielied her ser- 
 vants, and ail who had tliu privilege of !i|i. 
 proacliing her, to address and tre t huriii 
 their (jiieen. 
 
 The eneiul''8 of Henry at Homo ur(,'od 
 tho popu uii' w to pronounce sentence of 
 excommunlcatloa against him. Hut Oh^ 
 munt's niece was now married to the sccoinl 
 son of tho king of France, who spoke to tho 
 pope In Henry's favour. Clement, tliuri;- .1 
 fore, for tlio present, confined his severliy 
 to Issuing a sentence nullifying Cranuiur'4 
 senlence, and tho marriage of Henry ti 
 Anno Uolcyn, and threatening to excuni- 
 munlcuto him should he not restore his iif- 
 fairs to tiielrformcrfooting by a certain iliiy, 
 A.u. 1035.— As Henry hud still some stnii^ 
 leanings to tho church, and ns it w.ij 
 obviously much to tho Interest of ituiiio 
 not wholly to lose its Inllueuco over i<o 
 wealthy a nation as Kngland, there even 
 yet seemed to bo some chance of an niiil- 
 cablo termination of this quarrel. Hy the 
 good unices of the king of France, the puj'o 
 was induced to promise to pronouncu iu 
 favour of tho divorco, on the receipt of u 
 certain promise of the king to submit \M 
 cause to Home. Tho king agreed to mako 
 this prumiso uud actually despatched a 
 courier with it. Some delays of tho ronil 
 prevented the arrival of the Important 
 document at Rome until two days after 
 the proiH)r time. In tho Interim It was re- 
 ported at Home, probably by some of tlio 
 Imperial agents, that the pope and car- 
 dinals had been ridiculed in a farce tl1.1t 
 bad been performed before Henry and hli 
 
■fii 
 
 ©itBliinTr.— Hiaurfe oC Cutior.— Iftfnrjj WMi. 
 
 30/J 
 
 roiirt, Kiirnvi'il nt II In InlrlllKi'iH'c, I lie 
 l>iii .< iiP'l riinlliiiilH vli'wcil It art Kitni iirnnf 
 lliiil II' .iry'H |ir(iiiil'<ii wikrt iiol Ind'iiili'il In 
 
 Ik< ki'l , tlllit n MClllCIII'K WIIM llMllll'illMli'ly 
 
 |iriiiiiiiiiiri'il In fiivoiir of ('.illu'rliii''^ iii.'ir- 
 ri;iKr, while llpiiry whm tliri'iilriii'il wlili 
 I'xniiiitniinlciit'Dii III llii< cvciit (i( that 
 t*riiii'ii('i< not lirlntr hiiIiiiiIIIimI to. 
 
 It Ih riiHldiiiiiry to M|iriil( <it tlin fliml 
 lirnicli of Iloiiiy wIlli Siiiinc m» liavlntf 
 l>i'«n Holi'ly raiiHi'iI liy (liln (llH|iiit(i wllli 
 IdinKMilioiit Mm illvorro ; all fart, liowovcr, 
 Is iiKaliiHt (liat vl«\v of tlin rikHC. Tlio 
 opinions of l.iitliiT hail npriMul far anil 
 ^^l<l<>, anil hail Ntiiik ilccp Into iiii'n'HlicartH; 
 anil tlici Itlttrri'Ht thlimxHalil iiKalnxt Uomu 
 liy llin rt'forinrrM with rruntlu whrii com- 
 Piu'ril to tliM ti'Htlmony liornonKaliiHt Umnn 
 liy lirr own vi'nallty anil licr Ki^nnral cor- 
 rnptloM. In thiM very rano how could tho 
 viillillty of Cathorlno'H niarrlaKO ho af- 
 fii'it'il hy tho real or only allcxril prrform- 
 niiro of n rlliald farro hcforo the KiirIIhIi 
 miirt ahovo a Hcore of yearn after It 'I The 
 very rentllnenH with whli'h theniillun jolneil 
 (lie kInK III HceeilinR from Kmne, hIiowh 
 veryelcarly that uiulerany poHHlhleclrenm- 
 Blancert that Horenslon mtiHt have Hhorlly 
 taken place. Wo merely Klance nt, thix 
 fart, hecanfio It will ho put hoyouil all 
 ilouht when wo cnino to Hjieak of tliear- 
 ceBHlon of queen Kllzaheth ; for notwlth- 
 Btanillng all that Mary hail done, liy tho 
 Kealous Biippnrt Hhe Kave to tho church of 
 Home and hy her furious perHoeutlon of tho 
 Itefoimers, to render tho suhnervlcney of 
 KiiKlaiid to Itomo hoth permanent and per- 
 fect, tho people of thlx country were re- 
 joiced at the opportunity It afforded thorn 
 uf throwliiK off tho jiapal authority. 
 
 The liouHOH of coiivocatlon — with only 
 four opjioHlnff Votes atii! one douht fill voter 
 — declared that • tho hljhop of Homo had 
 liy the law of Clod no more jurisdiction In 
 KiiKland than any other foreiKU hlHhop ; 
 and tho authorlly which he unil hitiprode- 
 cesgors have here exercised was only hy 
 usurpation and l>y the NUffer.anco of tho 
 KiikIIhIi princes.' The convocation also 
 ordered that tho act now passed hy tho 
 parliament against all appeals to Rome, 
 and tho appeal of the kliiK from tho pope 
 to aKeneral council, should lie afllxcd to all 
 church doors throughout tho kingdom. 
 That nothing might he left undone to con- 
 vlnco Homo of Henry's resolve upon an 
 entire separation from tho church of which 
 lio had boon so extolled a defender, tho 
 parliament passed an act conflnnlng tho 
 invalidity of Henry's marriage with Cathe- 
 rine and tho validity of that with Anno 
 Holeyn. Allpcrsons were reiiulred to take 
 tho oath to support tho sueeesslon thus 
 llxed, and the only persons of consequenco 
 who refused wero sir Thomas More and 
 bishop Kishcr, who wero both Indicted and 
 commuted to tho Tower. Tho parliament 
 liavtng thus completely, and wo may add 
 servilely, compiled with all tho wishes of 
 the king, was for a short tlmo pro- 
 rogued. 
 
 The parliament had already given to 
 Henry tho reality, and It now proceeded to 
 give him tho tltlo of supreme head of the 
 
 rhiinh ; and that lloliie iiil»(lil. have no 
 iloiilitthut the very exiirliltaiiey \t Mil which 
 Hhe had pressed her preteiisiiiiis to ailllio- 
 rlly In Kngland had wholly iraiiHrerred that 
 authority to the crown, the parlliiiiienl nr- 
 eiiiiipaiiled IhU new and Hltfultlrunt tltlo 
 Willi a grant of all the annates ami tithes of 
 lieiiellces which had hitherto heeii paid to 
 Home. 
 
 Moth In Trel«nil mill Hcotland the king's nf. 
 fairs were JiiHt at this moment, when he wiin 
 currying miiMers with so high a liiiiid with 
 Konie, Hiirli IIS to cause hliii some anxiety, 
 but his main care was wiHelyhesloweilu|ioii 
 his own kingdom. The mere seeeHHion of 
 that klngilom from an aiithor'ty so time- 
 honoured mill hillierto ho dreailed and ho 
 iirhltrary as Home was, (!ven to ho powerful 
 p.nil resolute a monarch as Henry, an expe- 
 rimcntof some nicety and danger. Might 
 not they who had been taught to rehcl 
 against tho church of Homo be Induced to 
 rehel against tho crown Itself? Tho con- 
 duct of tho anahaiitists of Uermnny added 
 an anirmatlve of cxptrlenco to tho afHriua- 
 tlvo which reason could not fall to suggest 
 to this (|UCRtlon. Ihit besides that tlieru 
 were many circumstances which rendered 
 it iinilkely that tho frantic republican prin- 
 ii|iles which a few reforming zealots had 
 preached In Oermany, would take a hoij 
 utioii the hardy and practical Intellect of 
 Kiigllshiuen long and deeply attached to 
 monarchy, there was little fear of tho pul)- 
 llc mimi, whilo Henry reigned, having too 
 much speculative lilierty of any sort. Ho 
 had shaken ott tho pope. Indeed, hut ho 
 had, as far as tho nation was concerned, 
 only done so to suhstitute himself; and 
 though tho right of private judgement was 
 one of tho most Important principles of tho 
 Heformatlon, It very soon became evident 
 that the private judgement of tho Knglisli 
 subject would bo an extremely dangerous 
 thing except when It very accurately tallied 
 with that ot his prince. Opposed to tho 
 discipline of Home, ns a king, ho was no 
 less opposed to tho leading doctrines of Lu- 
 ther, as a theologian. His conduct and 
 language perpetually betr.aycjd tho struggle 
 between these antagonistic feelings, and 
 among tho ministers and frequenters of tho 
 court, as a natural consequence, • motle> 
 was the only wear.' Thus the queen, Crom- 
 well, now secretary of state, and Cranmer, 
 archbishop of Canterbury, wero attached to 
 the reformation, and availed themselves of 
 every opportiniity to forward It, but they 
 ever found It safer to Impugn tho papacj/ 
 than to crittclso any of tho doctrines of Ca- 
 tholicism. On tho other sldo tho duke of 
 Norfolk, and flardlner bishop of Winches- 
 ter, both of whom were high In authority 
 and favour, wero strongly ottached to 
 tho ancient faith. Tho king, flattered liy 
 each of these parties upon a portion of his 
 principles, was able to play tho popo over 
 both his catholic and his protestant sub- 
 jects, and his stern and headstrong stylo of 
 both speech and action gri;atly added to the 
 advantage given him by the anxiety of each 
 party to have him for Its ally against tho 
 other. 
 
 In tbo nicantlmo It was no longer in tlis 
 
306 
 
 Wtit Crtaj^uvtt at KlWiovi), ^c. 
 
 power of either king or minister to pre- 
 vent the purer prliiclploa of the Beforma- 
 tlon from ninklng their way to the hearts 
 and minds of tho people. Tindal, Toycc, 
 and other learned men who had sought in 
 the Low Countriesforsalety from the king's 
 arbitrary temper, found means to smuggle 
 over vast numbers of tracts and a transla- 
 tion of tho scriptures. These got exten- 
 sively circulated and were greedily perused, 
 although the catholic portion of the minis- 
 try aided— however singular the phrase 
 may sound— by the catholic portion of tho 
 king's will, made great endeavours to keep 
 them, but especially the bible, from thoeyea 
 of tho people. 
 
 A singular anecdote is related of one of 
 tho attempts made to suppress the bll)le. 
 Tonstal, bishop of London, a zealous catho- 
 lic but humane man, was very anxious to 
 prevent tho circulation of Tlndal'a bible, 
 and Tindal was himself but little loss anxi- 
 ous for a new and more accurate edition. 
 Tonstal, preferring tho prevention of what 
 ho deemed crime to the punishment of of- 
 fenders, devoted a large sum of money to 
 purchasing all the copies that could bo met 
 with of Tindal's bible, and all the copies 
 thus obtained were solemnly burned at the 
 cross of Cheap. Doth the bishop and Tin- 
 dal were gratified on this occasion ; the 
 former, it is true, destroyed the first and 
 Incorrect edition of the bible by Tindal, but 
 he at the same time supplied that zealous 
 scholar with the pecuniary means, of which 
 ho was otherwise destitute, of bringing out 
 a second and more perfect as well as more 
 extensive edition. 
 
 Others were less humane In their desire 
 to repress what they deemed heresy, and 
 few were more severe than sir Thomas 
 More, who succeeded Wolsey as chancellor, 
 and of whose own imprisonment we have 
 already had to speak, as presently we shall 
 have to speak of his death. To speak, in 
 detail, of tho errors of a great man is at 
 all times unpleasant ; we merely mention, 
 therefore, his trtatment of James Baln- 
 bam. This gentleman, a student of the 
 Temple, was during More's chancellor- 
 Bhlp accused of being concerned with 
 others in aiding in the propagation of the 
 reformed doctrines. It appears that the 
 unfortunate gentleman did not deny his 
 own part in the cruel act attributed to 
 hlni, but honourably refused to glvo any 
 testimony against others. His first exa- 
 mination took place in the chancellor's 
 own house, and there, to his great disgrace, 
 ho actually had the high-minded gentleman 
 stripped and brutally whipped, the chan- 
 cellor In person witnessing and superin- 
 tending the disgusting exhibition. But 
 f n mistaken and niaddenlng zeal of More 
 did not stop oven here. Enraged at the 
 constancy of his victim, he had him con- 
 veyed to tho Tower, and there saw him put 
 to tho torture. Under this new and most 
 terrible trial the firmness of the unhappy 
 gentleman for a time gave way and he ab- 
 jured his principles ; but in a very short 
 time afterwards he openly returned to them, 
 and was burned to death in Smithficld as a 
 relapsed and confirmed heretic. 
 
 It will easily be supposed that while go 
 intellectual a character us Aloro was thus 
 furious on behalf of Rome, tho mean heiU 
 of persecutors was not idle. To teach 
 children tho Lord's prayer in English, to 
 read tho scripture, or at Icajt tho New 
 Testament in that language, to speak 
 against pilgrimages, to neglect tho fasts of 
 tho church, to attribute vlco to the old 
 clergy, or to give shelter or ejicouragement 
 to the new, ail these were oflcnccs punish- 
 able in the bishop's courts, some of them 
 even capitally. Thus, Thomas nUiiey, a 
 priest, who had embraced and, under 
 threats, renounced the new doctrines, em- 
 braced them o!ice again, and went through 
 Norfolk zealously preaching against the 
 .absurdity of relying for salvation upon pil- 
 grimages and images. He was seized, tried, 
 and burned. Thus far the royal severity 
 had chiefly fallen upon the reformed ; but 
 the monks and friars of tho old faith. Inti- 
 mately dependent upon Rome, detested 
 Henry's separation and his assumption of 
 supremacy far too much to bo otherwise 
 than inimical to him. In their public 
 preachings they more than onci3 gave way 
 to libellous scurrility, which Henry bore 
 with a moderation by no means usual with 
 him, but at length the tiger of his temper 
 was thoroughly aroused by an extensive 
 and impudent conspiracy. 
 
 At Aldington, in Kent, thero was a 
 woman named Elizabeth narton, com- 
 monly kno'vvn as the holy maid of Kent, 
 who was subject to fits, under the influence 
 of which she unconsciously said odd and 
 incoherent things, which her Ignorant 
 neighbours imagined to be the result not 
 of epilepsy but of Inspiration. Tho vicar 
 of the parish, Richard Masters, Instead of 
 reproving and enlightening his Ignorant 
 flock, took their Ignorant fancy as a hint 
 for a deep scheme. He lent his authority 
 to the report that the maid of Kent spoke 
 by the Inspiration of the Holy Ghost, and 
 he had not any great difllculty in acquiring 
 the most entire authority over the maid 
 herself, who thenceforth spoke whatever 
 he deemed fit to dictate. Having a chapel 
 in which stood an Image of the Virgin, to 
 which, for his own profit's sake, he was 
 anxious to withdraw as many pilgrims as 
 possible from other shrines, he entered 
 into a confederacy with Dr. Becking, one 
 of the canons of Canterbury Cathedral, 
 and under their direction Elizabeth Barton 
 pretended to receive a supernatural direc- 
 tion to proceed to the Image in question and 
 pray there for her cure. 
 
 At first, It seems quite clear, the unfor- 
 tunate woman was truly and merely an 
 epileptic ; but ignorance, poverty, and per- 
 haps some natural cuunlng, made her a 
 ready and unscrupulous tool In the hands 
 of the cunning ecclesiastics, and after a 
 series of affected distortions, which would 
 have been merely ludicrous had their pur- 
 pose not added something of the Impious, 
 she pretended that her prostrations before 
 the Image bad entirely freed her from ber 
 disease. 
 
 Thus far the priests and tbelr unfor- 
 tunate tool bad proceeded without any 
 
 Interferon 
 king and 
 all enmity 
 to shrines 
 sure theii 
 usual prod 
 priests see 
 tilde urged 
 which they 
 were now, 
 cucouragcd 
 make the ii 
 use In opp 
 formed doc 
 vorce fron 
 ravings of t 
 against hen 
 of evil to th 
 and the non 
 repeated in 
 : by monks a 
 woro In con( 
 but were ev 
 friar named 
 with which 
 grossly Irapi 
 noised abrop 
 it. The ma 
 abettors anc 
 . and without 
 ! made full c 
 I and were ej 
 I which were 
 I gatlon of thi 
 I too clearly a 
 ! maid of Kei 
 i lite, and tlia 
 i the only sin 
 i had been hei 
 
 A.D. 1533.- 
 
 I morality and 
 made during 
 of the maid 
 if not the ve 
 Influential ol 
 sequent swe( 
 the monastei 
 suppressed t 
 vantlnc friar 
 loss seemed 
 people very i 
 views still fa 
 of pecuniary 
 But at pre 
 satisfaction ( 
 tho wrong ui 
 done to him. 
 In common 
 been, as we a 
 to prison for 
 succession as 
 and the no 
 Unhappily fo 
 and even a le 
 lous, and he 1 
 and, to a cei 
 porters of th< 
 Still more ur 
 while ho aire: 
 displeasure, i 
 year been coi 
 he was ottcn 
 sarles. the p 
 This decided 
 
d^iTSTnntr.— fijoti^c nf Ciilfor.— ?lKni*ij WM^. 307 
 
 Intorfcrcncp, tho severity wltli wlilrh the 
 king and the powerful catholics treated 
 all enmity to pilgrimages and disrespect 
 to shrines being of Itself suWlclent to in- 
 sure their Impunity. Hut Impunity as 
 usual produced want of caution, and tho 
 priests seeing that tho wondering multi- 
 tude urged no objection to the new miracle 
 which they alleged to have been Avrought, 
 were now, most lucklessly for themselves, 
 cucouragcd to extend their views and to 
 make the inifortunate ElizabcMi Barton of 
 use In opposing the progress of tho re- 
 formed doctrine, and against Henry's di- 
 vorce from Catherine. Henceforth the 
 ravings of the maid of Kent were directed 
 against heresy, with an occasional prophecy 
 of evil to the king on account of tlie divorce; 
 and the nonsense thus uttered was not only 
 repeated In various parts of tho kingdom 
 by monks and friars who, most probably, 
 were In concert with Masters and Becking, 
 l)ut were even collected into a book by a 
 friar named Deering. The very industry 
 with which the original Inventors of this 
 grossly impudent imposture caused it to bo 
 noised abroad conipt^lled tlie king to notice 
 It. The maid of Kent, with her priestly 
 abettors and several otliers, were arrested, 
 and without being sulijected to torture 
 made full confession of their imposture, 
 and were executed, li'rom circumstances 
 which were discovered during tlie investi- 
 gation of this most impudent cheat, it but 
 too clearly appeared that tho so called holy 
 maid of Kent was a woman of most lewd 
 life, and tliat Imposture was by no means 
 the only sin in which Masters and Bocklng 
 had been her accomplices. 
 
 A.D. 1533.— Tlie discoveries of gross Im- 
 morality and elaborate cheating which were 
 made during tho investigation of the affair 
 of tho maid of Kent seems to have been, 
 if not the very first, at all events the most 
 influential of the king's motives to his sub- 
 sequent sweeping and cruel suppression of 
 the monasteries. Having on this occasion 
 suppressed three belonging to tho Obser- 
 vafttine friars, the very little sensation their 
 loss seemed to cause among the common 
 people very naturally led him to extend his 
 views still farther lu a course so productive 
 of pecuniary prollt. 
 
 But at present ho required some fartlier 
 satisfaction of a more terrible nature for 
 tho wrong and insult that liad lately been 
 done to him. Fisher, bishop of Rochester, 
 In common with sir Thomas More, had 
 been, as we already mentioned, committed 
 to prison for objecting to take tlie oath of 
 succession as settled by the arbitrary king 
 and the no less obsequious parliament. 
 Unliapplly for tho prelate, though a good 
 and even a learned man, he was very credu- 
 lous, and he hud been among the believers 
 and, to a certain extent, among the sup- 
 porters of tho impudent Elizabeth Barton. 
 Still more unhappily for the aged prelate, 
 while he already lay so deeply in the king's 
 displeasure, and after he bad for a whole 
 year been confined with such severity that 
 he was often In want of common neces- 
 saries, tho pope created him a cardinal. 
 This decided tho fate of the uufortunato 
 
 prclato, who was at once indicted under the 
 act of supremacy and bolieHdod. 
 
 The death of FIsIki' was almost Instantly 
 followed by that of the ienrncd, tlinuch, as 
 we have seen bigoted andsonictlincs cruel, 
 sir Thomas More. His ()lijocti(iiiH to taking 
 the new oath of succession seem to liavo 
 been perfectly piiiccro and were pcrfortly 
 Insuperable. We learn from liimsplf tliat 
 It was intimated to liiiii by (Jroniwell, now 
 in high favour, that unless lie could sliow 
 his reasons for his determined refusal, it; 
 would most probalily be set down to tho 
 account of obstinacy. His own version of 
 the dialogue between himself and Crom- 
 well is so curious that wo extract tho 
 foil owing from It. 
 
 More said (in reply to tho above argu- 
 ment of Cromwell), ' It is no obstinacy, 
 but only the fear of giving offence. Let mo 
 have Bufflcient warrant from the king that 
 he will not bo offended and I will give my 
 reasons.' 
 
 CuOMWEi,!/.—' The king's warrant would 
 not save you from the penalties enacted by 
 the statute.' 
 
 More.—' In thai case I will trust to his 
 majesty's honour ; but yet It thinkcth me, 
 that if I cannot declare the causes witliout 
 peril, then to leave them undeclared is no 
 obstinacy.' 
 
 CnoMWELTj.— • You say that you do not 
 blame any man for taking the oath, it Is 
 then evident that you are not convinced 
 that it Is biameable to tnko it; but you 
 must be convinced that it Is your duty to 
 obey the king. In refusing, tiioivfore, to 
 take it, you prefer that which is uncertain 
 to that which is certain.' 
 
 More.—' I do not blame men for taking 
 the oath, because I know not tlieir reasons 
 and motives ; but I should blame myself, 
 because I know that I should act against 
 my conscience. And truly such reasoning 
 would ease us of all perplexity. Wlieiiever 
 doctors disagree we have only to obtain tho 
 king's commandment for either side of tho 
 question and we must be right.' 
 
 Abbot of Westminster. — 'But you 
 ought to think your own conscience erro- 
 neous when you have the whole council of 
 the nation against you.' 
 
 More.— 'And so I should, had I not for 
 mo a still greater council, the whole coun- 
 cil of Christendom.' 
 
 More's talents and character made him 
 too potent an opponent of the king's arbi- 
 trary will to allow of his being spared. To 
 condemn him was not dlfllcult ; the kingf 
 willed his condemnation, and ho was con- 
 demned accordingly. If in his day of power 
 More, unfortunately, showed that he knew 
 how to inflict evil, so now In his fall ho 
 showed the far nobler power of bearing it. 
 In his happier days ho had been noted for n 
 certain jocular phraseology, and this did not; 
 desert him even in tho last dreadful scena 
 of all. Being somewhat Inflrm, he craved 
 the assistance of a bystander as he mounted 
 the scaffold ; saying, ' Friend, help me up, 
 when I come down again you may e'en let 
 me shift for myself.' When the ceremo- 
 nies were at on end the executioner in the 
 customary terms heggcd Ills forgiveness | 
 
 r 
 
 
 ■ I 
 
 :i ■ -•>! 
 
308 
 
 t!n)e QTreniitiri) of Witavp, ^c. 
 
 • I forglvo you," he replied, • but you will 
 eurely get no credit by tlio job of behead- 
 ing nip, my neck Is so short.' Even as 
 ho laid hl» hoad upon the block ho said, 
 putting aside his long beard he wore, ' Do 
 not hurt my beard, that at least has com- 
 mitted no treason.' These words uttered, 
 the executioner proceeded with his revolt- 
 ing task, and sir Thomas More perished In 
 the flf ty-third year of his age. 
 
 A.D. 15.36.— While the court of Rome was 
 exerting Itself to tlie utmost to show Its 
 deep sense of the Indignation It felt at the 
 execution of two such men as Fisher and 
 More, an event took place in England 
 which, in Christian charity, we are bound 
 to believe gave a severe shock even to the 
 hard heart of Henry. Though the divorced 
 Catherine had resolutely persisted lu being 
 treated as a queen by all who approached 
 licr, she had borne her deep wrongs with so 
 dignified a patience that she was the more 
 deeply sympathised with. But the stern 
 effort with which she bore her wrongs w.as 
 too much for her already broken constitu- 
 tion. Perceiving that her days on eart' 
 were numbered, she besought Henry tin*.. 
 Rho might once moro look upon her child, 
 the princess Mary; to the disgrace of our 
 common nature, even this request was 
 Btcrnly denied. She then ^vrote him a let- 
 ter, so affecting, that even he shed tears 
 over it, in which she, gentle and submis- 
 Blve to the last in all save the one great 
 point of her wrongs, called him her ' most 
 dear lord, king, and husband,' besought his 
 affection for their child, and recommended 
 licr servants to his goodness. Her letter so 
 moved him that he sent her a kind mcs- 
 Bnge, but ere the bearer of It could arrive 
 she was released from her suffering and 
 wronged life. Henry caused his servants 
 to go Into deep mourning on the day of her 
 funeral, which was celebrated with great 
 pomp at Peterborough cathedral. 
 
 Whatever pity wo may feel for the sub- 
 sequent sufferings of queen AnneBoleyn, 
 it is impossible to withhold our disgust 
 from her conduct on this occasion. Though 
 the very menials of her husband wore at 
 least the outward show of sorrow for the 
 departed Catherine, Anne Boleyn on that 
 day dressed herself more showily than 
 usual, and expressed a perfectly savage ex- 
 ultation that now she might consider 
 lierself a queen indeed, as her rival was 
 dead. 
 
 Her exultation was as short-lived as it 
 was unwomanly. In the very midst of her 
 joy she saw Henry paying very unequivoc^il 
 court to one of her ladles, Ity name Jane 
 Seymour, and she was so much euraged 
 and astonished that being far advanced in 
 pregnancy, she was prematurely delivered 
 of a still-born prince. Henry, notoriously 
 anxious for legitimate male issue, was 
 brutal enough to reproach her with this 
 occurrence, when she spiritedly replied, 
 that ho had only himself Co blame, the mis- 
 chief being entirely caused by his conduct 
 with her maid. 
 
 This answer completed the king's anger, 
 and that feeling, with his new passion for 
 Jane Seymour, caused ruin to Anne Boleyn 
 
 even ere she had ceased to exult over the 
 departed Catherine. 
 
 Her levity of manner hadblready enabled 
 her foes to poison the ready ear of the king, 
 and his open anger necessarily caused those 
 foes to 1)0 Btlil more busy and precise lu 
 their whisperings. Being present at a tilt- 
 ing match, she, whe:her by accident or de- 
 sign, let fall her handkerchief exactly at 
 the feet of sir Henry Norrls and her bro- 
 ther lord Rochford, who at that moment 
 were the combatants. At any other time it 
 is likely that Henry would have let so trivial 
 an accident pass imnotlced. But his jea- 
 lousy was already aroused, his love, such as 
 it was, had already burnt out, and atcvo 
 all, he had already cast his eyes on Jane 
 Seymour, and was glad of any excuse, good 
 or bad, upon which to rid himself of Anne. 
 Sir Henry Norrls, who was a reputed favour- 
 ite of the queen, not only raised the hand- 
 kerchief from the ground, but used It to 
 wipe his face, being heated with the sport. 
 The king's dark looks lowered upon all pre- 
 sent, and he Instantly withdrew in one of 
 those moods In which few cared to meet 
 him and none d.ired to oppose his will. On 
 the next morning lord Rochford and sir 
 Henry Norrls were arrested and thrown Into 
 the Tower, and Anne herself, while on her 
 way from Greenwich to London, was met 
 by Cromwell and the duke of Norfolk, and 
 by them Informed that she was accused of 
 Infidelity to the king ; and she, too, was 
 taken to the Tower, as, charged with being 
 her accomplices, were Brereton, Weston, 
 and Smeaton, three gentlemen of the court. 
 
 Well knowing the danger she was lu 
 when once charged with such an offence 
 against such a husband, she Instantly be- 
 came hysterical ; now declaring her Inno- 
 cence with the bitterest tears, and anon 
 relying upon the impossibility of any one 
 proving her guilty. • If any man accuse 
 me,' said she to the lieutenant of the 
 Tower, ' I can but say nay, and they can 
 bring no witnesses.' 
 
 Anne now had to experience some of that 
 heartless indifference which Bho had so 
 needlessly and disgracefully exhibited lu 
 the case of the unfortunate and blameless 
 Catherine. At the head of the commission 
 of twenty-six peers who were appointed to 
 try her, on the revolting charge of gross 
 Infidelity with no fewer than five men, In- 
 cluding her own half-brother, this unfor- 
 tunate lady had the misery to see her own 
 uncle, the duke of Norfolk, and to see, too, 
 that In him she had a judge who was far 
 enough from being prejudiced In hcrfavour. 
 She was, as a matter of course, found guilty 
 and sentenced to death, the mode of flro 
 or by the axe being left to the king's plea- 
 sure. 
 
 We have seen th&t Anno had in her pros- 
 perity been favourable to the reformed ; 
 and as Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 was well known to have great influence 
 over Henry, the unhappy Anne probably 
 hoped that he would now exert it, at the 
 least, to save her life. If she entertained 
 such hope, she was most bitterly disap- 
 pointed. Henry, who seems to have feared 
 some such humanity on the part of Oran- 
 
 nier, sent 
 against — a 
 /or— tho o 
 riage with 
 pious, wani 
 becnathor 
 of moral co 
 Ing .ict of I 
 destitute, 
 chose to i 
 after a mer 
 mockery of 
 was actuall 
 Bired sente 
 tho legitlm; 
 ho had aln 
 princess M;; 
 
 Anne was 
 pcnse after 
 iniquitous ( 
 asmuch as 
 She was kc 
 where, will 
 formerly sh 
 ness of the 
 ous injuries 
 deceased m 
 bciicaded o 
 tioner sevei 
 
 Of Henry 
 unnecessary 
 on no mou 
 but on tho 
 tion was m: 
 
 A new pai 
 a new act of 
 was settled 
 have by his 
 and failing 
 was left to 
 own hand, 
 named clat 
 no legitlmt 
 that case to 
 crown to h 
 roy,who, lu 
 died shorti] 
 
 Henry sec 
 by tho deal 
 vented fror 
 a very form 
 out In the C 
 with which 
 dissolution 
 teries on oc 
 fraud of 15 
 encouraged 
 sort of sum 
 dant 6ourc( 
 bis influenc 
 bers of con 
 der of tho U 
 It wat, prob 
 his determi 
 counsellor,] 
 that excelU 
 though qua 
 on tho grou 
 the greater 
 hands. Sul 
 maid of Kc 
 Cromwell li 
 in dlssolvii 
 conUiicatiui 
 
nicr, sent to blm to pronounce Bcntciico 
 against — as formerly ho had pronounced It 
 I /or— tho oriKinal validity of Anne's mar- 
 riage with Henry. Cranincr, learned and 
 plou8, wanted only moral courage to have 
 been a thoroughly great and good man ; but 
 of moral courage he seems, saving the clos- 
 ing act of bis life, to have been thoroughly 
 destitute. Upon whatever proofs the king 
 chose to furnish for lils guidance, he, 
 after a mere mockery of trial, and with a 
 mockery of solemnity and sincerity which 
 was actually impious, pronounced tho de- 
 sired sentence ; and thus declared against 
 tho legitimacy of the princess Klizabctb, as 
 ho liad already done in the case of the 
 princess Mary. 
 
 Anne was not allowed to suffer long sus- 
 pense after her Inlaultous condemnation ; 
 InUjuitous even If she really was guilty, in- 
 asumch as her trial was a mere mockery. 
 She was kept for two days In tho Tower, 
 where, with a better spirit than she had 
 formerly shown, she bcsouglit the forgive- 
 ness of the princess Mary for the numer- 
 ous injuries she had done her through lier 
 deceased mother; and was then publicly 
 beheaded on tho Tower Green, the execu- 
 tioner severing her head at one stroke. 
 
 Of Henry's feelings on the occasion it is 
 unnecessary to say more than that he put 
 on no mourning for the deceased Anne, 
 but on the very morning after her execu- 
 tion was married to Jane Seymour. 
 
 A new parliament was now called to pass 
 a new act of succession, by wliich the crown 
 was settled on such children as ho might 
 have by his present queen, Janj Seymour ; 
 and failing such, tho disposal of the crown 
 was left to Henry's last will signed l)y his 
 own hand. It was thought from this last- 
 named clause that Henry, fearing to leave 
 no legitimate male successor, wished in 
 that case to have tho power of leaving tho 
 crown to liis illegitimate son young Fitz- 
 roy, who, however, to Henry's great sorrow, 
 died shortly afterwards. 
 
 Henry seems to have been much grieved 
 by the death of Fltzroy, but ho was pre- 
 vented from long Indulging In that grief by 
 a very formidable insurrection which broke 
 out In the October of this year. The apathy 
 with which the people had witnessed the 
 dissolution and forfeiture of three monas- 
 teries on occasion of the detection of the 
 fraud of Mllzabeth Barton, had naturally 
 encouraged Henry to look forward to that 
 sort of summary justice as a sure and abun- 
 dant source of revenu". So extended was 
 his Influence that he had '^vcn found mem- 
 bers of convocation to propose the surren- 
 der of the leaser monasteries Into his )iands. 
 It wai. probably one of the chief causes of 
 his determined enmity t,o his old tutor and 
 counseIlor,Pi8ber, bishop of Rochester, that 
 that excellent prelate made a very pltliy, 
 though (juaiut opposition to this proposal, 
 on tho ground that it would Infallibly throw 
 the greater monaste.lesalso Into the king's 
 hands. Subsequently to the affair of the 
 maid of Kent, the king and hig minister 
 Cromwell had proceeded to great lengths 
 in dissolving tho lessor monasteries , and 
 couflscatiug their property. Tho resl'icuts, 
 
 the poor who had l)een accustomed to re- 
 ceive dolei of food at the gates of these 
 houses, and tho nobility and gentry by 
 whom the monasteries had been founded 
 and endowed, were all greatly offended by 
 the sweeping andarbltrary measures of tho 
 blhChsmlth'sson, as they termed Cromwell ; 
 and the retrenchment of several holidays, 
 with the abolition of several superstitious 
 practices which had been very gainful to 
 the clergy, at length caused an open mani- 
 festation of discontent In Lincolnshire. 
 Twenty thousand men, headed by prior 
 Mackrel, of Barlings, rose in arms to de- 
 mand the putting -iown of ' persons meanly 
 born and raised to dignity,' evidently aim- 
 ing at Cromwell, and the redress of divers 
 grievances wider which they stated tho 
 church to be lab uriiig. Henry sent tho 
 duke of Suffolk against this tum"ltuou9 
 multitude, and by a judicious mixture of 
 force and fair words the leaders wore taken, 
 and forthwith executed, and Mie multitude, 
 of course, dispersed. 
 
 But in the counties farther north than 
 lilncolnshire the discontents were equally 
 great, and were the more dangerous because 
 greater distance from tho chief seat of tho 
 king's power rendered the revolted bolder. 
 Under a gentleman named Askc, aided by 
 some of the better sort of those who had 
 been fortunate enough to escape the break- 
 ing up of the Lincolnshire confederacy, 
 upwards of forty thousand men assembled 
 from the counties of York, Durham, and 
 Lancaster, for what they called the pil- 
 grimage of grace. For their banner they 
 had an embroidery of a crucifix, a chalice, 
 and the five wounds of the Saviour, and 
 e&.ch man who ranged himself under this 
 banner was required to swear that he had 
 • entered into the pilgrimage of grace from 
 no other motive than his lovo to God, caro 
 of the kind's person and Issue, desiro of 
 purifying tho nobility, of driving base per- 
 sons from about the king, of restoring tho 
 church, and of suppressinr heresy." 
 
 But the absence of all other motive may, 
 in tho case of not a few ol Uieso rcvolters, 
 be very reasonably doubted, when with tho 
 oath taken by each recruit who joined tho 
 disorderly ranks we tako Into comparison 
 the style of circular by which recruits were 
 invited, which ran thus :— ' We command 
 you and every of you to be at (here tho 
 particular place was named) on Saturday 
 next by eleven of the clock. In your best 
 array, as you will ansKcr before the high 
 judge at the great day of doom, and In tho 
 pain of pulling down your bouses and tho 
 losing of your goods, and your bodies to be 
 at tho captain's will.' 
 
 Confident In their numbers, the con- 
 cealed, but real leaders of the enterprise 
 caused Aske to send delegates to the king 
 to lay their demands before him. The king's 
 written answer bears several marks of tho 
 annoyance he felt that a body of low pea- 
 sants should venture to trench upon sub- 
 jects upon which he flattered himself that 
 be was not unequal to the most learned 
 clerks. He told them thr t he greatly mar- 
 velled how such ignorant churln should 
 speak of theological subjects to him wKo 
 
 ■ m 
 
 'i 11 
 
 1^1 
 
310 
 
 C|)e CrcajEfurif al ^jistorn, ^Vc. 
 
 samclhing had been noted to be learned, or 
 opposo tho suppression of moiiaaterlcs, as 
 If It wero not better to relieve the head of 
 the church In his necessity, than to support 
 tho sloth and wickedness of monks." As 
 it was very requisite, however, to break up, 
 ns peace'>.bly as possible, an assemblage 
 wlilch its mere numbers would reudcr it 
 pomewhat dinicult as well as dangerous to 
 di.sperse by main force, Henry at ilio same 
 time promised that ho would remedy such 
 of their grievances as might seem to need 
 remedy. This promise being unfuUIUcd, 
 the same counties in the following year 
 (1537) again assembled their armed nia!*sc3. 
 Tho duke of Norfolk, as commandcr-in- 
 diief of tho king's forces, posted himself 
 Hoadvnntageously th.itwhen the insurgents 
 endeavoured to sur.irlso Hull and, subse- 
 Muently, Carlisle, lie was able to beat them 
 easily. Nearly all the loiidlng men were 
 taken prisoners and sent to Loudon, where 
 they wero shortly afterwards executed as 
 traitors. With the common sort, of •'Vhom 
 vast numbers wero taken prisoners, there 
 was less ceremony used ; they were hang- 
 ed up 'by scores,' saye LIngard, In all 
 tho principal towns of the chief scene of 
 revolt. When by this wholesale shedding 
 of human blood tlie king had at length ap- 
 peased his wrath and that appetite for 
 cruelty which every year grew more and 
 more fierce, the proclamation of a general 
 rardf n restored peace to the nation. 
 
 Th i chief plea for tho late Insurrection 
 had been tho suppression of the lesser 
 nionasterios. That Henry had from the 
 very flrst, according to tho shrewd pro- 
 phecy of Fisher, bishop of Rochester, in- 
 tended to go from the lesser up to the 
 greater, there Is no doubt ; and tho part 
 which the monasteries had taken In en- 
 couraging tlie pilgrimage of grace, only 
 made him tho more determined in that 
 (•f)urse. The ever-obsequious parliament 
 showed the same willingness to pass an 
 act for the suppression of the remaining 
 and greater monasteries that had so often 
 been siiown In far less creditable affairs ; 
 and of twenty-eight mitred abbots,— exclu- 
 sive of the priors of St. John of Jerusalem 
 and Coventry— who had seats In tho house 
 of loi \a, not one dared to raise his voice 
 against a measure which must have been 
 BO distasteful to them all. 
 
 Commissioners ivere appointed to visit 
 the monasteiles. That there were great 
 fi'.oorders In many of them, that the bur- 
 then they Inflicted upon the capital and 
 the industry of the country far outweighed 
 the good done to the poor of the country— 
 a class, be It remembered, which tho mo- 
 nastic doles had a most evil tendency to 
 increase— and that they ought to have 
 been suppressed, no reasonable man. In t)ie 
 present state of political science, will ven- 
 ture to deny. It may be, nay It is, but too 
 certain, that the innocent and the guilty 
 In some c^^es were confounded ; tliat num- 
 bers of people were thrown out of em- 
 ployment, and that with a vast amount 
 of good some evil was done; that Henry 
 even In doing good conid not refrain from 
 a tyrannous strain of ccmduct ; and that 
 
 much of tho property thus wrested from 
 superstition was lavished upon needy or 
 upon proUigato courtiers, instead of be- 
 ing, as It ouglit to have been, made a pcr< 
 mancnt national property in aid of tho 
 rcltgioua and civil expenses of the nation, 
 liut after admitting all this, it Is quite cer- 
 tain that, however prompted or however 
 enacted, this suppression of the monas- 
 teries by Henry Vlll. was the most Im- 
 portant measure since the Norman con- 
 quest, and was the measure which gave 
 tlio first impulse to Engliuul in that march 
 of resolute industry which has long since 
 left her without a rival upon tho earth, 
 whether in wealth or in power. 
 
 While, however, we for the sake of argu- 
 ment admit that Henry was arbitrary In 
 his conduct towards tho monasteries, and 
 that his commissioners were Infinitely less 
 anxious for truth tlian for finding outer 
 inventing causes of confiscation, we are not 
 tlio less bound to assert that, even for the 
 single sin of iini)()sture, the monasteries 
 reciulred the full welirht of the Iron hand 
 of Henry. Of the gross frauds which were 
 committed for tlie purpose of attracting 
 the attention and the money of tho credu- 
 lous to particular monasteries, our space 
 will only allow of our niontloning two, 
 which, indeed, will suDBciently speak for 
 the rest. 
 
 At Boxley, near Maidstone, in Kent, 
 there was kept a crucifix called the rood 
 of grace, the lips, eyes, and head of which 
 were seen to move when the pilgrim ap- 
 proached It with such gifts as wero satis- 
 factory ; at the desire of Hilsey, bishop- of 
 Rochester, this miraculous crucifix was 
 taken to London and publicly pulled to 
 pieces at Paul's Cross, when it was made 
 clear that tlie imago was filled witli wheels 
 and springs by which the so-called miracu- 
 lous motions were regulated by the olTlcl- 
 ating priests, literally as tho temper of 
 their customers required. 
 
 How serious a tax the pretended miracu- 
 lous images and genuine relics levied upon 
 tlio people of the whole kingdom, wo may 
 judge from the fact, that of upwards of six 
 lumdred monasteries and two thousand 
 chantries and chapels which Henry at 
 various times demolished, comparatively 
 few were wholly free from this worst of Im- 
 postures, while the sums received by some 
 of them Individually may be called enor- 
 mous. For Instance, the pilgrims to tho 
 tomb of St. Thomas ii Becket paid upwards 
 of nine hundred pounds in one year— or 
 something very like three thousand pounds 
 of our present money I The knowledge of 
 such a disgraceful fact as this would of 
 itself have justified Henry In adopting mo- 
 derately strong measures to put an end to 
 tho ' Pilgrimage to Canterbury.' But mo- 
 deration was not Henry's characteristic, 
 and Becket was .•* saint especially hateful 
 to him as having fought tho battle of the 
 triple cro\ra of Rome against tho king of 
 England. Not content, therefore, with 
 taking tho proper measures of mere policy 
 that were required to put an end to a sort 
 of plunder so disgraceful, Henry ordered 
 the saint who had reposed for ctntinti's in 
 
' 
 
 » 
 
 dPttfllairtr.— IgousJc at Cuttor.— |^cnri» 03E53E. 3ii 
 
 tho tomb to t)0 formally cited to appear in 
 court to answer to an information laid 
 against him by tho king's attorney I • IS 
 had been suggoBtcd,' says Dr. Llngard, 
 ' that as long as tho nanio of St, Thomas 
 of Canterbury should remain in tho calen- 
 dar men would be stimulated by his exam- 
 ple to brave the ecclesiastical authority of 
 their sovereign. The king's attorney was 
 therefore instructed to cxhibit'au informa- 
 tion against him, and Thomas ^ Bocket, 
 sometime archbishop of Canterbury, was 
 formally cited to apj)car in court and an- 
 swer to tho charge. Tho Interval of thirty 
 days allowed by the canon law was suffered 
 to elapse, and still tho saint neglected to 
 quit the tomb In wiiieh ho had reposed for 
 two centuries and a halt, and judgement 
 would have been given against hlra by de- 
 fault, had not the king of his special grace 
 assigned him counsel. Tho court sat at 
 Westminster, tlio attorney-general and tho 
 advocate of the accused were licard, and 
 sentence was llnally pronounced that 
 ThomasJ, sometime archbishop of Canter- 
 bu.y, had boon guilty of rebellion, contu- 
 macy, and treason, that his bones should 
 be publicly burned to admonish tho living 
 of their duty ))y the punishment of tho 
 dead, and lliat the offerings which had been 
 made at his shrine, the personal property 
 of the reputed saint, should bo forfeited to 
 tho crown. A commission was accordingly 
 Issued, the sentence was executed in duo 
 form, and tlie gold, silver and jewels, the 
 spoils obtained by tho demolition of the 
 shrine, were conveyed in two ponderous cof- 
 fers, to the royal treasury. The people 
 were soon afterwards Informed by a royal 
 proclamation that Thomas il Docket was no 
 saint, but rather a rebel and a traitor, and 
 it was ordered to erase his name out of 
 all books, under pain of his majesty's in- 
 dignation, and imprlscumcnt at his grace's 
 pleasure.' 
 
 We have selected Lingard's account of 
 this matter becauso that historian has a 
 very evident leaning to tho catholic side of 
 every question of English history, and yet 
 ho, imconsciously perhaps, in the words of 
 the above passage which we have printed 
 in Italics, goes far towards justifying 
 Henry's measures against the monkii'li su- 
 perstitions and Impostures, no matterwhat 
 Ills motives may have been. 
 
 Cardinal Pole, a near klnsm.in of Henrj', 
 and eminent alike for talents and virtue, 
 had long resided on the continent, and to 
 his powerful and elegant pen Henry attri- 
 buted many of the f ; '".Ible, eloquent —and 
 sometimes, we may;'', scurrilous— decla- 
 mations which tho papists of Italy con- 
 tinually sent forth against him whom tho 
 popedom had onco hailed .and flattered as 
 the defender of the faith, but whom It now 
 denouncer as another Julian alike In talents 
 and In apostacy: Henry, unablo to decoy 
 the astute cardinal Into his power, arrested 
 and put to death flrst the brothers and 
 then the mother of that eminent person, 
 the venerable countess of Salisbury. Ileal 
 charge against this lady, then upwards of 
 seventy years of age, thevo was none ; bnt 
 tho cvcr-obsequlous x)arllamciit passed an 
 
 act attainting her in tho absence of any 
 trial or confession. After two years of ri- 
 gorous confinement in the Tower of Lon- 
 don tho coimtess was brought out for cxe- 
 cutlon ; and as she refused to lay her liead 
 upon the block, the executioner's assistant 
 had to place her and keep her there by main 
 force, and even as the axo descended on 
 hern'»ck she cried out, 'Blessed are they 
 who suffer persecution for righteousness 
 sake.' 
 
 At the dictation of Henry tho parliament 
 now passed a bill which declared 'That In 
 tho cucharlst Is really present the natural 
 body of Christ under the forms and without 
 the substance of bread and wine: that 
 communion in both kinds Is not necessary 
 to the soul's health ; that priests may not 
 maiTy by the laws of God ; that vows of 
 chastity are to be observed ; that private 
 masses ought to be retair.od ; and that tho 
 use of auricular confession is expedient 
 and necessary.' Heavy penalties were de- 
 nounced on any who should act contrary to 
 the above articles ; and Cranmer, who had 
 for many years been married, could only 
 save lilmself from tho effects of this act ~ 
 to the passing of which he had made a 
 stout but Ineltectual opposition — by send- 
 ing Ills wife, with their numerous children, 
 to Germany, of which country she was a 
 native. 
 
 The frequent changes which had, during 
 a quarter of a century, taken place in the 
 theological opinions of the king himself, 
 did not by any means Inspire him with any 
 merciful feeling towards those who chanced 
 to differ from his temporary opinion ; he 
 had thrown off the clerical pope of Rome 
 only to set up quite as • Infallible' a pope 
 in the person of the king of England. A 
 London schoolmaster, named Lambert, was 
 unfortunate enough to contradict a sermon 
 of Dr. Taylor, afterwards bishop of Lincoln, 
 In which sermon the doctor had defended 
 the prevalent catholic doctrine of the 'real 
 presence.' Lambert had ah:eady been Im- 
 prisoned for his imsound opinions, but 
 having learned nothing by the peril he had 
 so narrowly escaped, he now drew up for- 
 mal objections under ten heads. These 
 objections he made known to Dr. Barnes, 
 who was a Lutheran, and who consequently 
 was as obnoxious to the existing law as 
 Lambert, whom lie caused to bo cited be- 
 fore Cranmer and Latimer. They, how- 
 ever much they might agree with him In 
 their hearts, did not dare publicly to oppose 
 themselves to the standard of opinion which 
 tho arbitrary Henry had set up under the 
 protection of shocking penalties, but they 
 took a middle course, and endeavoured to 
 prevail upon Lambert to save his life by a 
 timely recantation; but he appealed from 
 their judgement to that of the king himself, 
 Henry, ever well pleased to exercise his 
 controversial powers, caused it to be made 
 as public as possible that he would in per- 
 son try the soundness of master Lambert's 
 opinions. Westminster hall was fitted up 
 for the occasion with scaffcldingn and seats 
 for such as chose to be present, and the 
 king took his seat upon the throne, clad In 
 whito siilk rollers, and surrounded by the 
 
 Vii^-. 
 
 If- M il 
 
 W-' 
 
312 
 
 C^e Zvtniuqi at ^iitavu, ^t» 
 
 biahops, tho judges, and the chief officers 
 of state. Lambert's articles being rend, 
 the king in a set speech replied to tho llrst ; 
 Cranmer, Gardiner, and others following 
 In refutation of other articles, and at the 
 conclusion of arguments which lasted five 
 hours, and in which the king was as grossly 
 flattered as tho poor vain Bchoolmaster was 
 unfairly brow-beaten, Henry naked the poor 
 man whether the arguments had cleared his 
 mind of doubts, to which question he added 
 the no less interesting one, * Will you live 
 or die t ' Lambert, unconvinced by all that 
 be had heard, noticed only the last part of 
 the king's speech, and replied, that for his 
 life he would bold it at his majesty's gra- 
 cious mercy; to which Henry ungraciously, 
 not to say brutally, assured him, that he 
 was not minded to show himself the patron 
 of heretics, and Cromwell was ordered to 
 pass sentence of deiitli on tho prisoner, 
 whoso clilof offence seeina to have been his 
 folly in craving the notice of the king by a 
 most gratuitous and utterly useless display 
 of opinions which no earthly power could 
 have prevented him f i oin enjoying In safety, 
 had ho consented to do so in secrecy. The 
 unfortunate man was burned to death, and 
 as lie was supposed to bo personally ob- 
 noxious to Henry from having ventured 
 publicly to dispute with him, the brutal 
 executioners purposely made the Are so 
 Blow that his legs and thighs were gra- 
 dually consumed before the flames even ap- 
 proached any vital part. The long tortures 
 to which this poor man was subjected at 
 length 80 greatly disgusted sonic of the 
 guards, that with their halberts they threw 
 him farther into the flames, and he there 
 perished, exclaiming with his last breath, 
 
 • None but Christ, none but Christ I ' Many 
 other cruel executions took place about 
 this time. 
 
 lu August, 1537, Henry's third queen, 
 tho lady Jane Seymour, gave birth to a 
 prince, to the great delight of tho king, 
 whose joy, however, was much diminished, 
 when, in a few days, this best beloved and 
 most amiable of all his wives died. He soon 
 after commenced negotiations for a new 
 marriage, but being disappointed In his 
 views on tho duchess dowager of Longue- 
 ville, and being then refused by Francis 
 permission to choose between tho two sis- 
 ters of that lady precisely as he would have 
 chosen sheep or oxen, he was persuaded by 
 Cromwell to demand the hand of Anne of 
 Cleves, sister of the reigning duke. Her 
 portrait, of course a flattering one, from 
 /lie pencil of the celebrated Hans Holbein, 
 caused Henry to fancy himself very much 
 enamoured of her, and when he learned 
 that she had liiaded at Dover, he actually 
 rode as far as Rochester in disguise, that 
 he might, unseen, or at least unknown, 
 have a glance at her to, In his own phrase, 
 
 • nourish his love.' This glance, however, 
 ' nursed' a very different feeling. The 
 difference between the delicate limning of 
 Hans Holbein, and the especially vast per- 
 son and coarse complexion of ihe lady, so 
 disgusted and surprised Henry, that lie 
 passionately sworo that they had chosen 
 him not a, woman and a princess, but a 
 
 Flanders mare; and ho would have fain 
 sent lior back without a word said to her, 
 but that he was afraid of offending tho 
 German princes connected with her brother, 
 and thus raising against himself a too po wer- 
 fui coalition. Detesting the very sight of 
 Anno, and yet feeling obliged to marry her, 
 the king was not long ere ho made the full 
 weight of his Indlgnatlonfall upon tho head 
 of Cromwell. That too servilely obedient 
 minister now had to feel in person tlie very 
 same injustice which, at his instigation, tho 
 detestably sycophantic parliament had so 
 recently inflicted upon the venerable coun- 
 tess of Sail ,oury. Ho was accused of high 
 treason, denied u public trial, and a bill 
 of attainder passed through both houses, 
 without even ono of the many whom he had 
 befriended having tho generous courage 
 to show that gratitude to him which he, 
 under similar circumstances, had shown to 
 cardinal Wolsry. Having got judgement 
 passed against Cromwell, Henry now turned 
 his attention to obtaining a divorce from 
 Anno of Cleves. Kvcu he could scarcely 
 make it 'i, capital offence to have coarse fea- 
 tures and an awkward figure ; moreover, 
 the influence of Anne's brother was such as 
 to make it unsafe for Henry to proceed to 
 anything like violent steps against her. 
 Fortunately, however, for the ccjmfort of 
 both parties, if ho viewed her with disgust, 
 slio viewed him with the most entire in- 
 difference ; and she readily consented to bo 
 divorced on Henry giving her three thou- 
 pand pounds per annum, the royal palace of 
 Richmond for a residence, and such prece- 
 dence at court as she would have enjoyed 
 had she been his sister instead of being his 
 divorced wife. 
 
 Six days after the passing of the bill of 
 attainder against Cromwell, that minister 
 was executed, no ono seeming to feel sor- 
 row for him ; tho poor hating him for tho 
 share he had taken in tho suppresslo'i of 
 tho monasterici', and the rich detesti'ig him 
 for having risen from a mere peasant birth 
 to rank so high and power so great. 
 
 As if to show that he really cared less for 
 either protestantism or popery than ho did 
 for his own will and pleasure, tho king or- 
 dered just now tlio execution of Powel, 
 Abel, and Featherstone, catholics who ven- 
 tured to deny the king's supremacy, and of 
 Barnes, Garret, and Jerome, for tho oppo- 
 site offence of being more protestant than 
 it pleased the king that they should bet 
 And to render this impartiality in despotism 
 tho morea^vfully impressive, the protestant 
 and catholic offenders were drawn to tho 
 stake in Smithfleld on the same hurdle! 
 
 A. D. 15.11.— Though tho king had now 
 been married four times, and, certainly, 
 with no such happinc =s as would have made 
 marriage seem so ' jry desirable, the di- 
 vorce from Anrc of Cleves was scarcely ac- 
 compllshe'" ere his council memorialised 
 him to take another wife, and he com lied 
 by espousing the niece of tho duke of Nor- 
 folk. This l.ady, by name Catherine How- 
 ard, was said to have won the heart of the 
 king ' by her notable appearance of honour, 
 cleanliness, and maidenly behaviour,' and 
 so well was tho kins at first eatisflcd with 
 
 i 
 
 ( 
 
 this his flfth 
 to her with t 
 Bpect, but 01 
 don to compi 
 tho felicity 1 
 new queen, 1 
 ■ilesuinong 
 was soon br( 
 duct on the 
 riage as ho 
 king, th(mg1 
 thing to spi 
 In f.act, so 
 violent temi 
 mittcd the i 
 Henry was a 
 to tho guilt 
 and appear( 
 upon him. 
 while in du; 
 putatlonfroi 
 the truth, it 
 band would 
 that the lai 
 enough to i 
 to answer, i 
 against her, 
 her p.ast life 
 tent which 
 cularised. 1 
 revolting ai 
 conduct beJ 
 others, and 
 herself, rent 
 ono acquali 
 the laws of 
 reliance upc 
 cence of her 
 us she belo 
 historians ( 
 pains to jus 
 
 A.D. 1542 
 
 wanton to 
 of attainde 
 and her co 
 Roclifort, \ 
 in the deat| 
 a law to 
 should ma| 
 BOTii, Bhou 
 riage, rovl 
 death ; onl 
 people joq 
 best plan i 
 next wife, I 
 Henry nl 
 gating thef 
 garded th 
 made, at 
 roads upo_ 
 lar and s<| 
 holding 
 also encoil 
 to the ci\f 
 thily as 
 Inuovatie 
 arbitrary! 
 email voir 
 a Christil 
 arbitrary 
 rent con^ 
 ing ho iJ 
 jects, he I 
 gliould tlT 
 
■^*JV 
 
 t> 
 
 dPiifllanlr.— !80ii)ie of (!i:utr0i-.-|[Kwi'i! WMH. 313 
 
 this his fifth wife, that ho not only behavttl 
 to her with reinarltablo tenderness and re- 
 spect, Ijut even caused the bishop of Lon- 
 don to compose a form of thanksgiving for 
 tlio felicity his majesty enjoyed. But the 
 new queen, being a catholic, had many enc- 
 ■lies among the reformers; and intelligence 
 was soon brought to Cranraer of such con- 
 duct on the part of Catherine before mar- 
 riage as he dared not conceal from the 
 king, th(mgh It was by no means a safe 
 tiling to speak upon so delicate a matter. 
 In fact, so nnicl) did Crannier dread the 
 violent temper of the king, that ho com- 
 mitted tlic painful intelligence to writing, 
 Henry w.as at llrst perfectly incredulous as 
 to the guilt of a woman wlioso maimers 
 and appearance had so greatly imposed 
 upon him. Ho ordered lier arrest, and 
 while in duranoo she was visited Ijy a de- 
 putation from Henry, and exhorted to speak 
 the truth, in the assurance tliat her hus- 
 band would rejoice at lier innocence, and 
 tliat the laws were both just and strong 
 enough to protect her. As she hesitated 
 to answer, a bill of att.aiiidcr was passed 
 ftg.Tlnst lier, aud ju slie confessed that 
 lier p.ast life had been debnrched, to an ex- 
 tent which cannot with decency be parti- 
 cularised. It must Eunice to say, that the 
 revolting and gross shamelcssness of her 
 conduct before marriage as deposed liy 
 others, and In general terms confessed by 
 herself, renders it scarcely possible for any 
 one acquainted with human nature, and 
 tlic laws of evidence, to place the slightest 
 reliance upon her assertions of the Inno- 
 ceiu-o of her post-nui)tial conduct ; though, 
 us she belonged to the catholic party, the 
 historians of that party have talcen some 
 pains to justify her. 
 
 A. D. 1542.— naving put the shameless 
 wanton to death, by the tyrannous mode 
 of attainder, together with her paramours 
 and her confidante, that unprincipled lady 
 llochfort, who haJ taken so principal apart 
 in the death of Anne Boleyn, Henry caused 
 a law to bo passed, that any woman who 
 sliould marry him, or any of his succc,- 
 6(irs, should, if incontinent before mar- 
 riage, reveal that disgrace on pain of 
 death ; on the passing of wliicli law the 
 people jocosely remarked that tlie king's 
 best plan would be to take a widow for his 
 next wife. 
 
 Henry uow employed soino time In mltt- 
 gat'v.g the severe six articles so far as re- 
 garded the marriage of priests; but he 
 made, at the same time, considerable in- 
 ro<ads upon tlie property of both the regu- 
 lar and secular clergy. Still bent on up- 
 holding and exerting his supremacy, he 
 also encouraged appeals from the spirit; >! 
 to the civil courts, of which Hume as p 
 thlly as justly says that it was 'a happy 
 innovation ; though at first invented for 
 arbitrary purposes.' He now also issued a 
 email volume entitled ' The Institution of 
 a Christian Man,' In which, in his usual 
 arbitrary style, and without the least appa- 
 rent consciousness of the Inconsistent veer- 
 ing ho had disi)laycd on theological sub- 
 jects, he prescribed to his people how they 
 should think aud believe ux)ua the dQlicoto 
 
 matters of juatlflcatloii, free-will, good 
 works, and grace, with as much cuulness an 
 though his ordinances had concerned mero- 
 ly the fashion of a jerkin, o.- the length of a 
 cross-bow bolt. Having made some very 
 IncIUclent alterations in the mass-hook, 
 Henry presently sent fortii another llttlo 
 volume, called the 'Erudition of a Ciirls- 
 tlan :Man.' In this lie llatly contrallcted 
 the ' Institution of a Christian Man ' and 
 that, too, upon matters of by no meai s se- 
 condary importance ; but ho Just as peremp- 
 torily and self-complacently called upon his 
 subjects to follow him now as he h.id when 
 just before ho pointed a directly opposite 
 patli I 
 
 The successful rlvalshlp of his nci)hew, 
 James of Scotland, in the afTections of 
 Marie, dowager duchess of liong'ievlllo, 
 gave deep offence to Henry, which w.is still 
 farther Irritated into hatred liy James's .ad- 
 heslon to the ancient faith, and his ciosu 
 correspondence wltli the pope, theenipsror 
 Charles, and Francis, of wliich Henry was 
 perfectly well informed by the assiduity of 
 his ambassador, sir lialph Sadler. Theso 
 personal feelings, fully as much as any 
 political considerations, caused Henry to 
 commence a war wlilch almost at the out- 
 set caused Janes to die of over-excited 
 anxiety ; but of this war we shall hereafter 
 lu^vvo to speak. 
 
 The king In his sixth marriage made good 
 the jesting prophecy of the people by takinj? 
 to wife Catherine Parr, widow of Neville, 
 lord Latimer. She was a friend to the re- 
 formed, but a woman of too much prudence 
 to peril herself injudiciously. He treated 
 her with great respect, and in 1511, when 
 ho led a large and expensive expedition, 
 with considerably more iclat than advan- 
 tage, he left her regent during his absence 
 from England. Subsequently, however, the 
 queen, in spite of her prudence, was iiioro 
 than once in i-mmlnent danger. Anna 
 Askew, a l.ady whom she had openly aiul 
 greatly favoured. Imprudently provoked tho 
 king by opposition upon the capital point 
 of the real presence, and chancellor Wrl- 
 ottesley, who had to interrogate the un- 
 happy lady, '>>ei!ig a bigoted catholic, it was 
 greatly fcircd that his extreme severity 
 might Imluce her to confess liowfar Calhu- 
 riue and the chief court ladles were iiupli- 
 catet^in her obnoxious opinions. Young, 
 lovely, and delicate, tho poor girl was laid 
 upon the rack and questioned, but torture 
 Itself failed to extort an answer to the 
 questions by which the chancellor endea- 
 voured to come at tho queen. So enraged 
 was that most brutal ofllcer, that he ordered 
 the lieutenant of the Tower to stretch tho 
 rack still farther, and on his refusing to do 
 so, * laid his own hand to the rack and drew 
 it so violently that he almost tore her body 
 asunder.' This diabolical cruelty served no 
 other purpose than to make his own name 
 infamous while the annals of England shall 
 remain. Tiie heroic girl bore her horrible 
 torture with unflinching fortitude, and was 
 carried to the stake in a chair, ■ licr body 
 being so maimed ind dislocated that she 
 r.uld not walk. Sho suffered at the same 
 lime with Johu Lasccllcs, of tho king's 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 J II 4 
 
 :( . /;- .-.T-;! 
 
3U 
 
 €i)t ^tstiiuvn at Witavut ^Vc. 
 
 liouRdiold, Jolm Adams, a tftllor, mid Nl- 
 chciliM Ulcnuii, ti priest. 
 
 I :<iil)8C(iueutly tho qucm waa again much 
 endangered. Though sho had never pre- 
 
 I tended to Interfere with his conduct, she 
 would occiisionally argue with him In prl- 
 
 j vato, lie had by this time heeonio fear- 
 fully bloated, and an ulcer In his leg caused 
 
 i hini BO much agony that ' he was as furious 
 
 ' as a chained tiger.' Ills natural vehemence 
 and Intolerance of opposition were conse- 
 
 ' quchtly much lurrcascd under such clr- 
 piimstances; and Catherine's arguments at 
 length so offenUi'd him, that he complained 
 of lier conduct to Oanllner and AVrlottos- 
 ley. They, bls'otcd friends to the catholic 
 party, were propurtlonally inimical to Ca- 
 
 '. tlioi'Ino as a friend of tho reformed; and 
 I lu'y encouraged his 111 temper, and so dex- 
 
 I teniusly argued upon tho peculiar necea- 
 
 ' Blty of putting down heresy In the liigh 
 liliices, that ho actually gave orders for her 
 being sent to tho Tower on tho following 
 day. She was fortunate enough to get In- 
 formation of what was In Htore for her, and 
 her cool temper and shrewd woman's wit 
 sufflced to save her from her enemies. 8h<» 
 well knew that as lust had been the crime 
 of Henry's manhood, so vanity— tliat vanity 
 which cannot endure even the pettiest op- 
 position— was the great spring of all his 
 actions now that his eye waa growing dim 
 and his natural force abated. She paid hlra 
 her usual visit that day, and when he tried 
 to draw her Into their common course of 
 arginnent, she said tliat arguments In divi- 
 nity were not proper for women ; that 
 women should follow the principles of their 
 husbands, as she made a point of following 
 his ; and that though, in tho belief that it 
 something alleviated his physical sufferin gs, 
 she sometlmoa pretended to oppose him, 
 she never did so until she had exhausted 
 all her poor means of otherwise amusing 
 him. Tlie bait to his Inordinate vanity 
 was easily taken. ' Is It so, sweetheart?' 
 he exclaimed, 'then we are perfect friends 
 again,' and ho embraced her affectionately, 
 oil the following day tho chancellor and 
 his far more respectable myrmidons the 
 pursuivants went to apprehend the queen, 
 when tho sanguinary man was sent away 
 with a volley of downright abuse, such as 
 Henry could bestow as well as the meanest 
 of his subjects when once his temper was 
 fairly aroused. 
 
 A.D. 1547.— In almost all Henry's perse- 
 cutions of persons of any eminence, care- 
 ful observation will gencrallv serve to dis- 
 cover something of that personal Ill-feeling 
 which In a man of lower rank would be 
 called personal spite. Thus the duko of 
 Norfolk and his son, the earl of Surrey, 
 were nowarrested and charged with various 
 overt acts which caused them — aa the 
 charges ran— to bo suspected of high trt v 
 son. Their real, their only real crime w, is 
 their relationship to Catherine Howard, his 
 fifth queen. The very frivolous nature of 
 the charges provea that this was the case, 
 but the despicably servile parliament, as 
 usual, attended only to the king's wishes, 
 and both Norfolk and his son were cou- 
 •lemncd. Tho proceedings in the case of 
 
 tho latter, froia his being acommoncr, were 
 more speedy than that of his father, and the 
 gallant young Surrey was executed. Orders 
 were also given for tho execution of Nor- 
 folk on tho morning of January 29, 1547 ; 
 but on tho night of the stjih the furious 
 king himsoli died, in tho thlrty-sovcuth 
 year of hla arbitrary reign and in tho flfty- 
 slxth of his ago ; and tho council of tho 
 infant prince Kdward VI. wisely respited 
 the duke's sentence, from which he was re- 
 leased at the accession of queen Mary. 
 
 That tho character of Henry was per so 
 bad, few can doubt who have rend his reign 
 attentively, but neither will any just man 
 deny, tliat he, so gay and generous, so frank 
 and so great a lover of literatur« in youth, 
 owed not a little of his subsequent wicked- 
 ness to tho horribly servile adulation of tho 
 great, and to the dastardly submission of 
 the parliament. What could bo expected 
 from ft man, naturally vain, to whom the 
 able Cromwell could say that 'ho waa 
 unable, and ho believed all men were un- 
 al>le, to describe the unutterable qualities 
 of the royal mind, the sublime virtues of 
 ■ lie royal heart;' to whom Rich c uld say, 
 that ' in wisdom ho was equal to Solomon, 
 in strength and courage to Samson, in 
 beauty nndaddress to Absalom ; ' and what 
 could be expected from a man, naturally 
 violent and contemptuous of human life, 
 who found both houses of parliament vllo 
 enough to slay whomsoever he pleased to 
 denounce? An orbltrary reign was that of 
 Henry, but it wrought as much for tho per- 
 manent, religious, and moral good of tho 
 nation, as tho storms and tempests, be- 
 neath which wo cower while they last, work 
 for tho physical atmosphere. 
 
 CHAPTRU XLIT. 
 
 The Reign of Bdwaud VI. 
 
 A.n. 1547. — Henky's will fixed the majority 
 of his son and successor, Kdward VI., at 
 tlio ago of eighteen. Tho young prince at 
 tlio timo of hla father's death was but n 
 few months more than nine, and the go- 
 vernment was during his minority vested 
 in sixteen executors, viz. Cranmcr, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury; lord Wrlottesley, 
 chancellor; lord St. John, great master; 
 lord Hussell, privy seal; tho earl of Hert- 
 ford, chamberlain ; viscount Lisle, admiral ; 
 Tonstal, bishop of Durham ; sir Anthony 
 Browne, master of the horse ; sir William 
 Paget, secretary of state ; sir Edward North, 
 chancellor of the court of augnnentatlons ; 
 sir Edward Montague, chief justice of the 
 common pleas ; judge Hromley, sir Anthony 
 Denny, and sir William Herbert, chief gen- 
 tlemen of the privy chamber ; sir Edward 
 Wotton, treasurer of Calais ; and Dr. Wot- 
 ton, dean of Canterbury. 
 
 Not only did Henry VIII. name these 
 councillors, some of whom were In station 
 at least, far below so Important a trust, but 
 he laid down a course of conduct for them 
 with a degree of minuteness, which shows 
 that to the very close of his career his un- 
 bounded vanity maintained its old ascend- 
 ancy over his naturally shrewd judgement, 
 and that he expected that his political and 
 
 religious Bupri 
 oven when the 
 of the charnel 
 animate body. 
 the councillor) 
 late king's antt 
 tended that tin 
 tho stalo autli 
 practlcublo foi 
 great subject 
 BUCcessUn of t 
 very precnutlo 
 first act of the 
 It was necessf 
 Hliould have pr 
 rlty, under llu 
 iirtlers and pro 
 1 cato Avith fore 
 determined to 
 )ir('clsnly thf.t 
 I throne, to gui 
 main object of 
 eiirl of Uertf 
 king, seemed 
 (inice, and he 
 ppllc of the op 
 tesley, who f ri 
 had nnticlpati 
 ttiough not f 
 very position. 
 Having mr; 
 plainly uur it 
 iin-angcment, 
 for tho Intern 
 Tho body la; 
 Whitehall, wl 
 cloth. Eight 
 mnstanlly Ini 
 within ft rail 
 masses anddl 
 cniumcucemc 
 nt arms, crl< 
 charily pray 
 mighty princi 
 tho Eighth.' 
 bodvwasren 
 to Windsor 
 the 10th it AV 
 Jane Scymoii 
 the choir. G 
 performed tl 
 moll. Ashe 
 and pronoun 
 • ,\ slies to as 
 of the prlTi 
 wands of offl 
 heads, and tl 
 Tho solemn 
 recited, and 
 by tho arch 
 bishop of Di 
 titles of Edi 
 The coroi 
 much abrld 
 splendour, 
 cate Btato i 
 cutors of tl 
 luiportanti; 
 rectlons of 
 very exact I 
 Henry had 
 creations o 
 Hertford aa 
 marshal ai 
 
 — 
 

 <5iiBlftntf.— ?ftnttrfc flf Cutroi.— eutoarti 5UJE. 
 
 31b 
 
 rcliglouH BuprLMuacy would bo respected 
 oven wliun tho earth-worms aui thu diiiii|ii4 
 of the cliarnel should bo busy A'lth lils In- 
 nnlnmto body. Tho very flfHt meeting of 
 llio councillors showed tho fulLicy of tho 
 Into klng'rt anticipations, llo evidently In- 
 tended that ttio cd-ordlnato distribution o£ 
 tho .stiito authority should render it ini- 
 practlcablo for tho ambition of any one 
 Kreat subject to trouble or endanger tho 
 Buc-esslmi of tho young Edwar' ; and this 
 very precaution was done away ivlth by tho 
 lU-.^t act of tho councillors, who agreed that 
 It was necessary that some odo minister 
 should have prominent and separate autho- 
 rity, under tho tltlo of rrotector, to sign all 
 orilcrs and proclamations, and to connnunl- 
 cnto with foreign powers. In n word, they 
 determined to place ono of their number In 
 ]>n'cisoly thp.t tempting propinquity to the 
 tlinme, to guard apalnat which had been a 
 main ol)ject of Henry's caro and study. The 
 earl of Hertford, maternal undo to tho 
 king, seemed best entitled to this high 
 onico, and ho was accordingly chosen. In 
 Fplic Df the opposition of chancellor Wriot- 
 tesley, who from his talents and experlonro 
 had aiiticlp.ated that ho himself. In reality 
 1 hough not formally, would occupy this 
 very position. 
 
 Having nir.do this most important and 
 I'lainly unr ithorlsed alteration In Henry's 
 arrangement, tho council now gave orders 
 for tho Interment of tho deceased monarch. 
 'J'ho body lay Jn state In tho chapel of 
 Whitehall, which was hung with flno black 
 cIdI h. Kighty large black tapers were kept 
 roiistanlly burning ; twelve lords sat round 
 within n rail as mourners ; and every day 
 masses and dirges wero performed. At the 
 commencement of each service Norroy, k ing 
 at arms, cried in a loud voice, 'Of your 
 charity pray for tho soul of the high and 
 mighty prince our late sovereign lord Henry 
 tho Kighth.' On the 14th of February the 
 body was removed to Slon house, and thence 
 to Windsor on the following day, and on 
 tho 10th It was Interred near that of lady 
 Jane Seymour In a vault near the centre of 
 the choir. Oardlner, bishop of Winchester, 
 performed the service and preachca a ser- 
 mon. As he scattered earth upon the collln 
 and pronounced. In Latin, tho solemn words, 
 ' .Ashes to ashes, and dust to dust,' certain 
 of tho principal attendants broke their 
 wands of offlcc into three parts, above their 
 heads, and throw tho pieces upon the colTln. 
 Tho solemn psalm de profundia was then 
 recited, and garter king at arms, attended 
 by tho archbishop of Canterbury and tho 
 l)lshop of Durham, proclaimed the otyle and 
 titles of Edward VI. 
 
 Tho coronation next followed, but was 
 much abridged of the usual ceremony and 
 Bplcndour, chiefly on account of tho deli- 
 cate state of tho king's health. Tho exe- 
 cutors of the late king, though they had so 
 importantly departed from tho express di- 
 rections of the win upon soino points, were 
 veryexact in following it upon others. Thus, 
 Uenry had charged them to make certain 
 creations or promotions in tho peerage ; and 
 Hertford was now made duke of Somerset, 
 marshal and lord treasurer ; his opponent 
 
 tho clianc(>llor WrlnitcHley, earl cit Houth- 
 amptdii ; tho earl of Essex, marquis of 
 Northampton ; viscount Lisle, earl of AVar- 
 wick i sir Thomas Seymour, lord Soymo>ir 
 of Sudley and admiral of England ; and sirs 
 ' • hard Itlch, William Wllhmghby, and 
 -.>..iiund Sheltleld, barons. Somerset and 
 some of the other peers were, at tlio same 
 time, to onablo them to support their dig- 
 nity, gratllled with deaneries, prebends, and 
 otiier spiritual benelices; a most pernicious 
 precedent, ami oiu) wliicli has caused and 
 ennljled so much cliurclu property and In- 
 liuenco to bo placed In tho liandsof laymen, 
 many of whom aro avowedly and llagranliy 
 dissenters from tho durtrine of tho church, 
 and foes to her estal)lishment. 
 
 Wriottesley, earl of Southampton, WT..^ 
 greatly dlsaiipointed that he. Instead of 
 Somerset, had not been chosen protector ; 
 and this feell'ig tended greatly to exasfie- 
 rato the political opposition wlilrh had ever 
 sul)slstedlietween tliiMU. Wriottesley, witli 
 a want of judgement strangely in contrast 
 Willi his usual conduct, gave to Somerset 
 an opportunity to distre ,3 and mortlfyhim, 
 of « iilch that proud noble was not slow to 
 avail himself. Desiring to give the utmost 
 p(issiI)lo amouut of time to public business, 
 and as far as possible to share and check 
 tho authority of tho protector, Southamt)- 
 ton, merely upon his own authority, put the 
 great seal into commission, empowering 
 four lawyers to execute theolTlcoof chan- 
 cellor for him J and tv.-oof the four lawyers 
 thus named wero canonists, which gave 
 some appearance to his conduct of a det^ro 
 to show disrespect .o tho common l.aw. 
 Somerset and his party eagerly caugfct at 
 this indiscretion of their noble and resolute 
 opponent, and easily olitalned from the 
 judges an opinion to tho effect that South- 
 ampton's course was utterly Illegal and 
 unjustinable, and that he had forfeited his 
 office and even laid himself open to still 
 farther punishment. Southampton was ac- 
 cordingly summoned before the council; 
 and, though ho defended liimsclf acutely, 
 he w.as condemned to lose the great seal, 
 to p.ay a pecuniary fine, and '.o bo conllued 
 to his own house during plensrro. 
 
 Having thus opportunely removed his 
 most powerful and persevering opponent, 
 Somerset immediately set about enlarging 
 his own power and altering its foundation. 
 Professing to feel a delicacy in exercising 
 tho extensive powers of protector while 
 holding thatofllco oidy under the authority 
 of the executors of tho late king's will, he 
 obtained from tho young king Edward a 
 patent wlilch gave him tho protectorate 
 with full regal powers, and which, though 
 it reappointed all the councillors and exe- 
 cutors named in Henry's will, with the 
 sole exception of Southampton, exempted 
 the protector from his former obligations 
 to consult them or to bo bound by their 
 opinion. 
 
 Aided by Cranmer, tho protector, in 
 spite of tho strong and able opposition of 
 Gardiner, made considerable aUvauces in 
 religious reformation ; yet made them with 
 a most prudent .and praiseworthy tcuder- 
 ne.ss to tlie existing prejudices of tho mass 
 
 I! ffa.'Xl 
 
 i 
 
316 
 
 C^e ^tt&ixivti of JQMtarv, &r. 
 
 ot that Rciicriitlon. Tlius, ho appointed 
 TlBltorH, lay and clurlcnl, tu rcprotts, ns far 
 M niliifht liu obvious, linpogturoa and fla- 
 grant iinmoralttlug on tho part of tho 
 catholic clergy ; but he at tho saniu tlnio 
 Intitructcd tho»o visitors to deal ri-Bpcct- 
 fully with such ccrrnionials n» wcro yet 
 unaliolislied, and >vllii such iningiH nnd 
 shrines as were unabused to the purpose of 
 idolatry. While thus prudent, In tender- 
 ness to the Inveterate nnd Ineradicable pre- 
 judices of the ignorant, lie, witli a very 
 sound policy, took measures for weakening 
 tho mischievous etfocts of tho preaching 
 of tho monks. Many of those Men wcro 
 placed in vacant churches, that so the ex- 
 clioquer might be relieved, pro tanto, of the 
 payment of tho annuities settled upon 
 tliem at the suppression of religious houses. 
 As It was found that thoy took advantage 
 of tlicir position to instil into tho minds of 
 tho Ignorant the worst of tiio old super- 
 stitions, and a flcce hatred of the reforma- 
 tion, Somerset now compelled them to 
 avoid that conduct, by enjoining upon tliem 
 tho reading of certain homilies having pre- 
 cisely the opposite tendency and by strictly 
 forbidding tlieni to preach, unless by spe- 
 cial indulgence, anywhere savo In tlieir 
 own parish churches. Tho monks were 
 thus strictly conllned to their own parisli 
 churches, and limited in their liberty of 
 preaching even tlierc, while the protestant 
 clergyman could always ensure a special 
 licence for peripatetic preaching. Tlio sys- 
 tem was too obviously favourable to tho re- 
 formation to pass uncensured by tho prin- 
 cipal catholic champions. Bonner at the 
 outset gave tho protector's measures open 
 and strong opposition, but subsequently 
 agrcjd to them. Gardiner, a less violent 
 but fur firmer and more consistent man, 
 because, probably, a far more sincere man, 
 was staunch in bis opposition. He w.is of 
 opinion that the reformation could not bo 
 carried any farther but with real and great 
 danger. 'It is,' said ho, 'a dangerous thing 
 to use too much freedom in rescarciies 
 of this kind. If you cut the old canal, the 
 water is apt to run farther than you liavc a 
 mind to ; if you indulge the humour of 
 novelty, you cannot put a stop to people's 
 demands, nor govern their Indiscretions at 
 pleasure. For my part, my solo concern is 
 to manage tho third and last act of my life 
 With decency, and to nuike a handsome 
 exit off tlie stage. Provided tills point is 
 secured, I am not solicitous about the rest. 
 I am already by nature condemned to death: 
 no man can givo me a pardon from this 
 sentence, nor so much as j)rocuro me a re- 
 prieve. To jspcak my mind, and to act as 
 my conscience directs, are two branches of 
 liberty which I can never part with. Sin- 
 cerity in speech and integrity in action are 
 enduring q* dHles; tliey will stick by a 
 man when t.erything else takes its leave, 
 Riid I must not resign them upon any con- 
 Blderation. Tho best of it is, it I do not 
 throw these away myself, no man can force 
 them from me ; but if 1 give them up, then 
 am I ruined by myself, and deserve to lose 
 all my preferments.' Besides tlie ol)vlous 
 danger of going too far aud making the 
 
 people mlgrhicvouBly familiar with change, 
 Gardiner charged his opponents with im 
 unnecessary and presumptuous assumption 
 of metaphysical exactitude upon the doc- 
 trines of graco and justlflcation by faith 
 points not vitally necessary to any man, 
 and utterly beyond the real comprchensiDii 
 of tho nniltltude. Tho al)llity and tlio 
 llrnniess wltli wiiicii ho pressed these and 
 other grounds of opposition v> highly en- 
 raged tho protector, that Gardiner was 
 committed to the Fleet, and there treated 
 with a severity which, lils ago and his ta- 
 lents being considered, rcllected no little 
 discredit upon tho protestant party. Ton- 
 Btal, blsliop of Durham, wlio sided with 
 Gardiner, was expelled tho cnuncll, but 
 allowed to live without farther molestation. 
 
 Tho active measures of Somerset for pro- 
 moting tho reformation In lilngland gave 
 force and liveliness to tho antagonlsli 
 parties in Scotland also. Tho cardinal Bea- 
 ten, or Betliune, was resoluto to put down 
 even the preaching of the reformers ; whilo 
 these latter, on tho other hand, were dally 
 becoming more aud more inllamed witli ii 
 zeal for which martyrdom Itself had no ter- 
 rors. Among the most zealous and active 
 of tlio reformed preachers was a well-born 
 gentleman named Wisliart. a man of great 
 learning, high moral character, and a rich 
 store of that passionate and forcible, 
 thougli rude, eloquonco which is so power- 
 ful over tiio minds of enthusiastic but un- 
 educated men. Tlie principal scene of lila 
 preaching was Dundee, wliere hiscloqnenco 
 had so visible and stirring an cUcct upon tho 
 multitude, that tho magistrates, as a simple 
 matter of civil police, felt bound to forbid 
 lilm to preach within their jurisdiction. 
 Unablo to avoid retiring, Wishart, liow- 
 ever, in doing so, solemnly invoked and 
 prophesied a heavy and speedy calamity 
 upon tho town in which his preaching iiad 
 thus boon stopped. Singularly enough, 
 he had not long been banished from Dun- 
 dee when tho ]>lague burst out with great 
 violence. Post hop, ergo propter hoc. Is over 
 tho popular maxim; men loudly declared 
 that the plague was evidently tho conse- 
 quence of WIshart's banlsiuncnt, and that 
 the hand of tho destroying angel would 
 never be stayed until the preacher should 
 bo recalled. Wishart was recalled ac- 
 cordingly; nnd taking advantage of the 
 popular feelings of dismay, lie so boldly 
 and passionately advocated innovations, 
 that cardinal Beaton caused htm to be 
 arrested and condemned to the stoke as a 
 heretic. 
 
 Arran, the governor, showing some fear 
 and unwillingness to proceed to tho ex- 
 tremity of burning, the cardinal carried tho 
 sentence into execution on his own autho- 
 rity, and even stationed himself at a window 
 from which lie could behold tho dlh'nal 
 spectacle. This Incident and cruel triur. ph 
 was noted by tho sulTerer, who solem.ily 
 warned Beoton that ere many days lie 
 should be laid upon that very spot where 
 then he triuroplied Agitated as the mul- 
 titude were liy the exhortations of their 
 numerous preacher j of the reformed doc- 
 trine, such a proph( cy was not likely to iiU) 
 
 J 
 
 ( 
 
 unheeded fm 
 rumstances. 
 tiers associate 
 teen of (he m 
 Well armed U 
 early tiour li 
 thrust all liIs 
 jiroceeded to I 
 a sh({rt time 
 power, but a 
 tlieir aid, the 
 tho door tot: 
 Mfe and rcmli 
 Tho foremost 
 vllle, called t 
 becoming gra 
 wlilch was on 
 judgement of 
 
 'ilepent th 
 thuslast,'rcp( 
 of all tiiy sir 
 tlio murder o 
 Oo;l for the co 
 Ills death whi 
 Iheo ; we are 
 lerved pun I si 
 Almighty, I p 
 of thy person 
 fear of thy po 
 thy death, 1m' 
 and still rem! 
 Clirist Jesus r 
 
 With these 
 rardinal, wh ' 
 murder took •, 
 of Henry VIII 
 fortlltcdthem 
 ber of a hunc 
 despatched a 
 always jealoi 
 cripple Its tui 
 support, and 
 to the dying 
 pared to mar 
 tho purpose o 
 two CO .tries 
 of Scotland t 
 With a fleet 
 ciglitecn thoi 
 avowed purpt 
 gotlation, nn: 
 of the marrl 
 Scotland to K 
 wlilch lie an 
 length in a 
 before openlr 
 
 Except as ( 
 conduct in c 
 seem that so 
 Boraerset cou 
 effect from 
 dowager of 8 
 by France, w 
 utmost degn 
 Scotland and 
 far too mucli 
 llglon to lool 
 upon a transl 
 of the know 
 that religion. 
 Somerset exi 
 Arran, howei 
 on the bank 
 miles from E( 
 
mmmsssk 
 
 VSn^nxiH.—^mit nf CutTDr.— d^Htunitr ^US. 317 
 
 unheeded fnmi hiipIi a innn under Fiirli rlr- 
 etimstiinees. His followers In great iiiim- 
 liers fisaorluti'd to reveiiffo lils dentil. Hlx- 
 teen of the iiioMt eourngcous (if tlieiu went 
 wi.'ll nniied to tlio eiirdiimrs lutlniM' nt iin 
 rnrly hour In tho inoriiing, itiid ImviuK 
 tliruHt nil Ills Rcrvaiits mid tnulesineii out, 
 jiroeeedcd to the cnrdliml's npnrtnieiit. Kor 
 a Hhrfrt tiiiio tho fasteningti defied ilielr 
 power, but a cry nrlsliiR to bring Are to 
 their aid, tho unfortuiinto old man opened 
 tho door to them, entreating to npnro his 
 Mfo and reminding them of his priestlinnd. 
 Tho foremost of Ills assailants, .Tnmes Mel- 
 ville, called to tho others to execiito with 
 becoming gravity and deliberation a work 
 which was only to bo looked upon ns tho 
 I Judgement of tiod. 
 
 ' Itepeiit thee,' said tills sanguinary en- 
 thusiast,' repent thee, thou wicked cardinal, 
 of nil thy sins and Iniquities, especially of 
 the murder of Wlshart, that Instrument of 
 <ioil for the convershm of those lands. It Is 
 Ills death which now cries vengeance upon 
 Iheo ; wc arc sent by God to liilUct tho do- 
 lerved punishment. For here, before tho 
 Almighty, 1 protest that It is neither hatred 
 of thy person, nor lovo of thy riches, nor 
 fear of thy power, which moves me to seek 
 thy death, but only because thou hast been 
 niid still remaliiest an obstinate enemy to 
 (^'hrlst Jesus and his holy gospel.' 
 
 With these words Melville stabbed the 
 rnrdlnal, wli - fell dead nt hia feet. This 
 murder took ', laco tho year before the death 
 of Henry VIII., to whom the assassins, who 
 lort lllod them selves and friends to tho num- 
 ber of a hundred and forty. In tho castle, 
 despatched a messenger for aid. Henry, 
 ftUvnys jealous of Scotlajul and glad to 
 cripple its turbulent nobility, promised his 
 support, and Somerset now. In ol)cdlence 
 to the dying injunctions of tho king, pre- 
 pared to march an army Into Scotland for 
 the purpose of compelling a union of the 
 two CO. .tries by marrying the minor queen 
 of Scotland to tho minor king of England. 
 With a fleet of sixty sail and a force of 
 eighteen thousand men, ho set out with the 
 avowed purpose of not listening to any ne- 
 gotiation, unless based upon tho condition 
 of the marriage of tho young quoeii of 
 Scotland to Edward of England ; a measure 
 which ho argued and justified at great 
 length In a pamphlet published by lilm 
 before opening tho campaign. 
 
 Except as a means of justifying his own 
 conduct In commencing the war. It would 
 eeem that so well-informed a statesman as 
 Boraerset could surely have expected llttio 
 effect from this manifesto. The queen 
 dowager of Scotland was wholly Influenced 
 by France, which could not but bo to the 
 utmost degree opposed to the union of 
 Scotland and England; and she was also 
 far too much attached to the catholic re- 
 ligion to look with any complacent feeling 
 upon a transfer of Scotland into the hands 
 of the known and persevering enemy of 
 that religion. From Berwick to Edinburgh 
 Somerset experienced but little resistance. 
 Arran, however, had taken up his position 
 on the banks of the Esko at about four 
 miles from Edinburgh Itb an army double 
 
 In number to that of tho English. In n 
 cavalry affair of outposts tin- Hi'nts were 
 Worsted and lord Hiiiik! srvorelywouiultMl, 
 but Somerset mid the earl of Warwick 
 having rcronnoltrcil the Scottish camp, 
 found that It was too well posted to be 
 assailed with any rensonnble chance of 
 success. Homerset .now tried negotiation, 
 offering to evacuate the country and even 
 to ninke coiiipensalioii for audi mischief ns 
 had already been done, on condition that 
 the Scots should cngngo to keep their 
 young queen nt home and uncontracted In 
 nmrrlago until she should reach an nge to 
 choose for herself. This offer, so much In 
 contrast with the determination with which 
 the protector had set out, caused the Scots 
 to suppose that. Intimidated by their num- 
 bers or moved by some secret and dis- 
 tressing Information, ho was anxious to get 
 away upon a.iy terms, and the very mode- 
 ration of the terms offered by him was the 
 cause of thslr being rejected. Whoever 
 will carefully and In detail study the great 
 campaigns and battles, whether of ancient 
 or of modern times, will flnd that at once 
 tho rarest and the moat precious gift of a 
 general-ln-chlef Is to know hnw to re/rain 
 from action. Tho Fnblan policy Is suitable 
 only to the very loftiest and most admlrablo 
 military genius ; not because of tho phy- 
 sical dlfflculty of remaining tranquil, but 
 simply because to do so, in spite alike of 
 the entreaties of friends and the taunts of 
 foes, requires that self-conquest which Is to 
 be achieved only by a Fablus or a WclUug- 
 ton. On tho present occasion tho Scots 
 leaders had to contend not only against 
 their own utter mistake as to Somerset's 
 circumstances and motives, but also against 
 the frantic eagerness of their men, who 
 were wound up to the most Intense rage by 
 the preaching of certain priests In their 
 camp, who assured them that the detestable 
 heresy of the Engllsli made victory to their 
 arms altogether out of tho question. 
 
 Finding Ills moderate and peaceable pro- 
 posal rejected, Somerset saw that It was 
 necessary to draw tho enemy from their 
 sheltered and strong position, to a more 
 open one In which he could advantageously 
 Hvall himself of his superiority In cavalry. 
 Ho accordingly moved towards tho sea ; 
 and ns his ships at tho same moment stood 
 in shore, ns if to receive him, tho Scots 
 fell into the snare and moved from their 
 strong position to Intercept him. They 
 entered the plain in three bodies, tho van- 
 guard coiinnanded by Angus, tho main 
 body commanded by Arran, and some light 
 horse and Irish archers on tho left flank 
 under Argyle. 
 
 As tho Scots advanced Into tho plain, 
 they were severely galled by the artillery 
 of the English ships, and among tho killed 
 was the eldest son of lord Graham. The 
 Irish auxiliaries were thrown into the ut- 
 most disorder, and the whole main body 
 began to fall back upon tho rear-guard, 
 which wns'under tho command of Huntley. 
 Lord Grey, who had the command of the 
 English cavalry, had orders not to attack 
 the Scottish van till It should bo closely en- 
 gaged with tho English van, when bo WM 
 
 \.l 
 
 II 
 
 ' I 
 
 ^\ .' ■»? 
 
 ^.-1 
 
 * ■■ 'jy >^, -^ 
 
 ii^^i 
 
SIR 
 
 CIjc CrcniiurD at Witoxv, ^Vr. 
 
 to take It ill llniik. Toin|<fi'<1 l>y llit> ilUor- 
 ilor of tliu oiiL'tny. lio nc^dii'ira ililHonlir, 
 1111(1 l0(t tlio KiirIIhIi riivtiliy nii nt tall kuI- 
 lop. A hcnvy iildiigli ami broiidillti'li threw 
 tluMU Into confuxlon, niul llicy were ciwWy 
 n'lmlHPtl by tlio loiiMT ftpoiirH ot tlio Hcotcli; 
 Iiird flroy hlniaolt wns nnvi'ivly wouiuird, 
 f lio protcctor'H son, li)id Kilwnid Hrymimr, 
 lind h\n liorgo killed under hliii, nnd lliu 
 nivalry vina only milled by llio iitnui:*t cx- 
 ci'lloii nnd jircsieuco of mind on tlio \mtt at 
 t*lr llalpli Sadler, sir Ilaliili Vnne, and tliu 
 protector In pcrHon. Tlio KiikHhIi arclier* 
 and tlio KiikIIsIi slilprt Kalled tliu van n( tlio 
 Bi'otK BO severely that It at leiiBth Kavo way, 
 nnd tho KnKllHh van being, at that critinil 
 monicnt, led (lu In good order, tho Scots 
 and thulr Irl»h niulllarlcs took to lIlKlit. 
 I. \v short nnd uneiiiinl the light was, nnd 
 liow persevering and murderous tho pur- 
 suit, niny ho judged from tho fact, that tho 
 KimllHli loss was short of two hundred, nnd 
 that of the Scots nbovo ten thousand 1 Full 
 fifteen hundred wcro also ninilo prisoners 
 nt this disastrous bnttio of I'lnkey. 
 
 Bonicrsct now took several castles, rc- 
 relved tho submission of tho counties on 
 the border, destroyed tho slilp|)lng on tho 
 coast, and was In a situation to hnvo Im- 
 posed I ho most onerous terms on tho Scots, 
 could he have followed up his advantages ; 
 but Information reached lilm of intrigues 
 going on In Knglniul, which obliged him to 
 return, after liavliig appointed JJerwIck for 
 tho place of conference of tho comnilsslon- 
 crs, whom the Scots, In order ti.' gain time 
 and procure aid from France, affected to 
 wish to send In order to treat for peace. 
 
 On Somerset's return to England ho as- 
 sumed moro stato than ever, being elated 
 with his Riiccess in Scotland. lie caused 
 his nephew to dispense with tho statuto of 
 precedency passed In the late reign, and to 
 grant to him, tho protector, apatcnt allow- 
 ing him to Bit on the throne, upon a stool 
 or bench at tbQ right hand of tho king, at' d 
 to enjoy all honours and privileges usually 
 enjoyed by any undo of a king of Kngland. 
 
 "While thus intent upon his own aggran- 
 disement, Somerset was, nevertheless, at- 
 tentive also to the Improvement of the law. 
 Tho statuto of tho six articles was repealed, 
 as were all laws against Lollardy and heresy 
 —though the latter was still an undellned 
 crime at common law— all laws extending 
 the crimo of treason beyond the twenty- 
 fifth of Edward III., and ,all the haws of 
 Henry VIII. extending the crimo of fe- 
 lony ; and no accusation founded upon 
 words spoken was to bo made after tho ex- 
 piration of a mouth from tho alleged speak- 
 ing. 
 
 A.D. 1548.— The extensive repeals of which 
 we have made mention are well described 
 by Hume as having been tho cause of 
 • some dawn of both civil and religious li- 
 berty' to the people. For them great 
 praise waa due to Somerset, who, however, 
 was now guilty of a singular inconsistency; 
 one wfaicli shows bow difficult it is for un- 
 qualified respect to the rights of the multi- 
 tude to coexist with such extensive power 
 as that of the protector. What Hume, 
 With terse af' signiflcant emphasis, calls 
 
 ■f 
 
 ' iliat law, the (lextnictloii nC all laws, by 
 which tho king's proclamailon was matlo 
 of eijual force with a statuie,' was repeal- 
 ed I and yet the protector continued to iiho 
 niiU upliold the proclaniiUloii wlioiiMOfver 
 tho occaMlon seemed to him to demand it ; 
 as, for liiHtaiiee, forbUUlIng (ho hiirmless 
 and llme-liallowed Huperr<lllliiiis or nliHiir- 
 illtleH of cTirryIng abouf, candles on r'andlr)- 
 nias-day, ashes on Ash 'VVeilnesday, and 
 palm branches on I'aliii Hiimtay. 
 
 Aided by tho French, the Scots nindo 
 many attempts to recover tho towns ami 
 castles which had been taken from them 
 by Soineriet, nnd wltli very general success. 
 Tho EiigllMli were at length reduced to so 
 much distress, and so closely kept wllhlii 
 IladdliiKton by llio number and vigiliincu 
 of their enemies, tliat Somerset sent over a 
 reinforcement of eighteen thousand Kng- 
 llsh troops and tlireo thousand Uerniau 
 auxiliaries. This largo forco was com- 
 manded l)y tho carl of Shrewsbury, who 
 relieved Haddington, indeed, but could not 
 get up with tho enemy's troops until they 
 were so advantageously posted near Kdlii- 
 biirgh, that ho thought It imprudent to 
 nttack them, and ninrchcd bnck into Kng- 
 land. 
 
 "\Vo must now refer to those intrigues of 
 the English court to which the Scots owed 
 not a little of their coniparatlvo security. 
 Uetween tho protector and his brother, tho 
 lord Seymour, a man of great talent and 
 still greater arrogance and amliltlon, there 
 was a feeling of rivalry, which was greatly 
 Increased and embittered by tho feminiiiu 
 rivalry and spite of their wives. Tho (iueeii 
 dowager, tho widow of Henry VIII., mar- 
 ried lord Sovmour it a scarcely decent in- 
 terval after her royal husband's death ; tho 
 Oncen dowager,! hough married to a younger 
 brother of tho duke, took precedence of tho 
 duchess of Somerset, and the latter used 
 all her great power and influence over her 
 husband to Irritate him against his brother. 
 ■When Somerset led tho English army Into 
 Scotland, lord Seymour took tho opportu- 
 nity to endeavour to strengthen his own 
 c.ibul, by distributing his liberalities among 
 tlio king's councillors and servants, and by 
 Improper Indulgence to tlio youug king 
 himself. Secretary Paget, who well knew 
 tho bitter and restless rivalry of tho two 
 brothers, warned lord Seymour to beware, 
 that, by encouraging cabals, ho did not 
 bring down ruin upon that lofty state to 
 which l)oth himself and tho protector had 
 risen, and which had made them not a tow 
 powerful foes, who would but little hositato 
 to side with either for a time for tho sake 
 of crushing both in tho end. Lord Seymour 
 treated tho remonstrances of Fagct with 
 neglect j nnd the secretary, perceiving the 
 evil and the danger dally to grow moro 
 imminent, sent the protector such informa- 
 tion as caused him to give up all probable 
 advantage, and hastened to protect his au- 
 thority and interests at home. Tho subse- 
 quent departure of the young queen ot 
 Scotland for France, where she arrived in 
 safety and was betrothed to the dauphin, 
 made Somerset's Scottish projects compa- 
 ratively hopeless and of little conseqaenotb 
 
 4 
 
 and lie 
 atcentioi 
 rity in K 
 I Not CO 
 ' nnd aiitl 
 England 
 'iger, lor 
 I sanco sec 
 I pliew, cni 
 j a letter t 
 Seymour 
 I the klng'i 
 nrgued oi 
 of protoci 
 bring th 
 whIlohoTi 
 to strong! 
 warned b^ 
 ell, too, t 
 letter ho h 
 tho wenkr 
 I justlflcntb 
 protector'] 
 a criminnl 
 I niero child 
 nnd s«nto( 
 was furthi 
 council no 
 it In send 
 ndmlrnl, h 
 his designi 
 Somersei 
 , thonmbitli 
 ' bulcntnnd 
 Into evil a 
 which to m 
 Pd n sufflci) 
 His wife, tl 
 birth to a <\ 
 Ills address 
 onlyslxtco 
 elder dnugl 
 tinctly exc 
 from tho th 
 Jug withou 
 which cons 
 chnncoof g 
 could only 
 an nllinnco 
 tlon and v 
 tention is f 
 fact, that b 
 obtnin Inllii 
 tho king ot 
 distributed 
 of compara 
 lated on be 
 muster an r 
 this numbe 
 vlded arms 
 himself by I 
 miral of Br 
 to suppress 
 Spurington 
 Bristol, wl 
 money. 
 
 Well Infc 
 nal project 
 ties and by 
 to induce J 
 tlon. But \ 
 lord Beymo. 
 earl of War 
 courage, bui 
 
Cfiifllaiilr.— tftaurff 0( rutfov.-dJtiUjnvlf Wh 
 
 IllO 
 
 itnd ho Rulmoquciiily kuvu liU inicllviili'il 
 nttt'iiMon to tlio niiiliiti'iiaiK'o ul IiIm nutlm- 
 rity III KiiKlnnd. 
 
 Not roiitcntrd with tlin cloRrro of wmllli 
 mill nulhorlty ho poMHCHHcd ait ailinlrni ot 
 Kniflntiil mid huslmiid of the qiicoti dmv- 
 iiKir, lord Hcymoiir, whono nrtful complnl- 
 8III1C0 fteoms to hav« Imiionod upon hU no- 
 I>lu'w, canicd tho youiiK monarch to writn 
 a Icitcr to rnrlianient to roaut'Ht thiit lord 
 Hcymour might ho mado tho Kovcriior of 
 tlio kliiK'M porHon, which ofTIco his lordHhi|> 
 arffuod oiiKht to ho kept UUtlnrt from that 
 of protector of tho realm. Before ho could 
 hrliiff tho affair boforo parliament, and 
 whllchowashuHllyengaKPdliiPiidi'avourliiK 
 to Htrengthcn his party, lord Seymour was 
 warned hy hli hrother to dcBlHt. Tho coun- 
 cil, too, threatened that It would uro tho 
 lutterho had obtained from tho allertlon or 
 tho weaknogs of tho young king, not nn a 
 luxtincatlonofhlsfartloiig opposition to tho 
 protector's legal authorll.y, hut aH n proof of 
 a criminal tampering with a minor and a 
 mere child, with Intent to disturb tho legal 
 and stated government of tho realm. U 
 was further pointed out to him, that tho 
 council now knew quito enough to Justify 
 It In sending him to (he Tower; and tho 
 admiral, however unwillingly, abandoned 
 his designs at least for the I line. 
 
 Somerset easily forgave his brother, but 
 tho ambition and aching envy of that tur- 
 bulent and restless man was speedily called 
 Into ovil activity again, by a circumstance 
 which to an ordinary man would have seem- 
 ed a sumdeiit reason for lowering Its tone. 
 His wife, the queen dowager, died In giving 
 birth to a child, and lord Seymour then paid 
 his addresses to tho lady Elizabeth, as yet 
 only sixteen years' of age. As Mary was tho 
 elder daughter, and as Henry hod very dln- 
 tlnctly excluded both Mary and Elizabeth 
 from tho throne In tho event of their mi»;"*v- 
 Ing without the consent of his oxecut. .., 
 which consent lord Seymour could have no 
 chance of getting, It was clear that Seymour 
 could only hope to derive benellt from such 
 an alllanco by resorting to al)solute usurpa- 
 tion and violenco. That such was hia In- 
 tention Is further rendered probable by tho 
 fact, that besides redoubling his efforts to 
 obtain Influonco over all who had access to 
 tho king or power In tho state, ho had so 
 distributed hisfavours even amongpcrsons 
 of comparatively low rank, that ho calcu- 
 lated on being able. If it were necessary, to 
 muster an army of ten thousand men. For 
 this number, It seems, he had actually pro- 
 vided arms ; ho had further strengthened 
 himself by protecting pirates, whom, as ad- 
 miral of Kngland, It was his cs<pcclal duty 
 to suppress ; and ho had corrupted sir John 
 Bpurlngton, tbo master of tho mint at 
 Bristol, who was to supply him with 
 money. 
 
 Well Informed as to his brother's crimi- 
 nal projects, tho protector, both by entrea- 
 ties and by favours conferred, endeavoured 
 to Induce him to abandon hia mad ambi- 
 tion. But the natural wrong-headedness of 
 lord Seymour, and tho fll advice of Dudley, 
 earl of Warwick, a man of great talent and 
 courage, but of just such principles as might 
 
 1)0 ex|'ei't('(| fiiiiii III' Noll (if ili.'it iPihlli), 
 llio extorllniier, who wiih IIih iolli>iii(iic of 
 KmpHon ill till! reign nj" Henry VII., ren- 
 dered tho liiimnne eifortHof ilio iiroteeior 
 vain. Hating both I ho lirotliern, W.irwlek 
 dre.'iiled tlio lord Seymour the more for liu 
 axplrlng temper ami hUjierlor tnleiitu; !iiiil 
 seeing him only too well Incllneil to hiiII- 
 tlous practices, the treiK'lieroiiH Wiir'viek 
 urged him on in his guilty iiini foollHli en- 
 reer, mill at the hhiiu' ilnie iecrelly lulvj^i i| 
 the protector III tiikt>Hteiii iiieiiiiHnr putt lug 
 a Htoii to liie pructlct'j* ot ii bruilier iipmi 
 whom klndnrHS and good eoiiiiMtl were 
 completely thrown awiiy. Ily Wiu'wlek's 
 advice tho protector llrnt deprived liU 
 brother of tliu onieo ot luiiiill'iil, niiil then 
 coinmitteil him, with some of his iilleged 
 accomplices, to tho Tower, Thieo privy 
 councillois, who were sent to exmiiliio il'o 
 prisoners, reported that there Will liii pintail t 
 evidence against them ; oiul even now tliu j 
 lirotector ottered lllieriyniul pnrdon to his i 
 brother, on condition of hU rei Irliig to hU ' 
 country houxes, mid conniiliig lilniHcIf 
 strictly to priviito lite. i;iul;Miiiteil by nil 
 tho appearances against liliii, lord Heynioiir 
 replied only by tiire.its and savnisms ; mul, 
 urged by his pcrsoniii and polli leal I'rleiidH, 
 real and pn^tended, the protector coUHeiiteil 
 not only that his brotlier hIiouIiI he pro- 
 ceeded against, but alHo tliiit ho hIio.iIiI 
 bo refused afreo and open triiil wlilcli iio 
 indignantly de!imiidcd, mid ho proceeded 
 against before that ready Instrument of 
 sovereign vengeance, the parliament. | 
 
 A.D. 1519. — On the meeting ot parliament : 
 a bill of attainder was originated In tlio 
 upper house. By way of evidence, sovcivil 
 peers roue and stated what they knew or 
 profesHcd to know of the criminal designu I 
 and practices of tho admiral ; mid upon this , 
 evidence given, bo it observed, by jhi/|;.'« In , 
 tho case, that house of peers in which : 
 tho deluded man had supposed hluiscif 
 to havo BO many fast friends, passed j 
 tho bill with scarcely a dissenting voice, 
 and, as Hume observes, 'without anyone ' 
 having either tho courage or the equity to 
 move that ho might bo heard in his de- 
 fence ; that tho testimony against him 
 should bo delivered In a legal manner, and ! 
 that ho should be confronted with the wit- j 
 tftsses.' Contrarytowhat might havo been , 
 anticipated, a better spirit was exhibited in 
 tho lower house, where it was moved tliat | 
 tho proceeding by hill of attainder was bad, 
 and that every man should bo present and 
 formally tried previous to condemnation. 
 A message, nominally from tho king, but 
 really from the council, however, terminat- 
 ed tills Hhow of spirit mid equity, and tho 
 bill was passed by a majority of four hun- 
 dred to Bomo nlno or ten. Shortly after- 
 wards the admiral was beheaded on Tower- 
 hill, tho warrant of his execution being 
 signed by his brother Somerset 1 or rather 
 tho condemnation. After tho trial of lord 
 Seymour tho most important business of 
 this session was ecclesiastical. One act 
 allowed priests to marry, but said in tbe 
 prcamblo that ' it were better for priestB 
 and the ministers of tho church to live 
 chastely and without marriage, and It were 
 
 ■ , I 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 I i 
 
 1.' )■ 
 

 I 
 
 320 
 
 CTIjc Crfajfiirjj of l^fiStorj?, &c. 
 
 much to 1)0 wlslieil tliat tliey ■would of 
 tliemaelves abstiiiii ;' another prohibited 
 the use of tlesh meat In Lent, while a third 
 permitted and provided for a union of 
 cures in the city of York. Many of these 
 cures, it was stated in the preamble, were 
 too much Impoverished singly to support 
 nn incumbent; an impoverishment which 
 no doubt arose from tlio transfer of the 
 cccleslasticfil revenues into the hands of lay- 
 men and absentees. There was now a very 
 general outward conformity, at least, witli 
 the doctrine and liturgy of the reforma- 
 tion. But botli Bonner and Gardiner were 
 Imprisoned for maintaining the catholic 
 doctrine of the real presence, tlie princess 
 Mary was threatened by the council for 
 persisting to hear mass, and obtaining an 
 Indulgence through the influence of the 
 emperor. A still farther and worse proof 
 was given that the duty of toleration was 
 as yet but very Imperfectly understood by 
 the reformers, by the prosecution of a wo- 
 man named Joan Bocher, or Joan of Kent, 
 for heresy. The council condemned the 
 poor creature to the flames. For some time 
 the young king would not sign the war- 
 rant for her execution. Cranmcr drove him 
 Into a compliance accompanied by tears 
 and by the remai-k that upon Cranmer's 
 liead would the deed lie for good or evil. 
 The execution of this woman was followed 
 by that of a Dutch alien, named Von Paris, 
 who suffered his horrible death with ap- 
 parent delight — so ill-adapted is persecu- 
 tion to make converts ! 
 
 CHAPTER XLIIT. 
 
 The neign of Edward VI. (.continued). 
 
 To deny that a great reformation was 
 much needed In the church at the time 
 when it was commenced by Henry VIII. 
 would bo utterly and obstinately to close 
 one's eyes to the most unqucstlonablo evi- 
 dence. Nevertheless it is no less certain 
 tliat the wealth which was justly taken 
 from the monks was quite as unjustly be- 
 Btowcd upon laymen. It was not because 
 corrupt men had insinuated or forced them- 
 selves Into the church, that therefore tho 
 church should bo plundered; it was not 
 1)cc.iU8e the monks had diverted a part of 
 tlie large revenues of the church from the 
 proper purpose, that therefore the king 
 ghould wrongfully bestow a still larger 
 part. The laymen upon whom Henry be- 
 stowed the spoils of the greater and lesser 
 houses had In few cases, if any, a single 
 rlalm upon those spoils save favouritism, 
 not always too honourable to themselves or 
 to the king ; yet to them was given, without 
 tho charge of tho poor, that property upon 
 which tlie poor had been bountifully fed. 
 The bai'on or the knight, the mere courtier 
 or tho still worse character upon whom 
 this property was bestowed, might live a 
 hundred or even a tliousand miles from the 
 land producing his revenue— from tliat land 
 upon which Its former possessors, its resi- 
 dent landlords the monks, employed the 
 tolling man, and fed the inflrni, tho help- 
 less, and the suffering. Nor was It merely 
 
 . f 
 
 by the hind who laboured, or by tho necily 
 man who was fed in rliarity, that the 
 monks were now missed ; the monks were 
 not only resident landlords, they were also 
 liberal and indulgent landlords. Tiiey for 
 a great portion of their low rents took pro- 
 duce; the l<iy landlords demanded higher 
 rents and would be paid in money; tho 
 monks lived among their tenr^ts and were 
 their best customers; tho lay landlord 
 drew his money rents from Lincoln or De- 
 von, to spend them in tho court revels at 
 London or in tlio wars of Franco or Scot- 
 land. Many other differences might be 
 pointed out which were very Injurious to 
 tho middle and lower class of men ; but 
 enough has been said to show that how- 
 ever necessary the change, It was not made 
 with due precautions against tho impo- 
 verishment and suffering of great bodies 
 of men, and great consequent danger of 
 state disturbances. Even the Iron hand of 
 Henry VIII. would not have been able to 
 prevent both suffering and murmuring; 
 and when under the milder rule of tho 
 protector Somerset the peor>lo were still 
 farther distressed by the rage for grazing, 
 which caused the peasantry to be driven in 
 herds not only from the estates upon which 
 they had laboured, but even from their cot- 
 tages and from the commons upon which 
 they had fed their cows or sheep, the cry of 
 distress became loud, general, and appall- 
 ing. The protector Issued a commission to 
 enquire into the state of the rural people, 
 and to find out and remedy all evils con- 
 nected with enclosures. But the jioor In 
 various parts of the country rose in arms 
 I)cforc tho commission had time even to 
 make enquiries; Wiltshire, Oxford, Glou- 
 cester, Hants, Sussex, and Kent rose simul- 
 taneously, but were speedily put down, 
 chiefly by sir William Herbert, and lord 
 Gray of Wilton. But the most formidable 
 rioters made their appearance in Norfolk 
 and Devonshire. 
 
 In Norfolk above twenty thousand assem- 
 bled, and from their original demand for 
 doing away with tho enclosures, they pass- 
 ed to demanding tho restoration of the old 
 religion, tho placing of new councillors 
 about the king, and the utter abolition of 
 all gentry! A bold and rulllaniy follow, 
 one Ket, a tanner, took tlie command of 
 this assemblage, and exercised his autlio- 
 rlty over such of the gentry as were un- 
 lucky enough to be within his reach, In tho 
 arbitrary and insolent style that might be 
 anticipated, holding his court beneath a 
 great oak on Mousehold Hill, which over- 
 looks the city of Norwich. Against tills 
 demagogue and his deluacd followers the 
 marquis of Northampton was at first sent, 
 but he was completely repulsed, and lord 
 Sheflleld, one of his officers, was killed. 
 The earl of Warwick was then sent against 
 Ket with an army of six thousand, which 
 had been levied to go to Scotland. War- 
 wick, with his usual courage and conduct, 
 beat the rebels; killed two thousand of 
 tliem, hanged up Ket at tlic castle of Nor- 
 wich, and nine of the other ringleaders on 
 tho boughs of tho oak tree on Monseliold 
 Hill. 
 
(SnQ\mits,-^wxjie ot Cutror.— e^ilMartf ©3E. 321 
 
 In Dcvonslilro as in Norfolk, though tho 
 complaints made r>y the people originated 
 In the Injustice of tlie enclosures and in 
 very real and widely-spread misery, dema- 
 gogues, among whom were some priests of 
 Bampford Courteuay, artfully cauaed them 
 to make a return to tho old religion a 
 chief article of their demand ; and tho in- 
 surrection here was tho more formidable, 
 because many of the gentry, on account of 
 the religious dcmandi<, joined the rebels. 
 Amon.T the gentlemen who did so was 
 Humphrey Arundel, governor of St. Ml- 
 chael'B Mount, by whose means chiefly it 
 was that the rebels, though ten thousand 
 In number, were brought into somBthing 
 of the regular order of disciplined troops. 
 Lord Russell, who bad been sent against 
 them with but a weak force, finding them 
 60 numerous and determined, and in such 
 good order, endeavoured to get them to 
 disperse byailccting to negotiate with them. 
 Ho forwarded their extraragant demands 
 to the council, who returned for answer 
 that they should be pardoned on their im- 
 mediate submission. This answer so much 
 enraged the rebels that they endeavoured 
 to storm Exeter, but were repulsed by the 
 citizens. They then sat down before Exe- 
 ter and endeavoured to mine it. By tills 
 time lord Itussell was reinforced by some 
 German horse under sir William Herbert 
 and lord Gray, and some Italian infantry 
 under Balista Splnoln, and he now marched 
 from his quarters at Honiton to the relief 
 of Exeter. Tho rebels suffered dreadfully 
 both in the battle and subsequent to the re- 
 treat. Humphrey Arundel and other lead- 
 ing men were seized, carried to London, and 
 there executed ; many of the rabble were 
 executed on the spot by martial law, and 
 the vicar of St. Thomas was hanged on the 
 top of his own steer le in the garb of a popish 
 priest. 
 
 The stern and successful severity with 
 which the more formidable rebellions of 
 Norfolk and Devonshire had been put down, 
 caused weaker parties in Yorkshire and else- 
 where to take the alarm and disperse ; and 
 the protector both wisely and humanely 
 fostered this spirit of returning obedience 
 by proclaiming a general amnesty. But 
 besides the terrible loss of life which these 
 Insurrections cost on the spot, they caused 
 groat losses to us both in Scotland and in 
 France. In tho former country tho want 
 of tho force of six thousand men, which 
 Warwick led to put down the Norfolk men, 
 enabled the French and Scotch to capture 
 tlie fortress of Broughty and put the garri- 
 son to the sword, and so to waste the coun- 
 try for miles round Haddington, that it was 
 found necessary to dismantivj and abandon 
 that important fortress and carry the stores 
 to Berwick. 
 
 The king of Franco was at the same time 
 tempted by the deplorable domestic dis- 
 turbances in England to make an effort to 
 recover Boulogne, which wo had taken 
 during the reign of Henry VIIT. He took 
 several fortresses in tho neighbourhood, 
 but while preparing to attack Boulogne 
 Itself, a pestilential distemper broke out in 
 U\B camp. The autumnal rains falling with 
 
 great violence, Henry of France lost all 
 instant hope of taking Boulogne, and re- 
 turned to Paris, leaving Gaspar de Coligny, 
 so well known as the admiral Collgny, to 
 command the troops and to form the sleso 
 as early as possible in the following spring. 
 Collgny even went beyond these orders by 
 making some dashing attempts during the 
 winter, but they were all unsuccessful. Tho 
 protector in vain having attempted to pro- 
 cure tho alliance of the emperor, turned 
 Ilia thoughts to making peace with both 
 Franco and Scotland. The young queen 
 of Scotland, for whoso hand ho had chiefly 
 gone to war, could not now be married to 
 Edw.ard of England, however much oven 
 the Scots might desire it ; and as regards 
 the French quarrel, Henry VIII. having 
 agreed to give up Boulogne in 1554, it waa 
 little worth while to keep up an expensive 
 warfare for retaining the place for so tovt 
 years as had to elapse to that date. 
 
 But Somerset, though a man of unques- 
 tionable ability, seems to have been singu- 
 larly Ignorant or unobservant as to the real 
 light In which ho was regarded by the 
 council, and still more so of the real cha- 
 racter and views of Warwick. He gave his 
 reabons, as we have given them above ; and 
 sound rcasoiiD they were, and as humano 
 as sound ; but he did not sutnciently take 
 into calcnlation the pleasure which his 
 enemies derived from the embarrassment 
 caused to him, and the discontent likely to 
 arise in the public mind on account of tho 
 state of our affairs, at once inglorious and 
 expensive, in Prance and Scotland. 
 
 Besides having the personal enmity of 
 Warwick, Southampton, whom the pro- 
 tector had restored to Ills place in tho 
 council, and other councillors, Somerset 
 was detested by great part of the nobility 
 and gentry, who accused hlin, perhaps not 
 altogether unjustly, of purchasing popu- 
 larity at the expense of their safety, by 
 showing such an excessive and unfair pre- 
 ference of the poor as encouraged them in 
 riot and robbery. As an instance of this, 
 it was objected, that he had erected a court 
 of requests in his own house for the pro- 
 fessed relief of tlic poor, and even inter- 
 fered with the judges on their behalf. The 
 principles of constitutional liberty such as 
 wo now enjoy were at that time so little 
 understood, that It was not the mere inter- 
 ference with tho judges, which we should 
 now very justly consider so indecent and 
 detestable, that caused any disgust; but 
 Somerset had interfered against the very 
 persons, the nobles and gentry, upon whom 
 alone ho could rely for support, and ho was 
 now to endure the consequences of so im- 
 politic a course. His execution of his own 
 brother, however guilty that brother ; his 
 enormous acquisitions of chur'^li property; 
 and above all, the magnlflcenco of the 
 palace he was building in the Strand, for 
 which a parish church and the houses of 
 three bishops were pulled down, and the 
 materials of which ho chiefly got by pull- 
 ing down a chapel, with cloister and char- 
 nel-house, in St. Paul's church-yard, after 
 his labourers had been by force of arms 
 driven from on attempt to pull down St. 
 Y 
 
 .» 
 
 I ..■ -1 
 
 ii ' I: 
 
 ■ .' " ' i ^ 
 
 f ■-• 1 
 
 ,.-<,t»; 
 
J22 
 
 Cl^e €vs&i\xv^ of W^tovut ^t. 
 
 Margaret's, Westminster, for that purpose I 
 —these things, and the overweening prldo 
 which was generally^ attributed to him, 
 were ekUfulIy taken advantage of by his 
 enemies, and ho was everywhere described 
 as the main cause of all tho recent public 
 calamities at homo and abroad. "Warwick, 
 with Southampton, Arundel, and five of the 
 councillors, headed by lord St. John, presi- 
 dent of tho council, formed themselves Into 
 n sort of independent council. Taking ujjon 
 themselves the stylo and authority of the 
 whole council, they wrote letters to all the 
 chief nobility and gentry, asking for their 
 support and aid in remedying the public 
 evils, which they .affected to charge entirely 
 upon Somerset's maladministration. Hav- 
 ing determined on their own scheme of re- 
 medial measures, they sent for the mayor 
 and aldermen of London and the lieutenant 
 of the Tower, and informing them of tho 
 plans which they proposed to adopt, strictly 
 enjoined them to aid and obey them, in 
 despite of aughi. that Somerset might think 
 Bt to order to the contrary, Somerset was 
 now so unpopular, that obedience was 
 readily promised to this command, in tlie 
 face at once of the king's patent and of the 
 fact thiit tliese very councillors, who now 
 complained of tho protector's acts as Illegal, 
 had aided and encouraged him in whatever 
 had been illegally done — his original de- 
 parture from the will of the late king I No 
 farther argument can be requisite to show, 
 that personal and selfish feeling, and not 
 loyalty to the young king or tenderness to 
 bis suifering people, actuated these factious 
 councillors. But faction has an caglo eye 
 wherewith to gaze unbllukingly upon tho 
 proudest and most brilliant light of truth ; 
 and the self-appointed junto was on the 
 following day joined by tho lord chancellor 
 Rich, by the marquis of Northampton, the 
 earl of Shrewsbury, sir Thomas Cheney, 
 sir John Gage, sir llalph Sadler, and the 
 chief justice Montague. And when the 
 protector, seeing tlie Imminent peril in 
 which ho was placed, sent secretary Petrc 
 to treat with the councillors at Ely-house, 
 that craven personage, instead of perform- 
 ing his duty, took his seat and sided with 
 the junto. 
 
 Consulting with Cranmer and Paget, who 
 Were the only men of mark and power that 
 Btill stood by his fortunes, the protector 
 removed the young king to Windsor castle, 
 and gathered his friends and retainers in 
 arms around him. But the adhesion of the 
 lieutenant of tho Tower to the junto, and 
 the unanimity with which the common- 
 council of London joined the mayor in 
 promising support to tho new measures, 
 caused the speaker of the house of commons 
 and the two or three other councillors who 
 had hitherto remained neuter to join the 
 ascendant party of Warwick ; and Somerset 
 BO completely lost all hope and conddence, 
 that he now began to apply to his foes for 
 pardon. This manifestation of his despair, 
 which would have been inexcusable had it 
 not, unhappily, been unavoidable, was de- 
 cisive. Warwick and his friends addressed 
 the king, and with many protestations of 
 their exceeding loyalty and the mlschiev- 
 
 ousness of the protector's measures, solicit 
 ted that they might be admitted to bis ma« 
 jesi,:7's presence and confidence, and that 
 Somerset bo dismissed from his high office. 
 Tho fallen statesman was accordingly, with 
 several of his friends, including Cecil, the 
 afterwards renowned and admirable lord 
 Burleigh, sent to the Tower. But though th« 
 junto thus pronounced all that Somerset had 
 done to be Illegal, they appointed as coun- 
 cil of regency, not the persons named In 
 the late king's will, but, for the most part, 
 tho same men who had been appointed by 
 Somerset, and whose acts under his appoint- 
 ment, supposing it to be illpgal, ought 
 clearly to hav 9 disquallfled them now. Such 
 Is faction ! 
 
 Wlicn the government had thus been, 
 vlrtuiilly, vested In tho ambitious and un- 
 principled Warwick ; when ho had snatc'ied 
 the ofilce of earl marshal, lord St. John that 
 of treasurer, tho marquis of Northampton 
 that of great chamberlain, lord Wentworth 
 that of chamberlain of tho household, be- 
 sides the manors of Stepney and Hackney, 
 which were plundered from the bishopric 
 of London, and lord Russell the earldom of 
 Bedford, the hot patriotism of Warwick was 
 satisfied. The humbled Somerset having 
 thus made way for his enemies, and having 
 stooped to the degradation of making to 
 them apologies and submissions which his 
 admirers must ever lament, was restored 
 to liberty and forgiven a fine of 2,00OJ. a year 
 in land wlilch had been inflicted upon him. 
 As though even this humiliation were not 
 enough, Warwick not only re-admitted him 
 to the council, but gave his son, lord Dud- 
 ley, in marriage to Somerset's daughter, 
 the lady June Seymour. 
 
 A.D. 1550.— The new governors of Eng- 
 land, though they had insidiously refused 
 to aid Somerset in his wise and reasonable 
 proposals for making peace with Franco 
 and Scotland when he was desirous to do 
 so, now eagerly laid themselves out for tho 
 same end. Having, to colour over their 
 factious opposition to Somerset, made pro- 
 posals for tho warlike aid of the emperor, 
 which aid they well knew would be refused, 
 they agreed to restore Boulogne for four 
 thousand crowns, to restore Lauder and 
 Douglas to Scotland, and to demolish tho 
 fortresses of Roxburgh and Eymouth. This 
 done, they contracted the king to Elizabeth, 
 a daughter of tl.o king of France, the most 
 violent persecutor of the protestants ; but 
 though all the articles were settled, this 
 most shameful mai'riage treaty came to no- 
 thing. 
 
 We have seen that Warwick and his 
 friends had agreed to marry the protestant 
 Edward, their sovereign, to the daughter 
 of Henry of France. But even while they 
 were thus proclalmlugthelr friendship with 
 tho chief upholder of the right of Catho- 
 licism to persecute, they visited several of 
 the most eminent of their own catholics 
 with severe punishment, not for persecut- 
 ing protestants, but merely for a natural 
 unwillingness to bo more speedy thai, was 
 unavoidable In forwarding the protestant 
 measures, (jardiner, as the most eminent, 
 was the first to be attacked. For two long 
 
 c 
 
CfuflTantf.— ?^0uif at 5i:ttli0r.— ewaarlr WJi. 
 
 323 
 
 years ho was detained In prison, and then 
 Somerset condescended to join himself 
 with secretary Petre, by whom he had him- 
 self formerly been so shamefully deserted, 
 as a deputation to endeavour to persuade 
 or cajole the high-minded and learned, 
 however mistaken prelate, Into a compliant 
 mood. More than one attempt was made ; 
 but though Gardiner showed himself very 
 ready to comply to a certain and becoming 
 extent, ho would not confess that Ills con- 
 duct had been wrong ; a confession of which 
 he clearly saw that his onomies wouldmako 
 use to ruin him In character as well as for- 
 tune ; and acommlssion, consisting of Cran- 
 mer, the bishops of London, Ely, and Lin- 
 coln, secretary Tetre, and some lawyers, 
 ssntenccd him to be deprived of his bishop- 
 ric and committed to close custody ; and to 
 make this Iniquitous sentence the more 
 severe, he was deprived of all books and 
 papers, and was not only denied the com- 
 fort of the visits of two friends, but even of 
 their letters or messages. 
 
 A.D. 1551.— Several other prelates were 
 now marked out for persecution ; some be- 
 cause they were actually disobedient, others 
 because they were suspected to be not cor- 
 (1,1.' ' *heir obedience. Largo sums of 
 . u ' v.. re thus wrung from them ; and, 
 II' i''i ti: pretence of purging the libraries 
 c. VT It .insterand Oxford of superstitious 
 book.i, the dominant political party— for 
 religion really had nothing to do with th« 
 motives of Warwick and his lay friends- 
 destroyed inestimable literary treasures for 
 the mere sake of the comparatively small 
 sums to be obtained by the gold and silver 
 witli which, unfortunately, the books and 
 manuscripts were adorned. 
 
 Much as we shall have occasion to blame 
 the queen Mary for her merciless abuse of 
 power, It ia not easy to help admiring the 
 cold, stern, unblenching mien with which 
 the princess Mary at this time of peril de- 
 fled all attempts at making her bow to the 
 dominant party. Deprived of her chaplains, 
 and ordered to read protcstant books, she 
 calmly professed her re.idiness to endure 
 miirtyrdom rather than prove false to lier 
 faith ; and this conduct she steadfastly 
 maintained, although It wng only from fear 
 of the warlike Interference of tlie emperor 
 that her persecutors were withheld from 
 offering her personal violence. 
 
 Even In the midst of these giiasi religious 
 vexations, some very useful measures were 
 taken for promoting Industry, especially 
 by revoking sundry most impolitic patents, 
 by which the trade in cloth, wool, and many 
 other commodities had been almost entirely 
 thrown Into the hands of foreigners. The 
 merchants of tlio Hanse Towns loudly ex- 
 claimed against this 'new measure;' but 
 Warwick and his friends— this at least Is 
 to their credit— were firm, a!id a very sen- 
 Bible Improvement in the English spirit of 
 Industry was the Immediate consequence. 
 Is it to look too curiously into public cause 
 and effect to ask whether our present high 
 commercial fortune may not bo greatly 
 owing to this very measure, though nearly 
 throe centuries have since elapsed? 
 
 But Warwick could not long couflno his 
 
 turbulent and eager spirit to the noble and 
 peaceable triumphs of the patriot. Self was 
 his earthly deity. The title and the vast 
 estate of the earldom, of Northumberland 
 were at this tii.no In abeyance, owing to 
 the last earl dying' without issue, and his 
 brother, sir Thomas PercVi }iavlngbcen at- 
 tainted of treason. Of these vast estates, 
 together with the title of ihike of Northum- 
 berland, Warwick now possessed himself, 
 and ho procured for his friend lord St. John 
 the title of niarquis of Winchester, and 
 for sir William Herbert that of earl of 
 Pembroke. 
 
 Northumberland's complete triumph and 
 v.ast acquisitions could not but be very dis- 
 tasteful to Somerset, who not only cherish- 
 ed the most violent intentions towards him, 
 but was even stung into the Imprudonce of 
 avowing tliem in tiie presence of some of 
 his intimate attendants, among whom was 
 sir Thomas Palmer, who appeared to have 
 been placed In his service as a mere spy of 
 Northumberland's. Somerset, his duchess, 
 and several of their friends and attendants 
 were suddenly arrested ; and Somerset was 
 accused of high treason and felony; the 
 former crime as having prepared for Insur- 
 rection, the latter as Laving Intended to 
 assassluateNorthumbcrland, Northampton, 
 and Pembroke, 
 
 The marquis of Winchester, the friend, 
 almost the mere follower, of Northumber- 
 land, was appointed high steward, and pre- 
 sided at the trial of Somerset ; and of the 
 twenty-seven peers who made the jury, 
 three were Northumberland, Northampton, 
 and Pembroke, the very men whom he had 
 threaten^^d I He was acquitted of treason, 
 but found guilty of felony, to the great 
 grief of the people, among whom Somerset 
 was now popular. 
 
 A.D. 1552.— As It was not to be supposed 
 that a mild and toward young prince like 
 Edward Vl.would easily. If at all, be brought 
 to turn a deaf ear to his imcle's solicitation 
 for mei ■^y, great care was taken by Northum- 
 berlard to prevent all access to the king of 
 the friends of Somerset ; and that unhappy 
 nobleman, after all his services as regent, 
 and after his almost paternal goodness aa 
 guardian of the king's person, was executed 
 on Tower-hlll ; the grieved people dipping 
 their handkerchiefs in his blood as memen' 
 tos of his martyrdom. His friends sir 
 Thomas Arundel, Michael Stanhope, Miles 
 Partridge, and Italph Vane were also ex- 
 ecuted ; Paget, chancellor of the duchy of 
 Lancaster, was deprived of his office and of 
 the garter, and fined 6,000?. ; and lord Klch, 
 the chancellor, was also deprived of office 
 for the crime of being the friend of Somer- 
 set, whoso chief faults seem to have been 
 an overweening ambition, coexisting with 
 rather less than more than the average 
 sagacity and firmness of those who take 
 the lead in troublous and unsettled times. 
 
 A.D. 1553.— A new session of parliament 
 was held Immediately after the execution 
 of Somerset, In which several regulations 
 were made that were calculated to advance 
 the cause of the reformation. But the com- 
 mons having refused to pass a bill of de- 
 privation against the universally respected 
 
 
 ■ \a 
 
 U \: 
 
 all .r 
 
 
 
Tonstal, bishop of Durham, n iiewparlla- 
 inent wna summoned ; and to secure one 
 favourable to his views Nortliumberland 
 caused the Icing, certainly, and moat pro- 
 bably the majority of the councilloTs and 
 peers, to recommend particular gentlemen 
 to be sent up for particular counties. The 
 parliament, thus conveniently coniposcd, 
 reacilly confirmed the deprivation arbitra- 
 rll; . -onounced upon Tonstal, and two bi- 
 Bhi ;: cs wcrc Created out of that of Dur- 
 ha.>i-tho rich regalities of that see be- 
 ing conferred upon Northumberland him- 
 Betf. Utterly insatiable, Northumberland 
 now got the king to bestow the duke- 
 dom of Suffolk upon the marquis of Dor- 
 Bet ; and having persuaded the new duke 
 to give his daughter, the lady Jane Grey, 
 in marriage to Northumberland's fourth 
 Bon, the loru Guildford Dudley, next pro- 
 ceeded to persuade Kdward, who was in an 
 Infirm condition, to pass by his sisters Mary 
 and Elizabeth, both of whom had been pro- 
 nounced illegitimate, and the former of 
 whom as well as the ycung queen of Scots 
 was a papist, and to settle the crown on the 
 marchioness of Dorset (duchess of >Suffolk'), 
 whose heiress was the lady Jane Grey. By 
 i variety of arguments, some of which were 
 both specious and solid, but all of which, 
 as proceeding from so ambitious a man, 
 ought to have been looked upon with sus- 
 picion, Northumberland prevailed upon the 
 young king. It was in vain that the judges 
 and the most eminent law offlcers protested 
 against being compelled to draw out a pa- 
 tent ; it was in vain they urged that they 
 would subject themselves to the pains and 
 penalties of treason should they do so; 
 Northumberland gave Montague, chief jus- 
 tice of common pleas, the lie ; swore he 
 would fight any man in his shirt who should 
 deny the justice of lady Jane's succession ; 
 and was so successful that the crown was 
 accordingly settled upon lady Jane; her 
 mother, the duchess of SuHolk, very will- 
 ingly allowing herself to be passed by. 
 
 This patent was by many looked upon as 
 the death-warrant of Edward VI. signed by 
 himself. His health daily grew worse, and 
 his physicians being dismissed in favour of 
 some ignorant woman, her quack medicines 
 brought on symptoms which left no hope 
 of his recovery, and pointed strongly to 
 poison ; and he died in the sixteenth year 
 of his ago and the seventh of his reign. 
 
 The whole life and reign of this prince 
 was spent literally in statu, pupillari ; but 
 BO far as be could in such a state mani- 
 fest his disposition, lie seems fully to have 
 deserved the affection with which even to 
 this day he is spoken of. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 The Beign of Mauy, 
 
 A.D. 1553.— Tub artful precautions taken 
 by Northumberland to secure the throne 
 to his young and accomplished daughter- 
 in-law, by no means rendered the success 
 of the project— for which he bad certainly 
 toiled and dared much, and for which, we 
 fear, he had sinned no little— so secure as 
 at first BlgUt it might seem. In the first 
 
 place, young Edward's reign had been so 
 short and so completely a reign of tutelage, 
 that his will had none of that force with the 
 multitude which was possessed by the will 
 of his bluff and iron-handed father. Henry 
 Vlir. had, it Is true, bastardised both bis 
 daughter?, but he had subsequently restored 
 them to the euccession : and the people 
 were too much accustomed to regarding 
 Mary as the rightful successor to Edward 
 In the event of t;^ dying without issue to 
 allow of the almost dying act of the young 
 king speedily changing their opinion and 
 tilrecting their loyalty to the lady Jane. 
 Again, the catholics, far more nuraeroua 
 secretly than might be imagined, were to a 
 man partisans of Mary ; and if the pro- 
 tcstants had some misgivings, founded on 
 her own bigotry in favour of her own 
 faith, they yet feared even the bigot far less 
 than the lady Jane, who, as they well knew, 
 could be and would bo a mere puppet in 
 the hands of Northumberland, who by this 
 tfr.iol.a,! contrived to render himself at onco 
 the most po-vcrfui, the most dreaded, and 
 the most detested man in the whole nation. 
 And it is worthy of observation also, that 
 so nearly balanced were the partisans of 
 the respective religions, that each stood in 
 dread of the other. 
 
 But Northumberland was far too wily a 
 personage to be ignorant of the weight 
 which, with the majority of the people, 
 detestation of himself and respect for the 
 memory of Henry VIIT. would have in de- 
 ciding between the princess Mary and the 
 lady Jane. When, therefore, he perceived 
 that tiie speedy death of Edward was in- 
 evitable, Northumberland caused the prin- 
 cesses Mnr}' and Elizabeth to bo sent fur, as 
 though the young king had been desirous 
 of seeing them. Mary had reached Hod- 
 dcsdon in Hertfordshire, only about seven- 
 teen miles from London, when the king 
 died. NorthuraberLand, anxious to get her 
 into his power, gave orders that tlio 
 melancholy event should be kept a secret, 
 but the earl of Arundel sent her warning of 
 Northumberland's deceit and probable de- 
 signs, and she hastily retreated to the re- 
 tired flshing-town of PraniUngliam, in Suf- 
 folk, whence she sent letters to the coun- 
 cil and to the principal nobility, informing 
 them of her knowledge of lier brother's 
 death, promising indemnity to all who had 
 thus far aided In concealing it, but calling 
 upon them forthwith to proclaim her aa 
 queen. While thus active in asserting her 
 right, she carefully provided, also, for her 
 night into Flanders, in the event of her 
 eliorts proving unsuccessful. 
 
 When Northumberland found that Ed- 
 ward's death was known to tho rlghtfu^ 
 queen, he at once threw off all disguise. 
 Lord and the lady Jane Dudley were at this 
 time residing at Slon House ; and Nor- 
 thuml 'jrland, with Jane's father, the earl 
 of PoTi broke, and other noblemen, ap- 
 proacheu her with all the form and re- 
 spei,i flue i; om subjects to their sovereign. 
 Young, uliA gifted with singular talents 
 for literature, Jane viewed the throne in 
 its true light as a dangerous and an uneasy 
 cminoaco. Even now when bcr father, bor 
 
had 
 illlng 
 sr as 
 her 
 her 
 her 
 
 Eil- 
 htfu. 
 uiso. 
 this 
 Nor- 
 earl 
 ap- 
 ro- 
 elgn. 
 .Icuts 
 le in 
 leaey 
 ,bor 
 
 • ^ 
 
 (SFitttTanlf.— |^au)<e at Ctitror.— iflUnvti. 
 
 32« 
 
 still inoro powerful and dreaded fathcr-In- 
 law, and tlie very chiefest men of the 
 kingdom, with all the eniblcms of state, 
 pressed het to a.'isume tlio autliority nf 
 queon, she recoiled from it as fi-uni an evil 
 of the flrst maccnitude. liur hiisuand, 
 though, like herself, but little more than 
 sixteen years of age, liad been but too 
 skilfully tutored by his wily father; and lie 
 (icctiudcd that ambitious man's entreaties 
 ((> well that^ overcome though not con- 
 vinced, the unfortunate Jane consented. 
 8he was immed lately escorted to the To wcr, 
 the usual residence of the English sove- 
 reigns ou their flrst accession ; and Nor- 
 thumberland took care that she should Ito 
 accompanied thither, no^ only by his known 
 and fast friends, but also by the whole of 
 the councillors, whom ho thus, In effect, 
 made prisoners and hostages for the adhe- 
 sion of their absent friends. Orders were 
 now issued to proclaim queen Jane through- 
 out the kingdom, but it was only in Lon- 
 don, where Northumberland's authority 
 was as yet too linn to be openly resisted, 
 that the orders were obeyed. And even In 
 London the majority listened to the pro- 
 clamation in a sullen and ominous silence. 
 Some openly scoffed at Jane's pretensions, 
 and one unfortunate boy, who was a vint- 
 ner's servant, was severely punished, for 
 even this verbal, and perhaps unreasoning, 
 opposition to the will of the haughty Nor- 
 thumberland. 
 
 While the i)eoplc of London were thus 
 cool towards their nominal queen, and even 
 the Protestants listened without conviction 
 to the preaching of Ridley and other emi- 
 nent protescant churchmen in her favour, 
 Mary in lier retreat in Suffolk was actively 
 and ably excrling herself for the protection 
 of her birthright. She was surrounded by 
 ftiilnent and innuentlal men with their le- 
 vies of tenants or hireO adherents ; and as 
 she strongly and repeatedly professed her 
 determination not to infringe the laws of 
 her brother witli respect to religion, even 
 the Protestants throughout Suffolk, equally 
 with the catholics, were enthusiastic in her 
 cause. Nor was the feeling in favour of 
 Mary exhibited merely in lier own neigh- 
 bourhood, or among those who might be 
 called lier personal friends. Northumber- 
 land commissioned sir Edward Hastings, 
 brother of the earl of Huntingdon, to levy 
 men in Buckinghamshire on behalf ef 
 Jane. Sir William executed tlie commis- 
 sion with great readiness and success as far 
 as related to levying the men, but he no 
 sooner found himself at the head of a force 
 of nearly four thousand strong than lie 
 marched it to the aid of Mary. With the 
 marine the duke was not more fortunate 
 than with the land forces ; a fleet was sent 
 hy him to cruise off the Suffolk coast, to 
 cut Mary off from her retreat to Flanders, 
 should she attempt it, and was driven by 
 stress of weather into Yarmouth, where it 
 Immediately declared In favour of Mary. 
 
 Perplexed and alarmed, Northuniberland 
 yet determined not to give up the grand 
 prize without a stout effort for its preser- 
 vation. He determined to remain with 
 June at tlio Tower, and to commit the com- 
 
 mand of the troops he had levied to her 
 fatlier. But the imprisoned councillors, 
 clearly understindlng both their own posi- 
 tion and his, astutely persuaded him that 
 ho alone was flu to head the forces upon 
 which so much depended, and they, at tho 
 same time, successfully worked upon the 
 fears of Jane on behalf of her father. The 
 councillors were tho more successful in 
 persuading Northumberland to the almost 
 suicidal act of taking the command of the 
 troops because, while he naturally felt great 
 confidence in his own well-tried valour and 
 ability, he was well aware of the inferiority 
 of Suffolk in the latter respect at least. 
 
 Northumberland, accordingly, set out to 
 combat the forces of the enemy, and was 
 taken leave of by the councillors with every 
 expression of attachment and of confidence 
 of his success; and Ar"ndel, his bitterest 
 enemy, was by no mea is the least profuse 
 of these expressions. Scarcely, however, 
 hr.d Northumberland marched out of Lon- 
 don ere he perceived a boding and chilling 
 sullcnncss among all ranks of men ; and ho 
 remarked to lord Grey, who accompanied 
 him, ' Many come out to look at our array, 
 indeed, but I And not one who cries " GoU 
 speed your enterprise." ' 
 
 Arrived at Bury St. Edmund's, the duko 
 found that his army did not greatly exceed 
 six th;^usand men, while the lowest reitorts 
 of the opposite force gave double that 
 number. Aware of tlie immense import- 
 ance of the event of tho flrst encounter, 
 Northumberland resoh'ed to delay his pro- 
 posed attack, and sent an express to the 
 councillors to send him a large and instant 
 reinforcement. But the councillors had no 
 sooner received tho duke's express than they 
 left tlic Tower, ou the pretext of obeying 
 his order ; and assembled at Baynard's cas- 
 tle, the house of Pcubroke, to deliberate, 
 not upon the means of aiding Northumber- 
 land, but upon the best means of throwing 
 off his yoke, and of dethroning tho puppet 
 queen he had set over them. Arundel, 
 whom Northumberland liad w^ta a most 
 unaccountalile weakness left behind, expa- 
 tiated warmly and eloquently upon all Nor- 
 thumberland's vices and evil deeds, and 
 exhorted the others, as the only just or 
 even prudent course, to join him in at once 
 throwing their weight into the scale of 
 Mary, and thus <.'n.suring not merely her 
 pardon for their p:ist involuntary offences, 
 but also her favour for their present and 
 prtimpt loyalty, rcnibrcko warmly ap- 
 plauded the advice of Arundel, and, laying 
 ills liand upon his sword, he expressed his 
 readiness to flglit on the Instant any man 
 who should pretend to oppose it. The 
 mayor and aldermen of London being sent 
 for to attend this conference, showed the 
 utmost alacrity to proclaim Mary, and the 
 proclamation was accordingly made amidst 
 the most rapturous applauses of the popu- 
 lace. Tlic reign of Jane, if a lonely and 
 anxious conflneincnt In tho Tower for ten 
 da^ could be called a reign, was now at an 
 end ; and she retired to her private re- 
 sidence and private station with a rcadt 
 ness as great as tiic reluctance sliO liad 
 showu to quit thciD. 
 
 ( 'f 
 
 '* :i 
 
 ■■j^ar;^ 
 
320 
 
 tia^t Crcaiiurji of Wito'Vt &"f. 
 
 The couiirlllors liavlnf? tlms coinplctoly 
 beaten Nortliumberlnnd In his chief or only 
 stronghold, sent nicsaengcrs to demnnd 
 that ho should lay down hia arms, disband 
 his troops, and submit himself to the merr • 
 of his rightful sovereign queen Mary. Tho 
 raessago was needless; Northumberland, 
 receiving no reinforcement from London, 
 saw the utter Impossibility of resisting tho 
 hourly increasing force of Mary, and find- 
 ing hlir ft" fast deserted by hla handful 
 of ford' 8, had already himself pro- 
 claimed ■ n Mary with as much apparent 
 heartln. > d zeal as though ho had not 
 aimed a; '. - crown— and probably her life. 
 Mary, on receiving tho submission and 
 hypocritical adhesion of Northumberland, 
 set out for London. Her progress was one 
 loud and unbroken triumph. Everywhere 
 she was met by multitudes of tho people 
 invoking blessings upon her; her sister, 
 the lady Elizabeth, met her at tho head of 
 a thousand well-appointed horse, and when 
 she reached the Tower, she found that even 
 Suffolk had thrown open Its gates and de- 
 clared liimself In her favour. All circum- 
 stances considered, there Is scarcely an In- 
 stance In history to equal this in the faci- 
 lity with which a rightful princess of no 
 amir.ble character, and opposed to a largo 
 portion of her subjects In religion, van- 
 quished tho opposition of so wily, so dar- 
 ing, and BO accomplished a schemer as 
 Northumberland. 
 
 Mercy was assuredly not t'l'.o character- 
 istic of Mary, but tho utmost infatunt !on of 
 mercy could not have allowed offences so 
 gross as those of Northumberland to pass un- 
 punished. Mary gave orders for his arrest, 
 and, whether from being utterly broken- 
 spirited by his ill success, or from sheer 
 wiliness and a lingering hope of saving at 
 least his life, ho fell on his knees to his 
 bitter enemy Arundel, who arrested him, 
 ond Implored mercy. His sons, tho earl of 
 Warwick and the lords Ambrose and Henry 
 T>idley, and his brother sir Andrew Dudley, 
 were at the same tlmo committed to cus- 
 tody; as were the marquis of Northamp- 
 ton, the carl of Huntingdon, sir Thomas 
 Palmer, and sir John Gates. On farther 
 enquiry and consideration, the queen's ad- 
 visers found it necessary to conflno the 
 duke of Suffolk, lord Guildford Dudley, and 
 his innocent and unfortunate wife, the lady 
 Jane. At this early period of her reign 
 policy overcame Mary's natural nropenslty 
 to cruelty and sternness. The councillors, 
 pleading their constraint by Northumber- 
 land, were speedily liberated, and even Suf- 
 folk himself was not excluded from this act 
 of mingled justice and mercy. Northum- 
 berland, sir Thomas Palmer, and sir John 
 Gates were brought to trial. The duke's 
 offence was too clear and flagrant to admit 
 of any elaborate defence ; but he asked the 
 peers whether they could possibly pro- 
 nounce a man guilty of treason who had 
 obeyed orders under tho great seal, and 
 whether persons ■who had been involved 
 In his alleged guilt lould be allowed to sit 
 in judgement upon him? The answer to 
 each question was obvious. In reply to the 
 first, be was told that the great seal of an 
 
 usurper could have no (itiihorlty ; to tho 
 second, that persons not having any sen- 
 tence of attaint against them' -i clearly 
 qualified to sit on any jury. Northumber- 
 laJid then pleaded guilt/, and ho, with sir 
 Thomas Palmer and sir John Gates, was 
 executed. At the scaffold Northumberland 
 professed to dio in the cathollo faith, and 
 assured tho bystanders that they would 
 never prosper until tho catholic religion 
 should be restored to all its authority among 
 them. Considering tho whole character of 
 Northumberland and the Indifference he 
 had always shown to disputes of faith. It Is 
 but too probable that even in these his 
 dying words ho was insincere, ncd used 
 them to engage the mercy of tho queen, 
 whoso bigotry they might flatter, towards 
 his unfortunate family. Upon the people 
 his advice wrought no effect. Many looked 
 upon the preparations for his death merely 
 with a cold unpltying sternness, etlU more 
 shouted to him to remember Somerset, and 
 some cvl > held up to him handkerchiefs 
 Incrusted with the blood of that nobleman, 
 and exulted, rather like fiends than men, 
 that his hour of a like bloody doom was at 
 length arrived. 
 
 Lord Guildford Dudley and the lady Jane 
 were also condemned to death, but their 
 youth, and perhaps, Mary's feeling of the 
 Impolicy of extreme severity to criminals 
 who had so evidently offended under the 
 constraint and tutelage of Northumberland, 
 saved them for the presoit — alas I only for 
 the present. 
 
 Tho reign of Mary contains so llttlo upon 
 which the historian can bestow even nega- 
 tive praise, that it Is pleasing to be able to 
 remark that the very earliest portion of her 
 reign. If stained with the bloodshed of n 
 necessary justice, was also marked by aomo 
 acts of ]ustlco and gratitude. When she 
 arrived at tho Tower of London and made 
 her triumphant entry into that fortress, tho 
 duke of Norfolk, who had been in prison 
 from the close of tho ri^-lgn of Henry VIII., 
 Courtney, son of tbd marquis of Exeter, 
 who ever since hip father's attaiufler had 
 been In the same confinement, though when 
 he entered it ho was a mere child and thero 
 was no shadow of a cl large against him, witlt 
 bishops Gardiner, Bonner, and Tonstal, 
 were allowed to h\ect her on the Tower 
 green, where they felt upon their knees be- 
 fore her, and implored her grace and pro- 
 tection. They were restored to liberty im- 
 mediately ; Norfolk's attainder was removed 
 us having been ab origine null and Invalid, 
 and Courtney was made earl of Devonshire. 
 Gardiner, Bonner, and Tonstal were reap- 
 pointed to their sees by a commission which 
 was appointed to review their trial and con- 
 demnation ; and Day, Heath, and Vesy re- 
 covered their sees by tho same means. 
 
 The queen's zeal for tho catholic religion 
 now began to show itself. Holgate, arch- 
 bishop of York, Coverdale, to whom tho 
 reformation owed so much, nidi.'y. Hooper, 
 and Latimer, were speedily thrown Into 
 prison ; and the bishops and priests wero 
 exhorted and encouraged to revive tho 
 mass, though the laws against it were still 
 in unrepealed force. Judge Hales, who had 
 
 ■g' .!_!i." 
 
•MMM UMtl I lPi|# 
 
 t 
 
 (flJujBTnittr.— ^ouiSe a( €utiav.—Mnr\i. 
 
 327 
 
 ^^|) Will iiiiU zealously defended tlie rlglit of 
 tlio prlnccBB Mnry when lier brother desired 
 Jilm to draw tlio imtcnt which was to ex- 
 clude her from the throne, opposed the lllo- 
 Biil practices which queen Mary now sanc- 
 tioned. All his former merits were forgotten 
 lu this new proof uf his genuine and uncom- 
 promising lionosty ; he was tlirown Into pri- 
 son, and there treated with such mercllesa 
 cruelty and Insult, that ho lost his acnsca 
 and committed suicide. 
 
 It will ho remembered that the zeal of 
 the men of Bulf oik, during Mary's retreat at 
 Framlingham, was stimulated by her point- 
 ed and repeated assurances that she would 
 in no wise alter tlic laws of her brother Kd- 
 ward as to religion. These slmi)Ie and lio- 
 nest men, seeing the gross partiality and 
 tyranny by which the queen now sought to 
 depress tlie protestants, ventured to re- 
 mind her of her former promises. Their 
 remonstrance was received as tiiough it 
 liad been some monstrous and seditious 
 matter, and one of them continuing his ad- 
 dress with a somewliat uncourtly pertina- 
 city was placed in tlie pillory for his pains. 
 
 Oranmcr, archbisliop of Canterbury, was 
 by tlio change of sovereigns placed in a 
 most perilous position. It is true that du- 
 ring the life of Henry VIII. Cranmer had 
 often and zealously inverted liimself to pre- 
 vent that monarch's rage from being felt by 
 tlio princess Mary. But Mary's gratitude 
 as a woman was but little sccui-ity against 
 her bigotry as a religionist ; and any ser- 
 vices that Cranmer had rendered her were 
 likely enough to be forgotten, In considera- 
 tion of the discouragements he had dealt to 
 lier religion In his character of champion 
 as well as child of the reformation. No- 
 tlilng, probably, could have saved Cranmer 
 but utter silence and resignation of his see, 
 or imniediato emigration. But Cranmer 
 was too hearty and sincere in his love of the 
 reformed religion, and, perhaps, was also 
 too confident of his success, even now that 
 Itome was backed by the power and zeal of 
 live queen, to be In any wise minded for 
 craven silence or retreat. H'.a enemies per- 
 ceiving that as yet he had met wlih no sig- 
 nal affront or injury from the queen, spread 
 a report that he owed his safety and proba- 
 ble favour to his having promised to say 
 mass before Mary. Situated as Cranmer 
 was, it would have been his wisest plan to 
 have listened to this insulting report with 
 contemptuous silence, and to have relied 
 upon his well-earned character to refute 
 the calumny to all whose judgement was of 
 any real consequence. But the archbishop 
 thought otherwise, and he hastened to pub- 
 lish a manifesto lu which he gave the most 
 iinqualifled contradiction to the report. 
 Nay, he did uot stop even here ; not content 
 with vindicating himself, he entered more 
 gcner,illy into the matter, and thus pave 
 his enemies that very handle against him 
 wlilch they so eagerly wished for. He said, 
 *fter contradicting the charge, that 'as 
 the devil was a liar from the beginning, and 
 the father of lies, he bad at this time stir- 
 red up his servants to persecute Christ and 
 Ills true religion; that this Infernal spirit 
 was now cndeavoui'lng to restore the Latin 
 
 satisfactory mnsses, a thing of lils own in- 
 vention and device ; and in order to effect 
 his purpose, had falsely made use of his, 
 Cranmer's name and authority ;' and Cran- 
 mer added, that ' the mass is not only 
 without foundation in either the scriptures 
 or the practice of tho primitive church, 
 but likewise discovers a plain contradiction 
 to antiquity and the in8i)Ired writings, and 
 Is, besides, replete with many horrid blas- 
 p'.icmtes.' 
 
 However much we may admire the general 
 character of Cranmer— though It was by no 
 meaus without Its blcmislies— it is impossi- 
 ble for the most zealous and sincere protes- 
 tants to deny, that under the circumstances 
 of the nation many of the passages we havo 
 quoted were grossly offensive ; and equally 
 impossible is it to deny that under OranniT's 
 now personal circumstances they were as 
 grossly and gratuitously Impolitic. His 
 enemies eagerly availed themselves of his 
 want of temper or of policy, and used this 
 really coarse and Inflammatory paper as a 
 means by which to induce the queen to 
 throw him Into prison for the share he h.ad 
 had in the usurpation of the lady Jane, 
 about which he otherwise would probably 
 havo remained uiiqiiestioncd. Merely as tho 
 protestant archbishop, Cranmer had more 
 than enough of enemies in tho house of 
 peers to ensure his being found guilty, and 
 ho was sentenced to death on tlio charge of 
 high treason. He was not, however, as 
 might have been expected. Immediately and 
 upon this sentence put to death, but com- 
 mitted back to close custody, where he was 
 kept, as will soon bo seen, for a still more 
 cru«l doom. 
 
 Every day made it more and more evi- 
 dent that the protestants had nothing to 
 expect but tho utmost severity of persecu- 
 tion, and many ever of tho most eminent 
 of their preachers oegan to look abroad 
 and to exile for safety. Peter JIartyr, 
 who In tho late prosperity of the reformers 
 had been formally and with mucb pressing 
 invited to England, now applied to tho 
 council for permission to return to his own 
 country. At flr.st tho council seemed much 
 inclined to refuse compliance with this 
 reasonable request. :..ut Gardiner, with a 
 spirit which makes us tho more regret that 
 bigotry ever induced him to act less gene- 
 rously, represented that as Peter had been 
 invited to England by the government, his 
 departure could not bo opposed without 
 tho utmost national disgrace. Nor did 
 Gardiner's generosity end here ; having 
 obtained Peter'o permission to leave the 
 realm, he supplied liim with money to 
 travel with. The bones of Peter Martyr's 
 wife were shortly afterwards torn from tho 
 grave at Oxford, and burled In a dunghill ; 
 and the university of Cambridge about the 
 same time disgraced itself by exhuming 
 the bones of Buccr and Pagius, two eminent 
 foreign reformers who had been buried 
 there in the late reign. John h Lasco and 
 his congregation were now ordered to de- 
 part the kingdom, and most of the foreign 
 protestants took so significant a hint and 
 followed them ; by which tho country was 
 deprived of Its most skilful and induBtrioas 
 
 
 .ik*«iaf-'---^ 
 
^1 
 
 328 
 
 Cbe €veainvii at ^iitatti, ^r. 
 
 Krtlsana just as thoy were giving a useful 
 and extouBlvo impulse to Its manufarturcn. 
 The temper jnanlfcstcd by the court niul 
 the sudden departure of the foreign pro- 
 testauts, greatly alarmed the protcstnnts 
 In general ; and many of the Knglltth of tlint 
 communion followed the example set tlioni 
 by their foreign biethnn, and lied from a 
 Ipnd which everything seemed to threaten 
 with the most terrible andspemly troubles. 
 
 The meeting of parliament by no means 
 Improved the prospects of the protestants. 
 It has already been remarke 1 that, however 
 completely the reformatio)) might hrvvo 
 seemed to bo triumphant, there was soiue- 
 thlng like a moiety, at least, of the nation 
 that was still In heart attached to the old 
 faith. To these the court could add as 
 practical friends that large body which In 
 all times and In nil countries Is ready to 
 side with the dominant party; there was 
 consequently no dlfllculty experienced In 
 getting such men returned to parllru ^ent 
 as would be pliant tools In the hands of 
 Mary and her ministers. To the dismay of 
 the protestants, though It would bo to Im- 
 peach their sagacity should we say that It 
 was to their surprise also, parliament was 
 opened not by prayer after tlio reformed 
 ordinance, but by the celebration of mass 
 in the Latin tongue. Taylor, bishop of Lin- 
 coln, more sincere, or at all events more 
 courageous than some of his brethren, ho- 
 nestly refused to kneel at this mass, and 
 was In consequence very rudely assailed by 
 some of the catholic zealots, and at length 
 actually thrust from the house. 
 
 After following the good example of the 
 parliament of the last reign in passing an 
 act by which all law of treason was limited 
 to the statute of Edward III. and all law of 
 felony to the law as It stood before 1 Henry 
 VIII., the parliament pronounced the queen 
 legitimate, annulled the divorce pronoun- 
 ced by Cranmer between Catharine of Ar- 
 ragon and Henry VIII., and severely cen- 
 sured Cranmer on account of that divorce. 
 It Is a little singular that even the acute 
 Hume has not noticed the Inconsistency 
 with which Mary by the vote of her parlia- 
 ment, which in reality was her Vote as the 
 members were her mere creatures, denied 
 the infallibility and upset tho decision of 
 that holy see, the Infallibility of which she 
 prescribed to her subjects on pain of the 
 stake and the tar barrel I 
 
 Continuing in the same hopeful course, 
 tho parliament now at one fell swoop, and 
 by a single vote, repealed all those statutes 
 of king Edward with respect to religion, 
 which Manj had again and again, and some- 
 times even voluntarily, eaid that nothing 
 shoHld induce her to disturb I 
 
 Mary, who even In her llrst youth had no 
 feminine beauty to boast, was considerably 
 above thirty years of age, indeed fast ap- 
 proaching to forty, when she ascended the 
 throne ; ind when her parliament showed 
 its anxiety as to her marriage she her- 
 self appeared to be fully as anxious. 
 Courtney, son of the marquis of Exeter, 
 whom she liberated from the Tower at 
 her accession and created earl of Devon, 
 waa at that time a very young mar, and 
 
 possessed not only great perfection of 
 manly beauty, but also, despite his long 
 and dreary imprisonment, all those gracea 
 and accompllHhmenta which are so rarely 
 to bo acquired elsewhere than at court. 
 Tho queen was so favourably impressed by 
 his manners and appearance, that she form- 
 ed tho Idea of raising him to the dignity 
 of her husband ; and as hor situation would 
 have rendered any advances on his part 
 presumptuous, she not only showed him 
 all possible personal distinction, but oven 
 caused official hints to be given to him of 
 tho favour with which he might hope for 
 his highe t asplratic- .J being received. Hut 
 Courtney was young and romantic, and Mary 
 was not only disagreeable In face and llguro, 
 and repulsive in manner, but was also very 
 nearly old enough to ho his mother, and h9 
 showed not the slightest Intention of pro- 
 fiting by the amorous condescension of hia 
 sovereign. Enraged that he should neglect 
 her, sho was still more enraged when she 
 discovered tliat ho was a close attendant 
 upon her sister Elizabeth, then In her llrst 
 Hush of youth. The parliament, by an- 
 nulling the divorce of Mary's mother, had 
 virtually pronounced Elizabeth'a illegiti- 
 macy ; and as Marj' on discovering Court- 
 ney's partiality to that princess exhibited 
 extreme annoyance and laid her under great 
 restriction, Ellz..' cth's friends began to bo 
 seriously alarmed for even her personal 
 safety, especially as her : ttachment to tho 
 reformed religion could not fail to increase 
 the hatred called down upon her by tho 
 attachment of Courtney to herself. 
 
 Despairing of making any impression 
 upon tho youthful fancy of the carl of 
 Devon. Mary now bestowed a passing 
 glance at the graver and more elderly at- 
 tractioi s of the cardinal Pole. It Is truo 
 he was i. cardinal, but be had never taken 
 priest's orders. Ho was a man of high 
 character for wisdom and humanity, and 
 yet had suffered much for his attachment 
 to tho catholic church, of which on the 
 death of Pope Paul III., he had nearly ob- 
 tained the highest honour ; and his mother, 
 that old countess of Salisbury who was su 
 brutally beheaded by order of Henry VIII., 
 had been a most kind and beloved gover- 
 ness to Mary In her girlhood. But tho car- 
 dinal was somewhat too far advanced in 
 life to please Mary, and It was, more- 
 over, hinted to her by her friends, that ho 
 was now too long habituated to a quiet 
 and studious life to bo able to reconcile 
 himself to tho glitter and bustle of the 
 court. But though she rejected Pole as a 
 husband, she resolved to have tho bencdt 
 of his abilities as a minister, and she ac- 
 cordingly sent assurances to Pope Julius 
 HI. of her anxious desire to reconcile her 
 kingdom to tho holy see, and requested 
 that cardinal Polo might bo appointed le- 
 gate to arrange that important business. 
 
 Charles V., the emperor, who but a few 
 years before was master of all Germany, 
 had recently met with severe reverses both 
 in Germany and France, in which latter 
 country he was so obstinately resisted by 
 the duke of Guise, that he was at length 
 obliged to retire with the remnant of hla 
 
 / 
 
 •«7> 
 
^tutfttriJU^V 
 
 /■ 
 
 dispirited army Intn tlio Low Countries. 
 Par Bcelni? and ninbltlouB, OharlcH no 
 sooner heard of tlio accession of Mury to 
 the throne of Knglaud, than he funned the 
 design of making the gain of tliat kingdom 
 compensato for the lossos ho liad siiHtalned 
 In Germany. His son I'liillp was a widower, 
 and though lio was only twenty-seven years 
 of age, and eleven years Mary's junior, the 
 emperor determined to demand her hand 
 for his son, and sent over an agent for tlint 
 purpose. If Mary liod looked with favoui- 
 npon Courtney's person, and had fult ii 
 passing attachment excited by tho mental 
 endowments of cardinal Pole, I'hillp had 
 the double reconimendatlo:i of being a 
 zealous catholic, and of her m athcr's family. 
 Thus actuated by bigotry tind by family 
 feeling, and being, moreovei , by no means 
 dlHlnolined to matrimony, Mury gladly en- 
 tertained the proposal, and was seconded 
 by tho advice not only of Norfolk, Arundel, 
 and I'aget, but also of Gardiner, whose 
 years, wisdom, and the persecutions ho had 
 endured for Catholicism had giver him tlio 
 greatest possible authority in her opinion. 
 Gardiner, at tho same time, strongly and 
 wisely dissuaded the queen from further 
 proceeding In her enterprise of making 
 Innovations In religion. Ho well observed 
 that an alliance with Spain was already 
 more than sulTlclently unpopular; that the 
 parliament, amidst all its complaisance 
 and evident desire to make all reasonable 
 concessions to tho personal wishes and 
 feelings of tho sovereign, nevertheless had 
 ' lately shown strong unwillingness to make 
 
 4, any farther concession to Home. IIo ar- 
 
 gued, too, that whereas any precipitate 
 measures In religion Just at this time would 
 greatly, perhaps oven fatally. Increase the 
 popular prejudice against tlio Spanish al- 
 liance, that alliance when once brought 
 about would, contrariwise, enable the 
 queen, unresisted, to work her own will in 
 tho other ond far more Important measure. 
 To tho emperor Gardiner transmitted the 
 samo reasonings, with the additional hint 
 that it was necessary that, ostensibly or tem- 
 porarily at least, the terms and conditions 
 of tl'o marriage should be such as to secure 
 the favour of tho English populace, by ap- 
 pearing- to bo oven more than fairly favour- 
 able to English interests. The emperor, who 
 had a vory high opinion of Gardiner's sa- 
 gacity and judgement, not only assented to 
 all that he ndvi-id, but even enforced his 
 advice as to religious moderation, at least 
 for that time, in his own private letters to 
 Mary. He even went still farther ; for being 
 ^* Informed that Pole, the sincerity and fer- 
 
 ' - * vour of whose religious zeal not unfre- 
 
 quently triumphed over his great natural 
 humanity, had sent Mary advice to proceed 
 with rigour against open heresy, the em- 
 peror detained Pole at the town of Dlillng- 
 licn, on the Danube, as he was on his way 
 to England, lest his presence should pre- 
 vent Mary from following hla more paciflc 
 and politic counsels. 
 
 The parliament having openly expressed 
 a dislike of Mary's proposed marriage with 
 a son of Spain, was dismissed, and Mary's 
 ministers bad orders to press the match ou 
 
 to a conclusion. The convocation, which 
 had been summoned at the same time as 
 tlie i)arllament, was not contented witli 
 a general profession and exhibition of it« 
 attachment to the new order of things that 
 Mary had so rapidly introduced, but tho 
 catholic part of it boldly volunteered to 
 put tho capital article between them and 
 tho catholics, transubstantlatlon. Into dis- 
 pute. The protest.ants argued, but could 
 rarely 1)0 heard through the clamour raised 
 by their adversaries, who finally, being tho 
 majority, c(mil)laccntly voted that they had 
 clearly and decidedly triumphed. This 
 triumph — at least of voices and numbers. 
 If not of fair argument — so elated tho Ko- 
 manists, that they soon after renewed tho 
 dispute at Oxford, and as if to show hnv 
 secure they held themselves to bo of the 
 victory, tliey caused Crnnmer, Latimer, and 
 llidley to bo convoyed thither under n guard 
 to take their parts in the debate, which 
 ended, as may be anticipated, in tho com- 
 plete verbal triumph of the catholics. 
 
 A.D. 1554. — The coraplnisanco of the par- 
 liament, and the formal debates on religion 
 that had been initiated by llomanlst mem- 
 bers of convocation, were merely prciusivo 
 to still farther and more sweeping altera- 
 tions in religion, wliicli were made in dell- 
 anco of all that the emperor and tho astuto 
 Gardiner could urge to the contrary. It Is 
 true — and the fact ^onflrms what we have 
 more than once said as to the wide differ- 
 ence between tho apparent and the real 
 number of protestants existing during the 
 two jirevious reigns— the mere connivance 
 of government had Inmostpartsof En 'and 
 sufficed to encourage the people to set ,4ido 
 tho reformation in the most important par- 
 ticulars. But after the dismissal of parhu- 
 ment, tho new regulations of JIary, or 
 rather her new enactments of old abuses, 
 were everywhere, openly, and by formal 
 authority, carried into execution. Mass was 
 reestablished, three-fourths of the clergy- 
 men, being attached to reform principles, 
 were turned out of tiielr livings, and re- 
 placed by zealous or seemingly zealous 
 llomanlsts, and marriage was once again 
 declared to be incompatible with the hold- 
 ing of any sacred oftlce. The oath of su- 
 premacy was enjoined by the unrepealed 
 l.aw of Henry VIIL, but It was an instnic- 
 tlon to a commission which the queen now 
 authorised to see to the more perfect and 
 speedy reestabllshment of mass and the 
 other ancient rites, that clergymen should 
 strictly bo prohibited from taking the oath 
 of supremacy on entering beneflces. 
 
 While Mary was thus busied In preparing 
 the way for laying her kingdom once more 
 at the feet of tho haughty pontiffs of Rome, 
 the discontents thus caused were still far- 
 ther increased by thef ears, some well found- 
 ed and some vague, but no less powerful on 
 that account, excited in the public mind 
 on account of the Sjianlsh match. Ou tho 
 part of the court, In compliance with tlie 
 sagacious advice of Gardiner, great care 
 was taken to insert nothing In the marriage 
 articles, which were published, that could 
 at all fairly be dcoincd unfavourable to 
 England. 
 
 ,1 n 
 
 J.) 
 
3S0 
 
 (ITTje Cveniffuvy nf W^tai'lit fc(. 
 
 TliUH itwaB Btinulatcil, tlinf. tliouKli tlio 
 title of klnffBliould bo accorded to I'lillip, 
 the admlnlHtratlon ttlinuld lie entirely In tlio 
 
 aucen ; that uo olflco whiitovfr In tlio klnw- 
 om should ho tenable by a I' irolprner : that 
 BngllghlawB,cu»tonif",and|>rivll('(<ogi*li<)iild 
 remain unaltered; that tlio queen should 
 not be taken abroad by 1'Jilllii without her 
 own conflent, nor any of lier children with- 
 out that of the nobility; that a jointure of 
 00,000{. Hhould be Becurely Bottled upon the 
 queon; that tlio male Issue, If any, of the 
 marriage Hhould Inherit not only England, 
 but also Burgundy and the Low Countries 
 In any case, and that in the caso of the 
 deoth of Don Carlos, son of riillln, such 
 male isxuuol Philip and Mary !<li'<uld also 
 Inlierit 8pain, Sicily, Milan, und all otlier 
 the dominions of riiilip. 
 
 K very day, liowcver, increased the general 
 dislike of the people to the Spanish match. 
 The more prudent among even tho»(< who 
 in principle were tho most deeply and sin- 
 cerely opposed to tho contemplated niar- 
 riage, did not. Indeed, sec tli.it iho mere 
 anticipation of evil to come, and an antici- 
 pation, too, wliicli was quite opposed to 
 tlio avowed purposes of tlio emperor and 
 Philip, could warrant an open resistance. 
 Hut the reasonatile and I lie just are seldom 
 tlio majority where eltlier tho feelings or 
 tho IntiTcsts of mankind are very much 
 aroused and appealed to ; and a few men of 
 some note were soon <'ound to place them- 
 selves at tho head of the discontented, with 
 tho avowed intention of appealing to arms 
 rather than allowing themselves to become 
 tho bond-slaves of the Spaniard. Had Franco 
 at this critical juncture taken otl vantage of 
 Mary's difllcuUlcs and want of popularity, it 
 is very probable that her rcign would have 
 ended here, and tliat her memory would 
 have been s.ivcd from tho indelible stains 
 of much and loathsome cruelty. But tho 
 king of France, though at war with Philip, 
 would lend no aid to an Englisii insurrec- 
 tion. Perhaps he felt tliat Mary, aided as 
 she was certain to be by Spain, would surely 
 put down any attempt at insurrection, in 
 which case, she, of course, would aid tho 
 emperor against France ; and to tills motive 
 he may not unreasonal)ly be supposed to 
 have added that feeling for tlio rights of 
 sovereignty over subjects, wliicii even the 
 hostility of sovereigns can rarely banisli 
 from their hearts. From whatever motives, 
 however, the king of Franco did refuse to 
 aid the English in their proposed resistance 
 to their sovereign's alliance with Philip of 
 Spain. But this did not damp the cntlni- 
 Biasm of tho leading opponents of tlie 
 Spanish alliance. Sir Thomas Wyatt offered 
 to ralso and head liio malcontents of Kent, 
 and Blr Peter Carew tliose of Devonshire; 
 and they pcrsv aded tho duke of Suilolk to 
 raise the midland counties, by assuring him 
 that their chief -ibject was to reinvest the 
 lady Jjino with the crown. A time was fixed 
 for the slmultaneoiis action of these leaders; 
 and had the compact been punctually kept, 
 it l8 more than probahlo that the enterprise 
 would have been fully successful. But sir 
 Peter Carew, In his exceeding eagerness, 
 rose before the appointed time, and being 
 
 in couRCquenre, unsupported liy Wyatt and 
 tho duiiu of SulToik, was beaten at tho flrMt 
 onset b." tho earl of Bedford, and with dim- 
 ciilty niaOo his escape to Franco. Suffolk, 
 on hearing of Carew's failure and lllgbt, 
 left town accompanied liyhls brothers, lord 
 Thomas and sir Leonard Gray, and pro- 
 cioded to t!: ; countloa of Warwick and 
 Leicester, where his chief Influcnco lay. 
 Hut ho was hotly pursued by a party of 
 horso under tho earl of Iluntlngdon, and 
 l)elng overtaken before ho could ralso suffl- 
 clent fiirco for nsiHtanre, was obliged to 
 dlnperao his few followers and conceal him- 
 self. Accident or treachery soon discovered 
 his hiding place, and he was sent under an 
 escort to London. Wyatt, in tho moan, 
 time, raised tho standard of revolt at Maid- 
 stone, in Kent, where ho Issued a passlonato 
 rroclamatlon, inviting the people to aid him 
 In removing evil counsellors from abouttho 
 queon, and to prevent tho utter ruin of tho 
 n.itioii wliich must needs follow tho com- 
 pletion of the Spanish matcli. Great num- 
 bers of persons joliiod him, and among tluMu 
 some ciitliolics,a.? ho had dexterously omit- 
 ted from his proclamation all mention of 
 religion. Tiie duke of Norfolk, at tho head 
 of thoqueen's guards and some otlier troops, 
 reinforced by live hundred Londoners under 
 tho command of Brett, marched against tho 
 rebels and came up with them at Iloehes- 
 ter. Here sir George Harper, who had been 
 with Wyatt, pretended to desert to tho 
 duke, but quickly returned to Wyatt carry- 
 Ingwit hlniBrett and his Londoners, upon 
 whom air George's eloquence so wrought, 
 that they prof I'SHcd their preferoncoof death 
 to aiding ill the enslavement of their coun- 
 try. Norfolk, fearing that this desertion 
 might mislead the rest of his force, now 
 retreated, and Wyatt marched to South- 
 wark, wlienre ho sent to demand that tho 
 Tower should bo placed In his hands, that 
 tlie queen should free tho nation from all 
 terror of Spanish tyranny by marrying an 
 Englishmen, and that four councillors 
 should forthwith he placed in his hands aa 
 hostages for the performance of these con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Whiio Wyatt was wasting his time In 
 sending tliis demand and awaiting a reply, 
 Norfolk had secured London bridge, and 
 had taken effectual steps to overawe tiio 
 Londoners and prevent tliem from joining 
 Wyatt. Perceiving liisernu' wlien too late, 
 Wyatt now inarched to Kingston, where ho 
 crossed tlic river, and made his way unre- 
 sisted Into Westminster. Here, however, 
 his followers r.apidiy deserted him, and ho 
 was encountered and seized In the Strand, 
 near Teinpie-iiar, by sir Morris Berkeley. 
 Vast numbers of tlie deluded countrymen 
 were at tho same time seized, and as tho 
 queen's rage was proportioned to the fear 
 and peril to which slic had been subjected, 
 tho executions that followed were horribly 
 numerous. It is said, that not less than 
 four hundred of tho captured wretches were 
 put to death In cold blood ; four hundred 
 more were condemned, but being led before 
 tho queen wltli h.altcrs on their necks, they 
 knelt to her and implored her grace, which 
 was granted. Wyatt, the prime mover of 
 
 tills 
 COUl' 
 
 I Pxon 
 from 
 
 I his p 
 earl i 
 had ( 
 Btarri 
 
 I both 
 coun( 
 
 Clar.il 
 
 iDigh 
 
 I t(. coi 
 
 Bui t 
 
 proce 
 
 them, 
 
 voillai 
 
 Dovor 
 
 both, 1 
 
 on coi 
 
 the du 
 
 sister 
 
 but K 
 
 time,' 
 
 fused 1 
 
 Allt 
 
 the lad 
 
 but un 
 
 wliich ] 
 
 being 
 
 mere < 
 
 pose til 
 
 Btraint 
 
 determl 
 
 yond Ir 
 
 termlua 
 
 do so. 
 
 tlon of 1 
 
 consldei 
 
 duke of! 
 
 In Mary 
 
 fatal to 
 
 now anc 
 
 of a con 
 
 was not 
 
 confined 
 
 blllty CO 
 
 argumet 
 portance 
 innocent 
 and wisl 
 tjulet an( 
 earlier g 
 possibly 
 volt. Th 
 Jane wer 
 day was 
 quently 
 mercy of 
 plea that 
 bodily dp 
 sa'.vatlon 
 fore, dur 
 import un 
 who won 
 to conver 
 fully and ( 
 in use to 
 even wrol 
 Jurlng he: 
 whatever 
 It was J 
 the prison 
 ■ime scat 
 
wE^HaraCESa 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 
 ffiiiBlnnlr.— $|0iiiJe at (!rittr0r.— iWnrit. 
 
 331 
 
 tlilit revolt, wna exocuteU, aa a matter nf 
 courjic. On tho graffoia ho took care to 
 pxonorate, In tlio iriost ujicqulvocal torinH. 
 from all partl>;lpatloaor oven knowledKeot 
 his proccodlnr ■ tlio Imly Kllzabcth niiU tlio 
 earl of novoii, wlioni Mury'n jealous liiitretl 
 had endeavoured to connect with thiit 111- 
 Btarrod and lU-managcd revolt. They wore 
 both ael'^ed and Btrlctly cxaiulucd by tho 
 council, hut Wyatt'g manly and precUo dc- 
 flimitiou dcfeati'd whatever Inicnt there 
 might have hcen to employ false wltn''ssca 
 tc convict theui with his rush proceedings. 
 Bui though Mary was thus prevented from 
 proceeding to the last extremity against 
 them, she acnt Kllzabcth under strict sur- 
 volllanco to Woodstock, and tho carl of 
 Devon to Potherlngay castlo. To Kllza- 
 heth. Indeed, Immedlato release wa» offered 
 on condition other accei>tliig tho hand of 
 tho duko of 8uvoy, and thus relieving her 
 sister from her presence In tho kingdom; 
 lint Kllzabeth knew how to ' hide her 
 time,' and sho quietly, but positively, re- 
 fused the proffered alliance. 
 
 All this time lord Guildford Dudley and 
 the lady Jane had remaliiod liuprisoncd, 
 but unmolested and unuotlccd. TJio time 
 which had elapsed without any proceedings 
 being taken against them, beyond their 
 more coiillnement, led everyone to sup- 
 pose that their youth, and the obvious re- 
 straint under which they hn<l acted, hiiil 
 determined Mary not to punlsli them be- 
 yond imprisonment, and that sho would 
 termiuato even that when sho safely could 
 do so. But tho Imprudent, nay, tho situa- 
 tion of his daughtoi'andhor luLsband being 
 considered, iho wicked sonnecHon of the 
 duke of Suffolk with Wyatt's revolt, iiroused 
 In Mary that suspicion which was no less 
 fatal to Its objects than her bigotry. Jane 
 now anew appeared to her in tho character 
 of a competitor for tho throne. That she 
 was not wilfully so, that sho was so closely 
 conflnod that she could not Ijy any possi- 
 bility correspond with the disaffected, were 
 arguments to which Mary attached no im- 
 portance. To h'T It was enough that tliLs 
 Innocent creature, even now a mere girl 
 niiii wishing for nothing so much as the 
 quiet and studious moral life in which her 
 earlier girlhood had been passed, might 
 possibly be made the pretext for future re- 
 volt. Tho lord Guildford Dudley and Indy 
 Jane were, conseiiU'Utly, warned that the 
 day was llxed for tl.ilr execution. Subf^c- 
 quently the queen bestowed the cruel 
 mercy of a reprieve fortlireo days, on the 
 plea that sho did not wish, while inflicting 
 bodily death on Jane, to peril her eternal 
 aalvatlon. The unhappy lady was, there- 
 fore, during tho short remnant of her llfo 
 importuned andannoyed by catholic priests, 
 who were sent by tho queen to endeavour 
 to convert her to their faith. But sho skil- 
 fully and coolly used all tho arguments then 
 In uso to defend the reformed faith, and 
 even wrote a Greek letter to her sister, ad- 
 juring her to persevere in the 1 .o faith 
 whatever perils might environ her. 
 
 It was at first Intended to behead both 
 the prisoners at tho same time and on tho 
 umo scaffold. On reflection, motives of 
 
 policy caused the (|ueen to alter this de- 
 termination ; nml it was ordered that tha 
 lord Guildford should llrst bo executed on 
 Tower-hill, and tho lady Jane sliortly after- 
 wards wltiilii tho precincts of the Tower, 
 where sho was confine''. 
 
 On tho morning appointed for tho ex- 
 ccutlon, lord Guildford sent to his young 
 and unfortunate wife, and requested au 
 Interview to take an earthly farewell : but 
 Juno, with a more mascnllno and seif-pos- 
 Hcssod prudence, declined it, on tho ground 
 that their approaching fate required tlio 
 full attention of each,iuid that their brief 
 and bloody separation on earth would bo 
 followed by an uterniil union. From her 
 inlson window tho liuly Jane saw her youth- 
 ful husband led out to execution, and 
 shortly afterwards saw his headless body 
 brought back In a conunon cart. Even 
 this sad spectacle. Instead of shaking her 
 firmness, did but tho more confirm and 
 strenglhcn a constancy which was founded 
 not upon mere c(nistitution, but upon long, 
 serious, and healthy study. 
 
 Her own dread hour had at length ar- 
 rived, and sir John Sage, the constable of 
 tilt! Tower, on summoning her to tho 
 scafTuld, begged her to bestow some gift 
 npou him which he miglit keep as a per- 
 petual ineinorlal of her. She gave him her 
 tables In which, on seeing tho dead body 
 (it her husband, she had written a sentenco 
 in Greek, Latin, and Kngllsh, to tho efl'ect 
 that though hunnin justice was against her 
 husband's body, tlio divine mercy would bo 
 favourable to his sou' ; that, for herself. If 
 her fault deserved punl-hment, her youth, 
 at least, and her Iniprudonco, were worthy 
 of excuse, and that sho trusted for favour 
 to God and to posterity. 
 
 On the scaffold sho blamed herself not for 
 over having wished for the crown, but for 
 not having flnnly refused to act upon tho 
 wishes of others in reaching at It. She 
 Confessed herself worthy of death, and, 
 being disrobed by her female attendants, 
 calmly and unshrinkingly submitted her- 
 self to her fatal doom. 
 
 The duko of Suffolk and lord Thomas 
 Gray were shortly afterwards executed for 
 tlielr slrire in Wyatt's revolt. Sir Nicholas 
 Thrognmrton was tried in Guildhall for tho 
 same ofTence, but there being little or no 
 evidence against him, his eloquent and 
 acute defence led tho jury to acquit lilin. 
 Wltli an arbitrary and Insolent stretch of 
 prerogative that now seems almost Incre- 
 dible, Mary, enraged at the ac(iuittal, not 
 only recommitted sir Nicholas to the Tower, 
 where she kept him for a considerable time, 
 but sho even had the jury sent to prison, 
 and fined from one to two thousand pounds 
 each I The end sho had In view in this 
 abominably tyrannous conduct, however, 
 was fully achieved. Thenceforth jurors 
 were little prone to acquit tho unhappy gen- 
 tlemen, who, no matter how loosely, wcro 
 charged with jmrtlclpatlon In the affair ot 
 Wyatt. Many were condemned merely In 
 consequence of the terrors of their jurors, 
 and among them was sir John Throgmor- 
 ton, brother to sir Nicholas. Arrests took 
 place every day, the Tower and other places 
 
 1 M 
 
 ! II 
 
 < I 
 
 i ! 
 
 i ". ! 
 
 ^' 
 
¥ 
 
 of conflncinent wcro nilcd with noblo* tuiil 
 gontlcmrn, whono (iffonco wan tlmt thoy 
 chanced to \w popular ; tho Rffontlon of thu 
 people hcliiB u deiidly offnico to tho (juocn, 
 who felt tlmt nUo wan loiithod by thciii, and 
 who felt HO little HccuroawilnHt a now out- 
 hrealt, tlmt bIio aciit out conimlsKloiHTH lo 
 dlftarni them, niid lay up the ucUed arum tu 
 hei'HtronghoUU. 
 
 In the nildxt of tliU Bloomy »tato of 
 things, tho parliament wnn nillod upon to 
 Invest the queen with the power wlilrli had 
 formerly hui-n granted to her father, of dl«- 
 poHlng of tho erown at her deceaBO. Oar- 
 diner took rare to dwell upon the nreee- 
 dent afforded by tho power given to Henry 
 Vlir., nnd he had little fear of sucresn he- 
 rausd. Independent of tho general terror 
 ran«ed by the iiueon'H merellesH and nau- 
 gulnary proreodlngi», the good will of nii- 
 nierouti members of parliament hod been 
 purchased by tho distribution of four hini- 
 dred thousand crowns, which the emperor 
 Irnd sent over for that purpose. 
 
 But neither terror nor purchased coni- 
 plalsanco could blind tho liouxe to the 
 facts, that tho aucen detested Kllzabcth, 
 and that tho legitimacy of tho queen must 
 Imply tho bastardy of Elizabeth. Tho 
 manner, too, in which Gardiner In tho 
 rourse of his speech avoided mentioning 
 Klizabeth, excepting merely as 'the lady 
 Kllzaboth,' and without styling her the 
 queen's sister, conflnned tho suspicion that, 
 once Invested with tho power which she 
 now claimed, tho queen would declare Eli- 
 zabeth Illegitimate, and by making a will, 
 bequeathing tho throne to I'lilllp, hand 
 over the nation to all that Spanish tyranny 
 of which such terrible anticipations had 
 been and still were entertained. 
 
 As If to strengthen all other grounds of 
 suspicion of Mary's Intention, tlie hirelings 
 and parasites of riilllp were just now, as 
 ZQalously as nnprudently, busy In dwelling 
 npon Philip's descent from the liouso of 
 Lancaster, and representing him — taklni? 
 Elizabeth's bastardy as a matter of course— 
 OH the next heir to Mary by right of descent. 
 
 Great then as, from fear or favour, was 
 tho desire of tho whole parliament to gra- 
 tify tho queen, the determination not to 
 throw tho nation bound and blindfolded 
 Into tho hands of the Spaniard was still 
 greater. They not only refused to pass the 
 bill to give Mary thepower towlll away the 
 throne, but when another bill was Intro- 
 duced to make It treasonable to Imagine or 
 attempt the death of tho queen's hus))and 
 while she lived, they coolly laid It aside ; 
 and that Philip might not be led to com- 
 plete the marriage by any lingering hope 
 of possessing any authority in the nation 
 which was.unhappy enough to have Mary 
 for its queen, the house passed a law enact- 
 ing, 'That her majesty, na their only queen, 
 should solely and as a solo queen enjoy the 
 crown and sovereignty of her realms, with 
 all the preeminences, dignities, and rights 
 thereto belonging. In as large and ample a 
 manner after her marriage as before, with- 
 out any title or claim accruing to the prince 
 of Spain, either as tenant by courtesy of tho 
 realm or by any other means.' 
 
 Having llius,aHfaraswas In their power, 
 liirilied and discouraged the dangerous am- 
 bition of tlio cruel and bigoted Philip, tho 
 parliament passed tho ratillcatlon of tliu 
 articles of marriage, wlilcli, indeed, wero 
 drawn so favourably tu England, that no 
 reasonable objection could havci boon made 
 to them. 
 
 As nothing more could bo extorted or 
 bribed from parliament with respect to tho 
 queen's mai-riage, Its attention was now 
 directed to matters connected with religion. 
 The bishopric of Durham, which had been 
 divided in tho reign of Kdwani, and which 
 by an arbitrary edict of tho queen had al- 
 ready been re-conferred upon Tonstat, was 
 now re-erected by act of parliament. Home 
 lillUwero alHo iiitroduce<l for revising the 
 lawsaifalnst l.ollanly, erroneous preaching, 
 and heresy In general, and for the suppres- 
 sion of books containing heterodox opi- 
 nions, nut here again, to Its credit, the 
 parliament was both discriminating ami 
 llrm ; tho bills were thrown out: and tho 
 queen percei\ ing that neither I'hillp'a gold 
 nor the termrsof her more sanguinary con- 
 duct could make this parliament, at least, 
 Huniclently pll.int and slavish for her pur- 
 poses, sho suddenly and sullenly dis- 
 solved It. 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 37(0 Ileiyn o/Mauv (contimtciT), 
 
 Mahy's age, and some consciousness per- 
 haps of tho addition made by her tem- 
 per to tho natural homeliness of her fea- 
 tures, had tended to make the acquisition 
 of a young and illustrious husband all the 
 more eagerly desired, for Its very improba- 
 bility ; and though she had seen only the 
 portrait of her future husband, she had con- 
 trived tobecomesoenamimredof him, that 
 when theprellmlnarleaof fheumrriage wero 
 all arranged, and tho arrival of the princo 
 was hourly expected, every delay and every 
 obstacle Irritated her almost to phrenzy 
 Though as a matter of ambition Philip wad 
 very desirous of tho match, as a simple mat- 
 ter of love ho was, at the very least. Indif- 
 ferent ; and even the proverbial haiiteurand 
 solemnity of the Spanish character could 
 not sufllclently account for the cold neglect 
 which caused hlni to forbear from even fa- 
 vouring his future wife and queen with a 
 U Iter, to account for delays which. In spite 
 of her doating fondness, Mary could not but 
 believe that tho princo might easily have 
 put an end to had his impatlenco been at 
 all equal to her own. From blaming Philip, 
 the Impatient fondness so rare as well as so 
 unbecoming at her advanced period of life, 
 caused her to turn her resentment against 
 her subjects, to whose opposition she choso 
 to impute that indifference on tho part of 
 the prince, which really arose from dislike 
 of her repulsive and prematurely aged per- 
 son. A circumstance now occurred which 
 greatly increased tho queen's anger against 
 her subjects, and which probably. In so sul- 
 len and resentful a nature as hers, did much 
 to fan into a flame that fierce bigotry which 
 subse<iuently lit the tires of persecution in 
 every county in England, and left scarcely 
 
 
 I 
 
CPiigTniiTr.— ^taunfe of Cutror.— iMiirtt. 
 
 333 
 
 h vlllAKti «\ lllioiit ItH iimrtyr mul It* iiiouni- 
 liiiT. A nquntlnm lind bicn ntlcil out, niitl 
 the continiitul wiih kIviii to Loril KniiiKliain, 
 to convoy tho iirliii^u to Eiigtiuiil ; but lo 
 tinpopulnr wnn tlio ncivlrc, niid mieh utroiiK 
 RyiiiptomR iipprnrc'd of a (Ictcrtnlncil Hnlrll 
 of mutiny niiionx tlio eallorM, tliiit lord i'.f- 
 llnglinm (rnnkly Itiforincd tliu i|uocn tliat 
 liu did not tliliik lliu irliu-u would bu lafu 
 in their linnd'*, imi', the hqu:ulroii wm at 
 onco dNbanilt'd. IJut thlH nunHure, thouKh 
 indlHiKMixably iicrcHMnry uiidiT tho clrcuiu- 
 ntunccs, brniiKht no pcaru to tho mind of 
 tho queen, for hIio now dreaded not merely 
 I tho Inevitable daDKcru of tho sen, liut alxo 
 that her liunband ithcuild bo Intercepted by 
 tho Frenrh Moot. Tho ullifhtoi^t rumour un 
 )iolgbtened hor selMorturlnK, that fho wart 
 frequently thrown Into con vuUIouh ; and not 
 merely wan her bodily health alTeetcd In tho 
 most Injurious decree, but even hor mind 
 began to be alfec ted ton very perceptible ex- 
 tent. Hypochondriac and pitiably nervouH, 
 Bho became painfully consctoua of her want 
 of beauty ; though, with tho UHual selMlat- 
 tery, nhc aocrlbed tho ropulslvo aitpect pre- 
 ■ented to her by hor unflattcrhm mirror 
 wholly to her recent sulforlngs. From being 
 frantically Impatient for the arrival of I'lil- 
 llp, tho unhappy queen now becamo des- 
 ponding, and dreaded lost ou hl8 arrival ho 
 should And her dlapleaslng. 
 
 At length the object of so many hopes 
 i»nd fears arrived ; tho marrlago was pub- 
 licly and with great pomp performed nt 
 Winchester ; and when ThlUp had made a 
 public entry into London, and dazxied the 
 ryes of tho gazers with tho Immense riches 
 ho had brought over, Mary hurried him 
 away to the comparative BCclUHlon of Wlnd- 
 Bor. This BcclUHlon admirably suited the 
 prluco, whoso behaviour, from tho day of 
 ilia arrival, was as well calculated as though 
 It had been purposely intended, to conllnn 
 all tho uufavoura]>lo opinions that bad been 
 formed of him. In his manner ho was dis- 
 tant, not with BhyncHs but with overween- 
 ing disdain ; ami tho bravest and wisest of 
 tho oldest nobility of England had tho 
 inortiflcation to seo him pass them without 
 manifesting by glance, word, or gesture, 
 that ho was conscious of their respect, salu- 
 tations, or even their presence. Tho un- 
 avoidably wearisome cthiuctto of court was 
 now so much Increased by Spanish formali- 
 ties, that both I'hllip and Mary may almost 
 1>o said to havo l)ecn Inacessible. This cir- 
 cumstance, however disgusting to her sul)- 
 jcctB, was In tho highest degree pleasing to 
 tho queen ; having at length possessed her- 
 self of her husband, sho was unwilling that 
 any one should aharo his company with her 
 for a moment. More like a love-sick girl 
 than a hard-featured and hard-hearted wo- 
 man of forty, she could not bear the prince 
 to bo out of her sight ; his shortest absence 
 annoyed hor, and If ho showed tho com- 
 monest courtesy to any of tho court ladies, 
 lier jealousy was Instantly shown to hiiu, 
 and her resentment to tho fair who had 
 been so unfortunate as to be honoured with 
 Ills bare civility. 
 
 The womanly observation of Jfary soon 
 convinced her that tbo only way to ruilip's 
 
 heart WAS to gratify Ills ambition : and sho 
 wax aliuiidanlly ready to purcliaHO hU love, 
 or tho leinblaiico of It, even at tho prico of 
 tlio total sacrillce fif (lie liberties and into- 
 rests of tho whole KngllNh people. Uy 
 means of Uardlner slie UHcd both fear and 
 hope, both power ami gold, to get momberR 
 returned In her ctitlru Intereita to a new 
 imrllamciit which hIio now summoned ; and 
 tho retuniH weru hiicIi as to promise that, 
 In the existing temper of the nation, which 
 had not yet forgotten the sanguinary pu- 
 nishment of the revolt under Wyiitt, sho 
 might iiafely make her next great onward 
 movument towards tho entire restoratloi of 
 Catholicism and the establishment of her 
 own absolute pow -r. 
 
 Cardinal I'olo, v .0 was now In Flandcis, 
 invested with tito oDIco of legate, only 
 awaited the removal of the attainder passed 
 against him In tlio reign of Heiiry VIII. 
 Tho parliament readily pa.jscd ai act for 
 that purpose, and tl -i legato imnicdlatoly 
 camo to England, i.^en, after -aitlng on 
 Philip and Mary, ho presented liimsclf to 
 parliament, and formally invited tlio Kng- 
 lUh nation to reconcilo Itself to tho b'V/ 
 see from which, said tho legate, It had b- 'U 
 so long and so unhappily separated. 
 
 Tho well-trained parllamet. •"ndily ac- 
 knowledged and professed f ■ d- ] ore the 
 defection of England, and pr sentt ' an od- 
 dress to I'hllli) and Mary, eni. eating them, 
 as being uninfected by the general guilt, to 
 intercede with tho holy father for their for- 
 giveness, and at tho same time declared 
 their Intention to repeat all laws that were 
 prejudicial to tho church of Home. The le- 
 gato readily gave absolution to tho parlia- 
 ment and people of England, and received 
 them into tho communion u^ Komc; and 
 pope Julius III., with grave and bitter 
 mockery, observed, when the formal thanks 
 of tho tuition were conveyed to him, that 
 tho English had a !>trango notion of things 
 thus to thank hliii for doing what he ought 
 in fact to thank them for letting '.ilni do. 
 
 It must not bo supposed that though tho 
 nobility and g(>ntry in parliament assembled 
 thus readily and crouchtiigly laid England 
 onco again at tho feet of the Iloman pontiff, 
 that thoy w. ; r"epared fully to undo all 
 that Henry ♦" i '. ue. Indifferent as to tho 
 mode of falK. ; vscrlbed to the multitude, 
 they had not an objection to make this sud- 
 den andsweeping retransferof the spiritual 
 authority over England. But before they 
 would consent to that transfer of spiritual 
 author.cy, they obtained from Rome, as well 
 as frc;n the queen, tho most positive assur- 
 W' OS that tho church property, snatched 
 from the church and divided among laymen 
 by Henry, should not bo interfered with, 
 but should remain undisturbed in the hands 
 of its lay possessors. The parlliiment, also, 
 in tho very act by which It restored the 
 pope's P]il ritual authority, enacted that all 
 marriages contracted during the English 
 separation from Rome should remain valid, 
 and also inserted a clause which secured all 
 holders of church lands in their possesBion ; 
 and the convocation presented a petition to 
 the pope to tho same effect, to which peti- 
 tion tbu legate gave an afflrmativo answert 
 
 I ! 
 1 
 
 } 
 
 '^ i 
 
irTi-rnll 
 
 
 . ? 
 
 334 
 
 €l)c Crfaiiurjj a( W^tovVf ^r. 
 
 Bigoted and arbitrary as Mary confessedly 
 was, It appeared that she could not fully 
 restore, oveu temporarily, the power of 
 Rome. 
 
 The sentence had Irrevocably gone forth 
 against that grasping and greedy despot- 
 ism ; and though the accidental occurrence 
 of a fiercely and coldly cruel bigot, In the 
 person of Mary, being seated upon the 
 throne, gave back for a time to Home the 
 spiritual jurisdiction, and tho powcrto dic- 
 tate and tyrannise in spiritual affairs, all the 
 power and zeal of that bigot could not re- 
 possess tho church of tho lands which had 
 liecome lay property. When Pole arrived 
 In England ho received information, amply 
 confirmed by his own observations, which 
 induced him without further struggle to 
 agree to tho formal and complete settle- 
 ment of tho lauds, of which wo Lavo above 
 given an account. 
 
 Perhaps no greater misfortune could 
 Iiave occurred to England than this very 
 cession in form, by the pope, of tho right 
 of the laity to the lands of which they had 
 possessed themselves at the expense of tho 
 church. Had Homo attempted to resmne 
 the solid property, as well as tho spiritual 
 rights, of tho church, considerations of in- 
 terest in tho former would have caused the 
 nobility and gentry to hesltato about sur- 
 rendering tlie latter ; but liaving secured 
 their own property, the great were easily 
 induced to hand over the bulk of thepeoplo 
 to a spiritual tyranny which they flattered 
 themselves that they would not suiter from. 
 The vile old laws against heresy, which the 
 former parliament had honestly and indig- 
 nantly rejected, were now re-enacted ; st.v 
 tutes were passed for punishing ' seditious 
 words or rumours,' and it was made trea- 
 son to imagine or to attempt tho life of 
 Philip during that of tho Queen, which, 
 also, the former parliament had refused. 
 
 But, amidst all this disgusting syco- 
 phancy, even this complaisant parliament 
 had still some English sense of reserve, and 
 resisted every attempt of the queen to get 
 her husband declared presumptive heir to 
 the crown, intrusted with the administra- 
 tion, or even honoured with a coronation. 
 The same anti-Spanish feeling V7hicli caused 
 the firmness of parliament on those points, 
 also caused it to refuse all subsidy in sup- 
 port of tho emperor. In the war which lie 
 was still carrying on against France. These 
 very plain indications of the feelings of the 
 nation towards himself personally caused 
 Philip, not indeed to lay aside his morose 
 and impolitic hauteur, for that was part and 
 parcel of his nature, and as inseparable from 
 bis existence as the mere act of breathing, 
 but to endeavour to diminish liIs unpopu- 
 larity by procuring the release of several 
 distinguished prisoners, confined either for 
 actual offence against the court, or for the 
 guaai offence of being agreeable Co the peo- 
 ple. The most illustrious of these prisoners 
 was the lady Elizabeth ; and nothing tliat 
 Philip could have done could have been 
 iflore pleasing to the nation than his re- 
 leasing that princess, and protecting her 
 from the petty but no lesa annoying spitc- 
 fulnesa of her sister. 
 
 About the same time, Philip's politic in- 
 tervention also gave liberty to the lord 
 Henry Dudley, sir Georgo Harper, sir Nicho- 
 las Throgmorton, sir Edmund Warner, sir 
 "William St. Lop, and sir Nicholas Arnold, 
 together with Harrington and Tremalue. 
 Tho earl of Devonshire also was released 
 from Fotheringay castle, and allowed to 
 go abroad, but he only reached Padua when 
 he was poisoned, and the popular rumour 
 and belief ascribed tho murdsr to tho Im- 
 perialists. 
 
 Dallied in her endeavours to get her hus- 
 band declared her heir presumptive, the 
 queen became more than ever anxious for 
 the honours of maternity, of the approach 
 of which she at length imagined that she 
 felt the symptoms. She was publicly de- 
 clared to bo pregnant, and Bonner, bishop 
 of London, ordered public prayers to be put 
 up, that tho young prince— for the catho- 
 lics chose to consider not merely tho preg- 
 nancy of the queen, but even the sex of the 
 child, a matter perfectly settled ! — might 
 be beautiful, strong, and witty. The people 
 In general, however, manifested a provok- 
 ing incredulity even as to the pregnancy of 
 tho queen, whose age and haggard aspect 
 certainly promised no very numerous off- 
 spring ; and the people's Incredulity was 
 shortly afterwards justified. It proving that 
 tlic queen hud been mistaken by the inci- 
 pient symptoms of dropsy. To the last 
 possible moment, however, Philip and his 
 friends concealed the truth, and I'hIIlp was 
 thus enabled to get himself appointed pro- 
 tector during the minority, should tho child 
 survive and the queen die. Finding that 
 this was tho uttnosi concession that could 
 at present bo wrung from tho parliament, 
 and trusting that it mightby good manage- 
 ment be made productive of more at some 
 future time, tho queen now dissolved the 
 parliament. 
 
 A.D. 1555.— Tho dissolution of parlia- 
 ment was marked by an occurrence which 
 of itself would bo sufficient to indicate 
 the despotic character of the times. Some 
 members of the commons' house, unwilling 
 to agree to the slavish complaisance com- 
 monly shown by the majority, and yet, as a 
 minority, quite unable to stem the tide, 
 came to the resolution to secede from their 
 attendance. No sooner was the parliament 
 dissolved than these members were in- 
 dicted in the king's bench. Six of them, 
 terrified at the mere thought of a contest 
 with the powerful and vindictive queen, 
 made the requisite submissions and ob- 
 tained pardon; and tho remainder exer- 
 cised their right of traverse, thereby so long 
 postponing the trial that the queen's death 
 put an end to tho affair altogether. Oar- 
 diner's success in liriugiug about tho Spa- 
 nish match to which the nation had been 
 so averse, and tho tact and zeal for the 
 queen's service which ho had shown in hl8 
 dexterous management of the house of 
 commons, made him now more than ever a 
 weighty authority, not only with the queen 
 but with the catholic party In general It 
 is singular enough, as Hume well remarks, 
 that though this very learned prelate waa 
 fur less zealous upon i)oiuts uf theology 
 
i 
 
 1 
 
 ©tifllaulf.— 180it)Se at Cutrojr.— ^arjj. 
 
 336 
 
 thiin cardinal Tolo, yet, while the mild tem- 
 per ot the latter allayed aud cliastened his 
 tendency towards bigotry, the sterner and 
 hardier character of the former caused him 
 to look upon the free judgement of the 
 commonalty as a presumption which it hc- 
 hovod the rulers of the land to put down, 
 even by the severest and most unsparing 
 resort to persecution. For some time It 
 was doubtful whether the milder course, 
 recommended as politic by Pole, or the 
 sterner course, advocated as essentially ne- 
 cessary by Gardiner, would prevail. But 
 liardluer had the great advantage of advo- 
 cating the system which was the most In 
 accordance with the cruel and bigoted tem- 
 per of both Philip aud Mary; and Polo 
 had the mortification not only of being 
 vanquished l)y his opponent, but also of 
 seeing full and terrible license and freedom 
 given to the hitherto partially restrained 
 demons of persecution. 
 
 Having determined the (luccn aud court 
 to a course of severity, Gardiner had no 
 diniculty in persuading them that It was 
 politic to select the first victlmsf rom among 
 the eminent for learning or authority, or 
 both ; and Ilogcrs, prebendary of St. Paul's, 
 a man still more remarkable :for virtue and 
 learning than for his eminence in the church 
 and in the reformed party, had the melan- 
 choly honour of being singled out as the 
 first victim. As Instances of conversion 
 were even more sought after by Gardiner 
 than punishment, there was probably yet 
 another reason why Rogers was selected for 
 the first prosecution. He had a wife and 
 ten children, and was remarkable for his 
 affection both as a father and as a husband ; 
 and there was every probability that ten- 
 derness for them might lead him to avoid, 
 brapostacy, a danger which otherwise he 
 might have been expected to brave. But 
 if Gardiner really reasoned thus, ho was 
 greatly mistaken. Rogers not only refused 
 to recant an lota of his opinions at what 
 was called his trial, but even after the fatal 
 sentence of burning was passed upon him 
 he still preserved such an equable frame of 
 mind, that when the fatal hour arrived his 
 gaolers actually had to awaken him from a 
 Bweet sound sleep to proceed to the stake. 
 Such courage might, one would suppose, 
 liave disarmed even tho wrath of bigotry ; 
 but Gardiner, when the condemned man 
 asked permission to have a parting inter- 
 view with his wife, brutally and scoffiugly 
 replied, that Rogers, being a priest, could 
 hot possibly have a wife ! Rogers was 
 burned at Smlthfleld, and the flames that 
 consumed him may be said to have kindled 
 avast aud moving pile that swallowed up 
 Buflercrs of both sexes, and of nearly all 
 ages. In every county In England. 
 
 Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, was tried at 
 the same time with Rogers, and was also 
 condemned to the stake, but, with a refine- 
 ment upon cruelty, he was not executed at 
 Smiihfleld, though tried In London, but 
 sent for that purpose into hla own diocese, 
 that his agonies and death In the midst of 
 the very scene of his labours of piety and 
 usefulness, might tho move effectually 
 Btriko terror into tho hearts of his flock. 
 
 Hooper, however, turned what his enemies 
 intended for an aggravation of his fate Into 
 a consolation, and an opportunity of giving 
 to those whom he had long and faithfully 
 taught, a parting proof of the sincerity of 
 his teachings, andof the efllcacy of genuine 
 religion to uphold its sincere believers, even 
 under the most terrible agonies that ruth- 
 less and mistaken man. In his prldo of 
 fierceness, can Infiict upon his fellow worm. 
 And terrible, even beyond the usual terrors 
 of these abominable scenes, were tho 
 tortures of the martyred Hooper. Tho 
 faggots provided for his execution were too 
 green to kindle rapidly, and, a high wind 
 blowing at the time, the flames played 
 around his lower limbs without being able 
 to fasten upon the vital parts. One of his 
 bauds dropped off, and with tho other he 
 continued to beat his breast, praying to 
 heaven and exhorting the pitying specta- 
 tors, until his swollen tongue could no 
 longer perform Its ofllcc; and It was three 
 quarters of an hour before his tortures were 
 at an end. Of the courage and sincerity of 
 Hooper there is striking evidence In the 
 fact that tho queen's pardon was placed 
 before him on a stool after he was tied to 
 the stake, but he ordered It to be removed, 
 preferring the direst torture with sincerity 
 to safety with apostacy. 
 
 Sanders, burned at Coventry, also had 
 tho queen's pardon offered to him, and lio 
 also rejected It, embracing tho stake and 
 exclaiming, ' AVe have the cross of Christ I 
 Welcome everlasting life.' Taylor, tho 
 clergyman of Hadlcy, InHertfordsliIrc, was 
 burned at thpt place. In tho presence of his 
 parishioners. When tied to the stake ho 
 began to pray in English, which so enraged 
 his guards, that, bidding him speak Latin, 
 they struck him so violently on the head 
 with their halberts, that he died on the 
 instant, and was spared the lingering ago- 
 nies prepared for him. 
 
 Piitlpot, archdeacon of Winchester, had 
 very greatly distinguished himself by his 
 zeal for protestantism. On one occasion, 
 being engaged in a controversy with an 
 Arlan, the zeal of the archdeacon so far got 
 the ascendancy over his good manners, that 
 he actually spat in tho Arian's face. Sub- 
 sequently, and when he might have been 
 expected to have repented on reflection of 
 what he had done In tho heat of passion, 
 he published a formal justification of his 
 conduct. In which he said that ho felt 
 bound to give that strong proof of tho 
 detestation of his opponent's blasphemy. 
 So impetuous a man was not likely to escape 
 notice In the persecution that now raged, 
 and he was brought to trial for heresy and 
 burned to death In Smithfleld. 
 
 If Gardiner was the person to whom the 
 persecution chiefly owed Its commence- 
 ment, it was Bonner, bishop of London, 
 who carried It on with tho coarsest and 
 most unrelenting barbarity. Apart from 
 all mere bigotry, this singularly brutal man 
 appeared to derive positive sensual gratt* 
 fl cation from the act of inflicting torture. 
 Ho occasionally, when he bad prisoners 
 under examination who did not answer to 
 his satisfaction, would have them stripped 
 
 ■1 
 
 i 
 
 Ai 
 
 ■l.i 
 
 *. I 
 
 
»36 
 
 (!ni)c €vea^uv}} of ?§{sJt0ry, &-f. 
 
 and flog them with his owu hand. Nor was 
 even this liis worst brutaiity. An unfor- 
 tunate weaver, on one occasion, refused to 
 recant, when Bonner endeayoured to per- 
 suade him, and, as it is asserted, he first 
 tore the unfortunate man's beard out by 
 tlio root, and then licld his hand in the 
 flame of a lamp until the sinews burst, by 
 way of giving lilni, as ho said, some notion 
 of what burning really was like I 
 
 When wo say that this horrible system of 
 persecution and cruelty endured for three 
 years, and that in that time two hundred 
 and twenty-seven persons arc known to 
 have suffered— while probably many more 
 were similarly butchered of whom wo have 
 no account— while, besides men of all 
 ranks from bishops to day-labourers, flfty- 
 tl ve women and four children thus perished, 
 it must be obvious that a detailed account 
 of this terrible season of cruelty would bo 
 disgusting, even were it not quite impracti- 
 cable. Wo shall, therefore, add but a few 
 more cases, and then leave a subject which 
 cannot be treated of, even at this distance 
 of time, without feeliugs of disgust and 
 horror, 
 
 Ferrar, bishop of St. David's In Wales, 
 being condemned to death as a heretic, ap- 
 pealed to cardinal Pole ; but his appeal was 
 wholly unattended to, and the unfortunate 
 bishop was burned in his own diocese. 
 
 There yet remained two still more Illus- 
 trious victims to bo immolated. Ridley, 
 formerly bishop of London, and I/atlmer, 
 formerly bishop of Worcester, had longbeen 
 celebrated for both the xeal and the efll- 
 ciency of their support of the cause of the 
 reformation. In the preaching of both there 
 was a certain nervous homeliness, which 
 made their eloquence especially effective 
 upon the minds and hearts of the lower 
 orders, and on that very account these two 
 prelates were more formidable to the Ro- 
 manists than they would have been had 
 they affected a more learned and chastened 
 style. That two such capital enemies of 
 Romanism— one of whom, moreover, had 
 even for some time been possessed of 
 Bonner's own sec- should escape, could 
 not be expected. They were tried and con- 
 demned, and both burned at the same stake 
 nt Oxford. Both died with courage and a 
 calm constancy not to be surpassed. Even 
 when they were already tied to the stake, 
 and therevolting tragedy commenced, Lati- 
 mer cheerfully called out, ' Be of pr.od 
 courage, brother Ridley, wo shall thirf day 
 kindle such a torch in England, as, I trust 
 in God, shall never be extinguished.' Lati- 
 mer, who was very aged, suffered but little, 
 being very e.u ly killed by the explosion of 
 some gunpowder which the executioner had 
 mercifully provided for that purpose ; but 
 Ridley was seen to be alive some time after 
 he was surrounded by flames. 
 
 As neither age nor youth, neither learn- 
 ing nor courage, could make any impres- 
 sion upon the flinty heart of Bonner, so 
 neither could even the most heroic proof of 
 filial piety. A young lad, named Hunter, 
 who was only in his nineteenth year, suf- 
 fered himself, with the imprudence com- 
 mon to youth, to be drawn luto a religious 
 
 argument with a priest, in the course of 
 which argument ho had the farther impru* 
 dence to deny the real presence. Subse- 
 quently ho began to apprehend the danger 
 of what he had done, and absconded lest 
 any treachery on the part of the priest 
 should involve him in punishment. The 
 l)fiest, as the young man had feared, did 
 give information, and Bonner, learning that 
 the youth had absconded, caused his father 
 to be seized, nul not only treated him with 
 great immediate severity, but threatened 
 him with still worse future treatment. The 
 youth no sooner heard of the danger and 
 trouble to which ho had unintentionally 
 exposed his father, thau he delivered him- 
 self up. To a generous man this conduct 
 would have been decisive as to the pro- 
 priety of overlooking the lad's speculative 
 error or boldness ; but Bonner knew no 
 remorse, and the youth was mercilessly 
 committed to the flames. 
 
 As though tho national dread and detea* 
 tation of the Spanish alliance had not al- 
 ready been but too abundantly justified by 
 the event, spies were sent out in every di- 
 rection, and a commission was appointed 
 for enquiring into and punishing all spiri- 
 tual and even some civil crimes ; and two 
 very brief extracts from the commission 
 and instructions will show that In object, 
 powers, and process, the commissioners 
 were, only under another name, inquisi- 
 tors, and their spies and informers oflScials 
 of tho inquisition. Tho commission said, 
 that 'since many false rumours were 
 published among the subjects, and many 
 heretical opinions were also spread among 
 them, tho connnissioners were to enquire 
 Into those cither by presentments, by wit- 
 nesses, or any other political way they could 
 devise, and to search after all heresies, tho 
 brlngers in, tho sellers, the readers of all 
 heretical books ; to examine and punish all 
 misbetaavioursornegllgcncesin any church 
 or chapel ; to try all priests that did not 
 l)reach the sacrament of tho altar ; all per- 
 sons that did not hear mass or go to their 
 parish church to service: that would not 
 go in processions or did not take holy 
 bread or holy water ; and if they found any 
 tliat did obstinately persist in such here- 
 sies, they -ivero to put them into the hands 
 of their ordinaries, to be punished accord- 
 ing to the spiritual laws ; giviug the com- 
 missioners full power to proceed as their 
 discretion and consciences should direct 
 them, and to use all such means as they 
 would invent for the searching of tho pro- 
 mises, empowering them, also, to call be- 
 fore them such witnesses as they pleased, 
 and to force them to make oath of such 
 things as might discover uhat they sought 
 after.' This new commission was, iu 
 fact, an English inquisition I and the fol- 
 lowing extract from Hume abundantly 
 shows the determination that that Inqui- 
 sition should not want for offlcials and 
 familiars. 
 
 ' To bring the method of proceeding iu 
 England still nearer to the practice of tho 
 inquisition, letters were written to lord 
 North and others, enjoining them " to put 
 to the torture" such obstinate persona m 
 
-f- 
 
 course of 
 her Impru- 
 ee. Subso- 
 the danger 
 onded lest 
 the priest i 
 ncnt. The ! 
 feared, did i 
 arniugthat ; 
 1 his father , 
 d him with ' 
 threatened 
 tment. The 
 danger and , 
 itcntlonally 
 Iveredhlin- | 
 Ills conduct I 
 to the pro- | 
 Bpcculative , 
 ir knew no 
 mercilosBly 
 
 1 and detes* 
 had not al- 
 juatmed by 
 in every dl- 
 » appointed 
 Ing all Bpiri- 
 38 I and two 
 commission 
 it in object, 
 mmissionera 
 me, Inqulsl- 
 aers offlclals 
 nission said, 
 nours were 
 i, and many 
 pread among 
 e to enquire 
 cnts, by wlt- 
 ly they could 
 lieresicB, the 
 caders of all 
 id punish all 
 n any church 
 ;hat did not 
 Itar ; all pcr- 
 r go to their 
 it would not 
 t take holy 
 cy found any 
 I such here- 
 to the bauds 
 ished accord- 
 ing the corn- 
 seed as their 
 hould direct 
 eausas they 
 of the pro- 
 , to call be- 
 ,hcy pleased, 
 yath of such 
 they sought 
 m was, iu 
 and the fol- 
 abundantly 
 . that inqul- 
 offlcials and 
 
 •oceeding In 
 ictice of the 
 [ten to lord 
 hem " to put 
 persons m 
 
 '( 
 
 p 
 
 would not confess, and tliero to order them 
 at their discretion.' 
 
 While Philip and Mary were thus exhibit- 
 ing an evil industry and zeal to bring about 
 the reconcilement of the kingdom to Rome, 
 Paul IV., who now lllle<l the papal throne, 
 took advantage of Mary's bigotry to assume 
 the right of cmt/erring upon Mary the king- 
 dom of Ireland, which she already possess- 
 ed de facto et dejure as part and parcel of 
 the English sovereignty, and to Insist upon 
 the restoration to llnino of certain lands 
 and money I Several of the counsel, pro- 
 bably fearing that by degrees Homo would 
 demand back all the church property, 
 pointed out the great danger of inipovcr- 
 iehing the kingdom, and but that de.ath 
 had deprived Mary of the shrewd judgement 
 of Gardiner, such concessions would pro- 
 bably not have been made to the grasping 
 spirit of llome. But Mary replied to all 
 objections by saying that she preferred 
 the salvation of her own soul to ten such 
 kingdoms as England. A bill was ac- 
 cordingly presented to parliament for 
 restoring to the church the tenths, first 
 fruits, and all impropriations which re- 
 mained In tho hands of the queen. At llr.st 
 Bight it might seem that parliament liad 
 little cause or right to Interfere in a matter 
 wliich,a8 far as the terms of the bill went, 
 concerned only the queen herself. But the 
 lay possessors of cimrcli lands naturally 
 enough considered that subjects would 
 scarcely be spared after tho soverelgu had 
 been mulcted. Moreover, while some, pro- 
 bably a great number, of the members were 
 chiefly moved by this consideration, all be- 
 gan to be both terrillcd and disgusted liy 
 the brutal executions which had disgraced 
 tho whole nation. A ste.ody opposition 
 consequently arose : and when the govern- 
 ment applied for a subsidy for two years 
 and for two llfteenths, tho latter were re- 
 fused, and tho opposition, with equal bit- 
 terness and justice, gave as tho reason of 
 this refusal, that while the crown was wil- 
 fully divesting itself of revenue in behalf of 
 Home, it was quite useless to bestow wealth 
 upon it. The dissatisfaction of the parlia- 
 ment was still farther evidenced by the 
 rejection of two bills, enacting pensltles 
 against such exiles as should fall to return 
 within a certain time, and for incapacitat- 
 ing for tho olilco of justice of the peace 
 such magistrates as were remiss in the pro- 
 secution of heretics. This fresh and pointed 
 proof of the displeasure of the parliament 
 determined tho queen to dissolve it. But 
 the dissolution of tho parliament did not 
 diminish tho pecuniary embarrassment of 
 tho queen. Her husband had now been 
 several months with his father in Flanders ; 
 and tho very little of his correspondence 
 with which he favoured her chietly con- 
 sisted of demands for money. Stern and 
 unfeeling as she was to everj'one else, the 
 Infatuated queen was passionately attached 
 to the husband who certainly took no pains 
 to conceal his dislike of her ; and as the 
 parliament, previous to its dissolution, had 
 granted her but a scanty supply, sho was 
 led, by her anxiety tome. . her husband's 
 demands, to extort money from her sub- 
 
 jects in a manner tho most unjustiflable. 
 From each of ono thousand persons, of 
 whoso personal attachment she affected to 
 be quite certain, she demanded a loan of 
 G0{. ; and even tlilsl.irge sum being inade- 
 quate to her wants, she demanded a farther 
 general loan from all persons possessing 
 twenty pounds a year and upwards ; a mea- 
 sure which greatly distressed the smaller 
 gentry. Many of them were obliged by her 
 Inroads upon their purses to discharge some 
 of their servants, and as these men sud- 
 denly thrown upon the world became trou- 
 blesome, tho queen issued a proclamation 
 to compel their former employers to take 
 them back again I Upon seven thousand 
 yeomen who had not as yet contributed, 
 she levied sixty tlious.and marks, and from 
 the merchants she obtained the sum of six 
 and thirty thousand pounds. She also ex- 
 torted money hy ♦!;.. ;:.o8t tyrannous inter- 
 ference with trade, as regarded both tho 
 foreign and native merchants; yet after all 
 this shameless extortion sho was so poor, 
 that sho offered, and In vain, so bad was 
 her credit, fourteen per cent, for a loan of 
 30,0002. Not even that Iiigh rate of inte- 
 rest could induce the mercliants of Ant- 
 werp, to whom sho offered It, to lend her 
 the money, until by menaces she had In- 
 duced her good city of London to be secu- 
 rity for her I Who would imagine tliat wo 
 are writing of the self-same nation that so 
 shortly afterwards warred even to the death 
 with Charles I. for the comparatively tri- 
 fling matter of the ship money t 
 
 Tho poverty which alone had induced 
 Philip to correspond with her was now ter- 
 minated, the emperor Charles tho Fifth, 
 that prince's father, resign Ing to him all his 
 wealth and dominion, and retiring to a 
 monastery In Spain. 
 
 A.D. 1550.— Cianmer, though during tho 
 whole of this reign ho hiid been left unno- 
 ticed in conlincment, was not forgotten by 
 tho vindictive queen. Sho was daily more 
 and more exacerbated in her naturally 
 wretched temper by tho grief caused by 
 the contemptuous neglect of her husband. 
 Her private hours were spent In tears and 
 complaints ; .and that misery which usually 
 softens even the most rugged nature had 
 in her case only tlio effect of making her 
 still more ruthless .and unsparing, 
 
 Cranmer, though he h.id during p.irt of 
 Henry's reign warded off that monarch's 
 rage from Mary, was very nmch hated by 
 her for the part he had taken in bringing 
 about the divorce of her mother, and sho 
 was not only resolved to punish him, but 
 also to make ills do.tth as agonising as pos- 
 sible. For tlie part he had taken in the op- 
 position to her ascending the throne she 
 could easily have had him beheaded, but 
 nothing short of the flames seemed to her 
 to be a sufflciently dreadful punishment for 
 him. She caused tho pope to clto him to 
 Rome, there to take his trial for heresy. 
 Being a close prisoner in the Tower, the 
 unfortunate prelate perforce neglected the 
 citation, and he was condemned par anttU' 
 viace, and sentenced to the stake. The 
 next step was to degrade him from hla 
 sacred oiUce ; and Bonner, who wttU Thirle* 
 Z 
 
 
 ■■*■ rf'^i 
 
( • 
 
 by, bishop of Ely, was Intrusted with this 
 tusk, performed it with all the insolent and 
 trluniphant brutaliry consonant with his 
 nature. Plrinly believing that Crannicr's 
 eternal as well as earthly punishment was 
 assured, tlio queen was not yet contented ; 
 she would fain deprive him in his last hours 
 even of human sympt-thy, and the credit 
 attached to consistci: rj and fidelity to the 
 cause he had en' ced. Persons were 
 employed to persunde lilni that the door of 
 mercy was still or n ^^ lili'i, and that he, 
 who was so well qu .lilted to ne of wide and 
 permanent servlTs *o n- ,ikln(;, was induty 
 bound to save h; .•; ;elf . y a seeming com- 
 pliance wltli the opinions of vhe queen. 
 The fear of death, and the strong lu-gings 
 of higher motives. Induced Crannier to 
 comply, and ho agreed to subscribe to the 
 doctrines of the real presence and the papal 
 supremacy. 
 
 Having Induced Cranmer privately to sign 
 his recantation, the queen now demanded 
 that he should complete the wretched price 
 of his safety by publicly making his recan- 
 tation at St. Paul's before the whole people. 
 Even this would not have saved C-'iinmcr. 
 But, cither from his own judgement, or from 
 the warning of some secret friend, Crannier 
 perceived that It was intended to send him 
 to execution the moment that he should 
 thus have completed and published his de- 
 gradation. All Ills former high and cou- 
 rageous spirit was now again aroused 
 ^'ithln him ; and ho not only refused to 
 comply with this new demand, but openly 
 and boldly said that the only passage In his 
 life of which he deeply and painfully re- 
 pented wac that recantation which. In a 
 moment ol natural weakness, ho already 
 had been Induced to make. He now, he 
 said , most sin cerel y repented and d isavowed 
 that recantation, and inasmuch as his hand 
 had uifended In signing It, so should his 
 hand first suffer the doom which only that 
 single weakness and Insincerity had made 
 him deserving. The rage of the court and 
 its sycophants at hearing a public avowal 
 so different from that which they expected 
 scarcely left them i»3 much decency of pa- 
 tience as would allow them to hear him to 
 the end of his discourse ; and the instant 
 that he ceased to speak he was led away to 
 the stake. 
 
 True to his promise, Cranmer when the 
 faggots were lighted held out his hand Into 
 the rising flames until It was consumed, 
 repeatedly exclaiming as he did so ' This 
 tinworthy hand 1 ' ' This hand has offended I ' 
 The fierce flames, as they reached his body, 
 were not able to subdue the sublime sere- 
 nity to which he had wrought his Christian 
 courage and endurance, and as long as his 
 countenance was vislljle to the appalled by- 
 standers. It wore the character not of agony 
 but of a holy sacrifice, not of despair but 
 of an assured and eternal hope. It is said 
 by some protestant writers of the time, 
 that when the sad scene was at an end, his 
 heart was found entire and uninjured ; but 
 probably this assertion took Its rise In the 
 singular constancy and calmness with 
 which the martyr died. Oardlnal Pole, on 
 the death of Oranmer, was made archbishop 
 
 of Canterbury. But though this ecclesias- 
 tic was a man of great humanity as well as 
 of great ability, and though ho wan sin- 
 cerely anxious to serve the great interests 
 of religion, not by ensnaring and destroy- 
 ing the unhappy and ignorant laity, but by 
 elevating the clergy In the moral and Intel- 
 lectual scale, to render theni more efflclcnt 
 in their awfully important service, there 
 were circumstances which made his power 
 far inferior to his will. He was personally 
 disliked at Rome, where his tolerance, 
 his learning, and his addiction to studious 
 retirement, had caused him to be sus- 
 pected of, at least, a leaning to the new 
 doctrine. 
 
 A.D. 1557.— In the midst of Mary's fierce 
 persecutions of her protestant subjectf, 
 she was self-tortured beyond all that she 
 had it in her power to inUlct on others, and 
 might have asked, in the words of the dy< 
 Ing Inca to his complalri ig soldier, 'Think 
 you that /, then, am ou a bed of roses?' 
 War raged between Prance and Spain, and 
 next to her desire firmly to re-establish Ca- 
 tholicism in England, was her desire to 
 lavish the blood and treasure of her pooplo 
 oil the side of Spain. Some opposithm 
 being made, Philip visited London, and 
 the queen's zeal In his cause was Increased, 
 instead of being, as, in the case of a nobler 
 spirit, It would have been, utterly destroyed, 
 by his sullen declaration, that If England 
 did not join him against France, he would 
 see ii.:?riaiid no more. Even this, however 
 much it ufocted the queen, did not bear 
 down the opposition to a war which, as the 
 clear-headed laeinbers discerned, would 
 bo Intoleral'ly expensive In any case, and, 
 if successful, would tend to make England 
 a mere devendency of Spain. Under the 
 circumsta.ices a true EuKllsh patriot, in- 
 deed, must have wished to see Spain hum- 
 bled not exalted ; crippled in its finances, 
 not enriched. It unfortunately happened, 
 however, that .in attempt was mode to seize 
 Scarborough, and StJifford and his fellows 
 In this attempt confessed that they were 
 Incited to It by Henry of France. This de- 
 clnratlon called up all the dominant na- 
 tional antipathy to France ; the prudence 
 of the opposition was at once laid asleep ; 
 war was declared, and every preparation 
 that the wretched financial state of England 
 would permit, was made for carrying It on 
 with vigour. By dint of a renewal of the 
 most shameless and excessive extortion, 
 the queen contrived to raise and equip an 
 army of ten thousand men, who were sent 
 to Flanders under the carl of Pembroke. 
 To prevent disturbances at home, Mary, In 
 obedience probably to the advice of her cold 
 and cruel husband, caused many of the first 
 men In England, from whom she had any 
 reason to fear any opposition, to be seized 
 and imprisoned In places where even their 
 nearest friends could not find them. 
 
 The details of the military affairs be- 
 tween France and Spain with her English 
 auxiliaries belong to the history of France, 
 In this place it may suffice to say, that the 
 talents of Guise rendered all our attempts 
 useless ; and that, so far from benefiting 
 Philip, we lost Calais, that key to France, 
 
lis ecclesiaa- 
 ity as well aa 
 ho wan sin- 
 cat interests 
 iiid destroy- 
 laity, but by 
 ral and lutel- 
 lore efficient 
 srvlce, tiiero 
 loliis power 
 ,3 personally 
 s tolerance, 
 I to studious 
 to be 8U3- 
 : to the new 
 
 Mary's fierce 
 int subjectf, 
 all that slio 
 a others, and 
 Is of the dy- 
 1 tiler, 'Think 
 d of roses?' 
 d Spain, and 
 ■establish ca- 
 er deslro to 
 )f lier people 
 B opposition 
 London, and 
 as Increased, 
 Bof a nobler 
 ly destroyed, 
 tif England 
 ice, he would 
 Ills, however 
 lid not bear 
 tvhlcb, as the 
 rned, would 
 ly case, and, 
 lake Kiigland 
 Under the 
 patriot, in- 
 Spaln hum- 
 its llnances, 
 ly happened, 
 nade to seize 
 Ills fellows 
 it they were 
 CO. This de- 
 :)nilnant na- 
 ho prudence 
 laid asleep ; 
 preparation 
 e of England 
 irrying it on 
 newal of the 
 extortion, 
 ind equip an 
 10 were sent 
 Pembroke, 
 me, Mary, In 
 ;oof her cold 
 y of the first 
 she had any 
 to be seized 
 ■6 even tUelr 
 hem. 
 
 aflaira be- 
 her English 
 ■y of France. 
 lay, that the 
 lur attempts 
 a benefiting 
 to France, 
 
 .♦ 
 
 i 
 
 (iPiiflTantf.— l^otiiSc ai €xttsav,—(iS\iia,lctff» 
 
 339 
 
 of which England was so chary and so 
 proud. Even the cold and unpatriotic 
 heart of Mary was touched by this capital 
 misfortune ; and bhe was often heard to 
 say, in the agonies of her grief, that after 
 her deatli ' Calais ' would bo found visibly 
 graven upon her broken licart. But regrets 
 were vain, and wisdom came too late. 
 Prance improved her success by stirring 
 up the Scotch ; and, wltli such a danger 
 threatening her very frontier, England was 
 obliged sullenly and silently to withdraw 
 xrom an onerous warfare, which she had 
 most unwisely entered upon. 
 
 Philip continued tlic war for some time 
 after Englandhad virtually withdrawn from 
 It ; and be was negotiating a peace and in- 
 sisting upon the restoration of Calais as 
 one of its conditions, when Mary, long la- 
 bouring under a dropsy, was seized with 
 mortal illness and died, in the year 1558, 
 after a most wretclied and mischievous 
 reign of five years and four months. This 
 miserable woman has been allowed tho vir- 
 tue of sincerity as the sole good, the one 
 oasis, in the dark desert of her character. 
 But even this virtue must, on careful exami- 
 nation, be denied to her by the impartial 
 historian. As a whole. Indeed, her course 
 Is Tiot marked by insincerity. But why? Her 
 ferocity and despotism were too completely 
 unresisted to leave any room for the exer- 
 cise of falsehood, after the very fl/st days of 
 her disgraceful reign. But in those first 
 days, while it was yet uncertain whether 
 she could resist the power and ability of 
 the ambitious and unprincipled Northum- 
 berland, she proved that she could use guile 
 where force was wanting. Her promises 
 to the Protestants were In many cases 
 voluntary, and in all profuse and )sitive ; 
 yet she no sooner grasped tho iccptre 
 firmly in her hand, than she scattered 
 her promises to the winds, and commenced 
 that course of bigotry and cruelty which 
 has covered her memory with disgrace. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 T7ie Reign of EH7 aketh. 
 
 A.D. 1568. — So completely had V<q arbi- 
 trary and cruel reign ofMary disgusted her 
 subjects, almost without distinction of rank 
 or religious opinions, that the accession of 
 Elizabeth was hailed as a blessing unalloy- 
 ed and almost too great to have been hoped 
 for. The parllamont had been called to- 
 gether a few days oef ore tho death of Mary, 
 and when Heath, archbishop of York, as 
 chancellor, announced that event, lie was 
 hardly allowed to conclude ore both houses 
 burst Into the joyful cry of 'God save 
 queen Elizabeth I Long and happily may 
 she reign 1 ' 
 
 Elizabeth when she received the news 
 of her sister's death was at Hatddd, 
 where she had for some time resldea in 
 studied retirement: for, even to tho last, 
 Mary had shown that her malignity against 
 lier younger sister had suflLered no abate- 
 ment, and required only the slightest oc- 
 casion to burst out in even fatal violence. 
 Wlien she had devoted a few days to the 
 appearance of mourning, she proceeded 
 
 to London and took up her abode in tlio 
 Tower. The remembrance of the very dif- 
 ferent circumstances under which she had 
 formerly visited that blood-stained fortress, 
 wlion she was a prisoner, and her life in 
 danger from the malignity of her then all- 
 powerful sister, alfected her so mucli, that 
 she fell upon her knees and returned thanks 
 anew to tho Almighty for her safe deliver- 
 ance from danger, which, she truly said, 
 was scarcely inferior to that of Daniel in 
 the den of lions. Her immediately subse- 
 quent conduct showed that her beart was 
 prdperly affected by the emotions which 
 called forth this act of piety. She had been 
 much injured and much insulted during the 
 llfo of lior sister ; for such was tho hateful 
 and petty cast of Mary's mUid, that there 
 were few readier ways to win her favour 
 than by insult or injury to the then frlend- 
 le.;j daughter of Anno Boleyn. But Eliza- 
 beth now seemed determined only to rc- 
 mnmbcr tlie past in her thankfulness for 
 her complete and almost uilraculous deli- 
 verance from danger. Slie allowed neither 
 word nor glance to express resentment, 
 even to those who had most injured her. 
 Sir H. BedingUcld, who had for a consider- 
 able time been her host, and who had both 
 harshly and disrespectfully caused her to 
 feel that though nominally his guest and 
 ward, she was in reality his jealously watch- 
 ed prisoner, might very reasonably have ex- 
 pected a cold if not a stern reception ; but 
 even this man she received with affability 
 when ho first presented himself, and never 
 afterwards inllicted any severer punishment 
 upon him than a good-humoured sarcasm. 
 The sole case in which she manifested a feel- 
 ing of dislike was that of the brutal and 
 blood-stained Bonner, from whom, while 3he 
 addressed all the other bishops with almost 
 affectionate cordiality, she turned away witli 
 an expi'cssion of horror and disgust. 
 
 As soon aa the necessary attention to her 
 private affairs would allow her, tho new 
 queen sent off messengers to foreign courts 
 to announce her sister's death and her own 
 accession. The envoy to Philip, who at this 
 time was in Flanders, .vas the lord Cobham, 
 who was ordered to return the warmest 
 thanks of his royal mistress for the protec- 
 tion he iiad afforded her when she so much 
 needed it, and to cxpre!>s her sincere and 
 earnest desire that their friendship r.'.iglit 
 continue unbroken. The friendly earnest- 
 ness of Elizabeth's message strengthened 
 Philip in a letermlnatlon he had made even 
 during the illness of Mary, of whose early 
 death he could not but have been expect- 
 ant, and he immediate^ instructed his am- 
 bassador to the court of London to offer the 
 hand of Philip to Elizabeth. Blinded by Ills 
 eager desire to obtain that dominion over 
 England which his marriage with Mary had 
 failed to secure, Philip forgot that there 
 were many objections to this measure ; ob- 
 jections which he, indeed, would easily have 
 overlooked, but which the sagacious Eliza- 
 beth could not fall to notice. As a catho- 
 lic, Philip was necessarily disliked by tho 
 Protestants who had so lately tasted of 
 catholic persecution In Its worst form ; as 
 a Spaniard, ho was cordially detested by 
 
 A' 
 
 \ ...^ 
 
340 
 
 €\)t Crcniittrjj of I^Wtova, 9et. 
 
 I i 
 
 Engllslimcn of cither creed. Dnt apart 
 Iroiii and beyond these weighty oJ)jectloiis, 
 which of themselves would have been fatal 
 to his prc.''''.islons, ho stood In precisely the 
 sanio relationship to EU^r.liOth that her fa- 
 ther had stood In to Catlnrhio of Arragoii, 
 and In marrying Philip, Elizabeth wonUl 
 virtually, and in a manner which the world 
 would surely nor overlook, pronounce her 
 mother's marrlr.t,'o lllegu! and her own 
 J)lrth lllegltl-natc. Tills last conslderiiMon 
 alone would iiave decided Kllzaheth aga.i st 
 Philip ; but while in her henrt she was fully 
 niid Irrovocally determined never to marry 
 him, she even thus early brouj-'ht Into use 
 that duplicity for whlcJi she W!.« uftcrwanis 
 as remarljnble as for her hiphor v.nd nobler 
 riualltlcs, and sent him so CQulvocal and 
 undecided an answer, thai, so far from de- 
 spairing of success, rhlllp actually sent to 
 Rome to solicit thetiispensatlon lii^t would 
 bo Tiei'essary. 
 
 >Vitb ViCi- charaticrlstic prudence, Ellza- 
 betl;, ilirough her ambassador at Home, 
 anu<-'r cod hor accession to the pnpe. That 
 exali I'J (•rrso.iiago was griciediu the early 
 death oi Ma/.>, isot disly rts it deprived 
 Uonio ot Mw lii'i.i.flt of Utr bleiotry, but as 
 It made w ,r ''^r a piiticoss wlio was already 
 looked up I • <ith pr!*To und confldenceby 
 ill;* protf«t-U)'' J ; and hi' suffered his double 
 V'-xatidU t>> manifest iiselfwith a very in- 
 discreet energy. Ho treated Elizabeth's 
 jtsstuniDtlon of tlic crown without iiis pcr- 
 niissioii as being doubly wrong ; wrong, as 
 treating with disrespect the holy sec, to 
 which he still deemed England subject, 
 .and wrong, as the holy sec had pronounced 
 her birth illegitimate. This sort of con- 
 iltict was by no means calculated to suc- 
 iv.'Cd with Elizabeth : she Immediately re- 
 called hor ambassador from Home, and 
 only pursued her course with the more re- 
 solved and open vigour. She recalled home 
 all who had been exiled, and set at liberty 
 all whohad been imprisoned for their religi- 
 ous opinions during the reign of her sister ; 
 she caused the greater part of the service 
 to be performed in English, and she forbade 
 the elevation of the host in her own chapel, 
 which she set up as the standard fur ail 
 other places of worship. But, always cool 
 and cautious, Elizabeth, while she did thus 
 much and thus judiciously to favour the re- 
 formers, did not neglect to discourage those 
 who not only would have fain outstripped 
 lier in advancing reform, but even have In- 
 flicted upon the Romanists some of the 
 persecutions of which they themselves had 
 complained. On occasion of a petition 
 ))cing presented to her, It was said, in that 
 partly quaint and partly a arumentative style 
 which in that age was so greatly affected, 
 that having graciously released so many 
 other prisoners, It was to be hoped that she 
 would receive a petition for the release of 
 Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Being 
 ns yet undetermined as to the extent to 
 which It would be desirable to permit or 
 entourage the reading of the scriptures, 
 Bho readily replied, that previous to doing 
 so sho must consult those prisoners, and 
 learn w -^ther they desired their liberty. 
 To preachiug she was never a great friend ; 
 
 one or two preachei.^, oho was wont to say, 
 were enough for a whole county. And, at 
 this early period of hor relpn, sha deemed 
 that the Indiscrcci '/c;v! of nmijv of the 
 most noted of the r rotes! lut ptvachers was 
 calculated to proMiite tt)>t very rti riecn- 
 tlon of the Romaiii.sti; wh.iit siie wiu especi- 
 ally anxious to avi-ld: ;ib ■ ho, consoqueiit- 
 ly, forbade all preii .'hinf=! sja, o by special 'i- 
 rence, aril took cm o, to ftrur.t Mcpnc^s only 
 1(1 men oi dlscrct',!! and in-' .'.jrai.i< :. froKi 
 u hose prtaching uo evil \ytia to oo appr,- 
 i Imnded. 
 
 j Tho par!!iment w;.?« vory early employed 
 I !'!, passing iaw3 for tlio suppression of the 
 ! 'ocntly erected monasteries, and restor- 
 ;!it' the alienated tenths and first fruits to 
 tlio crown. Sundry ()i\w.- laws were passul 
 chiefly vcVUlng t" religion ; bu'. Miose iws 
 will be t'iiiUoloiitiy understood by thr suwho 
 h.'ivt attentively ace >mpaiiled us thwi I'ur, 
 when wu say, that they, .«ulis.toi!tiallyj ttbo- 
 llshcd aU thu Mary lial done, : , : restdrcil 
 nil that (he U-vl abolliiavl of I'.'j laws ot 
 Edward. 
 
 Tho then blBUop.i, owing everything to 
 her sister and to oatholiclsm, were so great- 
 ly offended by these clear indications of 
 her intended course, that they refused to 
 offlf late at her coronation, and It was not 
 without some dilllculty that the bishop of 
 Carlisle was fit length prevailed upon to 
 perform the < <Memony. 
 
 Tho most ; uident and effectual steps 
 having thus in-en taken to secure tho pro- 
 testant Inter:., ts without in any degrco 
 awakening or encouraging whatever thero 
 might be of protostant bigotry, and to do- 
 spoil tho Romanists of wliat they had vio- 
 lently acquired without driving them to 
 desperation, the fiueen caused a solemn 
 disputation to be hold before Bacon, whom 
 she had mode lord keeper, between the pro- 
 tostaut and theromanlst divines. Tho latter 
 were vanquislied in argument, but were too 
 obstinate to confess it ; and some of them 
 were so refractory that It was deemed ne- 
 cessary to imprison them. Having been 
 thus far triumphant, the protestants pro- 
 ceeded to their ultimate and most impor- 
 tant step ; and a blU was passed by which 
 tlio mass was abolished, and the liturgy of 
 king Edward reestablished ; and penalties 
 were enacted against all who should either 
 absent themselves from worship or depart 
 from tho order here laid down. Before tho 
 conclusion of the session, the parliament 
 gave a still further proof of its attachment 
 to the qneen, and of its desire to aid her in 
 her designs, by voting her a subsidy of four 
 shillings In tho pound on land, and two 
 and elghtpence on goods, with two flf- 
 tenths. Well knowing all the dangers of 
 a disputed succession, the parliament at 
 the same time petitioned ber to choose a 
 husband. But the queen, though she ac- 
 knowledged that tho petition was couched 
 in terms so general and so respectful that 
 she could not take any offence at It, pro- 
 tested that always undesirous of chau^ng 
 her condition, sho was now more than ever 
 so ; she was anxious only to be the wife of 
 England and the mother of tho English, 
 and had no higher ambition than to bare for 
 
 T 
 
nt to snjr. 
 
 And, at 
 4 deemed 
 V of the 
 ,1' Tiers wn« 
 
 jL'isecu- 
 nu espeil- , 
 ins^quciif.' 
 i<peclal 'I- 
 
 lit:'., froi.i ' 
 00 apvir '- 1 
 
 ■ employed 
 lion of the 
 ,iid restor- 
 ,t Irulta to 
 rero passu! 
 ISiDse iwa 
 r thf.su who 
 3 thiAS i'<ir, 
 *Ml\y, Jtl'o- 
 
 ;>j lawa ov 
 
 jrythhig to 
 TO 80 great- 
 llcatlons til 
 
 refused to 
 
 Itwaa not 
 c biBhop of 1 
 ed upon to 
 
 ctual steps 
 uro the pro- 
 any degree 
 Uevcr there 
 ,', and to do- 
 hcy liad vlo- 
 ig them to 
 d a solemn 
 aeon, whom 
 cen the pro- 
 is. The latter 
 but were too 
 me of them 
 deemed ue- I 
 [avlng been : 
 ^cstants pro- i 
 most impor- ; 
 ,ed by which I 
 he liturgy of i 
 jid penalties | 
 ihould either , 
 lip or depart j 
 . Before the 
 le parliament 
 3 attachment 
 ! to aid her In 
 ibsldyoffour 
 nd, and two 
 rith two flf- 
 e dangers of 
 >arliamcnt at ■ 
 to choose a 1 
 ough she ac- | 
 was couched 
 spectful that 
 Lce at It, pro- 
 of changing 
 ^ore than ever 
 » the wife of 
 tlio English, 
 antobavefur 
 
 her epitaph, ' Here lies Elizabeth, who lived 
 and died a maiden queen.' 
 
 A.D. 16r>9.— The parliament just proro- 
 gued had, as wo have shown, got through a 
 vast deal of Important business in the ses- 
 sion ; but though that was the first session 
 of a new reign, and of a reign, too, immedi- 
 ately following one in which such horrors 
 of tyrannous cruelty had been enacted, it 
 is to be remarked, to the praise of the mo- 
 deration of both queen and parliament, that 
 not a single bill of attainder was passed, 
 though some attaints by former parliaments 
 were mercifully or justly removed. 
 
 While the queen had been thus wisely 
 busy at liomc, sho had been no less active 
 abroad. Sensible tliat her kingdom re- 
 quired a long season of raposo to enable It 
 to regain Its power, she ordered her ambas- 
 sadors, lord Eillngham and the bishop of 
 Ely, to conclude peace with France on any 
 terms; and peace was accordingly con- 
 cluded. But as the marriage of Henry 
 and Anno Boleyn had been concluded in 
 open opposition to Homo, Franco chose to 
 deem Elizabeth wrongfully seated upon the 
 throne; and the duke of Guise and his bro- 
 thers, seeing that Mary, queen of Scots, the 
 wife of the dauphin, would— supposing Eli- 
 zabeth out of the question— be tlio rightful 
 heir, persuaded the king of France to order 
 his son and Ills daughter-in-law to assume 
 both the title and the arms of England. 
 The death of Henry of Franco at a tourna- 
 ment not being followed by any abandon- 
 ment on the part of Mary and hpr husband, 
 then Francis II. of France, of tliis most un- 
 warrnntable and insulting assumption, Eli- 
 zabeth was Btung it.to the commencement 
 of that deadly hatred which subsequently 
 proved so fatal to tho fairer but less pru- 
 dent Mary of Scotland. 
 
 A.D. 1501.— Tho situation of Scotland and 
 the circumstances which occurred there at 
 this period will be found in all necessary 
 detail under tho proper head. It will snf- 
 Jlco to say, here, that the theological and 
 rivll disputes that raced flcrcely aniDug the 
 turbulent and warlike nobility of Scotland 
 and tlioir respective followers, plunged that 
 country Into a state of confusion, which 
 encouraged Elizabeth in her hope of ex- 
 torting from Miiry, now a widow, a clear 
 and satisfactory abandonment of her gs- 
 Buinption ; an abandonment which, indeed, 
 had been made for her by a treaty at Edin- 
 burgh, which treaty Eli/.a))cth now, through 
 Tlirogmorton, her ambassador, demanded 
 that Mary should ratify. But wilfulness 
 and a certain petty womanly pique deter- 
 mined Mary to refuse this, although imme- 
 diately on tho death of her husband sho 
 had laid aside both tlie title and the arms 
 ofq'icenof England. 
 
 Mary's residence in Prance, meanwhile, 
 had become very disagreeable to her from 
 the 111 ofllces of the queen mother, and she 
 resolved to comply with the invitation of 
 the states of Scotland to return to that 
 kingdom. She accordingly ordered her 
 aml)assador, D'Oisel, to apply to Elizabeth 
 for a safe conduct through England ; but 
 Elizabeth, through Throgmorton, refused 
 copipliancc with that request, except on 
 
 condition of Mary's ratlllcation of the 
 treaty of Edln1)urgh. Mary remonstrated 
 in severe though chastened terms, and Im- 
 mediately determined upon proceeding to 
 Scotland by sea, for which purpose she em- 
 barked at Calais. Elizabeth at the same 
 time sent out cruisers, ostensibly to pursue 
 pirates, but, as It should seem, with the in- 
 tention of seizing upon the person of Mary, 
 who, however, passed through the English 
 squadron In a fog, and arrived safely at 
 Lelth. But though safe, Mary was far from 
 happy. She had loved France with even 
 more than a native's love, and only ceased 
 to gaze upon its receding shores when they 
 were hidden by the darkness of night. 
 Tho manners of the French were agreeable 
 to her; she had become, as it were, 'native 
 and to the manner born,' in that land of 
 gaiety and frivolity; and all that sho heard 
 of the stern harsh bigotry of the predomi- 
 nant party In Scotland, led her to anticipate 
 nothing but tho most wearisome and mc- 
 Irncholy feelings, ller youth, her beauty, 
 her many accomplishments, and, above all, 
 the novelty of seeing their sovereign once 
 more among them, caused the Scots to give 
 her a most joyous and aifectlonate recep- 
 tion. Her first measures were well calcu- 
 lated to confirm the favoural)le opinion 
 which her people appeared to entertain. 
 She gave, at least ostensibly, all her conll- 
 dence and nearly all her attention to tho 
 leaders of the reformed party, who, indeed, 
 had now complete power over tho great 
 mass of the Scottish people. Secretary 
 Lildington and her brother, lord James, 
 whom she created earl of Murray, ably se- 
 conded her endeavours to introduce some- 
 thing like order into tliat land so long and 
 so grievously torn by faction and strife, 
 and as tlio measures taken were at once 
 firm and conciliatory, everything seemed 
 to promise success. 
 
 But there was, amidst all this seeming 
 promise of better times, one fatal clement 
 which rendered her success nearly impos- 
 sible. Bigotry in England was personlflcd 
 mildness and toleration, compared to tho 
 Intense and envenomed bigotry which at 
 that time existed In Scotland. Mary on her 
 very first entrance into Scotland had issued 
 an order that every one should submit to 
 the reformed religion. But she herself was 
 etill a papist; and scarcely was the first joy 
 of her arrival subsided wlien the reformed 
 preachers began to denounce her on that 
 account. Tho celebration of catholic riti's 
 In her own chapel would have been sternly 
 refused her by tho zealous preachers and 
 their zealous followers, had not the mul- 
 titude been Induced to side by her In that 
 nmtter, from fear of lier returning to 
 France in disgust. But even that consi- 
 deration did not ))revent tlic preachers and 
 some of their followers from proceeding 
 to the most outrageous lengths ; and this 
 single circumstance sufflccd to throw tho 
 whole Scottish people into confusion and 
 uneasiness. 
 
 Wisely chary of expense, and profoundly 
 politic, Elizabeth saw that the bigotry of 
 Mary's subjects would find that princess 
 other employment than that of making 
 
 1- 
 
 
 •1 .■■» 
 
 ^.'■] 
 
 
 
^ 
 
 I 
 
 t ■ ' 
 
 342 
 
 dlje Cifajftiii! al W^taviu Set, 
 
 any attempt to disturb tlio peace of Eng- 
 Iiincl. 8ho therefore turned her attention 
 to Improving the nrts, commerce, navy, 
 and artillery of England j and with so much 
 judgement, and with such great as well aa 
 rapid Buccess, that she well merited tho 
 title that was licstowcd upon licr, of ' tho 
 restorer of naval glory and queen of the 
 northern seas.' Her spirit and prudence 
 had naturally enough encouraged foreign 
 princes to believe, that though she had In 
 some sort pledged herself to a maiden life. 
 It wasnot Imposislble to dissuade lier from 
 persevering In that resolution. Tho arch- 
 duke Charles, second son of the emperor ; 
 Caslmir, son of the elector palatine ; Erie, 
 king of Sweden ; Adolph, duke of Holstcln ; 
 and tho earl of Arran, presumptive heir to 
 tho crown of Scotland, were among the 
 suitors for her liand. Nor voro thero 
 wanting aspirants to that high and envied 
 honour even among her own subjects. 
 The earl of Arundel, though old enough to 
 bo her father, and sir William Pickering 
 were among those who flattered themselves 
 •with hope; as was lord llobcrt Dudley, "a 
 son of the ambitious duke of Northumber- 
 land beheaded In the reign of ;Mary ;• and 
 as tho flno person and showy accomplisli- 
 ments of this last caused the queen to 
 treat hiniwlth more favour and coniUlonco 
 than his actual talents seemed to warrant 
 from so acute a judge of men's merits as 
 Elizabeth, It was for some time very gene- 
 rally imagined that ho was a favoured 
 lover. Hut tho queen answered all ad- 
 dresses wUli a refusal, and yet not such a 
 refusal as to iittcrly destroy that feeling of 
 attachment whicli was so useftU to her as a 
 queen, and— can we doubt it?— so agree- 
 able as well as flattering to her as a woman. 
 Hut though Ellz.abeth appeared to be de- 
 cidedly disinclined to marriage, nothing 
 appeared to offcntl her more than tho mar- 
 riage of any who had pretensions to suc- 
 ceed her. A remarkable instance of this 
 occurred in tho case of tho lady Catherine 
 Cirey, youngest sister of tho hapless lady 
 Jane. This lady married, in second nup- 
 tials, tho earl of Hertford, son of the pro- 
 tector Somerset, and, the lady proving 
 pregnant, Elizabeth confined both husband 
 and wife in the Tower, where they remained 
 for nine years. At the end of that time 
 the countess died, and then tho queen at 
 length gave the persecuted earl his liberty. 
 A.D. 1562.— Besides all considerations of 
 Ills personal and ineradicable bigotry, Plil- 
 llp of Spain had yet another motive for 
 fuIfllUng the vow which, on escaping from 
 a violent tempest he had made, to do all 
 that ill him lay for the extirpation of heresy. 
 Of that 'heresy' Elizabeth, by the com- 
 mon consent not only of her own subjects 
 but of the Protestants of all Europe, was 
 looked upon as the child and champion ; 
 and her rejection of Philip's hand, and her 
 consequent baffling of all lii.s hopes of ob- 
 taining sway over England, had excited his 
 gloomy and vindictive nature to a fierce 
 and personal hatred. In every negotiation, 
 under every circumstance, he made tills 
 hatred to tho qvzn appear in his virulent 
 and obstii:ato oppositiou to the interests of 
 
 England. Not content with tho most io> 
 lent persecution of tho protestanta wher- 
 ever his own authority could be stretched 
 to reach thein, ho lent his aid to the quoea 
 mother of France. Tliat aid so fearfully 
 tunicd the scale against tho French Hugue< 
 nets, that their chivalrous leader, tho princo 
 of Conde, was fain to opply for aid to the 
 Protestant queen of England. He ap- 
 pealed tu her Interest as well aa to her re- 
 ligious sympathies. The Huguenots pos- 
 sessed nearly tho whole of Normandy; and 
 Cond6 ofTered to give Elizabeth possession 
 of IIavro-de-(!race, on condition that she 
 should put a garrison of three thousand 
 men into that place, send throe thousand 
 men to garrison Dieppe and Uoucn, and 
 supply money to tho amount of a hundred 
 thousand crowns. Tho offer was tempt- 
 ing. True it was that the French were by 
 treaty bound to restore Calais, but there 
 were many reasons for doubting whether 
 that agreement would bo fulfilled. Pos- 
 sessed of Havre, and thus commanding tho 
 mouth of tho Seine, England would bo the 
 moro likely to bo able to coiumand tho 
 restitution of Calais; the offer of Condf 
 was accordingly accepted. Havre and 
 Dieppe wore immediately garrisoned, but 
 the latter place was speeOlly found to bo 
 untenable, and evacuated accordingly. To 
 Ilouen the catholics were laying siege, and 
 it was with great dllllrultj' that Poynlnir:» 
 threw In a small reinforcement of English 
 to aid the Huguenot garrison. Thus aided, 
 tho Huguenots f •ught bravely and well, bui 
 were at length overpowered and put to tli& 
 sword. About tho same time three thou 
 sand more English arrived to tlie support 
 of Havre, under tho command of tho earl 
 of Warwick, eldest brother of the lord Ho- 
 bert Dudley. With this aid and a second 
 sum of a hundi'Cd thousand crowns, tho 
 Hu'Jtuenots, though severely beaten near 
 Dreux, where Oondo and Montmorency 
 were taken prisoners by the catholics, still 
 kept well together, and even took some 
 considerable town:; In Normandy. 
 
 A.D. 1563.— How ii.icercly desirous Eliza- 
 beth was of effectually aiding the Hugue- 
 nots will appear from the fact that, wh o 
 she had thus assisted them with anui.o- 
 rous body of admirable troops and v itli 
 two hundred thousand crowns, as we.l as 
 proffered her bond for another hrndred 
 thousand if merchants could be fcund to 
 lend the amount, she was now so voor that 
 sho was obliged to summon a rarllament 
 .and comand assistance. This r'.eraand led 
 to a renewal of the parliament's request 
 that she would marry. She had been dan- 
 gerously ill of tho small-pox, and her peril 
 had reawakened all tho national terrors of 
 the evils inseparable from a disputed suc- 
 cession. The parliament, consequently, 
 now added to its petition, that sho would 
 marry, the alternative, that sho would at 
 least cause her successor to be clearly and 
 finally— save in tho event of her marrying 
 and having issue— named by an act of par- 
 liament. 
 
 Nothing could have been less agreeable 
 to tho queen than this petition. She well 
 knew the claim of Mary of Scotland, and 
 
 
;ho moBt lo» 
 Btanta ythef 
 bo Btretcheil 
 to the quceu 
 so fearfully 
 ench Huguo- 
 er, the prill CO 
 )r aid to the 
 id. Ho ali- 
 as to her ro- 
 gueiiota pos- 
 rnmndy ; and 
 ,h possession 
 Juii that she 
 i-ce thousand 
 roo thousand 
 Rouen, and 
 of a hundred 
 ■was tempt- 
 ench were l)y 
 Is, but tliero 
 tluR vhetlier 
 nlflUed. Pos- 
 lumndlng tho 
 would bo the 
 lommand tho 
 ler of Condi 
 Havre and 
 rrlsoned, but 
 f found to bo 
 ordlngly. To 
 ing siege, and 
 hat PoyniMMm 
 nt of English 
 . Thus aided, 
 rand well, but 
 ind put to tho 
 10 three thou 
 
 the support 
 id of tho eiirl 
 £ the lord Uo- 
 
 and a sei„ond 
 
 1 crowns, tho 
 r beaten near 
 Montmorency 
 catholics, Btlll 
 on took some 
 ndy. 
 
 Icslrous Ellza- 
 g the nuguc- 
 ict that, wh o 
 I with anui .e- 
 )op8 and V itli 
 k'ns, as wCil as 
 ither hrndred 
 d be found to 
 w 80 ^oor that 
 I a rarllamcnt 
 Is ('.eraand led 
 neM'a request 
 had been dan- 
 c, and her peril 
 onal terrors of 
 I disputed sue- 
 consequently, 
 
 that sho would 
 ; she would at 
 ) be clearly and 
 I her marrying 
 r an act of par- 
 less agreeable 
 Itlon. Sho well 
 : Scotland, and 
 
 
 (!5nflt«iiTf.— IftotiiJe 0f Ciitfor.— eifjalbetlb. 
 
 343 
 
 rhrowdly judged that tho being named as 
 her successor would not diminish the In- 
 clination of that queen to give her dlstmh- 
 ance. On tho other Iiand, to deny that 
 claim and to decide In favour of tlio houso 
 of Buffolk, would be to Incite Mary to in- 
 stant enmity, and at tho same time to 
 create in another quarter the Impatience, 
 rar«ly unmixed with enmity, of tho de- 
 clared successor. In this dilemma sho 
 acted with her usual caution and policy; 
 gave the parliament to understaiul that 
 she had by no means irrevocably made up 
 her mind against Marriage, and assured 
 them. In general t nns, that she could not 
 die with any satisfaction until sho had 
 fettled the succession on solid and satis- 
 factory foundations. 
 
 Tho parliament, sincerely attachvd to 
 the queen, and, besides, well aware that 
 lier temper would but ill ber.. aught that 
 bore the appearance of Importunity or of 
 dictation, was obliged to bo contented, or 
 seemingly so, witli this reply ; and pro- 
 ceeded to 'lusy Itself with i)as8lng need- 
 lessly severe laws against the catholics, 
 and ridiculously severe laws against those 
 iiiiaginaryand Impossible oflenders, witches 
 and wizards. A subsidy and two fifteenths, 
 and a subsidy of six shillings in the pound, 
 tho last to \.j paid in tlirco years, were 
 tlien voted to the queen, and parliament 
 was again prorogued. 
 
 After long and mutually crutl butcherle.", 
 Ilie French Huguenots and catnollcs came 
 to an agreement. An amnesty and partial 
 toleration of tho Huguenots was published 
 l>y the court, and Conde was reinstated in 
 his appointments. To the great discredit 
 of this gallant leader, his own and his 
 party's interests were never attended to by 
 him, almost to the entire forgclfulncss of 
 his agreements mado with Elizabeth when 
 she BO nobly and liberally assisted him. 
 Ho stipulated, indeed, that she should be 
 repaid her exijcnsos, but in return she was 
 to give up Havre, and trust, as before, for 
 tho restitution of Calais to that treaty 
 which the French had so evidently resolved 
 upon breaking. Enraged at Conde's breach 
 of faith, and believing the possession of 
 Havre to lie her best it not her sole security 
 for the restitution of Calais, Elizabctli re- 
 jected these terms with disdain, and sent 
 orders to the carl of Warwick to take 
 every precaution to defend Havre from the 
 attacks of the now united French. 
 
 Warwick, In obedience to those orders, 
 expelled all French from that place, and 
 prepared to defend himself against a large 
 French army, encouraged by the presence 
 of the queen mother, the king, the consta- 
 ble of France, and Cond6 himself. But 
 the courage, vigour, and ability of Wanvick, 
 which promieed to baffle all attempts upon 
 Havre, or at the least to make It a right 
 dear purchase to tho enemy, were coun- 
 terbalanced by the I)reaking out among 
 liis men of a most fatal and pestilential 
 sickness. Seeing them dio daily of this 
 terrible disease, which was much aggra- 
 vated by tho graat scarcity of provisions, 
 Wanvick urgently demanded a reinforce- 
 ment and .snniAlcB from England. But 
 
 these being withheld, and tho French 
 having succeeded In making two practical 
 breaches, the earl had no alternative but to 
 capitulate, and he was obliged to surrender 
 the place upon the solo condition of being 
 allowed life atid safe conduct for his troops. 
 He had hardly surrendered when a rein- 
 forcement of three thousand men arrived 
 from England under lord Clinton, but, 
 besides tliat they were too late, theyalru 
 were suffering under tho plague which ai, 
 that period raged in England. As a conco- 
 quence of the loss of Havre, Elizabeth was 
 glad to consent to restore the hostages given 
 by Franco for the restitution of Calais, on 
 receiving two hundred and twenty thousand 
 crowns,— but it was stipulated that nothing 
 in this transaction should be held to preju' 
 dice the laim of either nation. 
 
 Tliough in reality tho hatred and jealousy 
 that subsisted between Elizabeth and Mary 
 queen of Scots were bitter and constant, 
 nothing of quarrel had as yet been openly 
 allowed to appear. They corresponded 
 weekly and assumed quite a sisterly tone of 
 alfection. So far was this dc'ccptivo con- 
 duct carried on the part of Elizabeth, that 
 Halos, a lawyer, having published a book 
 opposing tliu title of Mary as Elizabeth's 
 successor, was fined and imprisoned ; and 
 Bacon, tho lord keeper, on tho mere sus- 
 picion of having encouraged that publlra- 
 tioji, was visited for some time with the 
 queen's displeasure. An Interview w.as oven 
 appointed to take place between tho two 
 queens at York, but Elizabeth, probably 
 not very anxious to let her subjects see 
 Iilary's superiority of personal beauty, 
 pleaded public affairs, and the meeting was 
 abandoned. 
 
 A new source of care arose for Elizabeth. 
 Mary, young and lovely, and of no frigid 
 temperament, was naturally not disinclined 
 to a second marriage ; and her uncle's rest- 
 less ambition would scarcely have allowed 
 her to remain unmarried even had sho been 
 so. To prevent Mary's marriage was ob- 
 viously not in Elizabeth's power; but as 
 she, at least, bad the power of getting her 
 formally excluded from the English suc- 
 cession, she thought It not so Impossi- 
 ble in the llrr^t instance to delay Mary's 
 choice, and then to cause it to fall on the 
 least likely person to aid and encourage 
 her In any attempts prejudicial to England. 
 AVith this view she raised objections, now 
 of one and now of another sort, against the 
 aspirants to Mary's hand, and at length 
 named lord Uobert Dudley, her ovm sub- 
 ject, and, as some thought, her own not 
 unfavoured suitor, as the person upon whom 
 it would bo most agreeable to her that 
 Mary's choice should fall. 
 
 Tho lord Robert Dudley— as the reader 
 has hitherto known him, but who had now 
 been created earl of Leicester— was hand- 
 some, greatly and generally accomplished, 
 and possessed tho art of flattery in its 
 utmost perfection; an art to which, far 
 more than to his solid merits, ho owed bla 
 power of concealing from Elizabeth his am- 
 bition, rapacity, and intolerable haughti- 
 ness, or of reconciling her to them. The 
 great and continued favour shown to him by 
 
 •3 li 
 
bii 
 
 QT^e ^ttaim'i} of Wittotu, 9et» 
 
 the qucon had inado hliiiBCIf ns well ns tlio 
 multitude Imagine, titat lio might rcaion- 
 Bbly liope to be honoured with her hand ; 
 Mid It waa oven believed that tlin early 
 death of hU young and lovely wife, tlio 
 dauglitor of a wealthy gentleman nanieil 
 Robsart, had been planned and ordered by 
 the earl, in order to remove what ho deemed 
 the sole obstacle to the Buccess of liia 
 loftier viewn. To to ambitious a man, 
 whatever the perxunal Buiicrlority of Mary 
 over Elizabeth, tlio crown matrimonial of 
 Scotland must have seemed a poor substi- 
 tute indeed to that of England ; and Leices- 
 ter not only objected to the proposal, but 
 Attributed 'ts conception to a deep scheme 
 of his ab!e ind Mtter enemy, Cecil, to dr- 
 prlvo him of his intfucnco by weaning Eli- 
 sabeth from all personal feeling fur him, 
 and cAusing her to identity him with her 
 rival Mary, 
 
 The queen of Scotland, on the other hand, 
 wearied with the long and vexatious delays 
 and vacillations of Elizabcth.andinlluenced, 
 perhaps, by tlio personal beauty and ac- 
 complishments of the earl, as well as anx- 
 ious by her marriage with htm to remove 
 Elizabeth's evident rcluctmico to naming 
 her to the English succession, intimated 
 her willingness to accept tho powerful 
 favourite. But Elizabeth had named him 
 only in the hope that ho would be rejected ; 
 he was too great a favourite to bo parted 
 with ; and though she hud herself distinctly 
 named the earl as tho only man whom she 
 should choose to sec the husband of Mary, 
 Bho now coldly and suddenly withdrew her 
 approbation. 
 
 Tho high, and never too prudent, spirit 
 of Mary naturally revolted from this new 
 proof of duplicity and unfriendly feeling; 
 the correspondence between tho rival 
 queens grew less frequent and more curt 
 and formal, and at length for a time wholly 
 ceased. But Mary, i)robably under the ad- 
 vice of her friends In France, resolved to 
 make yet another effort to avoid a flnal and 
 irremediable breach with Elizabeth, and for 
 that purpose sent sir James Mclvil on a 
 mission to London. 
 
 Englishmen arc greatly and justly proud 
 of queen Elizabeth j talten as a whole her 
 reign was one of the greatest in our his- 
 tory. But even making all allowance for 
 the prejudice Melvil may bo Bupposml to 
 have felt against Elizabeth, Vhc account he 
 gives of what he saw of her conduct on 
 this occasion places her in so weak, so \t\\i\, 
 Bo utterly puerile a light, tliat, would rigid 
 Impartiality allow it, one would gladly oi-ci- 
 loolc this portion of her reign altogether. 
 Every day she appeared In some new style of 
 dress ; every interview was marked by some 
 question as to tho difference In feature, 
 person, or manner between herself and her 
 far lovelier, for more accomplished, but far 
 less worthy and less estimable rival, which 
 is infinitely nioro characteristic of the petty 
 but aching envy of some Ill-nurtured school- 
 girl, with vanity made only the more rest- 
 less and craving of flattery from the occa- 
 sional suggestions of shrewder sense on 
 the score of personal inferiority, than of 
 that bigh-soulcd and calm-browcd i^uccn 
 
 who knew liow to endure a dungeon and 
 to dare an armada. 
 
 An accomplished courtier, Melvil was 
 also a shrewd and practised man of the 
 world; and It is quite clear, from his me- 
 moirs, that ho saw through Elizabeth alike 
 in tho weakness of her vanity, and in tho 
 strength of her deep and iron determination, 
 nis report, and probably both her friends* 
 advice and her own Inclination, determined 
 Mary no longer to hesitate about choosing 
 a husband for herself. Lord Darnlcy, son 
 of the carl of Lenox, cousln-gerraan to 
 Mary by the lady Margaret Douglas, nieco 
 of Henry VIII., was by all parties In Scot- 
 land considered a very suitable |)crson. Ho 
 was of the same family as Mary ; was, after 
 her, next heir to tho crown cf England, and 
 would preserve the crown of Scotland In 
 the house of Stuart. While these consi- 
 derations made him eligible In the eyes of 
 Mary's family and of all Scotsmen, he had 
 been born and educated in England, and It 
 was therefore not to bo supposed that Eli- 
 zabeth could have any of that jealousy to- 
 wards him which she might have felt In 
 tho case of a foreign prince and a papist. 
 And, in truth, perceiving that It was not to 
 be hoped that Mnry would remain single, 
 Elizal)etli.w.is not ill pleased that Mary's 
 choice should fall upon Darnley. He could 
 add nothing in the way of power or allianco 
 to the Scottish queen, whose marriage with 
 him would at once release Elizabeth from 
 the half-defined jealousy she felt as to Lei- 
 cester's real sentiments, and would, at the 
 same time, do away with all dread of tho 
 queen of Scots forming any one of tho nu- 
 merous foreign alliances which were open 
 to her, and any one of which would bo dan- 
 gerous to England. 
 
 Lenox had been long In exile. Elizabeth 
 now secretly advised Mary to recall liim, 
 reverse his attainder, and restore his for- 
 feited possessions; but no sooner was tills 
 done than she openly blamed the proceed- 
 ings, with the view atonceof cmbarrasslnir 
 Mary and of keeping up her own interest 
 with the opposite faction In Scotland. Her 
 duplicity did not stop here. When tho no 
 gotiatlons for the marriage were far ad 
 vanced, Darnlcy asked Elizabeth's pcrmlB- 
 sion to go Into Scotland ; and that per- 
 mission was, to all appearance, cheerfully 
 granted. But when she learned that his 
 Imi'dsoMO person was admired by Mary and 
 tl'at the marriage was fully determined on, 
 ^Jic sent to order Darnlcy on no account to 
 go on with the marriage, but, on his alle- 
 gl.ince, to return to England forthwith. 
 Uompllauce with such caprice and tyranny 
 wag ouo of tho question; and Elizabeth 
 threw t/ie countess of Lenox and her second 
 son into prison, and seized all Lenox's Eng- 
 lish property without the shadow of a plea 
 beyond tho conuuct of young Darnley, to 
 which she had deliberately given her Banc- 
 tiont The insulting v.icilIation of Eliza- 
 beth's conduct In a matter of such dclicatu 
 interest to Mary, can only be reconciled 
 with her usual shrewdness by supposing 
 that independent of any small feminine 
 epitefulness, of which, we fear, that even 
 the utmost partiality can hardly acquit her 
 
I' H M ^lMJ iW ^W 
 
 a dutiRcon and 
 
 or, Molvll wns 
 )(1 innii of tlie 
 »r, from his mo- 
 I Eliznbeth altko 
 ilfy, niid in tho 
 
 I determination, 
 nth her friends' 
 Ion, determined 
 about clioosing 
 )rd Darntey, son 
 iiRln-german to 
 
 UonKlas, nieco 
 parties iu Soot- 
 tbie iHjrson. Ho 
 kinry ; was, after 
 cf England, and 
 
 of Scotland in 
 lie those oonsl- 
 lo in tlio eyes of 
 sotsmon, hn had 
 England, and it 
 pposed that Ell- 
 tJiat jealousy to- 
 [ht have felt In 
 ?o and a papist, 
 lat It was not to 
 
 remain single, 
 scd that Mary's 
 •nicy. He could 
 owcror allianro 
 10 marriage with 
 
 Elizabeth from 
 10 felt as to Lel- 
 d would, at the 
 111 dread of tlio 
 y one of the nu- 
 kiilch were open 
 ;h would bo dan- 
 
 ;xllc. Ellz.-il«.'(h 
 f to recall liini, 
 restore his for- 
 sooner was this 
 led the procecd- 
 of cinbarrasslni? 
 cr own Interest 
 
 II Scotland. Her 
 . When the no 
 go were far ad 
 Kabeth's permlB- 
 ; and that per- 
 ancc, cheerfully 
 earned that his 
 red tiy Mary and 
 r determined on, 
 }n no account to 
 but, on his allc- 
 riand forthwith. 
 Ico and tyranny 
 ; and Elizabeth 
 xand her second 
 all Lenox's Eng- 
 ihadow of a plea 
 ung Uarnley, to 
 given horsanc- 
 llatlon of Eliza- 
 of such delic.'itu 
 ly bo reconciled 
 s by supposing 
 small feminine 
 
 i fear, that even 
 Ardly acquit Iter 
 
 T 
 
 L 
 
 eitslanQ.—IUatiifc a( QTutior.— (i^liialbrtl;. 
 
 345 
 
 Blie deliberately and as a matter of dcri>, 
 though mercitcgii, policy, sought thus to 
 obtain a plea upon which to repudiate Mary 
 as licr snccossor In England, and u ready 
 means of stirring up discontents among 
 M.iry'8 own subjects, and thU') preventing 
 tlicin from being troublesome to England. 
 A. n. 1565.— Mary's relatluiiHlilp to tho 
 houHO of Guise, wlioso dctcstatluii of ttiu 
 reformed religion was so widely Idiown and 
 BO terribly attested, was very unfortunate 
 for her ; inasmuch as it converted her warm 
 nttacliment to lier own religion into soine- 
 tiiing Uko bigotry and intolerance. She 
 not only refused to ratify tlio acts egtabllsli- 
 liig tho reformed religion, and endeavoured 
 to restore civil power and jurisdiction to 
 llio catholic bisliops, but was even impru- 
 dont enough to write letters to the council 
 of Trent, in whtcli she profer<Hed lier hoiio 
 not merely of one day succeeding to tho 
 crown of England, but also of so using lier 
 power and influenco as to bring abotil tho 
 reconciliation of the whole of lier domi- 
 nions to the holy see. Considering her 
 knowledge of Klizabetirs temper and feel- 
 ings towards her, and considering, too, how 
 much advantage Eli/.abeth would obviously 
 obtain from every circumstance which 
 rould rauso tho Scotch zealots to synip.v 
 thiso with Elixabetli against their own 
 auecn, nothing could well have been more 
 Imprudent than this missive. Under any 
 circumstances, probably, Mary, a zealous 
 catholic, would havo had bin .iii uneasy 
 reign among tho llercely liigoted Huollish 
 Protestants; but thero Is little reason to 
 doubt that tills very coiiiinuiiication to 
 the council of Trent was a main first cause 
 of all her subseijueiit iiiisrortuiies. Tlie 
 Protestants of Scotland were at that time 
 no whit behind the catholics of any part of 
 the world, either in self-rlglitcouf iiess, or In 
 bitter and bigoted detCHtation of all who 
 clianced to dilfer from tliein. Alarmed as 
 well as indignant at tho queen's ostenta- 
 tious attachment to herown creed, tlicpro- 
 testants not only niurmuredat her exercise 
 of its rites, even in her own private resi- 
 dence and chapel, but abused her faith in 
 tiic grossest terms while importuning her ! 
 to al)jurc it. Tho queen answered iliese ' 
 rude advisers with a temper whicii, had ! 
 she always displ.iyed it, niiglit havo tspnred 
 her many a sorrowful day ; assured them 
 that besides tliat her ajiostacy would de- 
 prive Scotland of her most powerf id friends 
 on tho continent, she was siiicereiy at- 
 tached to her own faitii and convinced of 
 Its truth. Willi the Bclf-complaceiicy pe- 
 culiar to narrow-minded bigotry, the re- 
 monstrants assured her that they alone had 
 truth on their side, and bade her prefer that 
 truth to all earthly support and alliances. 
 The rude zeal of the reformed was still far- 
 ther increased by the belief, carefully en- 
 couraged by tlie agents of Kiizal>eth, that 
 the Lenox family were also papists. It was 
 In vain that Dariiiey, now king Henry, en- 
 deavoured to show that ho was no papist 
 by f reiiuentiy making his arpearance at tlie 
 cotablislied eliurch ; tilts conduct was attri- 
 buted to a Jesuitical and profound wiliness, 
 and tUo preachers often publicly iusullcU 
 
 him ; Knox, CBpeclally, not scrupling to tell 
 liim from the piiiiiit that boys and women 
 were only put to rulo over uutlous for tho 
 punishment of their sins. 
 
 While tho vioienco of tho clergy and tho 
 arts of Eilzabetli's emissaries were tliiin 
 irritating tlie common people of Scotland 
 against liieir queen, the discontents of her 
 nobility began to threaten herwitii a yet 
 nearer and more runious opposition. The 
 duke of Ciiateiraultund the earls of Murray 
 and Argyle, witli otiier niiilcoiitent nobles, 
 actually raised forces, and soon appeared 
 ill arms against the king and queen, insti- 
 gated to tills treasonable conduct merely 
 by their paltry fears of being losers of In- 
 liuencc and power by tho rise of the Le- 
 nox family consequent upon Darnley's mar- 
 riage to the queen. Tiie reformed preach- 
 ers opeiily.and Knglisii emissaries secretly, 
 aided thenialcoiitent lords in endeavouring 
 to seduce or urge tlio whole Scots popula- 
 tion from its allegianco. But tho people 
 were, for once. In no humour to follow tho 
 seditious or the fanatical; and after but 
 very trilling siiow of success, the rebels, 
 being pursued by tho king and queen at 
 tlie head of an army of cigliteen thousand, 
 were fain to seek safety in England. 
 
 Wo dwell more upon the alfalra of Scot- 
 land just at this period than wo generally 
 do, because thus much of Scottish history 
 is necessary here to tho understanding of 
 tliat portion of English history with which 
 Mary, queen of Scots, is so lainentubly, and 
 to England so disgracefully, connected. 
 
 The event of the Scottisli revolt having 
 thus completely disappointed all the hopes 
 of Elizabeth, sho now strenuously dis- 
 avowed all concern in It ; and having in- 
 duced Murray and I'liatelrault's agent, thu 
 at>1)ot of Kilwinning, to make a siinilar do- 
 duration before the Spanish and French 
 aniliassadors, she, with a bittm- practical 
 satire, added to the force of tiieir declara- 
 tion, by instantly ordering tlicm from her 
 I)reseiicc as detestable and unworthy trai- 
 tors ! 
 
 Uitherto the conduct of Mary li.id been 
 morally irreproachable; for the coarso 
 abuse of Knox Is Itself cvi.deneo of tlio 
 strongest kind, that, savo )ier papacy .iiid 
 lier sex— of which he Bcenis to havo felt 
 an eiiual detestation —even ho had not 
 wherewithal to rep'onch her. Having for 
 iicr second husband a liandsome and yimtli- 
 ful man of her o^vri choice, it might havo 
 been hoped tliat at least her domestic feli- 
 city was secured. But Darnley was a vaia 
 weak-minded man ; alike fickle and violent; 
 ambitious of distinction, yet weary of tho 
 slightest neces ..-iry care ; easily offended at 
 the most trivi.al opposition, and as easily 
 governed by the most obvious and fulsomo 
 llattery. Utterly Incapable of aiding the 
 iiueen in the government, ho woa not the 
 less anxious to have the crown-matrimo- 
 nial added to tho courtesy-titio of king 
 which Mary had already bestowed upon 
 him. In this temper ho was inclined to 
 detest all who seemed able and willing to 
 afford tho queen counsel ; and among these 
 was an Italian musician, by name David 
 Uizzlo. Ue hud attended an embassy scut 
 
 ■*i: 
 
i 
 
 346 
 
 CI)C Crcflpruru of Witov}}, ^c. 
 
 to Hrotlnnd Iiy tlio duko of Snvoy, nml wm 
 retained at tho Hrotrlrniurt, In tlio llrHt In- 
 Ftanco, moroly on nrconnt of IiIh iniiHlrnl 
 tnlonts. Hut lie wan Ixitli nH|ilrlii« nnd 
 rinvcr, nnd lin nooii ti-sHncd bo niiirli 
 nlirowiliK'sunndlni'llnntloMtobciiHcfnl.tlmt 
 I ho wan inndo It'roiiuli Bocrptnry to ilio (luoon. 
 llrouKlit thus Intimately Into contiict witli 
 I tho aiioPii ho BO rapidly Improved on IiIm 
 I ndvantnffrs, tlnit In a short timo ho wnn 
 unlvnrsully looki'd upon not only an tlic 
 queen's chief confidant and counscll ir, 
 j hut also as tho chief nnd most powerful 
 ■ dispenser of her favours, As Is usually the 
 I cnso with favourites, tho ability which liad 
 rnahled lll/./.lo to connuer court favour did 
 I not teach him to uso It with niodcrntlon ; 
 and he had scarcely secured tho favour of 
 tlioiiueeii, heforo ho Incurred tho deadly 
 halo of nearly every ono at court. The re- 
 formed hated him as a papist and tho re- 
 puted spy and pensionary of tho pope ; tho 
 needy hated hini for Ills wealth, tho high- 
 born for his tipstart Insolence; tho aspir- 
 ing detested his ambition, and many men 
 —probably not too pure In their own mo- 
 rals—could llnd no other supposition on 
 which to account for Mary's protection of 
 )dm, save a criminal connection between 
 them. It Is true that Illz/lo was ugly and 
 by no means very young even when ho first 
 camo to cov.rt, and some years had now 
 passed Bincc that event; and, moreover, 
 Itliizio, whoso ability had done nnich to 
 clear away tho obstacles to the marriage of 
 Mary and Damley, had at ono time, at 
 least, been as much In tho favour of the 
 king as of tlio queen. Ihit Damley, soured 
 by the queen's coldness, which he was will- 
 ing to attribute to any cause rather than 
 to Ills own misconduct, easily fell Into the 
 snare set by tho enemies alike of himself. 
 Ills queen, and Ul7.zlo,and became furiously 
 jealous of an ngly and almost deformed se- 
 cretary. Yet Darnley was ono of tho hand* 
 soniest men of tho ago and a vain man 
 too I 
 
 Among the extravagant reports to which 
 tho excessive favour already enjoyed by 
 Illzzio had given rise, was one, that It was 
 the Intention of Mary to make him chan- 
 cellor In tho room of tho carl of Blorton ! 
 It was true that Kizzlo knew nothing of 
 tho language or of tho laws of Scotland ; 
 hut tho report was credited even by the as- 
 tute Morton himtelf, who forthwith exerted 
 himself to |versuaile Daniley that tiothlnjr 
 but the death of llizzlo could ever restore 
 peace and safety to cither king or kingdom. 
 Tho earl of Lenox, tho king's father, 
 George Douglas, natural brother to the 
 countess of Lenox, and the lords Llndesay 
 and lluthven, readily joined In tho conspi- 
 racy agal nst tho unfortunate foreigner, and, 
 to guard themselves against the known 
 flcklencsa of the king, they got him to sign 
 a paper authorising and making himself 
 responsible for the assassination of Illzzio, 
 as being 'an undertaking tending to tho 
 glory of God and the advancement of re- 
 ligion I' The banished lords who were 
 ever hovering on the borders In hope of 
 Boino event productive of disturbance, were 
 Invited by the kint; to return, and every 
 
 preparation being made, a night was Ht 
 length appointed /or the murder of Rlixlo. 
 
 Mary, now In tho sixth month of her 
 pregnancy, was at supper In her private 
 aiiartmeiits, attended by Illzzio, the coun- 
 tess of Argy le, her nal nral sister, and otheri 
 of her personal attendnnts, when tho king 
 sudiienlventercil tlio room and placed liiin- 
 i^elf l)elilnd tiie iiueen's c'.alr. Immediately 
 afterwards lord Itiithviti, titsed In armour 
 and ghastly from long lllne.*s and anxiety, 
 (leorge Dimglns, and others, rushed In ana 
 seized upon the unfortuiiato Illzzio as ho 
 sprang iii) to tho queen and clung to her 
 garments, Bhrleklng the while for pro- 
 tection. Tlie queen, with tears, Intreatles, 
 and even threats, endeavoured to save her 
 secretary, but the resolved conspirators 
 forced him into the antechamber, where 
 lie died beneath no fewer than flfty-six 
 wounds! 
 
 The condKion of the qtieen being con- 
 sidered, the prei'ence of her husband while 
 sho was thus horrlldy outraged by being 
 made witness of the atrocious murder of 
 her servant, must necessarily have turned 
 her fdi-mcr coldness towards Darnley into 
 actual loathing. On learning that llizzlo 
 wa.t Indeed dead, she immediately dried her 
 tears, saying ' I will weep no more ; hence- 
 forth I win only think of revenge.' 
 
 On the assumption that Mary was gullly 
 of the participation in the murder of her h (It- 
 band with wlilch she was afterwards so dis- 
 astrously charged, though even this outrage 
 upon her both as queen and woman would 
 1)0 no excuse for her misconduct as queen, 
 woman, and wife, yet it ought not whcdly 
 to 1)0 loft out of sight while wo judge of tho 
 character of Mary. In a court such as tho 
 court of Scotland clearly was at that time, 
 nothing short of the purity of angels could 
 have escaped the general pollution of cru- 
 elty, deceit, and sensuality. 
 
 All resentments felt by Mary were now, 
 it would seem, merged into detestation of 
 tho cruelly and Insolently savago conduct 
 of her husband. Sho showed him every 
 mark of contempt In public, and avoided 
 him In private as though In mingled hate 
 and terror. At length, however, sho was 
 confined at Edinburgh castle of a son ; and 
 as Darnley had apartments there, they were 
 at least apparently reconciled and living 
 together. 
 
 A messenger was instantly sent to Eliza- 
 beth, who received the news while at a ball 
 at Greenwich. Sho was much cast down 
 at first, and even complained to aoino of 
 her attendants that she was but a barren 
 stock, while Mary was the glad mother of 
 a fair boy. lUit she soon recovered her 
 wonted self-possession, and on the follow- 
 ing day sho publicly congratulated Melvil, 
 Mary's envoy, and sent tho earl of Bedford 
 and Georgo Gary, sou of her kinsman tho 
 earl of Hunsdon, to attend the christening 
 of tho young prince, and to carry some 
 rich presents to his mother. 
 
 But whatever cordiality Elizabeth might 
 affect upon this occasion, tho birth of n 
 son to tho queen of Scots, as it increased 
 the zeal of her partisans in England, so it 
 made even tho beat friends of Elizabeth do* 
 
 ^^ 
 
it WKfl Hi 
 of ntKXio, 
 
 th of Jicr 
 sr private 
 the coun- 
 Rml other* 
 tho king 
 Inrod lilin- 
 mu'illnU'ly 
 III nrinoiir 
 i(t anxiety, 
 hod In ana 
 |/,7.ln M he 
 iiiR to her 
 ( for pro- 
 Introatled, 
 to Buvo lirr 
 (inKplrators 
 her, where 
 an flfty-Blx 
 
 bolnff eon- 
 Oiiind while 
 d ))y hoing 
 murder of 
 lavo turned 
 )nrnU'y Into 
 that UI/./.I0 
 ?ly dried her 
 lorc; licnce- 
 
 y wan guilty 
 •rof herhiH- 
 viirdrt CO dlrt- 
 thl8 outrage 
 'onian would 
 ictasQticen, 
 ; iiotwliolly 
 judffe of the 
 t, Nuch tt8 the 
 it that time, 
 anwels could 
 utlon of cru- 
 
 ywcre now, 
 ctcstatton of 
 ago conduct 
 i lilin every 
 mid avoided 
 
 iiglcd hate 
 
 er, she was 
 
 if a son ; and 
 
 re, they were 
 
 and living 
 
 sent to Ellza- 
 irhlle at a hall 
 h cast down 
 1 to some of 
 but a barren 
 ad mother of 
 ccovered her 
 »n the foUow- 
 ilated Melvll, 
 ,rl of Bedford 
 kinsman tho 
 le christening 
 carry gome 
 
 /.abeth might 
 le birth of a 
 
 It Increased 
 Sngland, so It 
 
 Kllzabeth do- 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 ?v 
 
 t 
 
 eiioIn»^»— Iftotiifc 0( Culror.— et(inbftl). 
 
 347 
 
 Blroas that she nhould take some effect iial 
 •tepii for tho (ettlemcnt of tho RurccHxIon. 
 
 It was proponed by nomo lending mim- 
 bern of parliament tlmt the queHtlcin of iho 
 BUcreHNlon and tluit of the supply hIkmiIiI 
 Ko together. Hlr llalpli Hiidler, In order to 
 elude tills lirlnglng »t tlio iiueHtInn to a 
 point, nttlrnied tlmt ho hiid heard the fiiircn 
 nay that for the good of her people she Imil 
 come to the resolution to marry. Otli(>rs 
 of the court ainnned the name, niul then 
 tho house hegaii to eoiisldcr about Joining 
 the question of the queen's nmrrlngo to I Imt 
 of the settlement In general, when a nies- 
 cage was brought from the queen ordering 
 tho house to proeeed no further In the mat- 
 ter. Rho pledged her queenly word m to 
 her sincere Intention to marry; and she 
 said tlmt to name any sucrcssor previously 
 would be to Inoreaso her already great per- 
 sonal dangers. This message by no menna 
 satlKded the house, and Peter Wentworth, 
 a popular member, bluntly said that such a 
 jirohlhltlon was a breach of the privileges 
 of tho house; while some of the memliers 
 on tho same side added, that unless the 
 queen would pay some regard to thi'lr 
 future security by llxliig a successor, hIio 
 would show herself rather as tho sitep- 
 mother tlinii as tho natural parent of her 
 people. The debates still eoiitliiuliiK hi 
 this strnlii, tlio queen sent for tho speiiker, 
 and her remonHtr.'Mices with hlni liavliig 
 failed to produce the desired erteot upon 
 (he house, she shortly afterwards dissolved 
 tho parliament, sharply rellectlng, at tho 
 snmo time, upon theperMiiaclty with wlilcli 
 they had pressed lier lo many or fix the 
 Bucersslon. 
 
 A.D. l.ic?.— The debates In parliament 
 had more than ever awakened tho zeal of 
 (he partisans of tho queen of Scots. The 
 catholics of Kngland were to a man ready 
 to rise on her behalf, should Klixabeth's 
 death or any national calamity afford an 
 Inviting opportunity ; and, moreover, tho 
 court of Ellxabcth was Itself full of Mary's 
 partisans. But while Elizabeth and her 
 eag.acious friend and counsellor Cecil— to 
 whom it Is not too much to say that Eliza- 
 beth owed more than half tho glory sho 
 acquired, and owed still more tho freedom 
 from the obloquy which her lempcr would 
 but for him have caused her to Incur— were 
 using every expedient to avoid tho neces- 
 sity of declaring so dangerous a successor 
 as tho queen of Scots, that Ill-fated prin- 
 cess was In the very act of plungliig her- 
 eelf Into a tissue of horrors and Infamies, 
 which were to render her the prisoner and 
 tho victim of tho princess whom she had 
 dared to rival aiul lioped to succeed. 
 
 After the death of Itlzzlo, Mary's perilous 
 and perplexed situation had made some 
 confidant and assistant indispensably ne- 
 cessary to her, especially situated as she 
 was with her frivolous and sullen husband. 
 Tho person who at this time stood highest 
 In her confidence was tho earl of Both- 
 well, a man of debauched character and 
 great daring, whose fortune was much In- 
 volved, and who was more noted for his 
 opposition to Murray and tho rigid reform- 
 ers, than for any great civil or military ta- 
 
 lent<i. This iioMi'mnn, It N believed, sug- 
 gested lo her the expedient of being di- 
 vorced from D.'iniley, but from some ilini- 
 ciiltles wlitcli aro^-e to Its execution that 
 project w'liH liilil iiKlde. 
 
 Tlie liiMiimlo friendship of Mary with 
 nniliwell.niid her ■iversloii to her hiisbiiiid, 
 miidi' olirtcrvant pirsoiis much astonished 
 when it was announced that a stidilcii re- 
 turn of the queen's affection toiler hUKlmnd 
 liiid taken place; that she iiad even Jour- 
 neyed to (ilasgow to iitfeiid hU sick bed; 
 that she tended him wllli tho utmost kind- 
 ness; and that, MM soon a* ho could safely 
 travi^l, she had brouulit him with her to 
 Holyrood-houso In Kdlnburgh. On their 
 arrival there It was found, or pretended, 
 that the low situation of the palace, anil 
 the noise of the persons eontlniinlly going 
 and coming, denied the king tho repose 
 necessary to his Infirm state. A solitary 
 house, ealle<l llio Kirk o' Fli-ld, at soinedis- 
 tance from the palace, hut near enough to 
 admit of Mary's frequent attendance, was 
 acronllUKly liikeii, and hero she continued 
 her attentions to him, and crcti «/cj)t /or 
 nrvcrol vifihlH in arnovi immediately below 
 hin. On the ninth of February she excused 
 herself tohim fornot sleeplngatthcpalace, 
 as one of lier attendants was going to bo 
 married, and sho had promised to grace 
 the ceremony with her presence. About 
 two o'clock In tho morning an awful ex- 
 plosion was licard, and it was soon after- 
 wards discovered that tho Kirk o'B'leld was 
 blown up, and the body of tho nnfortunato 
 Henry Darnley was found In a Held at some 
 distance, but with no marks of violence 
 upon It. 
 
 Tlmt Darnley had been most foully mur- 
 dered no sane man could doubt, and the pre- 
 vious Intimacy of Mary and Bothwell caused 
 the public susiilclon at once to bo turned 
 upon them, while tho conduct of Mary 
 was exactly calculated to confirm, instead 
 of refuting, tho horrible suspicion which 
 attached to her. A proclamation was in- 
 deed made, offering a reward for tho disco- 
 very of the king's murder; but tlio people 
 observed that far more anxiety was dis- 
 played todlseoverthosowhoattrlbutcd that 
 terrible deed to Bothwell and the queen. 
 AVith a perfectly infatuated folly, the queen 
 neglected even the external decencies which 
 would have been expected from her, even 
 had she been less closely connected In the 
 public eye with the supposed murderer, 
 Bothwell. For tho carl of Lenox, father 
 of tho murdered king, wrote a letter to tho 
 queen. In which, avoiding all accusation of 
 tho queen, ho implored her justice upon 
 those whom ho plainly cliarged with the 
 murder, namely, Bothwell, sir James Bal- 
 four and his brother Cillbert Balfour, Ua- 
 vld Chalmers, and four other persons of 
 tho queen's household ; but Mary, though 
 she cited Lenox to appear at court and 
 support his charge, and so far seemed to 
 entertain it, left the Important fortress of 
 Edinburgh In the hands of Bothwell as 
 governor, and of his creature Balfour as 
 his deputy. 
 
 A day fortlic trial of the charge made by 
 Lenox was appointed ; and that uoblcman, 
 
 i-'n 
 
■ • 
 
 _- I 
 
 848 
 
 C^e Crcnrfmn at W^tar}it 9it, 
 
 with a very Email attendance, had already 
 reached Stirling on his way to Edinburgh 
 when his information of the extraordinary 
 countenance shown to Bothwell, and the 
 vast power intrusted to him, inspired Le- 
 nox \slth fears as to even his personal 
 safety, should ho appear in Edinburgh ; 'lo 
 therefore sent Cunnlngham,onc of his svite, 
 to protest against so hurried an investiga- 
 tion of this important aifnir, and to intrcat 
 Mary, for her own snke as well as for the 
 ealce of justice, lo talcc time, and to make 
 arrangements for a full and Impartial trial, 
 which obviously could not be had while 
 Bothwell was not only at liberty, but in 
 possession of exorbitant and overwhelming 
 power. Not the slightest attcntlou was 
 paid to the manifestly ju.st demand of Le- 
 nox; a jury was sworn, andasnoprosecutor 
 or witness was present, that jury could 
 only acquit the accused— the verdict being 
 accompanied by a protest, in which they 
 stated the situation in wlilch the very 
 nature of the proceodiugs had placed thenj. 
 But even had witnesses been present, their 
 evidence coula have availed little towards 
 furthering the ends of justice, for, by a 
 very evident wilfulness, those who drew 
 the indictment had charged the crime as 
 having been committed on the tenth day 
 of the month, while the evidence must 
 liave proved it to have been the ninth, and 
 tills significant circumstance increased the 
 odium of bjth Mary and Bothwell. Two 
 (lays after this shameful trial, a parliament 
 ■was lield, and Bothwell, whoso acquittal 
 was such as must liavc convinced every im- 
 partial man of his guilt,was actually chosen 
 to carry the royal sceptre ! 
 
 Such indecent but uneauivocal evidence 
 of the lengths to wliich Mary was pi-(Miarcd 
 to go in securing impunity to Uotiiwi'll, 
 awed even those who most detested the 
 proceedings ; and a bond of association was 
 signed, by wliich all the subscribers, con- 
 sisting of all the chief nobility present at 
 this parliament, referred to the ac(iulttal 
 of Bothwell asalegalaud complete one, en- 
 gaged to defend him against all future im- 
 ]iutation of tlic murder of the late king, 
 and recommended JIary to murry Bothwell 1 
 Degraded, Indeed, by long and shameless 
 faction must the nation have been, when 
 tlie chief of its nobles could insult public 
 justice and public decency by the publica- 
 tion of such a document as this I 
 
 Having tlius paved tlie way towards his 
 ultimate designs, Bothwell assembled a 
 troop of eight hundred cavalry on pretence 
 of pursuing some armed robbers w)io in- 
 lusted the borders, and waylaid Mary on 
 lier return from Stirling, where she had 
 been paying a visit to her infant son. Mary 
 Was seized near Edinburgh ; but sir James 
 Melvil, her attached and faithful servant, 
 who was with her at the time, not only 
 confessed that he saw no surprise or un- 
 williugness on her part, but adds, that 
 Bome of Bothwell's ofllcers openly laughed 
 at the notion of seizure of Mary's person, 
 and stated tlic whole matter to have been 
 arranged between the parties themselves. 
 Bothwell carried his jirisoner to Dunbar, 
 •ud there made hiiuseU master of her i)cr- 
 
 son, even if ho had not been so before. 
 Some of the nobility, either silll doubtful 
 of her guilty consent, or desirous, at the 
 least, of forcing her into a more explicit de- 
 claration of it, now sent to oifer their ser- 
 vices to rescue her; but she, with infinite 
 coolness, replied, that though Bothwell had 
 originally olitained possession of her per- 
 son by violence, ho had since treated her 
 so well that she was now quite willing to 
 remain with him. 
 
 That no circumstance of Infamy tind 
 effrontery might be wanting to this dis- 
 gusting business, Bothwell, when he had 
 himself proposed as the queen's husband 
 and seized upon her person, was already a 
 married man I But a divorce wr>s now sued 
 for, and obtained in four days from tlio 
 commencement of the suit ; the queen was 
 then taken to Edinburgh, and the banns 
 of marriage put up between lier and the 
 duke of Orkney, which title Bothwell now 
 bore. 
 
 In the midst of the awful degradation 
 exhibited by the Scottish nation ut this 
 time, it is pleasing to notice that Craig, a 
 clergyman, being desired to solemnise the 
 in-irriage thus abominably brought about, 
 1 )L only refused to perform the ceremony, 
 but openly reprobated it, with a courage 
 wliich so put the council to shame that it 
 dared not punish him. The bisliop of Ork- 
 ney, a Protestant, was more compliant, and 
 was subsequently very deservedly deposed 
 by his churdi. Unwarned by the disgust of 
 her own people and by the remoustrancca 
 of her relations, the Guises of France, the 
 infatuated Mary thus pursued her designs, 
 and it became known that Bothwell, with 
 her consent, was taking measures to get 
 the young prince James into his power. 
 This at length fairly aroused pu'ilic indig- 
 nation ; tlie cliief nobility, incluulng most 
 of those who had signed the ever Infamous 
 bond in favour of Bothwell, now formed an 
 association for the protection of the young 
 prince and for the punlsliment of the mur- 
 derers of tlie king. The army of tlie asso- 
 ciated lords and the roy.il troops under 
 L'othwell met at Carbcry-hiil ; but it was 
 so clear btiih that Bothwell had no capa- 
 city equal to the occasion, and tliat her own 
 troops looked upon their causi> with dis- 
 gust, that Mary, after making certain stlpii- 
 iations, put herself into tlic hands of tlio 
 confederates .and was taken to Ediiiburgli, 
 the populace reproaching lier in the co.arsest 
 terms, and holding up banners representing 
 tlie murder of her husband .and the distress 
 of her iiif.-iht son. Bothwell, In tlio mean- 
 time, escapciJ to the Orkneys, and for some 
 time lived by actu.al piracy; lie at length 
 went to Denmark.where ho wiis tlirown into 
 prison, and, maddened under the severity 
 of hisconllnementand the liorror of his re- 
 flections, died about ten years afterwards, 
 so miserably, that even his wickuducss can- 
 not deprive him of our j)ity. 
 
 Though treated with scorn and humbled 
 by the Indignilie.s to wliich she was now 
 daily exposed, Mary was still so infatuated 
 ill her affection for the unworthy Botiiwell, 
 that she is reported to have said In a letter 
 to Ulm, that she would surrender her crowo 
 
 
dFitatautf.— ?[jatti^e at €\itiaY.—(i5Uinbst\), 
 
 349 
 
 (knd dignity rather than his affcctioiiB ; and 
 aa she appeared to bo thus dctcrnilueil, the 
 confederates, to decrease tlic chance ol her 
 once iiioro getting power Into lior hands, 
 Bcnt her to a sort of honourable imprison- 
 ment In the castle of Lochlcvcn lake. The 
 owner of this place was mother of the carl 
 of Murray, and as she pretended to have 
 been lawfully married to the late king, she 
 bore Mary a hatred which fully Insured her 
 vigilance. 
 
 Elizabeth was accurately Informed of nil 
 that had passed in Scotland, and she could not 
 tail to i)crccive the advantages to her own 
 security to be obtained by lu'r Interference 
 between Mary and her enraged sulijects. 
 She accordingly, through Throgniorton, 
 sent a remonstraiica to the confederated 
 lords, and advice, mingled with some seve- 
 rity, to Mary, to whom she offered assist- 
 ance, and protection at the English court 
 for her infant son, but on condition that 
 she should lay aside all thoughts of revenge 
 or punishment, except as far as related to 
 the nmrder of her late husband. As both 
 queen and woman, Eli/,a1)eth acted well in 
 her remonstrance to the lords and In her 
 advico to Mary; but, judging from her 
 whole course of policy at other times, it 
 Is no breach of charity to suppose that 
 even her womanly pity for Mary's present 
 distressed and perilous situation, did not 
 prevent her from determining to make it 
 available towards her own security and 
 licacc for the time to come. 
 
 In the meantime the confederated lords 
 proceeded to arrange matters with very lit- 
 tle deference cither to the rights of their 
 own (lueen or to the remonstrances of the 
 queen of England. After much intrigue 
 and dispute, it was agreed that the rcgenoy 
 of tlie kingdom should be placed in the 
 hands of Murray, and that Mary shuiild 
 resign the crown in favour of her son ; 
 nay, so desperate were her circumstances, 
 that, though ' wltli abundance of tears,' 
 she actually signed the deeds that niaile 
 tlicso extensive altcraiions, witliout mak- 
 ing herself accurately mistress of their con- 
 tents. 
 
 The prince James was Immediately pro- 
 claimed king and crowned at Stirling, and 
 Jn tlio oath which the earl of Morton took 
 In his belialf at that ceremony, an oath to 
 extirpate heresy was included. Elizabeth 
 was so much annoyed at the disregard with 
 which her remonstrance had been treated, 
 that she forbade Throgniorton to attend the 
 young king's coronation. 
 
 As soon as T'-rray had resumed the re- 
 gency, a parllaiiit.at was assembled, in which 
 It was solemnly voted that she was an un- 
 doubted accomplice In the nmrder of her 
 husband, but ought not to be Imprisoned. 
 Her abdication and her son's succession 
 were at the same time ratifled. 
 
 Murray proved himself equal to his high 
 poLt. Ho obtained possession of the for- 
 tresses which held out for Mary or Both- 
 well, and everywhere compelled at least ex- 
 ternal obedience to his authority. But ho 
 had many enemies even among his seeming 
 fi'iends; many of those who had been most 
 i:.*nragcd against Mary, while she had open- 
 
 ly lived In what was no better than adultery 
 with llothwcll, were softened by the con- 
 templation of her sorrows now that he was 
 a fugitive upon the face of the earth, with- 
 out the possibility of ever regaining his 
 guilty power. To all these persons were 
 added the eminent catholics and the great 
 bodyof tho people, who pitied her sorrows 
 now with tho same merely Instinctive 
 and unreasoning inipulso with which re- 
 cently they had heaped tho coarsest con- 
 tempt upon her misconduct. Even yet, 
 then, It was quite within the bounds of pos- 
 sHillIty that she might recover her power, 
 and so exert It as to causo tho past to bo 
 forgiven. 
 
 A.u. 15C3. — But Mary's own conduct, 
 even when least blameworthy, was ever to 
 bo inimical to her. Tlic constant insults 
 and vexations that she endured from tho 
 lady of Lochleven determined her to attempt 
 her escape from that melancholy conliuo- 
 ment ; and by those artful and winning 
 blandishmciits which no beautiful woman 
 ever better knew how to employ, she In- 
 dnced George Douglas, brother of the Itlrd 
 of Lorhleven, to aid In her escape. .Ai'- ■ 
 many vain endeavours the enamoured 
 at length got her from tho house J. 
 guiHO, and rowed her across tho lake in a 
 small boat. 
 
 As soon as her escape was known many 
 of the nobility liastened to offer her their 
 aid, and to sign a bond to defend her against 
 all comers. Among those who thus signed 
 were tho earls of Argyle, Himtley, Eglin- 
 toun, Cassiiis, Crauford, Uothcs, Montrose, 
 Sunderland, and Errol, besides numerous 
 barons and nine bishops, a id in a very few 
 days she found her standaid surrounded by 
 upwards of six thousand men. Elizabeth, 
 too, offered to assist her, on condition that 
 she would refer the quan-el to her arbitra- 
 tion and allow no French troops to enter 
 tlie kingdom, but the offer came too late; 
 :\Iurray hastily drew together an army, and 
 attacked her forces at Langslde, near OJla.s- 
 gow ; and though the regent was somewhat 
 inferior in force, his superior ability in- 
 llicted a complete defeat upon Mary, who 
 liastily fled in a flshlng-boat to Gallowaj-, 
 and landed tlie same day at Woklngton, in 
 Cumber'and, wlieuco she immediately sent 
 a messenger to crave the protection and 
 hospitality of Elizabeth. Tiie reality and 
 extent of tlio generous sympathy of that 
 princess were now to be developed ; interest 
 was now directly opposed to real or pretend- 
 ed generosity. 
 
 Mary had evidently relied upon the power 
 of her insinuation and eloquence to be of 
 service to her in a personal Interview, which 
 she Immediately solicited. But tho able 
 and tried ministers of Elizabeth were not 
 slower than Mary herself In perceiving the 
 probable consequence of such an inter- 
 view, and Elizabeth was advised by them 
 that slie as a maiden queen could not, c(m- 
 sistentiy even with mere decency, admit to 
 her presence a woman who was charged 
 with murder and adultery, and that, too, 
 under circumstances which made even 
 these horrible crimes more than usually hor- 
 rible. The queen of Scots was very Indignant 
 
 11 
 
 
ii! 
 
 350 
 
 5n^c CrraiSiH-jj of W^tarvt ^c. 
 
 at being, jirnl on such a pica, deprived ol 
 the Interview upon which she had so very 
 much reckoned. She replied to the mi- 
 nisters with great spirit, and so evidently 
 showed her determination to consider her- 
 self as a sister sovereign seeking Kliz.v 
 heth's friendship, and not as nn accused 
 criminal whom Kllzabeth could have any 
 earthly right to sit in judgement upon, that 
 Cecil determined to force her, indirectly at 
 least, upon an investigation, by allowing 
 Murray and his party to charge her befoic 
 the queen in council with having been 'of 
 fore-knowledge, counsel, and device, per- 
 suader and commander of the murder of 
 her husband, and had intended to c. iso the 
 innocent prince to follow his father and so 
 to transfer the crown from the right line 
 to a bloody murderer and godless tyrant.' 
 To this point of tills intricate and most 
 painful alfalr the attention of general read- 
 ers has never been sulllciently directed. 
 The usual narrative of the historians leaves 
 the careless or superficial reader to fancy 
 that the conduct of Elizabeth must through- 
 out have been unjustlilable, as to even the 
 detention of Mary, the whole question being 
 Mary's guilt and Elizabeth's right to punish. 
 We haVe already sunicicntly shown that 
 wo are not inclined to sacrifice truth to 
 our admiration of the many admirable qua- 
 lities of Elizabeth. For much of her treat- 
 ment to Mary she is deserving of the higliest 
 blame, and as regards her execution every 
 one must feel the utmost indignation ; but 
 the mere detention of her, .and enquiry into 
 her guilt as to her husband, and her iiilcn- 
 tions as to tier infant son, were justified 
 alike by the laws of nations and by every 
 fe(!ling of humanity and of morality. That 
 Mary was ' an indcjiendent sovereign ' c.in 
 only bo afllrracd by a mere play upon 
 words. 
 
 Stained with the deep charges of mur- 
 der and adultery, beaten on the b.attle-fleld, 
 and a fugitive from her enraged and horrified 
 Bubjccts, Mary was in no condition to ex- 
 ercise her sovereignty until slie should have 
 reestablished it by arms or treaty. By arms 
 Bhe could not proceed without great peril 
 to England, for she must have relied upon 
 aid from Fran'o; by treaty she could not 
 proceed but by che aid of Klizabotli, whoso 
 territory might bo perilled bi some clause 
 of such treaty. Situated as England was, 
 both as to Krancc and as to Sim in. It is 
 quite cle.ar to all ■"'ho pay duo .atlenllon to 
 the whole of the circumstances, that In an 
 Jionourablo deteni-ion of Mary, and a full, 
 fair, and imp.artial enquiry into her con- 
 duct, Elizabeth would have been fully Jus- 
 tin -d. 
 
 The subsequent, conduct shown to Mnry, 
 Ler closo imprisonment .and unkind treat- 
 ment, reflect no credit upon either Eliza- 
 beth or her ministers; but It must bo re- 
 membered that Mary, besides those verbal 
 insults which wound women more painfully 
 than the sword Itself, greatly provoked the 
 harsh feeling of Elizabeth by her perpetual 
 readiness to lend her name and influence 
 to plots Involving the liie as well as the 
 crown of Elizabeth. 
 
 It seems quite certain that, at tiie outset 
 
 of the business, the main desire of both 
 Elizabeth and her ministers was to placo 
 Mary in such a position that she would he 
 un.ablo pr.actically to revoke her settlement 
 of the crown upon her Infant son, whose 
 regency, being protestant, would have a 
 common interest with England, instead of 
 a temptation to aid Franco or Spain to her 
 annoyance. One scheme for this purpose 
 was to give her in marriage to an English 
 nobleman, and Elizabeth proposed the alli- 
 ance to the duke of Norfolk, who bluntly 
 replied, • That woman, madam, shall never 
 be ray wife who has been your competitor, 
 •and whose husband cannot sleep iu secu- 
 rity upoi his pillow.' Unfortunately for 
 the duke, his practice was by no means 
 governed by the sound sense of his theory, 
 and he very soon afterwards consented to 
 offer himself to Mary, in a letter, which 
 was also signed by Arundel, Pembroke, and 
 Leicester. Mary pleaded that 'woeful ex- 
 perience had taught her to prefer a single 
 life,' but she hinted pretty plainly that 
 Elizabeth's consent might remove such re- 
 luctance as she felt. Norfolk, through the 
 bishop of lloss, kept up the correspondence 
 with Mary. Eli»aboth was from tho very 
 first aware of it, and she at length signifi- 
 cantly quoted Norfolk's own words to him, 
 warning hhn to ' beware on what pillow 
 he should rest his head.' Shortly after- 
 wards the duke, continuing tho corre- 
 spondence, was cimniiitted to tho Tower. 
 Leicester was pardoned for tho share ho 
 had had in the original correspondence; 
 but there seemed so much danger that 
 both Norfolk .and tho queen of Scots would 
 be severely de.alt with, that all the great 
 catholic families of tlio north joined In a 
 formidable insurrection. Mary, on tho 
 breaking out of this affair, was removed to 
 Coventry ; but tlie coiite.st was short ; tho 
 earl of Northumberland, who headed the 
 revolt, fled to Scotland, was taken prisoner, 
 and thrown Into Lochleven castle. Ills 
 countess, with the earl of Westmoreland 
 and some other fugitives, were safe among 
 the Scotch borderers, who were able to 
 protect them equally ag.ainst the regent 
 Murray and the.emissaries of Elizabeth. 
 
 Upon the English of the northern counties 
 who. had been beguiled Into this hopeless 
 revolt, the vengeance of Elizabeth was ter- 
 rible and extensive. The poor were handed 
 over to the rigours of martial law, and It is 
 afflrmed that from Newcastle to Netherby, 
 In a district sixty miles long and forty miles 
 wlilo, there was not a town or even a village 
 which was not the scene of execution I The 
 wealthier olfenders were reserved for the 
 01 (Unary course of condemnation by law. It 
 being anticipated that their forfeitures 
 would reimburse the queen the largo sums 
 which it had co^t her to put down tho 
 revolt. 
 
 A.i). 1G70.— The vigour of the regent Mur- 
 ray had kept the greater part of Scotland 
 perfectly quiet, even while the north of 
 Engi-.nd was in arms for Mary : and as 
 among the numerous projects suggested to 
 Eliznlieth for safely ridding herself of Mary 
 was that of delivering her up to Murray, It 
 is most probablo that the Scottish queen 
 
 ! 
 
 f 
 
(iPttfllauH,— l^oti^e at (!i:urf0r.— (ifltjaliftTj. 
 
 351 
 
 _.tMur- 
 •otland 
 rth of 
 nn'l as 
 stcd to 
 f Mury 
 rrny, It 
 queen 
 
 would have been restored to lior country nntl 
 —though partially niul under stroiigrcstric- 
 tlons— toher authority, but for the death of 
 the regent. WliUe amusing Mary with a va- 
 riety of proposals wliich camo to nothing, 
 varied by sudden ol)jectInnswliichliad been 
 contrived from the very first, Elizabeth's 
 ministers were sedulously stroigthcniuff 
 the hands and establishing the interests of 
 their mistress In Scotland ; they, however, 
 seem really to have intended the jvonti.al 
 restoration of JIary under the most favour- 
 able circumstances to Knglaiid, when the 
 enmity and supiilcion of tlie English cabi- 
 net against her, as a zealous papist, were 
 made stronger than ever by the publication 
 of a bull by Pius V., in which he Insult- 
 ingly spoke of Elizabeth's as a merely ' pre- 
 tended' right to tho crown, ar.i absolved 
 all her subjects from their allegiance. Of 
 this bull, insolent In Itself and cruel towards 
 Mary, several copies were published both 
 In Scotland and In England ; and a catholic 
 gentleman, named Feltoii, whose zeal bade 
 defl.ance alike to prudence and decency, 
 was capitally punished for ainxing a copy 
 of this document to the gates of the bishop 
 of London's palace. 
 
 It must be clear that no sovcrolpu could 
 overlook such an Invitation to relieliion and 
 assassination. It would In any state of 
 society bn likely to urge some gloomy and 
 half-Insane fanatic to the crime of murder ; 
 thougl- as to any national effect, even while 
 the cat.iolics were still so numerous, the 
 papal bull had now become a mere brutum 
 fulmen. Lingard, the ablest catholic his- 
 torian, siiys, upon this very transn^tlon, 
 'If the pontiff promised himself a ly P"'"- 
 ticular benclltfrom this measure, the result 
 must have disappointed his expectations. 
 Tljc time was gone by when the tliuiulers 
 of the Vatican could .shake the thrones of 
 princes. By foreign powers the bull was 
 suffered to sleep in sili'nce; among the 
 English catholics It served only to I need 
 doubts, dissensions, and dismay. HI.Tny 
 contended that It had been issued by in- 
 competent authority ; others, that it could 
 not l)ind the natives until it shotild be 
 carried into actual execution by some fo- 
 reign power: all agreed that it was, in 
 their regard, an imprudent and cruel ex- 
 pedeut, which rendered them liable to tlic 
 suspicion of disloyalty, and afforded their 
 enemies a pretence to brand them Avith the 
 name of traitors. To Eliz.abeth, however, 
 though she affected to ridicule the sentence, 
 It proved a source of considerable uncisinesa 
 and air. un.'* 
 
 Tho parliament, at once alarmed and in- 
 dignant at the bull of Pius V.,very naturally 
 laid some heavy restrictions upo.. ilio catho- 
 lics, who were supposed to lie ready at any 
 moment to rise in favour of the (lueen of 
 Scots and for the deposition of Ellzabcili, 
 should Philip of Spain or his general Alva, 
 governor of the Netherlands, land a Butll- 
 clently numerous army of foreign papists 
 in England. And these fears of tho par- 
 liament and the ministry had but too solid 
 foundation. The duke of Norfolk from his 
 
 » IlUtory of England, vol. viii. cli. 1. 
 
 conflneraentwas constantly inlriguiiig with 
 JIary ; and that unhappy princess, wearied 
 and goaded to desperation by her continued 
 imprisonment, and the constant failure of 
 .all attempts at gaining her liberty, even 
 when she tiie most frankly and completely 
 agreed to all that was demanded of her, 
 sent lludolphl, an Italian, who had her 
 conlUlence, to solicit tho co-operation of 
 the pope, i'hillp of Spain, and Alva. Some 
 letters from Norfolk to the latter person- 
 age were intercepted by tho English minis- 
 try, and Norfolk was tried for treasonable 
 leaguing with the queen's enemies to tho 
 danger of her crown and dignity. Norfolk 
 protested that his aim was solely to restore 
 Mary to her own crown of Scotland, and 
 that detriment to theautliority of Elizabeth 
 he had never contemplated and would never 
 h.ave abetted. 
 
 A.D. 1572.— His defence availed him no- 
 thing; he was found guilty by his peers 
 and condemned to de.ath. Even then tho 
 (luoen hesitated to carry the sentence into 
 effect against the premlcrduke of England, 
 who was, also, her own relative. Tv.lco sho 
 was induced by the ministers to sign tho 
 warrant, and twice she revoked it. This 
 state of hesitatlyn lasted for four months. 
 At the end of that time the parlliunent pre- 
 sented an address strongly calling upon her 
 to make an example of the duke, to which 
 she at length consented, ,nnd Norfolk was 
 beheaded, dying with great courage and 
 constancy, and still protesting that he had 
 no ill design towards his own queen in his 
 desire to aid the unhappy qtieen of Scots. 
 Wc are Inclined to believe that tho duko 
 was fiincere on this head ; but certainly his 
 judgement did not equal his sincerity ; for 
 liow could he expect to overturn the vast 
 power of Elii^abetli, so far as to reestablish 
 -Mary on the ilirone, but by sucli a contest 
 as must have perilled Elizabeth's throiu", 
 and, most pvoiiuMy, would have led to the 
 sacrifice of he; ;:;i^ 
 
 Burleigh, dei i J to the glory of his 
 royal mistress juid to the welfare of her 
 people, and piaiMv perceiving that the ca- 
 tholics, both at heme and abroad, would 
 either find or feign a motive to mischief in 
 the detention or' the qucn of Scots, reso- 
 lutely advised that that unhappy queen 
 sliouli' • -lolently dealt with, as being at 
 tlio tjoiidiii of all schemes and .attempts 
 against, the peace of England. But Eli- 
 zabeth was not even yet so far irritaved or 
 alarmed as to consent to anything more 
 thiui tl:e detention of Mary; and to all the 
 suggestions of Ihirlolph she contented her- 
 self with rcitlying, wltli a touch of that 
 poeticXeelingwhlch even Intrigues of stiito 
 never wholly banished from her mind, that 
 'she could not put to death the bird that, 
 to escape tho lure of the hawk, had flown 
 to her feet for protection.' 
 
 Burleigh was aided in his Liideavonrs 
 against Mary by the pariiament ; but Eli- 
 zabeth, though both her anxiety and her 
 anger dally grew stronger, personally Inter- 
 fered to inevent a bill of attaltidci' against 
 M.ary, and even another bill which merely 
 went to exclude her from the succession. 
 
 Towards Uic friei:us of Mary Blizabefh 
 
 _ 
 
li 
 
 352 
 
 Cbf Cvcarfuvi) of l^tsftflru, sVf. 
 
 was lcs3 increiful. Tlio rarl of Nortlimn- 
 berlaiid was delivered by Morton— who had 
 succeeded Lenox In the Scotch regency— 
 Into tho hands of tlie En(?llHh ministers; 
 and that chivalrous and unfortunate noblo- 
 maii was beheaded at Yorlc. 
 
 The state of Franfcc at this time was such, 
 from tho flcrco enmity of the catholics to 
 the Huguenots or protestants, as to give 
 serious uneasiness to Klizaboth. Tho deep 
 onniity of Charles IX. of Franco towards 
 the leaders of his pnitestant subjects wrs 
 digulsed, Indeed, by the most artful ca- 
 resses bestowed upon Collgnl, the king of 
 Navarre, and other leading Huguenots : but 
 circumstances occurred to show that t'le 
 king of France not only detested those per- 
 sonages and their French followers, but 
 that he would gladly seize any pood oppor- 
 tunity to aid i'hllip of Spain in the destruc- 
 tion, if possible, of the protcstant power of 
 Kngland. 
 
 The perndious Char'.c-s, In order to plunge 
 tho Huguenots into the more profoundly 
 fatal security, offered to give his sister Mar- 
 garet In marriaire to the prince of Navarre ; 
 and Collgni, with other leaders of the Hu- 
 guenot party, arrived in Paris, to celeI)rato 
 a marriage which promised so inucli towards 
 the reconciliation of the two parties. 3ut 
 so far was peace from being the real mean- 
 ing of tlic court of Prance, that tho queen 
 of Navarre was poisoned. Tills suspici- 
 ously sudden death, liowever, of so eminent 
 a person did not arouse the doomed Col gni 
 and the otlier protestants to a sense of 
 their real situation. The marriage w.as con- 
 cluded : an<l but a few days after, on the 
 eve of !>t. Bartholomew, the designs of 
 (Miarles IX., -jr, more strictly speaking, of 
 Ills oxerritblo mother, burst forth. The 
 venerable Coiignl was murdered almost by 
 tiie king's side ; men, women, and children 
 alike were Itutchered by tho Ulng'ji troops, 
 BO that in P.arls alone al)ove live hundred 
 persons of I'ank and above ten thousand of 
 the lower order are known to have perished 
 In this most sanguinary .and co'vardly alTair. 
 Orders were at the same time sent to Rouen, 
 Lyons, and other great towns of France, 
 where the sani uOtest.alile butcheries were 
 committed on .■> i roportlon.ably liirge scale. 
 
 The king of Navarro and the prince of 
 Oond6 narrowly escaped. The duke of Oulsc 
 advised their destruction, but the king liad 
 contratied as much person.al affection for 
 them as he could feel for any one but 'ho 
 she-wolf ills mother, and he cnuscd '.heir 
 lives to he spared on condition of tlieir 
 seeming conversion to popery. 
 
 Tlie frightful massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 mew could not but be gi'eatly alarming as 
 well as disgusting to Kli/.abeth. She could 
 not but perceive, from a butchery so fright- 
 ful nnd extensive, that there was among the 
 catholic princes of the continent a deter- 
 mination to exterminate protestautlsn) ; 
 nor could she hut feel that she, as the 
 champion of that fallh, was hen.ceforth 
 more conspicuously than ever marked out 
 for destruction, could It be accomplished 
 either by warfare or In the more dastardly 
 way of private ass-assinatir .1. 
 
 Charles IX. was himself conscious of the 
 
 offence this atrocious massacre of his pni- 
 'estant sul)jects must necess.arlly give to 
 Ellz.abeth, and he sent a strong apology to 
 her through Fenelon, his ambassador. To 
 US It has ever appeared that this apology 
 dill, in re.illty, only m;iko the offence tho 
 blacker; Charles now calumniated the un- 
 fortun.ate persons whom ho li.ad murdered. 
 He pvetcmled that he had discovered, just 
 as It was aboutt ■ be carried into execution, 
 a Huguenot conspiracy to seize his person, 
 and that it was as a necessary matter of 
 self-defence that his catholic soldiery had 
 acted. Tiie single fact that orders for 
 wholes.alc mass.acro were actot upon at 
 distant provincial cities, as well 's at Paris, 
 would at once and for ever give the lie to 
 this st.atcmcnt. Kven Charles's own am- 
 bassador confessed that he was ashamed 
 allko of his country and of tho apology 
 which he was, by his olllce, compelled to 
 make for so (uitrageous a crime. Hlsoffleo, 
 however, left him no choice, and he went to 
 court. Here he found every one, male and 
 female, attired in the deepest mourning, 
 and bearing In tbeir features the marks of 
 profound grief and alarm. No one spoke 
 to hlui until ho arrived at tho throne, 
 wiiere the queen, who respected his per- 
 sonal character, he.ard his apology with alt 
 •^he calmness that she could muster. Eli- 
 zabeth very iilalnly. In !ier reply, showed 
 that she utterly dishulleved Charles's ca- 
 luuiny upon ! ':; protcstant subjects, hut 
 she concluded that she should defer nniKlng 
 up her mind upon the real feelings of 
 Charles until she should see how ho would 
 act in future, and that in the meantime, 
 as requested by his own ambassador, she 
 Avould rather pity tli.au bl.ame him. 
 
 The massacres In France, joined to tho 
 Spanish massacres and pcsccntlons In tho 
 Low Countries, and tho favour Into whlcii 
 Charles IX. now visibly took the Guises, 
 ni.adc It evident to Elizabeth that nothing 
 but opportunity was wanting to Induce tlie 
 French and Spaniards to unite for her de- 
 struction, aiid she took all possible precau- 
 tions. She fortUled Portsmouth, paid all 
 requisite attention to her militia .and fleet, 
 and, while she renewed her open alliances 
 with the German princes, sho lent all tho 
 aid that sho secretly could to tho people of 
 the Low Countries to assist them against 
 their Si)anlsh tyrants, 
 
 A. I). Loro.— Beyond what we have just 
 now said of the foreign policy of El'z.abetli 
 wo need not here say anything; the events 
 tli.at took place, whether In Spain, tho Ne- 
 therlands, or Fr.ance, f.alling properly under 
 those heads. Tho attention of Elizabeth, 
 as to foreigners, was .addressed chiefly to 
 aiding tho protestants with secresy and 
 with as rigid economy and stringent condl- 
 tionf as were consistent with effectual aid ; 
 and to keeping up such a constant deniou" 
 ritratlon ot vigour and a prepared position, 
 as might Intimidate catholic princes from 
 any such direct hcstllity to her as would be 
 likely to provoke her into openly encou- 
 raging and assisting their malooutont sub- 
 jects. 
 
 TI1I3 policy enabled EKzabctb to enjoy a 
 profound peace during ycara whIcU saw 
 
 LV 
 
 i 
 
 *>» 
 
Lv 
 
 \'0 jint I 
 i'!zal)Otli 
 e events 
 
 the No- 
 •ly umli^r 
 llzabetli. 
 lilefly t.i 
 •esy and 
 it condl- 
 tual aid ; 
 demon- 
 
 jositlon, 
 
 les from 
 ould be 
 encou- 
 
 ont Bub- 
 
 enjoy a 
 IcU saw 
 
 ■ 
 
 <!PnBlanlf.— !§0ttii« of CutJor.- eUjaBctft. 
 
 353 
 
 nenrly all tho rest of Europe plunged in 
 war and misery. 
 
 A.D. 1580.— The affaira of Scotland just at 
 tills time gave Elizabeth some uneasiness. 
 During several years the regent Morton 
 had kept that kingdom In the strictest 
 amlt. But the regent had of late wholly 
 lost the favour of the turbulent nobles, and 
 he found himself undfir tho necessity of 
 giving In his resignation ; and the govern- 
 ment was formally assumed by king James 
 himself, though ho was now only eleven 
 years of age. The count D'Aubigny, of the 
 house of Lenox, was employed by the duke 
 of Guise t(' detach James from the inter- 
 ests of Elli,abeth. and to cause him to 
 espouse those of his mother. Elizabeth 
 endeavoured to 8Ui)port and reinstate Mor- 
 ton, but D'Aubigny had now ol)talned so 
 much Influence with the king, tliat I'owas 
 able to have Morton Imprisoned aiu sub- 
 sequently beheaded, as an accomplice lu .;he 
 murder of tho late klnpr. 
 
 With Spain, too, Elizabctli'.s relations 
 were at this period uneasy and threatening. 
 In revenge for the aid which ho knewEliza- 
 both to have given to his revolted subjects 
 of tho Netherlands, Philip of Spain sent a 
 body of troops to aid her revolted subjects 
 of Ireland ; and her complaints of this In- 
 terference were answered by a reference to 
 tim piracies committed by tho celebrated 
 admiral Drake, who was tho first English- 
 man who sailed round tho world, and who 
 ob .lined enormous booty from tho Spa- 
 niards In theiNew World. 
 
 A. D. ] S81.— Tho Jesuits, and the scholars 
 generally of tho continental seminaries 
 which tho king of Spain had c.atabiished 
 to compensate to tho ratliolics tiic loss of 
 tho universities of England, were so ob- 
 viously and 80 Intrusively ho'stile to the 
 queen and il'j protestant faith, that some 
 stringent laws against them and the ca- 
 tholics generally were now passed. 
 
 Campion, a Jesuit who had been sent 
 over to explain to tho catholics of England 
 that they were not bound. In obedience to 
 tho bull of Plus V.,to rebel until the pope 
 should give them a second and explicit 
 order to thai, effect— I. e. not until the state 
 of Englnnd should. by accident, or by je- 
 i BUltical practices, be placed in convenient 
 confusion, was llrst rackcl and then ex- 
 ecuted.* 
 
 Elizabeth had formerly been addressed 
 with otters of marriage by Alengon, now 
 duke of Anjou, brother to the lato tyrant 
 Ciiarles IX. of France, and ho now renewed 
 his addresses through his agent Simler, a 
 I man of great talent and most insinuating 
 manners. The agent so well played his 
 part In the negotiation that he excited the 
 jealousy of tho powerful and unprlnclpL 1 
 Leicester, who offered him every possible 
 opposition and Insult. The queen, whom 
 Simler Info.mtd of Leicester's marriage to 
 
 ♦ Ilallam profosips liimtclf unable to flni! ' Hie 
 illKlitcst iirot'f of ''amplon'9 '.oiiccrn in treason- 
 able practices, tlioiifrh hii connections and jiro- 
 fession as a josult render It by no means un- 
 Pkc-lv '— Const««n(i(HK»{ UUtovy ofEtigland,yo\. 1. 
 ch. ill. 
 
 tho widow of tho earl of Essex, formally 
 took Simler under her r special protection, 
 and ordered Leicester to couflno himself to 
 Greenwich. 
 
 Slmicr so well advocated the cause of 
 Anjou, that Elizabeth went so far as to in- 
 vite that prince to England; and after 
 making stipulations fot- the aid of France, 
 should the interests of Anjou in the Nether- 
 lauds involve her In a quarrel with Philip 
 of Spain, Elizabeth, In presence of her 
 whole court and the foreign ambassadors, 
 placed a ring on Anjou's finger, and dis- 
 tinctly said that she did so In token of her 
 Intention to become his wife. As she was 
 now nine-and-forty years of age, and might 
 bo sui)posed to have outlived all tho youth- 
 ful fickleness imputed to her sex, and an 
 she gave orders to the bishops to regulate 
 the forms of the marriage, every one sup- 
 posed tbat It was certain. Despatches were 
 =ent to notify the approachingeventabroad, 
 and In many parts of England it was rntl- 
 clpatively celebrated b/ public holiday and 
 rejoicing. 
 
 But the marriage of Elizabeth to Anjou 
 was looked upon with great dislike by the 
 leading men of tho English court The 
 duke, as a catholic and a member of a most 
 persecuting family, could not but be clewed 
 with fear andsusplclon by sound statesmen 
 like Walsingham and Hatton ; while Lei- 
 cester, conscious that with the queen's 
 marriage lii.s o.vn vast power and Influence 
 would end, heartily wished her not to marry 
 -t all. These courtiers employed horfavour- 
 ite ladies to stimulate her pride by hinting 
 the proljabllity of her husband, instead of 
 liersclf, becoming the first personage In her 
 dom'nlons ; and to appeal to her fears by 
 suggesting the dangers to which she would 
 bo exposed should she have children ; tho 
 latter, surely, a danger not very probable 
 at her time of life. However, the courtiers' 
 artifices were fully successful. Even while 
 the state messengers were on their way to 
 foreign courts with tho news of the queen's 
 approaching marriage, she sent for Anjou, 
 and to'd him, with tears and protestations 
 of regret, that her people were so much 
 prejudiced against her union with him, that 
 though her own happiness must needs bo 
 sacrificed she had resolved to consult tho 
 happiness of her people, and therefore could 
 not marry )i m. The duke on leaving hor 
 presence thi-ew away the costly ring she 
 had given him, and declared that English 
 women were as capricious as the waves that 
 surround their Island. Ho soon after de- 
 parted, and being driven from Belgium to 
 Franco, died there, deeply and sincerely 
 regretted by Elizabeth. 
 
 A.n. 1584.— Several attempts having been 
 made to ralso new trouljies In England In 
 favour of the queen of Scots, the ministers 
 of Elizabeth made every exertion to detect 
 the conspirators. Henry Piercy, carl of 
 Northumberland, brother to that earl who 
 was some tlmo bef(.re beheaded for his 
 connection with Mary's cause; Howard, 
 earl of Arundel, son of the duke of Norfolk, 
 that rrlncess's late suitor; lord Paget and 
 Charles Arundel; and Francis Throgmor- 
 ton, a private gentleman, were implicated. 
 A A 
 
 M 
 
 ^^K5G«gr?^^ 
 
 .JM^ 
 

 854 
 
 Cljc CiTaiSm'ji of ^trtori), &f. 
 
 Most of thorn csciiped, but Tlirogmorton 
 was executed. Mcndozn, the Simiilsh am- 
 bassador, who had been tho primu mover 
 of this plot, was sent home la disgrace. 
 Somo farther proofs of a widely spread and 
 dangerous conspiracy having Ijcou dis- 
 covered in somo papers solzed npon Crolgli- 
 tnn, a Scotcli ji'.-iuit, tho English ministers, 
 who found Mary connected witli all these 
 attempts, removed her from tho custody of 
 tho carl of Khrowshury, who Bccmed not 
 to have been sulllclentiy watchful of hor 
 conduct, and committed her to that of sir 
 Amias P.aulet and sir Di'uo Driiry, men of 
 ch.iractcr and humanity, ))Ut too much de- 
 voted to Klizalioth to allow any unreasun- 
 ahlo freedom to tlu'ir prisoner. 
 
 Farther laws wero at tho same time 
 passed against Jesuits and popish priests, 
 and a council was named by act of parli.a- 
 ment witli power to govern tlie kingdom, 
 settle tlic succession, :uid avengo tlic 
 (jupen's death, should that occur by vio- 
 lence. A subsidy and two lifteenths wero 
 likewise granted to tlic ancen. 
 
 During this session of parliament anew 
 ron>;piracy was discovered, wliich greatly 
 Increased tho general animosity to the 
 catholics, and proportionally increased the 
 j attachment of the parliament to tlie queen, 
 and tlieir anxiety to shield her from the 
 (langevt; by which slic set med to be pcrpc- 
 tualiy BUI rounded. A ca'holic gentleman 
 named Parry, wiio liad made himself so 
 conspicuous in the house of commons )o 
 Ills intcmperato opposition to a bill Cor ro- 
 Btraining tho sertitiouspraci ices of llomi'-h 
 priests, that ho was commit 'ed to the cus- 
 tody of the serjeant-at-arms iuid only iilie- 
 j'atod by the clemency of tlie queen, was 
 Jiow, In but little less than six weeks, 
 charged with liigh treason. This man ii-ul 
 been employed as a secret agent by lord ]3ur- 
 leigli, but not deeming hill -elf sullU'lently 
 well treated ho went to j a!y, where he 
 seems to have deeply Intrigued with botli 
 the papal j^arty at Homo and tlie ministers 
 of his own sovereign at home. Ifav'n^,' in'c- 
 curcd from tho Uom'sh autlioritirs a wari'i 
 f-.anctlon of his profcoscd design of killiii'; 
 queen Elizabeth witli his own hand, this 
 sanction lie hastened to commuuiciitc to Kll- 
 zabeth, and being refujed a pension ho re- 
 turned to his old vocation of a spy, and was 
 employed to watcli the iiernicious josnit 
 rersons.in conjun -Mon with Novil. Though 
 actually in tho sex.- ?e of ; ■ a Bovernmeht, 
 both Nevil and Pu^i-ywero men of despe- 
 rate fortune, and thi..r discontent at leiig; 
 grew so desperate that they agreed to shoi,^ 
 t he queen when she should bo out riding. 
 The e;a-l of "Westmoreland, under sentence 
 of exile, chanced to die just at tliis perio.l, 
 and Nevil, who, though a sal.iried tpy, was 
 also In exile in Normandy, thought it very 
 likely that he, as next heir to the deceased 
 carl, would recover the family estate and 
 title by revealing the plot to which he was 
 a party. NevH'B revelations to tho govern- 
 ment wero conflrmed by I'arry's own con- 
 fOBBion, and tho alter, a douliie traitor,— 
 alike traitor to his native land .and to hia 
 foreign spiritual Bovereign,— was very do- 
 Bervedly executed. 
 
 A fleet of twenty sail under admiral sir 
 Francis Drake, with a land force of two 
 tiiousand three hundred volunteorB under 
 Christopher Carlisle, did the Spaniards 
 immcnso mischief thia year, taking tit. 
 Jago, near Capo Verd, where they got good 
 store of provision, but little money; St. 
 Domingo, where they made the Inhabitanta 
 save tlieir houses by the payment of a large 
 sum of money ; and Carlhagcuu, which 
 they Bimilarly held to ransom. On the 
 coast of Florida they Imriied the towns of 
 .St. Anthony and St. Helen's; and thence 
 iliey went to the coast of Virginia, where 
 lliey found tiio in I serable remnant of the 
 colony so long before planted there by sir 
 AValler Italeigh. Tliu poor colonists were 
 at tills time reduced to utter misery and 
 despair 1-v long-continued 111 success, and 
 gladly abaniloudd tlieir SPttlements and ny 
 turned home on board Drake's fleet. The 
 enormous wealtii that was brought homo 
 liy that gallant connnander, and tho ac- 
 counts given by his >< en of both tho richer 
 and tlie weakness of the Spaniards, mailo 
 the notion of piracy upon the Spanish 
 m.ain extremely iiopular, and caused mucli 
 evil enerity to be employed 'a that rtircc- 
 tioii, which would otlierwiso have been of 
 serious annoyauco to tlie government at 
 lioiiic. 
 
 Meanwhile the carl of Leicester, who 
 had been sent to Holland in command of 
 tlie EiiKllsli auxiliary forces to aid the 
 states a'-,'Minst Spain, proved himself to be 
 unlit for any extensive military power, HU 
 retinue was princely in si)lendour, and hU 
 courtly manners and intriguing spirit 
 caused him to be named captain-general 
 (iC the United Provinces, and to have the 
 fiiiards and iionours of a sovereign prince. 
 Mill here his achievements, which gave deep 
 nireiice to Kllzabcth, began to d'mlnish in 
 brilliancy. Though nobly aided i)y his ne- 
 phew, sir Pliilip Kidney, one of tho most 
 gallant .and accomplished gentlemen who 
 have ever done honour to England, he was 
 decidedly inferior to tho task of opposing 
 so accomplished a general ns the prince of 
 Parma. Ho succeeded in the first instance 
 in repulsing tlio Spaniards and throwing 
 succours into Cirave ; but the cowardice or 
 treachery of Van Hemert— who was after- 
 wards put to death pursuant to tho sen- 
 tence of a court martial — betr.ayed the 
 lilaco to the Spaniards. Venlo was taken 
 by the prince of Parma, as was Nuys, and 
 the prince then sat down before Uliimberg. 
 To draw the prince from before this last- 
 named place, Aviiicli was g.arrlsoned by 
 twelve hundred men and well provided with 
 stores, and upon whicii, conaequenUy, Lei- 
 cester should have allowed tlic prince to 
 liavc wasted his Si:rciigth and then have 
 brought him to action, Leicester laid siege 
 to Ziitiihoii. Tiio prince thought this place 
 far t()(j iinpiirtaiit to be allowed to fall into 
 the liands of tho English, and he hastened 
 to its aid. Bending an advanced guard 
 under the marquis of Cuesto to throw re- 
 lief into tho fortress. A body of Etvglish 
 cavalry fell in with this advance, and a gal- 
 l.ant action commenced, in which the Spa- 
 niards were completely routed, with the 
 
 3 
 } 
 
CPiiaTimlr.— ?l|0ui*e 0f Cutrar.— enjaljctlj. 
 
 35ft 
 
 admiral sir 
 rce of two 
 beers under 
 
 Spaniards 
 taking Ht. 
 ey got good 
 money; St. 
 inliabitanta 
 It of a large 
 cna, wliicb 
 1. On tbe 
 lie towns of 
 and tlience i 
 ?lnla, wliere 
 lant of tlie 
 tliere by sir 
 lonistB were 
 
 misery and 
 sncccsa, and 
 ents and ro- 
 I Beet. Tlie 
 :)uglit homo 
 and tbo ac- 
 ;lUliorirlic:i 
 iards, mndo 
 ho Si)anii-li 
 auacd nuu'li 
 1 til at diroe- 
 av« lieon of 
 'crnmeut at 
 
 Icostcr, wiio 
 :ominand of 
 to aid tlie i 
 imself to be i 
 y power, Hla ' 
 our, and hl.4 
 uing spirit I 
 taln-gcneral | 
 to have the 
 sign prince, 
 h gave deep i 
 Id'mlnish in 
 iU iiy hia no- 
 )f tlio moat 
 lenicn who 
 and, lie was 
 ' opposing 
 e prince of 
 St instance 
 d throwing 
 wardico or 
 was after- 
 to the sen- 
 trayed the 
 was taken 
 Nuys, and 
 Illiinibcig. 
 this last- 
 Isoned by 
 vidcdwith 
 icutly, Lei- 
 prince to 
 then have 
 Ir laid siege 
 It this plaro 
 ofall into 
 hastened 
 cd guard 
 throw ro- 
 f English 
 and a gal- 
 h the Spa- 
 with the 
 
 ( 
 \ 
 
 loss of the marquis of Gonzaga, an Italian 
 noble of great military reputation and 
 ability. In this action, however, tho Eng- 
 lish were so unfortunate as to lose the 
 noble sir Philip Sidney, whose ncooniplisli- 
 ments, humanity, and love of lltoratino 
 made him the idol of tho great writers of 
 the ago. Tho luniianity wliich had marked 
 his whole life ;vas conspicuous even in the 
 last sad scene :tt his ilcalh. Dreadfully 
 wounded, and tortured wiili a raging thirst, 
 he was about to have a boillo of water ap- 
 plied to his parched lipf", when ho cauglit 
 Ihe eyes of a poor private soldier who lay 
 near hhn in tho liko fevered state, and was 
 looking at tho bottle with tho eager envy 
 which only a wounded soldier can know. 
 'Olvo him tho water,' said the dying hero, 
 'his necessity is greater than mine.' 
 
 While Leicester was barely keeping 
 ground against Spain in tho Netherlands, 
 and Urakc was astounding and mining the 
 Rp.miards In various parts of tho New 
 World, Elizabeth was cautiouslj securing 
 herself on liio side of Scotland. Having 
 obtained James's alliance by a dexterous 
 admixture of espionage and more oi)cn 
 conduct, Elizabeth felt that, she had ))iit 
 little to fear from foreign invasions ; it bc- 
 ing stipulated in their league ' that if Eli/.'i- 
 bclh wore invaded, James should aid lici- 
 with a body of two thousand horse and five 
 thousand foot; that Elizabeth, in the liko 
 case, should send to his assistance throe 
 thousand horse and six tliousand foot ; 
 that the charge of these armies should bo 
 defraytMi by the prliiro who demanded as- 
 Histanco; that iC tlie invasion should bo 
 made upon England, within sixty miles of 
 tlie frontierd of Scoiluiid, this latter king- 
 dom slionld m.'ivoh its wliolo f()i'<-c to tho 
 assistance of tho former; ami i.liaL tho 
 present leagiio sliould .supersede all former 
 alliances of eitlicr state with any foreign 
 kingdom S" far iis religion was concerned.' 
 
 And, in truth, it was requisite that Eli- 
 zalieth should be well prepared at liome, 
 for herencmies abroad grew more and more 
 furious against her, as every new occur- 
 rence more strongly displayed the sagacity 
 ^i. ner ministers and liir own prudence and 
 flrmness in siipportintr them. Partly on 
 account of the imi'rlsomneiic nf the quoeii 
 of Scots, but chiclly on .account of those 
 rigorous laws wliich their own desperate 
 and shameful conduct daily made more ne- 
 cessary, the foreign papists, and still more 
 the English scniiiiary at llheims, had be 
 come wrought up to so violent a fury, that 
 norhnig short of the assstssinatlon of Eli- 
 zabeth was now deemed worthy their con- 
 templation. 
 
 John Ballard, a i>i i :st of the seminary at 
 nhelms, having been engaged In noticing 
 and stirring up tho fanatical zeal of tho 
 catholics In England and Scotland, piu- 
 rosed.on his return to Uhelms, the attempt 
 to dethrone Elizabeth and to reestablish 
 papacy in England, an enterprise which he 
 j>retcnded to tlilnk imrticable, and that, 
 too, without any extraordi lary dilUculty. 
 At nearly the .3amo time a desperate and 
 gloomy fanatic, John Savago, who had 
 served for several years under the prince of 
 
 Parma la tho Low Countries, and wlio was 
 celebrated for a most Indomitable resolu- 
 tion, olfered to assassinate Elizabeth with 
 hla own hands. As ihiit deed would greatly 
 facilitate the proposed revolution In Eng- 
 land, tho priests of Ilhoiras, who had long 
 preached up the virtuous and lawful cha- 
 racter of tho assassination of heretical 
 sovereigns, Savago was encouraged In his 
 design, which he vowed to pursue, and tho 
 more fanatical catholics of England were 
 instructed to lend hitn allpossible aid, Sa- 
 vago w.as speedily followed to England by 
 Ballard, who took tiio name of captain For- 
 tescue, and busied himself night and day 
 in prepiiring mc.an.s to avail himself of the 
 awe and confusion in which (he nation 
 could not fall to be plunged by tho success 
 of tho attempt which tic doubted uot that 
 Savage would speedily make. 
 
 Anthony Babiiigton, a Derbyshire gen- 
 llem.an, had long been known to the initi- 
 ated iibrnad as a bigoted catholic and as a 
 roinaniic lover of ibe inipilsoned queen of 
 Scots. To this geiitlonian, who liad tho 
 jiroperty and slaiion requisite to render 
 bim uHeful to the conspirators, Balhu'd ad- 
 (IresseU. himself. To restore tho catholic 
 religion and place M.iiy on tho tlirono of 
 (•;iu'laiid, Habingtou considered an eiitor- 
 Piise that fully wiirranted the murder of 
 Elizabeth ; but ho objected to intrusting 
 the execution of so imimrtanta preliminary 
 to the propoiiCd revolution to one hand. 
 The sllglitest nervousness or error of that 
 ono man, Babii!gt(ni truly remarked, would 
 probably involve the lives or fortunes of al) 
 tho chief catliolics In England. He pro- 
 posed, therefore, that five others should be 
 joincu to Savago in the charge of the assas- 
 sination. So dcspcraio was tliovlllanyof 
 S iviipe, that it was only with somcdifllculty 
 that his priestly colleague induced hiin to 
 siiarc what tho wretch impiously termed 
 the ' glory ' of tbe deed, with Barnwell, 
 t'harnock, Tilney, .•iiiu Tichborne; all of 
 them gentlemen of station, character, and 
 wealth. 
 
 It was ilotormincd (hat at tho very same 
 hour at wliich Savage .ind his colleague;! 
 should assassinate Elizabeth, the qiuen of 
 Scots should be out riding, when Babing- 
 toii, with Edward, brother of Lord Windsor, 
 and several other gentlemen, at tho head 
 of a luindred horse, shouU. attack her 
 guards and escort her to London, wlisro 
 she would be proclaimed amid tho accla- 
 mations of the conspirators and, doubtless, 
 all catholics who should see her. 
 
 That this horrible plot would have suc- 
 ceeded there can be little douiit, butfor tho 
 watchful eye of Walsingham, which had 
 from the first been upon B.allard; and while 
 that person was busily rlotling arcvolutlon 
 which, commencing with (he assassination 
 of the queen, would .almost infallibly have 
 ended with a gotieral massacre of thepro- 
 testants, ho was unconsciously telling all 
 his principal proceedings to Walsingham, 
 tliat able and resolute minister having 
 placed spies about him who reported every 
 thing of importance to the secretary. Gif- 
 ford, another seminary priest, also entered 
 the pay of the minister, and enabled him 
 
35G 
 
 Cfjj CreaiSuvjj at W^iovUt vVc. 
 
 to obtain cojiIps of corrcspoiuleiirc between 
 Bablngton and the queen of Sirots, in v/liich 
 he Bpolco of the murdri- of Elizabeth as a 
 tragical execution which no would willingly 
 undertake for Mary's salceand service, and 
 Bho replied that she hlglily approved of the 
 whoI« plan, including the aesassinatlon of 
 the queen, n general insurrection aided by 
 foreign Invasion, and Mary's own deliver- 
 ance. Nay, the queen of Scots went still 
 farther ; she said that the gentlemen en- 
 gaged In this enterprise might expect ail 
 the reward it should ever bo In her power 
 t<i bestow ; and reminded them that It 
 would be but lost labour to attempt an !n- 
 (>iirrcrtton, or even licr own relenso from 
 lier ciiicl Imprisonment, until Elizabctli 
 were dead. 
 
 Wo have not scrupled to declare our dis- 
 like of tho original conduct of Elizabeth, 
 so far as wo deem It criminal or mean. 
 But vo cannot therefore shut our eyes to 
 tho .act, that though party writers have 
 mac many and zealous attempts to show 
 that tho whole plot was of Walsingham's 
 contrivance, the evidence against Mary was 
 as complete and satisfactory as human evi- 
 dence could be. That Walslngham em- 
 ployed spies, that these were chiefly priests 
 who were false to their own party, and 
 that some of them were men of bad cha- 
 ucter— what do these things prove? Cir- 
 cumstanced as Walslnjrham was, knowing 
 his queen's life to bo in perpetual danger 
 from restlcsM and desperate plotters, wc 
 really cannot sec how he was to avoid that 
 resort to spies, which under any other cir- 
 rumstances we should be among the first to 
 denounce. But with whom, tiicn, did these 
 f-ples act? With catholics of station and 
 wealth, whom no spies could possll)ly have 
 engaged In perilous and wicked proceed- 
 ing, but for their own fierce fanaticism. 
 And how <ind from wliom did tlicsc spies 
 procure Walslnghc-n the important letters 
 which divulged all the particulars of the In- 
 tended vlllary? By letter-carrying from 
 Mary to the enamoured Balilngton, and from 
 Babington to Mary. What lllui bigotry may 
 throw across tho eyes of fierce political par- 
 tisans we know not, but assuredly we can 
 Imagine rothing to be clearer than the guilt 
 of Mary, as far as she could be guilty of 
 conspiring against the life of Elizabeth — 
 who had so long embittered her life and 
 deprived her of ail enjoyment of her crown 
 and kingdom, who had mocked her with re- 
 peated promises which she never Intended 
 to fulfil, and who had carried the arts of 
 pfiiicy so far as to outrage nature by making 
 the utter neglect ol the imprisoned motlier 
 a tacit condition, at the least, of friendship 
 and alliance with the reigning son. Tlic 
 commissioners on their return from FotJio- 
 ringay castle, pronounced sentence of death 
 upon Mary, queen of Scots, but aocomi>a- 
 iiied the sentence with what — considering 
 that from the moment of her abdication in 
 his favour, hiw right torclpn became wholly 
 Independent of his mother— seemed a some- 
 what unnecessary clause of exception in 
 favour of James ; which said that ' the sen- 
 tence did in no wise derogate from tho title 
 and honour of James, king of Scotland ; 
 
 but that ho was In the same place, degree, 
 and right, as if the sentence bad uever been 
 pronounced.' 
 
 It is an extraordinary fact, and one vihk'y 
 is unnoticed not only by tho partial writers 
 who have endeavoured to throw the de- 
 served degree of blame upon Elizabeth, and 
 also to represent Mary as altogether free 
 from blame even where her criminality was 
 tho most glaringly evident, but oven by tho 
 imparUal Hume, that when tho sentence 
 on Mary was published In London, the 
 people received it with tho ringing of 
 bell.'i, lighting of bonfires, and all the ordi- 
 nary tokens of public rejoicing. Does not 
 this single fact go to prove that it was 
 notorious that Mary, during her confine- 
 ment, was perpetually plotting against tlie 
 life of tho queen, and endeavouring to de- 
 liver England and Scotland over to tho 
 worst horrors that could befall thein - tho 
 i restoration of papacy and the arbitrary rule 
 of Philip of Spain ? That this was tho true 
 state of tho case was made evident not 
 merely by tho rejoicings of the multitude 
 out of doors, but by the sulemn applica- 
 tion of tho parliament to Elizabeth to allow 
 tho sentence to bo executed. The king of 
 France, chiefly by the compulsion of the 
 house of Guise and the league, Interceded 
 for Mary ; and James of Scotland, who had 
 hitherto been a most cold and neglectful 
 son, whatever might bo the errors of his 
 mother, now sent the master of Gray and 
 sir UoNrt Mcivll to try both argument and 
 ujcnace upon Elizabeth. 
 
 Most historians seom to bo of opinion 
 that the reluctance which Ellzabetli for 
 some time exhibited to comply with what 
 was undoubtedly the wish of her people, 
 was wli>^lly felgneil. Wo greatly doubt it. 
 That Elizabeth both hated and feared Jlary 
 was inevitable. Mary'.s position, her bigot ry, 
 the personal ill-feeling she had often showii 
 towards Elizabeth, and her obvious willing- 
 ness to sacrifice her life,werc surely not ad- 
 ditions to the character of a woman who had 
 c(^nnived at her husband's death and then 
 married his murderer, which could have 
 engendered any kindly feelings on the part 
 of a princess so harassed and threatened 
 as Elizabeth was by that faction of which 
 Mary, in England at least, was tho recog- 
 nised head. But apart from all womanly 
 and humane relenting, Elizabeth could not 
 but bo conscious that the death of Mary 
 would cause a great accession to the rage 
 of the catholic powers : and apathetic as 
 James had shown himself hitherto, it was 
 l)Ut reasonable to suppose that the violent 
 death of his mother would rouse him liiU\ 
 active enmity to England. However, tho 
 queen's hesitation, real or as. uraed, was at 
 length overcome, and she signed the fatal 
 warrant which Davison, her .""cretarv, 'tot- 
 ing under the orders and advlie of lonl 
 Burleigh, Leicester, and others of Mie coun- 
 cil, forthwith despardied to Fothenngay by 
 I lie earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who 
 were charged with seeing it executed. 
 
 A.B. 1587. — Immediately on tho arrival of 
 tlic two earls, they read tho warrani, and 
 warned Mary to be prepared for execution 
 at eight on the following morning. SUo re- 
 
 ^*y 
 
!e, doBrcc, 
 lever l)ccii 
 
 onewliU!' 
 lal writers 
 w the (Ic- 
 abeth,nnd 
 Dther free 
 inallty whs 
 vcn by tlio 
 ) sentence 
 ndoii, the 
 Inptliig ot 
 11 the ordl- 
 Doc8 not 
 liat It was 
 ?r conflnc- 
 i^lnst the 
 ring to dc- : 
 \rer to the | 
 them - the 
 )ltrary rule 
 ■as the true 
 svldent not 
 I inultltudo 
 nn nppUca- 
 Bth to allow 
 Ihe king of 
 Blon of the 
 , interceded 
 nd, who had 
 1 neglectful 
 rrors of his 
 of Gray and 
 gurnent and 
 
 of opinion 
 lizaheth for 
 y with what 
 her penplc, 
 Lly douht it. 
 feared Mary 
 ,horblK*>t>">'. 
 cllcn shown 
 ious wlUing- 
 urely not ad- 
 uan who had 
 ith and then 
 
 could have 
 3 on the part 
 i threatened 
 on of which 
 IS the recog- 
 all womanly 
 jtli could not 
 lath of Mary 
 I to the rage 
 apathetic as 
 hcrto, it was 
 it the violent 
 use him into 
 lowcYor, the 
 nmcd, was at 
 lied the fatal 
 "cretary, ^I't- 
 Ivlic of loi-a 
 8 0f Miocoun- 
 )theruigay hy 
 i Kciit, who 
 xecui ed. 
 the ai rival of 
 
 warrant and 
 [or execution 
 Bing. 61»0 re- 
 
 's 
 
 eitfllantr.— Iftourfe at Cutfor.— ©niadctlj. 
 
 35 1 
 
 cclved the news with apparent resignation ; 
 profcHsed that she could not have helioved 
 that Ellaabeth would have enforced such a 
 Bontcnco upon a person not puhjcct to the 
 laws and jurisdiction of England, hut added, 
 ' As such is her will, death, whitli puts an 
 end to all my miseries, shall ho to mo most 
 welcome ; nor can I esteem that soul worthy 
 tho felicities of heaven wlilch cannot sui>- 
 port tho body under tho horrors of tho last 
 passage to those bllsiiful inau»lons.' 
 
 Hhc then asked for tho ndniisslon of her 
 own chaplain, but tlin carl of Kent said 
 that tho attendance of a papist priest was 
 unnjcessary, as Fletcher dean of Peter- 
 borough, a most learned and pious divine, 
 would affoM her all necessary consolation 
 and instruction. Blic refused to sop him, 
 which so much angered tho earl of Kent, 
 that he coarsely told her that her death 
 would be the life of the protestant religion, 
 as her life would have been the death of It. 
 
 Having taken a sparing and early sup- 
 per, tho unhappy Alary passed the night in 
 making a distribution of her effects and In 
 religious offlces, until her usual hour. for 
 retiring, when she went to bed and slept 
 for some houid. She rose very early, and 
 resumed her religious exercises, using a 
 consecrated host which had been sent to 
 her by pope Plus. 
 
 As the fatal hour approached she dressed 
 licrself In a rich habit of velvet and silk. 
 Scarcely had she done so when Andrews, 
 sheriff of tho county, entered the room and 
 summoned her to the last dread scene, to 
 which she was supported by two of sir 
 Amias Paulet's guards, an inllrmity In her 
 legs preventing her from walking without 
 nid. As she entered tho hall adjoining her 
 room she was met by the earls of Shrews- 
 bury and Kent, sir Amiaa Paulet, sir Drue 
 Drury, and other gentlemen; and hero sir 
 Andrew Melvil, herattachod steward, threw 
 himself upon his knees before her, lament- 
 ing her fate and wringing his hands in an 
 agony of real and deep grief. Slio com- 
 forted him by assurances of her own perfect 
 resignation, bade him report in Scotland 
 that she died a true woman to her religion, 
 and said, as she resumed her way to the 
 scaffold, ' llecommend me, Melvll, to my 
 son, and tell him that, notwithstanding all 
 my distresses, I liJivo done nothing preju- 
 dicial to the state and kingdom of Scotland. 
 And now, my good Melvll, farewell; once 
 awin, farewell, good llolvll, and grant the 
 assistance of tiiy prayers to thy aueen and 
 mistress.' 
 
 She now turneil to the earls, and begged 
 that her servants might freely enjoy the 
 presents she had given them and be sent 
 safely to their own country ; all which was 
 j-eadlly promised. But the earls objected 
 to the admission of her attendants to the 
 execution, and some dilflculty was even 
 made aliout any of them being present in 
 her last moments. This really harsh re- 
 fusal roused her to a degree of anger she 
 had not previously shown, and she indig- 
 nantly said to the earls, ' I know that your 
 mistress, being a maiden qiieen, would 
 vouchsafe, iu regard of womanhood, that I 
 should have some of uiy own people about 
 
 mo at my death. I know that her majesty 
 hath not given you (. :y such strict com- 
 mand but tliat you might grant me a re- 
 quest of far greater courtesy, even though I 
 were a woman of Inferior rank to that which 
 I bear. 1 am cousin to your fjueen, and 
 descended from the blood royal of Henry 
 VIII., and a married queen of France, and 
 an anointed queen of Scotland.' 
 
 This remonstrance had duo effect, and 
 she was allowed to select four of herniiiln 
 and two of her female servants to attend 
 her to tho scalToM ; her steward, physician, 
 apotliocary, and purgc')n, wltli her maids 
 Curie and Kennedy. 
 
 Thus attended, she was led Into an ad- 
 joining hall in which was a crowd of spec- 
 tators, and tho scaffold, covered with blacU 
 doth. The warrant having been read, tho 
 dean of Peterborough stepped forward and 
 addressed her in exhortation to repentance 
 of her Bin i, acknowledgement of the justice 
 of her sentence, and reliance for mercy 
 and salvation only upon the mediation and 
 merits of Christ. During tho dean's ad- 
 dress Mary several times endeavoured to 
 interrupt him, and at the conclusion she 
 said, 'Trouble not yourself any more about 
 Mie matter, for I was born in this religion, 
 I have lived in this religion, and I will die 
 In this religion.' 
 
 She now ascended tho Bcalfold, saying to 
 Paulet, who lent her his arm, ' I thank you, 
 sir ; it is tho last trouble I shall give you, and 
 tho most acceptable service that you have 
 ever rendered me.' The queen of Scots 
 now, in a Arm voice, told tho persons as- 
 sembled that ' She would have them recol- 
 lect that she was a sovereign princess, not 
 subject to the parliament of England, but 
 brought there to suffer by violence and In- 
 justice. She thanked God for having given 
 her this opportunity to make public pro- 
 fession of her faith, and to declare, as she 
 often before had declared, that she had 
 never Imagined, nor compassed, nor con- 
 sented to the death of the English queen, 
 nor even souglit the least harm to her per- 
 son. After her death many things, which 
 wore then burled in darkness, would como 
 to light. But she pardoned, from her heart, 
 all her enemies, nor should her tongue 
 utter that which might chance to prejudice 
 t hem.' 
 
 At a sign from tho earls the weeping 
 maid servants now advanced to disrobe 
 their mistress. Tiic executioners. In their 
 sordid fear lest they should thus lose their 
 perquisites, the rich attire of the queen, 
 hastily interfered. Mary blushed and drew 
 back, observing that she had not been ac- 
 customed to undress before such an audi- 
 ence, or to be served by such valets. But 
 as no interference was made by the earls, 
 she submitted ; her neck was bared ; her 
 maid Kennedy pinned a handkerchief edged 
 with gold over her eyes ; and an executioner, 
 taking hold of each of her arms, led her to 
 the block, upon wlilch she laid her head, 
 saying audibly, and in llrm tones, ' Into thy 
 hands, O God, I commend my spirit.' 
 
 Tho executioner now advanced, but was 
 so completely unnerved that his first blow 
 missed the neck, deeply woiniding the BkuU; 
 
 ,,^|« 
 
:;3;-:--.-_:;r: 
 
 358 
 
 C^c Zvenimij at Hitttoiij, ^r. 
 
 A second was Ilk -vlso Inortcctual ; nt tlio 
 third tho head wns novercd tnm\ tho body. 
 Tho unhappy lady evidently died 'ii liitcnso 
 afifony, for when ho sxhlblted tho head to 
 tho Bpectatorn, tho muscles of tlio face were 
 BO distorted that the features could scarcely 
 ho recognised. 
 
 When tho oxocntloncr, on oxhlhltliig tho 
 head, cried MIod save queeii Ell/.iibeth,' 
 tho dean ot rctorhoroUKh replied,'.^ J so 
 perish (ill her enemies ;' to which li . earl 
 of Kent added, ' So perish all tho enemies 
 of the Kospsl.' 
 
 Tho body was on the following day em- 
 balmed and l)urled In i'cterborouKh cathe- 
 dral, wheiiro, In the next reign. It wan re- 
 moved to Westminster ubbcy. 
 
 ClIAPTEH XLVir. 
 The Sc'gn 0/ Elizabeth {continucil). 
 
 A.D. 1587.— Tnu tragical scene wo have 
 just described must have convinced oven 
 tlio most devoted of Elizabeth's subjects 
 that their 'virgin queen' was not over 
 abundantly blessed with tho'godllko qua- 
 lity of mercy,' whatever opinion they might 
 entertain of Marj's partlcli 'Uhm la the 
 crlnio for which she suffered. But there 
 are many circumstances connected with the 
 history of this i)erl()d which maybe pleaded 
 In extenuation of conduct that In less crii i- 
 cal times could only bo viewed with unal- 
 loyed abhorrence and disgust. Tho mas- 
 sacre of St. Barthol.iMiew was still fresh In 
 tho recollection of everyone, and tho bigot- 
 ed zeal wMch the queen of Scots ever dls- 
 pl.iyed !fi Jiivovir of the catholics, whoso as- 
 cendant;; In England she ardently desired, 
 gf.ve H infurn.'ul presage of what was to 
 tr- e\i'C-:u\\ hy tho protestant population 
 >ii;)ulrt lic'ir opponents succeed In their 
 Uerpernio machinations. Uut whatever may 
 have been tSio secret wishes, or real Inten- 
 tions of liii'/'ibeth, her subsequent behaviour 
 had the semblance of unfeigned sorrow. Eli- 
 zabeth, In fnct, did what sho could to throw 
 otr the odium that this sanguinary transac- 
 tion had cast upon her. Sho wrote to the 
 king of Scotland In terms of tho deepest 
 regret, declared that the warrant she had 
 been Induced to sign was to havo lain dor- 
 mant, and Imprisoned Davison, fining him 
 in the sum of 10,000!., which reduced him 
 to a stato not far removed from actual beg- 
 gary. 
 
 One of the most memorn'^o events In 
 English history was now near 'it hand ; one 
 which called for all tho eneri,., and patri- 
 otic devotion that a bravo and independent 
 people were capable of makhig; and con- 
 sequently, every minor enii.ai.ioratlon van- 
 ished at its approach. This was tho pro- 
 jected Invasion of our Island by Philip of 
 Spain. This monarch, disappointed in his 
 hopes of marrying Elizabeth, returned the 
 queen her collar of tho garter, and from 
 that time tho most irreconcilable jealousy 
 appears to havo existed between them. In 
 all the ports throughout his extensive do- 
 minions the note of preparation was heard, 
 and the most powerful navy that over h.ad 
 been collected was now at liis disposal. 
 An army of 50,000 men was also assem- 
 
 bled under oxpcrlencod generals, and the 
 command of the whole was given to tho 
 celel)rated duke of i>ma. Tho catholics 
 on tho continent v io i'l an ecstasy of de- 
 light ; tho pope' Uv.'/jd his benediction 
 on an expedition ^.uai, seemed destined once 
 more to restore the supremacy of tho holy 
 see, and it was nniinlmously iialled by all 
 who wished it success as tUo invincibln iir- 
 viada. 
 
 To repel this mighty array, no mcnna 
 within tho reach of Elizabeth and her able 
 ministers were forgotten, • •" cmld any- 
 thing exceed tho enthus' determina- 
 tion of her subjects to d . heir altars 
 and their homes. Among .ic'sly raised 
 levies tho militia formed a . r> Imi'ortant 
 I tern ; tho nobility also vied with each other 
 In their elforts of assistance ; and lord Hun- 
 tingdon alono raised 4o,noo foot and 10,000 
 horse. Tho royal navy liad* fortunately, 
 been on tho Increase for a long time pre- 
 vious, and the successful exertlonsof ndinl- 
 ral Drake in tho Indies had infused a de- 
 gree of conlldonco into our sailors, before 
 unknown In tho service. 
 
 The views of the Spanish king having 
 been fully ascertained by the emissaries of 
 Ellzahelb, she ordered 20,000 troops to bo 
 cantoned along tho southern coast of tho 
 kliis'dom, in such a manner that in forty- 
 eight hours tho Avholo might bo assembled 
 at liny port where there was iv probability 
 of the enemy's landing. A l.argo andweil- 
 dlsclpllncd corps, also, amounting to 2t,00(i 
 men, wasencampedat Tllbury-fort,neartlio 
 mouth of tlioThameii, uiuler tho immediate 
 Command of the earl of Leicester, who was 
 appointed generalissimo of the army. Those 
 troops tho queen reviewed, and having ha- 
 rangued tliem, rode through the lines with 
 the general — her manner evincing great 
 firmness and Intrepldlty.whlch. while It gave 
 eclat to tho scene, tilled every breast with 
 patriotic ardour. Thoresldnoof Jiertroops, 
 amounting to 34,000 foot and 2,000 horse, 
 remained about tho queen's person ; and 
 tho militia were in readiuesi to reinforce 
 tiio regular troops wherever thero might 
 bo occasion. 
 
 All tho ports nml accessible points on 
 the coast were fortiilcd and strongly garri- 
 soned | but though orders were given to 
 oppose tho enemy's descent, wherever it 
 might be, tho respective commanders were 
 directed not to come to a general engage- 
 ment in the event of tlieir landing, but to 
 retire and lay waste tho country before 
 them, that the Spaniards might meet with 
 no subsistence and bo perpetually haras- 
 sed In their march. Nor was anything 
 left undone that might bo likely to contri- 
 bute to tho defeat of the armada by sea. 
 Lord Howard of Elllngham "as created lord 
 high admiral, and sir Fraiuis Drake vlce- 
 admlral. These, together with Hawkins and 
 Problsher, were stationed near Plymouth, 
 to oppose the enemy as lie entered tho 
 chaimcl ; while lord Henry Seymour com- 
 manded another fleet upon the coast of 
 Flanders to prevent tho duko of Parma 
 from bringing over troops from that quarter. 
 
 A.D. 1588. — The armada sailed from Lis- 
 bon on the 30tta of May, but helntf die- 
 
 ) t 
 
, anl the 
 
 fii to the 
 catholics 
 tiisy of dfi- 
 uut'dlctlon 
 tlncdonce 
 if the holy 
 lleil l>y »ll 
 )lncU>h! ar- 
 
 no monna 
 111 !ior nhto 
 c'luUl i\i>y- 
 dotormlna- 
 lH?lr nltnra 
 c->)y raised 
 , Inu'ortant 
 I oai'h other 
 idlonniuii- 
 t iiud lo.noo 
 tortuiintely, 
 ff time pre- 
 Diisot ndinl- 
 iitused a do- 
 lors, hoforo 
 
 ^Inff havliiR 
 inlswirloB of 
 t,rnoii9 to bo 
 coast of tho 
 liat In torty- 
 10 assenitiU'd 
 k prohahlllty 
 go and woU- 
 Ung to 2t,ooo 
 fort, near tho 
 10 Immcdlato 
 tor, who wan 
 army. Thoso 
 id having ha- 
 iie lines with 
 liiclng groat 
 .while It gavo , 
 y breast with 
 of her troops, i 
 1 2,000 horse, 
 person ; and 
 to reinforce 
 there mlglit 
 
 bio points on 
 trongly garrl- 
 ■ero given to 
 , wherever it 
 mnnders were 
 >nernl cngage- 
 vndlng, hut to 
 Duntry before 
 :!lit meet with 
 etualiy haras- 
 vas anything 
 icelyto contrl- 
 rmada by sea. 
 f»8 created lord 
 is Drako vice- 
 hllawliinsand 
 ear Plymouth, 
 entered tho 
 Seymour com- 
 i the coast of 
 like of Parma 
 mtliat quarter, 
 illed from LIs- 
 jut belna dlB- 
 
 ePnjjTantr.— !ftaiif{c d( Culrar.— CT-IfjnljftTj, 
 
 3A9 
 
 (irrii'd by n otorm, rciulPzvciu«od at Coruu- 
 iia nnd did not enter tho Kiigllnh clianiiil 
 until tho 19th of July, wiii-n Kningli nn 
 Buffered tiioni to pns« liliii, iait kept vlnM! 
 Ill their roar until tlio 21st. Tlio diik(! 
 lit Medina Hldonla (the Spaiilxh adiiiliiili 
 expected to liavo been here Joined by the 
 duke of I'lrma mid >ho land foi'('e<4 iiiidci' 
 Ills comin.'tnd, but tho latter had found ll 
 liiiliraollcalilotoput tOHeawltlHmteiicoiiii- 
 li'rIiig the lleet of lord Seymour, by wlilrli 
 lie Justly feared that both his ships nnd 
 men would bo put In tho utinoHt jeoimnly. 
 
 For four days n kind of brisk riiiiiiliig 
 light was kept up, in which tlio KngUsli 
 lind a decided advantiige; and the alurm 
 having now spread from one end I'f f" 
 coast to the other, tho nobility nnd r lu 
 hastened out wUU their vossels from . v< 
 liarbour, and reinforced tlio lOngllsh iic 
 wlilcli soon amounted to 1 (O sail. The em 
 of Oxford, Northumberlniid, nnd f'umbci 
 Innd, sir Tliomas Cec I, nlr Iloborl Cecil, 
 sir waiter Kaleigli, sir Tlionias Vavasor, sir 
 Thomas (ierrard, sir Oliiirles Dlouiit, and 
 niMiiy others distinguished themselves by 
 tills genenms mid seasonablo proof of llieir 
 loyalty. On ilic 2llh the lord ndnilril di- 
 vided the lleot into four pqiiinlroii!*, tlio 
 better to pursue nnd niinoy the enemy ; the 
 llrst squadron he himself comniiindiMl ; the 
 second lie assigned to sir Fnincls Drako; 
 tho third to sir John llawkliiM ; nnd the 
 fourth to sir Martin Froblsihcr. The result 
 of tills was, that in tliotliM'o succeeding 
 days tho armada liad becoino so shaltercd 
 by tlio repeated skirmishes in which it had 
 been engaged, that it wns compelled to 
 take shelter In tlic rnads of Calais. 
 
 Tho EngUsli ndmlriil liavlng been In- 
 formed that 10,000 men belonging to tho 
 duko of Parma's nriiiy had inarched to- 
 wards Dunkirk, and apprehending serious 
 Consequences from the enemy's receiving 
 Bucli a reinforcement, determined to spend 
 no more tlmo In making desultory attacks 
 on the lingo galleons wit hills comparatively 
 Puiall vessels. Accordingly, in the night of 
 tho 28lh of July, ho sent in among them 
 eik'lit or ten flrc-shlps ; and such was the 
 terror of tlie Spniilfh sailors, that they cut 
 their cables, liolstcd sail, and put to sea 
 With tho utmost liurryand confusion. In 
 their anxiety to escape, victory was no 
 longer thcmght of. Tho duke of Medina 
 Hld<Hiia, dreading again to encounter the 
 Kngllsh fleet, attempted to return home 
 by sailing round the north of Scotland; but 
 the elementa wore now as fatal to the 
 Mliaiilsh fleet as the skill and braverj- of 
 the English sailors. Many of tho ships 
 were driven on tho shores of Norway, Ire- 
 land, and the north of Scotland; and out 
 of that vast armament which, from its mag- 
 nitude and apparent completeness, had been 
 styled invincible, only a few disabled veasels 
 returned to tell tho talc of its disastrous 
 Issue. In the several engagements with the 
 English fleet In tho clianiiel, in July and 
 August, the Spaniards lost flftecn great 
 Bhips and 4,791 men ; seventeen ships, and 
 S.-Wi men (killed, taken, or drowned) upon 
 the coast of Ireland, In September; and 
 •nother large ship with 700 men, cast away 
 
 on the const of Scotland. Tlut this <'nllm^• 
 ration by no meaiiM Included their total 
 toss. On tho part of the English the Iom 
 ■was BO trifling as scarcely to deservo 
 iiiintli'ii. 
 
 'I he (ir^tructloii of the Spanish nrni.ida 
 inspired the nation with fcclinirsof Intenso 
 drilulit ; I ho people were proud of lliclr 
 coiiiilry's naval superlorily, imnid of their 
 own martial aiipenrance, and proud of their 
 (|Ueeii. A medal wiivi struck on tlie occa- 
 sion «ieh this insci Iptloii, ' Vcnit, vidit, 
 fmilt'-^'M came, saw, and fled:' another, 
 Willi flrc-Hlilpsand a fleet In confusloinvltlt 
 I' \tf[Ui,' Duxfwminafucll' — 'A woman 
 I'ted the enterprise.' JUiton tho fatal 
 iiig conveyed to Philip, lio ex- 
 ' 11 ai or afl'ected ri'slgnatloii, ' I 
 ro combat theEngllHli, not tho 
 I bo iMiilrtod tho calamity Is 
 
 , ruction of tho Spanish armada 
 1 : It >. ihiglaiid from the diuiiiiintlon of 
 a foreign power, whose resentment forpast 
 Indlfrnliles was not likely to bo easily ap- 
 peased, It was no less n triumph for I ho 
 iirotest.'int cause throughout Europe; tho 
 Huguenots In Franco wero encouraged by 
 It, nnd it virtually established the Inde- 
 pendence of the Dutch ; while the excessi vo 
 Influence which Spain liad acquired over 
 other nations was not only lost by this 
 event, but It paralysed the energies of tho 
 Spanlsli people and left them in a state of 
 utter hopelessness as to tho future. A day 
 of puhilo tlniiiksglvlng liaving lieeii ap- 
 pointed forth I -groat deliverance, the queen 
 went in stale lo St. Paul's, In a grand trl- 
 nmiihal cnr, decorated with flags and other 
 trophies taken from the SiiaiilanN. 
 
 Tho public rejolclngsfor thedefeat of the 
 armada were sc'ircely over when an event 
 occurred, which, inwhntever light It might 
 bo felt by Kii/.abetli herself, certainly cast 
 no damp on tho spirits of tho nation at 
 large;— we mean the death of liOlcester. 
 The jiowcrful faction of wlilch tho favourite 
 had been tho head acknowledged a now 
 lender In the earl of Essex, wiiom his step- 
 father had brought forw.ard at court as ti 
 counterpoise to tho Influence of llalelgh, 
 nnd who now stood second to none in licr 
 majesty's good graces. Dut Essex, however 
 gifted with noble and lirllllant qualities, 
 was confessedly Inferior to liOlcester in 
 several endowments highly essential to tho 
 leader of a court party. Thougli not void 
 of art, ho was by no means master of tho 
 dissimulation, address, and wary coolness, 
 by which his predecessor well know liow 
 to aecoinpiish his ends. The character of 
 Essex was frank and Impetuous, and ex- 
 perience bad not yet taught him to distrust 
 eitlicr liliiiself or others. 
 
 A.D, 15S9.— After tho defeat of the ar- 
 mada, a tiiirst for military achievements 
 against the Spaniards pervaded tho mind 
 of tho English public. Tho queen en- 
 couraged this spirit, but declared her tret^ 
 sury was too poor to sustain the expenses 
 of a war. An association was soon formed 
 by tlie people, and an army of 21,000 men, 
 under the command of Norris and Drake, 
 sailed from Plymouth to avenge the insult 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 4o 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 U^ |2.8 12.5 
 
 11^ IS 
 
 1.8 
 
 L25 iU 116 
 
 l 
 
 0% 
 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WiBSTfR.N.Y. U580 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
 
 '<<^> 
 
 '»»> 
 
<S60 
 
 Cl^e €vtni\iKy! at ViHtars, ice. 
 
 offered to England by Philip of Spain. Tbe 
 young earl of Essex, without consulting 
 the i^easure of his sovereign, made a pri- 
 vate journey to Plymouth, and joined the 
 expedition. No sooner was the queen made 
 acquainted with his absence, than she dis- 
 patched tbe lord Huntingdon to tvlng the 
 fugitive to her feet ; but he had already 
 sailed. 
 
 It was the queen's order that the arma- 
 ment should first proceed to Portugal, and 
 endeavour to join the army of Don Antonio, 
 who contended with Philip for the posses- 
 sion of the throne of Portugal ; but Srako 
 would not be restrained by Instruction, and 
 he proceeded to CSorunna, where he lost a 
 number of men, without obtaining the 
 slightest advantage. In Portugnl they were 
 scarcely more successful; but at their 
 return their losses were concealed, their 
 advantages magnified, and the public were 
 satisfied that the pride of Spain had been 
 humbled. 
 
 Elizabeth might probably have expected 
 that the death of the queen of Scots would 
 put an end to conspiracies against her life ; 
 but plots were still as rife as ever : nor can 
 we feel surprise that It should be so, consi- 
 dering that Elizabeth, as well as Philip of 
 Spain, employed a great number of spies, 
 who, being men of ruined fortunes and bad 
 principles, betrayed tbe secrets of either 
 party as their own interests led them ; and 
 sometimes were the fabricators of alarming 
 reports to cnliance tho value of their ser- 
 vices. 
 
 England and France were now In alli- 
 ance, and the Vrench king called for Eng- 
 lish aid in an attacic upon Spain, but the 
 queen had begun to repent of the sums 
 she had already advanced to Henry, and 
 demanded Calais as a security for her fu- 
 ture assistance ; for the preparations on the 
 penlnsnla alarmed her, lost Philip should 
 make a second attempt to invade England. 
 At length the English council adopted 
 a measure proposed by the lord admiral, 
 Howard of Etflngham, to send out an ex- 
 pedition that should anticipate the design 
 of the enemy, and destroy his ports and 
 shipping. Essex had the command of the 
 land forces, and Howard that of the navy. 
 When the English troops entered Cadiz, 
 the council of war was divided In opinion 
 as to the fitness of that step, which ended 
 In the possession of the city and fleet, 
 from which the troops returned with glory 
 for their bravery, and with honour for 
 their humanity, as no blood had been wan- 
 tonly split, nor any dishonourable act com- 
 mitted. Though Essex had been the lead- 
 ing conqueror at Cadiz, tbe victory was re- 
 ported as chiefiy attril)utabie to sir Waiter 
 Balelgh,and to have been In Itself a cheap 
 and easy conquest. 
 
 A.D. 1691.— The maritime war with Spain, 
 notwithstanding the cautious temper of the 
 queen, was strenuously waged at this time, 
 and produced some striking Indications of 
 the rising spirit of the English navy. A 
 squadron, under lord Thomas Howard, 
 which bad been waiting six months at the 
 Azores to intercept the homeward-bound 
 ships from Spanish America, was there sur- 
 
 prised by the enemy's fleet, whicb had been 
 sent out for their convoy. The English 
 admiral, who had a much smaller force, 
 put to sea in all haste, and got clear off, 
 with the exception of one shlp,the Revenge, 
 the captain of which had the temerity to 
 confront the whole Spanish fleet of fifty-six 
 sail rather than strike his coloiurs. It was 
 however a piece of bravery as needless as it 
 was desperate ; for after his crew had dis- 
 played prodigies of valour, and beaten off 
 fifteen boarding parties, his ammunition 
 being gone and the whole of his men killed 
 or disabled, the gallant commander was 
 compelled to &triKC lila flag, and soon after 
 died of his wounds on board tho Spanish 
 admiral's ship. 
 
 A.D. 1593.— In those days, when an Eng- 
 lish sovereign required money, and then 
 only, the services of a parliament were call- 
 ed for ; and Elizabeth was now under the 
 necessity of summoning one. But she could 
 ill brook any opposition to her will; and 
 fearing that tliepresent state of her finances 
 might embolden some of the members to 
 treat her mandates with less deference than 
 formerly, she was induced to assume a more 
 haughty and menacing style than was habi- 
 tual to her. In answer to the thi'ee cus- 
 tomary requests made by tho speaker, for 
 liberty of speech, freedom from arrests, and 
 access to her person, she replied by her lord 
 keeper, that such liberty of speech as the 
 commons were justly called to — liberty, 
 namely, of aye and no, she was willing to 
 grant, but by no means a liberty for every 
 ono to speak what he listed. And If any 
 idle heads should be found careless enough 
 for their own safety to attempt Innovations 
 In the state, or reforms in the church, she 
 laid her injunctions on the speaker to re- 
 fuse tbe bills offered for such puriMses till 
 tliey should have been examined by those 
 who were better qualified to judge of these 
 matters. But language, however Imperious 
 or scornful, was insufllclent to restrain some 
 attempts on the part of the commons to 
 exercise their known rights and fulfil their 
 duty to the country. Peter Wentworth, a 
 member whose courageous and Independ- 
 ent spirit had already drawn upon him re- 
 peated manifestations of the royal displea- 
 sure, presented to the lord keeper a peti- 
 tion, praying that tho upper house would 
 join with the lower in a supplication to the 
 queen for fixing the succession. Elizabeth, 
 enraged at the bare mention of a subject so 
 offensive to her. Instantly committed Went- 
 worth, sir Thomas Bromley, who seconded 
 him, and two other members, to the Fleet 
 prison ; and such was the general dread of 
 offended majesty, that the house was afraid 
 to petition her for their release. 
 
 A.D. 1596.— Essex, whose vanity was on a 
 par with his Impetuosity, bad now attained 
 the zenith of his prosperity; tut confident 
 In the affections of Elizabeth, he frequently 
 suffered himself to forget that s subject's 
 dutiful respect wab clue to her as bis queen. 
 On one memorable occasion. It Is reUted 
 that he treated her with Indignity uncalled 
 for and wholly Indefensible : a dispute had 
 arisen between them In the presence <»r the 
 lord high admiral tho secretary and the 
 
C^iiQlantr.— I^ouiir of Etitrar.—^UsnBctt). 
 
 361 
 
 , wbicb bad been 
 y. Tbe Bnglisb 
 h smaller force. 
 Id got clear off, 
 lilp.tbe Revenge, 
 tbe temerity to 
 illeetof flfty-slx 
 colours. It was 
 ' as needless as it 
 la crew bad dls- 
 r, and beaten off 
 his ammunition 
 }f bis men killed 
 Rommaiider was 
 f, and soon after 
 urd the Spanish 
 
 3, when an Kng- 
 loney, and then 
 ament were call- 
 I now under tbe 
 e. But she could 
 o her will; and 
 te of ber finances 
 tbe members to 
 B deference than 
 to assume a more 
 le than was habl- 
 3 the three cus- 
 tho speaker, for 
 'rom arrests, and 
 ipliedbyherlord 
 )f speech as tbe 
 led to — liberty, 
 9 was willing to 
 iberty for every 
 .ed. And if any 
 careless enough 
 mpt innovationa 
 the church, she 
 e speaker to re- 
 cb purposes till 
 mined by those 
 
 judge of these 
 ivever imperious 
 to restrain some 
 le commons to 
 
 1 and fulfil their 
 sr Went worth, a 
 I and Independ- 
 vn upon him re- 
 ne royal displca- 
 I keeper a pctl- 
 er bouse would 
 •plication to tbe 
 Bion. Elizabeth, 
 a of a subject so 
 >mmlttedwent- 
 r, who seconded 
 iTB, to the Fleet 
 :eneral dread of 
 lOUsc was afraid 
 ease, 
 
 vanity was on a 
 Id now attained 
 r; tut confident 
 b, he frequently 
 Lbat a subject's 
 ler as bis queen. 
 >n, it Is related 
 Ugnlty uncalled 
 ! : a dispute bad 
 presence of tbe 
 iretary and tbe 
 
 olerk of the signet, respecting the choice of 
 a commander for Ireland, where Tyrone at 
 that time gave the English much trouble. 
 The queen bad resolved to send sir William 
 KnoUes, the uncle of Essex ; while the earl 
 with unbecoming warmtb urged tbe pro- 
 priety of sending sir George Carew, whoso 
 presence at court, It appears, was displeas- 
 ing to him, and therefore, with courtier- 
 like sincerity, he thus sought to romovo 
 him out of tbe way. Unable, either by ar- 
 gument or persuasion, to prevail over the 
 -^ resolute will of her majesty, the favourite 
 
 '^/ at last forgot himself so far as to turn his 
 
 back upon her with a laugh of contempt ; 
 <in indignity which she revenged in the true 
 'Elizabethan style,' by boxing his cars, 
 and bidding him 'Go to the devil,' or 'Go 
 and be hanged I '—for our chroniclers differ 
 as to the exact phrase, though all agree that 
 she suited the word to tbe action. This re- 
 tort so Inflamed the blood of Essex, that bo 
 instuitly grasped his sword, and while the 
 lord admiral Interposed to prevent a further 
 ebullition of passion, tbe earl swore that 
 not from her father would he have taken 
 Bucb an Insult, and foaming with rage be 
 rushed out of the palace. For a time this 
 affair furnished ample scope for idle gos- 
 sip and conjecture ; the friends of Essex 
 urged blm to lose no time in returning to 
 bis attendance at court and soliciting her 
 majesty's forgiveness. This, however, he 
 could not be prevailed on to do : but, like 
 many other quarrels among individuals of 
 a humbler grade, it was at length patched 
 up, and tbe reconciliation appeared to the 
 superficial observer as perfect, as it was, in 
 all probability, hollow and insincere. 
 
 Essex had long thirsted for military dis- 
 tinction, and had often vehemently argued 
 with Burleigh on the propriety of keep- 
 ing up a perpetual hostility against the 
 power of Philip ; but the prudent and ex- 
 perienced minister contended that Spain 
 was now sufficiently humbled to render an 
 accommodation both safe and honourable ; 
 and his prudential counsel was adhered to 
 by the queen. Economy In the public ex- 
 penditure was, in ''act, necessary ; and one 
 of tbe last acts of iiurleigb's life was the 
 rompletion of an arrangement with the 
 states of Holland for the repayment of the 
 sums which Elizabeth had advanced to 
 thoui, whereby the nation was relieved of a 
 considerable portion of Its former annual 
 expense. 
 
 After exercising very considerable in- 
 fluence in the administration of r.ffairs in 
 England for forty years, the faithful Bur- 
 leigh, whose devotion to the queen and at- 
 tachment to tbe reformed faith were con- 
 stant and sincere, died la the 78th year of 
 his age ; and in about a month after, bis 
 great opponent Philip II. also bowed to 
 death's stem decree. Under bis successor 
 the Spanish monarchy declined with ac- 
 celerated steps ; all apprehensions of an in- 
 vasion ceased, and the queen's advisers had 
 au opportonity of turning their whole at- 
 tention to tbe pacification of Ireland. 
 
 A.O. 1598.— The Irish rebel Tyrone bad 
 successfully resisted the English forces in 
 several encounters; and at length the 
 
 whole province of Munster declared for 
 him. It was evident that much time bad 
 been spent on minor objects, while the 
 great leader of the rebels was In a manner 
 left to overrun the island and subjugate it 
 to bis will. This subject was earnestly can< 
 vassed by Elizabeth and her council ; by the 
 majority of whom lord Mountjoy was con- 
 sidered as a person fully equal to the ofllco 
 of lord-deputy at so critical a juncture. 
 Essex, however, offered so many objections 
 to his appointment, arguing the point with 
 BO much warmth and obstinacy, and withal 
 intimating his own superior fitness for the 
 ofilcc with so much art and address, that 
 tlie queen, notwithstanding certain suspi- 
 cions which bad been Infused Into her mind 
 respecting tbe probable danger of commit- 
 ting to Essex the chief command of an 
 army, and notwithstanding her presumed 
 unwillingness to deprive herself of bis pre- 
 sence, appears to have adopted his sugges- 
 tion with an unusual degree of earnest 
 haste. The carl of Essex was accordint^ly 
 made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and with 
 20,000 choice troops be went forward on hia 
 long-desired mission. 
 
 A.D. 1509.- Having landed at Dublin in 
 the spring, Essex immediately appointed 
 bis friend tbe earl of Southampton to the 
 olltce of general of the horse ; but Instead 
 of opening tbe campaign, as was expected 
 by his friends in England, with some bold 
 and decisive operation against Tyrone, the 
 summer was spent in temporising, and be- 
 fore the close of the year a auspicious truce 
 between the parties put an end to all hia 
 anticipations of success. Nay, so unex- 
 pected was the Issue of this expedition, that 
 it afforded tbe best possible opportunity to 
 bis enemies to shake thequeen's confidence 
 even in bis loyalty. An angry letter from 
 her majesty was the immediate conse- 
 quence ; and Essex, without waiting for the 
 royal permission, hurried over to England 
 in order to throw himself at the feet of hia 
 exasperated sovereign. The sudden appear- 
 ance of her favourite, just after she had 
 risen from her bed, imploring her forgive- 
 ness on bis knees, disarmed- the queen of 
 hnr anger ; and on leaving the apartment, 
 ho exclaimed cxultingly ' that though be 
 had encour terod much trouble and many 
 storms ab: oad, he thanked God he lound a 
 I>crfcct ca'.m at home.' 
 
 The earl of Essex doubtless thought the 
 troubled waters were at rest ; his vanity 
 favoured the notion, and self-gratulatlon 
 followed as a matter of course ; but be soon 
 found that tbe tempest was only hushed 
 for the moment, for at night he found him- 
 self a prisoner in his own bouse by the 
 peremptory orders of Elizabeth. A severe Ill- 
 ness was the quick result of this proceeding ; 
 and for a brief Interval the queen not only 
 showed some signs of pity, but administered 
 to bis comfort. A warrant was, however, 
 soon afterwards made out for his committal 
 to the Tower, and though It was not carried 
 into effect, yet his chance of liberty seemed 
 too remote for prudence to calculate on. 
 But the fiery temper of Essex had no alloy 
 of prudence In It : ho gave way to his n»- 
 tural violence, spoke of tbe queen In peevish 
 
362 
 
 C^e ^veniwvu at Wfitavut fit* 
 
 and disrespectful terms, and, mimng other 
 things, said, ' she was grown an old woman, 
 and was become as crooked in licr mind as 
 In her body.' 
 
 A.D. 1000. —Shortly after his disgrace, 
 Essex wrote to James of Scotland, Inform- 
 ing him that the faction who ruled the 
 court were In league to deprive him of his 
 right to the throne of England, in fav^our of 
 the infanta of Spain ; and he oflercd his 
 services to extort from Elizabeth an ac- 
 knowledgment of his claims. It appears, 
 indeed, from concurrent testimony, that the 
 conduct of Essex had now become highly 
 traitorous, and that ho was secretly collect- 
 ing together a party to aid him In some 
 enterprise dangerous to the ruling power. 
 But his plans were frustrated by the acti- 
 vity of ministers, who had received Infor- 
 mation that the grand object of the conspi- 
 rators was to seize the queen's person and 
 take possession of the Tower. A council 
 was called, and Essex was commanded to 
 attend; but he refused, assemMcd his 
 friends, and fortified Essex-house, In which 
 he had previously secreted hired soldiers. 
 Four ^* the privy couhcll being sent thither 
 to e'is;i Ire into the reason of his conduct, 
 he Imprisoned them, and sallied out into 
 the city; but he failed in his attempt to 
 excite the people in his favour, and on re- 
 turning io his house, he and Iils friend the 
 earl of Southampton wore with some dim- 
 cnlty made prisoners, and after having been 
 first taken to Lambeth palace, were com- 
 mitted to the Tower. 
 
 A.D. 1601.— The rash and aspiring Essex 
 now only begged that he might h.avo a fair 
 trial, still calculating on the influence of the 
 queen to protect him in the hour of his ut- 
 most need. Proceedings were commenced 
 against him Instanter; his errors during 
 his administration in Ireland were repre- 
 sented in the most odious colours ; the un- 
 dutlful expressions he had used in some of 
 his letters were grcntly exaggerated; and 
 his recent treasonable attempt was dwelt 
 on as calling for the exercise of the utmost 
 severity of the law. His condemnation fol- 
 lowed ; judgement was pronounced against 
 him, and against his friend, the earl of 
 Southampton. This nobleman was, how- 
 ever, spared ; but Essex was condurted to 
 the fatal block, where he met his death 
 with great fortitude, being at the time only 
 In the thirty-fourth year of Jils a'^e His 
 most active accomplices were «.Kil', his 
 secretary, Herrick, his steward, sir Chris- 
 topher Blount, his father-in-laW; and sir 
 Robert Davers, who were executed some 
 few days after. 
 
 The parliamentary procee lings of this 
 year were more elaborate than before, par- 
 ticularly as regarded the Huanclal state of 
 the country. It was stated that the whole 
 of the last subsidies amounted to no more 
 than 160,0007., While the expense of the 
 Irish war alone was 300,0002. On this occa- 
 Blon it was observed by sir "Walter Kalelgh 
 that the estates of the nobility and gentry, 
 which were charged at thirty or forty 
 pounds In the queen's books, were not 
 charged at a hundredth part of their real 
 value. He also moved, that as scarcely any 
 
 justices of the peace were ralad above eight 
 or ten pounds a-year, they might be ad- 
 vanced to twenty pounds at least, which 
 was the quallflcation required by the sta- 
 tute for a justice of peace : but the com- 
 mons declined to alter the rate of taxation 
 and leave themselves liable to be taxed at 
 the rack-rent. Monopolies upon various 
 branches of trade were next brought under 
 consideration ; and as they were generally 
 opprcaslvo and unjust (some obtained by 
 purchase and others given to favourites), 
 many animated discussions followed, which 
 ended in a motion, that the monopolies 
 should be revoked, and the patentees pu- 
 nished for their extortions. Of course there 
 were members present who were venal 
 enough to defend this iniquitous mode of 
 enriching certain individuals at the expense 
 of the public. A long list of the monopo- 
 lising patents being, however, read— among 
 which was one on salt, an article that had 
 been thus raised from fourteen pence to 
 fourteen shillings a bushel— a member in- 
 dignantly demanded whether there was not 
 a patent also for making bread ; at which 
 question some courtiers expressing their 
 resentment, he replied that if bread were 
 not already among the patented luxuries, it 
 would soon become one unless a stop was 
 put to such enormities. That the argu- 
 ments of the speakers were natlost upon tlio 
 queen seems certain ; for although she took 
 no notice of the debates, she sent a mes- 
 sage to the house, acquainting them that 
 several petitions had been presented to her 
 against monopolies, and declared ' titae was 
 sensibly touched with the people's griev- 
 ances, expressing the utmost Indignation 
 against those who had abused her grants, 
 and appealed to God how careful she had 
 ever been to defend them against oppres- 
 sion, and promised they should be revoked.' 
 Secretary Cecil added, 'her majesty was 
 not apprised of the ill tendency of these 
 grants when she made them, and hoped 
 there would never be any more ;' to which 
 gracious declaration the majority of the 
 hoii'='> responded 'Amen.' 
 
 '1.1 memorable session was passed 
 t' orated act, to which allusion is so 
 
 ot, ade in the present day, for the re- 
 lie. .:.iid employment ot the poor. Since 
 the breaking up of the religions establish- 
 ments, the country hud been overrun with 
 idle mendicants and thieves. It was a na- 
 tural consequence that those who sought 
 in vain for work, and as vainly implored 
 charitable aid, should be induced by the 
 cravings of hunger to lay violent hands 
 upon the property of others. As the dis- 
 tresses of the lower orders increased, so did 
 crime; till at length the wide-spreading 
 evil forced itself on the attention of parlia- 
 ment, and provision was made for the bet- 
 tering of their condition, by levying a tax 
 upon the middle and upper classes for the 
 support of the aged and infirm poor, and 
 for affording temporary relief to the desti- 
 tute, according to their several necessities, 
 under the direction of parochial otRcers. 
 
 We must now briefly revert to what was 
 going on in Ireland. Though the power ot 
 tlie Spaniards was considered as at too 
 
 -:v 
 
 Y 
 
 s 
 
ltd above eight 
 might be ad- 
 it least, which 
 ed by the Bta- 
 but the com- 
 ite of taxation 
 bo be taxed at 
 upon Torloua 
 brought under 
 rere generally 
 e obtained by 
 to favourlte8\ 
 )llowed, which 
 le monopolies ' 
 patentees pu- 
 tt course there 
 
 were venal 
 Itous mode of 
 It the expense 
 ! the monopo- 
 , read— among 
 Ucle that had 
 ;een pence to 
 a member In- 
 tliero was not 
 ad ; at which 
 ressing their 
 t bread wore 
 •d luxuries, it 
 Bs a stop was 
 at the argu- 
 lostupontlio 
 )Ugh she toolc 
 
 1 sent a mes- 
 s them that 
 sented to her 
 red ' uhe was 
 ;ople's grlov- 
 
 Indignation 
 I her grants, 
 eful sho had 
 ilnst opprcs- 
 
 be revoked.' 
 najesty was 
 icy of these 
 
 and hoped 
 t;' to which 
 trlty of the 
 
 was passed 
 luslon is so 
 , for the re- 
 loor. Since 
 IS establlsh- 
 irerrun wltli 
 It was a na- 
 Nho sought 
 ly implored 
 ced by the 
 lent hands 
 As the dis- 
 ased, so did 
 3-8preadlng 
 n of parlia- 
 or the bet- 
 ting n tax 
 ises for the 
 
 poor, and 
 9 the destl- 
 lecesslties, 
 officers. 
 9 what was 
 le power of 
 
 as at too 
 
 »' 
 
 f 
 
 ,-s^ 
 
 eii0lanlr,— lamirfe at Ciit»0r.— ©Hjnibjti). 
 
 363 
 
 low an ebb to give the English government 
 any great uneasiness for tho safety uf its 
 possessions, it was thought sufllciently for- 
 midable to bo tho means of annoyance as 
 regarded the aasls^yance it might afford Ty- 
 rone, who was still at the head of tho in- 
 surgents In Ireland. And the occurrcnco 
 we are about to mention shows that a rea- 
 sonable apprehension on that head might 
 well bo entertained. On September 23, 
 tlio Spaniards landed 4,000 men near 
 Kinsale, and having taken possession of 
 tho town, were speedily followed by 2,000 
 more. They effected a junction with 
 Tyrone ; but Mountjoy, who was now lord- 
 deputy, surprised their array in the night, 
 and entirely defeated them. This led to 
 the surrender of Kinsale and all other 
 places In their possession ; and it was not 
 long before Tyrone, as a captive, graced tlie 
 triumphal return of Mountjoy to Dublin. 
 
 A.D. 1602.— The most remarkable among 
 the domestic occurrences of this year was 
 a violent quarrel between tho Jesuits ai . 
 tlie secular priests of England. The latter 
 accused the former, and not without reason , 
 of having been tho occasion, by their assas- 
 sinations, plots, and conspiracies against 
 the queen and government, of all the severe 
 enactments under which the English catho- 
 lics had groaned einco tlie fulminatton of 
 tho papal bull against her majesty. In tlio 
 height of this dispute intelligence was con- 
 veyed to the privy council of some fresh 
 plots on tho part of tlie Jesuits and their 
 adherents ; on which a proclamation was 
 Immediately Issued, banishing this order 
 from the kingdom on pain of death ; and 
 the same penalty was declared against all 
 secular priests who should refuse to take 
 the oath of allegiance. 
 
 That queen Elizabeth deeply regretted 
 the precipitancy with which she signed tlie 
 warrant for the cecutlon of her favourite 
 Essex there Is every reason to believe. She 
 soon became a victim to hypocliondria, as 
 may bo seen from a letter written by her 
 godson, Sir John Harrington ; and as it ex- 
 hibits a carious example of her behaviour, 
 and may be regarded as a specimen of tho 
 epistolary style of tho ago, wo are induced 
 to quote some of tho sentences:— 'She is 
 much disfavoured and unattircd, and these 
 troubles waste her much. She disregardetli 
 everie costlle cover that cometh to her table, 
 and taketh little but manchct and succory 
 pottage. Every new message from the city 
 doth disturb her, and she frowns un all the 
 ladies.' He farther on remarks, that ' The 
 many evil plots and designs hath overcome 
 her hlghness's sweet temper. She walks 
 much in her privy chamber, and stamps 
 much at ill news ; and thrusts her rusty 
 sword, at times, Into the arras In great 
 rage.' And in his postscript ho says, ' So 
 disordered Is alt order, that her highness 
 has worn but one change of raiment for 
 many dales, and swears much at those who 
 cause her griefs la such wise, to the no 
 small discomfiture of those that are about 
 her ; more especially our sweet lady Anin- 
 del.' Her days and nights were spent In 
 tears, and she never spoke but to mention 
 Bome Irritating subject. Nay, It Is recorded, 
 
 tliat having experienced somo hours of 
 alarming stupor, sho persisted, after her re- 
 covery from it.to remain seated on cushions, 
 from whicli she could not be prevailed upon 
 to remove during ten days, but sat with her 
 linger generally on her mouth, and her eyes 
 open and fixed upon the ground, for sho ap- 
 prehended that If sho lay down In bed she 
 should not rise from It again. Having at 
 length been put into bed, she lay on her 
 side motionless, and apparently insensible. 
 The lords of the council being summoned, 
 Nottingham reminded her of a former ' 
 speech respecting her successor: she an- 
 swered, ' I told you my seat had been the 
 seat of kings, and I will have no rascal to 
 succeed me. Who should succeed me but 
 a king?' Cecil, wishing a more explicit 
 declaration, requesting her to explain what 
 she meant by ' no rascal,' she replied that 
 'a king should succeed, and who could 
 that bo bv •■ i er cousin of Scotland ? • Early 
 the foUowli g . oming the queen tranquilly 
 breathed ht^ last : sho was in the 70th year 
 of her ago and the 45th of her retgn. 
 
 Elizabeth wts tall and portlj, l)Ut never 
 handsome, though from tho fulsome com- 
 pliments wlilch sho tolerated In tlioso who 
 had access to her person, sho appears to 
 have entertained no mean opinion of her 
 beauty. Her extravagant love of finery was 
 well known, and the presents of jewellery, 
 &c. she received from such of her loving 
 subjects as hoped to gain the royal favour 
 were both numerous and costly. Like her 
 father, she was irritable and passionate, 
 often venting her rage in blows and oaths. 
 Her literary acquirements were very con- 
 siderable ; and in tliose accomplishments 
 which aro in our own day termed ' fashion- 
 able,' namely, music, singing, and dancing, 
 sin also greatly excelled. The charges which 
 have been made against the ' virgin queen ' 
 for indulging in amatory intrigues are not 
 Butnclcntly sustained to render It the duty 
 of an lilstorian to repeat then ; and when It 
 is considered that though she possessed a 
 host of sturdy friends, yet she had many 
 bitter enemies, we need not to bo surprised 
 that In the most vulnerable point her cha- 
 racter as a female has often been unjustly 
 assailed. 
 
 CHAPTER XliVIII. 
 Tlie Reign of Jaues I. 
 
 A. D. 1603r-TnB advanced ago to which 
 the late queen lived, and the constant at- 
 tention which her remaining unmarried 
 iiad caused men to pay to the subject of 
 tho succession, had made the succession of 
 James become a thing as fully settled In 
 public opinion as though it had been set- 
 tled by her will or an act of parliament. 
 All the arguments for and against him bad 
 been canvassed and dismissed, and he as- 
 cended the throne of England with as little 
 opposition as though be had been Eliza- 
 beth's eldest son. 
 
 As the king journeyed from Edinburgh to 
 London all ranks of men hailed him with 
 the thronging and applause which had 
 seemed so acceptable to his predecessor. 
 But if James liked flattery, be detested 
 
364 
 
 CTlb^ ^rtaiut^ a( Wi^ovUt ^c. 
 
 noise and bustle ; and a proclamation wan 
 Issued forbidding so much congregatlnt; of 
 the lleg3s, on the ground that it tended 
 to make provisions scarce and exorbi- 
 tantly dear. It was only shyness, however, 
 and not any Insensibility to the liearty 
 kindness of his new subjects, that dictated 
 the king's proclamation. So pleased, in- 
 deed, was he with the zealous kindness 
 fehown to him by tlie English, that he had 
 not been two montlis before them when he 
 hod honoured with the order of knighthood 
 nearly two liundred and forty persons! 
 Peerages were bestowed pretty nearly In 
 the same proportion ; and a good-humoured 
 pasquinade wan posted at St. Paul's, pro- 
 mising to supply weak memories with the 
 now very necessary art of remembering the 
 titles of the new nobility. 
 
 It was not merely the king's facility In 
 granting titles that was blamed, though 
 that was in remarkable, and, aa regarded 
 his judgement at least, in by no means fa- 
 vourable contrast to the practice of his pre- 
 decessor : but the English, already jealous 
 of their new fellow-subjects, the Scots, were 
 of opinion that he was more than fairly libe- 
 ral to the latter. But if James made the 
 duke of Lenox, the earl of Mar, lord Hume, 
 lord Kinross, sir George Hume, and secre- 
 tary Eipbinstone members of the English 
 privy council, and gave titles and wealth to 
 sir George Hume, Hay, and Ramsay, ho at 
 least had the honour and good sense to leave 
 nearly the whole of the ministerial honours 
 and political power in the hands of the 
 able English who had so well served his 
 predecessor. Secretary Cecil, especially, 
 who had kept up a secret correspondence 
 with Jamjs towards the close of the late 
 reign, had now the chief power, and was 
 created, in succession, lord Efllngham, vis- 
 count Oranbourne, and earl of Salisbury. 
 
 It is not a little surprising that while 
 James was so well received by the nation at 
 large, and had the Instant support of the mi- 
 nisters ond friends of the late queen, he bad 
 scarcely finished renewing treaties of peace 
 and friendship vith all the great foreign 
 powen, when a conspiracy was discovered 
 for placing his cousin, Arabella Stuart, upon 
 the throne, tiuch a conspiracy was so ab- 
 surd, and Its success so completely aphyslcal 
 ImpossibUlty, that it Is difilcult not to ^:us- 
 pect that it originated In the king's own 
 CTcesslvo and unnecessary jealousy of the 
 title of Arabella Stuart, who, equally with 
 himself, was descended from Henry VII., 
 but who in no other respect could have the 
 faintest chance of competing with him. 
 But, however it originated, such a conspi- 
 racy existed ; and the lords Grey and Cob- 
 ham, and sir Walter Raleigh, lord Cob- 
 ham's brother Mr. Broke, s!r Griffln Mark- 
 ham, sir Edward Parham, and Mr. Copley, 
 together with two catholic priests named 
 Watson and Clarke, were apprehended 
 for being concerned in it. The catholic 
 priests were executed, Oobham, Grey, and 
 Markham were pardoned while their heads 
 were upon the block, and Raleigh was also 
 reprieved, but not pardoned ; a fact which 
 was fatal to him many years after, as will 
 be perceived. Even at present it was mis- 
 
 chievous to him, for, though spared from 
 death, he was confined in the Tower, where 
 he wrote his noble work the History of the 
 World. 
 
 A.D. 1604.— A conference was now called 
 at Hampton Court to decide upon certain 
 differences between the church and the 
 puritans, and generally to arrange that no 
 Injurious religious disputes might arise. As 
 Janus had a great turn for theological dis- 
 putation, he was hero quite in his clement; 
 but Instead of showing the puritans all the 
 favour they expected from him in conse- 
 quence of his Scotch education, that very 
 circumstance induced the king to sldo 
 against them, at least as far as he pru- 
 dently could ; as he had had abundant proof 
 of the aptness of puritanical doctrine to 
 produce seditious politics. He was impor- 
 tuned, for instance, by the puritans to re- 
 peal an act passed In the reign of Elizabeth 
 to suppress certain puritanical societies 
 called propheayings, at which there was 
 usually more zeal than sense, and more elo- 
 quence than religion. The reply of James 
 was at once so coarsely practical, and so 
 Indicative of his general way oi: thinking 
 upon such points, that wo transcribe It 
 literally. ' If what you aim at is Scottish 
 presbytery, ae I think it is, I tell you that 
 It agrees as well with monarchy as the 
 devil with God. There Jack, and Tom, and 
 Will, and Dick, shall meet and censure me 
 and my council. Therefore I reiterate my 
 former speech; lo roi a'avUera. Stay, I 
 pray you, for seven years before you de- 
 mand, and then if I be growii pursy and 
 fat, I may perchance hearke;i to you, for 
 that sort of government would keep me in 
 breath and give me work enough I ' 
 
 Passing over the business of parliament 
 at the commencement of this reign, as con- 
 cerning matters of interest rather to the 
 statesman and scholar than to the general 
 reader, we have now to advert to one of the 
 most striking and remarkable events in our 
 history— the gunpowder plot. 
 
 A.D. 1604.— The affection that the catho- 
 lics had ever shown his mother, and their 
 ii'terpretationof some obliging expressions 
 that he had either artfully or in mere care- 
 lessness made use of. had led them to hope 
 that he would greatly relax, if not wholly 
 repeal, the severe laws passed against them 
 during the reign of his predecessor. But 
 James had clearly and unequivocally shown 
 that he had no Intention of doing aught 
 thdi could diminish the authority and se- 
 curity of the crown ; and the more enthusi- 
 astic catholics were in consequence very 
 greatly excited against him. 
 
 Oatesby, a gentleman of good birth and 
 excellent character, first looked upon the 
 subject as one demanding the absolute pun- 
 ishment of the king, and he communi- 
 cated his feelings to his friend Plercy, a 
 descendant of the time-honoured house of 
 Northumberland. Plercy proposed simply 
 to assassinate the king, but in the conne 
 of the discussion of the plan Oatesby sug- 
 gested a wider and more effectual plan, by 
 which they would rid Catholicism not mere- 
 ly of the king, but of the whole protestant 
 strength of the kingdom. He pointed out 
 
r 
 
 (Snz\Mx'is,—'^auit at ^Uiaxt—^umti S. 
 
 360 
 
 that the mcro death of tho king, and oven 
 of his children, would bo of little avail 
 >«iillo tho protestant nobles and gentry 
 roiild raise another king to tho throne who, 
 In addition to all the existing causes of the 
 protestant severity, would be urged to new 
 rigour by the very circumstance to which he 
 would owe his power to Indulge it. Toniake 
 tliJ deed cflcctual. Oatcsby continued, it 
 would be necessary to take the opportunity 
 of the flrst day of the parliament, when 
 king, lords, and commons would be all as- 
 sembled, and, by means of a mine below 
 the house, blow the whole of their enemies 
 up at once with gunpowder. 
 
 Nothing but a fierce and mistaken fana- 
 ticism could allow one man to suggest so 
 dreadful a scheme, or another man to ap- 
 prove of it; but Piercy at once entered 
 Into Oatesby's plan, and they took means 
 for preparing for its execution. Thomas 
 Winter was sent over to Flanders In search 
 of Guide Vaux. an officer in the Spanish 
 service, and well known alike as a bigoted 
 catholic and a cool and daring soldier. Ca- 
 tesby and riercy in the meantime, aided by 
 Desmond and Garnet, Jesuits, and the lat- 
 ter the superior of the order in England, 
 were busily engaged in communicating 
 their awful design to other catholics : and 
 every newly enlisted confederate had the 
 oath of secresy and faithfulness adminis- 
 tered to him. In conjunction with the com- 
 munion, a rite peculiarly awful as under- 
 stood by the catholics. 
 
 The destruction of protestants all the 
 confederates seem to have considered to be 
 a quite unexceptionable act ; but some of 
 tho n.ore thoughtful and humane among 
 them suggested the certainty that, besides 
 several catholic peers who would attend, 
 there might be many other catholics pre- 
 sent, either as mere spectators or as official 
 attendants. Even this suggestion, which 
 one might suppose effectual as to forbid- 
 ding the execution of Catesby's wholesale 
 scheme, was silenced by the truly Jesuitical 
 remark of the two Jesuits, that the sacrifice 
 of a few innocent among the guilty many, 
 was lawful and highly meritorious, becanse 
 it was required by the interests of religion 1 
 
 A.i>. 1605.— Towards the end of summer 
 Plcrcy hired a house adjoining to that In 
 which parliament used to assemble ; and 
 having instruments, arms, and provisions 
 with them, they laboured hard in itformany 
 hours each day,and had alreadyrained three 
 feet through the solid wall when they were 
 stopped and.alarmed by plainly hearing on 
 the other side a noise for which they could 
 give no account. On enquiry it seemed that 
 the noise arose from the sale of the stock of 
 a. coal dealer who had occupied a vault, next 
 to their own, and Immediately below the 
 house of lords. This opportunity was seized ; 
 riercy hired the vault, and slx-and-thirty 
 barrels of gunpowder were clandestinely 
 conveyed thither and concealed beneath 
 the loads of wood, for the recepticm of 
 which alone Piercy had seemed to need the 
 place. 
 
 Having thus surmounted all tho great 
 and apparent obstackjs to the success of 
 their design, the co<4Spirators distributed 
 
 among themselves tho several parts they 
 were to act on the eventful day. Ouido 
 Vaux was to Are the fatal train ; Piercy was 
 to seize or slay the infant duke of York ; 
 and the princess Elizabeth, also a mere in- 
 fant, who would be a powerless instrument 
 In the hands of the catholics, was to bo 
 seized and proclaimed queen by Grant. 
 Ilookwood, and sir Everard Digby, three of 
 the leading conspirators, who were to have 
 a large armed party in readiness on pre- 
 tence of a hunting match. 
 
 The dreadful scheme had now been on 
 foot for above a year and a half, and was 
 known to more than twenty persons, but 
 neither fear of punishment, the hope of re- 
 ward, or any of the motives which ordina- 
 rily make conspirators untrue to eata other, 
 had caused auy one of the desperate band 
 to falter. A personal feeling of gratitude 
 now did what no other feeling, i)erhap8, 
 could have done, and caused one of the con- 
 spirators to take a step which saved the 
 nation from horrors of which even at this 
 distance of time one cannot contemplate the 
 mere possibility but with a shudder. 
 
 Some one of the conspirators lying under 
 obligations to lord Monteagle, a catholic 
 and a son of lord Morley, sent him the fol- 
 lowing letter, which evidently was Intended 
 to act upon his personal prudence and 
 secure his safety, without enabling him in 
 anywise to oppose the ruthless butchery 
 tliat was designed :— 
 
 ' My Lord,— Out of the love I bear to some 
 of your friends I have a care of your pre- 
 servation, therefore I would advise you as 
 you tender your life to devise some excuse 
 to shift oft your attendance upon this par- 
 liament. For God and man have concurred 
 to punish the wickedness of the time. Think 
 not lightly of this advertisement, but rctiro 
 yourself into your country, where you may 
 expect the event In safety. For though 
 there be no appearance of any stir, yet, I 
 say, they will receive a terrible blow this 
 parliament, and yet they shall not see who 
 hurts them. This counsel is not to be con- 
 temned, because it may do you good, and 
 can do you no harm, for the danger Is past 
 as soon as you burn this letter. And I hope 
 God will give you the grace to make good 
 use of it, unto whose holy protection I com- 
 mit you.' 
 
 Cecil, now earl of Salisbury, was the 
 principal and most active of the king's mi- 
 nisters, and to that nobleman Monteagle 
 fortunately determined to carry the letter, 
 though he was himself strongly inclined to 
 think it nothing but some silly attempt to 
 frighten him from his attendance in parlia- 
 ment. Salisbury professed to have the same 
 opinion of the letter, but laid it before the 
 king some days before the meeting of par- 
 liament. James, who, amidst many absur- 
 dities, was in the main a shrewd man. saw 
 the key to the enigma in the very stylo of 
 the letter Itself; and lord Suffolk, the lord 
 chamberlain, was charged to examine the 
 vaults beneath the houses of parliament on 
 t'ae day before that appointed for opening 
 the session. Ho did so in open day, and. 
 as if as a simple matter of form, went 
 through the cellars and came out without 
 
 '' :►'■ 
 
 ■sf ' 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 '\4 
 
 
 #'1 
 
36G 
 
 Zf^t Creatfui'v of I^Mtory, (ft. 
 
 ■fleeting to BOO anything amtas. But lio 
 had been Btruck by the singularity of 
 Plercy, a private gentleman who Uvea but 
 little In town, having amassed such an inor- 
 dinate store of fuel: and he read the con- 
 spirator In the desperate countenance of 
 Guldn Vnux, who was lurking about the 
 i)la«j In the garb and character of a servant 
 to PIcroy. Acting on these suspicions, 
 the ministers caused a second search to ho 
 made at midnight by a well-armed party 
 under slrThomos Knlvet, a justice of peace. 
 At the very door of the vault they seized 
 Yaux, who had made all hia preparations 
 and even had his tlndcr-box and matches 
 ready to Hro the train ; the faggots of wood 
 were turned over, and the powder found. 
 Vaux was sent under an escort to the 
 Tower, but was so far from seeming appalled 
 by his danger, that he succrlngly told his 
 captors that if ho had known a little earlier 
 that theylntended to pay hima second visit 
 he would have flred the train, and sweet- 
 ened Ills own death by killing them with 
 him. lie behaved In the same daring style 
 when examined by the council on the 
 following day; but two or Miree days' resi- 
 dence in the Tower and a threat of putting 
 him on the rack subdued him, and ho niado 
 a full discovery of his confederates. Ca- 
 tesby, Plercy, and their other friends who 
 were to act In London, heard not only 
 of a letter being sent to lord Mcntcngle, 
 but also of the first search made In the 
 vaults ; yet were tliey so Infatuated and so 
 resolute to persevere to the last, that it was 
 only when Vaux was actually arrested that 
 they left London and hurried down to War- 
 wickshiro, where Dlgby and his friends 
 were already in arms to seize the princess 
 Elizabeth. But the sheriff raised the county 
 in time to convey the young princess to Co- 
 ventry ; and the baffled conspirators, never 
 more than eighty In number, had now only 
 to think of defending themselves until they 
 could make their escape from the country. 
 But the activity of the sheriff and other gen- 
 try surrounded them by such numbers that 
 escape in any woy was out of the question, 
 and having confessed themselves to each 
 other, they prepared to die with a desperate 
 gallantry worthy of a nobler cause. They 
 fought with stem determination, but some 
 of theirpowdor took flre and disabled them ; 
 Catesby and Plercy were killed by a single 
 shot; Dlgby, Rookwood, and Winter, with 
 Oamet, the Jesuit, were taken prisoners, 
 and soon after perished by the hands of the 
 executioner, ft is a terrible proof of the 
 power of superstition to close men's eyes 
 to evil, that though Garnet's crime was of 
 the most ruJBnTi'y 3escrlptIon, though he 
 had used his priestly influence to delude 
 hlB confederates and tools when their bet- 
 ter nature prompted them to shrink from 
 Buch wholesale and unsparing atrocity, the 
 catholics imagined miracles to be wrought 
 with this miserable miscreant's blood, and 
 In Spain he was even treated as a martyr! 
 Throughout this whole affair, indeed, the 
 evil nature of superstition was to blame for 
 all the guilt and all the suffering. The 
 coDBpirators In this case were not low ruf- 
 ■ans of desperate fortune ; they were for 
 
 the most part men of both property and 
 character; and Oateshy was a man who 
 posrtCMscd an especially and enviably high 
 character. Dlgby also was a man of excel- 
 Icn*) reputation, so much sothathiB being 
 a known and rigid papist had not prevented 
 him from being highly esteemed and ho- 
 noured by queen Elizabeth. 
 
 When the puulslinient of the wretches 
 who had mainly been concerned in this 
 plot left the court leisure for reflection, 
 some minor but severe punishments were 
 inflicted upon those who were thought by 
 connivance or negligence to have been In 
 any degree aiding the chief offtnders. Thus 
 the earl of Northumberlaml was Uned the 
 then enormous sum of thirty thousand 
 pounds, and Imprisoned for seven years af- 
 terwards, because he had not exacted the 
 usual oaths from Plercy on admitting him 
 to the ofllco of gentleman pensioner. The 
 catholic lords Btourton and Mordaunt, too 
 were lined, the former four and the latter 
 ten thousand pounds by that ever-arbitrary 
 court, the star-chamber, for no other offence 
 than their absence from parliament on this 
 occasion. This absence was taken as a 
 proof of their knowledge of the plot, 
 though surely. If these two noblemen had 
 known of It, they would have warned many 
 other catholics ; while a hundred more in- 
 nocent reasons might cause their own ab- 
 sence. 
 
 Of the conduct pf James, in regard to 
 the duty ho owed lo justice in punishing 
 the guilty, and conUuIng punishment 
 strictly to those of whose guilt there is 
 the most unequivocal proof, it is not easy 
 to speak too wnrnily. The prejudice shown 
 apaiiist catholics In the case of the lords 
 Stourton and Mordaunt, and the infinite 
 l>rututities Inflicted upon the wretched con- 
 spirators, were the crimes of the age ; but 
 the severe and dignlfled attention to a just 
 and large charity of judgement as a general 
 principle, which is displayed in the king's 
 speech to this parliament. Is a merit all his 
 own. 
 
 He observed, says Hume, • that though 
 religion had engaged the conspirators in 
 so criminal an attempt, yet ought we not to 
 Involve all the Roman catholics in the same 
 guilt, or 8Ui>pose them equally disposed to 
 connnlt such enormous barbarities. Mony 
 holy men, and our ancestors among the 
 rest, had been seduced to concur with that 
 church In her scholastic doctrines, who yet 
 had never admitted her seditious princi- 
 ples, concerning the pope's power of de- 
 throning kings or sanctifying assassination. 
 The^^Tath of heaven is denounced agnhtat 
 crimes, but innocent error may obtain its 
 favour ; and nothing can be more hateful 
 th<iu the uncbarltableness of the puritans 
 who condemn alike to eternal torments 
 oven the most inoffensive partisans of po- 
 pery. For his own part, that conspiracy, 
 however atrocious, should never alter, in the 
 least, his plan of government ; while with 
 one hand ho would punish guilt, with the 
 other he would Btlll support and protect 
 innocence.' 
 
 A.D. IBM.— The Protestants, and espe- 
 cially the ptiritans, were inclined to plunge 
 
 ] 
 
1 
 
 to a very great extent into that liijustico of 
 which the IcIng'B Bpecch bo ably warned 
 tlicni. But the king, even nt hoiiio liazard 
 to hlinBelf and at eomo actual iosb of popu- 
 larity, persisted in looldng nt men's aoculnr 
 conduct as a thing quite apart from tlicir 
 ghostly opinions. Uo l)eiitowed employ- 
 ment and favour, other thingg boing cquni, 
 alike on catholic and protoatant ; and the 
 only liardahip caused to the grout body of 
 the papists by the liorrlblo gunpowder plot 
 was the enactment of a bill obliging every- 
 one without exception to take onth of alle- 
 giance. No great hardship upon any good 
 Bubjvrt or honest and hunmno man, Blnro 
 it only abjured the power of the pope to 
 dethrone the king I 
 
 Almoat as soon as James arrived in Eng- 
 Innd ho showed himself in one resport, nt 
 the least, far more advanced in true stntcs- 
 munBbip than most of his aubjocta. They 
 for a long time displayed a small and spite- 
 ful jealousy of the Scots; ho almost as 
 Hoon na ho mounted the EngllHh throne, en- 
 deavoured to merge Knglnud and Scotland, 
 two separate nations, nlwnys Bullcn niul 
 BometimeBsnngulnnrycnoniles, intoaUreiit 
 llrltain tliat might indeed bid dcilanco to 
 the world, and that should bo united in 
 laws and liberties, in prosperity and in 
 interests, as it already wns by the hand 
 of nature. There was nothing, however, 
 ill the earlier part of hla reign, by which 
 so much hcart-burnliig was caused between 
 the king and his parliament, as by the 
 wisdom of the former and tlio ignorance 
 and narrow prejudice of the latter on thla 
 very point. All the cxorclao of the king's 
 eameatneas and influence, aided by the 
 eloquence of, perhaps, all things con- 
 sidered, the greatest man England has 
 over had, sir Francis Baron, could not 
 succeed over the petty nationalities of 
 the Scotch and Engliah parliaments any 
 fartlicr for the present, than to procure an 
 ungracious and reluctant repeal of tlio di- 
 rectly hostile laws existing in the two king- 
 doms respectively. Nay, so hostile, at the 
 onset, was the English parliament to a 
 measure the grand necessity and value of 
 which no one could now dispute without 
 ))eing suspected of the sheerest idiocy, 
 that the bishop of Briatol, for writing a 
 book in favour of tho measure which lay 
 ignorance thus coudomned, was so fiercely 
 clamoured against, that he was obliged to 
 save himself from still harder measures by 
 making a huniblo submission to these ig- 
 norant and bigoted legislators. 
 
 A.D. 1607.— The practical tolerance of the 
 king as opposed to his arbitrary maxims of 
 government, and tho parliament's lust of 
 persecution as contrasted with ita perpe- 
 tual struggles to obtain more power and 
 liberty for Itself, were strongly illustrated 
 this year. A bill was originated in tho 
 lower house for a more strict observance 
 of the laws against popish recusants, and 
 for an abatement towards surh protestant 
 clergymen as should scruple at tiie still exist- 
 ing church ceremonials. This measure was 
 doubly distasteful to the king ; as a highly 
 liberal protestant he disliked the attempt 
 to recur to the old severitiei against the 
 
 catholics; and as n high prerogative mo- 
 narch ho was Btlll more hostile to the in- 
 sidious endeavour of the puritans, by 
 weakening the church of England, to ac- 
 quire the power to themselves of bearding 
 and coercing the civil government. 
 
 In this same year, however, the very par- 
 liament which, on the remonstrance of the 
 king, obediently stopped tlio progress of 
 that doubly dluagrccable measure, gave a 
 striking proof of its growing sense of self- 
 importance by commencing a regular jour- 
 nal of its proceedings. 
 
 A.D. 1010. — Jaincs was so careful to pre- 
 serve peace abroad thnt much of his reign 
 might bo pnHscd over without remark, but 
 for tho frequent bickerings which occurred 
 between him a. d his parliament on tho 
 subject of money. Even in the usually ar- 
 bitrary reign of Elizabeth the parliament 
 had already learned the power of the purse. 
 The puritan party was now gradually ac- 
 quiring that feeling, at onco tyrannical and 
 republican, which was to bo so fatal to the 
 monarchy and so disgraceful to the nation, 
 and although James was nllowed a theore- 
 tical deapoMsni, a nicro tyrniiny of maxims 
 and scnteiicoa, somcmeruly allly, and others 
 —could ho havo acted upon them— to tho 
 last degree dangerous, the true tyranny was 
 that of the parliament, which exerted their 
 power witli the merciless and fltful malig- 
 nity of a dwarf wiiicli has suddenly become 
 possessed of a giant's strength. The carl 
 of Salisbury, who was now the treasurer, 
 laid before botli houses, this session, tho 
 very peculiar situation in which the king 
 Avas placed. Queen Elizabeth, though she 
 had received largo supplies durlngthe latter 
 part of her reign, liad made very consider- 
 able alienations of the crown lands ; the 
 crown was now burdened with debt to tho 
 amount of 300,0002., and tlie king was 
 obliged, instead of a single court, as in the 
 late reign, to keep three courts, his own, 
 that of the queen, and that of the prince of 
 AVales. But though these really strong and 
 most reasonable arguments were alsolirged 
 by the king himself in his speech to parlia- 
 ment, they granted him only one hundred 
 thousand pounds— hi) ii-'bts alone being 
 thrice that sum I It annot, after this 
 statement of the situt. : -,i of the king and 
 the temper in whlcli pnil'^rment used tho 
 power wo have spoken ol, be astonishing 
 that henceforth there was one perpetual 
 struggle between them, he striving for tho 
 means of supporting the national dignity, 
 and Indulging ageneroslty of temper which, 
 Imprudent in any king, was doubly so In 
 one who had to deal with so close-fisted a 
 parliament ; and they striving at once to 
 abridge tlio king's prerogative, and to escape 
 from supplying oven his most reasonable 
 demands. 
 
 An incident occurred thla year which, 
 taken in contrast with the extreme horror 
 of foreign disputes which James usually 
 displayed, affords a rather amusing illustra- 
 tion of the extent to which even so petty a 
 • ruling passion as pedantry may domineer 
 over all others. 
 
 Vorstlus, a divinity professor of a Oermui 
 university, was appointed to the chair of • 
 
 ; i , 
 
368 
 
 die Cttiulurff of VHHafQ^ $tc. 
 
 Dutch unlrerdty. Ho wm a dliclple of Ar 
 inlnlut,and moreover had the prciuniptlon 
 to be oppoMd In argument to king Jamoa, 
 who did not think it beneath IiIb royal dig- 
 nity, or too manifest niid dangerous a do- 
 rarture from hia iiarlKc foreign policy, bo- 
 rlouilr to demand of the statei that they 
 •hould deprive and bnnlah the obnoxlouit 
 lirofcNsor. The procciluro was at once lo 
 absurd and so aovoro, that tho Dutch nt 
 first refused to remove Vorstlus: but the 
 king returned to tho charge with such an 
 dirnest flerreness, that the states deemed It 
 liolltio to yield, and tho poor professor, who 
 was luckless enough to dlRor from king 
 James, was deprived of both his home and 
 t'mployment. In the course of this dls- 
 
 }>ute. James, who had so creditably argued 
 or charity In tho case of the attempt of his 
 puritans to oppress their catholic fellow- 
 subjects, made use of this revolting obser- 
 vation : - ' Ho would leave it to tho states 
 thcmselveo at to the burning </ Yoratiua 
 for bUuphemiea and atheUm, hut aurelj/ 
 never heretio better deacrved thefiameal' 
 
 Of James's conduct In and towards Ire- 
 land we have given a full account, which la 
 very creditable to him, under the bead of 
 that country. Vfo now, therefore, pass for- 
 ward to the domestic incidents of England, 
 commencing with tlio death of Henry, 
 prince of Wales, an event which was deeply 
 and with good reason deplored, 
 
 A.D. 1612.— This young prince, who was 
 only In his eighteenth year, was exceedingly 
 beloved by the nation, having ^Ivcn every 
 promise of a truly royal manhood. Ge- 
 nerous, high-spirltcd. brave, and anxious 
 for men's esteem, perhaps, in the turbulent 
 days that awaited England, even his chief 
 fault— a too great propensity to things mili- 
 tary—would have proved of service to tho 
 nation, by bringing the dispute between the 
 crown and the puritans to an issue before 
 the sour ambition of tho latter cuuld have 
 Bufflciently matured Its views. Dignified 
 and of a high turn of mind, he seems to 
 have held tho fluessing and the somewhat 
 vulgar familiarity of his father in some- 
 thing too nearly approaching contempt. 
 To Raleigh, who had so long been kept a 
 prisoner, he openly and enthusiastically 
 avowed his attachment, and was heard to 
 say, ' Sure no king except my father would 
 keep such a bird In a cage.' So sudden 
 was the young prince's death that evil 
 tongues attributed it to poison, and some 
 even hinted that the prince's popularity and 
 free speech had become intolerable to his 
 father. But the surgical examination of 
 the body clearly proved that there was no 
 poison in the case ; and moreover, if James 
 failed at all in the parental character, it was 
 by an excessive and indiscriminate fondness 
 and indulgence. 
 
 A.D. 1618.- The marriage of the princess 
 Elizabeth to Frederic, the elector palatine, 
 took place this year, and the entertain- 
 ments in honour of that event served to 
 dispel the deep gloom which had been 
 caused by the death of prince Henry. But 
 this event, so much rejoiced at, was one of 
 the most unfortunate that occurred during 
 the general}/ fortunate reign of James, 
 
 whom It plunged Into exiienscs on aeooant 
 of his son-in-law which nothing could have 
 iiulucod him to Incur for any warlike enter- 
 prlso of Ills own. 
 
 But before wo speak of the consequence 
 of this unfortunate connection, we must, 
 to preserve due order of time, refer to an 
 event which created a strong feeling of 
 horror and disgust throughout the nation— 
 the murder of sir Thomas Overbury at tho 
 Instance of tho earl and counlesa of So- 
 merset. 
 
 Robert Cnrro, n youth nf respectable but 
 nnt wealthy family In Scotland, arrived in 
 London in tho year 1600, bringing with him 
 letters of recommendation to lord Hay. 
 Cnrre, then quite a youth, was singularly 
 handsome and possessed In perfection all 
 tho merely external accomplishments; 
 though his education was so imperfect, tha» 
 it is stated that long after his introduction 
 to the king's notice he was so Ignorant of 
 oven the rndiments of the then almost In- 
 dispensable Latin, that James was wont to 
 exchange the sceptre for the blrcb, and 
 personally to pluy tho pedagogue to tho boy- 
 favourite. Noting tho comely aspect and 
 graceful bearing of young Carre, lord Hay 
 took an opportunity to place him in tho 
 king's sight at a tilting match, and it 
 cimnced that on that very occasion James's 
 nttontion was the more strongly drawn to 
 lilm by an accident occurring by which 
 young Carre's leg wan broken. The sight 
 of this so affected the king, that in tho 
 course of the day ho went to the young 
 patient's chamber, consoled him with many 
 kind words, and became so pleased with 
 his spirit and general behaviour, that he 
 inntnntly adopted him as an especial and 
 favourpd personal attendant. Attentive to 
 the lessons of the kingly pedagogue, and 
 skilful in discovering and managing his 
 weaknesses, young Carre also possessed the 
 art for lack of which so many favourites 
 have perished ; hewasacourtiernotonlyto 
 t he king but to all who approached tho king. 
 By thus prudently aiding the predilection 
 of tho king, Carre rapidly rose. He was 
 knighted, then created carl of Rochester 
 and K.Q., and introduced into the privy 
 council. Wealth and power accompanied 
 this rapid rise in rank, and in a short time 
 this new favourite, without any definite 
 ofllce in the ministry, actually had more 
 real influence in tho management of affairs 
 than the wise Salisbnr>' himself. 
 
 Much of bis success Carre owed to the 
 wise counsels of sir Thomas Overbury, 
 whose friendship ho claimed, and who be- 
 came at once his advisor andhis client, and 
 counselled htm none the less earnestly and 
 well because he felt that his own chief hope 
 of rising at court rested upon the success 
 of Cferre. Thus guided, the naturally saga- 
 cious and flexible youth soon ripened into 
 tho powerful, admired, and singularly pros* 
 porous man. Unfortunately he became 
 passionately attached to the young coun* 
 toss of Essex, who as unfortunately re- 
 turned bis passion. This lady when only 
 thirteen years of age, as lady Frances How- 
 ard, daughter of the carl of Suffolk, waa, 
 by tho king's request, married to the young 
 
<f nQlantr.— Dottife of #ttinrt.— 9Ame«l i. 
 
 3C9 
 
 Murl of Ksiex, than only (ourtcon. In cnn- 
 ■Idoratlon of llioir extreina youth the cere- 
 mony was no goonar oomnlotod than tho 
 youthful bridegroom doparied to tho conti- 
 nent, and did not return from his travcU 
 until four yoara after. In the meantime 
 the young counteia of B«aex and viicount 
 Uocheiter bad met, loved, and sinned; and 
 wben the young earh with the Impatient 
 ardour of eighteen, flow to hit fair coun- 
 teia, he waa thunderttruntc at being re- 
 ceived not with mere coolneii, but witli 
 ■omething approaching to actual loathing 
 and horror. The countoai'a paaaion for and 
 guilty connection with Hocheater wore not 
 even snapectod,and every Imaginable means 
 were resorted to for the purpose of over- 
 coming what was deemed to be a more ex- 
 cess of maidenly coyness. All means, how- 
 ever, were alike vain, nothing could induce 
 her to live with her husband, and aha and 
 Rochester now determined to make way 
 for their marriage by a divorce of tho lady 
 from the earl of Essex. 
 
 llochestor consulted sir Thomas Over- 
 bury ; but that prudent courtier, tliough ho 
 had been privy to and had oven encouraged 
 their criminal connection, was ton sin- 
 cerely anxious for tlie character and hni>- 
 plnoBS of hia friend not to disauado him 
 from the Ignominy of procuring this di- 
 vorce, and the folly of committing his own 
 peace and honour to tho keeping of a woman 
 of whose Inconstancy ho hnd personal know- 
 ledge. Connected as llochostcr and tho 
 countess were, tho latter waa not long Igno- 
 rant of this advlco given by Ovorbur}', and, 
 with the rage of an Insulted woman and 
 tho artful blandishments of a beauty, sho 
 easily persuaded the enamoured Rochester 
 that he too waa Injured by that very con- 
 duct In which Overbury had undoubtedly 
 most proved the sincerity and tho wisdom 
 of his friendship. Ilitviug brought Ro- 
 chester to this point, tho countess found 
 little diniculty In determining him to tho 
 ruin of that friend to whom he owed so 
 much, and by artfnlly getting Overbury 
 a mission from the king and then pri- 
 vately coimselling Overbury to reject it, 
 he managed so to dupe and eurage James 
 that the unfortunate Overbury wo^ com- 
 mitted to the Towsr, where, however. It 
 does not appear that Jawion meant him long 
 to remain. But tho instant he entered 
 there, air Thomas was fully In the power of 
 his arch enemies. The lieutenant of the 
 Tower, a mere creature and dependant of 
 Rochester, conflncd Overbury with such 
 strictness, that for six months tho unfor- 
 tunate man did not see even one of his 
 nearest relatives. 
 
 Having got rid of the grave and trouble- 
 some opposition of Overbury, the guilty 
 lovers now pushed forward matters; and the 
 earl of Kssex, completely cured of his love 
 for the lady by what appeared to him the 
 unaccountable caprlolousness of her con- 
 duct, very gladly consented to a ridiculously 
 Indecent plea, which Induced the proper 
 authorities to pronounce a divorce between 
 the earl and countess of Essex. The latter 
 was immediately married to her paramour 
 Bochoster, upon whom, that the lady might 
 
 not lose a step In rank by her new mar- 
 riage, the king now conferred thu title of 
 cnri of Somerset. 
 
 Tliougli tho Imprisonment of Over))ury 
 hnd thus completely served her purpose as 
 to her divorce and re-marringe, it had liyno 
 means satiated the revenge of tho countess. 
 Thu forcible and bitter contempt with which 
 Overbury had spoken of her was still far- 
 tlier envenomed by her own consciousness 
 of Its justice, and sho now exerted all tho 
 power of her beauty and her blandish- 
 nients, until she perHuaded the uxorious 
 Somerset that tlietr secret was too much In 
 danger while Overbury still lived, and that 
 their safety demanded his death. Poison 
 was resorted to ; both Somerset and his 
 wife's uncle, the earl of Northampton, join- 
 ing In the cowardly crime with some ac- 
 complices of lower rank. Slight doses, only, 
 were given to the doomed victim in the 
 flrst place, but these falling of the desiruU 
 cfFoct, the fonl conspirators gave bim a 
 dose so violent that ho died, and with such 
 evident marks of the foul treatment that 
 he hod met with, that an instant discovery 
 was only avoided by burying the body wllu 
 an indecent haste. 
 
 From the moment that tho unfortunate 
 Overbury was destroyed, tho whole feeling 
 nnd aspect of the once gny and brilliant 
 Somerset wore changed. Ho became snd, 
 silent. Inattentive to tho humours of tho 
 king. Indifferent to tho fatal charms of tho 
 countess, morose to all, shy of strangers, 
 weary of himself. He hnd a doomed aspect ; 
 tho wild eye and hasty yet uncertain gait of 
 one who sees himself surrounded by the 
 avengers of blood and is every instant ex- 
 pecting to feel thoir grasp. 
 
 As what was nt first attributed to tem- 
 porary Illness of body or vexation of mind 
 became a settled and seemingly incurable 
 habit, the king, almost bovlsh In his 
 love of mirth In his hours of recreation, 
 grndunlly grew wearied of tho presence of 
 his favourite. All the skill and polity of 
 Somerset, all the artful moderation wllii 
 which ho hod worn his truly extraor- 
 dinary fortunes, had not prevented him 
 from making many enemies ; and those no 
 sooner perceived, with the quick eyes ot 
 courtiers, that the old favourite was fulling, 
 tiian they helped to precipitate his fall by 
 tho Introduction of a young and gay can- 
 didate for tho vacant placo In tho royal 
 favour. 
 
 Just at this critical moment In the for- 
 tunes of Somerset, George Vllilers, the 
 cadet of a good English family, retunied 
 from his travels. Ue waa barely twenty- 
 one years of age, handsome, well educated, 
 gay. possessed ot an audacious spirit, and 
 with precisely that love and aptitude for 
 personal adornment which became hIa 
 youth. This attractive person was placed 
 full in the king's view during the perform- 
 ance of a comedy. James, as had been 
 anticipated, no sooner saw blm than he be- 
 came anxious for his personal attendance. 
 After some very ludicrous coquetting be- 
 tween bis desire for a new favourite and hU 
 unwillingness to cast off the old one, Jamea 
 had the young man lutroduoed at court] 
 B U 
 
 'r 
 
 1 
 
 
370 
 
 C^e CrM^uri) o( I^Mtai'v, ^r. 
 
 •ml Tory inon uppolntcd him lilitcup-lienrcr. 
 Tlioiigh tlie coiiicloncc c<( Boniur»et linU 
 long innrto him unflt for bli former gaiety, 
 be wu by no means prepored to leo hlin- 
 ■olf lupplAntod In the roytl ftrour; but 
 before he could make any effort to ruin or 
 otberwlM dlipoie of young Vllllcn, a dis- 
 Govcry waa mad« which very effectually 
 ruined hiraoelf. 
 
 Among the many pemont whom 8ome^ 
 aet and nia guilty countoaa had found it 
 nocoflaary to employ In the execution of 
 their atroclona dealgn, wna an apothecary'a 
 apprentice who had been employed in 
 mixing up the poliona. Thla man, now 
 living at FiuahinfT, mode no acruple of 
 openly atatlng that Overbury had died of 
 polBon, and that ho had himaelf liecn em- 
 ployed in preparing It. The report roorhad 
 the aara of tho Kngllih envoy In the Low 
 Oountriea, and waa by htm tranamitted to 
 tho aeoretary of atate, WInwood, who at 
 once communicated it to the king. How- 
 ever weary of bia favourite, Jamca waa- 
 atruck with horror and aurprise on receiv- 
 ing thla report, but with a rigid impar- 
 tiality which doea honour to lila memory, 
 bo nt onoo sent for air Edward Coke, the 
 cliiof Juitlce, and commanded him to ex- 
 amine into the matter as carefully and ns 
 unsparingly na if the accused persona wcri^ 
 tho lowest and tho least cared for in tho 
 land. The alem nature of Ooko scarcely 
 needed this injunction ; tho enquiry wns 
 Bteadlly and aearchingly cai-rted on, and it 
 resulted in the complete proof of the guilt 
 of the earl and countoaa of Bomeraet, air 
 Jervis Klvin, lieutenant of the Tower, 
 Franklin, Weston, and Mra. Turner. Of 
 the temper of Ooke this very trial affords 
 a remarkable and not very creditable iii- 
 atanco. Addressing Mrs. Tumor, lie told 
 her that she waa 'guilty of the seven 
 deadly sins; being a harlot, a bawd, a 
 sorceress, a .witch, a papist, a felon, and a 
 murderer I' 
 
 The honourable impartiality with which 
 the king had ordered an enquiry into tlio 
 murder of air Thoman Overbury waa not 
 equally observed afterwards. All the accused 
 were very properly condemned to death ; but 
 the sentence was executed only on the nc- 
 complices; by far the worst criminals, tho 
 earl and countess, were pardoned t A very 
 brief imprisonment and the forfeiture of 
 their estates were allowed to expiate their 
 enormous crimes, and they were then as- 
 signed a pension snfllcient for their support, 
 and allowed to retire to the country. But 
 the pardon of man could not secure them 
 the peace of heart which their crime had 
 justly forfeited. They lived in the same 
 bouse, but they lived only in an alternation 
 of Bullennesa and chidtnK, and thus they 
 dragged on many wretched years, a mutual 
 torment in their old age as they bad been 
 a mutual snare in their.yonth, until they at 
 length sank nnregretted and unhonoured 
 into the grave. 
 
 A.D, 1019.— The fall of Somerset neces- 
 0arily faeilitsted and hastened the rise of 
 young George Yilliers, who in a wonder- 
 fully short time obtained promotions— 
 which, that the regularity of narrative may 
 
 bo proicrfcd, we Insert liere-os viscount 
 Vllllurs, earl, maruuls, and finally duki>. of 
 Duckingham, knigfit of the garter, ma«ter 
 of tho horse, chief Justice in eyre, warden 
 of the cinque ports, master of the King's 
 Bench office, steward of Westminster, eon* 
 stable of Windsor, and lord high admiral 
 of Ungland. Uis mother waa madu coun- 
 tess of Buckingham, his brother viscount 
 Purbock, and a whole host of his previ- 
 ously obscure and needy friends obtained 
 honours, places, patents, or wealth. 
 
 The profusion of the king— to which Jus* 
 tico demands that we add tbo parsimony of 
 the narliament— made him throughout his 
 whole relgu nn embarrassed man i and ho 
 now incurred groat, though undeserved, 
 odium by the course he Utok to supply hia 
 pressing and immediate wonts, when Kli- 
 sabeth aided the infant states of Holhuid 
 against tho gigantic power of Spain, ahe 
 had tho important towns of Flushing, the 
 Brille, and Itammeklus placed in her hands 
 as pledges for the repayment of the money 
 to Ungland, Various payments had been 
 made wlilcli had reduced the debt to 
 600,000(., which sum the Dutch were under 
 agreement to pay to James at the rate of 
 4o,ooo<. per annum. This annual sum 
 would doubtless-have been of vast strvlco 
 to the king— but 26,0001. per annum were 
 Ht)ont in maintaining his garrisons In 
 tho cautionary or mortgaged towns. Only 
 14,ooo{. remained clear to England, and 
 oven that would ceue In the event of 
 new warfare between Holland and Spain. 
 Considering these things, and being pressed 
 on all sides for money to satisfy Just de- 
 mands and tho incessant cravlnga of his 
 favourite and tho court, the king gladly 
 agreed to surrender tho ntutlonary towna 
 on the Instant payment by the Dutch of 
 2ao,(X)0{. ; and, under all tho circumstances 
 of tho case, James appears to have acted 
 with sound policy in making tho bargain. 
 
 A.D. 1817.— In tlio courso of this year 
 James paid a visit to Scotland with the view 
 to a favourite Bolionio which ho bad long 
 pondered,— probably even before he as- 
 cended tho English throne, and while ho 
 still was personally annoyed by the rudo 
 and Intrusive presumption of the puritans. 
 His scheme was 'to enlnrgo tho episcopal 
 authority, to establish a few ceremonies in 
 public worship, and to settle and fix the 
 superiority of the civil to the ecclesiastical 
 Jurisdiction.' 
 
 But though the king's personal influence 
 waa now very high, as well from the peace 
 ho had preserved throughout his dominions 
 and the pride the Scotch, themselves a pe- 
 dantic people, felt in hearing the king whom 
 they had given to England cited as * the 
 British Solomon,' as from the great, not to 
 say unjust, preference whicli the king took 
 every opportunity to show to Scottish 
 suitors for promotion, even his influence, 
 after much opposition on the part of tho 
 clergy, could only procure him a sullen 
 adoption of but a small portion of his plan. 
 'Episcopacy 'was BO much the detestation 
 of the Scotch, that it is aurprishug that bo 
 Bhrowd a king as James should have made 
 a point of endeavouring to force it upon 
 
 theni. II 
 
 in thowi 
 
 Judlccs < 
 
 returned 
 
 those of 
 
 •ubjects. 
 
 Joyless, a 
 
 degrees, 1 
 
 day of liii 
 
 silent and 
 
 by the kl 
 
 and be Ira 
 
 by which 
 
 erolses w 
 
 However 
 
 tho part 
 
 lleve that 
 
 than that 
 
 may be tii 
 
 :>ractlce, I 
 
 wrong tir 
 
 Ills authoi 
 
 stitlous fa 
 
 check or r 
 
 irritate tli 
 
 of many n 
 
 Charles I. 
 
 in iiurltan 
 
 ttonof biB 
 
 The Jl 
 
 A.n. Iflia— 
 vourite of 
 my of Ess 
 implacablo 
 us doubt 1 
 greatly mli 
 well as grc 
 teen yearn 
 advanced I 
 **ven impri 
 questional] 
 B< 'Idler, se 
 trigue dur 
 of reslgnin 
 the Tower 
 his elabom 
 the World I 
 could not - 
 spirit; am 
 formed hh 
 favourably 
 half, bono 
 his enlarge 
 abroad tha 
 had dlscoi 
 rich, that \ 
 not only t 
 under prop 
 also to the 
 aa Baleigh 
 the ears o 
 the exister. 
 because it 
 situation o 
 aay almosi 
 Hut the n 
 Raleigh, tl 
 long drear; 
 and gay co 
 the gloom 
 blm from i 
 
ePnolAittr.— fftotiMr at #(ttHrr.— 0nm(if S. 
 
 371 
 
 I 
 
 't 
 
 them. Out bi It be litui not ilono lutnclcnt 
 In tho WKy of affrontlug tlio rrllKtou* pre- 
 judice! of the Hcotch, JniiK"! no Roniivr 
 returned home than lio miUHlly affraiitoil 
 thoie of tbtt latRe party of hlit KukIUIi 
 ■ubjecti, the purltani. Tlin*. diirk, tullon, 
 loyfcM, aaiX Jov-liatlncr lot of miMi had, by 
 dogreea. brouRht thu original deionm* Hun- 
 day of JUnfiland to bo a tiny of tliii moHt 
 •llont and Intonin nloom. Thta waa nntii-vd 
 by the king In hla rotur.i from Hcotland, 
 Mid he Immediately laaucd a proclamation 
 by which all kindaot lawful sainea and ex- 
 eroliea were allowed after divine wcrvlrc. 
 However Imprudent thia prurlnniatlon on 
 the part of titu kitiit. wo sro Inclined to be- 
 lieve that In apirit htit oxtrvnui wua wlnor 
 than that of the purltani. Uut whatever 
 may he the goo*) or tho bad policy of the 
 practice. It Im certain that the kluH clione a 
 wrong time for roconnnenillnK It. Kvon 
 hla authority waaaa fiothliiK nHnlnst HUper- 
 atltlona fanatlclim. But whilu ho failed to 
 check or porauado tho purltnna, did he not 
 Irritate thomt Might not thn HliarimiluK 
 of many a aword that waa bared aK'tbiHt 
 Oharlea I. be traced to tho vexation ciiufied 
 in puritan hoaoma by thli very procliuua- 
 tlonoC tall father! 
 
 cnAPTEU XMX. 
 
 The Jtclon of Jahkr I. (.eontlnwd). 
 
 A.i>. Iflld.— Siu WAi<TRn UAT.Kiair, tho fa- 
 vourite of Kllxabcth.tliuopixinont and ene- 
 my of Eaaox, to whom he had shown an 
 Implacable and aavago spirit which makes 
 ua doubt whether tho world had not been 
 greatly mlataken in deeming him n good nn 
 well ai great man, had now been for thir- 
 teen ycarri lingering in liM prison. Thougii 
 advanced In years and broken in fortune, 
 even imprisonment could not break hU un- 
 ci neatlonably daring and rcaolvid Bpirlt. 
 H< Idler, seaman, courtier, and man of in- 
 trigue during flo much of his life, Instead 
 «>f resigning himself to despair wben led to 
 the Tower of London, ho tlioro commenced 
 his elaborate and really loarned Uistory of 
 the World t Thirteen years of confinement 
 could not quell that enduring and daring 
 spirit; and as tho report of his friends in- 
 formed him that public opinion was very 
 favouraldy and greatly changed on his be- 
 half, he now began to scheme for obtaining 
 hla enlargement. He caused It to be noised 
 abroad that during one of his voyages ho 
 had discovered a gold mino in Guiana, so 
 rich, that it would afford enormous wealth 
 not only to any galtant adventurers who, 
 under proper guidanoe, should seek it, but 
 ftlso to the nation at large. Those reports, 
 as Raleigh from the first Intended, reached 
 the ears of the king ; but James doubted 
 the exlstenee of the mino, and the more so 
 because it was clear that a man in the sad 
 •ituation of Raleigh might be oxpeeted to 
 say almost anything to obtain freedom. 
 But the reiM>rt waa so far serviceable to 
 Raleigh, that it reminded the kinrr of tho 
 long dreary years the once gallant aoldier 
 and gay courtier of Bliiabetta had passed in 
 the gloom of a dungeon, and he liberated 
 blm from the Tower, but refused to release 
 
 him fri'ni the orlglniil sciitencu of dualli 
 which, hu said, ho comtlilervd a neoesaiiry 
 check upon a man of ItnUlgh's character, 
 which aaNuredly liml more of talent and 
 audacity tliiui of either probity or mercy. 
 
 Though Jiiines was l>y no means lu< lined 
 to give credit to tho tikio of llaloliih, ho 
 gave full leiivo to all private advoiilurors 
 who might cliooso to Join him ; and Ra- 
 leigh's Intrepid assertions, )>acked by his 
 great repute for botli talent and courage, 
 soon placed him at the head of twelve ships, 
 well armed and manned, and provided with 
 ovorvthlnff neresNnry for iilracy and plun- 
 der, but with nothing calculated for digging 
 tho pretended treasure. 
 
 On tho river Oronoko, In Guiana, tho 
 Spaniards had built a town called St. 
 Thomas, wlilch, at this time, was exceed- 
 ingly wealthy. Raleigh had taken posses- 
 sion of tho whole district above twenty 
 years before in tho name of queen Kllaa- 
 beth ; but, as ho hnil iniroedlatety left the 
 coast, bis claim on behalf of Kngland was 
 totally unknown to tho Hpanlards. It waa 
 to this wenltliy Rpnnlsh si^ttlenient tbat 
 llaleigb now steered, and onarri'. ini^ thero 
 ho staUl at tho mouth of tho oronoko 
 withtlvoof his largest ships, sending tho 
 remainder of tlio expedition up to Ht. 
 Thomas's under I ho command of his son 
 and his fellow-ndventurer, captain Kemyss. 
 The Rpanlards, seeing tho Kngllsli adven- 
 turers approach 8t. Thomas In such hos- 
 tile guise, llred at them, but wore spee- 
 dily repulsed and driven Into the town. As 
 young Kiilelgh headed his men In tho at- 
 tack on tho town, ho exclaimed, TItta U the 
 true mine, nnd they are but foole who look 
 for any other I IIo had scarcely spoken tho 
 words when he received a shot and Im- 
 mediately fell dead ; Keuiyss, however, still 
 rontliiuod tho attack and took tho town, 
 wiilfli tlipy burned to ashes In their rago 
 at finding no considerable booty in It. 
 
 Itnlelgli had all along said not that ho 
 had himself ever seen tho wonderfully rich 
 mine of which ho gave so glowing an ac- 
 count, but that It liirl been found by 
 Kemyss on one of their Xormer expeditions 
 together, and that Kemyss had brought 
 him a lump of ore which proved the valuo 
 as well as the cxistcnco of tho mine. Tot 
 now that Kemyss, by his own account, waa 
 within two hours' march of tho mine, ho 
 made tho most absurd excuses to his men 
 for leading them no farther, and immedi- 
 ately returned to Raleigh, at tho mouth of 
 the Oronoko, with tho molancjioly news of 
 the death of tho younger Raleigh, and the 
 utter failure of all their hopes aa far as 
 St. Thomas's was concerned. The scene be- 
 tween Raleigh and Kemyss was probably a 
 very violent ono ; at all events It had such 
 an effect upon Kemyss that he Immediately 
 retired to his own cabin and put an end to 
 his existence. 
 
 The other adventurers now perceived 
 that they had entered into both a danger- 
 ous and unprofitable speculation, and they 
 inferred from all that had passed, that 
 Raleigh from the outset had relied upon 
 piracy and plundering towns — a kind ot 
 speculation for which their 111 sucoen at 
 
 I')- 
 
 •■I 
 
 >■■■ 
 
&72 
 
 QT^e Crrniiurit of Witavtf, ict* 
 
 St. Thomas's gave them no Inclination, 
 whatever their moral feelings upon the sub- 
 ject might have heon. On a full conslder- 
 iitlon of all the circumstances, the adven- 
 turers determined to return to England and 
 take Raleigh with them, leaving it to him 
 to Jastif jr himself to the king In the best 
 manner he could. On the passage he re- 
 peatedly endeavoured to escape, hv.t was 
 brought safely to England and delivered up 
 to the king. The court of Spain in the 
 meantime loudly and justly complnincd of 
 the destruction of St. Thomas's ; and, after 
 a long examination before the privy coun- 
 cil, Raleigh was pronounced guilty of wil- 
 ful deceit from the first as to the mine, and 
 of having from the first intended to make 
 booty by piracy and land plunder. The 
 lawyers'held, however, as a unlvcrtal rule, 
 that n man who already lay under attaint 
 of treasLii could in no form be tried anew 
 for another crime; the king, therefore, 
 signed a warrant for Raleigh's execution 
 for that participation in the setting up of 
 the lady Ar';bella Stuart, for which ho had 
 already sufTercd imprisonment during the 
 dreary period of thirteen years! Ho died 
 with courage, with gaiety almost, but i.uitc 
 without bravadocr indecency. Whliethere 
 was yet a faint hope of his escape he feign- 
 ed a variety of illnesses, even includinj,' 
 madness, to protract his doom ; but when 
 all hoiie was at length at an end, he threw 
 oft all disguise, and prepared to die with 
 that courage on the scaffold with which he 
 had so often dared death on tho field. 
 Taking up the axe with which he was about 
 to be beheaded, he felt the edge of it and 
 said, "Tis a sharp, but it is also a sure 
 remedy for all ills.' He then calmly laid 
 his head upon the block, and was dead at 
 the first stroke of the axe. Few men had 
 been more unpopular a few years earlier 
 than sir Walter ILilcigli ; but tho couragu 
 he displayed, tho long imprisonment he 
 had suffered, and his execution on a sen- 
 tence pronounced so long before, merely 
 to give satisfaction to Spain, rendered this 
 execution one of the most unpopular acts 
 ever performed by the king. 
 
 It win l)e remembered that we spoke of 
 the marriage of the princess Elizabeth to 
 the elector palatine as an event which In 
 tho end proved mischievous both to Eng- 
 land and to the king. 
 
 A.D. 1019.— The states of Bohemia being 
 in arms to maintain their revolt from the 
 liated authority of the catholic house of 
 Austria, the mighty preparations made by 
 Ferdinand II. and the extensive alliances 
 ho had succeeded in forming to the same 
 end made the states v<>ry anxious to obtain 
 a countcrbalanvaisr aid to their cause. 
 Frederick, elector pala line, being son-in-law 
 to tiio king of England and nephew to 
 prl! c Maurice, who at this time was pos- 
 sessed of almost unlimited power over the 
 United Provinces, the states of Bohemia 
 considered that were he elected to their 
 crown which they deemed elective— their 
 safety would be insured by his potent con- 
 ■ections. They, therefore, offered to make 
 Frederick their sovereign ; and he, looking 
 only at the honour. Accepted the offer 
 
 without ronEulting either his hncle or 
 father-in-law, probably because he wc'l 
 knew that they would dissuade him from 
 an honour so costly and onerous as thit 
 was certain to prove. Having accepted 
 tho sovereignty of Bohemia, Frederick im- 
 mediately marched all the troops he could 
 command to the defence of his new sub< 
 jects. On the news of this event arriving 
 in England tho people of all ranks were 
 strongly excited. As we have elsewhere 
 said, the people of England are essentially 
 affectionate towards their sovereigns ; ana 
 Frederick, merely as the son-in-law of the 
 king, would have had their warmest wishes. 
 But they were still further interested on 
 his behalf, because he was a protestant 
 prince opposing the ambition and the per- 
 secution of the detested Spaniard and Aus- 
 trian, and there was a general cry for au 
 English army to be sent forthwith to Bo- 
 hemio. Almost the only man in the. king- 
 dom who was clear-sighted and unmoved 
 nmid all this passionate feeling was James. 
 He was far too deeply impressed with the 
 opinion that it was dangerous for a king's 
 prerogative and for his subjects' passive 
 obedience, to look with a favourable eye 
 npon revolted states conferring a crown 
 even upon his own son-in-law. He would 
 not acknowledge Frederick as king of Bo- 
 hemia, and forbade his being prayed for In 
 our churches under that title. 
 
 A.D. 1020.— However wise the reasonings 
 of .Tnmcs, It would, in the end, have been 
 prolltableto him to have sent an English 
 army, even upon a vast scale, to the assist- 
 ance of Frederick in tho first instance. 
 Ferdinand, with the duke of Bavaria and 
 the count of Bucquoy, and Spinola with 
 thirty thousand veteran troops from the 
 Low Countries, not only defeated Frede- 
 rick at the great battle of Prague, and sent 
 him and his family fugitives Into Holland, 
 but also took possession of the palatinate. 
 This latter disaster might surely have been 
 prevented, had James at the very outset so 
 far departed from his pacific polity as to 
 send a considerable army to occupy th6 
 palatinate, in doing which he would by no 
 means have stepped beyond the most 
 strictly legitimate support oi! the legitimate 
 right of his son-in-law. 
 
 Now that Frederick was expelled even 
 from his palatinate, James still depended 
 upon his tact in negotiations to spare him 
 the necessity for an actual recourse to arms; 
 but he at the same time, with the turn for 
 dissimulation which was natural to him, 
 determined to use the warlike enthusiasm 
 of his subjects as a means of obtaining 
 money, of which, as usual, he was pain- 
 fully in want. Urging the necessity of in- 
 stant recourse to that forcible interference, 
 which, in truth, he intended never to make, 
 he tried to gain a benevolence ; but even 
 the present concern for the palatine would 
 not blind the people to the arbitrary iia- 
 tui-e of that way of levying heavy taxes 
 upon them, and James was reluctantly ob- 
 liged to call a parliament. 
 
 A.D. 1621.— The unwise inclination of the 
 people to plunge into war on behalf of the 
 palatine was so far serviceable to James, 
 
 "TT^Wi^^^gP^^Ty > i«»^ 1 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 Kind-hei 
 quent, and 
 dcei>-thou( 
 Bt. Albani 
 greedy aln 
 the misei*! 
 with the n 
 cmolumen 
 appointme 
 more eloq 
 moderatloi 
 be justly 
 sense in re 
 so vast ai 
 practice sc 
 preaching, 
 bribes in 
 Qume sui 
 though he 
 Wd even g 
 

 I 
 
 CPiioTanlr.— I^autfe of i^tuatU—Sititnsi S. 
 
 373 
 
 that it caused this parliament to meet iilm 
 with more than usuaily dutiful and liberal 
 dlgpositions. Some few members, indeed, 
 were inclined to make complaint and the re- 
 dress of certain gross grievances their flrst 
 subject of attention. But the general feel- 
 ing was against them, and Itwaswith some- 
 thing like acclamation that the parliament 
 proceeded at once to voto the king two 
 Bubsidies. 
 
 This done, they proceeded to enquire into 
 some enormous abuses of the essentially 
 pernicious practice of granting patent mo- 
 nopolies of particular branches of trade. 
 It was proved that sir Giles Mompesson 
 •nd sir Francis Michel had outrageously 
 abused their patent for licensing inns and 
 ale-houses ; the former was severely pu- 
 nished, and the latter only cscnpcd the 
 same by breaking from prison and going 
 abroad. 
 
 Still more atrocious was the conduct of 
 sir Edward Villiers, brother of the favour- 
 ite, Buckingham. Sir Edward had a pa- 
 tent, in conjunction with Mompesson and 
 Michel, for the sole making of gold and silver 
 lace. Tills patent had not only been abused 
 to the great oppression of the persons en- 
 gaged In that, then, very extensive trade, 
 but also to the downright robbery of all 
 who used the articles, in which the paten- 
 tees sold a vast deal more of copper than 
 of gold or silver. Villiers, instead of being 
 dealt with as severely as lila accomplices, 
 was sent abroad on a mission, intrusted 
 with the care of the national interests and 
 honour, as a means of screening him from 
 the punishment duo to his shameless ex- 
 tortion and robbery at home. Hume, some- 
 what too tenderly, suggests that the guilt 
 of Villiers was less enormous or less ap- 
 parent than that of his accomplices. But 
 the true cause of bis impunity was the 
 power of his insolent and upstart brother. 
 
 The king having expressed himself to bo 
 well pleased that the parliament had en- 
 abled him to discover and punlsli this 
 enormous system of cruelty and fraud, the 
 commons now ventured to carry their en- 
 quiries into the practices of a higher 
 offender. That ofleudcr, was the illustri- 
 ous Bacon ; 
 
 Tho wiactt, greatoit, meanest of mankind. 
 
 Kind-hearted, learned, wise, witty, elo- 
 quent, and beyond all his contemporaries 
 dcep-thoughtedand sagacious, the viscount 
 fit. Albans, chancellor of England, was 
 greedy almost to Insanity ; greedy not with 
 the mtsei's wretched love of hoarding, but 
 with the reckless desire of lavisl.fvig. His 
 emoluments were vast, his honoars and 
 appointments many, and no one could bo 
 more eloquent in behalf of justice and 
 moderation than this great man, who may 
 be justly styled the apostle of common- 
 eense In reasoning. Yet his profusion was 
 BO vast and so utterly reckless, and his 
 practice so little in accordance with his 
 preaching, that he took the most enormous 
 bribes In his office of judge in equity. 
 9ume suggests the odd apology that 
 though he took bribes he still did justice, 
 and even gave hostile judgements where he 
 
 had been paid for giving favourable ones I 
 To us i( appears that this, if true, was 
 merely adding the offence of robbing indi- 
 viduals to that of abusing his office. He 
 was very justly sentenced to imprisonment 
 during the royal pleasure, or fine of ten 
 thousand pounds, and Incapacity for again 
 holding any office. Tho line was remitted, 
 and he was soon released from Imprison- 
 ment and allowed a pension for his sup- 
 port ; a lenity of which we think he was un- 
 deserving in precise proportion to the 
 vastness of his abilltv which ought to Lavo 
 taught him to keep his conscience clear. 
 
 Many disputes now occurred from time 
 to time between the king and his parlia- 
 ment; and at length the king dissolved 
 tlicm ; imprisoned Coke, Philips, Selden, 
 and Pym ; and. In his whimsical way of 
 punishing refractory people, sent sir Dud- 
 ley PIgges, sir Thomas Crew, sir Nathaniel 
 Rick, and sir James Ferrot on a commis- 
 sion to Ireland, a country to which a scho- 
 lar and a flne gentleman of that time would 
 about as readily go as a club-lounger of our 
 day would to Siberia, or tho salt mines of 
 Poland. 
 
 We do not deem it necessary to dwell at 
 all minutely upon this parliamentary oppo- 
 sition to the king, because it is less impor- 
 tant lu itself than in Its consequences, 
 which wc shall have to dcvelope in the suc- 
 ceeding reign. The seed of the civil war 
 was now being sowed. Tho commons were 
 daily gaining power and tho consciousness 
 of power ; but without the large and gene- 
 rous as well as wise spirit which knows 
 how to reform gradually. 
 
 Even the king himself, with all his high 
 opinion of prerogative and his only too 
 great readiness to exert it, perceived that 
 the day was past for governing with the 
 high hand alone. A curious instance of 
 this occurs in his buying off of sir ^'ohn 
 Saville, from the gathering opposition. 
 While others were sent to prison, or, which 
 was but little better, to Ireland, sir John, 
 whose opposition had been eager and spi- 
 rited, made his talent so much feared, that 
 tho king made him comptroller of the 
 household, a privy councillor, and a baron. 
 
 \.D. 1622.— Whatever intention Jamea 
 might have professed of going to war on 
 behalf of his son-in-law, his real intention 
 was to obtain the friendship of Spain, and 
 thus secure the accomplishment of his own 
 and the nation's wishes by marrying his 
 Bon, prince Charles, to the Spaniard's sister. 
 Upon this marriage, besides his regard- 
 ing it as a mastei-stroke of polity, ho was 
 passionately bent as a matter of personal 
 feeling ; as he deemed no one below a prin- 
 cess of Spain or France a fitting match for 
 bis son. 
 
 The war between the emperor and the 
 palatine was still vigorously kept up, the 
 latter prince, In spite of all his misfortunes, 
 making the most heroic exertions. The 
 details of this war will be found in their 
 proper place. Here it suffices to say, that 
 though James greatly aided his gallant son- 
 in-law with money, he did him almost equal 
 injury by his negotiations, which everyone 
 saw through, and, of course treated with 
 
 
 iSm 
 
374 
 
 €tt Zvttamu of Witaxii, ^c. 
 
 dltrespect proportioned to their knowledge 
 that they originated In the most Intense 
 political prudence, carried to the very verge 
 of actual cowardice. This excessive caution 
 of the king, and his equally excessive ad- 
 diction to perpetual negotiation perpetually 
 ending in nothing, was made the subject of 
 much merriment on the continent. At 
 BruBsoIi a farce was acted, In the course of 
 which a messenger was made to announce 
 the sad news that the palatinate was at 
 length on the eve of being wrested from 
 the house of Austria. Nothing, the nics- 
 eenger said, could resist the aid which 
 Frederick was now about to receive ; the 
 king of Denmark having agreed to sciffl 
 lilm a hundred thousand pickled herrings, 
 the Dutch a hundred thousand butter- 
 boxes, and the king of E: ~'aud— a hundred 
 thousand dispatches I 
 
 But though James was in reality some- 
 what rldlcmouBly profuse In his eflorts to 
 'negotiate' the duke of Uavarla into re- 
 Btorlng the palatinate, he really was resting 
 Ills main hope upon the Spanish match. 
 
 Dlgby, afterwards earl of Bristol, was 
 Bent to Madrid to endeavour to hasten the 
 negotiation which, with more or less ear- 
 nestness, had now been carried on for five 
 years. The princess being a catholic, a dis- 
 pensation from the pope was necessary for 
 the marriage ; and as various motives of 
 policy made Spain anxious to avoid a total 
 and Instant breach with James, this cir- 
 cumstance was dexterously turned to ad- 
 vantage. Spain undertook to procure the 
 dispensation, and thus possessed the power 
 of retarding the marriage IndeHnltcIy or of 
 concluding It at any moment, should cir- 
 cumstances render that course advisable. 
 Buspoctlng at least a part of the deception 
 that was practised upon him, James, while 
 lie sent Dlgby publicly to Spain, secretly 
 Bent Sage to Uome to watch and report the 
 etato of affairs and feeling there. Learning 
 from that agent that the chief difficulty, as 
 tar as Rome was concerned, was the differ- 
 ence of religion, he Immediately discharged 
 all popish recusants who were in custody. 
 By this measure he hoped to propitiate 
 Bome ; to his own subjects he stated his 
 reason for resorting to it to be— his desire 
 to urge it as an argument in support of the 
 applications he was continually making to 
 foreign princes for a more indulgent treat- 
 ment of their protestant subjects. 
 
 Dlgby, now earl of Bristol, was incessant 
 in hU exertions, and seems to have been 
 mlnntely informed of the real intentions 
 and feelings of Spain ; and the result of his 
 anxious and well-directed enquiries was his 
 Informing James that there was no doubt 
 that the princess would shortly bestow her 
 band upon his son, and that her portion 
 would be the then enormous sura of eight 
 hundred thousand pounds sterling. Pleased 
 as James was with the news as regarded the 
 anticipated marriage, he was enraptured 
 when he considered it in conjunction with 
 the restoration of the palatinate, which 
 undoubtedly would instantly follow. No- 
 thing now remained but to procure the 
 dispensation from Rome; and that sup- 
 posing, as seems to have been the case, that 
 
 Spain was sincere, was not likely to be long 
 delayed when earnestly solicited by Spain— 
 when all James's hopes were shipwrecked 
 and his flnoly drawn webs of polity scat- 
 tered to the winds by Buckingham. Did 
 a prince ever fail to rue the folly of making 
 an upstart too great for even his master's 
 control I 
 
 A.D. 1623.— It would have been compara- 
 tlvcly a small mischief had the king made 
 Buckingham merely an opulent duke. If be 
 had not also made him, practically, his chief 
 minister. Accomplished, showy, and plan* 
 slble, he was, however, totally destitute of 
 the solid talents necessary to the statesman, 
 and was of so vindictive as well as Impetu* 
 ous a nature, that he would willingly have 
 plunged the nation into the most destruo* 
 tlve war for the sako of avenging a personal 
 Injury or ruining a personal cncniy. Im- 
 portunate and tyrannical even with the king 
 himself, he was absolute, arrogant, and in- 
 sulting to all others ; and he hod oven in- 
 sulted the prince of Wales. But as the 
 king grew old, and evidently was fast sink- 
 ing, Buckingham became anxious to repair 
 Ills past error, and to councct himself in 
 such wise with Charles, wliilo gtlll only 
 prince of Wales, as to continue to be the 
 chief minion of court when the prince 
 should have expanded into the king. 
 
 Perceiving that the prince of Wales waa 
 greatly annoyed by the long and seemingly 
 interminable delays that had taken place 
 in bringing about the Spanish match, 
 Buckingham resolved to make that circum- 
 stance serviceable to his views. Accord- 
 ingly, though the prince had recently shown 
 a decided coolness towards the overgrown 
 favourite, Buckingham approached his royal 
 highness, and In his most insinuating man- 
 ner—and no one could bo more Insinuating 
 or Buppio than Buckingham when he had 
 an object in view— professed a great desire 
 to bo serviceable. lie descanted long and 
 well upon the unhappy lot of princes in 
 general in the important article of marriage, 
 in which both husband and wife were usu- 
 ally the victims of mere state policy, and 
 strangers even to each other's persons until 
 they met at the altar. From these unde« 
 nlablo premises he passed to the conclusion, 
 so well calculated to Inflame a young and 
 enthusiastic man, that for the sake both of 
 making the acquaintance of his future wife, 
 and of hastening the settlement of theaffalr 
 by interesting her feelings In behalf alike 
 of his gallantry and of his personal accom- 
 plishments, Charles would act wisely by 
 going incognito to the Siuuiish court. A 
 step so unusual and so trusting could not 
 fail to flatter the Spanish pride of Philip 
 and his court, while, as seeming to proceed 
 from his passionate eagerness to see her, 
 the infanta herself must inevitably be de- 
 lighted. 
 
 Charles, afterwards so grave and so me- 
 lancholy, was then young, ingenuous, and 
 romantic. He fell at once into Bucking- 
 ham's views, and, taking advantage of an 
 hour of unusual good humour, they so 
 earnestly Importuned the king that he 
 gave his consent to the scheme. Subse- 
 quently ho changed his mind; cool re- 
 
 I 
 
<iPiisTnntr.— I^atitfe of i^tunvt—S^tLmti S. 
 
 375 
 
 flection enabled him to see boiiio good 
 reaaonB against the proposed expedition, 
 and hl8 natural timidity and euBplclou no 
 doubt suggested still more thsm had any 
 such solid foundation. But he was again 
 Importuned by the princo with earnestness, 
 and by the duke with that tyrannous Inso- 
 lence which he well knew when to use and 
 when to abstain from ; and again the king 
 consented. 
 
 Endymlon Porter, gentleman of the 
 prince's chamber, and sir Francis Cottlng- 
 ton were to be the only attendants of the 
 prince and duke, except their mere grooms 
 and valets. To sir Francis Oottlngton the 
 king communicated the scheme. In the 
 duke's presence, and asked his opinion of 
 It. The scene that followed Is so graphi- 
 cally characteristic of the terms upon which 
 the duke lived with his benefactor and sove- 
 reign, that we transcribe It In full from the 
 pages of Hume. 
 
 'James told Oottlngton that he had al- 
 ways been an honest man, and, tliercfore, 
 he was now about to trust litni with an 
 affair of the highest Importance, which he 
 was not, upon his life, to disclose to any 
 man whatever. "Oottlngton," added he, 
 " here is baby Charles, dog Steenie (these 
 ridiculous appellations ho usually gave to 
 the prince nud Buckingham), who have a 
 great mind to go post into Spain and fetch 
 home the infanta. They will have but two 
 more In their company, and they have 
 chosen you for one. What think you of the 
 Journey ? " Sir Francis, who was a prudent 
 man, and bad resided some years In Spain 
 as the king's agent, was struck with all the 
 obvious objections to such an enteri^rlse, 
 and scrupled not to declare tlicm. The 
 king threw himself upon his bed and cried 
 " I told you all this before," and fell into a 
 new passion and new lamentations, com- 
 plaining that he was undone and should 
 lose baby Charles. 
 
 'The prince showed by his countenance 
 that he was extremely dissatisfied with 
 Cottington'a discourse, but Buckingham 
 broke into an open passion against him. 
 The king, he told him, had asked him only 
 of the Journey, and of the manner of tra- 
 velling, particulars of which he might be a 
 competent Judge, having gone the road so 
 often by post ; but that he, without being 
 called to It, bad the presumption to give his 
 Advice upon matters of state and, 'against 
 the prince, which he should repent as long 
 as ho lived.' 
 
 'A thousand other reproaches he added 
 which put the poor king Into a new agony 
 on behalf of a servant who, he foresaw, 
 would suffer for answering him honestly. 
 Upon which he said, with some emotion, 
 "Nay, by God, Steenie, you are much to 
 blame for using him so. He answered me 
 directly to the question which I asked him, 
 and very honestly and wisely ; and yet you 
 know he said no more than I told you be- 
 fore he waa called in." However, after all 
 this passion on both sides, James renewed 
 his consent, and proper directions were 
 given for the journey. Nor was he at any 
 loss to discover that the whole intrigue was 
 vriginally contrived by Buckingham, as 
 
 well as pursued violently by his spirit and 
 impetuosity.' 
 
 The prince and Buckingham, with their 
 attendants, passed through France ; and so 
 well were they disguised that they oven 
 ventured to look In at a court ball at Paris, 
 where the prince saw the princes* Hen- 
 rietta, his afterwards unfortunate and he- 
 roically attached queen. 
 
 In eleven days they arrived At Madrid, 
 where they threw off their disguises and 
 were recolved with the utmost cordiality, 
 The highest honours were paid to Oharlea 
 The king paid him a visit of welcome, cor- 
 dially thanked nlm for a step which, un- 
 usual OS It was among princes, only the 
 more forcibly proved the confidence he had 
 in Spanish honour, gave him a gold passport 
 key that he might visit at all hours, and 
 ordered the council to obey him even as the 
 kin? himself. An Incident which In Eng- 
 land would be trivial, but which In Spain, 
 so haughty and so pertinacious of etiquette, 
 was of the utmost Importance, will at once 
 sliuw the temper In wlilch tho Spaniards 
 responded to the youthful and gallant 
 confidence of Charles. Ollvarez, a grandee 
 of Spain— a haughtier race far than any 
 king, out of Spain —though he had the 
 right to remain covered in the presence 
 of his own sovereign, invariably took 
 off his hat in presence of the prince of 
 Wales ! 
 
 Thus far, in point of fact, whatever ob- 
 vious objections there might be to Buck- 
 ingham's scheme, it had been really suc- 
 cessful ; the pride and the fine spirit of 
 honour of the Spaniard had been touched 
 precisely as ho anticipated. But if he had 
 done good by accident, he was speedily to 
 undo it by his selfish wilfulness. 
 
 Instead of taking any advantage of the 
 generous confidence of the prince, the 
 Spaniards gave way upon some points which 
 otherwise they most probably would have 
 Insisted upon. The pope, indeed, took 
 some advantage of the prince's position, by 
 adding some more stringent religious con- 
 ditions to the dispensation; but, on tho 
 whole, the visit of the prince had done 
 good, and the dispensation was actually 
 granted and prepared for delivery when 
 Gregory XV. died. Urban VIII., who suc- 
 ceeded him, anxlGua once more to see a 
 catholic king in England, and judging from 
 Charles's romantic expedition that love 
 and Impatience wouli', probably work his 
 conversion, found some pretexts for delay- 
 ing the delivery of tho dispensation, and the 
 natural Impatience of Charles waa goaded 
 into downright anger by the artful insi- 
 nuations of Buckingham, who affected to 
 feel certain that Spain had been insincere 
 from the very first. Charles at length grew 
 so dissatisfied tliat he asked permission to 
 return home, and asked it in such evident 
 ill-humour, that Philip at once granted it 
 without even the affectation of a desire for 
 any prolongation of the visit. But the 
 princes parted with all external friendship, 
 and Philip had a monument erected on tha 
 spot at which they bade each other adieu. 
 
 That the craft of Urban would speedily 
 have giveaway before the united Influences 
 
376 
 
 (S^e ^ttaiwu of f^Mtorv, ^c. 
 
 of James iind I'liillp there can bo no doubt., 
 and as llttio can tliero bo ot the h)yal sin- 
 cerity of tlie Spaniard. Why then should 
 Buckingham, It may be aalced, overset, when 
 so near its completion, tho project lie had 
 ■o greatly exerted himself to advance ? Wo 
 have seen that his object In sugxesttng tho 
 Journey to tho prince was one of purely buI- 
 flsh i)ollcy. IIo then was solflsh with re- 
 spect to future beucflt to himself. Ilia 
 sowing discord between Charles and tliu 
 Spaniard was equally a selflsh procedure. 
 His dissolute and airy manners disgusted 
 that grave court ; and his propensity to de- 
 bauchery disgnsted that sober people. IIo 
 Insulted tho pride of their proud nobility in 
 tho person of Ollvarez, the almost omnipo- 
 tent prime mluistor of Spain ; and when by 
 all these means he had worn out his wel- 
 come in Spain, and perceived that even re- 
 spect to tho prince could not induce tho 
 Spaniards to endure himself, he resolved to 
 break oil the amity between the prince and 
 Pliillp, and succeeded as wo have sesn. 
 When Buckingham was taking leave of 
 Spain ho had the wanton insolence to say 
 to tho proud Ollvarez, 'With regard to you, 
 sir. In piirtlcular, you must not consider me 
 as your friend, but must over expect from 
 mo all possible enmity and opposition.' 
 To this insolent speech, tho grandee, with 
 calm greatness, merely replied that he very 
 willingly accepted of tho offer of enmity so 
 obligingly made. 
 
 On their return to England both Charges 
 and Buckingham used all their tnfiuence 
 with the king to get him to break off all 
 farther negotiation of the Spanish match ; 
 diaries being actuated by a real though er- 
 roneous bcliof of the insincerity of tlie Spa- 
 niard, and Buckingham, by a consciousness 
 that he could expect nothlngbut ruin should 
 the infanta, iif ter being stung by so much 
 insult shown to herself and her country, 
 become queen of England. In want of 
 money, and looking upon tho Spanish 
 match as a sure means by which to get the 
 palatinate restored without going to war, 
 James was noteasilypersuaded to give up all 
 thought of an alliance he had had so much 
 at licart and had brought so near to a con- 
 clusion. But the InHuence of Buckingham 
 was omnipotent in parliament, and his In- 
 solence Irresistible by the king ; the Spanish 
 match was dropped, enmity to the house of 
 Austria was henceforth to be the principle 
 of English polity, and a war was to be re- 
 sorted to for tho restoration of the palati- 
 nate. It was in vain that the Spanish 
 ambassador endeavoured to open James's 
 eyes. Tho deluded monarch was utterly in 
 the hands of tho haughty duke, and more- 
 over, from growing physical (lel>iilty, was 
 daily growing less flt to endure scenes of 
 violent disputation. 
 
 Tho earl of Bristol, who throughout this 
 strange and protracted affair had acted the 
 part of both an honest and an able minis- 
 ter, would most probably have made such 
 representations In parliament as would have 
 overcome even Buckingham ; but he had 
 scarcely landed in England cre,by the favou- 
 rite's influence, he was arrested and carried 
 to tho Tower. Tho king waa satlsQcd ia 
 
 his heart that the minister was an honest 
 and an injured man ; but though he speedily 
 released him from the Tower, Buckingham 
 only suffered him thus farto undo hisinvoI> 
 untary injustice on condition that Bristol 
 should retire to tlie country and abstain 
 from all attendance on parliament I 
 
 From Spain the prince turned to France 
 in search of a bride. He liad been much 
 struck by tho loveliness of the princess 
 Henrietta, and ho now demanded her hand ; 
 negotiations were accordingly immediately 
 entered into on the same terms iirevlously 
 granted to Spain, though the princess could 
 i)ring no dowry like that of the infanta. 
 
 James, in tho meantime, found himself, 
 while fast sluicing into the grave, plunged 
 into that warlike course which during Ills 
 whole lifo ho had so sedulously, and at so 
 many sacrltlccs of dignity and even of 
 pretty certain advantage, avoided. 
 
 The palatinate, lying In the very midst of 
 Germany, possessed by tho emperor and 
 the duko of BavnrIa, and only to bo ap- 
 proached by an English army through other 
 powerful enemies, was obviously to be re- 
 taken by force only at great risks and sa- 
 crinces. But the counsels of Buckingham 
 urged James onward. Count do Mansfeldt 
 and his array wore subsidized, and an Eng- 
 lish army ot two hundred horse and twelve 
 thousand foot was raised by impressment. 
 A free passage was promised by France, 
 but when the army arrived at Calais it was 
 discovered that no formal orders hod been 
 received for its admission, and after vainly 
 waiting for such orders until they actually 
 began to want provision, the conimandera 
 of the expedition steered for Zealand. Here, 
 again, no proper arrangements had been 
 made for tho disembarkation, a sort of 
 plague broke out among tho men from short 
 allowances and long conflnement in thn 
 close vessels, nearly one half of the troops 
 died, and Mansfeldt very rightly doomed 
 the remainder too small a force for so 
 mighty an attempt as that of the reconquest 
 of the palatinate. 
 
 A.D. 1635. — Long Inflrm, the king had 
 been so much harassed of late by tho mere 
 necessity of looking war in tho face, that 
 this awful loss of life and tho utter failure 
 of the hopes he had been persuaded to rest 
 upon the expedition, threw him into a 
 tertian ague. From the first attack ho felt 
 that his days were numbered ; for when told, 
 in the old English adage, that 
 An ague in (prlnK 
 Ii health to a king, 
 he replied, with something of his old quaint 
 ncss— ' Hoot mon 1 Ye forget it means a 
 young king.' 
 
 He was rigiit. Every succcssivo flt left 
 hlin still weaker, till he sank into tho arms 
 of death, on March 27, 1635, in the fifty- 
 ninth year of his age, the fifty-eighth of lila 
 reign over Scotland, and the twenty-third 
 of his reign over England. 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 
 71u Reign of CuABLKB I. 
 
 A.D. 1625. — The singular submissivencsa 
 
 witU which Jawc^ bad been. obeyed, oven 
 
 I 
 
 (' 
 
 4 
 
<!Pns1iinir.— |^ou)(( of 4^tuart.— CtinrUii i. 
 
 377 
 
 ■ 
 
 fl 
 
 when Ilia principles and practice wcro most 
 arbitrary, was well calculated lo mleleod 
 his son /ad successor Clmrlcs I. Into a very 
 fatal nr itako as to the real temper and In- 
 clination of the people. Authority had not 
 as iv ceased to bo obeyed, but It had fur 
 sqr.e time ceased to bo rcspocted. Kvcn as 
 O'.rly as the reign of Elizabeth, a sturdy and 
 ',)ltter spirit of puritnnism had bcKun to 
 possess considerable Influence both In par- 
 liament and among the people at large, and 
 that spirit had vastly increased during tlic 
 long reign of James I., whoso familiar man- 
 ners and undignlflcd character wcro so III 
 calculated to support his claim to an almost 
 eastern submission on the part of subjecta 
 towards their anointed sovereign. 
 
 But the real temper of the people was, 
 as It seems to us, totally misunderstood 
 both by Charles I. and bis coinisellors. 
 Charles had Imbibed very much of his 
 father's extravagant notion of the extent 
 of the royal vrcrogatlvo ; and while the bit- 
 ter puritans >'cre ready to carry out their 
 fanatical feellt. c^s to the extent of crushing 
 alike the tliron 1 and the chnrch, the king 
 commenced his '^elgn by the exaction of a 
 hcnevoknce, an a'bltrary mode of raising 
 money which had been denounced long be- 
 fore. The pecuniiry situation of the king 
 was, in fact, such iis ought to have excited 
 the sympathy and liberality of his subjects, 
 and even the unconstitutional andarbitrary 
 conduct of the king in Issuing privy seals 
 for a benevolence must not blind us to the 
 eanm of that conduct. In the reign of 
 James, as we have seen, the cause of the 
 prince palatine was unreasonably popular, 
 and England had entered into a treaty to 
 keep up the war on behalf of that prince. 
 Bound by that treaty, Charles appealed to 
 his parliament, which gave him only two 
 Bubsldlcs, though well awaro that ^xm. 
 would be quite unequal to the military de- 
 monstrations which both the cause of his 
 brother-in-law and the credit of the Eng- 
 lish nation required at his hands. 
 
 An inefflclent expedition to Cadiz plainly 
 showed that, even with the aid of the forced 
 benevolence, the king was very insufflciently 
 supplied with money, and a new parllanienc 
 was called. Warned by tho expcrlercc 
 ho now had, the king exerted himself to 
 exclude the more obstinate and able of the 
 opposition members from the new parlia- 
 ment. Something like what in later times 
 has been called the manag<ntient of parlia- 
 ment had already been tried in the reign of 
 James. But the chief step now taken was 
 arbitrarily to name the popular members of 
 the late parliament sheriffs of counties, by 
 which means they were effectually excluded 
 from sitting in the new parliament. But 
 the puritanical spirit was too widely spread, 
 and, while the expedient of tho kingaggra- 
 Tated the excluded and their friends, the 
 members who were returned proved to be 
 quite as obstinate and unreasonable as their 
 predecessors. The king and his friends 
 and advisers fairly stated to parliament the 
 great and urgent necessities of the crown ; 
 but in the face of tho fact that those ne- 
 cessities were in a great measure created 
 by the former enthusiasm of parllompnt 
 
 and tho people in favour of the palatine, 
 the new parliament would only grant three 
 subsidies, or something more than a hun- 
 dred and flfiy thousand pounds, a sum 
 really paltry as compared to tho king's 
 need. It cannot bo too emphatlcaliy im- 
 pressed upon the reader that here, at tho 
 very outset of the king's reign, the founda- 
 tion of all its subsequent troubles was laid. 
 Measures over which tlie king had had no 
 control madeavlgorousand offensive course 
 of action imperative upon him; but tho 
 parliament, while looking to him for that 
 course, doled out the sinews of war with 
 a paltry and huckstering spirit, that left 
 the king no choice save tliat between dis- 
 grace abroad or arbitrary conduct at home. 
 Charles, unfortunately, looked rather at tho 
 abstract nature and privileges of his royalty 
 than at tho power and fierceness of real 
 pojmlar feeling wlilcli he had to combat or 
 to elude. He openly authorised commis- 
 sioners to sell to tho catholics a dispensa- 
 tion from all the penal laws especially en 
 acted against them ; he borrowed largf 
 sums of money from the nobility, many of 
 whom lent them with groat reluctance ; and 
 ho levied npon London, and upon other 
 large towns, considerable sums, under the 
 name of ship-money, for tho equipment and 
 support of a fleet. Wholly to justify tills 
 conduct of the king is no part of our busi- 
 ness or desire ; but no little blame is dud 
 to tho niggardly and unpatriotic conduct 
 of the parliament; an unjust extortion was 
 the natural and Inevitable result of a no 
 loss unjust and unprincipled parsimony. 
 
 War being declared against France, tho 
 haughty Buckingham, who was as high in 
 favour with thcdignincd and reflned Charles 
 as he had been with the plain and coarse 
 James, was Intrusted with an expedition 
 for the relief of IlochcUc, which at that 
 time was garrisoned by tho oppressed Pro- 
 testants and besieged by a formidable army 
 of the opposite persuasion. Buckingham's 
 talents were by no means equal to his power 
 and ambition. lie took not even tho sim- 
 plest precautions for secur'ng the concert 
 of the garrison that ho was sent to relieve, 
 and on his arrival before Ilochelle ho was 
 refused admittance, the besieged very natu- 
 rally suspecting tho sincerity of a com- 
 mander who had sent no notice of his in- 
 tcnt*on to aid them. This blunder was im- 
 mediately followed up by anotlier no less 
 glaring and capital. Denied admittance to 
 Ilochelle, ho disregarded tho island of Ole- 
 ron, wliich was too weak to have resisted 
 him and abundantly well provided to have 
 subsisted his force, and sailed for the islo 
 of Rh6, which was strongly fortified and 
 held .by a powerful and well-provisioned 
 garrison. Me sat down before the castle 
 of St. Martin's with the avowed Intention 
 of starving tho garrison Into submission ; 
 but abundant provisions were thrown Into 
 the fortress by sea, and the French effected 
 a landing in a distant part of the island. 
 All that mere courage could do was now 
 done by Buckingham, who, however, lost 
 nearly two-thirds of his army, and wai 
 obliged to make a hurried retreat with tho 
 rumaiudcr. Hio friends, quite truly, claimed 
 
 V 
 
 m 
 
 
 I? 
 
 I 7, 
 
 t% 
 
 n 
 
 i^ 
 
 *^j 
 
 <»*. 
 
o78 
 
 QTlie EttAiwu at W^tavti, Sft* 
 
 for blm the praise ot personal courage, he 
 having been the very last man to get on 
 shipboard. But mere courage Is but a small 
 part of the quality of a great general : pro- 
 bably there was not a private sentry In his 
 whole force who was not personally as brave 
 as Buckingham himself; certainly there 
 could have been but few private soldiers 
 who would not have failed less disastrously 
 and disgracefully In the main objects of 
 the expedition. 
 
 The failure of this expedition could not 
 but Increase the mischievous jealousy be- 
 tween the king and parliament. Tlie latter, 
 without considering the dilemma In which 
 their own illiberal conduct had placed the 
 king, loudly exclaimed against those, cer- 
 tainly, very arbitrary measures to which 
 they themselves bad compelled him. Duties 
 called tonnage and poundage had been 
 levied, and for refusal to pay them, many 
 merchants had had their property seized by 
 the officers of the customs. The parliament 
 now called those officers to account, alleg- 
 ing that tonnage and poundage had been 
 Illegally demanded, and the slierlfl of Lon- 
 don was actually sent to the Tower for h.av- 
 Ing officially supported the king's officors. 
 To these circumstances of ill-feeling the 
 more zealous puritans added religious griev- 
 ances ; and every day produced some new 
 proof that a very largo proportion of the 
 nation was infected with a feeling of Into- 
 lerance and bigotry that could not but prove 
 ruinous to both church and state. 
 
 A.D. 1629.— Alarmed at the zeal and ob- 
 stinacy with which the popular members 
 seemed determined to prosecute the ton- 
 nage and poundage question, the king de- 
 termined at least to postpone the discus- 
 sion ; and when the question was brought 
 forward, sir John Finch, the speaker, rose 
 and informed the house that the king hud 
 given him a command to adjourn It. 
 This intelligence, instead of alarming the 
 popular members, Infuriated them. 8Ir 
 John Finch was forcibly held in the speak- 
 er's chair which he was in the act of 
 vacating, by two members named Valen- 
 tine and HoUls, and thus compelled to 
 sanction by his presence a short resolution 
 which condemned tonnage and poundage 
 as being contrary to law, and all persons 
 concerned in collecting those duties as 
 guilty of high crimes, and denounced Armi- 
 iilans and papists as capital enemies to the 
 state. 
 
 This scene of violence and passion on the 
 part of the commons was followed by the 
 king's committal to prison of sir Miles Ho- 
 bart,Bir Peter Hayman, the learned Selden, 
 with Oorlton, Strode, and Long, on charges 
 of sedition. At this period Charles seems 
 to have acted rather upon passionate and 
 perplexed impulse than upon any settled 
 and defined principle, even of a despotic 
 character. He had scarcely sent these 
 members to prison upon blsown authority, 
 when he set them free again without fur- 
 ther punishment. To other members he 
 was just as Inconsistently severe. Hollls, 
 Valentine, and sir John Elliot were sum- 
 moned before the court of king's bench to 
 answer for their A'lolcnt conduct in the 
 
 house ot commons. They pleaded, and it 
 should seem quite reasonably, too, that the 
 house of commons being a superior court 
 to the king's bench, the latter could not 
 take cognizance of an alleged offence com- 
 mitted In the former. The judges, how- 
 ever, treated this plea with contempt ; the 
 three persons above named were found 
 guilty In default of appearance and con- 
 demned to be Imprisoned during the king's 
 pleasure, to pay fines of from five hundred 
 to a tliousandpounds each, and to give secu- 
 rity for their future conduct. The arbitrary 
 severity of this sentence had a doubly lU 
 effect ; It exalted In the public mind men 
 whose own ra.sli anger would otherwise 
 have been their most efficient opponent, 
 and it added to the unpopularity of the 
 king just at the precise moment when no- 
 thing but a cordial and friendly expression 
 of public opinion was at all likely to have 
 been effectually serviceable to him in his 
 contest with the obstinate and envenomed 
 party of men who denied him the means of 
 performing those duties which the popular 
 outcry had mainly contributed to impose 
 upon him, 
 
 So entirely had Buckingham obtained 
 the ascendancy over the mind of Charles, 
 that the favourite's disgraceful failure In 
 the Rocliclle expedition, though it caused 
 a loud and general indignation in thenatlon, 
 did not seem to injure blm with the king. 
 Anothcrexpedltionfortherellefof Rochelle 
 was determined upon, and the command 
 was bestowed upon Buckingham. His bro- 
 ther-in-law, the earl of. Denbigh, had failed 
 in an attempt to raise the siege. Bucking- 
 ham, naturally anxious to wipe off the dis- 
 grace of two failures, exerted himself to the 
 utmost to make a new expedition under 
 his own command a successful one. To 
 this end, he went to Portsmouth and per- 
 sonally superintended the preparations. 
 He was at this moment decidedly the most 
 unpopular man in the kingdom ; denounced 
 on all hands as the betrayer and at the 
 same time the tyrant of both king and 
 country. The libels and declamations 
 which were constantly circulated found a 
 ready echo in the breast of one Felton, an 
 Irish soldier of fortune. By naturegloomy, 
 l)igoted, and careless of his own life, this 
 man had been rendered desperate by what 
 appears to have been very unjust treatment. 
 He had served bravely at St. Bh6, where his 
 captain was killed, and Buckingham, whe- 
 ther in caprice or mere Indolence, had re- 
 fused to give lieutenant Felton the vacant 
 step. This personal injury aggravated his 
 hatred to the duke as a public enemy, and 
 he determined to assassinate him. Having 
 travelled to Portsmouth, this resolute and 
 violent man contrived to approach the duke 
 as be was giving some orders, and struck 
 him with a knife over the shoulder of one 
 ot the surrounding officers. The duke had 
 only strength enough to say, ' the villain 
 has Idlled me,' when he fell dead upon the 
 spot. In the confusion that ensued tlie 
 assassin might easily have escaped, for the 
 blow was so sudden that no one saw by 
 whom it was struck. But the assassta'a 
 hat had fallca among the astounded spec- 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
"» 
 
 ^ngHtui\s,—^auie of 3»Uintt,—€l)HKlti S. 
 
 379 
 
 T1 
 
 tators and was found to contain some of the 
 Htrongest lines of a Tory violent remon- 
 strance which the house of commons had 
 voted against the duke's conduct; and 
 while some persons were remarking that 
 no doubt the villain must bo near at hand, 
 and would be recognised by the loss of his 
 hat, Folton deliberately stepped forward aud 
 avowed his crime. When questioned be po- 
 sitively denied that anyone had instigated 
 him to the murder of the duke. His con- 
 science, he said, was his only advisor, nor 
 could any man's advice cause him to act 
 against his conscience ; he looked upon the 
 duke as a public enemy, and therefore he had 
 slain htm. He maintained the same con- 
 stancy and self-complacency to the last, pro- 
 testing even upon the scaffold that his con- 
 science ac(iuitted him of all blame, 
 
 A.D. 1039. -Charles received the tidings 
 of the assassination of his favourite aud 
 minister with a composure wliich led some 
 persons to imagine that tho duke's death 
 was not wholly disagreeable to the too in- 
 dulgent master over whom ho had so long 
 and so unreasonably exerted his Influence. 
 But this opinion greatly wronged Charles ; 
 he, as a man, wanted not sunslbility, but 
 he possessed to a remarkable extent tho va- 
 luable power of controlling and concealing 
 his feelings. 
 
 The first consequence of the cessation of 
 tho pernicious counsel and liiflucnco of 
 Buckingham was tho king's wise resolution 
 to diminish his need of tho aid of his un- 
 friendly subjects, by concluding peace with 
 the foreign foes against whom he had 
 warred under so many disadvantages and 
 withsollttleglory. Having thus freed him- 
 self from the heavy and constant drain of fo- 
 reign warfare, the king selected sir Thomas 
 Wentworth, afterwards carl of Strafford, 
 and Laud, afterwards arcliblahop of Can- 
 terbury, to aid him in the task of regulating 
 the Internal affairs of his kingdom ; a task 
 wliich the king's ov/u love of prerogative 
 and the obstinate lil-liumour and disaffec- 
 tion of tho leading puritans rendered al- 
 most impracticable. 
 
 Unfortunately, Laud, who had great in- 
 fluence over the king, was by no means in- 
 clined to moderate the king's propenalon to 
 arbitrary rule. Tonnage and poundage 
 were still levied on the king's solo autho- 
 rity ; papists were still compounded with, as 
 a regular means of aiding the king's re- 
 venue ; and the custom-house officers were 
 still encouraged aud protected in the most 
 arbitrary measures for the discovery and 
 seirore of goods alleged to be liable to 
 charge with the obnoxious and illegal 
 duties. These errors of the king's govern- 
 ment were seized upon by popular de- 
 claimers, and the violence of libellers pro- 
 voked the king and Laud to a niostarbitrary 
 extension of the always too extensive 
 powers of tho high commission court of 
 star-chamber, the sentences of which upon 
 all who were accused of opposing the 
 government were truly iniquitous, aud in 
 precisely the same degree impolitic. This 
 court, though really authorised by no law, 
 inflicted both personal and pecuniary severi- 
 ties which to us who are accustomed to the 
 
 regular and equitable administration of law 
 cannot but be revolting. For Instance, a 
 barrister of Lincoln's inn, named Pryiine,a 
 man of conslderablo talent though of a 
 factious and obstinate temper, was brought 
 before this arbitrary court, charged with 
 having attacked and aliused the ceremonies 
 of the church of England. Burton, a 
 divine, aud Bastwick, a physician, were at 
 tlie same time charged with a similar 
 offence; and tlieso three gentlemen of 
 liberal professions, for libels which now, 
 if punished at all, would surely not cost 
 their authors more than two months' impri- 
 sonment, were condemned to be placed in 
 tho pillory, to have their ears cut off, and 
 to pay, each, a flue of five thousand pounds 
 to the king. 
 
 The impolicy of this and similar severe 
 sentences was the greater, because there 
 were but too many Indications already of 
 extensive and determined disaffection to 
 the crown. Refused tlio really requisite 
 pccuiiliiry assistance by his parliament, the 
 king continued to levy sJdp-iiumey, and 
 against this tax an especial and determined 
 opposition was raised ; though it ought to 
 be observed that it had often been levied 
 in former reigns, not because of so reason- 
 able a motive as the factious refusal of par- 
 liament to provide for the necessities of the 
 state, but in sheer despotic preference on 
 the part of sovereigns to act on their own 
 will rather than on that of parliament. 
 The puritans and the popular leaders in 
 general, however, made no allowance for 
 the king's really urgent aud distressing 
 situation. 
 
 Among the most determined opponents 
 of tho ship-money was Mr. John Hamp- 
 den, a gentleman of some landed pro- 
 perty in the county of Buckingham. The 
 moral character of this gentleman was, 
 even by those whom his political conduct 
 the most offended or Injured, admitted to 
 be excellent ; and his manner exercised 
 over all who approached him a peculiar 
 charm. His early life had been gay or care- 
 less. Clarendon speaks of a change from a 
 life of great pleasure to one of • extraor- 
 dinary sobriety and strictness:' but tills 
 change brought with It none of the sour 
 and melancholy austerity of the Puritan. 
 He still retained 'his own natural cheerful- 
 ness and vivacity, and, above all, a flowing 
 courtesy to all men.' It Is not surprising 
 that Ills friends should speak of him with 
 enthusiasm. In the words of Baxter, he 
 had ' tho most universal praise of any gentle- 
 man of that uge ; ' and tho author of the 
 'Saint's Rest* goes on to speak of 'a mode- 
 rate, prudent, aged gentleman, far from 
 him, but acquainted with him, whom I 
 have heard saying, that if he might choose 
 what person he would be then in the world, 
 ho would be John Hampden.' He had en- 
 tered the House of Commons at the same 
 time with Wentworth, afterwards Earl of 
 Strafford, and after the dissolution of the 
 Parliament In 1628, he had retired to private 
 life on his own property. There he lived 
 high in the esteem of his neighbours, '^ut 
 with a name not prominent in the pui.IIc 
 history uf the time, until tho king's detcr- 
 
 r^U 
 
880 
 
 Crbe QTrraiftirtf a( AM(ortf» Sft 
 
 Btlnatlon to levy an asBCssmont from in- 
 land counties in place of 8lili>>niuncy, con- 
 nected John Hanipdon ininicdiatoly with 
 the struggle which ended In the temporary 
 overthrow of the regal power. Hampden's 
 ■SBCssmont was small, and the shrrlff of the 
 county was blamed for rating him nt so 
 low a sum. But, in the words of Lord Ma- 
 caulay. 'though the sum demanded was a 
 triHe, the principle involved was fearfully 
 Important. Hampden, after consulting tlio 
 most eminent constitutional lawyers of tlie 
 time, refused to pay the few shillings at 
 wliicli he was assessed, and determined to 
 Incur all the certain expense and the pro- 
 bable danger of bringing to a solemn hear- 
 ing this great controversy between the 
 people and the crown.' 
 
 Into the legal and constitutional aspects 
 of the question Mr. Uallam* lias entered 
 with a full and minute accuracy, far more 
 trustworthy than the highly wrought de- 
 scriptions of rhetorical historians, whether 
 on the one sido or the other. According to 
 Mr. Haliau), the precise aucstion in this 
 
 frreatcause.whicli, from its importance, wr.s 
 leard before all the judges in the exche- 
 quer chamber, was, so far as it related to 
 Hampden, ''Wbethcrtho king had a right, 
 on his own tJlecatton of public danger, tu 
 require an inland county tu furnish ships, 
 or a pi escribed sum of money by wny of 
 commutation, fur the defence of the king- 
 dom.' The arguments on both sides ex- 
 tended over six months : and the mere 
 length of the trial ' was of iuHnite dlMMcr- 
 vlce to tho crown.' At length seven of the 
 twelve judges gave judgementfor the king. 
 Of the minority, 'Justices Croke and Hut- 
 ton, men of considerable reputation and 
 experience, displayed a most praiseworthy 
 Intrepidity in denying, without tlie smallest 
 auaiiHcation, tho alleged prerogative of the 
 crown and tho lawfulness of the writ fur 
 Bhip-money.' Tlie issue of tho trial left a 
 fatal impression on the public mind. ' Ship- 
 money was held lawful by Finch, and several 
 other judges, not on the authority of pre- 
 cedents, which must in their nature have 
 Boino bounds, but on principles subversive 
 of any property or privilege in the subject. 
 Those paramount rights of monarchy, to 
 wliich they appealed to-day in justification 
 of ship-money, might to-iuorrow serve to 
 supersede other laws, and maintain new ex- 
 ertions of despotic power. It was manifest, 
 by the whole strain of tho court law}-ers, 
 that no limitations on tlie king's authority 
 could exist but by tho king's sufferance. 
 This alarming tenet, long bruited ain<mg 
 the churchmen and courtiers, now resound- 
 ed in the halls of justice.' 
 
 Fur tho king some excuse or palliation 
 might be found in bis necessities ; a more 
 Bystematlc defence was based on the autho- 
 rity of precedents justifying the course 
 which be had taken. On this point Mr. Hal- 
 lam remarks that ' it would be doubtless 
 unfair to pass a severe censure on the go- 
 vernment of Obarles I. for transgressions 
 of law, which a long course of precedents 
 mightrender dubious, or at least extenuate. 
 
 « CvluUtutloiiimiiituryof£ngliu>ii,«b. viii. 
 
 But thia common apology for hlB admlnla< 
 tratlun .... must be admitted cautlonaly, 
 and not until wo have well considered how 
 far BucL precedents could be brought to 
 support it. This is particularly applicable 
 to Ills proclamations. . . . They had not 
 been fully acquiesced In ; the Commons had 
 renionstrated against thoirabuso ; andOoke, 
 with uthcr judges, had endeavoured toflz 
 limits to their authority very far within 
 tlia<; which they arrogated. . . . They serve 
 at least to display the practical state of the 
 coiibtltution, and the necessity of an entire 
 reform in its spirit.* 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 The Itelan o/ Chakles I. (contintui). 
 
 A.n. 1040.— Tiiouoii there wasa most bitter 
 Kitlrlt existing against the churrli of Kng- 
 land, though tho press teemed wuh puritan 
 libels as vulgar and silly as they were mall- 
 eiuus, Charles, most unhappily, saw not tho 
 storm-cloud that hovered over him. Instead 
 uf concentrating his energies, his frtoiidH, 
 and ills pecuniary resources, tu eludo or 
 smite down the gloomy and bitter puritans 
 of England, and to awaken again the cheer- 
 ful and loyal spirit of hU English yeomanry, 
 he must unwisely determined tu introduce 
 cpiiscopacy into Hcotland. An order was 
 given for reading the liturgy in the principal 
 church of Kdinburgli, which so provoked 
 tho congregation, that the very women 
 joined in an attack on the ofllciating mi- 
 nister, and the place of public worship was 
 prufaiied by furious and disgusting impre- 
 eatioiis. Long inured to actual warfare 
 witli England, and always Jealous of a na- 
 tion so much wealthier and more powerful 
 than themselves, the Scots gladly seized 
 upon the at>.empt to Introduce episcopacy 
 among them as a pretext for having re- 
 course to arms, and the whole of that dis- 
 affected and warlike population was in- 
 stantly in a state of insurrection. Even 
 now, could the king have been induced to 
 perceive tho real inveteracy and determi- 
 nation of tho Scottibh hatred of eptsco* 
 pacy, he mlglit have esoaped from tills por- 
 tion of his embarrassments with but llttio 
 worse evil than some diminution of hia 
 cherished notion of the absolute supremacy 
 of anointed sovereigns. A negotiation was 
 resorted to, and a treaty of peace quickly 
 succeeded a suspension of arms ; each party 
 agreeing to a dlsbandonnient of their forces. 
 Unhappily, neither party was quite earnest 
 in desiring peace ; the king could not give 
 up his long-cherished ideas of absolute 
 monarchy, and the rigid Scottish prcsby- 
 terlans were not a jot more Inclined to yield 
 up any portion of their entire freedom and 
 self-government in matters of religion. The 
 negotiations and treaties were in conse- 
 quence marked by mutual insincerity; mu- 
 tual charges of bad faith were made, and 
 both Charles and his Scottish peoplespecdtly 
 resumed their hostile attitude. 
 
 The dispute in which the king had thus 
 needlessly and unwisely Involved himself 
 seriously Increased his dtfllculties. Al- 
 though he still continued to levy ship- 
 money and other arbitrary taiics, na was 
 
 J 
 
 dreadfully « 
 
 disaffected i 
 
 dissembled 
 
 ▼Irtually be 
 
 of Scotland 
 
 In this omit 
 
 Ing exhaui 
 
 forced loam 
 
 to call a p 
 
 appeal for 
 
 nient was e 
 
 cllned to a 
 
 fused aidfi 
 
 kingdom : 1 
 
 treated wh( 
 
 thatbemlg: 
 
 rebels whoi 
 
 to those of 
 
 were nume 
 
 Btltuto the 
 
 holders. Ii 
 
 the king rc( 
 
 and rebuke 
 
 which, whe 
 
 llament, he 
 
 the parllara 
 
 dissolved il 
 
 this assemi 
 
 necessit'.ds, 
 
 llament, wl 
 
 The puritai 
 
 parliament 
 
 exertions i 
 
 men, that 
 
 their confl 
 
 commencei 
 
 granting tl 
 
 manded.th 
 
 meut of tl 
 
 minister ai 
 
 Strafford a 
 
 tain model 
 
 tans ; and 
 
 their more 
 
 tliat nothi 
 
 their mall( 
 
 It was w 
 
 no one to i 
 
 tive of the 
 
 at least; ai 
 
 Laud was 
 
 than Straf 
 
 fluencewli 
 
 have said, 
 
 puritans, 
 
 revenge. 
 
 blghtrea» 
 
 was a mo 
 
 eloquence. 
 
 to be Bur] 
 
 eachacouB 
 
 It had bee 
 
 Burlng tb 
 
 troubled t 
 
 defence o 
 
 towards h 
 
 Baint now 
 
 of his del 
 
 political 1 
 
 nounced i 
 
 ment, en 
 
 with an e 
 
 pletely th 
 
 Ihongtat t 
 
enfilAiiTr.— ?f)0ttire of ii>ttinrt.— C^ntletf I. 
 
 3B1 
 
 dreadfnlly dUtrcHscd for money ; and the 
 dlaaflected of England raw, with acarccly 
 dlaiemblcd pleasure, that thoir cause wan 
 ▼trtualliy being secured by the disaffected 
 of Scotland. It was wh'le the people were 
 In this ominous tamper that Charles, hav- 
 ing exhausted all other meani», evrn to 
 forced loans from his nobility, wns obliged 
 to call a parliament and make one inoic 
 appeal for pecuniary aid. But this parlia- 
 ment was even loss than the former one In- 
 clined to aid the king. Ho hnd been re- 
 fused aid for the ordinary espenses of tin; 
 kingdom: ho was Btllllcsgllkily to l>o fairly 
 treated when he, In terms, dcniamled nUl 
 that hemlghtqueli and chastise the Scottish 
 rebels whose principles were so near akin 
 to those of the KnglUh puritans, who now 
 were numerically imwerful enough to c(m- 
 Rtltute theniBclvca the national purse- 
 holders. Instead of the aid ho asked for, 
 the king received nolhin? but remonstrance 
 and rebuke, on the score of the means by 
 which, when formally refused aid by par- 
 liament, he had supplied himself. Finding 
 the parliament Impracticable, the king now 
 dissolved it. But the mere dissolution of 
 this assembly could not diminish the king's 
 neoe8sit:<ia, and ho soon called another par- 
 liament, which was destined to bo his Ins:. 
 The puritan party was preponderant in this 
 parliament, and so systematic were the 
 exertions of those resolute and gloomy 
 men, that they at once felt and Indlcntei' 
 their confldence of success at the very 
 commencement of the session. Instead of 
 granting the supplies which the king de- 
 manded, they passed at once to the Impeacli- 
 meut of the earl of Strafford, the faithful 
 minister and the personal friend of the king. 
 Strafford at a former period had to a cer- 
 tain moderate extent acted with the puri- 
 tans ; and they resented his opposition to 
 tlielr more insolent proceedings so deeply, 
 that nothing but his blood could appease 
 their malignity. 
 
 It was well known that Charles required 
 no one to urge him to support the preroga- 
 tive of the crown to Its fullest legal extent, 
 at least ; and it was equaPy well known tli.it 
 Laud was of a scarcely less arbitrary turn 
 than Strafford, and had fully as much In- 
 fluence with the king. But MtrafTord, as avc 
 have said, bad given deep oftenco to the 
 puritans, and deep and deadly was their 
 revenge. He was solemnly impeached of 
 high treason before the peers. His defence 
 was a model of touching and yet manly 
 eloquence. With a presence of mind not 
 to be surpassed, he took up and refuted 
 each acouration in the exact order in which 
 it had been made ; and he concluded by as- 
 suring the peers that he would not have 
 troubled them so long, had he not felt the 
 defence of hla lifd to be a sacred duty 
 towards his children, 'pledges of a dear 
 saint now In heaven.' But the cogent logic 
 of his defence availed nothing against the 
 political fury of the time. He was pro- 
 nounced guilty by both houses of parlia- 
 ment, md his death was clamoured for 
 with an eagerness which shows how com- 
 pletely the success of the royal cause was 
 Ibongtat to depend on the genius of Straf- 
 
 ford. There was but one thing that could 
 have saved him ; and It is with pain that we 
 record that that one thing was sadly absent 
 —a Just firmness of character on the part 
 of the king. However great may have lieen 
 the guilt of Strafford, he had committed 
 no fault against the king. Contrariwise, ho 
 had given tlio utmost possible proof of 
 personal and loyal feelings ; and Charles, 
 In abandoning a minister whose chief fault 
 was that of being too faithful to his sove- 
 reign, acted a part so unchlvalrlo, so totally 
 nnwortliv of his general character, that wo 
 scarcely know how to speak of it in terms 
 surncicntly severe. A truly futile apology 
 has been attempted tul>e made for Charles's 
 abandonment of his too devoted minister. 
 That lll-fnted nobleman, while confined In 
 the Tower, heard of the clamour that was 
 artfully and pcrseveringly k«pt up by his 
 enemies, and in a moment of unwise ex- 
 altation ho wrote to the king and advised 
 lilm to comply with the sanguinary demand 
 that was made. Tlio advice was unwise, 
 but such as It was, it ought to have liad 
 the effect of only increasing the king's re* 
 solution to save such a man and such a 
 mlnistorfrom destruction. But Charles took 
 the nilvico literally au pied de la leUre, and 
 signed the warrant for the execution of 
 one who probably, after his queen, was the 
 most sincerely devoted friend that he pos- 
 sessed. Tut not your trust in princes' 
 was the agonised commentary of Strafford 
 upon tills most shameful compliance of the 
 king ; and he submitted to his undeserved 
 execution with the grave and equable dig- 
 nity which had marked his whole course. 
 From this condemnation of the king's friend 
 and minister, the parliament puiised to a 
 very righteous and wise attack upon two 
 of the most Iniquitous of the king's courts. 
 The high commission court and the court 
 of Btnr-chamber were unanimously abo- 
 lished by act of parliament. 
 
 Willie the Protestants of England were 
 divided into churchmen and puritans, and 
 while the latter were busily engaged in en- 
 deavouring to ;brow discredit upon the 
 church, the church of Rome saw in these 
 disputes a new temptaticm for an attack 
 upon protestantism as a wh ''.o. Tlie king's 
 finances were well known to be In such a 
 state as must necessarily prevent him from 
 anything like vigour in military operations ; 
 and the papists of Ireland, aided and Insti- 
 gated by foreign emissaries, resolved upon 
 a general massacre of their protestant fel- 
 low-subjects. A simultaneous attack was 
 made upon the latter ; neighbour rose upon 
 neighbour, all old obligations of klndnesa 
 were forgotten, all old animosities, how 
 tritling soever their origin, were terribly 
 remembered, and upwards of forty thousand 
 persons were inhumanly slaughtered. The 
 king made every exertion to suppress and 
 punish this infamous massacre, and, feeling 
 that the chief obstacle to his success lay In 
 his crippled finances, he once more ap- 
 pealed to bis English parliament tor a snp- 
 ply. But not even the massacre of their 
 protestant fellow-subjects could alter the 
 factious temper of the puritans ; they not 
 only refused the aid ho asked, upon the 
 
 41 
 
382 
 
 Gbe CrrxiTtirtf of Wfltortj, 9ct, 
 
 Kbiurd pIfiB tlint Rnglnnd wnn Itsolf In too 
 much danger tr ipnro any nlJ to Ircliiiul, 
 but even lidded Inau It to tnjimtiii l>y IiihI- 
 nuating that the king hadhliuaclffumcntcd 
 the dtaturbancei In Ireland. 
 
 A.D. IMl.— The attachment of the king 
 to the church was well known, and both ho 
 and hli opponents wvll knew that on the 
 support and affection of the church rented 
 the chief hope of preiorving the moniin-liy. 
 The puritan party, therefore, determined to 
 attack the monarchy through the clinrch, 
 and thirteen blihopa were accuied of high 
 treason, In having enacted canoMn for 
 church government without the authority 
 or consent of the parliament. The ot)t)08i- 
 tion, or, as they are commonly called, ' the 
 popular members,' at the same time av 
 piled to the peers to exclude the prelates 
 from speaking and voting In that house ; 
 and the bishops, with more discretion than 
 dignity, deprecated the puritan animosity 
 by ceasing to attend their duty in the 
 house of lords. The king was thus, at the 
 very moment when ho most required aid in 
 parliament, deprived of the talents and the 
 votes of precisely those peers of parliament 
 upon whoso assiduity and devotion ho had 
 the most dependence. 
 
 Posthumous blamo Is both cheap and 
 easy. The writer, sitting calmly In his 
 closet, can easily and safely point out the 
 errors of tho great men of a bygone ago ; It 
 is a nobler and more necessary task to as- 
 certain aud hold up to view the circum- 
 stances that rendered those errors excus- 
 able, at least. If not actually Inevitable. 
 Goaded and straitened as Charles was, ho 
 would havo posBcssed something more than 
 human flrmness If he had not at length 
 deviated Into rashness. His most devoted 
 friend slain, tho prelates of his churcli 
 silenced, and himself made a mere cipher, 
 except as to the continuance of a vast and 
 fearful responsibility, he resolved to try 
 tho cttect of severity ; and ho gave orders 
 to the attorney-general, Herbert, to accuse 
 before the house of poors, lord Kimbolton, 
 together with the prominent commoners 
 Hollls, Hampden, Tym. Strode, and sir Ar- 
 thur Haslorlgg, of high treason in having 
 endeavoured to subvert the laws and go- 
 vernment of the kingdom, to deprive tho 
 king of bis regal power, and to substitute 
 for It an arbitrary and tyrannical authority. 
 Injurious to tho king and oppressive to his 
 Ilege subjects. Thus far wo are by no 
 means unprepared to .ipprovo of the king's 
 proceedings ; for surely tho conduct of the 
 accused persons had been marked by all 
 the tendency attributed to it In tho terms 
 of the accusation. But, unfortunately, 
 Charles, instead of allowing the proceed- 
 ings to go forward with the grave and doll- 
 berate eamestnessof a groat judicial mat- 
 ter, was 80 wilful or so Ill-advised as to take 
 a personal step which, had It been success- 
 ful, would have exposed him to the Impu- 
 tation of a most unconstitutional tyranny, 
 and which, In being unsuccessful, exposed 
 him to that ridlome and contempt which, 
 iaJuriouB to any man, under any circum- 
 ■tanoea, could be nothing less than fatal to 
 a king who was in dispute with a majority 
 
 of his people, and who had already seen no 
 small portion of them in actual battle^rrajr 
 against his authority. 
 
 On tho very day after the attorney-gene* 
 ral had commenced justiflable proceedings 
 analnst tho loaders whose names are given 
 above, the king entered the house of com- 
 mons without previous notice and without 
 attendance. On his majesty's first appear- 
 ance tho members to a man respectfully 
 stood up to receive him, and Lenthal the 
 speaker vacated his chair. His majesty 
 seated himself, and, after looking sternly 
 round for somo moments, said, that under- 
 standing that tho house had refused or 
 neglected to glvo up flro of its members 
 whom he had ordered to bo accused of high 
 treaxon, ho had personally come there to 
 seize them, a proceeding to which he was 
 sorry to bo compelled. Perceiving that the 
 accused were not present, ho called upon 
 the speaker to deliver them up ; when that 
 officer, with great presence of mind and jus- 
 tice, replied that ho was tho mere organ 
 and servant of that house, and that ho had 
 neither eyes to see, nor ears to hear, nor 
 lips to utter, save what that house com- 
 manded. Finding that he could in no other 
 respect gain by a procedure in which be 
 was 80 great a loser in dignity, Charles, 
 after sitting silent some moments longer, 
 departed from the house. Ho now pro- 
 ceeded to tho common council of the city, 
 and made his complaint of the conduct of 
 tho house of commons. On his road he 
 was salutcil by cries of • privilege,' not un- 
 mixed with still more insulting cries from 
 many of the lower sort, and his complaint 
 to the common council was listened to in a 
 contemptuous and ominous silence. Irri- 
 tated and alarmed at this now proof of the 
 unpopularity of his proceedings, ho de- 
 parted fro.'n the court, and as he did so was 
 saluted wltli the seditious watchword of 
 the Jews of old— 'To your tents, O Israel 1 • 
 
 It Is utterly inconceivable how a sove- 
 reign possessed of Charles's good sense, 
 and aware, as from many recent occurrences 
 he needs must have been, of tho resolved 
 and factious nature of tho men to whom he 
 was opposed, could have compromised him- 
 self by so rash and In every way unadvlsablo 
 a proceeding as that which we have de- 
 scribed. In truth, ho had scarcely returned 
 to tho comparative solitude of Windsor be- 
 fore ho himself saw how prejndiolal this 
 affair was likely to be to his interests, and 
 he hastened to address a letter to parlia- 
 ment, In which be said that his own life 
 and crown were not more precious to him 
 than the privileges of parliament. This 
 virtual apology for his direct and personal 
 Interference with those privileges was ren- 
 dered necessary by his previous precipi- 
 tancy, but this ill-fated monarch now ran 
 into another extreme. Having offended 
 parliament, his apology to parliament was 
 necessary, nay, in the truest sense of the 
 word, it was dignified ; for a penistenee in 
 error is but a false dignity, whether in mo- 
 narch or in private man. But his offenco 
 was one against good manners, while that 
 with which Pym and the members were 
 charged was one ot substance, not of f onn. 
 
 i 
 
 '1 
 
r 
 
 •t 
 
 I 
 
 (i^nglanlr.— Vtottitfe a( l^tuxrt— Cljnrlcit S. 
 
 888 
 
 Tbelr offonco wu not in tho Rllghtoat de- 
 ■rce dImlnUliod or atoned for by tho king's 
 folly ; yot, ai though tlioro hnd be<<u Honio 
 oloie logical connection between them, ho 
 now Informed the houso that ho sliuuld 
 not farther prosecute liU proceediiigH 
 against Its aeonsed members I CotiUI In- 
 consequence or want ot dignity go farther, 
 or be more fatally shown 7 The people had 
 now been taught that their king knew how 
 to yield, and that It unwlHcly rash In a 
 moment ot Irritation, he could bo no less 
 unwisely abject In a moment of calculation 
 or timidity. It was a fatal lesson ; and 
 from this moment, In spite of any seeming 
 and temporary advantages, Charles of Kng- 
 land was virtually a dethroned monarch 
 and a doomed man. 
 
 There was a deep art, beyond what was 
 at first apparent. In tho Insolent Insinuation 
 of the popular declalmers that the king had 
 himself fomented the recent horrors In 
 Ireland. The awful massacre among the 
 Protestants of that country had naturally 
 raised a new horror and dread ot papacy In 
 the minds of the protestants In Kngland. 
 Tho popular leaders took advantage of this 
 very natural feeling, and worked upon It 
 as might promise best to aid their own 
 views. The Ignorant and tho timid wero 
 taught to believe that tho massacre of pro- 
 testants, though the deed of bigoted pa- 
 pists, was far enough from boing disagree- 
 able to tho king and his friends, who would 
 not Improbably cause similar proceedings 
 In England unless due power and means of 
 proTention were seasonably placed in the 
 bands of parliament. Treated as Charles had 
 been almost from the first day of his reign, 
 it must be clear to tho most superficial ob- 
 server, that nothing but his fortreaaes and 
 his troops remained to him of tho sub- 
 stance of monarchy. Tho parliament now 
 determined to deprive him of these. They 
 had seen that he could yield, they calcu- 
 lated upon a passlonato roslstanco to their 
 first demand ; but they doubted not that 
 tho Tacillation of the king's mind would 
 begin long before the resolute obstinacy of 
 their own would terminate. The result but 
 too well proved the accuracy of their reason- 
 lug. Tho people were skilfully worked up 
 into an ecstasy of horror of tho designs 
 and power of the papists, and thus urged 
 to petition that the Tower, the fortresses 
 of Hull and Portsmouth, and the fiect, 
 ■hould be committed to the hands of officers 
 In the confidence of parliament. Demands 
 ■o indicative of a suspicion that the king 
 would place such important trusts in hands 
 unfit to use them, were, as the opposition 
 had anticipated, warmly resented at first, 
 and then, unwisely complied with. 
 
 Bmboldened by this new concession, the 
 popular party affected new and increased 
 fears of the designs of the Irish papists, 
 and demanded that a new militia should be 
 raised and trained, the commanders as well 
 as the merely subaltern officers of which 
 should be nominated by parliament. Charles 
 now, when too late, perceived that even to 
 concede safely requires Judgement ; and 
 being urged to give up the command of 
 (be army for a limited space of time, he 
 
 promptly replied, 'Not not iven for a 
 single hour I ' Happy for himself and his 
 kingdom had It been If ho had earlier 
 known how to say 'No,' and to abide by 
 It not only with firmness but also with 
 temper. 
 
 A.U. 1043.— In making this demand par- 
 liament had comiilelcly thrown off the 
 musk : and ns thu v<Ty extremity to which 
 tho king was driven supplied him In this 
 one c.iso with tho flnnnexa which in general 
 and by his natural temper he so sadly 
 wanted, it at onro became evident that tho 
 disputes between tho king and his loyal 
 subjects on the one side, and tho puritans 
 on the other, could only be decided by that 
 saddest of all moans, a civil war. On either 
 side appeals to the people were printed and 
 circulated in vaat numbers, and, as usual 
 In such cases, each aide exaggerated the 
 faults of tho other, and was profoundly 
 silent M to Its own faults, whether as to 
 past conduct or present views. The king's 
 friends, being for tho most part of tho 
 more opulent ranks, assumed tho title of 
 the cavaliers, while tho puritan, or rebel 
 party, from their affected habit of wearing 
 their hair closely rut, were called round- 
 heads, and In a abort time tho majority of 
 tho nation ranked under tho one or the 
 other appellation, and every thing por- 
 tended that tho civil strife would be long, 
 tierco, and sanguinary. 
 
 Ill addition to tho train-bands assembled 
 under the command of sir John DIgby, the 
 king had barely three hundred infantry and 
 eight hundred cavalry, and he was by no 
 means well provided with arms. But, in 
 spite ot all the exertions of the puritans, 
 there was still an extensive feeling of loy- 
 alty among the higher and middle orders ; 
 and as tlio king with his little army marched 
 slowly to Derby, and thence to Shrewsbury, 
 largo additions were made to his force, 
 and some of the moro opulent loyalists af- 
 forded him llbcrnl and most welcome aid in 
 money, arms, and ammunition. 
 
 On the side of tho parliament similar 
 preparatlonrt were mado for the impending 
 struggle. When the important fortress ot 
 Hull was surrendered into their hands, they 
 mode it their depdt for arras and ammuni- 
 tion, and it was held for them by a governor 
 of their own appointment, sir John Ho- 
 tham. On the plea of defending England 
 from the alleged designs of the Irish pa« 
 plats, great numbers ot troops had been 
 raised: and those were now openly enlisted 
 and omceredfor the parliament, and placed 
 under the command of the earl of Essex, 
 who, however, was supposed to be anxious 
 rather to abridge the power of the existing 
 monarch than actually to annihilate the mo- 
 narchy. 8o great was the enthusiasm of the 
 roundheads, that they in one day enlisted 
 above four thousand men in London alone. 
 
 Tired of the occupation of watching each 
 others' manoeuvres, the hostile troops at 
 length met at Kdge-hill, on the borders of 
 the counties of Warwick and Stafford. A 
 furious engagement took;place.which lasted 
 several hours ; npwards ot five thousand 
 men fell upon the field, and the contending 
 armies separated, wearied with alaylng pH 
 
 f:' 
 
 ■'"m" 
 
 J) 
 
 I .11 
 
 f 
 
384 
 
 Zht (Trrntftirtf of Itfiftffrv, ^r. 
 
 not utiatod with ilauHhtcr, and each claim- 
 In* the victory. 
 
 The wliitlu kingdom wna now dltturl)oil 
 by tho IricOMont marchlna and counter- 
 marching of the two armtui. Neither of 
 them waa dliclpllncd, nnd tho dlinrdcra 
 cauiod by their march wcro coMieiiueiitly 
 great ana doatructlve. Tho aticen, whoMo 
 apirit waa as hiKh a« her aflertlon for her 
 huiband wna gn-nf, Innded from Ilollnnd 
 with a large (iiiuntlty of ammunition and n 
 conaldcratilo reinforcement of men, niid 
 aholmmrdlntotyleft KiiKtand iifrnlii to rnlno 
 farther iiupiillc*. In tho manrvuvrlnx nnd 
 aklrmlNlios which wore conntantly going on, 
 the king, fnmi tho superior rank and spirit 
 of his followers, had for some time a very 
 ninrkod advantage ; but tho parliamenta- 
 rians, so far from l)elng dUcournfrrd, ac- 
 tually Bccnicd to increase In tlioir nroton- 
 Rlons In proportion to tho loss anddlHgrace 
 they experienced in tho Held. Tliat tlio 
 king waa at tills time sincere in tils ex- 
 pressed desire to put n stop to tlio out- 
 pouring of Ills subjects' blood ap|)ears clear 
 from the fact, that on obtaining any advan- 
 tage he invariably sent paclllc propoRals to 
 the parliament. Tills was especially tho 
 caae when he lay in ail security i'n tho loyal 
 city of Oxford, whence ho conducted a loiii/ 
 negotiation, in which tho Insolence of tho 
 leaders of tho otliir party wan so great and 
 conspicuous, that even tho most niodcrafe 
 writers have blamed tho king, as haviiif^ 
 carried his dcsiro for pacific measures to an 
 extreme, injurious alike to his dignity and 
 to the very cause ho was anxious to serve. 
 
 But if he boro somewhat too meekly with 
 tlio Insolence of hU opponents in tho cabi- 
 net, tho king in hh Urst campaign of the 
 disastrous civ II >vnr wasiibundantly succcsr- 
 ful in tho fleld, tn spito of the severity of 
 his opponcntFi, who treated as traitors tlio 
 Bovcmors of thoso strong places which 
 from time to time wero opened to their 
 sovereign. 
 
 Cornwall was thoroughly subjected to the 
 king ; at Btratton-hill, in Dovonshirc, a flne 
 army of tho parllame: tarlans was routed ; 
 nnd at Roundway-down, near Devizes, In 
 Ayiltshire, another great victory was gained 
 over them by tho royal troops, who were 
 again successful in the still more important 
 battle of Ohalgrave-fleld, in Buckingham- 
 shire. The Important city of Bristol was 
 taken by tho royalists, and Gloucester was 
 closely Invested. Thus far all looked in 
 favour of the royal cause during the first 
 campaign, and at it?, closo great hopes of 
 still farther success were founded upon the 
 army that was raised for the king in the 
 north of England )>y tho loyal and high- 
 hearted marquis of Newcastle. Nor was it 
 the loss only of battles and strongholds 
 that tho parliameutai'iaiis bad now to de- 
 plore. 
 
 Joh'.i Hampden, who had made so sturdy 
 an opposition to the ship-money, took tho 
 field with the parliamentarians at the head 
 of a wellHippointed troop which chiefly con- 
 sisted (it his own tenants and neighbours. 
 On B<r oral occasions he displayed great 
 eonrat ^ and when It was proposed to beat 
 up the quMTters of the king's gallant rela- 
 
 tive, prince Rupert, IIam*«lon 'ras foremost 
 III tho attack. \/her. tho nriianioutary 
 troops wero subi v|iiently u ustered, Mr. 
 IlamiNlen waa ml*M d, am' It was then re< 
 marked that lie had !)een soe'i, contrary to 
 Ills usual custom, to leav? tlio fleld beforo 
 the flKht was ended, and It wi s noticed, too, 
 that ho was leaning forward on his saddle- 
 bow as If exhniiMted and in pain. The fears 
 thus excited were so(m realUe<I ; ho had 
 been severely wounded The king would 
 liavo sent his own surgeon to endeavour to 
 save this inflexibly honest enemy ; but ho 
 was 'lurt beyond human remedy, and died 
 soon after tlie action. 
 
 This Ions on tho parliamentary sldo^vaf) 
 even more than balanced by tlie di'iiiiof 
 IiUclusCary,lord Falkland, one of tin. iliumt 
 and purest characters that grnco om tin- 
 tiunat history. As astatesinn' ho had o|> 
 posed tho errors of ti >) klmr viih all tho 
 boldness and innoxllillitr of !' < . .ten, but 
 with a grace and nioili r.i;i in nf which 
 Hampden's stern uiid sever' nature waa 
 incapable.* But tliougli lord Falkland ar 
 dently denired liberty for the subject, ho 
 was not prepared to oppress tlie sovereign : 
 and the monuiit tliat the evil designs of 
 tho popular leudom were fully duveiopetl, 
 tho gallant and acconiplislied nobiemau 
 took his stand beside tils royal master. 
 I'Carned, witty, elegant, and » iximpllshed, 
 bo was Indignant and diMgii.-ttod at the evi- 
 dent dcsiro of tho popular leaders to deluge 
 their country in blood, rather than stop 
 short of the full accomplishment of their 
 ambitious and evil designs. From the com- 
 inencoment of the civil war hel)ccaroe pos- 
 sessed by a deep and settle«l melancholy, 
 tho more remarkable from contrast with 
 his native vivacity. He neglected his per- 
 son, his countenance became anxious and 
 liaggard, and bo would remain In silent 
 thought for hours, and then cry, as if un- 
 consciously, ' I'eace peace t let our un- 
 happy country have peace 1 ' On tho morn- 
 ing of the battle uf Newbury he told hin 
 friends that his soul was weary of the 
 world, nnd that ho felt confldent that ere 
 nightfall he should leave them. His sad 
 prediction was accomplished ; he was mor- 
 tally wounded by a musket-ball in the belly, 
 and it was not until the following mornlntf 
 that his friends rescued his body from 
 amidst a heap of the meaner slain. 
 
 This flrst campaign belngendcd, the king 
 mado vigorous preparations for a second. 
 
 s '1, T :, • f!Vl''ent thac the very name of • 
 pnrliniiicat liadagreat Inliiiunce upon t^g 
 »iiin(^.s'/i t)i^ any, and if ■ i cgotiations 
 '' .V '' :' •' '. larllamoiii .itking at West* 
 ' . (1- leu ' nly to new Insult, tho king 
 wisely determined to call another parliiv 
 ment at Oxford, where he had his quarters. 
 The i)cers being for the most part firmly 
 loyal, the king's upper house was well 
 filled, but his lower house had not moro 
 than a hundred and forty members, being 
 scarcely half the number that was mustered 
 
 //• 
 
 « See the keen, yet lomewliat Mreaitle and ex- 
 derated, critlclini of FallilBiid'i public Iift>, by 
 acauiay, Ehs/i, Uallam't CotutitutionalUih 
 tory. 
 
 s«e 
 
 by tho re 
 tho king 
 wealth ai 
 In their |i 
 yioo that 
 him supp 
 
 diMtlllSMOl 
 
 culled tdfl 
 But an 
 procure fi 
 divlduiil 1 
 rison to t 
 nientarini: 
 wliich thf 
 district oi 
 oiico tlioli 
 tent to wli 
 lti tliey Isi 
 all tiio iiil 
 rounding 
 Olio meal i 
 toiiied (lie 
 provlMioii I 
 tliu suppor 
 tlie puliliu 
 tliu unmo I 
 to the piirli 
 teen tlioun 
 cliciitrr, te 
 Kssex, and 
 under Hir V 
 force was ii 
 tho king's, 
 moro oner 
 Were, in fnc 
 provision a 
 Ists ; the ni 
 or so terrilii 
 an ordinane 
 siilllcleiit to 
 bei force, w 
 provisions l 
 
 A.D. 1041.- 
 
 nscd 111 gpeii 
 been oblige 
 of the flr-it 
 tho content 
 quarters, hi 
 ceiiHcd froii 
 commenced 
 wero formal 
 warfare was 
 beciuiio a bn 
 fort ; now t 
 the iioasanti 
 to I iirso tin 
 that one or 
 bvateii as to 
 '>>tho scene 
 iiirs of wnn 
 Its present r 
 tliu cimnco c 
 That thof 
 parlianientai 
 to do with p 
 test seems 
 lesser dlstrl( 
 tor / brief tl 
 th* parllame 
 nnn\ unnnlui 
 Nsy.fnthev 
 b.v tho pari 
 tlielr stron 
 l-ondon, tin 
 

 ePitQlAiiQ.— )Uuui^r Q( JbtUArt— CbAtleil it. 
 
 385 
 
 by tho rubellloiiR liouio of ( niiimoni. Hut 
 tlio kliiK'n nK'niliors wero nioslly iiion of 
 wealth iiiiil liillut'iii I', Mid thun Mir) liail It 
 In tlioir power toUn ii king tliottiii f ser- 
 vice that hu rvnily riMinu id, Mint u( voting 
 lilm ■upplk'i, Iluviii>r (loiiu thin thny wito 
 dlninUiiuil with thunk*, anil nivir ngnin 
 culled together. 
 
 Hut any «u|i|illefi which tho klntr could 
 Iirocuru from wliiit iniiv nInioHt lio called in- 
 dividual loyally were out Mniiill In eoui|i»- 
 rUon to thoio which tho fitctloui parllu- 
 tnentarlana could command by tho terror 
 which they could itriku into nearly every 
 dUtrlct of tho country. As If to hIiuw at 
 oncu their power In thU way, and tho ex- 
 tent to which they wero prei>ared to abUHo 
 It, they iHHUed an arbitrary coninmnd that 
 all tliu Inlinbltantg of liondun and tho aur- 
 roundhiK nolKhbourhood ihould abstract 
 one meal In every week from their accuH- 
 tniiied diet, and pay thu full prico of the 
 prDvlnlon tliUH aaved ait n contribution to 
 tho Bupport of what they affected to call 
 the public cnusc. Tho iiedltlnuii Hcots at 
 thu Hamo time sent a Inr^o pupply nf men 
 to the iiartlainentarlanR, who ali<o had four- 
 teen thuuitand men under tho enrl of Man- 
 chester, ten thouHand under tho carl of 
 Ksaox, and olffht thouHuhd and upwarda 
 under Hir William Waller. And thouRh thle 
 force waa numerically au much auparlor to 
 tho klUK'a, and, by coiiacqucnco, ao much 
 more onerous*, tho parliamentary trooptt 
 were, in fact, far better aupplied with both 
 provlaion and ammunition than tho royal- 
 iHta ; tho majority of men being so deluded 
 or so terrified by the parliamentariana that 
 an onlinanee of parlluiiiont waa at nil times 
 auMlclent to procure proviHlona for tho re- 
 bel force, when the king could scarcely get 
 provlsilons for money. 
 
 A.D. 1044.— Though, in tho ordinary atylo 
 nacd in speaking of military nifair.s we have 
 been obliged to apeak of the termination 
 of tho flr.-it campaign, at tho period when 
 tho contending partica went into winter 
 quarters, hostilities, in fact, never wholly 
 cca.sed from tho moment when they flrat 
 commenced. Kven when tho great armies 
 wercformallylylngldle, aconatant partisan 
 warfare was cirrlcd on, Tho village green 
 became a batMc-IIeld, tho villago church a 
 fort ; now this, now that party plundered 
 the peasantr)-, who In their hearts learned 
 to v'lirsu tho llcrccncas of both, and to pray 
 that one or other might bo ao elfcctually 
 iHwten as to put a stop at onco and for ever 
 'lithe scenes which had all tho ghastly lior- 
 iitrs of war without any of its glory, and all 
 II a present riot and spoliation witliout even 
 thu chanco of its subsequent gain. 
 
 That tlioaystcm of terrorism which tho 
 rarlliimentariana acted upon had very much 
 Ui do with prolonging thU unnatural con- 
 test aeems indisputable. Counties, and 
 lessor districts, even, as ooon as they wero 
 for ' brief time freed from tho presence of 
 tbi* i>rtrllamentary forces, almost Invariably- 
 aittl unanimously declared for the king, 
 Ncy, In I he very towns tliat were garrisoned 
 bv the parliamentarians, Including even 
 their stronghold and chief reliance, 
 Iiondon, th(<in was at length a loud and 
 
 general echo of tho earneiit cry of tho good 
 lord Kiilkliind. ' I'eaco, peace I let our 
 country have peace I' Krom many place* 
 tho parliament received formal petition* to 
 llilM etTcct : and in London which at tho 
 outset had ncen so furloualy sedltloua, tho 
 very women i)|ip''niblcd to tho number of 
 upwards of four thuiiiand, and aurroundcd 
 tho house of commons, exclaiming, ' Peace! 
 give us peace ; or thoao traitors who deny 
 us peace, that wo may tear them to plecoM.* 
 80 furloua wuru tho women on tliU occa- 
 sion, that, in tho violence uaed by tho 
 guards, aomo of theao wlvea and mothers, 
 who wished their husbanda and sons no 
 longer to bo tho prey of a handful of am- 
 bition* men, were actually killed upon tho 
 spilt I 
 
 lleforo wo proceed to speak of tho second 
 campaign of this sad war, wo must intro- 
 iluce to tho attention of tho reader a man 
 who henceforth fliod tho chief attention of 
 both parties, and whoso character, even In 
 the present day, is nearly a* mucli disputed 
 as his sl'igular energy and atlll more aln- 
 gular and raiild success wero uiarvellcd ul 
 In his own time. 
 
 Oliver (Cromwell was tho son of a Hunt- 
 ingdonshire gentleman who, as a second 
 son of a respectable but not wealthy family, 
 was lilmself possessed of but a small for- 
 tune, which ho la said to havo improved by 
 engaging in tho trade of a brewer. At 
 college, and even biter in life, Oliver Crom- 
 well was remarkable rather for dissipation 
 than for ability, and tlio very small re- 
 sources tliat ho inherited were pretty nearly 
 exhausted by his oxceasea, long before ho 
 had any Inclination or opportunity to take 
 linrt In public affaire. On reaclilng mature 
 manhood, liowevcr, lie suddenly changed 
 ills course of life, and affected tho enthu- 
 siastic speech and rigid conduct of tho pu- 
 ritans, whoso da I " increasing power and 
 consequence Ills irewd glauco wo* not 
 slow to discover. 
 
 Just as tho disputes between tho king 
 and tho popular party grew warm, Oliver 
 Cromwell represented in parliament his 
 native town of Huntingdon, and a skotch 
 leit of him by a keen observer wlio saw hia 
 earliest exertions in tiiat capacity, repre- 
 sents a man from wliom wo should but 
 little expect tiiu energy, talent, and aucccss 
 of tho future • Piioteotoii' Cromwell, 
 Homely In countenance, almost to actual 
 ugliness, hesitating In speech, ungLinly In 
 gesture, and ill clad In a sad-coloured suit 
 'which looked as if it had been made by 
 some ill country tailor,' tho future states- 
 man and warrior addressed tho houso 
 amidst the scarcely suppressed whispers of 
 both friends and foes, who littlo dreamed 
 tliat in that uncouth, ill-nurtured, and 
 slovenly-looking person they saw tho genius 
 who, wliilo wielding a usurped and lawless 
 authority over tho English nation at home, 
 was so to direct her energies abroad as to 
 make her name stand fully as high among 
 the astounded nations as ever it had been 
 carried or maintained by tho most fortu- 
 nate and valiant of the lawful sovereigns 
 of England. 
 
 As a mere senator Cromwell would pro 
 C C 
 
 l;«! 
 
 i 
 
 4 t 
 
 1 «i'; 
 
 
 ■\i 
 
386 
 
 ©tie Crearfuri? at Witavv, ^c. 
 
 bably never have Bucceedcd In making Lim- 
 self a great name ; he required to connnaud 
 rather than to advise, to act rather thun to 
 argue. Gifted with an Iron frame, the 
 body and the mind, with him, aided each 
 other, and he that stammered out con- 
 fused no-meanlngs to the half-wearlcd and 
 half-wondering senate, thought clearly and 
 brightly amid the fury and the clang of 
 battle. 
 
 It is to this day a moot point whether 
 Cromwell was wholly deluded or wholly a 
 deluder ; or whether he was partly the one 
 and partly the other. To us it seems that 
 there was nothing natural in his character, 
 as developed by history, save his mental 
 and bodily energy, hla profound sagacity. 
 Ills decision and his master-passion— ambi- 
 tion. He saw, no doubt, poor men become 
 rich, and mean men powerful, as riches and 
 power are esteemed in the petty affairs- of 
 obscure country towns, and he saw that 
 they achieved their personal aggrandise- 
 ment by a supple compliance with the cant 
 and grimace of the day. He had suffered 
 both In reputation and fortune by his free 
 life, and it is possible that at the outset he 
 adopted the outward appearance of another 
 way of thinking with no deeper or more 
 extensive design than that of saving him- 
 self from the inevitable ill consequences 
 of poverty. Once arrived In parliament, 
 whether conducted thither by mere acclden t 
 or by skilful intriguing, a single glance 
 must have shown even a far less sagacious 
 person than he was, that the puritans would, 
 sooner or later, be Incompai-ably the most 
 powerful party In the state. Joining with 
 them from Interest, aping their maimers 
 from necessity, he would from mere habit 
 continue to ape them long after he could 
 afford to bo more open In his conduct. But 
 the frequent profanity of his remarks, and 
 the occasional coar&eness and jollity of bis 
 ' horse-play ' among his soldier-saints, ap- 
 pear to smack very much of unconscious 
 and uncontrollable breakings forth of the 
 old Adam of the natural man ; fever fits of 
 the natural heart and temper that were too 
 strong for the artlflcial training of resolved 
 hypocrisy. 
 
 Though forty-four years old before be 
 drew a sword, Cromwell at the very outset 
 of the rebellion showed himself what has 
 been emphatically called born a soldier. 
 Stalwart though clumsy in frfime, a bold 
 and a good rider, and a perfect master of 
 the ponderous sword then In use, ho was 
 the very man for a partisan captain of heavy 
 cavalry. His troop was almost entirely com- 
 posed of the sons of respectable farmers 
 and yeomen, and as they were deeply tinc- 
 tured with the religious feeling of Puri- 
 tanism, and filled to ovcrllowlug with the 
 physical daring of well-born and well-nnr- 
 tured KngUshmen, his assumed sympathy 
 with them In the former respect, and his 
 genuini' equality or superiority In the lat- 
 ter, shortly gave him the most unbounded 
 power of leading them Into any danger that 
 human beings could create, and through or 
 over any obstacles that human prowess and 
 daring could surmount. 
 
 Indefatigable, active, patient of fatigue, 
 
 Cromwell speedily attracted the notice of 
 the parliamentary leaders, who bestowed 
 praise and distinction upon him none the 
 less cheerfully because as yet he did not 
 affect to aim at anything higher than the 
 character of a bold, stern, and active par- 
 tisan captain, who was ever ready with 
 sword in hand and foot in stirrup when the 
 enemy's night quarters were to be beaten 
 up, a convoy seized, or any other real 
 though comparatively obscure service was 
 to bo rendered to the good cause. Such 
 was tlie estimate Cromwell's commanders 
 formed of him ; such the estimate ho wish- 
 ed them to form, of the man who was one 
 day to dictate to the prou<lest and to laugh 
 to scorn the wiliest among them I 
 
 The too famous and disastrous battle of 
 Long Marston Moor, as It was the first 
 great military calamity of the king, so It was 
 the first great occasion upon which Crom- 
 well had the opportunity (which he so well 
 know how to seize) of openly and signally 
 displaying himself. A junction had been 
 formed between the Scotch army and the 
 English parliamentary forces, and this com- 
 bined tost Invested York. This city, both 
 from Its own wealth and from its situation 
 as the capital of the northern counties, was 
 too Important to tho royal cause to be lost 
 without a struggle ; and prince Rupert and 
 the marquis of Newcastle joined their forces 
 In order to raise the siege of the ancient 
 city. The opposlngforces. In number about 
 fifty thousand, met on Long Marston Moor, 
 and a long and obstinate contest ensued. 
 The right wing of the royalist troops, com- 
 manded by prince Kupert, was broken and 
 driven off the field by the highly trained 
 cavalry under the command of Cromwell, 
 who, after having dispersed the royalists' 
 right wing, promptly galloped back to the 
 field, and very materially aided In putting 
 to fight the main body of the royalists 
 under tho marquis. The result of this hard 
 day's fighting was tlio capture by the par- 
 liamentarians of the wliolo of llupcrt's ad- 
 mirable truln of artillery, and a loss of men, 
 reputation, and self-confidence, from which 
 it may safely be averred that tho royalists 
 never recovered. 
 
 The successes of the parllamentarlana 
 made them all the haughtier in their pre- 
 tensions and all the more unsparing In their 
 resolves. Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 had for a long time been confined in the 
 Tower; his devotion to his master being 
 tho only crime with which he could be 
 justly charged, except the kindred crime of 
 still warmer devotion. If possible, to the 
 rights and the supremacy of tho church of 
 England. This eminent man was therefore 
 brought to trial by his bitter enemies the 
 puritans, condemned, and executed. As If 
 to set apeculiar and characteristically puri- 
 tanical mark upon this act of vengeance, 
 the now dominant power ordered the aboli- 
 tion— by what they called law— of the 
 church of England liturgy on the very day 
 of Laud's execution. By this act of aboli- 
 tion the English church was reduced, as 
 regarded power In the state, to the same 
 level as the newest and meanest sect ; and 
 the Scotch rebel army appropriately enough 
 
 
 i 
 
 Joined 
 public 
 one of 
 Btantia 
 Perspei 
 perceiv 
 But fa( 
 It certa 
 bably n 
 
 A.D. I 
 
 rlously 
 
 of the b 
 
 the kini 
 
 mate sv 
 
 exerted 
 
 whenev 
 
 ensue, 
 
 equally 
 
 fortune 
 
 gency. 
 
 mere pa 
 
 Ingthee 
 
 at lengt 
 
 the mail 
 
 near If as 
 
 The rlgh 
 
 nianded 1 
 
 pert, til. 
 
 Langdalc 
 
 Astley, 1 
 
 manded, 
 
 The left \ 
 
 command 
 
 Cromwell 
 
 Cromwell 
 
 ful charg 
 
 not forgo I 
 
 rals Pairf! 
 
 tary left v 
 
 Impetuous 
 
 fairly brol 
 
 of Nase))y 
 
 of compat 
 
 pert lost f 
 
 seize Ire( 
 
 meanwhile 
 
 Mannaduk 
 
 of that on; 
 
 tho cavalr, 
 
 pied, the 1 
 
 so much tc 
 
 that the ba 
 
 actually fi 
 
 wlioie fate 
 
 upon whlcl 
 
 return. If 
 
 himself ins 
 
 at this timi 
 
 fearfully in: 
 
 of the fall 
 
 oest effort! 
 
 scarcely ke* 
 
 the fortune 
 
 the issue of 
 
 been In the 
 
 marvellous 
 
 tended him 
 
 his iron tro( 
 
 over sir Mi 
 
 and charged 
 
 the royallsti 
 
 Into hopeles 
 
 Rupert now 
 
 Joined the 1 
 
mtarlatis 
 heir prO" 
 g In their 
 iterburr, 
 id In the 
 er helng 
 jould 1)0 
 crime of 
 e, to the 
 [hurch of 
 therefore 
 [mieB the I 
 d. As If 
 klly purl- 
 ngeanco, 
 ^he aholl- 
 — of the 
 Ivory day 
 of aboll- 
 luced, as 
 ^he Baoie 
 ect ; and 
 ly enough 
 
 enQlAutf.— I^autfe at ^Uintt—€fiatlti £. 
 
 387 
 
 joined the London rebel citizens In giving 
 public thanks for an alteration of whleh not 
 one of them could have pointed out a sub- 
 stantial advantage, while Its Instant and 
 perspective disadvantage might have been 
 perceived by a tolerably educated child. 
 But faction loves a change— oven t bough 
 It certainly be not for the better, and pro- 
 bably may prove to be for the worse. 
 
 A.D. 1643.— Though the royalists were se- 
 riously Injured and depressed by the result 
 of the battle of Long Marston Moor, neither 
 the king nor his friends despaired of ulti- 
 mate success. 'While the parliamentarians 
 exerted themselves to crush the royalists 
 whenever the next general action should 
 ensue, the king and his friends made 
 equally strenuous efforts to redeem their 
 fortune and character on the litio contin- 
 gency. A variety of counter-marching and 
 mere partisan skirmishing took place dur- 
 ing the earlier mouths of tho year 1645, and 
 at length, on June the 14th of that year, 
 tho main strength of tho two parties met 
 near Naseby, a village in Northamptonshire. 
 The right wing of the royal army was com- 
 manded by the gallant and impetuous Ru- 
 pert, the left wing by sir Marmaduke 
 Langdale, and tho main body by the lord 
 Astley, while a choice force was com- 
 manded, asa reserve, by the king in person. 
 The left wing of the parliamentarians was 
 commanded by Ireton, who had married 
 Cromwell's daughter, tho right wing by 
 Cromwell himself, whose gallant and skil- 
 ful charges at Long Marston Moor were 
 not forgotten, and the main body by gene- 
 rals Fairfax and Skippon. The parliamen- 
 tary left wing was so hotly charged by the 
 Impetuous and dashing Rupert, that it was 
 fairly broken and driven tlirough the street 
 of Naseby. But this success was rendered 
 of comparatively little advantage, for Ru- 
 pert lost so much time In attcmplnng to 
 seize Ireton's artillery, that Cromwell, 
 meanwhile, broke tho royal horse under sir 
 Marmaduke Langdale, beyond all the efforts 
 of that ofllcer for its re-formatlon. While 
 tho cavalry on either side was thus occu- 
 pied, tho Infantry was hotly engaged, and 
 80 much to tho advantage of tho royal side 
 that the battalions of tho parliament were 
 actually falling back In disorder. The 
 whole fate of the day now mainly depended 
 upon which side should first see its cavalry 
 return. If Rupert, Instead of employing 
 himself In seizing or spiking artillery, had 
 at this time returned and made one of his 
 fearfully Impe^ViOus charges upon tho flank 
 of the faltering roundheads, whom the 
 best efforts of Fairfax and Skippon could 
 scarcely keep from falling into utter rout, 
 the fortune of that day, and most probably 
 the issue of the whole struggle, would ha -e 
 been in the favoui of the king. But thb 
 marvellous good fortune of Cromwell at- 
 tended him ; ho returned to the field with 
 his iron troopers elated with their success 
 over sir Marmaduke Langdale'a division, 
 and charged the flank of the main body of 
 the royalists so fiercely as to throw them 
 into hopeless and irremediable conf uaion. 
 Rupert now returned with his cavidry and 
 joined the king's reserve ; but the fate of 
 
 tho day was sealed ; not even tho gallantry 
 of that able commander could lead tho re- 
 serve to the support of tho beaten and 
 fugitive host of the royalists ; and the king 
 was obliged to fly from the field, leaving 
 his artillery and valuable baggage, as well 
 as flvo tliousand prisoners, in the hands of 
 tho victorious parliamentarians. 
 
 Nor did the adv.antages to the victor end 
 even there. The defeat of the king and the 
 magnitude of the losses ho had sustained 
 greatly aided the parliaincntarians in re- 
 ducing the chief of the fortified places In 
 tho kingdom. Bristol, Brldgewater, Clies- 
 ter, Sherborne, and Bath fell into their 
 hands; Exeter was closely Invested by Fair- 
 fax, and held out gallantly, but at length 
 was obliged to surrender at discretion, ail 
 the ivcatern counties being so completely 
 cleared of the king's troops that there was 
 not the sliglitest chance of its being re- 
 lieved. 
 
 In all tho aspects of hts fortune Charles 
 had found the city of Oxford loyal and de- 
 voted. As well became that city of science 
 and learning, it had constantly showed 
 Itself ' glad in his prosperity and sad in his 
 sorrow," and thither he retreated in his pre- 
 sent misfortune, well knowing that there 
 ho would be loyally received, and hoping 
 that even yet he might by negotiation re- 
 trieve some of the sad loss he had experi- 
 enced In the field. But the unfortunate 
 king was closely pursued by Fairfax, at the 
 head of a victorious army eager for yet 
 farther triumph over tho defeated sove- 
 reign; and as tho parliamentarians loudly 
 expressed their intention of laying siege to 
 Oxford, and were abundantly supplied with 
 every thing requisite for tliat purpose, 
 Charles had several, and very cogent, rea- 
 sons for not abiding there. That the loyal 
 inhabitants of Oxford would defend him to 
 the utmost, Cliarles had no room to doubt ; 
 but neither could there bo any doubt that 
 tho well-known loyalty of tho city would, 
 on that very score, bo most signally punished 
 by the parliamentarians. Moreover, Charles 
 had a well-grounded horror of falling into 
 the hands of tlio English puritans, from 
 whom, especially now that they were Uuslied 
 with victory, he might fear every Insult, 
 even to the extent of personal violence. 
 Reasoning thus, and believing that tho 
 Scotch army was less personally and in- 
 veterately hostile to him, Charles took what 
 proved to bo tho fatal resolution of deliver- 
 ing himself into tho hands of the Scots. 
 To their eternal disgrace, they received 
 him as a distressed king only to treat him 
 as a malefactor and a prisoner. Tliey 
 worried and insulted him, with sanctimo- 
 inlous remonstrances and reflections, by 
 j f very possible neglect of tho respectful 
 ceremonials duo to a sovereign ; they re- 
 minded him of and embittered his mis- 
 fortunes ; and, to complete the infamy of 
 their conduct, they added gross venality to 
 faithlessness and disloyalty, and literally 
 sold him to the rebellious English pari la- 
 ment for the sum of two hundred thousand 
 pounds I 
 
 With this atrocious act of the Scots, who 
 returned to their country laden with ill' 
 
 \ i 
 
 J ;■;}■ 
 
 •i-^ 
 
 
 --rt'"n 
 
ilBa 
 
 388 
 
 QTlie ^vtAiuvQ of WitavHt ^t. 
 
 earned wealth, but laden also with the exe- 
 cration of all good men and with the con- 
 tempt even of those bold bad men to whom 
 they had basely sold the unfortunate prince, 
 the civil war may be said to have ended. 
 "Wholly and helplessly in the power of his 
 foes, Charles had no course left but to ab- 
 solve his still faithful followers and subjects 
 from the duty of farther striving in his be* 
 hatf. 
 
 But if the rebellious parliamentarians were 
 triumphant over their king, they had yet to 
 deal with a more formidable enemy. The 
 parliament had been made unanimous in 
 Itself and with the army by the obvious and 
 pressing necessity for mutual defence, as 
 long as the king was In the field and at the 
 head of an imposing force. But now that 
 the fortune of war and the venality of the 
 Scotch had made Charles a powerless and 
 almost hopeless captive, the spoilers began 
 to quarrel about the disposition of the 
 spoil ; and they who had united to revolt 
 from their lawful monarch were ready with 
 equal eagerness and animosity to cabal 
 against each other. The civilians of the 
 parliamentary party were, for the most part, 
 Presbyterians, who were eager enough to 
 throw on all allegiance to the king and all 
 submission and respect to the church of 
 England, but who were not thelesslncllned 
 to set up and exact respect both from lay 
 and clerical authorities of their cwn liking. 
 The fanaticism of the army took quite an- 
 other turn ; they were mostly Independents, 
 who thought, with Dogberry, that ' reading 
 and writing come by nature,' and were 
 ready to die upon the truth of the most 
 ignorant trooper among them being quali- 
 fied to preach with soul-saving effect to his 
 equally Ignorant fellow. The independents, 
 armed and well skilled in arms, would, 
 under any conceivable circumstance, have 
 been something more than a match for the 
 mere dreamers and declalmers of parlia- 
 ment ; but they had a still further and de- 
 cisive advantage In the active and energetic, 
 though wily and secret, prompting and di- 
 rection of Cromwell, who artfully professed 
 himself the most staunch independent of 
 them all, and showed himself as willing to 
 lead them at their devotions In their quar- 
 ters, as ho had shown himself willing and 
 able, too, to lead them to the charge upon 
 the battle-field. He was. In appearance, in- 
 deed, only second in command under Fair- 
 fax, but. In reality, he was supreme over 
 his nominal commander, and had the fate 
 of both king and kingdom completely in 
 his own hands. He artfully and carefully 
 fomented the jealousy with which the mili- 
 tary looked upon the parliament, and the 
 discontent with which they looked upon 
 their own comparative powerlessness and 
 obscurity after all the dangers and tolls 
 by which they had, as they affected to be- 
 lieve, permanently secured the peace and 
 comfort of the country. 
 
 Without appearing to make any exertion 
 or to use any Influence, the artful Intriguer 
 urged the soldiery so far, that they openly 
 loLt all confidence In the parliament for 
 which they had but too well fought, and 
 Bet about the consideration and redress of 
 
 their own grievances as a separate and Ill- 
 used body of the community. Still, at the 
 instigation of Cromwell, a rude but efficient 
 military parliament was formed, the princi- 
 pal officers acting as a house of peers, and 
 two men or officers from each regiment 
 acting as a house of commons, under the 
 title of the ' agitators of the army. • Of these 
 Cromwell took care to be one, and thus, 
 while to all appearance he was only acting 
 as he was authorised and commanded by 
 his duty to the whole army, he in fact en- 
 joyed all the opportunity that he required 
 to suggest and forward measures indispen- 
 sable to the gratification of his own anv 
 bltlon. 
 
 While Cromwell was thus scheming, tlia 
 king, forlorn and seemingly forgotten, lay 
 in Holmby castle ; strictly watched, though 
 as yet, owing to the dissensions that existed 
 between the army and the parliament, not 
 subjected to any farther lndignitle!>. From 
 this state of comparative tranquillity the 
 unhappy Charles was aroused by a cotip do 
 main highly characteristic alike of the bold- 
 ness and the shrewdness of Cromwell. Ho 
 demonstrated to his confidants of the army 
 that the possession of the king's person 
 must needs give a vast preponderance to 
 any of the existing parties. The royalists. 
 It was obvious, would at the order of the 
 king rally round him, even in conjunction 
 with the parliament.which by forming such 
 a junction could at any moment command 
 the pardon of the king; when the army, 
 besides other difficulties, would be placed 
 In the disadvantageous position of fighting 
 against all branches of the government, 
 including even that one to whose will and 
 authority it owed its own existence. As 
 usual, his arguments were successful; and 
 cornet Joyce, who at the breaking out of 
 the rebellion had been only a tailor, was 
 dispatched with five hundred cavalry to 
 seize the king's person at Holmby castle. 
 Though strictly watched, the king was but 
 slenderly guarded, for the i)arliament had 
 no suspicion of the probability of any such 
 attempt on the part of the army. Cornet 
 Joyce, therefore, found no difficulty in ob- 
 taining access to the king, to whom ho 
 made known the purport of his mission. 
 Surprised at this sudden determination to 
 remove him to the head-quarters of the 
 army, the king, with some anxiety, asked 
 Joyce to produce his commission for so 
 extraordinary a proceeding ; and Joyce, with 
 the petulance of a man suddenly and un- 
 expectedly elevated, pointed to his troops, 
 drawn up before the window. 'A goodly 
 commission,' replied Charles, • and written 
 in fair characters;' and he accompanied 
 Joyce to the head-quarters of the army 
 near Cambridge. Fairfax and other dis- 
 cerning and moderate men had by thistlmo 
 begun to see the danger the country was 
 in from the utter abasement of the kingly 
 power, and to wish for such an accommo- 
 dation as might secure the people \yithout 
 destroying the king. But Cromwell's bold 
 seizure of his majesty had enabled him to 
 throw off the mask ; the violent and fana- 
 tical spirit of the soldiery was wholly snb- 
 lected to his use, and on his arrival at 
 
 ^ ' . :.ea 
 
 taKen thit 
 
 acclamatic 
 
 I mandoftl 
 
 I Though, 
 
 was wholl; 
 
 tensions ol 
 
 well's maci 
 
 Hon less I 
 
 day, and at 
 
 majority oi 
 
 speakers, 1 
 
 courage th 
 
 head-quart( 
 
 Hounslow-1 
 
 the house 
 
 threatening 
 
 two speak ci 
 
 low, and fo 
 
 ally and per 
 
 the army. 
 
 force was i 
 
 ho caused 
 
 with aperf( 
 
 ordered thai 
 
 In number, 
 
 restore tlios 
 
 they had vo 
 
 thoy had tin 
 
 While the 
 
 fled to the i 
 
 other portio 
 
 tlona of brir 
 
 pretensions 
 
 field. New i 
 
 place of the i 
 
 enlist new tr 
 
 ordered to tl 
 
 closed the ell 
 
 with twenty 
 
 bilityofanyl 
 
 available aga 
 
 dent. Theg! 
 
 well restored 
 
 of parllamen 
 
 berswerearb 
 
 niayor of Loi 
 
 tlie sheriffs, 
 
 other prisons 
 
 and militia o; 
 
 levelled, the 
 
 any future n 
 
 and pleasure 
 
 master-spirit, 
 
 The Jteign o. 
 
 The king on 
 
 sent as a pri 
 
 ton-court. H 
 
 he was allow 
 
 and allfacillt 
 
 llament. But 
 
 ties had stoo 
 
 necessarily ca 
 
 and insincerli 
 
 divested of ., 
 
 seems probab 
 
 mlse more th 
 
 performing, v 
 
 other side con: 
 
 lives would d£ 
 
 the instant 
 
(Snalmis,—V^axtgt at §litmtt—€liiivXtA 3E. 
 
 38y 
 
 1 ► 
 
 "". V , heath, on the day after the king was 
 taKen thither by Joyce, Cromwell was by 
 acclamation elected to the supreme com- 
 mand of the army. 
 
 Though, at tbo outset, the parliament 
 was wholly opposed to the exorbitant pre- 
 tensions of the army, the success of Crom- 
 well's machinations rendered that opposi- 
 tion less unanimous and compact every 
 day, and at length there was a considerable 
 majority of parliament. Including the two 
 speakers, in favour of tlio army. To en- 
 courage this portion of the parliament the 
 head-quarters of the army were flxed at 
 Hounslow-heath ; and as the debates in 
 the bouse daily grew more violent and 
 threatening, sixty-two members, with tlio 
 two speakers, fled to the camp at Houns- 
 low, and formally threw themselves, offlci- 
 ally and personally, upon the protection of 
 the army. This accession to his moral 
 force was so welcome to Cromwell, that 
 he caused the members to be received 
 with a perfect tumult of applause ; and ho 
 ordered that the troops, twenty thousand 
 In number, should move upon London to 
 restore these fugitives to the place which 
 they had voluntarily ceded and the duties 
 they had timorously fled from. 
 
 While the one portion of the house had 
 fled to the protection of the soldiers, the 
 other portion had made some demonstra- 
 tions of bringing the struggle against the 
 pretensions of the army to an issue In the 
 field. New speakers were chosen In the 
 place of the fugitives, orders were given to 
 enlist new troops, and the train-bands were 
 ordered to the defence of the lines that en- 
 closed the city. But when Cromwell arrived 
 with twenty thousand troops, the Impossi- 
 bility of any hastily organised defence being 
 available against him became painfully evi- 
 dent. The gates were thrown open, Crom- 
 well restored the speakers and the members 
 of parliament, several of the opposite mem- 
 bers were arbitrarily expelled the house ; the 
 mayor of London, with three aldermen and 
 the sheriffs, was committed to the Tower; 
 other prisons were crowded with citizens 
 and mllltla officers, and the city lines were 
 levelled, the more effectually to prevent 
 any future resistance to the sovereign will 
 and pleasure of the army, or, rather, of Its 
 master-spirit, Cromwell. 
 
 CHAPTER LIL 
 Tfie Heign 0/ Charles I. (conchided). 
 The king on being seized by the army was 
 sent as a prisoner to his palace at Hamp- 
 ton-court. Here, though closely watched, 
 ho was allowed the access of his friends 
 and all facilities for negotiating with par- 
 liament. But, in truth, the negotiating par- 
 ties had stood upon terms which almost 
 necessarily caused dlstruston the one hand 
 and Insincerity on the other. Completely 
 divested of power as Charles now was. It 
 seems probable enough that he would pro- 
 mise more than he had any Intention of 
 performing, while the loading men on the 
 other side could not but feel that their very 
 lives would depend upon his sincerity from 
 the instant that he should bo restored to 
 
 liberty and thu exercise of his authority, 
 Here would have been quite sufficient dlf- 
 flculty iu the way of successful negotia- 
 tion ; but, beside that, Cromwell's plans 
 were perpetually traversing the efforts of 
 the king when the latterwas sincere, while 
 his active espionage never allowed any fla- 
 grant insincerity to escape detection. The 
 king at length perceived the futility of ne- 
 gotiation, and made his escape to the Isle 
 of Wight. Here ho liopcd to remain un- 
 disturbed until he could either escape to 
 tho continent or receive such succours 
 thence as might enable him, at the least, 
 to negotiate with the parliament upon more 
 equal terms, If not actually to try his for- 
 tune anew in the field. But colonel Ham- 
 mond, the governor of the Isle of Wight, 
 though he in some respects treated the un- 
 fortunate king with humanity, made hlia 
 prisoner, and after being for some time 
 confined in Carisbrook castle, the king was 
 sent in custody to his royal castlo of Wind- 
 sor, where he was wholly in tho power of 
 the army. 
 
 Cromwell and those who acted with bim 
 saw very plainly that the mere anxiety of 
 tho parliament to depress tho praetorian 
 bands which they had themselves called into 
 evil and glg.antlc power, was very likely to 
 lead to an accommodation with the king, 
 whose own sense of his imminent danger 
 could not fall to render him, also, anxious 
 for an early settlement of all disputes. Tho 
 artful leaders of the army faction, there- 
 fore, now encouraged their dupes and tools 
 of the lower sort to throw off the mask ; 
 and rabid yells for the punishment of tho 
 king arose on all sides. Peace and security 
 had hitherto been tho cry ; it was now 
 changed to a cry for vengeance. Froni 
 Windsor the unhappy king was conveyed to 
 Hurst-castle, on the coast of Hampshire, 
 and opposite to tho Isle of Wight, chiefly, 
 it should seem, to render comniunlcatlou 
 between him and the parliament leaders 
 more dilatory and difficult. But the parlia- 
 ment, growing more and more anxious tor 
 an accommodation in precise proportion as 
 it was rendered more and more Impracti- 
 cable, again opened a negotiation with tho 
 Ill-treated monarch, and, despite the cljt- 
 mours and threats of the fanatical soldiery, 
 seemed upon tho very point of bringing it 
 to a conclusion, when a new coup de main 
 on the part of Cromwell extinguished all 
 hope In the bosoms of the loyal and the 
 just. Perceiving that the obstinacy of tho 
 parliament and the unhappy vacillation of 
 the king could no longer bo relied upon, 
 Cromwell sent two regiments ?f his sol- 
 diery, under the command of colonel Pride, 
 to blockade the house of commons. Fort y- 
 one members who were favourable to ac- 
 commodation were actually imprisoned in 
 a lower room of the house, a hundred .and 
 sixty were insolently ordered to go to their 
 homes and attend to their private affairs, 
 and only about sixty members were allowed 
 to enter the house, the whole of those 
 being furious and bigoted independents, 
 the pledged and deadly enemies of the 
 king, and mere tools of Cromwell and tho 
 army. This parliamentary dcar.anco was 
 
 A.^ 
 
 I 
 
"LLL::jg 
 
 390 
 
 €^e Ci'(a0ur}? at WfttavHt ^c. 
 
 fftcetlouBly called ' Pride's purge,' and the 
 members ivho had the disgraceful distinc- 
 tion of being deemed fit for Cromwell's 
 dirty work ever after passed under the title 
 of • the rump.' 
 
 With a really ludicrous Impudence this 
 contemptible assembly assumed to Itself the 
 ■whole power and character of the parlia- 
 ment, voted that all that had been done to- 
 wards an accommodation with the king was 
 illegal, and that his seizure and Imprison- 
 ment by 'the general'— so Cromwell was 
 row tcrmed,parcxce/fence— were just and 
 praiseworthy. All moderation was thrown 
 to tho winds, and as the actual private 
 murder of tho king was thought likely to 
 disgust tho better men even among tho 
 fanatical soldiery, a committee of 'the 
 rump* parliament was formed to digest 
 a charge of high treason. 
 
 As there was now no longer, thanks to 
 ' Pride's purge,' a chance of farther nego- 
 tiation. It was determined that the king 
 should be brought from Hurst-castlo to 
 Windsor. Colonel Harrison, a half Insane 
 and wholly brutal fanatic, tho sou of a 
 huteher, was intrusted with this comniis- 
 Blon ; chiefly, perhaps, because it was well 
 understood that ho would rather sl.ay the 
 royal captive with his own hand than allow 
 him to bo rescued. After a brief stay at 
 Windsor, the king was once again removed 
 to London, and his altered appearance was 
 such as would have excited commiseration 
 In tho breasts of any but tho callous and 
 inexorable creatures In whose hands he was. 
 Hla features were haggard, his beard long 
 and neglected, his hair blanched to a ghastly 
 whiteness by sufferings that seemed to have 
 fully doubled his age ; and the boding melair- 
 choly that had characterised his features, 
 even in his happier days, was now deepened 
 down to an utter yet resigned sadness that 
 was painful to all humane beholders. 
 
 Sir Philip Warwick, an old and broken 
 man, but faithful and loyal to the last, was 
 the king's chief attendant ; and he and the 
 few subordinates who were allowed to aiv 
 proach the royal person were now brutally 
 ordered to serve the king without any of 
 tho accustomed forms ; and all external 
 symbols of state and majesty were, at the 
 same time, withdrawn with a petty yet 
 malignant carefulness. 
 
 Even these cruelties and Insults could 
 not convince the king that his enemies 
 would be guilty of the enormous absurdity 
 of bringing their sovereign to a formal 
 trial. Calm, just, and clear-sighted himself, 
 I 3 could not comprehend how even his 
 fanatical and boorish enemies could, in 
 the face of day, so manifestly bid defiance 
 not only to all law and all precedent, but 
 also to tho plainest maxims of common 
 sense But though almost to the very day 
 of his trial the king refused to believe that 
 his enemies would dare to try him, he did 
 believe that they Intended to assassinate 
 him, and In every meal of which he partook 
 he Imagined that he saw the instrument of 
 his death. 
 
 A.D. 1648.— In the meantime the king's 
 enemies were actively making preparations 
 for the most extraordinary trial ever wit- 
 
 nessed in tlils land. These preparations 
 were so extensive that they occupied a vast 
 number of persons from the sixth to tho 
 twentlethof J.inuary. AsIfthemorefuUyto 
 convince theking of thclrearnestness in the 
 matter, Cromwell and the rump, when they 
 had named a high court of justice, consist- 
 lug of a hundred and thirty-three persons, 
 ordered tlio duke of Ilatnllton, whom they 
 had doomed to death for his unshaken 
 loyalty to his sovereign, to bo admitted to 
 take leave of the king at Windsor. The 
 interview was a harrowing one. The duko 
 had ever been ready to pour out bis blood 
 like water for his sovereign ; even now ho 
 felt not for himself, but, moved to tears by 
 the sad alteration in the person of Charles, 
 threw himself at tho royal victim's feet, 
 exclaiming. 'My dear master!' 'Alasl' 
 said tho weeping king, as he raised up his 
 faithful and devoted servant, 'Alasl I 
 have, indeed, been a dear master to you I ' 
 TerrlWo, at that moment, must have been 
 tho king's self-reproaches for the opportu- 
 nities he had neglected of putting down tho 
 wretches who now had his faithful servant 
 and himself in their power! 
 
 Of tlie persons nwied to sit in the high 
 court of justice, as this iniquitous coterlo 
 was impudently termed, only about seventy, 
 or scarcely more than one half, could bo 
 got together at any one time during the 
 trial. Law citizens, ft.natical members of 
 the rump, and servile ofllcers of tho army, 
 composed tho majority of those who did 
 attend, and it was before this wretched 
 assembly that the legitimate sovereign of 
 the land, now removed from Wlnduor to St. 
 James's, was placed to undergo the insult- 
 ing mockery of a trial. 
 
 Tho court, • tho high court of Justice,' 
 thus oddly constituted, met in Westmin- 
 ster-hall. Tho talents and firmness of 
 Charles were even now too much respected 
 by Cromwell and the shrewder members of 
 the tump to allow of their opposing this 
 miserable court to him without the ablest 
 procurable aid ; Bradshaw, a lawyer of con- 
 siderable ability, was therefore appointed 
 president, and Coke, solicitor for the people 
 of England, with Steel, Aske, and Dorislaus 
 for his assistants. 
 
 Wlien led by a mace-bearer to a scat 
 within the bar, the king seated himself with 
 his hat on, and looked sternly around him 
 at the traitors who affected to be his com- 
 petent judges. Coke then read tho charge 
 against him, and the king's melancholy 
 countenance was momentarily lighted up 
 with a manly and just scorn as he heard 
 himself gravely accused of having been ' the 
 cause of all the bloodshed which had fol- 
 lowed since tho commencement of tho 
 war!' 
 
 When Coke had finished making his 
 formal charge, tho president Br.adshaw ad- 
 dressed tho king, and called upon him to 
 answer to tho accusation which he had 
 heard made against him. 
 
 Though the countenance of Charles fully 
 expressed the natural and lofty Indignation 
 that ho felt at being called upon to plead 
 as a felon before a court composed not 
 merely of simple commoners, but, to a very 
 
 1^ 
 
If 
 
 1 
 
 e^sTanV*— f^outfe of Stuart— Ci^arUtf £. 
 
 391 
 
 great extent, of tbe most Ignorant and least 
 nonourahle men In their ranks of life, he 
 admirably preserved his temper, and ad- 
 dressed himself to his task with earnest 
 and gravo nrRument. He said that, con- 
 scious as he was of Innocence, ho should 
 rejoice at an opportunity of justifying his 
 conduct in every particular before a com- 
 petent tribunal, but as ho was not inclined 
 to become tho betrayer instead of tho 
 defender of the constitution, he must at 
 this, tho very first stage of the proceedings, 
 wholly and positively repudiate the autho- 
 rity of the court before which ho had been 
 as illegally brought, as tho court itself was 
 lllegnlly constituted. Where was there oven 
 tho shadow of the upper house ? Without 
 It there could be no just tribunal, parllar 
 mentary or appointed by parlfament. He 
 was Interrupted, too, for the purposes of 
 this Illegal trial just as he was on the point 
 of concluding a treaty with botli houses of 
 parliament, a moment at which he surely 
 had a right to expect anything rather than 
 tho violent and unjust treatment that ho 
 had experienced. Ho, it could not be de- 
 nied, was the king and fountain of law, and 
 could not bo tried by laws to wliicli he had 
 not given his authority ; and it would ill 
 become him, who was intrusted with the 
 liberties of the people, to betray them by 
 even a formal and tacit recognition of a 
 tribunal which could not possll)Iy possess 
 any other than a merely usurped power. 
 
 Bradshaw, tho president, affected much 
 surprise and indignation at tho king's re- 
 pudiation of tho mock court of justice 
 which, he said, received its power and ou- 
 thorlty from the source of all right, the 
 people. When the king attempted to re- 
 peat his clear and cogent objection, Urad- 
 shaw rudely interrupted and despotically 
 overrulcdhim. But, if silenced by clamour, 
 the king was not to be turned aside from 
 Ills course by the mere repetition of a bold 
 fallacy. Again and again he was brought 
 before this mock tribunal, and again and 
 again ho baffled all attempts at making 
 him, by pleading to It, give it some shadow 
 of lawful authority. The conduct of tho 
 rabble without was fully worthy of the con- 
 duct of their self-constituted governors 
 within the court. As tho king proceeded 
 to the court, he was assailed with brutal 
 yells for what the wicked or deluded men 
 called 'justice.' But neither tho mob 
 nor their Instigators could induce him to 
 plead, and the Iniquitoas court at length 
 called some complaisant witnesses to swear 
 that the king had appeared in arms against 
 forces rommissioned by parliament ; and 
 upon this evidence, sentence of death was 
 pronounced against him. 
 
 After receiving his sentence Oliarles was 
 more violently abused by the rabble outside 
 than he had even formerly been. 'Exe- 
 cution' was loudly demanded, and one 
 filthy and unmanly rufflan actually spat In 
 his face ; a beastly indignity which the king 
 bore with a sedate and august pity, merely 
 ejaculating, 'Poor creatures, they would 
 serve their generals in the same manner for 
 a sixpence 1' 
 
 To tho honour of the nation, bo it said, 
 
 these vilo insults of the baser rabble were 
 strongly contrasted by the respectful com- 
 passion of the better informed. Many ot 
 them, including some of the military,openl7 
 expressed their regret for the sufferings of 
 tho king and their disgust at tho conduct 
 of his persecutors. One soldier loudly 
 prayed a blessing on the royal head. Tho 
 prayer was ovcrliearu by a fanatical officer, 
 who struck tho soldier to the ground. 
 The king, more Indignant at this outrage 
 on tho loyal soldier than be had been at 
 all tho unmanly insults that had been 
 heaped upon himself, turned to the officer 
 and sharply told him that the punishment 
 very much exceeded the offence. 
 
 On returning to Wliitehall, whore ho had 
 been lodged during the mock trial, Charles 
 wrote to tho so-called house of commons 
 and requested that he might be allowed to 
 see those of his children who were in Eng- 
 land, and to have the assistance of Or. 
 Juxon, tho deprived bishop of London, in 
 preparing for the fate which ho now clearly 
 saw awaited him. Even his fanatical ene- 
 mies dated not to refuse these requests, but 
 at tho same time that they were granted ho 
 was Informed that his execution would tako 
 place in three days. 
 
 Tho queen, tho prince of Wales, and tho 
 duke of York were happily abroad ; but tho 
 princess Elizabeth and the duke of Glouces- 
 ter, a child not much more than three years 
 old, were brought into the presence of their 
 unhappy parent. The Interview was most 
 affecting, for, young as the children were, 
 they but too well comprehended the sad 
 calamity that was about to befall them. 
 The king, amongst the many exhortations 
 which he endeavoured to adapt to the un- 
 derstanding of his infant son. said, 'My 
 chll''. they will cut off my head, and when 
 they iiave done that they will want to make 
 you king. But now mark well what I say, 
 you must never consent to be king while 
 your brothers Charles and James are alive. 
 They will cut off their heads If they can 
 take them, and they will afterwards cut off 
 your head, and therefore I charge you do 
 not be made a king by them.' The noble 
 little fellow, having listened attentively to 
 all that his father said to him, burst into a 
 passion of tears and exclaimed, ' I won't be 
 a king ; I will be torn in pieces first.' 
 
 Short as the interval was between the 
 conclusion of the mock trial of tho king 
 and his murder, great efforts were made to 
 save him, and among other efforts was that 
 of tho prince of Wales, who sent a blank 
 paper, signed and sealed by himself, accom- 
 panied by a letter, in which he offered per- 
 mission to the parliament to insert what- 
 ever terms it pleased for the redemption of 
 his father's life. But all intercessions were 
 alike disregarded. 
 
 Whatever want of resolution Charles 
 may have shown in other passages of his 
 life, the time he was allowed to live be- 
 tween sentence and execution exhibited 
 him in the not unfrequently combined cha- 
 racters of tho christian and tho hero. No 
 invectives against the Iniquity of which ho 
 was the victim escaped his lips, and he 
 slept the deep calm sleep of innocence. 
 
i-L,JJ ! J ' 
 
 392 
 
 €tit Evttautu al ^iitara, ^t. 
 
 though on each night hla enemies assailed 
 hU cars with tho noise of the men erect- 
 ing the scaffold for his execution. 
 
 When the fatal morning at length 
 dawned, tho king at an early hour called 
 ono of his attendants, whom ho desired to 
 attire him with more than usual care, as he 
 remarked that ho would fain appear with 
 all proper preparation for so great and so 
 joyful a'solemnity. The scaffold was erected 
 in front of Whitehall, and it was from the 
 central windows of his own banqueting 
 room that the Icing stepped on to the 
 scaffold. 
 
 When his majesty appeared he was attend- 
 ed by the faithful and attached Dr. Juxon ; 
 and waa received by two masked execu- 
 tioners standing beside tho block and the 
 axe. Thescaflold, entirely coveredwith fine 
 black cloth, was densely surrounded by 
 soldiers under tho command of colonel 
 Tomllnson, while In the distance was a vast 
 multitude of people. The near and violent 
 death that awaited him seemed to pro- 
 duce no effect on the king's nerves. He 
 gazed gravely but calmly around him, and 
 said, to all whom che concourse of military 
 would admit of his speaking, that tho late 
 war was ever deplored by him, and was 
 commenced by the parliament. He had not 
 taken up arms until compelled by the war- 
 like and Illegal conduct of tho parliament, 
 and had done so only to defend his people 
 from oppression, and to preserve intact the 
 authority which had been transmitted to 
 him by his ancestors. But though he posi- 
 tively denied that there was any legal au- 
 thority In the court by which he had been 
 tried, or any truth In the charge upon 
 which he had been condemned and sen- 
 tenced, he added that he felt that his fate 
 was a just punishment for bis weakly and 
 criminally consenting to the equally unjust 
 execution of the earl of Strafford. He em- 
 phatically pronounced his forgiveness of 
 all his enemies, named his son as his suc- 
 cessor, and expressed his hope that the 
 people wouldnowretum to thelrduty under 
 that prince; and he concluded his brief 
 and manly address by calling upon all pre- 
 sent to bear witness that he died a sincere 
 member of the church of England. 
 
 The royal martyr now began to disrobe, 
 and, as he did so. Dr. Juxon said to him, 
 'Sire! there Is but ono stage more which, 
 though a turbulent and troublesome one, 
 Is still but a short one ; It will soon carry 
 you a great way; it will carry you from 
 earth to heaven, and there you shall And, 
 to your great joy, the prize co which you 
 are hastening, a crown of glory.' 
 
 ' I go,' replied the king, ' where no dis- 
 turbance can take place, from a corruptible 
 to an incorruptible crown.' 
 
 •You exchange,' rejoined the bishop, 
 • a temporal for an eternal crown, —a good 
 exchange.' 
 
 Charles, having now completed his pre- 
 parations, delivered his decorations of St. 
 Cteorge to Dr. Juxon, and emphatically pro- 
 nounced the single word 'Remember I* 
 He then calmly laid his head upon the 
 block, and It was severed from his body 
 at one blow; tho second executioner im- 
 
 mediately held It up by the hair, and said, 
 ' Behold the head of a traitor I ' 
 
 Thus on tho 80th of January, 1040, 
 perished Charles I. in the forty-ninth year 
 of his age, and the twenty-fourth of his 
 reign. Whatever may have been his faults, 
 thcro can be little doubt that his execution 
 was unjustifiable, and that it cannot be 
 attributed to the vengeance of the people. 
 ' Tho men who hurried him to the scaftold,' 
 says Lingard, ' were a small faction of bold 
 ambitious spirits, who had the address to 
 guide the passions and fanaticism of their 
 followers, r.nd were enabled through them 
 to control tho real sentiments of the 
 nation.' But the judgomeni; of Rallara, 
 the most seveta and Impartial of con- 
 stitutional historians, Is more valuable 
 than tho most vehement dennnclntlon 
 of the conduct of the king's enemies, 
 or the most eloquent panegyric on hla 
 virtues. Without dwelling on the gene- 
 ral question of tho responsibility of kings 
 for misgovemment, he denies that Charles 
 I. deserved to be singled out as a warning 
 to tyrants. 'Hla government had been 
 very arbitrary, but It may well bo doubted 
 whether any, even of his ministers, would 
 have suffered death for their share In It, 
 without introducing a principle of barba- 
 rous vindlctlvcness. ... As for tho charge 
 of having caused the bloodshed of the war, 
 upon which, and not on any former mis- 
 government. Ills condcnniatlon waa ground- 
 ed, it was as ill-established as it would havo 
 been Insufllclcnt. . . . Wo may contend 
 t'.iat when Hotham shut the gates of Hull 
 against his sovereign, when the militia was 
 called out In different counties by an ordi- 
 nance of the two houses, both of wlilcli 
 preceded by several weeks any levying of 
 forces for the^klng, tho bonds of our con.sitl- 
 tutlonal law were by them and their ser 
 vants snapped asunder ; and It would be the 
 mere pedantry and chicane of political 
 casuistry to enquire, even If the fact could 
 be better ascertained, whethei. at Edgehlll 
 or In the minor skirmishes that preceded, 
 the first carbine was discharged by a cava- 
 lier or a roundhead. Tlic aggressor In a war 
 is not tho first who uses force, but the first 
 who renders force necessary.' * 
 
 With that suspicion which ' ever h.aunts 
 the guilty mind,' Cromwell and his friends 
 attached much mysterious importance to 
 tho 'llESfEMnER' so emphatically pro- 
 nounced by Charles on delivering his 
 George to Dr. Juxon, and that learned and 
 excellent man was authoritatively com- 
 manded to give an account of the king's 
 meaning, or his own understanding of the 
 word. To tho inexpressible mortification 
 of those mean minds, the doctor informed 
 them that tho king only impressed upon 
 him a former and particular request to 
 deliver the Georgo to tho prince of Wales, 
 and at the same time to urge the command 
 of his father to forgive bis murderers 1 
 
 « Conitirational BUtory of England, cb. x. 
 
(tPnfilantr.— Clje Cotnmonluralt]^. 
 
 393 
 
 cnAPTBR Llll. 
 
 TnH COUUONWEALTR. 
 
 WiiATRVRR might liavo been Oromweirs 
 original views, his inllltnry successes, the 
 vast innuencc he had obtained over the 
 army, and perhaps, still more than either 
 of these, the base and evldeut readiness of 
 the parliament to truckle to his military 
 power and meet him even more than half 
 way in his most unjust and exorbitant 
 wishes, opened up a prospect too unbound- 
 ed and too tempting for his ambition to 
 resist. But pol< y, as well aa the circum- 
 stances of the time, made it incumbent 
 upon Cromwell, in the first Instance, to 
 exalt still higher his character for military 
 sklUand daring. Ireland had a disciplined 
 host in arms for the royal cause under the 
 duke of Ormond, and largo multitudes of 
 the native Irish were at the same time In 
 open revolt under the restless and daring 
 O'Neal. Cromwell procured the connnand 
 of the army appointed to put down both 
 these parties, and fully succeeded. How 
 mercilessly he used his victory the reader 
 may learn by referring to the history of 
 Ireland. 
 
 A.D. 1650.— On the return of Cromwell 
 to England, his pocket parliament formally 
 returned him the thanks which, except for 
 his needless and odious cruelty, he had well 
 merited. A new opportunity at the same 
 moment presented Itself tor the aggrandise- 
 ment of this bold and fortunate adventurer. 
 The Scots, who had basely sold Charles I. 
 into the hands of his enemies, were now 
 endeavouring to make money by venal loy- 
 alty, as they had formerly made it by venal 
 treason. They had tnvlted Charles II. 
 into Scotland, where that gay young 
 prince speedily found that they looked 
 upon him rather aa a prisoner than as 
 their king. 
 
 The grossness of the!r manners, and the 
 rude accommodations with which they fur- 
 nished him, be could probably have passed 
 over without much difficulty, for young as 
 Charles II. was, ho Iiad already seen more 
 of grossness and poverty than commonly 
 comes within the knowledge of the great. 
 But Charles was frank as he was gay ; and 
 tlie austere manners and long and unsea- 
 sonable discourses which they inflicted upon 
 him did not annoy him more than their evi- 
 dent determination to make him at the least 
 afFect to agree with them. As, however, the 
 Scots were his only present hope, Charles 
 did hla utmost to avoid quarrelling with 
 them ; and however they might annoy him 
 while among them, whatever might be liieir 
 ultimate views respecting him, certain it is 
 that they raised a very considerable army, 
 and showed every determination to rein- 
 state him in his kingdom. 
 
 Aa being presbyterlans the Scots were 
 detested by Cromwell and his indepen- 
 dents; but now that they had also em- 
 braced the cause of 'the man Charles 
 Stuart,' as these English independents 
 affected to call their lawful sovereign. 
 It was determined that a signal chastise- 
 ment should be inflicted upon them. The 
 command of an army for that purpose was 
 
 offered to Fairfax, but he declined It on the 
 honourable g.ound that ho was unwilling 
 to act against presbyterlans. Cromwell 
 had no such scruple, and ho immediately 
 set out for Scotland with an army of 
 16,000 men, which received accessions to 
 its numbers In every great town through 
 which It marched. But not even the mi- 
 litary fame of Cromwell, nor his but too 
 well-known crnolty to all who dared to 
 resist him and were unfortunate enough to 
 be vanquished, deterred the Scots from 
 boldly meeting his invasion. But bold- 
 ness alone was of small avail against such 
 a leader as Cromwell, backed by his tried 
 and enthusiastic soldiers. The two armies 
 had scarcely joined battle when the Scots 
 were put to flight, their loss In killed, 
 wounded, and prisoners being very great, 
 while the total loss of Cromwell did not 
 exceed forty men. 
 
 As Cromwell after this battle pursued 
 his course northward, with the determina- 
 tion not only to chastise, but completely 
 and permanently to subdue the Scots, the 
 young king, as soon as ho could rally tlio 
 Scottish army, took a resolution which 
 showed him to have an intuitive know- 
 ledge of military tactics. Making a detour 
 to gee completely clear of any outlying par- 
 ties of Cromwell's troops, ho commenced a 
 forced march Into England, the northern 
 counties of which lay completely open and 
 defenceless. The boldness of this courso 
 alarmed a portion of the Scottish army, 
 and numerous desertions took place from 
 the very commencement of the march 
 southward ; but as Charles still had a nu- 
 merous and imposing force, there was every 
 reason to believe that long before he should 
 reach London, the great object of his expe- 
 dition, the gentry and middle orders would 
 flock to him in such numbers as would ren- 
 der altogether out of the question any 
 resistance on the part of the p.irllament, 
 especially In the absence of Cromwell and 
 the flower of the English troops. But tho 
 bold manoeuvre of the young prince was 
 doomed to have none of the success which 
 it so eminently deserved. Before his pro- 
 gress was sufllclent to counterbalance in 
 the minds of his subjects tho terror in 
 which they lield Cromwell, that active com- 
 mander had received news of the young 
 king's manoeuvre, and h.ad instantly retro- 
 graded in pursuit of him, leaving Monk, 
 his second in command, to complete and 
 maintain tho subjection of the Scotch. 
 
 With an army increased by the terror of 
 his name to nearly 40,000 men, Cromwell 
 marched southward so rapidly, that ho 
 absolutely shut up the forces of Charles In 
 the city of Worcester before they had timo 
 to break from their quarters and form In 
 order of battle In some more favourable 
 situation." Tho irresistible cavalry of 
 Cromwell burst suddenly and simultane- 
 ously in at every gate in the town ; every 
 street, almost every house, became the 
 instant scene of carnage; the Pltchcrof t was 
 literally strewed with the dead, while the 
 Severn was tinged with the blood of the 
 wounded ; .and Charles, after having bravely 
 fought as a common soldier, and skilfully. 
 
304 
 
 Gbe tRvtHixttii of f^Wtortf, ^c. 
 
 though ansncceBBfully, exerted lilinnelf as 
 a coinraander, seemed tu have no wish but 
 to throw himself upon the sAvordd of his 
 enemies. It was wltli dillirulty that his 
 friends turned hliii fp- 'i ills desperate 
 purpose, and even whoi ihoy liad dono so 
 It appeared to lio at lor.f<t problematical 
 whether lio would i)0 nhlo to escape. Acci- 
 dent, or tlio devotion of a peasant, caused 
 a wain of hay to bo overturned opposite to 
 one of the gates of tlio city in such wise 
 tliat Oromweil's mounted troops could not 
 pass, and, favoured by this circumstance, 
 diaries mounted a horse that was held for 
 him liy a devoted friend, and sought 
 safety In flight. 
 
 The triumph of Cromwell was completed 
 with this battle of Worcester, but his 
 vengeful desire was not yet laid to rest ; 
 and under his active and untiring superin- 
 tendence prodigious exertions were made 
 to capture tlio young king, whoso dllU- 
 cultics, in fact, only commenced as ho 
 escaped from the confusion and the carnage 
 of Worcester. Almost destitute of money 
 and resources of every kind, and having 
 reason i;o fear an enemy, either on princi- 
 ple or from lucre, in every man whom he 
 met, Charles was obliged to trust for 
 safety co disguise, which was the more 
 difflcult on account of his remarkable and 
 striking features. Three poor men, named 
 Penderjli, disguised hiiu as a woodcutter, 
 fed him, concealed him by night, and 
 subsequently aided lilni to roach wealthier 
 though not more faithfully devoted friends. 
 While with these poor men, Charles in the 
 daytime accompanied them to their placeof 
 labour in Boscol)el wood, On one occasion 
 on hearing a party of soldiers approach, the 
 royal fugitive clImlH'd into a largo and 
 spreading oak, wliere, sheltered l)y its 
 friendly foliage, he saw tlio soldiers pass 
 and repass, and quite distinctly heard them 
 expressing tlielr wishes to obtain the 
 reward that was offered for his rapture. 
 Thanks to the incorruptible fidelity of the 
 Pcnderells and numerous other persons 
 who were necessarily made acquainted with 
 the truth, Charles, though he endured 
 great occasional hardship and privation, 
 and was necessarily exposed to great 
 constant anxiety, eluded every effort of his 
 almost innumerable pursuers, urged on 
 though they were to the utmost activity 
 by the malignant liberality with which 
 Cromwell promised to reward the traitor 
 who shouldjarrest his fugitive king. Under 
 a variety of disguises, and protected by a 
 variety of persons, the young king went 
 from place to place for six weeks wanting 
 only one day, and his adventures and hair- 
 breadth escapes during that time read far 
 more like romance than the history of what 
 actually was endured and survived by a 
 human being persecuted by evil or misgui- 
 ded men. At the end of this time he was 
 fortunate enough to get on board a vessel 
 which landed him safely on the coast of 
 Normandy ; an issue to so long and varied 
 a series of adventures which Is more re- 
 markable when It is considered that forty 
 men and women, of various stations, clr- 
 oumstanecB, and dispositions, were, during 
 
 that terrible season of his flight, necessarily 
 made acquainted with the secret, the bo- 
 trnyal of which would have made any one 
 of thorn opuleni lor life, and lutaraous for 
 ever. 
 
 Cior.well, in th ) meantime, after having 
 achieved what ho called the 'crowning 
 mercy ' of the victory of Worcester, made a 
 sort of triumphal return to Tjondon, where 
 he was mot, with the pomp duo only to a 
 sovereign, by the speaker and principal 
 members of the house of commons, and 
 the mayor and other magistrates of London 
 in their state habits and paraphernalia. 
 
 General Monk had been left in Scotland 
 with a suniclenO force to keep that tur- 
 bulent people in awe ; and both their pres- 
 byterlanlsm and the imminent peril in 
 which Charles's bold march of the fccottish 
 army had placed Cromwell himself and that 
 'coinnionwcalth' of which ho was now 
 fully determined to bo the despot, had so 
 enraged Cromwell against that country, 
 that he seized upon his flrst hour of leisure 
 to complete its degradation, as well as 
 submission. His complaisant parliament 
 only required a hint from him to pass an 
 act by which royalty was declared to be abo- 
 lished in Scotland, as It had previously 
 been in England, and Scotland itself was 
 declared to bo then annexed to England as 
 a conquest and a province of 'the com- 
 monwealth.' Cromwoll's hatred of the 
 Scots, however, proceeded no farther than 
 Insult ; fortunately for the latter. Monk, 
 who was left as their resident general or 
 military governor, was a pnident and im- 
 partial man ; and his rigid impartiality at 
 once disposed the people to peace, and 
 prevented the English judges who were 
 intrusted with tho distribution of justice 
 In that country from being guilty of any 
 Injustice or tyranny to which they might 
 otherwise have been inclined. England, 
 Scotland, and Ireland— where Ireton and 
 Ludlow had completed the very little that 
 Cromwell had left undone— were thus ef- 
 fectually subjected to a parliament of sixty 
 men, many of whom were the weakest, aa 
 many more of them were tho most Ignor- 
 ant, and tho most fanatical men that could 
 have been found in England oven in that 
 age. Unseen, save by the few, but felt 
 throughout the whole English dominion, 
 Cromwell dictated every measure and in- 
 spired every speech of that parliament 
 which to the eyes of the vulgar seem- 
 ed so omnipotent. His sagacity and hla 
 energy did much, and his known vlndlc- 
 tlvenessand indomitable firmness did tho 
 rest ; those who opposed failed before his 
 powers, and their failure intimidated others 
 Into submission. The channel islands and 
 the Scottish isles wero easily subdued on 
 account of their proximity ; the American 
 colonies, though some of them at the out- 
 set declared for the royal cause, numbered 
 80 many religious dissenters among their 
 populations, that they, too, speedily sub- 
 mitted to and followed the example and 
 orders of the newly founded 'Common- 
 wealth' of England. 
 
 While all this was being achieved, the 
 real government of Bngland was In tho 
 
 1 
 
<!PnolaiiTr.— C^e CommonfDeaUlb* 
 
 306 
 
 ved, tho 
 In tho 
 
 hands of Cromwell, though, In form, there 
 was a couuoll of thlrty-t-lglit, to whom nil 
 addresses and petitions were rroscnteU, 
 and who had, nominally, tho managing of 
 tho army and navy, and tho right and re- 
 sponsibility of making war and pence. The 
 real moving principle of thlspotont council 
 was the mind of Cromwell. And, while wo 
 denounce tho flagrant hypocrisy of hlsprc- 
 tcns ons lo a superior sanctity, and his 
 traitorous contempt of all hia duties nsa 
 subject. Impartial truth demands that wo 
 admit that never was Ill-obtained power 
 better wielded. Next after the petty and 
 cruel persecution of Individuals, nominally 
 on public grounds, but really In revcnBo of 
 private In j iirlea, a political speculator vould 
 naturally predict that a poor and, com- 
 paratively speaking, meanly born private 
 man, like Cromwell, being suddenly Invest- 
 ed with so vast a power over a groat and 
 wealthy nation, would make hlslU-acqulrcd 
 authority a special scourge In the tlnanclnl 
 department. But, to tho honour of Cromwell 
 be It said, thero Is no single period in our 
 lilstory during which the public tlnances 
 have been so well managed, nnd admlnU- 
 tered with so entire a freedom from greed, 
 dishonesty, and waste, as during this 
 straiigo man's strange administration. It 
 Is quito true that tho crown revenues and 
 tho lands of tho bishops were most vio- 
 lently and shamefully seized upon by this 
 government, but they were not, as might 
 have been anticipated, squandered upon 
 the gratification of private Individuals. 
 These, with a farther levy upon the national 
 resources that amounted to only a liun- 
 dred and twenty thousand pounds per 
 month, supplied tho whole demands of a 
 government which not only maintained 
 peace In Its own commonwealth and depen- 
 dencies, but also tauplit foreigners that, un- 
 der whatever form of government, Kiigland 
 Still knew how to make herself feared, if 
 not respected. 
 
 Holland, by Its protection of tho royal 
 party of England, had given deep offence 
 to Cromwell, who, literally 'as tho hart 
 pantcth for cool waters," panted for the 
 blood of Charles 11. * Whom we have In- 
 jured wo never forgive,' says a philosophic 
 satirist ; and Cromwell's hatred of Charles 
 II. was a good exemplification of this 
 truth. Hating Holland for her generous 
 shelter of tho royalists, Cromwell eagerly 
 seized upon two events, which might just 
 as well have happciiod In any other country 
 under heaven, an a pretext for making war 
 upon that country. 
 
 Tho circumstances were these. At the 
 time of the mock trial that preceded the 
 shameful murder of the late king, doctor 
 Dorlslaus was one of the 'assistants' of 
 Coke, tho 'solicitor for the people of Eng- 
 land.' Tinder the government of tho ' com- 
 monwealth' this mere hireling was sent as 
 Its envoy to Holland. A royalist, who would 
 see no difference between tho ruffian who 
 actually wields the Instrument and tho 
 more artful but no less tibominablo ruf- 
 fian who instigates or hires tho actual 
 assassin, put Doilslans to death. No sane 
 man at sonnd Christian principles can jus 
 
 tify this act ; but how was Holland con- 
 cerned In Itt Thosamo man with tho same 
 opportunity would doubtless have com- 
 mitted the same act In tho puritan state of 
 New England ; and to make a whole nation 
 answerable in their blood and their trea- 
 sure for tho act of an individual who 
 had taken shelter among them was an nl)- 
 surdlty as well as an atrocity. Tho other 
 case which served Cromwell as a pretext for 
 declaring war against Holland was, that 
 Mr. St. JoiiU, who was subsequently sent on 
 an embassy to Holland, received some petty 
 insult from tho friends of the prince of 
 Orango I 
 
 The great naval commander of this time 
 was admiral Blake. Though ho did not 
 enter the sea service until very late In life, 
 ho was a perfect master of naval tactics, 
 and his daring and firmness of character 
 could not bo surpassed. When tho war 
 was declared against Holland, he proceeded 
 to sea to oppose the power of tho Dutch 
 admiral. Van Tromp. The actions between 
 tliem were numerous and in many cases 
 tolerably ctjual, but the general result of tho 
 war was so ruinous to tho trading interests 
 of tlie Dutch, that they cnxlously desired 
 the return of peace. But though it was 
 chiefly tho personal feeling and energy 
 of Cromwell that had commenced this 
 war, his hitherto patient nnd obsequious 
 tools, tho parliament, now exerted them- 
 selves to prolong tho war at sea, hoping 
 thus to weaken that power of the army, 
 wielded by Cromwell, which of late they 
 had felt to a scarcely tolerablo degree. 
 
 But effectual resistance on the part of 
 tho parliament was now wholly out of tho 
 question ; they had too well done the work 
 of the usurper, who was, probably, not ill 
 pleased that their present petty and fu- 
 tile attempt at opposing him gave him a 
 pretext for crushing even the last sem- 
 blance of their free will out of existence. 
 But though he had fully determined upon a 
 new and decisive mode of overruling them, 
 Cromwell Initiated it with his usual art and 
 tortuous procedure. He well knew that tho 
 commons hated tho army, would fain have 
 disbanded It, If possible, and would on no 
 account do aught that could increase either 
 its power or its well-being; on tho other 
 hand, ho was equally awaro that tho sol- 
 diers had many real grievances to complain 
 of, and also entertained not a few prejudices 
 against the commons. To embroil them in 
 an open quarrel, and then, seemingly as tho 
 mere and sympathizing redresser of tho 
 wronged soldiery, to uso them to crush tho 
 parliament, was the course ho determined 
 upon. 
 
 A.D. 1653.— Cromwell, with that rugged 
 hut eflScient eloquence which he so well 
 knew how to use, urged tho officers of tho 
 array no longer to suffer themselves and 
 their men to labour under grievances unre- 
 dressed and arrears unpaid, at the mere will 
 and pleasuroof the selfish civilians for whom 
 they had fought and conquered, but remon- 
 strate in terms which those selfish persons 
 could not misunderstand, and which would 
 wring justice from their fears. Fevr things 
 could have been suggested which would 
 
 'A- 
 
896 
 
 Q^e Crrnifurv of I^Mtdrj?, ^r. 
 
 have been moro entirely ngreealilo to tlio 
 wlitaes of the olllccrs. Thoy drew up n pe- 
 tition— If wo ought not rather to rail It a 
 rcnionBtranco— In which, after deniaiidlng 
 redrciB of grlt^vanrrs and payment of ar- 
 rears, they taunted the larllainent with hav- 
 ing formerly made line profcgslonsof tholr 
 determination go to remodel that agaemhly 
 M to extend and Innuro liberty to all raukx 
 of men, and with having for years conti- 
 nued to sit without making a single ad- 
 vance towards the performance of these 
 voluntary pledges. Thehouscactedon this 
 occasion with a spirit which would have 
 been admlrableand honourable In a genuine 
 house of commons, but which savoured 
 somewhat of the ludicrous when shown by 
 men who, consciously and deliberately, had 
 year after year been the mere and servile 
 tools of Cromwell and his soldiers. It was 
 voted not only that this petition should 
 not be complied with, but also that any per- 
 son who should In future present any such 
 petition should bo deemed guilty of high 
 treason, and a committee was appointed 
 Immediately to prepare an act In confur- 
 niity to this resolution. The ofllcers pre- 
 sented a warm remonstrance jpon this 
 treatment of their petition ; the house still 
 more warmly replied ; and It was soon very 
 evident that both parties were anlmi'tcd by 
 the utmost animosity to each other, i om- 
 well now saw that bis hour for actV-n had 
 arrived. Ho was sitting In council wlrb 
 some of his officers when, doubtless In obe- 
 dience to his own secret orders, Intelligence 
 was brought to him of the violent temper 
 and designs of the house. With well-acted 
 astonishment and incontrollablo rage, he 
 started from hia seat, and exclaimed that 
 the misconduct of these men at length 
 compelled him to do a thing which \muio 
 the hair to stand on end upon his head. 
 Hastily assembling three hundred soldiers, 
 he immediately proceeded to the house of 
 commons, which he entered covered, and 
 followed by as many of the troops as could 
 enter. Before any remonstrance could bo 
 offered, Ororawell, stamping upon the 
 ground as in an ecstasy of sudden passion, 
 exclaimed, ' For shame ! Get ye gone and 
 give place to honester men I you arc no 
 longer— a parliament, I tell ye you are no 
 longer a parliament.' Sir Harry Vane, a 
 bold and honest man, though a half-insane 
 enthusiast, now rose and denounced Crom- 
 Tvell's conduct as indecent and tyrannical. 
 
 • Ha I' exclaimed Cromwell, ' sir Harry 1 
 Oh ! sir Harry Vane I the Lord deliver, nie 
 from sir Harry Vane ! ' Then, turning flrst 
 to one prominent member of this lately 
 servile parliament and then to another, he 
 dealt out in succession the titles of glutton, 
 drunkard, adulterer, and whoremonger. 
 Having given this, probably, very just de- 
 scription of the men by whose means he 
 had so long and so completely misgoverned 
 the suffering nation, he literally turned 
 'the rump' out of the house, locked the 
 doors, and carrirl away the key in his 
 pocket. 
 
 A servile parliament being the most con- 
 venient of tools for the purposes of despo- 
 XVm, Cromwell, when ho hiid thus summa- 
 
 rily got rid of ' the rump,' very soon pro- 
 ceeded to call a new parliament, which, if 
 possible, surpasHed even that In the quali- 
 ties of brutal Ignorance and ferocious fana- 
 ticism. A practice had now become general 
 of taking scriptural words, and In many 
 cases, whole scriptural sentences or rant- 
 ing imitations of them, for Ohriiitlan 
 names ; and a fanatical leather-srllcr, who 
 was the leading nian in this fanatical par- 
 liament, named Pralse-Qod liarebone, grvo 
 his name to it. The utter Ignorance ills- 
 played by the whole of tho members of 
 llarebone's parliament even of the fonns 
 of their o^vn house, tho wretched drivelling 
 of thi'ir <«peeches, and tliojr obvious in- 
 capacity .,0 understand tho meaning of 
 what tliey were secretly and Imperiously In- 
 structed to do, excited so much ridicule 
 even ironi tho very multitude, that the loss 
 insane f Mong tho members themselves bo- 
 camo ashu.ned of their pitiable appear- 
 ance. A small number of these, with the 
 concurrenceof House, their speaker, walled 
 upon Cromwell at Whitehall, and wisely 
 tendered their resignation which he will- 
 ingly received. But many of this precious 
 parliament were far from being convinced 
 of their Incapacity or willing to resign their 
 authority. They determined not to bo bound 
 by tho decision of the seceders, and pro- 
 ceeded to elect one of their number, named 
 Moycr, as their speaker. Cromwell had 
 but one way of doall.ig with this sort of 
 contumacy, and ha sent a party of guards, 
 under the command of colonel White, wlio 
 cleared the parliament house. 
 
 Having now suniciently ascertained tho 
 complete devotion of tho military to his 
 I>crson, and sufllclently accustomed the 
 people at large to his arbitrary and sudden 
 caprices, Cromwell, whose clear and mas- 
 cnllne sense must have loathed the imbeci- 
 lity and fanaticism of the late parliament, 
 boldly proceeded to dispense with pari'v 
 nients altogether, and to establish a pure 
 and open military government, of which ho 
 was himself at once tho head, heart, and 
 hand. The formation of the new govern- 
 ment was highly characteristic of Crom- 
 well's peculiar policy. Through his usual 
 agents be induced the ofllcers of the army 
 to declare him protector of the common- 
 wealth of England ; and that there might 
 be no misunderstanding as to tho substan- 
 tial royalty of the office thns conferred on 
 him, tho appointment was proclaimed In 
 liOndon and other chief towns with thefor- 
 mallty and publicity usual on proclaiming 
 the accession of a king. 
 
 Tho military officers having thus made 
 Cromwell king in all but the mere name, 
 he gratefully proceeded to make them his 
 ministers, choosing his council from among 
 tho general officers, and allowlngeach coun- 
 cillor tho then very liberal salary of one 
 thousand pounds per annum. 
 
 Now that he was ostensibly, as for along 
 time before he had been virtually, at the 
 head of affairs, the policy of Cromwell re- 
 quired that the army should be well taken 
 care of. While there was yet any pos- 
 sibility of the people clamouring for a par- 
 liament and of a parliament making any 
 
fry Boon pro- 
 cnt, wblch, if 
 I; In tlio quiili- 
 •roclous fninv- 
 sromtf generiil 
 inil 111 iimny 
 Mires or riiiit- 
 ror Clirlstlim 
 cr-Rollcr, wl»o 
 fnnatlcnl pnr- 
 iirlxmo, gnvo 
 tfiioriinco (Hr- 
 
 incmbi'M of 
 of tlio fonriB 
 licddrlvclling 
 • obvious lu- 
 
 inoaiitng of 
 npprlously lii- 
 niich ridicule 
 ; tlmt tlio loHs 
 
 llPIUHClVCS 1)0- 
 
 Inblo nppcar- 
 ie»P, with the 
 icnker, wiilli'd 
 1, and wisely 
 hlch ho wlU- 
 thlfl prcpliiiis 
 iiK c(<iit1iu'ch1 
 
 rc'lgiitht'lr 
 [)t to 1)0 bound 
 lers, and pro- 
 iinibcr.immrd 
 >omwell had 
 
 1 thla Bort of 
 rty of guards, 
 3l White, who 
 
 icertaincd tho 
 
 lUtary to his 
 
 ;u8toincd the 
 
 y and sudden 
 
 ear and nias- 
 
 the Imbecl- 
 
 parllniiieiit, 
 
 with par''"!.- 
 
 llsli a pure 
 
 ofwlilchho 
 
 heart, and 
 
 icw govoni- 
 
 tlc of Croin- 
 
 hls usual 
 
 of tho army 
 
 the coiiiinon- 
 
 thcre might 
 
 tho substan- 
 
 conferred on 
 
 oclalmcd in 
 
 with thefor- 
 
 proclalmlng 
 
 al 
 
 ?h 
 
 thus niade 
 mere name, 
 kc them his 
 from among 
 igeach coun- 
 lary of one 
 
 as for a long 
 lally, at the 
 romwell re- 
 well taken 
 t any pos- 
 igforapar- 
 naklng any 
 
 diolantr.—CTOe CommonfDcaUTj. 
 
 307 
 
 ■how of resistance to his ludrdlnato i)ro- 
 tcnstous, the dlxcontent of tho army was 
 a weapon of price to hlni. Kow, thu rase 
 was completely altered, and instead of al- 
 lowing tho pay of tho army to fall into 
 nrrear, ho had every oflllcer and man con- 
 Btantly paid one month in advance. Liberal 
 in all that related to real public service, as 
 tho providing of arms, furnishing tho ma- 
 gazines, and keeping the lleet in serviceable 
 repair, he yet waa the deterniined foe of all 
 useless expense. 
 
 But though tho iron hand of Cromwell 
 kept tho people tranquil at homo and main- 
 tained tho high character of thu nation 
 abrnad.he had not long obtained tho protcc- 
 tornto when ho began to suffer tho penalty 
 of his criminal ambition. To tho royalists 
 as the murderer of their former king and 
 as tho chief obstacle to tho resturatlou of 
 their present one, ho was of course hate- 
 ful ; and the sincere republicans, Including 
 not only Fairfax and many other men of 
 public Importance and character, but also 
 a multitude of persons In all ranks of pri- 
 vate life, and some of his own nearest and 
 dearest connections, saw In him only a worne 
 than legitimate king. Theconseiiuencewas, 
 that numerous plots, of more or loss Im- 
 portance a''d extent, were formed against 
 him. But ho was himself active, vigilant, 
 and penetrating ; and as ho was profuse in 
 his rewards to those who afforded him valu- 
 able Information, no one was over more ex- 
 actly served by spies. Ho seemed to know 
 men's very thoughts, so rapid and minute 
 was the information which he in fact owed 
 to this, in his circumstances, wlso libera- 
 lity. No sooner was a jilot formed than ho 
 knew who were concerned in it; no sooner 
 had the conspirators determined to proceed 
 to action than tliey learned, to their cost, 
 that their own lives were at thedlsiiosal of 
 him whoso life they had aimed at. 
 
 With regard to tho war in which tho na- 
 tion was engaged. It may bo remarked, that 
 all tho efforts of tho Dutch failed to save 
 them from suffering severely under the vi- 
 gorous and determined attacks of Blake. 
 Defeated again and again, and finding their 
 trade paralysed In every direction, they at 
 length became so dispirited that they sued 
 for peace, and treated as a sovereign tho 
 man whom, hitherto, they had very justly 
 treated as a usurper. In order to obtain 
 peace, they agreed to restore considerable 
 territory which, during the reign of Charles 
 I., they had torn from the East India Com- 
 pany ; to ceaso to advocate or advance the 
 cause of tho unfortunate Charles II. ; and 
 to pay homage on every sea to the flag of 
 the coinmonwer.lth. 
 
 Whilo wo give all due credit to Crom- 
 well as tho ruler under whom tho Dutch 
 were thus humbled, and make due allow- 
 ance for tho value of his prompt and liberal 
 Buppllcs to tho admiral and fleet, wo must 
 not, either, omit to remember that tho real 
 humbler of tho Dutch waa the gallant ad- 
 miral Blake. Tlila fine English seaman 
 waa avowedly and notoriously a republican 
 In principle, and, being so, ho could not 
 but be opposed to the usurpation by Crom- 
 well of a more than kingly power. But at 
 
 sea and with an enemy's fleet in sight tho 
 gallant Ulako remembered only hla coun- 
 try, and cared nothing about who ruled It. 
 On such occasions ho would say to hla sea- 
 men, 'No matter Into whoso hands tho 
 government may fall ; our duty la BttU to 
 flght for our country.' 
 
 With Prance In negotiation, as with Hol- 
 land In open war, England under Cromwell 
 Was successful. Tho sagacious cardinal 
 Mazarin, who was then in power in France, 
 clearly saw that tho protector was more 
 easily to be managed by flattery and defer- 
 ence than by any attempts at violence, and 
 there were few crowned heads that were 
 treated by France under Mazarin with 
 half the respect which it lavished upon 
 'protector* Cromwell of England. This 
 prudent conduct of tho French mlniatcr 
 jirobably saved much blood and treasure to 
 both nations, for although Cromwell'a dis- 
 cerning mind and steadfast temper would 
 not allow of his sacrlflcing any of tho sub- 
 slaiitial advantages of England to the 
 soothlngs and flatteries of tho French mi- 
 nister, they, uiifiuestlonably, disposed him 
 to docility and complaisance upon many 
 not vitally important points, upon which, 
 hud they been at all haughtily pressed, ho 
 would havo resisted even 'o the extremity 
 of going to war. 
 
 Spain, which in tho rclgn of Elizabeth 
 and even later had been so powerful as 
 to threaten to unlto all Europe In submis- 
 sion, had now become considerably reduced. 
 But Cromwell, wisely, as we think, atill 
 considered It too powerful, and aa far more 
 likely timn Franco to espouse the cause of 
 Clinrles II., and thus bo injurious to tho 
 commonwealth— and tlio protector. Ac- 
 cordingly, being solicited by Mazarln to 
 join in depressing Spain, he readily furnish- 
 ed six thousand men for the invasion of 
 the Netherliinds, and a signal victory was 
 with this aid obtained over tho Spaniards 
 at Dunes. In return for this Important 
 service the French put Dunkirk, lately taken 
 from the Spaniards, into his hands. 
 
 But the victory of Dunes was tho least 
 of the evils that the Spaniards experienced 
 from the enmity of Cromwell. Blake, whoso 
 conduct In tho Dutch war had not only en- 
 deared him to England, but had olso spread 
 his personal renown throughout the world, 
 WHS most liberally and ably supported by 
 the protector. Having sailed up tho Medi- 
 terranean, where vhe English flag had never 
 floated above a fleet since the time of the 
 crusaders, ho completely swept that sea of 
 all that dared to dispute it with hira, and 
 then proceeded to Leghorn, where his mere 
 ain>earanco and reputation caused the duke 
 of Tuscany to make reparations for divers 
 injuries which had been inflicted upon tho 
 English traders there. 
 
 A,D. le-W.— The trading vessels of Eng- 
 land, as itideed of all European countries, 
 bad long suffered from tho Tunisians and 
 Algerlnes, and Blake now proceeded to call 
 those barbarians to account. The dey of 
 Algiers was soon brought to reason ; bnt 
 tho dey of Tunis, directing the attention 
 of Blake to tho strong castles of Goletta 
 and Porto Farlno, bade blin look at them 
 
 ,%' 
 
kiObU 
 
 898 
 
 C^e Crrajfurv o( Iftddtary, $ct. 
 
 and then do hit wont. Tho English Ad- 
 miral Initantly took him At hit word, milled 
 Into tho harbour, hurnud tho wIioIm of tlio 
 ■hli ping that lay In IL niid lallod triumph- 
 ant y away In qucHt of tho Hpanlarda. Ar- 
 rived at Cadiz, ho took two golluonii, or trea- 
 Buro ships, of tho enormous valuo of two 
 millions of pieces of clKlit : and then sailed 
 for tho Cnnnrloa.whcro hohurned and sunk 
 an cnf Iro Spanish licet of sixteen sail. Af- 
 ter tills latter action ho sailed for Kngland 
 to r?IIt, and sank so rapidly honeath an 111- 
 r.iss wlilcli hud h)ng allllrtcd hlra, that ho 
 died Just as ho reached home. 
 
 Whllo lllnko )iad heon thus gallantly and 
 successfully exerting himself In one quar- 
 ter, another lleet under admirals Venaliles 
 and I'onn, carrying ahout four thousand 
 land forces. left tho liritlsh shores. Tho 
 object of this expedition was to capture the 
 island of Illspanlola; hut the Hpanlards 
 were so well prepared and superior, that 
 this object utterly failed. Resolved not 
 to return homo without having achieved 
 something, tho admirals now directed their 
 course to Jamaica, where they so complete- 
 ly surprised tho Spaniards, that that rich 
 Island was taken possession of by our troops 
 without tho necessity of striking a blow. 
 So Uttlo was tlio valuo of tho Island from 
 which so much wealth lias since been drawn, 
 at that time understood, that Its capture 
 WAS not deemed a compensation for tlio 
 failure before Illspanlola, and both tho ad- 
 mirals wcro sent to tho Tower for that 
 fulluro. 
 
 A.n. 1658.— But t.) splendid successes of 
 Cromwell were now drawing to a close. 
 Ills life, glorious as to tho unthinking and 
 uninformed it mast havo appeared, had 
 from tho moment of his accepting tho pro- 
 tectorate been onolong series of secret and 
 most harassing vexations. As wo havo 
 already pointed out, bdth extremes, the 
 republicans and the royalists, detested him, 
 and were perpetually plotting against his 
 authority and life. His own wlfo was 
 thought to detest the stato in wliich 
 tlicy lived ; and it is certain tliat both his 
 eldest daughter, Mrs. Fleetwood, and his 
 favourite child, Mrs. Olaypole, took every 
 opportunity of maintaining tho respective 
 principles of their husbands, even in tho 
 presence of their father. Mrs. Fleetwood, 
 Indeed, went beyond her husband In zeai 
 for republicanism; while Mrs. Clnypole, 
 whom tho protector loved with a tenderness 
 little to have been expected from so stern 
 a man, was so ardent in tho cause of mon- 
 archy, that even on her death-bed she up- 
 braided her sorrowing father with thedcath 
 of ouo sovereign and the usurpation wlilch 
 kept tho living sovereign in oxllo and in 
 misery. Tho soldiery too, with whom he 
 had so often fought, wcro for the most part 
 sincere, however erring, in their religious 
 professions, and could not but bo deeply 
 disgusted when they at length perceived 
 that his religious as well as his republican 
 professions bad been mere baits to catch 
 men's opinions and support withal. Fre- 
 quent conspiracies, and his knowledge of 
 the general detestation in which his con- 
 duct was held, at length shoolc even bis re- 
 
 solute mind and Iron frame. Ho becamt 
 nervous and melancholy ; in whichever 
 direction ho turned his eyes ho imagined 
 that ho saw an eiieniy. Fairfax, whoso wife 
 openly condemned the proceedings against 
 tlio king In Westmlnstcr-hall at (ho time of 
 tho mock trial, had so wrought upon her 
 liiisband, that ho allowed himself to league 
 with sir William Waller and other eminent 
 nien at the head of tlio prosbyterlan party 
 to destroy the protector. With all parties 
 In tho Htato thus furlmis against him, 
 Cromwell now, too, for tho llrst time 
 found himself straitened for money. His 
 successes against the Spaniards had been 
 splendid Indeed, but such splendours wcro 
 usually expensive in thoend. With an ex- 
 hausted treusur;' and debts of no inconsi- 
 derable amount, he began to fear tho con- 
 sequence of what appeared Inevitable— his 
 falling in arrears with tho soldiery, to whom 
 ho owed all his past success and upon 
 whogo good will alone rested his slender 
 hopo of future security. Just as he was 
 tortured by these threatening oircum- 
 stances of his situation, coliuiel Titus, 
 a zealous republican who bad bravely, how- 
 ever erroneously, fought against tho late 
 king, and who was now tlioroughly dis- 
 gusted and Indignant to see tho I'rotcctor 
 practising more tyranny than tho murdered 
 monarch had ever bcei arullty of, sent forth 
 Ills opinions ill a most bitterly eloquent 
 pamphlet, bearing tho ominous titio of 
 • KiLMNf), NO Murder.' Betting out with 
 a brief reference to what had 1 een done In 
 tho case of (what he, as a republican, called) 
 khigln tyranny, tho colonel vehemently in- 
 sisted that It was not merely n right but a 
 positive duty to slay the iilebeiau usurper. 
 '.Shall wo,' said tho eliKiuent dcclalmer, 
 'shall we, who struck down tho lion, cower 
 before the wolf J' 
 
 Cromwell doubted not that this fear- 
 less and plausible pam|)hlet would fall Into 
 tho hands of some enthusiast who would 
 bo nerved to frenzy by it. lie wore armour 
 beneath Ills clotlies, and constantly car- 
 ried pUtols with lilin, never travelled twice 
 by tho Hamo road, and rarely slept inoro 
 than a second night in tho same cliambor. 
 Though ho was always strongly guarded, 
 such was tho wretchedness of his situation 
 that even this d!d not insure his safety ; 
 for where more proliably tlian among the 
 fanatical soldiery could an assassin bo 
 found ? Alone, lie fell Into melancholy ; In 
 company, ho was unchecred ; and If strang- 
 ers, of however high character, approaclied 
 somewhat close to his person, it was in a 
 toDO less indicative of anger than of actual 
 terror that he bade them stand off. 
 
 Tho strong constitution of Cromwell at 
 length gave way beneath this accumulation 
 of liorrors. He daily became thinner and 
 more feeble, and ere long was seized witli 
 tertian ague,which carried him off in a week, 
 in tho ninth year of his usurpation, and in 
 the fifty-ninth of bis age, on the third of 
 September, 1639. 
 
 A.D. 1660.— Though Cromwell was deli- 
 rious from the effects of his mortal illness, 
 ho had a sufficient lucid interval to allow 
 of his patting the crowning stroke to bis 
 
He l)cenm« 
 . wlilchevcr 
 lio linngliiPd 
 ,wk()>e wife 
 
 InRS ftRKlllBt 
 
 t tho tliiieot 
 lit upon her 
 elf to iPAKUO 
 :her ciniiiunt 
 terliiii pnrty 
 :h all parties 
 ignliiBt lilni, 
 
 llrgt tinio 
 money. Ills 
 •ilH Imd been 
 ;ii(lnuri were 
 
 With an cx- 
 t no Inconal- 
 fear tho con- 
 ovltablo— his 
 lery, towhoni 
 Hs niul uiiuu 
 
 1 taU slender 
 It lu ho wnn 
 Inn olrouin- 
 ilonol Titus, 
 bravely, how- 
 tlnst tho lato 
 orouRlily ills- 
 Iho Protector 
 tho murdered 
 of, Bcnt forth 
 Driy eloquent 
 inua tltlo of 
 ting out with 
 
 I ecu done In 
 1)1 lean, enlled) 
 iheniuntly lu- 
 n right but n 
 lau usuijier. 
 lit declalnier, 
 p Hon, cower 
 
 was dell- 
 Ital illness, 
 (l to allow 
 
 oke to Ills 
 
 <hiQTxntr.~Cl)e CommontDrxIt^. 
 
 309 
 
 treMon. This slayer of his lawful sove- 
 reign, who hM only made him flrHt stop from 
 obsrurity under iireteuco of n burning ha- 
 tred of inonarrhy. now had tlio boldiieus to 
 namo his son Klchard as liU succcsitor— as 
 though his usurpod power wuro held by 
 hereditary right. 
 
 But though named by his father to tlio 
 protectorate, llU'hnrd t'roiiiwell had none 
 of his fathers energy and but llttio of his 
 ambition. Accustomed to the stern rule 
 ami sagacious activity of tho dereasfd 
 usurper, the army very speedily showed its 
 unwillingness to transfer its allegiance to 
 lllchard, and a committee of tlio leading 
 otncers was assembled at KloetwoodV rest- 
 deme, and called tho cabal of Walllngford. 
 Tliu llrst step of this association was to 
 proaent to the young protector a remon- 
 strance rcaulrlng that tho command of the 
 army should bo Intrusted to some person 
 who possessed the contUlencoof thconiccrs, 
 As Illi-liard was thus plainly informed that 
 he had not that conlldeuco, ho had no 
 cholcu but to defend his tltlo by force, or 
 make a virtue of necessity ond give In hl« 
 resignation of an authority to tho exercise 
 of which ho was signally unciiual. Hechoso 
 tho latter course ; ond having Higned a for- 
 mal abdication of nn office which he ought 
 novor to have tilled, hu lived for some years 
 In Franco and subsetiuently settled atClies- 
 huut, in Jlertfordsblrc, where as a private 
 gentleman he lived to a very advanced 
 ago. The cpi)al of ■\Viilllngford, Imvlng 
 thus readily and iiuletly dlnposed of pro- 
 tector lllchard, now saw tlio neccs.slty of 
 establishing something like n formal go- 
 veriimtnt ; and the rump parliament, which 
 Oliver Cromwell had so unceremoniously 
 turned out of doors, was Invited to rein- 
 state itself In authority. Uut upon these 
 thoroughly Incapable men tlio e.xperlenco 
 of piist days was wholly thrown away. 
 Korgetting that tho source of their power 
 was tho force of the ariiiy, their very llrst 
 measures wero aimed at lessening tho 
 power of tho cabal. Tho latter body, per- 
 ceiving that tho parliament proceeded from 
 less to greater iiroofs of extreme hostility, 
 determined to send it back to thollttlug 
 obscurity of private life. Lambert, with a 
 largo body of troops,*accordlngly went to 
 Wostinlnlster. Having completely sur- 
 rounded tho parliament house with his 
 men, the general patiently awaited tho 
 arrival of tho speaker, Leuthal, and when 
 that personago made hla appearance tho 
 general orderod tho horses of tho state 
 carriage to bo turned round, and Lcnthal 
 was conducted home. Tho like civility 
 was extended to tho various members as 
 they successively made their appearance, 
 and the army proceeded to keep a solemn 
 fast by way of celebrating tho anuihllatlon 
 of this disgraceful parliament. 
 
 But the triumph of the army was short. 
 If Fleetwood, Lambert, and tho other lead- 
 ing offlcers anticipated tho possibility of 
 placing one of themselves in tho position 
 occupied by the late protector, they had 
 egreglouBly erred In overlooking tho power 
 and possible Inclination of general Monk. 
 This able and politic officer. It will be re- 
 
 f ollectcd, had been Intrusted by Cromwell 
 with the task of keeping Hcolland In sub- 
 servlcnco to the commonwealth of KiiKlanii, 
 Ho had an army of upwards of clKht thou- 
 santi veteran troops, and tho wl.idoin and 
 moderation with which ho had governed 
 Scotland gavo him great moral inlluenco 
 and a proportionate command of pecuniary 
 resources; and when tlio dismissal of tho 
 rump parliament by the army threw tho 
 Inhabitants of London Into alariu lest an 
 absolute military tyranny should succeed, 
 the eyes of all wero turned upon Monk, and 
 every one was anxious to know whether ho 
 would throw his vast power into this or 
 Into that scale. 
 
 lUit 'liinest Oeorgo Monk,' as his sol- 
 diers with alfoctlonato riimlllarlty were 
 wont to term him, was as cool and silent im 
 ho was dexterous and resolute. As soon as 
 ho was made aware of the proceedings that 
 had taken place in Loiiilou ho put lils vete- 
 ran army In motion. As he marched south- 
 ward upon London ho was met by mes- 
 senger after messcuKcr, each party being 
 anxious to ascertain for which ho Intended 
 to declare; imt ho strlctiv, and with an 
 ndmlralile llrniness, ri'pllecl to all, that ho 
 was on Ills way to eiii|iilre Into the stale of 
 affairs, and to aid in remedying whatever 
 might bo wrong. Still maintaining this 
 politic reserve, ho reached St. Alhaus, and 
 there fixed his lie.ul-eiuarters. 
 
 Tho rump parliament In the mcantinio 
 iKul reassembled without opposition from 
 tho Walllngford cabal, tho menibers of 
 which probably feared to act while In igno- 
 rance of the Intentions of Monk, who now 
 sent a formal reciuest to tho iiarllanu'iit for 
 llie Instant removal to country quarters of 
 all trooj's slatloiK'd In London. This done, 
 the parliament dissolved, after taking mea- 
 sures for tho Immcdlato cluctiuu of new 
 ineinbcrs. 
 
 Sagacious public men now began to 
 judge that Monk, weary of tho existing 
 state of things, had resolved to restoro tho 
 exiled king, but Monk still preserved tlio 
 most profound silenco until theassembliiig 
 of a new iiarllameiit should enable him 
 rapidly and effectually to accomplish his 
 designs. 
 
 Tho only person who scorns to have been 
 In the confldence of this ablo man was ti 
 Devonshire gentleman named Morrlec, who 
 was of as tacltuniand prudent adlsposltlou 
 as tho general himself. All persons who 
 sought tho general's confldence wero re- 
 ferred to Morrlce, and among the number 
 was Sir John Granville, who was the ser- 
 vant and personal friend of tho exiled king, 
 who now sent him over to Kiigland to en- 
 deavour to Influence Monk. Sir John, when 
 referred to Morrlce, more than once replied 
 that he held a commiss'ion from tho king, 
 and that ho could open his business to no 
 one but general Monk In person. This per- 
 tinacity and caution wero precisely what 
 Monk required ; and though even now he 
 would not commit htmseli by an:* written 
 document, ' he personally gave Granville 
 such information as induced tho king to 
 hasten from Breda, tho governor of which 
 would fain have made him a prisoner under 
 
 i 
 
400 
 
 CDte ^te&iMv^ af |^(iitori?» ist* 
 
 tho pretence of paying lilm honour, and 
 settled himself In Ilolland. where he anx- 
 loualy awaited farther tidings from Monk. 
 The parllameut at length assembled, and 
 It became very generally understood, that 
 the restoration of the monarchy was tho 
 real intention of Monk ; but so great and 
 obvious were tho perils of tho time, that 
 for a I'ew days the parliament occupied It- 
 self in merely routine business, no one 
 daring to utter a word upon that very sub- 
 ject which every man had tho most deeply 
 at heart. Monk during all this time had 
 lost no opportunity of observing the senti- 
 ments of the new parliament, and he at 
 last broke through his politic and well- 
 sustained reserve, and directed Annesley, 
 the president of tho council, to Inform the 
 house that sir John Granville was at Its 
 door with a letter from his Majesty. Tho 
 effect of these few words was electrical : 
 llie whole of the members rose from their 
 seats and hailed the news with aiburst of 
 enthusiastic cheering. Sir John Gran- 
 vlllo was now called in, the king's letter 
 was read, and tho proposals it made for the 
 restoration of Charles were agreed to with 
 a new burst of cheering. The gracious 
 letter, offering an indemnity far more ex- 
 tensive than could have been hoped for 
 af Cer all the evil that had been done, was 
 at once entered on the journals, and ordered 
 to be published, that tha people at large 
 might participate lu the joy of the house. 
 Nothing now remained to obstruct the re- 
 turn of Charles, who, after a short and 
 prosperous passage, arrived in London on 
 the twenty-ninth of May, being the day on 
 which he completed his thirtieth y'ar. 
 Everywhere ho was received with tho ac- 
 clamations of assembled multitudes ; and 
 so numerous were the congratulatory ad- 
 dresses that were presented to him, that he 
 pleasantly remarked that it must surely 
 have been his own fault that he had not 
 returned sooner, as It was plain there was 
 not one of his subjects Who had not been 
 long wishing for him. 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 The neign of CiiAuiiES II. 
 
 A.D. 1600. — YouNO, accomplished, and of 
 a singularly cheerful and affable temper, 
 Charles II. ascended his throne with all 
 the apparent elements of a just and uni- 
 versal popularity, especially as the Ignor- 
 ance of some and tho tyranny of others 
 had by this time taught the people of 
 England to understand the full value of 
 a wise and regular government. But 
 Charles had some faults which were none 
 the less mischievous because they were the 
 mere excesses of amiable qualities. His 
 good-nature was attended by a levity and 
 carelessness which caused him toleave the 
 most faitlif ul services and the most serious 
 eacriflces unrewarded, and his gaiety de- 
 generated into an indolence and self- 
 indulgence more fitted to the effeminate 
 Belf-worship of a Sybarite than to the 
 responsible situation oX the king of a free 
 tmd active people. 
 
 One of the first cares of the parliament 
 was to pass an act of indemnity for all that 
 had passed, but a special exception was 
 made of those who had directly and per- 
 sonally taken part in the murder of the 
 late king. Tliree of the most prominent of 
 these, Cromwell, Dradshaw, and Ireton, 
 were dead. But as it was thought that 
 some signal obiociuy ought to be thrown 
 upon crime so enormous as their's, 
 their bodies were disinterred, suspended 
 from the gallows, and subsequently buried 
 at Its foot. Others of the regicides were 
 proceeded against, and more or less severely 
 punished; but Charles showed no more 
 earnestness In vengeance than In grati- 
 tude, and there never, probably, has been 
 so little of punishment Inflicted for crime 
 so extensive and so frightful. 
 , Charles, In fact, had but one passion— 
 the love of pleasure; and so long as he 
 could command the means of gratifying 
 that, he, at the commencement of his 
 reign especially, seemed to care but little 
 how his ministers arranged the public 
 affairs. It was, in some degree, happy for 
 the nation that Charles was thus careless ; 
 for so excessive was the gladness of the 
 nation's loyalty just at this period, that 
 had Charles been of a sterner and more 
 ambitious character he would have had 
 little or no difficulty in rendering himself 
 an absolute monarch. So evident was the 
 inclination of the commons to go to ex- 
 tremes In order to gratify the king, that 
 one of the ministers, Southampton, seri- 
 ously contemplated requiring the enormous 
 amount of two millionsas the king's annual 
 revenue, a revenue which would have made 
 him wholly independent alike of his people 
 and the law. Fortunately, the wise and 
 virtuous lord Clarendon, attached as he was 
 to the royal master whose exile and priva- 
 tions he had faithfully shared, opposed this 
 outrageous wish of Southampton, and tho 
 revenue of tho king was fixed more mode- 
 rately, but with a liberality which rendered 
 It Impossible for him to feel necessity ex- 
 cept as the consequence of tho cxtremest 
 profusion. 
 
 But Charles was one of those persons 
 whom it Is almost Impossible to preserve 
 free from pecuniary necessity ; and he soon 
 became so deeply involved lu difficulties, 
 while his* love of expensive pleasures re- 
 mained unabated, that he at once turned 
 his thoughts to marriage as a means of 
 procuring money Catherine, the Infanta 
 of Portugal, was at that time, probably, 
 the homeliest princess in Europe. But 
 she was wealthy, her portion amount- 
 ing to three hundred thousand pounds In 
 money, together with Bombay In the East 
 Indies, and the fortress of Tangier In 
 Africa ; and such a portion had too many 
 attractions for the needy and pleasure- 
 loving Charles to allow him to lay much 
 stress upon the infanta's want of personal 
 attractions. The dukes of Ormond, South- 
 ampton, and the able and clear-headed 
 chancellor Clarendon endeavoured to dis- 
 suade the king from this match, chiefly on 
 the ground of the infanta being but little 
 likely to have children : but Charles was 
 
If not actually enroi ,-a«eH* ;XT^®,™'"«<1. 
 
 
 wlio. probably, had fnr ^^ "'"""'Clmiles. 
 
 don to do With the common" "^''n Claren- 
 
 ^•■;'r ho showed no Sl"^ement of ti.e 
 
 , "'nlster. whose steadfast nnn". f ".''"'' '"s 
 
 [ P ed cliaracter had lon» hPon'* high-princl- 
 
 ft court that he had hL^ '^",^'' distasteful 
 
 nsults Of the roSrtiersanH"'i'<'''"'*°"'^ 
 
 t-o nJI^So^r^o^-i -™ him" ?^ 
 engaged to slioot the J^n/^'"'?,'''"'?''*^'^^ 
 queen's physician sir n^' ""'' f'-it tlie ' 
 had agreed if the'y fii'ied 7„'^° Wakellng^ I 
 his majesty by poison V^" J'"' '^ end to J 
 now referred to Sanbv" ti^i'f ?*»"«"'■ ^v'as 
 who sent for dorfnr -r' "'" ^"'"d treasurer 
 not only shmv«°"°,'; ??n?^o- That persm^ 
 
 Peachment affirhfm ^^^''"''''es of inf: Ig''.^® *« 'ho supposed plot 'r^^^l':'' '''-'• 
 
 mmmmmm 
 
402 
 
 Cl^e €ttniurp at Wiitat^t ^r. 
 
 an abandoned character. He had been 
 Indicted for gross perjunr, and had sub- 
 sequently been dismissed from the chap- 
 laincy of a man-of-war for a yet more dis- 
 graceful crime, and he thon professed to 
 be a convert to papacy, and actually was 
 for some time maintained in the English 
 seminary at St. Omer's. Reduced to actual 
 destitution, he seems to have fastened upon 
 Klrby and Tonge, as weak and credulous 
 men, whose very weakness and credulity 
 would make them Intrepid In the assertion 
 of such falsehoods as he might choose to 
 Instil Into their minds. Of his own mo- 
 tives we may form a shrewd guess from the 
 fact that he was supported by the actual 
 charity of Klrby, at a moment when he af- 
 fected to have the clue to mysteries closely 
 touching the king's life and Involving the 
 lives of numerous persons of consequence. 
 
 Though vulgar,- illiterate, and rufflanly, 
 this man Gates was cunning and daring. 
 Finding that his pretended information 
 was of no avail in procuring himself court 
 favour, he now resolved to see what effect 
 it would have upon the already alarmed 
 and anxious minds of the people. He ac- 
 cordingly went before Sir Edraondbury 
 Godfrey, a gentleman In great celebrity for 
 his activity as a < magistrate, and desired to 
 make a deposltlv.a to the sflect that the 
 pope, judging the heresy of the king and 
 people a sutBclent ground, had assumed 
 the sovereignty of England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland, and had condemned the king to 
 death aa a heretic; the death to be in- 
 flicted by Grove and Pickering, who were 
 to shoot him with sliver bullets. The 
 Jesuits and the pope having thus disposed 
 of the king, whom, according to this de- 
 position, they styled the black bastard, the 
 crown was to be offered to the duke of 
 York on the condition that he should 
 wholly extirpate the protestant religion ; 
 but If the duke refused to comply with 
 that condition, then James, too, was to go 
 to pot. 
 
 The mere vulgarity of this deposition 
 might have led the people to infer its 
 falsehood ; for whatever might be the other 
 faults of the Jesuits, they were not, as edu- 
 cated men, at all likely to use the style of 
 speech which so coarse and Illiterate a 
 wretch as Gates attributed to them. But 
 popular terror not uncommonly produces, 
 temporarily at least, a popular madness ; 
 and the at once atrocious and clumsy false- 
 hoods of this man, whose very destitution 
 was the consequence of revolting crimes, 
 were accepted by the people as irrefragable 
 evidence, and he was himself htdled and 
 caressed as the friend and protector of 
 protestantism and protestantal Before 
 the council he repeatedly and most grossly 
 contradicted himself, but the efCeot his 
 statements bad upon the public mind was 
 such, that it was deemed necessary to 
 order the apprehension of the principal 
 persons named as being cognizant of this 
 plot, among whom were several Jesuits, and 
 Coleman, secretary to the duke of York. 
 
 ▲ singular circumstance now occurred 
 which gives but too much reason to fear 
 that periury was by no means the wont o£ 
 
 the crimes to which Dates resorted to pro 
 cure the success of his vile schenie. Sir 
 Edmondbury Godfrey, the magistrate who 
 first gave Gates importance by allowing 
 him to reduce his lying statements into a 
 formal and regular deposition, was suddenly 
 missed from his house, and after a lapse of 
 several days, found barbarously murdered 
 In a ditch at Prlmrose-hlU, near London, 
 No sooner was this known than the people 
 rushed to the conclusion that sir Edmond- 
 bury had been murdered by the Jesuits, In 
 revenge for the willingness he had shown 
 to receive the Information of Gates. But 
 looking at the desperate character of the 
 latter, does It not seem far more probable 
 that he caused the murder of the credulous 
 magistrate, trusting that it would have the 
 very effect which it did produce upon tho 
 credulous people? Be that as it may, tho 
 discovery of the deceased gentleman's body 
 frightfully increased the public agitation ; 
 the corpse was carried in procession by 
 seventy clergymen, and no one who valued 
 his personal safety ventured to hint that 
 the murder might probably not have been 
 the work of the detested Jesuits. 
 
 Prom the mere vulgar, the alarm and 
 agitation soon spread to the better-in- 
 formed classes, and at length it was moved 
 In parliament that a solemn fast should be 
 appointed, that the house should have all 
 papers that were calculated to throw a 
 light upon the horrid plot, that all known 
 papists should be ordered to quit London, 
 and all unknown or suspicious persons for- 
 bidden to present themselves at court, and 
 that the train bands of London and West- 
 minster should be kept In instant readiness 
 for action I The miscreant whose false- 
 hoods had raised all this alarm and anxiety 
 was thanked by parliament and recom- 
 mended to the favour of the king, who 
 conferred upon him a pension of twelve 
 hundred pounds per annum, and a resi- 
 dence in Whitehall. Such reward bestowed 
 upon such a character and for such 'pub- 
 lic services 'naturally produced a rival for 
 public favour, and a fellow named William 
 Bedloe now made his appearance in the 
 character of informer. He was of even 
 lower origin and more infamous note than 
 Gates, having been repeatedly convicted of 
 theft. Being at Bristol and in a state of 
 destitution, he at his own request was ar- 
 rested and sent to Loudon. When ex- 
 amined before the council he stated that 
 he had seen the body of the murdered sir 
 Edmondbury Godfrey at the then residence 
 of the queen, Somerset-house, and that a 
 servant of the lord Bellasls bad offered him 
 four thousand pounds to carry it off and 
 conceal it I Improbable as the tale was it 
 was greedily received, and the ruffians. 
 Gates and Bedloe, finding that credit was 
 given to whatever they oh",so to assert, now 
 ventured a step farther, tuti accused the 
 queen of being an accornplice is m the 
 evil doings and designs of the Jesuits. The 
 house of commons, to its great disgrace, 
 addressed the king in support of this scan- 
 dalous attack upon his already but too 
 unhappy queen ; but the lords, with better 
 Judgement and more manly feeling, reject* 
 
■auaai 
 
 3d to pro 
 jme. Sir 
 ;riite who 
 
 allowing I 
 nts Into a 
 I suddenly 
 a lapse of 
 murdered 
 • London, 
 he people 
 
 Edmond- 
 csults. In 
 ad shown 
 ites. But 
 ter of the 
 ) probable 
 credulous 
 d have the 
 
 upon the 
 t may, the 
 nan's body 
 agitation ; 
 ;esslon by 
 fho valued 
 
 hint that 
 have been 
 
 alarm and 
 better-in- 
 was moved 
 t should bo 
 Id have all 
 
 throw a 
 ; all known 
 It London, 
 )erson8 f or- 
 ; court, and 
 
 and West- 
 it readiness 
 bose false- 
 md anxiety 
 ^nd recom- 
 klng, who 
 of twelve 
 And a real- 
 rd bestowed 
 such 'pub- 
 
 1 a rival for 
 [ed ■William 
 
 .ce In the 
 18 of even 
 note than 
 invicted of 
 a state of 
 jst was ar- 
 "When ex- 
 itated that 
 irdered sir 
 residence 
 md that a 
 ifleredbim 
 it oil and 
 Itale was it 
 le ruffian B| 
 credit was 
 jsert, now 
 jcused the 
 !n ail the 
 luits. The 
 disgrace, 
 this scan- 
 but too 
 ith better 
 r, reject- 
 
 .. 
 
 ** 
 
 ft^itfllaiitf.— ?|Durfc 0( ^tuart.— CijarltiJ M. 
 
 403 
 
 ed the accnsatlon with the utter contempt 
 which it merited. 
 
 The conjunction of two snch intrepid per- 
 jurers as Oatcs and Bedloo was ominous 
 indeed to the unfortunate persons wiiom 
 they accused; and It is but little to the 
 credit of the public men of that day that 
 they did not interfere to prevent any pri- 
 soner being tried upon thei" evidence as to 
 the fabled plot, until the puulic mind should 
 have been allowed a reasonable time in 
 which to recover from its heat and exacer- 
 bation. No such delay was even proposed, 
 and while cunning was still triumphant and 
 credulity still agape, Edward Coleman, the 
 duke of York's secretary, was put upon his 
 trial. Here, as before the council. Gates 
 and Bedloe, though inconsistent with each 
 other, and each with himself, yet agreed in 
 their main statements, that Coleman had 
 not only agreed to the assassination of th( 
 king but had even, as his reward for so 
 doing, received acommlsslon, signed by the 
 superior of the Jesuits, appointing him 
 papal secretary of state of these kingdoms. 
 Coleman, who behaved with equal modesty 
 and flrmncBS, utterly dented all the guilt 
 that was laid to his charge. But he could 
 not prove a negative, and his mere denial 
 availed nothing against the positive swear- 
 ing of the informers. He was condemned 
 to death ; and then several members of both 
 houses of parliament offered to Interpose to 
 procure him the king's pardon on condi- 
 tion that he would make a full confession. 
 But the unfortunate gentleman was inno- 
 cent, and was far too high-minded to save 
 his life by falsely accusing himself and 
 others. He still firmly denied his guilt, and, 
 to the eternal disgrace of Charles, was ex- 
 ecuted. 
 
 The blood of Coleman satiated neither 
 the informers nor the pubJc. Pickering, 
 Grove, and Ireland were next put upon 
 th elr trial, condemned and executed. That 
 they were Innocent we have no doubt ; but 
 they were Jesuits, and that was sufficient to 
 blunt all sympathy with their fate. 
 
 Hill, Green, and Berry were now charged 
 with being the actual murderers of sir 
 Edmondbury Godfrey. In this case the In- 
 formation, which was laid by Bedloe, was 
 wholly irreconcileable with the evidense 
 which was given by a feUow named Prance, 
 and there was good evidence that was at 
 variance with them both. But the prisoners 
 were found guilty and executed, all three 
 in their dying moments professing their In- 
 nocence. As Berry was t, protestant this 
 made some impression upon the minds of 
 the more reasonable, but the public mind 
 was not even prepared to be disabused. 
 
 Whltbread, provincial of the Jesuits, and 
 Gavan, Fenwick, Turner, and Harcourt, 
 brethre a of the same order, were next tried. 
 In addition to Gates and Bedloe, a wretch 
 named Dugdale appeared against these pri- 
 soners, and, in addition to and in support 
 of th'i incredible and monstrous lies of 
 UateF, and Bedloe, he deliberately swore 
 that there were two hundred thousand pa- 
 plst'i at that very moment ready to take 
 arms. And yet the alleged leaders and in- 
 Btigators of this bage army of armed and 
 
 malignant pajplsts were dally being brought 
 to trial, condemned, and butchered, undsr 
 the guard of a score or two constables) 
 iiut reasoning could not possibly be of any 
 avail in that veritable reign of terror, for 
 even direct and sworn evidence in favour of 
 accused persons was treated with contempt. 
 For Instance, on this very trial sixteen 
 witnesses proved that they and Gates were 
 together in the seminary of St. Gmer's on the 
 very day in which that ruffian's testimony 
 had stated him to have been In London. But 
 these witnesses were papists, their evidence 
 received not the slightest attention, and 
 the unfortunate prisoners were condemned 
 and executed, protesting in their last mo- 
 ments their entire innocence of the crimes 
 laid to their charge. 
 
 Sir George Wakeman, the queen's physi- 
 cian, was now brought to trial, but was 
 more fortunate than the persons previously 
 accused. The vne informers, it is true, 
 swore with their accustomed and dauntless 
 fluency ; but to have convicted sir George 
 would, under all the circumstances of the 
 case, have Inferred the guilt of the queen. 
 The judge and jury were probably appre- 
 hensive that even tho culpable and cruel 
 indolence of Charles would not allow the 
 prevalent villany to proceed to that extent, 
 and sir George was honourably acquitted. 
 
 A.D. 1672. — For upwards of two years 
 the horrible falsehoods of Gates had de- 
 luded the mind of the public, and shed the 
 blood of the innocent. But he and bis 
 abominable associate were not yet weary of 
 evil doing. Hitherto the victims had been 
 chiefly priests and scholars, to whose title 
 of Jesuits the vulgar attributed everything 
 that was most dangerous and terrible. But 
 as if to show that rank the most eminent 
 and age the most reverend were as worth- 
 less in their eyes as the piety and learning 
 of sincere, however erroneous, religionists, 
 the informing miscreants now brought for- 
 ward a last victim in the person of the earl 
 of Stafford. The fiercest wild beast Is not 
 fiercer or more utterly unreasoning than a 
 deluded and enraged multitude. The cry 
 against the venerable earl of Stafford was 
 even louder than it had been against the 
 former prisoners. Gates positively swore 
 that be saw one of the Jesuits who had lately 
 been condemned, Fenwick, deliver to the 
 earl of Stafford a commission signed by tho 
 general of the Jesuits, constituting the earl 
 paymaster-general of the Jesuit or papal 
 army. It was in vain that the venerable 
 nobleman protested bis innocence, and 
 pointed out the improbability of bis feeble 
 age being concerned in plots; he was 
 condemned to be banged and quartered, 
 Charles changed the sentence to oehead- 
 ing, and the earl suffered accordingly npon 
 Tower-bill. 
 
 The parllament,.wbich bad now sat seven- 
 teen years, was dissolved, but a new one 
 was called, which will ever be memorable 
 on account of one law which it passed; 
 we mean the invaluable lutbeas eorpiu 
 act. By this act the gaoler who is sam- 
 moned must have or produce the body of a 
 prisoner in court and certify the cause of 
 bis detention, within three dayiU wlttala 
 
 zdi < 
 
404 
 
 ^t ^vcnixivp at W^tavtit ^c* 
 
 twenty miles of tlio judge, and bo on for 
 greater distances ; no prisoner to bo sent 
 to prison beyond sea; every prisoner to bo 
 iHdIcted the first term after commitment 
 anA tried in the next term, and no man to 
 be recommitted for the same offence after 
 being enlarged by court ; heavy penalties 
 npon any jndge refusing any prisoner his 
 writ of ?Mbeas corp'.ia. Human wisdom could 
 scarcely devise a more effectual safeguard to 
 the subject than this act. On the other 
 hand. It can never be perilous to the throne, 
 because in times of sedition or violence par- 
 liament can suspend the execution nf tliis 
 act for a short and definite time, at tlie end 
 of whlcli time this great safeguard of our 
 liberties returns to Its full force. 
 The criminal and disgraceful complaisance 
 with which the government had allowed 
 the pei^ured Informers to flourish un- 
 checked, caused a new plot-discoverer to 
 present himself In the person of a worthy, 
 named Dangerfleld, whoso previous life 
 had been diversified by experience of the 
 pillory, the scourge, the branding iron, and 
 a residence, as a convict, in the plantations. 
 This fellow. In conjunction with a midwife 
 of bad character, named Collier, came for- 
 ward to denounce a plot, of which he al- 
 leged the existence, for removing the king 
 and the royal family and setting up a new 
 form of government. This fellow took his 
 information direct to the king and the duke 
 of York, who weakly, if we must not rather 
 say wickedly, supplied him with money, and 
 thus patronised and encouraged him In his 
 evil course. Detormlned to make the most 
 of his fortune, Dangerfleld deposited some 
 writings of a most seditious character in 
 the house of a military offlcer named Man- 
 sel. Having so placed the papers that they 
 were certain to be discovered by any one 
 searching the apartments, Dangerfleld, 
 without saying a word about the papers, 
 went to the custom-house and sent oOlcers 
 to Mansers to search for smuggled goods. 
 There were no such goods there, as Dan- 
 gerfleld well knew, but, exactly as he had 
 anticipated, the ciQcers found the concealed 
 papers, examined them, and felt it to be 
 their duty to lay them before the council. 
 Either Dangerfleld was already suspected, 
 or something in the papers themselves In- 
 dicated forgery; for the council were so 
 convinced that the documents were Dan- 
 gerfleld's own production, that they Issued 
 an order that a strict search should imme- 
 diately be made in all places which he had 
 been known to frequent. In the course of 
 the search the house of the midwife Collier 
 was visited, and there, concealed in a meal- 
 tub, the officers found a paper which con- 
 tained the whole scheme of the conspiracy 
 to the most minute particulars. Upon this 
 discovery the wretch Dangerfleld was sent 
 to Newgate, where he made a ' confession,' 
 which probably was as false as the former 
 statement that he had made, for he now 
 represented that to the lying tale he had 
 formerly told he had been instigated by the 
 countess of Fowls, the earl of Castlemain, 
 and others. And tbongh It was so much 
 more probable that the miscreant had all 
 along Ued from his own Invention and in 
 
 his own greediness of gain, the eail 
 and counteos wero actually sent to tlio 
 Tower. 
 
 What has always made ns attach deep 
 blame and disgrace to Charles's conduct lu 
 allowing so many innocent lives to be sacrU 
 flced to the venal cruelty of Informers, is 
 the fact, that while the luforraers attributed 
 plots to the Jesuits, and <itated the object of 
 those plots to be the setting up of the pa- 
 pist duke of York in the place of the king, 
 Charles knew,must necessarily have known, 
 that the Jesuits wore a mere haiidfut as 
 compared to the protestants, and that the 
 very last man whom either protestant or 
 papist throughout England would have 8ul> 
 stltuted for the easy, though profligate 
 Cliarles. was James, duke of York. In 
 Scotland James had made himself perfectly 
 hated, and both the English parliament and 
 the English people every year gave new 
 and stronger proof of the dread with which 
 they contemplated even the possibility of 
 the accession of James. In the war with 
 the Dutch he had shown himself a bravo 
 and skilful offlcer, but his gloomy temper, 
 his stern unsparing disposition, and the 
 bigotry which he was universally known to 
 possess, made courage and military con- 
 duct, however admirable In other men, 
 in him only two terrors the more. Charles 
 well knew this ; so well, that when James 
 one day warned him against exposing 
 himself too much while so many plots 
 and rumours of plots disturbed the 
 general mind, Charles, as gaily as truly 
 replied 'Tilly vally, James! There bo 
 none so silly as to shoot rao in order to 
 make you king I ' This unpopularity of 
 James led to more than one attempt on the 
 part of the house of commons to virocure 
 the exclusion of him from the throne on 
 the ground of his being a papist. The new 
 parliament had scarcely sat a week before It 
 renewed a bill, termed the exclusion bill, 
 which the former house had voted, but 
 which had not passed the upper house at 
 the time of the dissolution of parliament. 
 The party of the duke, though influential, 
 was numerically weak out of doors; for 
 besides those who hated him as a papist, 
 and dreaded him as a stern disciplinarian, 
 there wero great numbers who hoped that 
 the exclusion of the duko would procure 
 the throne for the duke of Monmouth, the 
 handsome and highly popular son of the 
 king by one of his numerous mistresses 
 named Lucy Waters. But the Influence of 
 the king was powerful in the house, and 
 after a long debate, not too temperately 
 conducted upon either side, the exclusion 
 bill was thrown out by rather a considera- 
 ble majority. 
 
 With the informers and 'plots,* libellous 
 pamphlets had Increased in number to an 
 extent that could scarcely be credited. 
 Each party seemed to think that the 
 hardest words and the most severe imputa* 
 tions were only too mild for Its opponents, 
 and the hired libeller now vied in industry 
 and importance with the venal and perjured 
 informer. 
 
 An Idle and profligate fellow, a sort of 
 led captain in the pay of the king's profli* 
 
 i 
 
tlio eail 
 >nt to the 
 
 ttftcli deep 
 conduct in 
 to bo sacrt 
 formers, la 
 ! attributed 
 tie object of 
 of the pa- 
 f the king, 
 avc known, 
 Imndful as 
 ul that the 
 otestant or 
 Id have sulv 
 1 protllgate 
 York. In 
 elf perfectly 
 llament and 
 r gave new 
 with which 
 oasiblUty of 
 he wa»' with 
 self a bravo 
 miy temper, 
 on, and the 
 lly known to 
 iintary con- 
 other men, 
 )rc. Charles 
 when James 
 St exposing 
 many plots 
 iturbed the I 
 lly as truly 
 ; There bo 
 In order to 
 opularlty of 
 tempt on the 
 3 to ;.rocurc 
 ip throne on 
 jt. The now 
 eek before It 
 elusion bin, 
 voted, but 
 \er house at 
 parliament. 
 [I inflncntlat, 
 . doors; for 
 as a papist, 
 Iscipllnarlan, 
 hoped that 
 uld procure 
 Inraouth, the 
 son of the 
 mistresses 
 Influence of 
 house, and 
 temperately 
 JO exclusion 
 a considera> 
 
 Its,' libelloua 
 Timber to an 
 bo credited. 
 tk that the 
 <rere Imputa* 
 I opponentSi 
 1 in Industry 
 p,ni perjured 
 
 r, a sort of 
 Ring's proni- 
 
 (Sn^lant3i.—^a\xie of ^t\itivt,—€f)uvXta SS. 
 
 405 
 
 gate mistress, tho duchess of Portsmouth, 
 Was employed to procure her the piquant 
 libels which were occasionally published 
 upon the king and 'ho duke of York. Tliis 
 man, not Uiiding tho existent libels sufll- 
 ciently abusive, determined to surpas" 
 them, and ho railed to his aid a Scotchman 
 named Kverard. Between them they com- 
 posed a most rancorous and scurrilous 
 libel, which Fitzharria hastened to get 
 printed. IJut tho Scotchman, Kverard, 
 imagined that his Irish feilow-Iibclier, as a 
 hanger-on of tho king's mistress, could 
 have had no possible motive for employing 
 him but tlicwish to betray him. Indignant 
 at the supposed design, Everard went and 
 laid Information before sir William Waller, 
 a justice of the peace, and Fltzharris was 
 apprehended with a copy of the libel 
 actually In his possession. Finding himself 
 placed in considcral>le peril of tho pillory, 
 FitKharrls, who, be it observed, was an Irish 
 papist, turned round upon tho court, and 
 slated, not without some appearance of 
 truth, that ho had been employed by the 
 court to write a libel so foul and violent, 
 that tho exclusion party, to whom it would 
 bo attributed, would bo injured in the 
 orttlraatlon of .ail peopleof sober judgement, 
 lii order to render this tale still more 
 palatable to tho exclusiouists, Fltzharris 
 added to it that a new popish plot, more 
 terrible than any former one, was in 
 agitation under the auspices of the duke of 
 York, whom he also accused of being one 
 of the contrivers of the murder of sir 
 Kdmoudbury Godfrey. The king sent Fltz- 
 liarris to prison ; the commons, instead of 
 looking with contempt upon the whole 
 affair, voted that this hired libeller and led 
 captain to a court harlot should be im- 
 peucJtedl It was so obvious that tho real 
 intention of the commons was to screen 
 Fltzharris from punishment altogether, 
 that the lords very properly rejected the 
 impeachment. An angry feeling sprang up 
 between the two houses ; and tho king, 
 to prevent the dispute from proceeding 
 to any dangerous length, went down and 
 dissolved parliament, with the flxed deter- 
 mination of never calling another. 
 
 Charles now, in fact, ruled with all the 
 power and with not a little of the tyranny 
 of an absolute monarch. He cncouriigcd 
 spies and informers, and imprisoned those 
 who ventured to complain of Ills measures 
 in a manner not only contrary to his former 
 temper bu'' almost designed, as was well 
 remarked at tho time, to reconcile the 
 l)cople to the prospect of his brother's 
 accession by making his own rule too 
 grievous to be endured. To those who 
 lu i-l high church principles, and professed 
 hia doctrine of ;>assivo obedience and non- 
 resistance, all tho royal favour was shown ; 
 while tho Presbyterians and other sturdy 
 opposers of his arbitrary measures were in 
 numerous cases deprived of their places 
 and employments, and in some cases im- 
 prisoned into tlio bargain. The city of 
 London, so powerful and so factious during 
 the reign of Charles I., was now made to 
 feel the king's resentment, being, for its 
 l^tfersUip of tho popular party, deprived 
 
 of its charter, which was not restored 
 until an abject submission had been made, 
 and a most vexatious right conceded to the 
 crown of interfering in tho election of the 
 city magistrates. Fltzharris, who had been 
 so warmly sided with by the ezclusionlsts, 
 and who liad been tho chief cause of 
 Charles's angry and final dissolution of 
 parliament, was now by the king's order 
 brought to trial before a jury, and, being 
 pronounced guilty, executed I An abomin- 
 al)le stretch of power ; for however worth- 
 less and debauched a fellow he might be, 
 his crime, venal as it was, amounted only 
 to libellous writing, for even tho pub- 
 lication ymaacarci\Yeo much his own act 
 as it was the act of the officers who arrested 
 him. 
 
 The popular party now found the poi- 
 soned chalice commended to their own 
 lips. Hitherto, while it seemed not impro- 
 bable that tho parliament and the ' patriots ' 
 would obtain power over the king, the 
 great and degraded host of spies and 
 informers had aimed at the ruin of ' papists ' 
 and 'Jesuits.' But now that the king had 
 as boldly as arbitrarily dispensed with 
 oven the shadow of r''Jliamentary aid, and 
 rulbd as independently and almost as 
 r.rbitrarily as an eastern prince, the spies 
 and informers turned upon those who had 
 formerly encouraged If not actually em- 
 ployed them, and 'presbyttrian* was now 
 pretty nearly as dangcrouo a title a£ 
 'papist' had been; 'pro<'Cotant preacher' 
 scarcely more safe than 'Jesuit' had been 
 heretofore. Charles and his ministry 
 encouraged the informers, and tho system 
 of perjury lost none of its infamy and 
 vllencss ; it merely aimed at a different 
 class of victims. 
 
 A joiner of London, by name Stephen 
 College, had mado himself especially con- 
 spicuous during tho heats and alarms of 
 the anti-popery crisis. Loud of tongue, and 
 somewhat weak of brain, this man, with 
 more zeal than knowledge, had taken upon 
 himself to advocate protestantism, which 
 needed none of his aid, and to oppose po- 
 pery, which such opposition as his could 
 not possibly affect. He had attended the 
 city members to Oxford armed with pistols 
 and sword, had been in the habit of railing 
 against the king, the duke of York and 
 papacy, and, rather, in derision than in 
 distinction, bad acquired the title of the 
 Protestant joiner. This weak man, whose 
 flights were fitting matter for the minis- 
 tering of the physician rather than for 
 the interference of the law, was selected 
 by the ministry as a fit subject of whom 
 to make an example. Ho was indicted 
 and found guilty of sedition, and, to the 
 disgrace of both king and ministers, exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 A.D. 1683.— The increasing power and 
 severity of Charles and his ministry struck 
 a panic throughout the nation. The man- 
 ner in which the city of London had been 
 deprived of its charter, and the humiliating 
 terms upon which that once powerful 
 corporation had got its charter restored, 
 soon caused ths other corporations to 
 surrender their charters Toluutarily ; and 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
406 
 
 C^e €xtni\tvu at Wtitavn, ^t. 
 
 not only vere considerable sums extorted 
 tor their restoration, but the klug took 
 care to reserve in bla own bauds th« power 
 of appointing to all offices of trust and 
 profit. That patronage wblcb was thus 
 discreditably obtained was so enormous, 
 that the power of the crown became over- 
 whelmingly vast, and, with but a few excep- 
 tions, men agreed that resistance, even If 
 justifiable, would now be useless and 
 hopeless. 
 
 But there was a party of malcontents, 
 weak as to number, but vlgorou'. In- 
 fluential, and bold ; and absolute as Charles 
 was, and unassailable as to most people 
 his power must have seemed,- his lUe, 
 even, was, at this time, In a moat imulnent 
 peril. 
 
 The soul of the malcontontb was the carl 
 of Shaftesbury. That highly-glfted but 
 turbulent and plot-Iovlng person had en- 
 gaged with the duke of Monmouth, the 
 earl of Macclesfield, lord 'William Russell, 
 and several other noblemen, to rise nomi- 
 nally In favour of freedom, but really to 
 dethrone Charles ; exclude. If not slay, 
 James ; and place the crown upon the head 
 of the duke of Monmouth, tho king's 
 natural son. The earl of Macclesfield, lord 
 Brandon and others, were to effect a rising 
 In Cheshire and Lancashire ; sir Francis 
 Drake, sir Francis Rowles, and sir William 
 Courtney were induced by lord William 
 Russell to head the insurrection In Devon, 
 and generally In th*- west ; and Shaftesbury 
 aided by Ferguson, a preacher of the Inde- 
 pendents, undertook to effect a general 
 i-lslng In the city of London, where the 
 discontent and disloyalty, owing to the 
 affair of the charter, were at the greatest 
 height. Shaftesbury urged on the plot 
 with all his energy, and it Is most probable 
 that the kingdom would have been plunged 
 into all the confusion and horror of a civil 
 war If the extreme eagerness of Shaftes- 
 bury had not been counteracted by the 
 extreme caution of lord William Russell, 
 who, when everything was nearly ready for 
 an outbreak, urged the duke of Monmouth 
 to postpone the enterprise imtil a more 
 favourable opportunity. The usually en- 
 terprising and turbulent Shaftesbury now 
 became so prostrated by a sense of the 
 danger in which he was placed by this 
 postponement, that he abandoned his house 
 and endeavoured to induce tho Londoners 
 to rise without waiting for the tardy 
 cooperation of the provinces ; but all his 
 endeavours were unavailing, and in his 
 despair he fled to Holland, where he soon 
 afterwards died broken-hearted and in 
 poverty. 
 
 The conspirators being thus freed from 
 the turbulent Shaftesbury, formed a com- 
 mittee of six ; Hampden, grandson to the 
 Hampden who made so much opposition 
 to the ship-money, Algernon Sidney, How- 
 ard, Essex, and lord William Russell : Mon- 
 mouth being their grand leader and centre 
 of correspondence, his chief adviser, low- 
 ever, being the duke of Argyle. T' ire were 
 numerous subordinates in this conspiracy ; 
 and It is affirmed, by the friends of the me- 
 mory of lord William Rttssell, that he and the 
 
 leaders did not encourage, and werenc ' oven 
 perfectly cognizant of, the more atrocious 
 part of the plan of those conspirators who 
 had agreed to assassinate the king on his 
 way to Newmarket. We confess that it 
 appears to us to be making a hirge demand 
 indeed upon our credulity to suppose any- 
 thing of the kind, but we have not spaco 
 to go Into tho arguments which might 
 be adduced in favour of tho supposition 
 that, however willlr^ the chief conspirators 
 might be to leave the horrible crime of 
 assassination to subordinates, they were at 
 least quite willing that such crime should 
 be perpetrated to the profit of their main 
 design. 
 
 The plan of the conspirators against tho 
 life of the king was to secrete themselves 
 on a farm belonging to one of them, tho 
 Rye-house, situated on the road to New- 
 market, overturn a cart there to obstruct 
 the royal carriage, and then deliberately fire 
 upon the king. After much consultation 
 it was determined to carry this dastardly 
 plot Into execution on the king's return 
 from Newmarket. About a week before 
 the time at which his majesty was to do so, 
 thehouse in which he resided at Newmarket 
 took flre, and he was obliged to remove to 
 London. This circumstance would merely 
 have postponed the 'fate* of his majesty, 
 but in the course of tho time that was thus 
 lost to the conspirators, one of their num- 
 ber, named Kelling, found himself in danger 
 of prosecution for having arrested the lord 
 mayor of London, and to save himself from 
 the consequences he waited upon the king's 
 ministers and revealed all that he knew of 
 the plot against the king, and colonel 
 Rumsey and a lawyer named West joined 
 him in becoming king's evidence. Mon- 
 mouth and Grey escaped, lord William Rus- 
 sell was apprehended and sent to the 
 Tower, as, shortly afterwards, were Essex, 
 Sidney, and Hampden, together with lord 
 Howard, who was found in a chimney. 
 That ignoble nobleman, though fully as 
 guilty as the rr st, immediately agreed to 
 save his own ri!creant life by becoming evi- 
 dence against his former associates, who 
 seamed more indignant and dlsguated at 
 that treachery than affected by the peril in 
 which it placed them. 
 
 Colonel Walcot, an old republican officer, 
 together with Stone and Rouse, were first 
 put upon trial, and condemned upon the 
 evidence of their form ir associates, colonel 
 Rumsey and the lawyer West. 
 
 Lord William Russell and Algernon Sid- 
 ney were condemned chiefly on the evl 
 dence of lord Howard. In the case of Sid- 
 ney, however, the evidence of Howard was 
 most unconstitutionally eked out by con- 
 struing as treasonable cortaln writings, 
 merely speculative, though of republican 
 tendency, which were seized at his house. 
 Both Russell and Sidney were condemned 
 I and executed. Hampden was more fortu- 
 i nate, and escaped with a fine of forty thou* 
 sand pounds. Hollo way, a merchant of 
 Bristol, who ba(< oeen engaged in this das- 
 tardly consplrac , escaped to the West In- 
 dies ; and sir Thomas Armstrong, who was 
 similarly situated, escaped to Holland. But 
 
 *> 
 
re no' even 
 9 atrocious 
 rators who 
 king on tals 
 388 that It 
 ge demand 
 ippose any- 
 3 not 8pace 
 lich might 
 sujposUlon 
 ousplrators 
 e crime ot 
 hey were at 
 ■Imo should 
 their main 
 
 against the 
 themselves 
 t them, tho 
 ad to Kew- 
 to obstruct 
 berately flro 
 sonsultatlou 
 Is dastardly 
 ing'a return 
 veek before 
 vas to do BOt 
 Newmarket 
 remove to 
 ould merely 
 his majesty, 
 lat was thus 
 t their num- 
 ell In danger 
 5tcd the lord 
 ilmself from 
 ontheklng'8 
 i be knew of 
 and colonel 
 West joined 
 ence. Mon- 
 Vllliam Rus- 
 lent to the 
 were Essex, 
 er with lord 
 
 _ chimney, 
 igh fully as 
 y agreed to 
 -jcoming evl- 
 jclales, who 
 llsgusted at 
 
 the peril In 
 
 llcan officer, 
 , were first 
 d upon the 
 
 ates, colonel 
 
 Igemon Sid- 
 on tho ev! 
 case of Sid- 
 Howard was 
 out by con- 
 . writings, 
 republican 
 ,t his house, 
 condemned 
 more fortu- 
 _. forty thou- 
 nerchant of 
 . In this daa- 
 ,he West In- 
 jg, who was 
 oUand. But 
 
 In 
 
 (!?u0lantr.HBautfe at i^Umxt-^timti M, 
 
 407 
 
 ■o eagerly vindictive had Obarlea and bis 
 ministry by (bla time been rendered by the 
 numerous plots, real and pretended, that 
 both of those persons were brought over to 
 England and executed. Lord Essex would 
 also probably have been executed, but be- 
 ing Imprisoned In the Tower he there com- 
 mitted suicide by cutting his throat. 
 
 Judging from tho severity with which 
 Charles proceeded on this occasion. It Is 
 but reasonable to presume ho would either 
 have carried hm despotism to a frightful 
 pitch, or hiivo fallen a victim to tho equally 
 nil justifiable violence of some malcontent. 
 Dut his naturally fine constitution was now 
 completely brokon up by his long and furi- 
 ous course of dissipation, and a fit of apo- 
 plexy seized him, from which he was but 
 partially recovered by bleeding : he expired 
 In the fifty-fifth year ot bla age and tho 
 twcnty-flfth of his reign. 
 
 Much might be said In dispraise of 
 Charles, both as man and monarch ; but 
 Impartial justice demands that wo should 
 make a great allowance for the unfavour- 
 able circurastancea under which tho best 
 years of his youth and manhood were spent. 
 Poverty for mouths, poverty so extreme 
 that ho and his followers were at times 
 wif'.out a single coin and owed the'r very 
 food to the kindness of their hosts, was oc- 
 casionally followed by a temporary plenty ; 
 and his companions were, for the moat 
 part, proclBoly '<he persona to encourage 
 him in every vxtravagai^ce to which so 
 wretchedly precarious a life was calculated 
 to induce him. Even the cruelty and des- 
 potism of his latter years visibly had their 
 chief cause in the political vlilany and vio- 
 lence of consldera))le bodies of his people. 
 No such excuse can be made for hi? ex- 
 travagant liberality to hia numerous mis- 
 tresses ; and for tho wholly cruel and mean 
 treatment he bestowed upon his wife we 
 know of no decorous epithet that is suifi- 
 clently severe. 
 
 That Charles was not naturally of a 
 cruel, or even of a sufflciently severe turn, 
 a remarkable proof Is afforded by the story 
 of a ruffian named Blood; a story so sin 
 gular, that we think it necessary to give It 
 by way of appendix to this reign. Blood, 
 who had served in Ireland, had, oi.' fancied 
 that ho had, considerable claims upon the 
 government, and being refused satisfac- 
 tion by the duke of Ormond, be actually 
 waylaid and seized that nobleman on his 
 return from an evening party in Lon- 
 don, and would have hanged him but for 
 the occurrence of a mere accident which 
 enabled the duke to escape. A desperado 
 of this sort could not fall to be in frequent 
 trouble and distress ; and he at length was 
 reduced to such extreme straits, that with 
 some of his associate^ \o formed a plan for 
 purloining the regalia x.>om the jewel-house 
 in the Tower. He contrived to ingratiate 
 himself with the old couple who bad charge 
 of the valuable jewels, and took an oppor- 
 tunity to bind botb the man and woman 
 and make off with all the most valuable 
 articles. Though fired at by the sentry, he 
 got clear as far as Tower-hill, where he 
 was apprehended after a desperate struggle. 
 
 Bo enormous an outrage, it might lia\n 
 been anticipated, would be expiated only 
 by the severest punishment ; but tho king 
 not only forgave Blood, but oven gave 
 him a considerable annual pension to ena- 
 ble him to live without farther criminality. 
 A rare proof of tho native easiness of the 
 king's temper ! Though It must bo added 
 that the duke of Buckingham, wlio detested 
 Ormond, was on that account supposed to 
 havo used his vast influence in favour of 
 Blood. 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 The Reign o/ J ames II. 
 
 A.D. 1085.— Thb somewhat ostentatious 
 manner In which the duke of York had 
 been accustomed to go to mass, during tho 
 life of his brother, had been one great cause 
 of the general dislike In which he was held. 
 Even Charles, giddy and careless as he In 
 general was, saw the Imprudence of .Tames's 
 conduct, and significantly told him un one 
 occasion *^^hat he had no desire to go upon 
 his travels again, whatever James might 
 wish. On ascending the throne, the first, 
 very first, act ot James was one of an honest 
 but most imprudent bigotry. Incapable of 
 reading the signs of the times, or fully pre- 
 pared to dare the worst that those signs 
 could portend, James Immediately sent his 
 agent, Caryl, to Rome, to apologise to the 
 pope for the long and flagrant heresy of 
 England, and to endeavour to procure the 
 re-admlsslon of the English people into the 
 communion of the catholic church. The 
 pupe was either less blind or more politic 
 tlian James, and returned him a very cool 
 answer, implying that before he vetiti^red 
 upon BO arduous an enterprise as that of 
 changing the professed faith of nearly his 
 entire people, ho would do well to sit down 
 and calculate the cost. Even this grave 
 and sensible rebuke did not deter James 
 from exerting himself, both by fear and 
 favour, to make proselytes of bis subjects. 
 Hated as he already was, such conduct 
 could not fall to encourage conspiracies 
 against him, and, accordingly, he bad not 
 been long seated upon the throne, when he 
 found a dangerous rival in the duke of 
 Monmouth. This illegitimate son of Charles 
 II. had obtained, from the easy nature of 
 bis father, a pardon for his share in the 
 Rye-houBO plot, which was fatal to so many 
 better men ; but had received bis pardon 
 only on condition of perpetual realdencfi 
 abroad. He remained in Holland during 
 the rest of his father's reign, but on the 
 accession of Jamea was dismissed by the 
 prince of Orange. This dismissal was said 
 to be at the direct solioltatlon of James, 
 who bore a great hatred to Monmouth ; 
 if so, the act was as impolitic as it was 
 mean. The duke now found refuge for 
 a short time at Brussels, but here again 
 the Influence of James was brought to 
 bear upon him; and Monmouth, now 
 thoroughly exasperated, and relying upon 
 the detestation In which James was held, 
 resolved to make an attempt to oust him 
 Irom the English throne. At this dis- 
 tance of time Buch a project on the part of 
 
408 
 
 Zlft QDr^atfurv at WitovUf itt. 
 
 Mnnnioutb seems iierfectly Insaiio ; but It 
 wilt seoni fnr lesB bo \t wo make duo iiUow- 
 aiico for the wldoly-Bpreod anr' liitonso 
 liatrcd whldi the people boro to.Iniiito.aiid 
 for the great popularity of Moninoutli, 
 whom raaiiy people believed to bo the le- 
 gitimate son of (JharlcB, It being commonly 
 affirmed that Charles liii'l privately married 
 Lucy Waters, the duku'8 mother. 
 
 The Uuko of Argyle, who, aa well lis 
 Monmouth, had escaped the couBoqiicncca 
 of the Rye-bouse plot, now agreed to aid 
 him; it was intended that Argyle Khould 
 raise Scotland, while Monmouth was to 
 take the lead In the west of Kiigland. 
 
 Argyle promptly conmicnccd his part of 
 the affair by landing In S'.Totland, where ho 
 Boon foimd himself at the head of an army 
 of two thousand five hundred men. He Is- 
 Buod r.mnlfestoes containing the usual mix- 
 ture of truth and falsehood, but before his 
 eloquence could procure him any consider- 
 able accesshm of force ho was attacked l)y 
 a powerful body of tlio king's troops. Ar- 
 gyle himself fought gallantly, and was se- 
 verely wounded ; but. ills troops soon gave 
 way in every dircctlcm, and the duk s was 
 shortly afterwards seized, while standing 
 up to his nock In a pool of water, and car- 
 ried to Edinburgh. Here the authorities 
 and populace, with the small spite of mean 
 spirits, avenged themselves, by the inlllc- 
 tlou of every description of indignity, for 
 the fright their brave though turl)ulent 
 and imprudent prisoner had caused them. 
 On hla way to the place of execution he 
 was jeered and insulted by the ralble ; and 
 the magistrates suspended to his neck a 
 book containing au account of his former 
 exploits. These insults, however, nothing 
 afltected the high spirit of Argyle, who con- 
 tented himself with sarcastically telling his 
 persecutors that ho deemed it well that 
 they iiad nothing worse to allege against 
 his character. Ue sulfcrcd with the same 
 composure. 
 
 Monmouth, in tho meantime, with 
 scarcely more than a hundred followers, 
 landed on the coast of Dorsetshire ; and we 
 may judge of the greatness of his popu- 
 larity from tho fact, that though he landed 
 with so slender a retinue, ho assembled 
 upwards of two thousand men in four days. 
 As lie proceeded to Taunton ho increased 
 his force to six thousand, and could have 
 hr.d double that number, only that ho was 
 obliged after the flrst few days to refuse all 
 but such as could bring their own arms 
 With them. 
 
 At Brldgewater, Wells, and Fromehe was 
 joined by great numbers of young men, the 
 sons, ctiiefly, of the better sort of farmers ; 
 and such was the enthusiasm that was 
 now excited on hla behalf, that James 
 began, and with good reason, to tremble for 
 Ills throne. But Monmouth was essenti- 
 ally unequal to tht vast enterprise that he 
 bad undertaken. Thaugh ho had much of 
 Ills father's personal courage, he had still 
 more of his father's levity und love of 
 show and gaiety. At every town ia which 
 be arrived he spent precious time in the 
 Idle ceremony of being proclaimed king, 
 and thus frittered away tbe enthusiasm 
 
 and hopes of bis own followerfl, while 
 giving time to James to concentrate force 
 enough to crush him at a blow. Nor did 
 the error of Monmouth end hero. Lord 
 dray was thocsperlal favourite nf the duke, 
 and was there/o-.e deemed the tlttest man to 
 bo intrusted with tho command of the 
 Insurgent cavalry; though II. was well 
 known that ho was deflclont in judgement, 
 and strongly suspected that he was not 
 oTerburdeiied with either courage or zeal. 
 Fletcher of Saltoun, a bravo and direct, 
 though passionate and free-spoken man, 
 st.-ongly remonstrated with the duke upon 
 this glaringly impolitio appointment, and 
 finding his remonntrances productive of 
 no effect, retired from tho expedition in 
 diBgust. I'iVen the loss of this zealous 
 though stern friend did not move the duke, 
 who continued his confidence to Gray,— to 
 repent when repentance could be of no 
 avail. 
 
 While Monmouth .had been wasting very 
 precious time in these idle mockeries of 
 royal ponp, James and his friends had b?eii 
 far othcrw'se and more usefully employed. 
 Hlx British regiments were recalled from 
 Holland, and a.ooo regulars, with a vast 
 number of militia, were sent, under Kaver- 
 sham and Churchill, to attack the rebels. 
 Tho royal force took up its position at 
 Scderemoor near Brldgewater. They were, 
 or seemed to be, so carelessly posted, that 
 Monmouth determined to give them tho 
 attack. The first onset of the rebels was 
 so enthusiastic that the royal Infantry gave 
 way, Monmouth was rather strong in 
 cavalry, and a single good charge of that 
 force would now have decided the day In 
 his favour. But Gray fully confirmed all 
 the suspicions of his cowardice, and, while 
 all were loudly ciilling upon him to charge, 
 he actually turned his horse's head andfle-l 
 from tho field, followed by tho greater 
 number of his men. Whatever were tho 
 previous errors of tho royal commanders, 
 they now amply atoned for them by tho 
 prompt and able manner in which they 
 availed themselves of Monmouth's want of 
 generalship and Gray's want of manhood. 
 The rebels were charged in flank again 
 and again, and being utterly unaided by 
 tlieir cavalry, were thrown into complete 
 ami irretrievable disorder, after adespcrato 
 flght of abore three hours. It Is duo to 
 the rebel troops to add, that the courage 
 which they displayed wasworthy of abetter 
 cause and bettor leaders. Hank after rank 
 fell and died on the vci-y spot on which 
 they bad fought ; but commanded as they 
 were, valour was thrown away and de- 
 votion merely another term for destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 But tho real horrors of this Insurrection 
 only began when the battle was ended. 
 Hundreds wero slain in tho pursuit ; quar- 
 ter, by tho stern order of James, being in- 
 variably refused. A special commlBslon 
 was also issued for the trial of all who 
 were taken prisoners, and judge Jeffreys 
 and colonel Kirk, the latter a soldier of 
 fortune who had served much among the 
 Moors and become thoroughly brutalised, 
 carried that commission Into effect In a 
 
 
 i 
 
4 
 
 CFnQTautr.— I^auite at ^tmvt—€f^MUfi M, 
 
 409 
 
 iiii.nnur wlil.'h lias rondorod thoir names 
 CU riially dftc8tab<o. 
 
 llu! ti-rror wlilCi these lirutally Bcvoro 
 men liiNplrud b-^ rkviicd tbo zeal ot tho 
 uullioritlcH, mid afforded so much cn- 
 roiiraKumctit to liifDrmera, whutlicr ac- 
 tim'i'il by hato or hire, that tho prlaona all 
 over T'iiiglaiid, but capecliilly In tho western 
 cii iitli's, Avero spoedlly llUod witli unfortu- 
 nate people of hdtli goxca and of alt ages. 
 In Hoino towns tho prlauncrri woro so uu- 
 m.TDUS, that even tho brutal ferocity of 
 Jeffreys wa» wearied of trying In detail. 
 Intimation was therefore given to great 
 immbera of prlaoncrn, that their only 
 chaiiroof mercy rested upon their pleading 
 guilty ; but all tho unfortunate wretches 
 who were thus beguiled Into that pica were 
 liistaiiMy and en maaae sentenced to death 
 by Jeffreys, who took care, too, that the 
 sentence should speedily bo executed. 
 
 Tho fato of one venerable lady excited 
 great remari: and commiseration oven lu 
 that terrible time of general dismay and 
 widely-spread suffering. Tho lady In quoa- 
 tlon, Mrs. Gaunt, a person of souio fortune, 
 known loyalty, and excellent character, was 
 induced by sheer humanity to glvo shelter 
 to one of tho fugitives from Sedgemour. 
 It being understood that tho sheltered 
 would be pardoned on condition of giving 
 evidence against those who liad dared to 
 shelter them, this basoand ungrateful man 
 informed against his benefactress, who was 
 inhumanly sentenced to death by Jcffrryg, 
 and actually executed. 
 
 Jlonmouth, whose rash enterprise and 
 nnjustinablo ambition had caused so much 
 confusion and bloodshed, rode from tho 
 f.'ital Held of Sedgenioor at so rapid a pace, 
 that ut about twenty miles' distance lila 
 horse felt dead beneath him. Tho duke 
 had now of all his numerous followers but 
 ono left with him, a German nobleman. 
 Monmouth being in a desolate part of the 
 rountry, and at so considerable a distance 
 from the scene of battle and bloodshed, 
 entertained some hope tlmt ho might 
 .escape by ;riC»ns of disguise, and meeting 
 witli a poor shepherd, ho gave tho man 
 some gold to exchange clothes with hlni. 
 lie and ins German friend now filled their 
 pockets with field peas, and, provided only 
 wltli this wretclied food, proceeded, to- 
 wards nightfall, to conceal themselves 
 among tho tall fern whicli grow rankly and 
 abundantly on the surrounding moors. 
 But the pursuers aiul avengers of blood 
 were not so far distant as the misguided 
 d\ikc supposed. A party of horse, having 
 followed closely in his track, came up 
 with the peasant with whom ho had ex- 
 changed clothes, and from this man's 
 Information the duke was speedily dis- 
 covered and dragged froii liis hiding-place. 
 His miserable plight and the horrors of tho 
 fato that he but too correctly anticipated, 
 had now so completely unmauued him, that 
 be burst Into an agony of tears, and in the 
 most bumble manner Implored ills captors 
 to allow him to escape. But the reward 
 offered for his apprehension was too 
 tempting, and the dread of the king's anger 
 too great, to be overcome by tl)e unlutppy 
 
 captive's solicitations, and ho was hurried 
 to prison. Kven now his clinging to life 
 prevailed over tho manifest dictates of 
 common sense, and from his prison ho sent 
 letter after letter to tho king, filled with 
 tho most abject entreaties to Ix! allowed to 
 live. Tho natural character of James and 
 tho stern severity with which ho had 
 punished the rebellion of tho meaner 
 offenders, might have warned Monmouth 
 that these degrading submissions would 
 avail hlin nothing. liut, in fact, his own 
 absurdly offensive manner during Ills brief 
 period of appan.iit prosperity would hav(! 
 steeled the huiiri of n far more placable 
 sovereign than Jaoies. Monmouth's pro- 
 clamations had not stopped at calling upon 
 tlio people of Knglanu to roljel against 
 tliclr undoubtedly rightful sovereign; they 
 liiiil In a manner, which would have been 
 revolting If the very excess of its virulence 
 had not rendered It absurd, villtlcd the per' 
 sonal character of James ; and while thus 
 offending him as a man, had at tho same 
 timo offered him the still more unpardon- 
 able offence of attacking his religion. 
 James had none of tho nmgnanlmlty which 
 in these circumstances of personal affront 
 would have found an argument for pardon- 
 ing the treason. In order to avoid even the 
 appearance of punishing tho personality; 
 and from tho moment that Monmoulh 
 was capturwd, his Xaco was irrevocably 
 sealed. 
 
 Bad as Monmouth's conduct had been, It 
 Is not without contempt that we read that 
 James, though determined not to spare him, 
 allowed hlni to hope for mercy, and even 
 hTanted him an interview. Admitted to 
 tlio presence of tho king, Monmouth was 
 weak enough to renew in person the 
 abject submissions and solicitations by 
 which ho had already degraded himself in 
 writing. As he knelt and implored his life, 
 James sternly handed hlni a paper. It 
 contained an admission of l?is illegitimacy, 
 and of the utter falsehood of tho report 
 that Lucy Waters had ever been married 
 to Charles II. Monmouth signed the paper, 
 and James then coldly told him that his 
 repeated treasons rendered pardon altoge- 
 ther out of tho question. Tho duke now at 
 length perceived that hope was at an end, 
 rose from his supplicant posture, and left 
 the apartment with an assumed flrmneas In 
 his step and an assumed scorn in his couu- 
 tenancc. 
 
 Wlien led to the scaffold Monmouth be- 
 haved with a degree of fortitude that could 
 scarcely have been anticipated from his 
 previous abjectness. Having learned tlmt 
 tho executioner was the same who had be- 
 headed lord William Russell, and who had 
 put that nobleman to much agony, theduko 
 gave the man some money, and good- 
 humouredly warned him to be more expert 
 in his business on tho present occasion. 
 The warning had an effect exactly opposite 
 to what Monmouth intended. Tlio man 
 was so confused, tliat at tlie first blow he 
 only wounded that sufferer's neck; and 
 Monmouth, bleeding and ghastly with pain 
 and terror, raised his head from the block. 
 His Iooi( of agony still farthtsr unnerved 
 
410 
 
 Cf)c Crexifurtt oC fnHtavtf, 9ft* 
 
 'I 
 
 the man, who made two more Ineffectual 
 ■trokei, then threw down the azo in despair 
 and dtiguft. The reproachee and threat! 
 of the aheriff, howerer, caused blin to 
 reiume his reroltinn task, which nt two 
 strokes more he completed, and James, 
 duke of Monmouth, was a corpse. Mon- 
 mouth was popular, and therefore his fate 
 was deemed hard. But his treason was 
 wholly unjustmablo, his pretoudoJ claim 
 to the crowu absurdly groundless; and 
 pity Is far loss duo to his memory than 
 to that of tho unfortunate people whom 
 he deluded into treason by his rashuuas, 
 and delivered to tho gallows by his In- 
 capacity and obstinacy. Baying nothing 
 of the vast numbers who fell in actual (Iglit 
 or In tho subsequent pursuit, for their fato 
 was at the least, comparatively, enviable, 
 upwards of twenty woro hanged by the 
 military ; and Jeffreys hanged eighty ut 
 Dorchester, and two hundred and fifty at 
 Taunton, Wells, and Exeter. At othor 
 places BtlU farther victims were made; 
 and whipping. Imprisonment, or ruinous 
 flneswere Inflicted upon hundreds In every 
 part of the kingdom. And all this misery, 
 let us not forget, arose out of tho rebellion 
 and the fraudulent as well as absurd pre- 
 tensions of the duko of Monmouth. 
 
 As though tho cItU dissensions of the 
 kingdom had not been BuRlclontiy injurious, 
 tho most furious animosities existed on the 
 score of religion. Tho nioro James dis- 
 played his bigotry and his zeal for the ro- 
 establlshment, or, at the least, tho groat 
 encouragement and preference of popery, 
 the more zealously was he opposed by the 
 popular preachers, who lost no opportunity 
 of impressing upon the people a deep sense 
 of the evils which they might anticipate 
 from a return to the papal system. The 
 terrors and the blandishments which tho 
 king by turns employed caused many per- 
 sons of lax conscience to affect to bo con- 
 verted to papacy. Dr. Sharpo, aprotestant 
 clergyman of London, distinguished him- 
 self by the just severity with which he de- 
 nounced these time-servers. His majesty 
 was BO much annoyed and enraged at tho 
 doctor's sermons, that he issued an order to 
 the bishop of London to suspend Sharpe 
 from his clerical functions until farther 
 notice. The bishop very properly refused 
 to comply with this arbitrary and unconsti- 
 tutional order. The king then determined 
 to include the bishop In his punishment, 
 and Issued an ecclesiastical commission, 
 giving to the seven persons to whom it was 
 directed an unlimited power in matters cle- 
 rical. Before the commissioners thus au- 
 thorised both the bishop and Dr. Sharpe 
 were summoned, and sentenced to be sus- 
 pended during the king's pleasure. 
 
 Though a bigot, James was undoubtedly 
 a sincere one. He readily believed that all 
 argument would end in f&vour of popery, 
 and that all sincere and teachable spirits 
 would become papists if full latitude were 
 given to teaching. 
 
 In this belief he now determined on a 
 universal indulgence of conscience, and a 
 formal declaration Informed the people that 
 all sectaries should have fuU Indulgence, j 
 
 and that nonconformity was no longer a 
 crime. He again, too, sent a message to 
 Rome offering to reconcile hts people to the 
 papal power. But tL^ earl of Oostleraain, 
 who was now employed, met with no more 
 success than Caryl had met with at an 
 earlier period of the king's rolgu. Tlio 
 popo understood governing better than 
 James, and better understood tlio actual 
 tcmpur of tho English people. Ho knew 
 that nmch might, with tho aid of time, bo 
 done in the way of undorinlning tho 8Ui>- 
 ports of the protestant church ; while tho 
 rasli and arbitrary measures of James weru 
 calculated only to awaken tho people to 
 watchfulness and inspire them with a spi- 
 rit of resistance. 
 
 Not even Rome could discourage James 
 from prosecuting his rash measures. Uo 
 encouraged tho Jesuits to erect collegrs In 
 various parts of tlio country; tho catholic 
 worshli) was celebrated not only openly but 
 ostentatiously; and four catholic bishops, 
 after having been publicly consecrated in 
 the king's chapel, were sent to exercise their 
 functions of vicars apostolical throughout 
 the kingdom. 
 
 But tho king was not unopposed. Uo 
 recommended father Francis, a bonedic- 
 tlne monk, tu the university of Cambridge, 
 for tho degree of master of arts. Tiio 
 university replied by a petition, in whicli 
 they prayed the king to excuse them upon 
 the ground of the father's religion. An en- 
 deavour was then made to terrify the uni- 
 versity by summoning the vice-chancellor 
 before the high commission court; but 
 both that functionary and his university 
 were firm, and father Francis was refused 
 his degrees. 
 
 Tho sister university of Oxford displayed 
 the like conscientious anl determined spi- 
 rit. Tho presidency of Magdalen coliego 
 becoming vacant, tho king recommended 
 for that lucrative and honourable situation 
 a Dr. Farmer, who was a new and merely 
 time-serving convert to papacy, and who, 
 in other respects, was by no means tho sort 
 of character who would do honour to so 
 high a preferment. Tho follows respect- 
 fully but firmly refused to obey tho king's 
 mandate for the election of this man, and 
 James showed his sense of tho refusal by 
 ejecting all but two of them from their fel- 
 lowships. 
 
 A.V. 1088.— An increasing disaffection to 
 the king was the inevitable consequence of 
 his perseverance in this arbitrary course. 
 But heedless alike of the murmurs of hla 
 own subjects and of tho probable effect of 
 those murmurs upon the minds of foreign 
 princes, James Issued a second declaration 
 of liberty of conscience As if to add in- 
 sult to this evident, blow at the established 
 church, James ordered that this second de- 
 claration should be read by all clergymen 
 at the conclusion o;.. divine service. The 
 dignitaries of the church of England now 
 cjnsidered that farther endurance would 
 t rgue rather lukewarmness for the church 
 < r gross personal timidity, than due re- 
 ! poet to the sovereign, and they deter- 
 nined firmly, though temperately, to reslai 
 it this point. 
 
 1 
 
1 
 
 englAUlr.— ^ouMf at ^tttart.— SamrK Si. 
 
 411 
 
 Aeeordlncly Bancroft, arcbMahnp of Can- 
 t«rbni7, Lloyd, blihqpof Bt. Asaph, Kenii, 
 btihop of Bath and Wclli, Turner, MhIiop 
 of Blr, Lake, bliliop of Clilehostcr, AVhite, 
 blibop of Peterborough, and Trolawncy, 
 biabop of Brlitol, drew up a reipectful nic- 
 morial to the king, in wblch they stated 
 that their oonaclentlouB respect to tlio pro- 
 teitant religion ai hr law eitablUhed would 
 not allow tbem and their clergy to yield 
 obedience to hia mandate. The king treated 
 thia petition as something approaching to a 
 treasonable denial of his rights. The arch- 
 bishops and bishops were summoned before 
 him at the council, and he sternly asked 
 them if thoy ventured to arow their peti- 
 tion. The question remained for some 
 time unanswered ; but at length the prelates 
 replied in the afflrmatlve, and were imme- 
 diately, on their declining to glTO ball, com- 
 mitted to the Tower on the charge of 
 having uttered a seditious libel. 
 
 On the twenty-ninth of Juno In this year 
 the trial of the bishops took place ; and as 
 It was evident that In defending the church 
 the prelates were also, nnd at a most im- 
 portant crisis, boldly standing forward as 
 the champions of the whole nation, the pro- 
 ceedings wore watched with a most intense 
 Interest by men of every rank, and, save a 
 few bigoted or Interested papists, by men of 
 every shade of religious opinion. The law- 
 yers on either side exerted thcmselres 
 greatly and ably; and two of the Judges, 
 Powel and Holloway, plainly declared their 
 opinion to be in favour of the bishops. 
 The jury, however, even now had grave 
 doubts, and remained in deliberation during 
 the entire night. On the following morn- 
 ing Westminster-hall was literally crowded 
 with spectators anxious to know the result, 
 and when the jury appeared and returned 
 a verdict of ' Not guilty,' a mighty cheer 
 arose within the hall, was taken up by the 
 crowds outside, and passed from street to 
 street, from town to country, and from vil- 
 lage to village. James was at the time 
 dining with lord Faversbam In the camp at 
 Hounslow, ten miles from London. The 
 cheers of the people reached even to this 
 distance, ar.d were re-echoed by the soldiers 
 with a noartiness ana loudness that ac- 
 tually alunied James, who eagerly enquired 
 what that noise could mean. 
 
 'It is nothing, sire,' replied one of the 
 attendants, 'but the soldiers shouting at 
 the acquittal of the bishops.' 
 
 'And do you call that nothing]' replied 
 James : ' but it shall be all the worse for 
 them all.' 
 
 The shouts of the soldiers at the failure 
 of James's arbitrarr attempt against the 
 bishops was, indeed, an ominous sign of 
 the times. His efforts for Rome had been 
 repudiated and discouraged by Rome ; and 
 now even his very soldiery, upon whom 
 alone be oould rely tor strength, testified 
 their sympathy with the popular cause. 
 But the infatuated monarch did not even 
 yet know the full extent of his peril. Many 
 of the leading men of the kingdom were in 
 close though cautious correspondence with 
 1 foreign potentate, and the most extensive 
 and formidable preparatlcna were being] 
 
 made to hurl James from athroiiu whlili he 
 had su signally proved himself unworthy to 
 Ull. 
 
 Mary, eldest daughter of James, was mar- 
 ried tu William, prince of Ornuxe, who was 
 at rjtiro the subtle and prnfouiid politician 
 and the accomplished and tried soldier. 
 To this atilo and protcstant prince the iiial- 
 rontents of Knglanil, who now, through 
 James's incurabln Infatuation, Included nil 
 that was host and most honourable as well 
 as moot Inllucntlal of tho uaMon, turned 
 their eyes for deliverance. lie had Iohk 
 been aware of the discontents that existed 
 in England, but kept up an appearance of 
 perfect amity with the king, and oven in 
 Ills correspondence with tho loading men of 
 the opposition warily avoided rominittlnff 
 himself too far, and atlected to dlssuntUv 
 thomfromprococdInKtooxtremltlcsagalngt 
 their sovereign, liut tho fcnuont occor 
 sloned by tho affair of tho bishops cncou< 
 raged him to throw off tho mask ; ho had 
 long been making preiiarntlons for such a 
 crisis, and ho now resolved to act. Ho had 
 his preparations so complote, indeed, that 
 In a short time after the acquittal of thn 
 bishops, he dropped down the canals and 
 rivers from NImcguen with a well-stored 
 fleet of Ave hundred vessels and an army of 
 upwards of fourteen thousand men. As all 
 William's preparations had been made on 
 pretext of an Intended Invasion of Franco, 
 ho actually landed in England, at Torbay, 
 without having excited tho slightest alarm 
 in the mind of James. 
 
 William now marched bis army to Exe- 
 ter and issued proclamations. In which he 
 invited the people to aid hlra in delivering 
 them from the tyranny under which they 
 groaned ; but such a deep and general terror 
 had been struck Into that ncI*^hbourhood 
 by tho awful scones that had followed tho 
 affair of Monmouth, that oven tho numer- 
 ous and well-appointed force of William en- 
 couraged but few volunteers to join him. 
 Ten days elapsed, and William, contrasting 
 the apathy of the people with the enthusi- 
 astic invitations he had received from many 
 of the loading men of tho country, began 
 to despair, and even to consult with his of- 
 ficers ou the propriety of relmbarking, mid 
 leaving so faithless a gentry and so apa- 
 thetic a populace to endure the miseries 
 which they dared not rise ugaliist. But at 
 this critical moment ho was joined by soma 
 men of great InQuonce and note ; bis arri- 
 val and his force became generally known, 
 and multitudes of all ranks now declared 
 in his favour. 
 
 The movement once commenced, the re- 
 volution was virtually accomplished. Even 
 the most favoured and confidential 3ervants 
 of James now abandoned him ; and what- 
 ever might have been the faults of the un< 
 fortunate king, it is impossible not to feel 
 deep disgust at the unnatural and ungrate- 
 ful conduct of some of those who now 
 coldly abandoned him in the moment of 
 his deepest perplexity and need. Lord 
 Churchill, for instance, afterwards duke of 
 Marlborough, and undoubtedly one of the 
 greatest generals England has ever possess* 
 ed, acted upon this occasion with a most 
 
412 
 
 C^( CrtMturu at f^Uttorv, ^r. 
 
 •rniKlnloiiR liivrntltudu. Orlslnalty only n 
 
 Imxo In tho royal housohoia.lio bad by tlio 
 ilng'H favour liueu raUcU tu IiIkIi conimanil 
 mill liicrutlvu lioiinurN. liut now wlit'n liln 
 taU'MtH anil lih sword were nioHt needed by 
 tliu khiK, ho not only dusiTteil lilni, but alHo 
 InUuenced HCveritl utiicr leading cliuritctura 
 to duHcrt with him, tncludluK tho duko of 
 Cirafton, an llleKltliiintu Hon of Cliarlei II. 
 
 lint tlio nioHt slmnieful desertion, and 
 that whleh the nio.-'t doejily jialncd and dlg- 
 gUHtcd tliu unfiirtunato king, was that of 
 tliu princess Anno, who had over been his 
 most favoured and, leoinlngly, hi* most 
 attached dnnvhter. But this Ulustrluus 
 lady, and her husband tho prince of Uen- 
 nmrk, now joined the rest In deserting tho 
 king, who In his too tardy scnso of his liulp- 
 less sHuatlun passtonately exclaimed, 'God 
 help me I Uvvn my owu children Ucsort 
 me now,' 
 
 Unable to rely upon hU troopg, feeing 
 only enraged enemies among nil ranks of 
 Ills HUl>ji!Ct8, and so deserted by his court 
 that he had scarcely tho necessary personal 
 attendance, hu sent tho queen, who had 
 recently been connned of a son, over to Ca- 
 lais ; and tlien, with only ono attendant, sir 
 ISdward Hales, a new convert to popery, 
 whose fldelity to his unhai)py niiister can- 
 not bo too highly ai>plauded, he secretly 
 left London, Intending to follow the (lueen 
 to France. He was recognised nud stop- 
 nod by tho mob, but being conllucd at 
 llochestcr ho was so carelessly guarded 
 thnt ho wa'* able— probably from secret 
 orders given by Wlllliiiii, whom his deten- 
 tion would liuvo c'-ilmrrassed— to cscapo 
 with his natural son .ho duko of Berwick, 
 and they arrived safely In France. Uo was 
 well received by tho French court, and en- 
 couraged to persevere In tho Intention ho 
 possessed of at least making au endeavour 
 to reconquer his kingdom. 
 
 But that kingdom had finally rejected 
 Llm, and was oven at that moment engaged 
 In discussing tho means of erecting a se- 
 cure and free government upon tho ruins 
 of hlamostunwlse, gratuitous, and absurd 
 despotism. 
 
 CnAI'TER LVI. 
 The Itcign of Williau III. 
 
 A.D. 1689.— Tub most Influential members 
 of both houses of parliament, tho privy 
 council, with tho archbishop of Canterbury, 
 the lord mayor, and other leading men, 
 now debated upon the course that ought to 
 be taken. King James was alive ; ho had 
 not formally resigned his throne ; no actual 
 hostilities bad taken place between him 
 and Ills people, nor had be by arms or by 
 law been formally deposed. But he had 
 fled from bis kingdom at the mero appear- 
 ance of an invader, and on the mere, bow- 
 ever well-founded, assumption of the bos- 
 tlUty of hlB people and tbelr concert with 
 tho invading power. A clearer case of con- 
 Btructive abdication it would not be easy 
 to conceive, and both houses of parliament 
 at once proceeded to vote that the king bad 
 •bdicftted. 
 3ut another and more difficult point now 
 
 remained for consideration. Taking tho 
 king's abdication to bo undisputed — who 
 was to succeed hi in t Could he, becauN* 
 wenry of iho thi't>no or nnnblo to nialntnin 
 himself upon It, cut off tha entail n/ the 
 thronet Ills queen was recently delivered 
 of a ion ; that son, by the well-known l{n< 
 gllih law of surcesMlon, had right of Inherit- 
 ance prior to the princesses; ought ho not, 
 then, to bo miiilo king, and a reuency ai>- 
 pointedT But, If so, would not the pater- 
 nity of James enable him to continue his 
 despotism through bli ion when the latter 
 should attain his majority T Tho t>oint was 
 a most important one, and as dinicult of 
 solution as It was Important ; but we have 
 ever been of opinion that the leading states- 
 men of that diiy decided upon It very much 
 in the spirit of tho son of riillip. who cut 
 the Oordian knot which be found himself 
 nnablo to untie. The revolution was un- 
 doubtedly a necessary ono, for James's ty- 
 ranny was great and insensate ; and It was 
 a glorious one. Inasmuch as it was acconi- 
 pushed without bloodshed. But these con- 
 siderations. Important as they are, must 
 not prevent ns from denoundng tho in- 
 justice with which tho lending men of En- 
 gland, finding themselves in great and 
 grievous dilHculty how to reconcile their 
 (;wu liberties and tho rights of the infant 
 son of the abdicated king, pronounced that 
 son sui)i)08Uithual The most ridiculous 
 tales were told and credited ; it was even 
 averred tliat tho queen had never been 
 pregnant at all, but that the child who was 
 now pronounced supposliittuus had been 
 conveyed to the apartments of the queen 
 from those of Its real mother lu a warming 
 pnn I But when men have determined upon 
 injustico any pretext will serve their turn. 
 Tho young prince, then, was pronounced 
 Illegitimate, and tho throne being vacant, 
 It was then proposed to raise tho princess 
 of Orange, James's eldest daughter, to tho 
 throne as her hereditary right. But to this 
 course there was nn insuperable and unex- 
 pected obstacle. Tho high and stern ambi- 
 tion of the prince of Orange forbade him, 
 ilk his own coarse but oxpressivo phrase, 
 ' to accept of a kingdom which ho was tu 
 hold only by his wife's apron strings.' Uo 
 would either have tho crr>wn conferred 
 upon himself, or he would return to his owu 
 country and leave tbo English to settle 
 their own difficulties as they best might ; 
 and accordingly the crown was settled upon 
 William and Mary and their heirs, tho ad- 
 ministration of affairs being vested in 
 William alone. 
 
 Though tho declaration of toleration Is- 
 sued by James bad given such deep and 
 general offence. It had done ao only as it 
 Indicated tho desire of James to deprive 
 both the church of England and tho dis- 
 senter of security from the inroads of pa- 
 pacy. Presuming from thisfact that tolera- 
 tion would not in Itself be disagreeable to 
 the nation, William commenced bis reign 
 by an attempt to repeal the laws that com- 
 manded uniformity of worship. But tho 
 English, as has well been remarked, were 
 ' more ready to examine the commands of 
 tbeir superiors than to obey them;' i^ii| 
 
 ♦' » 
 
-M I 
 
 I 
 
 enalnittr.— ?ftoui[fe tit #tuffrt.— QQimiam iSS. 413 
 
 4 
 
 Wllllnm, nithnutfli looko4l upon M t»io de- 
 liverer (if the imtlon, could only lo fur mio- 
 reod In tlilMdi'Hlgn.aito procure tolerntlon 
 for iiuili dUdcntcr* u thould holil no pri- 
 vnto ronrcntlclei and ihould taico tlio oalhi 
 of alleKlnnro. 
 
 Tlio ntteiitlon of William, liowovcr, nraa 
 Tery upcrdlly called from Iho reKUlatlon of 
 hlM newklUKdoin totliomeaiureKneneiHnry 
 for Ita preitervatlon. JanicH, an wu Imvo 
 •aid, wna received In Franco with great 
 friendiblp ; and Ireland, mainly catholic, 
 ■till remained tnio to hlin, IlavInK aii«em- 
 Med all the forco ho could, therefore, .Taniea 
 determined to niako Ireland hU point (Cap- 
 pui, and, emharklnR at nreit, hn landed at 
 the port of KIniialo on May 33, IAHO. Hero 
 everything tended to flatter hl« hopen. 
 Ida progrciH to Dublin waa a anrt of 
 triumph. Tyreonnol, the lord-lieutenant, 
 received him with loyal warmth an(i 
 reapoct; tho old army waa not merely 
 faithful but realoua, and waa very easily 
 Incrcsaed by new luvlea to tho InipOHlng 
 forco of forty thousand men. 
 
 Homo few towns In IrclaTid. being chiefly 
 Inhabited by protcstanta, linil declared for 
 king William, and among the«o wna Derry, 
 or Londonderry, and to thla town ,Ianu<a 
 at once proceeded to lay BJege. Tho mili- 
 tary autliorltlea would probably have been 
 glad to have delivered tho place up to their 
 lawful aoveroign ; but a clergyman, Mr. 
 Oeorgo Walker, placed hlmaolf at tho head 
 of tho protoatant Inhnbltanta of tho town, 
 and worked up thuir mlnd.t to auch a pitch 
 of cnthuaiaam, that they rcHolvcd to liold 
 out tho place, until It ahould be relieved by 
 William, or i.erlah In th<j attempt. Tho 
 cnthu.slaam spread to tho very lowest and 
 weakest of tho population; and though 
 famine and fever made fearful ravages, aiHl 
 audi loatliHomi objects as cats and rats 
 becr.mo covetea for food, tho besieged 
 Btlll held out. This devotion waa at length 
 rewarded. A atore-ahlp, heavily laden 
 with proTlalon, broke tho boom which had 
 been laid across tho river, and tho fanil»ih- 
 ed Inhabitants of Dorry received at once 
 an abundant supply of provisions and a 
 most welcome addition to their garrison of 
 halo and fresh men. Jamoa during this 
 obstinate siege had loat nine thousand 
 of his troops, and as tho aid now thrown 
 Into tho town rendered his success more 
 unlikely than ever, ho withdrew his 
 army In tho night, and prepared to meet 
 W llllam, who In person waa about to attack 
 him. 
 
 A.D. 1690. — Tho hostile armies camo In 
 sight of each other upon the opposite aides 
 of tho river Boyne, which might easily have 
 been forded but for ditches and old houses 
 which rendered tho banks defensible. To 
 this facility of ambush, in fact, the life of 
 William very nearly beeame a sacrltlce. 
 As he rodo out along his lines to recon- 
 noitre bis opponents and determine upon 
 his plan of battle, a cannon was secretly 
 pointed at him, and flred with such good 
 aim that ho was wounded id tho shoul- 
 der, several of bis staff being killed by his 
 Bide. 
 
 On tbe following morning William com- 
 
 menced operations by ct\nnonailliig tliA 
 niaiklng houxcH from which he lind KiilTcreil 
 so much annoyance, and then he Inl over 
 Ills army In three divlMlons. They rruHHCd 
 tho river wltlunit any conaUleraMii Ii>hi4, 
 formed In good order on the o|ii>imlto kIiio 
 and an obatlnato battle ensued. The Irish, 
 as well aa their Krencti and Hwlsa allies, 
 fought Well and r.ealouHly, but they were 
 Inferior Incavniry; and tho furious rhnrgea 
 of William's cavalry, led on byhlruNelf, at 
 length caused tho Irish to retreut, and the 
 nu<rely mercenary Hwlss and French very 
 spredlly followed. Perhaps the victory 
 thua gained by William was In no alight 
 degree owing to tho fact of his having 
 personally led on his troops, who thus 
 were Inspired with a zeal and coiirago 
 which James shouNI have lent to his troo|>a 
 by a alniUar personal devotion and daring, 
 nut though James's personal courage was 
 beyond all quustloii, and had been signally 
 shown during I ho Dutch war In the relwn of 
 his brother, he on this occasion allowed tha 
 prudcnco of tho sovereign to outweigh tho 
 Impulses of tho soldier. I'osted on the 
 hill of Dunmore, which commanded tho 
 scene of action, ho giized upon the eventful 
 battlo without even detaciiliitt a squadron 
 of the horse which surrounded him to aid 
 In repnlalng tho terrible cavalry charges of 
 William. Tho defeat of tho Irish army waa 
 aa complete as might have been anticipated 
 from this very opposite conduct of tho o])- 
 poslng leaders. Of James's troopa nearly 
 Mfteen hundred were killed mid wounded, 
 whilo William lost barely a third of , 
 that number. But ho sustained a heavy 
 loss Indeed In tho death of tho brave and 
 ablo duke of Sihomberg, who was shot 
 aa ho crossed tho river, cheering on his 
 men. 
 
 A.T). 1091. — Disastrous as tho battle of 
 tho lloyno had proved to James, it did not 
 altogether destroy his hopes. Hy great 
 exertions, be got an army again Into condi- 
 tion for service, and It was now committed 
 to tho leadership of General St. Ruth, a man 
 of known gallantry and conduct. This 
 army was met by that of the -English at 
 Aughrim ; and tho boggy nature of tho 
 ground In which St. Ruth had taken up an 
 admirable position enabled him to repulse 
 tho English with great loss In several 
 charges. But tho English, though galled 
 and weakened, returned to tho charge with 
 Intloxible resolution, and St. Ruth being 
 killed by a cannon-ball, his men fell Into 
 disorder, and retreated to Limerick with 
 the loss of upwards of Arc thousand of 
 their ntimber. 
 
 William now proceeded to bdsiego Lime 
 rick, tho garrison of which city, aided by 
 the troops who had escaped from Aughrim, 
 made a gallant and obstinate defence ; but 
 the Bngllsh gained ground so rapidly that, 
 to avoid tho horror.a which must have re- 
 sulted from the place being taken by as- 
 sault, the Irish leaders demanded a parley. 
 William was neither bigoted nor cruel, and 
 ho offered no objection to tho terms on 
 which tho garrison proposed to surrender. 
 Theso terms were, that the catholics of 
 Ireland should have that f rccuom of religion 
 
Hi 
 
 (iTfje Zxt&iuvvi at WfitatUt ^t* 
 
 which they had enjoyed under Ohflrlea II., 
 and that all Irish persona should be at 
 liberty to remove with their families and 
 property to any part of the world, except- 
 ing England and Scotland. Above fourteen 
 thousand availed themselves of this latter 
 stipulation, and were conveyed to Franco 
 at the expense of the English govern- 
 ment. 
 
 A.D. 1693.— ■William aspired to the distinc- 
 tion of being head of the protestant interest 
 In Europe : hence the country was almost 
 perpetually engaged in continental wars ; 
 and if It were not absolutely necessary to 
 throw the energies of the English nation 
 into the scale, it suited the king's warlike 
 disposition ; for though he v/as by no means 
 uniformly successful at the head of his 
 troops, he possessed tho necessary courage 
 and fortitude, and was beyond all doubt a 
 superior mflltary commander. We shall 
 not, however, enter the arena of his war- 
 like achievements, as general of the allied 
 armies, in the long and arduous struggle 
 against tho power and restless ambition of 
 Louis XIV., but keep our attention fixed 
 on those matters which more exclusively 
 refer to England. Among these was the 
 celebrated victory off La Hogue gained by 
 the English and Dutch fleets, over the 
 French. The latter consisted of sixty- 
 three ships, and the confederate fleet of 
 ninety-nine; but scarce one half could 
 come to an engagement. The French fleet 
 was entirely defeated, and driven to their 
 own coast; and at La Hogue and other 
 places, no less than twenty-one of their 
 largest men-of-war were destroyed, within 
 two or three days after the battle. Among 
 the rest, the French admiral's ship, the 
 Rising Sun, was set on flre, within sight of 
 the army that was to have made a descent 
 upon England. Not a single ship was lost 
 on the part of the English. At this time 
 William was in Holland ; but as soon as the 
 fleet arrived at Spithead, the queen sent 
 30,0001. to be distributed among the sai- 
 lors, and gold medals for the officers, in 
 acknowledgment for this splendid and 
 timely victory. 
 
 "With the celebrated treaty of Limerick 
 perished the last hope of James to regain 
 Ills English dominion by the aid of Ireland. 
 The king of Prance allowed htm a consi- 
 derable pension, and his daughter and Eng- 
 lish friends occasionally aided him to a con- 
 siderable amount. He passed bis time In 
 study, in charity, and in religious duties ; 
 and even the poor monks of La Trappe, to 
 whom he paid frequent visits, confessed 
 themselves edified by the mildness of bis 
 manners and tho humility of bis senti- 
 ments. We especially dwell upon this be- 
 haviour of James, not only because it shows 
 In a strong point of view how bad a king a 
 good man may be; in other words, how 
 much of a peculiar ability must be added 
 to the greatest and best virtues of a private 
 man to prevent a king from failing, to his 
 own and his people's vast Injury, in the ful- 
 filment of the duties of the throne, but also 
 because it goes to refute a cruel calumny 
 which but too many historians have joined 
 in perpetuating upon the memory of Jftmes. 
 
 Excited as men's mlnda were by the re- 
 volution, what could be more probable than 
 that bigoted and ignorant admirers of the 
 expelled James should resort to any means, 
 however wicked, to assail William upon 
 what they, as being still loyal to the absent 
 king, must have viewed as a guiltily usurped 
 throne? The dastardly crime of assassi- 
 nation was resorted to against William; 
 and the attempt has, without adequate 
 proof, been attributed to the suggestion 
 of James. But, whether as man or mon- 
 arch, tho general character of his life Is 
 opposed to the probability of this vile im- 
 putation.- Even in his earlier days he 
 would have resorted to open force, not to 
 dastardly treachery. And after the treaty 
 of Limerick had deprived him of all reason- 
 able hope of recovering his kingdom, bis 
 mind evidently became impressed with a 
 deep sense of the worthlessness of worldly 
 prosperity and greatness. He became more 
 a monk in spirit than many were who wore 
 the monkish cowl; and so far, wo think, 
 was ho from being willing to remove his 
 successful rival by the hand of the assassin, 
 that it may be doubtful whether he did not 
 deem the greatness of that rival far more 
 in the light of a curse than in that of a 
 blessing. 
 
 James survived the extinction of his 
 kingly hopes rather more than seven years. 
 His ascetic way of life, acting upon a 
 frame much enfeebled by previous strug- 
 gles and chagrins, threw him into a pain- 
 ful and tedious disease, and he died on 
 tho 16th of September, 1700 : his last mo- 
 ments being spent in enjoining his son to 
 prefer religion to all worldly advantages, 
 however alluring. At his own especial re- 
 quest, made just before his death, James 
 was interred, vithout any attempt at fune- 
 real pomp, in til : church of the Bnglish 
 Benedictines at Paris. 
 
 A.D. 1697.— In our desire to trace the 
 royal exile James to the very close of his 
 eventful and unfortunate career, we have 
 somewhat outstepped the chronological 
 march of our history. 
 
 Though an able politician, and though, 
 at the commencement of his reign, suffici- 
 ently well Inclined to use and preserve so 
 much prerogrvtive as could belong to the 
 elected monarch of a people who had re- 
 cently beheaded one sovereign and driven 
 another Into exile, William very soon grew 
 weary of disputing with his cabinet. In 
 truth, merely domestic politics were not 
 William's forte. He had the mind and the 
 expansive gaze of an emperor rather than 
 the minute views of a king, and was calcu- 
 lated rather to rule nations than to watch 
 over the comparatively small affairs of a 
 single state. He saw how much the vast 
 power of France required, for tho welfare 
 of Europe, to be kept In check; and he 
 gladly, therefore, allowed his ministers to 
 Infringe upon hia prerogative as to Eng- 
 
 * the extent to which Jamei wsi eoneemed 
 in Gonspiraciei againit the life of William III. 
 li fully dlicuiaed by Hallsm, Conititutional 
 Hiitory of England, ctu XT, 
 
 
ewfllaulf.— !S0us'5 of i^tuart.— ^mre. 
 
 415 
 
 t 
 
 land, on condition of their a^ordlng bim 
 the means of regulating the disturbed ba- 
 lance of power In Europe. The history of 
 his reign may be summed up In two words 
 —war and funding. Aided by the real and 
 original genius of Burnet, bishop of Sarum, 
 Vruilam contrived that means of anticipat- 
 ing the taxes, of mortgaging the means of 
 tlie nation, which In creating the national 
 debt has doubtless led to much evil, but 
 which has also been the means of carrying 
 England triumphantly through struggles 
 under which it otherwise must have sunk, 
 and to a pitch of wealth and greatness to 
 which otherwise it could never have as- 
 pired. The treaty of Uyswyck at length 
 put an end to the sanguinary and expen- 
 sive war with France. It has been ob- 
 served that tho only benefit secured to 
 England by that treaty was the fonnal re- 
 cognition of William's sovereignty by the 
 French king. But it should not be for- 
 gotten that England, In common with all 
 the rest of Europe, was served and saved 
 by the check given to the power and the 
 overweening ambition of France. 
 
 With war tho king's life may almost be 
 said to have terminated. From boyhood 
 he had been of a feeble constitution, and 
 long Inquietude of mind and exposure of 
 body had now completely exhausted him. 
 Being thrown from his horse he fractured 
 his collar-bone. It was set, brt he Insisted 
 upon being carried to his favourite resi- 
 dence, Kensington palace. The motion of 
 the carriage disunited the fractured bone, 
 and the pain and Irritation caused fever 
 and diarrh(Ba, which, in spite of all that Bld- 
 loe and other skilful surgeons could devise, 
 terminated the king's life. In the thirteenth 
 year of his reign and the fifty-second of bis 
 age. Even In his last momenta the 'rul- 
 ing passion' was strong within him, and 
 only two days before his death he held a 
 long and anxious conference on the state 
 of Europe with the earl of Albemarle, who 
 had brought some Impoitant intelligence 
 from Holland. 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. 
 
 The Jtcign 0/ Annh. 
 
 A.D. 1702.— William III. having survived 
 his wife, by whom he left no issue, Anne, 
 second daughter of James II., married 
 to prince George of Denmark, ascended 
 the throne amidst a general satisfaction 
 which one might reasonably have expected 
 to be greatly checked by the remembrance 
 of her extraordinary and unnatural treat- 
 ment of her father in the darkest hour of 
 his distress. 
 
 Anne at the time of her accession was 
 In the thirty-eighth year of her age, pleas- 
 ing in her person and manner, domestic 
 In her habits, and, with the one exception 
 of which we have spoken, of amiable and 
 excelleub character. 
 
 One of the first acts of the queen was to 
 send a message to the house of commons 
 announcing her intention of declaring war 
 against France; and this intention was 
 warmly applauded by the house I And yet 
 the reigra of this aoeen Yom been rery truly 
 
 called tho Augustan period of literature ; 
 so true It Is that tho ferocious instincts of 
 mankind resist even the softening Infiuence 
 of letters. For war at that period Eng- 
 land had none of that real necessity, that 
 impulse of self-preservation as to either the 
 present or the future, without which war 
 is little, If at all, better than wholesale and 
 legitlmatised murder; but hatred of the 
 French nation continued in full force, al- 
 though the power of the French to be mis- 
 chievous was already veiy greatly curtail- 
 ed ; and the Dutch and Germans not only 
 joined England, but actually declared war 
 against France on the very same day. 
 Though such a combination of powers was 
 strong enough to portend danger even to 
 the wealthy and warlike France, the French 
 king received the news without any appa- 
 rent feeling, except that of mortification 
 that the Dutch should venture to be hostile 
 to him ; and this feeling he expressed by say- 
 ing that 'as for those pedlars, the Dutch, 
 they should be dearly taught to repent 
 their impertinent presumption In declaring 
 war against a king whose power they had 
 formerly felt as well as dreaded.' 
 
 Of tho campaigns that followed this de- 
 claration of war we shall not even attempt 
 to give the details. Even where the his- 
 torian's pages have no limit but his own 
 will, there is, probably, no portion of his 
 labour less useful to his readers than his 
 minute account of battles, sieges, marches, 
 and counter-marches, which must be un- 
 intelligible to all except military readers, 
 without the aid of maps so expensive that 
 few readers can command them. But In 
 the present case such details, besides being 
 beyond the limits of our pages, are really 
 unnecessary. Blenheim, Bamilles, Oude- 
 narde, and MaJplaquet, were victories as 
 useless as they were costly and decisive : 
 they gratified the splendid ambition and 
 the sordid avarice of Marlborough, but to 
 England they were utterly unproductive of 
 solid beueflt. 
 
 It is a singular fact, and one not very cre- 
 ditable to the nation, that while enormous 
 treasure was wasted In sanguinary and 
 useless victories, and the most unbounded 
 applause was bestowed upon the victors, 
 one of the most Important and splendid 
 conquests ever made for England was re- 
 warded not merely by neglect, but by ab- 
 solute and cruel insult. We mean the 
 capture of Gibraltar by sir George Rooke. 
 Sir Cloudesley Shovel and sir George 
 Rooke bad been sent out to watch a fieet 
 which the French were known to be equliv 
 ping at Brest, and sir George was farther 
 ordered to convoy some transport ships to 
 Barcelona, where the prince of Hesse made 
 an unsuccessful attack. The troops hav- 
 ing failed on this point, were reimbarked, 
 and the English commanders, anxious to 
 turn the expedition to some advantage, de- 
 termined upon attacking Gibraltar, then 
 in the possession of the Spaniards, who, 
 deeming It i' - pregnable by its own strengtb, 
 kept it but inconsiderably garrisoned. 
 
 In truth, the situation of Gibraltar is 
 such that it might well lead the Spaniards 
 into an overweening opinion of itg Btrengtli ; 
 
 i 
 (I 
 
 1 ■• 
 
416 
 
 CI)« Crfatfurj} at W^itovSt ^^ 
 
 the town standing upon a tongue of Innd 
 which Is defended on every side but tliat 
 nearest to the Spanish territory by an In- 
 accessible rock. Upon that side the prince 
 of Hesse landed eighteen ht idred men, 
 and proceeded to summon the garrison. 
 The governor paid no attention to this 
 summons, and on the following day the 
 fleet commenced a warm cannonading, by 
 which the defenders of the south mole 
 head were driven from tliclr post. Cap- 
 tains Hicks and Jumper now led a nu- 
 merous party, sword in hand, into the for- 
 tifications, but they had scarcely landed 
 when the Spaniards sprung a mine, by 
 which two lieutenants and a hundred men 
 wero killed and wounded. The remalnrie •, 
 gallantly headed by the captains named 
 aboTS, maintained their post in spite of the 
 horrible explosion which had so fearfull,' 
 thinned their numbers, and the rest of the 
 seamen being now landed by captain 
 WhitadEsr, the mole and the town were 
 taken by storm. When it is considered 
 that Gibraltar has been of immense im- 
 portance to England ever since, both in 
 protecting our Mediterranean trade and 
 serving as an outfitting and sheltering port 
 for our navies destined to annoy an enemy. 
 It seems incredible, but is, unfortunately, 
 only too true, that parliament and the mi- 
 nistry, so lavish of rewards and praise to 
 the costly and useless services performed 
 elsewhere, refused sir George Rooke even 
 the formal honour of a vote of thanks, and 
 he was shortly afterwards displaced from 
 his command. 
 
 Philip IV., grandson of Louis XIV. of 
 France, having been nominated king of 
 Spain by the will of the late king, was 
 placed upon the throne ; and as he was ap- 
 parently agreeable to the majority of his 
 subjects, and, besides, was supported by 
 the power of France, all opposition to him 
 would to ordinary minds have appeared 
 hopeless. But Charles, son of the emperor 
 of Germany, bad formerly been nominated 
 to the Spanish succession, and France her- 
 self had been a party to that nomination. 
 Charles, therefore, encouraged by the pro- 
 mised support of the warlike inhabitants 
 of the province of Catalonia, determined to 
 assert his right. In this determination ho 
 was strengthened by England and Portu- 
 gal, Who supplied him with two hundred 
 transports, thirty ships of war, and a force 
 of nearly ten thousand men. Considerable 
 as this force was, it yet was small when 
 compared to the mighty resources of the 
 Spanish king <fe/a«(o; but in the judgement 
 of military men, as well as in the popular 
 opinion, the comparative smallness of 
 Charles's force was amply compensated by 
 the genius and romantic bravery of the 
 commander of it, the earl of Peterborough, 
 who gave Charles the aid of his vast fortune 
 as well as his personal exertions. 
 
 The earl of Peterborough was one of 
 the most extraordinary men of that age. 
 Though very much deformed in person, he 
 excelled in all military exercises. At fifteen 
 he fought as a volunteer against the Moors 
 In Africa, and in every action he was dis- 
 tingulshed for daring and conduct. The 
 
 great experience ho had acquired and the 
 Influence of Ills character upon the sol- 
 diery were much and justly relied on to 
 forward the cause of Charles. His very 
 first action justified that reliance, as he 
 took the strong city of Barcelona with its 
 well-provided garrison of five thousand 
 men. Had the earl of Peterborough now 
 been left to the promptings of his own 
 high and chivalrous spirit, there Is but 
 little room to doubt that ho would have 
 achieved still more brilliant successes. 
 But some petty intrigues, by which both 
 Charles and the Engiirh government very 
 weakly allowed themselves to be duped, led 
 to the recall of tho carl, whose command 
 was transferred to lord Galway. That no- 
 bleman soon after came to a general action 
 with the Spanish troops, commanded by 
 the duke of Berwick, who had taken up a 
 position on the plains near the town of 
 Almnnza. For a tlma Charles's troops, 
 consisting chiefly of Dutch and English 
 infantry, seemed greatly to have the ad- 
 vantage. But in the very heat and crisis 
 of the action, the Portuguese horse who 
 protected either flank of Charles's lino 
 were seized with a sudden and disgraceful 
 panic, and fled in spite of all the eltorts 
 that were made to i.T.lly them. The duke 
 of Berwick immediately closed in upon the 
 exposed flanks, and Galway, loosing men at 
 every step, had barely time to throw his 
 army Into a square and retire to a noijfh- 
 bourlng eminence. Here they wero com- 
 paratively free from the attacks of tho 
 enemy, but they were destitute of pro- 
 visions and Ignorant of the country ; and 
 as it was evidently the design as it was in 
 the power of the enemy to starve them into 
 submission, the officers reluctantly agreed 
 to capitulate. A flne army of ten thou- 
 sand men thus became prisoners of war; 
 and Philip was more flrmly than ever seated 
 upon his throne, not a voice now being 
 raised against him except in the still 
 malcontent province of Catalonia. 
 
 Turn we now to the more Important do- 
 mestic events of this reign. Though the 
 accession of James I. to the English throne 
 bad to a certain extent united Enf^land and 
 Scotland, there was still an independent 
 Scotch parliament. In practice this was 
 often inconvenient and always dangenms ; 
 tho votes of the Scotch parliament often 
 ran counter to those of the English par- 
 liament, and it required no remarkable 
 iinount of political wUdom to foresee, that, 
 under certain circumstances, such, for in- 
 stance, as actually occurred in the reigns 
 of George I. and George II., this difference 
 might be fatal by strengthening the hands 
 of a pretender and plunging tho country 
 into a civil war. Theoretically, the separate 
 parliament of Scotland was ridiculously 
 indefensible. Scotland and England being 
 already united under one crown, how al> 
 surd It was that the parliament at West- 
 minster, held perfectly competent to enact 
 laws for Cumberland and Northumberland, 
 became iegislatorially incapable a few feet 
 over the border I But bo much more pow- 
 erful are custom and >irejudice than reason, 
 that the first proposal to do away with this 
 
 si 
 
^ 
 
 eunlaiitt.— ?aaM)S« flt Stuart— fflmtniam MJt, 417 
 
 dangerous distinction was received as 
 though it had been a proposal to abridge 
 some dear and indefeasible liberty of the 
 Scottish people. For once, reason pre- 
 vailed over ; ile or Interested clamour, and 
 both parliaments simultaneously passed an 
 act appointing and authorising commis- 
 sioners, named by the queen, to draw up 
 articles for the parliamentary union of tht 
 two kingdoms. 
 
 The commissioners, quickened In their 
 proceedings by the queen's expressed desire 
 for despatch, speedily presented for the con- 
 sideration of the two parliaments » scries 
 of articles by which full provision wus made 
 for retaining in force all the existing laws 
 of Scotland, except wliere alteration would 
 manifestly benefit that country ; tlie courts 
 of session and other courts of Scottish ju- 
 dicature were also prtscrved, and, in fact, 
 the main alteration was tiie abolition of the 
 anomalous separate parliament of Scotland, 
 and giving that country a representation In 
 the parlianicnt of Great Britain, of sixteen 
 peers and f orty-flve commoners. There was, 
 both in Scotland and on the part of the 
 tories in England, considerable opposition 
 niado to these really wise and necessary ar- 
 ticles, but common sense and the Intluencc 
 of the crown at length prevailed, and the 
 articles were passed into law by a great 
 majority in both parliaments. 
 
 Hitherto the whig ministry, supported 
 by the powerful Influence of the duchess of 
 Marlborough, had triumphed over all tlio 
 efforts of tho tories ; but the duchess had 
 been guilty of two capital mistakes, by 
 which she now found her Influence very 
 greatly diminished. In the first place, for- 
 getting that sho owed her vast influence 
 over tho queen far more to her porson.al 
 complaisance and agreeableness than to 
 her really considerable political talents, 
 she became so proud of her power, that she 
 relaxed In those personal attentions and 
 complaisances by which sho had obtained 
 it, and disgusted the queen by an offensive 
 and dictatorial tone. While she thus perilled 
 her influence, she at the same time unwit- 
 tingly raised up a rival to herself in the 
 person of a Mrs. Mash am, a poi ir relation 
 of her own, whom she placed i i a confi- 
 dential situation about the queens person, 
 relying upon her gratitude, and expecting 
 to find her not a dangerous rival, but a 
 pliant and zealous tool. But Mrs. Masham 
 speedily perceived that tho queen was not 
 only personally disgusted by the hauteur 
 of tho duchess, but also much inclined to 
 tho tory opinions ; she consequently took 
 up the party of Mr. llarley, afterwards lord 
 Oxford, who was personally in the queen's 
 favour, and who was extensively and con- 
 stantly intriguing for the ruin of the whigs. 
 In conjunction with Mr. St. John, after- 
 wards lord Bollngbroke, and sir Simon Har- 
 court, a lawyer of great abilities, and aided 
 by the personal Influence of Mrs. Masham, 
 Uarley doubted not that he should triumph 
 over tho whigs; and an event, trifling 
 enough in itself, soon occurred to develope 
 the queen's leaning towards the tories; 
 and to encourage It by showing how exten- 
 sively that party existed amoug the people. 
 
 A clergyman named Sacbevcrel had much 
 distinguished himself by his sermons in 
 favour of high church principles and In con- 
 demnation of dissent and dissenters. Ima- 
 ginative, impassioned, and possessed of that 
 fluency which even men of good judgement 
 so often mistake for eloquence, he soon be- 
 came an oracle and a favourite with a very 
 largo party. Being appointed to preach on 
 tne flfth of November at St. Paul's, he 
 made use of the 'gunpowder plot* as an 
 argumciit. from which to Infer that any d(!- 
 parture from the doctrine of non-rcslstanco 
 might lead to the most heinous and de- 
 structive wickedness, and that the existing 
 toleration of dissenters was very likely to 
 be ruinous to the church of England, which 
 ho declared to be as ill defended by its pre- 
 tended friends, as It was fiercely attacked 
 by its determined enemies. The lord mayor 
 of that year, sir Samuel Gerrard, no very 
 accurate judge, It may be presumed, of 
 cither theological correctness or literary 
 elegance, allowed ^he printed edition of this 
 sermon to be dedicated to him. And hero, 
 probably, the whole affair would have ended 
 and been forgotten, but for tho injudi- 
 cious meddling of archbishop Dolben's son, 
 who In his place In parliament made com- 
 plaint of the sermon ar 1 read all the most 
 violent paragraphs of it ; a manifestly un- 
 fair proceeding, inasmuch as tlie same pas- 
 sages might have a very different effect 
 when read with or without their context. 
 Instead of checking Mr. Dolben's oBlcious- 
 ness by voting tb-j matter unflt for their 
 consideration, the committee voted the pas- 
 sages read to bo seditious and scandalous 
 libels ; and Sacheverel was ordered to attend 
 at the bar of the house, where he avowed 
 tho alleged libels and plainly said that ho 
 gloried In having published them. Even 
 this vain and silly exultation of a weak 
 man, whom au almost ;equally weak oppo- 
 nent had thus suddenly dragged into tho 
 notoriety he coveted and would probably 
 never have otherwise obtained, did not in- 
 struct tho house that contempt and obscu- 
 rity were the severest pains and penalties 
 tli«.t could bo inflicted upon such a man as 
 Sacheverel ; and a committee was appoint- 
 ed to draw up articles of impeachment 
 against him, and Mr. Dolben was named 
 manager ou the behalf of the commons of 
 England. 
 
 The harmless declamation of a vain man 
 was thus raised into a degree of factitious 
 importance which was really disgraceful to 
 the people, and for three weeks all tho 
 public business of both houses of parlia- 
 ment was set aside on account of a trial 
 which ought never to have commenced. 
 The lords sat In Westminster-hall, which 
 was daily besieged by tho principal rank, 
 fashion, and beauty of the capital, tho 
 queen herself setting the example by at- 
 tending as a private auditor of the pro- 
 ceedings. 
 
 Mr. Dolben, whose injudicious meddling 
 had occasioned this mock-heroic farce, was 
 assisted in his absurd prosecution by sir 
 Joseph Jekyll, solicitor-general Eyre, the 
 recorder, sir Peter King, general Stanhope, 
 8ir Thomas Parker, and Mr. Walpole ; all 
 E E 
 
 ^l 
 
418 
 
 ^t €vttiint^ at W^tatSt ^c* 
 
 geutlemeu whose talenta were degraded by 
 BO silly a business. 
 
 Dr. Sacbeverel was defended by sir Simon 
 Harcourt, Mr. Phipps, and doctors Friend, 
 Bniallrldge, and Atterbury; and the trial, 
 absurd as Us origin was, produced a dis- 
 play of great talent, and eloquence. Un- 
 fortunately the silly passion shown by the 
 house of commons communicated itself to 
 the people out of doors. Most serious riots 
 took place, lu wlilcli the rabble In their 
 zeal for Dr. Sachcverel nol only destroyed 
 several dissenting meeting-houses, but also 
 plundered the houses of several leading 
 dissenters, and the disturbances at length 
 grew so alarming that the queen published 
 a proclamation against them. The magis- 
 trates now exerted themselves with some 
 vigour ; several rufllans were apprehended, 
 and two convicted of higli treason and sen- 
 tenced to death ; wbicli souteuce, however, 
 was commuted. 
 
 v.'hilo the populace was vIoiiuh vlthout, 
 the lords were trying Sacheverel. Mu was 
 very nbly defended, and ho personally de- 
 livered an address, of which the composition 
 was so Immeasurably superior to that of 
 his sermons, that it was generally supposed 
 to have been written for him by Dr. Atter- 
 bury, afterwards bishop of Rochester; a 
 man of great genius, but of a turn of mind 
 which fitted him rather for the wrangling 
 of the bar than for the mild teaching and 
 otlier important duties of the Christian 
 ministry. A majority of seventeen votes 
 condemned Sacheverel, but a protest was 
 signed by thirty-four peers. Partly in de- 
 ference to this protest, and partly from fear 
 that severity would cause dangerous re- 
 newals of the riotous conduct of Sachcve- 
 rel's rabble friends, the sentence was ex- 
 tpjmely light, merely prohibiting the doctor 
 from preaching for three years, and order- 
 ing his alleged libels to be burned by the 
 common hangman, in presence of the lord 
 mayor and the two sheriffs. 
 
 The warmth which the people In general 
 bad shown on behalf of the doctor showed 
 so extensive a prevalence of tory princi- 
 ples, that the queen's secret advisors of 
 tiiat party tliought that they might now 
 safely recommend a dissolution of parlia- 
 ment. The queen complied, and a vast 
 majority of tories was returned to the new 
 parliament. Thus convinced of the cor- 
 rectness with which Harley bad long as- 
 sured her, that she might safely indulge 
 her inclination to degrade the whig party, 
 the queen proceeded accordingly. She 
 began by making the duke of Slirewsbury 
 lord chamberlain. Instead of the duke of 
 Kent. Soon afterwards tau earl of Sun- 
 derland, son-in-law to the duke of Marl- 
 borough, was deprived of his office of secre- 
 tary of state, which was coni-^rred upon the 
 earl of Dartmouth; the lore' stewardship 
 was taken from the duke oi' novonshire 
 and given to the duke of Buckm^Vam, and 
 Mr. Henry St. John was mauv secretary in 
 lieu of Mr. Boyle. Still more sweeping 
 alterations followed, until at last no state 
 office was filled by a whig, with the single 
 exception of the duke of Marlborough. 
 The parliament soon afterwards passed 
 
 a resolution warmly approving the course 
 pursued by the queen, and exhorting her to 
 discountenance and resist all such measures 
 as those by which her royal crown and 
 dignity had recently been threatened. 
 From all this It was clear that the power 
 of Marlborough, so long supported by the 
 court Intrigues of his duchess, was now 
 completely destroyed by her imprudent 
 l..iuteur. Els avarice was wtll known, and 
 it was very extensively believed that the 
 war with France would long since have 
 been brought to a conclusion if the pacific 
 inclinations of the French king had not 
 been constantly and systematically thwart- 
 ed by the duke for the fur' ' 3ranco of his 
 own ambitious schemes. And though the 
 tory ministry continued the war, and the 
 almost entirely tory parliament recom' 
 mended that it should be prosecuted with 
 all possible vigour, the mortification and 
 degradation of the lately idolised duke were 
 aimed at by every possible means. Thus 
 the thanks of the house of commoas wore 
 refused to him for his services in FIan< 
 ders, while they were warmly given to 
 those of tlie carl of I'uterborougii in Spain, 
 and the lord keeper In delivering them took 
 occasion to contrast the generous nature of 
 the earl with the greed and avarice of the 
 duke. 
 
 As the expenses of the war increased, 
 so the people grew more and rrore weary 
 of their war mania. The ministry conse- 
 quently now determined to t^ike resolute 
 steps for putting an end to it; and as it 
 was obvious that the drV;A would use all 
 the influence of his command to traverse 
 tlieir peaceable policy, they came fo the 
 resolution of proceeding against hioi in 
 some one of the many cases in which he 
 was known to have received bribes. Clear 
 evidence was brought forward of his 
 having received six thousand pounds per 
 annum from a Jew for securing him tlie 
 contract to supply the army with bread ; 
 EUid upon this charge the duke was dis- 
 missed from all his public employments. 
 
 The poet Prior was now sent on an em- 
 bassy to France, and he soon returned 
 with Mcnager, a French statesman, i>> vested 
 witli full powers to arrange the prelimi- 
 naries of peace ; the earl of Strafford ivas 
 sent back to Holland, whence he had only 
 lately been recalled, to communicate to 
 the Dutch the preliminaries and the queen's 
 approval of them, and to endeavour to 
 induce the Dutch, also, to approve them. 
 Holland at first objected to the inspection 
 of the preliminaries, but after much exer- 
 tion all parties were induced to consent to 
 a conference at Utrecht. It was soon, 
 however, perceived that aii the deputies, 
 save those of England and Franco, were 
 averse to peace, and it was then determined 
 by the queen's government to set on foot 
 a private negotiation with France with a 
 view to a separate treaty. 
 
 A.D. 1712.— Early In August, 1712, vis- 
 count Bolingbroke, formerly Mr. St. John, 
 was Sent to Versailles, accompanied by 
 Prior and the Abbd Gaultler, to make ar- 
 rangements for the separate treaty. He 
 was well received by the Vteach court, and 
 
 AD. 1714 
 the act 
 devolve 
 elector 
 Sophia, 
 Theni 
 year, an 
 man of 
 tute of i 
 appeara 
 or tho 
 pose, I 
 
(Snulm^*—Vko\tit o{ i^ttmirt— ^ntie. 
 
 41b 
 
 with a 
 
 ^ 
 
 very Boun adjusted the terms of the treaty. 
 The Interests of all the powers of Europe 
 werv^ well and Impartially cared for; but 
 the noblest article of thi treaty was that by 
 which England Insisted I'pon the liberation 
 ol ho numerous French protestants who 
 wore confined in prisons and galleys for 
 thoir religious opinions. 
 
 A.D. 1713.— But while the ministry was 
 thus ably and triumphantly conducting the 
 foreign affairs of the nation, serious dissen- 
 sions were growing up between Harley and 
 Boltngbrolce. These able statesmen had for 
 a long time been most cordial in their agree- 
 ment on all points of policy. But the dally 
 Increasing Illness of the queen, and the 
 probability, not to say certainty, that she 
 would not long survive, brought forward a 
 question upon which they widely differed. 
 Bolingbroke, who had always been suspect- 
 ed of being a strong Jacobite, was for 
 bringing In the pretender as the queen's 
 successor ; while Harley, now lord Oxford, 
 was as strongly pledged to the Hanoverian 
 succession. 
 
 The Whigs watched with delight and ex- 
 ultation the growth of the ill-disguised 
 enmity between these two great supports 
 of the tory party. The queen in vain 
 endeavoured to compose their differences, 
 and it is to be feared that tlio sufferings of 
 the last months of her life were much 
 increased by her aiixleties on this account. 
 She daily grew weaker, and was not only 
 despaired of by her physicians, but was 
 herself conscious that her illness would 
 have a fatal termination. 
 
 A.D. 1714.— The queen at length sunk into 
 a state of extreme lethargy, but by power- 
 ful medicines was so far recovered that she 
 Was able to wallc about her chamber. On 
 July 30, she rose as early as eight o'cloclc. 
 For some time she wailied about, leaning 
 upon the arm of one of her ladies, when she 
 was seized with a fit of apoplexy, from 
 which no medicines could relieve her, and 
 she expired on the following morning, in 
 the forty-ninth year of her age and the 
 thirteenth of her reign. 
 
 Though Anno possessed no very brilliant 
 talents, her reign was in the main prosper- 
 ous and wise, and was wholly free from all 
 approach to tyranny or cruelty. Literature 
 and the arts flourished exceedingly under 
 her ; Pope, Swift, Addison, Bolingbrolce, and 
 a perfect galaxy of lesser stars, very justly 
 obtained for this reign the proud title of the 
 Augustan age of England. 
 
 CHAPTER LVIII, 
 The Mcign of QeobqI! I. 
 
 A.D.1714.— Annb having left no issue, by 
 the act of succession the English crown 
 devolved upon George, son of the first 
 elector of Brunswiclc and the princess 
 Sophia, granddaughter of James I. 
 
 The new l£ing was now In his flfty-fourth 
 year, and bo bore the character of being a 
 man of solid ability, though utterly desti- 
 tute of all shining talents, znd. of even the 
 appearance of any attachment to literature 
 or the arts. Direct, tenacious of his pur- 
 pose, and accustomed all his life to applica- 
 
 tion to busineiB, great bopei were enter< 
 tained that his accession would, at the least, 
 secure order and regularity in the conduct 
 of public affairs. His own declaration was 
 'My maxim is to do Justice, to fear no 
 man, and never to abandon my friends.' 
 
 As it was feared that the intriguing 
 genius of Bolingbrolce might have made 
 some arrangements for an attempt on the 
 throne on the part of the pretender, the 
 friends of George I. had procured from him, 
 as soon as it was tolerably certain that 
 Anne could not survive, an instrument by 
 which the most zealous and influential 
 friends to his succession were added to 
 certain great oflScers, as lords justices, or a 
 commission of regency to gorem the l.^.ig- 
 dom until the king should arrive. 
 
 As soon aa the queen expired, the 
 regency r".used George I. to be proclaimed 
 in all tl ) usual places, the important 
 garrison of Portsmouth was reinforced, aai 
 measures were taken at all the other ports 
 and garrisons to defeat any attempts at 
 invasion. The vigour and vigilance thus 
 displayed prevented any outbreak or dis- 
 turbance, if any such had ever been ac- 
 tually contemplated ; and the regency felt 
 confident enough to deprive Bollngbroke of 
 his office of secretary of state, with every 
 circumstance of Insult. His office was given 
 to the celebrated poet and essayist Addisoo, 
 of whom a curious anecdote is related, verr 
 characteristic of the immense difference 
 between the qualities of a scholar and those 
 of a man of business. Mr. sec.etary 
 Addison, renowned as a classical and facilo 
 writer, was very naturally called upon to 
 write the despatch that was to announce 
 the death of queen Anne to hor successor ; 
 and so much was ho embarrassed by his 
 anxiety to find fitting terms, that his 
 fcllov'-counclllors grew impatient, and 
 called upon the clerk to draw out the des- 
 patch, which he did in a few dry business- 
 like lines, and ever after boasted himself 
 a readier writer than the facile and elegant 
 writer of the del'shtful papers in the 8peo- 
 tutor. 
 
 On landing at Greenwich George I. was 
 received by the assembled members of the 
 regency, attended by the life-guards under 
 tlic duke of Northumberland. He immedi- 
 ately retired to his chamber, where he gave 
 audience to those who had been zealous for 
 his succession. From this moment the 
 king showed a determined partiality to the 
 Whigs, which gave great and general 
 disgust ; a feeling that was still farther in- 
 creased by the headlong haste with which 
 the whig ministers and favourites confer- 
 red all offices of trust and emolument upon 
 their own partisans, in utter contempt of 
 the merits and claims of those whom they 
 ousted. 
 
 The greediness of the whigs, and the 
 pertinacious partiality shown to that party 
 by the king, threw a great part of the nation 
 into a very dangerous state of discontent, 
 and there arose a general cry, accompanied 
 by much tendency to actual rioting, of 
 ' Sacheverel for ever, and down with the 
 Whigs I ' 
 
 Undeterred by the Increasing number 
 
 '■■■■I 
 
I 
 
 420 
 
 €^t Evtuiutu of ^ijitaxji, in. 
 
 and londncas of tbe malcontents, tbo wliltf 
 party, confident In their parliamentary 
 Btrength i A in the partiality of the king, 
 commenced the business of the session by 
 giving indications of their intention to pro- 
 ceed to tbe utmost extremes against the 
 late ministers. In the house of lords they 
 affected to believe that tbe reputation of 
 England was much lowered on tbe conti- 
 nent by the conduct of the late ministers, 
 and professed hopes that tbo wisdom of 
 the king would repair that evil ; and in the 
 lower bouse they stated their determina- 
 tion to punish tlie alleged abettors of the 
 pretender ; a sure way of pleasing the king, 
 and an artful mode of confouiuling together 
 the supporters of the pretender with tbe 
 loyal subjects of Qeorgo I. who yet were 
 honest enough to oppose so much of his 
 system of government ns appeared to bo 
 Injurious or dangerous to tbe country and 
 to himself. 
 
 Following up the course thus Indicated, 
 the ministers appointed n parliamentary 
 committee of twenty persons, to examine 
 papers and find charges against the late 
 ministry : and shortly afterwards Mr. Wal- 
 pole, as chairman of this committee, stated 
 that a report was ready for the house, and 
 moved for the committal of Mr. Matthew 
 Prior and Mr. Thomas Harley; and those 
 members, being present in their places, 
 were ^mmedlatcty taken into custody by 
 tbe 8 rjeant at arms. Mr. Walpole then 
 again rose to impeach lord Bollugbroke of 
 high treason. Before the house could re- 
 cover from Its astonishment, lord Con- 
 ingsby rose and said, 
 
 •The worthy chairman of the commit- 
 tee has Impeached the band, I now im- 
 peach the head; he has impeached the 
 scholar, I Impeach the master; I impeach 
 Robert, earl of Oxford and Mortimer, of 
 high treason and other crimes and misde- 
 meanours.' 
 
 Lord Oxford was now completely aban- 
 doned by nearly all those who bed seemed 
 to be so much attached to him ; a too com- 
 mon fate of fallen greatness. 
 
 Even among the whlgs, however, there 
 were some who disapproved of tbe extreme 
 violence of the present proceedings. Sir 
 Joseph Jekyl, for instance, printing out 
 an overstrained article that was charged 
 against Oxford, handsomely said that it 
 was his way to mete out equal justice to all 
 men, and that as a lawyer ho felt bound to 
 say that the article in question did not 
 amount to treason. But the heads of tlie 
 faction would not patiently listen to such 
 moderate and honourable language; and 
 Mr. Walpole, in a tone and with a manner 
 very improper to be used by one gentleman 
 towards another, replied, that many mem- 
 bers quite as honest as sir Joseph, and 
 better lawyers than he, were perfectly satis- 
 fled that the charge dia amount to treason. 
 
 The humane and honest opposition of sir 
 Joseph Jekyll being thus sneered down, lord 
 Cioningsbv and tbe other managing whlgs 
 proceeded to impeach lord Oxford at the 
 bar of the house of lords, and to demand 
 that he should immediately be committed 
 to custody. Upoa this latter point a de- 
 
 l -t) arose In the house of lords, which was 
 terminated by the carl himself, who said 
 that he had all along acted upon the imme- 
 diate orders of the late queen, and that, 
 having never uiTcnded against any known 
 law, bo was wholly unconcerned about the 
 life of an insignificant old man. Ho 
 was consequently committed to the Tower, 
 though the celebrated Dr. Mead positively 
 certllled that his committal would endanger 
 bis life. The duke of Ormond and lord 
 Bolingbroke, against whom the proceedings 
 were no less vindictively carried on, fled to 
 tbe continent, upon wh'rh the earl marshal 
 of England was ordered to erase their 
 names and arms from the peerage list, and 
 all their possessions in England were de- 
 clared forfeit to the crown. 
 
 A.D. 1715.— The pretender, who bad nu- 
 merous fr'cnds in England and Scotland, 
 looked with great complacency upon these 
 violent proceedings, judging that the dis- 
 content they caused could not fail to for- 
 ward his designs upon the crown; and 
 while the kinif was Intent upon alienating 
 the affections of a large portion of his people 
 in order to sujjport a greedy faction, an 
 actual rebellion broke out. Two vessels, 
 with arms, ammunition, and olDcers, were 
 sent from France to the coast of Scotland, 
 and the pretender promised that ho would 
 speedily follow with a greater force. The 
 earl of Mar was consequently induced to 
 assemble his friends and vassals to the num- 
 ber of three hundred, and to proclaim the 
 pretender. As the cause was popular, and 
 no opportunity was lost of magnifying 
 the force with which that prince was to 
 arrive in Scotland, Mar soon found himself 
 at the head of an army of ten thousand 
 men. But while he was completing lils 
 preparations to march southward, the duke 
 of Argylo at the head of only about six 
 thousand men attacked him nearDumblain, 
 and though at the close of the engagement 
 bo^h parties left the field, yet the lojs In- 
 flictcc) upon Mar was so great as virtually 
 to amount to defeat, and tbo Injury thus 
 done to the cause of the pretender was in- 
 creased by the conduct of Simon, lord Lovat. 
 That restless and thoroughly unprincipled 
 man held the castlo of Inverness for the 
 pretender, to whoso forces it would at all 
 times have served as a most Important point 
 cCappui; but lordLov ,, cbangingwitb the 
 changed fortune of iiis party, now basely 
 surrendered the castle to the king. 
 
 The English ambassador in France, thf 
 accomplished and energetic lord Stair, hiul 
 so well performed his duty to the king, tliat 
 he was able to send home the most timely 
 and exact information of the designs of the 
 pretender ; and just as the rebellion was 
 about to break out in England, several of 
 the leading malcontents were seized by the 
 ministry and committed to close custody. 
 i.'oT one of these, sir William Wyudham, 
 his father-in-law the duke of Somerset, 
 offered to become security ; but even that 
 wealthy and powerful nobleman was re- 
 fused. The rebellion was thus confined, in 
 the west of England, to a few feeble and 
 unconnected outbreaks; and at Oxford, 
 where it was known that many young men 
 
eiiQTntitr.— )|au)ie of fSntni^fufcii.— dearflc S. 421 
 
 of lords, which wai 
 rl himself, who said 
 icted upon tho Irame- 
 ito queen, and that, 
 a against any Ifnown 
 concerned about the 
 iant old man. Ho 
 mltted to the Tower, 
 Dr. Mead positively 
 ilttal would endanger 
 if Ormond and lord 
 fhoni the proceedings 
 ely carried on, fled t(i 
 li'rh the earl marshal 
 Bred to erase their 
 the peerage list, and 
 In England were de- 
 own. 
 
 endcr, who had nu- 
 igland and Scotland, 
 iplacency upon these 
 udging that tho dls- 
 :ould not fall to for- 
 ou the crown; and 
 tent upon alienating 
 3 portion of his people 
 i greedy faction, an 
 
 out. Two vessels, 
 >n, and offlcers, were 
 he coast of ScotlanJ, 
 miscd that he would 
 
 1 greater force. Tlie 
 equently Induced to 
 id vassals to tho nuni- 
 
 and to proclaim the 
 use was popular, and 
 lost of magnifying 
 
 that prince was to 
 ,r soon found himself 
 ray of ten thousand 
 was completing his 
 southward, the duke 
 d of only about six 
 ilhim uearDumblain, 
 ie of the engagement 
 field, yet the lois in- 
 60 great as virtually 
 and tho injury thus 
 ,he pretender was in- 
 ; of Simon, lord Lo vat. 
 roughly unprincipled 
 if Inverness for the 
 [orces it would at all 
 most Important point 
 
 ., changing with tho 
 lis party, now basely 
 3 to the king, 
 sador in France, tlif 
 rgctic lord Stair, hail 
 duty to the king, that 
 ome the most timely 
 L of the designs of tho 
 as the rebellion was 
 I England, several of 
 its were seized by the 
 ted to close custody. 
 ' William "Wyndham, 
 I duke of Somerset, 
 jurity ; but even that 
 il nobleman was re- 
 was thus confined, in 
 , to a few feeble and 
 iks; and at Oxford, 
 bat many young men 
 
 of family were among the malcontents, all 
 attempt was prevented by tho spirited con- 
 duct of major-general Pepper, who occupied 
 the city with his troops, and positively pro- 
 mised to put to death any student, no matter 
 what his rank or connections, who should 
 dare to appear beyond the limits of his own 
 college. 
 
 In tho north o!" England the ppirits of 
 the malcontents were kept up. In spite of 
 all the ill success that had hitherto attended 
 their cause, by their reliance upon aid from 
 tlie pretender in person. The earl of Dcr- 
 wentwater and Mr. Foster raised a consi- 
 derable force, and being joined by some vo- 
 lunteers from the Scottish border, made an 
 attempt to seize Newcastle ; but tho gates 
 were shut against them, and, having no bat- 
 tering train, they wore fain to retire to 
 Hexham, whence, by way of Kendal and 
 Lancaster, tli^proceeded to Preston. Here 
 they werejfcirrounded by nearly eight 
 thousand fflw under generals Carpenter 
 and Wills. Some lighting ensued, hut tho 
 cause of tlie rebels was now so evidently 
 liopeless, that Mr. Foster sent colonel Ox- 
 burgh, of the royal army, who had been 
 taken prisoner, witli proposals for a capi- 
 tulation. General Wills, however, declined 
 to hear of them, except as armed rebels, to 
 whom he could show no other favour than 
 to leave them to tho disposal of govern- 
 ment Instead of giving them over to in- 
 stant slaughter by hla troops. The un- 
 happy men were consequently obliged to 
 surrender at discretion ; some of their of- 
 flcers who had deserted from tho royal 
 afrmy were immediately shot, the other of- 
 flcers and gentlemen were sen*; to London, 
 and the common men thrown Into the va- 
 rious prisons of Lancashire and Cheshire. 
 
 Had the pretender promptly joined the 
 carl of Mar, and, joined by liim, marched to 
 effect a junction with the earl of Derwent- 
 Wittfer, the event would probably have been 
 very different; but having del.ayed his ap- 
 pearance In Scotland until his friends were 
 thus ove.powereu in detail, common sense 
 should have dictated to him the folly of his 
 carrying his attempt any farther for the 
 present. But, alas I common sense was 
 precisely that quality which the Stuarts 
 were least gifted with I At the very mo- 
 ment when the prisons of England were 
 filled with his ill-fated and sacriflCTd adlie^ 
 rents, he hurried through France in 
 guise, embarked at Dunkirk, andlande 
 Scotland with a train of six genyeflii 
 With this Inadequate force for the cpnquesi 
 of a great and powerful kingdom, he pro 
 ceeded through Aberdeen to Feterosse.i 
 where he was joined by the earl of Mar and 
 somewhat less than two score other nobles 
 and gentry. He now proceeded to Dun- 
 dee, caused a frothy and useless declara- 
 tion of his rights and Intentions to he cir- 
 culated, and then went to Scone with the 
 intention of adding the folly of being 
 crowned there to the folly of being pro- 
 claimed In .ill other places of note through 
 which he had passed. Even the vulgar 
 and the ignorant were by this time con- 
 vinced of the utter hopelessness of his 
 cause; and as he found that 'few cried 
 
 Ood bless him,' and still fewer joined his 
 standard, he quite coolly told hls-frienda— 
 who had sacrificed every thing for him— 
 that he had not the necessary means for a 
 campaign, and then embarked, with hla 
 personal attendants, at Montrose— leaving 
 his dupes to their fate. Such baseness, 
 such levity, joined to such cold self- 
 ishness, ought to have made even those 
 who most firmly believed in tho abstract 
 rights of tho pretender rejoice that he wai 
 unable to obtain power In England ; since 
 so heartless a man must needs have mode 
 a cruel monarch. 
 
 The government had acted with vigour 
 and ability In suppressing the rebellion; 
 It now acted with stern unsparing severity 
 In punishing those who hr.d been concern- 
 ed In it, Tho mere herd of rebels, to the 
 number of more than a thousand, were 
 transported to tho colonies. Two-and- 
 twenty offlcers were executed at Preston, 
 and five at Tyburn, with all the disgusting 
 accompaniments of drawing and quarter- 
 ing. The earls of Dcrwentwater, Nithls- 
 dale, and Curnwarth, and the lords Ken- 
 muir, Nalrne, and Widdrlngton were sen- 
 tenced to death, as were Mr. Foster, Mr. 
 Mackintosh, and about twenty other lead- 
 ing men. 
 
 Nlthlsdale, Foster, and Mackintosh were 
 fortunate enough to escipo from prison 
 and reach the continent ; Dcrwentwater 
 and Kenmulr were executed upon Tower- 
 lilll, and met their fate with a decent In- 
 trepidity, which made the spectators for- 
 get their crime. 
 
 During all this time the earl of Oxford 
 had remained in the Tower, unnoticed and 
 almost forgotten. Wlien the numerous ex- 
 ecutio IS had literally disgusted men with 
 the so J spectacle of bloodshed, he petition- 
 ed tc be allowed to take his trial; rightly 
 judging that as compared to actu^ rebel- 
 lion, the worst that was charged against 
 lilm would seem comparatively venial, even 
 to his enemies. He was accordingly ar- 
 raigned befBre the peers In Westminster- 
 hall, and some technical dispute arising 
 between the lords and commons as to tho 
 mode ol his trial, the lords voted that he 
 should be set at liberty. 
 
 A.D. 1721.— Passing over, as of no Im- 
 portance, the sailing from ^ain. of a fieet 
 uiider the duke of Ormond, »r the purpose 
 ^of making a new attempt on England ; the 
 .retender's hopes from that expedition 
 being disappointed by a storm which ut- 
 liJ terly disabled the fleet off cape Pinfiterre ; 
 I- rwe come to a domestic event which origin- 
 ated In this year and reduced thousands of 
 people from affluence to beggary. 
 
 The South Sea company, to which govern- 
 ment was greatly indebted, was In the 
 habit of contenting Itself with fivo per 
 cent. Interest, on account of the largeness 
 of Its claim. Instead of six per cent., which 
 the government paid to all the other pub- 
 lic companies to which it was Indebted. 
 A scrivener, named Blount, of more ability 
 than principle, availed himself of this state 
 of things to commence a deep and destruo 
 tive part of the scheme. It was quite ob- 
 viously to the advantage of the nation to 
 
 vuue- II 
 
 edBTV 
 ti*il bi 
 
 ' 1" 
 
 
 
^ 
 
 422 
 
 C^e €vtni\ttvi at V^Mtortf, ^c. 
 
 pay flT0 ratber than six per cent, upon all 
 Its debts, as well as npon the ono consider- 
 able debt that was due to the South Sea 
 eompany; and, on the other hand, it was 
 Well worth the while of that wealthy com- 
 pany to add as much as possible to the al- 
 ready large amount upon yh.'ch flre per 
 cent Interest was punctu.illy paid by the 
 governraent. Blount put tho case so plau- 
 sibly on the part of tho company, and so 
 skilfully threw In the additional inducement 
 to the govemmcni; of a reduction of the 
 interest from Ave to four per cent, at the 
 eui. of six years, that the scheme seemed 
 to be nn actual reduction of one sixth of 
 tho whole national burthen immediately, 
 and a reduction of a third at the end of six 
 years. Kvery encouragement and sanction 
 were consequently given to tho plan by 
 which the South Sea ompany was to buy 
 Up the claims of all other creditors of the 
 goremment. Hitherto only the fair side 
 of the scheme had been displayed; now 
 came the Important question, where was 
 the South Sea company, wealthy as it might 
 be, to find tho vast sum of money necessary 
 for rendering it tho solo government credi- 
 tor t Blount was ready with his reply. 
 By a second part of his schcmo ho pro- 
 posed to enrich the nation enormously by 
 opening up a new vast and safe trade to 
 the South Seas ; and flaming prospectuses 
 Invited the public to exchange government 
 stock for equal nominal amounts in the 
 South Sea stocks— said to bo vastly more 
 valuable. The cunning of Blount and his 
 fellow-directors was so well aided by the 
 cupidity of the public, that when the books 
 were opened for this notable traiisf or there 
 was a positive struggle for the precedence ; 
 a consequent run took place for South Sea 
 shares, which in a few days were sold at 
 more than double their original value, and 
 ere the end of the delusion, which was 
 kept up for several months, the shares met 
 With a ready sale at fen timefl tftejr oricrmal 
 cost I When we reflect that a thousand 
 pounds thus produced ten thousand to the 
 Bpecu'ator, and a hundred thousand a mil- 
 lion, wo may judge how much excitement 
 and eagerness prevailed. Enormous for- 
 tunes, of course, were made in the transfer 
 and re-transfer of shares, and to those who 
 sold out while the delusion was still at its 
 height tho scheme was a very El Dorado. 
 But the great majority of the supposed for- 
 tunate possessors of South Sea stock were 
 far too well pleased with their prospects to 
 part with them, as they imagined It dlfll- 
 cult to put a sufficient value npon their 
 probabilities of vast and ever-increasing 
 Interest! Among this number was the 
 poet Gay, who, though a scholar and a wit, 
 was, nevertheless, in the actual business of 
 life, as simple as a child. He was strongly 
 advised by his friends to sell some stock 
 which had been presented to him, and thus, 
 while the stock was at its highest value, 
 ■ecure himself a competence for life. But 
 BO, tike thousands more, he persisted in 
 holding this precious stock; and all who 
 did BO found their scrip mere waste paper 
 when the company was called upon to pay 
 the Tery flnt vast and very genuine demand | 
 
 out of profits which were represented aa 
 being equally vast, bat which had the slight 
 defect of being wholly Imaglnarj'. Thou- 
 sands npon thousands of families were by 
 this artful and most vile scheme redurcd to 
 utter ruin, and nothing that has occurred 
 in our own time— replete as it is with bub- 
 bles and swindling directors— is calculated 
 to give us any adequate idea of the eufltcr- 
 ing, the rage, and the dismay that were folt 
 in all parts of the kingdom. The govern- 
 ment '^id all that it consistently cnuld to 
 remeuy the disastrous eSects produced by 
 individual knavery acting upon general 
 cupidity and credulity. The chief managers 
 of the scheme were deprived of tho Immense 
 property they had unfairly acquired by it, 
 and redress as far as possible afl(>rded to 
 the sufferers ; but in the almost Inflnlto va- 
 riety of transfers which had taken place, it 
 inevitably followed that millions of property 
 passed from tho hands of those who specu- 
 lated foolishly into the hands of those who 
 were more sagacious and more wary, though 
 not positively involved in the gulit of the 
 deception ; and for many years thousands 
 had to toil for bread who but for this scheme 
 would have been aflluent, while thousands 
 more enjoyed wcaltli not a jot more ho- 
 westly or usefully earned than the gains of 
 the vei'le?t gambler. 
 
 So ext< nslvo were the suffering and con- 
 fusion created by this event, that the 
 friends of the pretender deemed the crIsU 
 a fit one at which to bring forward his pre- 
 tensions again. But, as was usual with 
 that party, there was so much dissension 
 among the leading malcontents, and their 
 affairs were so clumsily conducted on the 
 part of rome of them, that the ministry got 
 Intelligence of the designs w) Ich were on 
 foot, and suddenly ordered t apprehen- 
 sion of the duke of Norfoll- "irl ol 
 Orrery, the lords North and 
 bury, bishop of Rochester, ■■■■■' •''"'[tt^ " 
 several other persons of less -''' ' ■'" ** 
 investigation that followed, su .^.icut legal 
 evidence could be found only against the 
 bishop of Rochester and Mr. Layer, tho<igh 
 there could be no moral doubt of the guilt 
 of the others. All, therefore, were dis- 
 charged out of custody except the bishO|i, 
 who was banished the kingdom, and Mr. 
 Layer, who was hanged at Tyi urn. 
 
 Scarcely less sensation was caused by an 
 accusation which was brought, against the 
 earl of Macclesfield, of hav'rg sold certain 
 places in chancery. The hou .e of commons 
 impeached him at the bar ol the house of 
 lords, and a m(>rt interesting and well-con- 
 tested trial enfai' .' "i, which lasted for twenty 
 days. The earl was convicted, and sen- 
 tenced to bo imprisoned until he should 
 pay a fine of thirty thousand pounds. Ho 
 paid the money In less than two months ; 
 and Ills friends deemed him very hardly 
 done by, inasmuch as it was proved on the 
 trial that he had only sold such places as 
 had been sold by former chancellors. To 
 us, however, this seems but a very slender 
 excuse for the offence ; as a judge In equity 
 he ought to have put a stop to so dangerous 
 a practice and not have profited by it, espe- 
 cially as the honourable precedent of chan- 
 
 T 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 ^in* 
 
lented 
 ihe slight 
 J-, Thou- 
 9 were by 
 edured to 
 occurred 
 ivlth bub- 
 alculated 
 he Biiffcr- 
 wero folt 
 e govcrn- 
 r could to 
 iduced by 
 general 
 managers 
 I ImnicnBO 
 red by It, 
 lorded to 
 iflnlte va- 
 1 place, It 
 t property 
 ho gpecn- 
 hose who 
 y, though 
 lilt of the 
 ;housand8 
 lis scheme 
 :housimds 
 more ho- 
 gains of 
 
 f and con- 
 that the 
 the crlsU 
 •d his pre- 
 sual with 
 lissenslon 
 . and their 
 :cd on the 
 nlstry got 
 h were on 
 apprehcn- 
 ■'orl of 
 
 ^T-Tl 
 
 ^.iciit legal 
 gainst the 
 er, tho'igh 
 t the guilt 
 were dls- 
 he bishop, 
 1, and Mr. 
 n. 
 
 ised by an 
 gainst the 
 jld certain 
 t communB 
 3 house of 
 i well-con- 
 f or twenty 
 , and sen- 
 he should 
 lunds. He 
 
 months ; 
 ery hardly 
 ved on the 
 
 1 places as 
 ellors. To 
 ;ry slender 
 e in equity 
 dangerous 
 t)y It, espe- 
 nt of Chan- 
 
 T 
 
 i 
 
 (^Qlantr.— f^ouife of 3)ruiiilU)iclt.— tfeorfic M, 427 
 
 nl thonsand hardy mouutalncerii, who wore 
 highly pleased with hia affable manners, 
 and with genuine enthusiasm expressed 
 themselves ready to die In his service. 
 Their flrst movement was towards Edin- 
 burgh, which city surrendered without 
 resistance, but the castle still held out. 
 The young pretender now to(>k possession 
 of Holyrood palace, where ho proclaimed 
 his father king of Groat Britain, and himself 
 regent, with all the idle pageantries of state. 
 Meanwhile a proclamation was Issued, 
 offering a reward of 80,0001. Jor his appre- 
 hension. 
 
 Sir John Cipp, the commander of the 
 king's troops In Scotland, having collected 
 some relnfor -ements in the north, pro- 
 ceeded from . Aberdeen to Dunbar by sea, 
 and hearing that the insurgents were re- 
 solved to hazard a battle, he encamped at 
 Preston Pans. Here he was unexpectedly 
 attacked, and with such vlgorousonslaught, 
 by the fierce and undisciplined Highland- 
 ers, that a Buddet. panic seized the royal 
 troops, and in their flight tliey abandoned 
 all their baggage, cannon, and camp equi- 
 page to their enemies. Elated with success, 
 the rebels entered England, and proceeded 
 as far as Derby, without encountering any 
 opposition. Hero, however, they learned 
 that the duke of Cumberland had arrived 
 from the continent, and was making prepa- 
 rations to oppose them with an overwhelm- 
 ing force; and It was therefore finally 
 determined, that as they could neither raise 
 recruits In England, nor force their way 
 Into Wales, they should hasten their return 
 to Scotland. 
 
 The pretender had good reason to believe 
 that important succours would be sent to 
 him from *Tance, or it is not likely he 
 would b' .crossed the border. But the 
 VJ"" ' 'ladmlral Vernon prevented the 
 „,„» !irom venturing out ; and thus 
 
 . peign assistance was cut off. 
 i..w -,„ .,- i&f the pretender were greatly 
 augmented on his return to Scotland ; but 
 finding that Edinburgh was In possession 
 of the king's troops, he bent his course to- 
 wards Stirling, which town ho captured, 
 and besieged the castle. Matters had now 
 assumed a very serious aspect, and public 
 credit was most seriously affected ; but 
 there was no lack of energy in the govern- 
 ment, nor any want of patriotism among 
 the nobility, merchants, or traders of Eng- 
 land : all ranks. In fact, united with ready 
 jseal In meeting the exigency of the occa- 
 sion. Many newr regiments were raised 
 by wealthy and patriotic individuals ; and 
 It was found that by the voluntary exer- 
 tions of the people 00,000 troops could be 
 added to the king's forces. 
 
 A.D.1746.— In January general Hawley 
 had suffered a complete defeat In endea- 
 vouring to raise the siege of Stirling. But 
 a day of terrible retribution was at hand. 
 On the 16th ol April, the royal army, under 
 the command of the duke of Cumberland, 
 encountered the troops of the pretender 
 on Culloden-moor. The Highlanders be- 
 gan the attack in their wild furious way, 
 rushing on the royal troops with their 
 broadswords and Lochabar axes ; but the 
 
 English being now prepared for this mode 
 of attack, received thorn with fixed bayo- 
 nets, keeping up a steady and well-sus- 
 tained fire of musketry, wlillo the destruc- 
 tion of their ranks was completed by dls« 
 charges of artillery. In Hiirty minutes tlio 
 battio was converted into a rout; and 
 orders having been Issued to glvo no quar- 
 ter, vast numbers were slain iu the pursuit, 
 TIio loss of the rebels was estimated at 
 about 4,000, while the number of ki.led In 
 the royal a;*my Is said to have scarcely 
 exceeded fifty men I Intoxicated, as It 
 were, with their unexampled victory, ^ho 
 conquerors seemed bent only on merciless 
 vengeance, and the whole country around 
 became a scene of cruelt;- and desolation. 
 Tlie unfortunate prince Charles Edward 
 escaped with difficulty from the battle, 
 and after wandering alone In the mountains 
 for several months, in various disguises, 
 found means to make his escape to 
 France. 
 
 One great cause of the pretender's pre- 
 servation -vas the belief that bo had Iw'en 
 slain ; which arose from the following cir- 
 cumstance. Among his friends, who fol- 
 lowed as much as possible iu his track, a 
 party was surprised In a hut on the side of 
 tlie Benalder mountain, by tho solfllera 
 who were in search of him. Having seized 
 ther , one named Maokenzio effected his 
 escape, upon which his companions told 
 the soldiers that it was tho prince ; the 
 soldiers thereupon fled In pursultand over- 
 took the youth, who, when he found their 
 error, resolved to sacrifice his life. In the 
 hope It might save his :aster's. Ho bravely 
 contended with them, refused quarter, and 
 died with his sword in ?-'s hand, exclaim- 
 ing as he fell, 'You have killed your 
 prince.' And this daclaration was be- 
 lieved by many. •'We cannot, however,' 
 says the biographer of the events of Cul- 
 loden, 'without pride, mention tho asto- 
 nishing fact, that though the sum of thirty 
 thousand pounds sterling was long publicly 
 offered for his apprehension, and though 
 he passed through very many hands, and 
 both the reward and his person were per- 
 fectly well known to an intelligent and 
 very Inquisitive people, yet no man or 
 woman was to be found capable of degrad in g 
 themselves by earning so vast a reward by 
 betraying a fugitive whom misfortune had 
 thrown upon their generosity.' At length, 
 on the 19th of September, the young pre- 
 tender embarked with twenty-five gentle- 
 men and one hundred and seven common 
 men. In a French vessel, sent for that pur- 
 pose to the coast ; and after a passage of 
 ten days he arrived at Roseau, near Mor- 
 lalx, and immediately proceeded to Paris, 
 where ho was kindly received by Louis XV. 
 But his hopes were for ever fled. The cou- 
 rage and fortitude he displayed in Scotland 
 seem to have forsaken him with a reverse 
 of fortune, and during tho remainder of his 
 days no trace of noble ambition marked his 
 actions. 
 
 The duke of Cumberland had now be- 
 come the idol of the nation ; and for Ills 
 bravery at Culloden the parliament voted 
 25,0001. per annum in addition to his for- 
 
 ' I 
 
 ' h 
 
 [! 
 
 I 
 
 \i I 
 
 I 
 
 ih 
 
428 
 
 Cl^e €vti\ittvii at ftUftori;, Sit* 
 
 mer Income. Several acts were pnib-jd for 
 lirotecting the government of Scotlnnd, 
 and securing Iti loyalty ; anil many exe- 
 rutlonaof therebela took place In different 
 iwrta of the kingdom. BIIIb of Indlctmeun 
 for high treason were found against the 
 earls of Ktlniarnoclt and Cromartlc, ond 
 lord Balmorino, who were tried In wcst- 
 nilnster-hall. All three pleaded guilty: 
 Kilmarnock and Dalmcrino were executed 
 on Tower-hill, but Cromartle's life was 
 epared. Foremost among those who liad 
 engaged to venture their Uvea and fortunes 
 In restoring the Stuart family to the throne 
 of England was lord Lovat, a man whoso 
 character was branded with many vires, 
 and whoso great ago (for he was in his 
 90th year) had not deterred him from tak- 
 ing an active part in fomenting and encou- 
 raging the late rebellion. Being found 
 guilty by his p«erf<, ho was remanded to 
 the Tower, wliero in a few mouths after- 
 wards ho was beheaded, 
 
 A.D. 1747.— We must now briefly speak 
 of the stato of affairs on the continent. 
 Karly In the spring tho duke of Cumber- 
 land led his troops thither, to join our Aus- 
 trian and nutcli alllos. The French had a 
 decided advantage In point of numbers, 
 and marshal Saxe, their commander, com- 
 menced the campaign with tho invasion of 
 Datch Brabant. But, with tho excejitlon 
 of tho siege of Bergcn-op-Zo'..:'i, by the 
 French, the war was languidly : itrried on. 
 This celebrated siege, however, lasted from 
 July 10 to September 15, and presented a 
 continued scene of horror and destruction ; 
 but though the town was burned, the gar- 
 rison bad suffered little, while heaps of slain 
 were formed of tho besiegers. The gover- 
 nor, calculating from these circumstances 
 on the impregnability of the fortress, was 
 lulled Into false security ; whilst the French 
 troops threw themselves Into the fosse, 
 mounted the breaches, and entered the 
 ga: . :son ; and thus became masters of tho 
 navigation of tho Scheldt. In Italy, the 
 allies, though forced to raise the siege of 
 Genoa, were generally successful. 
 
 A*, sea the English well maintained their 
 superiority. In an engagement with the 
 French off Cape FInlsterre, the Kngllxh 
 were victorious ; and several richly ludun 
 ships, both outward and homeward bound, 
 fell into their hands. Admiral Hawko also 
 defeated the French fleet off Bellelsle, and 
 took six sail of the line. 
 
 In November a new parliament assem- 
 bled, and the ministers derived much popu- 
 larity on account of the suppression of tho 
 late rebellion, as well as for their naval suc- 
 cesses. All parliefi, however, were tired of 
 the war, and preparations were made for 
 opening a congress at Alx-la-Chapelle pre- 
 liminary to a general peace; but as the 
 issue of it was uncertain, the usual grants 
 and subsidies were readily voted without 
 cnqLUiry. Though so long since began. It 
 was not till October in the following year 
 that this treaty of peace was concluded. 
 The chief parties to it were Britain, Hol- 
 land, and Austria on one side, and France 
 and Spain on the other. By it all the great 
 treaties from that of Westphalia in 1G48, to 
 
 that of Vienna tn 1788, were renewed and 
 confirmed. France surrendered her con- 
 quests In Flanders, and tho English in the 
 East and West Indies. But the rlglit of 
 British subjects to navigate the AniorU-im 
 seas without being subject to semch by tho 
 Spaniards was suffered to rass unnoticed, 
 although that was the original bone of con- 
 tention and tho busU of the attacks made 
 on Walpole's ministry. The only advantage. 
 Indeed, that England gained, was rho re- 
 cognition of the Hanoverian succession, 
 and the general obaudonment of tho pre- 
 tender, whose cause was from henceforth 
 regarded as hopeless. 
 
 A.D. 1749.— Tlio war being at an end, the 
 disbanding of the army naturally followed ; 
 and, as must ever In some degree be the 
 case at such a time, tho Idle and unem- 
 ployed committed many depredations on 
 tho public. To remedy this, a colony wa» 
 established in Nova Scotia, where lord Hall- 
 fax went out as governor, and laid the 
 foundation of a town, which, in compli- 
 ment to its projector .the earl of Halifax, waif 
 named after him. It was soon found that 
 the soil of Nova Scotia was Incapable of re- 
 paying the labourer for his toll, and many 
 who had been transported there obtained 
 leave to go to more souchem latitudes. 
 They who remained excited the jealousy of 
 the native Indians, who still resided outlio 
 borders of this barren spot ; and the French, 
 who were tho first European settlers there, 
 encouraged this jealous feeling. Meantime 
 the animosity between tho English and 
 French grew stronger, till at length the 
 latter claimed th« whole territory between 
 the Mississippi and New Mexico on the cast, 
 and to the Ap.ilachlan mountains on tho 
 west. From the fact of their having been 
 the first to discover that river, they took 
 from tho English, who had settled beyond 
 those mountains, their possessions, and 
 erected forts to protect all tho adjacent 
 country, 
 
 A.D. 1761.— Tho first event of any Im- 
 portance this yrar was the death of Frede- 
 rick, prince of Wales, which happened on 
 the 10th of March, in the forty-fifth year of 
 his age. His death was caused uy an absceHS 
 in his side, from the blow of a crlcketbull 
 which ho received while playing at that 
 game on tlic Lawn of Cllef den-hove \ Bucks, 
 a collection of matter having en pro- 
 duced that burst In bis throac and suffo- 
 cated him. The prince had long been on 
 bad terms with his father, whoso mrasiireg 
 ho uniformly opposed; and though the 
 antl-minlsterlal party and a consldemb.'-i 
 portion of the people spoke highly of lila 
 benevolence and munificence, and loudly 
 applauded his conduct at the time, it Is 
 clear that much of his patriotism originated 
 In a vain desire for popularity. He left 
 five sons and three daughters ; his eldest 
 son, George, being only eleven years old : 
 a regency was consequently appointed : but 
 the king surviving till the prince attained 
 his majority, there was never any occasion 
 for It to act. 
 
 Tho most memorable act passed in the 
 course of this session was that for regu 
 ludng the coromcucement of the year, and 
 
1 cnfl, tlio 
 rol lowed; 
 io bo tlie 
 11(1 uncm- 
 [itlons on 
 )lony wii» 
 lordHnll- 
 I laid tlio 
 
 1\ COltlllll- 
 
 vlltnx.wn* 
 [ound that 
 lalilo of ro- 
 and many 
 e obtained 
 L latltudcB. 
 ealousy ol 
 [dedontlio 
 the Frcncli, 
 tiers tlicre, 
 Meantime 
 ingllsh and 
 length the 
 iry between 
 on the cast, 
 ilnB on the 
 lavlng been 
 r, they took 
 tied beyond 
 pflslons, and 
 ho adjacent 
 
 of any Im- 
 Lth of Frede- 
 hapi'cncd on 
 >tlfthyearot 
 
 jy an abscess 
 a crlckct-lmll 
 ylng at that 
 lioi'»>, Bucks, 
 ig en pro- 
 lat and Buflcv. 
 
 long been on 
 1080 uieaHtirea 
 i though tlio 
 , conslderabii 
 
 highly of ha 
 •e, and loudly 
 ho time, It 19 
 Ism orlglnatod 
 trlty. He left 
 er8 ; his eldest 
 ven years old : 
 ippointed : but 
 prince attained 
 jr any occasloa 
 
 passed in the ' 
 that for regu 
 ol the year, and 
 
 correcting the calendar according to the 
 Gregorian computation. The New Stylo, 
 as it was termed, was Introduced by pope 
 Gregory XIII. In tlio Ifltli century, and had 
 long been adopted by most status on the 
 ciintinont. By this act, therefore. It was 
 provided that the year should liegin on tho 
 llr«t day of .lanuary, Instead of, as hareto- 
 foro, on March m, and tliat eleven Intcr- 
 mcdiato nominal days between tlio 2nd and 
 Mth of September, 1752, should be omitted ; 
 the Julian computation, supposing a solar 
 revolution to bo effected In tho precise 
 period of 305 days and h\k hours, having 
 made no provision for tlie deilcleiicy of 
 eleven minutes, which, however. In the 
 lapse of eighteen centuries amounted to a 
 difforenro of cloven days. Bills were also 
 parsed for tho better prevention of rob- 
 beries, for the regulation of places of amuse- 
 ment, and for puulsliing the Itecpers of 
 disorderly houses ; tho necessity of this 
 arising from tho spirit of extravaganco 
 which prevailed throughout tho klngd(m), 
 as disslpatum aii<l amusement occupied 
 every ^ilass of sociuiy. 
 
 Among the domestic events of this year 
 no one created moro sensation than tho 
 death of Henry St. John, viscount Bollng- 
 broke ; a nobleman who had for half a cen- 
 tury occupied a high station in the country, 
 whether wo regard him In tho character of 
 a statesman, nn orator, au autiuir, or a 
 polished courtier. Ho possessed great en- 
 ergy and decision of character, but ho was 
 dencient in that high principle and single- 
 ness of purposu that inspire confldeucc and 
 lead to unquestioned excellence. 
 
 Tho now parliament was opened on the 
 10th of May, 1753 ; and the flrst business of 
 tho houao was to take Into consideration the 
 state of Ireland, which, In proportion as it 
 advanced In civilisation, showed a disposi- 
 tion to shake off Its dependence on Eng- 
 land. The kingdom was in a state of tran- 
 quillity at the session which terminated tho 
 labours of tho last parliament ; but pre- 
 vious to tho new election, the death of Mr. 
 I'elliam caused several changes in tho go- 
 vernment olBces ; the late minister was suc- 
 ceeded In the treasury by his brotlier, tho 
 duko of Newcastle; and unanimity now 
 prevailed In the cabinet. 
 
 ^.D. 1755.— We have before referred to 
 til,' animosity which existed between tho 
 English and French relative to their North 
 Arnerlcim possessions. Hostilities wore 
 now commenced by the colonial authorities, 
 with mt the formality of a declaration of 
 war; the Virginian port of Log's Town 
 was surirised by a Preach detachment, 
 and all its Inhabitants Inhumanly murder- 
 ed;. the North American Indians were sti- 
 mulated to attack the British colonists, and 
 largo supplies of arms and ammunition wero 
 Imported from Franco. The British minis- 
 ters Immediately prepared for hostilities ; 
 all the Frenc" 'orts within the limits of 
 Nova Scotia wei v. reduced by colonel Monck- 
 ton ; but an expedition against the French 
 forts on the Ohio, commanded by general 
 Braddock, met with a severe defeat ; the 
 general, falling Into an ambuscade of French 
 and Indians, was slain, and the regular 
 
 soldiers nod with disgracoful precipitation. 
 The provincial militia, however, led by colo- 
 nel Washington, dinplaycd good courage, 
 nobly maintained their ground, and cover- 
 ed the retreat of tho main army. The loss 
 of the Kngllsh on this occasion was very 
 sovoro : upwards of 700 men, with several 
 onicers, wero slain; the artillery, stores, 
 and provisions became tlio property of tho 
 victors, as well as tho gincral's cabinet, 
 containing his private instructions, &o., ot 
 wiiich the enemy availed himself to great 
 advantage. Two other expeditions, destinad 
 for the attack of Crown Point and fort Nia- 
 gara, also failed, lint the reprisals at &en 
 moro than compensated for these misfor- 
 tunes, as upwards of throe hundred mer- 
 chant ships and eight thousand seamen 
 were captured that yoar by British cruisers. 
 
 A. D. 1766.— Notwithstanding hostilities 
 had been carried on nearly a twelvemonth, 
 war was not formally declared till the 18th 
 of May, tho chief subject of complaint being 
 tlio encroachments of the French on tho 
 Ohio and Nova Scotia. This was followed 
 by threats of invasion upon Kngland or Ire- 
 land ; in consequence of which a body of 
 Hessian and Hanoverian troops was Intro- 
 duced to defend tho Interior, of the king- 
 dom ; a measure which gave riso to con si- 
 dcrablo discontent, as most people thought 
 that tho ordinary force of either country 
 was suRlclcnt to rcpul Invasion. But whilst 
 the government was providing for its inter- 
 nal security, the enemy was making serious 
 attempts to wrest from us our possessions 
 both ill tho East and West Indies. The 
 reduction of Minorca was a favourite object 
 of tho French government; a formidable 
 force was landed on the island, and close 
 slogo laid to Fort St. Philip, which com- 
 mands tho principal town and harbour. 
 Tho governor, general Blakeney, made a 
 long and able defence : but admiral Byng, 
 who had deen Intrusted with the charge of 
 tlie Englittli lleet In the Mediterranean, and 
 was ordered to attempt tho relief of the 
 place, seems to have ueen destitute of any 
 decisive plan ; and, after avoiding an action 
 with a French squadron, he returned to 
 Gibraltar, abandoning Minorca to Itsfatu, 
 which, to the Inllnitc chagrin of tho nation, 
 fell Into tho hands of the enemy. 
 
 Tho surrender of Minorca was an unex- 
 pected blow, and the rage of tho people at 
 Its loss was directed against tho unfortu- 
 nate Byng, who, being tried by a court- 
 martial at Portsmouth, was condemned to 
 death, for not doing his utmost to cngago 
 the enemy, but recommended tu tho mercy 
 of the crown, as it did not appear to tho 
 court that it was through cowardice or dis- 
 affection. Great exertions were made to 
 save tho admiral's life, but In vain ; ho was 
 ordered to be shot on board the Monarque, 
 and he met his fato with coolness and In- 
 trepidity. 
 
 In Amcrlcaa second scries of expeditions 
 against the French forts signally failed ; 
 while the marquis do Montcalm, tho go- 
 vernor of Canada, captured Oswego, where 
 tho British had deposited the greater part 
 of their artillery and military stores.— But 
 it is time that we aall the reader's attention 
 
 ! li 
 
 H 
 
I 
 
 430 
 
 C<)( Crfxifuru at ftUtorv, iet. 
 
 to the proffreu ol affairs la our Kaatora 
 
 pomciHloni. 
 
 A.u. 1767.— The JcRlousy which had been 
 cri'itlt'il iiinong thu iictty lii(U-|ic<ii(lunt |)riii- 
 i'i!« of Itiillii, liy lliu prlvilt'Kt'ii wliich tho 
 einix'ror of iK'lhl hiid Kriuitcd to tho UiiHllKh 
 ■t'llliTrt at C'lilcuttii, hiid rUi'ii to uii iilitria- 
 liiK hcJglit ; hut tiUccvHHful ini'iiiis hnU been 
 UHcd to ullny thiir fury until thu uccumtlon 
 of tho forocloua Huriijit Dowlii, noulmlidnr 
 of Itoiimil, who wat) liiiruKt'd at tho iiheltcr 
 which Dio KuKlliih atlurdcd toaomoof his 
 dogtlnud vlctiuii. llu advanced towarda 
 Calcutta, when tho govornur and moat of 
 thu lucal authnrliles, paiilc-ntrlckcn, niado 
 hc'lr CHcapo In hoatH, Ivaving ahout a hun- 
 dred and ninety men, under tho control of 
 Mr. Ilolwell, to ujuku thu bent of their for- 
 lorn altuatlon. TtiU mere handful of Kng- 
 I iHlinien, compoging tliu garrison, for a short 
 tinio bravely defended themselves, but 
 when they fell into thu power of tlio infu- 
 riated Buraja, hu ordered thu unhapiiy pri- 
 soners, theu amounting to one hundred and 
 forty-six, to Iju tlirnst into tho prison of 
 Calcutta, called tho lilack Uole ; a room less 
 tlian twenty feet s(iUuro. Uero tho heat 
 and foulness of tho air reduced them to tlio 
 most pitiable stato imaKlnablo : and when 
 on tlio following morning an order camo 
 for their reli'aMC, only twenty-tlireo were 
 found alive. Tho news of tills horrid ca- 
 taxtrophu reached Madras just when colo- 
 nel Cllvc and admiral Watson, flushed by 
 their recent victory over tho celebrated 
 pirato Aiigria, had arrived at Madras to 
 aid in the destruction of tho French Intlu- 
 enco In tlio neccan. Calcutta was there- 
 fore the scenu of their next operations ; 
 and no sooner did tho Hcet maico its appear- 
 ance before tliat city than it surrendered. 
 The Kreach fort of Chandernagoro was 
 reduced : several of Suraja Uowla's own 
 places were taken, consi>iraclcs were formed 
 against him, and the haughty chieftain felt 
 that the sovereignty of Bengal must bo de- 
 cided by a buttle. Contrary to tho opinion 
 of all his onicers, Clivo resolved to engage 
 liim, although the disparity of their forces 
 was prodigious. IIo accordingly took up a 
 position In tlie grove of Plasscy : his troops 
 in tho whole not exceeding three thou- 
 sand two hundred men, of whom only nlno 
 hundred wero Kuropeans; while Suraja 
 Dowla had with liim fifty thou.sand foot, 
 eighteen thousand horse, and fifty pieces 
 of cannon. So great wero tho errors com- 
 mitted t)y the enemy, and so skilfully did 
 the British commander use his means, that 
 a complete victory was won, at tho aston- 
 ishingly small lOHS of seventy men in killed 
 and wounded. Tills event laid the founda- 
 tion of the British dominion in India ; and 
 ill one campaign wo became possessed of 
 a territory which, in its wealth and extent, 
 exceeded any kingdom In Europe. 
 
 A.D. 1758.— Whilst victory followed vic- 
 tory in the eastern world, a change In the 
 English ministry led to similar successes 
 in the west. It was at this period that the 
 celebrated William Pitt (afterwards earl of 
 Chatham) was brought into office, with Mr. 
 Legge ; but both of them being opposed to 
 the expensive support ot continental con- 
 
 iiuctlons,thov would have been dismissed by 
 tlio king, but for tho popularity which their 
 principles hod acquired. In North America 
 tliu llrlMsh arms had been tarnished by de- 
 luys and disasters tliat might huvu been 
 avoided : and it was therefore resolved on 
 to recall tlio earl of Loudon, and Intrust 
 the nillltury operations to generals Aber- 
 oroinl)lc, Amhttrst, and Forlies, the flrst- 
 naincd l)eing the commander-in-chief. Am- 
 herst laid slegu to I.oulsbourg, and aided 
 liy the talents of brigadier Wolfe, who was 
 fast rising into eminence, forced that im- 
 portant garrison to surrender. This was 
 followed by tho entire reduction of C.-ipe 
 Ureton, anu tho Inferior stations which the 
 French occupied In the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. Brigadier-general Forbes was sent 
 against Fort du Uuesne, which the French 
 at his approach auandtmod. But the expe- 
 dition against Ticonderago, which Abor- 
 cromblo himself undertook, failed of suc- 
 cess; the number and valour of his troops 
 lielug unequal to tho capture of a place so 
 strongly fortified. 
 
 An expedition was now planned against 
 Quebec ; and as the inhabitants of Canada 
 liad good reason to believe that their laws 
 aud religion would bo respected, they wero 
 prepared to submit to a change of masters. 
 Thus when geiuual Wolfe proceeded up tho 
 St. Lawrence, ho encountered no very seri- 
 ous opposition from tho Canadians, who 
 seemed to regard thu approaching struggle 
 Willi indllfercnce. Wlillu Wolfe advanced 
 towards Quet>ec, general Amherst con- 
 quered Ticonderago and Crown Toiut, and 
 sir W. Jolinson guliu'd the linporlant for- 
 tress of Niagara. Aniheritt expected to be 
 able to form a junction with Wolfe, iiut in 
 this ho was disappointed; and thitugh tho 
 Inadequacy of his force made hUn al>'iost 
 desi)alr of success, tho ardent young general 
 resolved to persevere in ttiis hazardous 
 enterprise. Having ellcctcd a lauding In 
 tho night, under tlie lielghts of Abraham, 
 he led his men up tliis apparently inacces 
 Bible steep, thereby securlug a position 
 which c(miniandcd tlio town. The maroula 
 do Montcalm was utterly astonished when 
 ho heard that so daring and desperate an 
 effort had been achieved by the English 
 troops. A battle was now Inevitable, and 
 both generals prepared for the contest with 
 equal courage. It was brief but fierce ; the 
 scale of victory was just beginning to turn 
 in favour of the British, when u ball pierced 
 the breast of Wolfe, and be fell mortally 
 wounded. Tho unhappy tidings flew from 
 rank to rank ; every man seemed deter- 
 mined to avengo the loss of his general ; 
 and with such Impetuosity did they charge 
 the enemy, that the words 'They run I' 
 resounded In the ears of Wolfe as, expiring, 
 he leaned on a soldier's breast. 'Who 
 run?' he eagerly enquired; and on being 
 told it was the French, he calmly replied, 
 ' I die happy.' The mar(iuis do Montcalm 
 fell In the same field, and met his fate with 
 similar Intrepidity. In skill and valour be 
 was no way inferior to his more youthful 
 rival. When told, after the battle, that his 
 wounds were mortal, he exclaimed, 'So 
 much the better: I shall not live to witness 
 
CitQliinlr.— Vioutfe at 3Atm\i\ait1k,—^tovQt iSS. 481 
 
 tho iiirrundcr of UBcboc' lu u fuw (l»jr« 
 ntter iliU Imttlo, tiiu city opened It* Riitoi 
 to tho lirltlib, mid tho roiiinlote RiibjirKo- 
 tluii of tho Cuiiadna imu'dlly followvil. 
 
 A.D. 1700.— Id r,lio l':itiit IikIU'ii tlio luc- 
 cuiiR of tho KiiKllKh wait mun'cly Uhm Uo- 
 clilvo than lu Ainvrlca. Uy lund and by 
 ica 111 vcral victnric* hail boon gained In that 
 Quartor; and at lontrth colonel Coote and 
 tho li'rcnch Koncral Liitly foutfht u detur- 
 iiilii('<l batilu at Wiindcwaiih (Jan. 31), In 
 which tho Frcnrli wcro tltrnally dofeutud, 
 and tliulr luUuuuco iu tUu Caruatio do- 
 HtroyjU. 
 
 Tlio war on tho continent, In which the 
 KntflUh had taken a very active part, bad 
 now ranted for four yearH, without Kuinliiir 
 any other udvantago than IhoHrallllcatlon 
 of defending tho poiBoiBlons ol their iovo- 
 ri'lgu lu Uerinauy. England, Indeed, waH 
 now In a Btato of unparalleled glory, At 
 xea, tho conduct of her ndinlralii had dett- 
 troycd tlio naval power of the Krench; In 
 tho Indies her oiiipiro waa extended, and 
 tho KngllMh rendered niaHters of the coiii- 
 inerco of the viiitt peninsula of Illndoslan ; 
 while In Canada a most Important eon- 
 (luest had been achieved. ThoHO Iniporlaiit 
 acqulHltlons iiiudo tho EiiglUh very liiiiia- 
 tlent of tho Oernian war; and they asserted 
 that tho Krench Inlands In tho West Iiidie.4, 
 moro valuable to a commercial peoole than 
 lialf the states of Germany, nilglit have 
 been gained with less expense and risk 
 than had been spent In defending oim imll ry 
 electorate. In tho inldHt of these disputes, 
 (ieorgo II. died suddenly, on tho 2jtli of 
 October, ill tho 77th year of hia um\ and 
 I lie ,111 h of his reign, Tho Immediate cauxe 
 of hU decease was a rupture of the right 
 ventrlclo of tho heart. If wo Impartially 
 regard tho character of this king wo Bhall 
 And both In his private and publlo conduct 
 room for jiiDt panegyric. That during his 
 whole reign ho evinced a remarkable affec- 
 tion for his Hanoverian subjects Is cer- 
 tainly true ; yet his exposing that country 
 to tho attacks of the onemy, rather limn 
 neglect tho rights of Kngland In North 
 America, clears him of tho imputation of 
 partiality. In hla temper ho was hasty 
 and violent, yet his general conduct was so 
 little Influenced by this, that It was gene- 
 rally mild and humane. He was Impartial 
 lu the administration of justice, sincere 
 and open lu his Intentions, and tempera'-^ 
 and regular lu his manner of living. Oiide, 
 his relgii the agriculture, coiunicrce, a; . 
 Industry of Great Britain dally increased ; 
 and Uls subjects, oven when at war with the 
 most poweri!ul nations of Europe, enjoyed 
 peace at home, and acquired glory abroad. 
 
 Great progress hud beeu made i^i;rlng 
 this reign in disseminating a taste for 
 general literature and the arts ; mil though 
 it was not the fashion for tlo i;iagnates of 
 the land to be very liberal in their p.atron- 
 age to such as devoted their minds to the 
 advaucement of science, still much was 
 done towards pioneering the way for a 
 future ago, when a solution of many of the 
 pbenomeua of nature might seem to de- 
 mand more serioua attentlou. Among the 
 great blstorious were Hume, Qibbon, and 
 
 "(Hes, contain- 
 L 'oyal attach- 
 .IS of the klng- 
 
 Hobertsoii. In philology and crttlcUni were 
 Wurburton, Ileiitley,and Uoyle, Mat In loa- 
 tics and uittrononiy could boast of llallry, 
 Ilradley, and Maclaurlii, Theology was 
 dUtlngulHlied by tho eminent names of Pot- 
 ter, Houdley, Hhcrlock, l)i)ddrldKt>, Watts, 
 Chandler, and many others, I'alnting had 
 Its Iteynolds. llanisay, ami Hogarth ; music 
 Us Handel, Boyce, Greene, and Arue ; and 
 among llic votaries of the muses were I'npe, 
 Akenslde, Thomson, Young, Gray. Glover, 
 and otiiers scarcely loss dUtingulslied. 
 
 CUAl'TKIl LX. 
 The Iteign o/GEonoi III. 
 
 A.I), 1700,— OKOnOB II, was suTiedeil 
 by his grandson, George III,, eldest hoii of 
 Krederlc, prince of Wales, whoso death has 
 been mentioned as occurring In 1761, On 
 hirt accession to the throne hu was twenty- 
 t\ I >ears of age; affab!'. good-tern p«red. 
 r Iglit, and religious, ills cdiicatioii had 
 been under tho dir ctlon of lord flute, and 
 he had a groat udvantago nvor his predo- 
 cessora, In being :xi|ualntod with tho lan- 
 guiige, hiii)its, alio institutions of his couii- 
 tryii n: hla lir' *, mitranco Into pul '!:) lifo 
 coiiHi luentlyn. .^.o a favour ',e Impn isloii 
 on Ills subjects ; and adil 
 Ing professions of tho mi 
 ment, poured lu from ul ., 
 dom. 
 
 On his majo'^ty's accession, the no uaX 
 head of tho a<v 1. ! ilratlon was the d ' ■ of 
 Newcastle, but .>i/. Pitt, principal uecre- 
 tary of state was '. :io presiding genius of 
 the cabinet. The chief remaining members 
 were lord Nortlilngton, afterwards lord 
 chancellor ; lord Carteret, president of tho 
 council; tho duku of Devonshire, lord 
 ehamberlaiii ; Mr. Leggo, chancellor of tho 
 exclii'iiuer ; lord Anson, llrst lord of tho ad- 
 iiilriilty ; oiid lord Holdernesse, secretary 
 of stale. On tho 18th of November tho 
 king met his iiarllamcnt, and In a popular 
 speerli, which ho commenced with, 'Born 
 and educated iu this country, I glory in tlui 
 name of Briton,'— tho nourishing state of 
 the kingdom, tlie brilliant successes of the 
 war, and the extinction of internal divisions 
 were acknowledged; while tho support of 
 the 'Protestant Interest,' and a 'safe and 
 honourable peace,' were declared to bo tho 
 objects of the war. An act was then passed 
 for granting to bis majesty an oimuul in- 
 
 > u lOof 800,000J. 
 
 .i.D. 1761,— One of tho flrst Important 
 ..cts of tho new monarch was a declaration 
 of his Intention to marry tho princess 
 Charlotte, daughter of the duke of Meck- 
 lenburgh-Strelltis : tho necessary prei)ura- 
 tlons were accordingly made ; she arrived 
 lu London on tho 8tli of September, tho 
 nuptials toolc place that evening in the 
 royal chapel, and on the 22nd their majes- 
 ties were crowned iu Westminsier-abbey. 
 
 Soon after the king's accession, negotia- 
 tions for peace were commenced by tho 
 courts of France and Great Britain, but 
 there was little honesty of intention on 
 either side ; Mr. Pitt being firmly resolved 
 to hmuble the bouse of Bourbon, while the 
 duka oi Cboiseul, ou the part of France, 
 
 :i 
 
 * 111 
 
 li 
 
against Inaii. •^?,""a''y war was rt„ '. ""'^ 
 'i«liar.ns(nThoW«t??^«.«ende(J the Bw 
 
 '9 very !,)>«;;:*„ *S"estfon aroso*«,i7 .?,. ,*«: 
 
 veil years' war- a mU^"' «i»H„g""t„'o" 
 The earl T??* war. ^"^ «llscusslon In 
 
 iX ^"™ie itself •_.»>,;„ u. greater 
 
 
 The ^•'..^'■''nvine"* succeeded by 
 
 a'te^""^"e'res«ro^f'^i;^«/'«ost 
 
 pointed ill i?//°5«ate character n^^° 
 was afterwards w*'''}P/"'« were seLd ^^^ 
 
 J' 
 
recr of co. 
 '» sacrifice 
 'Jn had al- 
 [■ywascon' 
 February, 
 ciiansrefor 
 ?o, Domi- 
 u Senegal 
 aiiada rc- 
 atloii had 
 a decided 
 
 dPiifllantf.— ?ft0ttrfc at lixvmiMth,—^taxQt Mi. 433 
 
 tion was filed against him at bis majesty's 
 Bult, for a gross libel, and the 'North Briton* 
 was burned by tlio hands of the common 
 hangman ; nor did the matter end here ; 
 the legality of general warrants gave rise 
 to several stormy debates in the house of 
 commons ; and at length Mr. Wilkes was 
 expelled for having printed in his own 
 Iiouse an infamous poem, called ' An Essay 
 on Woman,' with notes, to which the name 
 of bishop Warburton was affixed. As he 
 did not appear to the indictment preferred 
 against him, he was declared an outlaw. 
 Ho then retired to France ; and we may 
 here as well observe, though in doing so we 
 overstep our chronological boundary, that 
 in 1768 he returned to England, and by 
 submitting to the fine and imprisonment 
 pronounced against him, procured a rever- 
 sion of the sentence of outlawry. He then 
 offered himself to represent the county of 
 Middlesex, and was unanimously chosen, 
 in opposition to the ministerial candidates. 
 He irfterwards commenced a prosecution 
 against the earl of Halifax, and recovered 
 40002. damages for his imprisonment in the 
 Tower upon an illegal warrant. 
 
 A.D. 1765.— This year is rendered impor- 
 tant in the annals of England by the pass- 
 ing of an American stamp act, which gave 
 rise to those disputes which alienated the 
 colonies from the mother country, and 
 ended in a total separation. As the late 
 war had been entered into by Great Bri- 
 tain, in order to protect her American set- 
 tlements from the encroachments of the 
 French, It was thought reasonable that 
 they should contribute towards the ex- 
 penses which had been incurred. A bill 
 was accordingly brought into parliament, 
 and received the royal assent, for imposing 
 a stamp and other duties on fifty-three 
 articles of their commerce. Eventually, 
 however, the resistance made by the Ame- 
 ricans to these imposts, and the gene- 
 ral discontent which prevailed in England, 
 occaaloned the repeal of the act. A change 
 in the ministry, by the introduction of the 
 marquis of Rockingham, was the immedi- 
 ate consequence ; but his rule was of very 
 limited duration, and the duke of Grafton 
 was appointed first lord of the treasury. 
 The privy seal was bestowed on Mr. Pitt, 
 who was now created earl of Chatham; 
 lord Camden succeeded lord Northington 
 as lord chancellor, and Mr. Townshend was 
 made chancellor of the exchequer. 
 
 The affairs of the East India Company 
 now claimed the attention of the house. 
 Mr. Vansittart had acted as governor-gene- 
 ral from the time of colonel Clive's return 
 to England In 1760. But the viceroy of 
 Bengal had opposed the company, and a 
 war ensued which ended by the English 
 making an entire conquest of the kingdom 
 of Bengal. The preceding year the com- 
 pany sent over lord Olive, who found that 
 their agents had ao^Luired the custom of 
 exacting large sums as presents from the 
 native princes: by which means they had 
 accumulated great riches, and the name of 
 an Englishman had become odious. Lord 
 Cllve resolved to restrain the rapacity of 
 these persons, and he concluded a treaty 
 
 for the company, by which they would en- 
 joy a revenue of l,700,00OJ. 
 
 Tlic wealth of this powerful body ren- 
 dered it too formidable in the eyes of go- 
 vernment, and a question arose whether 
 the Easf. India Company had any right to 
 territorial jurisdiction. On examining into 
 their chu'ter, it appeared that they were 
 prohibited from making conquests ; and It 
 being proved that they had subdued some 
 of the native princes, and annexed their 
 dominions to the company's settlements. It 
 was agreed that this commercial associa- 
 tion should be brought in some degree 
 under the control of parliament. 
 
 The metropolis was for a long time agi- 
 tated with the affair of Wilkes ; of which a 
 set of restless demagogues took advantage 
 to disturb the public mind, already over- 
 excited by the opposition to the measures 
 of government as regarded the North 
 American colonics. But no national event 
 worthy of historical record occurred for 
 some considerable time. 
 
 One or two matters of domestic interest 
 which happened during this period must, 
 however, be noticed. The first relates to 
 an address from the corporation of London 
 to the king, which was presented on May 
 23, 1770, In which they lamented the royal 
 displeasure they had incurred in conse- 
 quence of their former remonstrance ; but 
 they still adhered to it, and again prayed 
 for a dissolution of parliament. To which 
 his majesty replied that 'he should have 
 been wanting to the public, as well as to 
 himself, had he made such a use of the pre- 
 rogative as was Inconsistent with the inter- 
 est, and dangerous to the constitution of 
 the kingdom.' Upon this the lord mayor, 
 Beckf ord, a high-spirited and fearless demo- 
 crat, begged leave to answer the king. Such 
 a request was as indecorous as it was un- 
 usual ; but in the confusion of the moment, 
 leave was given ; and, with great fiuency 
 of language, he delivered an extempore 
 address to his majesty, concluding in the 
 following words:—' Permit me, sire, to ob- 
 serve, that whoever has already dared, or 
 shall hereafter endeavour, by false insinua- 
 tions and suggestions, to alienate your 
 majesty's affectionsfrom your loyal subjects 
 in general, and from the city of London la 
 particular, and to withdraw your confidence 
 from, and regard for, your people, is an 
 enemy to your majesty's person and family, 
 a violator of the public peace, and the be- 
 trayer of our happy constitution as it was 
 established a* the glorious and necessary 
 revolution.' No reply was given, but the 
 king reddened with anger and astonish- 
 ment. When Ills civic lordship again ap- 
 peared at St. James, the lord-chamberlain 
 informed him that his majesty desired 
 that nothing of the kind might happen in 
 future. 
 
 An ex-offlclo prosecution against Wood- 
 fall, the printer and publisher of the ' Public 
 Advertiser,' in which the ' Letters of Ju- 
 nius ' originally appeared, having placed 
 him at the bar, lord Mansfield informed the 
 jury that they had nothing to do with the 
 intention of the writer, their province was 
 limited to the /act of publlsUing ; the truth 
 
 m 
 
 ! ( 
 
 M 
 
 '. ■•' 
 
 *.i' if 
 
 .; ' V- ■ 
 
 M' 
 
 
 MHM 
 
434 
 
 ^t ^vtKimii of ^dltorj), ^t. 
 
 or falsehood of the alleged llbol was wholly 
 Immaterial. The Jury, however, after being 
 out ninetaonrs, found a verdict of guilty of 
 tyrtnting aridpviHahing only, which In effect 
 amounted to an acquittal. These celebra- 
 ted • Letters' were equally dlbiingulshed by 
 the force and elegance of their style as by 
 the Tiruleuce of tbeirattackson Individuals, 
 and though conjecture has ever since been 
 busy to discover the author, and strong 
 circumstantial evidence has been brought 
 forward at different times to identify differ- 
 ent persons with the authorship, the point 
 BtlU lies open to some doubt. In the belief 
 of lord Macaulay, the author of these letters 
 was sir Philip Francis, the keen opponent 
 of Warren Hastings in the council chamber 
 at Calcutta. 
 
 Before this time (1171) the parliamentary 
 debates had only been given In monthly 
 magazines and other periodicals published 
 at considerable intervals. The practice of 
 daily reporting now commenced ; but as it 
 was an Innovation on the former practice, 
 and in direct violation of the standing or- 
 ders of the house, several printers were 
 apprehended and taken before lord-mayor 
 Crosby and aldermen Oliver and Wilkes, 
 who discharged them, and held the mes- 
 senger of the commons to ball for false 
 imprisonment. The house of commons, 
 enraged at this daring contempt of their 
 authority, committed their two members, 
 Crosby and Oliver, to the Tower; but 
 eventually the matter was suffered to drop ; 
 the aldermen were liberated ; and from that 
 time the publication of the parliamentary 
 proceedings has been connived at t 
 
 On the death of Mr. Townshend, who 
 did not long survive his appointment, the 
 office of chancellor of the exchequer was 
 filled by Lord North.— Lord Chatham having 
 now lost bis influence over the ministry, 
 and being dissatisfled with their proceed- 
 ings, resigned his place as lord keeper of 
 the privy seal, and retired from the cares 
 of government. 
 
 In the late arrangements made between 
 government and the East India Company, 
 permission was given to the latter to ex- 
 port teas free of duty. Lord North hoped 
 that the low price of the article would in- 
 duce the Americans to pay the small duty 
 charged on Importation by the English 
 legislature, for the mere purpose of main- 
 taining its right of taxation. Custom- 
 houses had been established in their sea- 
 ports, for the purpose of collecting these 
 duties; which being considered by the 
 Americans as an infringement of their li- 
 berty, they resolved to discontinue the use 
 of British commodities. Accordingly, when 
 three vessels, laden with tea, arrived at 
 Boston, they were boarded during the 
 night by a party of the townsmen, and the 
 cargoes thrown into the sea. This outrage, 
 followed by other acts of deflance, and a 
 repetition of similar conduct on the part of 
 the Inhabitants of South Carolina, gave 
 great offence, while it occasioned consider- 
 able alarm In England; and acts were 
 passed for closing the port of Boston, and 
 for altering the constitution of the colony 
 of Massachusetts. 
 
 When the order to close the port of Bos* 
 ton reached America, a copy of the act, 
 surrounded with a black border, was circu- 
 lated through all the provinces, and they 
 resolved to spend the first of June, the day 
 appointed to put the act into execution, 
 in fasting and prayer. Whilst each pro- 
 vince was framing resolutions, the other 
 bills reached Massachusetts. These raised 
 their irritated feelings to the highest pitch, 
 and they formed an association, in which 
 they bound themselves by a solemn league 
 and covenant, to break off all commercial 
 Intercourse with Great Britain, until the 
 Boston port bill and other acts should be 
 repealed, and the colony restored to its 
 ancient rights. In this situation of affairs 
 the British parliament assembled, when a 
 conciliatory plan for accommodating the 
 troubles of America was proposed in the 
 house of lords by the earl of Chatham, 
 and rejected. The petition and remon- 
 strance of The Congress were also re- 
 jected, and an application made by their 
 agents to be heard at the bar of the house 
 of commons was refused. 
 
 • Upon the great question of taxing the 
 American colonies,' observes Mr. Wade, in 
 his 'British History,' p. 466, 'there was 
 a general coincidence of opinion, both in 
 the nation and legislature. The populace 
 expressed no sympathy with the claim of 
 the Bostonians to be exempt from the 
 fiscal jurisdiction of parliament; neither 
 does It appear there were many addresses 
 In their favour from the county freehold- 
 ers nor the great commercial and munici- 
 pal bodies of the kingdom. Among the 
 chief political leaders there were shades 
 of difference, which may bo ascribed to 
 their position, as they happened to be 
 members or not of the government, but 
 there hardly seems to have been a sub- 
 stantive disagreement.— The right of tax- 
 ation was as indisputable as the right of 
 resistance. Unrepresented Boston or Bal- 
 timore had no greater claim to exemption 
 from parliamentary government than un- 
 represented Birmingham or Manchester. 
 They participated in t lie advantages of the 
 general government of the mother country, 
 and were equally bound to contribute to 
 its general expenditure. But it does not 
 follow that they were always to remain In 
 a state of minoritj- and dependence. If 
 they had the power and were competent to 
 the task of self-government, they had an 
 unquestionable right to its benefits, and 
 to make the experiment.* Another recent 
 authority, of equal value, has this remark : 
 • It Is useless to conceal that the American 
 war was popular at its commencement. The 
 vague notion of dominion over an entire 
 continent flattered Engllcb pride, and the 
 taxes which the ministers demanded, pro- 
 mised some alleviation to the public bur- 
 dens. The colonial revolt was regarded 
 by many as a rebellion, not against the 
 British government, but the British peo- 
 ple, and the contest was generally looked 
 upon In England as an effort to establish, 
 not the royal authority, but the supremacy 
 of the nation.' 
 
 A.D.1775.— An open rupture between tb« 
 
 I 
 
)ort ol Bofr 
 of the act, 
 ", was clrcu- 
 s, and they 
 ane, the day 
 I execution, 
 t each pvo- 
 i, the other 
 rhese raised 
 Ighest pitch, 
 in. In which 
 lemn league 
 commercial 
 In, until the 
 ts Bhould bo 
 tored to Its 
 on of affairs 
 lied, when a 
 lodatlng the 
 posed In the 
 3f Chatham, 
 and romon- 
 rere also re- 
 ado by their 
 )f the house 
 
 f taxing the 
 Mr. Wade, In 
 , 'there was 
 lion, both In 
 The populace 
 the claim of 
 ipt from the 
 lent; neither 
 my addresses 
 luty freehold- 
 1 and raunlrl- 
 Among the 
 1 were shades 
 b ascribed to 
 Opened to be 
 ernment, but 
 been a sub- 
 right of tax- 
 the right of 
 ioston or Bal- 
 to exemption 
 lent than un- 
 • Manchester, 
 intagea of the 
 other country, 
 contribute to 
 It it does not 
 3 to remain In 
 pendenc;e. If 
 competent to 
 , they had an 
 benefits, and 
 .nother recent 
 1 this remark : 
 the American 
 ncement. The 
 )ver an entire 
 pride, and the 
 emanded, pro- 
 he public bur- 
 was regarded 
 )t against the 
 e British peo- 
 jnerally looked 
 rt to establish, 
 the supremacy 
 
 e between th« 
 
 iSixQlHtits^—^anit oi lirtmjSfDfdt*— 6rarse SSS. 435 
 
 parent state and Its colonics was evidently 
 approaching with rapid strides. Deter- 
 mined to support their cause with the ut- 
 most vigour, the Americans at once pro- 
 ceeded to train their mlUtla, erect powder 
 mills In Philadelphia and Virginia, and pre- 
 pare arms In every province. They also as- 
 sumed the appellation of ' the United Colo- 
 nies of America,' established an extensive 
 paper currency, and were very active In 
 raising a regular army. On the other hand, 
 the authority of the British gnvernmcnt 
 was promptly supported by general Gage, 
 who had lately been appointed governor of 
 Massachusetts bay. This officer, having re- 
 ceived Intelligence that somemlUtary stores 
 belonging to the provincials were deposited 
 at a place called Concord, sent thither a 
 detachment of soldiers to destroy them; 
 but on their return to Boston, these troops 
 were pursued by a body of provincials, who 
 would have succeeded in cutting them off, 
 had not the general sent out a large force 
 to cover their retreat. The loss of the Eng- 
 lish on this occasion amounted to 273 men ; 
 of the Americans only 50 were killed and 
 38 wounded. War had therefore now actu- 
 ally commenced ; and the provincials, elated 
 with their success, pursued their hostile in- 
 tentions with Increased vigour. Having a 
 short time after surprised the fortresses of 
 Tlconuerago and C!rown Point, and by that 
 means possessed themselves of upwards of 
 100 pieces of cannon, besides a large quan- 
 tity of military stores of every description, 
 they assembled an army of 20,000 men, 
 which they intrusted to Mr. George Wash- 
 ington, and resolved to lay siege to Boston. 
 In the meantime the English cabinet having 
 received Intelligence of these resolute pro- 
 ceedings, sent a reinforcement to their 
 army, with the generals Howe, Burgoyne, 
 and Clinton. The Americans, not at all inti- 
 midated by these measures, persisted in 
 blockading Boston ; and in the night of the 
 16th of Juno they took possession of and 
 fortified an eminence called Bunker's-hill, 
 from which they could open a formidable 
 cannonade on the town. To this point gen- 
 eral Gage sent two thoiisand men. In order 
 to dislodge them ; In wlilch attempt they at 
 last succeeded, but not without a loss so 
 heavy, that the English general resolved to 
 confluo himself for the future to defensive 
 operations. 
 
 Hitherto, notwithstanding their uninter- 
 rupted success, the American colonists 
 had disclaimed all idea of assuming In- 
 dependence; but, on the contrary, as was 
 averred In a petition from the congress, 
 presented to the king by Mr. Penn, a de- 
 scendant of the founder of Pennsylvania, 
 they were extremely desirous of effecting a 
 compromise. He at the same time assured 
 the government, that if the present appli- 
 cation was rejected, they would enter into 
 alliance with foreign powers ; and that such 
 alliances, if once formed, would be with 
 great difflculty dissolved. The petition was 
 however re^-^cted ; an act was passed, pro- 
 hibiting all trade with the colonies, and 
 another, by which all American vessels 
 were declared enemies' sblpa. 
 
 The Americana finding ttwt tbeir en« 
 
 deavoura to conciliate the ministry wereln- 
 effectual, gave orders to their generals to 
 endeavour to subjugate such of the colonlea 
 as remained faithful to Great Britain. Two 
 parties were sent into Canada, under gen- 
 eral Montgomery and colonel Arnold, wlio, 
 after having surmounted innumerable dim- 
 cultles, laid siege to Quebec ; but in this 
 attempt they were overpowered: Mont- 
 gomery was killed, Arnold was wounded, 
 and their men were compelled to make a 
 precipitate retreat. While the Americana 
 were thus unsuccessful In Canada, the Bri- 
 tish governors in Virginia and North and 
 South Carolina had used their best endea- 
 voura to keep those provinces in alliance, 
 but without effect ; they therefore found 
 themselves obliged to return to England. 
 General Gage was recalled, and the com- 
 mand of the troops at Boston devolved on 
 general Howe, who was soon after obliged 
 to evacuate the place, and repair to Ho\if«r., 
 in Nova Scotia. The royal forces had no 
 sooner relinquished the town than general 
 Washington took possession of it, and, with 
 the assistance of some foreign engineers, 
 fortified it in such a manner as to render it 
 almost impregnable. It now wanted little 
 to effect a total alienation of the colonies 
 from Great Britain ; and the fact of having 
 subsidised a large body of German mer- 
 cenaries for tho purpose of assisting in 
 the subjugation of the revolted provinces, 
 served as a fair excuse for the congress to 
 publish the declaration of independence of the 
 thirteen United States, which took place on 
 July 4, 1776. 
 
 This bold measure was determined on at 
 a tin when the congress had no very flat- 
 terinfe prospect before their eyes, and little 
 to encourage them save the Indomitable 
 spirit of resistance that everywhere mani- 
 fested itself to British supremacy. Its army 
 was a raw militia, and it was unprovided to 
 any extent with ships or money ; while the 
 English forces, greatly augmented, were 
 preparing to besiege New York. General 
 Howe had been joined by his brother, lord 
 Howe, and on August 26, the campaign 
 opened by the English taking possession of 
 Long Island, preparatory to an attack 
 on New Tork, which was captured on 
 September 21 ; Washington evacuating that 
 city with the utmost precipitation. The 
 city was soon after set on fire by some 
 incendiaries, who had concealed themselves, 
 and nearly a third part of it was destroyed. 
 After an undeviatlng course of victory, 
 general Howe led his troops Into winter 
 quarters ; but in the disposition of them 
 he departed from hia usual prudence, and 
 allowed them to be too much scattered; 
 which led to the Hessian troops, who, 
 from their depredations and cruelties, had 
 roused the resentful feelings of the inhabi- 
 tants of New Jersey, being surprised In 
 their cantonments, where nearly 1000 were 
 taken prisoners, and many slain. 
 
 A.D. 1777.— Gratified with the Intelligence 
 they received of Howe's successes, the Eng- 
 lish ministry determined to follow them up 
 by tending an army under general Bur- 
 goyne, from Canada ttarongh the northern 
 •tatei, to cooperate with Howe in the 
 
 
 tt i 
 
 .4 r 
 
 ,-- t'. 
 
436 
 
 dDl^e CDre«f(ttrs a( ^itavtit ^c. 
 
 south. For a time everything Bcemed to 
 promisu a favourable Issue to this project ; 
 Blr W. Howe defeated Washington at the 
 battle of Brandywlne, and took Philadel- 
 phia ; \vhlle Burgoyne, having reduced Tl- 
 conderai.'o, was pursuing his march south- 
 ward, Jiiit Innumerable dlfflcnltles lay In 
 his yrv • and when he reached Saratoga, 
 he waa jdrrounded by the American forces 
 nndei' generals Gates and Arnold, and he 
 and llF '^■iiole army, amounting to 6,7S2 
 men, wet" ■ imp>illed to surrender prisoners 
 of T"'!* •. '. lus ended a campaign which at 
 the cutset seemed so promising; but dis- 
 astrous as it had tamed out, neither the 
 confldence of ministers nor of the British 
 people appeared to be at all abated. 
 
 A.D. 1778.— Whilst England was engaged 
 In this unfortunate contest with her colo- 
 nies, a cessation seemed to have taken place 
 in the contentions and animosities of other 
 nations, and their whole attention was ap- 
 parently engrossed by speculating on the 
 novel scene before them. The great dis- 
 turbers of mankind appear to havo laid 
 aside their rapacity and ambition, whilst 
 they contemplated the new events which 
 were transpiring, and predicted the conclu- 
 sion of so strange a warfare. The enemies 
 of flngland, who had long beheld, with ap- 
 prehension, the Increase of her commerce, 
 and many of England's old allies who en- 
 vied her the possession of such valuable 
 colonies, were astonished at tlierevv^'ntlon 
 which threatened her, and looked forward 
 with pleasure to the time when her power 
 and glory should be wrested from hor grasp. 
 The Americans were received, protectee), 
 and openly caressed by France and Spalii, 
 who, beginning to feel the influence of th.it 
 commerce from which they had been so 
 long excluded, treated tho colonies with re- 
 spect, and rejected the feeble remonstran- 
 ces of England's ambassadors. Happy had it 
 been for France, and happy for the world. 
 If, content with reaping the benefits of 
 American commerce, they had remained 
 spectators of the contest, and simply pro- 
 fited by the dissensions of their neighbours. 
 For it Is beyond all doubt, that the seed of 
 republicanism which was sown In America, 
 sprang up and was nurtured inFrancc, nor 
 could Its rank growth be checked till every 
 acre of that fair land had been steeped In 
 blood. 
 
 Crippled and pent up In situations from 
 which they could not stir without danger, 
 the royal troops exhibited a most forlorn 
 appearance, while every day wac adding to 
 the strength and resources of tho Insur- 
 gents. They had established for them- 
 selves an efllclent government ; they had 
 agents at the principal European courts ; 
 they raised and maintained armies ; and 
 they had. In fact, been recognised as an in- 
 dependent nation by two of the principal 
 powers of Europe. The treaty between 
 Franco and America was completed ; and 
 the discussions which arose on the noti- 
 fication of this circumstance to the Bri- 
 tish parliament, were stormy and violent. 
 Though both parties were unanimous In 
 their opinion that a war with France was 
 unavoidable, yet tho opposition, who had 
 
 from the beginning reprobated the Amcrt* 
 can war. Insisted that the acknowledge- 
 ment of the independence of the colonies 
 was the only effectual method of termi- 
 nating the contest. The ministerial party, 
 on the other hand, represented the disgrace 
 of bending beneath the power of Prance, 
 and the dishonour of leaving the American 
 loyalists exposed to the rancour of their 
 countrymen. 
 
 An Invasion of England being at this 
 time threatened by the French, an address 
 was moved for recalling the fleets and ar- 
 mies from America, and stationing them in 
 a place where they might more effectually 
 contribute to the defence of the kingdom. 
 This measure was vigorously opposed by 
 the administration, and by bome members 
 of the opposition. Lord Chatham, whose 
 Inflrmltles had lately prevented him from 
 attending '.'hlsplace in parliament, evinced 
 his decidea disapprobation of it: he had 
 entered the house In a rich suit of black 
 velvet, a full wig, and wrapped In flannel to 
 the knees ; and was supported to hia seat 
 by his son and son-in-law, Mr. William Pitt 
 and viscount Mahon. It Is said that ho 
 looked weak and emaciated ; and, resting 
 his hands on his crutches, he at first spoke 
 with difficulty, but as he grew warm his 
 voice rose, and became, as usual, oratorical 
 and affecting. ' My lords,' said he, ' I re- 
 joice that the grave has not closed upon me, 
 that I am still alive to lift up my voice 
 against the dismemberment of this ancient 
 and most noble monarchy.' He was re- 
 plied to with great respect by the duke of 
 Richmond, when on attempting to rise 
 again he fell back before uttering a word, 
 in a convulsive fit, from which he never 
 recovered, and died a few days after, In 
 the 70th year of his age. May 11, 1778. His 
 merits were transcendent, and his death 
 was lamented as a national ' .a. Apart 
 from the aberrations orlglnal..ig in an ar- 
 dent love of power, his course was splendid 
 and magnanimous ; and it was truly said of 
 him by lord Chesterfield, that his private 
 life was stained by no vices, and sullied by 
 no meanness. Contemporary praise and 
 posthumous honours were showered down 
 upon tho man of whom the nation was 
 justly proud. His remains were interred, 
 with great solemnity, in Westminster-ab- 
 ber ; and the city of Loudon erected a flat- 
 tering tribute to his memory in Guildhall. 
 
 A French squadron w.ts sent from Toulon 
 to the assistance of America, under the 
 command of count d'Estalng, who reduced 
 the Island of Grenada, while a body of his 
 forces made themselves ma'iters of St. Tin- 
 cent. In other parts of the West Indian 
 seas the British arms were ably supported 
 by the bravery and vigilance of the admirals 
 Hyde Parker and Rowley. On the 27th of 
 July an indecisive action was fought off 
 Brest, between the French fleet, una jrM. 
 (forvllllers, and a British squadron, under 
 admiral Kcppel. Sir Hugh Palllser, the 
 second In command, accused the admiral 
 of not having done his duty ; be was ac- 
 cordingly tried by a court martial, and ho- 
 nourably acquitted; in fact, It appeared 
 that he had been eo badly supported by 
 
id the Amert- 
 icknowledgo- 
 tbe colonies 
 ,od ol terml- 
 isterlal party, 
 Ithedlsgrare 
 er of France, 
 the American 
 cour ot their 
 
 )eing at this 
 ;h, an address 
 fleets and ar- 
 sning them in 
 TO effectually 
 the kingdom, 
 ly opposed by 
 ome members 
 atham, whoso 
 ited him from 
 iment.evinccd 
 ol It: he had 
 I suit of black 
 Ed in flannel to 
 ed to hl8 Bent 
 r. William Pitt 
 \ said that ho 
 ; and, resting 
 
 at tlrst spolse 
 jrew -warm his 
 3ual, oratorical 
 jald he, ' I re- 
 jloseduponme, 
 t up my voice 
 of tills ancient 
 ,• Ho was re- 
 by the duke of 
 nptlng to risPi 
 ttering a word, 
 rhicli he never 
 
 days after. In 
 y 11, 1778. His 
 and his death 
 vl ' tf. Apart 
 [it..ig in an ar- 
 se was splendid 
 iras truly said ol 
 hat his private 
 , and sullied by 
 ary praise and 
 showered down 
 ihe nation was 
 
 1 were Interred, 
 (Testmlnster-ab- 
 n erected a flat- 
 ry in Guildhall, 
 ent from Toulon 
 rica, under the 
 ig, who reduced 
 Id a body of his 
 filers of St. Vln- 
 ;he West Indian 
 e ably supported 
 e of the admirals 
 
 On the 27th ol 
 was fought oil 
 ti fleet, ur.iijrM. 
 squadron, under 
 gh Palliser, the 
 aed the admiral 
 uty; hewasRC- 
 martlal, and ho- 
 nct, It appeared 
 ly supported by 
 
 . 
 
 (SnflXmys*—^auae of 38ntitiSfDicit.— dcorgr £H. 4<'}7 
 
 Palliser, that ho was unablo to make any 
 use ol the slight advantage be obtained. 
 
 Sir Charles Hardy, a brave and experi- 
 enced officer, whoso services had been re- 
 warded with the governorship of Greenwich 
 hospital, was appointed to succeed Kcppel 
 In the command of the channel fleet. Ju 
 tbo meantime, the Spanish court was pre- 
 vailed on by the French to take up arras in 
 defence of America, and to accede to the 
 general confederacy against Great Britain. 
 As the danger to which the nation was now 
 exposed was become truly alarming, it was 
 tliought advisable to raise volunteer com- 
 panies in addition to the militia; and in 
 tills the spirit and magnanimity of the peo- 
 ple reflected great credit on tho national 
 character. Strengthened by the alliance of 
 Spain, the French began to extend their 
 ideas of conquest ; and thinking thr../ a blow 
 near at hand was more likely than opera- 
 tions carried on at a distance to alarm the 
 fears of the English, they made attempts 
 on the Islands of Guernsey and Jersey, but 
 in each they were completely frustrated. 
 
 But the old enemies of Britain had grown 
 arrogant during tho unnatural contest that 
 was waged with tho unruly scions of her 
 own stock ; and preparations were now 
 ni.ide for Britain itself. A junction was 
 effected between the French and Spanish 
 fleets, which made t'lelr appearance in the 
 channel, to the number of sixty sail of the 
 lino besides frigates. This formidable ar- 
 mament was opposed by a force, much in- 
 ferior, under admiral Hardy, who leisurely 
 retired up the channel, enticing them to 
 follow him, but, with all their Immense su- 
 periority.they chose rather to decline an en- 
 counter; it Is true tl' ' for some time con- 
 tinued to menace an Insult the British 
 coasts with impunity, but without accom- 
 plishing anything further than the cap- 
 ture of the Ardent man-of-war, which by 
 accident had fallen in with tho combined 
 fleets. 
 
 In calling tho reader's attention to the 
 Etato of the continent at this period, we 
 have to notice that the peace which fol- 
 lowed tho memorable 'csoven years' war' 
 was temporarily menaced by the efforts of 
 the emperor Joseph to obtain possession „f 
 Bavaria; but the prompt interference ol 
 the king of Prussia, who broughS into the 
 field an Immense army, together with the 
 remor strances of Russia, and the unwill- 
 ingness of France to second the ambitious 
 designs of Austria, Induced the emperor 
 to abandon his aggressive intentions. 
 
 A. a, 1780.— The first business of impor- 
 tance that came before the parliament this 
 year was the state of Ireland, which brought 
 from lord North a plan of amelioration 
 that met with the approbation of the house, 
 and, as it opened her ports for the import 
 and export of her manufactures, the change 
 was hailed as a happy omen lor the sister 
 kingdom. The next subject for legislative 
 discussion was tho wasteful and extrava- 
 gant expenditure In tho different oSlcial 
 departments of the state; and the elo- 
 quence and flnancial knowledge of Mr. 
 Surko were amply displayed in a plan for 
 general reform, which was seconded by 
 
 petitions from various parts ol the king- 
 dom, praying lor a change ot men as well 
 as measures. But at this crisis the atten- 
 tion ol all parties was attracted by a sud- 
 den alarm. Sir George Saville had in the 
 preceding session proposed a bill to repeal 
 tho act of William III., which imposed 
 certain penalties and disabilities on tho 
 Roman catholics, and which passed botli 
 houses without opposition. The loyal con- 
 duct of this body of his majesty's subjects, 
 and their readiness to risk their lives and 
 fortunes in defence of their king and coun- 
 try, were generally acknowledged ; but in 
 consequence of the population of Scotland 
 expressing a dread of granting toleration 
 to papists, the bill did not extend to that 
 kingdom. This encouraged a set of fana- 
 tics in Fingland to form themselves into an 
 association, whose professed object was to 
 protect the protestant religion, by reviving 
 the Intolerant statutes which before ex- 
 isted against tbe Roman catholics. The 
 great majority of the members of this 
 •protestant association' were at the time 
 correctly described as ' outrageously zeal- 
 ous and grossly ignorant'— persons who, 
 had they been unassisted by anyone of 
 rank or influence, would have sunk into 
 oblivion from their own lusigniflcance; but 
 lord George Gordon, a young nobleman of 
 a wild and fervid Imagination, or, more cor- 
 rectly, perhaps, ono who on religious to- 
 pics was a monomaniac, finding this ' as- 
 sociation' would be likely to afford him an 
 excellent opportunity of standing forth as 
 the champion of tho protestant faith, and 
 thereby gaining a good share of mob noto- 
 riety, joined tho club, and thus raised it 
 into temporary importance?. He became 
 their chairman, and, free from even the 
 apprehension of any fatal results, he pro- 
 posed in a meeting of the society at Coach- 
 makers'-hall, on the 29th of May, that they 
 sliould assemble In St. George's 'Fields at 
 10 o'clock on tho 2nd of June, wh=!n they 
 should accompany him with a petition to 
 the house of commons, praying a repeal of 
 the late r,ct of toleration granted to tho 
 Roman catholics. 
 
 On the following Friu.iy, the day ap- 
 pointed for this display ol 'moral force,' 
 the members ol tho house were much sur- 
 prised—although there wz^ every reason, 
 after this public notice, to expect nothing 
 less— to perceive tho approach of fifty 
 thousand persons distinguished by blue 
 cockades In their hats, with the inscrip- 
 tion, • No Popery. ' Lord Georgo pre- 
 sented the petition to tho house, and moved 
 that it be taken into Immediate considera- 
 tion ; but Lis uiotlun was rejected by 193 
 votes to 6. During the discussion his lord- 
 ship frequently addressed the mob outside, 
 and told them the peoplD of Scotland had 
 no redress till they pulled down the catho- 
 lic chapels. Acting upon this suggestion, 
 the populace proceeded to deuiolish and 
 bum the chapels of the foreign ambassa- 
 dors. On tho following Mondi^y the uum 
 ber of the mob was greatly increased by 
 tho Idle and tho profligate, who are ever 
 ready lor riot and plunder. Their violence 
 was now no longer confined to tbo c&tboiiCH, 
 
 J 
 
 \l 
 
 ?, 
 
 It 
 
 < ( 
 
 i . 
 
438 
 
 €fit CreajKurtf at ^iitatti, ^c. 
 
 but wai exerted wherever the}' could do 
 most mlsohlet They proceeded to New- 
 gate, auA Oiimanded the immediate release 
 of such of their associates as hod been 
 confined 'here. On receiving a refusal 
 they begftu to throw firebrands and com- 
 'liistlbles ttito the keeper's dwelling-house. 
 T 10 whole building was soon onvolojcd In 
 flames, and In tho Interval of confusUii and 
 dismay, all iho prisoner', amounting toup- 
 wards of th.ee hundred, nisile heir esi ipe 
 and joined '.'lo rioters. 'Fh^' New Prif'>i!, 
 Clerkenwell, tOi! King's Ben.'.!., tho Fleet 
 Prison, and Ntw BridewtU, v -re also aer 
 on fire; and ra.aiy private Jichwos shared 
 the same faii' : in short, on thai night Lon- 
 don was Luheld blazing in no lesa ilian 
 tlilrty-slx dlfllerent places at once. At 
 length they attem! <'Cd the BaL.li, but the 
 soldiers there Inflicted a severe chaiUso- 
 nictif. on them. The military came In iVom 
 the I'ountry, and. In obedience to an .>; der 
 of tlie king in rDuncil, directions vnre 
 givea to thf offl''. rs to Are upon the riot- 
 r-1 withoiu waiting the sanction of the 
 civil power. Not only had the most fear- 
 ful ;!P))rehen9l(in8 been excited, and great 
 Injury done, but the character of the nation 
 in tlio opes of foreign powers couldnotfali 
 to Bufief almost indelible disgrace from 
 such brutal and tumultuous scenes. It 
 was not until a week had elapsed that 
 tranquillity was restored: when it was 
 found that 458 persons had been killed or 
 wounded, exclusive of those who perished 
 from intoxication. Under a warrant of the 
 secretaries of state, lord George Gordon 
 was committed to the Tower on a charge 
 of high treason ; but ^/hen brought to trial 
 the charge could not be sustained, and this 
 most mischievous person was acquitted. 
 However, though he escaped punishment 
 for these proceedings, ho was afterwards 
 Imprisoned for a libel on the queen of 
 France, and ended his days In Newgate. 
 Out of the rioters who were tried and found 
 guilty, twenty-flveof the most violent were 
 banged. 
 
 We gladly turn from these scenes of civil 
 tumult to a more agreeable part of an his- 
 torian's duty. The commencement of the 
 year was attended with some considerable 
 naval advantages to Great Britain. The 
 fleet under the command of sir Hyde Pai^ 
 ker engaged a French squadron in the West 
 Indies, and captured nine merchantmen. 
 The success which attended admiral Rod- 
 ney was more Important. On the 16th of 
 January he attacked, off Capo St. Vincent, 
 a Spanish fleet, consisting of eleven ships 
 of the line, captured four of them, drove 
 two more on shore, and burned another : 
 thence proceeding to America, he thrice 
 encountered the French fleet, under the 
 count de Gulchen, and though ne obtained 
 no decisive success, he prevented Washing- 
 ton from receiving naval aid In his medi- 
 tated attack on New York. A very severe 
 loss was soon after sustained by the Eng- 
 lish; on the 8th of August the Spanish 
 fleet fell in with the trade fleet bound for 
 tho East and West Indies, the whole of 
 which, consisting of flfty-four merchant- 
 men, were captured ; their convoy, the Rft- 
 
 mlllies of 74, gun«. and two Irlg»t«i, alone 
 eacipliik;, 
 
 ThH operations r.f tho wf»r, taken alto- 
 goiher, novwlthstaiii.ig tliu powerful alii- 
 ai>(.-3 ngtuVi'^ Ureal Brltalti, had hitherto 
 be.Mi Bup,. -ced wlt)i vlgoiu and magna- 
 nlL'ilty. Ye; whilo we ^-ei > frustrating 
 evpiy Bttenipt of oit o)!(u i.i.1 declared 
 enr!ii<.6B,ai:i)'.'jdfci.H ./war- iH T dthrough- 
 ou! Kiiropt', whlc!i, as It fe.ct Indirectly, 
 could '.!0t well be rcslstt d. T^ils confede- 
 racy, r.rnied the 'armed neutrality,' was 
 plannoa by the empress of Rus^ln, who Is- 
 ttucd a manifesto, asserting the right of 
 neutral vessels to trade freely to and from 
 all ports >elonglng to beUii?(.\"nt powers, 
 excopl such as 'VLyo ar aally ' i a state of 
 bi:cknde; and that til efllects belonging 
 to tin.' subjects of th'; bs^lligerent powers 
 sliould bo iiK-k^.' upon as free on board 
 ducn sh'PB, exi rg only such goods as 
 vere coui'rabana • in otlicr words, that 
 'free ve.-;'..(:)8 were to make free nierchan- 
 clioc' KuBuIa, Denmark, and Sweden were 
 the first to bind themselves to tho condi- 
 tions of this league ; Holland quickly fol- 
 lowed the example j the courts of Vienna, 
 Berlin, Naj s, and lastly, Portugal, the 
 oldest ally ^^ England, joined the associa- 
 tion. From tho commencement of the 
 American war the Dutch had shown great 
 i'.'irtiality to the revolters; .and as proof 
 ^vas at length obtained of their having 
 . oncluded a treaty with the Congress, the 
 liitgilsh government was determined on 
 tui.:Ing vengeance for their perfldy, and war 
 Whs instantly declared against them. 
 
 A. D. 1781.— At the commencement of 
 this year the war in America was renewed 
 with various success. The progress of the 
 British forces under lord CornwaJlls, in 
 Virginia and the Oarollnas, had raised great 
 expectations of triumph In England, and 
 had proportiouably depressed the Ameri- 
 cans ; but the British general had to con- 
 tend against the united forces of France 
 and her transatlantic ally ; and though he 
 obtained some fresh laurels, his successes 
 were rendered ineftectual by his subsequent 
 reverses. At length, after making a n»o«t 
 vigorous resistance against overwhelming 
 numbers, while defending York Town, 
 where he had fortified himself, he was 
 compelled to capitulate; when the whole 
 of his army became prisoners of war to 
 Washington, and the British vessels in the 
 harbour surrendered to the French admiral 
 de Grasse. As no rational expectation of 
 subjugating America now remained, the 
 military operations in that quarter of the 
 globe were regarded as of comparatively 
 little consequence. 
 
 Immediately after the declaration of war 
 against Holland, admiral Rodney, in con- 
 junction with general Vaughan, attacked 
 the important settlement of Eustatia, which 
 surrendered to them without resistance. 
 The immense property found there sur- 
 passed the most sanguine expectations of 
 the captors ; but it unfortunately happened, 
 that as the richest acquired on this occa- 
 sion were on their transit to England, the 
 ships conveying it were Intercepted by the 
 French, and twenty-ono of them wrra 
 
 i a 
 
 en 
 
 taken. On tt 
 admiral Hyd 
 squadron ofl 
 most despera 
 contest was 
 liours, when 
 Texel with tl 
 were too muc 
 
 A.D. 1782.— 1 
 
 Britain had a 
 vantages by 
 possessed a : 
 yet such wai 
 and power 
 uKalnst them 
 stauding the 
 and the euor 
 to carry on s 
 fare, tlie sple 
 no dimluutlui 
 heroism and 
 to gladden th 
 a love of till 
 same time po] 
 rose to a hlgl 
 pressed stato 
 neutrality ha 
 against the g< 
 nistration of 
 rlcan war wei 
 opposition, m; 
 disasters agal 
 friends, indue 
 the end of Mi 
 the marquis c 
 of the treasur, 
 Mr. Fox, prill 
 lordThurlow, 
 Camden, the 
 Grafton, Mr. I 
 ral Conway, <S 
 portant posts. 
 ever, had no 
 three monthE 
 was occaslone 
 quis of R.ck 
 burno being 
 nobleman, his 
 lord Oavendis 
 several othen 
 was then mad 
 Pitt, second 
 ceeded lord Ca 
 cellor of the e: 
 Negotiation 
 menced by th^ 
 at all relaxin 
 the war. Th( 
 vis, and St. 
 the enemy ; a: 
 meditated wit 
 they were, h( 
 admiral Rodn 
 desperate eng 
 twelve hours' 
 nated In the 
 their admiral, 
 prisoner, with 
 six other shipt 
 In this action 
 of breaking 
 enemy on bo 
 tried and Bucce 
 ous action was 
 
d^ttjilantr.— Ilaujde at Xtttn/flnicli.— d^orse iSS. 439 
 
 4 a 
 
 taken. On the 6th of the foIlowlng;AugU8t 
 admiral Hyde Parker fell iu with a Dutch 
 Bquadron off the Doggers' Bank, and a 
 most desperate engagcincnt 1.00k place : the 
 contest waa fiercely nialutu.ncd for two 
 hours, when the Dutch boro away for the 
 Texel with their convoy, and the Eugllah 
 were too much disabled to pursue them. 
 
 A.D. 1782.— Though the enemies of Great 
 Dritaiu had at this time gained decided ad- 
 vantages by land, and iu numerical force 
 possessed a manifest superiority by sea, 
 yet Buch waa the courage, perseverance, 
 and power with which she contended 
 against them single-handed, that notwltli- 
 staudlng the recent disasters In America, 
 and the enormous oxpendlturo necessary 
 to carry on so fierce and extensive a war- 
 fare, the splendour of the nation suffered 
 no diminution ; and exploits of individual 
 heroism and brilliant victories continued 
 to gladden the hearts of all who ch<.;ished 
 a love of their country's glory. At the 
 same time popular clamour and discontent 
 rose to a high pitcli on account of the do- 
 pressed state of trade which the armed 
 neutrality had caused ; while invectives 
 against the government for the mal-adml- 
 nlstratlon of affairs as regarded the Ame- 
 rican war were loud and deep. The whig 
 opposition, making an adroit use of these 
 disasters against lord North and his tory 
 friends, Induced them to resign ; and about 
 the end of March they ivere succeeded by 
 the marquia of Rockingham, as first lord 
 of the treasury, the carl of Shelbume and 
 Mr. Fox, principal secretary of state, and 
 lordThurlow, lord chancellor ; besides lord 
 Camden, the dukea of Klchmond and 
 Grafton, Mr. Burke, admiral Kcppel, gene- 
 ral Oonway, &c. to fill the other most im- 
 portant posts. The present ministry, how- 
 ever, bad not continued in oillce above 
 three months before a material change 
 was occasioned by the death of the mar- 
 quis of B.cklngham. The carl of Shel- 
 bume being appointed to succeed that 
 nobleman, his colleagues took offence ; and 
 lord Cavendish, Mr. Fox, Mr. Burke, and 
 several others resigned. Mr. Townshcnd 
 waa then made secretary of state; and Mr. 
 Pitt, second sou of lord Chatham, suc- 
 ceeded lord Cavendish in the office of chan- 
 cellor of ihe exchequer. 
 
 Negotiations for peace were now com- 
 menced by the new ministry, but without 
 at all relaxing iu their efforts to support 
 the war. The Islands of Minorca, St. Ne- 
 vis, and St. Christopher's were taken by 
 the enemy ; and a descent on Jamaica was 
 meditated with a fleet of thirty-four ships ; 
 they were, however, fortunately met by 
 admiral Rodney off Dominica, and a most 
 desperate engagement ei^sued, of nearly 
 twelve hours' continuance, which termi- 
 nated in the total defeat of the French; 
 their admiral, count de Grasse, being taken 
 prisoner, with the Tilie de Paris, besides 
 six other ships of the line and two frigates. 
 In this action the bold nautical manoeuvre 
 of breaking the line and attacking the 
 enemy on both sides at once, waa first 
 tried and successfully executed. This glori- 
 ous action was fought on the 12th of April; 
 
 and about the same period, the fleet under 
 admiral Barrlngton captured, oft Uahant, 
 two large French men-of-war, with ten sail 
 of vessels under their convoy. 
 
 During this period the arms of Spain 
 had been more than usually auccessful. 
 In America they conquered the Bnglish 
 fortresses on the Mississippi, aa well as 
 Pensacola and all Florida. But all their 
 efforts, in combination with tlielr French 
 allies, against Gibraltar, proved fruitless; 
 its brave governor, general Elliott, return- 
 ing their tremendous cannonade with a 
 well-directed and impetuous discbarge of 
 red-hot balls from the fortress, thereby 
 utterly destroying the floating batteries 
 which the besiegers had vainly boasted 
 were irresistible. Ever and anon during 
 the last five years this memorable siege 
 had been carried on ; but on the day after 
 tills over-memorable bombardment and de- 
 fence (Sept. 13), not a vestige of all their 
 formidable preparations remained. 
 
 Iu the Eodt, Hydcr All had succeeded in 
 gaining the capital of Arcot, and his auo- 
 cess gave him strong hope that he should 
 drive the British from that part of the 
 globe ; but sir Eyre Coote was victorious 
 in more than one decisive engagement with 
 Hyder, whose death soon after gave the go- 
 vernment to his son TIppoo Sahib; and aa he 
 appeared somewhat disposed to bo on terms 
 with England, affairs in that quarter wore 
 a better aspect. Still the war in the East 
 had a humiliating termination. 
 
 Some serious casual disasters occurred 
 during the course of the year. Four large 
 ahips foundered at sea on their return from 
 the West Indies ; and the Royal George, of 
 100 guns, a fine ship which had been into 
 port to refit, was, while careening at Spit- 
 head, overset by a sudden gust of wind, and 
 about 700 persons, with admiral Kempen- 
 felt, were drowned. 
 
 A.D. 1783.— The famous 'coalition mi- 
 nistry,' of incongruous celebrity, waa now 
 formed ; the duke of Portland being first 
 lord of the treasury ; lord North and Mr. 
 Fox, joint secretaries of state ; lord John 
 Cavendish, chancellor of the exchequer; 
 viscount Keppel, firat lord of tho admi- 
 ralty ; viscount Stormout, president of the 
 council; and the earl of Carlisle, lord 
 privy-seal. These seven constituted the 
 new cabinet, the whigs having a majority 
 of one over the three torles. North, Car- 
 lisle, and Stormont. It was an ill-assorted 
 and insincere compact, an abandonment of 
 principle for power, which soon lost them 
 the confidence and support of the nation. 
 
 Negotiations for a general peace com- 
 menced at Paris, luder the auspices of 
 Austria and Russia ; and the basis of It 
 being arranged. It was speedily ratified. 
 Great Britain restored the island of St. 
 Lucia to France ; also the settlements on 
 the Senegal, and the city of Pondicherry, 
 in the East Indies ; while France gave up 
 all her West India conquests, with the ex- 
 ception of Tobago. Spain retained Minorca 
 and West Florida, East Florida being also 
 ceded in exchange tor the Bahamas. And 
 between England and Holland a suspen- 
 sion of hoatlUties was agreed to In Uie first 
 
 i II 
 
440 
 
 Q^lbe Creuluro of Witatuit (et» 
 
 place ; but In the sequel it was stipulated 
 that there should be a general restitution 
 of all places taken during the war, except- 
 ing the town of Ncgapatain, with its depen- 
 dencies, wblcli should bo ceded to Great 
 Britain. 
 
 In the treaty with America, the king of 
 Great Britain acknowledged the thirteen 
 United States to bo ' free, sovereign, and 
 independent,' relinquishing for himself, 
 his heirs, and successors, all right and 
 claim to the same. To prevent all disputes 
 in future on the subject of boundaries be- 
 tween these states and the adjoining pro- 
 vinces, lines were minutely drawn: the 
 right of navigation on the Mississippi was 
 declared common to the two powers ; and 
 po confiscations or persecutions of the loy- 
 alists were to take place. 
 
 Such was the termination of the contest 
 between Great Britain and the American 
 colonies; a contest in which the former 
 lost upwards of one hundred millions of 
 money, and through which a federative 
 state of vast extent and power sprung into 
 existence. But great as the change was, 
 the mother country had ultimately little 
 real cause to regret the detachment of the 
 thirteen provinces ; freedom of commercial 
 relations, advantageous to both countries, 
 superseded a right of sovereignty which, lu 
 reality, was of far less value than it ap- 
 peared to be. In short, the commerce of 
 England, instead of being destroyed by the 
 war of independence. Increased most ra- 
 pidly, and English trade was never more 
 prosperous than in the period that suc- 
 ceeded the loss of the colonies. The Ca- 
 nadas and Nova Scotia shared in the rising 
 prosperity of America; and the West India 
 islands, emancipated from unwise commer- 
 cial restrictions, also rapidly improved. 
 
 The coalition ministry was now to be sub- 
 jected to a severe test. Mr. Fox thought 
 proper to introduce to parliament two bills 
 for the better government of India, by 
 which the entire administration of the civil 
 and commercial affairs of the company were 
 to be vested in a board of nine members, 
 chosen for four years, and not removable 
 without an address from either house of 
 parliament. That such a board would be 
 an independent authority in the state was 
 quite manifest ; and it accordingly met with 
 a determined opposition, particularly In the 
 bouse of lords, where lord Thurlow ob- 
 served, that if the bill passed, the crown 
 would be no longer worthy of a i..an of 
 honour to wear; that 'the king would, in 
 fact, take the diadem from his own head, 
 and place It on that of Mr. Fox.' The bill 
 was thrown out by the lords, and this was 
 Immediately followed by a message from 
 the king requiring Mr. Fox and lord North 
 to send in their seals of oflllce by the under 
 secretaries, as 'a personal interview with 
 him would be disagreeable.' Early the 
 next morning letters of dismission were 
 sent to the other members of the cabinet. 
 Thuft an end was put to the coalition mi- 
 nistry, which was considered by the greater 
 part of the nation to have been a corrupt 
 coniederacy' of two desperate factions to 
 monopoliso the principal oQlccs of state, 
 
 and to scizo upon the govcrumeut of the 
 country. 
 
 A.D. 1783.— A new administration was 
 now fonned, in which Mr. Pitt was ap- 
 pointed first lord of the treasury and chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer. Lord Sydney (late 
 Mr. Townshend) and the marquis of Car- 
 marthen, were made secretaries of state; 
 lord Thurlow, lord high chancellor; tho 
 duke of Rutland, privy-seal; earl Gowcr, 
 president of the tiouncil ; the duke of Ulch- 
 raond, master of the ordnance; lord Howe, 
 first lord of the admiralty, and Mr. Dundas, 
 treasurer of the navy. It being, however, 
 Imposslbloto carry on public business while 
 the coalition party had a majority in the 
 house of commons, a dissolution of parlia- 
 ment became unavoidable. 
 
 The elections turned out favourably for 
 the new ministers, and when the parliament 
 Obsembled, his majesty met the representa- 
 tives of the people with evident satisfac- 
 tion. He directed their attention to the 
 affairs of the East India Company, advising 
 them at the same time to reject all such 
 measures as might affect the constitution 
 at home. Mr. Pitt had strenuously oi>- 
 posed Mr. Fox's India bill ; and now find- 
 ing himself ably supported, framed a new 
 one for tho government of India, which 
 transferred to the crown the Influence which 
 Mr. Fox hnd designed co intrust to parlli^ 
 nicntary commissioners, but leaving tlio 
 whole management of commercial affairs 
 v. "h the court of directors. 
 
 Tiie year 1785 furnishes little matter for 
 the historian, except the contentions be- 
 tween the rival politicians. A very im- 
 portant effort at legislation was made by 
 Mr. Pitt, which consisted of an attempt tq 
 establish a system of commercial union 
 between Great Britain and Ireland. It 
 passed both houses ; but, in the meantime, 
 a great part of the Irish parliament became 
 dissatisfied with its details ; the conse- 
 quence of which was, that the administra- 
 tion J Id not press its adoption. 
 
 A.?> 1786.— Early in tho session Mr. Pitt 
 Introduced to parliament his celebrated 
 plan of a 'sinking fund' or the gradual 
 reduction of the national dbt. It appeared 
 that the condltioh of the revenue was In so 
 flourishing a state, that A\q annual receipts 
 exceeded the expendl'^uro by goo,ooo{. It 
 was tlieref ore proposei that this sum should 
 be increased to one million, and plpced in 
 the hands of comn.issioners appointed for 
 the purpose, to be applied to the discharge 
 of the national debt. After some opposi- 
 tion, and an amendment suggested by Mr. 
 Fox, the 1)111 passed. 
 
 On the. 2nd of August, as the king was 
 alighting :from his carriage, a woman ap- 
 proached him under pretence of offering a 
 petition, and attempted to stab him with n 
 knifeshehad concealed. His majesty avoid- 
 ed the bio w by drawl n g back, whenshemade 
 another thrust at him, but was prevented 
 from effecting her purpose by a yeoman of 
 the guards who seized her at the instant. 
 On being examined before the privy counci I, 
 it appeared that she was a lunatic ; her 
 name Margaret Nicholson. 
 
 Nothing at this period excited et^ual In 
 
 m 
 \ 
 
 v^.> 
 
ilBna\imti,—^a\iie at 38run)ifDidt.— 6(ar0e XSS. 441 
 
 tereal to the trial ot Mr. Hastings, tlie 
 governor of Bengal, who had returned to 
 England, poggessed, as it was asserted, of 
 Inordinate wealth obtained by unfair inenns. 
 The trial was conducted by Mr. Burke, who 
 exhibited twenty-two articles of impeach- 
 ment against him. On the part of the prose- 
 cution Mr. Sheridan appeared vindictively 
 eloquent. Ho said, ' The administration of 
 Mr. Hastings formed a medley of meanness 
 and outrage, of duplicity and depredation, 
 oil proUii':Ulty and oppression, of the most 
 cnllou'' ruclty, contrasted with the hollow 
 affectHiion of liberality and good faith.' Mr. 
 Hastings, in his defence, declared. 'That 
 ho had the satisfaction to see all his mea- 
 sures terminate In their designed object? ' 
 that hia political conduct was lnvarlabl> 
 regulated by truth iustlce, and good faith ; 
 and that ho resigned hts charge in a state 
 ot established peace and security ; with all 
 the sources of its abundance unimpaired, 
 and even improved.' The trial lasted seven 
 years, and ended In the acquittal of Mr. 
 Hastings, at least of nil Intentional error ; 
 but his fortune and his health were ruined 
 by this protracted prosecution. 
 
 Tho debts of the prince of Wales en- 
 grossed much of tho public attention at 
 this period. His expensive habits and mu- 
 nificent disposition had brought his affairs 
 into a very embarr-issed state ; and the suli- 
 ject having underg;.^ne parliamentary dis- 
 cussion, an addition of 10,0002. was made 
 to his former income of 60,0002., and the 
 sum of ISl.OOOt. was granted by parliament 
 for the payment of his debts. 
 
 A.D. 1788.— An event occurred about this 
 time in Holland which threatened the tran- 
 quillity of Europe. Ever since the acknow- 
 ledgement of the independence of the 
 United Provinces, two powerful parties had 
 been continually struggling for the superi- 
 ority ; one was the house of Orange, which 
 bad been raised to power by their great 
 services to the state, both against the ty- 
 ranny of Spain and the efforts of Franco ; 
 tho other was the arlstocratlcal party, which 
 consisted of the most wealthy individuals 
 In the country. This party was secretly fa- 
 voured by Franco, and was denominated 
 the 'party of the states' or 'the republi- 
 can party.' Tho prince of Orange being 
 at length compelled to leave the Hague, ho 
 applied for protection to England and Prus- 
 sia, who lent their aid, and tho stodtholder 
 was reinstated. 
 
 It was during this session thattheatten- 
 tlon of parliament was first engaged in 
 attempting the abolition of the slave trade. 
 This Inhuman trafflc, so abhorrent In its 
 nature to all principles of humanity, seems 
 to have been carried out by Great Britain 
 and other nations for a length of time with- 
 out having attracted the notice of the pub- 
 lic. It was first pointed out by the Quakers 
 in the Independent provinces of South Ame- 
 rica, who in many instances had emanci- 
 pated their slaves. A number of pamphlets 
 were published on the subject ; several emi- 
 nent divines of the established church re- 
 comircnded It In their discourses and writ- 
 ings ; the two unl rersities, and after thcni, 
 Vihe whole nati'>n, presented |)etitlonB pray- 
 
 ing for tho interference of parliament to 
 forward tho humane design of African 
 emancipation. Mr. Wilbcrforco brought 
 tho subject before parliament ; but as many 
 circumstances arose to retard tho conside- 
 ration of It, a resolution was carried to de- 
 fer It to a future opportunity. 
 
 Towards the close of the yer ; tho nation 
 was thrown into great dismay by the fact 
 that the king wus suffering so severely 
 under a mental malady, that on the 4th of 
 November it was necessary to consult the 
 most eminent physicians, and to assemble 
 tho prlnclpalofllccrsof state. Hismajcsty's 
 disorder not abating, but the contrary 
 appearing from tho examination of the 
 physicians before the privy-council, tho 
 house twlco adjourned; but hearing on 
 their reassembling tho second time that 
 there was a great prospect of his mojesty's 
 r'jcovery, though the tlmo was uncertain, 
 both houses turned their thoughts to tho 
 establishment of a regent during his ma- 
 jesty's Incapacity. The right of the prince 
 of Wales to this olTlce wns asserted by Mr. 
 Fox, and denied by Mr. Pitt, who afflrmed, 
 that for any man to assert such a right in 
 tho prince of Wales was little loss than 
 treason to the constitution. After violent 
 altercations, a modified regency was carried 
 in favour of the prince ; tho queen to have 
 tho custody of tho royal person, and tho 
 appointment to places in the household, 
 For the present, however, these arrange- 
 ments were not needed, for the health of 
 tho king was rapidly Improving; and on tho 
 10th of March his majesty sent a message 
 to parliament, to acquaint them of his rc> 
 covery, and of his ability to attend to the 
 public business ot the kingdom. The effect 
 of this pleasing intelligence was instanta- 
 neous : every town and vlUago in the king- 
 dom testified their loyalty and attachment 
 to the sovereign ; and sorrow was succeeded 
 by rapturous exultation. 
 
 A.D. 1789,— According to the promise given 
 by the king, that the British constitution 
 should be extended to Canada, that pro- 
 vince now applied for a form of legislature. 
 For the belter accommodation of its In- 
 liabitants, Mr. Pitt proposed to divide tho 
 province into Upper and Lower Canada ; 
 and to provide separate laws which might 
 suit the French Canadian noblesse on tho 
 one hand, and the British and American 
 colonists on the other. In the course of 
 the discussion, Mr. Fox observed that It 
 would be wrong to abollsli hereditary dis- 
 tinctions where they had been long esta- 
 blished, and equally wrong to create thoso 
 distinctions in a country which was not 
 suited for their establishment. This drew 
 from Mr. Burko the observacion that ' it 
 became a duty of parliament to watch tho 
 conduct of ludlvidualB, and societies, which 
 were evidently disposed to encourage inno- 
 Tations.' Mr. Fox, thinking these senti- 
 ments contained a censure on talm, defended 
 his opinions by a full explanation of his 
 sentiments on the French revolution. Mr. 
 Burke had previously written an excellent 
 work. Intended to operate as an antidote to 
 the growing evils of republicanism and in< 
 fidelity. In parliament, he denou need tho 
 
 I 
 t 
 < 'i 
 
 i 4 
 
 i\ 
 
442 
 
 Ct)e VCvniutvi ot AMtory, ^c. 
 
 Inttdloui ery of liberty and equality, and a 
 breach waa thui made In the long-ceinented 
 frieudship of these two distinguished 
 ■tateBtnen, which over after rcmalued uu- 
 cloaed. 
 
 A.D. 1780.— At this period France had 
 beKUU to exhibit scones of anarchy and con- 
 fusion, which, for monstrous wickedness 
 and wlde-Bjiread misery, never before had 
 their parallel in the wurld'tt history. A con- 
 densed narrative of those revolutionary 
 horrors will bo found xnuler the proper 
 head. V7o shall hero simply remark, that 
 the progress of free-thlnking, miscalled 
 philosophy, which had been much encour- 
 aged lu that country during the last cen- 
 tury, had diffused a spirit of Innovation and 
 licentiousness that was highly unfavour- 
 able to the existence of an absolute mo- 
 narchy. Moreover, the participation of 
 France In the American struggle for inde- 
 pendence had Instilled into the minds of 
 nallo-AmcricAn champions of liberty a per- 
 fect detestation of regal authority ; and 
 on their return from that vaunted land of 
 freedom, they Imparted to their country- 
 men the spirit of liberty which had been 
 kindled in the western hemisphere. But, 
 perhaps, the more Immediate cause of this 
 wild ebullition of popular fury arose from 
 the embarrassed Htato of tlio finances, 
 wliich induced Louis XVI. to as:jenibIo the 
 states-general in order to consider the 
 measures by which this serious evil might 
 be redressed. 
 
 The principles and practices to wlilch we 
 have referred, so contrary to all ideas of 
 good government, were circulated with 
 great zeal and activity throughout the 
 neighbouring nations. 6u resolute were 
 they in disseminating their opinions, that 
 there was scarcely a place in Europe In 
 which their agents were not established. 
 In Oreat Britain and Ireland these demo- 
 cratic missionaries were received with 
 every mark of approbation, not only by in- 
 dividuals, but by various political societies, 
 who made It their study to propagate their 
 principles, and recommend their example, 
 and In the transactions of these societies, 
 the means by which the French revolution 
 bafl been conducted were greatlyapplauded, 
 and described as worthy of the imitation 
 of mankind. 
 
 On the opening of parliament In Febru- 
 ary, his na]esty, in his speech from the 
 throne, remarked that he had received con- 
 tinual assurances of the pacific dispositions 
 of the continental powers, and congratu- 
 lated the nation on the advantages which 
 must arise from such an uninterrupted 
 tranquillity. The supplies for the army and 
 navy having been stated to the house, some 
 animadversions took place with regard to 
 the military establishment, which It was 
 eald might have been safely reduced. In 
 the course of the debate, Mr. Fox took oc- 
 casion to remark, that the French soldiers, 
 during the late commotions, had, by refus- 
 ing to obey the dictates of the court, set a 
 glorious example to the military of Europe, 
 and had shown that men by becoming 
 soldiers did not cease to be citizens— a re- 
 mark, certainly, most objectionable at the 
 
 time, it not poiltively sedltioua, and m 
 such It was treated by Mr. Burke and other 
 members. 
 
 During the present session, a message 
 from the king Informed the house of sjmo 
 hostile proceedings on thu part of Spam, 
 whohad seized three British ships tliat were 
 endeavouring to establish a foreign trade 
 between China and Nootka Sound, on the 
 west coast of North America ; the Spaniards 
 insisting on their excluglvo right to that 
 part of the coast. Orders were immediately 
 Issued for augmenting the British navy ; 
 but the expected rupture l>etween the two 
 countries was averted by timely concesaioua 
 on the part of Spain. 
 
 A new parliament having met on the 20th 
 of November, the king, after making Humo 
 remarks on the state of Europe, observed 
 that the peace of India had been disturbed 
 by a war with Tlppoo Sultan, son of the 
 late Hydcr All. The business of the ses- 
 sion was then entered Into, and various de- 
 bates occurred with respect to the conven- 
 tion with Spain, and the extensive prepa- 
 rations that had been made In anticipation 
 of a war with that power. 
 
 A.D. 1791.— The whole kingdom was now 
 divided Into two partiss, arising from tlie 
 opposite views In which the French revolu- 
 tion was considered ; one condemning the 
 promoters of Gallic indeiiendcnce as the 
 BUbverters of all order; while the other 
 considered the new constitution of France 
 as tlie basis of a system of politics, from 
 which peace, happiness, and concord would 
 arise to bless the worldl On the Uth of July, 
 the anniversary of the demolition of the 
 Bastlle, the 'friends of liberty' agreed 
 to celebrate that event by festive meetings 
 In the principal towns in the kingdom. 
 These meetings were rather unfavourably 
 regarded by the opponents of the revolu- 
 tion, as indicative of principles inimical 
 to the British constitution ; but no public 
 expression of disapprobation had yet ap- 
 peared. In the metropolis and most of the 
 other towns these meetings had passed over 
 without any disturbance ; but in the popu- 
 lous town of Birmingham, whcr" a dlssen 
 slon had long subsisted between the high 
 churchmen and the dissenters, its conse- 
 quences were very alarming. A seditious 
 band-bill, which represented the late trans- 
 actions in France as worthy to be imitated 
 by the English, having been circulated 
 about the town by some unknown person, 
 created a great sensation. The friends of 
 the intended meeting thought it necessary 
 to disclaim the sentiments contained in t)ie 
 hand-bills ; but as their views were misre- 
 presented, the hotel in which the meeting 
 was held was soon surrounded by a tumul- 
 tuous mob, who expressed their disappro- 
 bation by shouts of 'Church and King I* 
 In the evening the mob demolished an 
 Unitarian meeting-house belonging to the 
 celebrated Dr. Priestley, and afterwards 
 attacked his dwelling-house and destroyed 
 his valuable library. For three days the 
 rioters continued their depredations, but 
 tranquillity was restored on the arrival of 
 the military, and some o£ the ringleader* 
 were executed. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
ssa 
 
 
 englsnQ.H^otitff a( SruniftDidt.— 6(orge SSS. 1'3 
 
 A.D. 1793.— Parliament aiiembled the 31 Bt 
 of January, and were agreeably Burprlsed 
 by a declnmtlonot the nilnlster, that the 11- 
 naiiccs of the nntlun would allow hlin to take 
 off taxes to the amount o'. 200.0001., and to 
 appropriate 400,ooo(. towards the reduction 
 of the national debt. Ue then descanted on 
 the flourlBlilng otato nud happy prospects of 
 the nation, doclnrlnK nt the same time how 
 Intimately connected Us prosperity was 
 with the preservation of peace abroad and 
 trflnqullllty nt homo. 
 
 Tliu duko of York havlncr at the close of 
 the previous year married the princess Fre- 
 dcrlca Charlotta, eldest daughter of the 
 king of Prussia, the commons passed a bill 
 to settle ^8,000^ per annum on the duke, 
 and 8,0002. on tlio duchess should shu sur- 
 vive him.— The house also, during this ses- 
 sion, went Into a committee on the African 
 slave-trade, and gave It as their opinion that 
 It should bo abolished. In the courso of 
 debate, Mr. Pitt and many others spoko in 
 favour of Its InmicUiato abolition. After 
 many divisions the term was limited to the 
 1st day of January, 1700. lu the house of 
 lords several of thu peers were in favour of 
 Us iudellnlte continuance. 
 
 The war in India against TIppoo Salb had 
 lately been vigorously conducted by lord 
 Cornwallls, who having surmounted all im- 
 pediments, comn.enccd the siege of Serln- 
 gapataro, the capital of Tippoo's dominions. 
 This reduced that prince to suchdifllcultics 
 as compelled him to conclude peace on the 
 terms offered by the oarl, and to deliver up 
 his two Hons aa hostages for the perform- 
 ance of the conditions. 
 
 OHAFTEH LXI. 
 The Beign o/Gbohob III. (continued), 
 
 A.D. 1790.— 'When your neighbour's house 
 Is on Are, It Is well to look after your 
 own,' says a trite but wise old saw. The 
 rapidity with which the new political prin- 
 ciples of the French republicans were dif- 
 fused throughout Great Britain, and the 
 numerous Inflammatory libels which were 
 Issued from the press, awakened well- 
 groundedapprchensions of the government, 
 and induced the legislature to adopt mea- 
 sures for the suppression of the growing 
 evil. The moral as well as the political re- 
 sults of French republicanism were fast 
 developing ; and every reckless demagogue 
 was busily at work, disseminating the poi- 
 son of Infidelity and sedition. To put a stop, 
 if possible, to this state of things, a royal 
 proclamation was issued for the suppres- 
 sion of seditious correspondence abroad, 
 and publications at borne, 'tending to bring 
 into contempt the wise and wholesome pro- 
 Tisions made at the time of the glorious 
 revolution.' The London Corresponding 
 Society, and various other societies in this 
 country, had recently sent congratulatory 
 addresses to the National Assembly of 
 France I But iihe heart of England was 
 still sound, although some of the limbs 
 were leprouii 
 
 In tlio meantime affairs on the continent 
 became every day more interesting. An al- 
 liance was entered Into between Uussla, 
 
 Austria, and Prussia, the ostensible object 
 of which was to r««stabllsh public secu- 
 rity In France, with the ancient order of 
 things, and to protect the persons and pro- 
 perty of all loyal subjects. Un the 2Stli of 
 July the duke of Urunswlck, connnaiuler- 
 in-chi«f of the allied arniius, issuod at Cob- 
 lentz his celebrated manifesto to the French 
 people, promising protection to all who 
 should submit to their king, and threaten- 
 ing tho city of i'arls with flro and sword If 
 injury or Insult were offered to him or any 
 of his family, Tho republicans, Indignntit 
 at this foreign interferonco, now resolved 
 on the king's dethronement. Having by 
 their mischievous publications turned the 
 tide of disgust against their sovereign, and 
 persuaded tho populace that tho royalists 
 had invited the allies to invade theui, tho 
 suspension of royal authority was soon niter 
 decreed, tho king and his family were closely 
 condned in the Temple, all persons who 
 were attached to monarchical government 
 were cast into prison or massacred ; r.'.id.to 
 crown the whole, tho inoffensive monarch 
 was led forth to execution, and while pray- 
 ing to tlio Almighty to pardon his enemies, 
 IgnoaiiuldUijiy perished by the guillotine. 
 
 Willie these detestable scenes of murder 
 were displayed In Franco, the vigilance of 
 tho English government was excited by 
 the propagation of revolutionary princi- 
 ples, and it was compelled to employ such 
 measures as the dangerous circumstances 
 of the country demanded. Tlie sanguinary 
 conduct of the French revolutionists, their 
 extravagant projects, and unholy senti- 
 ments, naturally alarmed all persons of rank 
 and property ; and associations, not merely 
 of the high and wealthy, but of all classes 
 who hod anything to lose, were formed for 
 tho protection of liberty and property 
 against tho efforts of anarchists and lev- 
 ellers. Hut still there were many desperate 
 characters ready to kindle the flame of 
 civil war on the Wrst favourable oppor- 
 tunity. Another proclamation was there- 
 fore issued, in which it was stated, that 
 cvli-disposed jersons were acting in con- 
 cert witli oth'irs in foreign countries in 
 order to subvert the laws and constitution ; 
 and th it a spirit of tumult and sedition 
 havinp TTiRiilfested Itself on several occar 
 slons, his majesty had resolved to embody 
 part of the national militia. This was. In 
 fact, a measure absolutely necessary on 
 another account, it being clear that the 
 French republic had resolved to provoke 
 Enijiand to a war, by the most unjustifiable 
 breach of the laws of nations; this was, their 
 avowed design to open the river Scheldt, 
 In direct opposition to the treaties of which 
 England was a guarantee, and to the mani- 
 fest disadvantage of the commerce of the 
 United Provinces, who wore the allies ot 
 England. 
 
 So portentous was the political aspect at 
 this time, that it was thought necessary to 
 summon the parliament sooner than usual. 
 In the speech from the throne his majesty 
 declared that he had hitherto observed a 
 strict neutrality in regard to the war on 
 the continent, and had refrained from in 
 toil: : 1" " 'vUh the Internal affairs of France; 
 
 ' 
 
 Ji i'l 
 
 I 
 
444 
 
 Cbe ^ttnixixii at WMvn, fet. 
 
 but that it witH linpoBHlble for him to ino, 
 without tlic iiiuit icrloiiB iiiicaHiiioiH, tlio 
 strong niut Incroaaliig liulicntluim whicli 
 appeared thcri>, of an Intention to oxclto 
 dlRturl>anri>a In other countrloH, to dUro- 
 gard tho rights of neutral powers, and to 
 purtiuQ vluwa of uujust conauegt and ag- 
 grandUcnioiit. IIo had thureforo taken 
 ■tepn for making Homo augmcntiitlon of 
 hiA naval and military forru; and ho re- 
 commended the Hiiliject to tho serloua at- 
 tention of iiarllament. After very long and 
 animated dchates on tho addrosH of thanks 
 for the kIng'H Hpeuch (during which many 
 of the o|ipo8ltlon, who were by thlit time 
 thoroughly dlMgusced with tho I'Vench rcvo- 
 lutionlHtH, deserted their party), tho motion 
 wiiM carried Iiy n largo majority. 
 
 Tho next subiect which engaged tho at- 
 tention of parliament was tho allou hill, 
 which authorised government to dismiss 
 from the kingdom such foreigners as they 
 should think tit. During tho month of 
 December, an order of government was also 
 Issued, for preventing tho oxportallou of 
 corn to France; and several ships hulen 
 with grain were compelled to unload their 
 •nrgoes, 
 
 A.I). 1703.— That a war between Groat 
 Britain and Franco was speedily approarli- 
 Ing WHS believed by all parties; yet war 
 was neither foreseen nor premeditated by 
 tho king's ministers: It was tho unavoid- 
 able result of circumstances. In a decree 
 of tho French convention on the lOth of 
 November, 1792, they had declared their 
 Intention of extending their fraternity and 
 assistance to the disaffected and revolting 
 subjects of all monarchical governments. 
 The disavowal of this assertion was de- 
 manded by the British ministry; hut us 
 this was not compiled with, M. Chauvclln, 
 ambassador from tho late king of France— 
 though not acknowledged In that light by 
 the republic— received orders to quit tho 
 kingdom, In virtue of tho alien act. In con- 
 HCfiuenue of this measure, the French con- 
 vention, on the 1st of February, declared 
 war. 
 
 No sooner was Groat Britain involved In 
 this eventful war, than a treaty of com- 
 merce was concluded with Russia, a large 
 body of troops was taken into tho service 
 of government, and an engagement was en- 
 tered into by tho king of Sardinia, who 
 agreed, for an annual subsidy of 20,000r., 
 to join the Austrlans In Italy with a very 
 considerable military force. Alliances were 
 likewise formed with Austria, Prussia, 
 Bpain, Holland, Portugal, and llussia, all 
 of whom agreed to shut their ports against 
 the vessels of France. Denmark, Sweden, 
 and Switsierland, however, refused to join 
 the confederacy. Tho king of tho Sicilies 
 agreed to furnish 6,ooo troops and four 8hl|)8 
 of the line; tho empire also furnished Its 
 contingents to the Austrian and Prussian 
 armies ; and British troops were scut to;the 
 protection of Holland, under tho command 
 of tho duke of York. 
 
 The French army,comniandcd by general 
 Bumourlez. Invaded Holland, and having 
 taken Breda, Gcrtruydenburg, and some 
 otber places, advanced to Willluinstadt, i 
 
 which was defended by a detachment from 
 the brigade of tho Kngllsb guards, juit ar- 
 rived In Holland. Here tho French met 
 Willi a repulse, and wero compelled to raise 
 tho shMo wl'h great loss. Dumouricz then 
 <iuittid Holland to defend Louvain ; but 
 being afterwards defeated In several en- 
 gagements with the allied armies, particu- 
 larly at Nocr-winden, his soldiers wero so 
 discouraged, that they deserted in great 
 numbers. At length, weary of the dis- 
 organised state of tho Frenrli govornment, 
 and finding himself suspected by the two 
 great factions which divided tho republic, 
 Dumourler. entered Into negotiations with 
 the allied generals, and agreed to nturn to 
 Paris, dissolve the national convention, and 
 free his country from tho gross tyranny 
 which was tUsro exercised under tho spe- 
 cious name of equality. But the conven- 
 tionalists witliheld Ills supplies, and sent 
 commissioners to thwart his designs and 
 summon him to their bar. He Instantly 
 arrested the olllcers that brought the sum- 
 mons, and sent them to tho Austrian head- 
 Quarlers. But tho army did not share tho 
 anti' revolutionary feelings of tho general, 
 and ho was himself obliged to seek safely 
 in the Austrian camp, ncconipanied by 
 young Egalit6 (as ho was then styled), son 
 of tho oxecrablo duke of Orleans, after- 
 wards Louis Philippe, king of the French I 
 
 Tho duke of York, who was at the head 
 of tho allied armies, bad laid siege to and 
 taken Valenciennes ; and ho was now anxi- 
 ous to extend their conquests along tlio 
 frontier : he accordingly marched towards 
 Dunkirk, and commenced the siege on tlio 
 27th of August. Ho expected a naval ar- 
 mament from Great Britain to act in 
 conjunction with tiio laud forces; but, from 
 some unaccountable cause, the heavy artil- 
 lery was so long delayed, that tho cnoiny 
 had time to provide for the defence of tho 
 town. The French troops, commanded by 
 Houchard, poured upon them In such num- 
 bers, that tho duke was compelled to mako 
 a precipitate retreat, to avoid losing the 
 whole of his men. Ho then came to Eng- 
 hind, and having held a conference with 
 tho ministers, returned to tho continent. 
 At Valenciennes It was decided, In a council 
 of war, that tho cniiiei or of Germany should 
 take tlie field, and ho Invcatvd with tho 
 supreme command. 
 
 The principal persons of tho town and 
 harbour of Toulon entered Into an agree- 
 ment with tho British admiral, lord Hood, 
 by which they delivered up the town and 
 shipping to his protection, on condition 
 of its being restored to Franco when tho 
 Bourbon restoration should bo cflected. 
 Tho town, however, was not for any long 
 time defensible against tho superior force 
 of the enemy which had come to Its rescue ; 
 it was therefore evacuated, fourteen thou- 
 sand of the Inhabitants taking refuge ou 
 board the British ships. Sir Slduey Smith 
 set flro to the arsenals, which, together 
 with an immense quantity of naval stores, 
 and fifteen ships of tho line, were con- 
 sumed. On this occasion tho artillery 
 was commanded by Napoleon Buonaparte, 
 whose skin and courage were consplcuouf 
 
 i 
 
<!PnoTKn\r.— I^ouife 0f SntniMotcti.— Ararat XiS. 445 
 
 tnd from that day hti pruinutlun rnpldly 
 took pinco. 
 
 Tho rffortu mndo by tlio Fronrh ftt tliln 
 tlino wiTo truly iiMtotilKlilDK. JIiivIiik pro- 
 tllKldUMly Incronm'd their forces, they wcro 
 rciolvcd to connuer, whatever mlKhtbo tho 
 coMt of hiimnii life. Every driy wai a day 
 (if battle ; and aH tlicy wcro continually ro- 
 liiforcod, the vctcruu armies of tho alllex 
 wore obliged to give way. On tho aznd of 
 Uocomber they were driven with Immenno 
 Blauffliter from Ilagonau ; thin wan followed 
 up l>y Buccesfilvo defeats till tho 17th, when 
 tho French army arrived at WcUscmburg 
 in triumph. During this last month tho 
 loRH on both HidoH was immense, being 
 estimated at between 70,noo and 80,000 
 men. Tho French concluded tho campaign 
 In triumph, and the allied powers were 
 seriously alarmed at tho difficulties which 
 were necessary to bo surmounted, in order 
 to regain the ground that had been lost. 
 
 In the Bast and West Indies the English 
 were successful. Tobago, Bt. Domingo, 
 I'ondlcherry, and tho French scttlomcnts 
 on the coast of Malabar and Ooromaudcl, 
 all surrendered to them. 
 
 A.D. 1704. — From tho great and Im- 
 portant events which were occurring on 
 tho continent, wo turn to the internal af- 
 fairs of Great Britain. The French ropul)- 
 llo having menaced England with an in- 
 vasion, it was proposed by ministers that 
 associations of volunteers, both of cavalry 
 and infantry, might be formed in every 
 county, for the purpose of defending the 
 country from the hostile attempts of Us 
 enemies, and for supporting tho govern- 
 ment against tho efforts of tho disaffected. 
 
 On the ]3th of May a message from the 
 king announced to parliament tho exist- 
 ence of seditious societies In London, and 
 that the papers of certain persons belong- 
 ing to them had been seized, and wore sub- 
 mitted to tho consideration of tho house. 
 Several members of the Society for Consti- 
 tutional Reformation, and of the London 
 Corresponding Society, were apprehended 
 on a cliargo of high treason, and committed 
 to the Tower. Among them were Thomas 
 Hardy, a shoemaker in Piccadilly, and Dar 
 ntcl Adams, secretaries to the before-named 
 societies; tho celebrated John Homo Tooke; 
 tho rev. Jeremiah Joyce, private secretary 
 tu earl Stanhope ; John Augustus Bonncy, 
 an attorney ; and Messrs. Tholwall, Rlchter, 
 Lovatt, and Stone. They were brought tu 
 trial in the following October, and bad the 
 good fortune to bo acquitted. 
 
 Every appearance on tho grand theatre 
 nf war Indicated a continuance of success 
 to tho French in tho ensuing campaign. 
 Tho diligence and activity of their govern- 
 ment, tho vigour and i)ravery of their 
 troops, the abilities and firmness of their 
 commanders, the unwearied exertions of all 
 men employed in tho public service, asto- 
 nished the whole world. Filled with an en- 
 thusiastic devotion to tho cause In which 
 they had embarked, their minds were Intent 
 only on the military glory and aggrandise- 
 ment of the republio. While tho whole 
 strength which could be collected by the 
 \Wim amnnnted to less than four hundred 
 
 thousand men, tho armli'S of France were 
 estimated at upwards of a mllllnn. 
 
 Though tho superiority by land was at 
 present evidently In favour of the French, 
 yet ontlio nroan 'Old ICngland' maintained 
 Its predominance. During the course of 
 the summer tho island of Corsica was sub- 
 dued; and the wlmlo of tho West India 
 Islands, except part of Ouadaloupo, surren- 
 dered to tho troops under tho command of 
 Hir Charles Urey and sir John Jcrvls. The 
 channel fleet, under its veteran commander, 
 lord Howe, sailed from port, in order to in- 
 tercept tlie Brest Meet, which had ventured 
 out to sea to protect a largo convoy that 
 was expected from America. Tho hostile 
 fleets descried each other on tho 38th of 
 May, and as an cngagcmcmt became Inevit- 
 able, tho enemy formed In regular order of 
 battle. On tho moniing of the 1st of Juno 
 a close action commenced ; tho enemy's 
 fleet consisting of twenty-six sail of the line, 
 and the British of twenty-five. Though thu 
 hattio did not last long. It was very severe, 
 and proved decisive ; seven of the French 
 ships being compelled to strike their co- 
 lours, one of which, La Vengeiir, went down 
 with all her crew almost immediately on 
 being taken possession of. In the cap- 
 tured ships alone, the killed and wounded 
 amounted to l,27<>. The total loss of the 
 British was 000. \Vlien Intelligence of this 
 memorable victor^ arrived in England, it 
 produced the greatest exultation, and tho 
 metropolis was illuminated three successive 
 nights. 
 
 This naval loss of the French, though It 
 considerably diminished theardourof their 
 seamen, was greatly overbalanced by the 
 general success of their military operations. 
 Tho principal theatre of tho contest was 
 tlio Netherlands, where generals Jourdain 
 and Pichegru had not less than 200,000 
 good troops, headed by many expert and 
 valiant officers, and abundantly supplied 
 with all tho requisites of war. To oppose 
 tills formidable force, the allies assembled 
 an army of 140,000, commanded by the em- 
 peror In person, assisted by generals Clair- 
 fait, Kaunitz, prince Coburg, the duke of 
 York, &e. Numerous were the battles, and 
 enormous the loss of life on each side dur> 
 ing this campaign ; in one of these bloody 
 conflicts alone, the battle of Cliarlerol, the 
 loss of tho Austrians was estimated at 
 15,000 men. Tho armies of France were, 
 in fact, become irresistible, and tho allies 
 retreated in all directions; NIeuport, Os* 
 tend, and Bruges, Tournay, Mens, Oude- 
 narde, and Brussels, Landrcclcs, Volen- 
 ciennes, Cond6, and Quesnoi— all fell into 
 their hands. During this victorious career 
 of the French in tho Netherlands, their ar- 
 mies on the Rhine wore equally succoBsful ; 
 and though both Austrians and Prussians 
 well maintained their reputation for skill 
 and bravery, yet the overwhelming masses 
 of the French, and the flerce enthusiasm 
 with which these republicans fought, were 
 moro than a match for the veteran bands 
 by whom they were opposed. 
 
 But the military operations of the French 
 wcro not confined to the Netherlands and 
 tho frontiers of Germany ; they bad other 
 
nmiica both In Spnln and Itnly. Tlic kliiK- 
 dnm of Spnin, which was foriiicrly bo imw- 
 crfnl an to dlt;turh, by its ambition, tho 
 penro of Enropp, was at this time so imich 
 reduced by HiipfTstltlon, luxury, and In- 
 dolence, that tho court of Madrid with 
 dtmculty nmlntfthud Its rank ainoiiR the 
 countries of Kuroix?. It was thoroforo no 
 wonder that tho Impetuosity and untiring 
 encrKy which proved so dostructlvo to tho 
 warllks flennnns, Bhould overwhelm tho 
 Inert armies of Spain, or that their strong- 
 holds should provo unavalllngagalnstsuch 
 roBoluto foes. In Italy, too, tho French 
 were not less fortunato. Though tliey had 
 to combat tho Austrian and Sardinian ar- 
 mies, ft series of victories mado thorn mas- 
 ters of Piedmont, and tho campaign ended 
 there, as elsewhere, greatly in favour of 
 revolutionised France. 
 
 Ilavlng In some measure ov«srstopped 
 our historical boundary line, by giving 
 oven this very hasty and Imperfect view of 
 transactions with wli'ch Great KrItaIn was 
 (mly inilircctly concerned, though at tho 
 tlmo of their occurrenco they were of tho 
 deepest interest to tho nation— wo shall 
 now return to tho operr 'ions of tho com- 
 mon enemy In the Netherlands, which, Jiot- 
 Avlthstandlng the approach of winter, wero 
 conducted with great persovoranco. Tho 
 duko of York was posted between Hols-lc- 
 Duc and Breda, but 'being attacked with 
 great Impetuosity by tho superior numbers 
 of Plchegru, ho was overpowered, and ob- 
 liged to retreat across the Macso, with the 
 loss of about 1,A00 men. On tho 30th of 
 September Orevecopur was taken by tho 
 enemy, and Bols-le-Duc surrendered imme- 
 diately after. They then followed tho duko 
 across tho Maeae, when his royal highness 
 found it necessary to cross tho Ilhlne, and 
 take post at Arnhclm. NImegucn fell into 
 tho liands of tho French on tho 7th of 
 November; and as tho winter set in with 
 uncommon severity, tho whole of tho rivers 
 and lakes of Holland wero l)ound up by tho 
 frost. At the beginning of January, 1705, 
 tho river Waal was frozen over ; tho Hrl- 
 tish troops wero at tho time in a most de- 
 plorable state of 111 health ; and tho ene- 
 my, seizing tho favourable opportunity, 
 crossed tho river with an army of 70,000 
 men, and having repulsed the force which 
 was opposed to them, on tho 16th of Janu- 
 ary took possession of Amsterdam. Tho 
 fortresses of TVilliamstadt, Breda, Bergen- 
 op-Zoom, admitted tho French ; tho shat- 
 tered remnant of the British army was 
 o))l!ged to retreat, under the most severe 
 privations, and in a sei^son unusually In- 
 clement ; and the princo of Orange escaped 
 In a little boat, and landed In England, 
 where he and his family became the objects 
 of royal liberality. The United Provinces 
 were now revolutionised after the model of 
 Franco; the rlghtsof man were proclaimed, 
 representatives of tho people chosen, and 
 tho country received the name of the Bata- 
 vlan republic. If there were any in Holland 
 who seriously expected that this new order 
 of things was likely to prove bencflcial to 
 tho country, they soon had experience to 
 ttae contrary; for, on the one band, the 
 
 lOngllsh seized their colonies and destroyed 
 tholr commerce, while on tho other, ths 
 French desplscu tholr now confederates, 
 and treated them with all the hatitcur of 
 Insolent conquerors. 
 
 A.n. 1705.— At tho conclusion of the past 
 year tho aspect of affairs on the continent 
 was most gloomy and unprom' tng. Tlio 
 French republic had suddenly becomomoro 
 extensive by its conquests than France had 
 been since tho days of Olmriemagne ; they 
 had acquired an Increanr population, esti- 
 mated at thirteen mllllc ,.s wl'Ich, added to 
 twenty-four millions contained in France, 
 constituted a»i empire of 87,000,000 people. 
 As tills Immenso population inhabited tho 
 centre of Kurope, they were capable by their 
 position todcfytheenralty of allthelrnolgh- 
 bours, and to exercise an Influence almost 
 amounting to a universal sovereignty. 
 
 Tho consternation of Great Britain and 
 tho allied powers was greatly Increased by 
 tho conduct of the king of Prussia, wlm 
 withdrew from the coalition, and concluded 
 ft treaty of peace with tho French conven- 
 tion. This act, in addition to the dismem- 
 berment of Poland, was commented on In 
 the British parllnment in terms of severo 
 and merited censure. lie had received largo 
 subsidies from England, and was pledged, 
 as a member of tlic! coalition, to do his ut- 
 most towards tho overthrow of regicldal 
 Franco and tho restoration of the Bour- 
 bons ; and his defecrlon at such a time was 
 as unprincipled '.s the effect of It was likely 
 to 1)0 disastrous. Hut the English and Aus- 
 trlans, encouraged by thedlstracted state of 
 France, more especially by the royalist war 
 in Tjft Vendt'o, continued their efforts ; not- 
 withstanding Spain followed the exampie 
 of Prussia, t nd tho duko of Tuscany, also, 
 deserted tho allies. 
 
 Though unfortunate in her alliances, and 
 unsuccessful in the attempts mado by her 
 military force on tho continent;. Great Bri- 
 tain had still tho satisfaction of beholding 
 licr fleets riding triumphantly on thoocean. 
 On tho 23rd of June, admiral lord Brldport 
 attacked tho French fleet off I/Orlcnt, and 
 captured three ships of tho lino. Some 
 other minor actions also served to show 
 that Britain had not lost the power to main- 
 tain her naval superiority. As Holland was 
 now become subject to Prance, letters of 
 reprisal wero Issued out against tho Dutch 
 ships, and directions were given forattack- 
 ing their colonies, with the Intention, how- 
 ever, of restoring them when tho stadt- 
 holder's government should be reestablish- 
 ed. Tho Capo of Good Hope was obliged to 
 submit to the British arms, together with 
 Trincomalec, and all the other United set- 
 tlements except Batavla. 
 
 Tlio other events of the year may be thus 
 summed up.— The marriage of tho prince 
 of Wales with the princess Caroline of 
 Brunswick; a match dictated by considera- 
 tions of what are termed prudence, rather 
 than of affection : tho prince's debts at tho 
 tlmo amounted to 620,000/., and parllnment 
 agreed to grant htm I25,0o6i'. per annum In 
 addition to his Income arising from the 
 duchy of Oomwall, a portion being reserved 
 for the gradual liquidation of his debts.— 
 

 szTwiHru^sss* 
 
 (SnaX{ints,-^a\tit at 3Bruiij(i»icit.— George Mh 447 
 
 The death of Louis XVII., son of the un- 
 fortunnto Louis XVI. and lawful govorcljm 
 of Pranrp, In iirlHon.— Tho acquittal of War- 
 ren HantlnfTH, after a trial which had laHted 
 Hovcn years.-- The (•(»mtneneeinent of llio 
 flocletlcg of United Irishmen against, and 
 of OraiiKU clubs In favour of, tlio govern- 
 ment.— A dearth of com In Ifngland, with 
 conscQiicnt IiIkIi prices, ^reat dlstrcijai and 
 riots which created much alarm. 
 
 In seasons of scarcity and consequent 
 hl«li prices, tho multltii''.u aro easily ex- 
 cited to acts of Insubordination. At this 
 period their attention had been aroused to 
 political subjects by some meetings held 
 In tho open fields, at tho Instanco of tho 
 Corresponding Societies, where tho usual 
 Invectives against government had formed 
 the staple of their discourse, and tho people 
 had been more than usually excited. A re- 
 port was circulated that vast bodies of the 
 dlsalTected would make their ai)pcarance 
 when tho king proceeded to open parlia- 
 ment ; and so It provsd, for tho amazing 
 number of 200,000 persons assembled In tliu 
 park on that occasion, on tho20th of Oct. An 
 Immense throng surrounded his Majesty's 
 carriage, clamorously vociferating, ' Urcad I 
 Peace I No Pitt I' some voices also shout- 
 ing out, 'No King I* whilo stones were 
 thrown at tho coach from all directions, 
 and on passing through Palace-yard, one of 
 the windows was broken by a bullet from 
 an air-gun. On entering tho houKo, tho 
 king, much agitated, said to tho lord chan- 
 cellor, ' My lord, I have been shot at.' On 
 his return these scandalous outrages were 
 repeated ; and a proclamation was issued 
 offering a thousand pounds' reward tor the 
 apprehensloti of tho pitrsons concerned In 
 these seditious proceedings. 
 
 A.D. 1796.- Tho late unjustlflablo Insults 
 to tho sovereign were tho subject of deep 
 regret to all who wished well to the Insti- 
 tutions of the country and the maintenance 
 of true freedom; whllo even those who 
 were Inimical to the government were 
 greatly displeased. Inasmuch as they felt 
 assured that ministers would apply for addl- 
 tlon.al legislative powers. And so It proved ; 
 for tho business of parliament was no sooner 
 resumed than two new penal stat'ites were 
 brought forward. Tho first was entitled 
 ' an act for the preservation of his majesty's 
 person and government against treasonable 
 and seditious practices and attempts.' By 
 tho other bill it was enacted, that no meet- 
 ing of any description of persons exceeding 
 the number of fifty, except such as might 
 be called by sheriffs or other magistrates, 
 should be iiolden for political purposes, un- 
 less public notice should have been given 
 by seven housekeepers ; that if such a body 
 should assemble without notice, and twelve 
 or more Individuals should remain together 
 (even quietly) for an hour after a legal order 
 for their departure, they should be punished 
 as felons without benefit of clergy; and 
 that the same rigour might be exercised, if 
 any person after due notice of the meeting 
 should use seditious language, or propose 
 the irregular alteration of anything by law 
 established. The discussions which took 
 place on these bills In both bouses were 
 
 very anlmutod, and they passed with great 
 majorities. 
 
 Tho unremitting BtrURglo which during 
 this campaign took place on the continent, 
 between the allied armies and those of 
 Prance, was far too important as regiirded 
 the Interests of Oreat Kritain for us to puns 
 It lightly over, however little It may atflrHt 
 sight appear to belong strictly to nrltlsh 
 history. Tho Krench armies on the frontiers 
 of Ucrniany were commanded by their ge- 
 nerals Morcau and Jourdain ; the army of 
 Italy was conducted by Napoleon ]'.nona- 
 parte. This extraordinary man, whoso 
 name will hereafter so frnquc^ntly occur, 
 had, like PIchegru, Jourdalii, Mon^au, &c., 
 attained rapid promotions In the republican 
 armies. In 1701 ho was a captain of artil- 
 lery; and It was only at the siege of Touhm, 
 In 170.'!, that his soldierly abilities began 
 to bo developed. lie had now an army of 
 60,000 veterans under his command, op- 
 )>oBed to whom were flO.wx) Austrlans and 
 I'ledmontesc, commanded by Ui eral IJeau- 
 lleu, an ofilcer of great ability, who opened 
 tho campaign on the 9th of April. Having, 
 after several engagements, suffered a defe.-it 
 at MItteslmo, ho selected 7,000 of his best 
 troops, and attacked and took the village of 
 l)ego, where the French wen Indulging 
 themselves In security. Mashona, having 
 rallied his troops, made several fruitless at- 
 tempts during the day to retake It; but 
 Buonaparte arriving In the evening with 
 some reinforcements, renewed the attack, 
 drove the allies from Dego,and made 14,(X)0 
 prisoners. Count Colli, tho general of tho 
 Rardlttlf.n forces, having been defeated by 
 Buonap.irte at Mondovl, reqiioflted a sus- 
 pension of arms, which w.as followed by tho 
 king of Sardinia's withdrawal from the con- 
 fcdcrai'-y, tlio surrender of his most Impor- 
 tiuit fortresses, and the cession of the duchy 
 of Savoy, &c. to the French. This Ignomi- 
 nious peace was followed by similar con- 
 duct on the part of the duk'- of Parma, who, 
 like the king of Sardinia, appeared to have 
 no .alternative but that of utter extinction. 
 
 Tho Austrian general Beaulleu, being now 
 no longer able to maintain his situation on 
 the Po, retreated across tho Adda at Lodl, 
 rizzlghettone, and Cremona, leaving a de- 
 tach n-ent at Lodl to stop the progress of tho 
 enemy. These forces were attacked, on the 
 loth of May, by the advanced guard of tho 
 republican army, who compelled them to re- 
 treat with so much precipitation as to leave 
 no time for breaking down tho bridge of 
 Lodl. A battery was planted on tho French 
 side, and a tremendous cannonading kept 
 up ; but so well w:is the bridge protected by 
 the Austrian .artlller>', that It was fbe opi- 
 nion of the general officers that It ecu. id not 
 be forced ; but as Buonaparte was convinced 
 that the reputation of tho French army 
 would suffer much If the Austrlans were 
 allowed to maintain thoir position, ho was 
 determined to encounter every risk In 
 orderto effect his object. Puttlnghlmself, 
 therefore, at the head of a select body of his 
 troops, he passed the bridge In tho midst 
 of a most destructive fire of the Austrian 
 artillery, and then fell with such irresistible 
 fury on his opponents, that be gained a 
 
 ■t 
 
448 
 
 ©tf ^vtniimti at !|tetorj?, &r. 
 
 li ! 
 
 complete victory. Marshal Beaulicu, with 
 the shattered remnants of his army, made a 
 hasty retreat towards Mantua, pursued by a 
 large body of the French. Pavla, Milan, and 
 Verona were now soon In their hands; and 
 on the 4th of June they Invested Mantua, the 
 only place of Importance which the emperor 
 held in Italy. Not long after, Buonaparte 
 made himself master of Ferrara, Bologna, 
 and Urblno ; and next menaced the city of 
 Home. As the pope was incapable of resist- 
 ing this unprovolfcd Invasion of his terri- 
 tories, he was reduced to the necessity of 
 soliciting an prniistico, which w • granted 
 on very humiliating terras. He agreed to 
 give up the cities of Bologna and Ferrara, 
 with the citadel of Ancona, and to deliver 
 up a great number of paintings and statues, 
 and to enrich the conqueror with some 
 hundreds of the most curious manuscripts 
 from the Vatican library. 
 
 The court of Vienna now recalled Beau- 
 lieu, and gave the command to marshal 
 Wurmser ; but the tide of success ran more 
 strong against him, if possible, than it liad 
 done against his predecessor. As Buona- 
 parte was at this time employed In form- 
 ing a republic of the states of Rcgglo, Mo- 
 dena, Bologna, and Ferrara, the Austrlans 
 had leisure to make new military arrange- 
 ments. They reinforced marshal TVurmser, 
 and formed a new array, the command of 
 which was given to general Alvlnzi. At the 
 beginning of November, several partial en- 
 gagements took place between Alvinzi and 
 Buonaparte, till the ISth, when a most des- 
 perate engagement at the village of Areola 
 ended In the defeat and retreat of the Aus- 
 trlans, who lost about 13,000mcn. Mantua, 
 however, was still obstinately defended, but 
 the garrison ceased to entertain hopes of 
 ultimate success. 
 
 While the French array unaer Buona- 
 parte was overrunning Italy, the armies on 
 the Rhine, under Jourdaln and Jloreau, 
 were unable to make any impression on the 
 Austrians. The armistice which had been 
 concluded at the termination of the last 
 campaign, expired on the 31st of May, when 
 both armies took the field; and the arch- 
 duke Charles, who commanded the Aus- 
 trians, gained several advantages over both 
 Jourdaln and Moreau, till, at the end of the 
 year, the hostile armies having been ha- 
 rassed by the incessant fatigues they had 
 undergone, discontinued their military 
 operations during the winter. 
 
 The successes of Buonaparte In Italy, 
 and the general aversion with which the 
 l)eoplo beheld the war, induced the British 
 ministry to make overtures for peace with 
 the French republic. Lord Malmesbury 
 was accordingly despatched to Paris on this 
 important mission, and proposed as the 
 basis, the mutual restitution of conquests ; 
 but there was no disposition for p?ace on 
 the part of the French directory, and the 
 attempt at pacification ended ^y a sudden 
 order for his lordship to quit Paris in forty- 
 elglit hours. While these negotiations were 
 pending, an armament was jircpared at 
 Brest tor the invasion of Ireland, which 
 had long been meditated by the French 
 rulers. The fleet, consisting of twenty-five 
 
 ships of the line and fifteen frigates, was 
 Intrusted to admiral Bouvet ;theland forces, 
 amounting to 25,000 men, were commanded 
 by general Hocho. They set sail on the IStli 
 of December, but a violent tempest arose, 
 and the frigate on board of which the 
 general was conveyed being separated from 
 the fleet, they returned to harbour, after 
 losing one ship of the line and two frigates. 
 
 A few Incidental notices will serve to 
 wind up the domestic events of the year :— 
 Sir Sidney Smith was taken prisoner on the 
 French coast, and sent, under a strong es- 
 cort, to Paris.— The princess of Wales gave 
 birth to a daughter— the princess Char- 
 lotte ; Immediately after which, at the In- 
 stance of the prince on the ground of ' In- 
 congcnlality,' a separation took place be- 
 tween the royal parents.— A government 
 loan of 18,000,0001. was subscribed In fif- 
 teen hours, between the Ist and .5th instant 
 One mill. on was subscribed by the bank ol 
 England in their corporate capacity, and 
 400,000?. by the directors Individually. 
 
 A.D. 1797.— The garrison of Mantua, 
 which had held out with astonishing bra- 
 very, surrendered on the 2nd of February, 
 but obtained very honourable terras. After 
 this, Buonaparte received very considerable 
 reinforcements, and having cut to pieces 
 the army imder Alvlnzi, he resolved on 
 lienetratlng Into the centre of the Austrian 
 dominions. When the court of Vienna re- 
 ceived Information of this design, tliey 
 raised a new army, the command of which 
 was given to the archduke Charles. The 
 French defeated the Austrians in almost 
 every engagement ; and Buonaparte, after 
 making 20,000 prisoners, effected a passage 
 across the Alps, and drove the emperor to 
 the necessity of requesting an armistice. 
 In April a preliminary treaty was entered 
 into, by which It was stlpulat.'d that France 
 should retain the Austrian N( 'icrlands, and 
 that a new republic should bo formed from 
 the states of Milan, Mantua, Modena, Fer- 
 rara, and Bologna, which should receive 
 the name of the Cisalpine Republic. He 
 then returned tu Italy, leaving minor de- 
 tails of the treaty to be adjusted af terw.ards, 
 and which was accordingly done at Campo 
 Formio, in the following Octobei*. 
 
 Kngland was now the only power at war 
 with France; and great as had been the ex- 
 ertions of the people, still greater were of 
 course required of them. The large sums 
 of money which had bee.j sent abroad, 
 as subsidies to foreign princes, had dimi- 
 nished the quantity of gold and sliver In 
 (Jrcat Britain : this cause, added to the 
 dread of an Invasion, occasioned a run upon 
 the country banks, and a demand for speclo 
 soon communicated itself to the metro- 
 polis. An order was Issued to prohibit the 
 directors of the bank from payments in 
 cash. On the meeting of parliament, a 
 committee was appointed to enquire Into 
 the state of the currency ; and though the 
 affairs of the bank were deemed to be in a 
 prosperous state, an act was passed for con- 
 firming the restriction, and notes for one 
 and two pounds wc-e circulated. The con- 
 sternation occasioned by these measures 
 was at first very general, but the alarm 
 
 
 V. 
 
 T 
 
 ( I 
 
f^it»ip:ii rf , i : Tttm 
 
 (Sati\m\tS.—^a\iSt at 33nntStutrft.— (Scnrgc MI. 449 
 
 gradually subsided, and public coiilldcncc 
 returned. 
 
 One of tho Ilrst acts of Spain after de- 
 claring war against England, was tiio equip- 
 ment of a large number of ships, to act In 
 concert with tho French. The Spanish fleet, 
 of twenty-seven sail of the line, was des- 
 cried on the 14tli of January by admiral sir 
 John Jervi' who was cruising olf Cape 
 fit. Vincent, with a fleet of tlXteen sail. He 
 immediately formed his line In order of 
 battle, and having forced his way tliroiigh 
 the enemy's fleet, and separated one third 
 of it from the main body, he attacked with 
 vigour,«and in a short time captured four 
 flrst-rate Spanish men-of-war, and block- 
 aded the nmiainder in Cadiz. The Spaniards 
 had 600 killed and wounded; the British, 
 300. For this brilliant exploit Sir John was 
 raised to the peerage by the title of earl of 
 St. Vincent ; and commodore Nelson, who 
 was now commencing Ills brilliant career, 
 was knighted. 
 
 Rejoicings for the late glorious victory 
 were scarcely over, when a serious mutiny 
 broke out in the channel fleet. Tho prin- 
 cipal cause of this untoward event was the 
 Inadequacy of the sailors' pay, which, not- 
 withstanding the advance that had taken 
 place in the price of provisions, had re- 
 ceived no augmentation for a vary consi- 
 derable period. This discontent was first 
 made known to lord Howe, who in Felj- 
 ruary and March received anonymous let- 
 ters, in which were enclosed petitions from 
 different ships' companies, requesting an 
 increase of pay a more equal distribution 
 of prize money, &c. The novelty of this cir- 
 cumstance induced liis lordship to make 
 some enquiries ; but as there was no ap- 
 pearance of disaffection in the fleet, he con- 
 cluded that the letters must have l.-een 
 forgeries, and took no further notice oi it. 
 On the 15th of April, when oiders ■>-,'-! 
 given for preparing to sail, the irowsof Tiic 
 ships lying at Spithead ran up the shrouii -, 
 gave three cheers, and refused to comply. 
 They then chose two delegates from each 
 ship, who drew up petitions to the admi- 
 ralty and the house of commons, and each 
 seaman was bound by an oath to be faithful 
 to the cause. At length lord Bri-' , ovt went 
 on board, and told them he was : i.l bearer 
 of redress for all their grievances, and tlie 
 king's pardon ; and on tlio 8tl). of May an 
 act was passed for augmenting the pay 
 of sailors and mariners. The facility with 
 which these claims had been granted Insti- 
 gated the seamen at the Noro to riso in 
 nmtlny and make further deni.uids. A 
 council of delegates was elected, at the head 
 of whom was a bold and insolent man named 
 lllchard Parker, who undertook to com- 
 mand the tleet, and prevailed on his com- 
 panions to reject repeated offers of pardon. 
 In this instance, however, governmeni, was 
 determined to employ force, if necessjiry, to 
 reduce the mutineers to obedience, and to 
 yield nothing more than had been granted 
 ti^ the seamen at Portsmouth. I'repai'a- 
 tions for hostilities were commenced on 
 both sides, when dissensions among the 
 disaffected themselves began to appear, 
 and, after eome bloodBlicd, all t}io ships 
 
 submitted, giving up Parker and his fellow- 
 delegates : some of whom, with their leader, 
 expiated tlieir offences by an ignominious 
 death, but the great body of tho revolters 
 were conciliated by an act of amnesty. 
 
 Notwitlistanding tlio late dangerous mu- 
 tiny, the idea was very prevalent in the 
 country, that if a hostile fleet were to make 
 its appearance, the men would show them- 
 selves as eager as ever to fight for the 
 honour of Old England. In a few months 
 afterwards an opportunity occurred of test- 
 ing their devotion to the service. The Ba- 
 tavian republic having fitted out a fleet of 
 flfteen ships, under the command of their 
 admiral Do Winter, with an intention of 
 joining tho French, admiral Duncan, who 
 commanded the British fleet, watched them 
 so narrowly, that they found It impractica- 
 ble to venture out cf the Texel without 
 risking an engagement. The British ad- 
 miral being obliged by tempestuousweather 
 to leave his station, the Dutch availed them- 
 selves of the ojiportunlty, and put to sea ; 
 but were descried by the British fleet, which 
 immediately sot sail in pursuit of them. 
 On the nth of October tho English came 
 up with, and attacked them off Camper- 
 down ; and after a gallant flght of four 
 hours, eight ships of the line, Including 
 those of the admiral and vice-admiral, be- 
 sides four frigates, struck their colours. 
 The loss of the English In this memorable 
 action amounted to 700 men ; the loss of 
 the Dutch was estimated at twice that 
 number. The gallant admiral Duncan was 
 raised to the peerage, and received the title 
 of viscount Camperdown, with an heredi- 
 tary pension. 
 
 About three months previous to this ac- 
 tion admiral Nelson, acting on fallacious 
 Intelligence, made r,n unsuccessful attack 
 on Santa Cruz, in the island of Tenerifle ; 
 on which occasion the assailants sustained 
 great li ss, and Nelson lilmseLf had his arm 
 shoe ofl". 
 
 A.D. 1798.— As the French republic had 
 !4t tills time subdued all its enemies except 
 England, the conquest of this country was 
 the principal object of their hopes and ex- 
 pectations. The vast extent of territory 
 which the French now possessed, togetlier 
 with tho Influonce they had obtained over 
 the councils of Holland, rendered thcni 
 much more formidable than they had been 
 at any former period. The circumstances 
 of the British nation were, however, such 
 .•18 would discourage every idea of an inva- 
 sion. Its navy was more powerful than it 
 had ever been ; tlic victories which had 
 lately been gained over the Dutch and Span 
 ish fleets had confirmed the general opi- 
 nion of the loyalty as well as bravery of its 
 stamen ; and all parties burying, for a time, 
 all past dlsi .ites in oblivion, unanimously 
 resolved to support the government. On 
 the meeting of paiilanirnt, in January, a 
 nies.sage from the king intimated that an 
 invasion of tl'o kingdom was in contem- 
 ]>lation by the French. Tiiis communica- 
 tion gave ritip to very active measures, 
 w'.'ch plainly manifested the spirit of una- 
 nimity whicli reigned in Great Britain. Be- 
 sides a largo addition made to tho militia. 
 
460 
 
 €\K tS^veaimu of W^iotu, ^c. 
 
 every county was directed to raise bodies 
 of cavalry Xroin the yeomanry ; and almost 
 every town and considerable village hnd Us 
 corps of volunteers, trained and armed. 
 The island was never before In such a for- 
 midable state of internal defence, and a 
 warlike spirit was diffused throughout tlie 
 entire population. A voluntary subscription 
 for the support of the war also toolc place, 
 by which a million and half of money was 
 raised towards defraying the extraordinary 
 demands on the public purse. 
 
 While this universal harmony seemed to 
 direct the councils of Great Britain, the 
 Irlsli were greatly div'.ded In their senti- 
 ments, and at length commenced an open 
 rebellion. In the year 1701 a society had 
 been instituted by the catholics and pro- 
 testart dissenters, for the purpose of o))- 
 talnl::g a icform in parliament, and an en- 
 tiro dellvoranco of the Roman catholics 
 from all the restrictions under which they 
 laboured on account of religion. This in- 
 etttutfon was projected by a person named 
 Wolfe Tore ; and the members, who \7ere 
 termed the ' United Irishmen,' were so nu- 
 merous, that their divisions and subdivi- 
 sions were, lu a short time, extended over 
 the whole kingdom. Though a reform of par- 
 liament was the ostensible object of this 
 society, yet it soon proved that its secret 
 but zealous endeavours were directed to the 
 bringing about a revolution, and, by effect- 
 ing a disjunction of Ireland from Oreat 
 Britain, to establish a republican form of 
 government similar to that of France. 80 
 rapidly did the numbers of these republican 
 enthusiasts increase, and so confident were 
 they of the ultimate success of their under- 
 takings, that in 1797 they nominated an 
 executive directory, consisting of lord Ed- 
 ward Fitzgerald, Arthur O'Connor, Oliver 
 Bond, Dr. Mac Nlven, and counsellor Em- 
 met. Their conspiracy was planned with 
 such consummate art, and conducted with 
 such profound secrecy, that It would, doubt- 
 less, have been carried into effect, but for 
 its timely discovery In March, by a person 
 employed by thegovemment, when tlie prin- 
 cipal ringleaders were apprehended, and 
 Fitzgerald was mortally wounded while re- 
 Bisting the ofBcers of justice. A second 
 conspiracy shortly afterwards was in like 
 manner detected, but not until a general 
 insurrection had beeri uoterminedupon, in 
 Which the castle of Dublin, the camp near it, 
 and the artillery barracks, were to be sur- 
 prised in one night, and other places were 
 to be seized at the same moment. But the 
 flame of rebellion was not easily extin- 
 guished. In May, a body of rebels, armed 
 with swords and pikes, made attempts on 
 tlie towns of Naas and Wc tford ; but they 
 experienced a signal defeat from lord Gos- 
 f ord, at the head of the Armagh militia, and 
 four hundred of them were left dead on 
 the field. They afterwards marched, 16,000 
 strong, against Wexford, and upon defeat- 
 ing the garrison, which sallied forth to 
 meetthero obtained possession of the town. 
 Subsequently they became masters of En- 
 niscorthy; but being driven back, wltli great 
 slaughter, from New Boss, they wreaked 
 their vengeance upon their captives at Wex- 
 
 ford in the most barbarous manner. On the 
 12th of June, general Nugent attacked the 
 rebels, 6,000 in number, commanded by 
 Munro.near Ballynahinch, and routed them 
 with great slaughter. But thf v greatest 
 discomfiture was that which thej .iustained 
 in their encampment on Vinegar-hill, where 
 n 3neral Lake attacked and completely routed 
 them. Various otlier minor engagements 
 ensued about this time, in all which the 
 rebels were defeated with considerable loss. 
 
 In the present divided and dangerous 
 state of Ireland, it was judged prudent by 
 the leglblature to appoint to the lieutenancy 
 of that country a military man of acknow- 
 ledged prudence and bravery. The person 
 chosen I'or the station was lord Comwaills, 
 who arrived at Dublin on the 20th of June. 
 His first act was to publish a proclamation 
 offering his majesty's pardon to all such 1 
 surgents as would desert tlieir leaders, anu 
 surrender themselvfs and their arms. This 
 proclamation, and the resolute conduct of 
 government, had a great effect on the 
 rebels, and the Insurrection Avas in a short 
 time suppressed. On the 23rd of August, 
 about 800 Frenchmen, under the command 
 of general Humbert, who had come to the 
 asslstauco of the rebellious Irish, landed at 
 Killala, and made themselves masters of 
 that town. But Instead of being joined by a 
 considerable body of rebels, as they ex- 
 pected, were met by general Lake, to whom 
 they surrendered as prisoners of war. An 
 end was thus temporarily put to the Irish 
 rebellion— L rebellion which, though never 
 completely organised, was fraught with 
 excesses on each side at which humanity 
 shudders. It was computed at the time 
 that not less than 30,000 persons, in one way 
 or other, were its vtrtlms. 
 
 The preparations which had been making 
 for the invasion of England were apparently 
 contlnueci, but at t'^'o same time an arma- 
 ment was lltting out at Toulon, the desti- 
 nation of which was kept a profound se- 
 cret. It consisted of thirteen ships of the 
 line, with other vessels amounting in all 
 to forty-flve sail, besides 200 transports, on 
 board of which were 20.000 choice troops, 
 with horses, artillery, and an Immense 
 quantity of provisions and military stores. 
 All Europe beheld w'th astonishment and 
 apprehension these mighty preparations, 
 and seemed to wait in avitxil expectation for 
 the storm of war that was about to burfct 
 on some devoted land. This armament, 
 which was under the command of general 
 Buonaparte, rtet sail on the 20th of May, and 
 having taken possession of the Island of 
 Malta on the 1st of June, proceeded towards 
 Egypt, where it arrived at the beginning of 
 July; its ultimate destination being said 
 to be the East Indies, viA the Red Sea. Sir 
 Horatio Nelson, who was sent In pursuit of 
 the French fieet, being wholly ignorant of 
 its destination, sailed for Naples, where he 
 obtained Infc -matlon of the surrender of 
 Malta, and accordingly directed his course 
 towardn that island. On his arrival he had 
 the niortiflcation to And tliat Buonaparte 
 was gone, and conjecturing that he had sail- 
 ed to Alexandria, lie Immediately prepared 
 to follow. He was, however, atjaln dl8a> 
 
 ^ 
 
(!5n0lanlr.— !^0uic of 38ritn)j&>icit.-®eorge 3E5S. 461 
 
 . 
 
 pointed, for on reaching Alexandria he 
 ICHrned that the enemy liad not been there. 
 After this the British squadron proceeded to 
 Rhodes, imd thence to Sicily, where they had 
 the satisfaction of hearing that the enemy 
 had been seen off Candia about a montli hc- 
 fore, and had gone to Alexandria. Thitlier- 
 wurd they pressed all sail, and on the )»t of 
 August descried the French liect lying i.i 
 Aboukir bay. Buonapiirte had landed hi.' 
 army on the 6th of July, and having made 
 himself master of Aloxandria,hc drew up his 
 transports within the inner harhour of that 
 city, and rrocecdt'l with his army along Mie 
 banks of the Nile. Tlie Frencli fleet, com- 
 manded by admiral Brneys, wos drawn up 
 near tlie shore, in a compact lino of battle, 
 flanked by four frigates, and protected in 
 the front by a battery planted on a small 
 Island. Nelson ' icided on an innnediate 
 attack that cveni...'', and, regard'.css of tiie 
 position of the French, led his licet be- 
 tween them and the shore, so as to iiUicc 
 Ills enemies between two llres. The victory 
 was complete. Nine ships of tlio lino were 
 taken, one was burnt by her captain, and 
 tho admiral's ship, L'Orient, was blown up 
 in the action, witli her commander and the 
 greater part of the crow. The 1o.js of tho 
 Knglish was 900 sailors killed ; that of the 
 French far greater. The glorious conduct 
 of the brave men who achieved this signal 
 triumph was the theme of every tongue, 
 and the intrepid Nelson was rewarded with 
 a peerage and a pension. 
 
 The victory of the Nile .iroduccd a power- 
 ful effect throughout Europe. Tlic formi- 
 dable preparations wliich hud menaced 
 Asia and Africa with Immediate ruin were 
 overthrown, and seemed to leave behln'^ 
 them an everlasting monument of the ex- 
 treme folly and ni .certainty of human 
 inidertakings. Tho deep despondency 
 which had darkened the horizon of Europe 
 was suddenly dlspulled, the dread of Gallic 
 vengeance seemed to vanish In a moment, 
 and the minds of men were awakened into 
 action by tho ardent; desire of restoring 
 tranquillity to Europe. A secoud coalition 
 was immediately formed against France, 
 under the auspices of Great Britain, and 
 was entered Into by Austria, Russia, the 
 Ottoman I'orte, and Naples.— Towards the 
 close of ihc year tho island of Minorca sur- 
 rendered, with scarcely a show of loslst- 
 ance, to general Btuart and commodore 
 Duckworth. 
 
 We must now take a glanco of the st.ato 
 of British affairs in India. Tippoo Saliib 
 having entered Into a secret correspond- 
 ence with the French republic, the gover- 
 nor-general dcinanded an explanation of 
 his intentions ; and ar this demand was 
 not complied with, general Harris Invaded 
 his territories. After some slight engage- 
 ments, the British army advanced to Se- 
 rlngapatam, tho capital of Tippoo, and on 
 the 4th cf May, after a gallant and despe- 
 rate resistance, they succeeded In ta>ili\g 
 It, the sultan being killed while defending 
 the fortress. 
 
 A.D. 1799.— In consequence ot the new 
 confederacywhich had been formed against 
 tho French republic, the campaign of this 
 
 year became particularly Interesting. A 
 French army which had advanced Into 
 Suabia, under general Jourdaln, was op- 
 posed by tho Auttrlans under the archduke 
 Charles, and b'\ng discomfited, was com- 
 pelled to retreat into Switzerland. Tho 
 Austrians pursued them as far as Zurich, 
 where they were enabled to make a Ftand 
 !iiitll they received reinforcements. In the 
 meantime, an army of Austrians and llus- 
 siuns, under general Siiwarrow, having ob- 
 liged the French to rolinqulHli their con- 
 quests in Italy, they determined to hasten 
 to the assistance of the archduke ; but 
 being anticipated by tho French general 
 Masscna, the Austrians were obliged to 
 retreat in great haste, and the Russians 
 were surrounded so completely, that only 
 5,000, with their general, escaped. In fact, 
 so severe were the several contests, that in 
 the space of fifteen days 30,000 men on botli 
 sides fell victims to the unsparing sword. 
 
 While tliCFo evci'.s were transacting in 
 Italy and Swilzcrlaud, an attempt was 
 made by Great Britain to drive the French 
 from Holland, and to reinstate the prince 
 of Orange in his authority as stadtholdcr. 
 A landing was accordingly effected at the 
 mouth of the Texel, under sir Ralph Aber- 
 cromby ; and Immediately afterwards the 
 Hritisli licet, commanded by admiral Mit- 
 chell, entered the ZulderZee, and captured 
 eight ships of the Hue, besides some smalk r 
 vessels of war and four indianien. On the 
 13th of September the duke of Yo'k as- 
 BUmeJ the chief command of tho army, 
 which amounted to .'io,000 men, lucludlng 
 17,000 Russians. Tiiis army was at first 
 successful, and drove the French from their 
 positions ; but their reinforcements arriv- 
 ing, and the British commanders finding 
 no support from the Dutch, a susperslon 
 of arms was agreed upon, and the duke 
 resolved to relinquish the enterprise. Hol- 
 land was consequently evacuated ; and, as 
 the price of being allowed to reembark 
 without molestation, 8,000 seamen, Dutch 
 or French, prisoners in England, were to be 
 libcratfcj. 
 
 After the battle of the Nile, Buonaparte 
 led his army Into r-ilestlne, with the avowed 
 intention of taking possession of Jerusa- 
 lem, rebuilding the temple, and restoring 
 the Jews. El-Arlsch and Gaza surrendered 
 to him, Jaffa was carried by storm, and he 
 rapidly advanced as far r3 the city of Acre, 
 which he invested with an army of 10,000 
 select troops ; bat here he met with an op- 
 ponent who not only arrested his progress, 
 hut who ultimately put his veteran legions 
 to Bhame. Tho pacha had tho assistance 
 of that gallant Englishman, sir Sidney 
 Smith, \^liose former dashinp exploits on 
 the coasts, of France had rendered his name 
 far more familiar than agreeable to Gallic 
 ears. Oil the 20th of March Buonaparte 
 opened his trenches ; but a flotilla convey- 
 ing part of his besieging train had been 
 captured by sir Sld.ioy Smith, who was on 
 boa'd the Tlgre of 84 guns, then lying off 
 Aci e, and the enemy's guns were employed 
 in its defence. However, tho French made 
 a breach, and attemyited to carry the place 
 by assault, but were again and again re- 
 
 ■.isseassaissas^m 
 
 ^'•''•'*"±^£JiJL"'i' lii'liWiife. 
 
4S2 
 
 Clje CvMsJurn of l9Wt0ijj, «fc. 
 
 pulBed, with great loss. An iiltcriiritloii «f 
 attacks and sorties followed for tliu space 
 of sixty days, during which Buonaparte 
 uselessly sacrlflred an immense number of 
 bis bravest soldier?, and at last was com- 
 pelled to raise the siege. Having received 
 Intelligence of tho arrival of a Turkish 
 army in Egypt, Napoleon returned from 
 Palestine across the deserts of Arabia, and 
 on the 25th of .Inly obtained a groat vic- 
 tory over tlio Turks near tho Pyramids. 
 
 But ho was now about to enter on a new 
 theatre of action. Party dissensions in 
 France, her danger of external foes, and 
 the opportunity which was thereby afforded 
 to tho ambition of this extraordinary 
 leader, seems to havesuddenlv ilcterinined 
 him to quit Egypt. Ho accordingly left 
 the army to general Klebcr, and sailed with 
 all Imaginable secrecy from Aboukir: his 
 good fortune enabling him, and the few 
 friends he took with him, to reach Freji s 
 on the 7th of October, unobserved and nii- 
 molested. Finding that the people gene- 
 rally approved of tho step he had taken, 
 and that while the corruption and niis- 
 ir.anagenicnt of the directory had renOm-ed 
 them very unpopular, ho was regarded as 
 (he goad genius of France, ho, in the true 
 ("roniwelllau fashion, with the assistance 
 cf a strong party, dissolved the assembly 
 of representatives, and usurped the govcrn- 
 n.ent with the title of chief cimsul, which 
 w.xs at first conferred on 1dm for ten years, 
 but was afterwards coiiflrmcil for life. 
 
 In order to render his usurpation popu- 
 lar, Buonaparte began to make professions 
 of a, pacific character, and entered into a 
 correspondence for a negotiation with the 
 principal powers at war with the republic. 
 In his communications with the allied 
 Bi^vereigns he departed from the forms 
 tr. actioned by tho custom of nations, and 
 personally addressed his letters to the 
 monarchs. The substance of the note ad- 
 dressed to his Br;*.anulc majesty was con- 
 veyed In two questions, 'Whether tho war 
 which had for ei:<ht years ravaged the four 
 quarters of the globe, was to be eternal '(' 
 and • Whether there were no means by 
 which Franco and England niigiit come to 
 a good understanding?' In answer to 
 this letter, an offlcial note was returned by 
 Mr. Grenvillc, who dwelt much on the bad 
 '■.;th of revolutionary rulers, and the insta- 
 bility of France since the subversion of the 
 anciciit nionar by. Tho overture which 
 was transmitt .' to the court of Vienna 
 was of a similar nature, and experienced 
 similar treatment ; but the emperor of Itns- 
 sia, being disgusted with tho conduct of 
 Austria in the late campaign, withdrew 
 from the confederacy. 
 
 A.D. 1800.— Tho often-discussed question 
 of a legislative union between fireat Bri- 
 tain and Ireland engaged the attention of 
 politicians at this time, and gave rise to 
 much angry feeling. Some serious diffl- 
 cultlea had arisen from the exi.*teiice of 
 independent legislatures In England and 
 Ireland, and there was reason to fear that 
 while separate interests were made para- 
 mount to the general good, old grievances 
 might again lead to disafCectlon, and the 
 
 result lie a dismemberment of the empire. 
 To prevent such an evil the ministers of 
 tho day considered it thefr bounden duty ; 
 and though the measure at first met with 
 great opposition. It was eventually carried 
 by considerable majorities, and took effect 
 on tho 1st of January, 1801. By this ar- 
 rangement tho Irish were to have a share 
 of all tho commerce of Great Britain, ex- 
 cept such parts of it as belong to char- 
 tered companies. Tl'.o commons of Ire- 
 land to be represented In tho imperial par- 
 liament by a hundred members ; tho spiri- 
 tual and temporal peerage of that country, 
 by four bishops and twenty-eight l.iy lords, 
 holding their seats for life. Such peers of 
 Ireland as arc not elected into tho house 
 of lords, to bo competent to sit In tho 
 house of commons as representatives of 
 British towns and counties, on condition 
 of their giving up all the privileges of the 
 peerage during their continuance in tho 
 lower house. The former laws and courts 
 of justice in Ireland to bo retained, with 
 Its court of chancery, and the sovereign to 
 be still represented l)y a lord-lieutenant. 
 
 During tlie past winter and tho early 
 part of spring tho greatest distress was 
 felt by tho poorer classes on account of tho 
 scarcity and extraordinary high price of 
 bread ; In order to mitigate which, an act 
 was passed prohibiting the sale of tliat 
 great necessary of life until it had been 
 baked twenty-four hours, from a notion 
 tliat tho consumption of stale bread would 
 be much less than that of new. 
 
 On tho 15th of May, as tho king was re- 
 viewing a battalion of the guards in Hydo 
 Park, a ball was fired by a soldier, wl.ich 
 wounded agentleman who was standing not 
 many yards from his majesty ; but whether 
 it was from accident or design could not bo 
 dlscovL^ed. And on the evening of thesanio 
 day a much more alarming circumstance oc- 
 curred at Drury-lane theatre. At the mo- 
 ment his majesty entered the royal box, a 
 man stood up In the pit and discharged a 
 pistol at tho king : the ball providentially 
 missed him, and the offender was Immedl 
 arcly seized: when Itappeared that h'^ ::a;iio 
 was James Hatfield, formerly a private sol- 
 dier, and that he was occasionally afflicted 
 with mental derangement from a wound ho 
 had received lu the head. He was accord- 
 ingly 'provided for' as a lunaUc. The con- 
 sternation occasioned by these occurrences 
 wasi Buccccded by many signal proofs nf 
 affectionate loyalty, especially on the 4th 
 of June, his majesty's birthday. 
 
 Tlio campaign of 1800 was ope?ied with 
 great resolution on both sides. Independ- 
 ently of the other troops of France, an ad- 
 ditional army of 60,000 men was assembled 
 at Dijon, and It was publicly announced in 
 the French papers, tliat It was intended as 
 .1 reinforcement to the armle.^ on the Rhine 
 and in Italy, as circumstances might re- 
 quire. No one suspected that any import- 
 ant plan of military operations was con- 
 cealed by the affected publicity of this ar- 
 rangement, so no precaution was taken to 
 obviate the consequences which might arise 
 from its movements. Tho Austrlans In 
 Italy, under general Melas, attacked Mas- 
 
10 CIIIl>UO. 
 
 ulsters ot 
 iden duty ; 
 ; met with 
 Hy carried 
 took effect 
 jy this ar- 
 ve a share 
 Jrltaln, ex- 
 g to char- 
 ms of ire- 
 nperlal par- 
 ; t^e splrl- 
 int country, 
 lit lay lords, 
 ich peers ol 
 ) the hoUBO 
 
 sit In the 
 mtatlves of 
 n condition 
 leges of the 
 lixnco m the 
 s and courts 
 taincd, with 
 Bovcrclgu to 
 leutenant. 
 id tho early 
 distress was 
 ccouut of tho 
 ilgh price ol 
 which, mi act 
 
 sale i>£ that 
 1 it had hcen 
 rom a noti<m 
 c bread would 
 
 iW. 
 
 ) king was rc- 
 uards In Hydo 
 1 soldier, wlilch 
 18 standing not 
 ; but whether 
 m could not bo 
 ng of the same 
 rcunistanceoc- 
 ^< At tho nio- 
 I'e royal box, a 
 1 discharged a 
 Drovidentlally 
 • was iinmcdl 
 thath'°r.=..iio 
 g a private sol- 
 onally affllctca 
 nm a wound ho 
 :c was accord- 
 aulc. The Con- 
 go occurrences 
 pial proofs of 
 lly on tho 4tn 
 
 ay, 
 
 opened with 
 cs. Indei)Cii«- 
 Francc, an ad- 
 was asseniblea 
 • announced In 
 ■as Intended as 
 [9 on the Rhine 
 ices might rc- 
 [at any import- 
 Ions was con- 
 
 ity of this ar- 
 
 was taken to 
 
 llch might arise 
 
 Austrlans m 
 
 attacked Mas- 
 
 I 
 
 <!PiiflTautf.— I^outfe a J 38niu8iMitft.-6carflc iM. 463 
 
 Bcna In the territory of the Genoese ; and 
 being successful In several obstinate con- 
 llicts, the surrender of Genoa with Its par- 
 rison followed. Just at this time Buona- 
 parte suddenly joined the army of reserve 
 at Dijon, crossed the Alps over M(mnt St. 
 Bernard, wlilrh before liad been deemed 
 lmi>racticable, and descended into the Mi- 
 lanese wltlu nit opposition. Having received 
 Bomo powi-rful reinforcements from the 
 army in .Switzerland, ho placed himself In 
 the rear of Mie Austrian army,nudros<ilve(l 
 on hazardini; a battle. Their llrstencDUiitfr 
 was the buttle of Montobcllo, in which the 
 French had the advantage; and it served 
 as a prelude to the decisive battle ot JIii- 
 rengo. Tho Austrl.ans numbered eo.OOO; 
 tho French,. no.ooo; the former commencing 
 the light with nnusuul spirit and success. 
 For a long time tho defeat of the French 
 seemed Inevitable. But general Desaix 
 ha-, Ing ariived with a reinforcement to- 
 wards evening, a terrlblo carnage enaiicd, 
 and the Austriani were totally routed. The 
 loss on each aide was terriflc ; the French 
 stating theirs at 12,000, and the Austrlans 
 at 15,000. On the following day a cessation 
 of hostilities was proposed by tlie allies, 
 which w.%8 granted ou condition of their 
 abandoning riedmoiit. Immediately Jifter, 
 Buonaparte reestablished the Cisalpine re- 
 public. 
 
 Ou the 3rd o; Decpmbor, the Aust>;,in 
 army, under tlio archduke John, was sig- 
 nally defeated at Ilohenlinden, by poue.iil 
 Moreau ; their loss being 10,000 men nnd 
 eighty pieces of cannon ; the effect of which 
 was, tliat the emperor was driven to the 
 necessity of soliciting nn armistice. This 
 W.1S followed by a treaty of peace, whicli 
 was signed at Lunevlllo on the 'Jth of I'V- 
 bruary, I801. 
 
 A.D. 1801.— On the Istot January a royal 
 proclamation announced the royal style aiul 
 title as ' George the Third, by the grace of 
 God, of tho United Kingdom of Great Bri- 
 tain and Ireland, Klnf.r, Defender of the 
 Faith;' the absurd titular assumption of 
 j king of Franco being now laid aside. On 
 I tlio 3rd his majesty's council took tlje 
 I oaMis as privy councillors for tho United 
 j Kingdoin of Great Britain and Ireland : 
 and the king presented the lord cliiuiceilor 
 with a new great seal made for the union. 
 By the treaty of Luneville, Great Britain 
 again became tlie only opponenc of the 
 French republic, and was placed In a situu- 
 tlon th.'it required more than conimon en- 
 ergy and prudence. Influenced by tho ca- 
 pricious emperor Paul of Russia, the prin- 
 cipal northern powers resolved on reviving 
 •lie armed neutrality, and claimed aright 
 of trading to the ports of France, without 
 submitting to their vessels being searched. 
 At this critical junclure the British minis- 
 try, on the 11th of February, resigned their 
 oillces. Various conjectures as to their 
 motives for this sudden act were afloat, but 
 tho osten.sible cause was a misundorstand- 
 Ing tha* had taken place relative to catho- 
 lic emancipation. It was, in fact, under- 
 stood, tb*t Mr. Pitt had pledged himself, 
 in case tpe union was not frustnted by the 
 Irish ico'itlntore, to obtain emancipation to 
 
 the catholics, by a repel of the disabllltiea 
 legally pending over that body; but the 
 king's objections to the measure were too 
 deeply rooted, and too conscientlonsly 
 formed, (it being, as ho believed, contrary 
 to the obligation of his coronation oath,) 
 for the minister to remove them ; added to 
 which, there was tho well-known disllkrt 
 entertained by the protesliintHOf Ireland t'l 
 encoiniter a catliolic magisl nicy, and tliu 
 fears of the clergy of the eslabilslicdchurcli. 
 Owing to the Indisposition of ills majesty, 
 a new ministry was not formed till tho 
 middle of March, when Jlr. Addington was 
 chosen first lord of tho treasury and dinn • 
 eellor u( the exchernnr; lord Hldon, lord 
 high cliiincellor ; tlio earl of St. Vincent, 
 first lord of tho admiralty ; the lords 
 JIawkesbury and I'elliain, secretaries of 
 state ; and the hon. col. Yorke, secretary at 
 war. There is little doubt that the new 
 ministers were brought forward todowhat 
 tlieir predecessors were unable or unwilling 
 to accomplish, namely, the putting an end 
 to the war, and evading the agitation of 
 tho catliollo (juestion. Mr. Addington, It 
 Is true, had given general satisfaction as 
 speaker of the house of ci.miiKuig, and lie 
 had acquired tue king's personal favours by 
 his decorous manner and respectable cli.a- 
 racter; but neither he nor 'li.-! colleagues 
 had any political reputation to entitle them 
 to be trusted witli tlie pilotage of the vessel 
 of the state, especially when It w.as neces- 
 sary to steer heramid the rocks and brealc- 
 ei's of a tempestuoi.j se.'i. In order to 
 counteract the designs of the northern con- 
 federates, an armament was (ittod out in 
 tho British ports, consisting of seventeen 
 sail of the line, with frigates, bomb-vessels, 
 &c., and Intrusted to the command of ad- 
 miral sir Hyde Parkei'and vice-admiral lord 
 Nelson. The lleet embarked at Yarmouth 
 on tho 12th of March, and, having passed 
 the Sound with very trilling opposition, 
 appeared beforo Copenhagen on the 30th. 
 Batteries of cannon and mortars were 
 placed on every part of the shore where they 
 might be used in annoying tho Knglish 
 lleet : the month of the liarbour being pro- 
 tected by a chain, and by a fort constructed 
 on piles. An attack on this formidable 
 crescent was Intrusted, at his own request, 
 to Nelson, with twelve ships of the line and 
 all the smaller ciaft. Tt began at ten 
 o'clock In the morning, and was kept up on 
 both Bides with great courage and prodi- 
 gious slaughter for four hours: by which 
 time seventeen sail of the enemy had been 
 burnt, sunk, or taken ; while three of tho 
 largest of tho Knglish ships, owing to the 
 intricacies of the navigation, had grounded 
 within reach of the enemy's land batteries. 
 At tills juncture Nelson proposed a truce, 
 to which the prince of Denmark promptly 
 acceded. The loss of the English In killed 
 and wounded was 942 ; that of the Danes 
 ] ,800. The sudden death of Paul, emperor 
 of Russia, who, it has been authentically 
 said, was strangled in his palace, caused a 
 change in foivign affairs. I is eldest son, 
 Alexander, ascended the tlirone, and re- 
 nouncing the politics of his father, entered 
 , Into a treat)- of amity with Knglasd : iho 
 
454 
 
 C^e CiTAtftiry af %Utar|;, ^c. 
 
 noTtlient cuiitcduracy was coiiaequenlly 
 diesolvcd. 
 
 At the time the expedition to Copenha- 
 gen was ()i.i the rvo of departure, a consi- 
 iierablo Crltlsli form had been sent to 
 Rgypt, in order to effect the expulsion of 
 the French from that country. This was 
 under the comniniid of Mr Italph Abci-- 
 croinby, who on tho stli of JIarch effected 
 a disembarkation, with great spirit, In tho 
 face of the enemy, at Aboukir, tho fort of 
 which surrendered on tho loth. General 
 Kleber, who commanded the French troops 
 In Btrypt after the dcpurture of lluonaparlOi 
 liad been assassinated, and Menou was now 
 the genernl-ln-chlef. On tho 18th a severe 
 action took place, In which tho rvnglish had 
 the atlvantago ; but It was on tho 2l8t that 
 the celebrated battle of Alexandria was 
 fought. The forco on each side was about 
 13,000; and before daylight tho French 
 commenced tho attack. A long, desperate, 
 and often dubious engagement succeeded : 
 but atitlcngth the assailants were complete- 
 ly defeated, and the famous corps of ' luvin- 
 clbles' almost annihilated. Tho loss of 
 the French in killed, wounded, and prison- 
 ers, was upwards of 3,600; that of the 
 Tlrltith 1,400; among whom was the gallant 
 i>Ir Ualph Abercromby, who nobly termi- 
 nated a long carei'r of u\illtary glory. Ife 
 was wounded in the thigh, about theiinlddlo 
 of the day ; but that ho nslglit not damp the 
 ardour of his tri)ops, ho concealed his 
 angulsfh until the jjattlo was won. 
 
 Tho command of tho British troops de- 
 volved on general nutchlnson, an abloom- 
 rcr, aT)d the intimate friend of sir Kalpli, 
 who having made liimsoiC master of the 
 ports of Rosetta, Cairo, and Alexandria, 
 completed tlie confjucst of Egypt about the 
 middle of 8epteml)er; when the French 
 capitulate!, upon conultion of being con- 
 veyed, with their arms, aitlllery, &c., to 
 their own country. A largo detachment 
 of troops from tho Indian army arrived, 
 by the way of the lied Sea, under sir David 
 llaird, just after tho conclusion of the 
 treaty. 
 
 The new,? of this important event reached 
 Rugiand on tho same day as the prelimina- 
 ries of a peace with France were signed by 
 M. Otto, on the part of tho French repul)- 
 Ilc, and lord Hawkesbury, on the part of 
 his Britannic majesty. This negotiation 
 had been carried on for some months with 
 so mucli secrecj , that those persons alone 
 who were engaged in It were acquainted 
 with its progress. TliodeMiiltive treaty was 
 concluded at Amiens on the 27tli of March, 
 ISO'J ; by which Great Britain consented to 
 restore all her conquests except the island 
 of Trinidad, ami the Dutch possessions in 
 Ceylon. The Cape of Good Hope was to 
 remain a free port to all the contracting 
 powers. Malta, with its depopdencies, was 
 to be evacuated by the British, and restored 
 to the order of St. .John of Jerugaiem ; 
 while the island was to be placed under the 
 protection and sovereignty oflthe king of 
 ''--iaes. Egypt was to bo restored to tho 
 Sublime Porte, whose territories and pos- 
 sessions were to be reserved entire, as 
 they existed previously to the war. The 
 
 territories of the queen of Portugiil were to 
 remain entire , and tho French agreed to 
 evacuate Rome and Naples. The republic 
 of the Seven Islands was recognised by 
 France : and the fishery of Newfoundland 
 was established on Its former footing. 
 
 Tho restoration of peace was universally 
 received with transports of Joy, and wap 
 in Itself a measure so necessary and desir- 
 able, that the terms on which It had beei 
 concluded were passed over in silence by 
 the inhabitants of both countries. When 
 the subject was alluded to in th<^ house of 
 commons, Mr. Sheridan observe 1, 'It la a 
 peace of which every man Is glad, but of 
 wliich no man is proud.' Notwithstanding 
 tho brilliant exploits of their armies, and 
 tho superiority which they maintained over 
 their enemies, the French nation felt In 
 their victories all the distresses attending 
 defeat, and sighed for the conclusion of 
 hostilities. In Great Britain, too, theenor- 
 mous weight of taxes, and high price of 
 l-rovisions, tho total defeat of our conti- 
 nental allies, and tho improbability of 
 weakening tho power of Franco, equally 
 disposed tho minds of tlie people to peace. 
 Both nations seemed eager to unite In re- 
 ciprocal habits of Intimacy and/riendship, 
 and tho interchange of visitors from the 
 opposite sides of the Channel was a novel 
 and cheering sight. But though this ap- 
 parent tendency of the two nations to for- 
 get their mutual animosities seemed to 
 prognosticate a long continuance of the 
 blessings of peace, the happy prospect was 
 soon interrupted by symptoms of jealousy 
 whU'h appeared between the respective go- 
 vernments. 
 
 Having In various ways gained the popu- 
 lar voice in his favour, Buonaparte was ap- 
 pointed consul for life, with tho power of 
 naming a succpHSor. On this occasion he 
 instituted a republican order of nobility— 
 the legion of lionour,— to bo conferred on 
 military men as a reward for skill and bra- 
 very, and on citizens who distinguished 
 themselves by their talents or their strict 
 administration of justice. 
 
 Before wo enter upon a new chapter, we 
 are bound to notice a treascmable conspi- 
 racy by certain obscure Individuals, which, 
 at tho lime, caused considerable alarm. 
 Colonel Despard, an Irish gentleman of 
 respectable family and connections, who 
 had formerly given distinguished proofs 
 of valour and good conduct, but had subse- 
 quently been confined in Cold-bath-fleida 
 prison for Kedltioii-i practices, was appre- 
 hended at tho Oakiey-arms, Oakley-street, 
 Laiibeth, with thIrty-sIx of his confede- 
 rates, principally consisting of the labour- 
 ing classes, ar"i among them three soldiers 
 of the guartls. it appeart!d that on his 
 liboratlor fi-om prison, IV.apard inu^^ed a 
 number of follows, as mean and Ignorant 
 as they were violent, to believe that they 
 were capable of subverting the present go- 
 vernment, and establishing a democracy. 
 In order to effect this measure. It was pro- 
 posed to a-ssassinato the king and royal 
 family, to seize the Bank and Tower, and 
 to imprison the members of pailiameut. 
 Vast as these plans were, yet it appear«d 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
(!?«0Ta«Tr.— ?ft0«i(c nf IQiuniSiDicft.— ®C0ibc $15. 466 
 
 tugal were to 
 eh agreed to 
 The republic 
 jcognlsed by 
 ewionndland 
 footing. 
 a unlvoraally 
 Joy, and waf> 
 try and deslr ■ 
 li It had beei 
 In silence by 
 tries. When 
 I th'" house of 
 rve 1, 'It is n 
 a glad, but of 
 wlthetandlug 
 r arinloa, and 
 ilntalncd over 
 latlou lelt In 
 309 attending 
 conclusion of 
 , too, thecnor- 
 lilgh price of 
 of our contl- 
 irobablUty of 
 ranco, equally 
 joplc to peace, 
 to unite In ro- 
 .ndirlcndablp, 
 Itora from the 
 icl was a novel 
 liouBh this ap- 
 natlona to for- 
 tes aceincd to 
 nuance of the 
 y prospect was 
 ms of jealousy 
 respective go- 
 
 ilnedthepopu- 
 aparte was ap- 
 1 the power of 
 is occasion he 
 »r of nobility— 
 
 conferred on 
 
 skill and bra- 
 
 dlstingulshed 
 
 or their strict 
 
 [vr chapter, we 
 onable conspl- 
 :ldnal8, which, 
 aerable alarm. 
 , gentleman of 
 Inectlons, who 
 kulshed proofs 
 [but had suhse- 
 hold-bath-nelds 
 |c8, was appre- 
 
 1 Oakley-street, 
 f his confede- 
 of the labour- 
 three soldiers 
 
 i that on his 
 tard Um^i-cd a 
 
 and Ignorant 
 Jevo that they 
 The present go- 
 I a democracy. 
 
 re, it was pro- 
 Jng and royal 
 
 id Tower, and 
 Jr)f paiilameut. 
 [et It appeared j 
 
 that the time, mode, and placo fur tlii^Ir 
 execution were arranged ; though only ilf ty 
 or sixty persons were concerned In It. In- 
 formation having been conveyed to minis- 
 ters of this l)ulil conspiracy, Its proKrena 
 was narrowly watclicil, and at tho nioinont 
 wlien the designs of tho traitors wore rlpo 
 for exccutldii, they were suddenly draKifed 
 from their rendcxvoun, and fully committed 
 on a charge of treason. After a trial wlili'li 
 lasted elgliteen hours, the colonel was found 
 guilty; and on the 21st of February, 1»« 'J, 
 this misguided man, with six fcllow-cun- 
 splrators, was executed on tho top of tlio 
 new gaol In Southwark. Despard declined 
 spiritual assistance, and met his fate wltli- 
 out contrition, sorrow, or concern : tlio 
 others suffered death with decency. 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. 
 The Jicign of GEonoa III. (.conti'iued), 
 
 A.D. 1801. — TnH treaty of Amiens proved 
 delusive, and both combatants, jealous and 
 watchful, stood ready to renew tho conflict. 
 The unbounded ambition of tho Prenrli 
 consul, and liislmplacai'io hatred to Great 
 Britain, Induced him to take every opportu- 
 nity of Insulting our ambassadors. In order 
 to occasion a renewal of hostilities. I'cace 
 had hardly been cimcluded, when the whole 
 fortresses of Piedmont were dismantled, 
 and that country was annexed to PYance. 
 Tho same measures were pursued with re- 
 gard to Parma and Placentia; and a nu- 
 merous army was sent against Switzerland, 
 and that government was placed In the 
 hands of tho dependents of Uuonaparte. 
 Notwithstanding these and several other 
 acta of tyranny, which were highly inju- 
 rious to Great Britain, and shameful viola- 
 tions of tlio tre.ity of peace, his Britannic 
 m.ijesty earnestly endeavoured to avoid a 
 recurrence to arms, and seemed willing to 
 suITer the most unwarrantable aggressions 
 rather than flgain involve Europe in the 
 horrors of war. This was construed by the 
 I'lirslcan usurper into a dread of his lU-gnt- 
 ton power. Some official papers were after- 
 wards presented to tho British ministry. In 
 which he required that the French emi- 
 grants who had found shelter In England 
 should be banished ; that the liberty of the 
 press in Britain should be abridged, be- 
 cause some of the newspapers had drawn 
 his character with a truthful pen : and it 
 apKared, Indeed, that nothing short of a 
 species of dictation In the domestic affairs 
 of Great Britain was likely to satisfy him. 
 Such insolent pretensions could not be 
 brooked ; all ranks of men seemed to rouse 
 from their lethargy, and the general wish 
 was to uphold tho country's honour by a 
 renewed appeal to arms. 
 
 The extensive w.irllke preparations going 
 forward about this time in the ports of 
 France and Holland, excited the jealousy 
 of the British ministry; though ft was pre- 
 tended that they were designed to reauce 
 their revolted colonies to obedience. An 
 explanation of the views of tho French go- 
 vernment was requested by lord Whi tworth, 
 the English am ba.S8ador: but he was openly 
 Insulted by tho first consul, who had the 
 
 Indecency to intimate, in a tone of gasco- 
 nade, that Great Britain was unable to c(m- 
 tend single-handed with France. On tho 
 12th of May lord "Whitworth presented tho 
 ultimatum of the British goverinaent.which 
 being rejected, war was announced on the 
 Kith by a message from his majesty to pnr- 
 liament. Almost immediately upon this, 
 Buonapnrto Issued a decree for tho deten- 
 tion of all tho English in Franco; in con- 
 Bci(uenco of wliicli InfrinKcmunt of Inter- 
 p.'itloiial law, about l-j.OOO English subjects, 
 oil all ages, wero committed to custody as 
 pri><onera of war. 
 
 This event was followed by the Invasion 
 of Hanover, by a republican army under 
 general Blortler, thus openly violating the 
 neutmllty of the German empire, and break- 
 ing the peace which had been separately 
 concluded with his majesty as elector of 
 Hanover. His royal highness the duke of 
 Cambridge, who was at that time in Hano- 
 ver, and had the command of a small body 
 of troops, -was resolved to oppose the pro- 
 gress of the Invaders ; but being urged by 
 the regency to retire from the command, he 
 returned to England. In a short time the 
 French made themselves masters of tho 
 electorate, and committed tho most flagrant 
 acts of cruelty on tho unfortunate inhabi- 
 tants. Tho Ellio and the Weser being now 
 under tho control of the French, these 
 rivers wero closed against English com- 
 merce, and Buonaiiarte also Insisted that 
 the ports of Denmark should be shut against 
 the vessels of Great Britain. In retaliation 
 the British government gave orders for 
 blockading the French ports. 
 
 And now it appeared that all minor 
 schemes of aggrandisement were to give 
 place to tho Invasion and subjugation of 
 Great Britain : for which purpose an Im- 
 mense number of transports were ordered 
 to be built with tho greatest expedition; 
 and a flotilla was assembled at Boulogne, 
 sufficient to carry any army which Franco 
 might wish to employ. This flotilla was fre- 
 quently attacked by the English, and when- 
 ever any of their number ventured beyond 
 the range of the batteries erected for their 
 protection, they were generally captured by 
 cruisers stationed off tho coast to watch 
 their motions. These mighty preparations, 
 and tho menacing attitude which was not 
 allowed to relax on the'opposite side of tho 
 chajinel, gave a new and vigorous impetus 
 to British patriotism, and proportionably 
 strengthened the hands of the government. 
 Exc.uslve of the regular and supplementary 
 militia, an additional army of 50,000 men 
 was levied, under the title of the army of 
 reserve ; and In a fcAV months volunteer 
 corps, amounting to 300,000 men, were 
 armed In their country's defence. 
 
 While measures wero being taken for de- 
 fending tho countryagainst invasion, anew 
 insurrection broke out in Ireland, which 
 had for Its object to form an Independent 
 Irish republic. It originated with Mr. 
 Robert Emmet, brother to him who had 
 been so deeply implicated in the rebellious 
 transactions of 1798, and who had been ex- 
 patriated. This rash attempt to disturb 
 th« public tranquillity was made on the 
 
456 
 
 Cf)e Crrnrfury of ?&Wtflr|i, 9t(. 
 
 18rd of July, when Kinmct, with n crowd 
 of deapcradocfl nrnicd with pikes «nd flre- 
 ftrnia, marched tlirousrh tlio prliiclpal streets 
 of Dublin, nnd inoctliiK the carriage of lord 
 Kllwardon.chlcf-Jnstlco of Ireland, who wa*- 
 accompanied t>y his nephew and daughtr 
 the rutllans drnnavA theni from the cnrrln 
 nnd butchered the veneriiblo jndgu nnd 
 Wolfe on the spot, Imt the youni:; Iiuly w 
 hllowcd tu escape. Iieliif< attacked In theli 
 turn by a simiU party of soldiers, some of 
 tlio rioters wi're killed, and others seized. 
 Ennnct and scvi^ral of the moxtactlve rhm- 
 leaders afterwards suffered the cxtronio 
 penalty of tho law.— In the session of 
 November, acts were passed to contlnuw 
 tho (tUspoDslon of tho habeas corpus, and 
 enforce martial law In Ireland. 
 
 In tho West Indies the Knglish captured 
 St. Lucie, Denierara, and other islands. A 
 Brltiab fleet also assisted tho insurgent 
 biockg of Bt, DomlnRo l'> wrest that island 
 from the French; but ii was not effected 
 without a most sanguinary contest. It 
 was thon erected Into an independent 
 state, under Ha undent Indian name uf 
 Hayti. 
 
 In the East Indies much greater triumphs 
 were achieved ; among these was the famous 
 battle of Assaye 'Hept. 2.ird), where major- 
 general Arthur Wellesley, with compara- 
 tively few troops, completely defeated tho 
 ' (imhined Mahratta forces commanded by 
 Sclndiaii Holkar nnd the rajah of Ilerar. 
 
 A.D. 1804.— It was tho opinion of men of 
 all parties, that In the present crisis a 
 stronger ministry than that which had been 
 formed under tho leadership of Mr, Addlng- 
 ton was absolutely necessary to direct the 
 councils of Great Uritain ; nnd the friends 
 of Mr. Pitt became most anxious that ho 
 should return to tho adininistratiou on tho 
 renewal of war. Tho minister accordingly 
 sought tho aid of that great statestnan as 
 an auxiliary; but adhering to his well- 
 known maxim 'to accept of no subaltern 
 situation,' Mr. ritt plainly elgnlfled that 
 the premiership must bo his. 'AutCiDsar, 
 autnullus.* Though many weredlsappolntcd 
 to And that a powerful coalition, in which 
 Jtir, Pojt nnd his most eminent colleagues 
 w«"D expected to be Included, was not 
 formed, yet tho manifest necessity of a 
 vigorous prosecution of the war excited a 
 spirit of tinanlmlty in tho nation, and 
 Induced the parliament to second every 
 motion of the ministry. 
 
 Great as was the power to which Buona- 
 parte had by artful gradations advanced 
 himself, it was not sufllclent tu satiate his 
 ambition ; and he resolved to secure to 
 himself the title of emperor. In order to 
 ■onnd the Inclinations of the people, a book 
 had been published some time before, point- 
 ing out the propriety and expediency of 
 creating him emperor of the Gauls ; after 
 which an overture, equally Insolent and 
 absurd, was made to Louis XVIII., offering 
 him indemnities nnd a splendid establish- 
 ment, if hewonldrei.ouncohls pretensions 
 to the crown of France. This proposal 
 being treated with the contempt Itmerlted, 
 Buonaparte resolved on taking away the 
 life of the duke D'Eiigheln, eldest son of 
 
 tho Duko of Bourbon, on a surreptltloui 
 charge of having engaged in a conspiracy 
 against tho flrst consul, and of serving In 
 the armies of tho emigrants against France. 
 But the fact was, that this young princo, 
 .vh.->80 courage and talents were e<iualled 
 
 'Uly by his generosity and humanity, had 
 
 <clted tho enmity and apprelienslons of i 
 the Morslcan. Ho had llxed his resUleiico I 
 at Kt^enaelni, In the neutral territory (;f 
 tho elector of Baden, where his chief occu- 
 t>atlon was study, and his principal recrea- 
 tion the culture of a small garden. From 
 this rnial retreat ho was draggiMl on tho 
 16Hi of March, by a body of French cavalry, 
 under the command of general Oaullncourt, 
 and carried tho same day to tho citadel 
 of Strasburgh, v/hero he remained till tho 
 18tli. On tho 20th the duko arrived at Paris 
 under a guard of gendarmerie, and after 
 waiting some hours at tho barrier, was driven 
 to VIncennes. A military commission ap- 
 pointed tu try him met tho same evening 
 In the castle, and tho foul atrocity was 
 completed by his being sentenced to Im- 
 mediate execution ; which having taken 
 place, his body was placed in a coltln partly 
 tilled with lime, nnd hurled in thu castlo 
 garden. 
 
 Buonaparte having now nothing to ap- 
 lirchcnd either from his declared or con- 
 cealed enemies, prevailed on the people to 
 confer on himself and his heirs tho Impe- 
 rial dignity. Tho ceremony of his eoroii.i- 
 tion accordingly took place, with remark- 
 able solemnity, on tho 19th of November ; 
 and In the following February he addressed 
 the king of Great Britain a letter sollcliliig 
 tho establishment of peace. Tho answer of 
 his Britannic majesty acknowledged that no 
 object would bo dearer to him than such n 
 peace as would bo consistent with the secu- 
 rity nnd interests of his dominions; but it 
 added, that he declined entering Into a par- 
 ticular discussion without consulting his 
 allies, 
 
 A.I). 1805.— Enraged at tho perseverance 
 of Great Britain, and elated by the unparal- 
 leled success whIcJi had attended all his 
 measures, the French emperor seemed now 
 to consider himself as the disposer e' king- 
 doms ; and not only disregarded the rights 
 of mankind, but set at deflanco nil prin- 
 ciples of justice nnd moderation. In order 
 to secure lits own personal aggrandisement, 
 ho made an excursion to Italy, converted 
 'he <?l8alpinc republic into a kingdom, and 
 assumed the title of king of Italy. He then 
 united the Llgurlan republic to France, and 
 erected the republic of Lucca Into a prin- 
 cipality. In favour of his sister Eliza, wlio 
 had nmrrled the senator Bacchiachl. After 
 these unprecedented acts of aggression, he 
 returned to France, and being onco more 
 resolved to effect tho subjugation of the 
 British Isles, he repaired to Boulogne and 
 reviewed his troops there, which were osten- 
 tatiously named 'the army of England,' 
 and amounted to considerably more thnn a 
 hundred thousand men. 
 
 Rpaia having been comptdled. In conse- 
 quence of its depend(mco on France, to 
 become a party in the war with Great 
 Britain, Buonaparte determined, by uniting 
 
 r. 
 
 ■vi 
 
 , 
 
 i 
 
lH^ i l 'W l»< i HW IIII .J ' t WII Bi llll AILM 
 
 Burreptltlout 
 I a coiiBpirm'y i 
 
 of serving In ] 
 sriilnst France, 
 young princo. 
 weri) (>i|uaUou | 
 lumiinlty, liml i 
 irehenttliins of I 
 
 Ills rt'Hidi'iii'o I 
 il territory cf 
 Ills chief otTU- 
 Inclpal recrea- 
 jardcn. From 
 frtggc il on tlio 
 rcnih cavnlry, 
 fil OauUncourt, 
 to tho cltnilol 
 lalned till tlio 
 rrlveil at ParU 
 jric, and after 
 rler.wiw driven 
 ommlsBlon ap- 
 
 gami) evening 
 I atrocity was 
 itcnced to liii- 
 havlng taken 
 1 a coffin partly 
 
 I In tho eastlo 
 
 lothing to ap- 
 •clared or rou- 
 
 II tho people to 
 elra tho Impe- 
 of hla eoroiia- 
 
 , with remark- 
 of November; 
 •y he addressed 
 etter fiollcltlng 
 
 The answer of 
 irleUgedthatno 
 Im than sucli a 
 
 with the secn- 
 ilnions; hut It 
 ring Into a par- 
 consulting hl3 
 
 perscvoranco 
 by the unparal- 
 tended all his 
 or seemed now 
 sposer c* king- 
 rded tho rights 
 Qanco all prln- 
 tlon. In order 
 rgrandlsemcjit, 
 aly, converted 
 I kingdom, and 
 Italy. He then 
 
 to France, and 
 ca Into a prln- 
 ster Eliza, who 
 ;chlachl. After 
 
 aggression, he 
 ■Ing once more 
 ligation of the 
 
 Uoulogno and 
 ilchwercosteii- 
 , of England,* 
 )ly more than ii 
 
 aicd, In consc- 
 
 on France, to 
 
 ■rar with Great 
 
 ned, by uniting 
 
 .■I 
 
 
 dJ^JiBlnntf.— ?l0utfe of aaniiDjUjicii.— ©corfle HM. 467 
 
 the naval strength of both nations, tu strike 
 a blov^ln several parts of tho world at the 
 same time. The greatest activity uccdrd- 
 Ingly prevailed In tho French ports, where 
 the llcets had hitherto remained Inactive; 
 and several S(|iia(lroii -J iKiving eluded the 
 
 vigllancoof theOrltl 
 A squadron of flv 
 West Indies, h\u' 
 Hoiisseau in i)<i 
 opposed by ffn 
 of tho Island, ; ' 
 flvo thoUMiind ii< 
 embarked their ii 
 cd to St. C'hrlstopi. 
 
 "ulsers, put to sen, 
 
 ■1 arrived In 1\h: 
 
 ' d tlic town of 
 
 clng gallantly 
 
 ' " irovernor 
 
 iimtinn of 
 
 lately re- 
 
 .\tproceed- 
 
 LiAVlng made 
 
 groat pecuniary ox^cciuiis, they seized all 
 tho ships In the Basseterre road. These 
 prizes wcro sent to Ouiidaloupo ; and the 
 French sriuadron, fearful of encountering 
 tho British fleet, returned to Europe. 
 
 In the incantlmo a formidable llect of 
 ten sail of tho linn, with 10,000 men on 
 board, set sail from Toulon, under tho com- 
 mand of Admiral VUleneuvo ; who, having 
 proceeded to Cadiz, was there reinforced 
 by tho Spanish admiral, (iravlna, and six 
 laivn ghipg, and Immediately embarked for 
 the West Indies. When lord Nelson re- 
 ceived information that tho French and 
 Spaniards had put to sea, he supposed that 
 they were destined for an attempt on Alex- 
 andria, and accordingly set sail in that 
 direction. Uo traversed tho Medlterranciui 
 with tho utmost celerity, having a SQUiulron 
 of ten ships with him ; but flndlng that he 
 was mistaken In Ills conjectures, ho con- 
 cluded that the enemy had sailed for the 
 West Indies. lie immediately directed his 
 course towards that (luartcr, and by driving 
 the combined squadrons from island to 
 Island, ho prevented them from making an 
 attack on any of the HritLsh possessions ; 
 nay, so universal was tho dread of Nelson's 
 name, that they had no sooner arrived than 
 they consulted their safety In a precipitate 
 and disgraceful tlight, and hastily returned 
 to Europe. When the brave Nelson was as- 
 sured of tho course of his adversaries, lie 
 despatched a messenger to England, and 
 immediately set sail lu hopes of overtaking 
 tho fugitives. Ho arrived at Gibraltar on 
 tho 20th of July, and having refitted hU 
 ships, he resumed his position off Cape St. 
 Vincent, sixty-three day s after his departure 
 from It for the West Indies. 
 
 On tho arrival in London of tho informa- 
 tion of tho enemy's retreat, a squadron, 
 consisting of fifteen sail of the line, wius 
 despatched under sir Robert Calder, in the 
 liopo of Intercepting them. On the 22iid 
 of July sir Ilobert descried the object of 
 his mission oft Ferrol; and, notwithstand- 
 ing their great superiority, ho did not hesi- 
 tate a moment In bringing them to action. 
 After an obstinate engagement, the unequal 
 conflict terminated in tho defeat of the 
 enemy, who, having lost two large ships, 
 proceeded In haste to Ferrol. Being rein- 
 forced by tho admirals Grandallana and 
 Gourdon, they weighed anchor and retired 
 to tho harbour of Cadiz ; where they were 
 blockaded by sir Robert Calder. Some 
 dissatisfaction having been expressed In 
 the public papers, relative to tho conduct 
 
 of tho British admiral In theengageinenl 
 off Ferrol, he, in order to meet the charges 
 with manly boldness, and to ohvlato tho 
 effects of malicious reports, applied for 
 a court-martial to enquire into tho subjei r • 
 when, to his great HStonlshment, a ' 
 the regret of the wliole navy, he was y. :•>! ] 
 guilty of ,.ii error of judgemei.t, n-d iMvi- j 
 fenced to bo reprimanded — c v, >.ii .-ni, | 
 which he, who had passed fori. ■.* vi.r-; 
 with hoiKmr In the service, felt (i "ply. 1 
 
 Subsequently to his arrival at Cape Rt. 
 VInrent, admiral Nelson traversed tlie bay 
 of Biscay In senrcli of the enemy ; but being 
 oi>prc8sed with fatigues and disappoint- 
 ment, he resolved on returning to England. 
 Ho arrived at Poi-tsmouth on tho Ihth 
 of August, and having reached London 
 on tho 20th, experienced a most cordial 
 and ntfectioimte reception from his grate- 
 ful countrymen. Ho would not, however, 
 allow himself to remain In inactivity, aiu) 
 being offered tho command of an arma> 
 inent that was then preparing, he without 
 hesitation embraced the opportunity of 
 serving his country. Having hoisted his 
 flag on board tho Victory, on the following 
 day ho put to sea, and on his arrival at 
 Cadiz ho received from admiral Colllng- 
 wood tho command of the British lleet, 
 which now consisted of twenty-seven sail 
 of the line. On the loth of October Nel- 
 son learned that tho combined French and 
 Spanish fleets, consisting of thlrty-threo 
 sail of tho line, had put to sea from Oadix, 
 under admirals Vllleneuve and Gravlna; 
 and on the 21st ho discovered them olf 
 Capo Trafalgar, llo immediately ordered 
 tho fleet to bear up, in two columns, as 
 directed by his previous plan of attack ; 
 and issued this admonitory signal — wh lea 
 has siiieo become a national proverb — 
 * England expects every man to do his 
 duty.' The windward column of the Eng- 
 lish ships was led by lord Nelson in tho 
 Victory; the leeward ])y rear-admiral Col- 
 lingwood, in tho Royal Sovereign, About 
 noon tho awful contest commenced, by tho 
 leading ships of the columns piercing tho 
 enemy's lino ; tho others breaking through 
 In all parts, and engaging their adversaries 
 at the muzzle of their guns. Tho enemy 
 fought with intrepid spirit ; but tho su- 
 perior skill which opposed them was resist- 
 less. Tho fury of the battle was sustained 
 for three hours, when many ships of the 
 combined fleet having struck, their lino 
 gave way : nineteen sail of the line, with 
 Vllleneuve and two other flag onicers, were 
 taken; tho other ships, with admiral Gra- 
 vlna, escaped. 
 
 Tills splendid victory, so preeminent in 
 tho annals of Britain, was purchased with 
 tho life of her greatest naval commander. 
 In tho middle of tlio contest lord Nelson 
 received in his left breast a musket-ball 
 aimed at him from tho ship with which ha 
 was engaged ; and In about an hour after- 
 wards he expired, displaying in his death 
 tho heroic flrmness which had distinguish- 
 ed every action of his life. The loss of this 
 gallant man damped tho enthusiastic joy 
 which the news of so important a victory 
 would liavo excited ; and It Is difficult to 
 

 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 — Illl_ _ 
 
 
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 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 73 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STRiET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) S72-4S03 
 
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 f 
 
 \, 
 
 ^ 
 % 
 
 
458 
 
 CIjc ^xcaims flt W^tarpt ^r. 
 
 say whether the general grief thnt was felt 
 for the hero's death, or the exultation for 
 80 signal a triumph, preponderated. Many 
 there were, most assuredly, who would have 
 relinquished the victory to have saved the 
 victiin. His remains were deposited in 
 St. I'aul's cathedral, and were accompanied 
 by a procession moro extensive and mng- 
 niflcent than England had, on any siuiilar 
 occasion, heheld. 
 
 Of that part of the Cadiz fleet which 
 had escaped, four ships were afterwards 
 captured by sir Uichard Strachan, off Fer- 
 rol, and were conducted to a British port.— 
 Thus the enemy's marine was virtually 
 annihilated, and the navy of England held, 
 undisputed, the mastery of the arrii. 
 
 It was far otherwise, however, with her 
 continental projects and alliances. An alli- 
 ance offensive and defensive had long been 
 Ineffectually negotiating with Russia, Aus- 
 tria, and Sweden : but it was not till the 
 French emperor had arbitrarily annexed 
 Genoa and Parma to his dominions, that a 
 treaty was concluded. The objects of this 
 formidable coalition were the liberation of 
 Holland, Sardinia, Switzerland, and Hano- 
 ver from French tyranny ; the restoration 
 of tranquillity to the Italian states, and 
 the reestablishment of safety and peace in 
 all Europe. It was stipulated, that the 
 three continental powers should furnish 
 500,000 men, exclusive of the British troops. 
 The military force at the disposal of France 
 was 650,000, besides a considerable number 
 of auxiliaries. By one article of the con- 
 federacy it was agreed, that the continental 
 powers should not withdraw their forces, 
 nor Great Britain her subsidies, till a general 
 paclticatlon took place' with the common 
 consent of the contracting parties. 
 
 The dissatisfaction evinced against the 
 French emperor in all the territories which 
 he had seized, seemed only to raise his un- 
 principled ambition. To insure the subju- 
 gation of Germany, he, under the perfidious 
 plea of moderation, endeavoured to sepa- 
 rate Austria from the other imperial states. 
 Ho Issued a manifesto, reprobating the 
 folly andinjustice of the confederate powers, 
 and declaring that if hostilities were com- 
 menced against any of his allies, particu- 
 larly against Bavaria, he would instantly 
 march his whole army to avenge the af- 
 front. He said that the war was created 
 and maintained by the gold and hatred of 
 Great Britain, and boasted that he would 
 flght till he had secured the independence 
 of the Germanic body, and would not make 
 peace without a sulBcient security for its 
 continuance. The Austrlans, disregarding 
 these threats, entered Bavaria with ss.ooo 
 men, and were vigorously supported by the 
 hereditary states. These forces, with those 
 furnished by Russia and the Tyrol, seemed 
 to promise success ; but through the preci- 
 pitancy of the Austrlans, the tardiness of 
 the Russians, and the vigorous measures of 
 Buonaparte, the great objects of the coali- 
 tion failed, and the most disastrous reverses 
 were experienced. 
 
 The French reached the banks of theRhlne 
 in September, and effected a passage over 
 the river ; engaged the Austrlans before the 
 
 Russians could join them, and defeated them 
 with great loss at Wertingen and Guns- 
 burgh. In the meantime general Bema- 
 dotto, by the order of Buonaparte, entered 
 the neutral territories of Franconia, and 
 was there joined by the Bavarian army of 
 20,000 cavalry and Infantry, the Batavlan 
 division, and by the army of Holland, under 
 Marraont. The losses sustained by the Aus- 
 trlans had hitherto been very inconsider- 
 able ; but on the l.^th of October, Menlngen, 
 with Its largo garrison, surrendered to mar- 
 shal Soult. On the loth, the Austrlans 
 making a sortie from the city of Ulm, and 
 attacking Dupont's division, were defeated, 
 and 16,000 of their inea taken. A few days 
 afterwards the Austrian general Mack, who 
 had shut himself up In Ulm, with SO,^^ 
 men, surrendered to the French under very 
 Busplcious circnmstances, and his whole 
 army were made prisoners of war. 
 
 The first Russian division, under generals 
 Kutusofl and Merveldt, having at length 
 cflocted a junction with the Austrlans, the 
 French army, 110,000 strong, hastily ad- 
 vanced to attack them. The allied troops 
 were unwilling to engage a force so much 
 more numerous than their o%vn, and awaited 
 the arrival of the second Russian army. 
 That arrival was, however, delayed for a 
 very considerable time, by the menacing 
 and impolitic opposition of the Prussian ar- 
 maments. Had the king of Prussia, by join- 
 ing the confederates, avenged the Insult 
 offered to his Franconlan territories, the 
 French would soon have been compelled to 
 return home; but- the ill-fated policy he 
 now ad(-i)ted was the cause of all the dis- 
 asters which Europe afterwards suffered. 
 The first Russian army, unable to maintain 
 Its position against the superior power of 
 the enemy, wore under the necessity of fall- 
 ing back upon Moravia, and in their rout 
 had no alternative but that of crossing tlio 
 Danube, above Vienna. The Imnilnpnt dan- 
 ger with which his capital was now threat- 
 ened, induced the emperor of Austria to 
 propose an armistice, in hopes of gaining 
 time for the arrival of reinforcements. 
 Count Quilay was accordingly despatched to 
 the headquarters of Napoleon, with pro- 
 posals for concluding a suspension of hos- 
 tilitlcB for n few weeks, as a preliminary 
 step towards a negotiation for a general 
 peace. Buonaparte expressed his readiness 
 to accede to the armistice, on condition 
 that the Austrian nioimrch would cause 
 the allied army to return homo, the Hun- 
 garian levy to be abandoned, and the duchy 
 of Venice and the Tyrol to be occuplctl by 
 the French. 
 
 The Russian armies, having at length 
 effected a junction with those of Austria, 
 marched towards Austerlitz, where the 
 French were posted ; but as the allied 
 sovereigns were desirous of preventing 
 the dreadful sacrifice of life, which was 
 inevitable from the conflict of two such 
 prodigious armies, the rouuts Stadlon and 
 Gullay were sent to Napoleon to propose 
 an armistice. The French emperor, suppos- 
 ing that they merely wished to lull him into 
 a false security, beguiled them with artful 
 compliments, and solicited an interview 
 
 <*> 
 
 I' 
 
jfeated thorn 
 1 and Guns- 
 [leral- Bema- 
 irte, entered 
 inconla, and 
 •Ian army ol 
 ho BatRvlan 
 jlland, under 
 d tiy the Aus- 
 ' Jnconsldcr- 
 r.Menlngen, 
 lercd to mar- 
 ie Austrlana 
 of Ulm, and 
 ere defeated, 
 A few days 
 ■al Mack, who 
 , with SO.CJO 
 ih under very 
 id his whole 
 
 NB.V 
 
 nder generals 
 ng at length 
 Lustrlans, the 
 r, hastily nd- 
 ) allied troops 
 [orce 80 mucli 
 1, and awaited 
 lussian army, 
 delayed for a 
 ;he menacing 
 e Prussian ar- 
 •ussia, by join- 
 ed the insult 
 errltories, the 
 I compelled to 
 ted policy he 
 of all the dls- 
 ards Buffered, 
 le to maintain 
 ;rIor power of 
 cessity of f.-ill- 
 In their rout 
 . crossing tho 
 mmlnpnt dan- 
 is now threat- 
 of Austria to 
 les of gaining 
 inforcements. 
 despatched to 
 on, with pro- 
 eusion of hos- 
 a preliminary 
 for a general 
 ihls readiness 
 on condition 
 would cause 
 )mo, thoHun- 
 and the duchy 
 )e occupied Jjy 
 
 ng at length 
 so of Austria, 
 z, where the 
 as the allied 
 preventing 
 0, which was 
 
 of two such 
 ^8 Stadlon nw\ 
 on to propose 
 peror, suppos- 
 ;o lull him into 
 smwlth artful 
 
 an interview 
 
 f 
 
 ii 
 V 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 (ifiigljiiitr.— !^0ui<c al IJruniSintcft.— 6eorge I5JE. 460 
 
 with tho emperor Alexander. He had pre- 
 viously discovered that theallles were rashly 
 advancing against him when tho utmost 
 caution was necessary; and, In order to 
 take full advantage of the circumstance, he 
 commanded his army to feign a retreat, 
 that his enemy might be confirmed in the 
 idea of his boln? unable to resist their 
 forces. Ttie Kusslan emperor declined in 
 his ow.i person the proposed interview, 
 but sent his aide-de-camp as a proxy, who 
 returned after a loiig conference, fully per- 
 suaded that tho French were reduced to 
 tho last extremities. 
 
 The French having by cautlousmovcments 
 kept up the idea ot their own weakness and 
 alarm, were attacked on the Ist of Decem- 
 ber by the combined army ; but when their 
 artifices hdd been duly prolonged, Buona- 
 parte brought up all his troops, and by the 
 superiority of his numbers, gained a com- 
 plete victory. This was the well-contested 
 and meraoruble battle of Austerlltz, or, 
 as it was often called, the battle of tho 
 'Three Emperors.' The Anstro-Russlan 
 armies, amounting to so.ooo, were com- 
 manded by general Kutusoff and prince 
 Lichtenstein ; and nearly 30,000 in killed, 
 wounded, and prisoners, with 100 pieces of 
 cannon, attested the triumph of Napoleon. 
 In consequence of this, an armistice was 
 four days afterwards effected ; and on tho 
 20th of the same mouth, a pacific treaty 
 was concluded r.t Prcsburg between France 
 and Austria. By tho terms agreed on, 
 France retained possession of the Transal- 
 pine territories ; Buonaparte was acknow- 
 ledged king of Italy, but the crowns of 
 France and Italy were to be for ever sepa- 
 rated, instead of being united under one 
 iiead ; and the new-mado king was Invested 
 with the power of appointing an acknow- 
 ledged successor to the Italian throne. On 
 the other hand, the French emperor gua- 
 ranteed the integrity of tho empire of 
 Austria, in the state to which ho liad now 
 reduced it, as well as the integrity of the 
 possessions of the princes of the house of 
 Austria, Russia, &c. 
 
 Prussia, which had insidiously held back, 
 watcliing the progress of the campaign, 
 determined for the present to preserve 
 peace with France, and concluded a con- 
 vention with that power, by which Prussia 
 was to have the aid of France in occupying 
 Hanover in exchange for Anspach, Cleves, 
 and Nfufchatel. It has always. Indeed, ap- 
 peared to us that the policy of Prussia was 
 constantly directed to the diminution of 
 the Austrian power, in the hope that the 
 Imperial crown might be transferred to 
 the bouse of Brandenburg: a feeling which 
 Buonaparte insidiously encouraged as long 
 as it suited his own views of aggrandise- 
 ment. 
 
 A.D. 1806.— The campaign of 1805 having 
 thus fatally terminated, and the Russian 
 armies having retreated across the Elbe, 
 Napoleon resolved to take vengeance on 
 the king of Naples, who had provoked 
 his wrath by admitting some British and 
 Russian troops into his dominions. On 
 the morning after he had signed the peace 
 of Presburg, the French emperor Issued 
 
 a proclamation from his headquarters at 
 Vienna, declaring that the Neapolitan dy« 
 nasty had ceased to reign, and denouncing 
 vengeance on the royal fami ly. Immediate 
 ly after this threatening manifesto reached 
 Naples, tho Russian troops reembarked, 
 and tho British determined on retiring to 
 Sicily, without waiting tho arrival of tho 
 enemy. The crown of Naples ^vas conferred 
 on Joseph Buonaparte, who, being support- 
 ed by a numerous French army, took pos- 
 sesshm of his kingdom on the 13t!i of Febru- 
 ary 1800. The late king took refuge at Pa- 
 lermo, where he was protected by the troops 
 and fleet of Great Britain. 
 
 As that part of the Neapolitan territories 
 called Calabria persisted in opposing tiie 
 Invaders, sir J. Stuart, commander of tlie 
 British forces in Sicily, undertook an expe- 
 dition for the purpose of restoring the 
 legitimate sovereign. Having landed his 
 troops, consisting of 4,800 men, he immedi- 
 ately advanced to attack th<» French general 
 Regnier, who occupied a strong position 
 near the plains of Malda, with an army of 
 7,000 men ; but the British troops charged 
 the enemy at the point of the bayonet, and 
 obtahied a glorious victory ; the enemy's 
 loss being 4,000 men, killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners, while that of the English waa 
 only 45 killed and 282 wounded ! The battle 
 of Malda led to the expulsion of the French 
 from Calabria in less than a month ; but 
 such considerable reinforcements were re- 
 ceived by Joseph Buonaparte, that the 
 authority of the new monarch waa estab- 
 lished at Naples ; and the English being 
 under the necessity of withdrawing their 
 forces to the protection of Sicily, the Cala- 
 brlans were obliged to submit. 
 
 Shortly after this Buonaparte erected 
 Holland into a kingdom, which he bestowed 
 on his brother Louis ; whose mild adminis- 
 tration, whilst it gained him the good-will 
 and affection of his subjects, incensed hla 
 despotic brother. Ho next subverted tlio 
 Germanic constitution, and established tho 
 confederation of the Rhine ; of which lie 
 declared that he had tiiken on himself tlio 
 office of • protector." 
 
 These momentous transactions on tho 
 continent have neoensarlly Interrupted our 
 narration of those events whidb relate ex- 
 clusively to Gr. at Britain, Aa Important 
 acquisition was made by general Baird and 
 sir Home Popham, who, after surmounting 
 the most formidable obstacles, made them- 
 selves masters of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 on the 10th of January, experiencing little 
 resistance from the Dutch governor. This 
 conquest was followed by the capture of 
 three French ships of the line, part of a 
 squadron that had escaped from theharbour 
 of Brest, and which sir J. Duckworth for- 
 tunately met with in the West Indies. 
 
 But no event that took place, favourable 
 or otherwise, was of equal importance to 
 the death of Mr. Pitt, which happened on 
 tho 23rd of January. Excessive anxiety, 
 application, and debility, added to the fail- 
 ure of his plan for delivering Europe from 
 French tyranny, accelerated his death; 
 and the last words which quivered on hia 
 lips were 'Oh, my country I' By a vote of 
 

 4G0 
 
 CI)* CTrwiSursj nf ^aiiStorj), *Vf. 
 
 the comniflns, liia remains were Interred 
 in 'Westminster abbey, wltli tlie greatest 
 solemnity, and a monument was erected to 
 hira at the public expense. By the sanio 
 vote, bla debts were discharged by the 
 public* 
 
 Our limits and the plan of the work for- 
 bid ua to trench upon the province of the 
 biographer; but wo may, perhaps, bo ex- 
 cused for insertlni? a few additional lliu-i', 
 when recording the death of so eminent 
 n statesman. }>oMi In the commencement 
 of the war, and in his intcrniil jiollcy, '.Mr. 
 Pitt was controlled by clrcuinstancet). * lie 
 I>erceived,' says bishop Tomline, ' the for- 
 midable cooperation of external and in- 
 ternal enemies ; but the former could not 
 be effectually resisted except by open war, 
 nor the latter without coercive acts of the 
 legislature ; and he was persuaded that nei- 
 ther of these expedients, exclusive of his 
 own earnest wish not to have recourse to 
 them, would be approved till their necessity 
 was obvious and incontestable.' It has been 
 frequently o))jected to him, that ho made 
 hisprl .'.l)les subordinate to his ambition, 
 and that 'he lent himself to the corrupt 
 agencies of a war-faction whom a long 
 course of lavish expenditure raised into an 
 almost irresistible influence.* Yet it is ad- 
 mitted that 'he was favourable to every 
 species of domestic reform ; there was no 
 abuse in the church, nor in the revenue de- 
 partment, nor in the laws affecting the dif- 
 ferent religionists, nor even in parliament- 
 ary representation, to the removal of which 
 he was not friendly.' He was rigidly just and 
 strictly moral. Self-reliance, boldness, lofti- 
 ness, and perseverance, were the qualities 
 that marked the outset and progress of his 
 career: the whole of his actions being par- 
 ticularly distinguished by constancy and 
 steadiness, a pride of superiority arising 
 from the consciousness of superior talents, 
 and an unsullied integrity. Uis eloquence 
 was always powerful, logical, and persua- 
 sive : he had aperf ect command of language, 
 and In the arrangement of his matter he 
 was lucid and natural. This great man died 
 In the 47th year of his age ; at a period, too, 
 when such a raaster-mind seemed to be 
 more than ever needed to counteract the 
 vast designs and universal despotism of the 
 tyrant of the continent. 
 
 Soon after the decease of Mr. P'.tt-, his 
 colleagues in ofllco unanimously reoisrncd 
 their employments, and a new mInisU'y was 
 formed, the chief members of whith were 
 lord Qrenville, flrst lord of the treasury ; 
 Mr. Pox, secretary of state f'>r foreign af- 
 fairs ; and Mr. Erskine (c.-cated a peer), 
 lord high chancellor. Negotiations for a 
 treaty of peace were immediately opened, 
 and from the cordiality witV. which the two 
 governments commenced their proceed- 
 ings, the most happy consequences were 
 anticipated ; but it soon appeared that the 
 Immoderate ambition of the French ruler 
 excluded for the present all hopes of an 
 accommodation. 
 
 » Pitt wai, at the lonit, cnrelPM In the manage 
 ment of hii private ntTain. Sue Lord Stanhope'i 
 lift o/Pitt. 
 
 A measure which will for ever reflect glory 
 upon the British nation was brought about 
 by the new administration : wo mean, the 
 abolition of the slave trade. The bill was 
 introduced by Mr. Fox, andnotwithatanding 
 the opposition it enconntered from those 
 who were Interested in its continuance, it 
 passed through both houses with a great 
 majority. This distinguished act of hu- 
 manity was, in fact, <me of his last mea- 
 sures. Tills celebrated and much-respected 
 statesman died at Ciiiswlck-house, in his 
 59tli year, on the 13th of September. Like 
 his great rival, the late premier, he gave 
 early indications of superior capacity, and, 
 like him, he was educated for political life. 
 Ho was certainly ono of the most eminent 
 statesmen and distinguished aascrtora of 
 public freedom that have ever appeared in 
 Kngland. As an orator, his powers were 
 gigantic ; hia eloquence was forcible ; the 
 simplicity and variety of his language emi- 
 nently fltting him for debate. He was less 
 copious and less persuasive than Mr. Pitt ; 
 yet he captivated his hearers by his forcible 
 arguments, his convincing appeals to their 
 reason, and his imposing earnestness. In 
 his faults, which were not a few, he had no 
 mixture of pride, deceit, hypocrisy, or des- 
 potism. In his affections he was warm ; in 
 his temper, kind and humane ; in his man- 
 ners simple ; and in his disposition easy and 
 unsuspecting. It is rather remarkable, that 
 notwithstanding the irreconcilable oppo- 
 sition between him and Mr. Pitt, he received 
 similar honours from the representatives 
 of the nation, and his remains were de- 
 posited in 'Westminster-abbey, within a few 
 Inches of his political opponent. 
 
 ■We have before spoken of the ill-feeling 
 existing between Austria and Prussia, 
 which had induced tlie latter to cultivate 
 the friendship of France, to extend her 
 influence and dominions in Germany, and 
 to maintain a strict neutrality with the 
 host!(e powers. From this conduct, which 
 for a certain time ensured the peace and en- 
 tire' ' Prussia, many advantages were ex- 
 pe ) result ; yet, at the same time, the 
 
 mi. .ystem of the nation declined, and 
 
 't3 : ..atlon had greatly decreased. After 
 the battle of Austerlltz, so fatal to the liber- 
 tics of Europe, the king of Prussia became 
 entirely subservient to the arbitrary will of 
 Buonaparte ; and, being instigated by that 
 powerful tyrant, he took possession of tlio 
 electorate of Hanover, by which means he 
 involved himself In a temporary war with 
 tireat Britain. A peace, however, was in a 
 short time concluded ; and as his Prussian 
 majesty was unable any longer to submit to 
 the indignities imposed upon him, he en- 
 tered into a confederacy with Great Britain, 
 Russia, and Sweden. Au instantaneous 
 change took place in the conduct of the 
 Prussian cabinet, the precipitancy of whose 
 present measures could only be equalled by 
 their former tardiness. The armies of tho 
 contending parties took the fleld early in Oc- 
 tober, and after two engagements, in which 
 the success was doubtful, a general battle 
 took place at Jena on the 14th of that 
 mouth. The French were posted along the 
 Saale, their centre being at Jena. Tlie 
 
 i 
 
 ii i 
 
er reflect glory 
 lirought about 
 we mean, tlic 
 , The bill waa 
 twltbstanding 
 ed from those 
 lontinuancc, it 
 s with a great 
 cd act of hu- 
 ! his last nicn- 
 luch-respectod 
 [-house, In his 
 )tembcr. I^tlce 
 imier, he gave 
 ' capacity, and, 
 )r political life, 
 most eminent 
 d asBcrtors of 
 rer appeared in 
 8 powers were 
 i forcible; tho 
 I language omi- 
 3. He was less 
 than Mr. Pitt; 
 I by his forcible 
 ippeals to their 
 arnestneas. In 
 few, he had no 
 pocrisy, or dos- 
 ) was warm ; in 
 e ; in hia nian- 
 isitlon easy and 
 smarkable, that 
 nncilable oppo- 
 'itt, he received 
 representatires 
 nains were de- 
 >y, within a few 
 lent. 
 
 f the ill-feeling 
 r and Prussia, 
 ;er to cultivate 
 to extend her 
 Germany, and 
 ality with tlie 
 ionduct, which 
 e peace and on- 
 itages were ex- 
 sanie time, the 
 declined, and 
 icreased. After 
 Ktaltotheliber- 
 'rnssia became 
 •bltrary will of 
 ;lgated by that 
 jsesslon of tho 
 hich means he 
 )rary war with 
 rever, was in a 
 (s his Prussian 
 er to submit to 
 m him, he en- 
 Great Britain, 
 Instantaneous 
 )nduct of the 
 ancy of whose 
 be equalled by 
 armies of the 
 jld early In Oc- 
 enta. In which 
 general battle 
 14th of that 
 sted along the 
 Jen.i. The 
 
 i 
 
 /i 
 
 Prussians, under prince Ferdinand, duke 
 of Brunswick, were ranged between Jena, 
 Auerstadt, and "Weimar. The armies were 
 drawn up within musket-shot of each other ; 
 and at nine in the morning about 250,000 
 men, with 700 cannon, were employed In 
 mutual destruction. Courage and discipline 
 on each side were nearly equal, but the 
 French evinced superior military science. 
 When tho day was far gone, Augereau ar- 
 rived with seasonable reinforcements, 
 and a brilliant charge of Murat's cuiras- 
 Blers determined the issue In favour of 
 the French. Napoleon, from the height 
 where he stood, saw the Prtissians fly 
 In all directions. More tlmn 20,000 were 
 killed or wounded, and 30,000 taken prison- 
 ers, with 300 pieces of cannon. Prince 
 Ferdinand died of his wouuds. A panic 
 seized the garrison ; all the principal towns 
 of Prussia, west of tho Oder, surreuderc 
 soon after tho battle ; and the remains of 
 their army were driven as far as the Vistula. 
 Bluch«r was compelled to capitulate at 
 Lubcc. Buonaparte now entered Berlin ; 
 and while there, received a deputation 
 from the French senate, complimenting 
 him on his wonderful successes, but recom- 
 mending peace. 
 
 On the approach of tho French to the 
 Vistula, the llusslan armies advanced with 
 great rapidity to check their course ; a for- 
 midable body of Swedes was assembled In 
 Pomerania ; and tho king of Prussia having 
 assembled his scattered troops, and rein- 
 forced them with new levies, prepared to 
 face the enemy. General Benigsen, who 
 commanded the Russian forces, and was in 
 daily expectation of a reinforcement, was 
 attacked at Put tusk, on the 26th of Decem- 
 ber; the engagcn vjnt was very severe, but 
 he succeeded In driving tho enemy from 
 the flold of battle. This concluded tho 
 campaign. 
 
 A.D. 1807.— It has been well remarked by 
 the author of the ' Chronological History of 
 England,' that at this period a prominent 
 feature In the domestic state of the country 
 was a growing distrust of the political fac- 
 tions which had hitherto divided the na- 
 tional suffrages. ' Both parties, tho Outs 
 and the Inb, as they now began to be fami- 
 liarly called, had so uniformly embarrassed 
 government when It was not In their own 
 hands, and yet so uniformly taken the op- 
 portunity of deserting the cause they had 
 professed to maintain, that the people at 
 large lost all confidence in public men. The 
 effect of this change of public sentiment 
 was strikingly evinced In the general elec- 
 tion of the current year. Tho representa- 
 tion of tho city of Westminster had always 
 been considered the appropriate function 
 of one or the other faction ; but the inde- 
 pendent electors united and determined to 
 rid themselves of the domination of both. 
 Sir F. Burdctt and lord Cochrane became 
 popular by disclaiming all attachment to 
 all parties, and declaring their wishes to 
 overturn abuaea and nothing but abuses ; 
 to look only to the measures of men, not 
 to their persona and connections. Their 
 election for Westminster was a complete 
 triumph over aristocratic dictntlon and 
 
 nil factions whatever. It was the rise of a 
 third parly In the state, whose struggles 
 continued for thirty years after, and have 
 not yet terminated.' 
 
 At the beginning of the year tho bill for 
 tho emancipation of tho Roman catholics 
 passed both houses of parliament, and was 
 presented to tho king to receive the royal 
 assent. His majesty, conscientiously be- 
 lieving that ho could not sign it without 
 violating his coronation oath, and being 
 desirous of testifying his attachment to tho 
 established religion, not o;iIy refused to 
 sign the bill, but desired that his ministers 
 would for ever abandon tho measure. This 
 tliey refused; and on tlie dismissal of lord 
 Krskino and several of his colleagues, lord 
 Kidon w • chosen lord chancellor ; and 
 tlierlgl.;, '1 m. Spencer Perceval, chancellor 
 of theexr,i..iucr. 
 
 After the surrender of the Capo of Good 
 Hope to the British arms, an expedition 
 was undertaken against the Spanish settle- 
 ments In South America, xhey proceeded 
 up the Ulo de la Platn.and having surmount- 
 ed iiinumernble difllcultles, landed their 
 troops near Buenos Ayres, and on the 28th 
 of June 1806, took possession of that town 
 t)y capitulation. A goneral insurrection 
 having been excited soon afterwards, the 
 British troops were compelled to abandon 
 it ; and It was found expedient to send to 
 the Capo for reinforcements. Buenos Ayres 
 was again attacked on the 7th of July 1807, 
 by rear admiral Murray and general White- 
 lock. The soldiers being ordered to enter 
 the town with unloaded muskets, were re- 
 ceived by a most destructive Are from the 
 Ik uses, and, after having lost 2,500 bravo 
 xnen, were forced to retire. A convention 
 was then entered into with the Spanish 
 commander, by which It was stipulated that 
 a mutual i-estltutlon of prisoners should 
 take place, and that the British troops 
 BhouUl evacuate tho country. For his un- 
 soldlerllke conduct In this fatal expedition, 
 general Whitelock was tried by a court- 
 martial on his return to England, and pro- 
 nounced Incapable of serving his majesty in 
 future. 
 
 We now return to the military operations 
 on the continent. The battle of Pultusk 
 had left the contending parties In circum- 
 stances nearly equal. Buonaparte had re- 
 tired Into winter quarters, where he Intend- 
 ed to have remained till the return of 
 spring ; but as the Russians were conscious 
 of the advantages resulting to them from 
 the rigorous climate, they were resolved to 
 allow hira no repose. The Russian general 
 Markow accordingly attacked tho French 
 under Bernadottc, at Moruugen, in East 
 Prussia, when a very severe action ensued, 
 which terminated In favour of the allies. 
 Another very sanguinary encounter took 
 place on the 8th of Februarj', near the town 
 of Eyiau, when the fortunes of France and 
 Russia seemed to be eiiually balanced, and 
 each party claimed the victory. Immedt 
 ately after this engagement Buonaparte de> 
 spatched a messenger to the Russian com* 
 mander-In-chlef , with overtures of a paclflo 
 nature ; but general Benigsen rejected hla 
 j offers with disdain, and replied that ' he 
 
462 
 
 C^e Creojfury al W^tavu, ^c. 
 
 had beoii sent by IiU niostor not to nego- 
 tiate, but to flght.' Notwithstanaiug this 
 repulse, similar overtures were uudo by 
 Buonaparte to tlie Idng of I'mssla, and met 
 with no better success. Tlio wealc state of 
 tlie Frencti army at ttiis time seemed to 
 promise tlie allies a speedy and fortunate 
 termination of tlie contest ; but the sur- 
 render of Dantzio totally changed the faoo 
 of aflairs, and by supplying tlie French with 
 arms and ammunition, enabled them to 
 maintain a superiority. On the I4tli of 
 June a general engagement ensued nt 
 Friedland, and the concentrated forces of 
 the allies were repulsed with prodigious 
 •laughter. On the 23rd of the same month 
 an armistice was concluded ; and on the 8th 
 of July a treaty of peace was signed at 
 Tilsit, between the emperors of France and 
 nussia, to wlilch his Prussian majesty 
 acceded on the following day. 
 
 The first interview between Buonaparte 
 and the emperor Alexander took place on 
 the asth of June, on a raft constructed for 
 that purpose on the river Niemen, where 
 two tents had been prepared for their re- 
 ception. The two emperors landed from 
 their boats at tlie same time, and embraced 
 each other. A magnificent dinner was after- 
 wards given by Napoleon's guard to tlioso 
 of Alexander and the Icing of Prussia ; when 
 they exchanged uniforms, and were to bo 
 seen in motley dresses, partly French, 
 partly Russian, and partly Prussian. The 
 articles l)y which peace was granted to 
 Russia were, under all circumstances, re- 
 marliably fr.vourable. Alexander agreed to 
 acknowledge the kings of Buonaparte's cre- 
 ation, and the confederation of the llhiiic. 
 Kapoleon undertook to mediate a peace be- 
 tween the Porte and Russia; Alexander 
 having undertaken to be the mediator be- 
 tween France and England, or, in the event 
 of his inediacion being refused, to shut his 
 portsagainst British commerce. Theterras 
 imposed on the kinr; of Prussia were mar'icd 
 by characteristic severity. The city of 
 Dautzic was declared independent ; and all 
 the Polisii provinces, with Westphalia, 
 were ceded by Prussia to the conqueror, 
 by which means the king of Prussia was 
 stripped of nearly half of his territories, and 
 one third of his revenues. All his ports 
 were likewise to be closed against England 
 till a general peace. 
 
 The unexampled influence which Napo- 
 leon had now acquired over the nations of 
 Europe, to say nothing of that spirit of do- 
 mination which he everywhere exercised, 
 rendered It extremely improbable that 
 Denmark would long preserve her neutra- 
 lity ; nay, the English ministers had good 
 reasons to believe that a ready acquiescence 
 to the dictates of the French emperor 
 would be found In the court of Copen- 
 hagen. As it was therefore feared that the 
 Danish fleet would fall into the hands of 
 the enemy, it was thought expedient to 
 despatch a formidable armament to the 
 Baltic, and to negotiate with the Danish 
 government. The basis of the negotiation 
 was a proposal to protect the neutrality 
 of Denmark, on condition that its fleet 
 Bltculd be deposited in the British ports 
 
 till the termination of the war with Franco. 
 As this proposal was rejected, and as the 
 general conduct of the Danes betrayed 
 their partiality for the French, the ar- 
 mament, which consisted of 27 sail of 
 the line and 20,000 land forces, under the 
 command of admiral Gambler and lord 
 Cathcart, made preparations for investing 
 the city. A tremendous cannonading then 
 commenced. Tlio cathedral, niuiiy public 
 edifices, and private houses were destroyed, 
 with the sacrilkc of 2,000 lives. From the 
 2nd of September till the evening of the 
 6th, the contlagnitlon was kept up in dif- 
 ferent places, when a considerable part of 
 the city being consumed, and the remain- 
 der threatened with speedy destruction, 
 the general commmiding the garrison sent 
 out a flag of truce, desiring an armistice, 
 to allord time to treat for a capitulation. 
 This being nrrangcd, a mutual restitution 
 or prisoners took place, and the Danish 
 fleet, consisting of 18 sail of the line and 
 15 frigates, together with all vhe naval 
 stores, surrendered to iiis Britannic majes- 
 ty's forces. Tlie Danisli government, how- 
 ever, refused to ratify the capitulation, and 
 Issued a declaration of war against Kng- 
 land. This unexpected enterprise against 
 .1 neutral power served as an ostensible 
 cause for Russia to commence hostilities 
 against Great Britain ; and a manife^it) was 
 published on the 31 st of Octobei , ordering 
 the detention of all British sl-.ips and pro- 
 perty. 
 
 Tlie two grand objects to which the at- 
 tention of Buonaparte wts principally di- 
 rected, were the annihilation of the trade 
 of Great Britain, and the extension of his 
 dominions. In order to attain the former 
 of these objects, he, in November 1800, is- 
 sued at Berlin a decree by which the Bri- 
 tish islands were declared to be in a state 
 of blockade, and ail neutral vessels tliat 
 traded to them without Ills consent were 
 sub,''ect to capture and confiscation. This 
 new mode of warfare excited, at first, the 
 apprehensions of the British merchants ; 
 but the cabinet were resolved to retaliate, 
 and accordingly issued the celebrated or- 
 ders in council, by which Frauco and all 
 the powers under her inHuence were de- 
 clared to bo in a state of blockade, and all 
 neutral vessels that should trade between 
 the hostile powers, without touching at 
 some port of Great Britain, were liable to 
 bo seized. These unprecedented measures 
 were extremely detrimental to all neutral 
 powers, especially to the Americans, who 
 were the general carriers of colonial pro- 
 duce. They, by way of retaliation, laid an 
 embargo in all the ports of the United 
 States, and, notwithstanding the extinction 
 of their commerce, long persisted in the 
 measure. 
 
 In the conduct pursued by Buonaparte 
 with respect to Portugal, he resolved to act 
 in such a manner as should either Involve 
 that nation in a war with England, or 
 would furnish him with a pretence for in- 
 vading it. He accordingly required the 
 court of Lisbon, 1st, to shut their ports 
 against Great Britain; 2dly, to detain .-Ul 
 Englishmen residing in Portugal ; and Sdlf , 
 
 1 
 
 '. 
 
iVlth K'raui.'o. 
 I, and H8 the 
 an betrayed 
 icl), tlio ar- 
 27 Ball of 
 s, under tho 
 r and lord 
 ir investing 
 nndiug then 
 nuiiy public 
 'Oilestroyed, 
 . Froni the 
 ;ulngof tho 
 )t up In dlf- 
 rnblo part of 
 tho rcmain- 
 lestruction, 
 irrlson sent 
 n armistice, 
 :apltulatlon. 
 1 restitution 
 tl)o Uauish 
 the line and 
 1 vho naval 
 uniic luajes- 
 inient, how- 
 ,uIntion,and 
 gainst Kng- 
 irise against 
 1 ostensible 
 e hostllitiea 
 anifeiito was 
 er, ordering 
 ips and pro- 
 
 hlcli the at- 
 
 iuclpally di- 
 
 }f the trade 
 
 nsiou of his 
 
 the former 
 
 l)er 1600, is- 
 
 Ich tho Uri- 
 
 iu a state 
 
 cssels that 
 
 )nscnt M-ero 
 
 ution. This 
 
 at first, the 
 
 merchants ; 
 
 bo retaliate, 
 
 lebrated or- 
 
 uco and all 
 
 ce wore do- 
 
 odc, and all 
 
 ido between 
 
 ouching at 
 
 re liable to 
 
 1 measures 
 
 all neutral 
 
 rlcans, who 
 
 olonial pro* 
 
 ion, laid an 
 
 the United 
 
 3extiuctlou 
 
 ited iu the 
 
 Buonaparte 
 slved to act 
 ler involve 
 Inglaud, or 
 ncu for in- 
 iquired the 
 Lbclr ports 
 detain all 
 l;andSdljr, 
 
 
 »i 
 
 •. 
 
 to cuuflscato all Kngllsh property. In case 
 t'lcse demandfl were refused, ho declared 
 that war would be declared against them, 
 sud, without waiting for an answer, he gave 
 orders for detaining all merchant ships that 
 were in tho ports of France. As the prince 
 regent could not comply with these im- 
 perious demands, without violating the 
 treaties that existed between tho two na- 
 tions, he endeavoured to avoid the danger 
 which threatened him, by agreeing to the 
 first condition. Tho porta of Tortugal were 
 accordingly shut up; but this concession 
 served only to in (lame tho resentment of 
 Buonaparte, who immediately declared that 
 the house of Bragaiiza had ceased to reign ; 
 and sent an immense army Into Portugal, 
 under general Juuot. In this critical situ- 
 ation the prince regent removed his troopH 
 to the seaports, and when Juuot entered 
 Ills dominions, ho retired, with lils family, 
 to the Brazils. 
 
 Tho subversion of the government of 
 Spain and tiie expulsion of the reigning 
 family was the next step on the ladder of 
 Napoleon's aniblticu; and this he thought 
 might be acconiplished by uniting treachery 
 with force. In order to accomplish this 
 perfidious act, it was his first care to foment 
 discord in tho royal family, which, by a 
 complication of dissimulation. Intrigue, luid 
 audaiioua vlllany, he was too successful in 
 effecting. By eucuuraging the ambition 
 of the heir apparent, he excited the resent- 
 ment of the reigning monarch, Charles IV., 
 rendered them mutual objects of mistrust, 
 jealousy, and hatred, and plunged the na- 
 tion into anarcliy and confusion. In this 
 perplexed state of affairs, ho invented an 
 excuse for Introducing his armies into 
 Spain, and compelled Charles to resign the 
 crown to his son, who was invested with 
 the sovereignty, with the title of Ferdinand 
 VII The new-made king, with his father 
 anu the whole royal family, were shortly 
 afterwards prevailed on to takca journey to 
 Bayonne, in France, where an interview 
 took place with the French emperor. On 
 the 5th of May the twokings >, ere compelled 
 by Buonaparte to sign a formal abdication, 
 and the infants Don Antonio and Don Car- 
 los renounced all claim to tho succession. 
 This measure was followed by an imperial 
 decree, declaring the throne of Spain to be 
 vacant, and conferring it on Joseph Buona- 
 parte, who had abdicated the throne of 
 Kaples in favour of Joachim Murat. 
 
 As the French forces, auiounting to about 
 100,000 men, occupied all the strongest and 
 most commanding positions of Spain, and 
 as another army of 30,000 men, under Junot, 
 had arrived iu Portugal, it was imagined 
 that the new sovereign would take posses- 
 sion of the kingdom vlthout opposition. 
 But the wanton ambf'.ion and foul perfidy 
 by which these events had been produced, 
 inspired the Spaniards with becoming in- 
 dignation and resentment. No sooner had 
 the news of the treatment of the royal 
 family reached Spain, than a general insur- 
 rection broke out ; juntas were formed In 
 tho diHerent provinces; patriotic armies 
 were levied ; and the assistance of England 
 was implored. The supreme junta of Se- 
 
 ville assumed tho sovereign authority, in 
 the name of Ferdinand Vll., whom tliey 
 proclaimed king ; and declared war against 
 France. Peace with Spain was proclaimed 
 in London on tho oth of July ; the Spanisli 
 prisoners were set free, clothed, and sent 
 homo; and everything that the Spaniards 
 could desire, or the English afford, yvm 
 liberally granted. The suddenness of tho 
 insurrection, tho unanimity w; '.ch pre- 
 vailed, and the vigour with which it was 
 conducted, amazed tho surrounding na- 
 tions, and called forth their exertions. 
 The efforts of tlio loynl Spaniards were 
 crowned with astonishing success; the 
 usurper Joseph was driven from the capi- 
 tal, .titer having remained in it about a 
 week ; and the French, after losing about 
 50,000 men, were obliged to abandon the 
 greatest part of tho kingdom, and to retire 
 to the north of the Ebro. 
 
 A.D. 1808.— Animated and encouraged by 
 the successful resistance of tho Spaniards, 
 tho Portuguese also displayed a spirit of 
 patriotic loyalty, and a general insurrec- 
 tion took place In the northern parts of 
 that kingdom. In tho provinces from which 
 the enemy had been expelled, the authority 
 of the prince regent was reestablished, 
 and provisional juntas, like those of Spain, 
 were formed. The supremo junta of Oporto 
 having taken effectual measures for raising 
 an army, despatched ambassadors to Eng- 
 land to solicit support and assistance. In 
 consequence of this »n army under sir 
 Arthur Wellesley, consisting of 10,000 men, 
 set eail from Cork on the 12th of July, and 
 landed in Oporto, where, after a severe en- 
 counter, he compelled tho French general 
 La Borde to abandon a very strong position 
 on the heights of BorlQa. In the following 
 night La Borde effected a junction with 
 general Loison, and they retreated with 
 their unitt'd forces towards Lisbon. The 
 British army, having been reinforced by a 
 body of troops under general Anstruther, 
 proceeded towards the capital, in pursuit 
 of tho enemy. On tho 31st of August, tho 
 French army under Junot, who had been 
 created duke of Abrantes by Buonaparte, 
 met the British troops at the Tillage of 
 Vimiera, when a very severe action ensued, 
 and terminated in the total defeat of the 
 French, whose loss In killed alone amount- 
 ed to 3,600 men. Sir Hugh Dairymple, who 
 had been called from Gibraltar to take 
 the command of the British forces, joined 
 the army at Cintra on the day after this 
 splendid victory, and concluded a treaty, 
 which at the time was thought iu England 
 to be most disadvantageous, and it became 
 the subject of a military enquiry ; but as sir 
 Arthur Wellesley gave his testimony geuo- 
 riUy in its favour, it may safely be inferred 
 to have been wisely concluded; and such 
 was the result of the investigation. It 
 stipulated that the French should evacuate 
 Portugal, with their arms, but leav Ing their 
 magazines, and be transported to France in 
 British ships without any restriction in 
 regard to future service ; having leave to 
 dispose of their private property (viz. their 
 plunder acquired by contributions). In Por- 
 tugal. The Russian fleet iu the Tagus 
 
V 
 
 461 
 
 ^t ExfttUuvu at WitovVt ^t. 
 
 consisting of nlno ships of tho Hue and a 
 frigate, was to be surrendered to the British 
 government, but to bo restored after tho 
 peace, and tho Russian offlccrs and men to 
 be conveyed homo In Enfflinh transports. 
 
 The convention of Clntra being carried 
 Into effect, the British forces advanced to 
 Lisbon, and having remained In that city 
 about two months, proceeded In different 
 divisions towards Salamanca, in Hpain. In 
 the meantime, an army of 13,(MX> men, 
 under sir David Baird, having landed at 
 Corunna, was marching through tho nor- 
 thern part of Portugal towards tho same 
 iwlnt. Buonaparte liaving, with an im- 
 mense army, entered Spain, In order to 
 conduct tlie operations of tho war, the 
 patriot troops, under Belvldero, Blako, and 
 Castanos, wcro successively defeated, and 
 Napoleon entered Madrid In triumph. Sir 
 John Moore, tho commander-in-dilef of 
 tho British army, being unable to keep tho 
 Held in the presence of an oneny so much 
 superior in numbers, wliile his own troops 
 were suffering dreadfully from hunger and 
 fatigue, retreated, in the midst of winter, 
 through a desolate and mountainous conn- 
 try, made almost impHssablo by snow and 
 rain ; yet ho effected his retreat with great 
 rapidity and judgement, and arrived at Co- 
 runna Jan. 11, 1800. Soult took up a position 
 above the town in readiness to make an at- 
 tack as soon as the tri/ops sliould begin to 
 embark. On the 16th, the operation hav- 
 ing begun, the enemy descended in four 
 columns, when sir Jolin Moore, in bringing 
 up the guards where the fire was most de- 
 structive, received a mortal wound from a 
 cannon-ball. General Balrd being also 
 disabled, the command devolved on sir 
 John Hope, under whom tho troops bravely 
 continued the light till nightfall, when 
 tlie French retreated with the loss of 2,000 
 men, and offered no further molestation. 
 The loss of the English in this battle was 
 stated at between seven and eight hundred 
 men ; but their total loss in this arduous 
 expedition was little less than 6,000, with 
 their brave and noble commander, wliose 
 soldierly skill and general high qualities 
 fully entitled him to the respect and admi- 
 ration In which ho was universally held. 
 
 A.D. 1809.— The most vigorous exertions 
 were now made by the French for the com- 
 plete subjugation of Spain. Having defeated 
 and dispersed several bodies of the Spanish 
 troops, the enemy sat down before Sara- 
 gossa, and made themselves masters of it, 
 after a desperate and sanguinary assault. 
 The French army then entered Portugal, 
 under marshal Soult, duke of Dalmatia, 
 and took Oporto. On the arrival of ano- 
 ther British armament, consisting of above 
 30,000 men, under generals Weliesloy and 
 Beresford, Soult was obliged to retire from 
 Portugal with considerable loss. Sir Ar- 
 thur Wellesley advanced with rapidity into 
 Spaita, and having united his troops with a 
 Spanish army of 38,000 men, under gene- 
 ral Cnesta, they marched on Madrid. On 
 the SSth of July general Cuesta's advanced 
 guard was attacked by a detachment of tho 
 enemy, and, as a general engagement was 
 daily expected, sir Artliur Wellesley took a 
 
 strong position at Tulavern. On tho fol- 
 lowing day a very obstinate engagement 
 commenced, wlilch was continued with 
 various success till the evening of the 28th, 
 when the enemy retreated, leaving behind 
 tlicm seventeen pieces of cannon. Tho 
 battle was most severe, tho English losing 
 In killed, wounded, and missing, 6,000 men ; 
 while tho loss on the part of tho French 
 was estimated at 10,000. Fur tho great 
 skin and bravery displayed In this action 
 sir Arthur Wellesley was created a peer, 
 with the title of viscount Wellington. The 
 French army was commiinded by Victor 
 and Sobastlanlj but so<m afterwards, tho 
 junction of Soult, Ney, and Mortler, in tlio 
 rear of tho English, compelled them to fall 
 bark on Badajoz, and Cnesta reinalr.od in 
 Spain to check the enemy's progress. 
 
 Austria, stimulated by what was passing 
 In Spain, had onco more attempted to as- 
 sert her independence; and Buonaparte 
 liad left the peninsula soon after the battle 
 of Corunna, in order to conduct in person 
 the war which was thus renewed in Ger- 
 many. Hostilities bad been declared on tho 
 nth of April, when the archduke Charles 
 issued a spirited address to the army pre- 
 paratory to his opening the campaign. Tho 
 whole Austrian army '-jnslsted of nlno 
 corps, in each of whicli were from 30,000 to 
 40,000 men. Buonaparte, in addition to the 
 French corps, now congregated under his 
 standard Bavarians, Saxons, and Poles ; and 
 such was his celerity of movement, and tho 
 impetuosity of his troops, that In the short 
 space of one month he crippled the forces of 
 Austria, and took possesshm of Vienna on 
 the 13th of May. On tho 21st and 22nd of the 
 same month the archduke Charles, who had 
 taken his position on the left bank of the 
 Danube, engaged Buonitparte between tho 
 villages of Aspeme and Essling, and com- 
 pletely defeated him, compelling him to 
 retire to Loban, an island on the Danube. 
 Tho Austrlans were, however, so much 
 weakened by this battle, as to be unable to 
 follow up their success ; and both armies re- 
 mained inactive till the 4th of July, when 
 Buonaparte having been greatly reinforced, 
 relinquished his situation, amidst a violent 
 torrent of rain, and drew up his forces in 
 order of battle on tho extremity of the 
 Austrian left wing. Tlie allies were greatly 
 disconcerted by this unexpected movement, 
 and being obliged to abandon the strong 
 position whicli they held, an engagement 
 commenced near Wagram, under every dis- 
 advantage, when the French were victo- 
 rious, and the Austrlans retreated towards 
 Bohemia. A suspension of hostilities was 
 soon afterwards agreed on, which was fol- 
 lowed by a treaty of peace, concluded at 
 Schonbrun, on the 15th of October; by 
 which the emperor of Austria was compelled 
 to cede several of his most valuable pro- 
 vinces, to discontinue his intercourse with 
 tlie court of London, and to close his ports 
 against British vessels. 
 
 In the course of the summer was fitted 
 out with great secrecy one of tne most for- 
 midable armaments ever sent from the 
 shores of England. It consisted of an 
 army of 40,000 men, and a fleet of 30 sail of 
 
 I 
 
 ■; 
 
 th( 
 boi 
 glv 
 sir 
 ent 
 Ing 
 
 <' 
 
ras fitted 
 aost f or- 
 
 |rom the 
 „ of an 
 BO sail ot 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 <!?iiaTniiV.— $!autfe of 33 rumnuirli.— George i££. 460 
 
 tho line, 36 frlgatoB, niul inniiorniis giiii- 
 boatg, &c. Tho coiiiinniul of tho first wns 
 Hiveii to tho enrl of Chnthntn, of thu Inst to 
 Bir IX. Htrachnn. Tho chief objects of tho 
 eiiterprjgo wero to get poBseaalon of Flush- 
 ing and the Island of Wnlchcren, with tho 
 Vrench Hhipa of war In tho Scheldt ; to de- 
 stroy their arsenals and dock-yards, and to 
 effect the reduction of the city of Antwerp. 
 The preparations which had been made for 
 this expedition, tlio numerous soldiers and 
 sailors engaged In it, and the lmuieni>e 
 sums of money which had been expended 
 on it, raised the expectations of tho nation 
 to the highest pitch ; but it was planned 
 without judgement, and conducted without 
 skill, and therefore necessarily terminated 
 In loss and disgrace. On the arrival of the 
 armament In the Scheldt, tho contest be- 
 tween Austria and Kr.inco had boon de- 
 cided ; tho military state of the country 
 was widely different from what had been 
 represented ; and Antwerp, Instead of being 
 defenceless, was completely forlltled. The 
 attack on the Island of Walchereu suc- 
 ceeded, and Flushing surrendered after an 
 obstinate resistance of twelve days ; but as 
 the country assumed a posture of defence 
 that was totally unexpected, all Idea of 
 proceeding up the Scheldt was abandoned, 
 and tho troops remained at Walcheren, 
 where an epidemic ferer raged. Of tho lino 
 army that left Portsmouth a few months 
 before, one half perished on tho pestilen- 
 tial shores of Walcheren ; and of tho re- 
 mainder who returned In December, many 
 were aOlictcd with incurable chronic dis- 
 eases. 
 
 The other events of the year may bo briefly 
 told. The French settlement nt Cayenne 
 surrendered to an English and I'ortuguesc 
 force, and tho island of Martin Iquo was 
 soon afterwards captured by lirltish arms. 
 A French fleet, consisting of ten sail of tlio 
 line, wiilcli lay in the Uasfjue roads, under 
 the protection of the forts of tho Island of 
 Aix, was attacked by a squadron of gun- 
 boats, flre-shlps, and frigates, under lord 
 Cochrane, who captured four ships, disabled 
 several others, and drove tho rest on shore. 
 A gallant action was likewise performed by 
 lord Collingwood, who on the Ist of Octo- 
 ber destroyed, in the bay of Itosas, three 
 sail of tho line, two frigates, and twenty 
 transports. To these successes mav be 
 added, tho reduction of some small Islands 
 in tho West Indies, and tho capture of a 
 Russian flotilla and convoy in the Baltic, by 
 sir James Saumarcz. 
 
 In the early part of the year, publ'c atten- 
 tion was engrossed with a parliamentary 
 enquiry into the conduct of his royal high- 
 ness the duke of York, commander-in-chief ; 
 against whom colonel Wardle, an offlcer of 
 militia, had brought forward a series of 
 charges, to the effect that Mrs. Mary Ann 
 Clarke, a once favoured courtesan of the 
 duke, bad carried on a trafno in milltar>' 
 commissions, with his knowledge and con- 
 currence. During tho progress of this 
 Investigation the house was in general fully 
 attended, many of Its members appearing 
 highly edified by the equivocal replies and 
 eprlgbtly sallies of the fair frail one. But 
 
 tho duke, though blamed for great Indiscre- 
 tion, was acquitted of personal corruption 
 by a vote of tho house. He, however, 
 thought proper to resign his employment. 
 Various circumstances which afterwards 
 transpired tended to throw conslderabls 
 suspicion on tho motives and characters of 
 tho parties who nstltuted the enquiry. 
 
 A.D. 1810.— Tho parllnmcntary session 
 commenced with an enquiry Into tho late 
 calamitous expedition to Walcheren : and 
 after a long debate In the house of com- 
 mons, the conduct of ministers, Instead of 
 being censured as was expected, was de- 
 clared to be worthy of commendation. In 
 tho course of tho discussion, Mr. Yorke, 
 member for Cambridge, dally enforced the 
 standing order of the house for the exclu- 
 sion of strangers— a measure which, though 
 sanctioned by a parliamentary regulation, 
 was very unpopular, and became the subject 
 of very severe animadversions in the Lon- 
 don debating societies. John Oale Jones, 
 the director of one of these societies called 
 tho ' British Forum,' having Issued a pliv- 
 card, notifying that the following question 
 had been discussed there:—' Which was a 
 greater outrage on the public feeling, Mr. 
 Yorke's enforcement of the standing order 
 to exclude strangers from tho house of 
 commons, or Mr. Windham's attack on the 
 press?' and that It had been unanimously 
 carried against the former, — Mr. Yorke 
 complained of It as a breach of privilege, 
 and Jones was connultted to Newgratc. On 
 tho 12tli of March, sir Francis Burdett, 
 who had been absent when Mr. Jones was 
 committed, brought forward a motion for 
 his liberation, on the ground that his im- 
 prisonment by the house of commons was 
 an infringement of the lfi.v c-i the land, and 
 a subversion of tho prlu' i 'c.^ of tho con- 
 stitution. This motion .< icj negatived, 
 sir Francis publlt^hed a lettc to his con- 
 stituents, the electors of Wciitmlnster, in 
 which he stated his reasons for objecting to 
 the Imprisonment of Mr. Jones, and adverted 
 In very pointed terms to the Illegality of the 
 measure. This letter was brouirht forward 
 In the house by Mr. Lethbrldh'o.'who moved 
 that it was a scandalous publication, and 
 that sir Francis Burdett, having acknow- 
 ledged himself the author of it, was guilty 
 of a flagrant breach of privilege. After an 
 adjournment of a week, these resolutions 
 wore carried ; and a motion that sir Francis 
 Burdett should be committed to the Tower, 
 was likewise carried by a majority of thirty- 
 seven members. A warr.int was accordingly 
 signed by the speaker of the house of com- 
 mon3,forthcapprehcnsion and commitment 
 of the right honourable baronet, and was 
 delivered to the serjeant-at-arms, to be 
 carried Into effect. Sir Francis urged the 
 Illegality of the speaker's warrant, and 
 resisted tho execution of it till the 0th of 
 April, when the serjeant-at-arms, accom- 
 panied by messengers, police officers, and 
 detachments of the military, forced open 
 the baronet's house, arrested him, and con- 
 veyed him, by a circuitous route, to the 
 Tower. The greatest indignation prevailed 
 among the populace when they heard of 
 tho apprehension of their favourite ; and, 
 il u 
 
 <s. 
 
im 
 
 Cri)r QTirntfiiii) of VliiilUii'ii, sVr. 
 
 Imvlitu nitiioiniiltHt mi 'I'liwor hill, lliry hi 
 UrlioiT llii< lullliiii') »llli mIkiii'n mill III her 
 iilliiit||i<«. Ki<r II imiiiiIiIi'I'mIiIk IIiiik IIii> 
 •<t|illi<i'* imlii'iilly «iiliiiillli'il III Hill iMHiilU 
 of IliK inuUliuili<: lull lliiilliiH lliiil Hh'Ii 
 NiitUolly liuM'oiim'il, IIic.n llrril, ihhI lliii'onr 
 
 IhOt'lull'lll Wi-ro kllll'll, \l llli'lMnl.iHKllnll 
 iif |<ikt'lliunrMl, I'll till' 'Jl"l i>r .liilli', nil' 
 h'l'dhoii* will) llliiMiiii'il fiKiii llii> 'I'mnmi', iiikI 
 
 lll't'lll |l|'t<|l|irillli<llt MIM'O lllllllO l>> lll'l I'lll' 
 
 lUiiiiN fni' I'liiiiliii'llnM liliii liiHiii'i iMit lii< 
 iiriuli<iil I)' iti't'lliiiMl t III' liKiioiii . mill I I'l III iii'il 
 ill III* liiil|iii< l<V M'llirr, III iiviilil Mill rink nf 
 
 |)o|<iilm' liiiiiiiii. ■\» fur Mr. iiuli' .liini«« 
 Willi oliiiiiii'il II i'ImIiI III iili'liil, lio i'i<riixrii 
 til li<l«\i< Ni'WHill)'. mill IMI" III lilMl Hi'l "III 
 |iy uli'iiliiKi-ni, loiiilly (■oiiiiiIiiIiiIiik of llii< 
 iliiiili|i< Hi'li'Miiii'i' iif lirliiK llloKiilly liii|iii 
 Hdiioii mill no lll(<>r'illv i(|Ni>liiirK(>il, 
 
 On lli(< lilni of Miiy nil i<vii'iiiii'illiinry ill 
 (•<iii|>l nt iiNHiiiiHliiiiiliiii wiiH iimilii nil llii< 
 iliiko of riiiiilii'i'liiiiil, ,M iitiiiiil. liiilfiiiiNi 
 two o'olook III llio iiiKi'iiliiti lilri rnyiil IiIhIi 
 lii<iiN wiiH roiimiit fruiii lil« mIooii liy koni'iiiI 
 Mowii i»li(iiil llio lii'iiil, wlili'li WiTO ni'nvoil 
 lo li.'ivo (n'oii hIvoii Willi iiKiiliroimiil Jiiiii|i 
 liiK ii|> lo Klvi< nil iiliii'iii, lit> wimfiillioviMl liy 
 llioniiKiiiiKlii, wild iMil liliii iii'I'ikiiIIioIIiIhIh. 
 
 IIO lllOII INllll'll llU Mllcl III WIlllllIK, Willi 
 
 IiiikIoiioiI to lilit iiiiimIi>i''i« iinnlitlmiro, iiiiil 
 nlni-iiii<i\tliolii>iiNi<, lliivlii«rli>m'ly liinpi'i'i 
 ••«! Iln> room, lo *ct' If iiiiy ono woro coii 
 miUHl llii'ivlii, tlii'V woiii lo llio jiorlor'n 
 room toiiwiikoiisrilli, II l'li<i1iiionli'M> vnlol ; 
 wlioii.oii fnroliii' o|M<ii llio door, tlioy foiiiiit 
 litiii utroifliiHl oil tliolx'il, Willi IiIh tliroiii. 
 rwU HiiliMoiiiinit iMiYiiiiiNlmiro^tiiiiiiloli ovl- 
 iloittlliiii tlili* wrotrli, nrii<r IiiivImk fiillodlti 
 litii nll(<iii|>l to nnitiiHMliiiilo tlio diikr, lind r<>> 
 llr«Hl on tliolli'Kt nliinii, Mild |<iit iiii oiid to 
 lili»»'»l!«toiu"t>. No»l d«y ti ooroin>r'nliii|iii>»l 
 WiM liold oil tlio liody of HolllH.niid nflo* Ih>- 
 
 |l»OWlll)JI»I^llll'llt. IlltOlltloll lo llllM>Vl(l0ll('O, 
 
 llio jury ivliirnod ti vrrdloi of/i'/d-ilc hi: 'I'Iio 
 mmniiiitiiwAitliollovoil to litivo licciinctimtiHl 
 1»y |>Tlvi»to rosoiiinu-nt for hoiiio »iii»|ioi«('d 
 Injury. I>iit lioHiliiff dotlnllo wn« cllcllod 
 vltliornt Hint lliiioorHiil>Ni<<|iii<itll,r> 
 
 On llio rolnvit of lord Wolllnwton nt Tnln- 
 wni. llio Kiriirli nriiilrs ndvniiriMl wltli n«- 
 tonlslitnii rni>Mlty,«nd linvln»» dofontod mid 
 dl»|MT»»\l n Sj>nnli«l.nniiyof mmxiiMiumi, nt 
 lliolinliloofOoHim, onthoH>tliorNov.,llicy 
 ranrUHl tlioir vlrtorloitu tan\» Into nlnumt 
 every vrtnMnoo of Mpaln. Tlioy wor»\ liow- 
 ovor, nuii'h niinoTtHi, nnd »onipflin»'« rp- 
 r«lf«Hl, l>y Hip ratrlotn, wlio.wnr.dorliifffroni 
 Hlm-p III i>lac«\ solr.od ovory opportuutty of 
 rvviMisrlnir HumiisoIvp* oh Hipir mpnrlons lii- 
 Tiklpro, The KrtMirli nrmy In l»ortiiKnl wns 
 grwilly B«i>crlor in nutnliors to Hip Kiiffllsli, 
 mut w«« piMiiinmulod l>y ninmlinl Mnssoiui, 
 |irl«co of KsKlliiir, wlio pinployptl pvpry nrt I- 
 l\p« lo Induoo lord Wplllngton to quit tlio 
 Blrontr r<>8tilon w-Iitoli iip lipid on tlipiuoun- 
 tuins. With this vipw hp Miidorfook, siirpos- 
 •ivolx. tho bIpkps of Culdad Ilodrigo mid 
 AIiupUU, both of which plACC9,aftpr n most 
 eptrlted renlanuipo, wore rouipollpd to sur- 
 fpiulpr, AH thpsp Btrntntfpnis of Mnaspiiii 
 could uot Induce the Hrlttsh gcnprnl to 
 hMnnl a battle under dtsadvaiitn^pous clr- 
 rurastMicea; and the cautloua conduct of 
 hU loMshlp on thti occasion wm as laudable 
 
 ii>« hU piiiii'MMo mill riiNiiliiliiiii liiid riiriiiiirly 
 
 lli<|i||. MliaNlillll III IoIIhHi liPMnn to NIINptil't 
 
 Hull liU ii|iiiiiiii<iii wimnrlimli'd liv fi'iir i iiml 
 llii'irriilK diili'liiilllPtl to nllni'k llllll In liU 
 |i||||'i'lirllllli'llli<,iill llliiMIIIIMlll or Hill llinllll' 
 llllll of llllriirii. All I'llHilMl'MII'Ill ni'l'iiril 
 liiiily liiok pliiro on Hill UHli of Hiipli'iiilior, 
 Wlli'li llio PoliilillU'd iiriiilrit nl' IOiihImIiiI imhI 
 roi'liiutil riiiiihli'ii'ly ili'fpnliiil Hin Ki'uni'li, 
 ivlio liiNl on liiK iirniNlon iiiiiviirilN of 'J,iiiii) 
 iiioii. A fi'iv diiyM iiripr llil* I'liHittrpiiiniil, 
 Hip llrlllxliMi'lioi'iil, liymi iilii'i|ii'ii|i<il llliivi' 
 nipul, ipilri'il iiiivmilH IiInImih, ninl iutiI' 
 
 pIpiTmi llll|i|i>HnilhlP liimlHnil nil 'rnri'iiM Vi<- 
 ili'imi wlilHiiT Iip wiiN fnlliiivi'd liy iiuirnliiil 
 MiiHNpiin, Willi piicnnippil illrppily In hU 
 
 fl'lHII. 
 
 Wlillo tlipup ovpiitu wpi'p Inklnic jilnrp In 
 Hpnin mid rnriiiKiili Hm hiuppfiNfiil tprnil- 
 iinllnii of )iiinio illNlnnl iiiivnl pippdlllniN 
 Mprvud III iniillrni Hip Hnllmilry of HiiiL 
 lirnnrh of Hip HtirvlPo. 'I'Iip HiiIpIi NPltlPniPiili 
 • •r Ainliiiyiip, Willi IIn ilppiitidvni. UlnndM, 
 KiiriPiiilprpil III n Mrlllnli liiriu mi Hii< l7Hi 
 of I'pIi. on thp Mill of AiiHii"t,ik piiriv of 
 IHo llrlilHli mintiittii, iiikIim' llio Pniniiimiil of 
 pii|itiilii OolP, nilikPktiil llniidn, Hin iirlni-lpnl 
 iif Hip liiili'li N|i|po iMliindH, mid oIiIIkpiI Hiii 
 HiiirlNmi, i'iiiinInHiih of i,iiiiii niPii,liiNiiri'«n- 
 ill'!'. 'I'lip liiiporimil iNlmiilHiirilmirlionmiil 
 tlio MmirlHiiM wprp IlkuivlNP rpiliii'pil,ntHio 
 I'liiKP of Hip ypftr, I'y n lirlilMli nniinnipnt. 
 iindpr Hip omiininnil ofnilnilrnl llprtliinnil 
 iiiiijnr KPiiprnl AI>prproinlilp, 
 
 Hpvprnl pvPiitM took pliu'o nt HiIn tltiiP on 
 Hip poiiHiiPiit of Kiiropp, iiol. Iprn rphinrk- 
 nlilp fur Hii'lr iiovplly tlinn for tluilr lin< 
 pnrliiiipp. Iliiminpnrip.linvliiKdlvm'OPdthii 
 piiiprpHM .limpphlnp, PHiioiiNod on tho llHi 
 of Mnivli Hip iirphdiiPiiPNit Mnria liiniliin, 
 dniiKlilir of tlio piiippror of Aumrlii. on 
 Hip ImI of .Inly, IiOiiIk Mitminpnrto, kliiH of 
 llollmul, nflcr liuvtiiir inmlo ii friiitloHii at< 
 Ipnipt to liiipi'ovp Hip roiidlMoniit liU tin- 
 fortiiiuuo HiilijpptK, niidli'iitpd tho llirono In 
 fnvoiir of hlH oIiIphI min, That PxhaiiHlpd 
 ponnlry wan liiiiiipdintply Hplrpd hy Niiiio- 
 Ipoii, niid nniipxpil lo tho Vrpiich piiiiiIi'p. 
 OhnrlPM XII t. of flwpdpii, IipIiik iidvniippil 
 III nKP and Imvliiff no chlldrpii, choiio for 
 liM micrpBHor riinrlPM AiiwiihIiib, priiiro of 
 Aiiftiisilnliprrr ; imtaB HiIh prliicodl(>ilHnd< 
 dpiily, IMipoiiiip iiPCPBBnry to iiomlnalolilN 
 miropsBor. Tho rftiidlilatPB for tlilR IiIkIi 
 ompo were Hip prliioo of Ilnlfitpln.thokintf 
 of Dpiinmrk, mid the frpiicli nmrnhal Ucr- 
 iiJidottp, prliipp of I'oiito Oorvo. Tho Inltpr 
 lipliiH fnvourpd by Nnpolpon and by tho 
 kitiK of Rwpdpii, ho w'lM uniuiIuioiiBly clio- 
 BPii crown prince, and hiB liiBtallatioii took 
 plnoo on tho lat of November, In tho prn- 
 BPiico of tho nHBonibled diet. A fow days 
 nfterwards war was declared against Great 
 lirltnin ; nil Intercourso waa prohibited, and 
 the linportntlon ol colonial produce Inter- 
 dieted. 
 
 niAPTER LXHI. 
 Tha Bfign (i/QKonan III. [tA< Rsobkoy]. 
 
 A.n. 1811.— Omh of the first loglslatlvo 
 acts of tills year was tho appointment of 
 tho prince of Wales, under certain rcstrlc- 
 tlousi as regent, In cousequenco of a return 
 
 •• 
 
ml r>>niit<rly 
 I III iin«iit'i>t 
 liy fi'rii' ; mill 
 
 1 lllitt III lll<4 
 if lllKllliiMII' 
 
 fill, nci'iiiil 
 
 Hi>|>li'iiilH<r, 
 
 ioiihIiiikI IIII>I 
 
 I III! Il'llllll'll, 
 
 irtlM )>r 'J.iNM) 
 
 'IIH>tKI<IIM'*lli 
 ii'i'li'illlliivi' 
 I, hint ni'i'll- 
 M 'I'l.li'i'K Vl'- 
 
 I liy iiiiimliiil 
 I'l-lly lit liU 
 
 kliiH )>lm'« In 
 iiHFtnii li'iiiil- 
 I i<»i>i'<lliliiii>« 
 iilry of I lull- 
 'liiii'ltliiiii<<iii> 
 lU'iii Utitiiilx. 
 I nil llK' irili 
 xl.ii iHirli' ft 
 I'litlllllllllll of 
 
 IIIK ll|llU'l|>lll 
 
 ,1 iilillKl'il il>i< 
 
 It'll, lllNlll'I'tfll- 
 
 tliiiitrlioiiiiiiil 
 i<iliii-i<il,iillli)) 
 
 hIi III'IIIIIIIICIII'i 
 
 nil lloi'tlii 1111*1 
 
 lllllHllllli'oll 
 I, ii'HN ri'iiiiirk- 
 
 for ilu'lr nil- 
 
 aiV(H'ci>t1Uii» 
 
 [l III) llio mil 
 
 liirin l<ouliia, 
 , AuHlrlii. ill! 
 imrto, kliiK of 
 III fniitloHN hi- 
 
 loliot IllMIIII- 
 
 tliolliroiuUii 
 lint i<xlinuHl(<il 
 ml by Nrtpo- 
 ■oiicli cniiilii'. 
 liiK iitlvmiiTil 
 Iron, riKiKO (nr 
 iliiH, prliipo of 
 liico illoil mill" 
 , iKimlnatolilM 
 Ifor tlilR lilKli 
 loln.tboklnir 
 
 iiiur»liM Uor- 
 111. Tlio liillcr 
 II ami by H"' 
 ilmoiiHly dio- 
 itiUlatlon took 
 
 r, In Uio |>ro- 
 
 A fow (JayH 
 
 against Groat 
 
 ohiMtod.atiil 
 
 iroduco Inter- 
 
 |i« RlOBMOY]. 
 at lentttlatlvo 
 bpolntment of 
 fcrtain rontrlc- 
 kco of a return 
 
 
 <d^iiarniitf.-V)oii4r nr WruiilUiica. AroiQr iifiU. 4(i7 
 
 of lllitt iiii'iiliil iimlitity Willi wlih'lt tlii'kliiM 
 liml fiiniM'ily ln'cn |i<iii|Miriirlly itltlliii'il. 
 'I'liK i'i<Nii'iiaiiiiiii wvi'o I'll I'tiiiiliiiiK MIliiriKi' 
 Kiilii'iiiiry I, iNitl. It wiiM i>>|>i'i'Iim| iliiilii 
 I'lllMiHii iif IllllilNlrni Wnillil llliliii'illiilwly 
 liiko |iliii'i<, lull; Mill |irlliri< ili<rlllii'il iiiiililliu 
 Hliy rliitliiiii III Mix iiiIiiiHiInIi'iiIIiiii, nr In 
 iiiM'i<|il itiiy Hrniil. tiiv Mil I'MlitlillNliiiiniil. Ill 
 
 vh'iiioiir iiiii iii<w riiiii'iiniiit, 
 
 'I'lin |irii)(ri<NN nr nvi'iilM In llio |'< uliixiiln 
 nMitlli oliillilH niir iillKlilliili. MiiKHi'im, wlm 
 at illii I'liiMK nf lliii |iri>ri<i||im yriii', liiiil 
 iMiiti'il liliii«i<irnl. Hiiiiliii'i'iii, Hill. Willi Ullrli 
 
 iliniriillliiM III iirnnirliitir lliii II KMitiy'Niiii 
 
 |)ly of in'itvUliiiiit, Unit liii wiiM liHliii'i'il In 
 
 lllillllilnll IiIm liimlllnlHill llionill nf Mlll'I'll, 
 
 Ii'iivImk linlilnil liliii iti'i)iiNli|i<riililiii|iiitiiili.y 
 of lii'itvy tirtllli'ry iiiiil Miiiiiiiiiilllnn, llo 
 
 rnlllltllli'il III* I'l'll'i'iil, llii'nilMll rnrlllHliI, 
 I'liiHi'l.v inirNlH'il hy Inl'il Wt'lllllKtnll Itlni 
 Mi'IK'I'llI lliTi'Mrnril, Nllllli'I'iillit MklrillUlirM 
 took lillli'ii Imtwi'i'ii I ho iiiiliinMtN of Mill 
 liimlllo iitiiili'Ni liiii, nil iIki null lit Miiy II 
 IIIOI'O lliltiiirtltllt lirllnli KliMlli'il lit tlio I'lVKI 
 
 AII)iii>i'ii,lMitwi'i'iiiiiiiriiliiilSniiiniiiilHi'iii'riil 
 ll<'i'i>«fnril. 'I'liii I'liiitKMt I'liiiiliiiii'il wIMi 
 
 HI'Cllt llllli)Mlin*lly fur Ni'Vi'l'lll linlim, till Mt 
 
 li'iiHili vii'lnry ili'i'liirml In riivoiir nl ilin 
 
 AtlKln rnrtllKIH'Ko ll'nn|ill, Itliil Mm I'lll'lliy 
 WIIM I'liintiiilli'il In ri'lri'iit. 'I'lm Inmi nf llin 
 Kl'i'lll'll WIIN iml.linilti'il lit ll,IMHI, llllinllK 
 Wliniii worn llvii Ki'lii'i'iiU; llii< liiMM nf llii' 
 nllll'N llllioiltlti'il tn lilinllt lltlir tllllt iniliilii I'. 
 Arii'r MilNVli'lni'y H<'ll(i|'lll lli<rrNriiril Ilivi'Nl 
 I'll tlio llli|inrtlilit rlly nf IIiiiIiiJum, liiil wiim 
 
 oIlllKt'll to rulNII tlld nI|'K<'i III <'.l)MMI'i|Urlll'<1 
 
 of tlio Jniii'iliiii lit tlio Kruni'li itniilcMiiiiUi'r 
 Hoiilt itnil Miinnont, 
 
 'I'lio wfir WIIN lit tlio Hiinin tliiiociiniliirli'il 
 Willi Ki'i'iil M|>liit liiilliri'i'i-ntiwirtNor Hiiiilii. 
 Ill (liiliiliitilii tlio iiiii'i'iitliiiiN nf tho onitiny 
 wi'i'o r.rowiii'il with NiirciiM; luit In Aiiilii 
 limlll till' Kl'i'lll'll Wi'i'o rniii|ii'||)<(l ti> I'i'Mi'i' 
 |M<riiri) tlioilutiirniliii'il liruvrry of tliiiiillliul 
 fori'i'H. TIiIn nriny had laniliMl nt AIko- 
 mIi'iim, iiiulor prcnoral OnUiiiiii, with tlio iti- 
 toiitlon of attack liiK tho Kri'iirli troopH i^i- 
 KiiKoil In tlio nIi'Ko of (Jnill>!. On tin' Atli 
 of March tlioy tonk a atroiiK iiimltlon on 
 tlio liululitii of liunmiin, win r<! ilioy wi^ro 
 atlaukeil on tho itMJi liy a Miiiiorlnr forri! 
 of thu enoniy. Aftor a nuiiarkuhly xovoro 
 onvagonioiit, tho Knnicli rotlntil In ilMnr 
 ili>r, with tho loNH of »,(KM> nun ; Imt I lio 
 iininurlcalliiforlnrllyof tlioallli'Hiiroc.liidca 
 till) liopu of iiiirHiiliiK them with hiikcchh. 
 Tho nuliiii>(|iiont avoiitH of tho war In thu 
 |ionlnitul», diirliiK tliln year, wore nnltlinr 
 iiuinuroHH nor Imimrtant. Tim Krotiili 
 army, who had throatoncd to 'iilaiit tliuir 
 caKli'H on tho wallH of MmIioii, and todrlvi; 
 tho KnKllHU Into tho hi'ii,' were not only 
 unablo to carry their threat Into execution, 
 l>ut were freanontly diifeatod Iiy trooim 
 Wliloti they werntaiiKlit to dcRplMC. 
 
 Wlillo tho military prowcsii of Kngland 
 was thus nobly dlHplayod In combating 
 the opprosHors of mankind, tho superiority 
 of her navy was HUfflclontly manlfoHted hy 
 tho success whli^h attended all Its opo- 
 ratlona, A combined French and Italian 
 siiuadron, consisting of Ovo frigates and 
 tlx smaller armed vessels, was encountered 
 on tho Island of Llssa, in the guU of Ve- 
 
 nil')', by Mil I'IiihIImIi n<|IIIiiI|'iiII i nliipii«i'i| nf 
 fniii filHiili'ii only; Mm mnliiit wiinIIiiih 
 Hinl Fnr II Mum ilniiliiriil, lull, lit Ii'IimUi II'I 
 Mnh viilniii lui'Viilli'il, iiinl tlii'i'iiiif Mm I'll" 
 miv'n rilKiili'14 wiTK liiki'ii. On Mm Uinl.nt 
 .III I) It |''ri mil llnMllii, )'niiiiliiMiiM nf I wi'iily 
 hU vi'mnmIii, witM iilliii'lii'il nIT Mm i niiiit nf 
 I'liliilirlii, |iy nil I'iiiMllMli rili«iili' mill it 
 xlnnp, Mini Mm wlmli' nt llniii Wi'ro nip 
 I mill wllliniil. Mm PiHM lit II iiiiiii. TIk'ni' 
 mill nllii r Hiilliilil 1'liinillili'r.i, llinil|/li nil ii 
 i-iiiiill Mi'iili', II ilniiiiilnd mill li In mil iiiiviil 
 rnilll. 
 
 r'rniii Mm yi'iir Imii7, wIimi tlm rclrlirnti'il 
 'nrili'lN III rnlllirir wrin ImOK'il, 11 Mi'i'l'ft 
 illMi'iiiili'Mt, IihIIi'IiHvii nf ImMl IIIMi'H, IiiuI 
 I'Vlliri'il ilKi'ir In Mm lllillril HIitl.iM nf Alii" 
 rlrii, 'I'IiIm iiiImiiiiiIi'I'nIiiihIIiik wiim MH'iiMy 
 liiri'i'iiiinii III Mm pi'i'fii'iil yi'iir, liy iiii iinrnr 
 liiiiiilo I'iM'niiiitiir bi'twi'Mi ilin AiiiiTJi'mi 
 frlKiilii I'i'i'Hiili'lit, rnllillllillili'il by rnliililn 
 ilnro IIiiiIki'I'm, iiii>i Mm llrlllHli Mlnnp nt Wlir 
 I, Mill' lli'lt, riipl/ilii ItlnMliiiiii. Tim pitrM 
 ciiliirN lit MiIh nrnirri'iH'ii wire inpllrlMy 
 ami liili'i'i'iitliiHly ri'liili'd hy Mm riipiiiln 
 of Mio liltMo lli'lt, wliniiMrlliiil.i'it tim hlaiiin 
 I'litli'i'ly In tIm AiiKrli'iiii. At liny iiiIk, 
 wlii'llnr Mm iiirniiiitor wiw llimiiKli it iiiU 
 titkn, nr ili'Mlglii'il for tho piirpimi' nf llirrli- 
 nIiih llm MiihIInIi Kovcrniiii'iii, Mm ntMiilt 
 Willi, Mint tbn Aiiicrli^nii HtiiicN pri'piiri'il fnr 
 will', mill, iint.wlMmiittiillntr n^iii'instriinri'N 
 iiikI I'ntiri'Niiliiiiit w) I'o iiiiuii' liy Mm llllMhli 
 iiiliilNlry, wiir wuNMnniiiirii'rwiirilHili'rlari'il. 
 
 lliM'lliK till' liiniitliM of Nnvoinb'r ami 
 Uiiri'iiilicr tlio liili'rnal tntiiijiilllliy of tim 
 I'oiiiitry was illNliirbud by fri'<iiioiit rlotnlii 
 tlKinimiiifiu'.tiirlnKdlMtrlctNnr N'lttliigliniii- 
 NJiIro, DerliyMlili'i'. iiiiil l<oli'i'iitorHblri!. 'i'ho 
 lirlnrlpal riiuso of illHr.niil.i'iit wmh Mm Intro- 
 iliictlnii lit II iK'w ili'NiTlplInn of franm fnr 
 Htiii'kliig weaving. The rlntitrHaNSiiiiii'il tlio 
 iiiiiim of liiiililltitH, mill tlii'y licntiiiii nn iliiii- 
 Ki'roiiM, thiit tho ii'KlHlatiirii deeinrd It niv 
 I'OKMary to use soveru nieiiMurvs for their 
 
 NllpprcHHlnll. 
 
 A. II. IHI2.-TI10 rcKtrb'llnim wbldi lia<l 
 bi'i'ii liniiiiHiMl iipdii Mm prince nl Wales by 
 tho reK'^nr.y hill wero now wlihilruwii, It 
 lii'lng the iinntiliiiniiH nplnlnn nf i lu' iiii'illcal 
 iiiitbnrli Ids that Mii-re was iini, Miw Hllglitimt 
 primiicc.t of Ills maJoNiy's ntiirn to a slate 
 nf perfi'i't sanity. Tho prince Uierefnre as- 
 Miiiiieil the full piiwi^rs birlnngliiK to the 
 sovereignty of Itritain; ami. contrary to 
 general expiictutlnii, very little change was 
 inailo III tiio cabinet, <in tlm laili nf Fe- 
 bruary, tho regent, In a letter to tho duku 
 of York, declared that be ' hail no predl- 
 lectlotiH to indulge, nor resentments to gnk> 
 tify;' intimating, hnwuver, a OeMiro that 
 his governraent might be streiigibeiied by 
 tho r.ooperating of tliose with whom his 
 early habits had been formed, and autho- 
 rising tho duke to eoiiiinunlcuic his Mtntl- 
 ments to lords Urey and Urenviilo. Tothis 
 overture these nohleineti replied, by unre- 
 Horvedly expresHing the Impossibility of 
 their uniting with tliepreHeiitgoveniment, 
 owing to their diSercnccsof opinion being 
 too many and too Important to admit of 
 such union. Tho measures proposed for 
 repealing the penal laws against the paplstt 
 were agitated in both houses of parliament 
 
408 
 
 C^r Cvrailuri^ o( flMtori;, ^r. 
 
 thu Ht'MMloii, but wcro iictfntlvcd hy a vrcat 
 iiijOorlty, 
 
 The dlitiirbonceii nmong tlio mnniifnc- 
 turing rlniit'i, wlilrli Ucnnn Iniit yciir In 
 Nuttlnghniniihirp, iind rxteiulrd Into I.iui- 
 t-ABliIre, Clicuhlro, niul the Wi'Ht IIUIIiik of 
 YorkBhlrp. Tlio iiro|)orty of ImllviaimlB iin 
 well an tlio nmciihiury wnii dcatroyfd )>y 
 DiKhtly nmrniuli-ra ; a tiy*tc>ni of niilltnry 
 triiliiliig wnH adopted, mid sorrot ontliH ud- 
 niliiUtcrcd; In short, thu iiiimbrr and dar- 
 ing spirit nf tlio rioters, and tho Hteadlnofit 
 with whicli Ihi'lr plans were coiulurti'd, 
 rendered them so form idal tie as to rcuuiru 
 tho express Interposition of tho loglstatHro. 
 A largo military force was accordingly sta- 
 tioned in tho disturbed counties, and was, 
 on several occasions, found necessary for 
 tho malntenanco of public peace. Uy a 
 rigid enforcement of tho law, and by tho 
 adoption of remedial measures for tho dis- 
 tresses of tho lalxiuring poor, trauaullllty 
 was at length restored. 
 
 While tho public mind was thus agitated, 
 an event occurred which was at once truly 
 lanicntal>lo and important. On thn lltli of 
 May, as Mr. Perc«val, chancellor of tho ex- 
 ebe<iuer, was entering tho lol)by In tiio 
 house of commons, about flvo o'clock, a 
 person named Bellinghani presented a pUtol 
 to his breast, and shot lilm through the 
 heart. The act was so sudden and astound- 
 ing, that (in the words of a gentleman, well 
 known In tho literary world, who Impponod 
 to bo close to Mr. Perceval at tlio time) 
 'no one of tho many individuiils present 
 procisoly knew wlint had really happened ; 
 and It was only the full of tlin victim that 
 developed the nature of tho atrocious deed. 
 On receiving tho wound, tho unfortunate 
 gentleman fell almost back towards his left, 
 against the angle formed by the door and 
 thowalI,exrliilinlimr very faintly, "OOod 1" 
 tho last wonU ho ever uttered; for imme- 
 diately, as if moved by an instinctive im- 
 pulse to seek for safety in tiio house, he 
 made an effort to rush forward, but merely 
 staggered a few paces and dropped down on 
 the spot.' Deillngham was taken, without 
 resistance, a few minutes afterwards. Itap- 
 peared that ho was aLlveriiool ship-broker, 
 wlio having sustained some commercial 
 losses in Itussln, for whicli ho thouglit the 
 government was bound to procure redress, 
 and his memorials on tho subject being dis- 
 regarded, ho had worked up his gloomy 
 mind to tho monstrous conviction tliat he 
 was justlfled In taking away tho life of the 
 prime minister. Tho gentleman whose 
 words we have before quoted, thus graphi- 
 cally describes the appearance of the assas- 
 sin : ' Beiiingham, with his breast exposed, 
 and now extremely perturbed, was in a state 
 nf great excitation when general Uascoync 
 appeared and recognised him as a man 
 whom ho knew from having seen him at 
 Liverpool. No words, indeed, can picture 
 his frightful agitation ; largo drops of 
 agonizing sweat ran down hia pallid face ; 
 and from tho bottom of hia chest to his 
 gorge, rose and fell a spasmodic action, aa 
 if a body as largo as tho hand were choking 
 him with every breath. Never on earth, I 
 l>elleve. was seen a more terrible example 
 
 of ovrrwrought suffering: yet In language 
 ho wiw perfectly cool and collected. Ott 
 his trial at tho Old llaliey sessions, thn plea 
 of Insanity was suggested by his couiiMel 
 liut overruled. In Ills defence lie expatliiicd 
 on tho ill-treatment liu liad experienci d, 
 and attempted to jUHtIfy his conduct. At 
 ills execution, his demeanour was rnniark- 
 ably Arm and composed, and ho persisted In 
 refusing to express any contrition for his 
 crime. Tho untimely (Irntli of Mr. I'erco- 
 viil drew forth a strong expression of syni- 
 liitiiy; and his widow and family were 
 lllu'rally provided for by parliament. In tho 
 change of administration which took plaro 
 In conse<iueiico of this melancholy circiim- 
 stance, lord HIdmouth was appointed secie- 
 lary of state; tho earl of Harrowbv, lord 
 president of the council ; and Mr. Vansit- 
 tnrt chancellor of theoxche<iiicr. 
 
 At the commencement of tho campaign 
 in the Spanish peninsula, fortune seemed 
 at first to favour tho enemy, who, on tho 
 9th of January, mado tliemselves masteri 
 of the city of Valencia, which general 
 Illake, after a feeble resistance, surren- 
 dered, with 10,000 men. Tho strong town 
 of Peniscoia, which, on account of Its com> 
 mandingBltuation,wasof great import aiiro 
 to its possessors, was soon after surren- 
 dered to the French by tho treachery of tlie 
 governor. Serious as tlieso misfortunes 
 wero to tho allies, they were In a short 
 thnc counterbalanced by the success wlilcli 
 attended the exertions of the Uritish com- 
 mander. After a fortnight's siege, lord 
 Wellington carried C'uldad Itodrlgo by as- 
 Hnult, on the lutli of January ; and on the 
 lotli of April the strong city of Tlndajos 
 surrendered to hlni, after a long and most 
 obstinate resistance. After the capture of 
 this city tho allied armies proceeded, with- 
 out opposition, to Salamanca, where they 
 were received by the inhabitants with be- 
 nedictions and acclamations. As the hos- 
 tile armies were now so situated as to ren- 
 der a battle almost inevitable, lord Wel- 
 lington made his necessary dispositions : 
 and as a favourable opportunity occurred 
 on tho 22d of July for attacking tho ene- 
 my, ho Immediately took advantage of It. 
 An action accordingly ensued. In which the 
 French, after a determined and obstinate 
 resistance, were obliged to give way to the 
 superior bravery of the nssailants, and to 
 retreat in the utmost confusion. The dark- 
 ness of tho niglit was very favourable to 
 the fugitives, yet upwards of 7,(KX) prison- 
 ers were taken, with eagles, colours, can- 
 non, and ammunition. 
 
 After taking possession of tho Spanish 
 capital, lord Wellington advanced to Bur- 
 gos ; but being detained a long time In 
 besieging It, tho enemy had an opportunity 
 of concentrating their force, and of rcuc- 
 cupying Madrid. This was one of the last 
 military transactions which took place on 
 tho peninsula during tho year. For his 
 eminent services, which though generally 
 appreciated were not over-rated, tho Cortes 
 bestowed on the British commander tho 
 title of duke of Culdad Rodrigo, and con- 
 stituted him gonerallsBlmo of the Spanish 
 armies. Tlie prince regent of Great Britain, 
 
It In UngtinffS 
 ■olloctrd. ou 
 iloui, tlio pIl'A 
 y III! couiiKel 
 huoxpntliiiod 
 expt'rleiurd, 
 ruiiduct. At 
 ' wns remark- 
 10 iH'ril»ii'<l In 
 ritloii for Ills 
 of Mr. I'erco 
 I'BHlon of •yin- 
 family wore 
 nmciit. Intlio 
 trh tiv>k |ilaco 
 ichi^ly circiiin- 
 ip<iiMtcU«ei'ie- 
 [arrow))y, l<>r«l 
 111 Mr. VBJiilt- 
 ucr. 
 
 tlio rampntfm 
 irtuno ii'omcd 
 y, who, on tlio 
 iL'lvog niaHtci'a 
 i»lilch gonoral 
 tance, surren- 
 
 9 Btronff town 
 unt of I tit rom- 
 Dat import nnro 
 
 after Burron- 
 rcachcrj- of the 
 mlHfortnncs 
 ■cro in a iiliort 
 
 ! HUOCOSHWlllcIl 
 
 10 Uritisli roni- 
 t's Birgo, lord 
 Itodrlgo by aa- 
 ly ; and on the 
 
 ty of Ilndajoa 
 ong and nioHt 
 the capture of 
 oreodcd, with- 
 in, wliero tlu'jr 
 tontBwIth 1)0- 
 As the hos- 
 latcd aa to rpn- 
 bio, lord Wcl- 
 dlBpoBltionB: 
 nity occurred 
 king the eno- 
 vantage of IC 
 ], in which the 
 and obBtinate 
 Ivo way to the 
 llant!), and to 
 on. The dark- 
 favourable to 
 7,000 prison- 
 colours, can- 
 
 If the SpanlRh 
 lanced to Bur- 
 llong time in 
 Ln opportunity 
 I, and of rcuc- 
 Ino of the last 
 Itook place on 
 rear. For his 
 jgh generally 
 |cd, the Cortes 
 
 imander the 
 Hgo, and con- 
 If the Spanish 
 
 }reat Britain, 
 
 eiiQlAiilr.— l^aiiiTe of 3BrunMD(ck.— drorgt ilSS. 409 
 
 •Ian, who had provlomily confi'rnd on Mm 
 the title of i-iiil, now ralitcd him to tliu 
 dignity of unianiula ut thu United King- 
 dom. 
 
 The foregoing outtlno of the mlllinry 
 tranBactioiiB in Hpnln will rut the readi-r in 
 iKtBBCBBion (if ihi! prlnrlpai featuren of tliu 
 war In tliat iiuarter. Wc niuit now direct 
 Ilia attention to the ovcntH whicii were 
 occurring in tlio north of Kuropc. Tlio 
 fondly-chorlBhed Bchcmo of Uuonnparto for 
 ruining the flnanccB of drca' lirititiii, by 
 rutting off her commercial IniercourHe witli 
 the countries of Kuropo, wa*, Ihrougli In- 
 trigue or Intiinidiktion, adopted by nil tlio 
 iiuutrai powori). Tlio coDseiiuont stagnation 
 of trade on tho continent, tliougli it was 
 Bulnnittcd to by the rospoctlvu sovereigns, 
 was very distressing to their Hiibjectx, es- 
 pecially the IluBstauB, who had been accus- 
 tomed to couBldcr England as their natural 
 ally. At length, tho emperor of itussla 
 resolved to submit no longer to tho arbi- 
 trary rostrlctlons wlilvli thu will of Napoleon 
 had dictated to lilm ; and a war between 
 tltoBO great powers wax tho immedliite and 
 luovitabio result. In tliU contest the most 
 considerable states In Kuropo were In- 
 volved. Tho allies of I'ranco wero tlio 
 fierman States, Italy, I'rUHsla, Austria, and 
 I'oland ; to whom were oiipnited tho com- 
 bined powers of ureut Urltaln, Ilussia, 
 Sweden, and 8|ialn. 
 
 Napoleon placed liliiiyelf at tho lioad of 
 an iinmonso army, and now commenced the 
 cvcr-niomorablo Btruggle. After passing 
 through Dresden, and visiting In rapid suc- 
 cession Dantzic and Konlgsberg, ho reach- 
 ed tho NIenicn, the frontier river of Ilussia, 
 on the 23rd of June. On tlio lino of march 
 wero half a million of soldiers, in tlic high- 
 est state of eaulpment and discipline; to 
 whom lie Issued a proclamation in hia usual 
 coiitldcnt and laconic stylo : ' liusslii,' anUl 
 ho Ms driven onwards by fatality ; let her 
 dostinie.H bo fullUled, and nil end put to tlio 
 fatal Inlliionco wlilcli for tho last llfty years 
 Blio has bad on tho affairs of Kuropo. Let 
 us crosu tho Nieinen, and carry tho war 
 Into her territories.' On the other side 
 vasti>reparations had also been made ; and 
 tho army, consisting of about 300,000 men, 
 was under the iminedlato direction of thu 
 eiii|)cror Alexander and his Bagaclons mi- 
 nister, Barclay do Tolly. Tlio plan of tho 
 ItU:<Lian8 was to draw tho invaders from 
 tlieir resources ; to make a stand only In 
 favourable situations; and to weary tliu 
 enemy by endless marches over tho dreary 
 plains, till the Inclemenry of a Russian 
 winter should lend its aid to stop their am- 
 bitious career. Various partial engagements 
 took place as tho French advanced, the 
 clrcninstances of which were so dlflorcntly 
 related in the bulletins of tho opposite par- 
 tics, tliat nothing is certain but the general 
 result. Considering tho iiunienso masses 
 of men that were In motion, the French 
 proceeded with great rapidity, notwith- 
 Btaudiug the checks they occasionally ex- 
 perienced, till tho 7th of September, when 
 the RuBsiana determined to make a vigor- 
 out effort against their tarther advance. 
 The two oiinics met between tho villages of 
 
 MoHkwa uti'i iijrodino, wlicn a moHt san- 
 gulnarv liuitlu took place, on this occasion 
 each of the hostile armlea numbered 135,*hm 
 men; and when 'night's Bablo curtain' 
 closed tho horrid scone, the bodies of 40,000, 
 either dead or mortally wounded, wero 
 (■tretclied on the lleld of battle ! Both par- 
 ties claimed tho victory, though the ad- 
 vantage waR evidently on the side of tho 
 French, as they proceeded without fartlu^r 
 opposition to ftfoscow, whciothey exiicctcd 
 to rest from tlielr tolls In peace and good 
 winter <iuarters. About midday on tlio 
 Uth the turretsof Moscow, glittering In the 
 sun, wero descried. The troops entered ; 
 but tho city was deserted, and all was still. 
 The capital of ancient Russia was not des- 
 tined to bo the abiding placo of Its present 
 occupants. A deiiso smoke began to Issiiu 
 from numerous buildings at tho Bamo In- 
 stant. By order of the governor, count 
 Uostopchiii, lands of incendiaries had 
 been employed to do tlio work of destruc- 
 tion. I'libllc edillces and private houses 
 suddenly burst Into llames ; and every mo- 
 ment e.\ploslon8 of gunpowder mingled 
 with the sound of the ctackling tiinber<< ; 
 Willie frantic men and women were lui 
 running to and fro, witn llambeaux in 
 tlielr hands, spreading tho work of destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 I'aralyscd, as it wore, by tho awful Bccnc. 
 and by tlio extreme danger wliicli ho could 
 no longer fait to apprcliend. Napoleon lin- 
 gered live weeks among the reeking rnliis 
 of Moscow. Around him tho ItiisHlaiis 
 were dally Increasing in strength, eniieclally 
 in cavalry; and It war* not till Murat had 
 been defeated, and the flrst enow had 
 fallen, that ho determined on his retreat. 
 At length, after making several ineffectual 
 attempts at negotlation,lio quitted the city 
 of tlio czars on the lotli of October, taking 
 with liliii all the plunder that could bo 
 saved fruiti the tire; lia>'ing at tlio timo 
 100,000 effective men, 60,ooo liorscs, 650 
 tleld-pleces, and 2,000 nrtllleiy waggons, 
 exclusive of a motley host of followers, 
 amounting to 40,000. llo lirt'l no cholco 
 left. To subdue tho whole llusslan army, 
 and by that means to secure to himself an 
 liimourablo peace, appeared to bo beyond 
 tho verge of possibility ; to return with all 
 possible expedition was tlicreforc tho only 
 course ho could pursue ; and lie accordingly 
 directed the march of his army towards 
 Sinolensko, wliero lio arrived with his 
 Imperial guard on tho Otli of November. 
 Alternate frost, sleet, anil snow made tho 
 weatiier insupportable. Overcome by cold, 
 hunger, and fatigue, tho soldiers and their 
 horses perished by thousands ; while he, 
 whose mad ambitlim had led them to their 
 pitiable fate, was travelling in his carriage 
 and wrapped up In furs. At length, after 
 taking leave of his marshals at Hmorgony, 
 Dec. 5, Napoleon privately withdrew from 
 tho army, and reached Paris on the 19th. 
 The Russians never relaxed in the pursuit 
 till they reached tho Vistula, and not a day 
 passed in whicli some of the fugitives did 
 not fall into their hands. By christmas- 
 day they estimated their captures at 41 
 generals, 1,208 officers, 167,&10 privates, and 
 
 
 t 
 
 I, 
 
470 
 
 €fit ^xtKHxtt^ at WfitatSt ^c. 
 
 1,131 pieces ot cannon : the grand army was. 
 In fact, annihilated. 
 
 During the absence ot Buonaparte In 
 this disastrous expedition, an attempt was 
 made to subvert his power at homo, which, 
 had It not been speedily Buppressecl, would 
 probably have occasioned another revolu- 
 tion. The conductors of the conspiracy 
 were the ex-gcuerals Mallet, Lalioric, and 
 Guldal, who having framed a Hctitloua scna- 
 IMS consultmn, went to the barrack of the 
 first division of the national guards, and 
 road a proclamation, stating that tho em- 
 peror had been killed, and commanding the 
 troops to follow them. The soldiers, little 
 suspecting any forgery, obeyed, and suf- 
 fered themselves to be led to different posts, 
 where tliey "cUcved tho guards. The con- 
 spirators then arrested the ministers of 
 police, and having assassinated general 
 Uullin, who hud marched into tho city with 
 some troops, they attempted to scizo the 
 chief of the etat-major of Paris ; but being 
 arrested, tiiey were committed to prison, 
 and tried before a military commission; 
 when tho three generals and eleven others 
 received sentence of death ; which being 
 put Into execution, tranquillity was re- 
 stored to Paris. 
 
 A.D. 1813.— The attempts which had been 
 made by ministers to arrange the differen- 
 ces between Great Britain and the United 
 States were unsuccessful, the Influence of 
 Mr. Madison, the president, being exerted 
 In the rejection of all paciflcatory propo- 
 sals. The conquest of Canada was resolved 
 on, and troops were despatched into that 
 country ; but the vigilance of tho British 
 commanders baffled all their schemes, and 
 obliged them to desist from the enterprise. 
 The Americans, however, were successful 
 at sea, and captured several British frigates 
 and other vesseLs. 
 
 After the retreat of Buonaparte from 
 Russia, the emperor Alexander pursued the 
 remaining French forces as far as Posen, a 
 city in Poland. He was here joined by the 
 king of Prussia, who,consldering tlie present 
 an advantageous opportunity for restoring 
 the equilibrium of Europe, renounced his 
 alliance with France, and concluded a treaty 
 with Great Britain and her allies. In the 
 meantime Buonaparte was using all lUs 
 efforts to revive tho spirit, and call forth 
 the resources, of Ills empire ; and liaving 
 appointed the empress regent during his 
 absence, he joined his army, now consisting 
 of 350,000 new troops. On tho 7th of May 
 tho hostile armies engaged at Lutzen, in 
 Upper Saxony, wheru tlio French were 
 commanded by Buonaparte, and the allies 
 by general Winziugcrode. The conflict was 
 long and jody, and both parties claimed 
 tho victory. On the 19th, 20tli, 21st, and 
 22nd of the same niontli severe actions 
 took place, and not less than 40,000 were 
 killed or wounded. On the 1st ot June, at 
 the suggestion of tho emperor of Austria, 
 Napoleon made proposals to the emperor 
 Alexander for a suspension of hostilities : 
 In consequence of which an armistice was 
 concluded, whlcS was to terminate on tlic 
 20th ot July. 
 
 It now became necessary for Buonaparte 
 
 to withdraw about 20,000 of his l)est troopi 
 from Spain to reinforce his grand army In 
 the north of Karopo. This diminution of 
 the enemy's force in the peninsula could 
 not fall to gratify the Anglo-Spanish army j 
 yet a concurrence of unavoidable circum- 
 stances prevented the marquis of Welling- 
 ton from opening the campaign till about 
 the middle of May. Having ol)llged the 
 enemy to evacuate Salamanca, he pursued 
 them with as much haste as possible, and 
 having passed tlie Ebro, ho came up with 
 them at Vittoria, a town in the province of 
 Biscay, where, on the 21st of June, a battle 
 was fought l)etweeu the allied troops under 
 lord "Wellington, and the French, com- 
 manded by Joseph Buonaparte and marshal 
 Jourdain. Admirable bravery and persever- 
 ance were displayed by the allies, who com- 
 pletely vanquished the enemy, and took 160 
 cannon and 415 waggons of ammunition. 
 On tho side of the allies there were 700 
 killed and 4,000 wounded ; and It was well 
 known that tho loss ot the French waa 
 much greater. Being hotly pursued, the 
 enemy retreated across tlie Bldassoa into 
 France. Tho baton of marshal Jourdain 
 being taken, was sent to the prince regent, 
 who, in return, created the marquis of Wel- 
 lington field-marshal of the allied armies ot 
 Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal. Tlie 
 Spanish government acknowledged their 
 obligations to the British hero by con- 
 ferring on him the dignity of prince of 
 Vittoria. 
 
 While tho cause ot rational freedom was 
 BO nobly sustained by lord Wellington In 
 this part of Spain, sir John Murray had 
 landed his troops at Torragano in order 
 to invest that place. After he had made 
 himself master of fort St. Pliliippc, on being 
 informed of the approach of marshal Suchet, 
 he, without waiting for Information of the 
 enemy's strength, disembarked his troops, 
 leaving beliind him his artillery. For this 
 precipitation sir John was severely cen- 
 sured by some political writers ; and being 
 tried at Winchester, in February, 1816, lie 
 •was found guilty of 'having unnecessarily 
 iihandoned a quantity of artilleir and 
 stores, which no might have embarked In 
 safety ; and was adjudged to beadinonished 
 in such a manner as his royal highness the 
 commander in chief may tliink proper.' 
 His royal higlincss approved and conflnncd 
 the sentence of the court, but as the conduct 
 of sir John Murray was attributed merely 
 to an error of judgement, the case did not 
 appear to him to call for any further ob- 
 servation. 
 
 After the battle of Vittoria the French 
 army retreated with great precipitation 
 into France, pursued by the light troops 
 of the allies ; and tho marquis of Welling- 
 ton caused tho forts of Pampoluna and 
 St. Sebastian to be Immediately Invested. 
 When Buonaparte received intelligence ot 
 these successes of tho British army, he 
 despatched marshal Soidt with some forces 
 to check their progress. On the 18th of 
 July the French marshal joined the army, 
 and on tho. 24th he made a vigorous attack 
 on the rlglit wing ot the allies at Ronccs- 
 valles, commanded by general Byng. From 
 
at hia ])e8t troopi 
 [la grand army in 
 la diminution of 
 
 pciiinsulii could 
 lo-Spanisli army ; 
 ivoldable olrcum- 
 rquls of WelUng- 
 inpaign till about 
 k'liig oWtgcd the 
 anca, lie pursued 
 
 as possible, and 
 ho came up with 
 1 the province of 
 
 of June, a battle 
 tiled troopa under 
 tie French, com- 
 larte and marshal 
 'eryandpersevor- 
 
 allies, who coin- 
 emy, and took 160 
 
 1 of ammunition. 
 3 there were 700 
 ; and it was well 
 
 the French waa 
 )tly pursued, the 
 ;he Bidaasoa Into 
 narshal Jourdaln 
 the prince regent, 
 3 nianiuls of Wel- 
 10 allied armies of 
 d Portugal. The 
 tnowiedged their 
 sh hero by con- 
 lity of prince of 
 
 onal freedom waa 
 
 rd Wellington in 
 
 ohn Murray had 
 
 •ragano in order 
 
 tcr he had made 
 
 miillppe, on being 
 
 >f marshal Suchct, 
 
 iformatlon of the 
 
 arkcd his troopa, 
 
 •tillery. For thla 
 
 ■as severely cen- 
 
 ritcrs; and being 
 
 ebruary, 1816, he 
 
 ng unnecessarily 
 
 artillery and 
 
 ave embarked in 
 
 to be admonished 
 
 )yal highness the 
 
 ,y think proper." 
 
 Bd and confirmed 
 
 lit as the conduct 
 
 ttrllnited merely 
 
 the case did not 
 
 any further ob- 
 
 orla the French 
 at precipitation 
 the light troops 
 quls of Welllng- 
 Fampoluna and 
 Jlately Invested, 
 (l intelligence of 
 ritlsh army, he 
 ivlth acme forces 
 On the ISth of 
 oliied the army, 
 vigorous attack 
 .Hies at Roncvs> 
 ralByug. Prom 
 
 (iFitQinntr.— f^ounTc at 3)ntit)iiu((ii.— 6corge £££. 471 
 
 that day till the 2nd of August the hos- 
 tile armies were continually engaged ; the 
 passes of the mountains were bravely dis- 
 puted by the enemy, but the British were 
 irresistible, and the French again retreated 
 beyond the Pyrenees. The fortrcasea of 
 Bt. Heba^tlan and Pampoluna surrendered 
 to the British arms afterwards ; and on 
 the 7th of October lord Wellington entered 
 the French territory at the head of his 
 army. 
 
 While in the south of Europe these 
 transactions were taking place, a great 
 crisis was at hand in the north. Durl.ig 
 the armistice, which had extended to the 
 11th of August, severalattempts were made 
 by the allies to obtain such a peace as 
 would effect and confirm the safety and 
 traiKiullUty of the continental states. These 
 endeavours were, however, rendered abor- 
 tive by the insolent pretensions of the 
 French ruler, wliich Induced the emperor 
 of Austria to relinquish his cause, and to 
 join in the alliance against him. Hostili- 
 ties were resumed on tho ITth of August, 
 when Buonaparte immediately prepared to 
 attack tho city of Prague ; but being in- 
 formed that his Sllesiau army was exposed 
 to imminent danger from the tlireateniug 
 posture of the allies, he was obliged to 
 change bis plan of operations. He accord- 
 ingly quitted Bohemia, and made an at- 
 tack on the allied army under the Prussian 
 general Blucher, who was compelled to 
 make a retrograde movement. The further 
 progress of the French in this quarter was 
 arrested by the advance of the grand army 
 of the allies towards Dresden, which made 
 the immediate return of Napoleon neces- 
 sary. He accordingly advanced by forced 
 marches to the protection of that city ; and 
 having thrown into it an army of 130,000 
 men, lie awaited the attack of Ills enemies. 
 The grand assault waa made on tho 20th 
 of August, but as there was no prospect 
 of taking Diesden by escalade, the allies 
 abandoned the attempt, and took a very 
 extended position on the heights surround- 
 ing the city, where they were attacked by 
 tho French on the following day, and ob- 
 liged to retire with considerable loss. It 
 was iu this engagement that general Mo- 
 reau, who had left his retreat in America 
 to assist in restoring liberty to Europe, 
 waa mortally wounded, while coiiveraluK 
 with the emperor Alexander. A cannoi ■ 
 ball, which passed through his horse, car- 
 ried off one of his lega and shattered tho 
 other. He had both legs amputated, but 
 survived his disaster only a few days, dy- 
 ing from exhaustion. 
 
 In the following mouth several well-con- 
 tested battles took place, in which victory 
 was uniformly in favour of those who con- 
 tended against tyranny and usurpation. 
 But aa Lelpslc was tho point to which the 
 efforts of tho confederates were principally 
 directed, Buonaparte left Dresden, and 
 concentrated his forces at Rochlitz. 
 
 At this period an important accession 
 was made to the allied cause, by a treaty 
 With Bavaria, who agreed to furnish an 
 army of 55,000 men. The hostile armies 
 were now both In the vicinity of Leipsic : 
 
 the French estimated at about 200,ooo men, 
 the allies at 250,000. On tho night of the 
 16th rockets were seen ascending, announc- 
 ing the approach of Blucher and the crown 
 prince of Sweden. At daybreak, on the 
 16th, the French were assailed along their 
 southern front with the greatest fury, but 
 aa they failed to make an impression, Na- 
 poleon assumed the offensive. Through- 
 out the day, by turns each party had the ad- 
 vantage ; but at night-fall tho French found 
 it necessary to eo'iitract their position, by 
 drawing nearer tho walls of Lelpslc. The 
 following day waa principally spent In 
 making prepai-atloiis for a renewal of tho 
 contest ; and on the 18th another general 
 engagement took place. The loss of tho 
 victors, during a battle which raged from 
 dawn of day till night, waa severe ; but 
 that of the vanquished was Infinitely more 
 80. Above 40,000 of the enemy were either 
 killed, wounded, or taken prisoners ; seven- 
 teen battalions of Saxons, with their ar- 
 tillery, joined the ranks of the allies, who 
 took also sixty-flvo pieces of cannon. 
 The immediate fruits of this splendid vic- 
 tory were, the capture of Leipsic and of tho 
 Snxdu king, of 30,000 prisoners, and of all 
 thorbaggago and ammmiitlou of tho flying 
 foe. 
 
 Tlie allies did not fail to follow up the 
 advantages which had been gained; and 
 their close pursuit of the French army ren- 
 dered its retreat to the Ilhlne in some re- 
 spects as calamitous as their recent flight 
 from Ilusslii. The troops under Blucher 
 and Schwartzenburg, who had greatly dla- 
 tingulshed themselves during the late en- 
 C(mnters, entered tho French territories ou 
 New-year's day, 1814. All the minor states 
 of Germany now joined the grand alliance : 
 the confederation of the Ithine was dis- 
 solved ; and the continental system esta- 
 blished by Buonaparte was broken up. 
 
 Tlie spirit which had attended the march 
 of the allied armies communicated itself 
 to tho Ui.ited Provinces, and occasioned a 
 complete revolution In that part of Europe. 
 Tho arbitrary annexation of that country 
 was very detrimental to their commercial 
 Interests; and, at length, on the approach 
 of the allitH to the Dutch frontier, the 
 people of Amsterdam rose tu a body, and 
 with tho rallying cry of 'Orango Boven," 
 universally displayed the oraugo colours, 
 and proclaimed tho sovereignty of that il- 
 lustrious house. The example of Amster- 
 dam was followed by tho other towns ; the 
 bonds of French tyranny were Immediately 
 broken, the independence of Holland waa 
 asserted, and a deputation was sent to 
 London to announce the revolution, and 
 to invite the prince of Orange to place him- 
 self at the head of hia countrymen. Tho 
 Dutch patriots were assisted with all the 
 succours that England could conveniently 
 fiinilsli ; and the prince of Orange went 
 and assumed the reins of government, not 
 under the ancient title of atadtholder, but 
 as king of the Netherlands. Denmark, the 
 only remaining ally of Buonaparte, waa 
 compelled, by the crown prince of Sweden, 
 to accept such terms aa the allied sove- 
 reigns pleased to prescribe. 
 
472 
 
 Clje Crrnjjttri} o( I^Utarts ^c. 
 
 On the l8t of December the allied sove- 
 reigns Issued from Frankfort a declaration 
 explanatory of their views. ' Victory,' 
 tbcy said. 'had conducted them to the 
 banks of the Rhine, and the flrst use which 
 they made of it was to offer peace. Tliey 
 desired that France might be great and 
 powerful ; because in a state of greatness 
 and strength, slio confitltutcd one of the 
 foundations of the social edlllre of Europe. 
 They offered to conllrm to the French em- 
 pire an extent of territory which Prance, 
 under her kings, never knew. Desiring 
 peace themselves, tliey wished such nn 
 equilibrium of power to be established, that 
 Europe might be preserved from the cala- 
 mities which for the last t. '^ty years had 
 overwhelmed her.' This dcii,.ratlon was 
 based on moderation and justice ; and in 
 their conduct to Prance, the allies acted up 
 to tlieir professions. 
 
 A.D. 1814.— After his hasty retreat to rari?, 
 the fugitive emperor assembled the senate, 
 and neglected no means that were likely to 
 rouse the spirit of the French to resist their 
 Invaders. Very little effect was, however, 
 produced by his appeals to the people, and 
 ho was under the necessity of appointing 
 twenty-five commissioners, each invested 
 with absolute power, to accelerate the levy 
 of new forces. Having confided the re- 
 gency to the empress, ho left Paris on tlio 
 25th of ,Tanuary, and placed himself at the 
 head of surli troops as ho could muster. 
 His dominions were at this time tlireatcncd 
 on one side by the nritlRli troops, under 
 lord Wellington, and on the other by the 
 allied forces commanded by tlielr respective 
 sovereigns and generals. 
 
 The army under the marquis of 'Welling- 
 ton attacked Soult's on the 27th of Fe- 
 bruary, and, after an obstinate, battle, drove 
 the enemy from a strong position near 
 Orthes ; and on the 12th of March, a divi- 
 sion under marshal Berosford advanced to 
 the important city of Bordeaux, and en- 
 tered it amid the acclamations of tho Inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 After tho entry of the northern allies 
 Into France, several sanguinary contests 
 took place : when Buonaparte, finding that 
 It was impracticable to prevail by force, 
 attempted to relieve his affairs by negotia- 
 tions. Plenipotentiaries appointed by the 
 belligerent powers accordingly assembled 
 at Chatillon ; and tho allies, whose mode- 
 ration liad on every occasion ' oen parti- 
 cularly conspicuous, offered to sign preli- 
 minaries of peace, which would huvc se- 
 cured to Buonaparto very important advan- 
 tages. But these offers were rejected by 
 Napoleon, who rc^-ilred that his family 
 should be placed on foreign thrones, and 
 insisted on terms totally incompatible with 
 the liberties of Europe. The conferences 
 were consequently discontinued ; and the 
 allied sovereigns, indignant at the conduct 
 of one who displayed such an unconquer- 
 able aversion to a just and equal peace, 
 resolved on vigorously prosecuting the war. 
 In all the engagements which ensued, tho 
 Buperlority of the allies was sufflciently 
 manifested, Napoleon now adopted the 
 lingular resolution of getting to the rear of 
 
 his enemies, and by this ill-judged move- 
 ment left open tho road to Paris. 
 
 As soon na tho Prussian and Austrian 
 commanders could form a junction, they 
 advanced, at the head of ZOOgOOO combat- 
 ants, towards tho capital of Franco; and 
 having gained a complete victory over tho 
 army commanded by Marmont and Mor- 
 tier, under Joseph Buonaparte, they en- 
 tered the city by capitulation on the 31st 
 of March. The enthusiasm and exultation 
 exhibited on this occasion surpassed the 
 most sanguine expectations of tho con- 
 (luerors. Tho wliolo city seemed to rise 
 en masse, and to hail the allies as the libe- 
 rators of Europe and the avengers of ty- 
 ranny, Tiie white cockade was generally 
 worn, tho air resounded with shouts of 
 Vive Ic Iioi,Loui8 XVIII.I Vivent lea Bour- 
 bons I and the conquerors were welcomed 
 with the acclamations of Vive Tcmperem 
 Alexandre I Vive leroi de Pruasiel Vivent 
 noi> libfratetna I 
 
 Tlio French senate now assembled and 
 appointed a provisional government, at the 
 head of which was the celebrated Talley- 
 rand, prince of Benevento. At a subse- 
 quent meeting they declared that Napoleon 
 Buonaparte and his family had forfeited all 
 claim to the throne, and that the army and 
 nation were consequently absolved fronj 
 tltc oaths of allegiance to him. The senato 
 then directed their attention to the choice 
 of a sovereign ; and after along consulta- 
 tion, in which there was considerable differ- 
 ence of opinion, tlu-y determined to recall 
 tlie Bourbons. Marshal Marmont, after 
 obtaining a promise that the life of tho 
 emperor should bo spared, and that his 
 troops miplit pass into Normandy, johicd 
 tlie allies at the head of 12,000 men. 
 
 Buonaparte, who had retired to Fontaln- 
 bleau, finding that he had been deposed by 
 the senate, and that the allies were fully 
 determined not to treat with him as tho 
 ruler of France, now offered to abdicate 
 In favour of bis infant son ; but this was 
 peremptorily rejected, and he solemnly ab- 
 dicated his usurped crown on tlie 6th of 
 April ; on whicli day a new constitution 
 W.18 given to France, and Louis XVIII. was 
 recalled to the throne of his ancestors. 
 As soon as tho emperor Alexander was in- 
 formed of tills event, ho proposed. In tlie 
 name of the allied soverelguH, that Napo- 
 leon Buonaparte should choose a place 
 of retreat for himself and family. By a 
 mistaken sense of generosity, tho small 
 island of Elba, situated in tho Mediter- 
 ranean, between Corsica and the Tuscan 
 coast, was given to him. In full sovereignty, 
 with an annual revenue of two millions of 
 francs, to be paid by the French govern- 
 ment ; and what was a still more extrava- 
 gant stretch of misplaced liberality, a fur- 
 ther allowance of two millions live hundred 
 thousand francs was to be allowed to the 
 different branches of his family; who, as 
 well as Napoleon, were to be suffered to 
 retain their usurped titles I The principa- 
 lity of Parma was also settled on Maria 
 Louisa, his wife. In wliich sho was to bo 
 succeeded by her son. 
 
 Louis, who had for eev<'ral jcars reside^ 
 
Il'jndgcd move- 
 Paris. 
 
 11 and Austrian 
 junction, they 
 200,000 combat- 
 >f France; and 
 rlctory over tlio 
 mont and Mor- 
 parte, they en- 
 >iou on the 31st 
 I and exultation 
 snrpagBcd the 
 ns ot the con- 
 seemed to rise 
 Hies ns the libu- 
 avengcrs of ty- 
 B was generally 
 with shouts of 
 Vivent lea Bovr- 
 wcro welcomed 
 Vive tcmptrem 
 Prussiel Vivent 
 
 assembled and 
 remment, at the 
 Icbrated Talley- 
 
 0. At a BUbsc- 
 id that Napoleon 
 had forfeited all 
 at the army and 
 
 absolved from 
 im. The senate 
 on to the choice 
 aloiif< consulta- 
 isldcr.-ibledlffcr- 
 rmincd to recall 
 Marmont, after 
 the life of tho 
 
 1, and that hta 
 >rmandy, joined 
 XX) men. 
 
 Ired to Fontaln- 
 )een deposed by 
 Uics were fully 
 ith him as tho 
 red to abdicate 
 . , but this was 
 he solemnly ab- 
 on the 6th of 
 'W constitution 
 )uls XVIII. was 
 his ancestors, 
 ixander was In- 
 ■oposcd, In the 
 ;nn, that Napo- 
 shoose a place 
 family. By a 
 ilty, the small 
 I the Medlter- 
 id the Tuscan 
 111 sovereignty, 
 ;wo millions of 
 'rench povcrn- 
 niore extra va- 
 berality, a fur- 
 is tlve hundred 
 allowed to the 
 jmily; who, as 
 )e sullercd to 
 The princlpa- 
 ;lcd on Maria 
 iho was to bo 
 
 years reside^ 
 
 \ 
 
 eitflTautf.— SJaiiiSc ot iBrtiiiJJtoirt.— ©corge itUE. 473 
 
 at Hartwell In Buckinghamshire, having ac- 
 cepted tho basis of the constitution, made 
 • public entry into London, and was accom- 
 pmled to Dover by the prince regent, from 
 Vbence his majesty embarked for Calais, 
 being convoyed to that port by the duke of 
 Clarence. Ho entered I'aris on tlie 3rd of 
 May, where ho was favourably received by 
 the inhabitants, but the soldiery were far 
 from appearing satlsllcd with the change 
 which iiad l)ecu so suddenly wrought. On 
 tho same day, Buonaparte, after a variety 
 of adventures, in wlilcli lie had several 
 narrow escapes from the violence of an in- 
 furiated populace, arrived at his abode in 
 £lb!u 
 
 Owing to some unaccountable delay In 
 the transmission of the treaty concluded at 
 rarls, or (ns was thought at the time) to 
 the envious malignity ofmarshalSoult, who 
 hoped to defeat his opponent and retrieve 
 Ills lost honour, a sanguinary battle was 
 fought near Toulouse, on the 10th of April, 
 between his army and that of the mnniuis 
 of Wellington. But this uselesH and deplor- 
 able effusion of blou<l only added fresh 
 trophies to IIkiho already gained by the 
 British commander. The last action of tho 
 peninsular war was fought at Bayonnc, In 
 which general sir John Hope was wounded 
 and taken prisoner, and general Andrew 
 Hay was killed. 
 
 Among the minor tranf?actlons of this 
 period, we must not omit, that at tlie close 
 of the preceding year Hanover was re- 
 covered by the crown prince ot Sweden ; 
 who also reduced Holstcin and Westphalia. 
 — The king of Denmark joined the grand 
 alliance ; and Janl/.ic surrendered after a 
 long sleg'j. The British, however, were 
 repulsed, with considerable loss, in the at- 
 tempt to take tlic strong fortress of Bergen- 
 op-Zoom. 
 
 A treaty of peace and amity was, on the 
 BOtli of May, concluded at Paris, between 
 Ills Britannic majesty and his Most Chris- 
 tian Majesty, by which it was stipulated that 
 the kingdom of France should retain Us 
 limits entire, as itexisted previously to the 
 revolution ; that Malta should be reded to 
 Great Britain ; and that, with the exception 
 of Tobago, St. Lucie, and the Mam'itlus, all 
 other possessions held by tho French in 
 January, 17!)2, should be restored. These 
 and a few minor condiliuns being arranged 
 nt the time, it was agreed that all other 
 subjects should be settled at a congress, to 
 be held at Vienna by the high contracting 
 l)artles, at some future period. The return 
 of ]>eacc was celebrated by illuminations, 
 feastlngs, and every joyful demonstration 
 that so happy an event could inspire. 
 
 Tho llrst act of the heroic and fortunate 
 victors, now that tlie treaty had been rati- 
 tled by tho respective governments, was to 
 pay a congratulatory visit to the prince re- 
 gent of England. Accordingly, the emperor 
 of Uussla, accompanied by his sister tho 
 duchess of Oldenburg ; the king of Prussia, 
 with his two sons; together with prince 
 Metternidi, generals Blucher, Barclay do 
 Tolly, Bulow, hetnian of the Cossacks, &c., 
 landed at Uover on the Gth of June, and 
 arrived in London tho next day, Tho 
 
 metropolis was illuminated, and becamo 
 a general scene of gaiety during the three 
 weeks' stay of tlie royal visitors. 
 
 It is difficult to describe tho eager curi- 
 osity and tho unbounded demonstrations 
 of joy with which they were received 
 wherever they appeared ; nor is It less so to 
 do justice to that aifablUty and condescen- 
 sion with which tliey uniformly endea- 
 voured to gratify all who approached them. 
 The homage of affectionate respect which 
 tlie emperor Alexander, In particular, re- 
 ceived in England, was not the flattery of 
 sycophants: It was a testimony of the at- 
 tachment of a free people, who honoured 
 him as n man rather than ns a numarch ; 
 and his discerning mind doubtless felt the 
 tribute as one of the most grateful rewards 
 to which his eminent services entitled 
 him. 
 
 It is necessary that we now revert to tho 
 war tiiat was still being carried on, tliough 
 with no great vigour on either side, between 
 CJreat Britain and tho United States of 
 America. Many indecisive conflicts took 
 placo betweeen tho rival fluiIUns on tho 
 lakes ; and as the Americans had frcnuently 
 succeeded In capturing such British vessels 
 as were inferior to tliose with which they 
 had come in contact, tlie honour of tho 
 British ling seemed for awhile to droop ; 
 but it rose again triumphant under captain 
 Broke, of the Shannon, who in the short 
 space of llfteen minutes captured the Ches- 
 apeake, oft the port of Boston, and In sight 
 of the people who lined its shores to wit- 
 ness the action. During tho months of 
 June, July, and August, tho squadron un- 
 der rear-admiral Cockburn was constantly 
 engaged in harasjing tho enemy In every 
 as.'-ailablc poslti>iu, till tlie arrival of sir 
 Alexander Cochrane, the commander-in- 
 chief of the British troops in that quarter. 
 Being joined by rear-admiral Malcolm, 
 with son-e reinforcements from Bermuda, 
 an attack upon the American flotilla in tho 
 I'atuxent was formed, and the fleet sailed 
 up the river. The American vessels be- 
 ing destroyed before the fleet arrived, tho 
 British commanders resolved to make an 
 attempt on Washington, the seat of tho 
 American government. In pursuance of 
 this design they advanced to the village of 
 Bladensburg, about live miles from tho 
 capital, and having defeated a superior 
 American force, they proceeded, without 
 further opposition, to Washington. On 
 tho approach of the British armament tho 
 enemy set Are to tlie navy-yard and arsen- 
 als, which, with the stores and a fort, were 
 totally consumed. Tho senate-house, tho 
 house of representation, the treasury, tho 
 war-olllce, tho president's palace, and all 
 tho public l>ulldings, were burned the same 
 night ; 300 pieces of caunon and a large quan- 
 tity of ammunition in the city and arsenal 
 destroyed. The object of this expedition 
 being thus fully accomplished, the British 
 troops reembarked. After this event tho 
 hostile operations In America were neither 
 important nor interesting; the vigorous 
 measures lately pursued by the British 
 legislature convinced the president, Mr. 
 Madison, that his country could derive uu 
 
 x I 
 
-iXiua- ■ w-p^^w^MMMifiaft 
 
 474 
 
 C]^e Evenimu at Wfitavu* ^t- 
 
 advantagos from prolonging the contest, 
 and induced him to accelerate the conclu- 
 Blon of peace. Tlio treaty was consequently 
 signed at Ghent, Dec. 24. 
 
 A.D. 1815.— We now resume our hrlef 
 narrative of the events which were occur- 
 ring on the other side of the English chan- 
 nel. Louis XVIII. devoted his attention 
 to the reestablishmcnt of order In the 
 govemment.and cndeavoured,]iy every kind 
 and conciliatory act, to soothe the animosi- 
 ties that still ranlclcd in the bosoms of the 
 royalists, reimblicans, and Buonapartists. 
 The new constitution, which was modelled 
 upon that of England, was readily accepted 
 by the senate and legislative body. The 
 conscription was abolished; the unsold 
 property of tlie emigrants was restored to 
 them; the shops, which, during the re- 
 public and the reign of Buonaparte, had 
 always remained open on Sundays, were 
 now ordered to be closed : and the liberty 
 of the press was restricted within proper 
 limits. 
 
 A congress of the allied powers was now 
 held at Vienna for the purpose of making 
 such political and territorial regulations 
 as should ofrcctually restore the equilil)- 
 rlum of power, and afford a more certain 
 prospect of permanent tranquillity. But a 
 state of trunquillity was not so near as 
 their sanguine wishes contemplated. An 
 event happened before their deliberations 
 Averc brought to a concluslon.which made it 
 necessary for them to lay by their pen, and 
 once more take up the sword. The restless 
 and intriguing spirit of Napoleon was not 
 to be confined to the island of Elba ; and tltc 
 allied armies wore no sooner withdrawn 
 from France than he meditated a descent 
 on its coast. He accordingly took advan- 
 tage of the first opportunity that oftered of 
 quitting the island, attended by the officers 
 and troops who had followed him thither, 
 with many Corsicans and Elbese, and land- 
 ed at Cannes, In Provence, on the 1st of 
 March. 
 
 The news of his landing was instantly 
 conveyed to Paris, and large bodies of 
 troops were sent to arrest his progress, and 
 make him prisoner: but Louis was sur- 
 rounded by traitors ; the army regretted the 
 loss of their chief who had so often led tliem 
 to victory ; they forgot his base desertion 
 of their comrades in the moment of peril ; 
 and doubted not that his return would 
 efface their late disgrace, and restore them 
 to that proud preeniiueuco from whicii 
 they had fallen. At his approach, the armies 
 that had been sent to oppose him openly 
 declared in his favour ; and he pursued his 
 journey to Paris, augmenting his numbers 
 at every step, till all resistance on the part 
 of the king was deemed useless. On reach- 
 ing the capital, he was received by the 
 Inconstant multitude with acclamations as 
 loud as those which so recently had greeted 
 the arrival of Louis. Such is the instability 
 of what i8 termed popular favour I The 
 unfortunate king retired first to Lisle, and 
 then to Ghent. 
 
 When the allied sovereigns were Inform- 
 ed that Napoleon had broken his engage- 
 lueuta, and saw that his bad faith was 
 
 fully equal to his ambition, they publUlied 
 a declaration, to the effect that Buona- 
 parte, having violated the convention, had 
 forfeited every claim to public favour, 
 and would henceforth be considered only 
 as an outlaw. In answer to this, ho pub- 
 lished a counter-declaration, asserting that 
 he was recalled to the throne by the unani- 
 mous voice of the nation, and that ho was 
 resolved to devote the remainder of his life 
 In cultivating the arts of peace. 
 
 In tlio meantime, preparations for war 
 were made Ijy all the allied powers. The 
 English, whose army, under the command 
 of the l)uke of Wellington, was at this 
 time In the Notlierlnnds, resolved not to 
 leave the man they had once conquered in 
 quiet possession of the throne of France, 
 and every engine was put in motion to re- 
 assemble the troops. Buonaparte, likewise, 
 actively prepared for the contest that was 
 to decide his fate. lie collected together 
 all the disposable forces of Franco, and led 
 them towards the Netherlands, hoping to 
 arrive before fresh troops could come to 
 the aid of the English and Prussians, and 
 thus defeat them and get possession of 
 Brussels. 
 
 The army under the immediate direction 
 of the French emperor, including the corps 
 of Grouchy, amounted to upwards of 160,000 
 men, with 3S0 pieces of cannon. In an 
 order of the day. Issued the 14th of June, 
 he said, ' the moment has arrived for every 
 Frenchman who has a heart, to conquer or 
 perish.' The allied troops In Flanders were 
 yet quiet in their cantonments. The Prus- 
 HO-Saxon army formed the left, the Anglo- 
 Belgian army the right. ■ Tlio former was 
 115,000 strong, commanded by the veteran 
 Ulucher; the latter about 80,000, com- 
 manded by the duke of Wellington, whose 
 lieadquarters were at Brussels ; those of 
 llluchcr were at Naniur, about sixteen 
 leagues distant. 
 
 On the 16th of June the memorable 
 campaign of 1815 was begun, by Napoleon 
 driving in the advanced posts of the Prum- 
 slans on the river Sambre ; whilst marshal 
 Ney crossed the river at Marchicnnes, re- 
 pulsed the Prussians, and drove back a Bel- 
 gian brigade to Quatrc-Bras. In tlie even- 
 ing, at eleven o'clock, the duke of Welling- 
 ton (who together with the duke of 
 Brunswick, and the principal officers then 
 In Brussels, were participating in the festi- 
 vities of a ball given by the duchess of 
 Ulchmond,) received a despatch from 
 marshal Blucher, informing him that 
 Buonaparte was on his march to Brus- 
 sels, at the liead of 150,000 men. Orders 
 were immediately Issued for assembling 
 the troops. On the I6th was fought the 
 battle of Llgny, in which Blucher was 
 defeated, and forced to retreat to Wavrc, 
 having narrowly escaped being taken 
 prisoner. On the same day the duke of 
 Wellington had directed his whole army to 
 advance on Quatre-Bras, with the Intention 
 of succouring Blucher, but was himself 
 attacked by a largo body of cavalry and 
 infantry, before his own cavalry had join- 
 ed. In the meantime the English, under 
 elr Thomas Plcton, with the Belgian8,under 
 
etifilaiiir.— )gouj(e of ajrutifitufclt.— fiearfle iH. 475 
 
 they publiuliod 
 ct that Buoim- 
 sonveutlon, liad 
 publto favour, 
 ionsldered only 
 3 thiB, ho pub- 
 , HBserting tbat 
 16 ))y tlio unanl- 
 md tliiit he was 
 inder of bis life 
 act'. 
 
 atlons for wor 
 a powers. The 
 ' the Command 
 n, was at this 
 eaolvcd not to 
 !C conf|uered In 
 one of France, 
 1 motion to re- 
 parte, lilccwlse, 
 )ntc!*t that was 
 ected together 
 Pranco, and led 
 nds, hoping to 
 conld come to 
 PruBslans, and 
 posBcssion of 
 
 idiatc direction 
 iiding the corps 
 nards of 160,000 
 annon. In an 
 3 I4th of Juno, 
 ■rived for every 
 , to conqueror 
 I Flanders were 
 nts. The Prus- 
 ift, the Anglo- 
 he former was 
 by the veteran 
 t 80,000, com- 
 lingtun, whose 
 [sels; those of 
 bout sixteen 
 
 memorable 
 
 by Napoleon 
 
 of the Pru«- 
 
 vhllBt marshal 
 
 irchlennes, ro- 
 
 )vc back a Bel- 
 
 In the even- 
 
 ke of Welllng- 
 
 the duke of 
 
 officers then 
 
 g in the festl- 
 
 duchess of 
 
 espatch from 
 
 him that 
 
 rch to BruB- 
 
 ■men. Orders 
 
 assembling 
 
 ,8 fought tlie 
 
 Blucher was 
 
 at toWavrc, 
 
 being taken 
 
 the duke of 
 
 trholo army to 
 
 the intention 
 
 was himself 
 
 cavalry and 
 
 airy had join- 
 
 gllBh, under 
 
 ;lglaii8,under 
 
 >r 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 the duke of Brunswick, had to sustain 
 the impetuous attacks of the French, com- 
 manded by roarBhal Ncy, who was eventu- 
 ally repulsed, though with considerable 
 loss. In this action fell the gallant duke 
 of Brunswick, who was universally and ds- 
 Bervedly lamented.— The whole of the 17th 
 was employed Inpreparationsfor theevcnt- 
 ful battle that eiiftned. 
 
 The retreat of Blucher's army to Wavrc 
 rendered It necessary for Wellington to 
 make a corresponding retrograde movo- 
 nient, in order to keep up a communica- 
 tion with tho Prussians, and to occupy a 
 position in front of tho village of Water- 
 loo. Confronting the position of tho allies 
 was a chain of heights, separated by a 
 ravine, half a mi:o in breadth. Hero Na- 
 poleon arrayed his forces; and having rode 
 through the lines and given his last or- 
 ders, ho placed hlm^ elf on tho heights of 
 Rossome, whence lie had a complete view 
 of the two arnilcB. 
 
 About a quarter be .'ore eleven o'clock 
 tho battle began by h llerce attack on the 
 British division posted at Uougoumout : it 
 was taken and retaken several times, the 
 English guards bravely defending and 
 eventually remaining in possession of it. 
 At the same time the French kept an inces- 
 sant cannonade against the whole line, and 
 uiade repeated charges with heavy masges 
 of culra.ssiers, supported by close columns 
 of Infantry ; which, except in one instance, 
 when tlio farm of La Haye Salnto was 
 forced, were uniformly repulsed. Charges 
 and couuterdiargcs of cavalry and Infantry 
 followed with astonishing pertinacity. The 
 l)rave sir Thomas Picton was shot at tho 
 liead of his division : a grand charge of 
 British cavalry then ensued, which for a 
 uioniont swept everything before it ; but, 
 assailed in its turn by masses of cuirassiers 
 and Polish lancers, it was forced back, and 
 In the desperate encounter sir William 
 Ponsonby and other gallant ofllcers were 
 Blaln. Soon after this, it is said, tho duke 
 felt himself so bard pressed, that ho was 
 beard to say, 'Would to God night or 
 Blucher would come 1' As the shades of 
 evening approached, it appeared almost 
 doubtful whether the troops could much 
 longer sustain tho unequal conflict; but 
 at this critical moment the Prussian can- 
 non was heard on the left. Buonaparte 
 immediately despatched a force to hold 
 them in check ; while he brought forward 
 the imperial guards, sustained by the best 
 regiments of horse and foot, amid shouts 
 of Vive Vempereur, and flourishes of mar- 
 tial music. At this moment, tho duke of 
 Wellington brought forward his whole line 
 of infantry supported by tho cavalry and 
 artillery, and promptly ordered his men to 
 ' charge I ' This was so unexpected by 
 the enemy, and so admirably performed by 
 the British troops, that the French fled as 
 though tho whole army were panic-stricken. 
 Napoleon, perceiving the recoil of his co- 
 lumns on all sides, exclaimed, 'It is all 
 oyer,' and retreated with all possible speed. 
 Tlio French left tho field in tho utmost 
 confusion and dismay, abandoning above 
 one hundred and fifty pieces of cannon. 
 
 They were pursued by tlie victors till long 
 after dark, when the British, exhausted by 
 fatigue, halted; tho Prussians, therefore, 
 continued tho pursuit, and nothing could 
 be more complete than the discomfiture of 
 the routed army ; not more than 40,ooo 
 men, partly without arms, and carrying 
 with them only twenty-seven pieces out of 
 their numerous artillery, made their re- 
 treat through Charlerol. Tho loss of the 
 allies was great ; that of tho British and 
 Hanoverians alone amounted to 1S,000. 
 Two generals and four colonels were among 
 the killed ; nine generals and five colonels 
 were wounded ; among them was lord Ux- 
 brldge, who had fought gallantly, and was 
 wounded by almost tho last shot that was 
 fired by tho enemy. Such Is tho general, 
 though necessarily meagre, outline of the 
 evor-memorable battle of Waterloo ; ovinO' 
 ing one of the noblest proofs upon record 
 of British valour, and of the talents of a 
 great national commander. 
 
 Buonaparte returned to Paris, In the 
 gloominess of despair, and admitted that 
 his army was no more. The partisans of 
 Louis looked forward to tho restoration of 
 tho Bourbons; another party desired a 
 republic; while the Buonapartlsts showed 
 their anxiety to receive Napoleon's a))di- 
 cation, and to make Maria Louisa empress- 
 regent during her son's minority. Mean- 
 while tho representatives of the nation 
 declared their sittings permanent; and 
 some of the members having boldly as- 
 serted, that the unconditional abdication 
 of Buonaparte could alone save tho state, 
 the declaration was received with applause, 
 and the fallen emperor was persuaded once 
 more to descend from his usurped throne. 
 
 A conimisslon was appointed to repair 
 to the allied armies with proposals ol 
 peace, but the victors had formed a reso- 
 hitlon not to treat but under tho walls 
 of P ris. Tho duke of Wellington then 
 addressed a proclamation to the French 
 people, stating that he liad entered the coun- 
 try not as an enemy, except to the usurper, 
 with whon> there could bo neither peace 
 nor truce, but to enable them to throw 
 off tbo yoke by which tliey were oppressed. 
 Wellington and Blucher continued tlieir 
 march to Paris with little opposition, and 
 on tho 30th it was invested. The heights 
 about tho city were strongly fortified, and 
 it was defended by 50,000 troops of the 
 line, besides national guards and volun- 
 teers. On tho 3rd of July, marshal I)a- 
 voust, the French commander, concluded 
 a convention with the generals-in-chicf of 
 the allied armies, who stipulated that 
 Paris should bo evacuated in three days 
 by the French troops ; all the fortified posts 
 and barriers given up; and no individual 
 prosecuted for his political opinion or con- 
 duct. The provisional government now 
 retired ; and on the 6th Louis made his 
 public entry in to Paris, where he was hailed 
 by his fickle subjects with cries of Vive l« 
 roil The military, however, though beaten 
 into submission, were still stubborn ; and 
 it required sonio time and address to make 
 them acknowledge the sovereignty of the 
 Bourbons. 
 
-'11 
 
 -M-J LJLJJ 
 
 'I- 
 
 i 
 
 47G 
 
 C^e Ct'rnjim'i? of Witoru^ ^t. 
 
 Buonaparto In tlio niciuitiino li.id readied 
 tlio port of Ruclicf urt in safety, from whence 
 ho anxiously hoped to escape to America ; 
 btit finding It Impossible to elude the Bri- 
 tish cruisers, ho went on lioard tlio Belle- 
 roplion, one of the vessels ))lock.iding' tlic 
 coast, and surrendered himself to cajitaiu 
 Maitland. Prior to this, ho had sought to 
 atlpulato for a free passage, or to surrender 
 on condition of being allowed to reside in 
 England, in hnnnurnblo exile; but neither 
 proposal coulO bo listened to: the allied 
 powers, aware of his restless and Intri- 
 guing disposition, had determined upon the 
 fsiand of St. Helena as his future resi- 
 dence, and that there he should bo kept 
 under the strictest guard. The Bcllero- 
 phon proceeded to Torbay: Napoleon was 
 transferred to the Northumberland, com- 
 manded by admiral sir O. Cockburn, and, 
 attended by somo of bis most attached 
 friends and dcmiestlcs, ho In due course 
 rc.ichcd his ultimate destination; hut not 
 without violently protesting against tho 
 Injustice of his banishment, after having 
 thrown himself upon the hospitality of the 
 British nation. 
 
 Murat, tho brother-in-law of Napoleon, 
 having joined the nllios when he found tlio 
 career of his friend and patron growing to 
 a close, rejoined him agiiiii on his return 
 from Elba; but having been drivwi from 
 tho throne of Naples, ho joined a band 
 of desperadoes, and landed in Calabria; 
 where, being speedily overcome and taken, 
 ho was Instantly shot. Marshal Ney (who 
 had promised Louis to bring Napoleon, 
 * like a wild beast In a cn.tro to Paris') and 
 colonel Labedoyere, suffered for their 
 treachery ; but LavJilette, who was sen- 
 tenced to the same fate, cscapi'd from pri- 
 son, disguised In Ills wife's clothes; and 
 l)y tho assistance of sir Ilobert Wilson, 
 Mr. Hutchinson, and Mr. Bruce, got out of 
 the country undiscovered. 
 
 A congress was held at Vienna, and seve- 
 ral treaties between the allied powers and 
 France were finally adjusted (Nov. 20). 
 The additions made to tho French terri- 
 tory by the treaty of 1814 were now res- 
 cinded; seventeen of the frontier fortified 
 towns and cities of France were to bo gar- 
 risoned by the allies for five years ; iso.ooo 
 troops, as an army of occupation, under 
 tho duke of Wellington, were to be main- 
 tained for the same space of time ; and a 
 Bum of 900,000,000 francs was to be paid as 
 an indemnity to the allies. It was further 
 agreed, that all the works of art which had 
 been plundered by tho Frencli from other 
 countries should bo restored. Tlius the 
 niastor-pieces of art deposited in the gallery 
 of tlie Ijouvro (the Venus do Medicis, tlio 
 Apollo Belvidere, &c. &c.) were reclaimed 
 toy their resiKictlvc owners— an act of stern 
 
 Sstice, but one which excited the utmost 
 dignatlou among tho Parisians. 
 In order to secure the peace of Germany, 
 an act of confederation was concluded be- 
 tween Its respective rulers ; every member 
 of which was free to form what alliances 
 he pleased, provided they were such as 
 could not prove injurious to the general 
 safety; aud iu case of one priuco being 
 
 attacked, all the rest were bound to arm In 
 Ills defence. Thus ended this long and 
 sanguinary warfare ; the events of whlcli 
 wero so rapid and appalling, and their 
 cniisequences so mighty and unlooked-for, 
 that future ages will bo tempted to doubt 
 tho evidence of facts, and to believe that 
 tlie history of tho nineteenth century is 
 interwoven with and embellished by tho 
 splendour of Action. 
 
 A.u. 1816.— It has been justly observed, 
 tliat It was only after tho storm had sul)- 
 sided that England became 8ensil)le of tho 
 wounds received in her late tremendous 
 struggle. One of the first results of peace 
 was an enormous dlminutioii In tho war 
 expenditure of the government. Outing 
 tho last five years of tho war, the public 
 expenditure averaged 108,720,000?. During 
 the first five years of peace it averaged 
 64,(lflO,O0OI. Peace tiius caused an imiuediuto 
 reduction of nearly fifty millions in tlio 
 amount of money expended by government 
 in the support of domestic industry. Tran- 
 sitions, whether from peace to war or war 
 to peace, invariably produce derangements, 
 if not aggregate loss, in the economical 
 relations of the community. In the first, 
 there Is the abandonment of various pro- 
 jects of Improvement, as roads, canals, 
 bridges, and buildings; and of undertakings 
 In commerce, agriculture, and manufac- 
 tures, tliat depend on a low rate of interest, 
 and moderate price of labour : in the last, 
 are the derangements just referred to, of 
 soldiers and seamen discliargcd, foreign 
 colonies relliuiuished, mnnufactures, suited 
 to a state of war, suspended, workmen and 
 capital put out of cmpioyment, and the 
 public loaded with enormous dclits, and the 
 maintenance of reduced placemen, end 
 naval ami military supernumeraries. In 
 tiuies of industrial prosperity the masses 
 take little interest in public affairs ; their 
 differences are with tlicir employers. En- 
 couraged by the demand for labour, they 
 seek by combination to e.\ tort lilglier wages. 
 The struggle continues till high prices and 
 overstocked markets produce a mercantile 
 revulsion ; then workmen arc discliargcd, 
 wages lowered, and masters recover their 
 ascendency. It Is in this stage of depres- 
 sion that workmen begin to listen to repre- 
 sentations of pu1>lic grievances. While 
 the popular excitement lasts tho property- 
 classes keep aloof, having no wish to 
 countciianco opinions incompatible with 
 their present immunities; and the aristo- 
 cratic politicians of all parties cither com- 
 bine against the common enemy, or suspend 
 the agitation of their mutual differences. 
 This was the state of the country In 1810: 
 in the metropolis and In the northern coun- 
 ties there were vast assemblages of people 
 in the open air, but they wero unattended 
 by the rich and infiucntiai. Working men 
 called the meetings, drew up resolutions, 
 and made speeches, setting forth the 
 evils of non-representation, of long wars, 
 of the pressure of taxes levied on the In- 
 dustrious, to be squandered In extravagant 
 salaries, sinecures, and unmerited pensiona 
 —for ail which the remedy prescribed was 
 
 a IIAOICAL BEE-OUJt of tllO hoUSO Qf COH) 
 
)un(] to arm In 
 bills long nnd 
 Buta of which 
 ng, and their 
 unlooked-for, 
 pted to doubt 
 o believe that 
 ith century la 
 Uished by tho 
 
 8t1y observed, 
 torm had 8Ul>- 
 icnslblo of the 
 tremendous 
 isults of peaco 
 m in the war 
 nont. Dui'lng 
 'ar, the public 
 ),000;. During 
 
 It averaged 
 
 1 an Imuicdiato 
 illiona in tho 
 ly government 
 duBtry. Tran- 
 
 to war or war 
 h'rangcmonts, 
 ic economical 
 In the flrst, 
 [ various pro- 
 roads, canals, 
 C undertakings 
 ind manufac- 
 ite of interest, 
 r : in the last, 
 •cferred to, of 
 irgcd, foreign 
 ictures, suited 
 workmen and 
 lent, and tho 
 di'l)ts, and the 
 laccmcn, end 
 imerartcs. In 
 the masses 
 affairs ; their 
 iploycrs. En- 
 labour, they 
 lilgher wages, 
 gh prices and 
 mercantile 
 discharged, 
 recover their 
 gc of deprcs- 
 ten to repre- 
 nccs. While 
 he property- 
 no wish to 
 atlblo with 
 the arlsto- 
 olthcr com- 
 , or suspend 
 differences, 
 itry In 18IG : 
 rthem coun- 
 es of people 
 unattended 
 orktng men 
 resolutions, 
 forth the 
 long wars, 
 on the In- 
 xtravagant 
 ed pensions 
 scribed was 
 so q{ con^ 
 
 mens, on tho basis of universal suffrage, 
 annual parliaments, and vote by ballot.' 
 
 At the coinmoncuincnt of the session 
 ministers were defeated in attempting to 
 continue tho property tax for ono year 
 longer ; and chagrined at this result, they 
 abandoned the war duty on malt, thereby 
 rellnriulshing a tax that would have pro- 
 duced 2,ooo,ooot. Tho Bank restriction bill 
 was extended for two years longer ; and 
 another Ineffectual attempt was mado in 
 favour of the Koman catholic claims. 
 
 The house was now Informed, by a mes- 
 sage from tho prince regent, that a matri- 
 monial alllanoo wr.a about to take place 
 between his daughter and prince Leopold 
 of Saxo Cobourg : upon which parliament 
 voted an annual provision of co.oooi. for 
 supporting a suitable establishment ; and 
 in tho event of tho decease of the princess, 
 60,0001. per annum was secured to his royal 
 highness for life. The jiuptlaU wore isolem- 
 niscd with becoming splendour on the 2nd 
 of May, at Carlton-house. 
 
 The event that next demands notice was 
 ono which placed the glory of tho British 
 nation In a conspicuous light. Tho Algc- 
 rlnes and their neighbours, the Tunisians, 
 had long been In tho habit of commlttlni; 
 the vilest atrocities on the subjects of every 
 Christian power tliat happened to fall Into 
 their hands. Ilcpcated remonstrances had 
 been made, without procuring any redress ; 
 and it was now determined on, that this 
 horde of pirates should either accede to 
 certain proposals, or suffer for so long and 
 so barl)ar()usly defying the laws of civilised 
 nations. Accordingly In tho spring, lord 
 Exmouth was sent with a fleet to the states 
 of Barbary, to conclude a treaty of pcaco 
 between them and the kings of Naples and 
 Sardinia ; to abolish Christian slavery ; and 
 to obtain from ihcm a promise to respect 
 the flag of the Ionian Islands, which liad 
 lately become an Independent country. The 
 beys of Tunis and Tripoli acceded to all 
 these demands ; but the doy of Algiers de- 
 murred, as far as regarded tho abolition of 
 slavery. Shortly after, notwithstanding this 
 treaty, a considerable number of unarmed 
 Christians, who had landed at Bona, having 
 been massacred by the Mahometans, lord 
 Exmouth returikxl, and commenced a fu- 
 rious bombardment of tho city of Algiers, 
 which lasted six hours; tho contest was 
 severe : eight hundred of the assailants fell 
 In the action, and the British ships suffered 
 considerably ; but the gallant admiral had 
 the satisfaction of demolishing the Algerinc 
 batteries, and destroying their shipping, 
 arsenal, and magazine : while the dey was 
 forced to agree to tho abolition of Christian 
 slavery, and to tho release of all Christian 
 slaves within his dominions. 
 
 The distresses of both the labouring and 
 manufacturing classes, from the causes .al- 
 ready mentioned, and the high price of pro- 
 visions, at length produced serious disturb- 
 ances in various parts of England. The 
 malcontents in tho eastern counties broke 
 out into open violence, and were not sup- 
 pressed without the assistance of the mili- 
 tary. In London similar attempts were 
 made. Mr. Hunt, a popular demagogue, had 
 
 on the Iftth of November convened a 
 public meeting in Spa-flolds, to draw up 
 a petition to the regent. On the 2nd <>( 
 December another meeting was called to 
 receive tho answer to their petition. While 
 this meeting was awaiting t'.o arrival of 
 Mr. Hunt, a band of desperadoes appeared 
 on the ground with a trl-coloui jd flag and 
 other banners, headed by a young man 
 named Watson, who, after using violent 
 Ian guago from a waggon , proceeded towards 
 tho city, accompanied by a vast crowd of 
 tho assembled populace. On arriving at 
 SnMv-hlll, they plundered the shop of Mr. 
 Beckwilh, a gunsmith, and a person of the 
 name of Piatt, who remonstrated against 
 the outrageous proceeding, was shot at and 
 severely v/ounded by young Watson. They 
 then hurried on towards the Royal-ex- 
 change, where they were met by a large 
 body of tho police, headed by the lord- 
 mayor Wood, who ordered the gates to lio 
 shut, and seized several who had arms. 
 Tho mob plundered some more guu-smltha' 
 shops In the MInories ; but the military 
 coming to tho aid of tho civil power, seve- 
 ral of the rioters were apprehended, and 
 the remainder dispersed. One, named Cash- 
 man, suffered capital punishment, but tho 
 ringleader (Watson) contrived to effect his 
 escajie to America, although a large reward 
 was offered for bis apprehension. 
 
 A.D. 1817.— Public meetings, convened, 
 attended, and conducted almost exclusively 
 by the working classes, marked tho close of 
 the previous year, and ushered in the pre- 
 sent. Men who apiieared in the garb of 
 poverty addressed largo assemblies of the 
 people on political subjects which were 
 probably ill understood by them. In conse- 
 quence of these appearances of disaffection, 
 bills were passed for suspending the habeas 
 cf>rpus act, and for preventing seditious 
 meetings ; spies Avere encouraged, the po- 
 pular discontent aggravated, and the Igno- 
 rant sometimes seduced into tlie commis- 
 sion of crimes, the nature of which they 
 scarcely understood, though the penalty 
 was banishment or death. 
 
 In the regent's speech at the opening of 
 parliament, reference was mado to the po- 
 pular discontents, which he ascribed to tho 
 efforts of designing persons to mislead the 
 people. On his return through St. James's- 
 park an Innnense mob had assembled, who 
 saluted htm with groans and hisses ; and as 
 ho passed tho back of Carlton-house, the 
 glass of tho royal carriage was perforated 
 cither by a stone, or the ball from an air- 
 gun. To meet the publlcexigencles.'his royal 
 highness soon after su..-endcred50,000f. per 
 annum of his Income. This example was 
 followed by the manjuis Camden, who pa- 
 triotically gave up the fees of tho teller- 
 ship of the exchequer, valued at 13,000{. 
 per annum, reserving only tho salary of 
 2,7001. He had no imitators; but though 
 his generous example was not followed, tho 
 deed shall not be wholly obliterated from 
 his country's annals. 
 
 A melancholy event now occurred which 
 diffused a gloom over the whole nation. 
 The princess Charlotte, daughter of tbo 
 regent oud consort of Prince Leopold, 
 
478 
 
 Clje CrrHitftirit of ^itars, ^c. 
 
 'I 
 
 expired on the 6tli of Novomber.of tor having 
 glren birth tn a do.id rhiUI. Tho untimely 
 fate of this nmlablo and well-beloved rrln- 
 cesa caused n regret ns Intensely felt as it 
 was unlversnlly exiircssed. 
 
 There is little else of a domestic nature 
 to record this year, If we except tlio three 
 days' trials of William Iluno, tho parndixt, 
 who was arraigned upon a criminal infor- 
 mation, as a profane libeller of parts of the 
 liturgy. Ho was tried by lord Ellenborough 
 and Mr. Justice Abbott, and having con- 
 ducted his defence with unusual ingenuity 
 and perBevernncp, ho not only came off 
 victor, but actually pocketed tho sum of 
 8,0007., the amount of a public subscription, 
 raised to remunerate him for having under- 
 gone the perils of a government prosecu- 
 tion, or as a reward for the laudable Inten- 
 tion of bringing into contempt both church 
 and state I 
 
 A.D. 1818.— The parliamentary session 
 was oi)encd by commission. TLo habeas 
 corpus act was restored, and a bill of 
 indemnity passed to screen ministers and 
 tithers from the legal penalties they might 
 have incurred tbrough the abuse of their 
 power during tho time of Its suspension. 
 At the same time meetings were held in 
 nearly every populous town throughout the 
 countiy, for the purpose of petitioning for 
 parliamentary reform. When tho sessions 
 closed on the loth of Jui'e, the parliament 
 was dissolved, and writs issued for new 
 elections. All t.,o ministerial candidates in 
 the city of London were thrown out ; and 
 sir Bamuel Romillyand sir Francis Burdett 
 were returned for Westminster : but In the 
 country the elections passed off (luictly, 
 and little change was produced In tho par- 
 liamentary majority of ministers. 
 
 Uueen Charlotte, who had been some time 
 Indisposed, expired at Kew, in the 75th year 
 of her ago, and the 58th of her marriage 
 with tho king. She possessed no exterior 
 graces, neither was she noted for liberality 
 of sentiment ; but It is no small thing to say 
 that, owing to her exemplary conduct, the 
 court of Kngland was preeminent for its 
 strict decorum. 
 
 The year 1818 wad fertile In royal mar- 
 riages : the princess Elizabeth was married 
 to the prince of Hesse Homberg ; the duke 
 of Clarence to the princess of Melnengcn : 
 the duke of Kent to tho princess dowager 
 Lelnengcn, sister to prince Leopold ; and 
 the duke of Cambridge to the princess of 
 Hesse Cassel. 
 
 The British army returned from France, 
 which they had lately occupied, according 
 to tho stipulations of the treaty at tho res- 
 toration of Louis XVIII. Towards the close 
 of the year, the expedition which bad been 
 sent out to explore the arctic regions also 
 returned to England, but without accom- 
 plishing their object, the progress of the 
 vessels having been impeded by the ice. 
 
 A.D. 1810.— The country was still preg- 
 nant with disaffection ; and the doctrine of 
 annual parliaments and universal suffrage 
 WHS advocated by the demagogues of ibe 
 day. as the only reuiedy for all tho evils 
 arising from what they termed the venality 
 ox government, and a corrupt state of the 
 
 representation. At length, tho numerous 
 nieotlngs of tho populace in tho open alt 
 aK><umed a very serious aspect ; one of 
 wlilcli, from Its being attended with fatal 
 consenuences, and having given rise to 
 much subsequent discussion. It in neces- 
 sary to describe. This was the 'Manches- 
 ter Ucform Meeting.' It was originally con- 
 vened for the choice of a parliamentary re- 
 presentative, and had been fixed to take 
 place on the Otli of August ; but, in conse- 
 quence of a spirited notice put forth by tbo 
 magistrates, declaring that tho intended 
 nutting w^us Illegal, It was postponed, and 
 hopes were entertained that It would ulti- 
 mately have boon abandoned. However, 
 new placards were issued for tho 16th, and 
 'parliamentary reform' was substituted 
 for the original object. A piece of ground 
 called St. Peter's-dold was the spot chosen 
 for tills memorable exhibition; and hither 
 large bodies of men, arrayed In regular or- 
 der, continued to march during the whole 
 of the morning, tho neighbouring towns 
 and villages pouring out their multitudes 
 for the purpose of combination In this focus 
 of radical discontent. Each party had Us 
 banner, with some motto thereon Inscribed, 
 char ictcrlstlc of the grand object they had 
 In view— mottoes which have since become 
 familiar even to ears polite— euch as 'No 
 Corn Laws," ' Annual Parliaments,' ' Vote 
 by Ballot,' 'Liberty or Death," Ac. Nay, 
 such was tho enthusiasm of tho hour, 
 that among them were seen two clubs 
 of 'female reformers,' their white flags 
 floating In tho breeze. At the time Mr. 
 Hunt took tho chair, not less than SO.OOO 
 persons— men, women, and children— had 
 assembled ; and while he was addressing 
 the crowd, a body of the Manchester yeo- 
 manry-cavalr}' came In eight, and directly 
 galloping up to the hustings, seized the 
 orator, together with his companions and 
 their banners. A dreadful scene of terror 
 and confusion ensued, numbers being 
 trampled under thchort-es' feet.orcut down. 
 Six persons were killed, and about a hun- 
 dred were said to be wounded ; but tho ac- 
 counts which were published of this unfor- 
 tunate transaction difftred eo materially 
 that we are unable to state the exact num- 
 ber with any degree of certainty. Coroners' 
 Inquests were held on the dead bodies ; but 
 the verdicts of the juries led to no judicial 
 proceeding ; true bills, however, were found 
 against Hunt, Moorhouse, Johnson, and 
 seven others, for a conspiracy to overturn 
 the government, but at tho same time they 
 were admitted to ball. 
 
 rublic meetings were now held In all tbo 
 principal towns In the kingdom, and ad- 
 dresses were presented to the regent and the 
 parliament, condemnatory of the civil and 
 military authorities at Manchester ; which 
 were met by counter-addresses, calling for 
 tho repression of sedition, &c. At the 
 opening of parliament in November, tho 
 subject underwent a thorough discussion ; 
 and amendments to the address weremoved 
 In both houses, characterising the Man- 
 chester proceedings as Illegal and uncon* 
 Btltutlonal : they were, however, negatived 
 by overwhelming majorities. At the same 
 
 J 
 
] 
 
 nunicrouf 
 ho open Bir 
 irt; one of 
 
 1 with fntul 
 rcn riBO to 
 It Is ncrcB- 
 ' Mnnclu's- 
 iRlimllycon- 
 imetitnry ro- 
 Ixcd to tnko 
 ut, In coiiHO- 
 forthbytlio 
 ho Intendtti 
 nHioned, ami 
 It would ultl- 
 1. However, 
 tho 16th, and 
 
 Bubstltutcd 
 CO of ground 
 ) spot chosen 
 11 ; and hither 
 In regular or- 
 iiig the whole 
 Burlng towns 
 Ir niultltudcs 
 II in this focus 
 party had Its 
 eon InBcrlbed, 
 )jcct they liad 
 since become 
 — euch as 'No 
 mcnts," ' Vote 
 th,' &c. Nay, 
 of tho hour, 
 ;n two cluba 
 r white flaga 
 the time Mr. 
 Bs than 50,000 
 children—had 
 as adUrcsBlng 
 inchCBtcr yeo- 
 and directly 
 1, seized the 
 jipanlons and 
 :cne ol terror 
 imbcrs being 
 t, or cut down, 
 about a hnn- 
 J ; but the ac- 
 ot thlB unfor- 
 Eo materially 
 le exact num- 
 ty. Coroners' 
 d bodies ; but 
 to no judicial i 
 ir, were found 
 lolmeon, and 
 |y to overturn | 
 Ime time they 
 
 dcld in all tho 
 dom, andad- 
 Jegentandthe 
 Ithe civil and 
 leater ; which 
 Ib. calling for 
 I&c. At the 
 Ivember, tho 
 li dlscuBBlon : 
 ^ were moved 
 bg the Man- 
 1 and uncon* 
 JBr, negatived 
 lAt tbesamo 
 
 CngTantf.— lElouile of 33i'un!ltu(rIt.>-(0rnvQC W, 470 
 
 time strung measures were roBorfcd to for 
 
 Srerenting tlie occurrence of Himllar Ubor- 
 era, bypassing certain preventive and pro- 
 titbitory acts of parliament, afterwards fa- 
 miliarly known as tho ' six acts.' TIichc, 
 though decidedly coercive, seemed called 
 for by the state of the count 'y,and received 
 the ready Banctlon of tho leglHlaturo. 
 
 On the 2»rd of January, 18'20, dlod at 
 8ldmouth, In his 63r(l year, priiire Kdward, 
 dnko of Kent; leaving a widow, and onu 
 child, tho princess Victoria, then only eight 
 months old. ticarcely had tiio news of tho 
 duke's decease reached tho more distant 
 parts of Great Uritain, before tho death- 
 knell of hiB vencmlilo father, George III., 
 WAS heard. The bodily health of his majesty 
 had of late been fast declining, and on tho 
 2gth of January ho oxplred. Some lucid 
 intervals, though they were few and 
 evanescent, had occasionally been noticed 
 during the time he laboured under hi!4 
 distresfling malady; but lie had long been 
 totally blind, and latterly deafnens was 
 added to hlsother nnHctionf). The kingwim 
 in the 82nd year of his age, and tho ootli 
 of his reign ; leaving six liona and four 
 daughters living at tho time of his de- 
 cease. His remains were Interred In tho 
 royal vault at Windsor ; but ho had long 
 
 wen, as it wc/e, dead to tho world. He 
 left a name unsullied by any particular 
 vice; and his memory will be honoured by 
 posterity for the goodness of his Iieart, for 
 his piety; clemency, and fortitude. 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 The Reign of GeonQB IV. 
 
 A. D. 1820.— Georoh tiib FomTH, cldcsi 
 son of tho late venerable monarch, who had 
 exercised sovereign power as regent during 
 bis royal father's mental incapacity, was 
 immediately proclaimed king ; and the new 
 reign commenced without any expectation 
 of offlcial changes. At the very moment of 
 his accession, and for some time before, a 
 most atrocious conspiracy cxlBted, having 
 for its object tho assassination of thowholo 
 of his majesty's ministers. The sanguinary 
 intentions of tho conspirators, though their 
 plans were crude and tlieir means despic- 
 able, render a detail of their plans necessary. 
 Several wretched persons, headed by 
 Arthur Thlstlewood— a man who had for- 
 merly been a lieutenant in the army, but 
 who had subsequently suffered flne and 
 imprisonment for challenging lord Sid- 
 moatb to fight a duel, and was now re- 
 duced to indigence— hired a stable in Ca- 
 to-Bireet, Kdgware-road, for tho express 
 purpose of assembling there and consult- 
 ing on the best plan of putting the de- 
 sign into execution. The time chosen for 
 the commission of the bloody deed was on 
 the occasion of a cabinet dinner at lord 
 Harrowby's, in Qrosvenor-square ; when 
 they intended to proceed in a body to his 
 lordfhip'B house armed, and, having gained 
 admission by stratagem, to murder all tho 
 company present. Acting on previous In- 
 formation from one of the consplrators.who 
 had associated with them for the purpose 
 
 of tlieir betrayal, Mr. Birnle, a Bow-strcct I to face her enemies, 
 
 magistrate, with twelve of the patrol, went 
 to Uato-street, and there, in u hay-loft, they 
 found the conspirators aRBcmblcd. Tho 
 eiitrnnco was by a ladder, which some of 
 the police oflirers ascended, and on thedoor 
 being opened, twenty-live or thirty men 
 appeared armed. A desperate straggle en- 
 suL'd in the dark, the lights having been 
 extinguished, and Binlthers, oiio of the po- 
 lice, was run tlmnjgh tho l)ody by Thistle- 
 wood: menntlnio, a company of tho foot 
 guards, cominaiidcd by captain Vltzcla- 
 reiiPo, arrived at the place of rendezvous, 
 which they surrounded, and succeeded In 
 capturing ntno of tlio desperadoes. ThiBtle- 
 wood and tho rest escaped ; but ho was af- 
 terwards taken in an ob.scuro lodging at 
 FlMsbury, wlillo In bed. They were all 
 found guilty; and Ave of them, namely, 
 Thlstlewood, Ings, Ilrunt, Tldd,and David- 
 son, were hanged and then decapitated at 
 tho Old Ualley ; tho other live had their 
 sentences commuted for transportation. 
 —About the same time the trial of Henry 
 Hunt and others took place at York, for 
 their conduct at Manchester on tho 16th of 
 August ; when Hunt was sentenced to bo 
 linprlBoned In llchcster gaol for two years 
 and six months, and Healy, Johnson, and 
 Damford to one year's imprisonment in 
 Lincoln gaol. 
 
 Tho country had been in a very unsettled 
 state in consequence of tho foregoing pro- 
 ceei Ings ; but they were either lost sight of, 
 or tioated as matters of little Importance, 
 when compared with tho extraordinary 
 scene that speedily followed : wo mean the 
 trial of queen Caroline. Her majesty had 
 been six years absent from Kngland, and 
 for the last twenty-three years shehad been 
 separated from herhusband. She had been 
 charged with connubial Infidelity, and a 
 rigid investigation into her conduct had 
 taken place ; but though tho charge of 
 criminality was not established, she was 
 visited with a persecution that rendered 
 her llfo a burden. Neglected .ind insulted, 
 she sought for recreation and repose in 
 forciprn travel; and duiing her absence 
 rninourwas busy at homo In attr'lmtlng 
 to her Illicit amours of tho most degt adlng 
 kind. To elicit evidence and invehtlgato 
 the truth of these reports, a commission 
 had been appointed, under the direction of 
 sir John Leach, who proceeded for that 
 purpose to the continent ; and the result of 
 hlsenquirles was, that the Engllshmlnisters 
 abroad were not to give tho princess, in 
 their olBclal character, any public recogni- 
 tion, or pay her tho respect duo to her 
 exalted station. 
 
 On tho death of George III. the first 
 step taken to degrade her was the omission 
 of her name In the liturgy ; but she was 
 now queen of England ; and notwithstand- 
 ing an annuity of 60,0001. per annum was 
 offered on condition of her permanently re- 
 siding abroad, and not assuming, in the 
 event of the demise of tho crown, the title 
 of queen, she Indignantly rejected '.'.le pro- 
 posal, challenged tho fullest enquiry into 
 her conduct, and returned to England on 
 the 6th of Juno, with a full determination 
 
.! 
 
 I* 
 
 i 
 
 480 
 
 QTbe Cvcnifurii of Witoi'li, Scf, 
 
 Tho chargci ngnlnat tlio queen l)clng ro- 
 Bolutely persisted in 1>y her arcuHcrs, and 
 lier guilt aa pertlnaciuUBly Ueiilcd by licr 
 defunderi, all r.tteiiipts nt rcconolllatloii 
 fulled ; and n secret cunnnittco of tho house 
 of Lords proceeded to examine tho Inculpa- 
 tory documents contained In tho 'green 
 bag.' On the 6th of July lord Liverpool 
 presented a bill of pains nnd penalties 
 against tho queen, on tho ground of her 
 adulterous lutcrcourso with BcrgamI, and 
 providing that her majesty be degraded 
 from her rank and title, and her niarrlngo 
 with tho king dissolved. Tho queen iiro- 
 tested against these proceedings at every 
 step, and was occasionally present during 
 the examination of wltnoHsos. Meanwhile 
 tho excitement throughout the country was 
 of the most Intense description. Guilty or 
 not guilty, the public sympathised with her 
 as a woman who had been subject to a sys- 
 tematic persecution fur a iiuarter of n cen- 
 tury, carried on by a man who was as re- 
 lentless OS ho was licentious. During all 
 tills time, addresses and processions In 
 honour of tho queen kept tho metropolis 
 In sncta a ferment that its mechanics and 
 artisans appeared us If engaged In a national 
 Batu;nalla. BIr Robert Ulllord the attorney- 
 general, assisted by tho solicitor-general, 
 conducted the prosecution ; Mr. Uroughain, 
 Mr. Dennmn, and Dr. LushinKton, the de- 
 fence. The judicial part of tho proceedings 
 having at length been brought to a close, 
 the lords met on tho 3nd of November, to 
 discuss the second readlnvr of tho bill of 
 degradation. Some declared their convic- 
 tion of the queen's guilt ; others as confi- 
 dently asserted her Innocence ; while seve- 
 ral denied both tho justice and expedlonry 
 of the I'lll, and would not consent to brand 
 with everlasting Infamy a member of tho 
 house of Urunswick, Upon a division for a 
 second reading there was a majority of 2R. 
 Some were in favour of degradation, but 
 not divorce. Upon tho third reading of 
 the bill, on tho loth, tho ministerial ma- 
 jority was reduced to ; when lord Liver- 
 liool immediately announced tho Intcnthm 
 of government to abandon the furtherpro- 
 secution of this extraordinary proceeding. 
 On the 23rd the parliament was suddenly 
 prorogued; and on the 2flth, the queen, 
 attended by u cavalcjide of gentlemen on 
 liorseback, went in state to St. Taul's to 
 return thanks for her happy deliverance. 
 
 A.D. 1821.— Ou opening the parliamentary 
 session, his majesty mentioned tho queen 
 by name, and recommended to tho house of 
 commons a provision for her maintenance. 
 At first she declined to accept any pecu- 
 niary allowance tnitll her name was in- 
 serted in the liturgy : but she subsequently 
 altered her determination, and an annuity 
 of 60,000{. was settled upon her. 
 
 During this session tho subject of par- 
 liamentary reform excited much interest; 
 the borough of Grampound was disfran- 
 chised for its corruption ; and the neces- 
 sity of economy and retrenchment in all 
 the departments of government was re- 
 
 Scatedly brought forward and urged by Mr. 
 [umc, whose persevering exposition of the 
 largo sums that were uselessly awullowed 
 
 up in salaries and sinecures ninde a great 
 impression on the public ; and though none 
 of his motions wore carried, tho attention 
 of mliil«t(<rs was thereby directed to the 
 gradual diminution of tho enormous ex> 
 penso Incurred In tho different publlo 
 olllces, wherever ft could be done without 
 detriment to tho public service. 
 
 The anticipated coronation was now the 
 all-absorbing topic. The queen having, by 
 memorial to the king, claimed a right to bo 
 crowned, her counsel wero heard In support 
 of her claim, and the attorney and solici- 
 tor-general against It. Tho lords of tho 
 council, having given tho subject a l<mg 
 deliberation, decided that queens-consort 
 wero iiot entitled to tho honour— a decision 
 which the king waa pleated to apiirove, 
 Tho 10th of July was tho day appointed 
 for tho ceremony, preparations for which 
 had long been making ; and nothing moro 
 niagnlllcent can be Imagined than the ap- 
 pearance of Westminster-abbey and West- 
 minster-hall. It had l)ecn currently re- 
 ported that the queen would be present as 
 aspcctator of the scene ; and so It proved : 
 but no preparation had been made for her 
 reception, and, not having an admission- 
 ticket, she had to liear tho Indignity of a 
 refusal, and was obliged to retire I The 
 king arrived nt ten, nnd tho procession 
 immediately moved from the hall towards 
 tho abbey, his majesty walking under a 
 canopy of cloth of gold supported by the 
 barons of tho einque-ports, among whom 
 was Mr. Drougliam, tho (luccn's legal ad- 
 viser and leading counsel I The nnclent 
 solemnity of tho coronation In Westmin- 
 ster-abbey occupied about live hours; nnd 
 when the king reentered the hall, with the 
 crown on his head, ho was received with 
 enthusiastic cheers. Tho expenses of tho 
 coronation amounted to 238,0001. 
 
 The queen died August the 7th, aged 
 52; leaving tho world, as sho herself do- 
 clnred, without regret, llcr body lay In stato 
 at Drandeuburg-housc, her villa near Ham- 
 mersmith ; and, on tho 19th, It was con- 
 veyed through London, on its way to 
 Harwich, tho port of embarkation for Its 
 final resting placo at Urunswick. But, as 
 though indignities nnd tumults Avero to 
 follow her to the grave, a fracas took place 
 between tho populace and tho military who 
 formed tho escort. Countless multitudes 
 had assembled to join in the procession : 
 and when it was discovered that a circuitous 
 route had been prescribed for the funeral 
 train. In order to avoid passing through 
 the streets of the metropolis, the Indigna- 
 tion of tlio peojilc knew no bounds, and in 
 an affray witli tlio guards two lives were 
 lost. By obstructing and barricading the 
 streets, however, tho people at length suc- 
 ceeded in forcing the procession through 
 the city, and the royal corpse was hurried 
 with indecent hasto to the place of embar- 
 kation, on the 24th of August the remains 
 of the queen reached Brunswick, and were 
 deposited in the family yuult of her ances- 
 tors. 
 
 At the time of the queen's death, his 
 majesty was making a visit to Ireland, 
 whither he bad gone with tho laudable but 
 
iri's iiindo R great 
 ; mid though none 
 rlud, tho attention 
 l>y directed to the 
 tho cnorinoUH ex< 
 
 dilTercnt rnlillo 
 d he doiio without 
 icrvlco. 
 
 Ulon was now the 
 ) queen having, )>/ 
 ilmed a right to lio 
 ro heard In support 
 ttorncy and lollcU 
 Tho lords ot tho 
 ho Bubjoct a long 
 at aueens-consort 
 lonour— a decision 
 leased to approve. 
 tho day appointed 
 iratlons for which 
 and nothing nioro 
 ;lnGd than tlieaif 
 r-abbey and West- 
 een currently re- 
 ould bo present as 
 ;and so It proved : 
 been made for her 
 Ing an adnilselon- 
 the indignity of a 
 n\ to retire I Th9 
 lid tho procession 
 n the hall towards 
 ' walking under a 
 
 supported by the 
 )rts, among whom 
 I <iiiccii*8 Ir^ral ad- 
 isel I Tho ancient 
 jktlon in WuKtmin- 
 
 St 
 
 ;rl 
 
 1)1 
 
 tlvo hours; Miid 
 tlio hall, with the 
 as received with 
 
 exjionscs of tlio 
 
 !38,()00i. 
 
 tho 7th, aged 
 she herself do- 
 body lay In state 
 r villa near IIuin< 
 lOlli, It was con* 
 on Its way to 
 >ai'l(atlon for Its 
 nswick. nut, as 
 tumults were to 
 fracas took place 
 the military who 
 tless raultitudea 
 tho procession : 
 that a circuitous 
 for tho funeral 
 assing through 
 lis, the Indigna- 
 ) bounds, and in 
 two lives were 
 barricading the 
 ie at length suc- 
 isssion through 
 [ISO was hurried 
 place of cmbar- 
 St the remains 
 iWlck, and were 
 t of taor ances- 
 
 en's death, hia 
 Isit to Ireland, 
 lie laudable but 
 
 fallacious hope Hint lils prescnre would 
 allay the facllouH f<plrlt of his IrlHli sub- 
 jects. On returning from Ireland, his ma- 
 jesty expressed his Intention of visiting 
 Hanover. Having appointed lords-justices 
 tn admliilstor Mio governniciit during his 
 Bimence, ho embarked at Itiiiiisgatn and 
 landed at Calais, September tho 211I1 ; en- 
 tered his Qermnii dominions October tlio 
 CMi ; and on tho 11th made hU public 
 entrance Into tho capital, drawn by eight 
 milk-white horses, I'nbllo rejoicings niid 
 festivals attended his sojourn ; and.haviim 
 laid aside tho title of elector for that of 
 king, ho gratided his loyal subjects wttli 
 the sight of another coroimtlon, though on 
 a less superb scale. On tho 8th of the fol- 
 lowing montli his majesty was again doiul- 
 cllod In Cnriton-palacp. 
 
 Wo shall now turn for a moment to notice 
 some events of Importance, thnugli not 
 connected with the domestic history of 
 Great Britain, The first is tho death of 
 Kapoleon Buonaparte, who died of ciiiiccr 
 In tho stomach, aged 61, Tho dIscnHo was 
 const itiitloiml, but It had probably been 
 accelerated by mental agltntion and tlic 
 tropical climate of St. Helena. Those 
 Who wish to know tho character of this 
 extraordinary man must read It in his 
 actions, under tho various and varying as- 
 pects of his fortune. His aim was to aston- 
 ish and aggrandise: to uphold or trample 
 upon right and justice, as best suited the 
 object ho had In view. Before his love of 
 universal domination every other passion 
 and principle was made to give way; reli- 
 gion, honour, ti'uth— all were sacrificed to 
 personal ambition. Tn his will ho expressed 
 n wish that * his nslica might repose on the 
 banks of tho Heine, in tho midst of the 
 French people, whom ho loved so well." 
 That wish haa since been grntined by a 
 Bourbon I 
 
 In Spain, Portugal, and Nnplc?, a sort of 
 revolutionary crisis had commenced. Kn- 
 couraged by the discontents of tho middle 
 ranks, the troops, under tho Influence of 
 Ulegot and other gallant olllcers, succeeded 
 In making Ferdinand swear fldellty to the 
 constitntion of 1812. Similar conduct was 
 pursued by tho people of Portugal, whose 
 declared objects were tho cstabllsliincnt of 
 a constitutional monarchy. And in Naples 
 the popular mind took the same direction, 
 and effected the same object. 
 
 A.D, 1822.— Tho year 1822, though not 
 marked by any great event, foreign or 
 domestic, was ono of much Interest as re- 
 garded tho number of Important questions 
 discussed in parliament. Among tho lead- 
 ing subjects of debate were agricultural 
 distress in England, arising from a super- 
 abundant supply and consequent low prices, 
 and the scarcity and distress In Ireland, 
 which, from tho prevalence of agrarian out- 
 rage and other causes, amounted to posl- 
 tivefamine. Some changes during January 
 took place in the cabinet ; ministers having 
 strengthened themselves by a union with 
 the Grenville party ; and lord SIdmouth re- 
 tired from his offlceoftaomoBCcretary, to 
 make room for Mr. Peel. 
 
 On the 5th of February the king opened 
 
 parliament, and took the occasion to ei- 
 pri'.HS Ills regret that his visit to Ireland 
 had failed to produce tranquillity. He also 
 admitted that agriculture had tn contend 
 with unex|iected dimcultlcs, but congra- 
 tulated tho house on tho prosperity which 
 attended tlio manufactures and commerce 
 of the country. 
 
 The state of Ireland did Indeed demand 
 tho most serious attention of the legisla- 
 ture. On ono hand, coercive measures wero 
 necessary to repress tho wild disorder that 
 reigned throughout tho Island ; for owing 
 to tho daring nocturnal bands of White- 
 boys, &c., neither life nor property was safe. 
 On tho other hand, so universal was tho 
 failure of tho potato crop, that the price 
 was quadrupled, and tho peasantry of tho 
 south wero in a state of actual starvation. 
 To meet the former evil. It was found 
 necessary to suspend the habeas corpus 
 act, and to renew the insurrection act. To 
 alleviate the latter, a committee was formed 
 In London, and corresponding committees 
 in dllTerent parts of the country. British 
 sympathy was no sooner appealed to than 
 It was answered with zealous alacrity ; and 
 such was tho benevolence of individuals, 
 that largo funds were speedily at their dis- 
 posal ; so that before tho close of the year 
 tho subscriptions raised In (>reat Britain for 
 tlio relief of the distressed Irish amounted 
 to 350,000/.; parliament made a grant of 
 .300,000/. more; and in Ireland the local sub- 
 scriptions amounted to 150,000/.; making 
 altogether a grand total of 800,0001, 
 
 From the beginning of the year to tho 
 end of tho session In August, the houses of 
 parliament wero almost incessantly occu- 
 pied on questions of the highest import- 
 ance ; agricultural distress, for which vari- 
 ous remedial measures wero proposed ; lord 
 .John Bussell's plan for a parliamentary re- 
 form ; Mr. Vanslttart's scheme for relieving 
 the Immediate pressure of what was called 
 the 'dead weight;' the currency question, 
 which referred to the Increased value of 
 money caused by Mr. Peel's act of 1819, for 
 tho resumption of cash-payments; the im- 
 provement of the navigation laws, &c. 
 
 Parliament was prorogued on tho 6th of 
 August ; and on tho loih the king cm- 
 barked at Greenwich for Scotland. On the 
 I5tli he landed at Lclth, and on the 10th 
 held a levee in tho ancient palace of Holy- 
 rood, where ho appeared In the Highland 
 costume. Having enjoyed the festivities 
 which his loyal subjects of Edinburgh pro- 
 vided for the occasion, he reembarked on 
 tlic 27th, and in three days was again with 
 his lieges In London. 
 
 During his majesty's absence tho nnwel- 
 como intelligence was brought to him of 
 the death of the marquis of Londonderry, 
 secretary of state for the foreign depart- 
 ment. This nobleman, who for some years 
 had been the leading member of govern- 
 ment, was in his 54th year ; and in a tem- 
 porary fit of Insanity committed suicide, by 
 cutting the carotid artery. In consequence 
 of his tory principles and the share he took 
 in effecting the union with Ireland, he waa 
 the most unpopular member of the admi- 
 nistration; but bo was bigtily respected 
 
 
 u 
 
H' 
 
 482 
 
 Cf)( €vtniuvu ot VHfitovHt Set, 
 
 ■' 
 
 In private Ilfo, nnd rnjuycd thu pertonal 
 •ateom of liis Movirclgn. 
 
 Little Clio of (lunu!8tlc interest orriinoil 
 thU jrcarj but a few word* n-liitlvo to 
 foreign aSalm aro rorhnpn rriiulHlto. Tho 
 cnngress at Vcronn tormlrmtcd In rrrcni- 
 ber I the allied SDVorolffiis were dlHiioHcd to 
 rcestaMUli tliu (loxpotlHiii uf Ft'i'dltmud In 
 Bpiiln, In opponltloii to tho corti-m but to 
 thin pollry KiiHland objoctod, denying the 
 rlubt of forolffn powers to Iritorfcro In tlu< 
 affalm of tbo ptMilnsuln. Tlio 'nnnltary 
 cordon,' OKtnblJHbcd on tho frontier! of 
 Franco for tbo avowed purpose of prevent- 
 ing tbo fever wblrh rnKod at liiirccbmu 
 from oprrndliif,' to that country, obiinged Its 
 imine to nn 'nrmy of olmervatlun,' wlillo 
 the designs of iho Fienrli Br)vernnicnt to 
 chock tbo progress of revolutionary prlnet- 
 Iiles In Spain were developed, nnd, Indeed, 
 •oon afterwards openly exprensod. 
 
 A.D. 1833.— On tho death of lord liOn- 
 dondorry, Mr. Canning, ^> bo wn» about to 
 eetout to India as governor-geiu'ral, relin- 
 quished that employment, and accepted the 
 vacant secretarysblp, as one more congenial 
 to his taste, and for the duties of which be 
 Was supposed to be perfectly emdent, 
 
 Tho now year pru.scnted nioro cheering 
 prospects than any which liad for a long 
 time preceded It; the foreign demand for 
 goods of Englli«b nianufacture kept tbo cot- 
 ton, Bilk, and woollen factories at work, 
 and greatly benelltod otbcr^;, tmrtlcularly 
 tho liardwaro and euf'rij buHlncsses. 
 Those engaged In tho Hblpping Interest, 
 also, partlcljiated In tbo general Improve- 
 ment, nut It M-as not (<o Willi regard to 
 the agriculturists ; and during the month 
 of January no lenn than sixteen county 
 meetings were called to tako Into connl- 
 deratlon tbo causes of tliclr distresses. 
 Tho usual topics— parliamentary reform, 
 reml3<<lon of taxes, a connnutatlonof tltho, 
 a depreciation of tbo currency, &c.— were 
 generally suggested ; and in some Instan- 
 ces, where Mr. Cobbctt and his support- 
 ers bad Bufflclent Inlluence, resolutions 
 of a more ultra-radical kind were carried. 
 These were pretty much of tlio same Htaplo 
 commodity as aro still hawkeu about on 
 BimUar occasions: namely, an appropria- 
 tion of part of the chtircli property; tho 
 extinction of tithes ; the sale of tbo crown 
 ]«uds; the abolition of slni. i-itres and pen- 
 Blons ; a reduction of the standing army ; 
 the repeal of a variety of taxes ; and an 
 equitable adjustment of contracts. 
 
 Some popular changes now took place 
 In the ministry. Mr. Vanslttart, chancellor 
 of tho exchequer, resigned In favour of Mr. 
 Jlob*nson, and accepted tbo cbanccUorsbip 
 of tl duchy of Lancashire, with a seat in 
 the 'per house and tho tltlo of lord Bex- 
 ley; ind Mr. Huskissou was made presl- 
 \<'nr. o* the boa'd of trade, In the room of 
 Wr. A . " uthuot. Parliament was prorogued 
 by i rmi.ilBBion on the leth of July : a great 
 in 138 of buslma-i having occupied the at- 
 tention of the .nembers, and much alter 
 rttlon having taken place between M(. 
 Canning and bis political opponents, who 
 plainly convinced him that ho waa not 
 'reposing on a bed of roses.' But Le bad 
 
 tho latlsfactlon, at the close of the Bosslon, 
 of dwelling on tho flourishing conlltion of 
 all branches of coninierco and inanufac* 
 turoH, and a conslderublu abatement of tha 
 dlfnculties felt by thu agrlcuiturlitB at tt« 
 coninicncenient. 
 
 In April, the Kreuch army of observation 
 crossed tho I'yreneeH ; and tho duko of 
 AngoulOmo, its commander, published an 
 addremt to tbo HpanlardH, declaratory of 
 tbo objects ot tlilit interposition In their 
 iilTalr!^: deflnlng It to be, the Bupprossion 
 of ti'o revolutionary faction which h''ld 
 tbo king cai)tlve, that excited troublnit In 
 l^'rauce, and produced an insurrectl .i In 
 NaplcH and I'ledniont, They then nmu'ii -d 
 onward, and, without nieotln>i anv i < >• 
 anco of consequence, occupied Mn itin- 
 cli>al towns and fortresses. In Uctoiicr tho 
 city of Cadiz Burremlci il ; nnd French in- 
 terference terminated wiiii tlio liberation 
 of Ferdinand from the eorten, who in all 
 their movements had larrledlbeunwIllinK 
 king with them, Tiir' I'lencli then retraced 
 their stcim, leaving, however, 40,fKX) troops 
 In possession of tlio fortrcHHcs, tomulntain 
 the autliorlty of the Spanish king in case of 
 a reaction. 
 
 A.D. 1831.— Favourable as tbo political 
 aspect of (ireat Hrltuin appeared at tho com- 
 inencenieut of 1823, there was now an evi- 
 dent impiovenientinalnioHtevery branch of 
 commercial Industry ; wbllo tliu cultivators 
 of the Holl found tlieir condition materially 
 n.-ialsled by natural causeH, without tlio aid 
 of leglHlutorlal Interference. It was there- 
 fore a pleasing task for Mr. llo1)lnHon, when 
 ho brought forward his budget, to describe 
 In glowing terms the general prosperity of 
 tbo country, and declare h\n intention of 
 eltectlngan annual saving of 370,0002. by 
 reducing tlio Interest of tlio four per cent. 
 stock to three and a half. In short, It was 
 evident that there were too many symptoms 
 of H return to a healthful state for tlio 
 most sceptical cavillers tocontradiet. Uut 
 a course of prosperity in Kngland, like true 
 love's course, ' never did run Bmooth' for 
 any length of time. There was now an 
 abundanco of capital, and money was ac- 
 cordingly to be hud at low rates of In- 
 terest. B.ifo Ijivestments wore difflcult to 
 bo founil ill, b'.ii.": bonce foreign toons 
 werecncourapi-iJ, i^iil there was scjircoly a 
 state in ♦(!( Oil 1 iv \ • World W . nad 
 not tho 'i. K 11' I" , iMii capital, it was 
 a rare > i ■•"■ ior ti ) gambling spccula- 
 tlona of a host of needy adventurers ; and 
 under pretext of having discovered advan- 
 tageous modes of employing money, the 
 most absurd schemes were daily set afloat 
 to entrap the avaricious and unwary. Manv 
 of these devices, however, were so obvi- 
 ously dishonest, that tho legislature at 
 length interfered to guard the pablio 
 against a species of robbery in which the 
 dupes were almost as much to blame as 
 their plunderers. A resolution passed tho 
 house of lords declaring tliat no bill for 
 the purpoKO of incorporating any joint- 
 stock company would bo read a second 
 time till two-thirus of the proposed capl< 
 tal of the company had been subscribed. 
 This bill certainly checked such overatlons 
 
 
CnBlnulf.— ?i0ui^f of UruiiiJtoffTt. 6farsr $U. in:\ 
 
 t tUo w'Mlon. 
 f coiilltlonol 
 ind iiintiufnc* 
 temcnt o( the 
 aturUti nl Its 
 
 )f ohicrvntlmi 
 
 tlio duko of 
 
 l)Ul)lUhod ail 
 Icrlaratory of 
 iltlon 111 thoir I 
 
 10 giipprcMUm 
 n wJifrli li'l'' 
 L-d troubloH 111 
 iHiirrfOt.l ii lij 
 tlicn mm I'll -d 
 
 II, J uny r . i I- 
 lilcd Mio iiiin* 
 In i)ctoiirr tlio 
 mid French lii- 
 the llborallou 
 Ilk, wh(i In nil 
 dlhcunwlUlnif 
 U then rctracud 
 ■r, 40,000 tniors 
 ic9, toniiihilulii 
 [ king In cftHo of 
 
 a tho poUllcAl 
 ared at tho coin- 
 viiB now an «vl- 
 tovcryliranchof 
 
 11 ihocnUlvatora 
 lllliin nmterlalljr 
 
 without tho aid 
 L>. It was thore- 
 Ilohlnuon, when 
 Ixet, to describe 
 111 jirospcrlty of 
 iiU Intention of 
 J of 375,000J. by 
 [lo four per cent. 
 In sliort, tt was 
 iinanysyniptoins 
 1 Btato for tlio 
 pontratUct. But 
 igland, like true 
 un Biiiooth' for 
 Iro was now an 
 1 money was ao 
 [ow rates of In- 
 hvcro dllTJcult to 
 foreign lonns 
 . was Bcarcoly n 
 orld ■*• . iiad 
 capital, it was 
 mbllng spccula- 
 Iventurers ; and 
 scovercd advan- 
 Ing money, tho 
 dally set afloat 
 unwary. Many 
 . wero 80 obvl- 
 leglslature at 
 ird tho public 
 iry in which the 
 :h to blame aa 
 itlon passed tho 
 ;hat no bill for 
 Ing any joint- 
 read a second 
 f proposed capl- 
 een subscribed, 
 such oserations 
 
 foratliiui ; but the tivll had liocn nllowcil 
 to proceed too far, a* further expcrleiKc 
 proved. 
 
 A C(m.entlon between flreat llrltain and 
 AuHtrIn wiiH laid on the (iiMe of the Iiiiii4i> I 
 <if cnmiiioiiK, by which the former (mrccd ! 
 to accept 3,5UO,iXN)/. as a tinal coinpeiiBiillon 
 i'lr claims on tho latter power, amounting 
 
 I > no,000,ooo{. — a compoHlllon of ono slill- 
 
 II IV and elglit-pcnce In llic pound t 
 
 ,/. 1S3S.— Olio of the first steps In IcffU- 
 I. I Ion tills year was an art to suppress the 
 rriMiojIo AsHDClatlnn of Irelnml, Dniilol 
 O't'oiinell nHHunied to lio tho reproscnia- 
 tlvc and protector of the oathollo popula- 
 tion In that country, and continued to levy 
 largo sums from tho people, i.ndor the ali- 
 Hiird and hypocritical pretence of obtain- 
 ing 'Justice for Ireland.' HuhHcuiiently a 
 rommltteoof tho lords sat to eiuiulro Into 
 tlio general state of that country ; and In 
 tho evidence that caiiin before tiieni. It 
 clearly appeared that the wrclrhed stale 
 of existence to which tho poaonntry were 
 reduced by landlords and dulMcttiTH was 
 greatly aggravated by their abject bondiiKe 
 to their own priests, and by tho vicious 
 mode In which tithes wero collected ; but 
 that while the arch-agitator and his natel- 
 Iltes were allowed to Inllanio the passions 
 of tho people, and delude them Into a Im> 
 llef that they wero oppressed Tiy their con- 
 nection with Orcat Urltaln, no remedy 
 within tho power of the legislature pre- 
 Bontcd itself. Wo may hero observe, by 
 tho way, that In tho petitions that wero 
 presented to parliament In tho preceding 
 year, the catholics no longer placed emiin- 
 eipation In the front of tlieir grioviinccs, but 
 demaiuled a reform In the temporalities of 
 the protcstaiit church, a better regulation 
 of juries, and the dtsfranclilsinent of muni- 
 cipal corporations. 
 
 Tho catholic relief bill passed In tho 
 house of commons, but was rejected in the 
 lords by a majority of 178 against 130. 
 
 Wo have seen what astonishing Impnliic 
 had been given to speculations of all kinds 
 last year by tli< abundanco of unemployed 
 capital and tlio reduction of Interest In 
 funded property. Tho mania for joint-stock 
 companies "ns now become almost uni- 
 versal. Dut-ag the space of Utile more 
 than a tw^iveiuontli, 270 companies had 
 been projected, of which tho preteiuled 
 capital was 174,114,050;. Though many of 
 these were of an absurd character, and 
 nearly all lit Id out prospects that no sano 
 man could expect to see realised, yet the 
 shares of several rose to enormous pre- 
 miums, <?*peolally the mining adventures 
 in South Aiiaurl i. But a fearful reaction 
 was at baud. 
 
 Severil conntry banks stopped payment 
 in December, -nul .inionK them tho great 
 Yorkshire bi\ik of Wentworth and Co. 
 A panic In lie money market followed ; 
 and in n, ft w ilnys sevo'tl London hank- 
 ers were unable to im he oallit upon 
 them, On tho 12lhol h Miber the bank- 
 Ing-houso of sir Peter Tok- md Oo. stopped 
 payment. This caused cireai dismay In the 
 city, it being understood that forty-s«Ten 
 country banks wero connected with It. 
 
 During tlio three foiliiwJi!!{il.iys iiv other 
 l.ondon banking lU'iiis wore coiiipclied to 
 dose; and In a very wliort ciiace of lime. 
 In addition to tlio I.nniloii hoiiPieM, slxty- 
 si'von country l)niik< failed or suspended 
 I heir payments. Tiio alistraction of capital 
 ill milling and other spoculatloiiH was now 
 roltmore severely tiiaii had boi'n expected, 
 even by those who had endeavoiirod to op. 
 pose their proKrefs. It was liiipusHlbie to 
 calculiito when or whore the ovil would 
 hIo|i; but that thousands of faliiltios must 
 in tho end bo ruined was Inevitable. Tho 
 principal merchants of tiio city of London, 
 at tho head of whom was Mr. Baring, feel- 
 ing that something was necessary to Im 
 done to support credit mid restore conll- 
 donee, asseiiibled at the iiiMiisioii-lionse, 
 and i)iiliiishod a rosoliition to tlio etfect 
 tluit 'the uiiproccdeiited cmbarrassmenl^ 
 wore to bo mainly attributed loan nnfoniid- 
 od panic ! that tlioy had the fullest roll- 
 aiice on ilie banking establlMlimonis of tlio 
 capital and country, and tlieroforo detor. 
 iiiined to support tlioiii,aiid public credit, 
 to the utmost of their power.' 
 
 In two days after this declaration, the 
 Bank of England began to reissue one and 
 t\vo-|iouiid notes for tiioconvoiiloiioeof tho 
 country circulation. For one woik l.'>o,000 
 sovereigns per day were coinod at the Mint : 
 and post-chalsos were hourly <lospatcliod 
 Into tho country to support the credit, and 
 prevent the failure, of the provincial ilrms, 
 which still iiialntainod their ground, 
 
 A.I), 1820.— Tho eitects of tho panic were 
 long and most severely felt : ''iit it must bo 
 admitted that tho Bank of ngland made 
 strenuous eflorts to niillgato i<ocunlary dis- 
 tress, and the course pursued by govern- 
 iiient Was steady and jiulicioUH. The main 
 Ingredient In producing the niischlcf had 
 been tho great facility of creating lictltious 
 money; thomlnlslcrs, therefore, prohibited 
 the circuiiitlon of one-pound notes ; whiio 
 Incorporated companies were allowed to 
 carry on the business of banking. lUyoiid 
 this they could scarcely go j It was next to 
 impossible that they could afford an cllec- 
 tlvo gu.aranteo agaiiii^t future panics, over- 
 trading, or tho Insolvency of bankers. 
 
 On the 2nd of Feliruary piu'llament was 
 opened by commission. The royal speech 
 adverted to thoexlstlng pecuniary distress, 
 ,'iii(l showed that It was totally unconnected 
 Willi political causes. It also alluded to 
 nioasures In contemplation for tho Im- 
 provement of Ireland. After sitting till 
 tlie end of May, the parliament was dis- 
 solved, and active preparations wero made 
 for a general election. 
 
 Certain leading questions, which had 
 been frequently discussed in parliament of 
 lato years, had now got such possession of 
 the public mind, that, at most of tho elec- 
 tions, tests wore oflerci\and pledges requir- 
 ed from the several candidates. Tho most 
 Important of these wero catholic cmancl- 
 liallon, tho corn laws, and tho slave trade ; 
 and out of tho members returned for Eng- 
 land and Wales, 133 had never before sat 
 in parliament. It was observed that now, 
 for tho llrst time, the catholic priests of 
 Ireland openly began not only to take an 
 
 Lit| 
 
acli vo piirt in elections, but to inculcate the 
 doctrine, that opposition to an anti-catlio- 
 llc candidate was a christian duty. Tlie 
 English radicals were also extremely noisy 
 and active in their endeavours to return 
 Cobbett, Hunt, and others of tiiat ciiQuc ; 
 but for the present they were unsuccessful. 
 
 The new parliament met on the 14th of 
 November, and the session was opened by 
 the Itlng in iierson. No business of any 
 great Importiince was brouglit before the 
 house ; but an exposure of the numerous 
 joint-stock companies that had been esta- 
 1)lis}icd was made by alderman Walthman. 
 Ho observed tliat 000 had been formed, 
 iiiopt of them for dishonest purposes ; tlie 
 dircctoi-.s forcing up or depressing tlicniar- 
 Icet as they pleased, and pocketing tlio ilit- 
 ferenco between the selling and buying 
 prices. As certain members of tlio liouse, 
 whom ho named, were known to bo direc- 
 tors of some of these bubble companies, he 
 moved for a connuittee of enquiry with 
 reference to the part taken by members of 
 parliament lu the joint-stock mania of 
 1824-5-0. The enquiry, on the suggestion 
 of Mr. Canning, was restricted to the 
 Arigna mining company, of which Mr. 
 Brogden liad been a director. 
 
 A few foreign occurrences claim our no- 
 tice. The death of Alexander, emperor of 
 Russia, a powerful ally of England, and a 
 noble and benevolent prince, who sincerely 
 desired the good of ills people. It was his 
 wish that his brother Nicholas sliould suc- 
 ceed him ; and, in compliance with that 
 wish, the grand duke Consfantine,who was 
 next heir to the throne, publicly renounced 
 his right to the succession in favour of his 
 younger brother.— Also the death of John 
 VI., king of Portugal and titular emperor 
 of Brazil ; whither he had retired, with his 
 court, on tlie invasion of Portugal by Buona- 
 parte.— Mlssolonghl, the last asylum of the 
 Greeks, taken by storm, by the combined 
 Egyptian and Turkish forces, who, rendered 
 furious by the bravery of the besieged, put 
 all the males to the sword, and carried the 
 women and children into slavery.— The de- 
 struction of the Janissaries by Sultan Miili- 
 nioud, followed by an entire remodelling 
 of the Turkish army and the Introduction 
 of European military discipline.- Ucniark- 
 able coincidence in the deatlis of two ex- 
 presidents of the United States of America : 
 Mr. Adams and Mr. Jeltorson not only ex- 
 piring on the same day, but that day (July 
 4), being the fiftieth anniversary of the de- 
 claration of American independence. 
 
 A.D. 1827.— We closed our last brief ;an- 
 nual record with a notice of the deaths of 
 two distinguished men on transatlantic 
 ground; we are compelled to commence 
 the present year witli an account of the de- 
 cease of an illustrious personage at home. 
 His royal highness ■ Augustus Frederick 
 duke of York, presumptive heir to the 
 throne, and commander-in-chief of tho 
 army, (at the head of which lie had been 
 thirty-two years, and under wliose admi- 
 nistratlon it had won Iraperishablo laurels,) 
 died on tho 5th of January, in the 64tli 
 year of his age. In person he was noble 
 aud Boldierlike ; indisposition, frank, amia- 
 
 ble, and sincere ; lu iliu dlsciiarge of hia 
 onU'lal duties, impartial and exact ; and in 
 attention to the comforts of the soldier, ho 
 was equalled by few, surpassed by none. 
 
 The first topic of domestic interest was 
 the change of ministry whicli took place 
 in consequence of lord Tiiverpool, tlie pre- 
 mier, being suddenly disabled by a stroke 
 of apoplexy, which, though he survived tho 
 attack nearly two years, terminated his 
 public life. His lordship was free from in- 
 trigue and p.irtlsanship, and his olllclal ex- 
 perienco enabled him to take the lead in 
 conducting tlie ordinary affairs of the go- 
 vernment : but his oratory was common- 
 place, and ho was incapable of vigorously 
 handling the great questions which during 
 his premiership agitated the country. 
 
 Nearly two months elapsed before tho 
 vacancy occasioned by lord Liverpool's ill- 
 ness was filled. Tlie king then empowered 
 BIr. Canning to form a new ministry, of 
 wlilcli he was to be the head ; and he ac- 
 cordingly began to make his arrangements. 
 But ho met with almost insuperable dittl- 
 culties ; for within forty-eight hours after 
 he had received his majesty's commands, 
 seven leading members of the cabinet— hia 
 former colleagues — refused to serve under 
 him, and sent in their resignations. In 
 this perplexity ho waited on the king, who 
 suspected that tlicre was not only a confe- 
 deracy against Mr. Canning, but also a dis- 
 position to coerce the royal will. Tho king 
 was not, however, likely to withdraw his 
 support from the minister of his choice j 
 and ultimately a mixed adniiiiistration (but 
 chiefly tory), entered on the duties of ofllce. 
 Mr. Canning, premier ; earl of Harrowby, 
 president; duke of Portland, privy seal; 
 viscount Dudley, foreign secretary; Mr, 
 Sturges Bourne, home secretary : Mr. Hus- 
 kisson, board of trade ; Mr. 0. Wynn, board 
 of control ; viscount Palmerston, secretary 
 at war ; lord Bexley, chancellor of the duchy 
 of Lancaster ; lord Lyndhurst, lord chan- 
 cellor. 
 
 Parliament met after tho Easter recess ; 
 and on the 1st of June Mr. Canning brought 
 forward the budget. The session wns of 
 sliort duration, and the greater part of tho 
 time was occupied by charges of political 
 tergiversation wliich were bandied about, 
 and the explanations which such charges 
 necessarily elicited. The corn laws came 
 In for a share of discussion ; as did also tho 
 law between debtor and creditor, the state 
 of tho court of chancery, and tho gaino 
 laws; while Mr. Peel continued his exer- 
 tions towards a consolidation of the crimi- 
 nal statutes. On the 2nd of July parlia- 
 ment was prorogued. 
 
 A treaty which had for Its object the pa. 
 clflcation of Greece, by putting an end to 
 the sanguinary contest between the Porto 
 and its Grecian subjects, was signed at 
 Lo;^don,on theOthof July, by the ministers 
 of Greiio Britain, France, and Uussla. 
 
 From the hour that Mr. Canning under- 
 took the office of premier he had been suf- 
 ferlngunderadegreeofnervousexcltement 
 which made visiiiio inroads on his consti- 
 tution ; but it was expected that a littlo 
 reposo during the parliamentary recess 
 
cliai-gu of Ills 
 exact ; and lii 
 the Boldler, Uo 
 ed by none. 
 c Interest was 
 icli took place 
 rpool, the pre- 
 cd by a stroke 
 le survived the 
 ;ennlnated his 
 
 8 free from lii- 
 i hla olllclal ex- 
 ko the lead In 
 !alr8 of the go- 
 was coniinon- 
 
 e of vigorously 
 s which during 
 J country, 
 scd before tho 
 Liverpool's 111- 
 lion empowered 
 KW ministry, of 
 ?ad ; and he ac- 
 
 9 arrangements, 
 iisuperablo diffl- 
 ght hours after 
 ity's commands, 
 the cabinet— his 
 il to serve under 
 islgnatlons. lu 
 n tho king, who 
 lot only a confo 
 <, but alsoadla 
 IwlU. Tho king 
 to withdraw his 
 r of his choice ; 
 iiinistratlon (.but 
 b duties of offlce. 
 irl of Harrowby, 
 and, privy seal ; 
 
 secretary; Mr. 
 retary : Mr. Hus- 
 . 0. Wynn, board 
 pfpton, secretary 
 nior of the ducfiy 
 uirst, lord cUan- 
 
 10 Easter recess ; 
 Canning brought 
 ; session wri.s of 
 eater part of tho 
 irges of political 
 K) bandied about, 
 Ich such charges 
 corn laws came 
 . ; as did also tho 
 reditor, the stato 
 , and tho game 
 -tlnued his exer- 
 tion of the criinl- 
 of July parlla- 
 
 Its object the pa. 
 uttlng an end to 
 'tween the Porto 
 , was signed at 
 ,, by the ministers 
 and Ilussia. 
 
 Canning under- 
 • ho had been suf- 
 ■■rvouaexcitenient 
 ds on his consti- 
 cted that a llttlo 
 iamentary rccees 
 
 (5nfll«n».— ?Sotijic at BnuDSto (eft.— ® corse W. 486 
 
 would reinvigorato him. Not so, however ; 
 for on tho 8th of August lie expired, tho 
 Immediate cause of his dsath being an in- 
 flammation of tho kidneys. This Highly 
 gifted statesman, who was In the 57th year 
 of his age, was not less remarkable for 
 scholastic acquirements than for brllllaiU 
 oratory and pungent wit ; weapons whlcli 
 lie often used with success In deraoUshliii? 
 the more solid arguments of Ills opponents. 
 In politics Jio was a tory possessing tho 
 good sense to avow and net upon liberal 
 principles, upon such points as wore mani- 
 festly for the good of tliu country, and In 
 accordance with true progressive enlight- 
 enment. He was long the cfllcleiit rcprc- 
 sentatlve of Liverpool ; and his constitu- 
 ents were justly proud of one who, while 
 lie shone in the senate, combined the gracos 
 of scholarship with elegant manners and 
 amiability of temper. 
 
 On the death of Mr. Cannlnpr there were 
 but few changes in the ministry. Lord 
 Hodcrich became tho new premier, as first 
 lord of tho treasury, Mr. Uusklsson suc- 
 ceeded to tho offlco of colonial secretary, 
 and Mr. Herrles was made chancellor of 
 the exchequer. A few other changes took 
 place; and tho duke of Wellington re- 
 sumed tho command of the army, but with- 
 out a seat in the cabinet. 
 
 The treaty mentioned as having been 
 signed on tho 6th of July, for attempt- 
 ing the pacillcation of Greece, not being 
 palatable to the sultan, he declined tlie 
 mediation of the allied powers, and re- 
 commenced the war furiously against tlie 
 (Jreoks. To put a stop to this course of 
 desolation, tho combined fleets of Eng- 
 land, France, and Uussia proceeded to 
 the bay of Navarino, with a determina- 
 tion to capture or destroy the Turkish 
 fleet which lay there. If Ibrahim Paclia 
 refused to listen to piicillc overtures. No 
 satisfaction being obtained, admiral Cod- 
 rington, followed by the French ships, un- 
 der Do Rigny, and the Kusslan squadron, 
 entered the bay ; and after four hours from 
 tho commencement of the conflict, which 
 had been carried on with great fury, the 
 enemy's fleet was wholly destroyed, and 
 the b.ay strewed with tlio fragments of his 
 ships. 
 
 A.D. 1828.— It was seen from the first 
 formation of the Goderich ministry that it 
 did not possess the necessary ingredients 
 for a lasting union. Differences between 
 some of the leading members of the cabi- 
 net rendered liis lordship's position un- 
 tenable, and he resigned his seals of ofllce. 
 Upon this tho king sent for tho duke of 
 Wellington, and commlr.oionedhimtoform 
 a new cabinet with himself at the head : 
 the result was, that his grace immediately 
 entered into communication with Mr. 
 I'eel, and other members of lord Liver- 
 pool's ministry, who had seceded ou tho 
 elevation of Mr. Canning ; and, with very 
 few exceptions, the same parties once more 
 camo into power. The duke, on becoming 
 tho first lord of tho treasury, resigned tho 
 offlce of commander-in-chief. 
 
 The royal spoccli, delivered at the open- 
 ing of parliament, chiefly referred to tho 
 
 lato 'untoward event' at Navnrino, but 
 defended it on tho ground that the rlr;1its 
 of neutral nations were violated by the re- 
 volting excesses of the Turks. 
 
 Mr. Urougliam having made one of the 
 most elaborate expositions of tho abuses 
 and imperfections of the law ever delivered 
 in tho house of commons, two commis- 
 sions were appointed, one to enquire into 
 tho stato of iho common law, tho other 
 Into the laws of real itroperty. 
 
 On tho 8th of May tlio catholic claims 
 were again brought forward, when sir 
 Francis IJurdett moved for a committee of 
 the whole house on this subject, with a view 
 to a conciliatory adjustmoiit. After a three 
 nights' del)ate,thls was carried by a majority 
 of six. A conference with the lords was 
 then requested, and held ; after which there 
 was a two nights' debate In tho lords, when 
 tho duko of Wellington opposed the resolu- 
 tion, chiefly or ;.he ground that tho church 
 government of Ireland was unconnected 
 with tho civil government of tho empire. 
 Dut it was remarked, that although the re- 
 solution was lost by a majority of flfty- 
 four, tho moderate tone of his grace au- 
 gured favourably for it on a further trial. 
 
 In Ireland during tho Canning and Gode- 
 rich ministries all was comparatively still ; 
 but this year the excitement of the people, 
 led on by the popular demagogues, was 
 greatly increased by tho formation of a 
 Wellington and Peel administration. Tho 
 Catholic Association was again in full 
 activity; Mr. O'Connell was returned for 
 Clare, In defiance of almost all tho landed 
 gentry of tho country ; the priests seconded 
 the efforts of the Itinerant politicians; 
 and. In the inflated rhetoric of Mr. Shlel, 
 'every altar became a tribune at which 
 the wrongs of Ireland were proclaimed." 
 Meanwhile, ministers looked supinely on, 
 tin the smouldering embers burst into a 
 flame, which nothing within their power 
 could extinguish. How could it, indeed, 
 be otherwise, when the marquis of Angle- 
 sea, the king's representative, wrote aletter 
 to Dr. Curtis, the titular Catholic prlmato 
 of Ireland, to tho effect that tho settle- 
 ment of tho catholic question was unavoid- 
 able, and recommending tho catholics to 
 'agitate, but refrain from violence, and 
 trust to tho legislature.' The marquis was 
 forthwith recalled from the government 
 of Ireland for writing this letter. 
 
 The repairs and Improvements of Wind- 
 sor castle, which had been for a long time 
 ill hand under the direction of Mr. Jeffrey 
 Wyatvllle (subsequently knighted), wcro 
 this year completed ; and tho king took 
 possession of his apartments on tho Otli 
 of December. A parliamentary grant of 
 450,000/. had been devoted to this truly na- 
 tional edifice, and great ability was shown 
 111 refiii'ng the principal featu'os of the 
 orlgiiia! b'lilding, while studying tho cou- 
 venleiK" j of modern civilisation. 
 
 At tho latter end of the year, owing to 
 tho discovery of a systematic plan of mur- 
 der having been pursued by some wretches 
 
 at Edinburgh, an indescribable feeling of 
 
 horror and disgust pervaded tho Whole 
 
 country. 
 
I" 
 
 
 t j 
 
 486 
 
 €fit CrwiSuvji of W^tavut ^t. 
 
 It appeared on the trial of WllUam 
 Burke and Helen M'Dougal, who lodged 
 in a house kept by a man named Hare, 
 that Burke and Haro had been In the 
 habit of decoying persons Into the house, 
 where they first made them Intoxicated, 
 and then suflfocatcd them. The bodies 
 were then sold to Dr. Knox for anatomical 
 purposes, and, no m.irks of violence ap- 
 j)earlng upon the bodies, no questions 
 were asked nor suspicion created respect- 
 ing the horrid mode In which they had 
 been procured, 'llio number of thoir vic- 
 tims It was difficult to ascertain, though 
 Burke confessed to upwards of a dozen. 
 This wretch, who was an Irish catholic, 
 was executed, Amidst the exultations and 
 execrations of an immense concourse of 
 spectators; and the system of strangula- 
 tion which he had practised was afterwards 
 knowTi by the expressive term of burking. 
 
 The foreign events of tliis year, though 
 important in themselves, bear too little on 
 lunglish liistory to render necessary more 
 tlian a bare mention of them.— In April 
 Hussla declared war against Turkey. The 
 destruction of the Turkish fleet at Nava- 
 rino left the former power masters of the 
 Black-sea; and on land 11.5,000 Russians 
 were assembled to open the campaign on 
 tlio Danube. Several great battles were 
 fought, the Turks offering a much more 
 effectual resistance to their invaders than 
 was anticipated ; at length the Ilusslans 
 retired from the contest, but did not return 
 to St. Petersburgh till October.— The aflaiis 
 of fireeco had gone on more favourably, 
 in consequence of the war between Tur- 
 key and Russia; and, assisted by Franco 
 and England, that country, which had so 
 long groaned under the oppressor's yoke, 
 was emancipated from foreign control, and 
 restored to the rank of an Independent 
 nation. 
 
 A.D. 1829.— Soon after the opening of 
 parliament, ministers declared their in- 
 tention to bring forward and support the 
 long-agitated question of catholic eman- 
 cipation In order to put an end forever. 
 If possible, to a grievance which, among 
 the Irish In particular, had 'grown with 
 their growth, and strengthened with their 
 strength." In Ireland the catholic popu- 
 lation was at that time estimated at five 
 millions and a half, whereas not more than 
 one million and three quarters were pro- 
 testants ; but In England, Scotland, and 
 "Wales, the number of catholics fell short 
 of a million. It was well known that the 
 duke of Wellington's ropugnaiice to the 
 moasnre had been gradually abating ; that 
 lie thought the security of the empire de- 
 pended on Its being carried ; and that he 
 had laboured hard to overcome the king's 
 scruples. These being at length removed, 
 Mr. Peel, In a long, cautious, and elaborate 
 speech, Introduced the 'catholic relief 
 bin* Into the house of commons on the 
 6th of March. Its general objects were to 
 render catholics eligible to seats In both 
 houses of parliament, to vote at the elec- 
 tion of members, and generally to enjoy all 
 civil franchises and offices, upon their 
 taking an oath not to use their privileges 
 
 to ' weaken or disturb the protestant estab- 
 lishment.' As it was a course of policy 
 which the whiga advocated, It had their 
 support ; the chief opposition coming from 
 that section of the tory party who felt It 
 to bo a measure replete with danger to tho 
 protestant Institutions of the country. The 
 majority In favour of the bill, however, at 
 the third reading, was .120 to 1.42. In the 
 upper house a more resolute stand was 
 made against It ; the lords Eldon, Winchel- 
 sea, Tenterden, and others, backed by tho 
 archbishops of Canterbury and York, and 
 the bishops of London, Durham, and Salis- 
 bury, In tho most solemn manner denounc- 
 ing it as a measure pregnant with the most 
 imminent peril to church and state as by 
 law established ; and powerfully appealing 
 to their fellow peers to uphold the protestant 
 faith at all hazards, and not sacrifice their 
 principles at the shrine of expediency. It 
 was, however, carried on the loth of April, 
 and received the royal assent on the 13th. 
 
 A few official changes followed. Sir 
 Charles Wetherell, attorney-general, was 
 dismissed for Lis antl-cathollc opposition 
 to the ministers, and sir James Scarlett 
 appointed. Chief-justice Best was elevated 
 to the peerage by the title of lord Wynf ord ; 
 and was succeeded In the common-ple.aa 
 by sir Nicholas Tindal, the solicitor-gene- 
 ral ; whose office was given to Mr. Sugden. 
 
 If we except the 'metropolis police 
 bill,' which owes its origin to Mr. Peel, 
 and from which such great advantages hava 
 arisen, there was nothing of moment sulx 
 mitted to the legislature after the passing 
 of the catholic relief bill. The creation of 
 this new police force was one of the wisest 
 measures that had ever been resorted to for 
 the protection of property and the peace of 
 the metropolitan districts : the old paro- 
 chial watch, as corrupt as they were feeble, 
 had becoino an absolute street nuisance ; 
 and, so far from being 'a terror to evil 
 doers,' their well-known inefllclency en- 
 abled tho midnight burglar and the daring 
 footpad to pursue their criminal vocations 
 with Impunity. 
 
 During the summer months an unusual 
 depression In every branch of trade was felt, 
 and the wages of the artisan had greatly 
 fallen. This gave rise to combinations and 
 the destruction of property, particularly 
 among the stlk-weavers of Spltalflelds. It 
 was also the case in the manufacturing 
 districts of the northern and inland coun- 
 ties ; where, owing to the Introduction of 
 power-looms, tho workmen were almost 
 destitute of emi)loyment, and their fami- 
 lies in a state of abject penury. 
 
 The year 1830 commenced without any 
 circumstance occurring in or out of par- 
 liament worth relating. The position of 
 ministers was a difficult one, but it was 
 what they had a right to expect. By con- 
 ceding catholic emancipation they had lost 
 the support of their most influential old 
 friends, and they were now compelled to 
 accept as auxiliaries those hybrid whIgs, 
 whose cooperation, to be permanent, must 
 bo rewarded by a share in the government. 
 But the stem unbending character of * tho 
 duke' would not allow him to share even 
 
enoTnnlr.— I^autre at 38nuii$tutcit.— SimilHam m, 487 
 
 itestant estab- 
 irse of policy 
 , it had their 
 1 coming from 
 ty who felt It 
 danger to tho 
 country. The 
 11, however, at 
 Lo 1.42. In the 
 ite stand was 
 Idon, Wlnchel- 
 hacked hy tho 
 and York, and 
 nam, and Salls- 
 fvnner denounc- 
 ; with the most 
 md state aa l)y 
 •fully appealing 
 itheprotestant 
 ; sacrlflco their 
 expediency. It 
 16 loth of April, 
 It on the 13th. 
 followed. Sir 
 cy-gencral, was 
 lollc opposition 
 James Scarlett 
 38t was elevated 
 flordWynford; 
 i common-pleas 
 J solicltorgene- 
 to Mr. Sugden. 
 etropollB police 
 In to Mr. Peel, 
 advantages hava 
 of moment bu1)« 
 fter the pafsing 
 The creation of 
 ne of tho wisest 
 n resorted to for 
 and the peace of 
 i: the old paro- 
 hey were feeble, 
 itreet nuisance ; 
 a terror to evil 
 Inefflclency en- 
 r and the daring 
 mlnal vocations 
 
 oths an imuoual 
 of trade wnB felt, 
 Isan had greatly 
 ombinatlons and 
 rty, particularly 
 : Spltalflelds. It 
 I manufacturing 
 ind inland coun- 
 Introductlon of 
 en were almost 
 and their fami- 
 ury. 
 
 !ed without any 
 n or out of par- 
 The position of 
 one, but it was 
 expect. By con- 
 Ion they had lost 
 It influential old 
 ow compelled to 
 10 hybrid whlgs, 
 permanent, must 
 tho government, 
 character of ' tho 
 m to share even 
 
 I 
 
 the glory of a conquest with allies whom 
 ho could not dc-"»nd on; and therefore, 
 aathetoriesv ; .I'vided, it was clear that 
 their rule wao ^...a arawlng to a close. 
 
 An event, by no means unexpected, now 
 took place. For a considerable time past 
 the king had been indisposed, and ho was 
 rarely seen beyond tho limits of his royal 
 domain at Windsor. But gout and dropsy 
 had made sad havoc on his health. His Ill- 
 ness gradually increased from that time to 
 tho 26th of June, tho day on which ho died. 
 
 Tho character of this monarch is not to 
 he summed up In a brief sentence or two ; 
 to form a just opinion of it, his conduct 
 under many varying aspects must be impar- 
 tially considered. This we endeavoured to 
 do in our memoir of George IV. in tho 
 Biographical Treasury, and to that wo beg to 
 refer. 
 
 CHArTEll LXV. 
 
 TIte Iteign of William IV. 
 
 A.D. 1830, Juno 20.— William ITknry, 
 duke of Clarence, third son of (ieorgo III., 
 succeeded to tho throne as William IV., 
 being at the time of his accc.sdion in tlic 
 fl.">th year of his age. This monarch was 
 brought up to the navy, havini; entered the 
 servieo as a midshipnum in 1779, on board 
 the lloyal George, a 08-gun-ship, com- 
 manded by captain Bigby ; and, by regular 
 gradations, he became rear-admiral of tlic 
 blue in 1700. From that time he saw no 
 more active service alloat, although he 
 wished to share in his country's naval glo- 
 ries; and nothing was heard of him in his 
 professional capacity, till Mr. Canning, in 
 1827, revived tho offlco of lord-high-admi- 
 ral, which for more than a century had 
 been in commission, lie, however, resign- 
 ed it in the following year, tho duke of 
 Wellington, as prime minister, disapprov- 
 ing of the e.xpcnse to which tho lurd-high- 
 admlral put the nation, by an over-zeiilous 
 professional liberality. 
 
 On the 23rd of July parliament was pro- 
 rogued by tho king in person, the royal 
 speech being congratulatory as to the gene- 
 ral tranquillity of Kurope, the repeal of 
 taxes, and certain reforms introduced into 
 I the judicial establishment of the country. 
 I It was, notwithstanding, a period preg- 
 nant with events of surpassing Interest, 
 ' but as they cliielly belong to the history of 
 France, tho baro mention of thcra is all 
 ; that is hero necessary. An expedition on 
 a large scale was fitted out by the French, 
 with the ostensible view of chastising tho 
 Algerines for their piratical insults ; but it 
 ended in their capturing the city, and in 
 i taking measures to secure Algeria as a 
 French colony. Then came the rcvolutlon- 
 I ary strugffle on tho appointment of the 
 I Polign^.c ministry, which ended In the ex- 
 , pulsion of Charles X. from tlic throne of 
 j France, and the elevation of Louis Philippe, 
 ; duke of Orleans, as 'king of tho French,' 
 who swore fidelity to the constitutional 
 charter. 
 
 This great change In the French mo- 
 narchy was effected wltli less bloodshed, 
 and In far less time, than could have been 
 
 anticipated by Its most sanguine promo- 
 ters ; for from tho date of the despo- 
 tic ordinances issued by tho miniaters of 
 Charles X. to the moment that tho duke 
 of Orli'ans accepted the offlco of lieutenant- 
 general of tho kingdom, preparatory to his 
 being elected king, only four days elapsed, 
 during two of which there were some 
 sharply contested battles between the citi- 
 zens and tho royal troops under Marmont, 
 Of the citizens 390 were killed on the spot ; 
 and of 2,500 wounded, 300 died. Of tho royal 
 guard, 375 were killed and wounded ; and 
 of gendarmes 202. 
 
 A similar revolution:in Belgium followed. 
 When that country was joined to Holland 
 in 1815, to form the kingdom of tho Netlier- 
 lands, and thereby raise a powerful bul- 
 wark on tho frontier of France, it was 
 avowedly a mere union of political conveni- 
 ence, in which neither the national cha- 
 racter, tho institutions, nor tho religion of 
 the Inha" itants was consulled. No sooner 
 did tho trntbrcak in Paris become known, 
 than Brussels, Liege, Namur, Ghent, Ant- 
 werp, and other cities, showed an Invete- 
 rate spirit 01 hostility to their Dutch ru- 
 lers ; and Insurrections, which aoon amount- 
 ed to a state of civil war, were general 
 throughout Belgium. The kingdom of tho 
 Netlierlands having been created by Great 
 Britain, Austria, Pru.ssla, llussla, and 
 Franco, these powers assumed a right of 
 mediation between tho belligerents; and 
 on the 4th of November a protocol was 
 signed at London, declaring tii.at hostili- 
 ties should cease, and that tho troops of 
 the contending parties should retire withlu 
 tho limits which formerly sepaiated Bel- 
 glum from Holland. 
 
 The effect of these successful popular 
 commotions abroad was not lost upon the 
 people of England; and 'parliamentary 
 reform ' became the watchword of all who 
 wished to harass tho tory ministry. Tho 
 duke of Wellington was diarged, though 
 most unjustly, of having given his support, 
 or at least been privy to, the arbitrary mea- 
 sures of the Pollgrnae ministry; and a cla« 
 mour was raised against lilm and his col- 
 leagues which was beyond their power to 
 control. 
 
 So strong and general, indeed, was the 
 foellngagainst ministers, that the elections 
 tlinmghout tho country had gmie deci- 
 dedly against them. At length, on the 2nd 
 of November tho houses met, and his ma* 
 jesty's speech referred, among other topics, 
 totlio before-mentioned events, concluding 
 witli expressions of reliance on tho wisdom 
 and llrniness of his parliament. Earl Grey 
 took occasion to urge the necessity of an 
 immediate reform of the representative 
 system, which elicited from tho duke of 
 Wellington a declaration of it is determi- 
 nation to oppose any measure which might 
 be brought forward for tliat purpose, he 
 being convinced that the legislature could 
 not 1)0 improved. Tills useless avowal of 
 his opposition to all reform excited a 
 strong feeling against the duke, which was 
 greatly augmented by the ingenious com- 
 mentaries and violent denunciations of the 
 whig press. Another less honourable mode 
 
 ■r,i 
 
ir- 
 
 €\)e €vtaSnt}} a( W^iorn, ^r. 
 
 had also been resorted to for tlie purpose 
 of inflaming tlie public mind— the posting 
 of placards in the streets of London, se- 
 verely commenting on the royal speecli, 
 the anti-reform declaration of tlic duke, and 
 the new metropolitan police. 
 
 The great civic festival of lord-mayor's 
 day was nigh, at which the king and his 
 ministers intended to ho present ; but ow- 
 ing to severa' letters having been received 
 by the duke of Wellington, stating that a 
 riot was to be apprehended if he made his 
 appearance in the city,— one of which was 
 from Mr. John Key, the lord-mayor elect, 
 suggesting that he should come ' strongly 
 and sufficiently guarded,'— his grace ad- 
 vised that the king's visit should bo post- 
 poned. Considerable discussion took place 
 in both bouses on the abandonment of his 
 majesty's visit to the civic baniiuet ; earl 
 Grey and other peers arguing that it had 
 excited needless alarm, and produced an 
 extraordinary depression of the funds. Hut 
 the duke had been forewarned that a riot, 
 and perhaps bloodshed, would have ensued ; 
 and no better argument Is needed to show 
 the soundness of his policy than his own 
 words, as they are recorded in tho me- 
 moirs of the late sir W. Knighton. 'If 
 firing had begun,' said tho duke to sir 'Wil- 
 liam, ' who could tell where it would end 1 
 I know what street firing is; one guilty 
 person would fall, and ten innocent be de- 
 stroyed. Would tills have been wise or 
 humane, for a little bravado, or that tho 
 country might not have been alarmed for 
 a day or two ? ' 
 
 But, admitting the correctness and hu- 
 mane motives of the duke's conduct in 
 this instance, tlio popular feeling was 
 hourly increasing against his administra- 
 tion. By degrees the small ministerial ma- 
 jority dwindled away, and in less than a 
 fortnight from the assembling of parlia- 
 ment, the torles found themselves in a mi- 
 nority of 29, on a motion for tho settle- 
 ment of the civil list. This was a signal 
 for the Wellington ministry to resign, .and 
 their seals of office were respectfully ten- 
 dered to the king on the following d.iy, 
 Nov. 16. 
 
 Tho celebrated 'reform ministry' Im- 
 mediately succeeded ; at the head of which 
 was lord Grey, as llr.st lord of the trea- 
 sury. The other members of the cabinet 
 were the marquis of Lansdowne, lord pre- 
 sident ; lord Brougham, lord chanrcllor; 
 viscount Althorp, chancellor of the exche- 
 quer; viscount Melbourne, homo secre- 
 tary; viscount Palmer.ston, foreign secre- 
 tary ; vlt-count Goderich, colonial secretary; 
 lord Durham, lord privy seal; lord Auck- 
 land, president of the board of trade ; sir 
 James Graham, first lord of the admiralty ; 
 lord Holland, chancellor of the duchy of 
 Lancaster; ' ni. Charles Grant, president 
 of the India board ; and the earl of Car- 
 Use, without any ofllcliil appointment. 
 Among the ministers who had no seats in 
 the cabinet, were lord John Russell, pay- 
 master-general ; the duke of Illchmond, 
 postmaster-general; the duke of Devon- 
 shire, lord chamberlain ; marquis Welles- 
 ley, lord steward ; sir T. Dennian, attorney- 
 
 general ; and sir W. Home, solicitor-gene- 
 ral. The marquis of Anglesea was Invested 
 with the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland, and 
 lord Plunkett was its lord-chancellor. 
 
 During tho autunm of this year a no- 
 vel and most destructive species of out- 
 rage prevailed in tho agricultural districts 
 of the south of England, arising from tho 
 distressed condition of tho labouring po- 
 pulation. Night after night incendiary 
 llres kept tho country in a constant state 
 of alarm, and farming stock of every de- 
 scription was consumed. There was no 
 open rioting, no mobs; nor did it ap- 
 pear that It was connected with any po- 
 litical object. In the counties of Kent, 
 Hants, Wilts, Bucks, and Sussex, these 
 disorders arose to a fearful height ; threat- 
 ening letters often preceding the con- 
 llagrations, which soon after nightfall 
 would simultaneously burst out, and spread 
 over the country havoc and dismay. Largo 
 rewards were offered for tho discovery of 
 the offenders, the military force was In- 
 creased, and special commissions were ai>- 
 polnted to try the Incendiaries. Alto- 
 gether upwards of 800 offenders were tried, 
 the greater part of whom vere acquitted ; 
 and among those convicted, four were exe- 
 cuted, and tho remainder hentenced to 
 different terms of transportation and im- 
 prisonment. 
 
 In referring co foreign affairs, wo have to 
 notice,— 1. The trial of tho French minis- 
 ters Tolignac, Peyronnet, Chantelauze, and 
 Uanville, on a charge of high treason for 
 the part they took In enforcing the 'ordi- 
 nances' of Charles X. Mlilch led to the 
 memorable revolution of July.— 2. The Po- 
 lish insurrection. This arose from the 
 grand duke Constantino of Russia having 
 severr'y punished some of the young mili- 
 tary students at Warsaw for toasting the 
 memory of Kosciusko. The inhabitants, 
 assisted by the Polish regiments, after a 
 sanguinary contest in the streets, compel- 
 led the Russians to retire to the other side 
 of the Vistula. However, dreading the re- 
 sentment of their tyrannical masters, they 
 afterwards endeavoured to effect an amica- 
 ble settlement; but tho emperor Nicholas 
 refused to listen to their representations, 
 and threatened tliem with condign punlsh- 
 nicnt. Mean^vlille, the Poles prepared to 
 meet the approaching conflict, and general 
 Joseph Clopicki was Invested with the of- 
 fice of ' dictator.'— 3. Tho death of Simon 
 Bolivar, the niaifnaiilnious 'liberator' of 
 Columbia, who expired, a voluntary exile, 
 at .San Pedro, Dec. 17, In the 48th year of 
 Ills age. 
 
 A.D. 18.11.- On tho nrd of February par- 
 liament reassembled, and It was announced 
 that a plan of reform would speedily be In- 
 troduced by lord John Russell. In the 
 meantime lord Althorp brought forward 
 the budget, by which it appeared that the 
 taxes on tobacco, newspai)crs, and adver- 
 tisements were to be reduced; and those on 
 coals, candles, printed cottons, and some 
 other articles, abolished. 
 
 The subject of parliamentary reform con- 
 tinued to absorb all other political conside- 
 rations, and was looked forward to with In- 
 
enfllantf.— |^0Ui*e of l$iundSBtcii.-~2Kttillinm m. 489 
 
 tense Interest. In nnnuuncln^ his scheme, 
 lord John RusRell prupoBed the total dis- 
 franchisement of 60 boroughs, in wlilch tlio 
 population did not uniount to 2,000 ; and 
 tlio partial disfranclilscmont of 47, where 
 the population was only 4,000. By tills 
 means the nuin'ier of nicintiers would ))0 
 reduced 168; hue which would be suppliod 
 by increasing; the number of county nieni- 
 bers, and by giving representatives to cer- 
 tain largo towns heretofore unrepresented. 
 He then went into a variety of other de- 
 tails, not necessary to be hero enumerated ; 
 when the bill, after a spirited dlscusnlon of 
 seven days, was read a llrst tiuio. The se- 
 cond reading was curried on tlio 22iid of 
 March, by a majority of ovc ; the numbers 
 being .'502 to 301. And on general Gas- 
 coyne'a motion for the commitment of the 
 bill, there was a majority against ministers 
 of 8. Tlirce days afterwards, on a question 
 of adjournment, by which the voting of 
 Bupplles was postponed, this majority had 
 increased to 22 ; whereupon the ministers 
 tendered their resignations to the king. 
 These he declined to accept, but adopted 
 the advice of earl Grey, wlio recommended 
 n dissolution of parliament, which took 
 place on the 22nd of April. 
 
 And now arose the cry of ' the bill, the 
 whole bill, and nothing but the bill.' Out 
 of the 82 county members for Knglnnd, 
 nearly all were pledged to the bill ; as were 
 all the four members for the city of Lon- 
 don. On the 14th of Juno the new parlia- 
 ment met, and was opened by the king in 
 person. On the 24tli lord John Russell 
 made his second attempt. Tho debate 
 lasted three nights, and on a division there 
 was a majority of 136 in favour of the bill. 
 It then underwent a long, patient, and 
 severe scrutiny in committee; every clause 
 was carefully discussed as It arose ; many 
 of its crudities were corrected, and many 
 imperfections remedied. These occupied 
 the house almost uninterruptedly till the 
 19tl» of September, when, after another 
 eloquent debate of three nights, the bill, 
 as amended, was carried by a m.ajorlty of 
 100 in the commons, and taken up to tho 
 lords by upwards of 100 meml.'crs. 
 
 Early in October, carl Oirey, In an ela- 
 borate speech, again brought before tho 
 consideration of the lords the Import.ant 
 measure of parliamentary reform, to bring 
 about which, ho said, had been the great 
 object of his political life ; but if it could 
 be proved to have the revolutionary ten- 
 dency some Imputed to it, lie would be the 
 last man to defend It: and ho concluded 
 by declaring that by this mea.suro minis- 
 ters were prepared to stand or fall. Lord 
 WharncliflTe moved as an amendment, • that 
 it be read this d.ay six months;' which 
 having been seconded and put from the 
 woolsack, one of the most memorable dis- 
 cussions in parliamentary history followed. 
 For one entire week the debate was con- 
 tinued ; during which time all that histori- 
 cal, constitutional, and scholastic Illustra- 
 tion could furnish ; all that skill, force, 
 and variety of argument could supply ; all 
 that conscious rectitude of intention, pure 
 patriotism, and noble independence were 
 
 capable of commanding, were brought to 
 bear upon this great question ; and Then 
 the house divided, a majority of 41 appeared 
 against the bill. 
 
 On the 20th of October parliament was 
 prorogued, and was not again called to- 
 gether till tho 6th of December. The 
 year, however, did not close till tho great 
 measure was again before tho legislature. 
 On tho 12th the third refdnn bill was in- 
 troduced into the commons by lord John 
 Russell, who pointed out various altera- 
 tions that had been made in it ; the effect 
 of which was to lessen the number of the 
 boroughs to be disfranchised, and to main- 
 tain the full complement of 658 members. 
 These concessions were regarded as im- 
 provements by the opposition, and (m tho 
 sec(md reading the majority in its favour 
 was two to one; the numbers being 324 
 for, and 162 against it. Tlio house then 
 adjourned till after Christmas. 
 
 That we may not Interrupt tho thread of 
 our narrative by taking tho other events of 
 the ye.ar in their chruuologlcal order, wo 
 pass on to April 14, 18.12 ; when, after a 
 four niglits* debate in tiie house of lords, 
 this popular bill was carried by a majority 
 of nine. After this, parliament adjourned 
 to May 7, for the Easter holidays. On that 
 day lord Lyndhnrst moved that the dis- 
 franchising clause shonld be postponed, 
 and the enfranchising clause flrst consider- 
 ed ; which was carried against ministers, 
 by a majority of 151 to 116. As this was 
 considered the flrst of a series of obstruc- 
 tions, dexterously contrived to delay and 
 mutilate the reform bill, the ministers an- 
 nounced their intention to resign, unless 
 his majesty would consent to a new crea- 
 tion of peers. To that expedient the king 
 declined to resort, and the ministers sent 
 in their resignations accordingly. A week 
 of terrlllc agitaif.^n followed; all the hate 
 and rancour of party feeling were centred 
 in one ol)ject ; and while men of moder.ato 
 views and principles trembled for the safety 
 of the monarchy, crafty and designing dema- 
 gogues stirred up the passions of the peo- 
 ple in the liopo of profiting by a popular 
 convulsion. His majesty was desirous of 
 having ministers who would carry an 'ex- 
 tensive measure of reform ;'and on send- 
 ing for lord Lyndhnrst, whom ho desired 
 to communicate with the duke of Welling- 
 ton and sir Robert Peel, he expressed him- 
 self distinctly to that effect. The duke, in 
 loyal obedience to the commands of liis 
 sovereign, was disposed to lend himself to 
 the royal emergency, notwithstanding his 
 former anti-reform declaration. Not so, 
 however, sir Robert ; he saw no hope of 
 modifying the reform bill to his satisfac- 
 tion ; and he declined, though tempted wltli 
 the premiership, to cooper.ate in the de- 
 sign. The idea of a new administration was 
 therefore abandoned , and the duke of Wel- 
 lington recommended the king to recall hia 
 former servants. This was done ; .and as it 
 was evident that the wishes of the king 
 were more in accordance with the deter« 
 minatlon of the people as a body than 
 with the aristocracy, the peers. In obedi- 
 ence to the royal wish, absented them* 
 
Bclveg from the house, and iho rofornt bill 
 was silently carried through its remaining 
 BtageH ; the niajority on its third readlntr 
 being loe to 22. 
 
 We shall now briefly refer to a few oc- 
 currences, foreign and domestic, whlcli wo 
 have hitherto necessarily omitted.— The 
 IlUBStans sustained a severe defeat at 
 Wawz, after a liattlo of two dnys, their 
 loss being 14,000 men ; tliclr opponents, the 
 Poles, suffered comparatively little. But 
 on the 80th, a Polish corps, under Dwer- 
 ulcki, being hard pressed by the llussians, 
 retreated into Austrian Galllcia, and, sur- 
 rendering to the Austrian authorities, were 
 treated as prisoners, and sent into Hun- 
 gary. In short, after bravely encountering 
 their foes, and struggling against superior 
 numbers, Warsaw oapltulated, and the idea 
 of Polish independence was farther re- 
 moved than ever.— In Juno, prince liCopold 
 was elei'Tu king of Belgium by the con- 
 gress at Brussels ; his territory to consist 
 of the kingdom of the Netherlands, as set- 
 tled in 1815. 
 
 On the 2l8t of October, the London Ga- 
 zette contained precautions to bo adopt- 
 ed by his majesty's subjects against the 
 spread of the Asiatic cholera, that dread- 
 ful postilenco having lately extended from 
 Moscow to Hamlnirgh. It was ordered 
 that a board of houltli should be esta- 
 blished in every town, to correspond Willi 
 the board in London, and to consist of 
 magistrates, clergy, and members of the 
 medical profession ; while the most effec- 
 tual modes of insuring cleanliness, free 
 ventilation, &c., were pointed out. These 
 precautionary measures were doubtless of 
 great use, and worthy of the paternal at- 
 tention of the humane government ; butow- 
 Ing, as was supposed, to tlie quarantine 
 laws having been evaded by some persons 
 who came over from Hamburgh and landed 
 at Sunderland, the mucli-dreaded infection 
 \isited many parts of Great Britain, and in 
 the following year produced indescribable 
 alarm among ail ranks of people. 
 
 One other event, but of so disgraceful a 
 cliaracter, that we would fain omit it alto- 
 gether, remains to be mentioned among 
 the domestic occurrences of the year. 
 
 On the 29th of October the city of Bris- 
 tol became the scene of dreadful riota, 
 which were continued during the two fol- 
 lowing days, and were not overcome till 
 that large commercial town appeared to 
 be on the verge of total destruction. The 
 mansion-house, custom-house, excise-ofllce, 
 and bishop's palace, were plundered and sot 
 on Are; the prisons were burst open, and 
 their inmates sot at liberty ; and during 
 one entire day (Sunday), the mob were the 
 rnresisted masters of tlie city. On Monday 
 1 .lornlng, when the fury of the rioters had 
 partly spent Itself in beastly orgies, and 
 many had become the victims of excessive 
 drinking in the rifled cellars and ware- 
 houses, the civil magistrates appeared to 
 awake from their stupor; and, with the 
 assistance of the military, this 'ebullition 
 of popular feeling,' aa it was delicately 
 termed by some who had unconsciously 
 Canned the flame, was arrested. The loss 
 
 of property was estlm.itcd at half a million. 
 The number of rioters killed, wounded, or 
 Injured, was about 110 ; but, of these, far 
 more suffered from Intemperance, and 
 from being unable to escape from the 
 flames whicli they had themselves kindled, 
 than from tlio sabres of tlio soldiery or 
 the trunclieons of constalmlary protectors. 
 One hundred and eighty were taken Into 
 custody, and tried by a special commission ; 
 when four were executed and twenty-two 
 transported. Their trials took plac« on 
 the 2iid of January, 1832. Not many days 
 afterwards, lieutenant-colonel Brereton, 
 wlio had the command of the troops, com- 
 mitted suicide pending an enquiry Into his 
 conduct by a cimrt-martlal. He was charg- 
 ed with not having displayed the flrm- 
 ness and decision necessary for quelling a 
 tumult of sucli magnitude. Tiiat more 
 energy and decision ougiit to have been 
 shown at the commencement by the civil 
 power is evident ; how far the lolonel was 
 in error is very questionable. 
 
 A.D. 18.12.- Having in our previous notice 
 stated the result of the long-continued 
 contest respecting parliamentary reform, 
 wo have now only to describe the changes 
 effected in the representative system when 
 the bills came into operation. As soon as 
 the royal assent was given to the English 
 reform bill (June the 7th), congratulatory 
 addresses and other peaceful demonstra- 
 tions of pul)iic joy were very generally in- 
 dulged in ; but if we may judge by the 
 triumphant cliuckle of the victors and the 
 lofty Ecorn of the vanquished, the angry 
 invectives of the late political disputants 
 were neither forgotten nor forgiven. Yet 
 tiiough the war of words had not wlioliy 
 prisscd away, it was now as a mere feather 
 in the balance — the reform bill had l)e- 
 come the law of the land. The decayed 
 boroughs were disfranchised, and in their 
 stead the right of parliamentary represen- 
 tation was given to largo and populous 
 towns : while an entire new constituency 
 of lot. householders was created in cities 
 and ))orouglis. The county constituency 
 was aliio greatly extended. Heretofore it 
 had been restricted to 408. freeholders; 
 now copyholders of lot. per annum ; lease- 
 holders of 101. if for not less than sixty 
 years, or of cot. if not loss than twenty 
 years : and tenants-at-will. If occupying at 
 a yearly rent of not less than 60/., were 
 entitled to the franchise. The county 
 representation was likewise modelled a- 
 new: To Yorkshire six members were 
 given, two for each riding Devon, Kent, 
 Lancashire, and twenty-tliree other large 
 counties were divided, and two knights 
 given to each division : seven English 
 counties were to return three Instead of 
 two members each; and three Welsh 
 counties, two instead of one. The reform 
 bin for Scotland received the royal assent 
 July 17th ; that of Ireland, August 7th. 
 Eighteen members had been deducted 
 from the entire representation of England, 
 but an addition of eight. to Scotland, flve 
 to Ireland, and flvc to Wales, made the 
 total for Great Britain and Ireland 658, aa 
 before. The Scotch and Irish reform bilii 
 
 J 
 
Iialf a million. 
 1, wouuded, or 
 , of theso, far 
 perance, and 
 pe from the 
 elves kindled, 
 10 soldiery or 
 ry protectors, 
 ro talfcn into 
 1 roramiaslon ; 
 id twenty-two 
 lok place on 
 ot many days 
 lel Brercton, 
 troops, com- 
 quiry Into liis 
 lie was cliarg- 
 ycd tho linn- 
 for qnelllng a 
 !. Tliat more 
 to have been 
 it by the civil 
 le ".olonclwas 
 
 rovious notice 
 
 o!ig-continued 
 
 ntary reform, 
 
 10 tlie changes 
 
 3 system when 
 
 J. As soon as 
 
 ,0 tho English 
 
 jongratulatory 
 
 !ul demonstra- 
 
 t generally lu- 
 
 judgo by the 
 
 Ictors and the 
 
 led, tlie angry 
 
 cal disputants 
 
 forgiven. Yet 
 
 ad not wholly 
 
 mere feather 
 
 bill had ))e- 
 
 Tho decayed 
 
 and in their 
 
 tary represen- 
 
 anJ populous 
 
 constituency 
 
 lated in cities 
 
 constituency 
 
 Heretofore it 
 
 freeholders ; 
 
 annum ; leasc- 
 
 ss than sixty 
 
 than twenty 
 
 occupying at 
 
 nan ml., were 
 
 Tho county 
 
 modelled a- 
 
 lembers were 
 
 Devon, Kent, 
 
 e other large 
 
 two knights 
 
 ;ven English 
 
 ree instead of 
 
 three Welsh 
 
 The reform 
 
 3 royal assent 
 
 August 7th. 
 
 sen dedujted 
 
 n of England, 
 
 Scotland, Ave 
 
 es, made the 
 
 reland 6SS, as 
 
 b reform bill! 
 
 1 
 
 (f^ttfilanlr.— ^auKe ssl %xmi\ai^*-Wii\\im\ m. 401 
 
 pousessed the grand features of tho Kiiglisli 
 bill, by extending the frnnchlso ; but some 
 peculiarities adapted to the state of pro- 
 perty, &c. in both countries, were neces- 
 sary to be observed. 
 
 During tho months of February, March, 
 and April, the cholera became very preva- 
 lent, not only In the country towns and 
 villages of tho North of England, where It 
 first appeared, but also in tho metropolis, 
 and all the horrors of tho great plague of 
 London, depicted with such fearful power 
 by Defoe, were present to the Imagination. 
 Every possible attention was paid to the 
 subject by government : parochial and dis- 
 trict boards were forthwltli organised; tem- 
 porary hospitals got ready for tho reception 
 of the sick ; and every measure that huma- 
 nity and prudence could suggest was re- 
 sorted to, to check tlie progress of tlic 
 malady where it appeared, and to prevent 
 contagion where it had not. The virulence 
 of the disease abated durii;g the threo 
 succeeding months, but at the end of 
 the summer it appeared again ns maliK- 
 iiantasever. In the whole year, the deaths 
 from cholera, within tho limits of the 
 bills of mortality, amounted to 3,200; and 
 the total number of deaths, as reported 
 by the central lioard, exclusive of London, 
 was 2-1,180; the amount of cases being 
 08,855. In Paris, 1,000 deaths occurred dur- 
 ing the first week of its appearance there ; 
 nay, so fatal was it, that out of 45,(>7r> 
 deaths which took place in the French 
 capital in 1832, the enormous number of 
 10,000 was occasioned by cliolera. This 
 frightful epidemic next appeared In tiio 
 Canadas and United Slates. It thus raado 
 tho tour of the globo; beginning, as 
 it was supposed, in Ilindostan ; then 
 devastating Moscow and the northern 
 parts of Europe; visiting Great Britain 
 and France ; and lastly, crossing the At- 
 lantic 
 
 In this year's obituary arc tlie names of 
 eeveiai men of eminence. From among 
 them we select— sir James Mackintosh, an 
 eloquent writer and statesman.— Jeremy 
 Bentham, celebrated as a jurist and law 
 reformer ; a man who hnd liis own specifics 
 for every disease of tho body politic, but 
 who never had the happiness to see ono 
 of them effect a cure.— Sir Walter Scott, 
 an excellent romance writer, and a poet of 
 acknowledged merit, who for a long period 
 enjoyed a popular' ty unknown to any of his 
 contemporaries. 
 
 A.D. 183.3.— Oii the 29tli of January the 
 first reform parliament was opened by com- 
 mission, and on the 6tli of February the 
 king delivered his speech in person. Among 
 other topics of interest, he emphatically 
 dwelt upon the increasing spirit of insubor- 
 dination and violence in Ireland, and of the 
 necessity which existed fcr intrusting the 
 crown with additional powers for punish- 
 ing the disturbers of the public peace, and 
 for strengthening tho legislative union of 
 the two kingdoms. This led to the passing 
 of the insurrection acts in the following 
 month ; empowering the lord-lieuteimnt to 
 prohibit public meetings of a dangerous ten- 
 dency ; suspending the v/rit of habeas cor- 
 
 pus ; authorising douiiclllary visits by ma- 
 gistrates, &c. 
 
 During this session ot parliament, which 
 was unusually protracted and laborious, 
 many other subjects of great national im- 
 portance were legislated upon ; foremost 
 among which were the abolition of colonial 
 slavery, and tho renewal of the charters of 
 tho Bank of England and East India Oom- 
 pany. 
 
 Great Britain had In 1807 abolished the 
 'slave trade," but slavery itself was now 
 to become extinct in tho West Indies. By 
 the act for tho ' abolition of colonial sla- 
 very,' all children under six years of ago, 
 or born after Aug. 1, 1834, were declared 
 free ; all registered slaves above six years 
 became, from the saiiio date, apprenticed 
 labourers, with weekly pay, either In money 
 or by board and lodging; possessing, at 
 the snme time, all tho rights and immuni- 
 ties of freemen. In effecting so t«reat a 
 change, it was necessary tliat the owners of 
 slaves should receive some adequate com- 
 pensation. To meet this object, ministers 
 at first proposed advancing a loan of fifteen 
 millions to tho West India proprietors; but 
 tho idea of a loan was soon converted into 
 a gift, and of a still higher amount ; tho 
 sum of 20,000,OOOJ. being finally voted to 
 the slave-owners as a liberal compcnsatiou 
 for the losses they might sustain by this 
 humane measure. An end was thus put to 
 a question that had agitated the religious 
 portion of the community from the day that 
 Mr. Wilberforce flr.st stood forward as the 
 champion of African emancipation. 
 
 Many questions of magnitude present 
 themselves in legislating for our extensive 
 empire in tlie East, where the interests ot 
 a population of 100 millions are to be con-i 
 suited ; yet, vitolly important as the sub« 
 ject is to tho commercial prosperity and 
 political influence of Great Britain, it never 
 seems to have met with the consideration 
 to which it is manifestly entitled, either in 
 tho British senate, or among tho British 
 community. It now, however, engaged the 
 attention of parliament somewhat more 
 than on former occasions. Three new sta- 
 tutes were passed ; the first applied to tlie 
 renewal of the charter of the East India 
 Company, and tho future government of 
 India; the second regulated the trade to 
 China and India ; and the third referred to 
 the collection and management of the du- 
 ties on tea. The charter of the company 
 was renewed for the term of twenty years, 
 from April .30, 1834, under certain restric- 
 tions. And several subordinate provisions 
 were made of a judicial, municipal, com- 
 mercial, and ecclesiastical character; one 
 being for tlie mitigation and gradual aboli- 
 tion of slavery in the East. 
 
 With regard to renewing the charter of 
 tho Bank of England, there were three 
 queotions on which the legislature were 
 divided upon some material points; the 
 majority, however, insisting on the expe- 
 diency of continuing tho exclusive privi- 
 leges of the Bank, so that It should re- 
 main the principal and governing monetary 
 association of tlio empire. One important 
 concession olitaiucd from tho Bank was a 
 
:i i 
 
 I! ;t' 
 
 ;• i 
 : i 
 
 492 
 
 ^f)t CTrrnifurii at W^tavij, &r. 
 
 reduction, to tlio anunint of I20,noor., In a 
 chnrffn of al)nut280,ooo;. which the directors 
 annually nmdo for tho inanRgomont of the 
 public debt, &e. It nlso obtnlnod ono Im- 
 portant privilege ; tho impcr of tho UaiiK of 
 Kngland being made a Icijal tender for all 
 KimiH above 5i., except by tho Hank Itself or 
 Us brniichcs. There was another enact- 
 ment, of general Interest, Imt of very <iues- 
 tlonaUle policy, namely, that by whic'' >lllifi 
 of oxclmngo drawn at a certain II iiii'd 
 date were exempt from tho usury Inwi* ; an 
 enactment the ruinous and demoralising 
 effecta of which. In times of conimercliil 
 distress, are Incalculable. Tho charter, 
 though renewed till August, 185r>, had this 
 reservation— It might bo put an end to, 
 should parliament choose. In 1815, by a 
 year's previous notice being given. 
 
 Uesldes tho settlement of tho foregoing 
 great legislative measures, various taxes 
 were repealed or reduced ; many ofllclal si- 
 tuations were abolished or reformed ; seve- 
 ral judicial processes amended ; and a great 
 variety of private bills passed. 
 
 A.n. 18.14.— Tho desiro to move onward 
 1.1 legislating for and removing everj-thlng 
 that seemed to obstruct tho progress of 
 •liberal* principles, was tho natural con- 
 sequence of tho reform bill ; and at tho 
 very commencement of the year tho ' pres- 
 sure from without' was felt by ministers to 
 be a most Inconventjnt appendage to their 
 popularity. They had effected ono miglity 
 object ; and to enter upon more, much cau- 
 tion and patient deliberation were requisite. 
 They knew that popular clamour had been 
 kept up long enough, and they accordingly 
 endeavoured to separate themselves from 
 the noisy and Irregular auxiliaries who had 
 joined their ranks in the hour of need, but 
 who were now become troublesome hang- 
 ers-on. This state of things could not long 
 remain; and on Mr. Ward bringing for- 
 ward a motion In tho liouso of commons 
 for appropriating tho surplus revenues of 
 tho Irish church to tho purposes of go- 
 vernment, it appeared that there existed a 
 difference of opinion in the cabinet as to 
 the mode In which the motion should bo 
 met. The majority was in its favour ; but 
 the appropriation of church property to 
 other than ecclesiastical uses w.is Incom- 
 patible with the notions of Mr. Stanley, 
 sir James Graham, tho earl of Rlpon, and 
 tho duke of Ilichinond ; and they accord- 
 ingly resigned their places In tho ministry. 
 This rupture with the ministers jibove- 
 namcd was speedily followed by another, 
 which ended in tho resignation of earl 
 «rey, the premier. In the communications 
 which had from time to time been ui.ade I>y 
 ministers to Mr. O'Conncll on Irish nffairs, 
 it had been conndentially stated to him 
 that when the Irish coercion bill was re- 
 newed, the clauses prohibitory of meetings 
 would not bo pressed : nevertheless, the 
 obnoxious clauses appeared in the bill ; 
 and Mr. O'Connell declared that ho con- 
 sidered it dissolved the obligation of se- 
 crecy, under which the communication 
 had been made. Lord Althorp, finding 
 himself unable to carry tho coercion bill 
 through the commons, with the clauses 
 
 against public meetings, sent In his resig- 
 nation; and as earl drey considered him* 
 self unaliie, without tlio assistance of lord 
 Althorp, IIS ministerial leader In the house 
 of commons, to carry on tho government, 
 ho also resigned. Parliamentary reform, 
 tho great object of his public exertions, 
 had lieen accomplished ; ajid as ho was 
 now upwards of nrventy, and In an Infirm 
 state (it hrultli, ho Bcenied glad to seize 
 tho llrst opportnnryot closing his olllelal 
 laliours. 
 
 An arrangenuMit was, however, soon ef- 
 fected to form another reform ministry, 
 lord Althorp consenting to resume tlio 
 chancellorship ot the excheav.er, under tlio 
 premiership of viscount Melbourne. Tho 
 new cal)inet then stood thus:— visconnt 
 Melbourne, first lord of tho treasury ; lord 
 Hrougham, lord chancellor; viscount Al- 
 thorp, chancellor of the exchequer: mar- 
 fjulaof Lansdowne, president of tho council ; 
 earl of Mulgrave, privy seal ; viscount Bun- 
 cannon, homo secretary ; viscount I'almer- 
 ston, foreign secretary ; Spring Ulce, colo- 
 nial secretary; lord Auckland, first lord of 
 tho admiralty ; Charles Grant, president of 
 tho India board; marquis of Conyngliam, 
 postmaster-general; lord Holland, chan- 
 cellor of tho duchy of Lancaster ; lord John 
 Itussell, paymaster of tho fiU'ces; and 13. 
 J. Littleton, secretary for Ireland. 
 
 Tlie king In person prorogued parliament 
 on tho 15th of August. Notwithstanding 
 tho time lost in ministerial disagreements 
 and changes, a great mass of business had 
 been despatched. Tlie two principal mea- 
 sures were tho ' central criminal court act,' 
 and the 'poor-law amendment act.' Tho 
 former extends tho jurisdiction of tho Old 
 Bailey court over a population of about 
 1,700,000; not only In Middlesex, but in 
 parts of Surrey, Kent, and Kssex ; leaving 
 to the Middlesex sessions, at Clerkenwell, 
 tho trial of offences punishable with not 
 more than seven years' transportation. Tho 
 Old Bailey sessions to be held at least twelve 
 times a year. 
 
 Hut by far tho most import.ant of these 
 measures was tho poor-law a:nendmentact : 
 a measure which has scarcely satisfied tho 
 expectations formed with regard to it. In 
 saying this, we by no means would infer that 
 a continuance of the former poor-law sys- 
 tem, with its Incompetent offlcers, private 
 jobbing, expensive litigation, and all the 
 numerous errors and Inconsistencies that 
 liad been engrafted on the original act of 
 Kllzabeth, would have been desirable : far 
 from it. But the present' amended 'systcni, 
 which was chiefly Intended to reduce the 
 burdensome amount of the poor-rates, 
 might have been e.asily carried out without 
 those obnoxious clauses which enforce tho 
 separation of married men from their wives, 
 and mothers from tb"ir pauper children ; 
 withholding out-door relief, &c. Moreover, 
 however desirable tho centralisation of 
 poor-law power may be, and however able 
 t)io commissioners who form the board at 
 Somerset-house, local InterestB must often 
 bo left to local management ; or a mode of 
 generalising may become so habitual to 
 those who superintend the administration 
 
 1 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 enoTnutr.— lUatidc of 3iruns'lutrK.--?!lItnt<im W, 403 
 
 In Ills roslg- 
 iBldcroil lilm- 
 tanco of lord 
 
 tu tlic lioiifle 
 Bovernnioiit, 
 itary rpforin, 
 Ir oxorttoiif), 
 1 ns lio W(i9 
 I In nn liiflnn 
 Klart to st'izo 
 ig hia uniclal 
 
 (vor, coon cC- 
 VIII ministry, 
 
 resnmo tlio 
 or, under tlio 
 bourne. Tlio 
 is:— viscount 
 roasury ; lord 
 
 viscount AI- 
 licqucr: mar- 
 if tlio council; 
 k'isconnt Dun- 
 ount I'liIniiT- 
 ug Ulce, colo- 
 d, flrst lord of 
 ;, president of 
 
 Uonynglmm, 
 olland, clian- 
 tpr; lord John 
 ircca; and £!. 
 land. 
 
 cd parliament 
 twltlistandlng 
 llsat?reonu.'iit9 
 : business had 
 irlnclpal mca- 
 nal court act,' 
 int act.' Tlio 
 Ion of the Old 
 ;lou of about 
 llosex, but In 
 ssex ; leaving 
 ; Clcrkcnwell, 
 able with not 
 ortatlon. Tlio 
 it least twelve 
 
 rtant of those 
 icndinentact : 
 IT satlsHed tho 
 fftrd to It. In 
 mid Infer that 
 poor-law sys- 
 Icers, private 
 , and all the 
 stcnclea that 
 rlglnal act of 
 leslrablo : far 
 iided' system, 
 to reduce tho 
 _ poor-rate.'?, 
 d out without 
 h enforce the 
 in their wives, 
 per children; 
 ;c. Moreover, 
 trallsntion of 
 
 however able 
 
 the board at 
 
 /B must often 
 
 or a mode of 
 habitual to 
 dminlstration 
 
 of the poor-laws, as to frustrate all endea- 
 vours to obtain Individual justice. 
 
 Several popular measures were ran-lrd 
 during tho Bcsulon ; namely, tho repeal (if 
 the house-tax ; the abolition of the duty on 
 almanacks ; the abolition of slnecurj otUccs 
 In the liouKO ofcoiiimons; facilities at the 
 p(iHt-i>Mlcu for the transmission of foreign 
 newspapers; grants for builUing schools 
 in Kngland and Scotland, i^c. 
 
 This year was remarkable for the sys- 
 tematic orgaiiisatbm of 'trades' unions' 
 In London and other large towns of Kiig- 
 
 id, and for rtpcatcd 'strikes' among 
 
 ilors, Bhocniakci s, carpenters, bricklayers, 
 weavers, Bplnners, and other 'operatives.' 
 Bii' ^Uo dlirurcnt crafts all returned to 
 tlK inployinunts, without any very seri- 
 ous 1 jury to trade or to themselves. At 
 Paris, Lyons, and Brussels Blmiiar combi- 
 nations of workmen took place, and were 
 attended with serious consequences, par- 
 ticularly at Lyons, where no less than 5,000 
 pei'iions (of whom 1,700 were troops) were 
 killed before tho Insurrection, which had 
 been couscd by tho trades' unionists' inter- 
 ference with tho trials of some of tiielr 
 members, was fiueiled. 
 
 On tho evening of the 10th of October a 
 fire broke out in one of the olllces at the 
 lower end of the house of lords, which con- 
 tinued to rage throughout tho night, and 
 was not completely extinguished for sevei'al 
 days. Great anxinty was felt for the safety 
 of that ancient edifice, Wcstmlnlster-hall ; 
 and even tho venerable and magnificent 
 Gothic pile opposite, Westminster-abbey, 
 was at one period thought to bo in great 
 danger ; but nothing that skill or intrepidity 
 could achieve was neglected in arresting 
 the progress of tho flames ; and though the 
 two houses of parliament were destroyed, 
 neither the hall nor the abbey .sustained ma- 
 terial damage ; and the libraries and state 
 papers In tiio lords and commons were 
 preserved. The flre, as it appeared on 
 strict enquiry, was caused by negligence. 
 In burning the exchequer-tallies in a build- 
 ing adjoining tho house of lords. Tempo- 
 rary cliambers for tlio accommodation of 
 the legislature were afterwards erected on 
 the site of tlie old buildings. 
 
 Just one month after tho destruction of 
 the houses of parliament the Melbourne 
 ministry was summarily and unexpectedly 
 dismissed. On the 14th of November lord 
 Melbourne waited on his Majesty at Brigh- 
 ton to take his commands on tho appoint- 
 ment of a chancellor of tho exchc<iucr, in 
 tho room of lord AUhorp, removed, by the 
 death of his father, carl Spencer, to the 
 house of peers. The king, it is said, ob- 
 jected to the proposed reconstruction of 
 tho cabinet, and made his lordship tho 
 bearer of a letter to the duko of Welling- 
 ton, who waited upon his majesty on thp 
 16th, and advised, liim to place sir Robert 
 Peel at the head of the government. Sir 
 Robert was at the time in Italy, whither a 
 courier was dcspatclied, and thb baronet 
 arrived in London Dec. 0, saw tho king, 
 and accepted the situation of premier ; tho 
 duke of Wellington having in the interim 
 provisionally fllled tho chief offices of tho 
 
 government. Thus again, though for a 
 brief space, tho tory party, or conserva- 
 tives, as they were now culled, were in tho 
 ascendant. 
 
 A.D. 1835.— Tho Jlelbonrno cabinet had 
 been for some time looked upon as the mere 
 dregs of the Orey ministry; and tho losses 
 It had sustained by the withdrawal of the 
 earl of Durham, tho Stanley section, and 
 the noble premier lilmsclf, had not been 
 fciipplled by men of suitable talents. Tho 
 public therefore had no great reason for re- 
 gret, however much they may have been 
 Kurprlsed, when the king so suddenly dis- 
 pensed with their services. Yet wlien the 
 :<aino men wero intrusted with the reins of 
 government who had iieen tho strenuous 
 opposers of reform, an Instantaneous out- 
 cry burst forth, and tlie advent of torylsm 
 was regarded by tho populace with feelings 
 of distrust and dread. Sir Robert i'ccl, 
 liowc/er, explicitly declared, that ho con- 
 sidered tho reform bill as a Unal and Irro- 
 vocable settlement; and ho appealed to 
 several Important measures that had for- 
 merly emanated from himself as proofs 
 that lie was not opposed to tho redress of 
 real grievances, and the removal of all re- 
 cognised abuses. Upon these grounds sir 
 Robert solicited the confldence of tho coun- 
 try; and he brought forward his leading 
 measures with great despatch and ability. 
 Tho ministerial plansfor aflordlng relief to 
 dissenters relative to the marriage cere- 
 mony, and also tho settlement of tithes, 
 met with general favour and concurrence. 
 But when, on the 30th of March, lord John 
 Russell brought forward his resolution — 
 ' that the house should resolve Itself Into 
 a committee of the whole house, to consi- 
 der of tho temporalities of tho church of 
 Ireland,' tho motion was met by sir E. 
 Knatchbull with a direct negative, and after 
 a long and stormy debate, ministers found 
 thk'mselves In a minority of 3.1. The Irish 
 church bill was then discussed In commit- 
 tee ; and after three nights' debate on tho 
 question of appropriating the surplus funds 
 of the church to the ' general education of 
 all classes of Christians,' which was op- 
 posed Ity the ministers and their friends, 
 there was still a majority against them of 
 27. Finding tliat neither concessions nor 
 professions of liberality were of any avail, 
 the duke of Wellington in the upper house 
 and sir Robert Peel in the lower, announced 
 their resignations; the latter at the same 
 time declaring, that, though thwarted by 
 the commons, he parted with them on 
 friendly terms. 
 
 Once more, then, we sec lord Mclbourno 
 as tho premier; with lord John Russell, 
 home secretary; lord Palmerston, foreign 
 socretarj'; right hon. Spring Rice, chancel- 
 lor of the exchequer ; the marquis of Lans- 
 downe, president of the council ; and tho 
 other ofllclal appointments fllled nearly as 
 they wero when the ' liberals ' were lately 
 in power, except that tiie great seal was for 
 the present put In commission. 
 
 The first great question that engaged the 
 attention of tho commons, and one which 
 had been looked forward to by tho commu- 
 nity with much impatience, was that of 
 
i 
 
 494 
 
 CTbe CTrrafttivj) of HHtftortt, ^r. 
 
 'munlclpnl reform." Kor more than two 
 centuries the nbufcs pxlHtliig In corpor.ito 
 bodies, pnrtlcularly tlio nilsuiipllcatloii of 
 iiiuiii('l|ial funds, Imd boon a ni.atter of ron- 
 Btitnt conipliilnt. It was naturally expected 
 tlint a reform In the repie«eiitatlvo system 
 In l)oroiigli8 liaving been elTocted, a reform 
 111 tlic cleetloii of their own local authori- 
 ties would follow. A commission to eiKiuro 
 Into tho static of munlcliitil corporations, 
 their modes of administering justice, their 
 revenues and funds, and tho prlvllcKes of 
 freemen, &c., had already been Instituted, 
 and tho result of the enquiry induced tho 
 commissioners to report to his majesty, that 
 'the perversion of municipal Institutions 
 to political ends lias occasioned thesacrincc- 
 of local Interest to party purposes, which 
 have been frequently pursued through the 
 corruption and demoralisation of electoral 
 bodies.' Then, after pointing out tho va- 
 rious lneniclu.it and corrupt modes In which 
 municipal Interests were attended to, and 
 (he great and general dissatisfaction which 
 prevailed on tho subject, tho cominlsslonera 
 declared It to bo their duty ' to represent 
 to Ills majesty that tho existing municipal 
 corporations of England and Wales nei- 
 ther possess nor deserve tho confldonco or 
 respect of his majesty's subjects, and that 
 A thorough reform must be effected before 
 they can become useful and ctUclent Instru- 
 ments of local government.' Upon this 
 report, which was supported by ii volumi- 
 nous mass of details, lord John Uussell 
 brought In his bill, which, having been so- 
 vcrcly scrutinised In the lords, passed into 
 a law. The grand feature of this 1)111 l)>, 
 that It vests tho local government of a town 
 In the rated and permanently resident In- 
 habitants. In the council Is vested the en- 
 tire deliberative functions of the corpora- 
 tion. They appoint the town-clerk and 
 treasurer, and from them tho mayor and 
 aldermen are chosen. They have the con- 
 trol of the police, watching, and lighting. 
 if there be a surplus in the burgess fund, 
 they may apply It to local Improvements or 
 any object beneficial to tho Inhabitants ; or 
 if InsuOlcient, they may order a rate to bo 
 levied. All the existing rights of freedom, 
 or citizenship, or burgess-shlp, In the old 
 corporations, are preserved to the present 
 possessors ; but all exclusive privileges of 
 trading, orof exercislngany calilngor han- 
 dicraft. In corporate towns, are abolished. 
 
 Many other measures of practical utility 
 were discussed and passed this session. 
 Among them were several acts framed by 
 sir James Qraliani for improving the naval 
 codeand thereby Increasing tho naval power 
 of Qreat Britain ; first, by an act for amend- 
 ing and consolidating the laws relative to 
 merchant-seamen ; and secondly by an act, 
 tho object of which is to encourage tho vo- 
 luntary enlistment of seamen Into the royal 
 navy, by limiting the period of service to 
 five years. Lord Brougham also brought 
 (orwarda very usefulblUfor removing some 
 of the more obvious and glaring defects In 
 the old patent law ; not the least of which 
 vu that the patent often expirei' just about 
 the time the difficulties attending its lirst 
 Introduction had been surmounted, and. 
 
 consequently, before tho p;itciitee had be- 
 iK'llted by his Invention. By tho now law 
 a power la vested In tho crown of extend- 
 ing, on the recommendation of tho privy 
 council, the term of a patent from fourteua 
 to twenty-ono years. 
 
 ^Vo shall close our sketch of this year's 
 occurrences by briefly noticing tho deaths 
 of two persons, who, In i heir career for po- 
 pular applause, attained a more thanordr 
 nary share of notoriety. The one was 
 Henry Hunt, late M.l'. for Preston, who 
 had long figured as a leader among tho ra- 
 dicals, and whoso zeal for 'the people' at 
 the too memorable meeting at Mniichester 
 had been rewarded by a long Imprisonment 
 in Ilchcster gaol. Ills more distinguished 
 cotemporary and coadjutor, though some- 
 times powerful rival, •va-i William Cobbett, 
 M.l*. for Oldham; n mn.i remarkable for 
 persevering Industry, 'incl of iiniiucstlon- 
 ablo talents, who, from following his 
 father's plough, and afterwards serving 
 With credit as a British soldier in America, 
 passed the greater part of Ms life in the 
 unceasing strife of politics, and was able, 
 by the force of his extraordinary and 
 versatile powers as a writer, to keep a 
 strong holu on public opinion for nearly 
 half a century, lie died in June, not three 
 months after his quondam friend, Mr. 
 Henry Hunt. [A memoir of Mr. Cobbett Is 
 given, at rom-lderablo length, in tho *Bio- 
 graphl- ■•1 Treasury.'] 
 
 A.D. =1^(1.— Tho year opened auspiciously, 
 both M'dh regard to Us commercial pros- 
 pects and lUi political aspect. Tho whole 
 manufacturing districts were in a state of 
 activity ; money was abundant wherever 
 tolerable security was offered ; and though 
 an Immense absorption of capital was tak- 
 ing place In extensive public undertakings, 
 sudi as railways, some of which were al- 
 ready highly successful, there was very lit- 
 tle of that wild spirit of adventuro which 
 ten years before had nearly brought the 
 country to tho brink of ruin. Mercantile 
 confidence rested upon abetter basis than 
 It had done for a long time past ; the porta 
 bore ample evidence of tho prosperity of 
 British commerce: and though there were 
 still just complaints of agricultural dis- 
 tress, they were partial rather than general. 
 
 AVlien tho king opened parliament In 
 February these facts furnished congratu- 
 latory topics for the royal speech, and sug- 
 gestions were also thrown out relative to 
 certain improvements, contemplated by the 
 legislature, and In the administration of 
 justice, especially in the court of chancery; 
 an equitable settlement of tithes in Ireland; 
 municipal reform In that country, &c. 
 
 The first question of importance that 
 occupied the attention of the house was 
 brought forward by the chancellor of the 
 exchequer, who announced the intention 
 of government to reduce materially the 
 stamp duty on newspapers. It was pro- 
 posed, he said, to reduce it from itspresent 
 amount of 4d. with the discount, to Id. 
 without discount, which would be a reduc- 
 tion of nearly 2|d. on all newspapers sold 
 for 7<f. or less. To this remission parlia- 
 ment assented, by which tho circulation at 
 
00 liad 1)0- 
 io now Inw 
 
 01 extend- 
 tho privy 
 
 m fourteen 
 
 this ycnr'9 
 tlio dcalha 
 rccr for im- 
 ) tlian ordl 
 QUO was 
 •eston, who 
 long tho ra- 
 n people ' at 
 Mnnchestor 
 ilirlaoiimcnt 
 BtlngulBhed 
 (High some- 
 am Cohbett, 
 mrkablo lor 
 umiucstlou- 
 Uowlng his 
 irds serving 
 
 In America, 
 9 life iu tho 
 ndwaa ahli", 
 irdlnary and 
 •, to keep a 
 n for nearly 
 ne, not three 
 
 Irlcnd, Mr. 
 Ir. Cobbett Is 
 ,ln tho 'Blo- 
 
 ausplclously, 
 raerclnl pros- 
 ;. Tho wholo 
 In a state of 
 lut wherever 
 ; and though 
 pltal was tnk- 
 mdertaklngs, 
 hich were al- 
 I was very llt- 
 enturo which 
 brought tho 
 Mercantile 
 ,>r basli than 
 [st ; the porta 
 prosperity of 
 th there were 
 [icultural dls- 
 than general, 
 larllament in 
 iied coiigratu- 
 Fech, and sug- 
 it relative to 
 iplatedby the 
 Inlstratlon of 
 ; of chancery; 
 1C8 In Ireland; 
 itry, &c. 
 ortance that 
 le house was 
 icellor of the 
 ihe intention 
 laterlally the 
 It was pro- 
 jm Its present 
 icount, to Id. 
 [id be a reduc- 
 irspapers sold 
 disslon parllar 
 [circulation ol 
 
 CFuQTnntr.— $)au]Ke a( 2inini[|&){(ft.— omnitam m, 495 
 
 unstamped nowMpnpers — an Illicit trade 
 that had long been followed by certain 
 London ncwavcudora— was abandoned as 
 profltloiB. 
 
 Notwithstanding several useful measures 
 of legislation luiU been carried during tiio 
 session, considerable dlsai)pulntnient was 
 felt at Its close la couseciuenco of tho loss 
 or abandonment of certain bills wliicli had 
 been brought forward by ministers with 
 some parade and apparent conlldcnce of 
 success: as, for example, the Irlsli titlio 
 and municipal bills ; tlie bill for governing 
 charitable trusts In Kngland by popular 
 election ; bills for amending the English 
 municipal net, for improving the court of 
 chajicery.for removing the civil disnblllticj* 
 of the Jews, &c. But If the value depended 
 on tho amount of legislation, there was nu 
 cause of complaint ; the number of gene- 
 ral acts passed In 1836 being 117 ; and of 
 railway bills alone, aa. By the act for tho 
 •commutation of titlies In Kngland and 
 Wales,' provision was made for the lliiiil 
 extinction within two years of the vex- 
 atious right of exacting tithes In kind, mid 
 for commuting them Into a corn rent 
 charge, payable In money. By tho ' estab- 
 lished church' act for effecting a new dis- 
 tribution of episcopal dioceses and Incomes, 
 the Incomeof thearrhblshopof Canterbury 
 was to be reduced to 15,000/. ; tho archbishoii 
 of York to 10,000;. J tho bishop of London to 
 10,000/.; tho bishop of Du:lmm to 8,000/.; 
 Winchester, 0,000/.; Ely, 5,500/. ; Bt. Asaph 
 and Bangor, 5,200/.; Worcester, 6,000/. ; and 
 tho other bishops to have incomes varying 
 from 4,000/. to 6,000/. Tho bishoprics of 
 Bristol and Gloucester to be united; also 
 St. Asaph with Bangor, and Sodor and Man 
 with that of Chester ; and two new bishop- 
 rics to be erected, one at Manchester, the 
 other at lllpon. Several other economical 
 regulations In the church were at the same 
 time effected by this bill. Two acts were 
 also passed which were In some degree 
 connected with church reform, namely, the 
 ' marriage act,' and tho act for ' registering 
 births, deaths, and marriiiffes.' Formerly, 
 In order to bo legally married, it was ne- 
 cessary to comply with tiio ritual of the 
 established church ; but by the new act a 
 marriage may bo simply a civil contract 
 or a religious ceremony, according to the 
 wish of tho parties ; It will be equally legiil 
 whether contracted In any registered place 
 of religious worship, or In the ofllce of tho 
 registrar. Tho new mode of registering 
 births, deaths, and marriages Is valuable 
 also as a statistical document and an au- 
 thentic record of facts. 
 
 In the obituary for thia year are several 
 distinguished names. Lord Stowell, aged 
 00, an eminent civilian; many years judge 
 of the high court of admiralty, and brother 
 of lord-c'^ifncellor Eldon.— Charles X., cx- 
 kliig of Prance, who died an exile In Iliyria, 
 In tho 80th year of hia age. — And the 
 abbeSleyes, who under all the phasea of tho 
 French revolution maintained an elevated 
 station, and on the fall of the republic 
 became a count and peer of the empire. 
 
 A.D. 1837.— It was remarked at the com- 
 mencement of tho preyious year that symp- 
 
 toms of prosperity appeared In all tho lead- 
 ing ))ranches of commercial industry, and 
 that no lack of capital was known for any 
 undertakings, however vast, provided they 
 held out a |iro.«niect for safe Investments. 
 But over-trading, led on and encouraged 
 by iiver-banklng, produced evils which, If 
 not ei|UHl,wero very similar In their effects 
 to those disasters wliicii overwhelmed tho 
 country during tliu memorable commercial 
 pniilc of 1825. During the year 1830 no 
 les.s than fony-llvo joint-stock banks had 
 been established. It was therefore natural 
 that one of tho subjects recommended to 
 the attention of parliament In tho opening 
 speech, should be ' a renewal of the enquiry 
 Into the operation of joint-stock banks.' 
 But ilio more Imiiortant measures which 
 had formed tho leading subjecta of debate, 
 and viiloh were regarded by ministers as 
 necessary to tho stability of their tenure in 
 oince, underwent certain alterations, and 
 were again brought forward for discussion. 
 Little progress, however, was made, when 
 an event occurred which for a time absorbed 
 all matters of minor Interest. 
 
 The public had been apprised by tho 
 publication of bulletins, that his majesty 
 was seriously ill, and on the 2uth of Juno 
 his dentil was announced as having taken 
 place early that morning. 1II.S majesty was 
 In tlie T'.'nd year of his age, and had nearly 
 completcil the seventh year of his reign. 
 
 Blaiiy were tho eulogiums pronounce 
 upon iIm' deceased monarch; but no testi- 
 mony was more just, or more characteristic 
 of his real qualities, than the following 
 trll>ute by sir llobcrt Peel. Ho said: 'It 
 was tho universal feeling ot the country, 
 that the reins of government were never 
 committed to the hands of ono who bore 
 himself as a sovereign with more affability, 
 and yet with more true dignity— to one 
 who was more compassionate for the suffer- 
 ings of others— or to one whose nature was 
 more utterly free from ail sclllshness. He 
 did not believe that. In the most exalted or 
 in the most humble station, there could be 
 found a man who felt more pleasure In 
 witnessing aud promoting tho welfare of 
 others.' 
 
 CHAPTEU LXVI. 
 
 The Reign 0/ ViOToniA. 
 
 A. D. 18,37. — iNTELiiiGENOK of hIs majes- 
 ty's death having been ofllcially commu- 
 nicated to the princess Victoria and tho 
 duchess of Kent, at Kensington palace, 
 preparations were immediately made for 
 holding a privy council there at eleven 
 o'clock. A temporary throne was erected 
 for the occasion ; and, on the queen being 
 seated, tho lord-chancellor administered to 
 her majesty \ho usual oath, that she would 
 govern the kingdom according to Its laws 
 and customs, &c. The cabinet ministers 
 and other privy councillors then present 
 took the oaths of allegiance and supreuuicy ; 
 and the ministers having flrst resigned 
 their seals of ofllce, her majesty was gra- 
 ciously pleased to return them, and they 
 severally kissed hands on their reappoint- 
 mcut. 
 
 I 
 
>h' 
 
 400 
 
 CIjc GTirarfury nf ?iH«fltin», ^f. 
 
 Ily tlio ilonth of William IV. ilii' ndwiiH 
 «)f tho united klnmloin niul of llmuivrr 
 wcro dlRKuvcrcdtliniiiKli the nin'nilloii of 
 tl.o Hnllo law ( rcliiillti»r fciimlt'ii from llio 
 Ilaiiovorlaii kli. ^iIdmi, wIiIcIi ci)iiito<|U('ii(ly 
 duscciidud Id tiio next liclr, tlio diiko of 
 ('iinibcrliiiul ; iiiid Ailclnlilc, nn (iiilmmi- 
 diiwngcr, wiih oiilltlcil to |(H),rHH)/. jut nii- 
 
 lltllll, ttOttU'd ll|)Oll IllT for lift) III IM.'II, Willi 
 
 Marlbor«ii){li-liuuHu mid iiUMli>-luniMU fur 
 ruBldcnccR. 
 
 On tho sotli of October tlio new inirl la- 
 ment nHseinMeil, when lier majesty opened 
 In iHTHoii the bUHlncHH of tlicBeHrtloii. In 
 liur pruKi'CHH to and from tho house, tho 
 <ineen wi»» rerelv'd by tho iiopuliicc! with 
 theHtroiigOBtduiuunstrutlunsofeulhusluHni 
 mid luynlty. 
 
 No groat progress was niado during the 
 (Irrtt HOMHlon of VIetorla'tt rnrllnment In 
 Heltllng the various liniiortant HUhJectu un- 
 der dlHvuuHlon. At Its cloHO, however, the 
 c'vll ll8t lilll was MisMod ; it provided a 
 total 8UUI of au.VXK)/., which was thus claxH- 
 cd ;— 1. privy pui'sc, oo.wx)?. ; 2. Balarles of 
 lionsehold and retired allowanccH, i;il,'.>GU/. ; 
 .1. exitcnBesuf household, 17i.',500<.; 4. royal 
 lionnty, &c., 13,200/. ; 6. iicnslons, 1,2(X)/. ; 
 jinapproprlated nio"les,8,040/.— On the2;ird 
 lier majesty went In person to kIvc it her 
 royal asiiont; and then adjourned tho par- 
 llamcut to tho lUtli of January. 
 
 A. u. 1838.— For Bomo time past there 
 had hccnHymptoinsof discontent In Lower 
 Canada, fomented by the old French party, 
 wliich at length broke out Into tho appeur- 
 nnco of a civil war. To clieck an evil so 
 pregnant witli mischief, .■ was deemed ad- 
 visable that no ordinary person should bo 
 sent out to that important colony. Ac- 
 cordingly, It was notllled in tho London 
 Oa/ette, Jan. 10, that the earl of Durham, 
 (i.e. B., was appointed governor-general of 
 •all her majesty's provinces within and 
 adjacent to tho continent of North Amsrlca, 
 and licr majesty's iilgh cominlHsloner for 
 the adjustment of certain Important affairs 
 affecting tlie provinces of I.owerand Upper 
 Canada.' Ills lordship did not arrive In 
 Canada till nearly the end of May. Actual 
 contests had taken place between con- 
 Blderablc parties of the InBurgciits and tho 
 troopsunderlleutenant-col. WuMierall, who 
 li.ad succeeded in driving them from all tho 
 villages on tlie lino of the river Ulchelieu. 
 At lengtli on tho 13th of December, sir 
 John Colborno liimself marched from Mon- 
 treal to attack the clilef postof the rebels 
 nt tho Grand Brule. On the following day 
 in engagement took place In tho church- 
 yard of St. Eustache, wlicn the loyalist army 
 proved once more vlctorlou.s, 80 of the 
 enemy having been killed, and 120 taken 
 prisoners. Dr. J. O. Chenier, tliclr leader, 
 ■was Blain; and tho town was more than 
 half burnt down. On tho 15th, on sir 
 J. Colborne's approach to the town of St. 
 Bcnoit, a great portion of the inhabitants 
 came out bearing a white flag .tnd begging 
 for mercy ; but In consequence of the great 
 disloyalty of the place, and tho fact of the 
 principal leaders having been permitted to 
 escape, soino of their houses were flred as 
 an example. Dr. WoUrcd Nelson, quo of 
 
 tlio rebel leaders, having been nine days 
 cdiicealed In the woodit, was brought In 
 prisoner to Montreal. In tholfpper Trovlnce, 
 a body of rebelH, which occupied a iHiHitlon 
 about threii miles from Toronto, tlireaten- 
 liig that elty, were Huccessfiiliy attacked 
 and dlMpeived on the 7th of December by 
 sir l''i'aiM'li4 Iloiid Ileail, at tho head of tho 
 armed cit l/.etiH, with such reinforcements as 
 had HponlaneuUBly joined them from tho 
 coiiniiy. The rebels had, however, estab- 
 llfihed a camp on Navy island on tho 
 Niagara river; and many cltl/ens of tho 
 I'lilted Hiateo were Implicated In tho liisur- 
 rectlonarv movements there and eUewlieru 
 oil llie fkontler 
 
 On the 3rd of Marcli a sharp engagoment 
 took place between her majesty's troops and 
 the insurgents. In which tlie latter weru 
 totally defeated at Point Pelo island, near 
 the western boundary of tlio British posses- 
 sions. Tlil.-< Island had been occupied by 
 about 500 men, well armed and e(iulppedj 
 when col. Mallland, In order to dispossess 
 tliem, marched from Amherstburgli with 
 a few comiianles of tho 32iid and B.trd 
 regiments, two Blx-iiounders, and some 
 volunteer cav/ilry. The action that followed 
 assumed t he charactsr of bush-tlghtlng— the 
 Island, which Is about seven miles long, 
 being covered with thicket, and tho rebels 
 outnumbering tho troops In the proportion 
 oT nearly two to one. Ultimately, liowever, 
 they wero driven totllght; leaving among 
 the dead, colonel Bradley, tiie :;ommander- 
 In-chlcf ; major Ilowdley ; and captains Van 
 Ilcnsellarr and M'ICeon ; tiesldes a great 
 many we inded and other prisoners. In this 
 instance nearly idt the killed and wounded 
 ■were citizens of the United States; and 
 the arms that were found were all new,and 
 marked as the property of tho United Stated. 
 Tho Insurgents being thus foiled in their 
 daring attempts, it is not necessary, for tho 
 present, for us to dwell furtlier on Canadian 
 alfalrs, than to observe that some of tho 
 most active ringleaders were executed, and 
 others transported to the island of Ber- 
 niucla. 
 
 Ill narrating the national domestic occur- 
 rences of tills year, wc have to commence 
 witli one which, like the late conflagration 
 of the houses of parliament, filled the in- 
 habitants of tiic metropolis with great and 
 well-founded alarm. Soon after ten o'clock 
 on the evening of tho 10th of January a 
 fire broke out In the Iloyal Kxchango. Tho 
 firemen with the engines were promptly on 
 tho spot, but owing to an Intense frost, 
 great delay was occasioned before their 
 fervlcosbccajuo clTectlve. It was remarked 
 by tho.'io present, tli.at at twelve o'clock, 
 when the flames liad just reached the nortli- 
 west angle of tho building, the chimes struck 
 up, as usual, tho old tune 'There's nao luck 
 about the house,' and continued for about 
 II vo minutes. The effect was extraordinary ; 
 for although the fire was violently raging, 
 and discord.ant sounds arose in every quar- 
 ter, the tunc was distinctly beard. 
 
 For months notliing was talked of l)ut 
 tho approaching coronation of Queen Vic- 
 toria. It was expected to be ii splendid 
 Bpcctaclc, and bo indeed it proved ; but the 
 
i iliiy« 
 «ht l» 
 )vln('«", 
 dhUIdm 
 ri'iitcii- 
 tnckcil 
 ilMT tiy 
 lof tlio 
 
 uui tUo 
 , »>i*tiil>- 
 oil tlio 
 of t»io 
 10 liiHur- 
 gcwlicro 
 
 iiKomciit 
 
 OOt)«llU<l 
 
 t(>r worn 
 
 iiiJ. wnt 
 
 ill powteu- 
 
 upled by 
 
 (lulpppt' ; 
 
 lUposses* 
 
 iruli wltU 
 
 nnd sard 
 
 iviid sonio 
 
 t lollowtd 
 
 it,lng-tl»o 
 
 illos lonw, 
 
 tlio rebcm 
 
 proportion 
 
 >-,Uowcvor, 
 
 lug aiiioiitf 
 
 jmmander- 
 
 iptiilii8 Viin 
 
 ,09 a grciit 
 
 '•rs. Ill tills 
 
 ,a wounded 
 
 tales; atin 
 
 ill now, and 
 
 iltcdStaicri- 
 
 icd In tlii'it 
 iiuy.lortuo 
 MiCauiidliiu 
 oino ot llio 
 edited, mid 
 aid ot Bcr- 
 
 lCsUcoccu^ 
 commence 
 onflaKratlon 
 lllcd the 111- 
 tU great and 
 ten o'clock 
 January a 
 iiango. The 
 promptly on 
 itenso frost, 
 before their 
 ras remarked 
 elve o'clock, 
 cdthcnorth- 
 hlmes struck 
 re's nao luck 
 led for about 
 ttraordlnavy ; 
 ently raglnK, 
 a every Quar- 
 ard. . , . 
 talked of but 
 Queen Vjfr 
 ,„ a splendid 
 (vcd ; but tn« 
 
 <!?r.BlanV.— Iftotirfc of 3Bvunrfi»(rlk.— 5U(Vtnrl». 497 
 
 walking prnc( >lon of nil the oxtato* of tli« 
 renlin, and ilio Ijaniuot In WextinliiHtri-- 
 liall, wlilniU iho n^iidul RcrvlcotinttoiKlaiit 
 tlieroon ovhicli dlHtliiKuUhed tlio Koi'Ki'ouit 
 I'oreniony of (loorKo IV. fron. tlmt ot Wll- 
 Ham), woro to bo wlinlly diMpouxod with j 
 it liavlii« been UlHcovi^rod tlmt 'tho cost 
 •pollod the rollHli ;' l)ut In ordur to niako 
 It nioro Btnloly than tlio last, the exterior 
 rnvalcailo wuh to bo liirreaHCd In splondniir 
 mid nuiiilierH. Tho 2Hth of Juno was Mm 
 diiy appointed for the relubrallon of this 
 niigUHt reroiiiDiiy, and as tho proressloii 
 was to jiasa through tho principal streets, 
 I hero was scarcely a house or a vacant simt 
 along tlio whole lliia from Hydo I'ark-cor- 
 iier, throuRh IMccadllly, Ht. Jaines's-street, 
 Tall Mall, Wiiltehnll,aiid I'nrllaiucnt-streut, 
 to the Abbey, that was unoccupied with 
 galleries or seafrnUlliif/. 
 
 Tho cciniiuitloii festlvltlefl gavo a Kfcat 
 linpetiM to trade In the iiietroiioIlM ; tliero 
 beliiK, III addition to llienunieroiis viMltors 
 from all parts of the ITnltcd KliiKdoin, a 
 very considerable niimlKT of dlstliiKuUhed 
 fort'gnorB, Independent of tho gentlemen 
 attached to tho dlllerent embassies. No 
 ono, however, attracted so much notice or 
 received such marked attention as nmrshnl 
 Boult, ambaxHador u.\traordlnary fruiu tho 
 Krencli court. 
 
 A new coli.nffo In gold, silver, and copper 
 was now iKSUed. The gold consisted of live- 
 pound pieces, double sovorelgiiM, sove- 
 rolgna, and half-sovorelKiis ; tlio silver and 
 copper comprised all tho usual current coin 
 of those metals ; but In lionc ot them was 
 tliero either tho originality or taste dis- 
 played that was expected. 
 
 A.D. iHao.— Canada aK.iIn deniaiuls our 
 notice. Kord Uurliam li.ul been neiit out 
 with extraordinary powers to meet the exi- 
 gency ot iilTalrs In that colony. It was now 
 admitted tliut ho had exceeded tho scope 
 of those powers, by deciding on the guilt 
 of accused men, witlumt trial, and by ba- 
 nishing and linprlsoniiig tlicin; but tho 
 ministers t li' night 1 1 tlicl r duty to acquiesce 
 III passing a 1<lll, which, wlillo it recited the 
 illegality ot the ordlnanco Issued by Ills 
 lordship, sliould iiidcninlfy those who had 
 advised or acted under it, on tho score of 
 their presumed good Intentions. Tho or- 
 dlnanco set forth th.at ' Woolfred Nelson, 
 U. S. M. Boucliette, and othcr.a, now in 
 Montreal gaol, having acknowledged their 
 treasons and submitted themselves to the 
 will and pleasure of her majesty, shall be 
 transported to the Island of Bermuda, nut 
 to return on pain of deatli; and tho same 
 penalty is to bo incurred by Papinean, and 
 others who have al)seonded. If found at 
 large In the province.' Government had 
 intended merely to substitute a tempo- 
 rary legislative power during tho suspcn- 
 slon of, and In Bubstitution for, the ordi- 
 iiiary legislature ; and aa tho ordinary legls- 
 |laturo would not liavo had power to pass 
 lUCh an ordinance, It was argued that 
 leither could this power belong to tho sub- 
 tituted authority. 
 
 Tiie passing of tho Indemnity act made a 
 reat sensation as soon as it was known in 
 ^'auada ; and lord Durlmui, acutely feeling 
 
 that liM Imiiliod condemnation was cmi- 
 tiiliied In it, declared his intontioii to re- 
 sign and return immediately to Kngland ; 
 Inasmuch as lie was now deprived of tho 
 ahlllty to do the good which ho had hoped 
 to accoinpllsh. 
 
 Meanwlillc, tho Canadni again bccamn 
 tlie Bceiio of rebellious war and piratical 
 invasion. The re))els occupied licauhar- 
 nols and Acadio, near tho coniluonco of tho 
 Uichelleu and tho Ht. I-awrence, ostHbiish- 
 lug their headqiiarters at Naplervllie ; and 
 tlieir forces niusteivJ, at one time, to tho 
 number of S.ooo men, generally well armed. 
 Heveral actions took place; and sir John 
 Colborne, who had proclaimed martial law, 
 coneeiitrated his troops at Napiervlilo and 
 Cliikteauipiay, and executed a severe ven- 
 geance upon tlio rebels whom ho found 
 there, burning tlie houses of tliedigatfccled 
 tiiroiigli tlio whole district of Acadio, But 
 it was a part of tho plan of tho traitors nnd 
 their republican confederates to distract 
 the attention of tlio lirltlsh commander 
 and to divide the military force, by invad- 
 ing Upper Canada; and at tho moment 
 sir Joint Colhoriic was putting tho last 
 hand to tho suppression of the rebellion lit 
 ileauharnols and Acadio, 800 republican fili- 
 busters embarked in two Bcliounera at og- 
 denburgli, fully armed, and provided with 
 six or eight pieces ot artillery, to attack 
 the town of I'rcscott, on the opposite side 
 of tiie river. By tho aid of two United 
 Ktates steamers, they etfected a landing a 
 mllo or two below tho town, whoro they 
 establlslied tliemselves In a windmill and 
 some stone buildings, and i-opeiied the first 
 attempt made to dislodge tliem, killing and 
 wounding forty-llvo of their assailants, 
 among whom were Ilvo oMlcers; but on 
 colonel Duiui.'is arriving with a relnforco- 
 meiit of regular troops, with three pieces 
 of artillery, they surrendered at discretion. 
 Some other skirmishes subse<iuently took 
 place, chlelly between American despera- 
 does who Invaded the British territory and 
 tho (lueen'a troops ; but tho former wero 
 severely punislied for their temerity. Tlio 
 conduct of sir Joim Coiborno elicited tho 
 liraise of ail parties at home ; and he waa 
 appointed governor-general of Canada, with 
 ail the powers whidi had Lieeu vested in tho 
 earl of Durliam. 
 
 Tho adjustment of a boundary line be- 
 tween Maine nnd New nrnnswick had been 
 a subject of dispute from tlic time tho in- 
 dependence of tlie States waa acknowledged 
 in 1783. Thougli tho tract In dispute was 
 of no value to either claimant generally aa 
 likely to become prolltabio under culti- 
 vation, yet some part of It waa found ne- 
 cessary to Great Britain as a means of coni- 
 miinication between New Brunswick and 
 the Canadas, and thua tlirough ail the Bri- 
 tisli colonies. Great Britain had, more- 
 over, since 1783, remained in do facto pos- 
 session of tho desert, as far as a desert can 
 bo said to bo occupied. At length, how- 
 ever, the state of Maine Invaded this do- 
 bato.ablo land, and several conflicts toolc 
 place, which for a time seemed likely to 
 involve Great Britain and America in ii 
 general war. Tlio colonists showed ercat 
 K Iv 
 
 .(' 
 
 ?V 
 
L 
 
 C$c Creatfurtf of WitavUf ^f. 
 
 alacrity and determination in defending 
 their right to tlie disputed territory ; and 
 It was eventually agreed that hoth parties 
 were to continue in possession of the parts 
 occupied by them respectively >••■■ the com- 
 mencement of the dlsputu.uni.li the federal 
 government and Great Britain aliould como 
 to a definitive arrangement. 
 
 The proceedings of iwrllaraent had lately 
 been watched with more than ordinary in- 
 terest, the state of parties being too nicely 
 balanced to insure ministerial n.njoritles 
 on questions affecting certain con'merclal 
 interests. On tho itth of April leave was 
 given to bring in a bill, on the motion of 
 Mr. Labouchere, to suspend the executive 
 constitution ana to make provisio-is for 
 the temporary gov ernment of Jamnl ca. It 
 appeared that, in consequence vl n ilispute 
 between tho governor o* that island and 
 the house of assembly, no public business 
 could be proceeded with ; and it was pro- 
 posed by this bill to vest the government 
 in the governor and a council only— to be 
 continued for five years. Wlien, in the fol- 
 lowing month, the order of the day for 
 going into committee on tho Jamaica bill 
 was moved, it was opposed by sir 11. Peel, 
 in u long and elaborate speech; in which 
 he exposed the arbitrary provisions of the 
 bin, the enormous power it would confer 
 on the governor and commissioners, and 
 the impossibility of imposing an effectual 
 check on the abuse of power exercised at a 
 distance of three thousand miles. In sup- 
 port of the view he had taken, sir Robert 
 alluded to the mode of treating refractory 
 colonics, formerly suggested by Mr. Can- 
 ning; who had declared that 'nothing 
 short of al)9olute and demonstrable neces- 
 sity should induce him to moot tho awful 
 question of tho transcendental power of 
 parliament over every dependency of the 
 British crown: for that transcendental 
 power was an arcanum of empire which 
 ought to be kept back within the penetralia 
 of the constitution.' After an adjourned 
 debate. May the 6th, the house divided, 
 when there appeared for going into com- 
 mittee 294, against it 289, the majority for 
 ministers being only Ave. Tho next day 
 lord John Russell and lord Melbourne 
 stated, that in consequence of this vote, 
 the ministry had come to the resolution to 
 resign. At the end of a week they were 
 reinstated in their places, and one of the 
 first acts of the reinstated ministry was to 
 form a legislative union of the provinces of 
 Upper and Lower Canada, and to continue 
 for two years the powers vested In the 
 governor and special council of Lower 
 Canada by the act previously passed to that 
 effect. Another measure was also carried, 
 after much opposition, namely, to grant the 
 sum of 30,000?. for the purposes of public 
 education. And a third, stlUmore interest- 
 ing to the great body of the public, was an 
 immense reduction in the charge for pos- 
 tage, by the substitution of one uniform 
 rate by weight, instead of increased charges 
 according to the number of pieces of paper 
 contained under one cover. Thus, what- 
 ever be the distance, the postage charge for 
 a letter weighing only half an ounce is one 
 
 penny ; 2d, if an ounce; id. if two ounces, 
 and so on. 
 
 The fierce and cruel contest that liad 
 raged for the last three years in the Spanish 
 peninsula, between the Carlists and Chris- 
 tines, was now virtually terminated by tho 
 active and soldier-like conduct of Espar- 
 tero, tho queen's general and chief. The 
 British legion had some time since with- 
 drawn, the queen's party dally gained 
 ground, and Don Carlos had found it ne- 
 cessary to seek refuge in Prance. 
 
 In narrating the affairs of Britain, It will 
 be oliserved that wo are necessarily led, 
 from time to time, to advert to the events 
 which take place in British colonies and 
 possessions, wherever situate and however 
 distant. For a considerable time past tho 
 government of India had been adopting 
 very active measures, in consequence of 
 tho shall of Persia, who was raised to the 
 throne mainly by British assistance, being 
 supposed to bo acting under Russian in- 
 tluence, to tho prejudice of this country. 
 Stimulated by Russia, as it appeared, the 
 Persian undertook an expedition to Herat ; 
 an important place, to which a small prin- 
 cipality is attached, in the territory of Aff- 
 ghaulstan. Lord Auckland, the governor- 
 general of India, thereupon determined to 
 send an army of 30,000 men towards Can- 
 dahar, Caboul, and Herat ; and this force was 
 to bo joined by about 45,000 men, furnished 
 by Runjeet Singh, the sovereign of the Pun- 
 jaub. In the meantime It appeared that 
 tho Persians had suffered great loss at He- 
 rat. It was soon afterwards rumoured that 
 tho chiefs of Aflghanlstan were prepared to 
 meet a much strongerf orce than the Anglo- 
 Indian government, though reinforced by 
 Runjeet Singh, could bring into the field, 
 and that they would listen to no terms of 
 accommodation. The next accounts, how- 
 ever. Informed us that the British had en- 
 tered Candahar, that tlie difllcultles expe- 
 rienced with respect to provisions had va- 
 nished, and that the troops were received 
 with open arms. Shah Soojali was crowned 
 with acclamation ; and the army proceeded 
 forthwith to Caboul. 
 
 On tho 21st of September the fort of 
 Joudpore, in Rajpootana, surrendered to 
 tho British ; and that of Kumaul, in the 
 Deccan, on the 6th of October. The camp 
 of the rajah was attacked by general Will- 
 shire, wliich ended In the total rout of the 
 enemy. A very great quantity of military 
 stores were found in Kumaul, and treasure 
 amounting to nearly 1,000,000/. sterling. In 
 the camp an Immense quantity of jewels 
 was captured, besides 150,000?. in specie. 
 The shah of Persia consented to acknow- 
 ledge Shah Soojah as king of Affghanistau ; 
 but Dost Mahomed, the deposed prince, 
 was still at large, and there was no doubt 
 that a widely-ramified conspiracy existed 
 among the native chiefs to rise against the 
 British on the first favourable opportunity. 
 
 The country had been much disturbed 
 during the year by large and tumultuous 
 assemblages of the people, of a revolution- 
 ary character, under the name of c' artists ; 
 and many excesses were committed by 
 them In the large manufacturing towns o( 
 
. if two ounces, 
 
 ntcHt that imd 
 rslnthoSpanlsU 
 rliBtaandChra. 
 milnatedbytuo 
 induct of BBpar- 
 and chief, fl e 
 time Blnce -wltu- 
 ;y dally galn*'^ 
 had found It ne- 
 
 of Britain, It will 
 3 neccsBarlly led, 
 ?ert to the events 
 
 tlBh colonies and 
 nato and however 
 
 U,le time PMt |»° 
 ad heen adopting 
 m consequence of 
 was raised to the 
 a assistance, heing 
 under Uusslan In- 
 " of ihl« country, 
 as It appeared. "JO 
 spedltlou to Herat , 
 
 ^aamaUprln- 
 
 the territory of A«- 
 
 ;land, the Royernoi- 
 
 pon determined to 
 
 ) men towards Can- 
 f and this force was 
 Jooomen.furntshed 
 ro'meTgnofthePun- 
 nc It appeared that 
 red great loss at He- 
 wards rumoured that 
 Btku were prepared to 
 force than the Anglo- 
 hough reinforced by 
 bring into the flcia. 
 
 listen to no t,!™?,°! 
 next accounts, now 
 ttheBritlshhadeu- 
 ^thedlfflcultlosexpe- 
 to provisions had va- 
 troops were received 
 kiSooiah was crowned 
 d the array proceeded 
 
 ptemher the fort of 
 
 tana, surrendered to 
 
 Kt of Kumaul, in the 
 
 \* October. The c^mp 
 
 eked by Bener'il W»^ 
 the total rout of the 
 
 >■ niiantlty of military 
 ffiiaul.andtreasuro 
 
 roooOOOl.sterilng. I" 
 
 the deposed prince, 
 d there was no doubt 
 ed conspiracy existed 
 lets to rise against the 
 
 Er^'d^ruiJ^^^^ 
 
 ?argeTnd tumultuous 
 rae.otatevcluUon; 
 
 i^^ercoSfm^t^^i? 
 ailXturlng towns ot 
 
 (iPiTflTantr.— ifioutfc al aanuuStulcTu— ©trtnn'.i. 499 
 
 Manchester, Bolton, Birmingham, Stock- 
 port, &c. that required tlio strong nnu of 
 the law to curb. This was referred to In 
 her majeaty's speech, at the close of the 
 Besslon of parlianiont, as the first attempts 
 at insubordination, which liappUyliad been 
 checked by the fearless administration of 
 the law. 
 
 But present appearances were not to lie 
 trusted. The Insurrectionary movements 
 and outrages In the manufacturing districts 
 of the north had for a time, it is true, been 
 quelled ; and ministers boasted that chart- 
 ism had received its death-blow, or was now 
 but an Idle word. But though the flames 
 of sedition were not seen to blaze as before, 
 the embers were still burning, and a mass 
 of Inflammablo materials was spread abroad, 
 readyto become Ignited in amoment. That 
 the friends of order might be lulled Into 
 security, there had been none of thosy 
 public meetings lately, nor anything to 
 lead the superficial observer to believe but 
 that with the breaking up of the 'conven- 
 tion,' the charter cause was dead. Secret 
 organisation was, however, all the time 
 going on, and a general rising was in con- 
 templation. It was arranged that their 
 active operations should commence In the 
 remote and unguarded districts of South 
 Wales, wliero the emissaries ' of the charter' 
 had obtained considerable Inttuence ; and 
 while the country was In a state of alarm 
 and confusion at what was going on In 
 that quarter, other branches of tho wide- 
 spread conspiracy were to assemble and 
 make adisplay of physical force snfilclent to 
 overawe tlie local authorities and astound 
 the government. Thus prepared, on the 2nd 
 of November the men began their march 
 from the 'hills' In the neighbourhood of 
 Merthyr, &c., armed with muskets, pikes, 
 swords, crowbars, pickaxes, and whatever 
 other Imiilomcnts they could muster, and 
 proceeded in tho direction of Newport in 
 Monmouthshire, marching through the 
 villages and compelling many to join them, 
 till the whole number amounted to nearly 
 20,000 men. It <was their Intention to enter 
 Newport In the dead of night, and thus 
 obtain possession of It unresisted ; but the 
 rain had fallen In torrents, which greatly 
 Impeded their progress, and thus happily 
 that part of the design was frustrated. At 
 about four o'clock In the morning of tho 
 4th, the main body of this lawless mob 
 halted at Tredegar-park, tho seat of sir 
 Charles Morgan. Tho magistrates of New- 
 port having received private Information 
 of thp Intentions of the rioters, were at this 
 tlm assembled at the Westgato Arms, 
 wh ^ a small party of tlie 45th foot was 
 sta. oned one company of that regiment 
 being all the military force at that time 
 ill the town. 
 
 The several gatherings of the rioters were 
 under the guidance of certain leaders, the 
 general-in-chlef of whom was John Frost, a 
 man respectably situated In life as a trades- 
 man, and who for his zealous advocacy of 
 the 'liberal' measures of tho day (for ho 
 was a noted patriot of the new school) had 
 found favour In tho eyes of iord John 
 Russell, who flattered and rewarded him 
 
 with a magisterial appointment. His son, 
 a mere boy of sixteen, was also tho leader 
 of a party. One Jones, a watchmaker at 
 I'ontypool, was .another of tlio redoubtable 
 chartist general.-*, mid Zuplianlali Williams 
 was a fourth. Such was the state of ter- 
 rorism Insiilred by tho chartist bands, that 
 nmny of tho peaceable Inhabltanta of 
 Tredegar, Blackwood, &c. fled from their 
 homos on Sunday, and passed the night in 
 the woods, lest tho chartists should kill 
 them. At length they reached Newport, 
 and proceeded at once to the rendezvous of 
 tho magistrates at tho Westgato Arms, 
 which they assailed and endeavoured to 
 take possession of; but by tho excellent 
 arrangement of Mr. T. I'hIlIIps, the mayor, 
 and the steady resolution of tho soldiers, 
 who were planted In an ujipcr room of the 
 Inn, from which they could take good aim, 
 tho rioters were successfully resisted, seve- 
 ral were killed or wounded, others were 
 made prisoners, and the multitude, with 
 their cowardly instigators, fled from tho 
 scene of danger with all Imaginable speed. 
 The conduct of tho mayor and his brother 
 magistrates on this trying occasion was 
 above all praise; and it was a source of 
 general regret throughout the country that. 
 In tho performance of his perilous duty, 
 tho worthy mayor was severely wounded 
 by two musket-balls. Fortunately, neither 
 wound proved dangerous, and ho subse- 
 quently received the honour of knighthood 
 for his zeal, skill, and bravery. The whole 
 of the military stationed at tho Westgato 
 Arms amounted to only one ofllcer (lieuten- 
 ant Gray), two non-commissioned offlcers, 
 and twenty-eight privates I 
 
 On tho 10th of December a special com- 
 mission was held at Monmouth for the trial 
 of tho chartist rebels at Newport, before 
 lord-chlef-justlco TIndal and the judges 
 Park and Williams ; the chief justice open- 
 ing the proceedings with a luminous and 
 eloquent charge to the grand jury. Accord- 
 ingly on the 12th, true bills were returned 
 against John Frost, Charles Waters, James 
 Aust, William Jones, John Lovell, Zepha- 
 ntah Williams, Jenkin Morgan, Solomon 
 Britton, Edmond Kdmonds, Richard Ben- 
 Held, John Recs, David Jones, and George 
 Terner (otherwise Coles) for high treason. 
 In order to comi'ly with tho forms custo- 
 mary In trials for high treason, the court 
 was then adjourned to Dec. 31, when John 
 Frost was put to the bar. The flrst day 
 was occupied In challenging the jury ; the 
 next day the attorney-general addressed tho 
 court and jury on the part of the crown, 
 and the prisoner's counsel objected to the 
 calling of the witnesses. In consequence of 
 the list of them not having been given to 
 the prisoner. Frost, agreeably to the terms 
 of the statute; on tho third day the evi- 
 dence was entered into ; and on the eighth 
 day, after the most patient attention of the 
 court and jury, a verdict of guilty was re- 
 corded against Frost, with a strong recom- 
 mendation to mercy. The trials of Zepha- 
 nlah Williams, and William Jones, each 
 occupied four days, with a like verdict and 
 recommendation. Walters, Morgan, Rees, 
 Benfleld, and Lovell pleaded guilty, and 
 
a. - 
 
 n 
 
 i' 
 
 
 ^iS^^^^ 
 
 500 
 
 C^c Crfnptirn nJ l^tiStaiu, ^-^c. 
 
 received sentence of death, the court Intt- 
 niatiug that they would be transported for 
 life. Pour were discharged; two forfeited 
 their ball ; and nine, having pleaded guilty 
 to charges of conspiracy and riot, were sen- 
 tenced to terms of imprisonment not ex- 
 ceeding one year. Frost and the otlier 
 ringleaders on whom sentence of death had 
 been passed.were finally transported for life. 
 
 The spirit of chartism, liowever, tlioiigh 
 repressed, was not wholly subdued. Sun- 
 day, the 12th of January, liad l)cen Jlxed on 
 for further outbreaks in various parts of 
 the country ; but by the precautionary mea- 
 sures of the government and the police, 
 their concerted designs were frustrated. 
 Information was afterwards received that 
 the chartists intended to lire and pillage 
 the town of Sheflleld on Sunday morning 
 at two o'clock. Tliey began to assemble, 
 but the troops and constables, being on 
 tlie alert, succeeded In taking seven or 
 eight of the ringleaders, but not before 
 several persons were severely wounded, 
 three of whom were policemen. An Im- 
 mense quantity of flre-armsof all descrip- 
 tions, ball-cartridges, iron-bullets, hand- 
 grenades, nrc-ballP, daggers, pikes, and 
 swords were found, togethr with a great 
 (|uantity of crowfeet for disabling horscn. 
 'J'he ringleaders wei'c committed to York 
 castle, and at the ensuing spring assizes 
 were tried, found guilty, and sentenced to 
 various terms of imprisonment of one, two, 
 and three years. At the same time four of 
 the Bradford chartists were sentenced to 
 three years' imprisonment, and three from 
 Barnsley to the term of two years. At the 
 same assizes, Feargua O'Connor was con- 
 victed of having published. In the Nurthern 
 Star newspaper, of whicli ho was the editor 
 and proprietor, certain seditious libels .-and 
 the noted demagogue orators, Vincent and 
 Edw.ards, who were at the tlmciuidergoiug 
 a former sentence in prison, were convicted 
 at Monmouth of a conspiracy to effect great 
 changes In the government by illegal means, 
 &c., and were severally sentenced to a fur- 
 ther Imprisonment of 12 and U months. In 
 various other places, also— London among 
 the rest— chartist conepiratora were tried 
 and punished for their misdeeds. 
 
 A.D. 1840.— On the 10th of January the 
 queen met her parliament, and commenced 
 her speech with the following plain and uu- 
 nffected sentence :— ' My lords and gentle- 
 men,— Since you were last assembled I 
 have declared my Intention of allying my- 
 self In marriage with the Prince Alltert of 
 Kivxe Coburg and Gotlia. I humbly implire 
 that the divine blessing may prosper this 
 union, and render it conducive to the in- 
 terests of my people, as well as to my own 
 domestic happiness.' 
 
 There could bo no reasonable ground for 
 cavilling at her majesty's choice. A natui-a- 
 llsatlon bill for his royal highness was Im- 
 mediately passed; and lord John Russell 
 moved a resolution authorising her majesty 
 to grant 60,000f. a year to the prince for his 
 life. This was generally thought to be more 
 than BufHcicnt ; and Mr. Ilumc moved r.s an 
 amendment, that the griint be Sl.oooi. ; how- 
 ever, on a division there was » majority 
 
 of 207 against the amendment. Upon this, 
 colonel Sibthorp moved a second amend- 
 ment, sul)stltutlng .30,OOo;., which was sup- 
 ported by Mr. Goulburn, sir J. Graham, and 
 sir II. Peel, who conshlered 30,000?. a just 
 and liberal allowance for the joint lives of 
 the queen and the prlncc,and for the prince's 
 possible survivorship, should there bo no 
 Issue; if an heir should be born, then tlie 
 .10,000?. might properly bo advanced to 
 50,000?. ; and, siiould there lie a numerous 
 issue, it would 1)0 reasonable to mak6 a 
 still further increase, such as would beflt 
 the father of a large family of royal chil- 
 dren. Those events would justify the aug- 
 mentations, liy giving a guarantee for the 
 prince's permanent residence in, and at- 
 tacliment to, this country. He showed the 
 inapplicability of the pricedents in the 
 cases of queens-consort, and animadverted 
 upon the instance of prince Leopold's 
 60,000?.; as the whole country had cried 
 out that that allowance was excessive; and 
 on the house again dividing, the numbers 
 were, for the amendment 262, for the mo- 
 tion 158 ; majority against ministers 104. 
 
 On the 0th of the ensuing month (Fe- 
 bruary) the bridegroom elect, conducted 
 by viscount Torrlngton, and accompanied 
 by tlio duke his father, and his elder 
 brother, arrived at Dover; and on the 10th, 
 the marriage of the queen's most excel- 
 lent majesty with lleld-marshal his royal 
 highness Francis Albert Augustus Charles 
 Knianuel, duke of Saxe, prince of Saxo Co- 
 bourg and Gotha, K.G., was solemnised at 
 the chapel royal, St. James's. 
 
 For many months past there had been 
 an Interruption to those relations of amity 
 and commerce which for a long period had 
 been maintained between this country and 
 China. It originated in the determination 
 on the part of the Chinese government to 
 put an end to the importation of opium 
 Into the 'celestial empire,' and to the op 
 position made to that decree by the British 
 merchants engaged in that trafllc. Early 
 in the preceding year a large quantity of 
 opium, belonging to British merchants, 
 was given up, on the requisition of Mr. 
 Elliot, tlio queen's representative at Can- 
 ton, to be destroyed by the Chinese autlio- 
 rltles. The quantity seized was upwards of 
 twenty thousand chests, which was suit- 
 posed to be worth two millions; and Mr. 
 lilllot pledged the faith of the government 
 he represented that the merchants should 
 receive compensation. 
 
 Tlie English government was naturally 
 desirous to keep on good terms with a 
 ctmntry from which so many commercial 
 advantages had been derived ; but the Chi- 
 nese authorities daily grew more arrogant 
 and unreasonable, and several outrages 
 against the English M'ere committed. At 
 length, in an allray between some dee- 
 men of the Volage and the Chincje, oco 
 of the latter was killed ; and when captain 
 Elliot refused to deliver up the homicide 
 to commissioner Lin, tlie most severe and 
 arbitrary measures were immediately taken 
 to expel all the British inhabitants from 
 Macao. This hostile conduct was quickly 
 followed by an outrage of a still more so- 
 
ent. Upon this, 
 , socoiiil aineiul- 
 , wlilcli -waa 8U11- 
 r J. Graham, and 
 ^d 30,0001. a just 
 the joint Uvea of 
 id for tho prince a 
 juld tUcro 1)0 no 
 ,0 born, then the 
 ))0 advanced to 
 e he a numerous 
 
 ell as would heflt 
 iiily of royal chll- 
 Id justify the au«- 
 ffuarantee for tho 
 fence in, and at- 
 V Ho showed tho 
 'ncedents In the 
 ana animadverted 
 prlnco lieopolda 
 country had cried 
 ,vas excessive; antt 
 ding, the numhera 
 nt 262, for the mo- 
 st ministers 104. 
 iisuing month (Fe 
 ,1 elect, conducted 
 1, and accompanied 
 ,er, and hla elder 
 er ; and on the loth, 
 iueen'3 most exe.-i- 
 l-marshal his royal 
 rt Augustus Oharlea 
 .. prince of Saxc Co- 
 ., was Boiemnised at 
 
 last* there had l)een 
 se relations of amity 
 or a long period had 
 Wn this country and 
 \n the determination 
 nesc government to 
 inortatlon of opium 
 hire ' and to tlie op 
 leir'ee l>y the British 
 ' tliat tramc. Early 
 II large quantity ol 
 Brltibh merchants, 
 h requisition of Mr, 
 [prcsentatlve at Can- 
 & tho Cliinese autlio- 
 felzed was upwards ol 
 sts, which was BUi)- 
 Vo millions; and Mr. 
 h of tlic government 
 le merchants should 
 
 limcnt was >"it"5a"y 
 1 Kood terms witli a 
 Lo many commercial 
 berlved ; hut the Chl- 
 grew more arrogant 
 nd several oMtragcs 
 rtcre committed. At 
 I between some sec- 
 Ind the Chincje, oco 
 Id ; and when captain 
 Iyer up the homicide 
 I the most severe and 
 fere immediately taken 
 fish Inhabitants from 
 I conduct was .lulckly 
 Igo of a 3tlU more bo- 
 
 (!FnaTanly.-|ii0U)Sc at 25ruiisll»{cft.— ©tctDvt*t. 60i 
 
 rioua character. The Black Joke, having 
 on board one passenger, a Mr. Moss, and 
 Bix Lascars, was obliged to anchor In the 
 Lantaod passage, to wait for the tide. 
 Hero she was surrounded by three manda- 
 rin boats, by whose crews she was boarded ; 
 five of the Lascars bntchercd,— and Mr. 
 Moss shockingly mutilated. These pro- 
 ceedings gave rise to furtlier measures of 
 hostility. On the 4th Sept. captain Klliut 
 came from Hong Kong to Macao in his cut- 
 ter, in company witli the scliooncr Pearl, to 
 obtain provisions for the fleet. The man- 
 darins, however, on board tho war-junks 
 opposed their embarkation, when captain 
 Elliot Intimated that if in half an liour the 
 provisions were not allowed to pass, he 
 would open a Are upon tlieni. The half 
 hour passed, and tlie gun was flred. Tliree 
 war junks then endeavoured to put to sea, 
 but were compclU'd, by a well-directed lire 
 of the cutter mid tho I'earl, to seek shelter 
 under the walls of Coloon fort. About six 
 o'clock the Volago frigate liove In sight, 
 and tlio boat of captain Douglas, witli 
 twenty-four British seamen, attempted to 
 board the junk, Imt without success. Tlie 
 boat's crew then opened a Are of musketry, 
 by whlcli a mandarin and four Chinese sol- 
 diers were killed, and seven wounded. The 
 result, however, was, that the provisions 
 were not ol)taliied, and that the Chinese 
 junks escaped; while, instead of any ap- 
 proacli to a better understanding between 
 the two countries, it was regarded rather as 
 the commencement of a war ; whlcli, indeed, 
 the next news from China conflrmed. 
 
 On tlio api>earanco of another British 
 Bhip, the Thomas Coutt». at Whampoa, 
 commissioner Lin i-encwed his demand for 
 the surrender of the murderer of tho Clii- 
 nese, and issued nn edict commanding all 
 the Britlsli ships to enter the port of Can- 
 ton and sign the opium bond, or to depart 
 from the coast immediately. In case of 
 ncm-coinpliancc with either of tlicse con- 
 ditions, within three days, the commis- 
 sioner declared he Would destroy the entire 
 British fleet. On the publication of this 
 edict Cflptain Elliot demanded an cxplnna- 
 tton from the Chinese admiral Ivawn, who 
 at flrst pretended to enter into a negotia- 
 tion, 1)ut immediately afterwards ordered 
 out twenty-nine war-junks, evidently In- 
 tending to surround the British ships. The 
 attempt, however, ended In Ave of the junks 
 being sunk, and another blown up, each 
 with from 150 to 200 men on board ; and 
 on tho rest making off, captain Elliot or- 
 dered the flrliig to cease. 
 
 A decree was now '«iued by tlie emperor 
 {trohlbiting tho import ition of all liritlsli 
 goods, and the trade with China was con- 
 Bciiucntly at an end ; but tho A.ncrican 
 ehli>8 arrived and departed as ivaial. In 
 the meantime preparations on a large scale 
 vere making in India to collect and send 
 otl a largo U rce to China, so as to bring 
 this most Importart quarrel to an Issue. 
 Several men of wur and corvettes, from 
 England and various foreign stations, were 
 also got ready, and the command given to 
 admiral Elliot, to give tho expedition all 
 the uBsistauco and cooperation pissible. 
 
 Tho object of these preparations, as was 
 stated by lord John llussell In the house 
 of commons, was. In the flrst place, to ob- 
 tain reparation for the Insults and Injuries 
 offered to her majesty's subjects by the 
 Chinese government ; in the second place, 
 to obtain for the merchants trading with 
 China an indemnlQcatlon for tho loss of 
 their property Incurred by threats of vio- 
 lence offered l)y persons under the direc- 
 tion of the Chinese government ; and, in 
 the last place, to obtain a certain security 
 that persons and property. In future trad- 
 ing with China, shall be protected from 
 insult or injury, and that their trade and 
 commerce be maintained on a proper foot- 
 ing. We sliall hereafter have occasion to 
 show the progress of the armament des- 
 tined for China and its results. The ac- 
 count wo hino hero given was deemed 
 necessary in order to show th3 origin of 
 tlic dispute. V, return now to matters of 
 domestic interest. 
 
 A great sensation was caused In the pub- 
 lic mind by an attempt to assassinate the 
 queen. On tho lOth of June, as her ma- 
 jesty was starting for an evening drive, up 
 Constitution-hill, in a low open carriage, 
 accompanied by prince Albert, a young 
 man deliberately flred two pistols at her, 
 but happily without effect. HIsnamo proved 
 to be Edward Oxford, a young man about 
 eighteen years of age. He was Instantly 
 seized, and sent to Newgate on a charge of 
 liigli treason ; butasitappearedonhls trial 
 (which lasted two days) that there were 
 grounds for attributing the act to insanity, 
 and as there was no positive proof tliat the 
 pistols were loaded, the jury returned a 
 verdict of ' guilty but that at the time he 
 committed tlie act he was insane.' The con- 
 sequence was, that he became an inmate of 
 Bcthleni for life, as was the case with 
 Ilatlleld, who forty years before flred off a 
 pistol at George 111. in Drury-lano theatre. 
 
 It Is some time since we have had occji- 
 sion to notice anything relative to Frencli 
 affairs ; but an event transpired in August 
 which we cannot well omit. On the Ctli 
 of that month I-ouis K-poIeon (son of tho 
 late king of Holland, and heir male of tho 
 Buonaparte family) made an absurd at- 
 tempt to effect a hostile descent upon the 
 coast of France. He embarked from London 
 in tho Edinburgh Castle steamer, which ho 
 had hired from tho Commercial Steam Navi- 
 gation Company. They landed at a small 
 port about two leagues from Boulogne, 
 to which town they immediately marched. 
 But the soldiers refused to rally under his 
 standard, and within three hours the prince 
 and his followers were safely lodged In the 
 castle. From Boulogne ho w.is removed 
 to the castle of Ham, and placed in the 
 rooms once occupied by prince Pollgnac. 
 On being tried and found guilty, Louia 
 Napoleon was sentenced to perpetual Im- 
 prisonment in a fortress ; count Moutholou, 
 twenty years' detention ; rarquln and Lom- 
 bard, the same period ; others were sen- 
 tenced to shorter periods; Aldenize waa 
 transported for life ; and some were ac- 
 quitted. 
 
 The Insane attempt to excite a rcvolu- 
 
 til 
 
 1 
 
• " 
 
 1 
 
 602 
 
 dTfje CrrniSuri! a( W^tav^t 9i(, 
 
 tionary movement In Vimucp, above de- 
 scribed, probably owed its origin to tlio 
 very • liberal • permission granted by Louis 
 Philippe, and the no less liberal acqui- 
 escence of the English ministers, to allow 
 the ashes of the emperor Napoleon to be 
 remoTed from St. Helena In order that 
 they might llnd tholr last resting-place In 
 France. This had undoubtedly raised the 
 hopes of many ncalous Buonapartists, who 
 thought that the fervour of the populace 
 was likely to display Itself In a violent 
 emeute, which the troops would be more 
 ready to favour than to quell. A grant of 
 a million of francs had been made to de- 
 fray the expenses of the expedition to St. 
 Helena (which was to be under the com- 
 mand of prince do Jolnvlllo), the funeral 
 ceremony, and the erection of a tomb In 
 the church of the Invalldes ; so that. In the 
 language of the Frcach minister of the In- 
 terior, 'his tomb, like his glory, should 
 belong to his country I ' The prince arrived 
 at Cherbourg, with his ' precious charge,' 
 on the 30th of November ;. and on the I5tli 
 of December Napoleon's remains were ho- 
 noured by a splendid funeral procession, 
 the king and royal family being present at 
 the ceremony, with 60,000 natlontil guards 
 In attendance, and on assemblage of 500,000 
 persons. 
 
 We conclude this year's occurrences with 
 the accouchement of her majesty queen 
 Victoria, who on the aipt of November 
 gave birth at Buckinphain-palacc ton prin- 
 cess, her flrst-born cliild; and on the lOtli 
 of February the Infant princess royal was 
 christened Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa. 
 A. D. 1841.— During the past year the at- 
 tention of the great European powers had 
 been. drawn to the condition of Syria and 
 Turkey ; and an nlUanre was entered into 
 between England, Russia, Austria, and 
 Prussia to put an end to the dispute which 
 existed between the sultan and Mcheniet 
 All, the warlike pacha of Egypt. For this 
 purpose it was deemed expedient to dc- 
 Bpatch a fleet to the Mediterranean ; and 
 on the 14th of August commodore Napier 
 eummoned the Egyptian authorities to 
 evacuate Syria. In reply to this summons 
 Mehemct All declared that on the flrsi 
 appearance of hostility in the powers of 
 Europe, the pacha Ibrahlni would be com- 
 manded to march on Constantinople. Soon 
 afterwards hostilities commenced, and the 
 town of Beyrout was bombarded on the 
 11th of September, and completely de- 
 stroyed by the allies in two hours. Tlie war 
 In Syria was now carried on with great 
 activity. The troops of Ibrahim sustain- 
 ed a signal defeat early in October, with 
 the loss of 7,000 in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners; in addition to which, com- 
 modore Napier, with a comparatively tri- 
 fling number of marines and Turkish troops, 
 succeeded in expelling the Egyptians from 
 nearly the whole of T<ebanon, cai>tured 
 about 5,000 prlsotiers, with artillery and 
 stores, and effected the disorganisation of 
 an army of 20,000 men. In short, more 
 brilliant results with such limited means 
 have rarely. If ever, been known, particu- 
 larly when it is considered under what 
 
 novel circumstances they wsre|accompllsh- 
 od. But the great exploit remains lo bo 
 related. 
 
 St. Jean d'Acro was taken by the allies on 
 the 3rd of November. Colonel Smith, who 
 commanded the forces in Syria, directed 
 Omar Bey, with 2,000 Turks, to advance on 
 Tyre, and occupy the passes to the north- 
 ward of Acre ; in the meantime admiral 
 Stopford sailed from Beyrout roads, having 
 on board 3,000 Turks, and detachments of 
 English artillery and sapperh. The forces 
 and fleet arrived off Acre at the same hour. 
 At 2 o'clock P.M. a tremendous cannon- 
 ade took place, which was maintained 
 without intermission for some hours ; the 
 steamers lying outside throwing their 
 shells with astonishing r.apldlty over tho 
 ships into the fortltlcatlon. During the 
 bombardment the arsenal and magazine 
 blew up, annihilating upwards of 1,200 of 
 the enemy, forming two entire regiments, 
 who were drawn up on tho ramparts. A 
 sensation was felt on board the ships simi- 
 lar to that of an earthquake. Every living 
 creature within the area of co.ooo square 
 yards ceased to exist. At two o'clock on 
 the following morning a boat arrived from 
 Acre to announce that the remainder of 
 tho garrison were leaving V\o place ; and 
 as soon as the sun rose, the British, Aus- 
 trian, and Turkish flags were seen waving 
 on tho citadel. The town was found to 
 be one mass of ruins— the batteries and 
 houses riddled all over— the killed and 
 wounded lyluff about In all directions. Tho 
 slain were estimated at 2,.500 men, and tho 
 prisoners amounted to upwards of 3,000. 
 The Turkish troops were landed to garrison 
 Acre, where a vast (luantlty of military 
 stores was found; besides an excellent 
 park of artillery of 200 guns, and a largo 
 sum In specie. 
 
 As tho foregoing successes led to tho 
 termination of the war in Syria, and its 
 evacuation by Ibrahim Facba, it Is unnc 
 cessary to enter Into operations of a minor 
 character. Mehemet All eventually sub- 
 mitted to all the conditions which were 
 olTercd by the sultan, and sanctioned by the 
 representatives of Austria, Franco, Great 
 Britain, Prussia, and Kussia.— 1. The he- 
 reditary possession of Egypt Is coufirmdd 
 to Mchcinet All, and bis descendants in a 
 direct line.— 2. Mehemct All will bo allow- 
 ed to nominate his own offlcers up to the 
 rank of a colonel. Tho viceroy can only 
 confer the title of pacha with tho consent 
 of the sultan.— 3. Tlie annual contribution 
 is fixed at 80,000 purses, or 40,000,000 of 
 piastres, or 400,000?.- 4. The viceroy will 
 not be fiUowed to build a ship of war with- 
 out the permission of the sultan.— 5. Tho 
 laws and regulations of tho empire are to 
 be observed in Egypt, with such changes 
 as the peculiarity of the Egyptian people 
 may render necessarj*, but which changes 
 must receive tho sanction of the Porte. 
 
 At the commencement of the year news 
 was brought from China tliat the difEer- 
 enccs which had existed wcrti in a fair train 
 of settlement, and that the war might bo 
 considered as at an end. Hostilities hod, 
 liowover, recommenced, in cousequeuco of 
 
vrero|accorapltBh" 
 It remains lo bo 
 
 n by the allies on 
 ilonel Smith, wlio 
 1 BjTla, directed 
 IS, to advance ou 
 ies to the north- 
 icantlmo admiral 
 out roads, havlngr 
 1 detachments of 
 pert,. The forces 
 at the same hour, 
 nendous cannon- 
 was maintained 
 some hours ; th* 
 throwing their 
 •apldity over th« 
 ion. During the 
 i9l and magazino 
 swards of 1,200 of 
 entire regiments, 
 the ramparts. A 
 rd the ships slml- 
 ike. Every living 
 » of CO.OOO square 
 Vt two o'clock on 
 boat arrived from 
 the remainder of 
 ig t:<o place ; and 
 the British, Aus- 
 were seen waving 
 wn was found to 
 the batteries and 
 !•— the killed and 
 ill directions. Tlio 
 ifiOO men, and the 
 upwards of .1,000. 
 landed to garrison 
 intlty of military 
 des an oxccUcub 
 guns, and a largo 
 
 cesses led to the 
 
 In Syria, and Its 
 Pacha, It Is unne- 
 rations of a minor 
 1 eventually sub- 
 tions which were 
 1 sanctioned by the 
 ria, Franco, Great 
 ussla.— 1. The he- 
 gypt is couarmod 
 
 descendants in a 
 All will be allow- 
 officers up to the 
 
 viceroy can only 
 
 _ with the consent 
 
 inual contribution 
 
 or 40,000,000 of 
 
 Tiie viceroy will 
 , ship of war with- 
 he sultan.— 5. The 
 the empire are to 
 
 ith such changes 
 J Egyptian people 
 ut which changes 
 n of the Porte. 
 
 of the year news 
 a, tliat the diflcr- 
 rt-crcilnafairtraii\ 
 
 the war might bo 
 
 . Hostilities had. 
 
 ,u cousequeuco ot 
 
 Keshen, the Imperial commissioner, having 
 delayed to bring to r. conclusion the nego- 
 tiations entered Into with captain Elliot. 
 Preparations were accordingly made for at- 
 tacking the ontports of the Bogue forts, 
 on the Bocca Tigris. Having obtained pos- 
 session, the steamers were sent to destroy 
 the war junks In Anson's bay ; but the shal- 
 lowness of the water admitted only of the 
 approach of the Nemesis, towing ten ot 
 twelve boats. The junks endeavoured to 
 escape, but a rocket blew up a powder ma- 
 gazine of one of them, and eighteen more 
 which were set on Are by the English boats' 
 crews also successively blew ui>. At length 
 a Hag of truce was despatched by the Clil- 
 iicse commander, and hoatilities ceased. 
 On the 20th of January captain Elliot an- 
 nounced to her majesty's servants in China 
 that the following arrangements had been 
 made:— 1. The cession of the island and 
 harbour of Hong Kong to the British 
 crown. 2. An Indemnity to the British 
 government of 6,000,000 dollars, 1,000,000 
 dollars pay.able at once, rnd the remainder 
 In equal annual instalments, ending In 
 1846. 3. Direct olllcliil intercourse between 
 the two countries upon an equal footing. 
 4. The trade of the port of Canton to be 
 opened within ten days after the Chinese 
 new year. 
 
 Thus far all appeared as It should be; but 
 great doubts of the sincerity of Keshen, the 
 Chinese commissioner, were felt both here 
 and at Canton. Accordingly the Nemesis 
 steamer was sent up the river to recon- 
 noitre, and on ncaring the Boguo forts (30 
 In number), it was discovered that prepara- 
 tions for defence had been made ; batteries 
 and fleld-works had been ihrown up along 
 the shore, and upon tho Islands In the 
 middle of the river ; a barrier was in course 
 of being constructed across the channel, 
 and there were large bodies of troops assem- 
 bled from the Interior. Keshen, flndlng his 
 duplicity discovered, communicated that 
 further negotiations would be declined. The 
 emperor. It appeared, had issued edicts re- 
 pudiating tho treaty, and denouncing tho 
 English barbarians, 'who were like dogs 
 and sheep In their dispositions.' That in 
 sleeping or eating he found no quiet, and 
 he therefore ordered 8,000 of his best troops 
 to defend Canton, and to recover tho places 
 on tho coast ; for It was absolutely neces- 
 sary (said the emperor) 'that tho rebel- 
 lious foreigners must give up their heads, 
 which, with the prisoners, were to be sent 
 to Pekln In cages, to undergo tho last pe- 
 nalty of tho law.' Ho also offered 50,ooo 
 dollars for the :>i'i vohension of Elliot, .^lo- 
 rlson, or Bermei live, or 30,000 dollars for 
 either of their heads. In addition, .5,000 
 dollars for an officer's head, 500 for an Kng- 
 lishman alive, .100 for a head, and 100 for a 
 Sepoy alive. The emperor also delivered 
 Keshe < In Irons over to the board of pu- 
 nishment at Pekln, and divested the admi- 
 ral Kwan Teenpel of his button. Before 
 tlio hostile edicts had appeared, captaiu 
 Elliot, confldlng in tho good faith of Ke- 
 shen, had sent orders to general Burrel to 
 restore tho island of Chusau (which wo 
 
 had taken many months before) to tho 
 Chinese, and to return with the Bengal 
 volunteers to Calcutta. This order liad 
 been promptly obeyed ; Chuaan having been 
 evacuated Feb. 29. 
 
 Capt. Elliot set sail on Feb. 20, up the 
 Canton river. On the 24th ho destroyed a 
 masked fleld-work, disabling eighty can- 
 non there mounted. On the 25th and 2ffth 
 he took three adjoining Bogue forts, with' 
 out losing a man, killing about 250 Chinese, 
 and taking l,300pri8oners. Tbesubsequcnt 
 operations of the squadron presented one 
 imbroken succession of brilliant achieve- 
 ments; until on the 28th of March, Can- 
 ton, the second city In the Chine jo empire, 
 containing a million of souls, was placed at 
 tho mercy of the British troops. Every 
 possible means of defence had been used 
 by the Chinese commanders ; but nothing 
 could withstand tho 'iitrepldlty of the Bri- 
 tish. In consequence '^f the Cliinese firing 
 on a flag of truce, tlie forts and defences of 
 Canton were speedily taken, the flotilla 
 burnt or sunk, and tho union jack hoisted 
 on tho walls of the British factory. But 
 capt. Elliot seemed doomed to be mr'ie the 
 sport of Cliinese duplicity. Ho no sooner 
 issued a clrculai to the English and foreign 
 merchants,— announcing that a suspension 
 of hostilities had been agreed on between 
 tho Chinese commissioner Yang and him- 
 self, and that the trade was open at Can- 
 ton, and would be duly ••'^siiected,— than 
 tho emperor Issued another proclamation, 
 ordering all communication with ' the de- 
 testable brood of English' to be cut off. 
 Several other imperial proclamations la a 
 more furious style followed : the last of 
 which thus concludes—' If the whole num- 
 ber of them (the English) be not effectu- 
 ally destroyed, how shall I, the emperor, 
 be able to answer to tho gods of the hea- 
 ven and the earth, and cherish the hopes of 
 our people?' Capt. Elliot, however, whose 
 great objecu hitherto appears to have been 
 to secure tho annual export oi' tea, had 
 succeeded in having 11,000,000 lbs. shipped 
 before the fulminating edicts of the erapo- 
 rctr took effect. 
 
 In October, despatches of great Import- 
 ance wore received from general sir Hugh 
 Qough, commanding tlie land forces, and 
 captain s.lr H. F. Senhouse, the senior na- 
 val officer of the fleet, detailing a series of 
 brilliant operations against Canton, whi- 
 ther they had proceeded by the direction of 
 capt. Elliot, On the 20th of May the con- 
 test began by the Cliinese firing on the 
 British ships and letting loose some fire- 
 ships among them, which, however, did no 
 damage. Next morning the fort of Sham- 
 ing was silenced, and a fleet of about forty 
 junks burnt. On tho 24tli, a favourable 
 landlngiilace having been discovered, the 
 right column of the 26th regiment, under 
 major Pratt, was convoyed by the Atalanta 
 to act on the south of the city ; while the 
 Nemesis towed the left column up to Tsln- 
 ghae. After some sharp fighting, the Can- 
 ton governor yielded, and the troops and 
 ships wero withdrawn, on condition of the 
 three commissioners and all the troops 
 
^"--'""■^ ^"Tii 
 
 I . 
 
 Jl 
 
 I IS'! 'I 
 
 under thorn leaving Canton mul Its vicinity, 
 and 6,000,000 of dollars to bo paid within n 
 week, the flrat million before evening that 
 day : If the whole was not paid before the 
 end of the week, the ransom was to be raised 
 to 7,000,000; If not before the end of four- 
 teen days, to 8,000,noo; and if not before 
 twenty days, to 0,000,000 dollars. After 
 three days, the conditions having been ful- 
 filled, the troops left for Hong Kong, having 
 had 13 men killed and 07 wounded. Sir 
 H.F. Senhousedicd on board the Blenheim 
 from a fever brought on by excessive fa- 
 tigue. Notwithstanding this defeat, the 
 Chinese were still determined to resist, and 
 Yeh Shan had reported to the emperoi, his 
 uncle, that when he had Induced the bar- 
 barians to withdraw, ho would repair all 
 the forts again. Tlie enii)cror, ou his part, 
 declared that, as a last resort, he would put 
 himself at the head of his army, and march 
 to India and KnKland, and tear up the Eng- 
 lish root and brancli I 
 
 Sir Henry Pottlnger, the new plenipo- 
 tentiary, and rear-adiulral Parker, the new 
 naval commander-in-chief, arrived at Macao 
 »n the 9th of August. A notillcation of 
 sir Henry's presence and powers was sent 
 to Canton immediately on his arrival, ac- 
 companied by a letter forwarded to the em- 
 peror at Pekln, the answer to which was 
 required to bo sent to a northern station. 
 
 The fleet, consisting of nl. .e ships of war, 
 four armed steamers, and twenty-two trans- 
 ports, sailed for the island and fortlfled city 
 of Amoy on the 21st of August. 
 
 This island is situated in a flno gulf lii 
 the province of Pokein, the great tea dis- 
 trict of China, opposite the Island of For- 
 mosa, and about 350 miles north-east of 
 the gulf of Canton, 600 miles south of Chu- 
 Ban, and 1,300 miles from Pekln. It was 
 fortiSed by very strong defences, of granite 
 rocks faced with mud, and mounted witii 
 110 less than 500 pieces of cannon. On the 
 SCth, after a brief parley with a man- 
 darin, the city was bombarded for two 
 hours. Sir Hugh Gough, with the 18tli 
 regiment, then landed, .and seized one end 
 of the long battery ; whilst the 26th regi- 
 ment, with tlio sailors and marines, car- 
 ried the strong batteries on the island of 
 Koolangsce, just in front of Amoy. The 
 Chinese made an animated defence for 
 four hours, and then fled from all their for- 
 tiUcations, and also from the city, carrying 
 with them their treasures. The Chinese 
 Junks and war-boats were all captured ; 
 and the cannon, with immense munitions 
 «)f war, of course fell into the hands of the 
 English. Not a single man of the British 
 was killed, and only nine were wounded. 
 The next day sir Hugh Gough entered the 
 city at the head of his troops without op- 
 pisition. 
 
 The next despatches from China stated 
 that Cliusan had been recaptured on the 
 1st of October. A more resolute stand 
 than usual was made by the Cliincse ; bu 
 the troops, supported by the lire of the 
 Bhips, ascended a hill, and escaladed Ting- 
 hae, the capital city, from whence the Bri- 
 tish colours were soon seen flying in every 
 direction. On the 7th the troops attacked 
 
 the city of Cinhac, on the mainland oppo- 
 site Chusan, which Is enclosed by a Avnll 
 thirty-sovon feet thick, and twenty-two feet 
 high, with an embrasured parapet of four 
 feet high. The ships shelled the citadel 
 and enflladed the batteries ; tho soanirii 
 and marines then landed, and admiral sir 
 W. Parker, with tho true spirit of a British 
 sailor, was among tho flr.'t. to scale the 
 walls. Here was found a great arsenal, a 
 cnnon foundry and gun-carriage manu- 
 factory, and a greit variety of warlike 
 stores. 
 
 Several otherengagemcnts took place, In 
 all of which tho British continued to have 
 a most decided advantage, although it was 
 admitted that the Chinese and Tartar sol- 
 diers showed more resolution and a better 
 ;u'(luaintanco with tho art of war than on 
 former occasions. However, as a large re- 
 inforcement of troops, with a battering 
 train which had been sent from Calcutta, 
 was shortly expected, sir Henry Pottlnger 
 put olf tho execution of gome intended 
 operations ou a more extended scale until 
 their arrival. 
 
 Home affairs again rcauirc our attention. 
 The flnances of the country had latterly 
 assumed a most discouraging aspect ; and 
 on the chancellor of the exchequer bring- 
 ing forward his annual budget, he proposed 
 to make up the deficiency of the present 
 year, which he stated to be 2,121,0001., be- 
 sides tlie aggregate deflclenry of 5,000,000/., 
 mainly by a modiflcatlon of tho duties on 
 sugar and timber, and an alteration of the 
 duties on corn. The opposition, generally, 
 censured the proceedings of ministers ; and 
 sir Robert Peel commented severely on '.iio 
 enormous deficiency of 7,500,ooo/. Incui red 
 during the past Ave years, with areveiine, 
 too, ?vhlchhad been throughout Improving 
 It appeared that the Melbourne adminis- 
 tration was on the wane; and Its perma- 
 nency was put to tho test when lord John 
 Uussell, In moving that the house should 
 go Into a committee of ways and means In 
 order to consider the sugar duties, entered 
 Into a defence of the prescjit policy of go- 
 vernment. Lord Sandon then moved the 
 amendment of which he had given notice, 
 ' That considering the efforts and sacriflccs 
 which parliament and the country have 
 made for the abolition of the plave trade 
 and slavery, with the earnes' hope that 
 their exertions and example might lead to 
 the mitigation and tinal extension of those 
 evils in other countries, tills house Is not 
 prepared (especially with the presort pro- 
 spects of the supply of sugar from British 
 possessions) to adopt the measure proposed 
 by her majesty's government for the reduc- 
 tion of the duties on foreign sugars.' The 
 debate which hereupon ensued was ad- 
 journed from day to day, and lasted for tho 
 unprect dented extent of eight nights. When 
 the'io» -le divided, on the 18th of May, there 
 appeared for lord Sandon's amendment, 
 317; against it, 281; maj-iity against mi- 
 nifiters, ,to. 
 
 On tiio 27th of May sir U. Peel took an 
 opportunity of minutely reviewing the va- 
 rious measures that had been submitted 
 to parliament by ministers, and afterwards 
 
the mainland oppo- 
 encloseil by a wnll 
 , and twenty-two feet 
 ired parapet of four 
 I Bhclled tho citaael 
 itteries; tlio scaniru 
 ded, and admiral elr i 
 •no spirit of a British I 
 1)0 flri't. to Bcale the j 
 ud a great arsenal, a ' 
 gun-rarrlago mnnu- i 
 b variety of warlike j 
 
 enients took place. In i 
 all continued to have 
 itage, although It was 
 Incao and Tartar sol- 
 golutlon and a better 
 
 art of war than on 
 owcver, as a liirgo re- 
 )P8, with a battering 
 
 1 sent from Calcutta. 
 I, sir Henry PottluKer 
 Ltn of some Intended 
 •0 extended scale until 
 
 reaulro our attention, 
 country had latterly 
 couragluK aspect ; and 
 ! tho cxchetiuer brlng- 
 lal budget, he proposed 
 Iclcncy of the present 
 cd to be 2,121, OOOf., be- 
 doflclenry of 5,000,000/., 
 atlon of tho duties on 
 nd an alteration of tho 
 p opposition, generally, 
 lings of ministers ; and 
 ^ncnted severely on tno 
 of 7,500,000/. Inc ui red 
 years, with a revenue, 
 throughout Improving 
 ic Melbourne admlnls- 
 wane ; and Its perma- 
 ic test when lord John 
 Unit the house should 
 o* ways and means In 
 e sugar duties, entered 
 ic present policy of go- 
 ndon then moved the 
 i> he had given notice, 
 ^ic efforts and sacrinccs 
 \nd tho country have 
 Ion of the clave trade 
 tlio earnes hope that 
 example might lead to 
 Inal extension of those 
 Ties, this house Is not 
 with the present pro- 
 of sugar from British 
 m, the measure proposed 
 ernment for tlic reduc- 
 n foreign sugars.' The 
 upon ensued was ad- 
 day, and lasted for the 
 tofelghtnight8.When 
 1 the 18th of May, there 
 Sandon's amendment, 
 niaj-iity against mi- 
 
 ll 
 
 ly sir n. Peel took an 
 itcly reviewing the va- 
 t had been submitted 
 iiistcrs, and afterwards 
 
 (JngInnlf.-|^0UJ{c if 33ninjju)tfft.— ?Utctonrt. 
 
 50b 
 
 n1)andoned, and the prejudicial effects on 
 the llnauces of the country which had ac- 
 crued from the passing of others. Sir 
 llobert .".dded, that In every former case 
 where tho house had Indicated that Its 
 confldence was withdrawn from the minis- 
 try, the ministers bad retired. Tho whole 
 of their conduct betrayed weakness and a 
 pervilo truckling for popular favour; and 
 the prerogatives of the crown were not safe 
 iM their hands. He then moved the follow- 
 ing resolution, 'That her majesty's minis- 
 ters do not sufflcluntly possess the confi- 
 dence of the house of common? to enable 
 them to carry through the liouso measures 
 which they deem of essential Importance to 
 the public welfare, and that their conti- 
 nuance In olllce, under such circumstances, 
 Is at variance with the spirit of tho consti- 
 tution." This motion was carried in a full 
 house (the number of members present 
 being 02.3), by a majority of one. On the 
 22nd of June her majesty jirorogued parlia- 
 ment, 'with a view to its immedl.ato disso- 
 lution;' and it was accordingly dissolved 
 by proclamation on the following dny. 
 
 On the jeting oC tho n«w parliament 
 (August tne 21th), tho strength of the 
 conservativeparty was striking. Tho min- 
 isters had no measures to propose beyond 
 those on which they had before sustained 
 a defeat ; and when an amendir nt to ti:e 
 address was put to tho vote, declaratory ot 
 a want of confldence in her majesty's prc- 
 Bent advisers, it elicited a spirited debate 
 of four nights' continuance, terminating in 
 n majority of 01 against ministers. Tliis 
 result produced, as a matter of course, an 
 Immediate change in the ministry. The 
 new cabinet was thus constituted :— .Sir U. 
 Peel, first lord of tho treasury; duke of 
 Wellington (without office) ; lord Lynd- 
 Iiurst, lord-chancellor: lord Wharncliffe, 
 president of tho council ; duke of Bucking- 
 ham, privy seal ; right hon. H. Goulbiirn, 
 chancellor ol tho exchequer; sir James 
 Graham, homo secretary ; carl of Aberdeen, 
 foreign secretary; lord Stanley, colonial 
 pecretary ; earl of Haddington, llrst lord of 
 the admiralty; lord Ellenborough. presi- 
 dent of the hoard of control ; earl of Uipon 
 president of the board of trado ; sir Henry 
 Hardlnge, secretary at war; sir Edward 
 Kimtchbull, treasurer of the navy and pay- 
 master of the forces. Karl de Grey was 
 appointed lord-Ucuteuant of Ireland ; and 
 BirEdv.'ard Sugden, Irish lord chancellor. 
 
 Some ordinary business being disposed 
 of, sir R. Peel proposed to defer till after 
 Christmas the measures he thought noccs- 
 Bary to equalise the expenditure and the 
 revenue, and the plans of minister" for 
 meeting the commercial difficulties of ho 
 country : and the first session closed on the 
 7th of October. 
 
 On the 30th of October, tho inhabitants 
 of London were alarmed by a destructive 
 fire In the Tower, which broke out about 
 half-past ten o'clock at night, and con- 
 tinued to rage with tho utmost fury for 
 several hours. It was first discovered In 
 the round or Bo^vjer tower, and (luickly 
 Bpread to tho grand armoury. Notwlth- 
 Btandlng tho exertions of tho firemen ai.d 
 
 the aillltary, tho conflagration continued 
 to spread, and api)rehenBlons were enter- 
 tained that the jewel tower, with If.s 
 crowns, sceptres, and other emblems of 
 royalty deposited there, would fall a prey 
 to the flames. Happily, by prompt exertion, 
 they were all taKen to the governor's resi- 
 dence ; and the gunpowder and other war- 
 like stores in the ordnance office, were also 
 removed. In addition to tho armoury and 
 Bowyer tower, three other largo buildings 
 were entirely concumcd. Tho grand ar- 
 moury was MS feet long, and no feet broad, 
 lu the Tower floor were kept about forty- 
 three pieces of cannon, made by f<mnders 
 of different periods, besides various other 
 interesting objects, and a large number of 
 chests containing arms In readiness for 
 use. A grand staircase led to tho upper 
 floor, which was all one room, and called 
 tho sniall armoury, in which were above 
 150,000 stand of small arms, new fllnted, 
 and ready for Immediate jervlce. As that 
 part of the building where the Are orlgl nated 
 was heated by flues from stoves. It was tho 
 general opinion that tho accident was 
 thereby occasioned. The lo.oa sustained, 
 Includirg tho expense of rebuilding, was 
 estimated at about 2r)(),000/. 
 
 On the Uth of November the queen gave 
 birth to a prince at Buck inghani-palace. On 
 the 25th of the following January the 
 infant prince of Wales received the name 
 of Albert Edward, the king of Prussia being 
 one of tho sponsors. 
 
 A.D. 1812.— The year commenced with 
 most disastrous intelligence from India. 
 In consequence of reductions having been 
 made In tho tribute paid to the eastern 
 (ihilzle tribes, for keeping open the passes 
 between Caboul and Jellal.abad, in Aflghan- 
 istan, the people rose and took possession 
 of those passes. Gen. sir 11. Sale's brigade 
 was therefore directed to reopen tho com- 
 munication. Tho brigade fought Its way 
 to Gundamuck, greatly harassed by the 
 enemy from the high ground, and, after 
 eighteen days' Incessant fighting, reached 
 that plas?. much exhaustiHl ; they then 
 moved upon Jellalabud. Meantime an in- 
 surrection broke out at Caboul. Sir A. 
 nurccs, his brother lieut. C. Burnes, lleut. 
 Ihoadfoot, and lleut. Sturt were massacred. 
 The whole city then rose in arms, and 
 universal plunder ensued— whilst another 
 largo party attacked the British canton 
 nicnts, about two miles from tho town. 
 These outrages, unfortunately, were but the 
 prelude to others far more frightful. Akh- 
 bar Khan, the Bon of Dost Mahommed, on 
 pretence of making arrangements with sir 
 "W. M'Naghten, the British envoy at the 
 court of Shah Soojah, Invited him to a 
 conference ; ho went, accompanied by four 
 officers and a snmll escort ; when the trea- 
 cherous Affghan, after abusing the British 
 ambassador, drew a pistol and shot him 
 dead on the spot. Capt. Trevor, of the 3rd 
 Bengal cavalry, on rushing to his assist- 
 ance, was cut dc wn, three other officers 
 were made prisoners, and V.w mutilated 
 body of tne ambassador was then barba- 
 rously paraded through th : town. It was 
 also stated that some severe fighting had 
 
i 
 
 606 
 
 (!ri)c C^rciiiiurtf at WitorVf ^r. 
 
 tnkon place, but under the greatest dlaad- 
 vantage to the British and native troops, 
 and that tlio army In Caboul lind been 
 almoBtUterally annihilated. A capitulation 
 was then entered Into, by wlilcli the re- 
 mainder of tlie Anglo-Indian army retired 
 from the town, leaving all the sick, wound- 
 ed, and sixteen ladies, wives of oBlcers, 
 behind. They had not, however, proceeded 
 far before they were assailed from the 
 mountains by an iuinicnso force, when the 
 iiatlvo troops, having fought three days, 
 and wading through deep snow, gave way, 
 and nearly the whole were massiicrcd. 
 
 So terrible a disaster had never visited 
 the British anus since India flrst acknow- 
 ledged the supremacy of Kiigland. A fatal 
 mistake had been committed by tlif former 
 government, and it was feared thai; all the 
 energy of the new ministry would be insuf- 
 licient to maintain that degree of inliuoncc 
 over the vast and tliickly peopled provinces 
 of India, which was noccssnry to insure 
 the safetyof ourpossessions. Tliogovernor- 
 general, lord Auckland, was recalled ; and 
 his pliico supplied by lord Kllenborough, 
 whoso reputation for a correct knowledge 
 of Indian affairs was undisputed. Hislord- 
 Bliip arrived at Calcutta on Feb. 28; at 
 which time sir Robert Sale was safe at 
 Jellalabad ; but ho was most critically situ- 
 ated. The garrison, however, maintained 
 their post with great gallantry, and were 
 able to defy the utmost eltorts of the 
 Affffhans, having in one Instance sallied 
 forth and attacked their camp of 6,000 men, 
 and gained a signal victory. At length 
 general Pollock effected a junction with 
 the troops of sir II. Sale, and released them 
 from a siege of 154 days' duration : having 
 previously forced, with very little loss, the 
 dreaded pass of the Khyl)er, twenty-eight 
 miles In length. General Nott also, who 
 advanced from Candahar to meet general 
 England, who had sustained considerable 
 loss at the pass of Kojuck, encountered a 
 largo force of Affghans and completely 
 defeated them. But, on the other hand, 
 colonel Palmer surrendered the celebrated 
 fortress of Ghuznce, on condition that the 
 garrison should bo safely conducted to 
 Caboul. 
 
 The day of retribution was now at hand. 
 General Nott, at the head of 7,000 men, 
 liaving left Candahar on the 10th of Au- 
 gust, proceeded towards Ohuzneo and Ca- 
 boul ; while general England, with the re- 
 mainder of the troops lately tatloned at 
 Candahar, marched back in safe y to Quetta. 
 On the 80th of August Slmh Sho.)uen, the 
 governor of Ghuznce, witli nearly the whole 
 of his army, amounting to not less than 
 12,000 men, arrived in tlie neighbourhood 
 of the British camp ; and general Nott pro- 
 pared to meet him with one half of his 
 force. The enemy came boldly forward, 
 each division cheering as they came into 
 position, and occupying their ground iu 
 excellent stylo ; but after a short and spi- 
 rited contest, they were complete y de- 
 feated, and dispersed In every direction ; 
 their guns, tents, ammunition, &c. falling 
 Into the hands of the English. On the 6th 
 of September general Nutt Invested tho 
 
 city of Ghuznee, which was strongly gar- 
 risoned, while the hllla to thu north-cast- 
 ward swarmed with soldiery ; but tliey soou 
 abandoned the place, and the British flags 
 were hoisted In triumph on the Bala Hia- 
 sar. Tho citadel of Ohuznee, and other 
 formidable works and defences, were razed 
 to the ground. 
 
 Early in September general Pollock 
 marched from Gundamuck on his way to 
 Caboul. On reaching the hills which com- 
 mand the road through the pass of Jug- 
 dullock, tho enemy was found strongly 
 posted and In considerable numbers. In 
 this action most of tho inlluential Affghan 
 chiefs were engaged, and their troops 
 nianrully mnintalMcd their position ; but 
 at length tho hciglus ^''ere stormed, and, 
 after much arduous exertion, they werodla- 
 lodged and dispersed. General Pollock pro- 
 ceeded onwards, and does not appear to 
 have encountered any further o|)po8itl(in 
 until ills arrival, Sept. la, in the Tobzear 
 valley, where an army of 16,000 men, com- 
 manded by Akhbar Khan In person, was 
 assembled to moot him. A desperate fight 
 ensued; tho ei>rmy was completely defeat- 
 ed and driven from the Held. On the day 
 following this engagement tho general ad- 
 vanced to Boodkliak ; and on tho 16th ho 
 made his triumphal entry into the citadel, 
 and planted tho British colours on Its 
 walls. 
 
 At length tho long and anxiously desired 
 liberation of the whole of the British pri- 
 soners In the hands of the Affghans was 
 effected. Their number was .31 officers, 
 9 ladies, and 12 children, with 51 European 
 soldiers, 2 clerks, and 4 women, making hi 
 nil 109 persons, who had suffered captlvitj 
 from Jan. 10, to Sept. 27. It appeared that, 
 by direction of Akhbar Khan, the prisoners 
 lind been taken to Bnmcean, 00 miles to 
 tlio westward, and that they wero destined 
 to bo distributed among tho Toorkistan 
 chiefs. General Pollock and some other 
 officers proposed to the Affghan chief, that 
 if he would send them back to Caboul, they 
 would give him 2,000/. at once, and 1,20(W, 
 a year for life. The chief complied, and on 
 tho second day they were met by sir Rich- 
 mond Shakspcar, with 610 KuzzUbashes, 
 and shortly afterwards by general Sale, 
 with 2,000 cavalry and infiiutry, when they 
 returned to Caboul. Besides tho Europeans, 
 there were 327 Sepoys found at Ghuznee, 
 and 1,200 sick and wounded, who wero beg- 
 ging about Caboul. On the arrival of gene- 
 ral Nott's division, tho resolution adopted 
 by tho British government to destroy all 
 the Affghan strongholds was carried Into 
 execution ; though not without resistance, 
 particularly at the town and fort of Istailfl, 
 where a strong body of Affghans, led on by 
 Ameer Oola, and sixteen of their most 
 determined chiefs, had posted themselves. 
 This town consisted of masses of houses 
 built on the slope of a mountain, in the 
 rear of which were lofty eminences, shut- 
 ting in a defllo to Toorkistan. Tho number 
 of Its Inhabitants exceeded 15,000, who, 
 from their defences and difficulties of ap- 
 proach, considered tlieir possession unas- 
 sailable. Tho greater part of the plunder 
 
ras Btrongly gar- 
 ,0 thu nortk-cast- 
 ry ; ))ut they soou 
 tho Urltlah flags 
 oil the Dala Hia- 
 iznee, and other 
 dices, were razed 
 
 general Pollock 
 :k on his way to 
 hlllB which com- 
 the pass ol Jug- 
 found Btrougly 
 ble numbers. In 
 inucntial AfTghan 
 md their troops 
 )lr poattlon ; but 
 }re Btorinod, and. 
 Ion, they werodls- 
 neral Pollock pro- 
 ea not appear to 
 Lirthcr opposition 
 3, In the Tohzcar 
 t 16,000 men, com- 
 in In pernon, was 
 A desperate fight 
 completely defeat- 
 tIcUl. On tho day 
 nt tho general nd- 
 iid on the lOth ho 
 ylnto tlie citadel, 
 h colours on Its 
 
 1 anxiously desired 
 of tho British prl- 
 thc Affghans was 
 T was 31 officers, 
 Willi 51 European 
 women, making In 
 sultered captlvltj 
 It appeared that, 
 Jian, tho prisoners 
 [icenii, 90 miles to 
 hey were destined 
 ig tho Toorklstan 
 and some other 
 .fighan chief, that 
 [ck to Cahoul, they 
 it once, and 1,200». 
 C compiled, and on 
 |e met by sir Klch- 
 010 KuzzUbashcs, 
 by general Bale, 
 Ifantry, when they 
 les the Europeans, 
 und at Ghuznee, 
 jd, who were heg- 
 iie arrival of genc- 
 [esolution adopted 
 ■nt to destroy all 
 was carried Into 
 ithout resistance, 
 ndfortof Istallff, 
 Jghans, led on by 
 \n of their most 
 losted themselves. 
 Tiasses of houses 
 mountain, in the 
 eminences, shut- 
 Itan. Tho number 
 ■dcd 16,000, who, 
 difficulties 01 ap- 
 possesslon unas- 
 •t of the plunder 
 
 (iPiiBTrtntJ.— iftouiJe at ajruiiiltufrii.— lUirtaiin. 
 
 507 
 
 seized laHt Januar from tho IlrlllNhwas 
 placed there: the chiefs kept tlielr wives 
 and families In it; andninnv of those who 
 liad escaped from Cahoul had sought refuge 
 there. Its capture, however, whs a work 
 of no great difficulty; the llrltlsh troops 
 driving the enemy before thoni with consi- 
 derable slaughter. The AiiKlo-Iiidlan troops 
 soon afterwards commenced their hoine- 
 wurd march In three divisions; the llrst 
 under general Pollock, tho second under 
 general M'Oasklll and tho third under ge- 
 neral Nott. Tho first division effected their 
 march through the passes without lo.as; 
 but tho second was less successful, the 
 mountaineers attacking it about All-Mns- 
 jld, and plundering it of part of tlie bag- 
 gage. General Nott, with his division, ar- 
 rived in safety ; bearing with them the 
 celebrated gates of Somnauth, which. It Is 
 said, a Mahometan connueror liad taken 
 a'.ay from an Iiullnn temple, and which, 
 (Hiring nearly eight conturies, formed tlie 
 chief urnainent of Ills tomb at Uliuznee. 
 
 The Niger expedition, as It was termed, 
 which was iiiulertaken last year by bciu;- 
 volent tiullvldiials, supported by a goverii- 
 lumt grant nf iw,ix)0l., was totally defoated 
 by tho pestilential effects of tlio climate. 
 The intention was, to i)!ant in tho centre 
 of Africa an English colony. In the hope, 
 by the proofs afforded of the advantages of 
 agriculture and trade, to reclaim the na- 
 tives from the custom of selling their cap- 
 tives Into slavery. 
 
 Among the various domestic Incidents 
 which diversify a nation's annals, none 
 excite such lively interest or give birth to 
 such a spontaneous burst of loyal feeling, 
 as outrages directed ncrainst the life or 
 welfare of a beloved sovereign. On the 
 30th of May, as her majesty, accompanied 
 by prince Albert, was returning down Coii- 
 stituti(m-liill, to liuckingliam-palacc, from 
 iier afternoon's ride, a yiniiig man, named 
 John Francis, fired a pistol at tho carriage, 
 but wltliout effecting any injury. He was 
 iiiiinediately taken into custody, examined 
 before tlio privy council, and then com- 
 mitted to Newgate ; he was tried and found 
 guilty of high treason ; init the extreme 
 penalty was commuted to transportation 
 for life. 
 
 It was cvit'ent that the false and repre- 
 hensible sympathy shown to Oxford liavJ 
 encouraged others In their base attempts ; 
 and sir Robert Peel, acting on that con- 
 viction, introduced a bill into prirliament 
 for the better security of her majesty's per- 
 son : his object being to consign the of- 
 fenders to that contempt and to tliat sort 
 of i)unisliment wlilcli befitted their dis- 
 graceful practices. Tlie bill was so framed 
 as to Inflict for the oilences of presenting 
 flre-arins at her majesty, or striking or at- 
 tempting to strike her person wi th m i ssi les, 
 and foi various other acts of violence in- 
 tended to alarm her majesty, or disturb the 
 public peace, the penalty of seven years ' 
 transportation, with previous imprison- 
 ment and a good flogging, or other bodily 
 chastisement. 
 
 Her majesty having signified her Inten- 
 tion of visiting Scotland this summer, she 
 
 and prince Albert embarked at Woolwlcli 
 Aug. 20. Durlngthoirprogress every tower 
 and beacon along the coast vied in demon- 
 strations of loyalty, iler majesty arrived 
 Sept. 1 ; and on landing proceeded direct 
 to Dalkeith palace. On tho Srd ner majesty 
 made her public entry IntoEdinburK'i J and 
 reembarking on tho 16th, in two i^ays 
 reached Windsor-castle. 
 
 We must once more recur to the warlike 
 operations in China. After tlio arrival of 
 reinforcements, tho llrltlsh expedition on 
 tho lath of Juno entered tho large river 
 called Yang-tze-Klaiig, on tho banks of 
 which were Imniense fortifications. Th« 
 fleet at daylight having taken their stations, 
 tho batteries opened a fire, which lasted 
 two hours. The seamen and marines then 
 landed, and drove the enemy out of tho bat- 
 teries l)eforo tho troops could be disem- 
 barked. 2.53 guns were here taken, of heavy 
 calibre, and U feet long. On the 10th two 
 other batteries were tfikcn, in which were 
 48 guns. The troops then took possession 
 of tliu city of Slianchal, destroyed the pub- 
 lic buiUiiiigp, and distributed the granaries 
 among ilio people. Two otiicr field-works 
 were also taken, and the total of the guns 
 captured amounted to thcastonishlnghum- 
 ber of .'104. Tho squadron set sail from 
 Woosung on the Otii of July; on the 20tli 
 tho vessels anchored abreast of tho city of 
 Chlng-Keaiig-foo, whldi commands the en- 
 trance of the grand canal, and the next 
 morning the troops were disemliarked, and 
 marched to the attack of the Chinese forces. 
 One brigade was directed to move against 
 the enemy's camp, situated about three 
 miles distant ; anotlier was ordered to co- 
 operate witli tills division in cnttingoff the 
 expected retreat of tlie Chinese from tiie 
 camp ; while the third received instructions 
 to escalade the northern wall of the town. 
 The Chinese, after firing a few distant voL 
 leys, fled from tlio camp with precipitation 
 and dispersed over tho country. The city 
 Itself, however, was manfully defended by 
 the Tartar soldiers, wlio prolonged tlie con- 
 test for several hours, resisting with despe- 
 rate valour the combined efforts of the three 
 l)rlgades, aided by a reinforcement of ma- 
 rines and seamen. At length opposition 
 ceased, and ere nightfall the British were 
 ciinipletc masters of the place. Chlng- 
 Keang-foo, like Ainoy, was most strongly 
 fortified, and the works in excellent repair. 
 It is supposed that the garrison consisted 
 of not less than 3,000 men, and of tlicso 
 about 1,000 and 40 mandarins were killed 
 and wounded. The Tartar general retired 
 to his house when he saw that all was lost, 
 made his servants set it on fire, and sat in 
 ills chair till ho was inrned to death. Oft 
 the side of the British, 1.5 officers and 154 
 men, of both services, were killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 A strong garrison being left behind for 
 the retention of Ching-keang-foo, the Ueet 
 proceeded towards Nankin, about 40 miles 
 distant, and arrived on tho 6th of August, 
 when preparations were immediately made 
 for an attack on the city. A force, under 
 the command of major-general lord Saltoun, 
 was hindcd and took up their position 
 
 
008 
 
 (irf)f dTrrarfuru al Wfitovv, *rf. 
 
 to tho west of tlio town ; nnd uponitlong 
 ■wcro about to bo comnioiiffd, when a Ifttcr 
 'u-ii»8cntolT to tlio |)luiili)ott>iitliiry, rtviuost- 
 liiR a truce, as certain high conimlsslon- 
 crK, upccliUly (UOcKated by tlio oniiioror, and 
 Iiogsossod of lull iiowera to negotiate, were 
 on their way to treat with tlio KukHhIi. 
 After Bovorat vIsltH nnd long dlHcuaslouH 
 between tho contracting powers, the 
 treaty was publicly signed on board the 
 Oornwallls, by sir 11. I'ottlnger and tho 
 threo roniuilHSlonerg. Of this convention 
 tlio following nro llio most Iniporttiiil. urtl- 
 cU'h:— 1. Lasting peace and friendship be- 
 tween tho two empires. 2. China to pay 
 21 millions of dollars In tho course of (hat 
 and threo succeeding years. 3. The iiorts 
 of Canton, Ainoy, Koo-choo-foo, Nliigpo, 
 nnd Bh.ii.ghai to be thrown open toliritlsh 
 merchants, consular offlcers to be appoint- 
 ed to reside at them, and regular and junt 
 tariffs of import and export (as well as In- 
 land transit) duties to bo estal)ll8lied niid 
 published. 4. The Island of IIoiig-Kniig 
 to be ceded in perpetuity to her llrltaiiiilf, 
 majesty, her helro, nnd successors. 5. All 
 Bulfjocts of her Britannic majesty (whether 
 natives of Europe or India), who may be 
 conflned In any part of the Chinese empire, 
 to bo unconditionally released. 0. An act of 
 full and entire amnesty to bo published by 
 the emperor under his imperial sign manual 
 and seal to all Chinese subjects, on account 
 of their having held service or Intercourso 
 with, or resided under, the lirltlsli govern- 
 ment or its officers. 7. Correspondence to 
 )io conducted on terms of perfect eauallty 
 niiiongst tho officers of liotli governments. 
 8. On tho emperor's assent being received 
 to this treaty, and tlio payment of the firs* 
 Instalment, 6,ooo,ooo dollars, her Britannic 
 majesty's forces to retire from Nankin and 
 the grand canal, nnd the military posts at 
 Chinghai to bo also withdrawn; but tho 
 Islands of Ohusnn and Kolangsoo nre to be 
 held until tho money payments and the 
 ariangemcnts for opening tho ports be 
 completed. 
 
 A.D. 18i;j. — On the 2nd of February the 
 ivirllamentary session commenced; the 
 royal speech, which was read by the lord- 
 clianccllor, referring in terms of just con- 
 gratulation to— 1. Tho successful termina- 
 tion of hostilities with China, and the pros- 
 pect it afforded of assisting tho commer- 
 cial enterprise of her people. 3. The com- 
 rleto success of the recent military opera- 
 tions in Aifglianistan, where the superiority 
 of lier majesty's arms had been cst.iblfshed 
 by decisive victories on tho scenes of for- 
 mer disasters ; and the complete liberation 
 of he' majesty's subjects, for whom she felt 
 the -vpest interest. 3. The adjustment 
 of tliose dilferences witli the United States 
 of America, which from their long continu- 
 ance had endangered tho preservation of 
 peace. 4. Tho obtaining, in concert with 
 lier allies, for the Christian population of 
 Byrla, an estabtisliment of a system of ad- 
 ministration which they were entitled to c.t- 
 pect from the engagements of the suitjin, 
 and from tho good faith of this country. 
 And, a. A treaty of commerce and navi- 
 gation witli Russia, which iter majesty re- 
 
 garded as tlin foundation for increased In- 
 tercuurse lietween her subjccta nnd thoso 
 of tho emperor. 
 
 To return to Indian aftalrs. When tho 
 expedition to AfTghanistan was flrst under- 
 taken. It was intended to open tho Indus 
 for the transit of Ilritlsli merchandise, nnd 
 render It uno of the great highways to 
 Asia. Tho object was not lost sight of, 
 tliougli Aifghanlstan had been abandoned ; 
 and endeavours were made to obtain from 
 tho Ameers of Scinde such a treaty as would 
 secure tho safe navlgathm of that river. In 
 December, major Outram was despatched 
 to Hyderabad to conclude tho best terms in 
 Ills power with the native chiefs. Not being 
 Ilia condition immediately to refuse to give 
 up for tho use of the navigation certain 
 stri;:.) of land lying along tho river, they 
 temporised until at length their troops 
 were collected, when on the Mth of Febru- 
 ary they sent word to major Outram to 
 retire from their city. Tho major, not su|h 
 posing they would proceed to extremiileH, 
 delayed. The next day the residence of the 
 llrttlsh political agent was attacked; it 
 was gallantly defended l)y loo men for seve- 
 ral h(mrs ; but at length their ainniunltlon 
 having been expended, the Drltish soldiers 
 retired with a small loss to tlie steamers, 
 and proceeded to join sir C. J. Napier, then 
 at the head of about 2,700 men, at a distance 
 of about 20 miles from tho capital of tho 
 Ameers. Tlio latter linstened at tho head 
 of 22,000 men to attack tho British force. 
 On tlio 17tli a battle took i>lace, in which, 
 after a severe struggle of threo hours, tho 
 Ameers were totally routed, although they 
 outnumbered the British force by seven to 
 one. The Ameers on tho following day sur- 
 rendered themselves prisoners of war, and 
 Hyderabad was occupied by the confinerors. 
 Treasure and jewels were found to an 
 amount considerably exceeding one million 
 sterling. In consequence of this success, 
 the territories of Selndc, with tho excep- 
 tion of that portion belonging to Mcer All, 
 the morad of Kliyrporo, have i)een declared 
 by the governor-general to be a British 
 province, and sir Charles J. Napier was 
 appointed governor. 
 
 The ncAv governor, however, was not to 
 remain in undisturbed possession for any 
 length of time. An army of Beloochees, 
 twenty thousand strong, under the com- 
 mand of Meer Shore Mahomed, had taken 
 up a strong position on the river Fullalle, 
 near the spot where the Ameers of Scindo 
 were so signally defeated, and sir C. J. Na- 
 pier, on ascertaining the fact, resolved to 
 attack them forthwith. On ti.i 24tii of 
 March ho moved from Ilyderal id at tho 
 head of B.ooo men. The battle .asted for 
 tliree hours, wlien victory declared for tho 
 British; elevm guns and nineteen stand- 
 ards were tak m ; about 1,000 of the enemy 
 were killed, a id 4,000 wounded : tho loss of 
 tlio British ar lountlng toonlySOkilled.and 
 231 wounded By this victory tho fate of 
 Scindo and J Icioochistan was sealed, and 
 the whole tc 'ritory finally annexed to tho 
 Anglo-Indian empire. 
 
 In an ago of experimental science like 
 tho present, whoro tho wonders of naturo 
 
I for Inrrcaited In- 
 ulijcctd and thogo 
 
 iffalrH. When tlio 
 111 was flrst under- 
 to open the IndiiH 
 
 nicrchnndlac, nnd 
 [rent lilRhways to 
 not lost BiKlit of, 
 1 been abandoned i 
 ndo toobfnln from 
 li a treaty as would 
 n of that river. In 
 u \\!\A despatched 
 e the best term* In 
 chiefs. Not being 
 'ly to refuse to Rivn 
 iiavlKatloii curtain 
 nu the river, they 
 UKth their troops 
 the I4th of Fobru- 
 
 niajur Outrani to 
 Clio major, not fnii»- 
 ced to oxtrcmliliM, 
 iheresldenroof tlm 
 
 was attacked ; It 
 ly lOOnien forweve- 
 
 tlielr aniniunltlon 
 the Urltish soldiers 
 <9 to llie steamers, 
 • C. J. Napier, then 
 omen, at a distance 
 tho capital of tho 
 stcncd at tho head 
 
 tho British force. 
 
 ok iilnce. In which, 
 
 of Mireo hours, tho 
 
 itcd, although they 
 
 force by seven to 
 
 following day Bur- 
 ners of war, and 
 
 by tho conriuerors. 
 
 ero found to an 
 ding one million 
 of this success, 
 with tho excep- 
 
 iglng to Meer All, 
 
 lavo been declared 
 to bu a nritlsli 
 
 OS J. Napier was 
 
 ever, was not to 
 jssosslon for any 
 iiy of neloochees, 
 
 under tho corn- 
 homed, had taken 
 the river Kullallo, 
 Ameers of Rclndo 
 1, .and sir C. J. Na- 
 
 fact, resolved to 
 
 On ti.T 24tli of 
 
 Hyderalid at tho 
 
 battle ,aated for 
 y declared for tho 
 d nineteen stand- 
 ,000 of the enemy 
 indcd : tho loss of 
 only 30 killed, and 
 ctory tho fato of 
 
 was scaled, and 
 ly annexed to tho 
 
 >ntal science like 
 onders of natur« 
 
 ePitQTnutr.— Kiauite o( Drundluirit.— ^{ctovin. 
 
 609 
 
 seen* scarcely to rival thoso of art. It ap- 
 
 Iiears almost invidious In a work of this 
 ;lnd to alludo to any. In truth our limits 
 havu compelled us to ouilt tho mention of 
 many works of national Imiiortance, of 
 which tho country has reason to bo prou<l ; 
 and wo trust to bo excused for such omis- 
 sions, whilu wo Insert tho following. In 
 order to save tho vast amount of manual 
 labour necessary to form a sea-wall on tho 
 courHo of the south-eastern railway, near 
 Dover, tho great experiment of exploding 
 18,500 lbs. or SJ tons of gunpowder, under 
 Ilound-down cllfT, was on the :!Oth of January 
 attempted by tho engineers, with perfect 
 success. On the signal being given, the 
 miners communicated, by connecting wires, 
 tho electric spark to the gunpowder depo- 
 sited In chambers formed In thocllft; the 
 earth trembled for half a mile each way j a 
 stldcd report, not loud, but deep, was heard, 
 and tho clltr, extending on cither hand to 
 upwards of 600 feet, gradually subsided sea- 
 ward; in a few sec(mds, not less than 
 1,000,000 tons of chalk were dislodged by 
 tho shock, settling Into the sea below, froth- 
 ing and boiling as it displaced the ll(iuld 
 element, till it occupied tlio expanse of 
 many acres, and extended outward on Its 
 ocean bed to a distance of two or three 
 thouF nd feet This operation was managed 
 with .-"ich admirable skill and precision, 
 that it would appear just so much of the 
 cliff was removed as was necessary to make 
 way for the sea-wall, while an Immense 
 saving ill time and labour was also effected. 
 
 Now that wo have trespassed on the pro- 
 vlnco of art and alluded to Its wonders, we 
 caimot forbear to notice that wonderful 
 and gigantic uiulertaklng, tho Thames 
 Tuimel. Kor twenty years tliat stupendous 
 labour had been going on, when on the 
 
 th of May It was opened for foot passen- 
 gers, at one penny e.ach. This great work 
 was commenced In 1S25, but stopped lnlS28 
 by an irruption of tho Thames, and no fur- 
 ther progress was made until iSM. Loans 
 were thou granted by government, and the 
 works were uninterruptedly crntlnued : tlio 
 total expense being 440,0002. 
 
 On tho 21st of April, hif. roy.al highness 
 tho Duke of Sussex died. On tho sritli the 
 nueen was safely delivered of a princess, 
 who was c.hrist(-ned Alice Maud Mary. And 
 on the same afternoon that the queen gave 
 birth to a princess, tho king of Hanover 
 arrived In London, in a steamer from Ciilals, 
 It being his majesty's first visit to England 
 sin CO his accession. 
 
 On tho 2ath of .Tune tho princess Au- 
 gusta, eldest daughter of the duko of Cam- 
 bridge, was married to his royal highness 
 Frederick William, lieredltary grand duko 
 of Mecklenburg Strelltz. A grant of .I.OOOJ. 
 per annum was settled on her by the go- 
 vernment, and in a few days after the mar- 
 riage they embarked for the continent. 
 
 In Carmarthenshiro and some of the 
 neighbouring Welsh counties, a novel spe- 
 cies of Insurrection had for a long time 
 past kept that p'. t of tho country In a 
 state of alarm, and rendered military assist- 
 ance necessary. Certain small farmers, 
 and the agricultural population generally, 
 
 united (under the slnmilar apiiellation of 
 Mlebecca and her dMUghters') for the 
 avowed object of reslHtlng the fiayment of 
 turnpike tolls, which are notoriously ex- 
 orbitant there, and for tho abatement ot 
 certain other grievances— tho present ail- 
 ministration of the (loor laws being among 
 tho number — of which they loudly, ami 
 with no little show of justice, complained. 
 Scarcely a night was suffered to pass with- 
 out the removal of a gatuor tho demolltloa 
 of a toll-house; and It usually happened 
 tlifit as soon as tho work of destruction 
 was completed, Uebecca's band quietly 
 and stealthily dispersed to their respectlvo 
 lionies. It will bo sulllclent to give merely 
 ono iiistanco of these riots ; but wo should 
 remark that tho account of tho riot wo 
 hero subjoin was on a muci) larger scale, 
 and attended with more serious results than 
 any that occurred either before or since :— 
 They were expected to attack the town of 
 Carmarthen on Sunday the 18th of .Tune, 
 but did not come. On the following morn- 
 ing, liowever, at 13 o'clock, several thou- 
 sand of tho rioters were seen approaching, 
 about 000 being on horseback, with one In 
 fnmt disguised with a woman's curls, V\ 
 represent Rebecca, and from 7,000 to h,(kh) 
 on foot, walking about fourteen or fifteen 
 abreast. Kvery man was armed with a 
 bludgeon, and some of them liad pistols. 
 At their head were carried two banners, 
 bearing Inscriptions in Welsh, of ' Free- 
 dom, Liberty, and Uetter Feed ;' and ' Frco 
 Tolland Liberty." On reaching the work- 
 house, they broke open tho gates of tho 
 court in front, and having gained an en- 
 franco into tho house, iliey Immediately 
 demolished the furniture, and threw tha 
 beds and bedding out of tho wlndowii. 
 Wiillo they were thus pursuing tho work 
 of destruction, a troop of the 4th light 
 dragoons arrived from Neath, and havlngr 
 entered tho court, succeeded in taking all 
 thoso within prisoners, about 250 in num- 
 ber, during which timo they were pelted 
 with stones and other missiles. Tho riot 
 act being read, and a cry being raised that 
 tho soldiers were going to charge, the mob 
 fled in every direction, leaving more than 
 sixty liorses, besides the above prisoners, 
 in the hands of tlie captors. 
 
 With respect to the proceedings In par- 
 liament, it nuiy bo stated, that a great por- 
 tion of the session was occupied In discuss- 
 ing tho merits, or rather In opposing tho 
 reenactment, of tho * Irish anna bill.' On 
 tho second reading. May tho 20th, the at- 
 torney-general for Ireland declared that tho 
 objects of tho present repeal agitators wore, 
 first, tho total abolition of the tithc3* com- 
 mutation rent-charge ; next, the extension 
 of the parliamentary suffrage to all sane 
 male adults not convicted of a crime ; next, 
 fixity of tenure— a phrase meaning the 
 transfer of tho whole landed property ot 
 Ireland from tho landlord to tho tenant; 
 and some other extreme propositions of the 
 same class. Tho measures provided by this 
 bill had been in existence with little Inter- 
 mission for nearly a century, and the ex- 
 treme avidity shown by tho Irish peasantry 
 for tho possession of arms proved ita 
 
510 
 
 ^t Ercsirui'u of W*tavut ^t. 
 
 iieceislty to lio inont coKiMit. For uliuiii, ii I 
 inontli, iiliiiii«t every iilCurtiatouvuiiliiu wii-i I 
 ciccii|>l(Hi with dUtnuitloim lit ruiiiiiilUi'c mi 
 thu •iiiil Mil. AftcrwnnlH it iiiotluii wm 
 I)ri)tight forward by Mr. O'llrlen for 'the 
 rcdruDH of Kriuvniicculn lroliiii<l,'tlio(l('l)iii(! 
 on wlilvli wnii iiKiiiii and again udjuunicil : 
 till nt lengtU tliu iiiollun was tiPKailvcil. 
 Oil that occaulou itlr i(. IVol dlMriiKiicd ilic 
 allegL'd grli'vaiiuoA strtatim; and In ri'iily 
 to all olmcrvatloii uf lord IXowlck'it, lio said 
 that tlui Itoiiiaii ratliolliiA now cnjoyi'd 
 i>(|ual civil rixliiH with tliuothcr xiiliJci'tH of 
 tlin crown, and (hut lliu oaMiit wcru ho 
 altered (hat. tliu olltiiirilvu iiurtlon^ Vdatlinf 
 to tranmiliittantlatlon wero ahollttlud. *I 
 niii aHkcd,' Hald tho right lioiioiirulilo l)a- 
 ron«t, 'what courgo I Intend to iiur^ui'? 
 " Dcclaro your conrHc," l» tho donmiid. I 
 am prcpari'd to luirHUu that coiirno which I 
 coiiHldt'r I have piirHUi'd, namely, to nd- 
 inlnlMier tho govcriiinent of Ireland upon 
 tlin principles of JiiHtlcu and linpardallty. 
 I nni prepared to recognlHO thu principle 
 t'Htablliihed hy law, that (hero hIiiiII he 
 eiiimllty of civil privllegou. lam pn'pared, 
 ill roHpcct of tho francldse, to give a hiiIi- 
 RtaiitliU and not n llctltloim right of Buf- 
 frngo. In respect to the sochd condition of 
 Irelaiiil, we are prepared also— but that in 
 a matter for loglxlatloii, and wo all feel 
 that no partial legislation will ho proper or 
 effectlvo— we art' i.rci.iii'od to consider the 
 relatlongoflandloi'ilniul tenant delllicrately. 
 and all the Important i|iiix Ions Involved 
 therein. With rcHpect to thuestahlltihod 
 church, Ave iiro not prepared ^o iiiako one 
 alteration !ii tho law Ity which that church 
 and Its rovenucH shall ho Impaired. He wan 
 not ashamed to act with caro and moder- 
 ation; and If tho necessity should arlne, 
 he knew that past forbearance was tho 
 f'trongcst claim to being intruste<l with 
 fuller powers when they thought jiroper to 
 ask fur them.' On the Ulh of Augii!«t, tho 
 third reading of the Irish nrma bill was 
 carried by a majority of 00. 
 
 During tho remainder of tho session 
 many other acts were passed, among them 
 the following:— Tho church of Scotland 
 l)cnellccs' bill. The poor relief bill for Ire- 
 land. Tho Irish municipal corporations' 
 bill. Tho Chelsea pensioners' bill, empow- 
 ering government to call out and arm 
 tho out-peuslonora of Chelsea hospital, if 
 thought necessary. Tho episcopal func- 
 tions bill, Tho defamation and libel bill. 
 
 Parliament was prorogued on the 24th of 
 August by the queen In person ; on which 
 occasion her majesty expressed herself 
 highly gratiUed with the advantageous 
 position in which tho country was placed by 
 the successful termination of tho war in 
 China and India, and with the assurances 
 of perfect amity which she continued to 
 receive from foreign powers. 
 
 Scotland presented this year the melan- 
 choly spectacle of a disruption in her 
 national church. Since the reign of gucen 
 Anne, the right of presentation to parishes 
 ' ad Iain with the heritors or landed iiro- 
 Lrletors, or other so-called patrons ; but 
 In 1834 the Qeueral Assembly had passed 
 an act, giving a veto on the appointment 
 
 to the majority of heads of families In tho 
 parlshe.'*. This act, howuvor, having been 
 jironounced to be Illegal by tho courts of 
 law, tho leaders of the dominant parly In 
 thu AsHombly detertnlni'd to secede from 
 the church, Accordingly on the llrst day 
 of tho meeUiig of thu (Jriieral Assemltly In 
 .May, tho ministry and elders, members of 
 (hut body, opposed to the right of pa- 
 iroiiagu and In favour of tho voto, having 
 given 111 a protest, retired to a separate 
 placu of meeting, and consUtutod them- 
 selveH, and such as might afterwards ad- 
 hero to them. Into a body to bo denomi- 
 nated thu l''ree t'l urch of Scotland. Wltlilr 
 a few Weeks, 470 clergymen seceded I roni 
 (ho establishment and joined tho Free 
 I'liiirch, together with nearly a third of thn 
 whole Scottish population. Whatever may 
 bo thought of Its wisdom, this proceeding 
 evinced but too well tho sincerity anil 
 /.eal which animated tho sccoders. The 
 voluntary abandonment by so many Indi- 
 viduals of their homes and Incomes, ra'hor 
 than hold them by compromlHlng what they 
 believed to lie a fundamental prlncliiie, re- 
 llects the highest credit on the Scottish 
 church and character. 
 
 Towards the close of this year, tho affairs 
 of Ireland assumed a serious aspect. Mr. 
 O'Connell, who bad long not only vaunt- 
 Ingly prophesied the repeal of tho union, 
 but boasted that Ireland would see her 
 own independent imrliameiil legislating in 
 Dublin by the approaching Christmas, now 
 determined on actlvti nieaiures for theac- 
 coinp Ishmcnt of his designs. For a long 
 time previous his delusive promises had 
 been echoed throughout tho land ; and tho 
 exultation of his supporters and foUowers 
 — priestly as well as secular — at the pros- 
 pect of so soon obtaining ' Ireland for tho 
 Irlnli,' was as extravagant as his haran- 
 gues and proclamations were artful, insult- 
 ing, and fulsome. 
 
 It was too apparent, at the same time, to 
 escape observation, that while ho boasted 
 of preserving tho peace, and charged tho 
 government with attempting to overawe 
 the people by tho presence of tho military, 
 tho mighty ' gatherings' of rcpeaiers wero 
 conducted to the ground in companies and 
 detachments, with all the precision and re- 
 gularity of disciplined bodies. At Tara, 
 Mullaghmasr, and many other places, those 
 monster meetings had thus displayed their 
 'moral' strength. At length, great pre- 
 parations having been made for holding a 
 repeal meeting at Olontarf , near Dublin, (m 
 Sunday the 15th of October, 1843, which 
 was expected to be one of immense magni- 
 tude, tho lurd-lleutcnant, with the lord- 
 chancellor, and other members of the Irish 
 government, suddenly held a council at the 
 castle on Saturday, and published a procla- 
 mation, denouncing repeal agitation, and 
 cautioning all persons from attending the 
 Clontarf meeting, on pain of being pro- 
 ceeded against according to law. Mean- 
 time fresh troops, li; considerable numbers, 
 arri veil from England; and at Mr.O'Connell'u 
 bidding tho meeting was abandoned I 
 
 liut, notwithstanding this, government 
 issued a warrant for the arrest of nine of 
 
 III 
 tl 
 d( 
 dl 
 cii 
 of 
 foi 
 m( 
 thi 
 Qu 
 1 
 of 
 bul 
 the 
 mei 
 pro 
 the 
 tim 
 bo 
 wer 
 com 
 ovei 
 GUI 
 alio 
 who 
 Dan 
 year 
 and 
 viou 
 tho 
 nino 
 to Hi 
 thcli 
 this 
 hous 
 gard 
 than 
 adju( 
 insta 
 aliyc 
 cnt c 
 clsioi 
 
 Of til 
 
 then 
 
 befor 
 
 conse 
 
 Impoi 
 
 lords, 
 
 thes 
 
 favd 
 
 all till 
 
 offeiu 
 
 ' repei 
 
 tlous 
 
 A.D. 
 
 year, 
 Wore 
 tiofac 
 
(iPiiaTnntr.— mauiK at IBruitMo(r%.— f9(rtav{n. ffii 
 
 [ faiiilllei* til tho 
 „r, havliiK hwn 
 „y ilio oiurl* of 
 inliimit i)iirty In 
 to Bfceilo ii<)in 
 on the nr*\'^'\l 
 
 lt>r«, iiiembert oi 
 Uo right ot pa- 
 • tUet'««o,UavHig 
 oil to tt iiei>ijrato 
 ,n«Ul»tod tliem- 
 It ftftorwariU inl- 
 ay to ho jlfiionil- 
 Kn.llana Wltl. r 
 lu-u noceiloa iroiii 
 lolnod tlio Free 
 ,riyathlraofll.n 
 ,. Wlmtevoriniiy 
 ,1 tills procfoilliin 
 iVio iKicorlty ami 
 
 , i,y 80 niiiiiy Inal- 
 iii(Uiu-ona'(». ruMicr 
 I nUlnKWliaUUey 
 
 It oil the BootlldU 
 thl«yoar.tUoaflalva 
 
 Bt-rloim aitPf ct. Mf: 
 „« not only vaunt- 
 Haul of tuo imlo . 
 aid wowld »co liiT 
 
 liliiK Christmas, iioW 
 ou.uresfortheac. 
 
 aclKiis. **>' !' 'Cd 
 iiistvo promUos imii 
 utthe itiid; midtho 
 "n.'UaiidfoUowcni 
 '^•.■uhu--attUoproH- 
 ilun ' irt'laiid for iho 
 gai.t aa UIb hara • 
 mverc artful, InsuH- 
 
 , at tho same time, to 
 uit while ho hoaated 
 ii-e and charged tlm 
 
 lem'ptlng to overavv^o 
 
 iga'ofrepeaier8\*eio 
 iiul in companies and 
 IthopreclBlonandrc- 
 
 ,ed bodies. At lara, 
 „y other places, thesa 
 d thus displayed their 
 
 ^t length, gyeat PJ^ 
 11 made for holding a 
 mtSrt%car DUWU. on 
 
 October, 1^3, wmc'i 
 
 ne of immense magiij 
 
 mant, with the lor^ 
 
 members of tolrisn 
 
 IT held a council at tiie 
 
 Indi'ublUhcdaprocIa- 
 
 thn lending aKitatort: viz. Danlul O'Coii- 
 liell, John U'Uouiiull, Thonmit M. Uiiy, 
 Thomaii Htcele, Ur. (Iriiy, Ktchai'd llm- 
 iiett, Ulmrli's (». Duffy, Jlev. Mr. Tyrn I, 
 I'.P., and Uov. Jaiiivii Tlcrncy, i'.P., all of 
 whom had taken a roniiplcuoui luirt In 
 recent repeal nicctlngi. The offence with 
 which all these porioni were charged wnn 
 n conspiracy to oiclte dUaffuctlon and con- 
 tempt among her majesty's subjects, and, 
 amonKMt others, those serving la the army 
 and navy; to cxclto unlawful opposition to 
 tho government by tlie ricnioiistratlon of 
 physical force ; and to brliiK Into contempt 
 the legal tribunals of tlio country by usuiii- 
 Ing the iiueenV prerogative In the e«talillsu- 
 inent of c<nirls for the administration of 
 tho law. They were also charged wlili en- 
 deavouring to forward tlioso objects by se- 
 ditious speeches and lib('l!<, and with soil* 
 citing and obtaining from dllferent imris 
 of ttio United KliiKdom, ns well as from 
 foreign countries, divers large sums of 
 money. Tho whole of the i>artU's were 
 theii held to ball, to take their trlalM In the 
 Queen's llench, Dublin. 
 
 Wo have no space to enter Into a detail 
 of tho judicial proceeUlnifs which followeil ; 
 but wo must say that, so numerous were 
 the objections, and so torhnk'nl the nrgu- 
 inents, which were brought forward by the 
 professional phalansi employed to defend 
 the 'traversers,' that It seemed for a long 
 time d(mbtful whether tho trial wmilil evtr 
 1)0 brtmght to ii close. Tlio arguments 
 were, however, combated serUttini l)y the 
 counsel for tlio crown, tho objections 
 overruled by tho judges, aud a verdict of 
 OuiLTT was at length recorded against 
 all of them, except tho Ilev. Mr Tlorney, 
 who had been previously d' "-arged. 
 Daniel O'Connell was sentenced to one 
 year's Imprisonment, to pay aline of 2,00o;,, 
 aud to tliid bondsmen for his good beha- 
 vli>ur for llvo years from tho expiration of 
 tho term of his Imprisonmer.t ; the rest to 
 nlno months each and a tine of mi., and all 
 to And sureties for keeping the peace after 
 thelrterinsofdurance had expired. Against 
 this judgment an aiipeal was mado to tho 
 house of lords on a 'writ of error.' Ue- 
 garding tho question as one of law rather 
 than /(icf, the peers, Instead of themselves 
 adjudlcatlng.ref erred the subject In the first 
 Instance to the English judges, who sever- 
 ally delivered their opinions on tho differ- 
 ent counts of tho Indictments, &c., the de- 
 cision of tho majority being in afllrinatlon 
 Of tho proceedings of tho Irish court. It 
 then (on tho 3rd of September, 1844) came 
 before the peers, when tho ' luj/ lords ' 
 consented to leave tho decision of this most 
 Important national question to tho • law 
 lords,' of whom tlicre were only five. Of 
 these, two voted against, and three In 
 favour of, tho prisoners ; thus abrogating 
 all that had been done in vindication of the 
 offended laws, and leaving the question of 
 * repeal ' open for future strife aud couten- 
 tlous disputation I 
 
 A.D. 1844.— At the commencement of this 
 year, the affairs of the kingdom gonorally 
 wore an Improving aspect ; trade and nm- 
 uufactures were reviving: internal trau- 
 
 •lUllllty lia<l In a great measure been re- 
 stored ; ard the revenuu was In a cumpfb 
 riktlvely llourlHlilng state : In short, no cIoikI 
 appeareil to darken llie political hiu'lzoii, 
 save that portentous uno which illll en- 
 shrouded Ireland. 
 
 On lilt! 1st Kebruavy her majesty opened 
 the parliament In person. The royal speech 
 rel'i'rrcd with pride to our latesucceHses In 
 liiilla ; to till' establtNhmeiit of commercial 
 relations Willi 4'lilna; and to tho good un- 
 tlerslandlng which subsisted between tho 
 Koveriiment and all foreign piwers ; whilo 
 the coinmerciul niid inaniifacliirlng pros- 
 perity of the country fornuMl a subject for 
 equal coiiifratulatlon. It also earnestly re- 
 coinmended theadoption of siicli measures 
 as might tend 'o improve tho social con- 
 liitlon of Irelan 1, and developo its natiir.'il 
 resources; but at the same lime eii>i>hatl- 
 cally declared hiT majesty's linn determi- 
 nation to maintain Inviolate the legialativo 
 union between that country and Oreat Uri- 
 f;ilii. The address was carried by a very 
 largo majority; and sir Koliert I'l'el (who lii 
 Ills speech advocated corn-law protection, 
 anil dwelt on the advantages of his ' siidliiK- 
 sc.ilo' over lord .lohn Uiissell's proposition 
 for a 'llxed duty') concluded by miiiii- 
 taiiiing t'^at his past measures had fultllled 
 thu expectations he had held out, and that 
 ho now met parliament under greatly Im- 
 proved circumstunces both at home and 
 abroad. 
 
 Indian affairs shortly afterwards formed 
 tho subject of parliamentary discussion: 
 and tho thanks of both houses were voted 
 to sir (Jliarles Napier and tho .-irmy em- 
 ployed In Sclnde, for their unbounded zeal 
 and gallantry — tho duke of Wellington 
 taking tho opportunity of comitlimenting 
 sir Charles in the strongest terms, anil 
 declaring that he never knew an Instance 
 in wliicli a general otllcer showed In a 
 higher degree all tho quallflcations which 
 were necessary for the conduct of great 
 operations. This just tribute to tho merits 
 of an old and distinguished military offlcer 
 was quickly followed by an event Inseixir- 
 ably connected wiili the reputation and sta- 
 bility of our Indian empire. From somo 
 cause, never thoroughly mado public, tho 
 liast India directors thought proper to re- 
 call lord I';ilenl)orough, the governor-gene- 
 ral. This nobleman had only been appointed 
 to that Important postabout two years : his 
 acts had met with tho divided approbation 
 of government, and It was generally sup- 
 posed that his policy had given satisfaction 
 to the court of directors. But it appeared 
 that the contrary Avas tho fact : and as va- 
 rious enactments had secured to them tho 
 undoubted right to recall tlio governor-ge- 
 neral whenever they might think lit, they 
 exercised that right on the present occasion, 
 not only without tho consent of her majes- 
 ty's ministers, but in opposition to their 
 well-known sentiments. This conduct gavo 
 rise to various conjectures, and became the 
 subject of considerable animadversion ; and 
 the duke of Wellington, as one of the chief 
 members of the government, did not hesi- 
 tate to characterise it as the most indiscreet 
 exercise of power be had ever known. It 
 
 ''I I 
 ('1 J 
 
 fH ' 
 
 I 
 
 'HI 
 
512 
 
 Hl^e Cvcaifiirji at ?feti{tori», &t. 
 
 was necessary, however, tliat a new gover- 
 nor-general Bliould be senc out witliout ilo- 
 lay ; the ofllco was accordingly tendered 
 to sir Henry Hardlngej and the directors, 
 anxions to.concillato the ministry, readily 
 acquiesced in hia appointment. 
 
 And now the subject of Irish affairs for a 
 time continued to engross the attention of 
 parliament, to the exclusion of almost all 
 other business. On a motion brought for- 
 ward by lord John Russell for a committee 
 of the wliole house on the state of Ireland, 
 the debate was continued, by adjouiMinient, 
 for nine nlghts>, and ultimately rejected by 
 a majority of 99. In tlie course of this pro- 
 tracted discussion frequent reference was 
 made to the recent trial and conviction of 
 Daniel O'Connell and his coadjutors (but 
 on which we need not dwell further here, 
 the subject having been noticed in the 
 concluding paragraph of the history of the 
 preceding year). About the same time, 
 another measure of relief to the Roman 
 Catholic body was obtained by a bill for 
 the abolition of a number of penal acts — 
 many of which were obsolete, although 
 they were still retained on the statute-book. 
 Several long debates also took place on 
 motions for the limitation of the hours of 
 labour in factories ; that question exciting 
 much controversy, but leading to no satls- 
 factorj' result. 
 
 The discussions on the subjects of free 
 trade and the coru-laws, which had occu- 
 pied so large a share of the attention of both 
 liouses in former sessions, did not this year 
 engage so niucli of the time of parliament. 
 Mr. Cobden, however, brought It before the 
 house.by moving for a committee to enquire 
 Into the effects of protective duties on agri- 
 cultural tenants and labourers. He argued 
 that the gainers by the present law were 
 not the farmers, but the speculators ; and 
 he denied that com could be grown abroad, 
 or conveyed from foreign countries hither, 
 at ra*es ruinous to the English agriculturist. 
 Mr. VUliers and other members favourable 
 to free-trade principles, strongly dwelt upon 
 the effect of the repeal of the corn laws in 
 giving additional employment to manufac- 
 turing districts: l)ut the motion was lost by 
 a majority against It of 91. 
 
 When the chancellor of tlie exchequer 
 exhibited his financial statement, it was 
 seen that the revenue very considerably ex- 
 ceeded the expenditure; and a fact so 
 gratifying was hailed with joy, and looked 
 upon as a happy presage of still Increasing 
 prosperity by the public in general ; while 
 It enabled him not only to propose the re- 
 duction of those stocks which bore tlie 
 highest rate of Interest, but also the remis- 
 sion of certain taxes. Long and anxious 
 discussions on the sugar duties bill next 
 engaged the attention of parliament, and 
 the ministers sustained a defeat by a ma- 
 jority of 20 ; but, on the 17th of June, sir 
 Robert Peel called on the house to recon- 
 Blder their late decision; when they re- 
 covered from their 'false position," by ob- 
 taining a rather larger majority than the 
 one by which they had been outvoted. 
 
 It will be Been, from what has already been 
 meutioued, that the legislature had bccu 
 
 far from idle during this session ; but no 
 measure that had yet been brought forward 
 equalled In magnitude, as regards the great 
 interests It Involved.or whichwas calculated 
 to produce such effects upon the commer- 
 cial and monetary transactions of the king- 
 dom, as the bill, introduced by sir R. Peel, 
 for the regulation of the Bank of Enghuid, 
 and for the administration of banking con- 
 cerns In general. By an act of parliament 
 passed in 1833, It was provided that the 
 charter for securing certain privileges to 
 the Bank of England should expire in 19r>r>, 
 but reserving to the legislature the power 
 of giving six months' notice, to revise the 
 charter ten years earlier ; and this the prime 
 minister signified his intention of now do- 
 ing. On a subject so extensive, and em- 
 bracing sucli abundant details, we cannot 
 pretend to give more than a faint out- 
 line ; but it Is Incumbent on us to state, 
 that the ability with which he Introduced 
 the subject, and the lucid arguments by 
 which he supported it, not only riveted 
 the attention and admiration of the house, 
 but tended to conlinn an opinion whirli 
 at that time very generally prevailed, 
 that sir Robert I'cel was, of all publlo 
 men, the one most capable of directing 
 the financial operations of a great coiu- 
 nierclal country. He proposed that thero 
 should be an actual separation of the two 
 departments of issue and banking. In the 
 Bank of England ; and that there should 
 be different officers to each, and a dif- 
 ferent system of account ; that the banking 
 business of the Bapk should bo governed 
 on precisely the same principles as would 
 rcguliiteany other body dealing with Banic 
 of England notes ; that the fixed amount of 
 securities on which he proposed that tha 
 Bank of England should issue notes waa 
 14,000,000?. ; the whole of tlie remainder of 
 the circulation to be Issued exclusively on 
 the foundation of bullion: that there should 
 be a complete and periodical publication ot 
 the accounts of the Bank of England, both 
 of the banking and issue departments, as 
 tending to increase the credit of the Bank, 
 and to prevent panic and needless alarm. 
 ' I would therefore,' he said, ' enact by law, 
 that there should be returned to the govern- 
 ment a weekly account of the issue of notes 
 by the Bank of England— of the amount of 
 bullion— of the fluctuations of the bullion— 
 of the amount of deposits— in short, an 
 account of every transaction both In the 
 Issue department and the banking depart- 
 ment of the Bank of England ; and that the 
 government should forthwith publish un- 
 reservedly and weekly a full account of the 
 circulation of the Bank." He also observed 
 that the Bank would be allowed to extend 
 its Issues beyond the 14,000,000!. on emer- 
 gency, but only with assent of three mem- 
 bers of the government ; and In such case 
 the whole of the net profit on any amount 
 beyond the 14,000,000!. was to revert to 
 government. After subtracting all the 
 items of charge and necessary deductions. 
 It was seen tliat 220,000!. would be derived 
 from the Issuing of notes. ' Hitherto,' said 
 sir Robert, • the Bank has paid 120,000!. to 
 goTcnimeut for Its privileges ; its privl- 
 
dBnulmits.—^auie ot 3Sruni^U)idt.— Victoria. fii3 
 
 9 session ; but Tio 
 1 brought forward 
 regards tho great 
 Jchwas calculated 
 upon tho cotumcr- 
 ^ctlonsoftlieking- 
 
 ced l>y fit' R- ^*'",* 
 Bank 01 EngUmd, 
 on ol banking cou- 
 L act of iiarliament 
 'pitted that the 
 rtoln Pvlvlleges to 
 ould expire in 18.>-'. 
 gslature the power 
 
 lotlce.to revise tho 
 f. and this the prima 
 iltentiou of now do- 
 'c'xtensive. and em- 
 t details, we cannot 
 
 a than a fa*"* *'"^ 
 ,cnt on US to state, 
 vhlch he introduced 
 lucid arguments by 
 r not only rivetid 
 
 f J>roposed^hat thero 
 legation ol the two 
 
 B and banking, in to 
 and that there should 
 
 ' isaucd exclusively oil 
 louTthat there should 
 edodical publication of 
 BankolKngland.botn 
 Ybsuo departments, n3 
 the credit of tho Bank. 
 
 c and needless alarm. 
 
 he said, 'enact by law. 
 
 returned to the goveru- 
 iintol the Issue ol notes 
 
 rRnd-ol the amount ot 
 !SStloi« of the bullion- 
 
 * maland ; and that ino 
 livafuU account of the 
 
 ^nk ' He also observed 
 A be allowed to extend 
 ue 14.000.0001. on cmer- 
 
 ,«seut ol three mem- 
 ment- and m such CASO 
 rprotlt on any amount 
 
 '.ffis 'Hitherto; sad 
 ^k hi« ro^ld 120.0001. to 
 •8 privileges; Us pri^l' 
 
 leges are now to be affected : but on tho 
 other hand increased stability is to be given 
 to its banking business;' and be proposed 
 that in future the Bank should still pay 
 that sum, besides the 60.0001. composition 
 wltb the stanip-oeQcc. for the privilege 
 of issuing notes, making in all about 
 180.0001. Tho difference between this sum, 
 and tho sum of 248,0001., which was tho 
 amount government paid to the Bank for 
 the management of the public debt, would 
 bo the balance that government would have 
 to pay over to the Bank. 
 
 Among various regulations affecting 
 joint-stock and private banks, the following 
 appear to be the most important :— No new 
 biuik of issue to be constituted ; but all the 
 existing banks of issue to be allowed to re- 
 tain the privilege, upon condition that they 
 do not exceed the present amount ; Joint- 
 stock banks in London, wliich were before 
 restricted from accepting bills for a date 
 less than six months, to be placed on an 
 equality with other banks, and allowed to 
 accept bills of any amount, and any date : 
 joint-stock banks to publish a full and com- 
 plete periodical list of all partners and di- 
 rectors ; and banks of issue to publish an 
 account of their issues. Some parts of this 
 comprehensive bill met with considerable 
 opposition, particularly that which limited 
 the Issue and circulation of country notes ; 
 but after further discussions in committee, 
 in which some members attempted to in- 
 troduce raodiflcatlons in the bill, the origi- 
 nal propositions of sir B. Feel were carried 
 by a very large miijority. 
 
 The only other parliamentary proceeding 
 of this session, which produced much ex- 
 citement out of doors, was a bill which 
 originated in the house of lords, where it 
 was brought in by the lord chancellor. 
 Its object was to confirm the possession of 
 religious endowments in the hands of dls- 
 eenters ; and to put an end to all legal 
 controversy respecting the right to volun- 
 tary endowments connected with dissent- 
 ing chapels, by vesting the property in the 
 religious body in whose hands it had been 
 for the preceding 20 years. The opposition 
 this met with in parliament, though it was 
 at first both loud and strong, was at length 
 overcome by its being manifestly based 
 upon the soundest principles of policy and 
 justice ; and it was eventually carried by 
 large majorities in both houses. 
 
 On the 5th of September the royal assent 
 [having been given to several bills, and 
 I various routine business being disposed of, 
 I parliament was prorogued by commission 
 I to theStb of October; and it must bead- 
 Imitted, that, considering the great and 
 Icompiicated interests continually springing 
 up in this immense empire, and the ever- 
 varying phases which those interests pre- 
 Isent to view, the destinies of the country 
 vore a more promising appearance than 
 Ihey bad exhibited for many previous years, 
 knd gave to the existing administration 
 Itaat degree of credit and stability which 
 pothing but an improved state of things 
 lould have given them. 
 Aibhough the warmest professions of 
 biucerity between the governments of 
 
 France and Great Britain bad been reci- 
 procated for the last three years, it was 
 plainly to be seen that among a large por- 
 tion of the French people there existed a 
 latent jealousy against ' perfidious Albion,' 
 as the democratic press chose to term our 
 sea-girt home. That M. Quizot and his 
 compeers liad no share in encouraging this 
 odious feeling, our government was well 
 aware ; and that Louis Philippe was sin* 
 cerely desirous of preserving the political 
 f riendsliip of the two nations was shown by 
 all his words and actions. But still there 
 was a formidable war party in France— a 
 restless, discontented faction, whose pug- 
 nacious valour seemed to be unappeasable 
 by anything short of an appeal to arms. 
 At one time, indeed, a pretext for coming 
 to an open rupture appeared on tho eve of 
 presenting itself. Queen Pomare, the so< 
 vercign of Tahiti, had, by a treaty in 1842. 
 placed her dominions under the protection 
 of France— an act which appears to have 
 been distasteful to the natives; and the 
 French experienced considerable difficulty, 
 which they attributed to the intrigues of 
 Kimllsh missionaries resident in the island, 
 ^iiuiiral Dupetit Thouars insisted that the 
 queen should hoist tho French flag, in 
 token of the French sovereignty ; and on 
 her refusal to comply, troops and seamen 
 were landed to take possession in the name 
 of the king of the French, and M. d'Aubigny 
 was appointed governor. On the news of 
 this occupation reaching Europe, the act 
 was at once disavowed by the French 
 government. A Mr. Prltchard, who had 
 gone out originally to this distant island 
 in the Pacific as a missionary, had been 
 acting as British consul there; and though 
 he had notified to the English govern- 
 ment his wish to resign the office, intel- 
 ligence of the acceptance of this resigna- 
 tion had not reached Tahiti, and ho was 
 still exercising the functions of consul. A 
 French sentinel having been .ittacked and 
 disarmed by tho natives, Mr. Prltchard was 
 held responsible for their acts, and he was 
 seized and hurried off to prison by order of 
 tho French governor. When the news ol 
 this outrage reached England, a very gene- 
 ral feeling of Indignation was expressed ; 
 and sir Kohert Peel, in his place in tli6 
 house of commons, declared, that a gross 
 outrage, accompanied with gross indignity, 
 had been committed upon Mr. Prltchard, 
 though, as it was well known, the French 
 government were not privy to it. He, 
 however, represented the affair In its proper 
 colours to them : and on the last day of the 
 sessions of the British parliament he was 
 enabled to state that the Tahitian business 
 had been brought co an amicable and satis- 
 factory termination— the condiCons being, 
 that Mr. Prltchard would receive a sum of 
 money from the French government as aa 
 indemnity or compensation for the outrage. 
 On the 6th of August Queen Victoria was 
 happily delivered of a prince. On the 9tli 
 of September Her Majesty, accompanied 
 by Prince Albert, the Princess Royal, and 
 suite, proceeded to Scotland. Her return 
 from Scotland was followed by the speedy 
 arrival of Louis Philippe, king ot the 
 L L 
 
 yi 
 
^t Crearfurs of !§Wt0rj?, ^t. 
 
 French, on a visit to Her Majesty, at 
 Wlndsor-caatle. 
 
 On the 28th of Octoher, a most Interesting 
 ceremony took place In London, and one 
 that will be longr memorable In the city 
 annals,— the opening of the New Eoyal 
 Exchange by Queen Victoria. 
 
 A.D. 1845.— wo have seen that Great 
 Britain began the year 1844 with favourable 
 omens, and continued to advance in indus- 
 trial and commercial prosperity to iti close; 
 and it was generally admitted that to sir 
 Uobert Peel's financial measures and fiscal 
 regulations much of that prosperity wrs to 
 bo attributed: accordingly at the com- 
 mencement of 1845, his position and that of 
 his colleagues appeared to possess Increa ;ed 
 stability. But doubtless there weru potent 
 drawbacks to it. The successful exertions 
 of the anti-corn law leagu'3 still occasioned 
 great disquietude to the ar,'rlculturists ;and 
 a feeling of great uncertainty, as to the ul- 
 timate fato of the much-assailed protective 
 laws, was generally entertained by those 
 of the landed classes who kept a watchful 
 eye on the course of passing events. 
 
 When the queen met her parliament on 
 the first day of the session (Feb. 4, 1845), 
 she was enabled to state that trade and com- 
 merce had been extended at homo and 
 abroad;— that she continued to rccciva 
 from all foreign powers and states assur- 
 ances of their friendly disposition (alluding 
 more particularly tothe visits of the emperor 
 of Russia and the king of the French);- 
 and that the political agitation and excite- 
 ment which she had heretofore had occasion 
 to lament existed in Ireland appeared to 
 have gradually abated. But whether this 
 apparent state of repose and security had 
 been effected by the prosecution of O'Con- 
 nell and his fellow-repealers, or by the re- 
 versal of their sentences, the royal speech 
 did not hazard even the most guarded hint. 
 
 Ten days after the openlrn? of the session 
 the premier submitted his financial scheme 
 to the house, and clearly showed that he 
 had to deal with a prosperous revenue. He 
 stated, that on the 5th of January 1845, he 
 had a surplus amount over the expenditure 
 of 3,357,000?., and that by making the ac- 
 count up to the approaching 5th of April he 
 might fairly estimate the actual surplus re- 
 venue at 5,000,000^ ; a sum, he said, which 
 would be either sufficient for the repeal of 
 the income-tax, or enable him to make 
 large remissions In general taxation. He 
 decided on the latter course ; and proposed 
 that the income-tax should be continued for 
 three years longer. The details of his finan- 
 cial propositions (all of which, after con- 
 siderable discussion, were ultimately car- 
 ried), may be thus summed up :— The duties 
 on British plantation sugar he proposed 
 should be reduced from 25s. 3d, per cwt. to 
 14«. per cwt., and the foreign free-grown 
 sugar from 358. 9(1. to 238. 4d. He proposed 
 also the total repeal of the duty on cotton- 
 wool, amounting to five-sixteenths of a 
 penny per lb., and yielding a revenue of 
 680,0001.; the repeal of the auction duty, 
 250,0001.; of the duties on glass, 640,0001.: 
 of the export duty on coal, 183,0002. ; and of 
 reductions on duty on the numerous minor 
 
 articles In the tariff to the extent of 320,0001. ; 
 which, together with an estimated loss on 
 the sugar duties of 1,300,0001., would amount 
 to 3,388,0001. 
 
 Among the most important and obstinately 
 contested questions broughtbefore the con- 
 sideration of parliament were the proposal 
 to augment the grant for supporting the 
 Catholic College of Maynootli, and the es- 
 tablishment of thr^e Irish colleges for secu- 
 lar education. TVlth regard to Maynooth, 
 sir R. Peel declared that the government 
 were prepared, ' In a liberal sense and con- 
 fiding spirit,' to improve that Institution, 
 and to elevate the tone of education there : 
 for which purpose he proposed that a vote 
 for the sum of 30,0002. should be taken for 
 the proper accommodation of the president 
 and professors, and for the maintenance and 
 education of 600 free students. This an- 
 nouncement excited much surprise, and, 
 from many of the members, strong animad- 
 versions, based on religious grounds ; but 
 the minister, speaking for himself and col- 
 leagues, said, *We do not tliink there is 
 any violation of conscientious scruples In- 
 volved In our proposition. We believe that 
 It Is perfectly compatible to hold stedfast 
 the profession of ourfalth without wavering, 
 and at the same time to improve the edu- 
 cation and to elevate the character of those 
 who— do what you will- pass this measure 
 or refuse it— must be the spiritual guides 
 and religious Instructors of millions of your 
 fellow-countrymen.' 
 
 When the minister's plan became known, 
 a determined opposition to it arose in the 
 country, and numerous were the petitions 
 that were presented against it. In London 
 great meetings were held in Exeter-hall 
 and Coven t-garden theatre, and tbo measure 
 was condemned In the strongest terms, as 
 an endowment by the state of the popish 
 religion. The opposition to it, however, was 
 counteracted by tlie great majority of votes 
 It obtained In both houses, and It at length 
 passed Into a law. Tlie Irish colleges bill 
 was Introduced by sir J. Graham on the Otli i 
 of May. Its object was to establish three | 
 colleges tor secular education in Ireland, 
 to be wholly independent of all religious | 
 instruction, though It should give every fa- 
 cility to the voluntary endowment of thco- 1 
 lop'cal professorships. Sir U. H. Inglis de- 
 '■;ared it to bo * a gigantic scheme of godless 
 education ; ' but the epithet, though strong I 
 and characteristic, and one that was well I 
 calculated to dwell on the ear, failed to make 
 an Impression sufficiently powerful to defeat I 
 the measure ; and it passed, carried by a I 
 great majority. I 
 
 The labours of a long and anxious sesslonl 
 of parliament were now brought to a close.l 
 The queen appeared in person ; and thol 
 speaker. In addressing her majesty on thcl 
 various and Important business which hndl 
 occupied the attention of the legislature,! 
 spoke of the rapid developement of prlvatol 
 enterprise, in extending the railway com-F 
 munlcatlonsof the kingdom— the care witlil 
 which they had consulted the Interests, andl 
 regarded the religious feelings of the pcoplol 
 of Ireland, by the Maynooth grant, and thcl 
 means they had provided for academicall 
 
(SnsilmXi*—^>a\tfit at 3iv\tniiiiitJii,^(QesiXQt SJES. 515 
 
 the extent ot 320.0001.; 
 1 an estimated loss on 
 J00,000l., would amount 
 
 [)ortantandol)Btlnatoly 
 bought before the con- 
 ent were the proposal 
 nt for Bupportlng the 
 Maynooth, and the es- 
 Irish colleges for secu- 
 U regard to Maynooth. 
 I that the Kovernmeut 
 a liberal sense and con- 
 provo that institution, 
 me of education there : 
 he proposed that a vote 
 S)I should be taken for 
 wlatlon of the president 
 for the maintenance and 
 ree students. This an- 
 ed much surprise, and. 
 aembers. strong anlmm^ 
 
 1 religious grounds , but 
 klngforhlmselfnndcol- 
 ed? not think there 19 
 "nsclentlous scruples In- 
 'osttlon. We believe that 
 imtlb c to hold stedfast 
 Sr7aUhwlthoutwavertug. 
 time to improve the edu- 
 ftto the character of tnose 
 
 S will-pass **»'«l°'"'n« 
 S he the spiritual guides 
 'ructorsof mlUlonsofyour 
 
 'iter's plan became toown, 
 So'^n^o It arose nthol 
 
 nerous ^^e™ ^^^^ P?"„don 
 K.,1 nffiiinst It. In l^on^ li 
 vere i eld In Exeter-hall 
 Pheat%.andthemeasur^ 
 
 birertroftireTopis" 
 
 fe.Kolt.Uowover was 
 
 iie great majority or •\ oics 
 h houses, and It at length 
 y. The Irish colleges b 
 Tc Blr J. Graham on the Oth 
 ct wasto establish three 
 iKr education In Ireland, 
 iependcnt of all religious 
 igh It should give every fa- 
 
 fc «!T'ln1lK 
 SKntlc scheme of godleBS 
 thi epithet, tliough strong 
 
 a\Ty&rfult^^^^^^^^^^ 
 id It passed, carried oy a 
 
 la long and anxious session 
 IreSfw brought to a close 
 
 fared In person and tnc 
 t^slng her majesty on the 
 Kltant business which had 
 ten of t»io Icgi^laM 
 hd rtevelopemcnt of private 
 ttS^ the railway com- 
 ■he klngdom-the care witt 
 lonsulted the interests, and 
 IgrousfeellngsofthcpooP 
 le Maynooth grant, and tlio 
 * provided lor academical^ 
 
 Instruction In that country— the abolition 
 of the duties on many articles of Import— 
 and the measures which had been adopted 
 for thefurther security and extension of the 
 trade and commerce of the country. Soino 
 bills having received the royal assent, her 
 majesty read a very appropriate speech, con- 
 cluding by imploring the blessing of DIvliio 
 Providence on their united efforts to encou- 
 rage the industry and increase the comforts 
 of her people, and to inculcate those reli- 
 gious and moral principles which are the 
 surest foundation of security and happiness. 
 
 Hallway legislation had occupied cojisl- 
 derablo attention during this session. It 
 was thought by many that a more experi- 
 enced and inexpensive tribunal for deciding 
 on railway bills than committees of the 
 house might be discovered ;but an opposite 
 opinion was entertained by the premier, and 
 It was therefore resolved to persist in the 
 former system, and to constitute a number 
 of railway committees to whom bills ;night 
 be referred. Tlio railway department of the 
 board of trade failed in Its professed object ; 
 it was no guide or authority for tho com- 
 mittees, who cliose to come to the consl- 
 n "it.ion of the bills before them unfettered 
 1 ' conclusions of any former triliunal ; 
 . ,' ,s tho labours of the board of trade 
 :'. eventually to bo entirely dlsre- 
 .;. V..U. An Immense stun was expended 
 in feeing counsel, paying witnesses. &c. ; 
 but in the end a great number of bills 
 were passed, authorising the employment of 
 37,000,000/. of capital. When railways were 
 llrst commenced In this country they were 
 regarded with great suspicion ; but the 
 weekly returns of tralhe, published during 
 the three or four previous years, held out 
 such a prospect of large and certain returns, 
 that speculation In railway' shares, which at 
 first advanced with some discretion and 
 steadiness, now took so wild and eccentric 
 a direction, that It was properly denomi- 
 nated tho ' railway mania.' and such a one 
 as seemed to promise the speedy ruin of 
 thousands. Kvery project, however wild 
 or visionary, had crowds of applicants eager 
 for Its scrip ; and as there was no patent 
 to secure to each promoter a right In his 
 line from one place to another, a feasible 
 scheme was no sooner advertised than it had 
 several rival companies to oppose It. In 
 one week alone there were projects ad- 
 vertised whose united capitals amounted to 
 170,000,000?. In order to cheek this intern 
 pcrate species of gambling, tlie legislature 
 enacted, that, before petitions for bills could 
 be presented to parliament. IQl. per cent, 
 on the estimated capital should be lodged 
 with the accountant-general ; and a sum of 
 about 15,000,000?., on account of deposits, 
 [was at one time actu.ally vested in his hands. 
 
 Although throughout tho session govern- 
 iment commanded powerful majorities, it 
 frequently had to rely for its existence on 
 |the votes of the opposition ; and It was evl- 
 lent that the elements of union which had 
 Ibo long kept the tories together were fast 
 giving way. The premier was repeatedly 
 Attacked, and in no measured language, for 
 Ills want of good faith In endeavouring to 
 lull Into a fancied security the agricultural 
 
 party, whose Interests he had declared he 
 would support, and by whose means he had 
 attained tho elevated position ho now held. 
 Annoyed by luviirsuspiclons and reproaches, 
 he determined In hla c wn mind to defy the 
 agriculturists, and throw himself. If neces- 
 sary, into the arms of the opposition for 
 support. Yef. during tho session, nelthe* 
 bis declarations nor his acts were of a kind 
 to impair tha conHdenco they reposed lu 
 him. But towards tho latter end of the y ea| 
 a rumour prevailed throughout the country 
 that the parliament would assemble early in 
 January, and that sir Robert Peel would 
 certainly bring forward a motion for the 
 total repeal of tho corn laws. Frequent 
 cabinet councils quickly followed, which 
 showed that some subject of tlie highest 
 moment was in debate. Sir Robert, it ap- 
 peared, had strenuously urged their repeal, 
 but had failed to reconcile his colleagues to 
 the change ; and on tho 18th of December 
 tho whole of tho ministers tendered t>elr 
 resignation to her majesty. Lord John 
 Russell was immediately sent for by the 
 queen, and ho hastened to Osborne-houso 
 In obedience to her .'ommands. Ho was 
 anxious to have the support of tho Peel 
 party, which was morodllllcult than ho had 
 anticipated, and he was perplexed by a di- 
 vision among his own ; so that, although he 
 had accepted the charge of constructing a 
 cabinet on tho 15th, he finally refused it 
 two days after; and her majesty again sent 
 for her former minister. Sir Robert well 
 knew that his chief difflculty lay In obtain- 
 ing thT support of the duke of Wellington. 
 He thtreforo acquainted his Grace that, 
 lord John Russell having failed to form a 
 ministry, tho queen and the country were 
 without a government ; adding, that forhls 
 ovn part, ho was resolved to sacrifice his 
 desire of retirement to a sense of duty. He 
 knew well that tho man whom bo thus ad- 
 dress "d had a chivalrous feeling of duty for 
 his so\ creign that was superior to every po- 
 litical consideration. Thoduko complied; 
 and, with the exception of lord Stanley 
 who retired, sir Robert once more saw him- 
 self surrounded by his former friends In 
 the cabinet. 
 
 It Is time that we now advert to our pos- 
 sessions in India. From tho arrival of sir 
 H. Hardlnge, until nearly the close of the 
 year, uninterrupted peace pervaded the 
 vast peninsula of India, and the governor- 
 general was actively employed in promot- 
 ing ihe interests of the natives, by giving 
 his attention to tho Important question of 
 education, when suspicious appearances on 
 our western frontier summoned him to en- 
 gage in warlike preparations. The state of 
 the Punjaub had for some time previous 
 been so unsettled as to render It necessary 
 that tho British should keep a watchful eye 
 on the advanced post under their protec- 
 tion ; but it was not anticipated that a))old 
 invasion was on the eve of being attempted. 
 It was known that the Sikh troops were 
 insubordinate and restless; and it is al- 
 leged, that in defiance of the wishes of the 
 Lahore government, which was in a disor- 
 ganised state, they determined to cross 
 the Stttlej, in hopes of finding us unpre* 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 ' 'f 
 
 Iti 
 
i-*^ 
 
 r -T r 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 4W 
 
 616 
 
 (!ri)0 Crfai^ury af ^litatUt 9ck* 
 
 pared, and carrying off an Immense booty. 
 Still up to the 12th of December no Sikh 
 aggrcsBlon bad l)een comnilttcd, and no 
 artillery had moved down the river ; but 
 on the following day certain information 
 wa8 received that the Sikh army had crossed 
 the Sutlej, and was concentrating In great 
 force on its left bank. 
 
 Having crossed tlie Sutlej, the Sikhs In- 
 rested Ferozeporo on one side, and took 
 np an entrenched position at the village of 
 Ferozeshab, about ton miles in advance of 
 Ferozepore, and nearly the same distance 
 from the village of Moodkeo. The head- 
 quarters of sir Hugh Gough, commander- 
 in-chief, were at Um1)allab, which Is dis- 
 tant 150 miles from Moodkce • aiiu r-^ro- 
 zepore v. .is garrisoned by a body of rathtr 
 more than 5,ooo troops, under the command 
 of major-general sir John Littler. In or- 
 der, therefore, to effect a junction between 
 the several portions of the Anglo-Indian 
 array, before an attack could be made 
 upon them by the Sikhs, the governor- 
 general Issued orders to sir Hugh Oough 
 to hasten with lila force towards Feroze- 
 pore. After suffering severely for want of 
 water, as well as fatigue, they arrived in a 
 state of great exhaustion,. and took up their 
 encamping ground In front of Moodkeo : 
 the troops having scarcely time to get under 
 arms and move to their positions, when 
 they heard that the Sikh army was rapidly 
 advancing. The enemy's forces were said 
 to consist of from 15,000 to 20,000 Infantry, 
 about the same number of cavalry, and 
 forty guns. 'To resist their attack, and 
 to cover the formation of the infantry,' 
 says the despatch of sir Hugh Gough, ' I 
 advanced the cavalry, under brigadiers 
 White, Gough, and Mactler, rapidly to the 
 front. In columns of squadrons, and occu- 
 pied the plain. They were speedily fol- 
 lowed by five troops of liorse artillery, 
 under brigadier Brooke, who took up a 
 forward position, having the cavalry then 
 on his flanks.' The battle-field was a thick 
 jungle, dotted with sandy hiilookB, which 
 partly screened the Infantry and guns of 
 the enemy ; but the rapid and well-directed 
 fire of the British artillery, and the brilliant 
 ciiarges of the cav.alry, appeared soon to 
 paralyse their opponents. The infantry, 
 under rtiajor-gencrals sir Harry Smith, 
 Gilbert, and sir John M'Casklll, attacked 
 in ecbellon of lines he enemy's infantry, 
 almost invisible amongst wood' and the 
 approaching darkness of night. In the 
 ■words of the despatch, * the oppc "'ition of 
 the enemy was such as might hav ? been 
 expected from troops who had every hlng 
 at stake, and who liad long vaunted of b.'na 
 Irresistible. Their ample and tv-tenaod 
 line, from their great superiority ot num- 
 bers, far outflanked ours ; but this was 
 counteracted by the flank movements of 
 our cavalry. The attack of the infantry 
 now commenced, and the roll of Are from 
 tills powerful arm soon convinced the Slldi 
 army that they had met with a foe they 
 little expected ; and their whole force was 
 driven from position after position with 
 great slaughter, and the loss of seventeen 
 pieces of artillery, Bomo of tbem of heavy 
 
 calibre ; our Infantry using that never- 
 falling weapon, the bayonet, whtrever the 
 enemy stood. Kight only saved thom from 
 a ytr- e disaster, for this stout coiiflict was 
 maintained during an hour and a half of 
 dim starlight, amidst a cloud of dust from 
 the sandy plain, which yet more obscured 
 every object.' This victory, though glori- 
 ous, was dearly purchased. Major-general 
 sir llobert Sale, the hero of 'L'llalabad, 
 was amongst those who fell : as was also 
 major-general sir John M'Casklll: the 
 total of killed and wounded was 872. 
 
 On the 21st sir Hugh Gough advanced 
 with his whole force towards Ferozeshab, 
 where the Sikh army was posted In a 
 strongly entrenched camp, defended by a 
 most formidable park of artHIery. A junc- 
 tion with sir John Llttler's division was 
 effected, and sir Henry Hardlnge offered 
 his services to the commander-in-chief as 
 second in command. The camp of the 
 enemy was in the form of a parallelogram, 
 of about a mile Inlength, andhalf amllo 
 in breadth, including within its area the 
 strong village of Ferozeshali ; the shorter 
 Bides looking towards the Sutlej and Mood- 
 kce, and the longer towards Ferozeporo 
 and the open country. The British troops 
 moved against the last-named face, the 
 ground In front of which mi", like the 
 Sikh position In Moodkee, covered with 
 low jungle. 
 
 The command of the right wing of the 
 British army was taken by sir Hugh Gough ; 
 the left was under the charge and direction 
 of sir Henry Hardlnge. The veteran com- 
 mander thus describes the flght :— ' A very 
 heavy cannonade was opened by the enemy, 
 who had dispersed over their position up- 
 wards of one hundred guns, more than forty 
 of which were of battering calibre ; these 
 kept up a heavy and well-directed flre, 
 which the practice of our far less numerous 
 artillery, of much lighter metal, checked in 
 some degree, but could not silence ; flnally, 
 in the face of a storm of shot and shell, 
 our infantry advanced and carried these 
 formidable entrenchments; they threw 
 themselves upon their guns, and with 
 matchless gallantry, wrested them from tho 
 enemy : but when the batteries were par- 
 tl.ally within our grasp, our soldiery had to 
 face such a flre of musketry from the Sikh 
 Infantrj-, arrayed behind their guns, that in 
 spite of the most heroic efTorts, a portion 
 only of the entrenchment could be carried. 
 Night fell while the conflict was every- 
 where raging. Although I nowbroughtup 
 major-general sir Harry Smith's division, 
 and he captured and long retained another 
 point of the position, and her majesty's 3rd 
 light dragoons charged and took some of 
 tho most formidable batteries, yet the 
 enemy remained in possession of a consi- 
 derable portion of the great quadrangle, 
 whilst our troops, intermingled with theirs, 
 kept possession of the remainder, and 
 flnally bivouacked upon it, exhausted by 
 their gallant efforts, greatly reduced in 
 numbers, and suffering extremely from 
 thirst, yet animated by an indomitable 
 spirit. In this Btate of things tho night 
 wore away. 
 
using that nover- 
 ,yonet, ■whtrever tne 
 nly saved them from 
 ,18 stout co.ifl;ct was 
 
 hour and a haU ^ 
 a cloud of dust Ironi 
 h yet more obscured 
 ictory, though glorl- 
 ,ased. Ma or-general 
 
 'hero of '-"ala^*^' 
 vho fell; as was also 
 
 ohn M'CaskiU: the 
 
 unded was 872. 
 
 ,gh Gough advanced 
 
 towards Ferozeshah. 
 iv was posted m a 
 
 «»np. defended hy a 
 
 :ofartHlery. Ajmic- 
 Llttler's division was 
 ury Hardlnge oflered 
 "ommander-m-chlefas 
 
 J The camp of tne 
 ,,^ofaparalielpgram, 
 length, and half a mile 
 I within Its area tl^ 
 ?oze8hah ; the shorter 
 IB the Sutlej and Mood- 
 ■r towards Ferozeporo 
 rv The British troops 
 'Wnamed face, the 
 
 t which w-. »>o JVh 
 loodkee, covered wl»U 
 
 the right whig of the 
 kKflrHughGough^ 
 the charge ««* direction 
 infff. The veteran com- 
 bf9theflght:-'Avm 
 as opened by the cnem. 
 
 over their POB"'"? " J 
 >d guns, more than f orij 
 battering calibre; these 
 
 land well-directed fire, 
 oYourfarlessnumerous 
 tghter metal, checked Ux 
 
 'puld not silence; finally, 
 f«rm of shot and shell, 
 nc^ and carried these 
 Kents; "icy threw 
 
 their guns. a"<l *'I'" 
 r wrested them from the | 
 
 \he lotteries were par- 1 
 rasp, our soldiery had to 
 liuusketry from the Sikh 
 chlnd their guns, that in 
 'heroic eJTorts, a portion 
 'hmcnt could bc carried, 
 t "onfllct was eveiy- 
 liVouKh I now brought up 
 nany smith's division. 
 '"Tong retained another 
 hn. and her majesty s am 
 P'l'„cd and took some of 
 tec bauerles yet tl^^ 
 n possession of » consl- 
 li the great quadrangle, 
 intemfngledwlththelrs. 
 of the remainder, and 
 I upon It, exhai-Bted by 
 rts, greatly reduced In 
 flcring extremely from 
 ted by an Indomitable 
 
 C^Slantr.— 1gouj(e ni 3intnibiUii,—Uictaria, 
 
 617 
 
 'Near the middle of it, one of their 
 
 heavy guns was advanced, and played with 
 
 deadly effect upon our troops. Lleut.-gen. 
 
 ■Ir Henry Hardlnge Immediately formed 
 
 I her majesty's 80th and the 1st European 
 
 light Infantry. They were led to the attack 
 
 by their commanding ofUcers. and animated 
 
 ill their exertions l)y lleut.-coi. Wood, who 
 
 , was wounded In the outset. Tlie 80th 
 
 captured the gun. and the enemy, dismayed 
 
 , by tills counter-check, dlvl not venture ti> 
 
 : press ou farther. During the whole niglit, 
 
 i however, they continued to harass our 
 
 I troops by fire of artillery, wherever moon- 
 
 { light discovered our posiMon. 
 
 'But with daylight of the 22ud came 
 retribution. Our infantry formed line, 
 ' supported on both flanks by horse artillery, 
 ' whilst a Are was opened from our centre 
 j by such of our heavy guns as remained 
 i effective, aided by a flight of rockets. A 
 masked battery played with great effect 
 upon this point, dismounting our pieces, 
 and blowing up our tumbrils. At this 
 ] moment lieut.-gen. sir Henry Hardlnge 
 '• placed himself at the head of the left, 
 whilst I rode at tlic head of tlic right wing. 
 Our line advanced, and, uncliecked by the 
 enemy's fire, drove them rapidly out of the 
 village of Ferozeshah, and their encanu>- 
 roent : then, changing front to its left, on 
 its centre, o-ir force continued to sweep 
 the camp, bearing down all opposition, and 
 dislodged the enemy from tlieir position. 
 The line then halted, as if on a day of 
 manoeuvre, receiving Its two leaders, as 
 tliey rode along Its front, with a gratifying 
 cheer, and displaying the captured stand- 
 ards of the Khalsa army. \Vc had taken 
 upwards of seventy-three pieces of cannon, 
 and were masters of the whole Held. 
 
 'The force assumed a position on the 
 ground which It had won ; Imt even here its 
 laliours were not to cease. In the course 
 of two hours. Sirdar Tej Singh, who had 
 commanded in the last great battle, brought 
 up from the vicinity of Ferozeporo fresh 
 battalions and a large field of artillery, 
 supported by 30,000 Ghorepurras, hitherto 
 encamped near the river. He drove in our 
 cavalry parties, and made strenuous efforts 
 to regain the position at Ferozeshah : this 
 attempt was defeated ; but its failure had 
 scarcely become manifest, when the Sirdar 
 renewed the contest with more troops atid 
 a large artillery. He commenced by a 
 combination against our left flank, and 
 when this was frustrated, made such a 
 dcmonstratloji against the captured village 
 as compelled us to change our whole front 
 to the right. His guns during this man- 
 oeuvre maintained an Incessant fire, whilst 
 our artillery ammunition being completely 
 expended in these protracted combats, we 
 were unable to answer him with a single 
 Rhot. I now directed our almost exhausted 
 cavalry to threaten both flanks at once, 
 preparing the infantry to advance In sup- 
 port, which apparently caused him suddenly 
 to cease bis fire, and to abandon the field.' 
 Such a victory, fought under such dls- 
 advautageg, could not be achieved without 
 heavy loss. In the two actions of the 2lst 
 oud 22nd of December, the British bad C94 
 
 killed, and 1.721 wounded. The Anglo-In- 
 dian forco consisted of 10.700 men and 69 
 guns, chiefly horse artillery. The Sikh 
 forces varied from 48.000 to 60,000 men, 
 with 108 pieces of cannon of heavy calibre, 
 in fixed batteries. 
 
 Tlie late victories had prepared the pub- 
 lic for cxpectlngto hear that ihediscomflted 
 Sikhs had re-crossed the Sutlej ; when news 
 arrived of another victory, obtained by the 
 troops under the command of major-general 
 sir Harry Sniitli. on the 28tli of January, at; 
 Allwal, over the Sikh forces commanded 
 by the Sirdar Runjoor Singh Majeethea. 
 In this decisive and glorious action, the 
 enemy's infantry were dislodged from every 
 position and village they attempted to hold, 
 by rapid charges at the point of the bayonet. 
 Their horsemen were driven from every 
 part of the field by repeated charges, lu 
 which the superior valour of the European 
 and native cavalry, as well as tlio precision 
 of the artillery, were most conspicuous. 
 These noble efforts, combined with the skill 
 of the commander, ended in the signal de- 
 feat of tiic enemy; who was driven across 
 tlie river with great loss, his camp being 
 captured, and 52 pieces of artillery remain, 
 iiig in the hands of the victors. Sir Harry 
 Smith's account of tlie battle was both 
 spirited and luminous, but our limits forbid 
 us from quoting more than the concluding 
 paragraph. ' The determined bravery of all 
 was as conspicuous as noble. I am uu- 
 wont to praise when praise is not merited, 
 and here I most avowedly express my firm 
 opinion and conviction that no troops In 
 any battle on record ever behaved more 
 nobly. British and Katlve (no distinction) 
 cavalry all vying with her majesty's 10th 
 lancers, and striving to lead Ip ihe re- 
 peated charges. Oar guns am', gunners, 
 officers and men, may bo equalled, but 
 cannot be excelled, by any artillery In the 
 world. Tliroughout tlie day, no hesitation, 
 a bold and intrepid advance. And thus it 
 is that our loss is comparatively small, 
 thougli I deeply regret to say, severe. The 
 enemy fought with much resolution ; they 
 maintained frequent rencontres with our 
 cavalry hand to hand. In f^nz charge of 
 infantry upon the 16th lancers, they threw 
 away tlieir muskets, and came on with their 
 swords and targets against the lance.' In 
 killed, wounded, and missing, the British 
 loss amounted to .589. The quantity of am- 
 munition captured with the artillery, and 
 found In the camp of the enemy, was be- 
 yond accurate calculation; consisting of 
 shot, shell, grape, and small arm ammu- 
 nition of every description and for cvei-y 
 calibre. 
 
 In about a fortnight after this, another 
 desperate contest took place, when tlio 
 Sikhs were swept from their last and strong- 
 est hold on the British side of the Sutlej. 
 The strongly fortified camp at Sobraon, 
 constructed by them to protect the bridge 
 at Hurrakec, and so keep up communication 
 with their own territories, was the scene 
 of this ever-memorable battle. Sir Hugh 
 Gough, commander-in-chief of the army, 
 was the leader on this occasion, and the 
 army under bis direction consisted in tho 
 
 m 
 
 ■ r ' 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
:pr 
 
 M! 
 
 i! 
 
 ' 
 
 I i '• 
 
 £18 
 
 CT^e €teniiivu of )^tittary» $ct. 
 
 main of the ofllcerB and men who had 
 fought the battles of Mnodkce, Fcrozeshab, 
 Wid AUwal. BIr Henry Hardlnsro was pre- 
 sent, aiding by his advice, and Inspiriting 
 the soldiers by lils example. He described 
 the victory In his despatch as one of the 
 most daring exploits ever achieved, by 
 which, in open day, a triple line of breast- 
 works, Hanked by formidable redoubts, 
 bristling with artillery, manned by 32 
 regular regimen ts of Infantry, was assaulted 
 and carried ; and he stated that 220 guns had 
 been taken In the campaign. The loss of 
 the enemy was immense ; not less, accord- 
 ing to all accounts, than 10,000 men k'Ued 
 and wounded in action, and drowned In he 
 passage of the river. 
 
 'Their a^vful slaughter, confusion, and 
 dismay,' as was said by the British com- 
 mander, 'were such as would liave excited 
 compassion in the hearts of their generous 
 conquerors, if the Khalsa troops had not. 
 In the early part of the action, sullied their 
 gallantry by slaughtering and barbarously 
 mangling every wounded soldier whom. In 
 the vicissitudes of attack, the fortune of 
 war left at their mere,-.' 
 
 The Anglo-Indian irmy had 320 men 
 killed, and 2,063 wounded. Among the for- 
 mer was major-general sir Robert Dick, a 
 gallant veteran of the Peninsular and Wa- 
 terloo campaigns. 
 
 The British army now advanced upon 
 Lahore ; the unconditional submission of 
 Its government was tendered and accepted ; 
 and, on the 22nd of February, 1810, the 
 citadel of Lahore was taken possession of 
 by the commander-in-chief; the young 
 prince, under British protection, was con- 
 ducted to his palace; and arrangements 
 were made for the occupation of the con- 
 quered territories. The Khalsa troops, 
 after their late defeat, retired towards 
 Umritsir; Teh Singh, their commander, 
 attempted to rally them no more ; and the 
 remnant of his army surrendered their 
 cannon, and dispersed. 
 
 Treaties were afterwards concluded with 
 tlio Maharajah Dhulecp Singh, as the sove- 
 reign of Lahore, and Gholab Singh ; the 
 latter having been raised by the British to 
 tlie rank of a protected prince, and a valu- 
 able territory assigned to him. In short, 
 the moderation of the victor was con- 
 spicuous throughout the whole of the 
 arrangements; territorial aggrandisement 
 was not for a moment entertained ; and 
 the arrangements were all of a paclflca- 
 tory character, combining liberality with 
 cauion, and calculated, it was hoped, to 
 proc'uce a powerful Impression on the 
 nativ'o population of India. 
 
 The vast importance of this decisive 
 campaign, which had at once punished a 
 daring and treacherous Invader, and given 
 such ample evidence of the skill and bra- 
 very of the Anglo-Indian army, was duly 
 felt In this country, and by all classes grate- 
 fully acknowledged. Thanksgivings were 
 offered up in our churches for the late 
 splendid victories ; the dignity of viscount 
 was conferred by her majesty on sir Henry 
 Hardinge, and that of baron on sir Hugh 
 Oough (both of whom were rewarded with 
 
 liberal pensions) ; and sir Harry Smith was 
 created a baronet. 
 
 A.D. 1840.— On the 32nd of January, 1840 
 her majesty congratulated her reassem- 
 bled parliament on the prosperous state of 
 the revenue, and the general Improvement 
 which had taken place in the Internal con- 
 dition of the country ; and hoi>ed that a 
 further reduction of the protective duties 
 would be found to ensure the continuance 
 of her people's prosperity. The royal 
 speech was gratefully acknowledged ; and 
 the addresses in both houses were carried 
 without a division. 
 
 Sir Kobert Peel then gave a full expla- 
 nation of the late ministerial crisis, and 
 also of his own views and measures. The 
 immediate cause, he said, which led to the 
 dissolution of the late government, was 
 that great and mysterious calamity, tho 
 failure of the potato crop : it uppeared to 
 him to preclude further delay, and to re- 
 quire immediate decision, as to the course 
 to bo taken with regard to the corn-laws ; 
 but, while he stated the failure of tho 
 potato crop to bo the Immediate cause, ho 
 would not withhold tho homage which was 
 duo to the progress of reason and to truth, 
 by denying that his opinions on tho subject 
 of protection bad undergone a change. HIa 
 experience during the last three years had 
 conflrmcd him in his new opinions ; and ho 
 felt no hesitation In declaring It, however 
 much he might, by so doing. Incur the Im- 
 putation of Inconsistency. He showed that 
 while he was reviled for apathy and neglect, 
 he and his colleagues were actually en- 
 gaged ip the most extensive and arduous 
 enquiries into the true state of the Irish 
 scarcity ; and in tho course of those en- 
 quiries he had come to the conclusion that 
 tho orotcctlvo policy was unsound, and 
 therefore untenable. 
 
 In a luminous and most comprehensive 
 speech which he afterwards made when tho 
 house was in committee on the corn duties, 
 he admitted that on the part of agricultur- 
 ists, there was a natural dread of comoeti- 
 tion from foreign corn-growers ; b' , ho 
 argued, the dreaded competition would be 
 met by the application of skill, capital, and 
 Industry; and he proposed that the state 
 should assist agricultural Industry by va- 
 rious local aids, and the remission of cer- 
 tain local burdens. 
 
 At length, after much discussion in both 
 houses, the corn-law bill was passed, and 
 grain was admitted into our ports under 
 the new rates of duty. But a bill which 
 had been framed for the suppression of 
 outrage in Ireland had just beei; rejected 
 in tho house of commons, by a majority 
 of 73 over ministers. Thus defeated, they 
 determined upon resigning their offices, 
 and, In Bpceclics remarkable for their ex- 
 plicitness and candour, the duke of Wel- 
 lington in tho house of lords, and sir R. 
 Peel in tho house of commons, on tho 
 29th of June, announced their resignation. 
 Once more, lord John Russell had tho 
 task of forming a Whig ministry, and the 
 following list was speedily completed:— 
 lord-chancellor, lord Cottenham; president 
 of tho council, marquis of Lansdownc 
 
nl 
 
 Qd sir Harry Bmlth was 
 
 22nd of January, 1840 
 ratulated her reaasem- 
 the prosperous state ol 
 e general Improvement 
 lire In the Internal con- 
 try; and hoped that a 
 ,t the protective duties 
 ensure the continuance 
 prosperity. The royal 
 Illy acknowledged ; and 
 jtU houses wero carried 
 
 then gave a full cxpla- 
 , ministerial crisis, and 
 >W8 and measures. The 
 ie said, which led to tho 
 ) late government, was 
 lysterlous calamity, the 
 ito crop: It uppeared to 
 urther delay, and to re- 
 leclsion. as to the course 
 rcffard to the corn-law^s , 
 ited the failure of the 
 the ImmedlRto cause, ho 
 Id tho homage which was 
 IS of reason and to truth, 
 is opinions on tho subject 
 indergone a change. Hi^ 
 . the last tliree years hail 
 his new opinions; and he 
 m declaring it, however 
 jy BO doing, incur the Im- 
 sistency. He showed that 
 led for apatliy and neglect, 
 ■agues wore actually en- 
 ',t extensive and arduous 
 I true state of tho Irisn 
 Mio course of those en- 
 mo to the conclusion that 
 olicy was unsound, and | 
 
 [and most comprehensive 
 
 '"f forwards made when the 
 
 mlttec on tho corn duties, 
 
 onthepartof agricultur- 
 
 tiatural dread of comnetl 
 
 fn corn-growers ; h' , he 
 
 \e6. competition would he 
 
 [atlon of slcill, capital, and 
 
 • proposed that the state 
 
 Icultural industry hy va- 
 
 md the remission of cei- 
 
 ?"mnch discussion In both 
 i-law bill was passed, and 
 ted into our ports under 
 f duty. But a bill which 
 k for the suppression ot 
 td had just been rejected 
 I commons, Jya^f^"'""^ 
 lers Thus defeated, thc.N 
 \ resigning their offices, 
 r remarkable for their ex- 
 Indour. the duke of Wel- 
 tusc of lords, and sir n. 
 Ise of commons, on the 
 lounced their reslguatlon 
 
 t John Russell had tho 
 la -Whig ministry, and the 
 las speedily completed:- 
 Vrd Cottenham ; president 
 rmarquls of Lansdowne 
 
 <l?nsTaiUr.— Ilaujile of 33t-uttitl»{(&.— C9(ctar{a. 6io 
 
 lord privy seal, carl Minto ; home secre- 
 tary, sir George Orey ; colonial nen-etary, 
 earl Grey ; foreign secretary, viscount 
 Palmcrston ; tlrst lord of tho treaijury, lord 
 John Russell ; chancellor of tho exchequer, 
 Mr. Charles Wood ; chancellor of tho duchy 
 of Lancaster, lord Campbell ; paymaster- 
 general, Mr. Macaulay ; woods and forests, 
 lord Morpeth ; postmaster-general, marquis 
 Clanrickarde ; board of control, sir John 
 Cam Hobhouso ; board of trade, earl of 
 Clarendon ; chief secretary for Ireland, Mr. 
 Labouchere ; admiralty, lord Auckland. The 
 foregoing were in </iec(ibinet-the following 
 were not ;— Lord-lleutcnant of Ireland, earl 
 of Besborough ; commander-in-chief, duko 
 of Wellington ; master-general of tho ord- 
 nance, marquis of Anglesey. 
 
 Tho passing of tho corn-bill and the new 
 tariff excited much rejoicing In tho manu- 
 facturing districts : bells were rung ; flags 
 and banners bearing appropriate Inscrip- 
 tions were displayed fmrn factories, or car- 
 ried In procession about the streets ; can- 
 nons were flred, and all the usual modes of 
 giving vent to popular feeling resorted to. 
 The first measure of any Importance 
 brought forward by the new administration, 
 was lord John Russell's scheme for a re- 
 duction of the sugar duties. Uo proposed 
 that slave-grown sugar and foreign free- 
 grown sugar be admitted at a duty of 21s. 
 tin July, 1847 ; from that, date a descending 
 scale until 1851, when they were to bo admit- 
 ted at a fixed duty of Us., tho present duty 
 on British colonial sugar. Another ques- 
 tion which occupied tho attention of parlia- 
 ment this session was the necessity which 
 was said to exist for having a uniform 
 gau^e on all railways. Great and incontro- 
 vertible reasons wero certatr>!.v given for 
 It, nnd the bulk of the evidence tended to 
 show that the narrow gauge was best for 
 the public. 
 
 The almost universal failure of tho potato 
 crop, as we have before observed, was the 
 Immediate cause that led to the abrogation 
 of tho corn laws, although sir R. I'eei had 
 at the same time declared that his late ex- 
 perience had Induced him to become a con- 
 vert to f roe-trade principles. Tho most dis- 
 astrous ai counts from all parts of Ireland 
 soon showed that tho minister's apprehen- 
 sions on that score were too well founded ; 
 and that unless prompt assistance were af- 
 forded, tho groat mass of the poorer popu- 
 lation must die of starvation. Such evi- 
 dence. Indeed, was given of Ihcir destitute 
 condition, that, forgetting eventhing but 
 their necessities, tho people of England, in 
 every town and village in the kingdom, and 
 of every class, contributed to their relief by 
 raising bountiful subscriptions, and thus 
 for a time partially arrested the Impending 
 awful visitation. Great, however, as was 
 the assistance thus derived from individual 
 charity, It was found absolutely necessary 
 for the govcniment to aid the suffering 
 Irish by means more permanent and effec- 
 tual, which, however, will best be noticed 
 In the proceedings of the next session of 
 parliament. 
 During this year our relations with the 
 
 serious aspect. Mr. Polk, a consplcnoni 
 member of the democratic party, had suc- 
 ceeded Mr. Tyler as president; and there 
 appeared to bo a determination on bis part 
 not to yield an iota of their claims on the 
 Oregon territory to Great Britain. What 
 was called < tho clear and unquestionable 
 right' of tho States to the territory In dis- 
 pute, was arrogantly insisted on : and it 
 was not until a firm and unequivocal declurK,- 
 tion had been mode by sir R. Peel, In the 
 house of commons, that England was de- 
 termined to maintain her territorial rights, 
 that the threats of taking forcible posses- 
 sion gave way to the more wise and equitable 
 mode of settling the question by arbitration, 
 and It was eventually agreed upon, 'thai 
 from that point in the 40th parallel of north 
 latitude. In which the boundary laid dovm 
 by existing treaties between Great Britain 
 and the United States terminates, the line 
 of boundary between the territories of the 
 two countries should be continued west- 
 ward along the 49th parallel to the middle 
 of the said channel which separates the con- 
 tinent from Vancouver's Island, and thence, 
 southerly, through tho middle of the said 
 channel and the Fuca Straits to the Pacific 
 Ocean.' 
 
 A.D. 1847.— The commencement of this 
 year found the domestic affairs of the 
 British Empire in a position calculated to 
 call forth all tho firmness of those Intrusted 
 with tho government The calamity that 
 had befallen unhappr Ireland In the pre- 
 vious year still contliued to harass her. 
 
 The chancellor of the exchequer having 
 congratulated the house that the finances 
 of tho country wero never better able to 
 bear tho demand that would be made upon 
 them, said, ' Ireland required an extraor- 
 dinary provision. Up to the present time 
 (Feb. 22) there had 1 ^en 2,000,000^. ad- 
 vanced towards Its relief, and he much 
 feared the expenditure under this head 
 could not be estimated at less than one 
 million per month, until the next harvest 
 shall have been collected. This would be 
 about 8,000,000?., which, with the two already 
 advanced, would bo 10,000,0002.' 
 
 Besides many mr isures of immediate and 
 temporary application, others of a perma- 
 nent character were Introduced to secure 
 the well-being of Ireland ; and among these 
 was an efficient poor law for compelling 
 the land to provide for the relief of Its 
 own pauperism. The discussion of this bill 
 In Its progress through parliament, oc- 
 cupied a great portion of the session ; but 
 time was found for lengthened discussions 
 upon the navigation laws, which had so 
 long been Identified with the established 
 policy of the country ; and various mea- 
 sures were introduced In connection with 
 Its finance, commerce, and trade, of which 
 the most important was the bill for limiting 
 by law the labour of young persons in 
 factories, which had of late years excited 
 much interest and discussiou both In and 
 out of parliament. 
 
 These, and other measures having been 
 passed, parliament was prorogued by the 
 queen In porson on July 23rd, with a view 
 
 United States more than once assumed a I to an immediate dissolution ; and the new 
 
 I 
 

 I 
 
 mm 
 
 I 
 
 690 
 
 €fit Crrfttfury af IQWtary, ^r. 
 
 parliament was convoked In November, to 
 adopt measures applicable to tho commer- 
 cial distress which weighed so heavily upon 
 all persons eng vged in trade at tills period. 
 The railway mania of tho preceding year, 
 and tho failure of the po.,ito crop, Imd 
 brought on a commercial crisis, during 
 which a great many commercial houses 
 were swept away; and tho alarm thereby 
 occaoloncd gave rise to a panic, during 
 whicli the government consented to a tcm- 
 
 Sorury suspension of tho bank act of 1344. 
 lut whether tho violence of the crisis had 
 already abated, or tho nirro announcement 
 of tho determination of tho government 
 had a beneflclal effect on the public mind, 
 there was no need for putting it in force, 
 and on tho meeting of parliament, the 
 chancellor of the exchequer informed the 
 house that there was every reason to 
 believe that the crisis was over, and that 
 the anticipated distress of the winter would 
 be averted. The rest of the session was 
 chiefly occupied with tho discussion of 
 measures for tlie repression of crime in 
 Ireland; and the special business for wliich 
 parliament had been called together having 
 been now concludid, the two houses ad- 
 journed to the 3rd Feb. IfilS. 
 
 This year witnessed the decease of two 
 men who, lu their respective careers, had 
 exercised greater Influence upon their coiui- 
 
 ' trymen than most of their contemponirles 
 
 i —Daniel O'Connell and Dr. Chalmers. But 
 for a sketch of these remarkable men, we 
 must refer the reader to tho 'Biographical 
 
 , Treasury.' 
 
 I A.D. 1848.— There are few more eventful 
 years In the history of the world than 1848. 
 Tlie combustible materials that had long 
 1)een smouldering throughout Europe, then 
 burst into a flame, which threatened for a 
 time not merely to overthrow the thrones 
 and dynasties of nations, but to sweep away 
 the very bases on which modern society lias 
 been established. The expulsion of liOUis 
 Philippe's family from the throne and soil of 
 Franco on Feb. 24, gave the signal for these 
 general outbreaks. But whilst almost every 
 tliroue on the continent was shaken by re- 
 volution, the English monarchy, strong in 
 the attacliment of the people, not only stood 
 Arm in the tempest, but appeared even to de- 
 rive increased stability from the events that 
 elsewhere convulsed the world. By tho 
 far-sighted sagacity of sir Robert Peel the 
 great question of free trade in corn, which 
 miglit have become a proUflc source of 
 agitation, had been happily set at rest; 
 hence when a knot of malcontents attempt- 
 ed to forward tlieir political designs by a 
 demonstration of physical force, tho great 
 mass of the British population at once rose 
 up In defence of the laws and institutions 
 of the country, and gained a moral victory 
 over their opponents, the effects of which 
 promise to be as lasting as they were bene- 
 flcial. The loth of April had been flxed by 
 the chartists for an immense meeting to 
 take place on Kennington-common, whence 
 thej were to proceed to parliament In mili- 
 tary array, to present a petition signed, as 
 vaa asserted, by nearly 6,000,000 of men, and 
 tbuB to orerawe the government Into a 
 
 concession of their demands. Meanwhile 
 tho government took all necessary precAU- 
 tlons to preserve the peace of the metro- 
 polis. Large bodies of troops were stationed 
 unseen in different public buildings; and 
 150,000 citizens of London voluntnrlly en- 
 rolled tl.i'iiiselves as special constables for 
 the maintenance of ortier. When the ap- 
 pointed day arrived, the courage of the 
 chartists fell. Their leader, Feargus O'Con- 
 nor, at the instigation of the police, ind'iced 
 the meeting quietly to disperse and the 
 ' Monster Petition,' as It was called, was 
 conveyed to the house of commons In a 
 hackney vehicle. When analysed. It was 
 found to contain not so many as i9,000,00Q, 
 instead of o,ooo,ooo of signatures, and these 
 of the most absurd kind ; hence It was de- 
 servedly treated with disdain, and tlie great 
 chartist demonstration, which was to have 
 changed tho institutions of the country, 
 became abyword of contempt. But although 
 all al.irm was at an end, meetings continued 
 to Lj held in the metropolis for the pro- 
 motion of MhM was called the 'People's 
 Charter,' at i rlilch much seditious language 
 was held. 'Ojio contagion spread to some of 
 tlio large manufacturing towns both in 
 England and Scotland, and in some parts 
 of the country the clmrtist demonstrations 
 created so great an apprehension, that tlie 
 government judged it expedient to arrest 
 and bring to trial a few of the most violent 
 leaders, who, on being found guilty, were 
 transported or iniprtsoned for different 
 periods. These transactions out of doors 
 became the subject of frequent discussion 
 in parliament, and led to tlie introduction 
 of some new legal securities for strengthen- 
 ing the hands of govcniment, and enabling 
 tliem to deal more effectually with plotters 
 against the public peace. 
 
 Scarcely had the alarm consequent on 
 the proceedings of tho chartists subsided 
 In England, when the country was again 
 tlirown into agitation by the events which 
 took place In Ireland. Tho ' Grct Agitator' 
 being now removed from tho t»age, his 
 place was soon flllcdby some young men, 
 of great spirit and sincerity, whc thought 
 that their demands for the ' Kf^peal of the 
 Union' might be prosecuted wl h success 
 amid the turmoils of the pericl both at 
 home and abroad. Among these wero 
 Messrs. ^ullth O'Brien, John Mitchell, and 
 Thomas Meagher. Mitchell had established 
 a newspaper, called the ' United Irishman,' 
 In which rebellion was proclaimed without 
 disguise. Each number contained what 
 was called ' Our War Article,' in which the 
 people were taught how to arm them- 
 selves, how to destroy troops In the streets 
 of towns by pouring vitriol over them, 
 how to farm barricades and all tho other 
 apparatus of a civic Insurrection. At length 
 when, to all appearance, every preparation 
 was made for civil war, the Irish govern- 
 ment be,7an to act. 
 
 O'Brien, with his two accomplices, 
 Meagher and Mitchell, were arrested and 
 held to ball ; the tv/o former for their ha- 
 rangues, the latter for a series of libels In 
 his newspaper, and, among others, for a 
 seditious letter addiessed to the lord-lieu- 
 
 LL 
 
(Snultm\i,—^auie at ^inmitait}i,—Wittovlit. 
 
 521 
 
 r domnnda. Mcairwlillo 
 ok all iicccsBnrypw*"' 
 ho peace ot the motro- 
 of troops were Btntloned 
 t public Milldlngs; and 
 LNiidon voluiitnrlly en- 
 ns sreclal rnnBtaWcs for 
 f/ortW. When "leap- 
 ed, the courage of tne 
 !lr eader. FcargusO'Con- 
 ion of the police, induced 
 tly to dlBperso and th« 
 ,• as It was called, was 
 house of commons In a 
 When ana'ysed.lt WM 
 
 not BO many «» 2.«»^«^' 
 ) of signatures, and these 
 rd kind; hence It was do- 
 mhdUdaln. and the great 
 ration, which was to have 
 titutlons of the country, 
 ^'fconrmptButalthoi,^^^^ 
 tn end, meetings continued 
 
 motropoUs for the pro- 
 was called the* People's 
 
 li much seditious language 
 ?ntaglon spread to some of 
 ifacturlng towns l^oth In i mi 
 otland. and in sonj" rnyU 
 lie chartist dcnionstratlo s 
 ; an apprehension, that the 
 «ea it Mpedlent to arrest 
 ^lafcw of the most violent 
 
 1 being found guilty, were 
 Smprfsoncd for d Htemit 
 trausnctlo'.is out of doors 
 ect of *re<iuent discuss on 
 „d led to the introdnctlon 
 insecurities forstrcngthen. 
 t aovernment, and enabling 
 Irleff^tually with plotters 
 
 'tt,ralam consequent on 
 , of the chartists subsWed 
 len the country was again 
 Uatlon by the events which 
 Hand. The 'Grct Agitator 
 oved from the t'aKC, Ws 
 filled by some yci.ng men. 
 ^sincerity, who thought 
 
 inds for the ' Uf^real of the 
 ^prosecuted wl h success 
 
 nils of the perlc 1 both at 
 p. Among these were 
 mien. John Mitchell, and 
 ,r Mitchell had established 
 lliod the • United Ijishmanv 
 on was proclaimed without 
 ( nSr contained what 
 War Article; In which the 
 lUKht how to arm them- 
 [estroy troops in the streets 
 Wing vitriol over them, 
 Jrlcades and all the «ther 
 vie insurrection. At length 
 learance. every preparation 
 :Wll war, the Irish govern- 
 
 tf*"hl3 two accomplices. 
 
 btchell, were «wT<'sted nnd 
 ^,e two former for their ha- 
 lter for a series of Ubels»n 
 
 1 and. among Vi^'^f^l, iiAif. 
 laddresaed to the lord-lieu- 
 
 tenant, as Her Majcsty'ii ]6xecutloner<]i)ie- 
 ral of Ireland. 
 
 State prosecutions. Indeed, are always 
 delicate affairs, and there were pocnllarltlcK 
 In the law in Ireland at that time whidi 
 made these prosecutions particularly lia- 
 rnrdous. In fact, it was already obvious 
 that the lew was too weak to grapple with 
 the turbulence which exls'cd. Far from 
 being intimidated by the impending trials, 
 the Incendiaries were nosioner admitted 
 to ball, than they renewed their criminal 
 proceedings with redoubled violence. In 
 fact, the existing law was rather an attrac- 
 tion to the seditious thanadlscouragement. 
 Tlie crime was vague, the punishment 
 slight, the chances of escape considerable ; 
 and between arrest and trial, t/io public 
 was at the mercy of the agitator, who 
 might possibly reckon uiKtn an intermediate 
 accomplishment of his rcvolutlunary ob- 
 jects. To apply the law of treason, would 
 have been neither easy nor desirable; 
 speeches and articles alone would not come 
 within Its definition ; and oven If that 
 diniculty could have been got over, anotlier 
 would have Immediately occurred, arising 
 from the magnitude of the pcmilties In an 
 age so averse to extreme puiiishnicuts. In 
 short, the law of sedition was below the 
 mark, and the law of treason above It. It 
 was therefore expedient to meet the cir- 
 cumstances of the period, and the pecu- 
 liarities of the crime, by a new enactment. 
 These perilous forms of sedition were ac- 
 cordingly made felonies : the precision of 
 the new law materially reduced the clmnces 
 of eluding It; the consetiuences of con- 
 viction had much more of the pains than 
 the charms of martyrdom : arrest was fol- 
 lowed by committal and present incapa- 
 city for further mischief ; while a punish- 
 ment, at once Infamous and merciful, 
 satlBiled both the claims of justice and the 
 clemency of the public f«^ellng. The bill 
 met v.'ith some opposition in the Iiouso of 
 conunons on purely constitutional grounds; 
 but the chief resistance to It was offered by 
 Mr. John O'Connell on the part of the old 
 agitation, Mr. o Connor on the part of the 
 chartists, and Mr. O'Brien himself on the 
 part of the rebellious clubs. The figure the 
 latter gc-uUeman made in rising to oppose a 
 bin for securing the crown and government 
 against the machinations of himself andhis 
 accomplices, "vas rendered doubly disgrace- 
 ful by the fact that he had just returned 
 from his treasonable mission to France. 
 The would-be Catallne was received in 
 scornful silence by an assembly of loyal 
 gentlemen, and sir George Grey, amidst 
 the loudest acclamations, gave vent to the 
 suppressed feeling of the house of com- 
 ;mona. The new statute came no sooner 
 into force than Mr. Mitchell was seized 
 under Its provisions, brought to trial with- 
 lut delay, convicted, sentenced, and. with 
 Imposing promptitude, transported to Ber- 
 muda. This was the second blow ; first it 
 !tunned,thenltmaddcncd,the Incendiaries, 
 vlio agitated more furiously than ever, and 
 extended their insurrectionary organisa- 
 tion with increased industry and vigour, 
 newspaper, caUeU the ' Felon,' started up 
 
 In the place of the ' United Irishman. 
 Thirty-two new chilis were formed In 
 Dublin In the courno of the montl. of Juno 
 and the beginning of July. In the pro- 
 vinces, also, the organisation was hproading 
 widely. Tho papers of the coiifedoratlon, 
 seized by the police, proved the existence 
 of sixty-four clubs scattered through nine- 
 teen counties, but the number was prob- 
 ably much greater. 
 
 In the city of Cork alone there were 
 seven clubs, of which four mustered 900 
 members. Tho law and tho government 
 were now openly defied. All descriptions 
 of trrasonablo preparations were carried 
 on with redoubled vigilance. Rebellion 
 was no longer vaguely prated of, but for- 
 mally declared ; nothing was left unsettled 
 save the convenient and proper moment 
 for revolt. Tho loaders dispersed them- 
 selves through the provinces, hectoring 
 and blustering wherever they went, found- 
 ing new clubs, talking tho most rampant 
 treason In every town and village, speaking 
 and acting as If tli •• had already trampled 
 tho law and the government under their 
 feet. But the government, whirh had 
 hitherto been watching them with a hun- 
 dred eyes, was now prepared to smite them 
 with a hundred hands. Powerof prof ' Im- 
 ing and disarming districts was alrcF..y at 
 tho lord-llcutcnant's command ; and on the 
 18tli of July, to the great dismay of tno 
 clubs, this p(i ver was exerted, and Dublin, 
 Cork, Kllkeiiny, Waterford, Drogheda, 
 and Galway, along; with some half dozen 
 counties, were subjected to the wholesome 
 rigours of the act. This bold resolution 
 took the enemy by surprise ; for as tho 
 law had been made especially for tho 
 counties, to suppress predial outrage, the 
 anarchists had never dreamed of Its appli- 
 cation to cities and towns. With the same 
 vigour the government now silenced the 
 abominable jounmls which had. replaced 
 the ' United Irishman,' demolished their 
 presses, confiscated their types, seized 
 their editors, and cast out their devils. 
 The faction was thus fairly driven into 
 the field, about which they had been blus- 
 tering for so many months. The leaders, 
 in diiferent parts of the country, and in 
 different strains of bombast. Invited the 
 populace to Instant insurrection. 
 
 Meanwhile application had been made 
 to parliament for those high powers which 
 the constitution reserves forextremecasca 
 of public disorders. On the 22ud of July 
 a bill to suspend the habeas corpus was 
 Introduced In the comUiOns by lord John 
 Russell. On tho 25th the bill received the 
 royal assent, and on the 27th the lord- 
 lieutenant issued proclamations offering 
 rewards for the capture of Mr. O'Brien 
 and three other persons diarged with overt 
 acts of treason. The rest was rebellion 
 burlesqued ; the lowest description of trea- 
 son whicli ever provoked the penalties o( 
 that high crime. On the 29th of July, at 
 the head of a large body of the Tippcrary 
 peasantry, Mr. Smith O'Brien attacked a 
 small force of polic?men, took a constable 
 prisoner, made booty of a horse, stormed 
 a cabin, and was totally overttarowu la 
 
 
n 
 
 i 
 
 «22 
 
 Clje Crf«iruri? a( i)iiltorv» ^r. 
 
 ]iaM nil liour. After lying perdu tor .^ few 
 dayK, ho mirrt'iidered to tUo Kovorninent, 
 anil wag soon nftcrwardg nrriilKned for 
 IiIkIi treagon. Tlum ended wlint, an noon 
 R8 It wa» over, was called the farce of the 
 IrlHli relirllion. 
 
 Tlie trial* for high treason maybe hrlcdy 
 disponed of hero, thoiigli thry were not 
 fto (llspoHodof by the roiirts of law. At a 
 ppcclal coniiniKHlon held in the month of 
 October In Clonmol, Mr. O'llrlen, Mr. 
 Meagher, and two otlicrs wi^ro tried, 
 fntind guilty, and sontonccd to the extreme 
 peiialiit'Hiif the law. That those antiquated 
 and barbarous iKiuiltles would not bo en- 
 forced was, of course, notorious to all the 
 world; but tho convicts themselves as- 
 sumed the airs, and claimed tho honours, 
 of martyrdom. Thcro were points of law 
 reserved, however, for tho nupcrlor courts 
 In Dublin ; and when, after long delays, 
 these points were decided In favour of the 
 crown, thero still lay an appeal to tho 
 house of lords, which further postponed 
 the fate of the prisoners, whatever that 
 fate was ultimately to be. In tho month 
 of Juno, however, tho lords confirmed tho 
 dcclAtotis of tho tribunal In Ireland, and 
 now all difflcultlch .-.Ci.med removed, whe- 
 ther in the path of justice or of mercy, when 
 a new and totally unforeseen difflculty 
 arose. The convicts objected to any miti- 
 gation of penalties, and insisted up- m tlielr 
 right to be executed pursuant ' > their 
 sentence. It was formally contended that 
 tho crown had no right to bo merciful to 
 Irishmen convicted of treason, and that to 
 transport them, instead of hanging them, 
 would be a monstrous stretch of arbitrary 
 power. No serious doubt was entertained 
 In tho present case as to the rlplit of the 
 queen to commute these sentences Into 
 transportation ; but, nevertheless. It was 
 thought expedient to pass a declaratory 
 act to prevent future cavilling on tho 
 point, '''his step having been taken, nothing 
 remained but to inflict tho minor penalty, 
 wliich was carried out as much to tho 
 satisfaction of tho public, as either tho ex- 
 treme penalty of the law, which nol)ody 
 thought of, or complete Impunity, which a 
 few giddy people recommended, wouldhavc 
 been displeasing to it. 
 
 Tlie New World, and we may add the 
 Old also, was this year thrown Into a whirl 
 of excitement by the abundant discovery 
 of surface gold on tho plains of Upper 
 California. In tho spring of tho year 
 Bomo settlers were excavating a mill-raco 
 In the neighbourhood of the Sacramento, 
 a river about thirty miles to tho north of 
 San Francisco, having its rise In tho Call- 
 fornlan mountains, and falling Into iho sea 
 in tho Bay of San I'ablo. In the course of 
 ■ibeir work, they met with several pieces of 
 hoavy yellow-coloured metal, which being 
 ol a sufflclently peculiar nature to exclto 
 curiosity, wei'o speedily discovered to be 
 gold of great purity. For some time they 
 preserved the secret, and arc supposed to 
 have gathered a very considerable quan- 
 tity before It transpired. At length an 
 Indian surprised them while occupied In 
 aearchlng, and although they endeavoured 
 
 to divert hli attention, and detained him 
 for some time, ho acquainted his tribe, by 
 whoso means It soon became known in tho 
 country. Huch an unheard-of circumstance 
 caused great surprise and some curioiity, 
 but a few having tried for themRcl vcs, and 
 having become most •atinfnct(irlly con- 
 vinced of its truth, all other pursuits were 
 abandoned, and all liands hastcnc^l to the 
 ' diggings,' wlillst wages, and all tho ne- 
 crMHnrles of life and labour, liave risen to 
 tho most exorbitant prices. In tho course 
 of three months, 4,000 people collected, dig- 
 ging and scraping early and late. Tlio gold 
 was found In three forms : granulated, of 
 tho size of medium gunpowder, and mixed 
 with Iron ; In small scales or lamina), of 
 from one eighth to one twelfth of an inch 
 In diameter ; and in solid lumps of from 
 half an ounce to four pounds In weight. 
 
 In tho East, the arms of tireat Britain 
 were not ollowed to remain inactive, being 
 onco more challenged to a contest by a foe 
 who, it was thought, had been cflectually 
 subdued. The Immediato cause of tho rup- 
 ture was as follows:— Boon after tho eva- 
 cuation of the I'unjaub by tho British 
 troops In IRIO, Moolraj, tho dowan or go- 
 vernor of Moollan, had becoi le embroiled 
 with the court of Lahore respecting the 
 non-payment of his stipulated tribute to 
 the treasury. By tho mediation of tho 
 British authorities in India, these differ- 
 ences were at first temporarily adjusted ; 
 and at length, under their guarantee, the 
 dewan was Induced to trust himself in the 
 city of Lahore for the purpose of person- 
 ally arranging a final and amicable com- 
 promise. After this he returned to his 
 province; hut some time subsequently it 
 was agreed, or alleged to be so, that he 
 should retire from his ofilce ; and, in pur-i 
 suance of this understanding, the BrltlBli| 
 ofilcerB, Mr. Vans Agnew and lieut. An 
 derson, departed in the spring of 1M8 froni| 
 Lahore to Mooltan, to receive his surren 
 der, and Instal his successor. While In dla 
 charge of this duty they were treachcrousl.Ni 
 and foully murdered. Moolraj then shii 
 hiiiisolf up In his fort, strengthened hU 
 defences, collected adherents from all part 
 of the country, and prepared to defy tli 
 British power. Imniedialelyonintelllgcnci 
 of the murder reaching Lahore, a '^ y ol 
 3,000 Sikhs, horse and foot, was ..^ere 
 to march to Mooltan, under the comman 
 of Kajah Shere Singh. It happened thiij 
 at this juncture lieutenant Edwardes w; 
 engaged upon tho Indus with a small forcti 
 collecting the land-tax due to Moolraj. a\ 
 soon as he heard of the assassination 
 Mooltan, he Immediately took measures tj 
 effect a junction with the forces of colon 
 Cortlandt, who had been commanding i 
 a contiguous district ; and this being ai 
 complished, on the 20th May an cngagi 
 mcnt took place, in which the enemy we 
 defeated with great slaughter, and the lo 
 of two guns and five swivel pieces. TI 
 British troops then occupied the forts 
 the Dera and the lino of the Indus. B 
 they did not remain inactive. On t 
 18th of June, lieut. Edwardes, having, wi 
 great skill and cnerg;-, formed a juncti^ 
 
 van 
 
 m.->t 
 ritlsi 
 
 cat 
 10 lof 
 'iprag( 
 'iireto 
 galla 
 een( 
 whi 
 
 as 
 ando 
 d ma 
 
 ean 
 
t. 
 
 Mon and detained htm 
 
 ,„ bciain.1 known In Uio 
 
 ri"c and nonio crloBlty. 
 rr?odfortnnm«olve».and 
 
 l,,allothori>urBUtijwero 
 VhandHlmHt'nrdtotho 
 
 t wa«.-». »'VJ ""ruen to 
 ,Mri8«tpulated tribute to 
 
 ' and pre.pare_d_to defy 
 
 tfngliinV.— fftouirf of Mxunitfnlilk,—Wi(havin. 
 
 623 
 
 r reaching Lahore ^^^^^, 
 
 Wllh tUo fore** of the lajah of Bhawalpoor, 
 onco inoro pi ^ikKud tlio army of Mixiiriij, 
 whirh, after a lanKuliiary coiilllct of nino 
 linurB' duration, wiih coinpletnly defeated 
 with tho Ions of all Its artillery. Moolraj 
 now iflll back upon Mooltan, and wan im- 
 n''-dlalrly followed liy the UrltlMh andthoir 
 flllei. General WIiIhIi soon after arriving 
 k'roni Lahore with n InrKfl retnfurcemfnt, 
 wliii ft view to beHle^e tlio city, tlio whole 
 lirltlsh force asHcinbled round tho wallH of 
 Mooltan amounted to l's.ooo men. The latli 
 of September was nxed for makluK a ge- 
 neral attack upon tho town, A party of 
 tho enemy having utronKly entronrhed 
 tlicni8clvc8 In a Rardcu and village near 
 tho wall*, 2„ noof tho llrltlHh troops, under 
 the command of brigadier Harvey, marched 
 at daybreak against this post, and carried 
 It after a iteveru Btrugglo and much loot 
 on both sides. Next day the Mooltanese 
 troops mado a degperato attack on Lieut. 
 Kdwarde»' camp, but were repelled, 'md the 
 Uritlsh troops carried another lnu''>rtniit 
 outwork. But at this critical juncture, 
 Shero Singh went over to tho enemy with 
 the whole of his troops coniil»thig of g.ixm) 
 men; and In conse<iHeiico of this defection 
 general Whish doomed It expedient to raise 
 tho siege, and fall back upon a position 
 a few miles from tho town. As It had now 
 become apparent that a stnigglo with tho 
 whole of tho flcrco soldiery of tho Sikhs 
 jwas at hand, a largo force was ordered to 
 ssonibic at rerozepoor, under tho nnlors 
 f lord Gough, and preparations on a largo 
 ■calu wero mado to crush this formldabto 
 'obelllon. 
 On Oct. D, Rhero Singh separated hlm- 
 lelf from Moolraj, and by skilful manneuvres 
 ed tho whole of his force across the 
 avco, and through tho whole extent of 
 oab-l-Bechna, to tho country north-west 
 if Lahore, and south-east of Vyseerahad, 
 here Chuttur 8iiigh shortly after took up 
 Ills position. On Nov. 21, It was found 
 liat Shore Singh was entrenched on the 
 ight bank of the Chenab, behind Ram- 
 uggur, with nearly 40,ooo men and 28 
 funs well placed. A picket of two ro- 
 [Imonts was pasted advantageously on tho 
 ft bank. Lord Ooiiih despatched major- 
 eneral Thackwell w th thirteen Infantry 
 iglmcnts, besides •vrtillery and cavalry, to 
 
 on the enemy's flank. Lord 
 
 CI 
 
 iV""Vio«'"iinflpr tho commaii^na operaio on me enemys nans, iioru 
 ^n Singh. It bftPPeno** *?.!;io»»h personally led iho attack on the 
 
 K" '^""^^'A"tnot was .."CrtiMrogs tho river some miles up tho stream, 
 te'tan"Vder the commanlnd operate . - . - - 
 
 nough persi 
 dvanced p( 
 "tho'indus with a smaiuorapjnirted, but unsuccessfully 
 
 Co 1 eutenantEdwardcsw^.■dvanced. position. A 
 C, tho Indus with a smalHorc* 
 ^St'kxduotoMooM Al 
 
 surprise was at. 
 
 Some of the 
 
 rltlsh troops fell Into ambush, suffered 
 
 > ■a""-)''''^ "'•-"' „gglnatlon nfroat slaughter, and lost ft gun. Among 
 
 "^»i?,.tPi" took measures tl,o losses sustained by the British In this 
 
 tlonwitltbe orccsofcolond 
 ir,n the 20th May an cngag; 
 
 hgagement, wero col. Havelock, gen. 
 kireton, and capt. Highbury, who fell In 
 1 gallant but unsuccessful charge against 
 le enemy. After a variety of mt, ^uvres, 
 which Shere Singh displayed grt,.t abll 
 
 lace, in w»'^" andthelofy as a tactician, tho whole Sikh army 
 ih great siauB" I gg TlBandoned their position at Eamnuggur, 
 ' and °'° °nnled the forts Ad marchi^ upon the Jhelum. 
 "^^ I Mnn of the Indus. BlMeanwhile, general WhIsh, having been 
 ld the lino ,,,--tiYe. On tllined by tho Bombay troops, renewed the 
 
 jlned by the Bombay troops, renewed the 
 ge of Mooltan. Tho besieging army 
 w amounted to 15,000 British troops; 
 
 that of the allies to about 17,000; or 81,000 
 111 all, besides IM) pIc-'-s of artillery. On 
 December 27, tho troops advanced In (our 
 columns to tho attack ; and clearing tho 
 suburbs, and driving In the enemy on all 
 sides, ostabllxhed thpinsclves within MO 
 yards of tho walls. A terrlllc rannouado and 
 Itombardment commenced next day. On 
 Uec. 20, tho besiegers had arrived so closo 
 to tho walls, that their heavy guns wero 
 breaching them at a distance of no more 
 than eighty yards. Tremendous damage 
 was caused to the town ; and in the fort a 
 granary was set on Are, and several small 
 magar.lncs exploded. On tho morning of 
 tho noth, tho principal magazine of tho fort, 
 in which nearly 800,000 pounds of powder 
 were reported to have been stored, blow up 
 with a tcrrlflc explosion. The Uowan's mo- 
 ther, and several of his relatives, with many 
 of tho sirdars, and a great number of troops 
 and people, wero blown into tho air; whllo 
 niosaues and houses, and hugo masses of 
 masonry, camo tumbling down In destruc- 
 tive loufuslon. But with this grave event 
 our nnrratlvo for tho present year must 
 close. 
 
 In this memorable year's obituary aro 
 tho names of two distinguished states- 
 men, viscount Melhourno and lord Gcorgo 
 Bentlnck. The former for some time had 
 retired from tho active scene of politics, 
 and was carried to tho grave full of years 
 and honours. But tho 'atter was struck 
 down in the vigour of manhood, and, it 
 may bo said, at tho very conuuencement 
 of a career which tho great and various 
 resources ho had recently displayed, his 
 boundless energy and uncompromising 
 firmness, had made full of promise. 
 
 A.D. 184it.— Public affairs at the com- 
 mencement of the parliamentary session 
 presented no extraordinary feature. In 
 England, the landed interest showed itself 
 uneasy and dlssatlstled with the great coiu- 
 inerclal changes that had recently taken 
 place; and in Ireland a lawle-is spirit still 
 prevailed to some extent among the popu- 
 lation. Hut commerce was reviving from 
 the shocks which it had felt for the last 
 two or three years ; and the Internal tran- 
 quillity of tho kingdom was undisturbed. 
 Great part of tho session was devoted to 
 tho affairs of Ireland. A select committee 
 having been appointed upon the Irish 
 poor law, a committee of tho whole house 
 was agreed to, after a long discussion, to 
 consider the government proposition of a 
 • rate in aid ; ' and the debates that then 
 ensued were chiefly remarkable for tho 
 speech of sir Robert Peel, who at great 
 length developed his own views respecting 
 the state of Ireland, and suggested a plan 
 for the redemption of landed property in 
 that country. 'If,' said tho right hon. 
 gentleman, ' tcchnlcalltlea and legal difll- 
 culties stood in their way, they should cut 
 the Gordlan knot and rclcaso tho land.' 
 ' Sooner than let tho present stato of things 
 continue, he would altogether oust the 
 court of chancery of Its jurisdiction ovei 
 tho subject.' These memorable words 
 were soon followed by the introduction of 
 a bin tor facilitating tho sale and transfet 
 
 'ill 
 
 I. kJI 
 
 ! 
 
 ilf' 
 

 M— w— >— 
 
 l] 
 
 •1 
 
 t 
 
 
 ■i * 
 
 
 fi'lA 
 
 €\)t Crrrntdii'ii at %\iHo\\}, Set. 
 
 of t>tll<UIMlll>l'l<ll •■*llll<<«. Ily ItK'illlK lif 11,11 
 
 iiliii|iUt, Hliiirl, Iiii'^imuinIvo iiii>iIi< or ni'IHiim 
 Kiiil lt'i«iii<ri'irhiM litiiil la milmiliiili'il fm 
 Ihi' tinily Ktiil riiliiiiii* •■iiiirni' <>r |>iiii'i'iliiri< 
 whii'li |ii'i>vliiiiiily |iii<vrtlti>it 1 mill wlii'dii'r 
 wo ii'Hui'il llt« tiiiiiinlliiilo riMil Hliililioni 
 ii<'«« i<r llii< ttliiiHO II Mrii|i|<l<'<l mDIi, IIii< 
 
 VIkoIIV ttllil iiI'IkIiI'IIUv ■)( llll< tlinrlillli'l'V II 
 
 i*iM|<li))i<il, or I1ii< \iii>i mill nlnioNi. Inritl 
 iMltiililo liil|iiii'tmii'« i<r llio mtrlitl i-liiiiiMt< 
 wlili'h lU ii|<i<riilli>ii |<i'<iiiil«i'ii li)iM'i<i>iiit<ll>ili 
 III lirlmiil, II ititiy Jimlly rlinlli'iiHi' I'lHii 
 imvlxull Mllll III!' KI'i'IIIi'mI MI'llll'VlMlli'llU of 
 
 iiiiiili<riili<Ml'«liilti<ii. 
 
 Aiiiillirr iiiiihI liii|ii<i'lniil iiiritiiiir«< of llii< 
 rckhIoii i<r IMiii wiiH llii* l>lll Inli'iiiliioi'il liy 
 llii> HDvri'iiiiioiil fill- Hill I'l'iHvil of lliDiirivl 
 ^illliil) linVH. Afli'l' li'llHllii'lii'il iIIni'iinhIhiih 
 III liiilli liKiiKi'K, IliU n-iMviilim iiii'iiMiii'o of 
 liii' friM' I riulo |>ii||i'y n'i'i'lvril ilio lli'iil 
 miiii'lliiii i<f inii'lliiiiii'iil, iniit Klinrlly iiri< i 
 wnnl* iililiiliii'il III!' roynl uhhimiI ; II n uimm i 
 Hon lioliiK nxcil to I'oiiinioiiro mi Jim. i, 
 
 1H,V>. 
 
 Wi< iiiiiiit now ri'vi'Vf. to tlio nlTilr* of 
 liiillil. (till- ii:ii'nillvi> rlonril liixi )i>iii' wllli 
 nil ni'iMiiiil iif llio Iri'iiii'iiilinix fxplimlnii 
 of n liti'Ko |<i>\vili>i' iiiiMii/.liio III MokIIiiii, 
 on tlio :ioili of |)i'i-i>iiil>i<r INIH, III llio iiiIiIhI 
 i<r Ilio iiMimill iiiiiilo l>y llio IIi'IIIhIi Iiohiim. 
 Iliil ililx |ii'iiiliicoil Icii'illy n ii.'iiiHo III llii< 
 
 collllli"!. AfliT nil li >t«:Uil I'.i.ir of I'liiinoil 
 
 mill iiiiMki'lry for nlioiii i'IkIiI niul fmly 
 hiiiirM, lii<i° iiiii.)i'Hty'K .'I'^iiil MMil l!illi, nnil 
 r'Jiiil icilivo liifniilry, iuimIu'iI fniwnril lo ii 
 lin-noh iii-ni- Ilio Mrllil Knti', Iml II iHovnl 
 liii|>ri«rlli"«li1i<. Till' Irooim tlii-ii liinvi'il 
 rmiMil 10 tlii> oi'poMllo nIiIo of I III' I own, 
 wluTO llio t'lilrniii'o of llio lloml«ny roliiiiiii 
 liml niri'nily lircn I'ffi'iMi'il. 'I'lio KiiHllrri'rt 
 oiiliM'i'il ilrNi, mill I'lni'i'il llio Mininluiil on 
 tlio iMly wnlU. Tlio UciiK'tl I'oluiiin fol- 
 lownl, milt tlio cliy, wliU'li wns inUoii 
 nlioiii :i r. M., wnH liotoro Hniiticl llllcil wlili 
 llrltlnh tn)0|ii>. Tlio oltntlol, liowovcr, in 
 wliloli MoolntJ liiiil hIiiiI lilniMolf u|t, hIIII 
 ronltiiiioti to lioUl out ; but |irHOllcnlilo 
 lirt<«iiio» ImTlim 1)0011 oirorloil, ilio HrlllMli 
 troop* woro nlioiil to Mtorni Iho ollmlol, 
 wJion MixilnijHurrt'liiloroilliliiiHi'lf niiooinll- 
 tloimlly, with lilx wlioloKitrrlxoii. Moolinn 
 ImviiiK tliiiK falloii, tlio troopHoim'nKoil In 
 llio nllnok liiiiiioilliiloly foinnioiiood Ihi'lr 
 nmnii iiorlliwiinln, to Join tlio frrnml nriiiy 
 uinlor loril OoukIi, oppo^fil to llio two 
 robot rhtoftnlii*, Slioro HIiikIi aiul (.'liulliir 
 8liiKli. 
 
 On tlio loili of .Tunnnry, lord (JoiikIi 
 rorolvcil nn onirinl oointniinloatloii, tliiit 
 the fortroM of Attook, wiilrli liml so Ioiik 
 liocn ilofoiuloilby niiijor Horliort.liml fiilloii, 
 mill t)i:it riuittiir SUiKl) \v:i8 ailviini'iiiMr to 
 join liU foirosto tliosoniulor lil« son 81ior«» 
 Sintrli, which thon mnountod to nonrly 
 40,1X^1 moil with 63 (tu\\i>. Ho, tlioroforo, 
 dotonuiniHl to lose iii) time In nttouiiitiiiMr 
 tlio oomploto overthrow of tho 8lkh army 
 in hU front ; ami at tiayllKht on the morn- 
 nlng of tho luth mnrohoil from liOali /ll>- 
 bdh to ninfrroe. Tho suocoedlng iiiovo- 
 nionts may Ix) narrated in the words of hid 
 own dOAiiatch : ' Having loarncd from my 
 Fries and from other sources of Inform- 
 fttiou, that Shere Stugh still held with his 
 
 fill 
 ml 
 'I'll 
 
 rlulit III)' vlllnwox of l.iikliiii'i'ivnlln mid 
 Klllli'll Hlillll lirli riilirk, ImvlllM lliouronlj 
 hiiily iif IiIk fiirro III llio vIIImko of liolMmi 
 wnlln, ivllli IiIm lofl nl IIiinmhiiI iim tho 
 .Mioliiiii, KlroiiMly oi'i'iijiyliiu llio miiiilii'rii 
 i'«ll'oiiilly i>r It low iMiiHUiif illlfi'ii'iit IiIIIm 
 liilorxorli'il liy in« Iiii'm wlililiotloml iiiiiily 
 to I hill vlllnMO, I iimiiIk my itriniiKoliiriilN 
 aociiiilliiiily iIiIm i'\i'iiinu, mill niinmiiiil 
 ONli'il llii'in to llio roiiiiiiniiiloi'M of lliit 
 Movi'i'itl dlvUliiiiM : lull lit liiMiii'o I'lirroi'l In- 
 fiii'iiinlloii HN III llio iinliii'ii of llio I'liiinlry, 
 wlilrli I Im<IIovi«iI III III! otooNMlvoly dinii'llll 
 mill III iiilnt>loil to lliOHilvmiro of a rowiilnr 
 iiniiy, I di'li'imliK'd n|)oii iiiovIiih on thin 
 vlllnwo Willi a vlow Id iooiiiiiioIIio, 
 
 'Dm Hill moinliiii of Iho l.'Kli the foron 
 Mihniii'i'il I I miiiliMti'oiiMldot'iililo iloliiiH' In 
 my iImIiI, imitly In onlor to dliilrai't llii< 
 i'iii'iii)'i« iilli'iiiliiii, lull tirliii'liuilly III fd'i 
 nx I'li'nr nt* I nuilil of Iho JiiiimIo, on wlilrli 
 II wiHilil nppriir tliikt Hio I'lioiiiy liiitliily 
 tolloil. 
 
 'Wo n|i|ii'imi'hi'd tliU vlllnno nliont I'J 
 o'l'loi'lt, niiil I fi'iiiiil oil a iiioiiiid I'loHii I 
 II n Hli'iiiiif ploki'l. of Iho riii'iiiy'H rnvnlryl 
 mill liifniili'y, which wo nl miro <llH|ii'rsoifj 
 ohlnlnlim rioiii llii< moiiinl it viiy oxlondoi 
 \ low of Iho I'liiiilrv lii'fiiro iim, mid ihi 
 oiii'iny ilrnwii uui in iuil Ho nrrn>, ho Imvlii 
 olllii'i' ilinliiK III!' iilidii III' Htul mornlii 
 iimvi'il mil III' Ills hi'voi'mI iiiinIHoiim mih! 
 iiorii|ilod Iho Hill ind In mir frmil, which, 
 IhmiHh mil ti doiiio, wnH nIIII n dllllciil 
 jiiiiHio, Ills i'IhIiI In nilvniiro of Knlloli 
 Sliiili koh Chuck, mill IiIm loft on llio fill' 
 rowod hills liororo iloHcrlliod. 
 
 'Tho day lniiut mo fnr nilvmicod, I di 
 cliloil iiiHin liil.liiK lip a |iomIHoii In rem' 
 llio vlllnKO, III m'llir to rocmiiiollro iii 
 frmil : lliidlinc lliiil I cmild not liirn Hi 
 oiiomy's llmikH, which roslod upon adonn 
 JiiiikIo, oxioiiilliiM nearly to llallah, whic 
 I had provloii.Hiy occiiplod for soiiio timi' 
 and tho iii'lmiilimirhood of which I knon' 
 mid n|ion Iho riivliiy hills, near I(uhmoi'I{ 
 without dclachliiK a force lo a diHlmici 
 this I cmisldorod hoth InoxiK'dlont an 
 dniiKoi'miM. 
 
 'Tho onglnoor dopartinrnt had boon oi 
 dorod to oxamliio llin country before ii 
 and tho iinnrtoniiaHler-general was In t 
 iicl of Inking up ground for tho oncamitnw tin 
 
 iins, 
 
 IIIINkol 
 
 car of 
 (I retrt 
 II good 
 In th( 
 cMipor 
 iinJorK 
 Im W( 
 
 iiioiit, when Iho iineiny advanced soin 
 homo nrllllory, mid o|)eiied a tiro on II 
 HklrmlHhors in froiil of lli(> vlllago. I In 
 modlnloly ordorod Ihem to be slloncoil I 
 a few rounds from our heavy guns, whir 
 advanced to an open space In front of Hi 
 village. The tiro was Instantly relurni 
 by that of nearly the whole of Mio enemy 
 Hold artillery, thus exposing the poslH 
 of Ills guns, which the Jungle had hlthoriBnntry 
 
 cmicealod 
 
 ' It was now evident thai tho enemy 
 teniled to tight, and would probably m 
 vance his guns so as to reach tho encani| 
 nieiit during the night. 
 
 '1, therefore, drew ni) In ordor of ball 
 sir Walter Gilbert's division on tho rlgli 
 flanked by brigadier Topo's brigade 
 cavalry, which I Btrengthened by tho M 
 light dragoons, well aware that tho oneiij 
 was strong in cavalry uiioii his loft. 
 
 V 
 
 mrclili 
 
 ilnutc 
 
 ho brig 
 
 (TO " 
 
 iittlank 
 Ind Ku 
 liowed 
 ad not 
 cro su: 
 gilt al 
 bargod 
 
.Vf. _ 
 
 .M i.r l.iiUliiii'fvviilIri wnij 
 
 Mil ni.'viiuw""' i'">"«'' 
 
 ii.fi itl Hm«.*iiiI "•• '"" 
 . ...•- iipylnn III.' <""•"'';•■,'' 
 ,w iMim.' ><t .llir.'i.'n». Iill M 
 „liH.»wlililn'»t«'ii«> mill y 
 I iim.lo ttiy luimiic'"""!'''* 
 
 Ilii< i'.miiii«iiil«'i'« "• '"" 
 <• iml 111 iii«iiii'i'iiriTrUM- 
 
 (UiMiMiiii-<>r •'•'''V^Ji'.I.Y/ 
 tiiilHi i.«i"i>«i<lv<>ly <»'«'"»"'• 
 „llio».lvui»r«- "f i»r.'»«tii|r 
 Ini'il HP'iii tiiKvlim nil till* 
 |i>w ill •oriitiniiMii". . 
 
 IMK of I lUi ••'•" ^"^'" 
 
 ,|,HM-..iii.lili<ii»lil<Mli'loiii;t'' 
 IV 111 i.rid'i- t" .Ui.lm.1 11... 
 l'„i,. l.ia i.rlii.lMly l'« Mil 
 ,M of 111" JniiMlo.oii wlil<l' 
 ir lliikt llio J'lit'ioy iiiiilK'y 
 
 IhmI lliU vllliiw '«'•;'"'■ ]'• 
 roiin.l on It Hioiiii.l ''"•"" ."i 
 .u,.|, of II iKiiiy " ••nviiiiy 
 
 lllll'll Wl< III OIllO (IIH|>.1KJ'<1. 
 
 iiiioiiioiiii.iii viiyi»i«;»ij;''l 
 .miiliy i'"ror.' »», '",'' ' H 
 Mil 111 imnii'uiiii.N.ln'l""^ '"" 
 il„, ni„i,i, or lliul moniliiM 
 
 f |,|H H'Vrnil l"mltlotlH llllil 
 
 uio iii'.l III our from, wlili'li, 
 7oo"o. W.IK Hi 111 a ilin ." I 
 iHliI 111 mlviiiKO of KiilK'li 
 
 it. un.l III" I'-fl- "" '"*' "" 
 •rorc ili'Korllifil 
 
 tfitalniitr.- )l|auiirr of 3Uruni[(Ui(cfi. tJittarin* 
 
 h'lti 
 
 ItilN wrrii nlliiihi'il IIiu'm IriHiii* iif liiirxii 
 urtllli'ry iiiuli r llniiiiiiiiil hiIimmI (Intnl. 
 Tlio lii'iivy uiiiiN Mrio III llii' I I'lilro. 
 
 ' MiIuikII' r tfi'iirritl t'litiiiiln H'h iIIvIhIhii 
 fiiriiinl llii< li'D, 'l.i!<l>i'ii liy In liimllir 
 Wlilli''* liilidiilo if iiiviili\, mill lliri'K 
 Irooi'M of lioiMii iiilllli'i'v iiiiilir lli'iili'iiiiiil 
 rnlnlli'l III iml 'IliK lli'lil ImiIIi'iIi'M >M'Ii' 
 null III!' liifiiiilr) iIIvImIiiiiii.' 
 
 Hiii'li will* Ilio nnlrr iif iilliirli ; Iml. Ilio 
 illli'Hllnii liiiw iirlurN wiiM II iniiilt'iil. iitnlrr 
 lIlK rlri'iiliiHliiiin<N III iniiko IliK iilliirk iil. 
 III! T TliK lriii>|iit WITH wi'iirli'il wllli llirlr 
 liiitrcli, llio iliiy UMN iiIiiiiihI. nih'iiI, iiml IIhh' 
 wiiM III! Iliiio III iiiiikK |irii|ii'r iiri'iiiiriilloiiN 
 mi iiN III iivolil iniiicri'Hxiiry Imhn of |iri<. 
 'I'lin trillh Mi'i'iiiM III III' Hull liiril (IihihIi whh 
 Irrlliili'il liy llii< ilri' fruiM llii<liiirNi<Mr(llli'ry 
 • if llii< Nililii), unit Niiilili'iily rliiinKliiH lilx 
 iiliiii of Willi liiu mil II tliK next, iliiy lirfmi' 
 liK nllni'knl llii'in, lii< ri'Mnlvnl In rliiiMllHi> 
 tlioir |iri<iiiiiii|illoii ii|iiiii lliiiK|iiii., If Kin li 
 !>»■ Hill fin'l, I III' roiiiinniiilnr In rlili'f wiim 
 trrlHliily III IliU liiHlitiirii iiiiirii liriito 
 lliiiii illMi-ri'i'l, mill IiIn liiillHi'rrlloii iomI. 
 UN ili'iir. No Niinii'li'iit rn'onniilHNiiMi i> 
 wnit liiinio of llio Hi'iiiiiiil lliiil. Iiiy lirlvM rii 
 our IrooiiM imil ilio mriiiy, iinil II. wax 
 mil known In wliiil. |iiirL or IiIh linn IiIm 
 rlilof Mlri'iiKili liiy. 
 
 ' Afli'r iii'iinniiiiiiilM wlilrli limtiMl liolwcrn 
 
 |<iiio mill (wo liiiiirM, Ilio Irfl. illvlMliin wiin 
 
 llrcrtril In iiiiiUimi lliiiik niovi'tiionl, ami In 
 
 licylnu Ilio onlcr, <'>|>oKi'il iln-lrowti lliiiili 
 
 II Ik ilrcmlfnl rnmit llri< from HIkli tiiillcriiH 
 
 nil llirlr li'fl. wlili'li liiitl mil, tii'oiioliMi'rvi'il, 
 
 Ami oil Itio llilril mill fmirlli lirlKinli'N iill.l 
 
 iiK MO fur iiilvnnci'il, 1 •''' mHoly ii'iirliliiK Ilio kuiin, llicy woio mil. 
 
 Ki„rt up n iioKllloM I" ••<•'"• " ■ •■ 
 
 ,„.,l,.,- 1,1 riMMimiollro J '._ 
 null 1 <"iilil not nil" 111 ii* 
 
 wi,i.invHt.H\iiiivi> ««>>;''.': T. 
 
 mill o|H<n.-(\ a llro on 
 ."front, of tlu'vllluKO. 1 l' 
 rriMt tlu'ni to lio HlliMicoil I 
 from our heavy kuuh. wI' f 
 \\\ om-nHimi'O In front of H 
 llro wn» limtiintly rolurm 
 irly tho whole of tlio onomy 
 
 ly Niirli n tri'mi'iiiloim llro, lliiil Mioy won 
 
 iIiIIkimI to rrliro wllli Hovrro Iomm. An nooii 
 
 It wiiN known iliiil. iIioho I.wo iirlKiulfi 
 
 ro ciiKiiKi'ili Ilio lift It WIIM Mi'iii iikhIiihI. 
 
 1 .....tmniif liiiil hcon o 'vory oiio In front iiml iwo olIirrH on Mm 
 |.or.h<pi»rt.tncnt hiui mi^n i^^l /^l^l_l^ ^^^^^ Hulmoiniinily oiHim.l ii 
 
 llnimMtoUXnii wIIh 'in' I'li l««iK llro on t hem ; l.iit, llio Hlklin no H.innor 
 ui> Kroum» for ihe .•lu'nmi 
 tlio enemy whimcea foin 
 
 iiiw they were (le|irl veil of tlieiiMOof iliclr 
 (iiiiK, thnii Miey renewed hucIi a llro wllli 
 iiuHketry not only mi Mio ilnnk, Imt. In tin' 
 vnr of the l>rlKinle, Hint It wum romiu'llcil 
 ;o retrcnt— a inoveinent which wiiHi'irerlcil 
 II good onh'r.miil with ileteriniiieil driivery.' 
 Ill the nieiinllmi-,' wn <|uol<i froiii it eoii- 
 lOiniiornry iirrount, ' lirlKitdler Oiidliy, with 
 iHJorKeneritl ulr W. Olllirrt iih h leader, 
 ho >vnH on tho extrenio rlKht of tliu in 
 
 llieiahe Vunglo Imd hUherl«Mtry " lliie; nioyed' forward,' and "after 
 
 nun im. jio'o iitrching throuKh dense jiiiikIo for Homo 
 
 ii„.,> ii.nt tiin rnemy 1 ihinlen, eainc mion tlioenemy'H Infantry; 
 
 t ?^''''?J ilind ?rcd alZ n I'O brigade o|.cned their Are, hut the fiieiiiy 
 
 '''*• '^'-\.?^«'aJh Uwoiic^^^^^ "i-e In sueli iiun.herH. tliat they eanlly 
 
 18 80 ntt to reach tuo onca.. ^j^^^^^.^ ^„^j„, ^^^„ p„,„p„„,,.^ „, t„„ 
 
 Ihtinigni. __,!„- nf bftttl 'I'l Kuropean regiment wcro wheeled up, 
 
 ^•^T.r'aHuion ontlio rigli howed front, and thowholo charged, but 
 
 ^\''''^\l^) v.ZThT^^6 ««1 not goni far when they found they 
 
 irlgttdter 1 »'I I » ""b lu surrounded. Thoy Immediately faced 
 
 r ^ ''\rZl.f that tho cue Ight about, kept up Jomo Ille-Dring and 
 
 rS?rui%ntlK^ hargodrcar-ranklutront. At this June- 
 
 lure Ilitwr'N iMtllriy IHliiii' InMix rim iii>, iiiiil 
 liiivliiM liriilni iiir (III' iiMiiiv, I'liik lliilr 
 HiiliH VVIiIIk till' Inrmitiy Wiii' Hum lilt/lily 
 illMHiitdilaliliiK HiMiiHi'lvin, mill I'liniliiK 
 liii|ii'ili<liiilili< liiiiri Im, Hii' niviiliy on Hi<' 
 rilii'iiiii Irfl. iiiiilir In lidutlrr WIiIIk IiiuI 
 niiiilo II ilitMlilliK ihriiMo mill ' olilHliilliil 
 IIIHl'll In Hll'lll'fl'lll nf Hll' I'lll'lliy, wlilli- Hie 
 niviiliy nil Ilio I'llri'llie iIkIiI, riiliiil>iMliK ''f 
 lirlKiulli'r riipi 'M r>iri'i', tvllli Hie I II li I'vlil. 
 iIiiihuiiiim ti'iii|i<iim liy al lii> liril, ImvliiK Im iii 
 tiiki'ii III itilviiiiio of Hll Ir iKirno iirlllliiyi 
 l.mii''N, ttlirlnHe'M. iii'l lliilnirN tro'ipH w. Ml 
 •llrerti'il III cliiii " II liiiil) nf Hie i iiiMliy'N 
 I'ltviili 1 , varloiiiily i'hI liiiiili'd al. fi tin I,iiiki 
 In fi.iKi'i. IiihIi'iiiI (if iiliryliiK Hie nrilirN 
 mIvi'Ii Hikiii they fiireil iiliniil,, iiii'', In Npllo 
 nf tho iiirrKi'ili' eiii|rin<iiir« of i.ii'lrowit 
 mill oHht iiltli'iTK, '• rt. Hill Mil' (Willi Hio 
 I'iri'lilliill nf a IiimIj of Hill ..ill IminiN 
 Willi wrrn iiillleili, mid niiiile dire''!, fur Ho 
 ml 1 1 lory, nil rmiilnM up In wlilili, IiihIiiiiI >•. 
 IHllllliM lip, Hiry iIiimIii-iI tlirnilKli Hnl ' * 
 mill i!lirlNHi<'N irnopx, iip«riilng ii y/iwn >u 
 mill Hiiiiii' linrNi'H, mill illn rllii" HiilreniirHii 
 til Hie lli'lil ||iiM|illiil, Till' 11 > .' . Ni'i'lilK 
 the ailviiiitiigo liny Iiml Hun hii i rniiiit.' 
 lilily I'liNiirMl, fnllnwril mi' ritvi.'iy, gnt 
 miiniiuxt Hio lioiNo iirHllrry, nit dnwn iin 
 li'MN Himi 7.'( ('iiiiiirrM, wlin liiol, liy Hiti 
 lllKlit nf Hio riiviilry IIimhikIi Hh Ir rmikH, 
 tii'i'll ileprlvi'd nf till' liii'llliH nf ili'fi'Mlllig 
 HieiiiHi'lv'i'M, mid riirrlcd nlf n nf Hie kiiiik, 
 two nf wlilrli wrri'MiiliHii|iiinHy remviTcil.' 
 A lire nf Kriipo w<m linwi'vir imiirril In 
 upon Hio advitiirliig HlkliH, and they liirniil 
 ami IIimI, 
 
 "I'lio lirliMi IroopK remiiliied mnnterM nl 
 tho lli'lil, Iml Hii'lr Inn'i wum very heavy : V!»l 
 Kiimpr.'ill iiltlrerN ami 7.11 liii'li kllli'd, Wl 
 nilli'rrM iin>l I, 'tin nun wimmleil, niiikliiK a 
 tiitiil of '.','.'(111. Mnri'iiver -1 nf nrr (/iiiih fell 
 Into Hir limiiU of llic I'lll'lliy, and r> Ht.aiid 
 nf cnlniir.-i, ninl Hie Hlklix, allied liy Hifi 
 darklii'.^ii nf tin' iilt/lit, wire ulilo tn riinnvo 
 Hio gri'iilir purl, nf lIu' kiiiim wIiIi'Ii liail 
 lieen t.'ikrii I'V im iliirliiK Hie HtriiKKle. 
 Ilpnii till' wl,' . .'lliniiKli llii: vlilnry vm^ 
 enmpli'li', t • 'iiy and nniiliirl. nf lliii 
 arllnii wlilrli ii.. i Jiir.1 Ihtm fniiKlit were 
 liinMl, Hi'Vi'ii'ly erllli'lHi'il. II, wan kiinwii 
 liy the iiiiiiii' nf Hie hall li' of (jlillllanwall.'ih, 
 rrmn it vlll.'Ke In llio Imiiii'dl.ite vli^lnlly nf 
 wlili'li ti llrlHHli army wiih encamped, mid 
 Hill iiewM wiiH received in Knglaml with a 
 Imr'it nf Horrow, and we intiHt add ItidiKiia- 
 ilo ., Want nf duo cmitlnn on Hie part nf 
 Hie Koneral wiih patent on Hio face of tho 
 ai'cimntH of the cng.'iKemeiit, and It wiih 
 felt that It ought not tn have tioenha/arded, 
 iior HO great a wiiHtc of llfu wantonly In- 
 curred. There w.'is no need to lent tho 
 rouragi) of the Holdlert who liad been en- 
 gaged in HiIh rampaign against the HikliM, 
 and the diityof thncnmmander-ln-chlef wan 
 to (.'flv.fX the overthrow of tho enemy hy 
 KUperlor ittrateglu Hklll, rather than by 
 daHhlng exploltH of pernonal valour, and 
 liaud-to-haml conOlcta with tho Habro and 
 tho Iiayonet. Tlio conisefiuenro was an 
 almoHt unanlmuuH demand for the recall 
 of Uird (iougli, and tho appointment of a 
 general who would cjtrry on the war In a 
 more sclcutlflc and Icsa desperate fashion. 
 
 '!i: 
 
 1 
 
 ... !i .' 
 
 •4 'i ' 
 
m 
 
 QTl^e Creajtury of Wtitovjsi, $ct. 
 
 In this emergency all eyes were turned to 
 Bir Charles Napier, the bero of Meeanee 
 and conqueror ol Sclnde, whose name was 
 dreaded by the restless tribes of the Indus 
 jnoro than that of any other living man, 
 and both the Government and the East India 
 Company acknowledged the correctness of 
 tlie public choice. Sir Charles Napier was 
 without delay appointed commander-in- 
 chief of the forces, and member extraor- 
 dinary of the council of India, and he 
 Balled from England at the latter end of 
 March, to assuiue his duties in the East. 
 
 'But In the meantime Providence had 
 blessed our arms with a decisive and final 
 victory, and the glory of Goojerat effaced all 
 vindictive memory of the carnage of Chil- 
 llanwallah." (Annual Register for 1849.) 
 
 On the 12th of February, the Sllchs drew 
 up their cavalry In masses outside their 
 camp at ChiUianwallah, and under that 
 cover the tents were struck, and the troops 
 retreated in the direction of Goojerat. 
 Lord Gough, with 2.5,000 men and 100 guns, 
 then resolved to attack the enemy, num- 
 bering 60,000 men with 59 guns. The Sikh 
 chief was strongly posted between two 
 river courses, wlilch protected his Hanks, 
 and yet allowed him good manoeuvring 
 space to retire either on the east or west 
 Bide of the town of Goojerat, which af- 
 forded shelter and protection to his rear. 
 The flght began at seven in the morning, 
 and lasted throughout the day. The British 
 army displayed the greatest gallantrj' ; and 
 the result was that, by four o'clock the 
 enemy had been driven from every pest, 
 and was in general retreat, which the 
 fleld artillery and cavalry converted into a 
 total rout and flight. They were pursued 
 with great slaughter for about 15 miles, 
 and next morning an adequate force took 
 up the direct pursuit, and detachments 
 were sent to the points where retreat 
 could most effectually be cut off. The 
 result was that 3 of the enemy's guns, 
 and the whole of their ammunition and 
 camp equipage, fell into the hands of the 
 British. 
 
 This decisive engagement was followed 
 by the most Important results. Shere Singh 
 and various other chiefs surrendered un- 
 conditionally. The flight of Dost Moham- 
 med into Affghanistan, by dissolving the 
 Sikh and Affghan confederacy, gave the 
 finishing blow to the existence of the 
 BIkhs ; and the Punjaub was forthwith de- 
 clared to be a portion of the British em- 
 pire in India. At a public durbar held on 
 the 29th of March, it was agreed, that 
 Dhuleep Singh should resign the sove- 
 reignty, that all the property of the state 
 should bo confiscated to the East India 
 Company, and that the famous diamond 
 called the Koh-i-noor, or Mountain of Light, 
 should be surrendered to the queen of 
 England. 
 
 The year 1849 will long bo memorable 
 for the reappearance of cholera in appal- 
 ling strength. On that occasion, this 
 frightful disease did not, as in 1832, arise 
 In one unhealthy spot, and thence radiate 
 to congenial localities in other parts of the 
 kingdom, but It reappeared In all its 
 
 terrors simultaneously, and In all parts of 
 the country, sparing neither the rich in 
 their mansions nor the poor In their hovels, 
 though its chief ravages were committed 
 wherever neglect, vice, or poverty pressed 
 upon the population. As soon as its pre- 
 sence was distinctly ascertained, every at- 
 tention was paid to the subject by govern- 
 ment ; parochial and district boards were 
 forthwith organised ; and every measure 
 that humanity and prudence could suggest 
 was adopted to check the progress of the 
 disease. Nor were its ravages confined to 
 England. As in 1832, it made the tour of 
 the globe; the main points in which it 
 differed from the former visitation beiug 
 the longer continuance of the disease in 
 the places visited, the greater tendency to 
 subside and reappear, and the higher mor- 
 tality it occasioned. In the metropolis it 
 raged with terrific violence during the 
 third quarter of the year, till it reached its 
 climax in the week ending Sept. 8, during 
 which period the deaths amounted to the 
 enormous number of 12,847. 
 
 Among the many fair fruits of restored 
 tranquillity in Ireland was the Inducement 
 It offered to the queen to visit a part of 
 her empire hitherto known to her only by 
 name. That gracious visit was a well- 
 timed proof of the royal confidence in 
 the unshaken allegiance of the great bulk 
 of the Irish people ; and it was likewise a 
 compliment to the energy, prudence, just 
 humanity, and moderation by which tlio 
 unfortunate tumults of the preceding year 
 had been so happily composed. The ap- 
 pearance, indeed, of the queen among her 
 Irish subjects was all that was wanting to 
 complete the ascendency of loyalty over 
 treason, and of order over tumult. Her 
 visit was to the nation ; and the nation 
 which welcomed her was not only loyal but 
 free. Her progress, comprehending the capi- 
 tal and principal cities, afforded people of 
 all orders and classes opp'^rtunities of testi- 
 fying their joy and presenting her with 
 their homage. 
 
 The close of this year witnessed the deatli 
 of the queen dowager, Adelaide. Her 
 majesty's health had long been feeble; 
 but in the autumn of 1849 her debility as- 
 sumed an alarming form, and, after lin- 
 gering a few weeks, she died December 
 2nd, sincerely regretted by all classes of the 
 community. 
 
 A.D. 1850.— This year opened with more 
 cheering prospects than might have been 
 expected. The bill for the repeal of the 
 navigation laws, which had been passed 
 the preceding year, far from putting an 
 end to the public agitation for Protection, 
 seemed only to have doubled its intensity. 
 At the close of 1849, meetings sprang up 
 on all sides, in which the Protectionists | 
 and Free Traders fought all their battles 
 over again. The latter had all the ardour I 
 which is inspired by the desireof defending 
 a recent conquest against adversaries who 
 are at work to destroy it : the former had 
 hU the vehemence produced by a lost 
 position and deeply affected interests.! 
 In the midst of these hostile dispositions, 
 parliament was opened by commission on 
 
isly.and In all parts of 
 ig neither the rich In 
 the poor m their hovels, 
 ivages were commlttcu 
 iflce, or poverty pressea 
 111. A8 Boon as Its pre- 
 y ascertained, every at- 
 ) the subject by gcvem- 
 id district boards were 
 id; and every measure 
 prudence could suggest 
 leck the progress of the 
 its ravages confined to 
 932, it made the tour ot , 
 aln points in which it 
 former visitation beiug 
 uance of the disease in 
 the greater tendency to 
 ear, and the higher inor- 
 a In the metropolis It 
 10 violence during the 
 no year, till It reached Its 
 ;k ending Sept. 8, during 
 deaths amoiuited to the 
 ' of 12 847. 
 
 ly fair fruits of restored 
 land was the inducement 
 nueen to visit a part of 
 pto known to her only by 
 aclous visit was a well- 
 tho royal confidence in 
 eglance of the great bulk 
 pie ; and It was likewise a 
 le energy, prudence, just 
 noderatlon by which the 
 ults of the preceding year 
 )plly composed. The aiv 
 .of the queen among her 1 
 18 all that was wanting to 
 cendency of loyalty over 
 order over tumult. Her 
 . nation ; and the nation 
 her was not only loyal but 
 I. comprehending the capl- 
 I cities, afforded people of 
 ises opp'^rtunltles of testl- 
 and presenting her with j 
 
 8 year witnessed the death 1 
 lowager, Adelaide. Her 
 had long been feeble, 
 (in of 1849 her debility as- 
 ing form, and, after lin- 
 eeks, she died December 
 {retted by all classes of the 
 
 ■ year opened with more 
 !ts than might have been 
 bin for the repeal of the 
 which had been passed 
 ear, far from putting an 
 c agitation for Protection, 
 Wve doubled its Intensity. 
 1849, meetings sprang up , 
 which the Protectionists 
 '8 fought all their battles 
 latter had all the ardour 
 by the desire of defending 
 _jt against adversaries who 
 lestroylt: the former had 
 nee produced by a lost 
 eeply affected Interests, 
 these hostile dispositions, 
 opened by commission on 
 
 (SttfiXuvHt^—^anie af ^xm%gi»iA,—Wittatia, 527 
 
 the Ist of Feb. The prevalence of distress 
 among the agriculturists formed atopic for 
 regret in the speech from the throne ; but 
 as a Be^off, great stress was laid on the in- 
 crease of our foreign trade, and the cheap- 
 ness of the comforts of life to the working 
 classes. In opposition to the usual address, 
 au amendment was Ineffectually moved in 
 both houses of parliament, embodying the 
 complaints of the owners and occupiers of 
 land, and seeking for relief. But these ap- 
 parent triumphs of the cabinet were soon 
 seriously endangered by the division on the 
 motion of Mr. Disraeli, for a committee on 
 the 'Burdens on Land;' and especially to 
 consider the necessity for an immediate 
 revision of those poor-law charges which 
 rest wholly on such property. The ca- 
 binet's admission, in the royal speech, of 
 the distress of the agriculturists, naturally 
 formed a good point of attack for the 
 mover of the committee, and seriously 
 embarrassed the ministry. In opposing his 
 motion. The adhesion of Mr. Gladstone 
 and other members of the Peel party to 
 the motion rendered the division very 
 close, and gave the ministry a majority of 
 nn more than 21, in a house of more than 
 620 members. Colonial affairs, and in an 
 especial manner the West India question, 
 also threatened the existence of the mi- 
 nistry. The appointment of the Ceylon 
 Committee, to enquire Into lord Torring- 
 ton's conduct during the Ceylon riots, that 
 had taken place In 1848, proved how little 
 confidence was placed in the Colonial 
 Office, whilst the resolution of sir Fowell 
 Buxton, affirming the Injustice of expo- 
 sing free-grown sugar to competition with 
 slave-grown sugar, was rejected by the 
 narrow majority of 275 to 234. 
 
 But by far the most important debate of 
 this session arose out of the affairs of 
 Greece. At the commencement of this year. 
 Intelligence had reached England that, in 
 consequence of the refusal of the govern- 
 ment of Greece to accede to demands which 
 the British government had made on ac- 
 count of certain British subjects, admiral 
 sir W. Parker had been directed to proceed 
 to Athens, and, not obtaining satisfaction, 
 had blockaded the PIra;us, and had had 
 recourse to other stringent measures. On 
 the receipt of this intelligence, many per- 
 sons, otherwise friendly to the government, 
 manlfestedconslderable dissatisfaction, con- 
 sidering such peremptory proceedings to- 
 wards a feeble state like Greece unworthy 
 of the dignity and reputation of the British 
 nation. Soon after the meeting of narlla- 
 nient, questions were addressed to the go- 
 vernment on the subject, and lengthened 
 discussions took place, the object of which 
 was to show that the nation dldnotsympa- 
 [thise with the government in the course 
 hlch It had thought fit to adopt. Lord 
 almerston having, however, accepted of 
 he good offices of the French govem- 
 ent, hostilities bad ceased, and every 
 hlng promised a peaceful termination, to 
 his untoward affair, when It became 
 nown that the French ambassador, baron 
 ros, who had been deputed to confer 
 rlth Mr. Wysc, the British minister at 
 
 Athens, had failed in his mission. Mean- 
 while, a convention was agreed to In Lon- 
 don between lord Palmerston and M. 
 Drouyn do Lhuys, by which the whole 
 matter was to bo arranged. Before this 
 convention was actually signed, the French 
 government despatched a steam frigate to 
 the Piraeus, to announce the basis of the 
 proposed agreement to baron Gros ; bat 
 from some Inexplicable cause, lord Pal- 
 merston sent no instructions to Mr. Wyso 
 on the subject ; and the latter. In complete 
 ignorance of the measures agreed to in 
 London, gave notice to the Greek govern- 
 ment that he would immediately recom- 
 mence coercive measures unless the de- 
 mands of the British government were 
 unconditionally complied with. These de- 
 mands were acceded to ; but tho French 
 government, to mark its sense of what It 
 believed to be a want of good faith on tho 
 part of lord Palmerston, recalled its am- 
 bassador from London, and only agreed 
 to his return when the British government 
 consented to be bound by the stipulations 
 of the convention in which he had borne 
 a part. But tho matter did not rest here. 
 In the houco of lords the bbckadc of 
 Greece was discussed at great length, and 
 lord Stanley brought forward a motion of 
 censure against the government, whom he 
 reproached with having violated the prin- 
 ciples of the law of nations, and having 
 compromised the good understanding of 
 England with- the continental powers. 
 After an animated discussion, lord Stan- 
 ley's motion was carried against the go- 
 vernment In a full house by a majority of 
 37. It was at first supposed that In con- 
 sequence of this defeat the ministry would 
 resign ; but lord John Russell showed 
 by precedents that an adverse vote in the 
 house of lords does not necessitate tho 
 resignation of a government, nor a change 
 in its policy. It was, however, deemed 
 expedient that something should be dono 
 to counterbalance tho moral effect of 
 tho vote in the house of lords ; and Mr. 
 Roebuck gave notice of a comprehen- 
 sive resolution, approving of the whole 
 foreign policy of tho government. Tho 
 debate on this motion lasted four days ; all 
 the most distinguished roem'^ers of tho 
 house took part In it. A powe-ful defence 
 of his policy was made by lord Palmerston, 
 who travelled over the whole ground of 
 attack, and with varied and well-put argu- 
 ments maintained that ho had not failed 
 of his duty In the proud position of the 
 minister who wielded the power of Eng- 
 land, and fearlessly challenged the verdlot 
 of tho house upon the principles of his 
 policy. In a house, consisting of 574 mem- 
 bers, the division gave a majority of 46 in 
 favour of the government. Tho victory 
 thus gained would have created Immense 
 sensation, but for the melancholy event 
 by which It was Immediately followed. 
 Sir Robert Peel had taken a prominent 
 part In the debate just closed. His speech 
 was distinguished by a manly generosity of 
 tone, well suited to the lofty, though un- 
 ofllclal position which he bad occupied 
 for four years ; and though compelled to 
 
 m 
 
 1^ 
 
L%^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 I ■- ! 
 
 -V < 
 
 I 
 
 ! i'iiin 
 
 628 
 
 CI)( €teninx}i at Witav^it ^c. 
 
 dissociate himself from tho foreign policy of 
 the government, few will forget tho sensii- 
 tlon produced by hla generoiift Intiguiigo in 
 reference to lord I'alinerston, — 'We iiro 
 all proud of lilni!' Tbo day after this 
 inemorablo debate, while riding up Con- 
 Btitutlon-hlll, his horse started and throw 
 him. no was conveyed home, tind niedicnl 
 attendance was Instantly with him; but the 
 Internal Injuries he had sustained proved 
 too much for his susceptible frame, and 
 after Intense suffering of three days' dura- 
 tion, ho expired on July 2ud. Tho in- 
 telligence of this sad event was licard with 
 dismay. Tho house of commons imme- 
 diately adjourned out of respect to tho 
 memory of the groat statesman ; and next 
 day in both houses, nicuibers of all political 
 parties gave utterance to their feelings of 
 regret for his loss. Lord John Russell, on 
 tlio part of the government, proposed that 
 the deceased should 1)0 honoured by a 
 public funeral —tho highest tribute of re- 
 spect to an individual which the house of 
 commons could pay, — but Mr. Goulburn, 
 on the part of sir Ilobert Peel's family, 
 declined this offer, in consequence of the 
 often-expressed and written desire of tho 
 Illustrious dead, to be 'interred without 
 ostentation or parade of any kind.' A 
 national monument, however, was decreed 
 to his memory in Westminster-abbey ; and 
 her majesty would liavo conferred on his 
 family tho iionours of the peerage if they 
 had not been respectfully declined. 
 
 Tho last important business with whldi 
 the liouse was occupied previous to its ris- 
 ing, waa the attempt of baron Rothschild to 
 sit without taking the usual oaths. Wearied, 
 apparently, of waiting for the promised 
 government measure, on tho 20th of July 
 tho baron presented himself at tho table 
 of tho iiousc, and demanded to 1)e sworn 
 on the Old Testament. After a discussion 
 this was conceded; but when the oaths 
 were tendered, on coming to the words ' on 
 tho f.iith of a true Christian,' the baron 
 said, 'I pass them as not binding on my 
 conscience,' and concluded witli the re- 
 maining words of adjuration. But thiseva- 
 Bion of tho law was not supported even by 
 his ministerial friends, and the result was 
 that tlicse words were affirmed to bo an 
 essential part of the oath, and the baron 
 was declared to bo not entitled to his seat 
 in the house. 
 
 Among the most important acts bearing on 
 tho well-being of the community passed this 
 ECsslon, may be mentioned tho 'Act to malco 
 better Provision for the Interment of the 
 Dead in and near the Metropolis,' the 
 Factories Amendment Act, a bill for the 
 better government of the Australian colo- 
 nies, a bill for the alteration of the stamp 
 duties, and a bill for altering the qualifl- 
 ratlou of parliamentary votes in Ireland. 
 The 8th day of July witnessed the death of 
 his royaihighncss the duke of Cambrlcgc. 
 
 In the autumn of this year Great Britain 
 was thrown into a state of political and 
 religious excitement, almost unprecedeLted 
 in its history. It was occasioned by the 
 attempt of tho Pope to reestablish the 
 Roman Catholic hierarchy, which had been 
 
 extinct since tho Reformation. Without 
 permission of the crown, orany negotiation 
 witli tlio government whatever. Pope Plus 
 IX. divided tho wholo of England into 
 twelve sees, and assigned tlieso to as 
 many Roman Catholic bishops, with terri- 
 torial jurisdiction. The chief of them was 
 Dr. Wiseman, who was created cardinal and 
 elevated to tho rank of archbishop of West- 
 minster. Dr. Wiseman issued a pastoral 
 letter, which was road on tho 27th day of 
 October, 1850, In all tho churdics and 
 chapels of tho Romanists, congratulating 
 catholic England on tho reestablishment 
 of the Roman hierarchy. 
 
 The excitement produced by this in- 
 telligence throughout England was pro- 
 digious ; and the llamo was fanned by the 
 publication of a letter which h)rd John 
 Hussell had addressed to tho bishop of 
 Durham, In condemnation of the Pope's 
 proceedings. When the excitement was at 
 its height, cardinal Wiseman published a 
 subtle defence of lilmsclf and tho popish 
 measure, which he addressed to tlio people 
 of England, and, whether consistently or 
 inconsistently, pleaded in tlio most strenu- 
 ous manner for tho inviolable observance 
 of the principles of ' religious liberty.' Ikit 
 tho great body of the people turned a deaf 
 car to this appeal ; and many, even of tho 
 Roman Catholic subjects of tho queen, 
 viewed tho papal rescript with no favour- 
 al>lo eye, confirming, as it did, their sus- 
 picions of ultramontane tendencies, which 
 but a short time previously had been e\- 
 hll)ited in Ireland. For the aggression of 
 tho Roman Catholic Church had not begun 
 hero. A synod of Irish Catholic arcli- 
 bisliops, bishops, and inferior clergry, had 
 been recently held in Thuries, under tho 
 direction of archbishop Cullen, the Pope's 
 legate ; and great Indignation was manifest- 
 ed by the Protestant population throughout 
 the country, wlicu it became known that 
 the queen's colleges, which had been estab- 
 lished in 1845, to enable the youth of 
 Ireland to obtain secular instruction, had 
 been solemnly conden:ned by tho synod, 
 and that its acts had been forwarded to 
 Rome to bo submitted to the approval of 
 the Pope. 
 
 A. D. 1851.— At tho commencement of 
 this year, two subjects, though diame- 
 trically opposite, engrossed the minds of 
 the community : tho Papal aggression, 
 witli the measures likely to bo adopted to 
 counteract it ; and tlie Great Exhibition of 
 tho Industry of all Nations. It was gene- 
 rally expected that, with the exception of 
 some measures calculated to abate the pre- 
 tensions of tho Papal See, the session of 
 parliament would be barren of legislative 
 results, and that tho fervour of politics 
 would give way to tho amenities which tho 
 great commercial jubilee would naturally 
 inspire. How far this expectation was re- 
 alised will bo seen in the sequel. The par- 
 liament was opened by the queen in person, 
 on Feb. 4. Her majesty in the royal speech 
 dwelt with satisfaction on the continuance 
 of peace and amity with foreign nations : 
 on tho termination of hostilities between 
 Denmark and ScbleBwig-Holstein, through 
 
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 the I 
 udili 
 
f(&nQXnnts,—^tniie at 38ntitiJtu((ft.-?Uict0rta. 629 
 
 noforinatlon. Without 
 rown, oraiiyiicgotlaUon 
 Biit whatever, l'oi>o I'lus 
 whole of England luto 
 
 asBlgncd these to as 
 loUc blBhopg, with tcrrl- 
 
 The chief of them was 
 
 was created curdiiml and 
 
 ikof archbl8h()i)ofWe«t- 
 
 Ibomaii Issued a pastoral 
 
 road on the 27th day of 
 
 all the churdics and 
 Imanlsts, congratulating 
 on the rcestabllshment 
 
 t iiroducsd by this In 
 [hout England was pro- 
 tlanie was fanned by tlie 
 lettir which lord John 
 resscd to the bishop of 
 lenmatlon of the Popes 
 len the excitement was at 
 iial Wiseman published a 
 f himself and the popish 
 ic addressed to the jicoplo 
 whether consistently or 
 leaded In the most strenu- 
 tho Inviolable observance 
 of 'religious liberty; But 
 f the people turned a deaf 
 il ; and many, even of the 
 ! subjects of the queen, 
 .1 rescript with no favour- 
 iilng, as it did, their bus- 
 lontano tendencies, which 
 e previously had been cv 
 nd. For the aggression of 
 loUc Church had not begun 
 ' of Irish Catholic arch- 
 1, and Inferior clergy, had 
 eld In Thurles, under the 
 hblshop CuUen, the Pope s 
 t Indignation was manlfest- 
 tant population throughout 
 ten It became known that 
 fges, which had been cstab- 
 ' to enable the youth of 
 1 secular Instruction, had 
 sondcnined by the synod, 
 ;b had been forwarded to 
 ilttcd to the approval of 
 
 I the commencement of 
 J subjects, though dlame- 
 I. engrossed the minds of 
 I: the Papal aggression, 
 Ics likely to bo adopted to 
 lid the Great Exhibition of 
 Tall Nations. It was gene- 
 tat, with the exception of 
 tlculated to abate the pre- 
 [Papal See, the session of 
 Id be barren of legislative 
 It the fervour of politics 
 lo the amenities which the 
 Vl jubilee would naturally 
 t this expectation was re- 
 fn In the sequel. The par- 
 led by the queen In person, 
 liajesty in the royal speech 
 Jactlon on the continuance 
 Ety with foreign nations : 
 Ion of hostilities between 
 ileswlg-HolBteln, through 
 
 the exertions of tho Uerman confederation 
 In carrying out the stipulations of tho 
 treaty of Berlin ; on tho conclusion of an 
 additional treaty with the king of Sar- 
 dinia; and on tho new measures taken by 
 tho government of Bra/ll for the suppres- 
 sion of the slave trade. Hcrmajcsty having 
 referred to the estimates of the year, which 
 wore framed with a due regard to economy 
 and to the necessities of the public service,' 
 proceeded to remark on tho satisfactory 
 state of the revenue, notwithstanding the 
 largo reduction of taxation In late years, 
 and upon the nourishing state of tlie com- 
 merce and manufactures of tho kingdom. 
 The difllculties still felt by the owners and 
 occupiers of land her majesty lamented, 
 but hoped that the prosperity of other 
 classes of her subjects would have a bene- 
 flclal effect in diminishing those difll- 
 culties, and In promoting tho interests of 
 agriculture. Her majesty then foresha- 
 dowed the principal government measures 
 of the coming session ; a bill to prevent 
 the assumption of ';ertain ecclesiastical 
 titles conferred by the Pope ; bills for Im- 
 proving the administration of justice in the 
 several departments of law and equity ; 
 and a bill for a registration of deeds and 
 Instruments relating to the transfer of pro- 
 perty. 
 
 Following tho order of the measures here 
 adverted to, lord John Uusscll, on the 7tli 
 of Feb., moved for leave to bring in a bill 
 to counteract the aggressive policy of the 
 Church of Home. Tho debate was pro- 
 tracted during four nights by successive 
 adjournments; and at length the motion 
 was carried on a division by 305 against 
 63. The extent of this majority sufflciently 
 Idemonstrated the feeling which pervaded 
 ,ho country In regard to tho Papal ag- 
 gression; but a sudden stop was put to 
 hefurther progress of thcmcasurc through 
 larllamcnt by events to which wo must 
 ow more particularly advert. Before the 
 lesslon had lasted a month, a ministerial 
 risls had arisen, and their seals of office 
 ad been resigned, only to be taken back 
 gain after an interval of a few days. The 
 eaknessof the ministerial party had long 
 .en admitted, whilst the strength of the 
 lonservativc opposition had been increased 
 y tho accession of several votes from the 
 >eel section, after the death of their great 
 hief. Taking advantage of the fresh ad- 
 isslon of agricultural distress contained 
 n the royal speech, on the llth Feb., Mr. 
 Israeli renewed his motion on the bur- 
 ens on land and the Inequality of taxation, 
 the form of a resolution of the house 
 rmlng the duty of the government to 
 irovlde some Immediate relief for that dls- 
 ress It publicly admitted, an J pretended to 
 ■.epiore. To this proposition the cabinet 
 spiled by again denying the existence of 
 le distress, or ridiculing the proposed 
 easurea for Its relief. On a division, their 
 ajorlty could muster only 281 members, 
 hllst the minority had risen to 267 votes. 
 >ut close upon this victory followed their 
 teat in a Bmall houie by their own friends, 
 the question of extending the county 
 uchiw to 10{. taouBeholders. Convinced 
 
 of their ovn\ doclino, but, as wnn surmised, 
 hoping, by an Immediate ri>l*,'nallon, to 
 anMclpate the tactics of the Conservatives, 
 and perhaps prevent their future accession 
 to office, tho cabinet resigned, and lord 
 Stanley was sent for by tho queen. Af for a 
 day's consultation with his friends, lord 
 Stanley declined to take office until every 
 other means had failed to constitute a 
 government among the leaders of the ma- 
 jority. Lord Aberdeen and sir James 
 Graham were severally sent for by her 
 majesty, and Intrusted with the formatiou 
 of a new ministry ; but all the negotiations 
 for this purpose proved abortive, the two 
 Litter statesmen announcing their repug- 
 r iMcc to take office while the bill to coun- 
 ts ract the Pptial aggression was unsettled. 
 The queen, therefore, on the advice of tlio 
 duko of Wellington, once more recalled tho 
 Whigs to office; but from that period to tho 
 close of the session, tho cabinet existed on 
 the sufferance of Its opponents. Finance 
 was the weakest point In tho ftilnlsterial 
 programme. I.i the middle of February, 
 the first budgci' of the year was proposed, 
 but found llttio approval or support. An- 
 other three yearb' lease of the lncome>tax 
 was demanded, and a partial remission of 
 the window duties, and some removal of a 
 few thousand pounds each, of agricultural 
 burdens, were promls ?d, but the ministerial 
 crisis of March destroyed this budget. On 
 the 5th of April the second budget appeared. 
 By this tho window-tax was wholly re- 
 pealed, a houBe-tax Imposed, and the bonus 
 to the agriculturists withdrawn ; but still 
 tho Inconie-tax was redemanded for three 
 years. This budget found more favour 
 than Its predecessor, and its main details 
 were carried. The house, hownver, marked 
 Its objection to the income-tax, by limiting 
 It to a single year, as well as nominating a 
 select committee to enquire into its opera- 
 tion. Two other temporary defeats on 
 financial matters were suffered by tho 
 government— that on home-mado spirits 
 In bond, and that on the attorneys' certi- 
 ficate duties— and though these defeats 
 wore afterwards retrieved, the weakness of 
 the government was made fully evident, 
 The ecclesiastical titles bill. Introduced by 
 the cabinet, wjis regarded with little favour 
 by any party. The more zealous Protestants 
 viewed It as practically Ineffective. Tho 
 Romanists looked on It as .in Insult, and all 
 the more Insulting from Us Inefficiency ; 
 whilst the Peelltes denounced it as incon- 
 sistent with the principles which the Whigs 
 bad professed for bo many years on tho 
 subject of religion. Chiefly by the votes of 
 the Conservative majority, several Im- 
 portant amendments were carried against 
 the government, who, ho^vevcr, consented 
 to adopt them, and thus made the bill more 
 palatable to the country. The close of the 
 parliamentary session was marked by an 
 attempt of alderman Salomons, who had a 
 short time previously been elected member 
 for Greenwich, to take his seat without the 
 usual oaths. This Incident gave rise to 
 lengthened discussions, during which al- 
 derman Salomons both gat and voted; but 
 the house, on the motion of lord John 
 MM 
 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
63n 
 
 €\)t €vtni\tv^ at W^tatiu i(t. 
 
 l! [i 
 
 Pussell, »!t length rnssed a resolution, Ce- 
 r Ire. he right of thelionouraiiie member 
 «« sit n- vo.'e, until he hnd takeu the oaths 
 t: thi iorin ivppolnted by law. 
 
 But while h-irce discussions were raging 
 In parliament, the public attention was 
 fully engrossed by another subject, to which 
 wo shall briefly advert. • The Great Exhi- 
 bition of the Works of Industry of all 
 Nations' In 1851, will be recorded In the 
 annals of fiHure ages as the flrst event of 
 the kind which has occurred In the history 
 of mankind. The fabric termed the Crystal 
 Palace, designed by Mr. Joseph Paxton, 
 In Hyde-park, London, for the English 
 celebration of the Exhibition of Industry 
 of all Nations, surpassed In extent and 
 mngnlflcence, and wondrous adaptation of 
 means to ends, all former displays of our 
 continental neighbours, and all that the 
 most sanguine and enterprising of Its 
 
 grojectors could have conceived. The Bx- 
 Ibltlon was opened with Imposing solem- 
 nity by her majesty Queen Victoria, May 
 l8t. In the presence of 25,000 persons. 
 The site of the Crystal Palace witr on the 
 vacant space on the 8. side of Hyde-park 
 between the Kensington-road and the Ser- 
 pentine, 8Jm. 8. by W. of the General Post- 
 offlce. Its figure was a cross, being oblong, 
 with a central transept rising 108 feet. 
 Extreme length of building 1,851 feet, 
 corresponding to the year of erection ; 
 extreme breadth 456 feet ; area nearly 19 
 acres, or seven times the area of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral. The Exhibition was closed to 
 the public on Oct. 11 ; and shortly after- 
 wards her majesty conferred the honour 
 of knighthood and other distinctions on 
 those gentlemen to whose 7.eal, ability, 
 and active cooperation with Prince Albert 
 much of the success of the novel scheme 
 must bo attributed. It would far exceed 
 our limits to enter upon any of the great 
 questions, moral, social, and Industrial, 
 which are naturally suggested by so gi- 
 gantic an undertaking, thus successfully 
 concluded. Few designs ever awakened 
 more alarm at its outset, or ever inspired 
 greater appi-ehenslons for its success 
 during Its progress : but In the same pro- 
 portion few realisations were more com- 
 plete, and no consummation more likely to 
 be pregnant with lasting good. We have 
 only to add that the general opinion was 
 strongly in favour of the preservation of 
 the Exhibition Building ; but this being 
 adverse to the terms on which its site in 
 Hyde-park had been temporarily conceded, 
 a new Crystal Palace waa commenced 
 at Sydenham, Aug. 5, 1852, more expressly 
 and artistically appropriate to popular re- 
 creation and Inatruction. 
 
 The close of this year witnessed the death 
 of the last surviving son of George III., 
 Ernest, king of Hanover, better known In 
 this country as the duke of Cumberland. 
 
 A.D. 1862.— The opening of the parlia- 
 mentary session of this year was looked 
 forward to with considcr.tble curiosity; for 
 an Important change i . the cabinet— the 
 dismissal of lord Palmerston from the 
 ofllce of foreign secretary, which to many 
 Beemed unaccountable— had taken place 
 
 during tho recess; and nothing but mi 
 nistcrlal explanations, it appeared, could] 
 throw light upon the subjeet. On tho .'irr 
 of Feb. the session was opened by hei 
 majesty in person ; and soon after th 
 royal speech was delivered, lord Johi 
 HusscU availed himself of an opportunity 
 presenteO. to him by one of lils supporters 
 to enter into the eagerly desired expla- 
 nations. From these it appeared, that lord| 
 Palmerston had on various occasions actei 
 Indepi'ndently of hia colleagues; and m 
 more especially in opposition to a r( 
 solution passed in the cabinc^t, 'to al 
 stain from the expression of opinions 1 
 approval or disapproval of the recent emi 
 aitat in Prance,' his lordship had, both 1: 
 public despatches anl private conversation 
 spoken favourably of the policy adopted 
 by the French president, the premier n 
 solved to call upon him to resign the seali 
 of office. This took place on tho 24th De 
 1851; and carl Granville was appointor 
 secretary for foreign affairs in his roo: 
 These explanations over, the attention o| 
 parliament was speedily occupied with tw 
 questions of great importance : the daf enc 
 of the country, and the new Reform Bll 
 Of the latter we need only say, that it wi 
 received with few manifestations oi ni 
 proval even by tho friends of reforral 
 while the ministerial scheme for organisln] 
 tho militia gave lord Palmerston an o] 
 portunlty of ousting the minister by who 
 he had been dismissed. On the 20th 
 Feb. the mllltia bill can on for dlscui 
 slon, when lord Palmerston moved to onv 
 those words from tho preamble whlc 
 would convert the projected force into' 
 general instead of local militia. This moti 
 was carried by 136 to 125, and on that hi 
 the premier, who. It was said, was In dre; 
 of a motion closely Impending on the polli 
 of lord Grey towards the colonies, resign 
 office, and lord Stanley, who had since t; 
 ministerial crisis of last year succeed 
 his father as earl of Derby, was once mo{ 
 Intrusted with tho task of forming 
 administration. During a short pari 
 mentary adjournment which took plai 
 the following list was completed r—loi 
 chancellor, sir Edward Sugden, creatj 
 baron St. Leonards ; president of t 
 council, earl of Lonsdale; lord privy s^ 
 marquis of Salisbury ; home secretn 
 right hon. Spencei- Walpole ; colonial 
 tary, sir John Pakington ; foreign secretai 
 earl of Malmesbury; first lord of the t 
 sury, carl of Derby ;chancellor of cxcheqiii 
 right hon. B. Disraeli ; chancellor of t| 
 duchy of Lancaster, right hon. R. 
 Christopher ; flrst commissioner of woi 
 and public buildings, lord John Mannei 
 postmaster-general, earl of Hardwid 
 board of control, right hon. J. O. Herrii 
 board of trade, right hon. Joseph 
 chief secretary for Ireland, I'^'fi Ni 
 admiralty, duke of Northumbei and. 
 foregoing were la the cabinet, the foil 
 Ing were not : - Lord-lieutenant of Ireli 
 earllof Eglintou; commander-ln-nief, 
 of Wellington ; ma8ter-.<7eneral of the 
 
 e VI 
 nera 
 engc 
 e pi 
 ingo< 
 
 nance, viscount Hardlnge. On the 
 sembhng of parliament on the isthl 
 
 mak 
 few 
 yno 
 nnlnj 
 rth-w 
 msel 
 tallabi 
 ntier 
 se is 
 
 Kel 
 
 tweei 
 
 ently 
 
 ween 
 
 trict, 
 
 idth£ 
 
 epenc 
 
 erfn 
 
 sett; 
 
 Caa 
 
 of 
 
 desig 
 
 neuti 
 
(i^glantr.— ^Qujte of Mtxmi^itk.—^Utavin, 631 
 
 PRB- and notlilng J)Ut ml; 
 fatU«"^t appeared c^^^^^^ 
 
 I hlmBeW of an opportunity 
 
 prcciable eflcct on tlie food of the people, 
 trould be just, economical, and adrantago- 
 aus to tbe country, he thought that no 
 [ilnister ought to brljig forward Buch a 
 |)ropo3ltlon, unless he was sure not only 
 ot a bare majority, but of a very general 
 Concurrence of opinion throur/hout the 
 
 views 
 
 and out 
 
 having 
 
 I March, the carl of Derby made a long and 
 etoiiuent speech In the house of pccro, In 
 which he declined to pledge himself to a 
 Iparticular course in regard to any measures, 
 Ithough he did not desire to go back to the 
 (law of 1846 with respect to com. While ho 
 Jfrankly owned that, in his opinion, the im- 
 ' "'{I'Tnft"ofT»t8Biiprorter3 ■position of a moderate duty, producing a 
 m by o""."* flngired expla-Ilarge revenue, and enabling other kinds of 
 the CRBt^'* _pj that lordltaxation to be taken off. with hardlyan ap- 
 1 those It appeariAj,^^^^^^p^^j.jj^,^^jgpggi.jjjjj ^j^^ food of the neonle. 
 
 *of"lTi9 colleagues; and w. 
 
 .<( In the cablnftt, /o .. 
 e expression of oP^^^f ^* 
 
 '"^iJ.'i^'y.raBVitn had, both ll«:oiu;urrcui;u oi uiuuiuu turuur^uui 
 
 ce,' his io™s"'P "^Jy^jgatlonftountry. The enunciation of these 
 ■hes an-i private convert favourably received, both in ai 
 
 '■^^'y L«; fho iiremler rcEf parUamont; and the ministry 1 
 h president, tne pre gg„,Keclared that, as a speedy dissolution of 
 upon him Jo "°.T"24th Dc(*arllamentwaB contemplated, none but the 
 . ».„i, ^loPA nn mo * ^nost pressing measures sLould be brought 
 
 [orward, all factious opposition was sus- 
 
 lended. The militia bill, after lengthened 
 
 iscuBslon, was carried by a large majority : 
 
 ew Zealand received a constitution ; 
 
 arlous social and sanitary Improvements 
 
 ere effected; and, above all, extensive 
 
 anges, amoanting In many respects to a 
 
 orougn reform, were made in t»io pro- 
 
 edlng of the superior courts of i. " and 
 
 uity. These and other mea3*-<-es Laving 
 
 !en passed, parliament was prorogued by 
 
 le queen in person on the 1st July ; and 
 
 the same day dissolved by royal procla- 
 
 _ ,tlon. 
 
 1 Palmersion luujri^v. v„ „ . ^^ must now advert briefly to the state 
 
 3 from the Preammu " |^jj^j.g^jjjjjjgj^gpp^^^jjj.,gg gome Insults 
 
 crt the projected n?hiamoti*vlng been offered to the British flag by 
 
 le viceroy of Rangoon, the governor- 
 neral of India at onco took measures to 
 enge them. The British troops captured 
 e principal cities. Martaban, Bassein, 
 ingoon, Pegu, and Promc, reconnoitred 
 e banks of the Irrawaddy, and remained 
 lurmonths in theenemy's country, without 
 IS, save from the climate, of more than 
 • men. At the Cape, a fierce war was 
 ,rried on for eighteen months with the 
 iffres at a vast, and it is to be feared, 
 leless exi^enditure of blood and treasure. 
 I make the narrative clear to the reader, 
 few geographical details of the colony 
 »y not be out of place. Three large rivers. 
 ,nning In nearly parallel directions from 
 rth-west to south-east, and dischargiiit' 
 mselves Into the sea, supply as many 
 
 sTook place on the 24th D^ 
 iri firanvlUe was appointed 
 foreKffalrs In hts roouj 
 itfons^ver. the attentlon^l 
 'as speedily occiipied with t^l 
 jreat importance : «i° dj^nf,^ 
 ry,and the new Reform bij 
 we need only say, that it war 
 rh few manifestations 'ol aJ 
 by the friends of reforral 
 
 Si^W^^i^m'eS^^^^ 
 
 Ss^^d^'"^nTe%TrI 
 ^ihI bill car on for discuj 
 prdpllme^ston moved to on.i 
 I from the preamble whlc 
 rt th^ projected force Intpl 
 ■ad of loc'klmllitla. Thlsmotd 
 t,y 136 to 125, and «n ">** ^'l 
 who It -was said, was in are| 
 rtosefy InTpendlng on the po^ J 
 towarfs the colonies, resign! 
 Td Stanley, who had since tn 
 crisis of last year succeeaf 
 earl of Derby, was once m« 
 th the task of *o™»nK J 
 ^n Tiiirlntr a short paria 
 ruVnS^hlch took jp^^^ 
 St list was completea . i"n 
 f,r Edward Sugden. crea j 
 Leonards; preBldcnt of tl 
 
 of Lonsdale; lord P^vT^^ 
 
 (telishury ; home Bccremj 
 
 pe^KSpolo; colonial se J 
 
 PnPaUlngtonjforelgnse^^^^^^^ 
 
 esbury ; A'St^lord of tne w—^j,^^,^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 )erby;chancellorofcxcnequ» jj^j. ^^ ^^ 
 
 I. Disraeli; chancellor oi ^m^ the Great ru 
 
 chancellor 
 right hon 
 
 ftarv for Ireland, '^^.^l 
 a of Northumbei and 
 Cere ivi the cabinet, the loi^ 
 tt" Lord-lieutenant of Iwla^ 
 Uou; commander-ln-rt lef,d1 
 Ln ; ma8ter-,<<eneral ot the 
 lount Hardtnge. O" *he i 
 If parliament on the 15th 
 
 eastern or Caffrarlan 
 
 colony. The first of 
 
 se is the Great Fish River; the second, 
 
 Keiskamma; and the third the Rei. 
 
 itween the first and the second lies the 
 
 ently annexed province of Victoria ; 
 
 iween the second and third the extensive 
 
 itrict, called British C3affrarla; and, be- 
 
 .d the third, the terrltoriet, proper of the 
 
 ependent Caff res, among whom the most 
 
 erful chief Is Krelli. Thus by the 
 
 settlement, the Kel was Intended to be 
 
 Oaffre frontier, and the Kelskamna 
 
 .t of the colony; British Caffrarla, as 
 
 designation Imports, being a compound 
 
 neutralised country between the two 
 
 borders, intended to servo as a barrier 
 province. It was strengthened by a chain 
 of military outposts, and being cfcupled 
 by Caflres. though garrisoned by the British, 
 it was hoped that future wars could be 
 either prevented altogether, or confined to 
 this particular field. To the north of British 
 Caflraria, runs a range of considerable high* 
 lands, called the Amatola Mountains, con- 
 Btituting a wild and almost Impenetrable 
 dls*^- let, and the whole country along the 
 Keiskamma is covered with dense thickets, 
 or broken into rugged ravines. 
 
 Soon after sir Harry Smith was appoint- 
 ed governor of the Cape, he summoned a 
 meeting of tbe Caffrc chiefs. A great many 
 assembled ; but Saudilli, who was tbe most 
 formidable, and regarded as a sort of king 
 among them, having refused to appear, he 
 was formally deposed by the governor from 
 his authority ; and the Caffre chiefs, at a 
 second meeting, elected Sutu, or the ' Great 
 Widow' as she was called, to rule over 
 them in his stead. All attempt i of the 
 governor, however, to Induce the chiefs to 
 effect the capture of Sandilli, were in vain. 
 Sir Harry Smith, having meanwhile received 
 Information that the Caffre chief was lurk- 
 ing in the noighbourhood.thought he might 
 be able, by a sudden sortie, to make him 
 prisoner; or, at all events, force him to 
 abandon that part of the country. He 
 therefore ordered col. Macklnnon, at the 
 head of 600 men, to make the attempt. In 
 pursuance of tills object, col. Macklnnon 
 took his way up the valley of the Keiskamma 
 river. On reaching a narrow gorge, where 
 bis men could only proceed in single file, 
 a deadly fire was opened upon.his column 
 by the Caffres ; and It 'vas only after the 
 serious loss of three officers, and sixteen 
 men killed and wounded, that he succeeded 
 In extricii:>g his troops from the defile, 
 and in dislodging the Caffre^. This attack In 
 the Keiskamma defile was tiie signal for <* 
 general rising among the Caffres. 
 
 When sir HarrySmithwasflrstsurprised 
 by the intclir^encc that Sandilli was in in- 
 surrection, he repaired immediately In per- 
 son to British Caffraria, took post at King 
 WlUiam's-town, the chief station, and 
 opening his communlcatlonswith the other 
 forts to the right and left, endeavoured to 
 detain the insurgent Caflres round these 
 posts, and thus keep them out of the 
 colony, until he was sufficiently reinforced 
 to act on the offensive. His design was, as 
 soon as he could gather strengtti. to concert 
 a general movement from the British forts 
 upon the Amatolas, the chief stronghold of 
 the enemy, and to finish the war by routing 
 him In his last retreat. The first part of 
 the scheme was successful : thatistosa)'. 
 the Caffres exhausted their violence In vain 
 efforts to force the British positions, and 
 for some weeks it was considered that the 
 device of thus maJdng a neutral battle- 
 ground had answered Its purpose. At 
 length, however (though not till after ma- 
 terial delays), sir Harry effected his advance 
 upon the Amatolas, and. as far as the im- 
 mediato operation was concerned, wltb 
 good result, for the mountains were pene< 
 trated In all directions, and tbe Mvaees 
 
^t Creaifurji 0f Wf^iatu, ^t. 
 
 expelled. But, unlu cktiy, when tl (■ nritlsh 
 comman<ler abandon \ the ngbtltiK 'ground 
 of the forte, the Caffreg. ■lia the same, aud 
 puBhed on adroitly to 9\i flarry's rtjvi and 
 threw theiutii'lves uium the farms ol the 
 colony whliti ijo was iiiaroli''!y on the Amu 
 tolas. Tho ri. isequence v>:'.>, that the war. 
 Instead of being flnlslied, was transferred 
 from British Caflrarlatoour own provinces ; 
 the savages cnsroncedithemw^lvesiii strong 
 positions, sucli jS the 'Wav')! kloof,' In iiia 
 very centre of Albany. Sir Harry roulil 'io 
 fio better than attempt to take them liy 
 ttorni, but though the poslHous Wrve mere 
 than once lost, they were reoccup.'cd, and 
 very llttlo progress was made. Finally the 
 British commander determined to advance 
 to the Koi, and invade the Caffres In (he 
 .remotest of their abodes. It was arguid 
 thnt. on former occasions this movement 
 had been productive of the happiest re»',i Us; 
 that the country was favourable to the 
 operations of regular warfare, and that tlio 
 Caffres, when their own properties wi lO 
 thus menaced, would sue for peace. Acci-.rU- 
 ingly, the expedition was carried out, a)'il 
 with apparent success — the Amatolas belner 
 alao again scoured so completely, thai, 
 according to the ofllcial despatches, only 
 three Caffres could be discovered by the 
 most powerful tnlcscopc. A few weeks, 
 however, brought several more specimens 
 into view, and sir Harry resigned the com- 
 mand Into the hands of general Cathcart, 
 Just as It was ascertained that the Caflre 
 bands within the colonial border were as 
 numerous, as bold, and as well-provisioned 
 as ever. Thus all the operations of the 
 British, though directly successful, were 
 wholly ineffective In putting down the 
 enemy or bringing the war to a close. 
 
 We have only space to advert here to 
 the discovery of an extensive gold region 
 In our Australian colonies. The emigrants 
 to Australia, In the first four months of 
 this year, were more than twice as many 
 as in the corresponding period of either of 
 the two preceding years. 
 
 In the course of the summer, consider- 
 ftble alarm prevailed as to a possible rupture 
 between England and the United States, in 
 consequence of the steps recently taken by 
 the ministry, at the instances of our North 
 American colonists, to protect the fisheries 
 on their coasts. In disregard of the treaty 
 of 1818, which excluded the Americans from 
 fishing In the bays of the British coasts, 
 the NewEnglanders, it appears, have never 
 ceased to fish on the coasts of Newfound- 
 land, justifying their presumed breach of 
 the treaty on the ground that If a bay or 
 Inlet were so spacious as to admit of a vessel 
 entering without coming within a league 
 from either shore, such bay should be con- 
 sidered as open sea. At Boston, a me- 
 morial was addressed to president Fillmore, 
 representing that 3,loo vessels, and 30,000 
 seamen, are engaged in the fisheries, re- 
 presenting property valued at 12,000,000 
 dollars ; and a very decided demonstration 
 was made in all quarters that the advan- 
 tages gradually assumed would not be 
 yielded without a struggle. A got A under- 
 ■taodloer was restored by the British govera- 
 
 vji<.<i; on 'JIii;j; n p«"r>v:t'i-y that access 
 of the Amor'-au flHlrin..a which hiui 
 h 1 1 herto been permltttiu on sufferance ; and 
 tb n all danger of a rupture fortunately 
 W);'j averted. 
 
 The result of the general elections showed 
 that no attempt to restore protection to 
 agiicii'ture could bo riadc with prudence 
 or reasonablo cbanc ' of aw ieaa. The new 
 parliament tcH ou die 4tii of November, 
 ai:<t the speech ot vho queen made special 
 referotii'c to tho death of the duke of 
 WeUiritftoi), -ifh Jind taken place on tho 
 14th '/f .Septeu' t ■ jr. This event chlefiy occu' 
 pled i'>'; attention of tho country, and the 
 htxises of parliament voted a public funC' 
 ral to the greatest and most successfulj 
 warrior of his time, and whose civil career, 
 in the words of Mr. Disraeli, was scared}- 
 less successful or lees splendid than hi 
 mill tary one. The funeral took place In th 
 cathedral ot St. Paul's, on the 18tb oi 
 November, and was conducted in a wa; 
 which reflected the greatest credit notonl; 
 on those who had the ordering of tli 
 ceremony, but on the immense multitudei 
 who filled the streets of London to testlf; 
 their sense of the public services am 
 virtues of the great warrior and states] 
 man. After the funeral, tho parliameni 
 immediately resumed tho subject of froi 
 tnule, when lord Derby admitted that thi 
 result of the elections proved that tli| 
 principle of unrestricted competition ougli 
 to be adopted. On the 23rd Mr. 0. ViUie; 
 brought forward a resolution which afflrni 
 ed that the improved condition of tli 
 people had been mainly owing to con 
 mercial legislation, and especially to tli 
 Act of 1846, for the free Importation 
 foreign com, and that the principle 
 free trade ought to be consisicntly c: 
 tended and carried out. The chancellor 
 the exchequer (Mr. Disraeli), regard!: 
 this resolution as expressive of want 
 confidence in tho government, attrlbu 
 the prosperity of the country to cheapn< 
 of provisions occasioned by recent legii 
 tion, and moved an amendment to ti 
 effect, A long debate followed, in tl 
 course of which lord Palmerston suggest 
 although he would not move, a secoi 
 amendment, which affirmed that the I 
 proved state of the country was mainly tl 
 result of recent legislation, and the policy 
 free trade on which it bad been based, 
 the renewal of the debate on the 25th, t{ 
 chancellor of the exchequer expressed 
 willingness to adopt the amendment 
 lord Palmerston. Lord John Russell mi 
 tained, in opposition to Mr. Disraeli, that 
 real question at issue was free trade or 
 tection, and Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Sldi 
 Herbert vindicated the policy of sir Rol 
 Peel. At length, on the refusal of 
 Villiers to withdraw his motion, it was 
 to the house and negatived by a dlvlsl 
 of 336 against 256. Lord Palmersti 
 amendment was then put and carried 
 a majority of 415, the numbers being 46i 
 Its fitvour, and 63 against it. This resi 
 tion affirmed that tho principle of 
 restricted competition, together with 
 aboUtioa of protecting taxes, bad dii 
 
 li 
 
 tl 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 d( 
 
 fr 
 
 ai 
 
 til 
 
 Al 
 
 wl 
 
 mi 
 
 ai 
 
 rei 
 
 coi 
 
 ( 
 
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 Die 
 
 Inoi 
 
 \Bup 
 
 irei 
 
 on 
 
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 net 
 
 spe 
 
 ton 
 
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 lowi 
 
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 lear 
 
*-c. 
 
 enfllantr.->|^outfe of S)rutti(&)iclt.~^ictai:tn. 
 
 633 
 
 (■.V.ytlmtaccoM 
 
 ''Kw-^ Milieu haal 
 
 Ished the cost and Incrcaied the supply of 
 the chief articles of food, and so brought 
 about the Improved state of the country. 
 By this resolution the house of commons 
 definitely settled and adopted the policy of 
 nomii Aipctlona showed ■ free trade, and the house of lords, after an 
 ;he general p„^j^ggjjQ„ ^Qm animated debate, asserted its adherence to 
 ^AY. mnrt^' with prudence I the commercial syatcni recently established. 
 
 .1.1 r>n riau. "•■ And 80 ended tho momentous controversy 
 
 which had occupied the attention of so 
 many parliaments, by the establishment of 
 a principle which its opponents had onou 
 regarded as fatal tu tho interests of tho 
 country. 
 On the eth of December, tho carl of 
 
 lid be niad 
 
 'bsiic of an j,oye,„„^., 
 
 and the 
 
 ^88. The new 
 of November.' 
 special 
 of the duke ol| 
 
 ■^ich l>i'^^ taken .^ i„«„f,rpu. 
 llr!" Tl.l. event cWeflyoccu 
 
 ' -'' i Vi.n ..niintry. ana "'«■ un ine oin oi uecemocr, tno can or 
 Lion "i\;*".„,i a public func-lMalmesbury.in the house of lords, and Mr. 
 lameni ^"J"" .-f BUCcessfullDisracli, In the house of commons, an- 
 •catest anu » ^^ ^j^jj career Jnounced that the French republic had been 
 time, »"" " „ yfg^ BcarcelyMsuperseded by an empire, and that the 
 "^^^'"I'oVi anlendld than hi ^president was now Napoleon HI. By the 
 
 lommons this news was received without 
 iscussion ; but the house proceeded to 
 ncrease tho estimates for national defences, 
 ispecially by grants for screw steamers and 
 lor an addition to the artillery forces. 
 
 But the contest which was to end in tho 
 ownfall of tho ministry had already begun. 
 in the 8tli of December, Hr. Disraeli 
 
 troduced his financial budget. In order 
 ;o counterbalance the loss resulting from 
 
 f£«o/^^ntK; 
 
 *i. fiinpral the parliamen«o euunieruaiaucu mo loss rusuiiuig iium 
 impd the subject of freBhe remission of taxes and of duties on 
 resumtu ;,_,.»t,>d that tbKialt.tea. and suvar. he Dronoscd to extend 
 
 been mainly owing to con, 
 islatlon. and especially W^tlJ 
 , for th 
 
 "!,el?t*to"be 'consTsicntly c 
 ought^ l?.,°\l,e chancellor ( 
 
 '^V^*l°t{.efrer?mpSrtatloV 
 ^*°U\'hat the principle. 
 
 regardlH 
 
 [carried out. - 
 
 \npT (Mr. Disraeli), - -_^^ 
 
 S,yj. amends' "•'■ 
 
 resumtu .^jj^efl that th»ialt,tea,and sugor, he proposed to extend 
 '° i»«Hfviia nroved that thfce income-tax to funded property and 
 le cieCY"»» i' ^jpetltionouglfciaries in Ireland, and fix tho point of cx- 
 '^ nn the MrdMr.O.Vlllieimttjptions on Industrial incomes at loof. a 
 ^^' J „ Moniiition which afflrnmear, and on incomes from property at 501., 
 *.^,nvPd condition of tlif^e rate in schedules A. and 0. being as 
 P^ *™''™I«niv owing to coiihefore 7d. in the pound, n B. D. and B. 51((. 
 
 i>o-.n TnainiY .. .. .,.«.^ proposed further to extend thehouse- 
 
 IX to houses rated at loi. a year and up- 
 ards, instead of 20?., as well as to increase 
 le rate of the assessment. It soon became 
 ear that on these several points a for- 
 Idable opposition must be encountered, 
 "hen the report of the committee of supply 
 18 brought up on the Gth of December, 
 r. Gladstone insisted that the income-tax 
 IS the first question to be discussed, and 
 e more as the government proposed its 
 iconstruction as well as Its extension, 
 le debate was prolonged to the third 
 joumment. On the isth of December, 
 le resolution respecting the house-duty 
 I putttjid lost by a majority of 19 against 
 goveiument,— the numbers being 305, to 
 in its favour. This was followed ini- 
 idiate'.y by the resignation of lord Derby 
 I his colleagues. But some days passed 
 lore the following list announced the 
 ngements for the new cabinet :— First 
 of the treasury, the earl of Aberdeen ; 
 chancellor, lord Cranworth ; chan- 
 or of the exchequer, Mr. Gladstone; 
 iretaries of state, home, lord Palmer- 
 n ; foreign, lord John Russell ; colonial, 
 e of Newcastle ; first lord of the nd- 
 Ity, sir J. Graham ; president of tlie 
 mcil, earl Grenville; lord privy seal, 
 duke of Argylo ; secretary of war, Mr. 
 ley Herbert ; president of the board of 
 trol, sir C. Wood; first commissioner 
 public works, sir W. Molesworth. In 
 ouncing the future policy of his minis- 
 lord Aberdeeu, iu answer to lord Derby, 
 
 Prdebatrfollowed.^1^^^^^ 
 
 bl "h lord Palmerston BUggesti 
 
 fe would not move, a seco* 
 
 t which affirmed that Jhf 'J 
 
 H oUhe country ^f,"*/*" fe? 
 entleglstatlon,andthepoUc) 
 
 n which It had been basett. 
 inf the debate on the 25tn, i 
 of the exchequer expressed 1 
 to adopt the amendment 
 9ton. Lord John BusseUm 
 tSStlon toMr.Disraell,that 
 TaulsSewM free trader 
 
 d Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Biai 
 nd&edthe policy of sir Bo 
 
 W^aw^'h^ror.tv^as. 
 
 t was then put and carried I 
 'ofT6.*th«Hf''»reBJ 
 
 
 denied that any government could be 
 carried on whlcli was not at once conser- 
 vative and liberal, and added tliat the 
 country was sick of terms which had now 
 no meaning except as party cries. On the 
 31st of December, the house of commons 
 adjourned to the 10th of February. 
 
 In the£ast. a war, caused by some insults 
 offered to the British flag by tho viceroy of 
 llangoon, broke out between England and 
 Burmah. The summer was spent in opera' 
 tlons of no great importance. The river 
 Irrawaddy was eflectually cleared between 
 llangoon and I'rome, but the latter place was 
 not taken till October. In tho following 
 month, however, Pegu fell into tho hands 
 of the English, and the whole province was 
 annexed to the British empire. Still tliu 
 ganisim left in the city was subjected to 
 much anuoy.incc from the Burmese troops, 
 and the attempts to bring these to a general 
 engagement proved ineffectual. 
 
 The year was marked by some memorable 
 disasters, among which may be mentioned 
 the loss of the ships Amazon and Birkenhead. 
 The former had left Southampton on 
 January 2, by the morning of the 4th tho 
 slilp had been destroyed by fire, and 103 
 passengers, among whom was Mr. Eliot 
 Warburton, were lost from the total number 
 of 161. The Birkenhead was wrecked on the 
 following month by striking on a rock in 
 False Bay near the Cape of Good Hope. Of 
 tho 630 persons on board, only 104 were 
 saved: and the wonderful heroism and 
 discipline of the men, with the horrible 
 massacre caused by the sharks among those 
 who were swimming, roused the most 
 intense sympathy for the sufferers in this 
 terrible calamity. It was felt that tho 
 conduct of the men and crew of the Bir- 
 kenhead exhibited a moral courage and a 
 self-sacrificing obedience to law which has 
 rarely been equalled, and never surpassed. 
 
 A.D. 1853.-The events of this year are 
 scarcely so important In themselves as 
 in the results to which they subsequently 
 led. Before the close of the year It 
 became manifest that the western 
 powers could scarcely avoid interfering 
 in the struggle which had begun between 
 Turkey and Russia; but the debates iu tho 
 English parliament were chiefly concerned 
 with subjects of less permanent Interest 
 than those of previous or subsequent 
 sessions. The great controversy of free 
 trade was ended ; and no movement of 
 equal importance had as yet succeeded to it. 
 The houses of parliament met on the 10th 
 of February, and were thenceforth occupied 
 in discussing a number of subjects, most of i 
 which were of temporary interest. The 
 question of law reform was practically 
 limited to a design for the consolidation of 
 the statute law, and convere.itions took 
 place on the persecution of the Madiaia 
 family at Florence for attempts to prosely- 
 tise Roman Catholics to Protestantism. 
 An effort made by Mr. Disraeli to raise a 
 controversy respecting the relations of 
 England with France was met by lord John 
 Russell with the reply that those relations 
 were as friendly as Mr. Disraeli could wish) 
 them to be. On the 22nd of February, Mr 
 
 it- J '■ 
 
 I 
 
 15] 
 
 m 
 
 Hi 
 
Cr^e ^vtuiuta at Witatu, ict* 
 
 roner moved that the house of eommons 
 aid resolTo Itself into coiiimltteo to 
 consider the Act relating to tho lloman 
 Oatholio College of Slaynooth in Ireland. 
 The KBoltttlon wm noRaMvcd ; and when 
 In tho house of lords tho same proposition 
 was made by lord Winchelsca, on amend- 
 ment by which lord Aborilecn proposed that 
 a comnilnsion should bo issued to rnaulro 
 Into tho govcrntnont and uianagemeut of 
 the Maynooth college, was adopted in its 
 ■toid. A luoro Important debate followed 
 on the Canadian clergy reserves. Accordintr 
 to the statement ot Mr. V. Peel, who proposed 
 the bill, these reserves dated from tho year 
 1791, when tho province was divided into 
 two parts. It was then provided that one 
 seventh of the value of waste lands disposed 
 of by the crown should be reserved for tho 
 anpport of the Protestant clergy. But in 
 the time between 1701 nnd 1840 the clergy 
 of the established churches of Kngland and 
 Scotland had received tho largest portion of 
 the profits arising from the sale of these 
 lands, and great discontent had thus been 
 caused In the colony. Tho ol)ject of tho 
 bill, as described by Mr. Peel, was to eniiblo 
 the legislature of Canada to alter tho exist- 
 ing arrangement, if it tliought lit so to do. 
 The point to be determined was whether It 
 was an imperial or a local question. Sir 
 John l*akington, nmintnining tho former 
 position, protested against the secular- 
 isation of the lands by which the Protestant 
 missions were supported, and the injury 
 which would thus bo inflicted on the church 
 of England. On tho other side, sir W, 
 Molesworth insisted that the Canadian lc> 
 glalature should have full power to deal with 
 the reserves as it might think best; and 
 Mr. Gladstone further maintained that the 
 alteration effected in 1810 made It, In con- 
 sistency, necessary to leave to the Canadian 
 parliament the power of making any other 
 changes. On the 11th of April, which was 
 appointed for the third reading of the bill, 
 Mr. Walpole proposed that It should bo read 
 that day six mouths, on the ground that Its 
 enactment would bo followed in Canada by 
 the establishment of the voluntary system 
 and the outbreak of religious strife. Mr. 
 Peel in reply stated that the bill protected 
 the interests of all existing incumbents, 
 and simply left to tho Canadian legislature 
 the power of managing ItsoMm local affairs. 
 Lord John Russell, while hoping that the 
 existing arrangements might not be dis- 
 turbed, did not hesltato to assert that If the 
 people of Canada preferred the voluntary 
 system to church establishments, they must 
 follow their own will. The bill was then 
 passed In the commons by a majority of 80. 
 In the bouse of lords, the duke of Newcastle 
 v'a;ed that the best way to preserve the 
 existing arrangement was to trust the 
 colonists outright. The bishop of Exeter 
 proposed the motion which Mr. Walpole had 
 brought forward in the house of commons ; 
 and lord Derby suggested a compromise by 
 which, while the Canadian legislature should 
 have more power than was accorded to It by 
 the Act of 1840, all the appropriations for the 
 Ohurcb of England or Scotland should he 
 maintained Inviolate and for ever. To this 
 
 compromise, when proposed by lord Derby 
 in the committee of tho house, on the 35th ot 
 April, the duko of Newcastle replied that, 
 as affecting tho principle of the bill, It 
 should have been brought forward on the 
 motion for the second reading, and said 
 that lord Derby had himself given a pre- 
 cedent for what was now proposed by 
 abolishing ten Irish bifllioprics, while ho 
 saved the rights of tho then existing 
 bishops. Tho bishop of Oxford drew a 
 distinction between church property 
 Kngland as granted to specific parishes, 
 while the reserves were granted by parlia- 
 ment to be administered for the whole 
 Canadian province. lie urgeO, therefore 
 that the Canadians should be left to don 
 with the matter as they might ihink best 
 and the Mil was read for tho th rd time oiil 
 tho 28th of April. The subject of Jewislij 
 dlsabllitlc"* was discussed in the house o 
 commons when, on tho 24th o£ February 
 lord John Russell proposed that the Jew 
 shrmld be admitted to tho same rights an 
 Itrivllegcs as tho Dissenters and Roma 
 Catholics ; but tho bill, although passed ii 
 'he commons, was lost In tho house n 
 lords by a division of IS-t to 115. On tli 
 4th of April, lord John Russell, in explain! 
 Ing tho views of tho government with rui 
 gard to public education, expressed his di 
 approval of tlie voluntary and secular sysj 
 toms alike. He denied ihat the state, whic 
 as.sumed the power to punish for crime 
 should leave education, wlileh should In 
 struct men in the rules of morality aiil 
 law, entirely to voluntary effort. Tho sy 
 tcm of exclusive secular Instruction wa 
 condemned by tho need of teaching tli 
 p(..'r how to regulate their conduct in llfi 
 and with merely secular teaching, it w 
 impossible to do this, .fter explaining lil 
 views with regard to t) o national debt, 51 
 Gladstone, on tho 18f.i of April, made l)f 
 financial statement, in a speech of t 
 greatest ability, extending over five hou 
 It was distinguished especially by amaster 
 analysis of the In-jomc-tax, which precede 
 his proposal for '.ts extension, as tvell as f 
 remissions of tr.xatlon. Ilavingshowntlij 
 the enormous accumulation of debt ) 
 vioua to 1798 would not have occurred, I 
 the resolution to submit to the inconi 
 tax been adopted earlier, he asserted tli 
 tho income-tax, as applied to a time 
 war, might enable the country to defy t\ 
 world. But this tax had produced repn 
 not less wonderful, in assisting our in. 
 trious tolls in time of peace, and effect 
 the reform of our fiscal and commerd 
 system. Then, showing that the system 
 exemption was ono which could not' 
 minutely carried out, he proposed that 
 tax should bo extended to Ireland, tl 
 Incomes between 1001. and 150!. should 
 5({. in the pound during the whole 
 tinuance of the tax, while incomes abi 
 ISOl. should pay Id. for 2 years from A\ 
 1853, ad. for 2 years more from April 1 
 and bd. for 3 years from April 1857, tl 
 leaving the tax to expire in April II 
 In the way of remission he propoBed| 
 abolish the duty on soap, to reduce 
 duty on life assurance, rearrangemeui 
 
 inV"i 
 
 III 
 li 
 hi 
 II 
 
 101 
 Ml 
 
 :)rl 
 lis 
 lit 
 nil 
 mr 
 lui 
 r.K 
 
 IIK 
 
 nd 
 roil 
 he 
 at( 
 
 d 
 
 \t J 
 
 all 
 
 oni 
 
 d: 
 
 ty 
 
 18 
 
 TO 
 Clc 
 
 e 
 
 bjt 
 
 1 
 
 tloi 
 
 lesl 
 
 ari 
 
 Hmi 
 
 lal 
 w 
 
 Igh 
 slr( 
 
(SnuXmits^—^axtit of 3Bruii4U)ic&.— Victoria. 
 
 536 
 
 the system of assessed taxes, with a reduc- 
 tion of the duty on tea and otlicr articles 
 of food, &0. Tlio etntumcnt was received 
 with general 8:itlafnrtlnn, nnd the debate 
 on the proposiiiona r -iiuctinK tlioincome- 
 
 . ,, „ „_,• -.1,1 Jtax began on tlio :;. 11 of April. Sir 10. B. 
 
 »o second reading, anu wuu j ^^^^ proposed an anicndiuent which af- 
 by had himself B'ven a rr«- ^^^gj t,,„t l,,g contlmianco of the income- 
 
 fliat was now rroP"*f" ll*. tax, and Its extension to classes who had 
 „ Irish blBhorrcs.whlo ho ^j^-^^j^ 
 
 Iffhts of the then oxisiing 
 o bishop of Oxford drew a 
 "iwccn church property in 
 
 ^hen proposed by lord Derby 
 ?t the house, on the 35th of 
 of Newcastle replied that. 
 
 no principle of the.^*l''»J; 
 >oen brought forward^ontt|e 
 
 ^rTntod to 8pc<''"« ''•";{«Ii^^: 
 
 ^-rvos were granted by l>arm 
 
 )n8 was lost In tho house < 
 ivlsion of IM to 115. On till 
 I lord John nussell, In explanii 
 wiof the govomnient with ix 
 Tc cduratio.; expressed his di^ 
 the voluntary and secular sy^ 
 He denied Umt the 9t«te, wh b; 
 10 rower to punish for crlni ( 
 eduratton, which should iij 
 "in the rules of morall y n ,1 
 y to voluntary pflort. The sy 
 
 been exempt from its operation, 
 was alike unjust and impolKlc. Tills 
 iinondincnt was supported by Mr. Disraeli, 
 in the ground that the budget added to 
 llio burdens on land, while it lightened 
 rvoB "^'^ o":";";."*!.".. 'whole iliose which pressed on particular classes. 
 ndmlntstered for i"* j;""'*' jucu prlvllo, "d classes were always n 
 BVince. lie ,*"■'<*';„„';„ "ti„i source of tho greatest dangers to a nation, 
 ladlans should bo '?" .^'' """1 i„d ho could see no difference between a 
 ;ter as they "V,*' »> ii tin p oii irlvlleged noble and a privileged tobacco- 
 was rend for the tu m uim-u ii^^ m reply, lord John Russell pointed 
 
 \prll. The P"VJ*'Jh ' i,n,,«o o lilt tlio Inconsistency of Mr. Disraeli in 
 was discussed In ^^o 'J?"*': V mpportlng an a...endmcnt wlilcli left tho 
 icn, on the 24tn or jeorii": ,„r(,j.„9 „„ in„j jy^t ^yi^.j,, t|,py ^ypye 
 
 lussell propose**, "I",, 'Ifts ani ,„j lowered tho rate of tax in favonr of 
 Imltted to the sanie rigiiiB »■ ,.„jcg „„q ,„.„fe88i,)ns. The los-i of this 
 ,9 the nff«"*e'L*^h passed i n'u-ndmcnt placed tho budget in safety ; 
 mt the bill, althougn pn^»«^' ;j„^ ^^^ attempt to leave Ireland exempt 
 
 !rom tho tax was equally unsucceiisful. 
 
 hero were no special features in the de- 
 
 atcs of tho house of lords on tho subject, 
 
 nd the bill was tinally passed on the 27th 
 
 )t June. But although successful in tho 
 
 aln principles of tlie budget, Mr. Ulad- 
 
 one was defeated in some points of detail ; 
 
 d in place of his motion to reduce the 
 
 ty on advertisements to Od., a resolution 
 
 i&a carried whicli substituted n cipher 
 
 y HI '""•—;•":; r.VatMioUnn waW O) in place of this sum : and tho Spealcer 
 
 ■■'fv^hfn^ed of teaching ,*clded that there was nothing informal in 
 
 by tho neea oi It ,m,g proceeding. Among tho remaining 
 
 3 regulate their conduct l» '"Objects which occupied tho attentl(m of 
 iierely ^pcular tejicnmg, i>^ m^^ ^^^^^^^ during this session was tho con- 
 
 i"o do" this, .fter explaining 1 
 rcKard to t) o national debt, N 
 oTthclSf. of April, made 
 
 tatement. In a speech of t 
 
 liUtyTextJndlng over Ave W 
 
 nguishfdespeciallybyam t wnicn persons in conveniuai nouses 
 
 the 'n-'O'nc-tax, wn^cn^prj-^^^Wjgjjj ,eg„,„ their liberty when they should 
 
 ption of conventual establishments, the 
 uestions of church rate, law reform and 
 paritable trusts, and transportation of 
 riminala. In the first of these an ineifec- 
 |ai attempt was made to introduce a bill 
 which persons in conventual houses 
 
 ilfor'ts extension, as 
 , of tr.xation. , Havin«Bhoy.n 
 ous accumulation of debt v 
 B8 would not have occurred. In 
 ition to submit to the inco.i 
 
 doptcd earlier he asserted 0. 
 He-tax. as applied to a time 
 
 t enable the country to defy H 
 'it this tax had produced re." 
 
 nderful. In assisting our In 
 in time of peace, and effect, 
 /of our flsial and commere 
 ?hen, showing that tho systen. 
 
 sire to do so. On the subject of church 
 tcs.Dr. Vhillimoie opened up a controver- 
 ,wh Ich was arterwards to assume more for- 
 midable proportions. His proposal was for 
 ill to alter and amend the existing law, 
 lie sir W. Clay proposed an amendment 
 ' the abolition of tho rates. The house, 
 wever, after a long debate, rejected both 
 lU amendment and the original motion, 
 the province of law reform, tho house 
 lords passed a bill, brought forward by 
 e lord-chancellor, for the registration of 
 lurances; but it was subsequently with- 
 vras o»o ^°*1;" .."I's^irtbat iwn in the house of commons. Thecharl- 
 arrled o«t'i>o Pr°''?^„}ind t "« tro«t8 bill was more successful. The 
 I !,« o^tpnded to iroianu, i d-chaneellor,(n explaining the difference 
 
 tween this bill and tnat which bad been 
 reduced in 1851, said that the board of 
 [>erintondence would bo a branch of the 
 remment, and that its powers wouM ex- 
 id to all the charities in the kingdom, 
 i to the sanctioning of different appliea- 
 ns of their funds, in cases where It was 
 md impossible to apply them to the 
 glnid object, or wbere tbe object did not 
 
 one which could 
 1 out, he pro 
 be extended to 
 
 ?n lOOJ. and 15-.. -- 
 ponnd during, the whole 
 
 fetween lOOJ. and 150J. should 
 Iponnd during the whole 
 U the tax, while Incomes ab 
 Id pay 7d. for 2 years from A 
 lor 2 years more from April 
 V 3 years from April 1857, 
 Ee tax to expire in April l 
 Ly of remission he pro|08«l 
 tl duty on soap, to reduce 
 Rfe assurance, rearrangemeu* 
 
 carry out the intentions of tho founder, or 
 when, of several cliarltles, tho funds taken 
 separately failed to accomplish their pur- 
 pose, but when an amalgamation would 
 enable them tu do so. The bill was read 
 for tho last time in tlie house of commons 
 on the 8tli of August, and soon afterwards 
 became law. 
 
 It had now become clear tliat some altera- 
 tion must uo made in the nnitter of trans- 
 portation. With the exception of Western 
 Australia the colonies showed a strung 
 repugnance to the further reception of 
 convicts. Still on tho loth of May, lord 
 Urey proposed an address to tlio crown 
 urging that tlio existing system sliould bo 
 continued until tho now arriiiigements 
 should bo laid before parliament and cure- 
 fully considered; and bo urged that the 
 abaiidonnientof transportation would throw 
 large bodies of criminals on this country 
 who would ultimately becoiiio a class as 
 forniidablo as tlieforcatsof France, liord 
 Aberdeen in his reply iiuoted lord tJrey 
 against hliiisolf as iiaving ndiiiitted that 
 tills country had no right t(i force coiivk'ts 
 on colonies against tho will of the latter, 
 and maintained that thefon-ats of Franco 
 woro formidable only because they were 
 not disciplined. The duke of Newcastle 
 urged that the dangers apprehended from 
 a discontlnuiuicc of tho old system were 
 greatly exaggerated. Tho whole number of 
 convicts transported in 1857 did not exceed 
 2,000. Lord (irey's motion was lost. A bill 
 for altering tbe punishment of transporta- 
 tion was introduced into the house of lords ; 
 and tho lord-chancellor proposed that the 
 punishment should be reserved for those 
 wliohad been sentenced for periods of four- 
 teen years and upwards, while for other cri- 
 minals the sentence should bo commuted 
 for a proportionate term of convict labour 
 at liomc. Lord Brougham regretted tliat 
 transportation should be given up :theduko 
 of Newcastle replied that its abandonment 
 was absulutoly necessary, and the only 
 question was to determine what was best 
 under existing circumstances. When tlio 
 bill, having passed the lords, was introduced 
 Into tlie commons, lord Palmerston explain* 
 ed that crliuinals sentenced to transporta- 
 tion should, after a certain term of iiiipri- 
 sonnient, be set at liberty with conditional 
 tickets of leave, revocable on misconduct 
 by the secretary of state. Mr. Walpolo 
 added that, while transportation cost tho 
 country about 200,000/. a year, tlie works at 
 Portland paid tlieinselves. besides produc- 
 ing a splendid harbour, and through the 
 past year tlie earnings of tho convicts had 
 exceeded the expenses of ilie establishment. 
 The bill was read fur the third time on tho 
 12tlt of August and r-assed after a slight 
 discussion on tho merits of tUo ticket-of- 
 leave system. 
 
 The charter of the East India Company 
 had been renewed in 1833 for twenty years. 
 It now became necessary to renew it or to 
 alter it. Sir Charles Wood, in introducing 
 the ministerial measure, said tliat the chief 
 subjects of complaint in native petitions 
 from India wero tho maladministration of 
 justice, tlio want of public works, and tbe 
 
 "if 
 
 %i 
 
 m 
 
 (ii 
 
 i!:i 
 
Clie ZttRiwvD at ViHitavnt $et. 
 
 tonuro of land. In all of theso a marked 
 liiipruvuiiiont hod taken place. The nntlvea 
 placed liniillcIC contlilcnco In tlio upright- 
 ti08s of thu EnKllsh judges, whilo tho 
 character of the native judges, who now 
 decided a largo number of rHuscs.had risen 
 grreatly. In public works, large sums had 
 been and would bo expended on roads and 
 railroads ; and ranalsand works of Irrigation 
 had already added 14,i)00,000 acres to tho 
 productive soil of India. Of tho three 
 systeuiH of land tenure at pre sent existing 
 he showed that none could be established 
 as a universal system. The revenue of thu 
 country was greatly Increased ; and tho 
 augmented consumption of tho necessaries 
 of llfo was tho evidence of tho Improved 
 condition of tho peasantrj*. Tho value of 
 imports hadri.sen Uu per cent. In tho course 
 of fifteen years. BtiU the system of Indian 
 government was not perfect, and sonic 
 changes In It ai>peared to be expedient and 
 necessary. It had been ol)jected that tho 
 home government of India was Irrcspon- 
 8lble;but he maintained, that as head of tho 
 board of control, ho was as respoiisibli) to 
 parliament as tho secretaries of state In 
 their several departments, and that tho 
 court of directors was neither a sham nor 
 tho cause of any unnecessary and hurtful 
 delay. The mc;isuro which ho proposed left 
 untouched the relations of tho board of 
 control and the court of directors, wlilio It 
 changed the constitution and limltod the 
 patronage of the latter. The thirtynienibers 
 of tho court were to be reduceil to eigh- 
 teen, twelve of whom were to be elected 
 in the usual way, the rest being lumiinated 
 by the crown from Indian servants who 
 bad been ten years In tho service of tho 
 crown or company. One third of this num- 
 ber was to go out every second year, but to 
 bo forthwith ro-eliglble ; and tho system so 
 Introduced was to continue until parlla- 
 nicnt should determine on changing it. All 
 civil and scicntiflc appointments were to 
 bo thrown open to public competition ; and 
 merit alone was to be tho test of Halleybury 
 and Addiscombc. On the renewal of the 
 debate on tho 6th of June, Mr. Phillimoro 
 attacked tho government measure, and 
 Bald that the actual condition of India 
 stood out In striking contrast with the 
 picture drawn by sir C. Wood. Tho civil 
 and criminal law was miserably adminis- 
 tered, and judgments were passed without 
 the accused being oven licard. The present 
 system might best bo likened to tho ad- 
 ministration of Verres in Sicily in the days 
 of Cicero, and it was a libel to assert that 
 tho people of India were not fit to hold 
 office in their native land. Sir James Hogg 
 warmly defended tbe company, and urged 
 the necessity of immediate legislation, 
 Insisting that the double government was 
 tlio only way in which the administration 
 of India could be purged of all political 
 bias. If the cotton trade of India was not 
 flourishing, it must be put down especially 
 to the want of railroads, to the want of 
 foreign capital, rather than tu the govern- 
 ment. And BO far was tho statement of 
 Mr. Phillimore as to tbe law courts from 
 being a true one, tbat 06 per cent, of tbe 
 
 • 
 n 
 n 
 m 
 
 01 
 
 h( 
 hi 
 J( 
 
 cii 
 fu 
 nil 
 til 
 nil 
 fin 
 am 
 Pa 
 rui 
 far 
 
 Atl 
 
 nia 
 
 «l>s 
 
 by I 
 
 th 
 
 lie 
 
 he 
 
 oni 
 
 tro 
 
 He 
 
 atii 
 
 ut, 
 
 nd 
 
 III 
 
 t tl 
 
 f tl 
 
 Ispi 
 
 [or tl 
 
 causes heard were decided by nativos of 
 India. On the 0th of Jane, after some 
 further discussion, leave was given to sir 
 0. Wood to Introduce tho bill. Lord Stanley 
 Immediately moved a resolution that fur- 
 ther delay was needed before tho parlfa 
 inent could bo able to legislate with advan- 
 tago for the permanent government ol 
 India. Delay was a matter of comparatively 
 little moment. There wero no elements of 
 Insurrection In the country, and if theri 
 were, there was no leader. The continuance 
 of tlio present system a little longer would 
 awaken a higher sense of responsibility In 
 tho servants of tho company, and givo n 
 stimulus to local reforms. No attempt, he 
 aald, had been made to justify tho Indian 
 government with respect to the proportion 
 of revenue expended on public works ; ami 
 on tho subject of education, especially, a 
 rigorous enquiry was indispensable. Whei 
 tho debate was resumed on tho 21tli iif{ 
 June, Mr. Hume urged that tho cimrt c 
 directors should only bo made more efficient 
 and Mr. Macaulay spoke of tho bill n 
 designed chielly to make room for greate 
 Improvements hereafter. A double govern 
 meiit in some sense was acknowledged l>.\| 
 all to be best suited for India, and It wa: 
 beyond quostion that India must be govcri 
 ed ill India. He protested against allowin 
 the governor-Kcneral to nominate the civil 
 servants, as leading to tho most monstron 
 jobliery, and maintained. In opposition t< 
 lord Kllenborougb, that the most cfflclen 
 test was that of competition, and tha _ 
 nothing could bo more unjust and ImpolitI to th 
 than to exclude tho natives of India from AprI 
 share In tho government, or to dlscourag' 
 their study of Western learninjr. After 
 further adjournment to the 27th of Jun 
 the debate was resumed, when Mr. Cobde:j 
 denied that any double government existet 
 Except In patronage, the directors had ii 
 irresponsible power, and weror mere scree 
 concealing tho real government, which li 
 was anxious at once to remove. Indii 
 could bo saved only by governing It as tlij 
 colonies were governed, so that publ 
 opinion could reach it. He denied the ai 
 curacy of sir 0. Wood's flnanclal pictun 
 Tho mere increase of revenue proved lltt 
 if tho debt was increased along with id 
 and this debt had increased with addltioiil 
 of territory, and the newly acquired pn 
 vinces were confessedly governed at a lo; 
 Sir J. Graham met Mr. Cobdcn's charge 
 unnecessary wars by saying that war 
 that country Ms not British policy. It 
 Indian necessity.' Every govemor-genei 
 went out with tho most pacific Intentiori 
 but found It impossible to adhere to theij 
 On the subject of debt he urged that wlill 
 this had risen from 38 to 5.1 millions, tl 
 revenue had increased from 18 to 
 millions. The debate, after being aga 
 adjourned, was resumed on the 30th of Juiij 
 when Mr. Disraeli, criticising tho bill, spo; 
 of the home government as being ' cui 
 brous, divided, tardy and deflclent in 
 sponslblUty,' and urged the recall of loi 
 Ellenborough as proving that the directi 
 were the real governors of India. It 
 impossible to draw a line between Engl: 
 
tet. 
 
 tfiigTautr.— f^atiife at 3BruniAttic&.— l^ictaria. 687 
 
 roth ot Jn»e. after Boinc 
 BloiiV leavo was Klvcn to Bir 
 ?odu:-^hc 1.111. I^ordM^^^^ 
 lovfd a rcHolutlon that fur- 
 9 nccdV'd before the pnrllal 
 nlletoloBl3l.aowlthady.in.| 
 
 vis a matter of comrarail v c > I 
 
 ThereweronocltMi.ei sol 
 n the country, and if ther I 
 9 lu leader. The contlmmurtl 
 8? tern a little longer w.m. I 
 ,cf sense of '•ci.l.onsll.Ulty HJ 
 of the company, and give if 
 ical rcform!». No attempt.hej 
 II made to j( 
 vlth respect t.. . 
 peuded on public works ami 
 ft of education. esPf '"">•,! 
 ilry was indispensable. Whrij 
 Jas re>*uuied on the 21th o| 
 line urKcd that the court olf 
 LX.lyhoniaJo'noroeffljMentj 
 'ulay spoke of the bill nJ 
 
 ly to make room for grcatc 
 thereafter. A double govern 
 e sense was acknowledged H 
 t suited for Indlii, and It Wit^ 
 ion thatlndlamust be govern 
 
 He protested against allow ii 
 p-gciieral to nominate the clvit 
 
 I'-mrintalneTln °op™tlo?":|f the parliament and the natloi. was the 
 1 nialntai eu, III "» » efflclenltsputo between the Uussian government, 
 '^°"'^f ' V Inmetltl™ and tha for the origin of which the reader is referred 
 mS/« more unjust and Impolltl to the History of the Ottoman Empire. In 
 VnV^nnmxaofndla from April lord Clarendon had stated that the 
 r'^""'°J),"„,,t or todlacourag.t"verninent relied j.artly on tlio words of 
 jjovernmcnt. or to Uiacour^^^ I'o «""l'i"-or of Russia, and that the sultan 
 of Western learning, ai ^ ^^ ^^^^ nothing to fear. if. guided 
 
 .urnnient to ""« n Mr Cobde: > ordinary prudence, he would adopt a 
 ras resumed, wneniu... lore humane policy towards Ills Christian 
 «,y double government ex^siu ^^^ .^^^^ ^^ i ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ Maimes- 
 
 itnmage, "^"''^^^^"e scroer "ry said that the proraises of lord Clarendon 
 5 power, and werj- -■'"«:■',, , ad not been borne out by subseiiuent 
 ho real government, wmcn^l ^^^^^ With any disputes which were 
 
 ' Ai,^T^% ffov^nlng it as tli nnflncd to the holy places. England would 
 cd only by gov-rninK lu i« ^^^ ^^ personal concern; but prince 
 
 -re K"y<'y"«"VTi'®rtPn Pd t e n( Icnschikoff had further insisted that the 
 id reacli it. »^„ "J'",'^'," I'tur, ultan should concede certain privileges to 
 ilriLroTr^venrproied im Is Christian subjects, and accept Russia as 
 
 WM increased along with if 
 ,t had increased with add tioiii 
 and the newly acquired pn 
 
 confessedly governed at a los 
 »i met Mr. Cobdcn 8 charge - 
 
 and Indian flnanco : twenty yoara later, wo 
 must accept the Indian debt, whatever 
 might be Its amount. Sir James Uogg. lie 
 •aid, had expressed his uiiiiualifledaiiprovfil 
 of the existing system and its working; and 
 he ouglit therefore to vote against his own 
 bill for changing what was so perfect. Lord 
 John Russell Insisted that under present clr- 
 cumsinnrws delay WHH ilnngerous and hurt- 
 ful; on the division of tlie house the aiiieiul- 
 ment was lost, and the bill read a second 
 time. As It passed through commltti'e. 
 much discussion nrono oit many of its 
 clauKOS ; but when the bill was rend as 
 amondcd un thu 2Htli of July, sir .lolm 
 , ypioriiii? 1^" >""——-' - —Pakington Introduced an Imimrtaiit dls- 
 » innile to justify the IndlauBcusslon by proposing to forbid the iiuiiiu- 
 Lin r..sm'ct to the proporth.nlfacturo ofsaltby the Kast Indi.i Compiiny 
 vithrtsiKciM. . „,„i|,fterthelHtof May. 1850, and to declare Us 
 
 manufacture and sale from that date to be 
 
 jabsolutely free. The motion was opposed 
 
 by sir C. Wood, lord John Russell, and 
 
 th«r8, but it was llnally carried against 
 
 lie government by a majority of 117 to 107. 
 
 'he bill itself was p.nssed In thu house of 
 
 lommons; and in the Irida. nfter some 
 
 troug arguments iigain^t it fiiim lord 
 
 llcnborough. sir J. I'akington'a clause re- 
 
 atlng to the monopoly of salt was struck 
 
 lut.and the bill so amended was approved, 
 
 nd soon afterwards became law. 
 
 Uut the subject which more than all others 
 
 t this time engrossed the attention botli 
 
 wars by saying that y,M 
 
 ■y Mb not British policy. It I 
 
 Bslty.' Every govemor-gener 
 
 fh the most paclllc mten IobI 
 
 impossible to adhere to the I 
 
 ct of debt he urged that will 
 
 en from 38 to M m""^*"?- i 
 
 id Increased from 18 to i 
 
 ^e debate, after heing agal 
 
 ras resumed on the 30th of Juiil 
 
 SsraeU. criticising the bill, spol 
 
 e government as being cui 
 
 led, tardy and deficient In i| 
 
 • and urged the recall of loj 
 
 fh a" proving that the dlrectj 
 
 al governors ot India, w w^ 
 
 draw a Une between Kngll| 
 
 guarantee for the personal security of 
 080 privileges; or. in other words, tliat the 
 ;ar should become the actual ruler of a 
 at portion of tho subjects of the sultan, 
 rd Clarendon, In reply, stated that no 
 dsl ve information could begl ven because 
 
 [)ne had been received, but that the policy 
 
 tho government had imdergono no 
 
 lange. and they were acting In perfect 
 
 mcert on this question with tho govern- 
 
 Icnt of France. Un tho 14th o' June, the 
 
 ir announced his intention of occupying 
 
 |e Danublan principulitics ; on tho 2nd 
 
 )d 3rd of July his troops crossed the 
 
 futh, and occupied the Turkish provinces 
 
 Wallachia and Moldavia. But on the 
 
 th of July, in answer to a question from 
 
 rd Malraesbury, lord Aberdeen replied 
 
 kt no Information had been received of 
 
 I occupation of Bosnia by Russian troops. 
 
 this time a circular despatch from count 
 
 Isselrode to tbe diplomatic agents of the 
 
 Russian court was published In the news- 
 papers, and Its authenticity was admitted 
 by lord John Russian. It stated that tho 
 emperor would not wltiidraw from tho 
 principalities until tho sultan had given 
 lilm full satisfaction, and until thu French 
 and English Meets had retired from tliosu 
 ports of tho Turkish cmpiro which they 
 then occupied. Much controversy arose 
 on the interpretation of this despatch. But 
 In August hopesofasatlsfactory adjustment 
 were again roused by lord Clarendon's 
 statement that the negotiations then pend- 
 ing had aNHumed a favourable charac- 
 ter, and that Austria, France, and England 
 were acting together to check designs 
 which were likely to upset the balance of 
 power. Btlll, much ilHsatlsfactlon was felt 
 and expressed throughout the country at tho 
 reserve of tho government In speaking of 
 their proceedings with reference to thl» 
 quarrel ; and an Important discussion took 
 place on the subject In the house of commons 
 on tho loth of August, when lord John 
 Russell explained tho state of tho nego- 
 tiations at tho time ; and said that tho 
 evacuation of the principalities would b« 
 made an indlspensalilo condition for tho 
 satisfactory settlement of the question. A 
 long debate followed. In the course of which 
 Mr. :;obden, admitting that there was a 
 feeling of uneasiness In this country re- 
 specting Turkey, said that there was also 
 a growing conviction that the Integrity of 
 tho Turkish empire as a maxim of policy 
 was no w notli I ng more than an empty ph rase; 
 that tho Turks were intruders in Europe, 
 ruling over a population of Christians who 
 stood to them in the proportion of three to 
 one. He denied that it was in the interest 
 of Kngland to maintain Turkey, and held 
 that the government had dono wLsely In 
 resisting the demand for war. Lordl'almer- 
 ston, denying all Mr. Cobden's statements, 
 said that ho had forgotten his own prliiei- 
 ples of free trade, whi\:?i should have led 
 him to prefer tho llber.it C'immercial policy 
 of Turkey to the eminently n-strlctlvo and 
 prohibitory policy of 11 nssla. Tufkey, again, 
 so far from having fallen back. Lad im- 
 proved more than any other country in Its 
 social and moral relations, and in religious 
 tolerance. Many other countries, to all 
 appearance, were la a much more critical 
 condition internally than Turkey; and ,U 
 France and England would unite In de- 
 claring that its integrity should bo pre- 
 served, their decision would bo respected. 
 
 The state ot affairs gouerally demanded 
 active preparation ; and tho naval coast 
 volunteers' bill was accordingly introduced 
 in the house of commons, for tho esta- 
 blishment of a naval militia; and it was 
 thought that by its means an additional 
 force of 18,000 or 20,000 men could be easily 
 provided among tho seamen employed in 
 tho coasting service, and others who had 
 experience in sea life and would not object 
 to be trained during a short time in each 
 year to tho practice of great guns. In 
 addition to this bill, two other measures of 
 great importance were p.tssed in the pilotage 
 and mercantile marine bills. Thus the par- 
 liamentary session closed with an imminent 
 
 I'M 
 
 ^'H 
 
 fi- 
 fe 
 
088 
 
 Gf^e CCrtx^urtf of !9(iftortf» 5p(. 
 
 proipect of war, aftrr a iwnce which dated 
 from the l)Attl<i of Waterloo, ntnrly forty 
 yean bcforu. Mur wait tho Intiriiul con- 
 dition of tlio rountnr by any niuanit no 
 cucoiiraHing at It had l>ccn a twelvviuonth 
 prevlouily. A bad hnrvost here, and In nil 
 othorcom-ffrowlnffCDUiitrloiiof Kuro|H>,lmd 
 been aocomi<nnli>d liy (irolonKi'd Htrlki'8 In 
 tho manufncturlMH uUlrletH for an hurMMu 
 of wnKoa at a tlino when th« contraollon 
 of trade rendered any auch arhcniu Ini- 
 practlcAhlo. On the lOth of Dcccnitier It 
 waH aniioiincod that lord rHlnirmton had 
 rcMlKnc'd hit* offlro of home lecretikry; Inn 
 few (laya the ruiilKnatlon, which hiul never 
 been accepted, wiiH withdrawn; Ixitiiltliough 
 It wart Imputed tu a dlfferencu of opinion 
 on tho eaittern (|U(<8tlou, no explanation 
 was offered lu parliament of a step which, 
 if perHUted In, would have endangered tho 
 ■talillity of tho caliinut. 
 
 In tho cour«o of thU yoar tho Caffro war 
 in southern Africa wag brought to a con- 
 elusion by general Cnthcart, who had suc- 
 ceeded sir Ilarry Smith as governor of the 
 colony and commander-l n-ch lef of the troops 
 at tho (/'ape. I'eaco was brouglit about liy 
 tho exhaustion of Snndllli and hU subordi- 
 nate chiefs ; and tho result was that tho 
 (lalka tribe was compelled to retire aoo 
 ntlles to tho north of its former frontier, 
 and tho Kel and Orannre rivers bomune tho 
 boundaries of llrltlMh Oaffrnria to tho north 
 and cast. Tho chlefx begged earnestly for 
 permlHHion to retain possession of the 
 Amatolas : but tho governor gave them no 
 hope of returning to a country where their 
 constant plots showed that they could not 
 bo trusted again, Tho only other event 
 of Iniportanco In tho colony was tho pro- 
 mulgation on tho Ist of July of tho consti- 
 tution for tho colony of Cape Town. 
 
 Tho war with Burmah had practically come 
 to an end In 1853, with thofall of I'romoand 
 tho annexation of tho province of I'egu. 
 Tho operations of this year were directed 
 against the marauding chief, Ilea Toon, 
 Who finally escaped from his stronghold, 
 with only 300 of his followers. The king of 
 Avn refused to sign any formal treaty of 
 peaco ; but tho governor-general consented 
 to regard all hostilities as at an end as long 
 B8 the British possession of Pegu was left 
 undisputed. At tho Kanie time all British 
 prisoners detained at. Ava were released, 
 and tne river Irrawnddy was declared free 
 for all purposes of trade to tho people of 
 botli countries. 
 
 Tho year 1854 began wltb the prospect of 
 almost Immediate war. The massacre at 
 Sinope (Not. 1858) and the entrance of the 
 allied fleets into tho Baltic, left but a faint 
 hope that pence would be preserved. But 
 nlttaough a time of comparative dearth had 
 depressed the trade of this country, the 
 farmers were generally satisfied with the 
 state of prices, while the revenue, after the 
 recent remission of taxation, continued 
 satlsfftctciy. Parliament was opened by the 
 queen in person on the SOth of January. In 
 the debate on the address in answer to the 
 royal speech, much comment was made on 
 the secret and mysterbus method in which 
 the goremment hadconolnded the negotia- 
 
 tloiix with tluasla. Lord Aberdeen, In de- 
 fending himself, InslKtcd that luHtcitd of 
 lieliig * tho lustrumunt and tool of Itussia,' 
 he liiid taken a more active part than any 
 one else against tho Jlussian government, 
 and that a menacing tono to llusHln In lH.'>a 
 would havn brought aliout an immediate 
 attack or. Conrtantlnoiilo at a timo when 
 tho Turk* weroallogctlier unal)lo to rcHlut 
 It. At tho siimti time liu took the opportu- 
 nity of defeu'llng prince Albert iigalniit tho 
 cliarges of undUH Inturferenco In iloniotMo 
 and foreign politics. Ilaving said that it 
 wasa miittur for regret wiienover tho prlnci; 
 was not prenent in tho council, ho ropellcil 
 still more indignantly thu cuargo that lie 
 interfered unduly with tlio army and tliu 
 horxo guards. It had been the earnest wIhIi 
 of tho duko of Wellington that princi Allien 
 should succeed hhu In tlio command of the 
 army ; but, from inotlvus of strict duty, tlic 
 olferrt repeatedly made to hlin were without 
 heHltation and positively declined. 
 
 The prospect of war may havodlminisheil 
 tlio chances of success for the government 
 reform bill. It certainly diverted from it 
 In a great degree tho attention of the imblic. 
 It WHS urged that at such a time tlio Intro 
 ductiou of such a invasuro was liiglily Ini 
 Iirudcnt, while a change of ministry or ii 
 dissolution of parliament would bo mos 
 dangerous. But lord Aberdeen, denyln 
 that tho nation was already at war, said tha 
 tho proDpcct of war must not be allowed t 
 interfere with tho fiilfilnient of pledge 
 given to tho country, and that tho govern 
 inent was distinctly pledged to a nicasur 
 of reform. Accordingly on the 13th o 
 Kebrunry, lord John Uusscll proposed tli 
 new ineasuro by which lie designed t 
 remedy three niiiln defects of tiio Itefonii 
 Act. First, tiieru were some borougli 
 which had not enough electors to justif 
 their sending a member to parliament. . 
 second defect lay in tho manner in whic 
 tho counties were divided ; and tills he pn 
 posed to remedy by tlic distriliutioii of tli 
 sixty-two scats gained by tho dlsfranchlr 
 ment of the small boroughs, or by rednctii 
 in tho number of meml)or8 returned ) 
 them. Thirdly, In place of the uniform li 
 borough franchise, be proposed to mn 
 several now franchises conimou to count! 
 and towiiS. by which votes would bo give 
 among others, tu those who had yearl 
 salaries of loot, a year, or paid 40j. a ye 
 to Income or assessed taxes, or were gri 
 duatcsntany university in the United Kiiij 
 dom. He proposed tu give votes also 
 all persons rated above e;. a year, wi 
 the condition of two years' and a half re 
 dcnco ; and to disfranchise all ' freemen ' 
 boroughs after the expiration of exlstii— . — 
 interests. The second reading of the I'Ki "1 
 was fixed for the 13th of March ; but in tr^'aratl 
 meanwhile strong efforts were mado 
 have the measure withdrawn on accot 
 of the impending war. On the 3rd of Mai 
 the government postpoiied the readlnd 
 the 27th of April ; and finally on tho llth| 
 April, lord John Russell announced 
 withdrawal of tho measure. Maintain 
 that the government were bound to do t!: 
 utmost to carry it into effect, he said 
 
 t 
 
 I, 
 
 r. 
 
 Cl 
 
 M 
 
 Wl 
 
 th 
 ca 
 
 while 
 Clirlstl 
 iJews 
 Icspocli 
 latb. 
 
 >f law, 
 Moved 
 moved 
 irging 
 lad giv 
 ountrj 
 
 uoar 
 
 tone i 
 
 fthe( 
 
 ad bee 
 
 dMai 
 
 e rlgh 
 
 t the 
 
 icy Wl 
 
 ly, 
 
 otch 
 
 lat the 
 
 bi 
 
 «Ple,ft 
 11 In h 
 ndle 
 'alls t( 
 'egarc 
 >m. 
 Id wa 
 « proj 
 vestp 
 
Lord Aborilccn, •- ,--, i 
 
 ?t about a« imme;^^,^^'^ 
 lm)vlo at a t mo W 
 
 .aetlicr unaMo to n »i" 
 w lU tho army fttid tl.o 
 
 a,o attention on "'V;'":! 
 rtntiucuailmouioi ^^^1 
 
 a measure ;^»'', '',",'? or "' 
 
 t lord Abcrilcen, "', "> 
 warmu»t_«otl.onllowe,^ 
 
 CnzXtmtt.—Vioitit ot DruntftDicii.— f^ictarfa. 639 
 
 ther were not proparfld to dcrlino th« to- 
 ipondblllty whlcli belonged to tho wnr l)y 
 iireMlnga meaiuro on tlioiiut'cui.i(>f wlilch 
 It might b« neveiMry to »caktt tho cxiit- 
 cDce of tho nilnUtry. Thui, with tho ex- 
 Iireuod detennlnntlon of brluglug It for- 
 ward again at a bi-ttcr opportunity, ended 
 tho looond attempt of loru Johu lluiwll to 
 carry a new reform bill. 
 
 A bill to amend the law of briborr patted 
 both houarit In Kcliruiiry, and wat fnllowrd 
 by the Introduction of flToteparato bllli by 
 till) attorney-Rcnoral, for tho pruvcnticm of 
 bribery and corruption In tho city of Can- 
 terbury, nnd tho borouKliH of CnmbrldKO, 
 linrnHtapli', KlngHton-upon-Hull, and Mat- 
 don. ThfHi', howevor, wcro withdrawn on 
 tho 20th of May, when a debate took place 
 III which Mr. Ulirarll tiiunted lord John 
 llutaoll with rotatnlnff oRIco after several 
 of hia meaauroM had been tiurceaslvely 
 defeated, and with Homo bitterness assailed 
 tho position of tho Kovernineiit, for which 
 Mr. Uladfltono pleaded thatltwasaltoKether 
 exceptional, and appealed to tho measures 
 of tho last session. 
 
 Early In Kobruary, lord John Husscll bad 
 brought forward a bill by which. In placo 
 of tho oaths of allcKliincc, supronmcy, and 
 abjuration, oiio hIukIo oath should be xub- 
 HtUuted as simple and intelligible as pos- 
 sible. Tho measure was practically a bill 
 for tho admission of Jews to tho power of 
 varmusi .i"» — - , .lui.iii "'"'"* '" parliament. Tho oath of alle- 
 tiio fulttbncnt of Vie"J^;'lKlnnco was as binding now as over; those 
 „ititrv and that tho govt rii|„( supremacy and abjuration applied to 
 iiriiv Wcdgod to a "'i'.u i,l drtngers which had lon^slnco ceased ; and 
 '•nrdlimly "" *''" '37, ,,\|tho declaration required of Uoman Catholic 
 inlin llustoU proposed ''iil,„ombor8 ought no longer to bo insisted on, 
 i.v whleU ho ilo»'B"<'lnLvlilIo tho words 'on tho true faith of a 
 ;> 1 11 defects of tho Rc^ "Ichristian'had been inserted not to exclude 
 .'ro were tomo ,^>"Vwtif*''^^^» ''""^ "^ "^'''"l ll'»»>an Catholics, and 
 .,' uuh electors to J«»*"lcspeclally Jesuits, to tho substance of tho 
 euiber to parliament. J,„iti,. ^ ^ns, therefore, unjust to disable 
 i,i« In tho manner in /*"" mny class of subjects by the usual operations 
 ,rn.ilvldcd; and this lie lirm,( j^w. when tho second reading was 
 ^» i.v the distribution «". J' Inoved on tho asth of May, sir K. Theslwer 
 V«incd by tho dlsf ram nix |„„yeji j,, pontponemcnt for six months, 
 ,?,orou«h8.orby reductio|,^jj,,,j^ that, like Nero, lord John Hussell 
 • members returneu i jj^j j,lvg„ t,,p protestant safe^fuards of tho 
 - • - -ullorm 1 »(,m,t,.y f,„(, nm.|j j„ order to strike them 
 hiso' ho proposed to "J'j'i'jU off at a single blow. In reply Mr. (ilad' 
 
 by 
 
 ir 
 
 .i.lan no proii>'B«J" •" - , , ■!! uu. UK i» Buign; uiiiw. in ri-piy mr. uiHU- 
 
 ..VMil'seB common t" <^""l\;'ltono Insisted that tho positive supremacy 
 which votes would bo B'''^ mt tho crown. In the oath of .|ueen Kllzabeth, 
 
 )(. a 
 
 r of memoers i«--";"-- , mmu given mo proicsianc si 
 
 In nlaco of tho uniform I'mnuiitry f,„(, ^^.if j„ o^jp^ l„ gf^n^^ them 
 hlso! ho proposed to mnV|u off at a single blow. In 
 mchlst 
 
 *to 'thoBO Vho" "had lO^'^ad been altered, in the reign of Willlani 
 
 n, year, or paid 40s. a >'*id Mary, toancgatlvedeclaration denying 
 
 oalcBsed taxes, or were k fcg jigjjtg and encroachments of tho pope. 
 
 .nu-i-rslty In tho United Kiiip j^g present tlrao the positive supre- 
 
 •Vnapil to give votes also »„py ^„ denied, not by Roman catholics 
 
 l?Pii above 61. a year, wij,|y^ 1,^ l,y proteatant dissenters and 
 
 r!f two years' and a halt r»;«;otch preehyteriana. He insisted further 
 
 rtufriuichlBO all • freemen |,gt ^^^ strength of this country and the 
 
 .riho expiration «' *'V",lght8 of the crown lay not in oaths and 
 
 I ancond reading ol tiie "ftclaratlons, but in the attachment of tho 
 
 th« lath of March ; but '" «ople, and that lord John Russell had done 
 
 l»vniia efforts wore maao jg,, ,^ handing over to the executioner a 
 
 Qiiro withdrawn on a<'^°"|indle of useless oaths which might be 
 
 linff war On the Brd «* "Jfrnfalls to tho acrupulous, but would never 
 
 Infe DOBtpoMd the reading ^garded by those who wished to evade 
 
 nrii and finally on tho i" Jom. Mr. Disraeli remarked that the Jews 
 
 Tohn RUBBoU w»V"?*'5„,„luld wait, and asked why their cause had 
 
 It the measure. Malntaini|j„ prejudiced by mixing It up with the 
 
 Immant were bound to do t-»ivegt political problems ? On a division 
 
 ■It Into effect, be 8»o ^ bill was thrown out by a majority of 
 
 4 against the govcrnmout, tho nuinbori 
 being :t:>l against 347. 
 
 During tlilisuttlon a bill wsb patted fur 
 the niiiciKlnieiit o( tho comtnon law, nl- 
 tliougli lord Lynilhurxt had liioffcctually 
 urged the Importance of a measure for tho 
 consolidation of tho statutes in general, liy 
 another bill tho navluatlon laws passed 
 since tho n^pMiiiof the Navigation Act were 
 eoiisollUated, and the coasting ti-ailet brown 
 open to foreign vessels. C>u tlio 'ilth of 
 February the army and navy ettliuates were 
 proposed by Mr. Hldney Herbert and sir J. 
 (iraham respectively. For tho former, ihu 
 Increase of cost was about U7o,0(X)/,, for thii 
 latter, l.uuu.-l.u/. Un the 0th of March the 
 chancellor of tlio exchei|iier brought for- 
 ward tlio budget, and said that the revenue 
 actually received for the year showed an 
 Improvement or excess over the eHllniales 
 of l.WU.ouo/. As for the estimate for tlio 
 war in Uio Kast, it was liii|iossllilo to say 
 that it would sutnco for tho wants of the 
 whole year; and tlie ineasuro wlileli bo 
 proposed was to vote for exlrnonlliiary 
 nilUtary expondlturo a sum of 1,S.'iO,o<hi/, 
 Hence there was a dellcloncy of nearly 
 three millions to be provided for, and even 
 this was not tho whole costot the war; but 
 while he hoped that this sum might bo 
 ral-ned without returning to tho higher 
 duties on various articles which bud re- 
 cently been diminished, ho urged strongly 
 that it should not be raised by resortlim to 
 u loan, and so throwing the burden on pus- 
 tcrlty. Such a course was not reciulred by 
 the necessities of the country, and was 
 therefore not worthy of Us adoption. No 
 country had played so much as England at 
 this dangerous gamo of mortgaging tlie 
 Industry of future generations. It was 
 riKlit that th -se who make war should bo 
 prepared to i iko tho sacrltlces needed to 
 carry It on ; v e necessity for so Uolng was 
 a most useful check on mere lust of con- 
 (|Uest, and would lead men to iiiako war 
 witli the wish of realising the earliest pro- 
 spects of an honourable peace. The means 
 of raising tho sum retiuircd were numerous. 
 The income-tax had been shown to be capn> 
 ble of producing Immense results, nnd ho 
 proposed now to raise it by one half, levying 
 the whole addition for and in respect of 
 the first moiety of tho year, or, In other 
 words, to double tho tax for tho half-year. 
 This would not only meet tho estimated 
 expenditure, but leave a surplus of 467,ooo;, 
 On the 20th of March, tho resolution to 
 this effect was passed in committee with- 
 out discussion or division ; but when tlie 
 report was brought up on tho following 
 day, sir H. Wllloughby proposed to omit 
 tho last clause, and so to spread tho addl- 
 tbmal assessment over the whole year. Mr. 
 Disraeli, while denouncing tho war as one 
 of coalition, nnd severely censuring Mr. 
 Gladstone for allowing the exchequer ba> 
 lances to fall from about nine to four or 
 five millions, still refused, by supporting the 
 amendment, to add at such a time to the 
 difflcultles of tho government. Tho same 
 arguments were repeated by sir J. Palc- 
 IngtoD, on the 30th of March, wlien the 
 bill was read for the third time and passed. 
 
 m 
 
 yj 
 
 i\\ 
 
 r-^ 
 
1 'III Ml 
 
 i 
 
 ! 1 
 
 i III 
 
 i i 
 
 I 1 
 
 The Htninp duties bill was Bubgoquciitly 
 pabscd with llttio alteration, while a sopa- 
 rato set of resolutions, among other pro- 
 visions, authorised the treasury to issue 
 exclieiiucr bonds to bo patu off at par In 
 May 1858, for a sum not cxcoedliiK 2,ooo,OOo;. 
 The same Issue (and with the same result), 
 reKnnlluK the flnancial schemes of the 
 chancellor of the exchociucr, was raised in 
 the debates on the malt tax ; and the re- 
 mainder of tlio budget was carried with but 
 little discussion. 
 
 On the 17th of March lord John Russell 
 Introduced the government bill for reftirm- 
 Ing the university of Oxford, of which the 
 chief features were a change in the govern- 
 ing body in the university, the extension 
 of tlie university itself, the combination of 
 the tutorial and professorial systems, and 
 ft more open competition for eiulowmcnts 
 which had been hitherto much restricted or 
 confined to founders' kin. The question of 
 the admission of dissenters to the unlver- 
 Bltleshe reserved forsnparate cousfderatlon, 
 while he expressed his belief tli a the pur- 
 pose of aunlversity was not wholly fulfllled, 
 as long as a large class of persons were hin- 
 dered from entering it at all. On the second 
 reading much discussion rose on an amend- 
 ment to refer It to a select committee, 
 which was negatived by 172 against 90. 
 When the report was brought up on the 22nd 
 of June, Mr. lleywood moved the Insertion 
 of a clause which abolished .at matriculation 
 all declarations or oaths except that of alle- 
 giance, and so left it open to dissenters to 
 become members of the university as at 
 Camlirldge. Mr. Sidney Herbert thought 
 that the insertion of such a clause would be 
 Impolitic, as, If forced upon the university, 
 this part of the measure would probably bo 
 defeated Indirectly. If, however, the uni- 
 versity should refuse to act voluntarily In 
 this direction, then a measure on the sub- 
 ject might be Introduced into parliament. 
 The motion was, however, carried, and Mr. 
 Heywood immediately proposed another 
 clause by which only the oath of allegiance 
 would be re(iulred from any one on taking 
 a degrree. On this motion, lord John Rus- 
 Bell said that after the vote just given he 
 would not take adivlslon : but Jlr.Walpole 
 Insisted upon it, saying that the last motion 
 gave to dIsBontcrs tlie right of admission, 
 while this would make them part of the 
 governing body in the university. The 
 clause was negatived by 208 against 190, but 
 on the third reading of the bill in June, 
 It was carried in a modified form. After 
 Bomc amendments in the house of lords, It 
 was finally passed on the 27th of July. On 
 the 12th of August parliament was proro- 
 gued. During the session some changes 
 had taken place in the cabinet ; lord John 
 nussell had been placed in a definite onicc 
 as lord president of the council ; and as the 
 discharge of the duties of war minister 
 had been found incompatible with those of 
 the secretary of t)<": colonies, a fourth secre- 
 taryship—for war- .k-as created, and confer- 
 red on the duke of Newcastle. • Parliament 
 reassembled on the 12th of December, when 
 debates took place in both houses on the 
 eooduct of tbo ministry aud the manage- 
 
 ment of the war. Lord Derby asserted that 
 the ministers had been too late in all their 
 meaHures,and that the number of troops sent 
 out was (luito insufllcient to settle the great 
 question of Russian supremacy. The duke 
 of Newcastle, in repelling the charges of lord 
 Derby, said that great good hod been done 1 n 
 the Baltic campaign by the destruction of 
 Romarsund, which in a little v' Mo would 
 have become a fortress far mon >ormidablo 
 than those of Cronstadt or Sweaborg, and 
 have made the gulf of Bothnia a Russian 
 lake. In tlie house of commons, Mr. Disraeli 
 charged th« government with having in- 
 vaded Russia with 2,500 men, and made no 
 provision for their support.and urged strong 
 doubts as to the sincerity and well meaning 
 of Austria, which were combated by lord 
 John Russell. On the 15th of December the 
 thanks of both houses were unanimously 
 voted to the olllccrs and men of the army 
 in tlie East, and to the French generals who 
 had cooperated with them. The bill for the 
 enlistment of foreigners roused a good deal 
 of opposition. liordEIlcnborough protested 
 against the drilling and training in this 
 country of a number of foreigners who 
 were to be substituted for an equal numbei 
 of mlllt!amen sent abroad, aud against 
 whom. If employed against an English mob, 
 the nation would rise up in arms. Lord 
 Aberdeen denied that May were to be used 
 as substitutes for militiamen or to be em- 
 ployed In this country. Subsequently, the 
 duke of Newcastle consented to reduce the 
 numbers to be enlisted from l.'i.OOOto 10,000. 
 In the house of commons, lord John Rus- 
 sell stated that ha\ <ng recommended this, 
 in conformity with many precedents, as one 
 of (he means of carrying on the war, minis- 
 ters could not attempt to conduct It, if the 
 bill were rcjected;and lord Palmerston urged 
 further, that with our voluntary system, 
 every augmentation of the army was a slow 
 and gradual process, while the enemy with 
 whom wc had to contend had an almost un- 
 limited supply of men. The debate on the 
 third reading was concluded by Mr. Bright, 
 who said that in supporting the Porte 
 against Russia wo were fighting for a hope- 
 less cause and a worthless ally. The bill 
 was carried by a majority of 38, and the 
 parliament adjourned ou the 23rd of De- 
 cember. 
 
 The summer of this year waa marked by 
 a return of the cholera; but the total 
 u\imber of deaths, 26,722, fell short of the 
 de.\tl:8 from cholera In 184D by one half. 
 It -aged more fiercely in towns than In 
 the i')untry, and caused great havoc along 
 the ViJJfv of ti;o Thames, especially at 
 Oxford, where the deaths rose from 159 to 
 28.S. In Scotland its ravages were most 
 felt at Glasgow, Edinburgh, Paisley, and 
 Montrose. On the continent it was still 
 more severe ; but the disease reached its 
 greatest height in the West Indies, where in 
 the island of Barbadoes 17,000 pci sons fell 
 victims to it ; in this country its course 
 showed that its attacks might generally 
 be warded olt by timely sanitary precau- 
 tions; thus, at Liverpool, the numbers 
 carried off were 953, as against 4,545 deaths 
 iu 1849, 
 
€FiTflInutf.— Iftntttfe at 3Bnin)jii)Cf».— {Victoria. 641 
 
 I Derby iiBBertod that 
 
 II too lato In all their 
 number of troops Bent 
 enttoBCttlothoKTcat 
 upretnacy. Theduko 
 Ing the charges of lorrt 
 ?ood had been done In 
 )y the destruction of 
 1 aUttlo V !o would 
 asfarinon .orinldablo 
 adt or Swcaborg, and 
 3f Bothnia a llussian 
 commons, Mr. Disraeli 
 nent with having In- 
 500 men, and made no 
 linort.nnd iirKcd strong 
 •rllyand well meaning 
 ere combated by lord 
 B 16th of December the 
 ses were unanimously 
 I and men of the army 
 e French generals who 
 ihem. The hill for the 
 lers roused a good dciU 
 SUenborough protested 
 r and training In this 
 jcr of foreigners who 1 
 ,ed for an equal numbet 
 , abroad, and against 
 igalnst an English mob, 
 rise up In arms. Lord 
 lat Mu'v were to be used 
 ntlitl.in'icu or to be em- 
 try. Subsequently, the 
 consented to reduce the 
 itcd from l.i.ooo to 10,000. 
 mmons, lord John Kus- 
 
 'ng recommended tnis, 
 many precedents, as one 
 ■ylng on the war, w^ms- 
 iipt to conduct It, If the 
 idlordPalmerston urged 
 ' our voluntary system, 
 ofthcarmy wasaslow j 
 I, while the enemy with \. 
 iitend had an almost un- j| 
 en The debate on tlie ' 
 Ducludedby Mr. Bright, 
 supporting the Porte 
 TCTC nghttng for ahope- 
 'orthless ally. The bill 
 lajorlty of 38, and tlie 
 ed ou the 23rd of De- 
 
 hl8 year was marked by 
 holera ; but the total 
 26.722, fell short of the 
 a hi 1848 by one half, 
 cely In towns than In 
 iused great havoc along 
 Thames, especially at 
 deaths rose from 159 to 
 Its ravages were most 
 Unburgh, Paisley, and 
 continent It was still 
 he disease reached Its | 
 cWect Indies", where 1" 
 idocs 17,000 pci sons fell 
 ,hl8 country Its cource 
 tacks might generally 
 timely sanitary precau- 
 verpool, the numbers 1 
 as against 4,645 deaths 
 
 A.D. 1866.— Before the close of this year the 
 greatest enterprise In the war with Ilussla 
 was brought to a succogsful Issue by the 
 (all of Sebastopol ; but the events which 
 hod preceded it were received with no feel- 
 ings of unmlngled aatisfactlon in this 
 country. The Bufferings of the troops had 
 roused painful sympathy, and gave rise 
 to frequent charges of carelessness and 
 maladministration In the commissariat. 
 Hence the parliamentary history of this 
 year exhibits sudden changes and frequent 
 controversies, which powerfully agitated 
 the country. The parliament had no sooner 
 met on the 23rd of January, than notices 
 were given of several motions relating to 
 the conduct of the war. Lord Kllenborough 
 demanded information on the condition of 
 the army ; Mr. Roebuck called for a wider 
 and more searching enquiry ; while lord 
 Lyndhurst gave notice of a resolution 
 distinctly afflrming that the government 
 was responsible for all the disasters which 
 had taken place. Of tliese motions the two 
 former were to have been discussed on 
 the 26tli of January ; but on that day the 
 parliament heard with astonishment of the 
 resignation of lord John Russell. On the 
 day following, ho explained the reason for 
 this step,— which arose from a feeling that 
 Mr. Roebuck's motion could not be honestly 
 opposed by the government, and from a 
 dissatisfaction with existing arrangements, 
 the faults of which he liad pointed out to 
 lord Aberdeen, urging that the seals of the 
 war department should be transferred from 
 the bands of the duke of Newcastle to those 
 of lord Palmcrston. It liad seemed to him 
 his duty to resign when this suggestion 
 was not complied with ; but he consented 
 to retain office, and had done so until Mr. 
 Roebuck's motion brought before the house 
 aquestlon to which he felt that he could not 
 give the only answer which would stop 
 enquiry. Lord Palmerston complained that 
 the step was not in accordance with the 
 practice of public men, and that he was not 
 justified In tlius embarrassing; the govern- 
 ment. The motion of Mr. Roebuck for a 
 select committee was opposed by Mr. Sid- 
 ney Herbert, who attributed much of the 
 evils complained of to a want of experience 
 in the field officers : the regimental system 
 was perfect, but the field officers had never 
 seen a brigade and knew not how to organ- 
 ise large bodies Asserting that the con- 
 dition of thlnga >va8 grossly cr^aggeratcd, 
 and that much had been already done to 
 Improve it, he protested iigainst the motion 
 as likely to paralyse all action both at home 
 and abroad. He was supported by sir 
 George Grey, and opposed by Mr. Stafford, 
 who drew a painful picture of the miseries 
 of '.he English soldiers in the East. He 
 spoke from personal knowledge; and he 
 had seen hospitals containing 300 sick, yet 
 without wine : he liad seen soldiers asking 
 In vain for tlieir knapsacks, which were 
 Btrtwed away under the cargoes of ships : 
 !e had seen wounded men lying on bare 
 boards, while in the passages were bed- 
 steads that could have been put up imme- 
 diately. There seemed to be but one 
 r .eTlatton to the picture, and that was in 
 
 the ministrations of Miss Nightlngnle and 
 other ladles who shared with her the labour 
 of tending the wounded and the sick in the 
 hospitals at Scutari. Mr. Stafford was 
 followed by Mr. Uornal Osborne, wlio made 
 a sweeping attack on the whole military 
 system of the country, with whirli hcplaced 
 his own department of the admiralty In very 
 favourable contrast. Among the many 
 other charges brought forward by othei' 
 speakers, sir E. B. Ly tton dwelt strongly on 
 the folly shown In not taking Odessa, a 
 defenceless town, where the troops might 
 have wintered with ease and safety. Mr. 
 Gladstone, In reply, said that Odessa, with 
 Its 100,000 Inhabitants, and an army of 
 300,000 Russians in its neighbourhood, 
 would not have furnished the most com- 
 fortable (luarters for the British troops, 
 and urged that great Improvements were 
 taking place In the camp before Sebasto- 
 pol : he was further sure that within a 
 year there would be a reaction In favour of 
 the duke of Newcastle, on whom the blame 
 was now chlelly laid. Mr. Disraeli charged 
 lord John Russell with profligate intrigu- 
 ing, and was met by the answer that he 
 hud done no more than had been done 
 during the .idministratlon of lord Grey. 
 Towards the conclusion of the debate lord 
 Palmerston deprecated BIr. Roebuck's select 
 committee, and said that If there was a 
 want of confidence in the goveniment 
 rather than In tlio condnci of the war. It 
 would be better to say 8( openly. On a 
 division of 305 against 148, a majority 
 against the government apjcared of no less 
 than 157. On the 1st of February, therefore. 
 In both houses, the resignation of the 
 ministry was announced ; and while lord 
 Aberdeen promised his ready support to 
 whatever administration might bo formed, 
 tlio duke of Newcastle defended hlmcelf 
 eloquently against the charges of Indolence 
 and Indifference, while he left the other 
 charge of Incapacity to the verdict of the 
 parli.iment and of the nation. During the 
 next few days unsuccessful attempts were 
 made to form a ministry under the leader- 
 ship of lord Derby, and afterwards of lord 
 John RuFsell. Finally a ministry was not 
 so much formed afresh as reconstructed, 
 in which lord Palmerston became the first 
 lord of the treasury ; lord Clarendon, foreign 
 secretary ; lord Panmurc, secretary for war; 
 while Mr. Gladstone continued to be chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer. On the leth of 
 February, lord Panmure proposed to remedy 
 the evils complained of at Sebastopol by a 
 bill for the enlistment of experienced men 
 for shorter periods of two or three years. 
 A large proportion of the forces sent to the 
 Crimea were young and unseasoned re- 
 cruits, who rapidly sickened and died off ; 
 he mentioned, also, many other measures 
 which had been taken to remedy existing 
 defects. In the house of commons, Mr. 
 Layard stated that England was on the 
 brink of ruin, and had become the laughing- 
 stock of Europe, and contrasted with the 
 conduct of the British parliament that of 
 the French convention, who on the failure 
 of their army sent out their own members, 
 whose impartiality was soon rewarded by 
 
i 
 
 QD^e ®renj(ttt|i of WHtav^f ftt. 
 
 the most brilliant and solid results. This 
 language was strongly resented by lord 
 I'alraerston, who said that It would be well 
 If Mr. Layard and his proposed committee 
 could be sent out to the Crimea, and com- 
 manded to remain there during the rest 
 of the session. But the government had 
 hardly existed for a fortnight, when an- 
 otlier crisis occurred, and it was announced 
 that Mr. Gladstone, sir J. Graham, o,nd Mr. 
 Sidney Herbert i.ad resigned their jfflccs. 
 In explanation sir J. Graham said that he 
 could not assent to the appointment of a 
 committeo which Included no member of 
 the government : he objected further to 
 a select committee. If secret, it could not 
 be checked by public opinion : if it were 
 open, the evidence brought before it would 
 be immediately made public, and comment- 
 ed upon in ways highly injurious to the 
 public service. In the same spirit Mr. 
 Herbert said that he gave up his office, 
 because, as a vote of censure the motion 
 for a committee was valueless, while as an 
 enquiry it would be a mere sham. With 
 greater particularity, Mr. Gladstone urged, 
 that the committee, being neither for pun- 
 ishment or remedy, must be for govern- 
 ment, and could not fail to deprive the 
 executive of its most important functions. 
 The committeo was, however, appointed, 
 and the vacant places shortly flllcd up in 
 tlie cabinet. IjOrd John Russell, already 
 plenipotentiary at Vienna, was appointed 
 secretary of state for the colonies. Sir J. 
 Cornewali Lewis succeeded Mr. Gladstone 
 as chancellor of the exchequer, and sir 
 0. "Wood followed sir J. Graham at the 
 admiralty. On the 2nd of Ma'ch news 
 was received of the death of the emperor 
 of Russia, and caused great sensation 
 throughout the cou!itry. Owing to these 
 tidings lord Lyndliurst consented to post- 
 pone a motion which had reference to the 
 position of Prussia on the approaching 
 negotiations at Vienna. In the house of 
 commons an ineffectual attempt was made 
 to make the bebastopol committee a secret 
 one. 
 
 On the 23rd of March the accession of 
 Sardinia to the Anglo-French alliance was 
 announced in parliament. By the terms of 
 the treaty the king of Sardinia engaged to 
 keep up a body of 15,000 men for the 
 rciiuircnients of the war, in return for a loan 
 of ],cm,rmi. from the British government. 
 
 Tlio death of the emperor Nicholas was 
 generally regarded as the removal of an 
 Important obstacle in the way of peace ; 
 but the hopes of peace raised by the sub- 
 sequent conferences at Vienna soon issued 
 in d 1 sappol ntment. At the en d of February 
 lord John Husseil was despatched as pleni- 
 potentiary In the hope of such a settlement 
 of the eastern questionosmighc put an end 
 to the war. He had been instracted that 
 the object of the negotiations must be the 
 forni.ll recognition of tno Turkish empire 
 as a member of the great European family 
 of nations, and guaranteed by tlie abrog.a- 
 tion of Russian supremacy In the Black Sea. 
 It was manifestly useless to seelc this end 
 by proposing to maintain In the Black Sea 
 au English and French fleet which might 
 
 counterbalancn that of Russia: as it was 
 most unlikely that Great Uritaln would 
 Incur this expense for any length of time. 
 It must therefore be attained by reducing 
 the maritim" force of Russia, and by open- 
 ing the Black Sea, with the consent of 
 Turkey, to the maritime forces of other 
 nations. The conference was opened at 
 Vienna on the 15th of March ; and after two 
 days' discussion It was agreed that Russia 
 should abandon all exclusive protection 
 over the Danublan principalities of Mol- 
 davia, Wallachia, and Servia; nor did any 
 difllculty occur as to the next point which 
 related to the free navigation of the Danube. 
 The third point regarded not only the rela- 
 tions of Turkey to the balance of European 
 power (a matter which seemed to Involve 
 no serious difficulty), but the more delicate 
 subject of the restrictions to be placed on 
 the Russian force in the Black Sea. After 
 some delays and adjournments, prince 
 Gortschakoff, the Russian envoy, declared 
 that Russia would not consent to the 
 strength of her navy being restricted to 
 any fixed number either by treaty or in any 
 other way. it appeared, however, to thej 
 Turkish envoys that the difficulty might be 
 met by a declaration of the contracting 
 powers to respect the territorial integrity 
 and independence of Turkey as an essen-l 
 tlal condition of the equilibrium. To this 
 principle the Russian envoys assented, but] 
 added that they could not thereby pledgi 
 themselves to a territorial guarantee. To 
 suggestion that the Porte should enter Intn 
 
 separate negotiations with Russia apart!., 
 
 from the conference, the answer was Klvciiiviiii't'jJ 
 that such a course was impossible. On th( eply |J 
 21st of April prince Gortbihakofl agaii nsistet 
 stated that Russia must de Ine, as dero lot g„(. 
 gatory to her dignity, any pioposal whicl iriti, g^ 
 regulated the amount of her forces in tli( f o.xf 
 Black Sea ; but he added that Russia woul( ertalii 
 not be able to transport more than 20,0(i( o prin 
 troops, with the greatest developement o onoppg, 
 its navy, on any given point of the Ottomai ^e alUe 
 territory in the space of about three weeks ,av ird 
 and asked whether this Involved any grea nprovi 
 danger, or justified the fears which wer«ebate f 
 entertained of Russian aggression? Hr- 
 then proposed an arrangement to whld 
 lord John Russell and M. Drouyn de Lhuyl 
 objected as resting on a b^sls on whicf 
 they were not authorised to treat. A slmlla 
 result followed the meeting of the 26th 
 April, the Austrian plenipotentiary aloii 
 declaring that the Russian proposals a( 
 mlttod of discussion and contained elemen 
 of which Austria would endeavour to av 
 herself for an understanding. The coi 
 feronco was now virtually at an en 
 although Austria put forward some flnj 
 proposals wliich appeared to M. Drouyn 
 Lhuys as well as to lord John Russell 
 hold out the prospect of an amlcal 
 arrangement of the question. Hence on li 
 return the former resigned or wasdeprlvi 
 of his office as minister of foreign aflai 
 and the latter withdrew shortly afterwa; 
 from the cabinet of lord Palmerston. 
 
 Theformal close of the Vienna conferen 
 was announced in the t: ise of comm< 
 on tne 4th ol June; and was followed 
 
 mai 
 
 oft 
 
 AU! 
 
 urg 
 and 
 
 sub! 
 
 scar 
 
 now 
 
 and 
 
 been 
 
 occu 
 
 had 
 
 impcj 
 
 she ] 
 
 Intel 
 
 Clare 
 
 queni 
 
 Germ 
 
 thies 
 
 Irelucl 
 
 an ac 
 
 lof thi 
 
 [Russli 
 
 thcr 
 
 fur 
 
 uont 
 
 irged 
 
 lord Pi 
 
 ord G 
 
 lie pn 
 
 ifford 
 
 eace ; 
 
 ven f( 
 
 ar ha 
 
 ould 1 
 
 inaii hs 
 
 olng I 
 
 
 the 
 on anc 
 ents 
 e pu 
 rcular 
 'ominei 
 tnoure 
 govcrr 
 ember 
 fd Joh 
 yiug 
 sttlan 
 •ppd ni 
 (1 mad( 
 enna: 
 Pland. 
 Ilberati 
 blnet ; 
 ryhew 
 the g( 
 inet it 
 Wtoth 
 minoi 
 d John 
 
(iBnQlmts.—^a\xit at a8ruuiSto(cR.— ©{ctorfa. 
 
 643 
 
 many debates In both houses on the conduct 
 
 of the war, and on the policy of Iiussla and 
 
 Austria In particular. Lord Lyndhurst 
 
 urged that on the last war between Russia 
 
 [ and Turkey, Prussia had acted Jvi such 
 
 subservience to the former aa to appear 
 
 scarcely an Independent power, and that 
 
 now no real aid could be expected from her, 
 
 and throughout the policy of Austria had 
 
 been tortuous and Taclllatlng. She had not 
 
 occupied the principalities till the Russians 
 
 had retired beyond the I'ruth, and while 
 
 Imposing distinct obligations or the allies, 
 
 I she had taken only vague and almost un- 
 
 lintclllglble obligations on herself. Lord 
 
 Iciarendon, complaining that the tone frc- 
 
 Iqucntly adopted In this country towards 
 
 iGermany had alienated from «9 the sympa- 
 
 Ithles of tlio German people, excused the 
 
 Ireluctance of Austria from taking even now 
 
 Jan active part in the war. Although one 
 
 ■".1 '" rtVonmments, prmccdof the four points had been n>jccted by 
 
 "^n „iioTi onvov. declaredBlUissIa, still the western powershadrcjccted 
 
 t ot Russia: aB It wm 
 t Great M"taln would 
 fnr anv length of time. 
 
 ,Kl'ned ^rreM« 
 . of Russia, and l>y open 
 .with the consent of 
 iritlmc forces of other 
 fc^nce was opened ^t 
 , of March; and after two 
 ; was agreed that wusBia 
 
 navigation of tl^eii*"",^ 
 "onrded not only the rela- 
 
 
 thcr alternatives which to Austria seemed 
 
 furnl?h a fit basis for peace. In subse- 
 
 juent debatee, an address to the crown was 
 
 irged by lord Ellenborough and opposed by 
 
 ord Parmure. In that of the 28th of May, 
 
 lord Gn y brought forward a motion that 
 
 traiio" ^"tJ^OTlal Integrity fthe proposals of Russia had been such as to 
 
 '^'' f Turkey as an essen-ftflord a fair prospect of an honourable 
 
 ice 01 1" ...JLi.,™ To thlsjicace ; he urged that to carry on a jus' war 
 
 yen for one hour after the cause o : that 
 far had ceased, was the greatest sin that 
 ould be committed, and In that sin every 
 |nan had a share who wilfully neglected 
 olng all that lay in his power to check 
 ^hat Is so contrary to the laws of God. In 
 eply lord Clarendon and lord Malmesbury 
 agisted that the proposals of Russia were 
 ot such as could be relied upon or accepted 
 ■***i*'!r'"Snv'TiLOi)Osal whlclfplth safety ; on the other band, tho bishop 
 nnt of her forces in thff Oxford, while justifying war under 
 'J" „?Ai>rt that Russia woul«ertaln necessities, argued that there was 
 I na«ort more than 20,of*o principle in tho present war after tlie 
 transi o flevelopement oMiinrpsBions of Russia and tho successes of 
 f*' ?Jpn noint of the OttomiiAe allies. In the house of commons, Mr. 
 f given 1) ^^^^^j^j,gg ^ggl;s«jj,, ^j.jj proposed various expedients for 
 
 ihSrtViis involved any grcalnproving tho public service; and a long 
 pHflnii the fears which wei-Bebate ensued on the merits and demerits 
 I niiasiin aggression? Hw the several systems of open nomina- 
 r nvrnnffement to whicBon and of open competition for appolnt- 
 I ^^nndM DrouyndeLhuylenls to public offices. At this time 
 r*lliS? on a b sis on whifBie publication of count Nesselrodo's 
 I 4.C^^^up<ltotreat. Aslmllalrcular brought lord John Russell again 
 * *^n «fppttn« of the 26th •ominently before the public. It liad been 
 Vrinn Plenipotentiary aloiftmoured previously that the c.^lnet of 
 Jiv. wnasian proposals a* government engaged In a 
 
 .Vsl;^ e?^S-Tented^«a 
 
 ^'could no* «'«»-^VJe^ To 
 feWmJ^'-terlnto 
 
 t'p?inc'oGort..hako«agal« 
 SBla must de Ine, asaero 
 
 "thpTlusBian proposals h« government engaged In a war had one 
 1 „iv,i Olid contained elemen«ember who thought that war unnecessarj': 
 I lowmid endeavour to avaBrd John Biissell defended himself by 
 |rlawpuiuc.^,_ ^^^ copying that he had promised to put the 
 
 Bstrlan propositions in such a light as he 
 lead to their adoption. He 
 
 understanding. The col 
 
 Inow virtually at an eni 
 
 Yr?a put forward some flnj 
 
 S ap'peared to M. Drouyn I 
 
 i as to lord John Ru^eu 
 
 Tirospcrt of an amicai 
 If fhe question. Henceonll 
 Imer resigned or was deprl^J 
 
 [w ithdrcw shortly Mte"^*" 
 UtoflordPaltnerston. 
 fioseoftheVlennaconlerenfl 
 tS fn the I' 86 of conv.no^ 
 
 ped might 
 
 id made this promise to count Ruol at 
 
 ienna : he had fulfilled it on his return to 
 
 gland. The Austrian proposals were 
 
 llberately considered and rejected by the 
 
 ihlnet ; and lie felt that as a plenipoten- 
 
 ry he was bound to submit to the decision 
 
 the government, and that within the 
 
 )1net it was the duty of the minority to 
 
 Id to the majority, if there was a majority 
 
 [d minority. Mr. Cobden severely blamed 
 
 d John Russell for thus aacrliiclng bis 
 
 judgment, and asserted that tho war was 
 odious in France. Lord Palmerston insisted 
 in his reply on the enthusiasm felt through- 
 out England for the war. Mr. Disraeli urged 
 that wlien a minister who had not succeeded 
 in ills negotiations remained In a cabinet of 
 which all the other members disagreed with 
 him, the house had a right to ask what 
 reasons tho cabinet had for rejecting tlic 
 views of their plenipotentlarj-. The debate 
 was adjourned to the 12th of July, when 
 lord John Russell explained further that, 
 althpugh he had urged tho Austrian pro- 
 posals, he felt now that there was no 
 alternative but to prosecute the war with 
 vigour. Stlll.asitBcemcdllkoly tliat avoto 
 of censure would be carried against him, ho 
 announced that he had resigned his office, 
 lie stated at the same time that he had 
 brougiit the Austrian propositioiis to 
 London on the 29th of April, but that 
 circumstances had occurred, quite inde-- 
 pendent of the merits of the propositions 
 themselves, which made it impossible to 
 agree to them. Hence, after their rejection, 
 there was no other course but to carry on 
 tho war vigorously. Sir E. B. Lytton, 
 however, maintained that lord John Russell 
 could not separate his conduct from that of 
 his colleagues, and charged lord Palmerston 
 with having accepted office under the 
 engagement of carrying out the foreign 
 policy of lord Aberdeen, and then rejecting 
 proposals which the latter would certainly 
 have accepted. On the 17th of July, Mr. 
 Roebuck proposed a motion, founded on 
 tho report c* tho Sebastopol committee, 
 visiting with severe reprehension every 
 member of that caWnetwhose counsels had 
 led to the dlsn ; oi's results of which he 
 complained ; bin .'ler a deLate of two days 
 it was rejected in iavour of an amendment 
 proposf.'d by gentral I'eel, who contended 
 that the house haa not the means of judglnt; 
 the Crimean expedition. In another debate 
 on the 3rd of August, Mr. Gladstone fixed 
 on the ministers the whole responsibility 
 of cont'^ MI g the war after the rejection ot 
 the Austclaii proposals. Tliey had nownodc- 
 finlte object, and having cast aside abasisof 
 agreement to which all the plenipotentiaries 
 at Vienna had agreed, they were making 
 war now only for paltry dlfferevices. Our 
 dlfficultio? were Inceaslng; Austria was 
 gradually withdrawing from us; Turkey 
 was an ally such as Anchlses was to iEneaa 
 on his flight from Troy ; Sardinia was drag- 
 ging heavily through the conflict In mere 
 dependence on England, and France was 
 not likely to add 100,000,000?. sterling to her 
 debt for a mere difference between limita- 
 tion and counterpoise. Amidst such dis- 
 cussions the session drew towards its close. 
 During its course few bills were passed ot 
 a purely social nature except those which, 
 have been named; and tho Irish tenant- 
 right bill, together with a bill for reforming 
 the university. of Cambridge, had been put 
 off to another season. 
 
 A.D. 1856.— In England the prospect oi an 
 immediate peace, whicii might now be look- 
 ed upon as almost certain, was fur from 
 causing universal satisfaction. The succesa 
 of the allies at Sebastopol bad in Bome 
 
 ft 
 
 ''li» 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 ■hi 
 
 i 
 
 "''I 
 
 n 
 
 ■■-:i 
 t 
 
 m 
 
! 'ill 
 
 dogroo lessoned the prevloua dlgrontent; 
 but there was n l»rgc party throughout the 
 country who thought that If tlio war were 
 continued the English aruiy would achieve 
 brilliant success and gain new glory lor our 
 arms ; and this party laid great stress on the 
 fact that, so far from being ^'.rippled by the 
 war, the revenue had risen fully to the 
 demands made upon it, and our commerce 
 had seldom been more flourishing. On the 
 meeting of parliament lord Perby complain- 
 ed that the government appeared to be 
 rather claimants of peace from Itusslathan 
 to be granting a peace on the petition of 
 their enemies. He complained alio of the 
 omission of Sardinia and Turkey in the 
 queen'ssTieech.when reference was made to 
 the negctiatiuns then going on, and further 
 that no mention had been made of tlie 
 Burrcnder of Kars to the Russians. In reply 
 lord Clarendon denied that any overtures 
 bad been made by the allies, or that Austria 
 had offered ai y mediation ; all that she had 
 done was to ascertain and make known at 
 St. Petersburg the conditions on which the 
 allies would grant a peace : to these terms 
 ] she had required a simple negative or afllr- 
 matlve ansvi'er, and she had received the 
 latter, when she threatened that unless the 
 llusslans gave a simple reply the Austrian 
 embassy would be withdrawn from St. Pe- 
 tersburg. In the house of commons, on the 
 28th of April, Mr. Whiteside, In bringing for- 
 ward a motion which imputed thj fall of 
 Kars to the want of foresight and energy 
 on the part of the uovernment, complained 
 that general Williams had been sent to Kars 
 to restore the eUlciency of the Turkish army, 
 but without authority to do anything. 
 They had given him no powder and shot, 
 but a plentiful supply of pen and Ink. Lord 
 Stratford de Kcdcliffe had failed In his du- 
 ties, and yet he remained ambassador still. 
 In a subsequent debate an amendment was 
 proposed to defer all consideration of the 
 f;. 1 of Kars until the terms of the peace had 
 been madeknown ; but to this sIrCornewall 
 Lewis demurred^s giving the go-by to Mr. 
 Whiteside's motion, which the government 
 were resolved to meet, and on which they 
 confldently expected an acquittal. He 
 maintained that Mr. White ide's speech was 
 utterly irrelevant, andthii.t the government 
 had not been responsible for the defence or 
 fall of Kars. To have withdrawn trooi)s 
 from before Sebastopol for the relief of that 
 fortress would have endangered the es- 
 sential enterprise of the war to attain a 
 mere secondary object : in like manner, lord 
 Palmerston denied that the "government 
 had ever undertaken to carry on the war in 
 Asia, and Imputed the loss of Kars to the 
 misconduct of the pasha of Erzeroum, who, 
 with an abundant supply of money to pur- 
 chase provisions, had not paid the carriers, 
 and the ijupplles fell into the hands of the 
 Russians. After the rejection of the amend- 
 ment, the mo ion of Mr. WhiteslJo was 
 thrown out by a majority of 127 In favour 
 of the government, the numbers being 303 
 to 176. In requital for his great services, a 
 baronetcy with a pension of \oool. a year 
 vras conferred on general WUliaraa for Ills 
 heroic defence of Kars. { 
 
 But from his command In the Baltic sir 
 Charles Napier had returned only to receive 
 censure from the government and, '•• ippro- 
 val from the country. His appointment 
 had tieen highly popular ; and the failure of 
 high-wkought expectations had been follow- 
 ed by a feeling of vexation which was not 
 more rational or well founded. Sir Charles 
 Napier had now been returned as member 
 for Southwark, and m the 13th of March, ho 
 moved from his p) ice in parliament, for a 
 select committee to enquire into the opera- 
 tions of the British fleet in the Baltic during 
 the two preceding years ; and, taking the 
 opportunity of explaining at length his own 
 conduct during his period of command, ho 
 dwelt on the dlfflcultles which hadfrom the 
 first been experienced from the want of 
 pilots and the Improper manning of the 
 ships. His Instructions with respect to the 
 attacking of Cronstadt and Sweaborg were 
 embarrassing ; and the admiralty had ap- 
 proved of the delay in attacking Bomarsund 
 until the arrival of the French troops. He 
 insisted that the attack on Sweaborg with 
 large ships only would have been an act of 
 pure Insanity, and, contrasting the sudden 
 Impatience of sir J. Graham with his pre- 
 v' <"a caution, he censured the conduct of 
 ti:c government as being worse than negli- 
 gent. Sir J. Graham In reply refuted the 
 charge by reading, with the writer's per- 
 mission, passrges from the letters of sir 
 Charles Napier, who, after some angry dc- 
 biite, withdrew his motion, being content to 
 rest his case on the letters which he had 
 brought forwa-d. 
 
 On the 31st of March the signing of the 
 treaty of peace was announced In both 
 houses of parliament, and the news was 
 followed by debates on the terms made be- 
 tween the allies and Russia. Lord Malmes- 
 bury complained that Russia had been 
 allowed to resume possession of the Cir- 
 cassian coasts and to re-build her forts 
 there, and urged that the allies should have 
 insisted on the abandonment of the arsenal 
 at NIcolaieff ; if Russia wa3 permitted to 
 have only six ships of war in the Black 
 Sea, she might build transports of any size 
 at Sebastopol, and send Uicm forth with 
 troops to assail the Turkish c msts at her 
 pleasure. Lord Clarendon In reply urged 
 that the countries on the eastern const of 
 the Black Sea must either have been made 
 Independent or restoredto Turkey. To the 
 latter course they would not consent, while 
 the assertion of the former would be a mere 
 mockery. A debate of much the same cha- 
 racter occurred on the same day in tlie] 
 house of commons, in the course of which 
 Mr. Sidney Herbert said that the war had 
 burbt the bubble of Russian Invlnclbllityi 
 but while he was sure that the policy ()f| 
 Russia was not the result of any long' 
 cherished ambition, ho held that it ouglit 
 to be the more severely curbed because H\ 
 arose from a necessity. Lord Palmerstdii 
 believed that the objects of the war, viz., 
 rescuing Turkey from diplomatic, military,, 
 and naval assaults, had, In the short periud 
 of two years, l^ecn fully accompllsbed. Tbe 
 thanks of both houses were then voted to 
 the ofScers and men of the army and nar; 
 
<!PnflTantr.— ?ft0U)EJe af 3Biu«jSto(cIt.— ?girtcr(a. 545 
 
 land m the Baltic Br 
 turned only to r<^cclv-e 
 crnnientand- '.ppro- 
 ry His arpoliitnient 
 aar; and the failure of 
 ations had been foUow- 
 ixatlon which was not 
 
 I founded. Sir Charles 
 
 II returned as member 
 n the 13th of March, he 
 ce in iiarliauient, for a 
 cnanire into the opcra- 
 eetln the Baltic during, 
 veiirs ; and, tailing the | 
 Inlng at length his own I 
 lieriod of command, 1 e , 
 ties which had from the 
 ced from the want ol , 
 roper manning of tiie 
 ions with respect to tiie i 
 adt and Sweaborg were ^ 
 
 the admiralty had ap- 
 Inattaclcii.gBomarsundi 
 tlic Frencli troops. He 
 itaclc on Sweaborg with 
 mid have been an act 01 
 
 contrasting the sudden 
 r. Graham with his pre- 
 :cnsured the conuuct ot 
 , being worse than negll- 
 im m reply refuted the 
 f. with the writer's per- 
 •from the letters of sir 
 ho, after some angry dc- 
 motion, being content to 
 
 the letters wliich he had 
 
 tarch the signing of the 
 (vas announced in notu 
 lent, and the news was 
 B on the terms made be- 
 idUubsla. I'OrdMalmes- 
 that Russia had been 
 6 possession of the ur- 
 td to re-build her forts 
 hat the allies should have 
 tndonment of the arsenal 
 lussia waa PC""'"ed to 
 PS of war in the Black 
 Id transports of any siy.o 
 •• send "-hem f'Jith wllli 
 he T-rklsh c jasts ai; her 
 larendon in reply urged 
 on the eastern coast oi 
 (t either have been majle 
 itoredto Turlcey. To the 
 would not consent, while 
 B former would be a mere 
 [e of much the same cha- 
 [1 the same day In tiio 
 . in the course of whicii 
 't said that the war had 
 if UusBlan luvlncibliitj, 
 sure that the policy ul 
 •ie result of any lond; 
 1. he held that it ougli 
 ■erely curbed because n 
 islty. Lord ralmcrstou 
 pbiects of the war, vi?,., 
 fctn diplomatic, militar.v.| 
 
 ^ad, in the short period 
 :ully accomplished. Ttne 
 ises were then voted to 
 111 of the army and nary 
 
 who had taken part in the war, as well iis 
 
 ti) the dlllcers and men of the militia. The 
 uko of Ca\ bridge spoke In high praise of 
 the conduct of all who had been engaged 
 in the struggle, and the niotiou was carried 
 unanimously. 
 
 On the 30th of .lime the disputes which 
 had arisen between the British government 
 niid that of tlio United States, on the 
 Central American convention, and more 
 especially on •;>u I''()reign Enlistniont Act, 
 werebrought .'cfore parliament. Mr.Meore 
 jiroposed a motion nfllrming that, in tlicso 
 (lifTcrences, the condict of the government 
 had not entitled them to the approbation 
 of the house, and accused Mr. t'ranipt( n, 
 'he British ambassador, of violating inton '- 
 'oiial law by secretly enlisting the subject, 
 of tlio United States. Tlie attorney-general 
 denied that the persons enlisted wero Anic- 
 rlcan citizens, and that if by their enlistment 
 tlie municipal law of the States was not 
 violated, the international law was as- 
 suredly not broken by it. Sir Frederick 
 Thesigcr, on the othorhand, contended that 
 the conduct of Mr. Cramptou was a breiicli 
 of the sovereign rights of the United Slates. 
 Sir Ci. Grey said that it was not easy to 
 determine in this case the precise charges 
 brought against the government, but that j 
 if ar- offence had been committed, an 
 apology had been made ; at the same time 
 the government could not distinctly admit 
 that the ;»cts done were contrary to the 
 law, because they had no evidence to that 
 effect. In the end, Mr. Moore's resolution 
 was lost in a division of ai'4 to 80. 
 
 Among the subsequent debatc.« of this 
 
 session were R>T:ie important conversations 
 
 Ion the affairs of Italy. Lord Lyndhurst 
 
 uvelghed against the tyranny of Austria, 
 
 ivhich had extended her limits of occupa- 
 
 lon in Italy, not only over the legations, 
 
 but over the duchy of Tarma; and urged 
 
 liat as there were cases In whicli it was 
 
 he bounden duty of foreign governments 
 
 interfere, there could be no doubt that 
 
 he execrable disposition of the king of 
 
 allies called for such Interference. In 
 
 he house of commons, lord I'almcrstim 
 
 tated it to be the wish of the French ein- 
 
 eror, that the occupation of the llonian 
 
 tales by his troops should cease. If the 
 
 onscnt of Austria could be obtained ; hut 
 
 f this the Austrian representative at the 
 
 'arls conference held out no hojie. It 
 
 night, however, be anticipated that the 
 
 apal government would so regulate its 
 
 \vn affairs, as soon to render all further 
 
 iireign intei'vention'unnecessary. To tlie 
 
 liig of Sardinia England was undoubtedly 
 
 ledged to yield support and protection in 
 
 itiy unprovoked attack, even though the 
 
 !orce of Sardinia might Itseli bo sulllcient 
 
 ;o repel it. 
 
 During the session the question of life- 
 icerages called forth much debate. Baron 
 'iirke had been created a peer for life, 
 iider the title of lord WensleydaJe, when 
 rd Lyndhurst said It was clear from the 
 ircunistancen of the case that ho had been 
 |o appointed to ninko a precedent for the 
 ture. Ho doubted the legality of the act, 
 111 was sure that it was uucoustitutional. 
 
 In law, the crown might ennoble a whole 
 troop of guards at once, ?;;it it would be a 
 gross violation of the constitution. Lord 
 i)erby urged that It the iirecedent were ad- 
 mitted, the fall otti\e m'lnarchy would be 
 ultimately ensured. These arguments wero 
 met by counter-statements, but the con- 
 troversy was finally settled by the con 
 ferring of an hereditary peerage on lord 
 Wensleydale in the usual way. The faiUiro 
 of this measure was followed by the appel- 
 late-jurisdiction bill, wliich called to the 
 house of lords, as accessory to the lord- 
 chancellor in appeal, two officers who have 
 held high judicial olllce for a period Of 
 flvcyeaiu This bill, successful In thehouse 
 of lords, w.s twice re.'id in tlie house of 
 commons, wlien a motion of Mr. Currle to 
 refer the bill to a select coniiiiittee, having 
 been carried, stopped its further progress. 
 
 It had been agreed at the conference of 
 Paris, that thereafter in war a neutral Hag 
 should cover an enemy's goods; in protest 
 against this doctrine, lord Colchester, jn 
 tliei"2iid of May, moved a series of resolu- 
 tions which aflirmed tliat the maintenance 
 of the right of capturing an enemy's goods 
 on board of neutral vessels was of essential 
 importance to a power whose main reliance 
 is on her naval superiority. Lord Derby 
 characterised the atiandonincnt of this 
 rig'<t as a surrender of the foundation of 
 England's greatness. Lord Grey in answer 
 said the prhiciple must be judged by Us 
 working, and in practice it was found 
 impossible to ascertain what was the pro- 
 perty of an enemy in neutral ships. On a 
 division there appeared against tin' resolu- 
 tions a majority of 54. Towards the close 
 of the session, a bill for the retirement of 
 the bishops of London and Durliam was 
 Introduced, and, although much contested 
 at every stage, ultimately passed botli 
 houses. During the financial debates of 
 the session, Mr.Muntz introduced a motion 
 anirniingthe need of a readjustment of the 
 income-tax, especially with regard to t'lo 
 rates levied on professional and indiistnal 
 incomes as compared with those deri .ed 
 from llxed property. This motion was lost 
 by a large ma;'' rity. 
 
 On the Cth of March lord John Itiis.sell 
 introduced the subject of national edtical Ion 
 in a series of resolutions by which, ainongiit 
 other measures, it was provided that ho 
 sub-Inspectors should be added to the exi.-st- 
 Ing number of inspectors ; that the sub- 
 inspectors should report on the available 
 means for the education of the poor in each 
 BCi.ool district ; that in order to ex tend such 
 means, the powers of the conimlssloners of 
 charitable trusts should be enlarged, and 
 that the funds now useless or injurious to the 
 public sliouldbe applied to the education of 
 the middle and poorer cliisses of the commi'- 
 nity; that where such means are not avail- 
 able, the rate-payers should have the power 
 of taxing tl.eniseives for the maintenance of 
 schools; that employers of children between 
 nine and fifteen years of ago should be 
 required to furuish certificates half-yearly 
 of the attendance of such children at school, 
 and to pay for such iiiBtruction. Against 
 these resolutions many objections wero 
 N N 
 
 \'i' 1 
 
 r' 
 
 
 m 
 

 II i 
 
 ill 
 
 m 
 
 j I 
 
 540 
 
 €\)e ^vtHiuvii of W^ta^U* ^^ 
 
 urged in tlio dcltato of tho 10th of April. 
 Among otlicrH, ulv J. GrHlinm urged tlie 
 lieneflts of tho vohiutary na compiiriul with 
 the compuJBory syateMi.wlil'.osir J. I'likliig- 
 ton, cumplnliiing of the falluro of ilils 
 system, said that thcro wero parts of 
 KuKhuid Riid Ireland where education was 
 retrograding. In elfect, lord John Uiissell 
 withdrew some of tho most Important of 
 tho resolutions, and thereat werem-gatived 
 on a division. Hut In coiiinilttec of supply, 
 on the 14th of June, a sum was voted in 
 excess of tlu! expenditure of the previous 
 year In public education by 54,292?. A bill 
 lor the regulation of tho university of 
 Oaiiji)i'i(lKe was likewise passed, and tliat 
 for the witlidrawiil of tho grant from the 
 fnlk't'e of Maynooih was abandoned, owing 
 to the lateness of the season. 
 
 During tho session lord Albemarlo itrc- 
 Foiittd a petition froui tho inhabitants nf 
 Madras, complaining of the inlilctior. of 
 torture by tho ofllcers of tho East India 
 Company, and urged that the toruires so 
 complained of wero only a sample of the 
 modes In whlcli the Company administered 
 justice and collected its revenue, linume- 
 ratlng four methods of torture, he expressed 
 Ills belief that the practice was connived at, 
 or tacitly tolerated by, liiuropean olTlccrs. 
 The duke of Argylo admitted tlie facts, but 
 said tluit tho government wero not res- 
 ponsible for a cust(un whU 1' had come down 
 from preced jig empires, and which they liad 
 done their utmost to aboiisli ; lie proposed 
 some verbal alterations in the vosolutlons 
 which expreiised thereliaiH'o of the house 
 that all jiersoi's in authority in this country, 
 and in India, would strive to extirpate a 
 practice disgrf.ceful to the character of our 
 gove'-niuent, and likely to render it odious 
 to the people of India. Lord Clanricarde 
 said tho wliolo Question was a matter of 
 money : if tho company j<aid fair wages, 
 tlicy would obtain, as collectors of revenue, 
 men who wi dd not employ torture us a 
 means of cxii rting confessions. 
 
 On tlic 18th of April, thohouse of commons, 
 unconscious of coming disasters, of wliich 
 even the governmeni" in Ir.d a foresaw no 
 Rigii, WMs occupied withth? discussion of 
 Indian nd'airs, when sir E. IVrry, complain- 
 ing of tlie delldt In the fiiuMices oi lliat 
 country, said that it was owing not, as was 
 alleged, to expenditure on publio works, 
 but to a series of wars which were not 
 defensive, followed liy annexations of terri- 
 tory He Inveighed especially against tho 
 anui" Atlon c;: Oudo, and urged tliat the 
 charMt's brought agaiiust the rulers of that 
 kingdviuiwere over-colourt but tliat.eveu 
 if true, they had referemu to a state of 
 things which was commenced by Warren 
 Hastings. Tho statements of sir E. Perry 
 were called in question, and on the 2l8t of 
 July Mr. Vernon S'nith, in tho annual 
 official statement, showed a decrease of 
 more than 400,000?. on the deficit of the 
 previous year, and said that it was caused 
 liy excess of expenditure in public works. 
 The land revenue, he believed, could be 
 Increased by introducing a lower assess- 
 menf., and the cultivation of cotton was 
 creatly increased. The prospect on tbe 
 
 whole was encouraging ; but tho dlfllculty 
 might further ))e met by a reduction of 
 expenditure. This, however, must not 
 apply to tho military expenses: lio could 
 not admit any reduction which was based 
 on employing the native army more, and 
 the queen's army less. Ho defended tlio 
 annexation of Oiide, and exhibited tho 
 progress made in laying down railways and 
 electric telegraphs throughout India. After 
 some further conversation, the government 
 resolutions were agreed to. 
 
 Towards the close of the session, Mr. 
 nisraell, while moving for the number of 
 bills discharged during its course, diargcd 
 tho government with deficient legislation 
 and the largo number of measures which 
 they had been compelled to abandon, and 
 exjiressed his belief that a largo party 
 looked with suspicion and dislike on the 
 Inlluencc of landed property, on the union 
 between church and state,and to all heredi- 
 tary Influence. Lord I'almerston, in reply, 
 said that in attempting to Intruduco a 
 schism into tho liberal party, Mr. Disraeli 
 had fiJ; '11 into a contradiction, Ho hail 
 charged ;lio government with abnndouiin; 
 llbirai Views, and yet in tho same speeili 
 he licensed them of inundating tho housu 
 with more measures tli.an it was possible to 
 pass. If, however, many measures hail 
 been .abandoned, the reason was obvious; 
 tho fact must be attributed to the obstacles 
 placed in tlio way of tho government by 
 the opposition sido of the house. Ho wiu-i 
 far from being discontented with a statu 
 of things from which incalculable bencllis_ 
 were derived ; but nevertheless this w;i 
 tho cause of tho doCoots of which Sir. 
 Disraeli had complained, and, in spito <j1 
 these failures, he believed that the govern- 
 iiieiit had not lost the conlldence of the 
 house or tho country. Purllament was 
 jirorogued by commission on tho 29th m1 
 July. 
 
 For tho difTorei; os which arose in tlio 
 course of this year betwjon the Briti 
 government and tho pasha of Persia, as 
 .veil as with tho Chitieso empire, tlio 
 reader is referred to the history of tli'js 
 countries respectively. 
 
 A.D. 1857.— At the commencement of thii 
 year It seemed as though the income-iai 
 would be the chief subject of attention diip 
 ing the coming session of parliament ; biii 
 that session Itself was prematurely brougli! 
 to a closo by a dissolution caused by tin 
 dllferences whicli had arisen between thi 
 Uritlsh and Chinese governments; and ilii 
 Indian mutiny following immediately after] 
 absorbed tlio attention of the natim 
 to tho exclusion, almost, of every otliei 
 subject. But, in the debates which follow] 
 ed on tho queen's speech, the income-(a: 
 f uniislied the most prominent topic. Lo 
 Derby insisted that parliament would 
 wanting in its duty if it did not demani 
 the fulftlment of tho solemn pledge tli 
 the tax should definitely ce&'io in I86i 
 And tlien subject of complaint arose out 
 the quarrel with Persia; but an amendnicnj 
 of lord Grey, that war ouglit not to hav( 
 been declared against Persia without tlij 
 consent of parliament, was negatired bf 
 
 ]ar( 
 
 Mr. 
 lnt( 
 any 
 tlm( 
 18fi3 
 the 
 usti 
 of t 
 Lore 
 was 
 ture 
 and 
 astra 
 Sot 
 the 1 
 an un 
 it, in 
 Jame 
 serioi 
 Tiiipo 
 bills r 
 ishiiie 
 luid n 
 of i)u: 
 Locke 
 I rough 
 ti) 17U, 
 discon 
 was dt' 
 c:.-il sti 
 dieque 
 Hirti. I 
 the coil 
 reviTiu 
 providi 
 of neai 
 (ipporti 
 BO redut 
 IiieiiC to 
 IStiO, wli 
 years si 
 expense 
 the war; 
 the incr 
 articles 
 Ilussell 
 the bud) 
 (]U('r wa 
 hinder tl 
 at heart, 
 tiuiis wei 
 
 IllCOI 
 
 rate of 7f 
 
 passed tj 
 
 great opi 
 
 tbe excei 
 
 to the ft 
 
 will ell w( 
 
 iiigir of ei 
 
 with It. 
 
 governiiK 
 
 to dissol 
 
 mors ton 
 
 ]ensuing i 
 
 would not 
 
 ou the tt 
 
 tlieminisi 
 
 Tho cin 
 
 1 solution a 
 
 in referen 
 
 This vespi 
 
 heen seizt 
 
 tlon to be 
 
 
 <Jlfe. 
 
X. 
 
 ting ; but tho dimculty 
 nut bv a reduction of 
 . however, inust not 
 iry cxpenHCB : ho couUl 
 ictioii whlth was basca 
 native army more, ami 
 less. Ho defonded tho 
 do, and exhibited tho 
 ,ying down railways and 
 throughout India. Aftur 
 rsatlon, the govcrument 
 [rccdto. 
 
 80 of the Bcaslon, Mr. 
 ring lor the number of 
 ring Us courae, charged 
 Ith dcflclent legislation 
 jber of uieasurca which 
 ipelled to abandon, and 
 lei that a largo party 
 elon and disllko on tlui 
 d property, on the union 
 .d state, and to all heredi- 
 )rd I'alnicrston, In reply, 
 nipting to Introdiico a 
 beral party, Mr. Wsracli 
 , contradiction. lie Imd 
 ■nnient with abandonum' 
 
 yet In tho same Bpeedi 
 of inundating tho hou=u 
 res than it was possible to 
 ■r, many measures huU 
 the reason was obvious; 
 ittrlbuted tothcobstaclcd 
 f of tho government bj 
 lo of tho house. He was 
 iBContented with a state 
 hich incalculable bcncliu 
 ut nevertheless this wns 
 detects of which 5fr, 
 iplained, and. In spite oi 
 
 Dclievud that the govern- 
 
 St tho conlldence of ilie 
 
 luntry. Parliament ■was 
 
 .misbiou on the 29th ul 
 
 h J3 whicli arose In tlio 
 ■ar betwaeu the Britiili 
 the pasha ot I'ersla, as 
 
 iio Cliiueso empire, tli 
 to the history of tli'Jsc 
 
 vely» 
 
 lie commencement of tliia 
 \s though the Incomo-iaj 
 ^subject of attention diir- 
 ■sslon of parliament ; buf 
 , was prematurely brougli' 
 issoUitiou caused by t ii 
 had arisen between tl.. 
 so governments; and ilic 
 •■owing Immediately alter 
 .tentlon ol the natim^ 
 almost, ol every otiie, 
 he debates which folio* 
 1 speech, the Income-tai 
 ,t prominent topic. Lo" 
 lat parliament would 
 ity If H did not demam 
 the solemn pledge t'.if 
 ieflnltely cease la isi 
 fof complaint arose out 
 lersla; butai: amcndmeii 
 , war ought not to hiivl 
 ilnst Persia without tw 
 cnt,v?as negatived by' 
 
 ensTantf.— ilatifie at ^twxmick,—mctatln, fi47 
 
 large initjority. In the house of commons, 
 Mr. Uladslone urged that a strict scrutiny 
 Into tlio national expenditure must precede 
 any discussion on taxation. At the same 
 time he reniembereil the pledges given in 
 1863, and ho should therefore strive to bring 
 the llscal arrangements of the country Into 
 a statu which would not stand in tho way 
 of the fuinimcnt of those pledges In 1800. 
 Lord ralmorston ciwnpiained that there 
 was a disposition ^o judge of tho expendi- 
 ture bofore the estimates were announced, 
 and warned the house against being so led 
 astray. 
 
 Soon after the beginning of the session 
 the house of commons was occupied with 
 an unpleasing task not often Imposed u]ion 
 it, in tho expulsion of a memher — Mr. 
 James Sadleir, who had been charged with 
 serious frauds in tho management of the 
 TIpperary bank. Leave was given to bring in 
 hills relating to law reform, secondary pun- 
 ishments, tho establislinient of a seimrate 
 and responsible deiiartment for the affiiirs 
 of public justice; while a proposal of Mr. 
 Locke King to extend to counties the 10(. bo- 
 rough franchise was lost in atUvlslon of 19?, 
 to 179, and Mr.Spooner's annual proposal to 
 discontinue tho endowment of Maynooth 
 was dt^feated by a majority of H. The llnan- 
 ci.d statement of the chancellor of the ei- 
 cliCQuer was made early '.n tho session. 
 Sir (i. Lewis estimated the expciulituro of 
 the coining yearat about ti.'l.ooct.oiK)/. and the 
 revt'iiue at about 66,0(K>,()0i)/., which, after 
 providing for debts, wouM leave a surplus 
 of nearly Ooo.ooOi. Mr. Di.-^rauii took the 
 opportunity to urge again llie necessity of 
 Eo rediicing' expeiuliture as to enable parlia- 
 ment to reiiiiL Ihe income-tax allogetlierin 
 18tio, while Mr. (Jladstone urged that in four 
 years six milllon.s had been added to llie 
 expenses of the cuuutry ([uite apart, from 
 the war ; and he pi-di ested especially against 
 the Increase ot indirect taxation (ju such 
 articles as tea and sugar. Jiord Joint 
 Kussell tlioUK'.', on the other hand, that 
 the budget of the chancellor of the exche- 
 quer was likely to promote rather than to 
 iiinder the object which Mr. Ciiadstono had 
 at heart. In the end Mr. Disraeli's rcsolu- 
 ti(inswer" defeated by a nuijority of so; and 
 tin) income-tax bill, whli 1' reverted to the 
 rate of Til. in the pound f(jrtne cvsuing year, 
 passed the house of commons witi.'out any 
 great opposition. Hut, in both houses alike, 
 tl>e excess of expenditure was attributed 
 to tho foreign iiolley of tho govcrnmen ., 
 wiiuh was also likely to outrage tho feel- 
 ing? of every state lu'ought into cinnoction 
 Willi it. Hefore i,liis time, 1;. ever, the 
 goverinneut had anncmnced their intention 
 to dissolve the pHriiament, ami lord Pal- 
 nierstou warned Mr. Disraeli that In the 
 ensuing elections the people of England 
 would not be led astray by any cry founded 
 ou the turbulent and aggressive policy of 
 the ministry. 
 
 Tlio circumstances which led to this re- 
 solution arose out of the quarrel with China 
 in reference to tins lorcha called the Arrow. 
 This vespel, showing lirltish colours, had 
 been seized by tlie Chiueso ; and the ques- 
 tion to be determined was its right to the 
 
 protection ol tlie llritiBti flag. Lv>rd Derby 
 insldted strongly that a vessel built la 
 China, captured by pirates, and recaptured 
 by Chinese, and afterwards manned, owned, 
 and bought by Chinese, could have no such 
 claim, and adduced two statements of sir 
 John Uowring, that the license to carry 
 the English tlag liad expired some tiuiu 
 before. He further Insisted that the quar- 
 rel had arisen entirely from sir J. llow- 
 rlng's absorbing desire to bring about lii« 
 own oniclal reception in Canton. Lord 
 Clarendon as stnmgly supported sir J. 
 Uowring and the government; while lord 
 Ellenborough maintained that there could 
 bono peace for China while sir J. Uowring 
 remained near Canton, and that he ought to 
 be recalled as having made, with loference 
 to the Arrow, statements which at time ol 
 making them he knew ro bo untrue, lu 
 theliouseof lords, the majority against lord 
 Derby's motion wa? .% ; a dilTerent issue 
 followed the debate in the house ol com- 
 mons on the motion of Mr. Cobden, that 
 the papers laid before parliament failed to 
 explain satisfactorily the violent measures 
 resorted to at ('anton In the alfair of the 
 Arrow. Mr. Philllmore, speaking ou the 
 law of the case, denounced the whole trans- 
 action, while, apart from ail legal technica- 
 lities, Mr. Suhiey Herbert said that it had 
 been admitted by Mr. Consul Parkes that 
 'ven if the lorcha had been a lirltlsb 
 vessel, the reparatiou obtained was mors 
 than what was njeded, and expressed his 
 Indignation at force ixercised with so little 
 mercy on pretexts -o transparen'ly frau- 
 dulent. Lord Palmerston in reiily denied 
 thai wo were at war with China, and said 
 that the future policy of the government, 
 while it mr.staini (Irstat protecilnBlhitish 
 subjects in t'hina, must be guided in great 
 measii'T by tlie course of events. Still, on 
 a division, it was found that the ministers 
 were in a minority of lii ; and lord I'aliner- 
 slon immediately iiiado up his mind to 
 appeal to the cou.iiry. Admitting that in 
 tceneral it would, alter such u defeat, he 
 the duty of the goveriiment to resign, he 
 liioughtlt did not apply to tho present case, 
 as recent divisions iiointed to anything but 
 a wiint of confidence in the government. 
 Mr. Cebdeii asked what, in the meanwhile, 
 was to be done in the Chinese quarrel, sug- 
 gesting that some one should be sent out 
 forthwith authorised to supertjde all 
 British authority in China, and to act ac- 
 cording to circumstances. The answer ol 
 sir J. (irey asserted generally that they 
 would do all that lay In their povr'er to pro- 
 tect British subje>"ts and their projierty in 
 China, and denied Mr. Cohden's right to 
 impute to the government any desire to 
 keep our relations with China on an un- 
 friendly footing. 
 
 Before the dissolution of tho parliament 
 the speaker of the house of commons, Mr. 
 Shaw Lefevre, announced his intention ol 
 resigning tho ofllce which he had held lor 
 18 years. Tho thanks of the house were 
 cordially aud unanimously voted to him, 
 and he was immediately afterwards raised 
 to the peerage, with a pension of 4,000i. a 
 year. The close of the Persian war was 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 lu 
 
, 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 i ii 
 
 
 1 
 
 i i 
 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 3 
 
 648 
 
 CI)e €vtni\irti at ^ii[{tori)» ^r. 
 
 announced by lord Clarendon, who stiitcd 
 tbat tliere wan notliltiK in the treaty of pottcu 
 derogatory to the Persian goveruineut. On 
 tho 2l8t of March the parliament waa dls- 
 BolTCd, and the now elections took up at 
 onco the whole attontloti of the country. 
 
 It was found that tho now parliament 
 had strengthened Instead of weakening tho 
 government of lord Palmcrston. In tho 
 place of Mr. Lefevre, Mr. 10. D. Dcnison 
 was elected speaker of tho house of com- 
 mons ; and on the 7th of May tho business 
 of tho session commenced. Tho Intended 
 marriage of tho princess royal of LuKland 
 with prince Frederick William of PruHsIa, 
 and a dowry and annuity to tlie princess, 
 was agreed to by tho house. Aft«r much 
 opposition In tho h(mse of commons, and a 
 narrow escape in tho house of lords, a hill 
 was passed which abolished tho tax called 
 ministers' money in Ireland. Its opponents 
 maintained that it was simply a tiix upon 
 property, and that it belonged to tho United 
 Church, as much as any landed estate be- 
 longed to its proprietor, while us advocates 
 denied that the government ever accepted 
 the position that this property could not be 
 alienated. 
 
 The city of London had again returned 
 baron Kothschlld to serve In parliament, and 
 the subject of the admission of Jews to sit 
 as members was brought forward with tho 
 greater force, as all tho members had just 
 had to take oaths with wliidi they could 
 notlnevery particularacquiesce. The bill In- 
 troduced by lord Palmcrston wiis carrliHlby 
 a very large majority, although a clause was 
 Bubsei]uently inserted excludhig them from 
 tho ofltlce of lord-cliaiicellor, lord-iieutenant 
 of In 'and, and otiu r high places. In the 
 house of lords the bill was thrown out ; and 
 another effort was mado by lord John 
 llussell to substitute a solemn declaratkm in 
 place of an oath, according to an act 5 and 
 6 Will. IV. c. 02 ; but it was found that the 
 act was not applicable, r.nd ho contsntwd 
 himself -K'ilx promising to introduce the 
 subject again In the ensuing session. 
 
 Tho first tidings of the great Indian mu- 
 tiny were received in tliis country in Juno ; 
 and tho causes which led to this terrible 
 outbieak, as well as the remedies which 
 should be applied to it, were anxiously dis- 
 cussed in parliament. Lord Ulienborough 
 attributed it in great mea;5ura to a dread on 
 tho part of the natives tliat tho government 
 purposed to interfere with their religion, 
 and complained that not merely military 
 men of high rank were mixed up with mis- 
 Blouury operations, but that the governor- 
 general himself largely subscrihud to orery 
 society which has tho rouTer.-sion of the 
 natives for its object. This he asserted to 
 he one of the most dangerous filings which 
 could have happened for the security of our 
 government in India. Tlie-c arguments 
 were, naturally, combated with much vehe- 
 mence ; and lord Grmivillodeciared that lord 
 Canning, so far from lying open to such 
 charges, had, by the llrst exercise of his 
 power of veto, arrested a police bill tiecause 
 It might affeci. the reliurious feelii'i?s of the 
 natives. Lord John llussell dwelt much 
 on the oppression practised by tho poUco 
 
 of India and on tho InBUfllctcnt adminis- 
 tration of justice. The succeeding malls 
 brought darker tidings, and 14,000 troops 
 were despatched from England ; but whilo i 
 th(?so and other measures r'ero discussed, ' 
 much controversy was expended on tho 
 former iiuestlons relating to the origin of ; 
 the struggle. Lord Kllenborough was con- 
 vinced that there must have been long- 
 standing mismanngement to account for 
 the mutl; y of such noble troops and ex- 
 cellent soldiers as the 10th grenadiers and 
 tho 20th light infantry. Mr. Disraeli con- 
 sidered It a national revolt rather than a 
 military rebellion, and set it down to threo 
 causes: l.tlie forcible destruction of native 
 authority in India ; 2. the disturbance of 
 settlements of property ; .1. tampering with 
 the religion of the people. Tho Hindoos 
 had no dread of missionaries or of free dis- 
 cussion ; what they feared was the union 
 of missionary enterprise with tho power 
 of tlia government: and two recent acts 
 (which provided that a Hindoo widow 
 might marry a second Inisband, and that 
 no man should lose his property because 
 ho changed !:'s religion) had caused wide 
 and deep alarm. To this must be added the 
 annexation of Oudc, which drove the Ma- 
 hometan princes to make common cause 
 with the Hindoos. 
 
 The necessity of providing for the defence 
 of the country led to the Introduction of a 
 bill to enable the government to embody 
 tho militia, without having to call parlia- 
 ment together, as was now re(iuired, within 
 a fortnight after so embodying them. This 
 bill was \>assed just before the recess. 
 
 Some important surlul reforms were like- 
 wise made during tliii session. The testa- 
 nientarv jurisdiction bill established a new 
 court of probato, v( wliiili tho judge was to 
 preside also in tlie matrimonial and divorce 
 courts, and finally on tlii' occurrence of a 
 vacancy, in the court of admiralty, as it was 
 the o|iiniciii of Dr. Lu.sblngton that the du- 
 ties of tliese courts might all be discharged 
 by one judge. But a measure which at- 
 tracted far greater attention, and was met 
 liy a very strong opposition, was the divorce 
 bill, for the passing of wliich the govern- 
 ment expressed their most determined re- 
 solution. The lord-chancellor stated that, 
 according to tlie present practice, to obtain 
 adlvorce a ri7tCMJojn((tn'?rtcmti a verdict must 
 be obtained against the adulterer in the 
 ecclesiastical courts, and the facts proved 
 before the house of lords ; and he proposed 
 now to constitute one tribunal to try tho 
 whole case, to admit none but vivd voce 
 jiroceedings, and to permit actions fur 
 criminal conversation only a/Nr n divorce 
 had been obtained. Lord Lyndhurst, com- 
 plaining of the in«iinalities in the bill, liopi'U 
 that deficrtion by tue husband fur live years 
 would bo held sufllcient ground for a di- 
 vorce; and he thought furthei, ihat to re- 
 verse the order with regard to the lu'tion for 
 crim. coh. would leave to the injured party 
 in many t'Hses no jiower of action at all. In 
 committee, an amendment by the archbishoji 
 of Canterbury was carried which restricteil 
 the person against whom the divorce is 
 prouoiuiccd from marrying his companiou 
 

 f, 
 
 le lusumdcnt adinlnls- 
 The succccilliiK malls 
 Ings.aiid 14,000 troops 
 )in Kngland ; liut wlillo i 
 ivsureB i"ere dlscussi-u, 
 was oxpi-nded on tho 
 jlatliiff to the origin of 
 KllcnboroiigU was con- 
 must have iJcen long- 
 i^einent to acoount for 
 li noblo troops and cx- 
 tlie 10th grenadiers and 
 nitry. Mr. Disraeli con- 
 lal revolt ratlicr than a 
 md set it down to three 
 jle destruction of native 
 ; a. tho disturbance of 
 lerty; 3. tampwrlng with 
 e people. The Hindoos 
 sslonarles or of free dls- 
 f feared was tho union 
 irpriso with tho power 
 t : and two recent acts 
 that a Hindoo widow 
 Kond liushand, and that 
 so his property because 
 liglon) had caused wUh> 
 o this must be added the 
 lo, which drove tho Ma- 
 to make common cause 
 
 .rovldlng for the defence 
 to the Introduction of a 
 government to embody 
 ut having to call parllii- 
 wasnow required, within 
 1) embodying them. Tills 
 it before the recess, 
 social reforms were llke- 
 ihls se.-islon. The testa- 
 im bill established a new 
 t wliiih the judgo was to 
 matrimonial and divorce 
 on tho occurrence of a 
 irtof admiralty, as it was 
 ii\i>hinKt,i)n that the du- 
 niight all be discharged 
 lit a measure which at- 
 attention, and was met 
 position, was the divorce 
 'g of which tho goverii- 
 I'lr mo.st determined re- 
 l-chancellor stated that, 
 [esent practice, to obtain 
 liatrijuonaaverdlctmusl 
 St the adulterer in the 
 fs, and the facts proved 
 lords ; and he proposed 
 one tribunal to try the 
 luit none but vivA voce 
 ,o penult actUms for 
 on only afttr a divorce 
 Lord Lyiulliurst, com 
 iialitWsinlhobill, hopoil 
 lO husband for live yeai< 
 llcient ground for a di- 
 ght furtbei, that to ro- 
 regard to the ivction f v-r 
 ,vo'to the injur. ^d parly 
 wer of action at all. lu 
 Jmcntbythe archbisho)! 
 •arried which restricted 
 whom the divorce is 
 larrying his companiou 
 
 CFiTflTanti.— Kl0utfc of aSvuuritoifft.— ^tctovf.t. 
 
 549 
 
 
 In gtillt, A further amendment was carried, 
 that adultery with a married woman should 
 be considered a misdemeanor. And finally 
 lord KedcsdalQ sought Ineffectually to de- 
 prive the now court from granting any di- 
 vorce n vincHln. In tho house of conuuons, 
 tho hill was far more determlnately op- 
 jioscd. Tho attorney-general pointed out 
 Mio urgent necessity of tho measure. Tho 
 verdicts of tho ecclesiastical courts, which 
 would only grant soparatlon, left the wife 
 still entitled to dower, and tho husband to 
 tho property of tho wife. Hence cases 
 frequently occurred. In which tlie husband, 
 having b^cn so separated, returned and 
 seized tho property of his wife, who, by her 
 own industry, had raised herself to an Inde- 
 pendent position. Mr.tiladstonesaidtliatof 
 the three alternatives,— viz. that of passing 
 private acts, of ceasing to pass them, and 
 (if passing this bill, the last was far the 
 most dangerous, and then urged strongly 
 the theological objections to tho bill. In 
 committee of the liouse, an amendment to 
 restrict tho power to remarry to the person 
 on whose petition the niarriago had been 
 dissolved, was flrmlv resisted by the govern- 
 ment and negative*;. Hut the government 
 consented very reluctantly to .admit another 
 amendment, wlilch left to tho clergy the 
 ojitlon of refusing to solemnise the mar- 
 riage of any person who may have been 
 divorced; a further amendment w.as, liow- 
 ever, carried, which, on tho refusal of the 
 Incumbent, gave power to any licensed 
 clergyman of tho diocese to perform the 
 ceremony In tho parish church. Tho bill so 
 amended was returned to tho lords, when a 
 proposal of lord Uede-.dalo,;hat the amend- 
 ments of the commons should be discussed 
 that day six months, was objected to as 
 against all ordinary proceeding, and by a 
 majority of 2 It was decided that they 
 should bo considered at once : and thus, 
 with thisnarrow escape, and just at the close 
 of tlio session, the bill became law. Another 
 hill was also passed to make trustees crimi- 
 nally responsible for frauds or malversa- 
 tion of funds committed to their hands. 
 
 Among other measures of the session was 
 one introduced by sir Do Lacy Evans for 
 improving jnilltary education by means of 
 coinpetitivo examinations, and extending 
 these to officers who might wish to (|uallfy 
 themselves for the staff,— and another by 
 lord Goderich for extending tho same 
 system to tho public departments of the 
 foreign office, the Indiaboard, &c. in which 
 It had not yet been adopted. Another blil 
 fur civil service superannuation li.ad for its 
 it'ject tho remcal of a grievance which 
 had been a general subject of complaint— 
 ilie salaries of members of tho civil service 
 being subject to a certain annual deduc- 
 tion to furnish retiring pensions to super- 
 aimuated members. It was contended that 
 ilie luiids so lalscd had been more than 
 what was necessary for the purpose, and 
 had been a source of j)roflt to the govern- 
 ment, and, as such, oughtto bo relinquished. 
 
 An arr.angement was at this time made 
 with the Danish government, by which, on 
 receiving from Great Britain a sum of 
 1,125,20C{., tliey agreed to abolish tlie Sound 
 
 dues, and to maintain ll'rht-houges, Ac, 
 for the convenience of commerce ; and this 
 sum the house of commons granted out 
 of the consolidated fund. It was further 
 agreed that tho existing duties on te.a and 
 sugar, confectionery and rice, should bo 
 continued from April 1858 to April 180O, 
 
 The monetary crisis which had caused tlie 
 stoppage of several banks In tho United 
 States, and created a panic In this country, 
 drove the directors of the Hank of Kngland, 
 as In 1817, to appeal to the ministers of the 
 crown for authority u, iiicreaso their Iseuo 
 of notes, and so to suspend the operation of 
 tho Hank Charter Act of 1344. Tho govern- 
 ment wltliout hesitation acceded to this 
 request ; but it became necessary to ot)taln 
 from parliament a bill of Indemnity ; and 
 the houses were accordingly assembled for 
 a short session in December. With the ne- 
 cessary busines.i connected with tho Bank 
 Act, there was nnch conversation on the 
 subject of the Indian mutiny, which lord 
 ranmuro characterised as a purely military 
 revolt, with which tho people felt no sym- 
 pathy. During the short session leave was 
 again given to bring in a bill on the sul)- 
 ject of Jewish disabilities, authorising the 
 omlsslcn of the words • on the true faith of 
 aOhrlstlan,' when the oath was administered 
 to Jews who might be returned as members 
 to parliament; but an attempt to limit tho 
 liability of shareholders In Joint-stock banks 
 was unsuccessful. 
 
 A.D. 1858.— The session of is.W had vir- 
 tually commenced with the meeting of par- 
 liament in December J857, but after that 
 short session the liouses were adjourned to 
 the 4th of February 1858, when they resumed 
 business. Tho congratulations of both 
 houses to the queen on the marriage of the 
 princess royal were followed by anxious 
 debates on the affairs of India ; and Mr. 
 Vernon Smith, the president of the board 
 of control, asked leave to bring in a bill 
 enabling the Kast India Company to raise a 
 loan of 10,ooo,000f. It was admitted on all 
 hands that tho Indian government was in 
 urgent need of money, but it was not so 
 easy to determine into whose hands tho 
 money was to lie paid, or who was to have 
 tho control over it. It was in-ged that llio 
 Kast India Company was a dying body, and 
 that the responsibility of the loan must 
 ultimately rest on tho Eugllsh exchequer. 
 After much discussion, the amount of the 
 loan was fixed at 8,000,000?. On the motlou 
 for a vote of thanks from both houses to 
 the civil and military officers and the troops 
 of India, as well as to persons not holding 
 military rank, for their energy .and ability 
 in suppressing the niutliiy, lord Derby, In 
 the house of lords, and Mr. Disraeli, In the 
 commons, objected to the mention of the 
 name of lord Canning the governor-general, 
 on the ground that parliament would thus 
 1)0 pledged to the approval of his policy, 
 which they characterised as weak and vacil- 
 lating; but on receiving the assurance that 
 no such meaning coulJ lie attached to It, 
 tho objections were withdrawn, and tho 
 vote agreed to. The court of directors no\T 
 resolved to anticipate tho action of the 
 government, and lord Grey presented to th« 
 
(100 
 
 ffbr ffrr«<urji '.'( Htftftorj;, Hrr. 
 
 i<mU .1 |i(>flll(iii fiMiii Hmt, liDily Willi ii viny j 
 !it llip Hnoio limit lii'iiiiRlit liy Mr llarliiu 
 ltfriiri> thi< rmiiinotiP, l.orilUrry inin'il ilmi. 
 tllP IlllPriinxIMiiii nf tlin illioi'liirx iM'twi-i>ti 
 hin iroriM'MMii'iit mul Iho liiilliui I'^ci'iiilvo 
 Imd Im'im) of iinii'h iiKct III iH'i'miiliiM tmiity 
 Ki'lx of ItiJuHlIc)', iMKi I'liiili'liili'd Hull llii'lr 
 ttomi'r niiM it iiiortil Inlliii'iii-n wlilcli roiilil 
 iiiitnlth Hnfolv l)i> (llMiM'tmi'il M'lili. Ill III 
 Itiiilurlliff (III* l<lll rorMnlmllliiMim, In |ilili".< 
 of t!ii< court, of illrci'lorD, tho IiiiiiiimIIiiIo 
 IftiViTiiiiu'iit. of ilic criiwii, l(inl I'lilnicrnloii 
 Until, Hint lii'liiK t'oiitlni'd III ilii'Hovi'nniHMil. 
 nt lioino, It woiilil iiinko im rliiiiiMti' In liullii. 
 liiHtcnil oT rt roiirl, of tllrccinrn nml coiirl. of 
 IM'oprli'lovN lliiTi' woiili! lio it iiri'Mlili'iit. nml 
 roiiiu'll, the forini-r litliiiT II iiiiiiilicr of llii> 
 Ciililiii't. Iioriil ii|<|ioliiliiii'n(f< woolil ri'innlti 
 iw they IiikI licrn, I'xi'i'pl. Unit Mio iiii'iiilii'rH 
 nf coiiiii'll In liiiilii woiilil III' iioniliiiiti'il hy 
 Hid RoviTlior Ki'ili'riil IiinIi-ihI of by tlio 
 liotiii* Kovi'riiiiicnt. Wrlii-rnliliiH wniiicl iio 
 tlirown open to (■oiiiin'iltloii, nml nidi't- 
 Blilps illvlil''i\ ln'lwiTii llio prcHlili'iit mill 
 nii'inliiMx of tlio coinicll. Mr. Unrlii ■ llirn 
 movt'd Hu< piiRtpoiii'iiii'iit. of III! iIi'sIkiim fur 
 mirli Ii'rInIhIIoii, liiit. was foii.iwi'd by Hir 
 Kroklno Terry, wlio unld tliiil ilio I lino wnM 
 Mtimt fi»voiirnM(> for It, nml tli.it from lil.» 
 own IMM-Ronni knowl(Mlu;i> lioroiild nUlriii tlio 
 jrovoniinrnt of ilio dlriTlors to l)i< I'lfrio, 
 I'limlirnim, iiild iibcIi's^. liiiitJiu'i'i'li of «rriil 
 powt-r, Hir ('orni'wnll i,vw < wont, iiioro 
 deeply Into the niiitter, iind ^<,•lld tlint Hie 
 petlllon of Hie direrlorswnsa nlrliiKof iis 
 HnniptloiiR M.idl'nIlni'leH. Tliey Imd n<<Miiiiied 
 tlint the Cotiipniiy liiid nnpilred our ensiiii; 
 tMiipIro, mill Hint Its Boveriimont Ind been 
 i>ni» of tlie bent tlinl ever existed, lint, the 
 Prtdterii empire wns neiiiilred In ilellniire of 
 PxpresR mid repent ed orders of t lie t'oinpniiy, 
 Whose servnnts Imd from the tlrst be»;M nil 
 Insnbordlimte nml inntlnonsrnee. Tosneli 
 nirn ns Cllve nnd Wnrreii llAHiinprs the d!- 
 rretors lind nhviiyn snid, ' He jiisi.biitdoiiof. 
 forprt onr remit tiiiiren ;' nml they knew Hint 
 theenalost menus of ci imply hiK wit li thin re- 
 quest. wi\9 to be foiiml In the |ilniiderof a 
 iirovliirc. Hilt, fnrilier, the government, of 
 India lind pmetlenlly passed out of llieir 
 hands In 17RI, pivviovis to which timo there 
 Imd never been a provemment 'more cor- 
 rupt, more p<>\ililloiis, niorernpnrlous, than 
 the ffoveniiiit lit of i ho Knst IndlaCompntiy.' 
 All, therefor:'. Hint Hip dlrorlors conid 
 iillepro In their favour Imd lmpi>ened sub- 
 soquontly to }7M, nnd their iin^sent claims 
 to merit nrosi^ from oonfonndlnpr tho nets 
 of two periods. Tn ITN, tlieOouipany wns 
 reduced to complete subordination by tho 
 estnbltshnicnt of tlio board of control ; In 
 181.1 they lost their monopoly of trade with 
 India; In 1M.T they were prohibited by law 
 from tradlnpr ; nml so hiivltifr entirely lost 
 their orlfifnal functions, they retained only 
 a portion of sovereign p-jwer, In having 
 certain suhordlimtc cnpacltles. In 1853 
 there was a further Invasion of the original 
 constttntlon, nnd ono third of the court of 
 directors wns formed of nomlnet's of the 
 crowti. There could not therefore bo a more 
 Ikbsurd fallaey than to regard as ono and 
 IttdlTlsible from the time of the battle of 
 rlassej', a company which had exhibited as 
 
 iiMiiy iilins'"< MS the MiiKlMh eoniitltiitioti 
 from the diiyf) of Hie lleplMreliy. 'ruHirmii 
 nHNertlonHof llleellllll^l'lln|'ll^Hleexellel|lll'l' 
 HlrollMr counter Hinii'iiieniM were broiiuht 
 forwii.'d ; but Mr, lilHinell iiiIhi'iI iimiHier 
 Issue, when, exprcH'^liiK bin reiidliieHH ti 
 siip|iorl. any inejiMiire wlilili ihIkIiI. driiw | 
 
 Hill per., 
 eoiiiilry 
 do so, 
 nHl<i'd > 
 ri'iMlliiiii 
 
 of lllmliiHtMii iieiirer Id HiI'iI 
 Ion I il I'd w hell irr III Ih III 1 1 Willi III I 
 lint the llrsi, iiiii'mIIihi Im be 
 .t!..it wori' III III' Hie lliiiiiirliill 
 ttt'eei' MiiKlamliiliil Imllii ; wliiil | 
 were Hie reHimrcc.* of Imllii, iiiid Imw Hii'y| 
 would bo niiliiiiKi'd, Wbiit, wiih wiiiileil wiih 
 In Ills opliiliiii, II tiiliil I'liiiliKi' III tlie liii'iill 
 adtiiliilMlniHon of India 1 1 .ill'. At. Hilnl 
 hImki' Ihedeliiile w;iHliili'rriipli'il,niidbi'riii'e| 
 It riiillil bii ri Hlllliiil, Hie unMlMlili'lll i'f| 
 lord ralinerMloii hiul reiiMeil III I'xl^^i, 
 
 The luisiiici'esHriil iil leiiipt iii.'iilr |.y Orslnll 
 In <liiiinnry, iiHiilimi. the lli'e nf i lir l<'i'i'iii'li| 
 emperor, Imd rolised In Kiiuliiiiil n hlruiiKJ 
 feeling of sympnlhy fur Hie eiiipii'ir, liiii,[ 
 Hint feeling In h'riinre lliikcd IIhi'II' wIiIiI 
 expressloim of dlsi'oiitenl, II' imt nf Imllii 
 mil loll, nKiiliiHt I'iiiHliiml, fur tillnwIiiK t< 
 reign rel'iiKees to eoiirorl nml mill mo lii| 
 this eonnlry plots to be nirrlril liilo exeeii 
 Hon elMi'wheie. 'I'lieMO feelings eiiimi oiill 
 |irniniiieiitly In tlio ;iildreKHeM of eerliiiiij 
 Kri'iirli enlniiels to Hie empernr, wlilrli| 
 wi'i" prinli'd ill Hie ' Mniilliiii'.' Iljiiti 
 wei I' lliro» II nut I li:il. Hie liiw nl' I')iimI.'iii<I| 
 on IIiIm siilijerl. iieeileil iilli nil Inii : iiml I In 
 I'^ngllHli people were lint hinw III re.'-rlilliii.' 
 any siieli nttempi. (n Intlmlilnle iliem Inin 
 nmking or iliniigliig laws In hiiU. Hh 
 wlnlies nf any fnielfxii power. Wliiii, Hieii' 
 fnre. Hie hnllsenl' eninmnlw liiel nirnlll, lnii|| 
 I'.'ilmerstnn snld, In niiswer tn mpiesllnii < 
 Mr, Koebiii'k. Ibnt. the mlnlsler nf fnieli/il 
 nll'airs nt I'lirls Imd urged Hie goveriiiiienlf 
 totnk(>some niensiin's In Hie nmller, biii 
 wiiliont mnkliig liny iiinre dellnlie Hiiggc 
 tinn. On tbeHlli of li'ebrimry heintrniliiri 
 a bill to amend the Inw of eonsplraey wlil| 
 inti'iil toinnrder. IK nyliiM; tliiii niiy iiperla 
 sti'ii eoiild bo tnkeii In Hie mailer, he yil 
 believed tlmt the law wim dereetive, iiii| 
 now proposed to make coiisplrney to iniinli' 
 a felony, piinishnblu with penal serviiiiil 
 for live yenrs, nnd to make the law unlfonl 
 tlirouglumttlie llnlted Kingdom. Mr. Klnf 
 lake Inimedlntely moved an amemlimil 
 that no change should bo nmdo till III 
 correspondence between the two goveri 
 ments should lie laid before the lioii-i 
 and maintained that the bill was ell her 
 Jiiere piece of law reform, or a ))oliiii';| 
 action Bu^' -ested from nbroad. in ll| 
 former case. It should have been left in Hi 
 hands of the law oillcers of the crown. Mi 
 Roeliuck retorted on tho Krencli emperf 
 the payment wliicli he had ordered of il: 
 legacy left by the tlrsl Napoleon to C'nntll! 
 who had conspired to kill the iluko 
 "Welllngtou. Lord ralmerston, howevii 
 received permission to liring In his I' 
 by tho largo majority of 2ik). luit wlnj 
 the matter ngnin came before the enil 
 nions, the position was changed, 'i'lf 
 effort of tho speakers who favoured ill 
 measure was to describe it as one of lal 
 reform : its opponents insisted on kcq 
 
 4\ 
 
 
C^iialnntr. -^atiifr a( Drtiiiirib)(rfi.-]0trtonn. 
 
 Aid 
 
 I MimllHh Cdiiwlltiit'"" 
 . Iliiiliirt'liy. To ili'H<i 
 
 lirll.iriinilci>X''l>''i|IH !• 
 
 iitii'MlM wtTK Ih-oiikIi' 
 ilHiiii'll iiiIhimI iiniillii'i' 
 i^hiK lilM i'.MnlliifH;< li> 
 10 wlili'li MilKlii. ilniw 
 IiihIiiii liriircr In Hii'' 
 whrllwrllilHlilll wciilld 
 
 |< IllVl. l|IICHllclll 111 I"' 
 ,.!■,. Id 111- llM> lllllllicllll 
 
 ;iiKlll>i<l»li'l llli""' "''"' 
 ,.r Inillii.iuiil lii'W lliiy 
 
 Wlllll. WIIM Wlinll'll \Mlr<, 
 
 iliil clmiiK'' 111 ">'' '"''"' 
 
 liullii M>'lf. Al, HUM 
 
 4|iili'n'\i|ii<'il,niMll"'liin' 
 
 .,1, ihr K'lvi rmiiciil. of 
 
 I ll'IIHcd 111 ixisl. 
 
 iillciiilil iii;iili'l'.vl>i''l"il 
 I ho lire 111' '!"• 1''i"ImIi 
 ril III I'IiikIiiiiiI II i-lrnlU! 
 iv fnr Iho oiniii'i""'. '""' 
 ■iiii.o lliiKnl llHi'ir Willi 
 •iinli'Ml, If ii"< "f '"'"^'' 
 iKliinil, fur iilli.wlliw 111- 
 coiiriK'l mill iimliiro In 
 I,, lio .iiniril lull! <'xorii 
 |,,m< fn'lliiKH I'lil'l" ""II 
 i,< ;lililn'H>»i'H i>r fOI-llllll 
 lo llio oiii|irriir, wlilrli 
 llio ' Miiliiliiii.' IlinI 
 Ii:il till' liiw "'■ l'''li«l''ii' 
 odnl iilli'iiiliiili : "Mil III' 
 ri> lint. ^Iii«' In ri'M'iillii' 
 III inlliiililali- llii'iii liii' 
 L<|iiK liiwrt III Hllit IIh 
 Kii|ii'W<'r. Wlii'ii, llii'ii 
 uiiiiiiiiii'^ nil'' "*"''"• ''"' 
 
 1 llllHWlTllI lll|IU'Hllllll <' 
 
 III.- iiillllt^lrl' I'f fmi'l*'! 
 I iiiKi'il III'" Kiivi'iiiiii'ii 
 mii'H In llii' iimiiiT. Im 
 IV iiii'lV ilollllllt' fiKfi 
 fKotinmry 111- lilt •■'"'"''', 
 [' law (if conHplrm'y wiH 
 DuivliiKiliiii imyi'i'i'i'l 
 
 Ml In llio iiiiiilff, 111' y 
 
 lnw wim ili'rccllvc, nil 
 
 iliCcoiiHplrm'y tDiiiiinli 
 
 • Willi piMml Hcrvliiiil 
 
 )iniiko llio law unll'ini 
 
 .I'dKliiKiloin. Mr. Klir- 
 
 movtHl mi anioinliinii 
 
 hould lio iniulo III! Ill 
 
 twcfii tlio two piivcii 
 
 liilil liifiiro the li(in> 
 
 at. llio lilU was olllii'i' 
 
 ri'foriii, or a imlltli 
 
 from iiliroad. I" I 
 
 ulil lisvve liooii loft, in I 
 
 nU'crs of tlie crown. M 
 
 on tlio l''roncli oinprr 
 
 li i\o Iiail onlcroil of i 
 
 ratNaiioliMintoCaiitlll' 
 
 to kill tlio iluUo . 
 
 I I'almorstoii, liowovi 
 
 on to lirlnK In liH i' 
 
 iirlty of 2(K). Hut wli 
 
 camo before the ciii 
 
 on •was cliaiiKctl. 'I 
 
 kers who favouren t 
 
 iiK Iho |iiilitli'iil nHjiort of ilin i|noNt,|nn 
 rnnilni'iilly In vlow. Mr. tllliHim'H imiu'imI- 
 lioill-i oxprr iioil, (II lyliilialliy Willi Iho 
 li'roiii h otii|iiTiir, ('.'I n'tiilltioNM to ainciiil mo 
 IIiiwIoiIkoiI lrK»l ilorn'tM Ml. iilli'o, lltlil 
 
 ,11 Niir|irlHii MiMi. llio Kovoriiiiioiii liiiil mil. 
 iiliMWoroil Ihn tloHlnilrii of ('1111111. Wiilownkl, 
 iirnro cmIIImk (in the tiiiiiFo III ainciid llio 
 iiw of ('onHjiliMcy. Mr, DlMdHlinin Himko 
 rniiKly mkmIiimI. any hiicIi •'liaiiKo. In iho 
 iiioi'oxl. of fi'i'i'iiiini iliniiiKli'iiii' Mm World. 
 I'lioy woro lull. fi'W i<i>iil>4 on wlili'li liiHili I 
 lii|i« oxLhI Hull, iniiy ( Iiiliii our HyiiMiallili" 
 mill liorto woro lull, tlio liolo^i Miiil cuniorH 
 f Kiiriipo Hii fur iiK inalcrl.'il wroalnoHn wmh 
 iniironiodiiililiiiiiKli In iiiiiriilKroiiliiosHllioy 
 iiiIkIiI' Iio hlnui^;, 'I'lio i'IvIhIhh on iho 
 
 H( lilt roadliiKiir lliolilll mIiowoiI a ni.tjn- 
 
 rliy of III imuliiHi. llioKnvcrnininl ; and iho 
 iiiliilHicrM r<iiiiid lliiit llioy hail no iiitor- 
 iiiiMvo lull. Ill roMlKii. II. waH roll, liow- 
 I'vir, Mini. II iiiiillrri'il lllll(> who hold Mio 
 roliiM of KoMi'iiiiiont, IIH llio iiHcondoiioy 
 of liliora! prliii'ljiloM l.hi'oiiKliinit llioi'iiiiiitry 
 
 wiiH now HO dorldoil. 'I'l iiiHorviiMvoH 
 
 III. llio Hiiino ihno wi'i'o woll luviiro lliai. If 
 Ilioy now lii'ld hack, or If when In hIUco 
 liny HJiiiiiJd rofii.-'n III lirliiK furwaril llio 
 liloaMlilifi, or liiako Iho onnco.J.'-l iiH which 
 Worn iiiiiiilhLikalily ctllod fur l<y iiiilillo 
 iipliilnn, they wiiiilil, III ciroci, ylrlii lip a 
 pii'.vci' which wiiiild ho porinanolilly riv 
 Kiiiiiod hy llii'lr (ippononlM. Iinrd liorliy, 
 llioroforr, fiirinod a inliilHtry, In which ho 
 «aH Iho ilcKl, lord of I lui troMHiiry, wlillo lord 
 'lioliiiHroiil iHir |i'. ThosiKor) hocanio lord- 
 liancollnr, lord Kliiiiloy cnlnnlal Hocrolary, 
 iird Klloiilioi'iiiiKh proHJdcnl (if IlKihoard of 
 •iiiilriil, mid .Mr, l)l.-*r;ioll climicollnr of Iho 
 '!iclii'i|iior. 'riiodlHciixxloiiiir IiiiliaiiMiralr.s 
 ivaM pi'ocodod hy (hdialcs on what wiih 
 iHsortod to ho the llloKalHol/.iiro of u vohxoI 
 'alloil Iho CaKllarl liy Noapolllaii criilFcrH, 
 ml Ihu iiiiprlKoniiiont of two Kiik'IIhIi 
 iiKini'oi'H, wliimo roloaHeultlinaloly hoIIIciI 
 Iio all'.'iir. On tho '.'nth of March Mr. DIh- 
 aoll Inlroducod what wiiH ralloil tho Indian 
 nil No. a, til diHtliiKiilHh It from tho hill 
 iilrniliired hy lord I'ttlinorHtoii and not yot 
 iliandonod. Ily HiIh bill Mr. DIhiwII prin 
 iii.Mcd III iippolnt a proHldoiit of tho cmincll 
 r India, who Hlioiiid bo aininlHlor of tho 
 iiiwii,aiid that tho council nIiouIiI coiiHlHt 
 f IR (lorBoiis, half to bu iioinlnatod by tlio 
 rowii, half tobeulortod. In tbcpalronaKo 
 r India and In tho army there would bo 
 iriiially no change, and tlio cxpeiiHen of 
 (iivornincnt would bo flxcd wholly on the 
 I'veiiucs of India. Leavo was kIvtii to 
 iriiiK III tho bill, and tho Iiouhcs adjourned 
 iir tho Kaster recesa. UurInK ItH course 
 lie hill waHdlHcuHsed throughout thecoun- 
 ry and Koiioraliy disapproved ; tho ehn'tloii 
 t a portion of tho incinherH of cnuncil 
 ii'liig especially denounced ns a most Im- 
 rudeut anomaly, and an artiilcc deaignod 
 imply to attract popularity for tho govcrn- 
 iciit. Tho Indian UlU No. 2 Bccmcd, 
 ticrcforo, to have no better prospects than 
 lie Indian Dill No. 1 : and fears wore 
 troiigly entertained, on the rcaBsembliiig 
 f pnrliiinient, that thn ministry would 
 
 iimra ..•." — . 1 |iariiuinenij, iniiu i(io iiiiiiiHiry wouiii 
 
 escribe It as o"" % '" pain bo shaken, when lord John llusscll 
 icnta InBiBteu on kl mt tho matter on a new Issue, by proposing 
 
 tiilakr< roRolnllomt In i\ coiiiiiiliii>o of thn 
 
 Wliiilo linllMO lllMloMll of pnicoi'illMK Willi 
 clllioriif lllooxiMlIng lillla, 'I'liln HllgHOHtlnli 
 wax i^n rMiillly acco(,l('d hy Mr. l)lHraol|, an 
 III irlvo ili<o III a rniiiiiiii Ihat llio inovo wait 
 |iii iiiiiccrlod. 'I'ho liuiiHo Mccnrillni/ly ro- 
 Kiilvi'd llHoir illlo ciilliinllloo on Iho .'Hllh ut 
 April, nhcii an niiHiiccoHBfiil atloiii|ii wiw 
 iiKal' III lo piiHlpiiiio iill proMOiit IokIxIii- 
 
 III"' Iho siilijoct. 'I'lio roMiiliil.lirii 111 
 
 If iio KDvornniont of India in tho 
 
 • 11 puNKo'l, iin woll HH ainilhor 
 '10 pronliloiit of Iho liiilliiii 
 I ii'loniliilHioror ihocrown. 
 
 no hill i» itImIh arimo, which 
 I oxImIoiico of llio Miivorii- 
 
 III ill May, an liicoiiipli>io cupy 
 
 wii . |iiilill.s||. ii (if a priiclaiiialliili, by lord 
 Canning, tliroalolilng coiiM«cailoii to llio 
 liiNiirKoiit laiKllioldorN of Diidn, in which 
 lord ICIh nhoroiiKh rolnriiod linniodlaloly a 
 sovorii (■ondoniiialliin. TIiIh reply of Innl 
 li'llonboroliKh was laid hofnro piirllniiii'Ml 
 Willi Iho adniltiKlon that Iho giivonitiiciit 
 'diHapprovod of Iho policy of Iho prncliiiin- 
 Hon ill every hoiih(-.' Itn publication crc'iloil 
 Kri'iil. oxcllciiionl. Ii. wan ro«ardod on nno 
 Hide ii'< Mil iinwarr.'iniod coiiuuro caHt mi an 
 aliMoiit olllccr who was contondliiK wlili 
 circiinislancos of oxlroino dllllciiliy and 
 (iaiigor; and on lli'- oMior It wiih Mimkoii of 
 an too Hovoro In Is language, allliiiiiL.'li 
 siiliHl.'inllally JiiHl, ill Its niiiarkN. It caino 
 out aflorward.s Hint Mr. Vrriion Hmlih bad, 
 aflor roHlgnIng liiHoMlcoan prosldoMtuf tho 
 liiiard of control, rocolvod a priviiio Idior 
 froiii lord Canning, proinl.-diig an o.uilariii- 
 lioii of his imllcy as noon as Hino pornilllod ; 
 mid Ihat tlilH l(<Hor had not boon hIiowii to 
 lord Ulloiiborongh, who was llierefuro imt 
 awaro that It had boon written. Iliit tho 
 daiitfor which throaloiiod Iho govorninont 
 waH IcHHonod by tho voiiiiitary ronlgn,'iMon 
 of lord KlIonlKirough ; and tho rojection of 
 lord HIi.'ifloHhury's ainendiiiotilH rollovo(l 
 tho goveriiniont from (M.-tiHiiro in tho hoii(<o 
 of lords. Tho diliates In tho Iioiho of 
 coninions wore more Important. Air. (,'ard- 
 woll brought forward th(! ameiidinoiils of 
 lord Klmftosbiiry; and, after a spo(!ch from 
 lord HIanlcjy, lord .lohii lliifmoil cald that 
 the hotiMo waarodiicoii to thealtornalivo of 
 censuring tlio govirinnoiit, or coiidoinniiig 
 lord ('amiing. f)iie or two adjoiirnriionts 
 at this tiino greatly favoured the causo of 
 tho govorniiicnt, whlcii was proinoti'd stiii 
 more by the news brought by the overiaiul 
 mall from Imlia, that sir. laniosouiram dis- 
 aiijirovcd ailogotiior of lord (^annliig'fl jiro- 
 clamatlon. Another ndjourninoiit brought 
 the house nearly to Whltsuntldo, and when 
 Mr. Disraeli moved theadjournmont for Iho 
 holidays, an a|ipoal was nmdo to Mr. (Jnrd- 
 well not to press Ills motion to a division. 
 The reply of tho latter w.os, that lie saw no 
 reason for bo doing; and Mr. Disraeli said 
 that while tho motion -wasavotc of censure, 
 to tho result of which tho government 
 looked without apprehension, he had reason 
 to bcllevo that lord Canning had given up 
 his policy of confiscation. Mr. Cardwell'a 
 motion was then withdrawn, and bo ended 
 this great parliamentary conlUct. It was 
 evident that tho opponents of government 
 
 % i 
 
 t.' 
 
 *?*.'?< 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 \,\J |50 "^ 
 
 I.I 
 
 m 
 
 
 25 
 
 2.2 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 40 
 
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 Iiad made a false move, and that the latter 
 was flrraly fixed for the remainder of the 
 session. Lord Stanley, who had succeeded 
 lord Ellenborough as president of the hoard 
 of control, now applied himself earnestly to 
 the task of Indian legislation ; and after an 
 ineffectual attempt made by Mr. Gladstone 
 to put off all changes for another year, the 
 house pronounced In favour of a council for 
 India, and proceeded to discuss its consti- 
 tution. A speoi^h of Mr. Bright.ln which he 
 explained his view of the way in which 
 India should he governed, had no practical 
 effect on the house, and Anally on the 
 8tli of July the Indian bill was passed by 
 the commons. It went speedily through 
 the lords, and became lawon the last day of 
 the session. 
 
 It is unnecessary to dwell at any length 
 on Mr. Disraeli's financial measures, which 
 were generally approved, and of which the 
 chief features were the repayment of the 
 exchequer bonds, the equalisation of the 
 spirit duties, and the introduction of a tax 
 on bankers' cheques. Tlie house passed a 
 resolution of Mr. Milner Gibson, condemn- 
 ing as impolitic the permanent continuance 
 of the paper duty. 
 
 The oaths' bill, again introduced by lord 
 John Russell, brought up once more the 
 controversy on the admission of Jews into 
 parliament. It was passed in the commons, 
 but the clause which permitted the admis- 
 Blon of Jews by striking out the words ' on 
 the true faith of a Christlaji,' was rejected 
 by the lords, and a collision between the 
 two houses was seriously anticipated. The 
 motion to accept the amendment of the 
 lords was rejected In a division of 263 to 150, 
 and It was resolved to appoint a committee 
 to draw up the reasons for this disagree- 
 ment. A motion was then made that baron 
 Rothschild should serve on this committee, 
 and was carried by 251 to 196. When the 
 reasons so drawn up were sent to the house 
 of lords, an amendment was proposed by 
 lord Lucan authorising either house by spe- 
 cial resolution to modify the form of oath 
 to be taken by a member. This amend- 
 ment was carried ; and when by the oaths' 
 bill a short and simple declaration of alle- 
 giance to the reigning sovereign had been 
 substituted in place of the oaths of allegi- 
 ance and supremacy hitherto imposed, baron 
 Rothschild was brought to the bar of the 
 house, and declined on grounds of con- 
 science to take the oath in the form in which 
 It was tendered. Lord John Russell then 
 proposed and carried a resolution simply 
 stating this fact; and afterwards another, 
 which gav e to all Jews returned as members 
 of parliament the power of taking the oaths, 
 leaving out the worf^s 'on the true faith of 
 aChrlstian.' The oath so tendered was taken 
 by baron Rothschild, and the controversy 
 of ten years between the two houses was 
 by this compromise ended. 
 
 During this session sir J. Trelawncy's bill 
 for the abolition of church rates was again 
 passed In the house of commons, and again 
 defeated in the house of lords. A similar 
 result followed the Introduction in the lords 
 of the bill for legalising marriage with a 
 deceased wife's sister. A measure of much I 
 
 Interest to the church of England wan the I 
 abolition of the three services appended to I 
 the book of common prayer, for the 6th of I 
 November, the 30th of January, and the! 
 29th of May. 
 
 In the month of Juno, news was received I 
 of some alleged outrages committed by f 
 English ships on vessels carrying the Ame- 
 rican flag, in prosecution of the right of I 
 search in suppression of the slave trade. | 
 The United States government had asked I 
 for explanations, and, without waiting to I 
 receive them, had increased its force In the) 
 gulfof Mexico. Butthe Jangors apprehend- [ 
 ed were happily not realised. About this I 
 time the bishop of Oxford presented a petl-f 
 tion from Jamaica, complaining that the I 
 Spanish govcnimcnt habitually violated the I 
 treaties which bound it to suppress thcl 
 slave trade in Cuba. A misunderstanding! 
 similar to that which had threatened thel 
 peace between England and the United! 
 States, broke out also between the English I 
 and French governments on the case of thol 
 Reglna Coell, and gave rise to a resolution,! 
 whicli was proposed in the house of coin-l 
 mons, to abolish the right of search oiil 
 vessels suspected of being concerned In the! 
 slave trade. The house, however, negatived| 
 this resolution In a division of 223 to 24. 
 
 During this session also Mr. E. A. Glovcr.l 
 M.P. for Beverley, was convicted of having! 
 evaded the law relating to the propertyl 
 qualification for members returned to par-l 
 llnment, and was sentenced to threemonths'l 
 imprisonment. It was the last penalty iii-f 
 fiicted under the act. Before the term oil 
 his imprisonment had come to an end, the] 
 qualification was abolished on the motlonl 
 of Mr. Locke King, whose bill for a lo/T 
 franchise in counties was carried througlil 
 a second reading, and then dropped owingi 
 to the pressure of business towards tlicl 
 close of the session. The same result atl 
 tended the bill for the abolition of tlicI 
 c.Temptlon which protected members otl 
 parliament from arrest for debt, as well mu 
 Mr. Berkeley's annual motion for the votol 
 by h.il!ot, which was lost in a division ntl 
 294 to 107. A Mil to abolish the office oil 
 lord-lieutenant of Irelai;d was likewise rc-l 
 jected ; and this was also the case with al 
 bill which sought to divide the expeiisoif 
 connected "^ith the cleansing of the rivcrl 
 Thames between the metropolis and tliol 
 country. Parliament was prorogued onl 
 the 3rd of August, 
 
 Before the commencement of the yearl 
 1850 it became more than probable that tlitl 
 peace of Europe would again be disturbcdf 
 For reasons which perhaps have never beorJ 
 fully ascertained, the French emperor rc-l 
 solved to espouse the cause of the king oil 
 Sardinia in his claim to unite Lombardy tl 
 Italy, and he was therefore fast driftliiJ 
 Into a war with Austria. The attention (f 
 the English public was further crcuplnll 
 with lord Derby's promised measure oil 
 parliamentary reform. Throughout the rol 
 cess, Mr. Bright had been conspicuous iil 
 his agitation for that subject, but his vch^| 
 ment advocacy had frightened or repello 
 the more moderate, and seemed rather t<| 
 have injured than advanced bis cause. 
 
^t, 
 
 church ol England was the 
 three services appended to I 
 imon prayer, for the 6th of I 
 aoth of January, and thc| 
 
 of June, news was received 
 d outrages committed by 
 1 vessels carrying the Ame- 
 rosecutlon of the right of 
 resslon of the slave trade, 
 ites government had asked 
 IS, and, without waiting to 
 ad increased its force In the 
 But the Jangorsapprehend- 
 r not realised. About this 
 I of Oxford presented a peti- 
 aica, complaining that the 
 nicnt habitually violated the 
 hound it to suppress the 
 Cuba. A misunderstanding 
 •which had threatened the 
 England and the United 
 at also between the English 
 rcmments on the case of tho 
 nd gave rise to a resolution, 
 [losed in the house of coin- 
 ish the right of search on 
 cd of being concerned In tlie 
 le house, however, negatt voU 
 in a division of 223 to 24. 
 session also Mr. E. A. Glover, 
 ley, was convicted of having 
 w relating to tho property 
 )r members returned to par- 
 is sentenced to three months' 
 It was the last penalty in- 
 ;he act. Before the term of 
 cnt had corae to an end, the 
 as abolished on tho motion 
 King, whose bill for a 10/. 
 •unties was carried through 
 ig, and then dropped owing 
 •e of business toward.'* the 
 isslon. The same result at 
 11 for the abolition of the 
 ilch protected members of 
 n arrest for debt, as well :is 
 innunl motion for the vote 
 th was lost In a division n( 
 t>iil to abolish the office ol 
 of Irelai;d was likewise re- 
 s was also the case with a 
 tht to divide tho expenses 
 the cleansing of the rivet 
 in tho metropolis and tlie 
 iment was prorogued on 
 ist. 
 
 immencement of the year 
 lOre than probable that the 
 . would again be disturbed. 
 ,ch perhaps have never beot 
 i6, the French emperor rc' 
 [se the cause of the king ol 
 !laim to unite Lombardy to 
 'as therefore fast driftinii 
 I Austria. The attention d 
 bile was further o. cupieij 
 ly's promised measure cl 
 (form. Throughout the k 
 had been conspicuous Id 
 I that subject, but his vehf 
 had frightened or repellcil 
 •ate, and seemed rather ts 
 in advanced his cause. 
 
 fiPiialantf.— H^ntiiSe of airuns'totrlu— 2Htct0iin. 
 
 fi53 
 
 Parliament had not long met when sir 
 Hugh Cairns, the solicitor-general. Intro- 
 duced two bills, one to simplify titles, the 
 other to establish a registry of lauded es- 
 tates. The great evils attendant on the 
 transfer of land lay In the length 'jf time 
 which passed between the bargai.i and tho 
 purchase, and the expense in investigating 
 the title : and if money was to be raised on 
 mortgage after the transfer, the whole 
 process must bo gone through again. In 
 Ireland tho landed estates court had been 
 empowered to give relief in tho case of un- 
 encumbered not less than of encumbered 
 estates ; and he saw no reason why a system 
 so beneficial in the one country should not 
 be applied, in part at least, in the othor. 
 These bills advanced as far as discussion in 
 committee, but tho session on the whole 
 was characterised by Ineffectual attempts 
 at legislation: and tho ministerial crisis, 
 followed by the dissolution of parliament, 
 proved as fatal to tho bills of sir Hugh Cairns 
 as to many others. Thus also a motion by 
 Mr. Kinglake which reflected on thcgovern- 
 nientfor inertness In a dispute which arose 
 lietween France and Portugal respecting a 
 ship named the Charles et Georges, fell to tlie 
 ground. But greater attention was given 
 to the subject of tho national defences, and 
 .sir J. Pakington found little difficulty la 
 obtaining the vote for the increase of the 
 navy. His estimate for tho coming year 
 amounted to 9,831,1812. against 8,851, 3772. for 
 the preceding year ; and he proposed to add 
 fifteen screw-liners and nine heavy frigates 
 to the fleet by the conversion of sailing 
 vessels and the building of new ones, while 
 two Iron-caso J ships should be built on the 
 best principles lo match those which had 
 been constructed for the French navy. 
 
 A Ion g series of debates began on the 14tl) 
 of February, with a speech by lord Stanley 
 on the finances of India. He showed that 
 at the time when the mutiny broke out, the 
 revenue nearly balanced the expenditure : 
 l)ut for the last and the present year the 
 total deficiency would be 21,000,0001., exclu- 
 sive of all compen8.ition for the loss of 
 private property. It was, however, clear 
 tliat increased prosperity did not affect 
 revenue In India as it docs in England ; 
 the only present resource therefore must be 
 found in diminished outlay : tho dollclency 
 complained of had been caused entirely by 
 increased military expenditure owing to the 
 mutiny, and the European force in India 
 now was nearly double what it had been 
 before the outbreak. Still he augured well 
 for the future of India: her imports and 
 exports had doubled themselves within the 
 last twenty years, and the export of cotton 
 had risen from 322,000,000 lbs. in 1842 to 
 803,000,000 lbs. In 1857, while many of the 
 public works not only paid their own ex- 
 penses but covered the cost of the less 
 successful. He promised further that the 
 country should be laid open to European 
 colonisation by selling absolute ownership 
 In the soil, which might bo acquired by the 
 native zemindars also on paying a commu- 
 tation of the land tax. Sir C.Wood and sir 
 Erskine Perry drew pictures by no means 
 to encouraging; and Mr. Vernon Smith 
 
 complained that lord Stanley's statement 
 said nothing of tho heavy compensations 
 which must be made for the loss of private 
 property. Nevertheless this India loan bill 
 was one of the few measures which became 
 law during the session which preceded the 
 dissolution of parliament. 
 
 In spite of some opposition, the bill for 
 legalising marriage with a deceased wife's 
 sister was passed in the commons ; but, la 
 the house of lords, it experienced the same 
 fate as in the previous session. On the 
 subject of church rates sir J. Trelawney 
 again brought in his former bill for their 
 total abolition : but the government in- 
 terposed with a bill, designed as a com- 
 promise, and explained by Mr. Walpole on 
 tho 21st of February. Instead of making 
 the parishioners of every parish responsible 
 for the maintenance of tho parish church, 
 it proposed to make the rate a landlord's 
 rate, and to enable the owners of the land 
 to charge it with a church rate, extending 
 that power to tenants for life as well as to 
 owners in fee : it also made provision for 
 exempting dissenters from the rate ; but 
 all who so claimed exemption would be 
 excluded from vestry meetings for im- 
 posing a church rate. This bill was thrown 
 out by the passing of sir J. Trelawney's 
 amendment to postponeit for six months. 
 Another set of suggestions was then 
 brought forward by sir A. Elton and with 
 drawn, and sir J. Trelawney's bill was 
 carried through a second reading, and then 
 laid aside owing to the ministerial crisis 
 On a proposition by Mr. Fitzgerald (who 
 had been attorney-general for Ireland under 
 lord Palmerston's administration) for pla- 
 cing Uoman catholics on the same footing 
 wifli regard lo the oath taken by them as 
 other members of parliament, tho houso 
 agreed to go into committee on the suliject, 
 and leave was further obtained to bring 
 in a bill substituting a new oath in place 
 of that which was now taken by Uoman 
 catholics. 
 
 It had been the intention of the govern 
 ment to bring forward several important 
 measures before Introducing their reform 
 bill. But to the charges of lukewarmnes), 
 which were founded on tliis apparent re- 
 luctance to enter on the subject, they 
 replied by fixing the 28th of February for 
 tlio first re.adlngof the bill. On that day 
 Mr. Disraeli explained the measure, which 
 was lutonded, not to alter the limits of tho 
 franchise, but to introduce into the borough 
 a new kind of franchise founded upon 
 personal property, and to give votes to per- 
 sons receiving 10?. yearly from the funds, 
 or 201. in pensions, as well as to graduates 
 In the universities, ministers of religion, 
 members of the legal and medical profes- 
 sion and some other classes. It further 
 recognised the principle of Identity of suf- 
 frage between the counties and the towns, 
 of which the effect would be to add 200,000 
 to the county constituency. To this bill 
 lord John Russell ol)jeoted that by it tho 
 freeholders In towns were no longer able 
 to vote for the county, and that It said 
 little or nothing for the working classes. 
 Nor had tlie provisions of the bill satisfied 
 
 
si 
 
 064 
 
 C^r Cr^aifuri) at l^ffttarts ^t. 
 
 all the mcmbera of tlie govprnijicnt, and 
 the resignation of Mr. Walpolo and Mr. 
 Henlpy was the result. In his explanation 
 to the house the former said that ho had 
 lolncd the cabinet only on the stipulation 
 that ho might retire If ho disapproved 
 the government reform bill, — that ho 
 could not but disapprove It when In the 
 reduction of the county franchise to a 
 level with that of the boroughs, It set up a 
 principle utterly contrary to any which the 
 conservative party had ever maintained, and 
 that the bill was one which, had It been 
 brought In by their opponents, the govern- 
 ment would have strongly resisted. Mr. 
 Henley added further that ho believed 
 Identity of suffrage to Involve a principle 
 fatal to tho constitution of the country. 
 Soon afterwards lord John Russell gave 
 notice of a resolution which protested 
 Against the way In which the bill Interfered 
 with the existiiiar freehold franchise of 
 IiUgland and W ,( s, and that no read- 
 justment would be satisfactory which does 
 not provide for a greater extension of the 
 suffrage than was at present contemplated. 
 Tho debate on the second reading of the 
 bin began on the 20th of JIarch, and lasted 
 seven nights, and a number of petitions 
 were presented on the subject, but three 
 only were In favour of the bill. Lord John 
 Uussell at once proposed his resolution. 
 Lord Stanley endeavoured to meet the ob- 
 jection that it did not admit the working 
 classes, while Mr. Ilorsnian asserted that 
 those who had spoken against It had not 
 shown that it could not be amended In 
 committee, and that if this opportunity 
 was list, a course of agitation would fol- 
 low from which even Mr. Bright would 
 bo looked upon as a preserver. When at 
 length the house proceeded to a division, 
 the government was left in a minority 
 of 39, and had no alternative but to resign 
 or to dissolve parliament. In tho house 
 of lords lord Derby complained that tho 
 commons had met the bill by a resolution 
 which, according to some authorities, was 
 contrary to parliamentary practice, and 
 said that If It had been proceeded with 
 In committee, no false pride would have 
 withheld the government from receiving 
 any alteration which was proved to bo 
 admissible. Instead of thus settling the 
 questions, the commons had preferred tho 
 Interests of party to those of the country. 
 Under these clrcumstiuices the govern- 
 ment determined to press only those mat- 
 ters In which there was urgent neoU of 
 legislation ; and among these was the India 
 loan bill, which had passed through the 
 stages of second reading and committee. 
 Lord Stanley now came forward to say 
 that he must demand a larger loan than 
 that which ho had hoped might sufllce 
 two months before, and that It would only 
 mislead the house if he were to mention 
 any specinc sum until he received more 
 accurate information from India. After 
 the passing of this bill, some conversation 
 took place on the affairs of Prance, Italy, 
 and Austria, and lord Malmesbury detailed 
 the proposed constitution of tho congress 
 of the five great powers which the emperor 
 
 of Russia wished to convoke. Ho added 
 that Austria and France had agreed to the 
 principle of dlsnrmament, but could not 
 agree as to tho time and mode of carrying 
 It out. Lord Clarendon could not see the 
 necessity for war, and expressed his strong 
 conviction, that. If Lomhardy should be 
 taken from Austria and annexed to Pied- 
 mont, the people of Milan and Venire, so 
 far from agreeing with those of Sardinia, 
 would be even more discontented than they 
 were now. 
 
 On the 23rd of April the parliament was 
 dissolved ; and when the houses reassem- 
 bled for business on the 7th of June, the 
 liberal party determined to make tho 
 debate In the house of commons on tho 
 address or answer to tho queen's speech a 
 trial of strength with tho government. 
 An amendment was therefore proposed, 
 expressive of w.ant of confidence In min- 
 isters. On a division It was found that tho 
 government was again In a minority of 
 13. There was therefore no help now 
 but to resign. After an Ineffectual at- 
 tempt by lord Granvl'Io to form a cabinet, 
 lord Palmerston undertook ^ho task, aided 
 by lord John Russell, wh"? now became 
 foreign secret.ary, Mr. Gladstone resigning 
 tho chancsllorship of tho exchequer, lord 
 Campbell being lord-chancellor, sir C. 
 Wood, secretary of state for India, and Mr. 
 Sidney Herbert, secretary of state for 
 war. 
 
 Among tlio first subjects discussed In 
 the new parliament was the enrolment of 
 tho volunteer corps. On the one side It 
 was maintained that tho dally wish and 
 nightly dream of every man and woman In 
 Prance was to humble this country by 
 Invading It ; on tho other, that such fear, 
 were exaggerated. If not groundless. IjonlKiJat 'p! 
 Lyndhurst. In »t speech of unquestionable prove 
 power, said that If he were asked why lie mjg^er 
 did not place - ' ucc on the good faith (if|ti,(,f ^j, 
 the emperor eon, he must reply that j„ „„, 
 
 ho could noi , because the emperor ticablo 
 
 was In a s'tu .. In which he could not income 
 place relisnce on himself. In the house of living 
 commons Mr. Herbert said, that If the 'tone^ 
 v'li'nteer corps turned out as useful as he tome-tf 
 e::! L'Cted them to be, they would become ongcd 
 prut of our permanent establishment, bin twcen i 
 tTiat not a single regular soldier would liu After 
 displacedfor twenty or even for a hundrcil ,et; gj, 
 volunteers. On a motion by sir Do Lacy inancef 
 Pvans for a commission to enquire Into the leflcien 
 national defsnces (which was negatived), ^d whi 
 Mr. Cobden took tho opportunity to ex ig ^g qo, 
 press his belief that Prance never pre loooooc 
 tended to have the same naval strengtli n^t ^'^i 
 
 ra 
 
 yei 
 
 coi 
 
 wl 
 
 nef 
 
 mo 
 
 Ro 
 
 cell 
 
 wit 
 
 T 
 
 lnv( 
 
 was 
 
 pan 
 
 bees 
 
 was 
 
 borr 
 
 roon 
 
 Thei 
 
 to e; 
 
 videc 
 
 and 
 
 presc 
 
 3ice! 
 
 lucre 
 
 He p 
 
 Helen 
 
 6rf. to 
 
 150?. J 
 
 BllOUl 
 
 sum 
 assesE 
 shouK 
 was pi 
 and n 
 which 
 policy, 
 tinuan 
 ture, V 
 away t 
 inslste 
 raising 
 
 with England,— that the matter might 
 adjusted by amicable explanation, and thai 
 if, after this. Prance persisted In main 
 
 •rcasing 
 iuctlon 
 
 talnlng a naval rivalry, ho would cheerful!; vorks • 
 
 vote increased estimates. 
 
 On the relntroductlon of sir J. Trelawney' 
 bin for the abolition of church rates, fre.s 
 efforts were Ineffectually made to obtain 
 
 lierefor 
 Ills, he t 
 »ooo,ooo 
 ay how 
 
 postponement of the measure. The hoiis t\^cc J 
 
 also negatived an amendment by which Mi lierefor 
 
 Newdegato proposed to substitute, In plac le there 
 
 of church rates, a charge on all hercdlta i,e ^ovt 
 
 ments for the occupancy of which churc uin of ■ 
 
 nents, 
 
^c. 
 
 enfiUtilr.— I^tfuife of 33tuitrili}(clt.— ^ictniin. 
 
 655 
 
 1 to convoke. He added 
 Frmice had agreed to the 
 irmiimcnt, Init could not 
 mc ana mode of carrying 
 irendon could not see tlie 
 p. and expressed his strong 
 , 11 Loinhardy should be 
 tria and annexed to Pled- 
 3 of Milan and Venire, so 
 \a with those of Sardinia, 
 ore discontented than they 
 
 ' April the parliament •was 
 when the houses reassera- 
 ^s on the 7th of Juno, the 
 cterralned to make the 
 lonso of commons on uio 
 cr to the queen's speech a 
 th with the government. 
 , was therefore proposca, 
 ant of conndcnce in mln- 
 ■Islon It was found that the 
 18 again In a minority of 
 3 therefore no help now 
 After an ineffectual at- 
 rauTlUc to form a cabinet, 
 1 undertook the task, aldeil 
 Russell, who now became 
 ry, Mr. Gladstone reslgnlnB 
 ihlpof the exchequer, lord 
 g lord-chanr.oUor, sir y. 
 y of state for India, and Mr, 
 ■t, secretary of state for 
 
 first subjects discussed lii 
 ment was the enrolment o 
 corps. On tho ono side it 
 d that tho dally wish and 
 [)f every man and woman in 
 ) humble this country by 
 I tho other, that such fear.; 
 ed. If not groundless. Lora 
 
 rates bad been paid during the last seven 
 years. But although the house went Into 
 committee, very little progress was made 
 with the bill, which, owing to the short- 
 ness of the session, was postponed for a 
 more convenient time. A bill enabling 
 Roman Catholics to hold the oRlce of chan- 
 cellor of Ireland, was also brought forward 
 without any result. 
 
 The financial utatcmcnts of Mr. Gladstone 
 Involved Important consequences. As there 
 was a gross deficiency of revenue, as com- 
 p.nred with expenditure, of 4,807,oooJ,, It 
 became necessary to determine bow this 
 was to bo supplied. He protested against all 
 borrowing lu time of peace, and saw little 
 room for meeting it by indirect taxation. 
 There remained the income-tax, which was 
 to expire In 1800 ; but this tax was pro- 
 vided to facilitate salutary fiscal changes, 
 and to meet sudden exigencies; and tho 
 present time fell under the latter head, the 
 excess being almost entirely due to the 
 Increased charges for the army and navy. 
 He proposed therefore to raise the de- 
 ficiency by increasing the Income-tax from 
 6d. to 9d. in the pound on Incomes above 
 1501. yearly, while incomes under that sum 
 Bliouid pay lid. extra; and to obtain this 
 Bum by a single payment on tho first 
 assessment or charge after the resolution 
 should be adopted by the house. When It 
 was proposed to go into committee of ways 
 and means, Mr. Disraeli began a debate 
 which extended from finance to foreign 
 policy. He protested against the con- 
 tinuance of the present enormous expendi- 
 ture, which rendered it necessary to fritter 
 away the treasure of the income-tax. He 
 insisted that the nation could not go on 
 raising 70,000,000?. a year, and demanded 
 
 ^„, o that France and England should mutually 
 
 I speech of unquestlonablelprove, with no hypocrisy but by tho un- 
 it if he were asked why liolanswerable evidence of reduced armaments, 
 '.ice on the good faith otlthat they really desired peace ; and such 
 eon, he must reply that ju ngrreement would at once render prac- 
 ., because tbe emperor ticable the promised termination of the 
 in which he could not income-tax in 1860. Mr. Bright, while 
 u himself. In the house of giving a qualified approval of Mr. Glad- 
 [Herbert said, that if the stone's financial scheme, said that the In- 
 turned out as useful as ho come-tax ought not to be indefinitely pro- 
 to be, they would become longed until a distinction was drawn be- 
 manent establishment, but twcen permanent and precarious incomes, 
 [le regular soldier would be After the passing of Mr. Gladstone's bud- 
 enty or even f or a hundrcil ,et^ gtr 0. Wood brought forward the 
 a motion by sir Do Lacy iinances of India, and said that the total 
 imissionto enquire Intotlic leficlency to be provided for was 23,220,000;., 
 s (which was negatived!, md while the expenditure for 18.59-60 would 
 k the opportunity to ex- ,0 46,000,OOOJ., the revenue would be about 
 that Prance never pre- le.ooo.OOOt This state of things could be 
 the same naval strength net only by increasing the revenue, or de- 
 that the matter might be rcasing the expenses. But no great re- 
 able explanation, and thai luctlon could be made in the civil establish- 
 'rance persisted in main nents, and only a small one on public 
 ivalry, he would chcerf all] lorks; the great item to be reduced must 
 Istimates. , lierefore be the military expenditure, and 
 
 Suctionof sir J.Trelawncy' his, he thought, might be reduced by about 
 Itlon of cbnrch rates, frosl ,ooo,ooot, although it was impossible to 
 ectuaUy made to obtain ay how soon this reduction could take 
 the measure. The hons ilace. A sum of about 6,000,0001. must 
 amendment by which Mi lierefore be provided by parliament, and 
 sed to substitute, in plac le therefore moyed a resolution enabling 
 a charge on all horedlt; he govemment to raise in England tho 
 cupancy of ■which churc urn of' 6,000,0002. for tho service of the 
 
 ?roTemment of India. In tho debate which 
 oUowed, Mr. Bright laid great stress on 
 bis own remedy for tho present derangc- 
 mentof Indian affairs, viz., tliedecentrallsn- 
 tlon of the government and the establish- 
 ment of electoral councils for Bombay and 
 Madras. Ho saw no hope of Improvement 
 for India, unless the government of each 
 presidency received morn independent 
 powers than at present they possessed. A 
 subsequent bill Introduced by sir 0. Wood 
 sought to limit the number of European 
 troops to be employed in India at ao.ooo. 
 Very probably the whole of this '.n nher 
 would not be raised, but provlslc as 
 made that It should not bo exceeded. 
 
 During their sitting oi. the 12th of July, 
 parliament received the news that the war 
 In Italy was at an end, and that the basis 
 of the peace was the formation of an Italian 
 confederacy, to be under the presidency of 
 tho pope, the cession of Lombardy from 
 Austria to France, and by France trans- 
 ferred to Sardinia,— Venetia although an 
 Integral part of the Italian confederation, 
 being still reserved to Austria. With regard 
 to this cession and transfer, lord John 
 Russell stated, on the 28th of July, that the 
 English government had no right to Inter- 
 fere ; and although he thought that a con- 
 federation would be a wise thing, he doubt- 
 ed whetheritwasat present practicable, or 
 whether one was desirable of which the popo 
 would be head and the emperor of Austria a 
 member. Thesession was, liowt ver, brought 
 to an end on the 1.3th of August, and It was 
 B? ited In the queen's speech, that, although 
 proposals had been made, after the peace of 
 Villafranca, to Induce the British govern- 
 ment to send a plenipotentiary to the pro- 
 posed conference of the great powers, suf- 
 ficient information bad not yet been re- 
 ceived to enable them to determine whether 
 they should take any part In It, or not. 
 
 A.D. I860.— If the year 1860 Is not marked 
 by any striking events In English history, 
 and if the session of parliament was charac- 
 terised by many abortive attempts at legis- 
 lation, It must still be remembered as a time 
 of some most Important measures affect- 
 ing the finances and the national defences 
 of the country, as well as the foreign policy 
 of Great Britain. Before the meetliigof par- 
 liament the rumour that France propbsed to 
 annex Savoyand Nice had gained great pub 
 llclty and strength, and strong opinions 
 were expressed on the character of the 
 transaction. The houses met oti the 24th of 
 Jiinuary, and motions were soon brought 
 fom-ard protesting against the annexation. 
 Among the reasons urged for such a protest 
 was the treaty between Switzerland and 
 riodmont, binding the latter never to cede 
 Savoy,— a treaty which could not be set 
 aside without violating tho International 
 law of Europe. It was said by some that In 
 the present state of European feeling, the 
 annex.ition of Savoy to France was an im- 
 possibility, while at the same time others 
 Insisted that a secret arrangement had been 
 entered Into for the cession, although count 
 Walewski had assured lord Cowley that no 
 •treaty' whatever exlfeted with that view. 
 Lord John Russell expressed his belief that 
 
 !i^ 
 
 B 
 
•,*l-i«I*l.l.,i.,ii„.irti.«k.ii 
 
 1 1 
 
 666 
 
 ^t ^tnixtt^ at Wfitavti, fft* 
 
 it was n. course of policy which the emperor 
 of the French would hesitate long before 
 he adopted. Nevertheless, it was soon 
 asserted as a fact, that ho had adopted this 
 policy: and the only question for discussion 
 was, the attitude which ought to be as- 
 Rumed by Great Britain with regard to it. 
 Mr. Bright, not contenting himself with a 
 mere recommendation of neutrality, in- 
 curred criticisms of no slight severity, for 
 the well-rememherod expressions In which 
 he avowed that hewould rather say ' perish 
 Savoy ' than that the house should involve 
 the government in a war with France, for 
 matters in which we had not the remotest 
 interest. But although some suggestions 
 were offered, the discussions terminated 
 without drawing forth any more positive 
 statement than that the aim of the govern- 
 ment had been to secure to the Italian 
 people the power of managing their own 
 affairs. 
 
 The financial affairs of the country In- 
 volved topics of nearer Interest. The state- 
 ment of the chancellor of the exchequer 
 was, owing to his illness, postponed for some 
 days ; but on the 10th of February Mr. Glad- 
 stone laid before the house the features of 
 his budget for the ensuing year, for which 
 the charges would be 70,100,000/., leaving an 
 apparent deficit over the estimated revenue 
 of 9,400,000t To meet this deficit, he pro- 
 posed to renew the tea and sugar duties, as 
 they now stood for fifteen months, to take 
 up the credit now allowed in the payment 
 of the'malt duties, and to impose an income- 
 tax of 10<i. in the pound over I50f. a year, 
 and 7d. In the pound under that sum. The 
 commercial treaty which had been entered 
 into with France for 10 years, would entail 
 an immediate loss to the revenue, as the 
 duty on brandy, for example, was to be re- 
 duced from iss. to 8s.2c(.,on wine from Ss.lOd. 
 to 3s., these and other remissions amounting 
 inall to I,119,000{. Onthe'Tth of February, 
 Mr. Bu Cane postponed nisown motion on 
 the policy of the budget, 'o enal)lc Mr. BIs- 
 raeli to propose a resolution refusing to 
 take into consideration the repeal of duties 
 until the house had first considered and 
 passed Judgement on the treaty itself. This 
 motion was negatived by 293 to 230 ; and 
 the next impediment placed In the way of 
 the measure was the motion of Mr. Bu Cane, 
 which affirmed the inexpediency of any re- 
 mission of duties, and the disappointment 
 which would be caused throughout the 
 country by the relmposition of the income- 
 tax at an unnecessarily high rate. TMs re- 
 imposltlon Mr. Hubbard characterised as a 
 high price to pay for the lesson on political 
 economy given by Mr. Cobden to the empe- 
 ror of the French ; and in its injurious and 
 unequal action, he described the. tax in its 
 existing form as a disgrace to the intelli- 
 gence of the age. Mr. Bu Cane's motion was, 
 however, rejected by the very large ma- 
 jority of 116, which virtually decided the suc- 
 cess of the budget as well as of the French 
 treaty ; and it was agreed in both houses 
 that addresses should be presented to the 
 crown expressing the readiness of parlia- 
 ment to give the utmost aid towards carry- 
 ing out the stipulations of the treaty. But 
 
 the details of Mr. Gladstone's financial 
 scheme were still subjected to a severe 
 criticism, which greatly prolonged the p.w- 
 sage of the measure through the house of 
 commons; and this opposition was based 
 chiefly on the four points, of the remission 
 of wine duties, the abolition of some Import 
 duties which had survived the prccedlnK 
 measures of free trade, the repeal of tlw 
 excise duty on paper, and the relmposition 
 of the income-tax. On this last topic very 
 great stress was laid on the vehemence with 
 which Mr. Gladstone had in past years in- 
 veighed against the permanence of the tax. 
 But the efforts to defeat it still failed of 
 success; and motions to reduce tho tax 
 from lOd. to M., and to fix it at the latter sum 
 for Irelanrl, were alike defeated. A stronger 
 resistance was furnished to the repeal of 
 the paper duty, and this resistance was In- 
 creased when the bill came to the thlr^l 
 reading ; and an amendment by sIrStafforl 
 Northcote, which maintained the inexpo- 
 diency of the measure under present cir- 
 cumstances, was lost by the narrow majorl ty 
 of 219 against 210. But the bill, althougli bat ac 
 passed by the commons, was rejected In tliu lingula 
 lords by a majority of 89 ; and the decision idd to 
 roused two sots of considerations which hail fountie 
 each their own distinct influence. There 
 was first tho constitutional question as tn 
 the riglit of the house of lords to reject fi 
 bill of the commons on the subject of cax 
 ation : and that such ;a rejection, ii bus 
 talned, would establish a marked precedent 
 for the future ; but there was also a very 
 generalifccllng that the decision of the lords 
 was wise and prudent, and a disposition tn 
 regard it from the practical ratherthan tlip 
 legal point of view. The house of commons 
 appointed a committee, who drew up 
 report on historical precedents In the 
 matter, and lord Palmerston, on the 0th of 
 July, proposed a fresh resolution whirli _ , 
 maintained .'hat all limitations of the 9 add ah 
 matter, manner, measure, and time of all uency, a 
 grants for 8upi)Iles belong to the commonsr' 
 alone ; but he added that, as the lords hail 
 J)cen encouraged by the diminution of 
 the majority in the loM-er house— which 
 from 53 on the second had sunk to 9| 
 on the third reading— It would be bet 
 ter for the house to satisfy themselvoi 
 with a mere declaration of their constltti 
 tional privileges. The other resolutions, 
 which were also passed, declared tliniL 
 although the lords had sometimes rejoctolion of po 
 bills of taxation by negativing the whoIcBcturing 
 yet tho house of commons regarded thair 
 power with peculiar jealousy, and wasl 
 determined to retain Its own privilege 1 
 all matters of taxation inviolate. A latci 
 resolution, by which lord Permoy sought ti 
 bring the house to adopt • practical mci 
 Bures ' for the vindication of its rights, w 
 negatived, and it became clear that for tlili 
 session at least, the paper duties would noi 
 be abolished. Mr. Gladstone, therefore, 
 
 could only protest against the Interferenci '^'iig wj 
 
 of the lords with his financial arrangement^ 
 and proposed, in accordance with the stipu 
 lations of tho French treaty, to reduce tli( 
 import duties on printed books, paperj ra reduc 
 prints, &c. This measure was vioientW^d as th 
 
 lond ftd 
 ranchii 
 lame ti 
 imilar 
 ill the : 
 ccond 
 Ir. Disr 
 hat, w 
 uffrage 
 othing 
 nplcs of 
 lie bill ( 
 ot so mi 
 lie fltcef 
 uffrage I 
 
 leous cli 
 asmuch 
 ould ne: 
 itucnch 
 ceholde 
 1th whl( 
 nnectio 
 c act of 
 om tho 
 inhabit 
 
 precautl 
 light but 
 vemme; 
 > and n, 
 tlie excl 
 uld not 
 d besou 
 urse of ( 
 Hon on t 
 igthyad 
 
 the hoi 
 pointed t 
 the nuni 
 
re. 
 
 (!?u0lanlr.— ^ouKfe of ISnmtffDfcit.— ^{ctorto. 
 
 6fi7 
 
 esistcd by the pupcr-inokcrs, who urged 
 
 hut thoir trade would thus be exposed to 
 
 nequal competition with the foreign 
 
 iiuiufacturer. To this Mr. Gladstone 
 
 cplled that this was inerely the old 
 
 luestlon which, in the controversies on 
 
 Jrce trade, the house hnd again and again 
 
 Redded between the producer and the 
 
 Icoiisumer. An amendment to postpone the 
 
 eduction of these duties was lost, and with 
 
 Itlic exception of the excise on paper, the 
 
 udgct became law. 
 
 Once more, in this session, the question 
 
 f parliamentary reform came before the 
 
 lOUsc, only to be again, iiud tills time in- 
 
 cflnltely postponed. It was said, with 
 
 ivhatevcr degree of truth, that the public 
 
 nterest in the measure was at Us lowest 
 
 l)l>, and did not rise even to a feoliiig of 
 
 of Marcli lord John 
 
 govern- 
 
 ent measure, whicli simply proposed to sup- 
 
 l)ly the omissions and remedy the defects 
 
 t the act of 1832 : this, however, was not to 
 
 lie taken as an admission of tiio failure of 
 
 hat act, which ho believed to have been 
 
 ingularly free from faults. It proposed to 
 
 idd to the 102. occupation franchise, in 
 
 ountles, a security that would make it a 
 
 <on& ftde franchise, and to introduce a 61. 
 
 ranchise In towns. Mr. Oardwell at the 
 
 lame time obtained leave to Introduce a 
 
 liinilar measure for Ireland. But it was not 
 
 111 the 3rd of May that the debate on the 
 
 ccond reading took place. On that day, 
 
 Ir. Disraeli attacked the bill on the ground 
 
 hat, while It proposed to extend the 
 
 uffrage and to redistribute seats, It said 
 
 othing of the primary and necessary 
 
 nplcs of regulation and facilities for voting. 
 
 'lie bill of the late government had looked 
 
 ot so much to an Increase of members as to 
 
 r Oladstone'a flnandal 
 subjected to a severe 
 reatly prolonged the pas- 
 re through the house of 
 lis opposition was based | 
 ■points, of the remission 
 ) abolition of some import 
 
 survived the precediriK i 
 
 trade, the repeal of tlif 
 jer. and the relmposltlon 
 On this last topic very 
 Id on the vehemence wltli 
 one had in past years Ill- 
 he permanence of the tax. 
 o defeat It still failed of 
 itlons to reduce the tax 
 ,d to fix It at the latter sum 
 
 ilike defeated. A stronger 
 
 ^'Tl','!''*J,'J.Jftnrrwa8 ln-fc''''l«8ity. On the 1st of March lo 
 le bm Vame trtWh asked leave to bring in the 
 
 unendment by sir Staflorl 
 a maintained the Inexpe 
 easure under present clr- 
 lost by the narrow majoj ity 
 0. But the bill. althoiiKli 
 mmons, was rejected in tlio 
 Uyof89;andtheder4sn 
 f considerations which 1ml 
 distinct Influence. There 
 nstitutlonal question as 1 1 
 house of lords to reject a 
 aons on the subject of tax- 
 t such :a rejection, u sua 
 tablish a marked precedent 
 but there was alw a very 
 hat the decision of the lords 
 udent, and a disposition to 
 
 le practical ratherthan tlie 
 
 w The house of commons 
 mlttee, who drew up » 
 
 '2'^*LJ!5f^„«*'^nn *the* 0th oi he Attess of those who were to receive the 
 Palmerston.onthe otno „ . ^ ,„h„ R„«=fiii.« hm -,rnno9P<i 
 
 ;a fresh resolution which 
 t all limitations of the 
 . measure, and time of all 
 ies belong to the commons 
 Ided that, as the lords had 
 id by the diminution nl 
 the lower house— which 
 second had sunk to 9 
 fading -it would be hot 
 ise to satisfy thcmselvps 
 [laration of their constltu 
 The other resolutions, 
 _, passed, declared tlint 
 Is had sometimes rejected 
 by negativing the whole, 
 H commons regarded thai 
 ;uliar jealousy, and w.is 
 italn its own privilege inj 
 ^xation inviolate. A later' 
 lich lord Permcy sought ti 
 to adopt • practical mcf 
 idlcation of its rights, wa 
 became clear that for tlil 
 the paper duties would noi 
 dr. Gladstone, thereforf, 
 It against the Interferen 
 lis financial arrangementi 
 iccordance with the stijn 
 mch treaty, to reduce th( 
 printed books, paperi 
 Is measure was vlolentl] 
 
 uffrage ; lord John Russell's bill Toposed 
 a add about 200,000 to the borough consti- 
 iiency, and these would form one homoge- 
 eous class,— a source of great danger, 
 lasmuch as, having the same interest, they 
 ould neutralise the present borough con- 
 Ituencies. It further erred in allowing 
 echolders in towns to vote for districts 
 itl) which they had no local sympathy or 
 mnectlon. Sir Cornewall Lewis said that 
 ic act of 18G2 was to remedy evils arising 
 om the representation of towns almost 
 nlnhabltcd, and from the nonreprescnta- 
 on of populous counties and largo manu- 
 cturlng towns : the second measure was 
 precaution against evils which were now 
 light but which were increasing, and the 
 vernment were satislled that it was a 
 e and moderate measure. The chancellor 
 the exchequer said that the government 
 uld not hear of withdrawing the bill, 
 id besought the house not to pursue a 
 lurso of delay, which would render legls- 
 lon on the subject impossible. After so 
 gthy a debate, the motion for the second 
 .ding was adopted without a division, 
 the house of lords, a committee was 
 ipoluted to ascertain the probable Increase 
 the number of electors if the franchise 
 ire reduced. The 4th of June had been 
 ed as the day on which the commons 
 
 should go Into committee on the bill ; and 
 lord John Russell then stated that tlio 
 English reform bill must first bo passed, 
 while it could not be expected that those 
 for Ireland and Scotland should be con- 
 sidered during the present session. As to 
 waiting, according to the proposal of some, 
 for the returns of the approaching census, 
 that would be to postpone all reform for at 
 least three years ; and that if the govern- 
 ment received the Inteness of the time as 
 a reason for not proceeding with the bill, 
 it would bo set down to a desire to get 
 rid 'if the bill without the manliness to 
 avow Ki. A motion was, however, made to 
 await tlie next census before legislating, 
 when the house was adjourned, and on the 
 resumption of tho debate, sir J. Fergusson 
 again moved adjournment, avowing his 
 wish to delay the discussion of the English 
 bill, until tlio reform for tho whole king- 
 dom could bo discussed together. Against 
 this motion, the government bad a ma- 
 jority of 21. It became, however, dally 
 more evident that tho measure could not 
 bo passed during that session: and It 
 caused no surprise, when, on the 11th of 
 June, lord John Russell said that he would 
 not agree to an amendment which would 
 indefinitely postpone the reform bill ; but 
 as 250 members desired to postpone it for 
 the present, the government felt bound to 
 consider the question and their own duty 
 to tho house and country. The session 
 might indeed be prolonged, but there did 
 not appear to bo that earnest demand which 
 would justify them in prolonging It, and 
 therefore tho bill must be withdrawn, with 
 the Intention, however, of introducing an 
 other at the earliest opportunity. There 
 were not a few throughout the country to 
 whom this decision brought a sensible 
 relief. It may be mentioned here that Mr. 
 Berkeley's annual motion for the ballot was 
 defeated by a majority of 107. 
 
 Tho military and naval estimates were 
 larger than for the preceding year, the 
 former being Tor 143,362 men, exclusive of 
 02,410 for India. In the estimates for the 
 civil service tho house showed more reluc- 
 tance to acquiesce ; and on tho motion of 
 Mr. Wise, it carried the appointment of a 
 select committee to enquire Into the miscel- 
 laneous civil service expenditure of the 
 previous year, the division being 121 to 9.t. 
 Tho subject ot tho army was brought 
 before the house of lords by lord Panmure. 
 who dwelt on the advantages of the system 
 of promotion by purchase, and refuted the 
 objections brought against It, while the 
 duke of Somerset thought it Intolerable 
 that the llv es of men and the honour of tho 
 country should be intrusted to in Incapa- 
 ble officer, simply because he )iad money 
 Instead of brains. The subject of flogging 
 in the navy was brought up in the house o£ 
 commons, when much strong feeling was 
 expressed on tho necessity ot abolishing 
 the lash in both services, and it was admit- 
 ted on all sides that it should be as sparing- 
 ly used as possible. 
 
 The great question of the national do- 
 fences still remained to be determined. On 
 the 23rd of July, lord Palmerston proposed 
 
 
!l : 
 
 66S 
 
 ^ftt ^vtaiwcn at ftWtorv, 9et, 
 
 tho reaolutiuiis which wero to carry into 
 effect tho recomnion(]iitlona of the royal 
 cniniiilgHloii whlrh iiud eiirly in tlie year 
 ri'ixirteil tlic dcfuctg of tlic iireacnt ^yetmn, 
 niiit tho iiu-ntia and caiinMlltlua of dofonco. 
 IIo iiuilntiiinL'dtlmt.iiltlxiugh wo wore right 
 ill rcHtliitfon our former gtrciigth as long 
 as our tloct depended on wind and weather 
 aluno, tlio caae waa widely altered when 
 Mio introduction of atuam had practlcully 
 bridged over the Channel. The proposals of 
 the cominlsalonera would involve an outlay 
 of ll,0(XV)00{. including about 1,600,0002. for 
 nrmamenta. Theao propoaala, he thought, 
 should be carried out at once, but, not to 
 lay on tho country a larger burden than waa 
 absolutely necessary, the sum needed should 
 be raised by means of terminable annultioa. 
 To the commercial treaty he looked aa a 
 guarantee for the preaervatlon of peace: 
 but that treaty alono would be a frail 
 security for a country so open to attack 
 aa Ureat Uritaln. For the present year he 
 aaked 2,000,0001., and applications would 
 from time to time be made for tho re- 
 mainder, aa it becamo necessary, while the 
 annuities which would expire in 1807 would 
 more than aufflce to cover the interest on 
 tliia loan. Mr. Bright at once protested 
 against the bringing forward of resolutions 
 on 80 momentous a subject without notice, 
 and said that the expenditure would pro- 
 bably turn out to be twice 13,000,000t., before 
 all tlio designs wore carried out. A week 
 Inter Mr. Lindsay moved an amendment, 
 that as our main defence was an efllcicnt 
 navy, it was unwise to spend largo sums on 
 permanent land fortillcntions ; and at the 
 same time he ridiculed the idea of an inva- 
 sion from France. Mr. Bright again urged 
 his belief that the outlay would prove to 
 be fully twice the amount proposed, and 
 scouted the Insane and wicked policy by 
 which this enormous amount of taxation 
 was abstracted from the labour of tho peo- 
 ple. Tho amendment was negatived by the 
 very large majority of 368 to 39. A bill, 
 ftmnded on the rcaolution, was brought in, 
 and having passed tho house of commons, 
 excited little discussion or opposition la 
 the house of lords. 
 
 Our quarrel with China caused some dis- 
 cussion in both houses ; and the diaastera 
 which had taken place were by some attri- 
 buted entirely to tho demand made by lord 
 Elgin in 1858, to have a resident British 
 minister at Pekiu— a demand intolerable to 
 the Chinese, and extorted only from their 
 fears. It was furthor urged by sir M. Sey- 
 mour, that China, a country essentially 
 weak, bad never recovered from the effects 
 of the first war, and that, if hostile mea- 
 sures were now carried beyond what was 
 absolutely necessary, we might have vainly 
 to deplore the result in the ruin and deao- 
 lation of that empire. Lord SIgin reated 
 tho demand on its morits, and said that if 
 we were to have pacific relation! with China, 
 we must have direct Intercourse with the 
 governmont at Pekin. In a more formal 
 debate, sir Dc Lacy Evana expreaaed bia 
 belief that a march to Pekin would not be 
 ueoeaaary, and looked for inatructions to 
 this effect from lord Jolm Bussell, who 
 
 aaid that It would be unwtao to proscribe 
 Inatructiona by which the offlcera com- 
 manding might find themaelvea banipcred 
 by tho necessity of implicit obedience. Mr. 
 BIdney Uerbert said, that although tho 
 treaty of Tientsin imposed conditions not 
 very acceptable to the Chinese, atltl it had 
 been adopted both by the late and tho pre- 
 sent govornment8,and its ratification must 
 bo insisted upon. Without a divialon, the 
 sum of 860,ooo{. was voted on account of 
 tho intended expedition. But another sum 
 of double that amount had been vo^ed by 
 tho houao of commons in February, licfore 
 it waa known that hoatilo operation:! 
 were necessary. Hence It became necessary 
 to lay a further burden ou the country, 
 and it waa aupposcd that a aupplementul 
 budget would bo necessary. However, Mr. 
 Gladstone explained on thel4tb of July how 
 ho proposed to meet this unexpected out- 
 lay. The whole sum needed waa 3,800,000/. : 
 the surplus revenue, witli the paper duty, 
 &c., would amount to l,464,000i. : of tho re- 
 maining sum of 2,330,0001. he proposed to 
 obtain 1,000,000;. by an additionnl dutyupon 
 ardent spirits of is. lid. per gallon ; tlio re- 
 mainder must bo provided for out of the 
 balances in tho exchequer, which wouUl 
 admit of tho withdrawal of even 2,000,000/. 
 These resolutions were agreed to. 
 
 In tho autumn of 1859, Mr. '.^mes "Wilson 
 went to India as financial member of tho 
 legislative council of India, and there pre- 
 pared a plan for retrenchment, by which 
 ho hoped soon to equalise income and ex- 
 penditure. Ills schemes we:j generally 
 approved both there and in England, but 
 sir C. Trevelyan, the governor of Madras, 
 taking an opposite view, regarded them nsj 
 not only injurious, but impracticable ; ami 
 the government, seeing the necessity ior 
 immediate action, promptly recalled hlni 
 from his government. On tho 29th ofL 
 March, the earl of Ellcnborough, agrepin|j|'"8t year, 
 generally with sir C. Trevelyan, said th!i;|t''C hill pi 
 Mr. Wilson's speech In tho council, all'<^'JCthro 
 though showing great ability, gave no inl-^fr. Spoon 
 formation ou the receipts of tho Indlanl^v'^h tlie i 
 government. Economical reform, he fililwas lost b 
 Bure, could only be carried out by a thoroufibP motion I 
 reconciliation between the people and tlielj'' Comm< 
 government, and iu tho way of such gViouso of i 
 result, a graduated tax on all persons coup^'i^ 'utro 
 iiected with trade roust prove a grievoui 
 hindrance. In the house of commons, sli 
 C. Wood admitted that the minute, foi 
 which sir C. Trevelyan waa recalled, was 
 most valuable document, but the prudem 
 of its publication was quite another matter 
 and that an act so aubversive of all autlu 
 rity aa the mutiny of one governor agaliisj 
 another, could not possibly be pasaed ovei 
 In bia uaual annual statement, sir C. Wui 
 admitted that in bis previous estimate ' 
 bad been wrong both as to receipts am 
 expenditure ; they were both large, but tli 
 had so far kept pace as to leave the deilci 
 much as he bad stated it. Not much coul 
 be expected this year from the new tax 
 which in 1881-fia might be expected to ylelj 
 a,600,ooo(. ; this would, bowever, leave at 
 a deficiency of 8,110,000{., which be believi 
 would be met eventually by a reduction 
 
 esslon foi 
 
 cnsus : it 
 
 urns shoi 
 
 Ion of the 
 
 ma organ 
 
 Cfjulesced 
 
 larpronifi 
 
 Ion by Mr 
 
 hcory of 
 
 roved of 1 
 
 as not jui 
 
 I'lth our fi 
 
 forming th 
 
 Tom pressi 
 
 ihe same fa 
 
 d consoll 
 
 Insolvency 
 
 Christians i 
 
 It debates 
 
 ie Kedcllff( 
 
eiislanV.— )aaujE(e at 3Qvutii(U)Uit.— ^{ctarin. 569 
 
 unwlBO to proscribe 
 ch the offlcera com- 
 themiolvoB hampered 
 opllclt obedience. Mr. 
 
 1 that although tht 
 !;poB0d coudltl;m« i>"t 
 ae ChlncBO. BtllUt hai» 
 [yy the lato and the pre- 
 ndiuratlflcatlunnuidt 
 ?iffi\dlvlBlon.tho 
 > voted on account ol 
 ?lon. nut another Bum 
 lint had been voted b> 
 ons In February, Deforc 
 °at hostile operations 
 nco It became neceBsary 
 Srdcn ou the country 
 >d that a Bupplementul 
 ^rfsaarr. However, sir. 
 ffiheUthofJulyhnw 
 et thla unexpected mit- 
 Kded was 3,800.000'.; 
 e with the paper duty, 
 
 ioi4n4.ooof,:ofthoru. 
 
 <»nnoooI he proposed to 
 ^^ffltionnl duty upon 
 i*?lrf. per gallon; the re- 
 provided lor out of tl a 
 Kauer, which would 
 Irawal of even 2,000,ooo(. 
 were agreed to. 
 )f 1869, Mr. ^Ame8WllB0ll 
 flnandal member of tlio 
 I of India, and there pre- 
 retrenchment, by which 
 cquallao income and ex- 
 Bchemes we: 3 genera > 
 fere and In England hi t 
 the governor ol Madras, 
 e view, regarded them as 
 .butlrapractlcablosnm 
 seeing the necessity fm 
 promptly recalled him 
 iment Oh tho 20th <)I 
 t EUcnborough, agree n 8 
 r 0. Trevclyan, said tlia. 
 ech m tho council, a • 
 iBreat ability, gave no 
 
 kwoen the people and tlie 
 
 lu the way ol Bucb jl 
 
 tax on all persons con 
 
 K must prove a grlevoiu 
 
 te house ol commons, si 
 
 d that tho minute, foi 
 
 elyan was recalled, was i 
 
 [ument. but the prudenx 
 
 ezpenditnre ; so that at tho end ol 1803. tho 
 expenditure and the revenue would be 
 cquallBcd. The rosolutlnns were agreed to. 
 
 Tho bill lor tho reorganisation ol tho 
 Indian army was a ncc.'ssnry conscqusnce 
 ol tho transfer ol tho Indian government 
 from tho Company to the Grown. To this 
 step the newly constituted Indian council 
 were greatly opposed ; but the question was 
 wliother a Kuropcan forro should bo main- 
 tained specially lor India, or whether tho 
 Avholo lorco employed in India should bo 
 inndo disposable lor general service as a part 
 of Mio queen's army. On this question tho 
 secretary ol state lor India and the cabinet 
 generally were agreed in adopting the 
 latter alternative. But lord Stanley urged 
 tlmt by the removal ol a local European 
 force, the Indian government would lose 
 tlio valuable asslstanro of some thousand 
 ofllcers Immediately attached to tho local 
 government. On tho second reading tho 
 bill underwent much opposition from a 
 small but resolute minority. Sir J. Elpliln- 
 Htone said that the events which were al- 
 leged as justifying tho bill could only by 
 ttross exaggeration bo called a mutiny : the 
 men had preferred only just and proper 
 claims, and had never gone beyond insub- 
 orUliiatlon. The debato was prolonged by 
 many propoii.als lor adjournment, most of 
 which were negatived, as well as some reso- 
 lutions to postpone immediate legislation 
 on the subject. But the opposition whlcli 
 retarded could not prevent tho passing of 
 the bin, which became law before tho close 
 of tho session. 
 
 Bir .John Trolawney's bill for abolishing 
 cliurch rates was again Introiiiircd In Fe- 
 bruary ; but It was accompanied hy a mass 
 of petition i 'tst of which were against the 
 measure, one of these being signed by no 
 less than sixty-four archdeacons. Mr.New- 
 degate's amendment, as brought forward 
 Inst year, was again put and negatived, and 
 t'lc bill passed the house of commons, only 
 to be thrown out again In the house of lords. 
 Mr. Hpooncr's annual motion for doing away 
 with the grant to tho college of Maynooth 
 
 I receipts of the India ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ majority of 58 against It ; and 
 nomlcal reform, no u j^pt|om,yit,rdEbury lor altering the llook 
 carried out by a tuorouM ^^j common Prayer was negatived In the 
 lliouso of lords without a division. A bill 
 ras Introduced towards the close ol the 
 esslon lor autliorlslng tho usual decennial 
 ensus : It had been intended that tho re- 
 urns should embrace the religious profes- 
 jlon of the people, but a violent opposition 
 WHS organised against It, and sir G. Lewis 
 UU.W..., — - ,, ictiuiesccd in tho withdrawal of tho words. 
 iras quite another mail t ^ ^^^^^^ majority likewise threw out a mo- 
 , subversive ol all aui ,^^1^ ^^ ^^ 3^^^^ .^^j^^ maintained that the 
 ol one governor aga'" heory ol national education was dlsap- 
 t possibly be Pa*^^'* '°;,^' iroved ol by the people ol Ireland, that It 
 u statement, sir u. wo" ,,a not just to that country or consistent 
 fats previous estimate u ^^j^ ^^^^ ^^^^ institutions. A bill lor re- 
 fboth as to receipts a gy„j,ng the corporation of London was, 
 1 were both large, mu I m fom pressure ol business, laid aside, and 
 Ice as to leave the aenu i^^ ^^^^ J^^^ attended a bill lor the relorm 
 ated It. Not much coui ^^ consolidation ol the bankruptcy and 
 year from the new iax« nsolvency laws. Tho recent massacres ol 
 fight he expected to yie jhrigtians In Byrla gave rise to one ol tho 
 Wd, however, leave s ^j debates in the session. Lord Btratlord 
 lo,oool.,whlch be believ [^ Redclllto admitted that he placed but 
 Vnally by a reduction -^ 
 
 small reliance on tho securities which the 
 Porte might give, as it had shown great 
 remissness, II not actual connivance In the 
 matter : as long as Turkey lalled to put in 
 practice the reforms which she had i)ro- 
 mlsed. It would be useless for foreign powers 
 to patch up a question which might at any 
 time give rise to a war. It was announced 
 that an agreement had been made by which 
 a force of 12,000 European troops should bo 
 sent to Syria for a time not exceeding six 
 months ; of these Prance was Immediately 
 to furnish 6,000, while the rest, If rcqu. 'ea, 
 should be furnished by such ono ol the 
 contracting powers as might be deemed 
 expedient. There was, however, the usual 
 conflict ol opinions, one sldo maintaining 
 that the stability oITurkey was of the great- 
 est importance to Europe, and onglit to he 
 maintained at all hiuiards, tho other urging 
 timt vigorous measures ought to be taken 
 with a government so thoroughly effeto as 
 that of the Ottoman Turks. Tho great re- 
 sults ol this long session, which was closed 
 on tho 28th ol August, were tho fiscal and 
 commercial reforms, of which oven now it 
 Is scarcely possible fairly to judge the re- 
 sults, and which will probably make tho 
 session which i)as8ed them appear an Impor- 
 taiit ono in altertimes. 
 
 Before the commencement ol the year 
 1801 foreign politics had acquired a greater 
 interest than any topic ol home government. 
 The question ol Italian unity and tho tokens 
 of the coming struggle between the North- 
 ern and Southern portions of tho United 
 .States of America had thrust aside the sub- 
 ject of parliamentary reform. In which a 
 few only were found still to express an In- 
 terest. Tho harvest of the preceding year 
 had been far below the average ; but the 
 growth ol Iree trade checked or averted tho 
 evils which mli^ht havo been caused by a 
 scarcity of lood, and removed an extraor- 
 dinary pressure from tho working classes. 
 The attention of the country was therefore 
 llxcd mainly on Italy and America ; but It 
 was manifest that In either case tho nation 
 was determined to uphold tho policy ol 
 non-interference. Parliament met on tho 
 15th ol February, when lord John Ilussell at 
 once announced tho abandonment of tho 
 ideii of relorm, and railed forth strong ex- 
 pressions of regret and warning from Mr. 
 Bright. Early in tho session a committee 
 was appointed to consider whether any 
 changes might be made by which tinio 
 might be saved In conducting the business 
 of the house ; on their report Thursday was 
 substituted for Friday as a government 
 night, and Tuesday was taken as a supply 
 night; and this last measuro was thought 
 to havo had a sensible effect in accelerating 
 business. 
 
 On the 14th o f February the houses agreed 
 to the vote ol thanks to tho otneers and 
 men who had been engaged in the recent 
 war in China. Lord Herbert spoke In terms 
 ol great praise of the vigour with which the 
 Pelho and Taku forts had been occupied or 
 taken, and of the bravery and ability shown 
 in the action before Tientsin. That the bar- 
 barities ol the Chinese to many ol tho pri- 
 soners Who bad fallen into their hands. 
 
 >■' 
 
p 
 
 660 
 
 Cri)e Crradtirv of WHtarUt net. 
 
 mllod for sonio signal punisluiioiit, wna 
 allowed on all hands; but aomo diiriTcncu 
 of opinion aroao on the wlBdoni of tlxliix 
 on tho biirnlnpT of tlio enipcror'u Bunnncr 
 palace tis that iicnally. It was justllU-d aa 
 being a puiilthniont which would fall on 
 tho Instigators of thcRC crucltloa and not 
 on tho pt'oiilo, who had not been in any 
 way concernod In thcni. 
 
 Tho death of the duchess of Kent took 
 place on tlio iflth of March ; and the warm- 
 est sympathy for tho queen was expressed 
 both In parliament and throughout the 
 country. In both houses addresses of con- 
 dolence on tho loss which the queen had 
 sustained wore voted unanimously. 
 
 Although the Idea of a government 
 njeasuro of reform had been abandoned, 
 several attempts (all, with one exception, 
 unKUccrssful) were made to Improve special 
 points In tho electoral system. Mr. Locko 
 King Introduced awiin his bill, to reduce 
 tho county friinchise to a 10(, i|ualitlcation : 
 but the bill miscarried, and alike fate befell 
 a motion of Mr. Haines to extend the 
 borough franchise in England. The only 
 bill Introduced by the government was one 
 which redistributed the scats vacated by 
 the disfranchisement of Kudliury and 8t, 
 Albans, by assigning two to tho Wsst 
 Riding of Yorksliire and South Lancashiru 
 respectively, while It proposed to give 
 tho third to Chelsea and Kensington and 
 tho fourth to Birkenhead. Much opposi- 
 tion, however, was raised by tho proposition 
 to make Chelsea and Kensington a new 
 borough, and so to add to the representation 
 of London ; and llnally it was determined 
 that tlie West Riding of Yorkshire should 
 be divided Into two parts, each part hav- 
 ing Its own member. An experiment not 
 hitherto tried was proposed by Mr. Dodson, 
 who moved that for university elections 
 voting pajiers might be used and sent by 
 post. It was carried by large majorities in 
 both houses, although In each some oppo- 
 sition was offered on the principle of proxy 
 voting, and on tho undue preponderance 
 which It would give to non-resident over 
 resident voters. 
 
 The question of church rates was again 
 revived by sir John Trolawney, who, as 
 before, Introduced his bill for the simple 
 extinction of tho rates. On a proposition 
 to defer a consideration of the bill for six 
 months, the chancellor of the exchequer 
 said that the credit of the legislature de- 
 manded an Immediate settlement of the 
 question. Ontheorder of the day for going 
 Into committee being moved, after tho 
 second reading, Mr. Newdegate again pro- 
 posed his scheme for substituting. In place 
 of the present church rates, a charge on all 
 landed |)ropcrty on which these rates had 
 been paid for the i iTi^dlng seven years. 
 This amendment was witlidraMn, and the 
 bill passed thrcjugh committee. But on 
 the motion for tho third reading, the 
 numbers on each side in the division were 
 274, and it became tho duty of tho speaker 
 to give a casting vote ; and tills vote was 
 given with the • noes," on the ground that 
 the general opinion of the house seemed 
 to the speaker to bo in favour of sonic 
 
 settleraont different from that which was 
 contained in this bill; and that by so 
 deciding, ho sliould, inst(>ad of taking tlie 
 respoiiHibility on himself, leave It to tlic 
 house to adopt this or any other inoosurc 
 hereafter, as it might think lit. 
 
 On the 16th of April, Mr. Oladstono made 
 his flnancial stateuirnt. In which ho said 
 that tlie revenue siiowed a decrease of 
 806,000/. aa compared with that of the 
 preceding year, wlillc the expenditure 
 caused a deflciency apparently of two and a I 
 half millions, but really of only 8r)5,ooo/. { 
 For the coining year lie estimated the ex- 
 penditure at 70,000,000/., the revenue at | 
 71,82.1,000/. assuming tlie continuance of the 
 tea and sugar duties, and an Income-tax ; 
 aim he had to ask for the renewal of these 
 taxes to adjust tho expenditure with tiicl 
 revenue, while he proposed to apply ul 
 portion of the surplus revenue in giving upl 
 tho tenth penny of tho income-tax, anil I 
 repealing tho paper duty. The income-tax I 
 Itself he atllrnied to bo a mere question ofl 
 expenditure; if tho nation waa content tol 
 be governed at a cost of «o,000,OOOI., It miglitl 
 at once be dispensed with ; but otherwisol 
 it must bo retained. IIo then explalncdl 
 hislnteiitioii of brlngingallthcsoquestioiMl 
 before the house in a series of resoiutioiiH [ 
 and said that tlio danger of the day lay iil 
 a tendency to an excessive expenditure^ 
 which ought to he steadily resisted. In tli«| 
 debate which followed, Mr. Horaman 8pokc| 
 strongly against the design of proceedlnft 
 by a series of resolutions. Instead of sepal 
 rate bills, as depriving the houao of lords dl 
 the right of Independent judgment, lijl 
 compelling them to accept or reject tlif 
 financial policy of tho government as 
 whole. Mr.Hrlght strenuously defended till 
 chancellor of the exchequer ; and In a coiiil 
 mittee of ways and means, tho Incoine-taf 
 was agreed to without adivislon. Butwhefl 
 the house arrived at the fourth clause whicii 
 repealed tho paper duty, tho discussln 
 was oi)oncd afresh, and It was contended 
 among other argument8,that the wardutle, 
 on tea and sugar had a prior and strongil 
 claim than a tax, the abandonment of whicl 
 would benefit simply the proprietors of tlif 
 penny newspapers. In the division whicl 
 followed, the government had a majority i 
 15, tho numbers being 200 to 281. In tlil 
 house of lords, when the motion was madl 
 by lord Granville, tho duke of RutlaiJ 
 moved an amendment to postpone til 
 reading of tho bill for six mouths. In] 
 withdrew It on the earnest remoiistranc( 
 lord Derby. The bill was then read a secoiJ 
 time without any opposition, and the flna lrti!J,''"JJi? 
 clal measures of the government were tin ,,„„. ^F'^ 
 carried. Mr. Gladstone was not less su nffVn Ji ? 
 ceasful in defeating some attempts mai their i/i« 
 to obtain the remission of particular tax« jse whoi ' 
 before ho made his financial statemei ««„;,,„ * 
 Among these, Mr. Hubbard's motion for . in r«$ 
 select committee to enquire into the moi [.il "®' 
 of assessing and collecting the income-ta ia doo*i, 
 waa carried against tho government by „, „i*J''' " 
 majority of 131 to 127; but tho report , .Ip n ^ 
 tho committee did not favour Mr. HuKmii "• ' 
 bard's scheme for modifying the tax, affS^? t^?i/ 
 no further result followed this motil iq^ p i 
 
<!^alaittr.H^ouKe of 98runf(iu{cli.— ^fctada. 661 
 
 from that w»»lc*» ^i** 
 ,m" and that by »« 
 ' ll;t,^ of taking tho 
 mself. Icnvo It to im ■ 
 
 or any other measure 
 
 rll'M'SdHtonomndo 
 rnU in which ho sale 
 howcd a decrease o 
 
 r'.,i with that of tlu' 
 h 10 tho expenditure 
 
 apnre.Ulyoft^M.nnda 
 
 rl>ftii» of only sria.oooi. 
 
 ■Ir 10 estimated tho ex- 
 
 ^Vo(")l.. the revenue at 
 «Zc'>ntli.uanco.)fthi' 
 iVs and an Incon.e- ax. 
 ror^he renewal othcH I 
 
 [than others which were defeated at the 
 
 UtBft. 
 
 Ill tho navy citlmntcs for thin year, a 
 iccrcago of 001,805{. was nnnonnred, and, 
 t was further stated that this docroa«e 
 ould have been greater but for tho nccea- 
 Ity of purchasing a largo store of timber, 
 lut when reference was made to tho num- 
 crs of tho French navy, which, It was said, 
 ould In a short thno muster not far short 
 if ss,000 men, Mr. Bright replied that 
 larms had been raised on monstrous false- 
 oods, and that the government seized on 
 lines of popniar delusion to add to tho ex- 
 lendlture of tlie country. Lord Palmerston 
 ippcaled to facts, and stated, as an instance 
 f French policy, that sixteen innocent 
 lail packets had been built, and, as had 
 ecn foreseen, were by a stroke of the pen, 
 itcrwards added to tho French navy. An 
 inportant debate took place In tho house 
 
 - , Jf commons on the llth of April on tho 
 
 cr duty. The Incoino-taxBuygct ^f 1^^ ships of war, on tho motion 
 to be a mere question 01 »( jj^. Lindsay to defer any further con- 
 iin nation was content to|trnction or conversion of wooden line-of- 
 ,'"t,,f «o.0OO,0OOl.,ltmlKlit|nttle ships. The reply to Mr. Lindsay's 
 imcd with; butotherwls(j|,|^ument8wa8 that, although tho English 
 ncd Ho then cxi>iain''"|8tlmates exceeded tho Frencli by nearly 
 ,riiiBlnKalUhesoque8tloiis|„g 1,^1^^ tj,e French expenditure from 1852 
 In abcrles of resolution* |, 1858 inclusive, was31,691,62U., while the 
 n danirer of the day lay '"iBtlmates for that tlino amounted to no 
 in excessive expenditure, ,oro than 19,807,0001. Mr. Lindsay's motion 
 10 steadily resisted. In tii» jg therefore withdrawn. To tho proposal 
 ilowcd Mr. Horsman spoKc ^ ^ convention with Franco binding 
 tho design of proceeulim ngiand to reduce her navy as soon as tho 
 .,,i.,n„..«. Instead of scpii renchwas reduced, lord Palmerston an- 
 
 ,0 expenditure with the 
 ri-roi-osed »''«'; 'J " 
 
 Wre^nuc in giving ui. 
 „f nm income-tax, anu 
 
 riving the house of lords 111 urtred that the navy of Englantl must be 
 
 nilcpcndcnt judgment, i>5 rmed with a reference not to France only 
 
 u to accept or reject tii( ,{ to any possible combination of other 
 
 of tho government as 1 j^erg . ^nd hia conclusion that any sucli 
 
 >t strenuously defended tlu rangement would be seriously likely to 
 
 o oxcheauer ; and in a com danger peace, was received by the house 
 
 ind means, the income-tai|th great approbation. ,^ ^ 
 
 thout a division. ButwlH'fn,<j debates on the Italian question called 
 
 dftt the fourth clause whc*,„uch angry feeling. SirO. Bowyer eu- 
 
 nnor duty, tho dlscu8sl(*|ged the king of Naples as a gallant 
 
 nih and It WHS contend((!|,ng man flghting In defenceof his rights 
 
 iimonts that tho wardutl(|ni„8t piracy and rebellion ; and the chan- 
 
 r had a prior and stronKif lor of the exchequer accepted tho issue. 
 
 thn abandonment of whi;! wjghed to ascertain whether tho people 
 
 "')., the proprietors of till Naples were really devoted to their 
 
 i.rs In the division whicEerelgn or were governed by good laws 
 
 ornment had a majority (lely administered, and ho entered into 
 
 bclnK 290 to 281. In tli|ati8 which showed the atrocious char- 
 
 licn tho motion was mailer of the Neapolitan system as well as 
 
 . ,.- „« Rutlniiftiiat of tho papal government, asserting 
 
 lly that Italian unity had been created 
 
 by England or France or even by Victor 
 
 imanuel so much as by the conduct of 
 
 „„ „„„ jtria towards Italy. Lord John Russell 
 
 , oiiDosltlon, and the nnajrtcd simply the principle of noninter- 
 
 the government were tlMtion : tho people of Naples might be 
 
 ndatone was not less suing in wishing to have Victor Emmanuel 
 
 tlntr some attempts maftheir king, but they were at liberty to 
 
 luNslou of particular taxeftse what government they pleased; and 
 
 " ills nnanclal 8tatemei|8ame remark must apply to the Vene- 
 
 r Hubbard's motion forlj in reference to their subjection to 
 
 "to enciulre Into the moftrla. 
 
 _.i »i.,<. tiio incomc-ti 
 
 lie the duke of 
 Endment to postpone tl 
 T bill for six mouths, ml 
 Le o«rm-?t remonstraiuT 
 • bil wasthenrcadascm 
 
 1 collecting the mcomc- 
 llnst tho Kovernment 111 
 Ito 127 ; but the report f 
 Idld not favour Mr. H« 
 V modifying the tax,^ 
 kit followed this motil 
 
 e death of count Carour created a 
 T and more personal Interest ; but 
 sir R. Peel proposed that the house 
 mmons should record Its sympathy 
 the Italian nation under this heavy 
 lord Palmerston expressed his fear 
 
 that any formal vote might involve dlffl< 
 cnlties hereafter; he pronounced, how- 
 «)ver, an eloquent eulogy on the itiustrtuut 
 statesman who more than any other man 
 had promoted tho cause of Italian unlty,and 
 who, though his death was premature, hod 
 not died too soon forhls gloryond his fame. 
 
 Towards the close of the seulon. on on 
 enquiry by Mr. KInglake. whether the go- 
 vernments of Italy and France atlll de- 
 nied that there was any project on foot for 
 ceding tho Island of Sardinia to the French 
 emperor, lord Jolin Russell gave It as his 
 opinion that the latter was not likely to 
 brave the consequences which would follow 
 tho annexation. The secession of the 
 southern states of the American union 
 created a more anxious interest, but the 
 government deprecated any debates which 
 might tend to compromise tho neutrality 
 of the country. The law officers of the 
 crown determined that the southern states 
 must bo treated as a belligerent ; but it was 
 decided that the policy of strict neutrality 
 should be maintained on the part of this 
 country. On the 14tli of May a proclamation 
 was issued, announcing the neutrality of 
 tlio government, and forbidding all British 
 subjects from aiding cither side directly or 
 Indirectly. Orders wcro issued to prohibit 
 armed ships of tho belligerents from carry- 
 ing their prizes Into any British port, and 
 to despatch a force of .1,000 men for the 
 protection of Canada. To the latter measure 
 some objected that Ic was Inadequate for 
 defence and large enough for provocation : 
 but tlio objection was overruled, and no 
 encouragement was given to Mr. Gregory's 
 motion for considering tho immediate re- 
 cognition of the confederate states. 
 
 The subject of Indian affairs continued 
 much to occupy the attention of parliament, 
 but the prospect on the whole appeared 
 more encouraging. The premature death 
 of Mr. Wilson had Indeed prevented tho 
 full accomplishment of his plans : but his 
 successor Mr. Laing had carried out the 
 same line of policy, and there seemed to be 
 a nearer hope of balancing the revenue and 
 expenditure. In tho previous year sir O. 
 Wood had spoken of this immediate balanc- 
 ing of the two as certain, unless some un- 
 foreseen event occurred to prevent It. Such 
 an event had occurred. In the shape of an 
 Indian drought which had caused a famine, 
 but tho utmost deficiency would not exceed 
 2,000,0001. Reductions in military expen- 
 diture to the extent of nearly 3,500,0001. 
 was announced, and it was stated that the 
 loan required for India was mainly for ex- 
 tending railway communication In the 
 country. In making hla general statement 
 on Indian finance, on the 25th of July, sir 
 0. Wood said that on a comparison of the 
 receipts and expenditure of the last year 
 with those of the year next preceding, a 
 reduction was seen of, in round numbers. 
 4,400,ooo{. The expenditure included a 
 charge of l,773,000^ as guaranteed interest 
 on railways, less traffic receipts, and ano- 
 ther of 600,ooo{. for the famine, neither of 
 which was of course permanent. The 
 force in the native regiments, including 
 the military police, had since 1850 been re- 
 00 
 
 ili 
 
M.i 
 
 662 
 
 e^t ettKiutu al $)ii(tarv> ^^ 
 
 dueed by nnt lumi ilmii '.>ik),(XN) iiumi. On 
 tho fnnilno lu> renmrki'd ihnt uUIioukIi tltu 
 dearth of 1837-8 had lioon far nioru «ovcro, 
 tlioprlnoof grain never readied tho cnor- 
 moua amount which It reached laat year. 
 Tho bad fcelluK between the ln(llvi)-|>lantera 
 nn-i tho ryutii Involved anotlier dlfTIcuIty In 
 Indian government, tho rulttvntlon of tho 
 plant during tho la§t year linvlnif ceaaed to 
 A groat extent. But a aubjcrt of even 
 greater Importance at tho nruHent time waa 
 the cultivation of cotton fn India. Whilo 
 tho war In America endangered the nuppllca 
 on which wo had hitherto depended, wo 
 had In India a fleld, which. If proiwr mea- 
 Burcs were taken, would render thlH coun- 
 try In a Rrcat moaHure Independent of every 
 other. During tho last year a million of 
 balei had been either received or do- 
 ipatched from India, a number exceeding 
 that of any previous year by .120,000. For 
 tho general government three roeaaurca of 
 Importance wcro paaiicd,— tho flrat, ap- 
 pointing an an additional member of coun- 
 cil a lawyer who Hhould bo competent to 
 Uiiat the governor-general and hU council 
 In framing laws ; the second, establlxhlng 
 high courts of Judicature In India, by tho 
 consolidation of tho supreme courts with 
 the Buddcr courts, or courts of appeal from 
 tho courts In tho provinces; the third, 
 confirming and legalising certain appoint- 
 ments in India which liad been nindo con- 
 trary to law, and to amend tlie law of the 
 civil service by providing that, notwith- 
 standing any restrictions in force, such 
 appointments might atill be made with 
 certain exceptions. 
 
 Among tho moro Important legislative 
 mrasurcRof thlssesalon must bo mentioned 
 the bankruptcy and insolvency bill, intro- 
 duced by tho attorney-general. This bill 
 abolished thodlstinctlonH of the certificates 
 
 f riven tg bankrupts, and cnafiled the judge, 
 n certain specified cases of misconduct, 
 either to refuse the ccrtincatc, or to sus- 
 pend tho order for discharge, or to commit 
 tho bankrupt to fine or imprisonment for a 
 term not exceeding a year. These forms 
 applied to trader debtors: In tho case of 
 non-traders, it placed the law of insolvency 
 on tho same footing with that of bank- 
 ruptcy, abolishing the term of imprison- 
 ment before an insolvent could obtain re- 
 lief from the court, as a provision which 
 could not benefit the creditor, while it was 
 a gross Injustice to tho non-trader. It 
 ■tated that the Insolvent should in all cases 
 be obliged to give up his property to his 
 creditors, but It provided that tho latter 
 should not be entitled to moro than an 
 equal distribution of his property at that 
 time, and should not retun the power of 
 pursuing him through life. Another impor- 
 tant measure was a bill for consolidating 
 the statute criminal law of England and 
 Ireland, which was followed by another re- 
 pealing a large number of obsolete or ex- 
 pired acts passed since the eleventh year of 
 the reign of George III. 
 
 An attempt to legalise marriage with a 
 deceased wife's sister was defeated by a 
 division on an amendment, which affirmed 
 the Injudlciousuesa and Inconvenience of 
 
 (iliu'lng the law of marrluKo on a diirermit 
 footing In different pnrts of the kltiKdom. 
 Tho Hubjoctof public education raUed Nome 
 controveray In refcrenco to ragged srhoolx, | 
 which wero declared by the report of tlio 
 coniinlNHlonerH to bu ' not proper oliject 1 
 for public ntitUtance.' It was admitted thai | 
 theHu HchooU had done great good ; but ttie 
 olijectlon woa that they were taken advaii- 1 
 tago nf by a claaa who did not so much 
 need tho assistance. BIr John Paklngtoii 
 pointed out that tho estimates contained a 
 sum of 100,000(. for tho improvement of 
 science and art, while is,ooo schools wero 
 languishing for want of succour. Mr. Lowe, I 
 having stated that It was not the Intention j 
 of government to Interfere with the prin- 
 ciples of the present syHtem, detailed tin- 
 measures I)y which ho proponed to remedy | 
 Its defects, which were these— that the cilii- 
 cation was superficial and Imperferrt, tliiitl 
 thcnumber of schools was not Hutnctint furl 
 tho wants of tho country, and that the syH-f 
 torn was too complicated. Parliament wiiaI 
 prorogued on tho 0th of August after a ses-l 
 slon which had produced a fair amount ofl 
 useful and Important measures, althouglif 
 the organic changes which for so many ses-f 
 slons had been contemplated wero post-j 
 poned with the tacit consent of all parties. 
 
 Before tho close of the year tho Kngll»h| 
 government found Itself all but Involved! 
 In a war with tho United States of Amerlrnr 
 ThoTrent.n packet belonging to the DrltlMhl 
 Mall Steamship Company, and being there-l 
 foro a neutral vesBCl, had taken on bonrdl 
 at Havannah (a neutral port), four passenf 
 gers, who wcro envoys from tho confedol 
 rate states to London and Paris. TheyeniJ 
 barked, however, simply as private passeiiJ 
 gers. On tho 7th of November the slili 
 was stopped in the old Bahama channel bjj 
 tho TTiilted states' steamer Ban JacIiifJ 
 commanded l)y captain Wilkes, who dw 
 manded to see the list of tho passengers] 
 This was refused : and ho then annouiicf 
 that his orders were to take Messrs. Slidcl 
 and Mason, Curtis andM'Farland, whowri^ 
 known to be on »)oard. They were taken li 
 force on board tlie San Jacinto, In spite t 
 their own protest and that of the Brltljl 
 admiralty agent, commander Williams, R.a 
 This violation of national rights Involvedl 
 strange dilemma. If captain Wilkes wiJ 
 right in searching the vessel, tho southoi? 
 states wero belligeronts; If they wero 110^ 
 belllgorents but simply insurgents, the Snif 
 Jacinto had no right to search for contn 
 band of war, as there was no war. If B\i 
 ply traitors and rebels, the commlssionoi 
 were protected from seizure by being 1 
 i)()ard an English ship. The risk of war t 
 tween the two countries seemed to be ii 
 minent ; but after some delay the coraniJ 
 Bionors wero surrendered, when It m 
 found that tho British government woi 
 determined to accept no compromise. Ts 
 popular opinion of Europe was unanimol 
 In condemning tho act of captain Wilkq 
 and the only effect of the delay was I 
 create a causeless Irritation on both Bid| 
 The prospect of a war of this nature, 1 
 for such a cause, produced no little glooj 
 in this country, although the nation netf 
 
eiigl-iittr.— Viatiitfr of Diuii^U)(r1i.— (^(rtarfn. b5\* 
 
 in lago on a ailt.Mroi.t 
 ^,irt« of tho Vln«<lo"<. 
 
 a 'not rro|.or ol.J|'<-t^ 
 
 fe? wore taken advaii- 
 who did not HO mucli 
 Blr J olm rnWInut"" 
 r..mnt.<* contained I 
 
 Interfere with tliej""" 
 ntsyKtcm. detailed 
 ,op'oVOBCdtoremr.ly| 
 Tcthoic-thattho.. .• 
 dal and ln|rerfe''.t. >• 
 inlawttinotMinlfl' nimr 
 ^nntn". and thiit the *>«l 
 nS. Parllftn.ei.twii«l 
 hot August after a BO«.l 
 KcdaVlramoun 
 
 tant ineannrei. a't"""^"r 
 Awl IchforBoinanyBej- 
 SmplatedwcroPoH 
 clt consent of all panu f 
 
 oihlbltedAmoreoouilitentanddoternilncd 
 Rttltude In the vindlnntlon of Iti juit 
 rlybti ; hut the doprenHlon wkr Incrt'iiNt'J a 
 hundredfold hy an event which, while It 
 plunKCd the queen and her family In the 
 iiri'Mteit lorrow, wa« folt ns a pergonal he- 
 rciivcmcnt throuvhout iliu land. Early In 
 |)< ocinhcr It wan ainiounred that iho prince 
 ci'iisort wai aufferlnv from fever, which, 
 nithough not leriou*. miKht he of long con- 
 tinuance; on the Utb the newa of hia death 
 spread mourning everywhere. During the 
 twenty yeari which had paused alnce ho 
 hocanie the husband of the (luccn, ho had 
 fur one or two brief seasons to face some 
 little misrepresentation, but throughout ho 
 had so lived as to win the respect and es- 
 teem of all who know him, and for many 
 years past his popularity had been steadily 
 un tho Increase. Kora memoir of thoprinco 
 the reader is referred to tho 'Piographlcal 
 Treasury.' 
 
 Dotta in and out of parliament tho year 
 IMa was singularly uneventful. The pro- 
 ipc'ct of a war with tho United Ntates of 
 America was removed early in January ; 
 Slid there were apparently no suhjects on 
 which political agitation could fnaten at 
 home. It seemed as thouKb, in tliu face of 
 
 Pit conmn" < „ „„,i,b">o great struggle which whs going on In 
 
 1 of the year the KiiB"*"'lAinerlca, political parties had agreed to 
 Ml Itself all but lnvolvi'iW„mm.,„i their animosities. No attempts 
 United States of ^"J^Xv "Avere made In parliament to introduce tho 
 Pt i>elonKlngtotlioHruiHn«,^„pgtlon „j parliamentary reform; tho 
 PtbeionB ».,.„,„„ ,hpre.Bi|j^^^^ mado to induce the government 
 Interfere in the American quarrel com- 
 letely failed ; and a despatch from earl 
 tuMoll to the French emperor declared 
 Imt at tbe least the time for mediation 
 ad not yet come. 
 
 As the year 1863 waa the bicentenary of 
 
 ;ho expulsion of nonconformist ministers 
 
 onsequent on tho Act of Uniformity, great 
 
 Sorts were made by the leaders of dls- 
 
 ntlng lects to make use of the comme- 
 
 oratton in disparaging the principle of 
 
 urch-establlshment. They wer? more 
 
 ccessful In collecting money than in 
 
 laslng any vehement animosity among 
 
 le dissenters towards th^ church of Eng- 
 
 ind. 
 
 In the midst of this general tranquillity 
 le condition of Ireland presented a strango 
 ntrast to that of other parts of tho king- 
 m. 81nce the establishment of the king- 
 m of Italy, the pressure from their ultra- 
 ontane suporiors seems to have repressed, 
 not extinguished, tho general feeling of 
 iralty which had been expressed by the 
 Bh catholic priesthood. The language of 
 e press became seditious; the clergy 
 served an ominous silence on the violent 
 mcs which were perpetrated almost with 
 punity. Landlords were murdered with- 
 it regard to their religion or their nation- 
 |ty. The French catholic was struck down 
 it less than the English proteatant ; and 
 e old sympathy for the murderprs was 
 [every case determinatcly shown T>y the 
 >b peasantry. 
 
 Daring this year, the Great International 
 
 hlbltion displayed to the public a marvel- 
 
 coueotlon of treasures of every kind. 
 
 taste which guided the arrangement of 
 
 refrarten'oSa 
 
 S and ParU. They euv 
 
 ?Blmplyaa private pas«e 
 
 i\\ of November the suir 
 
 ^^ooldDabamachanno 
 
 es' steamer Ban jaciiu 
 
 captain Wilkes, who 
 
 ,hS list of tho passengera 
 
 h-andhothenannoum^ 
 
 ero to take Messrs. BlldHi 
 
 8 wid M'Farland, who wrrl 
 
 o^. They were taken i 
 
 ?e Ban Jacinto, in spue 4 
 
 it and that of the B"',"'! 
 commander wmiams. RSI 
 nXnal rights involvert^ 
 1 If captain wUkes wai 
 gtheveBHel,tho8outhPij 
 ferents; If they were nj 
 limply luBurgents, the N 
 iJhttosearchforeonH 
 
 hero was no war. " ^ini 
 rebels, the commission 
 torn selJiuro by telngo 
 rtilP. The risk: of war 
 Ses seemed to 1)0 J 
 .r some delay the comrel 
 irrendered, ^^en it ^i 
 British government wn 
 ,cept no compromise. 11 
 ^fWopewaaunmtin^ 
 Iho act of captain wuita 
 Vect of the delay wn»l 
 U Irritation on both siaj 
 fa war of this nature, kJ 
 rroduced no little glo^ 
 '^[hSttgb the nation neH 
 
 tliviu was not c<iual to their valu;^ .ind II 
 may be prolialily said with truth that Its 
 defects would liavo heon ICHspood, if not 
 removt'd, had the vxlilliltlon taken place it 
 year earlier or later. liuttherlrcnmHtance* 
 attending It wrro very different from tlioHa 
 of tho llrst oxhibltlon of Ihhi. Then lliu 
 union of nations In contrlttuting the pin- 
 ducts of science, art, and trade was looked 
 upon as no slight Kuaranteo fur the con- 
 tinuance of a general peace. Thiu'xhlltltlou 
 of 1803 01 ened in tho niUlst of tho fearful 
 civil war in America; and tho fcellngx of 
 satisfaction or pridowlth which it niixlit 
 otlierwiso have been regarded were niUei'- 
 ably damped by the cotton famine, vvlilcli 
 deprived half a million workmen In l.an< 
 caHhIro of all means of support. Hlowly, 
 hut surely, the dearth of cotton resulting 
 from tho American blockadu hud been ln< 
 creasing In Intensity until, In tho autumn 
 of 1809, the dreadful extent of the calnmity 
 forced Itself on the whole niitlnn. Never 
 was a distress which It U InipoHKlblo to 
 exaggerate more nobly borne. Not an 
 expression of dlsc(mtent v/ix'n heard; and 
 tho efforts of agitators to create It wcro 
 utterly impotent. Hut while ruin was 
 spreailing on every Bld«\ tho nation waa 
 nntking a determined elfort to arrest tho 
 evil. All that was needed to ga\o tho 
 noble workmen of Lancashlro not merely 
 from starvation but from pinching distress 
 was cheerfully given; and tho relief so 
 obtained was administered with a singular 
 wisdom. Nor must it bo forgotten that. 
 In tho midst of their own anxieties and 
 dangers, the merchants of Now York con- 
 tributed largely to relievo the sufluringa 
 of tho Lancashire workmen. 
 
 On tho subject of National Kducatlon tho 
 committee of council had, at the beginning 
 of tho previous recess of parliament, issued 
 a minute, which ordered that In |.|ticL> of 
 tho former appropriated grants mado to 
 schools a capitation grant should bo sub- 
 stituted of one penny per head for each 
 attendance over loo, subject to a favourable 
 report from tho Inspector, who wos not to 
 grant It unless tho children, grouped ac- 
 cording to age, succeeded in attaining n 
 certain standard in reading, writing, and 
 arithmetic. Failure in any ono of thcso 
 branches would bo followed by a loss of 
 onothird of the allowance, and on a failure 
 In all tho allowance would bo withdrawn 
 altogether. In support of this measure and 
 in opposition to tho objections raised to It on 
 the ground of its probable religious results, 
 it waa urged that there was no danger, 
 so long as the inspectors were clergymen 
 appointed with the sanction of the arch- 
 bishop. Against tbe former system it was 
 urged, that whereas 2,000,000 children ought 
 to be brought into the inspected schools, 
 the number actually brought did not exceed 
 920,000. of whom only one-fourth received 
 adequate instruction In reading, writing, 
 and arithmetic. If the blow struck at tho 
 training colleges was sudJcn and serious, 
 it was to be remembered that the aid granted 
 to these establishments averaged no lesa 
 than sixty-eight per cent, of the whole ex- 
 pense, thus showing how little voluntary 
 
 '1 
 
 
f<atnaiiat«z*,v.j 
 
 lis 
 
 
 i M 
 
 i 
 
 ll 1% 
 
 ' 
 
 662» 
 
 Eite Creatfuru of )E}(&taris ^c. 
 
 offorta wuro rouflcil by tli«80 grants. Tlio 
 opinion on the report of tho royul coinmls- 
 8lon liiid been (loclnivo agahiMt iiny vested 
 rights posROfised l>y the ccrtlllrnted niaa- 
 tors : but It had been determined that no 
 school slidiild rorelvo any aid uiiloas the 
 master was certitloatcd and duly paid, or 
 In othcrwords, unless he reoelvud from the 
 managers three times the amount of tho 
 present augmented grant. Tho strenuous 
 opposition to this measure In both houses 
 led to modilloations which considerably 
 altered its character, and It was llnally 
 agreed that the sum of 48. a-year was to be 
 givsn on the average y«arly attendance of 
 each pupil, who should attend 2(X> times, 
 with tlio deduction of Is. 3^1. In case of 
 failurn of attendance, while tho odncntlon 
 grant was to be made answerable for any 
 doflciency In tho stipends of tho pupil 
 teachers, and any future revision of the 
 nodo was to bo submitted to parliament at 
 least one month before tho time of its 
 coming into operation. 
 
 Of sir John Trelawny's annual motion for 
 tho abolition of church rates it Is cn( ugh 
 to say that tho majority against it was 
 reduced this year to one. A majority of ten 
 rejected a bill brought In by Mr. Uouvcrlo, 
 for relieving clergymen of the church of 
 Kngland, who might secede from it, from 
 the rcstrlctUins and penalties to which they 
 were now exposed. 
 
 Although the struggle In America failed 
 to bring about any new legislation in this 
 country, it led to important discussions on 
 the possibility of obtaining adequate cotton 
 Buppliea from other countries, and on tho 
 practicability of exempting all private pro- 
 perty from capture at sea, A proposal to 
 lessen the misery caused by tlio terrible 
 cotton famine, by enabling the boards of 
 guardians in certain counties to meet ex- 
 traordinary demands for aid rapidly, be- 
 came law. By this measure, which was to 
 continue in force only till March I, 180.1, 
 parishes overburdened by extraordinary 
 local distress might claim a contribution 
 from the common fund of the union, 
 or under certain circumstances one union 
 might call for a contribution from other 
 unions in the county. 
 
 Mr. Gladstone's flnancial scheme for this 
 year was characterised by a modllleation uf 
 the wine duties and by the aubstitutlou of 
 a licence for brewing in place of the duties 
 on hops. It was carried in spite of an 
 earnest opposition ; but Mr. Hubbard's re- 
 solution, afllrraing the injustice of applying 
 the same rate of taxation to inco'nes derived 
 from nxcd property and to those of pre- 
 CArlous tenure, had not the same success. 
 Among other mea?' cs carried during this 
 session the most iS' . o worthy is the bill pro- 
 viding a system of registration for titles to 
 landed property, and thus tcndlngto furnish 
 both security of title and facility of transfer. 
 
 The distress in the cotton-manufacturing 
 districts was the only conspicuous draw- 
 back from the general prosperity of the 
 country at the beginning of 1863. But it 
 bad failed to affect tho revenue ; It bad 
 been fairly met by private benevolence; 
 and thus the expectations grounded on the 
 
 dearth of cotton among statesmen, whether 
 in this country or In the Confederate States 
 of America, were wholly disappointed. Tho | 
 aupply of cotton from other quarters be- 
 came larger, and the recognition of tho j 
 seceding Confederacy became a question 
 which must be settled on other consider- i 
 ations. Tho leanings of many might bo | 
 for the South, but tho nation determined i 
 to persist in maintaining its attitude ot { 
 strict neutrality in the great struggle be- 
 twacn the States of tho American Union. 
 
 nut this contest probably had its effect I 
 on tho action ot political parties; and tlio I 
 singular cooling down of all agitation fori 
 constitutional reforms and changes, which! 
 characterised this year, may have been tho I 
 result of the fearful expenditure of blood I 
 and treasuru, In America, on which the po-l 
 pular attention was now flxed. But from I 
 whatever cause, tho government of lord I 
 Palmerston was supported, apparently nut I 
 only by their own party, but by a largel 
 number of tliose who would formally bo I 
 ranked ^mong their opponents. The housol 
 of commons readily made the grants pro-[ 
 posed for tho establishment of the prinrol 
 of Wales o;: the occasion of his marriage,! 
 which took place in March, with the prin-l 
 cess Alexandra, daughterofprinceChristlanI 
 of Denmark ; and the cession of tho lonlani 
 islands was left to bo decided by the answcrl 
 which tho loniaim might themselves glvol 
 to their proposed annexation to tho klngT 
 dom of Greece. I 
 
 The flnancial ncheme of Mr. Gladstonel 
 showed a probable surplus of revenue ovcrl 
 expenditure which, with new sources fori 
 taxation, would amount to 3,741,0001. Withl 
 this surplus he proposed to lower tho dutlcil 
 on tea to Is, In the pound, to continue tliel 
 duties on sugar only till the next year, aiidf 
 to mitigate the objections brought agalnsd 
 the working of the income tax by keeping 
 only one rate, but allowing all persona wltbl 
 incomes between looi. and 200{. a-year tol 
 deduct 602. from their taxable incomeu 
 Tho proposal to subject charitable endow! 
 ments to the action of the tax was aban| 
 doned, owing to the very strong pressun 
 brought to bear against <t. I 
 
 An important measure passed during tlil 
 present session was the bill Introduced bl 
 sir George Grey, for giving to the Inmatq 
 of prisons, not being members of the eeul 
 blished church, the benetlt of tho attend 
 anceof ministers of tlicir own pcrsuasluii| 
 The annual proposal for the abolition < 
 church rates was negatived this year byl 
 majority of ten. I 
 
 The debates which took place on the sul 
 ject of the insurrection in Poland ahowl 
 how deeply the feelings of the country wcf 
 stirred, if they were not productive of ni| 
 tangible results. On June 17, lord Russ( 
 forwarded to St. Petersburg the recoi 
 mendatlonsof the British government I 
 concert with those of France and AustrT 
 These comprised a general amnesty, a i 
 tional representation for Poland, the i 
 pointment of Poles only to public offlci 
 and the use ot the Polish language in j 
 public transactions. It is scarcely neM 
 sary to say that these recommendatid 
 
^c, 
 
 I among statosmon, whether 
 or ill the Confederate States 
 re wholly (liHappolnted. The 
 )ii from other qiiartora be- 
 nd the recognition of tho 
 ideracy became a question 
 I settled on other consider- 
 lanlugs of many might lio 
 l)ut tho nation determined 
 lalntalnlng its attitude of 
 y 111 tho great struggle be- 
 m of the American Union. 
 test probably lind its effect 
 ( political parties; and thu 
 < down of all agitation fur 
 eforms and changoR, which 
 lis year, may have been tho 
 arful exi)enditure of blood 
 America, on which the po- 
 was now fixed, Dutfrom 
 
 iiowurio enforce their 
 
 treated with con tern i)t ""' " "'""o "re I dlHcu«« ■Ji.^"" "".reason for deonnTn",," I" 
 
 under the UlHtZlyoX^^^^^^ session; and It Uu, ..'?"""''* 
 
 Whom they affectwl "'° ""'"«' """""s lecfwhh.hT'""'*' '''«rgmm" ' ??f" i:^ 
 
 tlian a nilliioua.y^lfj''* «' "'o rate of more dit .r.?'*'*' "'""'""s of revenue .v'"'"''-''' "" 
 trade Of the'cSuS" '^,.'L'i'l'"e ^ener'ai U^".7^„1V.V:':'!^''LK .^.ocja,^'^""; "."J'?"- 
 
 was now fixed. But from 
 !, the government of lord 
 
 Bc Who would formally >«|wa8steadny&J'?'^'''' "'«' "'oTvenuI ^'?,"«- The budget of ./«"' "^^'■• *^'a»^- 
 heir opponents. The housoithan aiZiL,!"^'^^^"'^ «' the rate of in«r^ estimated surplus of r«'^ ^'•■'"" 8'">wed an 
 adily made the grants proJ trade of ",!«;- ^^^ '''«» " e g'S n '"'i'' ««<-'>«.'Ui g 4 o(i) ^'l"° "^'cr expt"" 
 stal.lisliment of tl«e prlnco|aniouiitlnff to thri«?; '""l '«^»«»"'d a s imMiT"''''']"««''"rof tlie'^c^^^^^ Thlssur.lus 
 B occasion of his inarrlagejin 1843. with fc "".'"^ *»'■" 't had been fu'"i'''^ "»"'y '^y rcintttfM^ i'i*''"''''"''P"sc«l to 
 BO in March, with the prin-|cxnondltiir« m! 'f.,^".''"'"8 «' nivoiiuo nvVt f''** '•^'^uty. Partly vri.'^ "{*• "^''I'ound on 
 daughterof princeChri8tlan|toKn tlfo duipi"''"""'' P'"P''«ed Partly ,',1.%''' ^* '" "'• Poii^d a "i ^v".''" '"''"" 
 Id the cession of the Ionlan|ii,corao tax to yrf t- " - "'^'''■' '" ''-"<J"ce tim ai'i'l',"" '•'"« ^'f Ufidm^fl,^f ',"'"'»'"•"? a 
 to bo decided by the answerinialt tax untoiirhJ/i "'^''"""«J. 'Mvlng f^^^ 
 
 amount to 3,74l.0OOJ. Wlthleagues. Oreat «f JI"'""-''"""" «"d his coi- ?hn ^ «?tlmate8. A deman,/''i' o"""^ ""^ 
 proposed to lower tho dutlejKtlon of the troaf „ -?l ?"** '"*'«» "Uthevlo. d«?„»'"^"<"' «' Cmiaui ?v ,l",',200.0()o/. f,,r 
 the pound, to continue tlieKad precedonf J??^?"^""'"!'"' of 1852 « ^ ^''"i'''^ on the ni mlt '*\'* '""h many 
 only till the next year, aiidfay SfeiSf ,'""'' ""a"' »'e quoted ?.? m "'""• country w t,'^ relationg of ? J 
 objections brought agilnsWroV/, and 'S n.n^7 "'} »' violence or "'J,^';'"«'' «"<! American ^J"'''"* «'"> "f 
 the Income tax by keepin Jnark had hnm. .. """Sed fact that linn » i^nother debate on M,«,*"vernment8. 
 
 13 
 
li 
 
 1 
 
 I 1 
 
 664* 
 
 Cl^e €vtaiuvyi of ?ftWt0ry, &^r. 
 
 the consul to return to his post and to 
 Interfere no more In the Egyptian dispute. 
 For the present the matter went no further 
 than a suggestion from sir Hugh Calms 
 that a mission, of a character Ukfly to be 
 acceptable to the king, might now be sent 
 to obtain tho release of the prisoners. 
 
 On the subject of religious tests an im- 
 portant measure substituted a new de- 
 claration on the part of the clergy of tho 
 established church for the old form which 
 pledged their assent and consent to all and 
 everything In the prayer book and articles. 
 The new form simply declared their assent 
 to these forms, and their belief that the 
 doctrine of the Church of England as set 
 forth therein was agreeable to the wc of 
 God. A bill Introduced hy Mr. Goschon for 
 enabling university degrees to be conferred 
 without refereuca to religious tests was 
 withdrawn after the second reading, owing 
 to tho lateness of the time. In all quarters, 
 indeed, it seemed that tho opinion of 
 speaker Onslow— that the imposition of 
 oatiis could bo of very little use to a 
 government— was becoming more widely 
 prevalent. Ablll Introduced liy Mr. Monsell, 
 to substitute a new and more general decla- 
 ration in place of the one hitherto required 
 from Iloman Catholic, members, was car- 
 ried, after vigorous debate, through the 
 house of commons, but lost by twenty-one 
 votes In the lords. 
 
 Mr. Baines's bill for reducing the borough 
 franchise to six pounds was rejected on the 
 second reading; but an Important measure 
 introduced by Mr. Villlers, after long and 
 earnest discussions, bccAme law. This 
 'union chargcablllty bill' practically did 
 away with the former law of settlement, 
 by providing that the union fund should 
 liercaf ter bear the maintenance of all the 
 poor within tlie union, and by transferring 
 the power of removal from overseers to 
 guardians, and abolishing removability 
 from parish to parish in the same union. 
 
 The death of Mr. Cobden this year was a 
 great loss to the country ; but in a special 
 senso be still lived in his work. He had 
 striven for the establishment of principles 
 which were daily being more widely recog- 
 nised, and of which it was Impossible to 
 forecast the full results. The effects of the 
 measures carried chiefly by his Influence 
 have been felt more and more in the increas- 
 ing prosperity of the trade and the people, 
 not only of this, but of other countries. 
 He 'IS fairly earned tho title of the first 
 iutcrn.'itloual statesman. 
 
 The tidings of the murder of president 
 Linci'l-i called forth an outburst of Indig- 
 nation and sorrow throughout the whole 
 land, and both houses of parliament joined 
 unanimously in an address expressing a 
 deep sympathy with the government and 
 the people of tho United States. 
 
 The revelations made with regard to the 
 retirement of Mr. Edmunds, clerk to the 
 commlssionera of patents, and the practices 
 of the Leeds court of bankruptcy, led to a 
 declaration on the part of tho house of 
 commons, which amounted to a vote of 
 censure on the lord chancellor. The pro- 
 poser, Mr. Wardo Hunt, while ho was careful 
 
 to say that he did not impute personal! 
 corruption to lord Westbury, assorted that! 
 he had not displayed that vigilance and [ 
 anxiety for the public Interest which they I 
 had a right to expect at his hands ; and on I 
 lord Westbury's resignation, which was nt| 
 once tendered, the seals were again en- 
 trusted to lord Cranworth, to whom lord I 
 Westbury left the great measure which hoi 
 had at heart— the formation of a digest o{| 
 the entire law. 
 
 On the 6th of July parliament was prn-l 
 rogued, and being now within ninemonthsl 
 of its utmost legal duration, was immcdi-r 
 ately afterwards dissolved. In theelectloiisl 
 which followed Mr. Gladstone lost his seati 
 for tho university of Oxford, and wasi 
 returned for south Lancashire. But beforcl 
 parliament could meet, lord Palmerstoi:! 
 died, and earl Rufl.sell became premier iiil 
 his stead, the le.idurshlp of the house ol| 
 commons devolving on Mr. Gladstone. 
 
 The year 1865 was also marked by thel 
 breaking out of the cattle plague, or ratherj 
 by Its importation into this country. Itif 
 course had long been watched, and Itil 
 arrival was no surprise; but tho disease! 
 Itself, which was in almost all instanrci 
 fatal, baffled all efforts of medical sctcnce] 
 and all measures of policy. Of the manjT 
 remedies proposed none had the IcnsI 
 permanent success ; and the governmcnl 
 shrank from the extreme measures whlclf 
 many in their alarm wished to urge upoJ 
 them. It was pronounced to be the saini 
 as the rluder-pest, or steppe-murrain, an] 
 the same also as the disease which lial 
 swept over cattle in this country at varldiil 
 times in the fifteenth and elghteentf 
 centuries. r 
 
 In Ireland the peace of the country wal 
 seriously threatened by an outbreak of til 
 conspiracyrcommonly known as the Fenlaf 
 This association, which had its chief sciI 
 in the United States, had for its object t^ 
 expulsion of all non-Irish owners froi 
 Irish soil, and the substitution of the o] 
 Irish laws or customs. If they may be i 
 called, of tenure. It had been malntalnel 
 In great part by Irish emigrants in Ameri(( 
 and tho close of the great civil war 
 loose largo bodies of men whom a niilital 
 career had disinclined for tho unevcnt^ 
 life of trade or agriculture, and who wet 
 ready to engage in any adventure wlill 
 promised both excitement and plundl 
 But unlike former Irish conspirators, tl 
 Fenians showed as little liking for tl 
 Roman Catholic as for the establlslij 
 church. Kor was any love wasted on tlitf 
 by the Iloman Catholic clergy, who 
 nounced their schemes in the strongJ 
 terms. When the proper time secmedl 
 be come, lord Wodehouse, tho viceri 
 took stringent measures. The editors] 
 some seditious newspapers were app{ 
 bended on the 15th of September in 1)J 
 lln. Other Fenians were arrested in Cof 
 The police also laid hands on a persooa 
 termed tho head-centre of the Fenlansl 
 Ireland, an officer second in rank onlji| 
 John O'Mahoney, the head-centre of i 
 Fenians In America. This man. Jaoj 
 Stephens, was committed for trial, 
 
©itflTanlr.— !&0iij*c at 3Bruni«oicIi.— J^fctorfa. 666» 
 
 i not impute Personml 
 WeBttoury, MsoTted tliati 
 JId that Vigilance andl 
 kclntereBtwhchtUeyl 
 >ctathi9 hands; ana oui 
 ^slgnatlon.whlchwaantl 
 
 e seals were «8a|n «n:l 
 anworth, to whom lord I 
 oreat measure which hoi 
 formation Ota digest 01 1 
 
 ruly parliament was rro-l 
 
 now within nine months 
 •al duration, was iraincdil 
 nUolved. In the elections! 
 iG^dstone lost his scatl 
 
 ty of oxford, and wasi 
 h Lancashire. Butbeforcl 
 a meet, lord Palmerstoul 
 fuBsell hecamo premier 111 
 .".lorshlp of the house oil 
 InK on Mr. Gladstone. I 
 
 was also marked by thel 
 ihe cattle plague, or ratherJ 
 Ion into this country. M 
 g been watched, and i J 
 lurprlse; but the dlseasd 
 IS in almost all InstanceJ 
 efforts of medical Bclencel 
 efof policy. Of the man! 
 nsed none hart tne it.i i 
 2||b : and the governmcnl 
 fe extreme measures whlcll 
 alarm wished to urge upoJ 
 pronounced to I'O the sainl 
 .est, or steppe-murrain, anl 
 
 as the disease which hj 
 tie in this country at vwMoui 
 
 fifteenth and elghteentj 
 
 le peace of the country wfj 
 t«ned by an outbreak of till 
 imonly known as the Peniw 
 m. which had Its chief sci 
 States, had for Its object ti 
 
 fall non-lrlsh owners fro. 
 the substitution of the o 
 IcuBtoms, If they may be j 
 ' e It had been maintain 
 Irish emigrants In Amcrii 
 of the great civil war 
 lies of men whom a niliU- 
 jlncllnedfor the uneventL 
 
 ir agriculture, and who w 
 46 in any adventure whi 
 excitement and plundi 
 rmer Irish conspirators, 
 ed as little Hklns 'o"" ' 
 lie as for the establUli 
 Was any love wasted on tin 
 [n Catholic clergy, who 
 schemes In the strong 
 the proper time seemed 
 - Wodehouse, the ylcCT 
 i measures. The editors 
 ,s newspapers were ain^ 
 ISthof September nD 
 ilans were arrested in w 
 3 laid hands on a personi 
 ad-centre of the Penlanj 
 leer Becond In rank onlj 
 jey. the head-centre of > 
 .merlca. This man. Jai 
 committed for trial. 
 
 lodged In Illchmond gaol, whence he made 
 bis escape on the 24th of November In a 
 manner which clearly showed that he was 
 aided by persons wltliln the prison. The 
 special commission for the trial of ihe 
 prisoners was opened on the 27th of No- 
 vember. Not much difficulty was found 
 in convicting most of them; there Is 
 seldom a lack of informers In Ireland when 
 political cases are to be tried, and the 
 present time furnished no exception to 
 tlio rule. The worst offenders were sen- 
 tenced to periods of peirnl servitude vary- 
 ing from live to twenty years. 
 
 A more terrible caliinilty was the negro 
 outbreak in Jamaica during the montli of 
 October. It began on the 7th of that month 
 with the murder of baron von Ketelhoidt, 
 the custosof the district of Kingston. This 
 was followed by the massacre of the volun- 
 teers who came forward to restore order : 
 and an inBammatory i.roclamatlon, signed 
 by Paul Bogle and otlters, called ou all the 
 negroes to rise up and exterminate the 
 whites. On receiving the news governor 
 Eyre proclaimed martial law throughout 
 the whole of the county of Surrey, except 
 In Kingston Itself. He went in person to 
 Moraut bay. the scene of the outl.reak. and 
 having taken all possible measures for 
 supi)rassing the insurrection, returned to 
 Kingston on the 17tb. He then stated that 
 in his opinion it would be inexpedient at 
 present to extend martial law to Kingston : 
 l)utthat there was one very Important mat- 
 ter to be decided upon. He had found every- 
 where on bis tour wliat appeared to him 
 complete evidence that Mr. George William 
 Gordon, a coloured member of the house of 
 assembly, was the chief cause and origin 
 of the whole rebellion. Gordon was now in 
 Kingston. What was to be done with him 1 
 The custos, being called on by the governor. 
 Issued a warrant for his capture, which for 
 some time he managed to evade : but Unding 
 this inevitable, lie went voluntarily and 
 gave himself up to general O'Connor. Mr. 
 Eyre at once had him placed on board the 
 Wolverine for safe custody and conveyance 
 to Morant bay, and started with his prisoner 
 on the afternoon of the 17th for that place. 
 JThis Is the account of the matter, as given 
 ly Mr. Eyre himself. It is further stated on 
 is behalf, tliat although Gordon was In 
 Llngston at the time, still his house was in 
 bo proclaimed district, and that his acci- 
 lental absence from home did not affect 
 he matter if It could be sliown that ho 
 ad really excited the outbreak. The sequel 
 as speedy, Gordon was tried on the 18tli 
 y a military tribunal, found guilty of 
 reason, and executed within an hour or 
 wo from the passing of the sentence. He 
 ad time to write a letter to his wife, In 
 bich he said that he had never advised or 
 ken part in any Insurrection, or ever 
 one more than to recommend the people 
 bu complained to seek, redress In a le- 
 Itlniato way. Of Paul Bogle he denied 
 I knowledge. Troops were now sent 
 ut; many blacks were scourged, shot, or 
 anged; and the Insurrection effectually 
 at down. At the subsequent opening of 
 e chambers, Mr. Eyre spoke of the out- 
 
 break as a most savage and cruel butchery, 
 only to be paralleled by the atrocities of the 
 Indian mutiny, adding that one moment's 
 hesitation, one single reverse, might have 
 lit the torch which would have blazed In 
 rebellion from one end of the island to the 
 other. The result was, that the chambers 
 passed a bill abolishing the cnn&tltutlon of 
 Jamaica, and giving the crown power to 
 substitute whatever kind of government it 
 thought lit. 
 
 The excitement caused by the tidings of 
 these events in this country was neither 
 Blight nor transient. The government de- 
 termined to issue a commission of enquiry, 
 and in the meantime to suspend governor 
 Eyre by sending out sir Henry Storks, as 
 temporary governor. The commissioners, 
 who followed him, were Mr. Russell Gurney, 
 recorder of London, and Mr. Marsh, re- 
 corder of Leeds. 
 
 Soon after the meeting of parliament in 
 1866, the homo secretary Introduced a bill 
 Into the house of commons, cmpowcrinsr 
 local authorities to order cattle to be killed 
 and to prevent their removal by road or 
 rail except by licences, and then only by 
 daylight, during the prevalence of the 
 cattle plague, and granting certain other 
 powers for carrying out measures likely to 
 check or to crush the disease. Compensa- 
 tion, to be provided by a charge on the 
 county and borough rate, was to be made to 
 those persons whose cattle were killed by 
 orders issued in accordance with tlie act. 
 
 The question already raised by Mr. Mon- 
 seU'sbill for relieving Koman Catholic mem- 
 bers of parliament from taking a special 
 oath was again discussed in this session, 
 and the result was the substitution of one- 
 oath to be taken by all members alike, 
 declaring simply faithful allegiance to the 
 crown, and the maintenance of the suc- 
 cession according to the act of William III. 
 
 The multiplication of Fenian arrests In 
 Ireland, and the wide and rapid spreading 
 of disaffection, compelled the government 
 to propose the suspension of the habeas 
 corpus act in Ireland. This measure (which 
 was renewed in August) was so quickly 
 carried, that it was working as law within 
 three days of the time of its being proposed 
 by lord Russell. The discussions on the 
 subject brought out some strong and clear 
 expressions of opinion from speakers like 
 Mr. Uright and thinkers like Mr. J. 8. Mill, 
 wlio declared their belief that there was a 
 nioile of rendering Ireland contented, and 
 laying on the government and parliament 
 of England the responsibility of discovering 
 It. To clear away some at least of the 
 difflcultles surrounding the subject, sir 
 John Gray moved a resolution that the 
 position of the established church In Ire- 
 land was a just cause of dissatisfaction to 
 the people of tliat country. This motion 
 was not destined to bear fruit at the time. 
 The debate was adjourned, and the pressure 
 of other business furnished a plea for not 
 resuming it. The same fate attended Mr. 
 Fortescue'8 bill for enabling owners of 
 lands in Ireland to grant leases of thirty- 
 one or sixty-one years, and to give to 
 tenants, lu cases of permanent improve- 
 
 " 
 
 5} 
 
%.<ec^iA>s^a4u-uSiiu!jn^ -i*»!'«(^*.'--i ^-,. 
 
 656* 
 
 Z'fye €vtaiwii of l^iiftors, ^c. 
 
 menta, a title to a lump sum by way of 
 compensation, equivalent to tbe Increased 
 letting yalue of the lands, to be found by a 
 valuator appointed by the commissioners 
 of public works. In opposition to this, It 
 was chiefly urged tbat compensation should 
 be granted only for Improvements made 
 with the consent of the landlord. Mr. 
 Lowe went further, and asserted tbat tlio 
 measure went beyond the province of law, 
 for tbat. If both parties knew of the com- 
 pulsory term Introduced Into their volun- 
 tary contract, provision would be made 
 agalnst.lt, and If one were ignorant, a fraud 
 would be committed on him. lie added, 
 that the deslro for a change of the present 
 law arose really from the wish to perpetuate 
 small holdings. In which the priesthood 
 naturally had a great Interest, and pointed 
 out tbe great danger of relaxing, lu Ire- 
 land, laws of property which were still 
 held just and riglit for other portions of the 
 country. Hereon Mr. J. S. Mill directly 
 joined issue. In his belief the exceptional 
 country was not Ireland but England. 
 Was there any other country, ho asked, on 
 the face of tbe earth, where, as n general 
 rule, the land was held In large patches, 
 and was farmed by a capitalist at a rent 
 flxed by contract, while the mass of the 
 people were entirely detached from It, and 
 simply received their day's wages ? In all 
 countries where the cultivators of the soil 
 bad emerged from the state of slavery, 
 or from serfdom, the tillers of the land 
 held tbat land direct from the landlord. 
 The capitalist farmer did not exist, or 
 existed cnly as a middle class. In this 
 respect, then, Ireland resembled the rest of 
 the world : Itwas England that was peculiar. 
 The Inference was obvious. 
 
 Of Mr. Gladstone's financial scheme for 
 this year. It may be enough to say tliat it 
 exhibited a surplus of revenue over charge 
 amounting to l,350,ooo;. With this he pro- 
 posed to repeal the duty on timber, and to 
 equalise the duty on wine whether in the 
 bottle or In the wood; but more particu- 
 larly he was anxious to introduce a plan for 
 reducing the national debt by means of an- 
 nuities terminable In 1885. 24,ooo,ooo{. of 
 savings bank stock were to be thus con- 
 verted ; and by reinvesting the spare divi- 
 dends, nearly 60,000,0001. would be extin- 
 guished by 1905. The budget as thus pro- 
 posed was carried, with tbe exception of 
 this last measure, which advanced no fur- 
 ther than the second reading. 
 
 The publication of their report by the 
 Jamaica commissioners on their return to 
 this country removed a check which had 
 hitherto been placed on the discussion of 
 Mr. Eyre's conduct. Mr. Buxton accord- 
 ingly proposed the following resolutions : 
 'that the house deplores the excessive 
 punishments which followed the suppress- 
 ing of the dlsturlmnces of October last in 
 the parish of St. Thomas, and especially 
 tbe unnecessary frequency with which the 
 punishment of death was Inllicted : that, 
 while approving the course taken by her 
 majeaty's government in dismissing Mr. 
 Eyre from the governorship of the island, 
 the bouse at the same time concurs in the 
 
 view expressed by the lata colonial secre- 
 tary, that while any very minute endeavour 
 to punish acts which may now be the sub- 
 ject of regret would not bo expedient, still 
 great offences ought to bo punished : and 
 that grave excesses of severity on the part 
 of any civil, military, or naval offlcers ought 
 not to be passed over with Impunity : tbat It 
 is the duty of her majesty's government to 
 award compensation to those whose pro- 
 perty was wantonly and entirely destroyed, 
 and to the families of those who were put | 
 to death UlegHlly : and tbat since consider- 
 ably more than a thousand persons are I 
 found to have been executed or severely 
 tlogged on tho charge of participating in I 
 these disturbances, all further punishment 
 on account of them ought to be remitted.' I 
 On these propositions Mr. Adderley moved I 
 tbe previous question, while Mr. J. 8. Mill [ 
 brought forward an amendment, that, an 
 the lives of certain persons bad admittedly 
 been t:iken wrongfully, a criminal court 
 alone was competent to deal with that 
 culpability. In the end tbe first resolutlou 
 only was agreed to. 
 
 Of the events of cimtinental history for 
 this year it is unnecessary here to speak, 
 as, whatever may have been the diffcruuccs 
 of opinion expressed, tlio government and 
 nation resolved that they would have no- 
 thing to do with thu quarrels which seemod 
 likely to array Prussia and Italy agahist 
 Austria. 
 
 The question of parliamentary reform, 
 which for so many sessions had seemingly 
 lost its zest, was revived this year. A bill 
 Introduced by Mr. Clay, for conferring tlic 
 franchise on all persons who before thef 
 civil service commissioners should nndiT-l 
 go a satisfactory examination in readhif;,! 
 writing, spelling, and the ifour rules ofl 
 arithmetic, was received at first with soiiicf 
 favour, but falling to win tho approval ofl 
 Mr. Oladstono as well as of many leadiiigl 
 members of theiopposition, was withdrawn.l 
 Mr. Gladstone then brought forward the 
 government scheme, which proposed to 
 reduce the county franchise to lih ol 
 value, applying equally to house and land, 
 provided the rental of either or both was ority of 
 not less than that sum per annum. Itwoj wthofAi 
 further proposed to give a vote to all adult he govei 
 males who had deposited .501. In a saving: my reaso 
 bank for two years. By the abolition ol n the el 
 the rate-paying clauses of tbe reform act li reek late 
 was thought that 25,000 voters would Ik t seats 
 admitted above the line of 101. The com teie to I 
 pound householder, it was proposed, shouli gronpi. 
 be treated exactly as the ratepaying house ave sev 
 holder, if tbe rent of their house be of suci leg. Thei 
 a scale as to make them suitable person ) be gal 
 to be enfranchised. In these ways, it wa lember i 
 thouglit, tho number of new voters woul( Dpulatlon 
 amount to 400,000, one half of whom woul( ember c; 
 belong to the working classes, the other ti le dispose 
 what might be termed a new middle cln» ' yielded 
 It was further proposed to disfranchise Hi bich thei 
 labourers in the dockyards. le popula 
 
 The reception of this scheme was at flrt w where 
 not very decided. By Mr. Bright, Mi e seats tli 
 Baines, Mr. Fawcett, and some otlu wed to gl 
 liberal members, it was accepted as a tolci island, fl 
 ably satisfactory measure, Jiy sonie fog vision of 
 
ePn0Tantr.Hlouif( of iSruniltDtA.— I^idoria. 557* 
 
 ho late colonial secre- 
 very mlnut* endeavour 
 
 not bo expedient, stm 
 
 of Boverlty on tho part 
 r or naval officers ougl. 
 ,J with impunity :tbatl 
 
 iniesty'B government to 
 n to those whose pr.v 
 and entirely destroyed. 
 ,of those who were put 
 and that since consldcr- 
 thousand persons arc 
 m executed or severely I 
 iirKO of partlclpat ng IH 
 raluurtherpunUhmcnt 
 nought to ho remitted. 
 
 itlon, while Mr.J.S.Miu 
 ftn amendment, that, as 
 iiLprsons had admittedly 
 •Vully. a criminal cour I 
 
 ?r... t to deal with that I 
 Se end the fl"t resolution 
 
 If continental history for 
 ,^.ect"sarylu.ro to speak 
 hiivo been the dlHertuctsi 
 .iicd the government and 
 
 that tVicy would have w-\ 
 ti o an rrels which seenuMl 
 PrussU and Ualy agalnst| 
 
 of narllamcntary reforiii, 
 ,ny sessions had seemlns 
 
 I revived this year. A l> 11 
 rr Cay for conferring lie 
 persons who before tlie 
 nSoners should undir- 
 rexamlnatlon In readlnj. 
 Iff and tho ifour rules or 
 |?4celVed at first wlth^s^jimj 
 
 ng to win V''; *'''JI'i'e^\iim| The great debate on tlio iranchiso bin 
 9 wel as of many i^^^^jj ^^ ^1^^ ^2^,^ ^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^^ ,^^^.j ^^^^ 
 
 Opposition, was Willi ^,|^,|;,(j,,t mgiitg. The several lines taken by 
 
 'hen hrought i^^Yiosed toilie foremost speakers on tho different 
 
 »emo, which Propos o,|iae8 have already been indicated. Tho 
 
 .nty .ya/icuiso vu landlesult of tho division (318, 318) was a ma- 
 
 lequally to houso »■■" ^,,Kority of five for tho government. On tho 
 
 ^ntal of either or "u ^yjloth of April Mr. Gladstone announced tliat 
 
 ,t sum per annum. 1 i^g government did not see In the divieion 
 
 I to give a ^"*S ***. g' viiiginy reason or warning against persisting 
 
 deposited 501. in a sav^wj^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ engaged in. A 
 
 ears. By. the abouuoiii^^ jj^^^j^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ redistribution 
 
 it seats was Introduced. No boroughs 
 
 ere to bo absolutely extinguished, but 
 
 grouping of some boroughs would 
 
 lavo several seats for new constltuen- 
 
 lies. These would amount to forty-nine, 
 
 I be gained first by withdrawing ono 
 
 lember from every borough having a 
 
 >I>uIaiion under 8,000, leaving them ono 
 
 ember each, and placing thirty scats at 
 
 10 disposal of parliament. Tlie rest would 
 
 ) yielded by tlie grouped boroughs for 
 
 hicli there would bo one member where 
 
 le population was less than IS.ooo, and 
 
 10 where it exceeded this number. Of 
 
 e seats thus gained, ttie government pro- 
 
 ised to give twenty-six to counties in 
 
 igland, first by dividing the southern 
 
 ivlsiou of Laucashire and giving three 
 
 or five members, as by lord Oranborne, 
 it was denounced as democratic and din- 
 gerouB. It was blamed on the same 
 grounds by a section of the liberal party, 
 among whom Mr. Horsman and Mr, Lowe 
 were most prominent. Mr. Lowe was in- 
 deed most vehement in his opposition to 
 a measure which, ho affirmed, would In- 
 crease the expense of elections and lead to 
 extensive : changes in tho distribution of 
 political power. To Mr. Lowe's deprecia- 
 tion of tho working clasHc.i, Mr. Fawcott 
 replied by asking whether Mr. Lowe had 
 not himself declared that no government 
 was worthy of the confldenco of the coun- 
 try unless it reduced tho borough fran- 
 chise, and whether ho was not a member of 
 a government which came into office cspt- 
 daily to carry an extension of tho fniii- 
 clilse. From Mr. Bright tho tactics of Mr. 
 Horsman received a namo which clung to 
 tliose who joined his section. Ho, Air. Bright 
 said, was tho first of tho new party who 
 expressed his great grief, who had retired 
 into what might be called his political cave 
 nf Adullam, and there called about hlra 
 every ono that was in distress, and every 
 one that was discontented : he had made 
 efforts to bring over members to his party, 
 or cabal, and at last had succeeded in hook- 
 ing Mr. Lowe. The opposition of these 
 'Adullaroites' led to Mr. Disraeli's acces- 
 sion to power. Another check was given 
 by one of this new party, lord Grosvcnor, 
 who gave notice that on the second read- 
 ing he should submit an amendment to 
 tlio effect that it was inexpedient to con- 
 sider the subject of tho franchise until 
 the house had before it the whole govern- 
 nicut plan for the redistribution of seats. 
 Mr. Gladstone replied that tho government 
 would m»et this amendment by a direct 
 negative, as being distinctly a vote of want 
 of confidence In ministers. 
 The great debate on the franchise bill 
 
 tlauscs of the reform act 11 
 
 r«t "SOW voters would h* 
 
 Vthcireof 101. Theconv 
 
 iler It was proposed, Bhouli 
 
 flyVsthcratepaylnghous 
 
 ■It of their house be of sucl 
 
 te them suitable per8»«^ 
 
 ,ed In these ways, it ^» 
 
 nlerof newvoterswouj 
 
 9. one half of whom wou J 
 rklng classes, the other ti 
 
 ,ermed A new middle cl, «i 
 roposcd to disfranchise ilil 
 
 dockyards. _ „ „, nJ 
 of this scheme was at lira 
 
 ed By Mr. Bright, Ml 
 
 wiett and some f4 
 
 It was accepted as a toUj 
 
 ' measure. By some t^^ 
 
 members to each division ; next, by giving 
 an additional member to every county or 
 division dPh county which, with a popula- 
 tion above 150,000. had now only two mem- 
 bers—Middlesex being excepted, as having 
 an affinity to the metropolis rather than to 
 tho rest of the country. This would take 
 twenty-three seats. It was further pro- 
 posed to give a third member to Liverpool. 
 Manchester, Birmingham, and Leeds, and 
 a second member to Salford. Tho borough 
 of the Tower Hamlets would be divided Into 
 two sections, each with two members, while 
 Chelsea and Kensington would be united 
 into ono borough returning two members. 
 There would then remain eight seats, one 
 t:) Ihj given to the University of London, 
 tlio remainder to Scotland, an additional 
 member I>eing given to each of tho three 
 counties Ayr, Lanark, and Aberdeen, a 
 lilrd member to Glasgow and Kdlnburgh 
 severally, a 8cc(md to Dundee, and one to 
 th'f Scottish universities. 
 
 1 le Scotch reform bill proposed a qualifl- 
 caifon of 71. in tho boroughs, and 142. in tho 
 countie-s, and a reduction of the property 
 franchise In counties from lOt, to 51., with 
 tho condition of personal residence. By 
 the Irish bill it was proposed to reduce tho 
 rating occupation franchise from 61. to 6(., 
 and to introduce n lodger and savings bank 
 franchise, as in the English bill. A member 
 would bo given to the queen's university, 
 and an additional member to Dublin city 
 and Cork county. To provide these three 
 scats, Bandon would be gnmped witli 
 Kinsale, Athlone with Portarlington, and 
 Dungannon with Ennlskillen. 
 
 On going into committee, it was agreed 
 that the franchise and the redistribution 
 bills should be referred to the same com- 
 mittee, and also that they should be con- 
 solidated into one bill. On this, sir 11. 
 Knightley moved that it be an instruction 
 to the committee to provide for the better 
 prevention of bribery and corruption at 
 elections. On this motion, which was op- 
 posed by tho government :i8 really aiming 
 at tho destruction of tho bill, there was a 
 division of 248 votes in its favour to 238 
 votes against it. With regard to this. Mr. 
 Gladstone merely'said that ministers would 
 of course wait f<)r tho production of the 
 scheme which sir R. Knightley had doubt- 
 less formed for dealing with bribery and 
 corruption. Meanwhile, they would go 
 on with their bill. Captain Hayter then 
 moved, that the system of grouping pro- 
 posed by the government was neither con- 
 venient nor equitable, nor sufficiently ma- 
 tured to form the basis of a satisfactory 
 measure. This amendment was negatived, 
 after a debate of four nights. 
 
 The bill was now debated clause by clause, 
 and new elements of discord showed them- 
 selves. Mr. Walpole proposed to fix the 
 county occupation franchise atZOI. instead 
 of 14{. ; which Mr. Gladstone opposed, on 
 the ground that its acceptance would put 
 an end to the virtual agreement with the 
 reforming party. It was negatived by a 
 majority of fourteen. 
 
 Shortly after this lord Dunkellin moved 
 to substitute the principle of rating for 
 
 
 Ti 
 
 '. f 
 
 
'-i«MMltt4»«'Mr^<V 
 
 658* 
 
 ^t Creaifuru af ^iiUft^y 9ft, 
 
 that of rental In the boroughs. This was 
 also opposed by the government, but on 
 this point the division yielded a majority 
 against them of oleven (316, 304). The 
 ministers at once resigned, and after some 
 hesitation their resignation was accepted, 
 and lord Derby succeeded earl Russell as 
 first lord of the Treasury, having Mr. Dis- 
 raeli as chancellor of the exchequer and 
 Mr. Walpolo as home secretary. Nothing, 
 liowever, could be undertaken by a minis- 
 try coming in so late in the session beyond 
 the carrying through of the necessary rou- 
 tine business, and some conversationa on 
 tiie subject of the Hyde Parle riots of July 
 were followed at once by the prorogation 
 of parliament. 
 
 These riots followed on a prohibition 
 issued to the committee of the reform 
 league to make use of the park for the 
 purpose of holding a great reform meeting. 
 Thu force employed was not equal to the 
 task of keeping out the public. At five 
 o'clock the gates were closed ; and a dense 
 mass of people had gathered at the Marble 
 Arch. The leaders of the meeting, headed 
 by Mr. Bealcs, presented themselves at the 
 gate, and being refused admittance with- 
 drew to hold a meeting in Trafalgar square. 
 Their injunctions to the people to do no 
 violence had, however, no great effect. 
 The gates were strong, but the palings 
 were weak, and a vigorous push soon made 
 a breach in the latter. Presently there 
 were many openings, and the crowd now 
 got in freely. There was a good deal of 
 scuffling, with some wounding ; and about 
 fifty persons were arrested. At the various 
 meetings held within the park strong reso- 
 lutions against tyranny were passed ; and it 
 was not until ten o'clock that the park was 
 again quiet. 
 
 During this year the cattle plague gradu- 
 ally abated ; but the loss to property was 
 reckoned at three millions and a half. In 
 the course of the summer cholera also 
 made its appearance and was severely felt 
 In the east of London. It was at Its height 
 from the 4th of July to the 4th of August ; 
 but, taken at its worst, the ravages of the 
 disease in this country could scarcely be 
 placed in comparison with those from 
 which the continent had suffered. 
 
 The financial collapse and panic In the 
 spring was in one sense a moic disastrous ca> 
 lamity. Much mischief had been done by the 
 bubble companies which had been started 
 under shelter of the limited liability act: 
 and the advertisement of the sale of most 
 of the stock of a certain notorious railway 
 company indicated a pressure of which the 
 effects would probably bo widely felt. On 
 the 10th of May the sudden stoppage of the 
 great discount house of Overend and Our- 
 ncy caused a terrible panic. Its engage- 
 ments at the time of stoppage amounted. to 
 19,000,0001.; and so fearful was the shock 
 that the government was compelled, as In 
 1647 and 1857, to authorise the bank of 
 England to Issue notes beyond the legal 
 limit. The Agra and Masterman's tank, 
 with some others, failed within the week ; 
 and the ten per cent, rate of discount at 
 the bank of England lasted till the 17th of 
 
 August ; but although It then rapidly de- 
 clined, there was very little rise In the price 
 of funds and in railway and Joint stock 
 shares. English credit passed under a 
 cloud on the continent ; and the Indirect 
 effects of the panic, by the withdrawal of 
 money from trades which administer to 
 pleasure or luxury, did not tend to lighten 
 the difflcultles felt throughout the country. 
 But these disasters did not affect the re- 
 venue, although a harvest liclow the aver- 
 age had greatly raised the prices of meat 
 and provisions. 
 
 The session of 1867 was In great part 
 taken up with discussing the conserva- 
 tive measure of reform. This measure 
 was carried, with what results to the 
 conservative party It might be hard to 
 say. If it satisfied lord Derby and Mr. 
 Disraeli, It failed to satisfy some whose 
 honesty and singleness of purpose their 
 opponents valued more highly. The judg- 
 ment of these men went far to justify the 
 sarcasm put into the mouth of a member 
 of the Oarlton club, who, when asked by a 
 little boy on the steps of that building 
 whether it was the Reform club, replied, 
 ' No, this Is not the Reform club : It is the 
 Revolution.' To this great subject of 
 reform at homo even the confederation of 
 the North American provinces of Great 
 Britain was necessarily a subordinate ma^ 
 ter : but enough was said and done to show 
 that the formation of that confederation 
 was an event of the greatest significance. 
 
 On the subject of the reform bill Mr. 
 Disraeli made in the house of commons a 
 proposal hardly expected by the opposition. 
 This plan was, to proceed by resolutions, 
 and thus to settle each difficulty as it 
 might arise. This method might also sub- 
 serve the purpose which, as he afterwards 
 admitted elsewhere, he had long had at 
 heart and to which he had devoted his 
 best energies, namely that of educating 
 his party up to the point of carrying 
 measures far in advance of those which! 
 the liberal party bad ventured to propose, 
 These resolutions, thirteen in number,] 
 merely stated certain principles or facts, 
 but pledged the government to no parti- 
 cular details. It committed them to thel 
 propositions that the number of rotenl 
 ought to be increased ; and that this ex- 
 tension would be best carried into cffoctl 
 by reducing the value of the qualifying 
 tenement as well as in other ways. Tlic;( 
 further urged that the occupation frnn- 
 chlse should be based on the principle ufl 
 rating, and that the principle of the plu-f 
 rality of votes would facilitate the settle-l 
 ment of the borough franchise on an ei-f 
 tensive basis. No efforts on the otber 
 side could induce Mr. Disraeli to give an] 
 information about the plans of the governj 
 ment, until the time had arrived for dl: 
 cussing the resolutions. He then state 
 that it was proposed to have four nei 
 franchises : (1) educational, as for person^ 
 who had taken a degree, ministers of re!) 
 glon, and others ; (3) savings banks, tbe 
 limit being a deposit of 30{., retained toi 
 one year ; (3) the possession of 60{. In tbi( 
 public funds ; (4) the payment of Ka. 
 
rh It then mpWly de- 
 ■ IttlorUelntheprlco 
 ,lwfty nnd Joint stock 
 ■em passed under _» 
 ent; and the Indirect 
 by the wUhdrawal ot 
 4loh »dm>nlBter to 
 lid not tend to lighten 
 hroughoutthe country. 
 
 did not "fleet *»>|'?: 
 arvest below the arer- 
 iBcd the prices ol meat 
 
 1867 was in 8«»*JP"* 
 cussing the conserva^ 
 retorm. This measure 
 'what results to the 
 r It might be h"d to 
 d lord Derby and Mr 
 to satisfy some whose 
 pncBs of purpose their 
 
 ^"orl'hlghfy. >he»" 
 iwentfar to justify the 
 
 iue mouth of » member 
 K who when asked by a 
 "'Brers' ^f that bulldluB 
 ,e Reform club repUe^^ 
 ,0 Reform club: ItlBtne 
 this great subject oi 
 'ventlie'^confederatlono 
 lean provinces ot Great 
 M?ily asubordlnate mat- 
 ^'as said and done to show 
 
 on of that confederation 
 2e greatest Blgnlflcance. 
 t of the reform bill Mr. 
 the house of commons a 
 Ixpected by the opposition, 
 o proceed hy reBolutlons. 
 ftle each difficulty as It 
 flB method might also sub- 
 rach.asheafterwanU 
 Ire. he toad long hwi at 
 «lch he had devoted hlB 
 imely that «>« educat ng 
 S the point of carrying 
 advance of those which 
 had ventured to propose. 
 19. thirteen In number, 
 rtaln principles or lacts 
 government to no partH 
 ^committed thenj to tl^ 
 It the number of voten 
 tUed; and that this ex. 
 le best carried mto efftct 
 lvalue of the Qual«> "« 
 ll as in other ways. Tlicj 
 Ihat the occupation f ran- 
 &d on the principle u« 
 
 I the principle of the r uj 
 louldlfacllltatethe settlH 
 
 tugh franchise on an ei 
 Fno efforts on the othe 
 Ice Mr. Disraeli to glw «nr. 
 Et the plans of the goveraj 
 
 ■time had arrived for d»^ 
 
 llutlons. He then BtatcJ 
 
 ■posed to have four ne 
 
 SicatlonaK as for perso 
 
 t degree, ministers of re« 
 
 ig : (3) savings banks, w 
 fp'oBlt of 301., retained 
 iTposseBBlonof W«.lntW 
 
 1) the payment ot aos. u 
 
 direct taxation. Tha first ot these fran- 
 chises would bring in 10,000 now voters, 
 the second SS.ooo, tho third 7,000, and the 
 fourth 80,000. For boroughs he proposed a 
 el. rating franchise, which would probably 
 yield 130,000 new voters. The four new 
 franchises would be extended to the coun- 
 ties. In which the occupation franchise 
 would be reduced from 60{. to 202. The 
 whole number of now voters added In 
 boroughs and counties would be about 
 400,000. By disfranchising, on the score 
 of gross corruption, the boroughs of Great 
 Yarmouth, Lancaster, Totnes. and Itelgate, 
 seven seats would be gained. Tho towns 
 to which he proposed to grant members 
 were Hartlepool, Darlington, Burnley. Sta- 
 lybrldge, St. Helen's, Dewsbury, Barnsley. 
 MIddlesborough, Croydon, Gravesend, Tor- 
 quay, and one town to be named In what 
 was called tho black country. The Tower 
 Hamlets wore to bo divided, each division 
 having two members. Tho counties of 
 north I Lancashire, north Lincolnshire, 
 west Kent, east Surrey, Middlesex, south 
 Staffordshire, and south Devon were to be 
 so divided that In every case there would 
 be a population of 100,000 irrespective of 
 the borough population. Of the thirty 
 Beats with which it was proposed to deal, 
 twenty-eight were thus provided for. Of 
 the other two. one was to be given to 
 South Lancashire, and one to the Univer- 
 sity of London. But so far he had only 
 seven seats at his disposal; the remaining 
 twenty-three must be supplied by taking 
 away one member from twenty-three bo- 
 roughs with populations under 7,000. He 
 also proposed to assimilate the registration 
 of voters in counties to that in boroughs, 
 and to provide more polling places, and 
 urged that tho adoption of voting papers 
 would do away with tho necessity of bring- 
 ing voters from a distance at a fabulous 
 cost. 
 
 Mr. Lowe at once delivered himself ot a 
 very strong condemnation ot Mr. Disraeli's 
 plans and method of procedure, In which 
 he was joined by Mr. Bright, who, having 
 pointed out that one of Mr. Disraeli's fancy 
 franchises would give a vote to a ratcatcher 
 who kept four dogs, added that there was 
 im essential and perilous difference between 
 a reform bill and reform. Mr. Bright fur- 
 ther demanded, that if any measure was to 
 be passed. It should be one which should 
 release htm and other members who were 
 In favour of reform, from further discussion 
 and agitation of the question during their 
 pnrllamentary life. The opposition was so 
 nrm that, with his usual tact, Mr. Disraeli, 
 averring that he saw the house was quite 
 ready to give his proposals fair and can- 
 did consideration, which was all that 
 tho resolutions were intended to gain, 
 agreed to the introduction ot a bill. This 
 bill he promised to bring In within a week ; 
 but before that time had passed three mem- 
 bers of the cabinet— the earl of Carnarvon, 
 lord Cranborne, and general Peel— resigned 
 offlro on account of differences of opinion 
 on the subject of reform, and the bringing 
 In of the bill was postponed to the 18th of 
 March. Tho resignation of these three 
 
 ministers caused much discussion ; but at 
 length general Peel, when he received per- 
 mission to make tho disclosure, said that 
 he dissented from his colleagues on the 
 plurality of votes, and because he found that 
 the measures proposed would swamp tho 
 present constituency In small boroughs. 
 Lord Cranborne stated, that In his opinion 
 tha bill would practically reduce the fran- 
 chise in boroughs to household suffrage, 
 and.therefora, had tendered hlsrcBignatlon. 
 When, on the lath of March, Mr. Disraeli 
 explained his measure to the house. It was 
 found to have undergone already some 
 modifications. T<; was now proposed, that 
 every householder paying rates in houses 
 under lOl, should, on two years' resi- 
 dence, have a vote. Persons paying II. 
 in direct taxation might have a vote on 
 this ground as well as for occupation as 
 householders. This was the.uiuch-talked-of 
 plan of dual votincr. To this modified plan 
 tho opposition was not less strenuous, and 
 Mr. Oladstono denounced tho dual vote as 
 a gigantic lustruinentof fraud, and a procla- 
 mation of a war of classes. The second 
 reading of the bill was moved on tho 25th 
 of March ; and Mr. Gladstone at unce stated 
 that the following alterations must be in- 
 sisted on :— 'A lodger franchise must be in- 
 serted ; means provided for preventing 
 trafBc in the votes of the lowest classes of 
 householders ; the distinction between the 
 several classes of ratepaying householders 
 abolished ; the taxpaying franchise and the 
 dual vote abandoned; the redistribution 
 scheme enlarged ; the county franchise re- 
 duced, and voting papers dropped. 
 
 Tho clause conferring the dual vote was 
 at once abandoned, and the battle was now 
 waged on the requirement of the payment 
 of rates. This would exclude the com- 
 pound householders— in other words, all 
 persons living in houses of small value, the 
 rates upon which were paid, in accordance 
 with certain acts of parliament, not by 
 the tenants but by tho landlords, who were 
 allowed a certain abatement from the full 
 rates on consideration of tholiiibillty which 
 they undertook. This restriction Mr. 
 Gladstone condemned as an injustice which 
 made the bill Illusory by taking away the 
 boon with one band while professing to dis- 
 pense it largely with the other. It was pro- 
 posed at first to meet It by an amendment, 
 providing that the occupiers of tenements 
 in boroughs below a given rateable value 
 should be relieved from liability to personal 
 rating ; but on this point it turned out that 
 the liberal party was disunited, and the 
 discovery greatly strengthened the govern- 
 ment. The house being resolved into com- 
 mittee, Mr. Gladstone moved to insert In 
 the qualifying clause the words, • Whether 
 he in person, or his landlord, he rated to 
 the relief of the poor.' On this amendment 
 there was a majority for government ot 
 twenty-one. On the resumption of the 
 bin after the Easter recess. Mr. Ayrtou 
 carried, by a majority of eighty-one, an im- 
 portant amendment, substituting ' twelve 
 months' for tho two years' residence re- 
 quired by the bill. This necessitated a 
 dissolution of parliament in 1868, and In 
 
 ; 
 

 
 I : 
 
 Offect divfliicd tho term of the coniorvatlvo, 
 or localletl conaervatlvo, admlnUtratlon. 
 It was further settled, that tho occuplcra of 
 lodgings whlcli would lot at lo{. a year, un- 
 furnished, should, after a year's residence, 
 bo entitled to V(it«>, Tho matter of tho 
 compound householder was nt last happily 
 ■ettled by the proposition of Mr. llodg- 
 kinson, ' that no person other than the oc- 
 cupier shall be rated to parochial rates In 
 respect of premises occupied by him within 
 tho limits uf a parliamentary borough, all 
 acts to tho contrary notwithstanding.' Tliis 
 provision was Inserted in tho blli ; but an 
 amendmontby Mr. J. H. Mill, to confer votes 
 on women as tiixpaycrs, was negatived by 
 100 to 73. TheourupntionfraMcliIsc in coun- 
 ties was set down at V2l. Tho fancy-franchise 
 anon gave way ; but another amendment by 
 Mr. Mill, advocating Mr. Hare's plan for 
 tlie representation of mlnorilies, was not 
 more successful. By this plan, persons 
 who declined to voto for tlio candidates of 
 tho locality might bestow their vi^tes on 
 ono who was a candidate for parliament 
 generally ; and 1/ there were found In the 
 whole country a sufflclent number who had 
 fixed their choice on ttio same |H>rson, lio 
 would be elected. At present the minority, 
 he said, were as completi'y blotted <mt as 
 U they were expressly disfranchised. 
 
 Another important modillcation was 
 effected on the motion of Mr. Laing, wliu 
 proposed to taico away ono member from 
 every borough with a population of 10,(X)0 
 which now returned two. Tins would give 
 thirty-eight seats ; seven more scats would 
 bo gained by grouping some of the smaller 
 boroughs, and seven more by tho dis- 
 frauchiseraent of tho corrupt boroughs 
 already agreed upon. Out the addition to 
 the ropresentatiou of Scotland was to be 
 made, not by taking away from that of 
 England oi irobind, but by a slight addition 
 to the members of the house, lie further 
 proposed, that six towns with more than 
 150,000 inliabltants should have three In- 
 stead of two members, and that towns with 
 a population exceeding 60,000 wiilch now 
 had ono member shouhl henceforth have 
 two. Having substantially accepted this 
 amendment, Mr. Disraeli said the govern- 
 ment had thought it better to consider tho 
 whole question de novo. They now pro- 
 posed to increase the representation of 
 London by four members, two of which 
 would bo given to tho Tower Hamlets, 
 which would be divided into two boroughs, 
 one to be called tlto borough of Hackney, 
 and each returning two members. The 
 other two would be given to a new metro- 
 politan borough, comprising Chelsea and 
 the parts adjacent. To the towns men- 
 tioned in the former bill as entitled to one 
 member, he now proposed to add tliose 
 of Stockton, Kelghley, and Luton. Ho pro- 
 posed also an additional member for tho 
 two boroughs of Salford and Merlhyr 
 Tydvil. The member given to tho uni- 
 Tcrsity of London might also represent 
 that of Durham. The remaining twenty- 
 tour seats he proposed to give to counties, 
 west Kent, north Lancashire, soutli Lau- 
 CMblre, and east Surrey being each divided, 
 
 and taking seven additional members. Ha 
 proposed also to divide Li'^colnshire, Derby- 
 shire, Devonshire, Somersetshire, tho west 
 riding of Vorlcshire, Cheshire, Norfolk, 
 Staffordshire, and Essex, each Into throe 
 pans, to be represented by two members. 
 
 In subseiiuent meetings tho propoHal for 
 connecting the universities of London and 
 Durliam was rejected, and tlio proposal 
 relating to voting pni)ors underwent the 
 same fate. A new principle was at this 
 stage put forth by Mr. liowe, wlio proposed 
 that at any contested election every voter 
 should bo entitled to a number of votes 
 e<iuat to tho number of vacant seats, and 
 might give all such votvs to one candidate, 
 or distrlliuto them among tho candidates, 
 as ho might think lit. Mr. Uright's reply 
 to this proposal was, that the minority in 
 one constituency is represented by the 
 majority In anotlier. Th') clause was lost 
 by a niiijority of 141. 
 
 Tliu third reading of tho bill was moved 
 on the l&th of July, when lord Cranborno 
 oxprexsed ills astonishment at hearing it 
 described as a conservative triumph. It 
 had been niodiflod at tho dictation of Mr. 
 Gladstone, and had adopted tho principles 
 of Mr. Bright. If tills were a triumph, then 
 tlie conservative party had assuredly never 
 won any so signal as tliis. Mr. Lowe, In 
 less measured tones, said that he should 
 have tried to prevail on his master to learn 
 ills letters before entrusting lilni with so 
 much power. As things were, ho could 
 only urge upon tho house tho necessity of 
 educating tho people In order to avert tho 
 consequences of a mcaauro which every 
 honest and educated Kngilshman regarded 
 with shame, scorn, and Indignation. 
 
 Tho bill was now carried to the upper 
 bouse, where lord Calms carried an amend- 
 ment raising the qualification of the lodger 
 franchise to ISl. An amendment by lord 
 Harrowby, to raise the copyhuld franchise 
 from 61. to lo(., was also adopted. A third 
 amendment was carried by lord Cairns, wlio 
 proposed that In constituencies returning 
 three members, tho voters should bo re- 
 Bpectively entitled to vote for two candi- 
 dates only. The clause relating to voting 
 papers was adopted by 114 to 3t). But lord 
 Cairns' proposal with regard to tho lodger 
 franchise was abandoned wlicn tho report 
 of the committee came under coiisldcratinn. 
 On tlie third reading of the bill, lord Derby 
 eald, that no doubt they wero making a 
 great experiment, and taking a leap In tho 
 dark. 
 
 In the house of commons, Mr. DisracU 
 recommended the adoption of the amciitl- 
 nients carried by tho lords; but the house 
 reduced again the copyhold and leascliold 
 qualillcatlon to 51., and rejected the amend- 
 ment for voting papers, agreeing only with 
 lord Calms' proposal respecting the repre- 
 sentation of minorities. 
 
 So ended the debates on this in;portant 
 measure. The reform bill for England wa» 
 settled and became law ; tho bills for Kcot- 
 land and Ireland wero put off to a more 
 convenient season. 
 
 The budget of this year showed a surplus 
 of rercnue over charge of l,206,oooi.-a 
 
n 
 
 (PiiQlAtiir.— Houtfe of 3BrumttDidi.— (SictoriA. 66i» 
 
 ,lonal memtw". H« 
 H-'colnshlre, Derby- 
 
 OtieBhtrc. NorfoiK, 
 BOX. each into threo 
 <d by two member*. 
 
 rBltleBof l>on«l»"»"'} 
 i and t\io proposal 
 n'pors underwent t.o 
 
 principle was at tlila 
 ^Lowe.'wUopropoBcd 
 
 I election every voter 
 
 o ft number o« >o\c9 
 
 ol vacant Bt<»tj, and 
 rows to one candidate. 
 monK the candldatcB, 
 it Mr. UrlKbt'B reply 
 
 that the minority in 
 : reprcBcntcd by ih« 
 . Tho clause was loBt 
 
 ot the bin was moved 
 
 ^hcn lord Cranborno 
 luhment at hearing It 
 lervHtlvo triumph. U 
 at the dictation of Mr. 
 
 adopted the principles 
 ,l8 were ft triumph, then 
 rtv had assuredly never 
 
 n« this. Mr. Lowe, In 
 pi sa d that be should 
 
 f'on lis master to icaru 
 
 things were, ho could 
 3 Vi sc Iho necessity ot 
 .10 in order to avert tho 
 "measure which every 
 
 d Englishman regarded 
 
 niid indignation. 
 
 w wrrled to the upper 
 
 nalrns carried an amend- 
 allflcatlon of the lodger 
 
 n amendment by '>rd 
 t"ho%«pyboldfranchUc 
 
 - also adopted. A tnira 
 
 SrlcdlO^lord Cairns, who 
 
 '"nstltueiicles returning 
 
 ^voters should bo rf 
 
 to vote for two candl- 
 
 ftuso relating to voting 
 
 ^v 114 to 30. But lord 
 
 th regard to tho lodger 
 
 doned when the report 
 me under conBlderatlon 
 g of the bin. lord Derby 
 ? thcv were making » 
 and taking a leap 'n^l'" 
 
 ■ commonB, Mr. DlsracU 
 ladoptlon of tho amend- 
 Velbrd8;butthch(>uc 
 
 Pcopyhold and lca8cl...l<l 
 
 Undreiected the amend- 
 
 SerB. agreeing only with 
 
 Si respecting the rcprc 
 
 tetci on this iniportant 
 
 Tm bin for England wa» 
 
 llaw ; the bills for Root- 
 
 vero put off to a more 
 
 ■g year showed a surplUJ 
 Ege of x.206.000l.-a 
 
 fact which was fairly pronounced by tho 
 chancellor of tho oxcneiiuer to be very en- 
 couraging, when the flnanclal disasters of 
 the prevlnuu year were taken Into aceount. 
 With this surplus hu did not propose to 
 reduce taxation. Within the last ten years 
 tales had been remitted to tho amount of 
 1 1.000,ooo{. a year ; It was not easy, therefore, 
 to flx upon any tax so severe and unjust 
 that all sides would unite In calling for Its 
 removal. What Mr. Disraeli wished was to 
 carry out Mr. Uladstono's vlan of sinking a 
 certain amount of tho national debt ))y ter- 
 minable annuities, and this plan tho house 
 adopted, tho result being a complete can- 
 celling of 24,ooo,noor. of debt by an Increased 
 charge to the nation of a sum not amount- 
 ing to )ialf-a-mlllion a-year until 1885. A 
 motion by Mr. H. U. Sheridan, to devote 
 the surplus to a further reduction of tho 
 duty on Are Insurance, was opposed by Mr. 
 Qladstone, on the ground that there were 
 many taxes which ought to bo repealed 
 before that on tire insurance. One was 
 tlie tax on corn, which kept this coi<ntry 
 from being what It should be— the greatest 
 entrepot of corn from all parts of tho world. 
 Tho proposal was negatived ; and thero 
 was practically no further opposition made 
 to tho budget. 
 
 The vote for the army brought up the 
 aucstlon of flogging ; and on this subject 
 Mr. Otway carried, by a majority of one, a 
 resolution that the punishment ought not 
 to be Inflicted In time of peace. But tho 
 government refused to recognise so small a 
 majority as deciding the question, and In- 
 Berted In the mutiny bill the usual clause, 
 which, however, was modifled by limiting 
 the penalty to two offences, viz. mutiny, 
 and Insubordlnatiuu nccompanted by per- 
 sonal violence. 
 
 Twice during the BCS!>lon of 1867, In 
 February and again In May, was the habeas 
 corpus act suspended for Ireland, the Arst 
 time for three months, the second till 
 March 1868. The subject of land tcTyiro in 
 that island was touched, but without any 
 legislative results. Sonio debates In both 
 houses on the subject of the Irish church 
 and Its revenues led to the issuing of a 
 royal commission, which was to go tho- 
 roughly into the whole question. 
 
 The Insurrection of the Greeks In Crete 
 jagalnst their Turkish masters called forth 
 Illy conversations In parliament. The dis- 
 lite respecting tho duchy and fortress of 
 uxemburg led to tho meeting of a con- 
 ference in London. In which a treaty was 
 igned, declaring that the duchy should, for 
 ill future time, be considered as neutral ter- 
 Itory. and placed under tho collective gua- 
 .nteeof all the powers parties to the treaty, 
 ,nd also that the Prussian garrison should 
 e withdrawn from.tho fortress, which was 
 be dismantled to such an extent as to 
 itlBfy the king of Holland. Objections 
 ere raised to this in parliament, on the 
 ound that the guarantee might impose 
 m this country an obligation to go to war 
 the territory should be violated ; but lord 
 itanley stated In reply, that a collective 
 irantee must be essentially diiZerent 
 im a separate guarantee, and had rather 
 
 tho cl'araoter of a moral sanction than a con- 
 tingent liability to go to war. Lord Derby 
 further explained in tho house of lords, 
 that, by a collective guarantee. If there wni 
 a diirercnro of opinion between tho parties 
 to it, no one party was railed upon to un- 
 dertako tho duty of en forcing It: It do* 
 ponded on the union of all parties, 
 
 Tho murder of Maximilian, ex-emperor ot 
 Mexico, by men who may have been quito 
 juBtlflod In flghting against him, caused tlio 
 fereatest Indignation in parliament and 
 throughout this country ; but it was felt 
 that the former could do nothing ofllclally 
 in the matter. A conversation which had 
 a more practical result, turned on tho con- 
 dition of the Drltlsh captives In Abyssinia ; 
 and while some members deprecated any 
 Idea of trying to rescue them by force, 
 others strongly maintained that tho attempt 
 ought to bo made, and that the task, though 
 arduous, was by no means impossible. 
 Nothing more was done for the present ; 
 but tlio question was destined to lead to a 
 second session of parliament in November. 
 
 A bill for nbolishing church rates, Intro- 
 duced this year by Mr. Hardcastle. passed 
 the house of commons, but was rejected by 
 the lords. Another mcasurs w-as carried In 
 part, for enabling Uoman Catholic mayors 
 and judges to attend their own places of 
 worship in th«lr robes of oRlce, and for 
 BUbBtituting. in place of the oaths re<iulrcd 
 of Uoman Catholics on taking ofllce, the 
 oath now taken by members of parliament 
 of that persuasion. It had been proposed 
 by this bill, that a Roman Catholic might 
 also hold tho ofllce of lord lieutenant ; but 
 this clause was struck out by a close ma- 
 jority of 143 against 140. Another measure 
 did away with tho oath against transub- 
 Btantiation hitherto required from the hold- 
 ers of civil offlces. Mr. Coleridge renewed 
 his attempt to abolish religious tests In tho 
 university of Oxford, with better success 
 in the house of commons ; but the bill was 
 rejected on the second reading In tho house 
 of lords. An Interesting discussion took 
 place on a bill Introduced by Mr. H. A. Bruce, 
 to substitute a rating system for the edu- 
 cation of tho people in place of the one now 
 In operation ; but the bill was not pressed 
 beyond Its second reading. A remedy was, 
 however, applied to tho frightful abuses of 
 that which Is known as tlic gang system 
 for the employment of labourers in the 
 agricultural districts, especially of the 
 eastern counties. It now became known, 
 that In parts of the country which had only 
 lately been reclaimed from marsh, fen, or 
 wilderness, boys and girls were made to 
 march daily, sometimes many miles, to and 
 from the place where tliey worked, under 
 the absolute control of a gang master, who 
 farmed out their labour. The physical 
 Injury thus caused was very great; the 
 moral Injury was much worse ; and it wm 
 acknowledged both in and out of parliament 
 tliat a stop must be put to a state of things 
 which was very little better than slavery. 
 
 The meeting to be held In Hyde Park on 
 the 6th of May, by Mr. Beales, the O'Dono- 
 ghue, Colonel Dickson, and other extreme 
 reformers, led to a discugslon in parliament 
 
 N 
 
 it 
 
fi62* 
 
 €'i}e ^itaiuvji at |i)tdtary, &c. 
 
 on the uioa to wlilcU tlio piibUo parki 
 might be out. Mr, Bright aannrtcd that Mr. 
 Beales and his f rlundH witu (|ulto JuatlHcd 
 in what they proiioacd to do : It was', not 
 unlawful, ho said, for pcopio to enter the 
 imrk and to stand shoulder to shoulder If 
 they wero numcrouH, nor was It unlawful 
 fur them to speak In a loud voico and for 
 others to listen. To this the homo secre- 
 tary replied by saying, that he had no wish 
 to prevent political meetings in proper 
 places ; he only contended that the parks 
 wero intended for public recreation, and for 
 this purpose only. Ho accordingly issued 
 t notice, warning all persons not to attend 
 the meeting,- but the prohibition, na may 
 be supposed, was disregarded. The meeting 
 was held, tnd happily passed off without 
 the Bllghto.1t misclilcf. Still it was felt 
 that the action of the government had been 
 vacillating, imd Mr. Walpole accordlcgly 
 resigned. But the efforts of ministers to 
 get a bill passed, declaring it to bo illegal to 
 hold meetings for political purposes la the 
 parks, were ineffectual. 
 
 Three days after the conversation of 
 July in parliament on tlie Abyssinian 
 affair, the news came that king Theodore 
 refused to give up his prisoners, and that 
 the governor of Bombay regarded an expe- 
 dition for their recovery as in every way 
 practicable. Parliament was therefore called 
 together again in November, and for the 
 sake of convenience it was determined that 
 the session of 1807-8 should then begin. 
 The discussions which took place on the 
 subject tended to justify the government 
 in their action when the difflcultiea with 
 king .Theodore had become serious; but 
 they scarcely touched the prudence or 
 wisdom of having diplomatic relations 
 with a people who were practically savages. 
 The house accordingly agreed to the vote 
 of 3,000,000{. for the war, this sum to be 
 raised by an additional penny on the Income 
 tax. At the same time it was determined, on 
 sir Stafford Northcote's motion, that the 
 ordinary pay of the Indian troops and 
 shipping employed in the Abyssinian expo- 
 dltlon should be charged on the revenues 
 of India. 
 
 In the course of this year a commission 
 was issued to enquire Into the principles 
 and operations of the trades' unions ; and 
 the disclosures thus brought about, of 
 ruffianly terrorism brought to bear on the 
 relations of the men to their employers 
 and to one another, the machinery em- 
 ployed to cripple the former and to maintain 
 a dead level of monotony among the latter, 
 abundantly showed that means must be 
 devised for upholding the supremacy of law, 
 and putting an end to a state of things 
 which was really more burtfnl to the work- 
 men than It could be for the capitalists who 
 paid them. 
 
 The troubles In Ireland BtiU continued. 
 The Fenians, who It was thought had been 
 well-nigh put down at the beginning of the 
 year, adopted the plan of breaking out 
 simultaneously in different parts of the 
 country, with the purpose of keeping the 
 army dispersed. These tactics followed 
 tbe failure of the Fenian cousplraton in 
 
 February to seUe the arsenal at Chester i 
 but they wero promptly mot ; and of all the 
 prisoners roiivlcCcd In consequence, not 
 ouo WHS sentenced to death. This fact 
 may have led them to suppose that the 
 ciipltnl penalty would In no case bo inflicted 
 on any sucli offenders ; but this hope was 
 dUap|)uiuted when tho ringleaders in an 
 attack on a prison van at Manchester, in 
 which a policeman was shot, were tried in 
 tho autumn and executed. Tlio next step 
 of the conspirators roused even moro 
 vehement indignation. Some Fenians were 
 conOned in Olerkenwcll prison ; and to set 
 them free, some of their colleagues blew up 
 a largo portion of tho wall with gunpowder. 
 Tho prisoners wero not rescued, but many 
 men, women,andchlldren,who had nothing 
 to do in tho matter, wore slain, and many 
 lost much of their property, or even all that 
 they had. Special constables were at onco 
 enrolled, and the number who came forward 
 amply sufficed to scare these ruffians from 
 making any like attempts again. 
 
 In the commercial world the effects of 
 tho catastrophe of 1866 were still felt ; but 
 felt In a wholesome way. Money was ex- 
 ceptionally cheap, that is, to thoso whoso 
 credit was thoroughly to be trusted, and 
 for tho purposes of legitimate trade. To 
 all others It was so dear as to be practically 
 Inaccessible. Nor was the condition of tho 
 railway world such as to remove or to 
 lessen suspicion. It was found that tho 
 Brighton railway company had been carry- 
 ing on a delusive flnanclal system: that 
 the accounts of the North British bad been 
 ' cooked ; ' that tho Great Eastern and Great 
 Western were in serious difficulties; and 
 that the London, Chatham, and Dover was j 
 hopelessly insolvent. To this was added a | 
 harvest which fell below tho average, and j 
 caused great distress among the poorer 
 classes. 
 
 It should be mentioned that an act was 
 passed In March of this year, for the union 
 of the provinces of Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick, and providing fot tho election 
 of the new legislature. TL.^ new Canadian 
 parliament was opened at Ottawa, the I 
 capital of the confederation, by lord Monck, I 
 the governor-general. | 
 
 In tho spring of 1808 lord Derby was I 
 compelled to resign the premiership, and I 
 Mr. Disraeli became first lord of tliel 
 treasury in bis place. He acceded to power I 
 under great difficulties. In the preceding I 
 autumn lord Stanley had declared the I 
 question of Ireland to be the question oti 
 the day, and Mr. Disraeli had announced! 
 that the ministry had a definite policy fori 
 that country. VThen it came to tho test,! 
 It seemed that there was none; and Mr.f 
 Gladstone at once stepped forward withl 
 a series of resolutions, affirming that tliel 
 established church of Ireland ought tol 
 cease to exist as an establishment, thatr 
 ecclesiastical vacancies in Ireland shoiilt 
 not be filled up until the final decislo.i od 
 parliament, and that the queen should ixi 
 asked to place her Interest In the tempoj 
 ralitles at thedisposai of parliament. Lon 
 Stanley proposed as an amendment, thai 
 all action wltb regard to the Irislt churcl 
 
Cj 
 
 the arional at Cheitor i 
 iptly met ; and of alt the 
 d In consequence, not 
 1 to death. Thli fact 
 m to guppoBo that the 
 ltd In no caao bo liittlctcd 
 Icra ; but thia hopo waa 
 the rlnglcadcra lu an 
 1 van at Mauchcater, lu 
 waa shot, were tried In 
 tecuted. The next atep 
 ra roused even more 
 Ion. Some Fenians were 
 iwcll prison ; and to set 
 their colleagues blew up 
 he wall with gunpowder. 
 I not rescued, but many 
 illdren, who bad nothing 
 r, were alaln, and many 
 iroperty, or even all that 
 constables were atonco 
 imber who came forward 
 :are these ruffians from 
 tempts again, 
 ial world the effects of 
 1866 were still felt ; but 
 e way. Money was ex- 
 that Is, to those whoso 
 [hly to be trusted, and 
 if legitimate trade. To 
 dear as to be practically 
 nras the condition of the 
 h as to remove or to 
 It was found (hat the 
 jmpany had been carry- 
 flnanolal system: that 
 North British had been 
 Qreat Eastern and Great 
 lerlouB difficulties; and 
 batham, and Dover wns j 
 t. To this waa added a | 
 below the average, and j 
 ess among the poorer 
 
 itloned that an act was 
 this year, for the union 
 ( Nova Scotia and New 
 ivlding for tho election 
 ire. TL.w now Canadian 
 pened at Ottawa, the I 
 leration, by lord Monclc, I 
 al. I 
 
 C 1808 lord Derby was I 
 n the premiership, and I 
 tne first lord of the I 
 s. He acceded to power I 
 ties. In the preceding I 
 iley had declared the I 
 1 to be the question oil 
 )lsraell had announced! 
 lad a definite policy fori 
 en it came to tho test,! 
 9re was none; and MrJ 
 
 stepped forward withi 
 ions, affirming that thel 
 
 of Ireland ought tol 
 an establishment, thatf 
 icies in Ireland shouldr 
 ill the final decisio.i od 
 It the queen should lj<| 
 
 interest in the tempoj 
 >al of parliament. Lon 
 18 an amendment, thai 
 urd to the Irish churcl 
 
 s7m%^^^°rsja!?^^^^ 
 
 cated man in a midr^ ""","<" "ne cdu- 
 Wih church in Its o,S2„!ri'"'*' ''e'end tho 
 'hatnomnrered strEo"nn?V»**'"""' *nd 
 would guffico to "ett^, fh„""""«''enu«'« 
 Hardy thereupon dec aredh.^T"'''"- Mr. 
 no party to a mean aS?r„nl?^'"' ^""'«> ^ 
 Disraeli, taklni hi. ««»™"*'*""' while Mr. 
 I ih« mer^ber f"? thi'u'n^SnJfr'J?/'/ from 
 
 from^;.^;h^^^^^^ 
 
 rent also fro, .that"; ,'^rf'?d. and dl r". 
 expected, ti e rniinM "*"' '''" "Pponci u 
 
 •el^^e. largel^ln fa%'o^?r"of^il';::'"••«'' t'^ 
 tho Ijorough8 wore I ,,;« ,C,'*,"\?'"nn'«'nt : 
 Altogether, tho work n 2 * r,'^'''«j"y liberal 
 was about loo nn^ .i, '*. '"""•a mnioritv 
 ln» this, tooK rat,fpr ', ''''*'^'"' ' •>' H ,*^ 
 resigning at once wl'^rjV".'"'"'" '^"urHo "f 
 Mme premier before ^■h"J"''"""° "'en bt' 
 new parliament: ^*'*' meeting of the 
 
 o^M"^^^^^^^^^ was wonder. 
 
 restore tho captives strn w''^'"' ^"uld 
 unless the Itlngalfo «,.~'-^''J''er refuged 
 Nevertheless xferXoS f.fy?'' ^"""•'l'. 
 on that and the following ,w''/'l*\*'»P"'^os 
 £ono more. On Kistl^M^'V"' ''o would 
 was stormed. aiidT po5^.^'",'''Jy. MagdalS 
 It was supposed thi r h„ i "^"""'""nddead 
 When ho found th»V .^° ''"'' '"""<> himself 
 
 but ff aX tSL"°,S,f»',"P™ "• irffil 
 
 I where ho wa« On .i "° ^Jiould remain 
 words Of t^'^'duke ofX'fc*'' »'anrtS 
 ords mplled that the m%??"""* '« the 
 to resign whenever th^"!'""' '^ere free 
 The greatest excltemen? S?"'? *o do so" 
 house of oomraons «^ /l„T'» '«" "> the 
 been made of th« i*"® ".'• which had 
 further opposition w2?^''"«" »""»?" No 
 resolution, and the «."^ "*"'■««' to the 
 the second rSid ng by £ T.?^."'" P«SMd 
 J four. In the lord? «» J* "«Jorlty of fifty. 
 
 Wh of June by a S?a ' u^„'?^«K°'«'» on Z 
 lone. On this (am„^,V "v of about two tn 
 
 todlsso^ve \7dTr''ffii?f'J'<'«'ermln^ 
 
 jthereauitof theeinnSlfl*®" Maerted that 
 
 «~"/ *<•"«•. »/t2Wer.se»o^^^ 
 
»<«»l»**,:».,«t .„,.., 
 
 TIIE HISTORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 CTIAPTEn I. 
 
 TniRB li no other rouiitry In tlio worltl 
 tlio blitory of whlcb hai been written and 
 commented upon In »n unwlno and unjust, 
 not to Buy unrhrlitliui, a temper and tone, 
 aa that of Ireland. And, atrnngo tn any, 
 the persona who had been tlio most fre- 
 quently and the moat violently wrong in 
 their atatementa of tht* ovlla of Ireland, and 
 on their proposala for remedying them, have 
 been precisely those persons who have made 
 the loudest professions of dealrlnK to Rer>'0 
 her. It Is not worth while to sny how much 
 of thta mis-statement has arisen from their 
 want of correct Information, and how much 
 from n deliberately bad spirit; certain It Is, 
 however, timt Ireland haa few worse ene- 
 mies than tlioKowho In Ignorance or In evil- 
 temper attribute motives and feelings to 
 England and Kngllith statesmen of which 
 they are quite Innocent, and who aasign 
 for Irish poverty and Irish sulfering causes 
 which have really had no part in producing 
 them, and thua assist in maintaining a 
 most fatal ignorance of the real causes 
 nut only in the minds of the sufferers 
 themsclvei, but even In those of too many 
 public writers and legislators upon whom 
 so much of the nation's weal or woo de- 
 pends. 
 
 Unwise laws and harsh rule of crntir'' s 
 long passed ore quite coolly cited na i>.'oof 
 of a partial tyranny of Ireland by England ; 
 yet a single g1anc« at our statutes, a slnglo 
 rellection upon the punishments which to 
 a very recent date were still allowed to dis- 
 gust the wise, thrill the merciful, and bru- 
 talisethe bad, would show that Ireland was 
 not a Jot less mercifully governed than 
 Kent or Torkshire, and that the cruelties 
 of English law, whether administered m 
 London or In Dublin, at Bristol or Cape 
 Clear, were no proofs of English disillce of 
 Ireland ; but the inevitable result of the 
 ignorance of which the lawsof every nation 
 have required long centuries of the patient 
 toll of the good and the wise to rid them. 
 
 Into an examination of the early history 
 of Ireland we hold it unnecessary to enter. 
 Sir Comewall Lewis has completely dis- 
 proved the fact of Phatniclnn coloniei In 
 any part of Great Britain ; and the tales of 
 Mileslus are less historical than those of 
 the earlier Roman kings. We need only 
 remark: now that the early history of Ire- 
 lard is as fabulous In all that relates to 
 glo.T, learning, wealth, and heroes, as any 
 othe,* early history whatever ; that, in the 
 . aso it Ireland <8 fabulous turn of early 
 wrlld.'s has bee niade the foundation of 
 great *t'^u;t .ce t immitted by later writers, 
 and by n:. ors ard statesraen, too, as to 
 IDst,;lr.nd ; i^iUt t'. ugh, no doubt, English 
 kings ti,nd thei.' ad /isers in past days may 
 li;w8 unv. iBflv decreed or i .iiustiy acted In 
 
 Ireland, ni In any other country, yet Ireland 
 never began to bo clvlllai'd,|io|>»l(iu*, learn- 
 ed, wealthy, or Important, iiiilll connected 
 with England ; that Kngllnh connection lias 
 done much, and Is stlll(loliiKiiiucli,toniako 
 Ireland both prosiwrous and happy, and 
 would do far more but for the ilerco parly 
 spirit of some, and the equally Uerce but 
 still more disgraceful personal selllshness 
 and ambition of others, which are con- 
 stantly at work to perpetuate the grossest 
 prejudices and the basest feelings. Thin, 
 Indeed, will Incidentally become so evi- 
 dent In the course of the history of Ii>'- 
 land. that wo only make this emphatic ge- 
 neral statement, because wo deem it an 
 act of real and Important Justice to Imtli 
 England and Ireland, and, substani Lilly, 
 even a more important Justice to the poor 
 of the latter country than to tlM wealthy 
 and powerful of the former, thus to draw 
 the special attonthm of all readers of his- 
 tory, and especially of all young readent 
 to the utter Incorrectness of the Ill-naturrJ 
 declamations which charge England with 
 an Injustice never committed, by way of 
 supporting the character of Ireland fur 
 an ancient prosperity which she never poi- { 
 aesscd. 
 
 CnAPTBR II. 
 
 Tiis very early power, wealth, and learn- 
 ing of Ireland seem to bo negatived In a I 
 variety of ways ; the nature of the govern- 
 ment of the country might alone, we think, I 
 have sufficed. In addition to the worst spc-l 
 clesof heathenism, to render Its achieve- 1 
 ment of prosperity at home or its influence I 
 abroad a thing quite impossible. | 
 
 When the ancient kings of Ireland ami I 
 the ancient glories of Ireland are spoken I 
 of, inexperienced readers of history are very I 
 apt to picture one king of Ireland swayliigl 
 the whole Irish territory from the Glniit'ii f 
 Causeway to Capo Clear, and from Oalwny-I 
 bay to the Hill of Howth. This, however,! 
 was so far from being the case, that wltlilul 
 that island there were Ave separate klng-r 
 doms, always Jealous of oach other, and f re I 
 quently at open Wbr, elliu"- urrainst eaclil 
 other or against one .t nior'! of ;l>n turl'U-f 
 lent chieftains, who • (. .>Vi' •, .<■< ' l-iisnossj 
 and utter detestai <" • ' : caci . nJ qulc^ 
 ness, subdivided e.-uU oil these tlve kliigl 
 doms Into several more, with rulers wlioT 
 were more likely to quarrel frequently, nna 
 to s.'tnguinary result, than the kings tlienil 
 selves, from the very proximity and coiiil 
 paratlve pettiness of each chieftain's puiT 
 session, and the increased bitterness aul 
 personal sense of Injury which entered intJ 
 every dispute whether personal or tcrril 
 torial. r 
 
 The five provinces or kingdoms of Irfl 
 land were Meath; Lelnster, Munster, Cuu 
 
.conntry.ycllrrJW'l 
 
 IS t 'mill i'<">»o«'f*^** 
 X'h connection UM 
 
 „ , and »J»PPy. ?!»'* 
 t for the lUirce parly 
 
 e?»; which are cm- 
 :ic,t «««»'"»•• 'SI,' 
 
 rt'h'uTrry of ?- ' 
 
 ;'AiUmj>{.aUc«;;; 
 
 .former, tl""'" i'X ' 
 n ftf all rcauera ot ni»- 
 ^of all younn M«dcr«, 
 
 €})t W*tatti at SrrTxitTi. 
 
 605 
 
 natiRlit, and ntitcr. Tho flrtt nanirti wnii 
 coniililvrt'd tho chlof novercJHnty ; nt tliii 
 hill of Tara, famed nliko In triio history and 
 hard'M rnnianrr, wlilcli whh HltnntiMl In that 
 khiRdoni, waM tin* Krcal |>lact)of aNM'nililiiKO 
 for |>rlnr<<« and rhlrfn ; and tint other fonr 
 kliiKN wero inmilnally trlhntnry to tho kliiir 
 n( Mcath, Jnitt aa tlio ttinirti, or rhlofii of 
 Kditi*, In tlivlr r(>it|i)!ct|vo kinrdoniaworc to 
 ilioni. nnt III all tlicHo caMCH allko tho HUlt- 
 ji'Ctlonof tliolnforlorH waxniori'ly mmilnal, 
 and wag thrown oif or acknowlcdKi'd JUHt 
 iiH tho ranrlco, cr iivcM'pnco.or IntureatHof 
 tho Inferior dlr'ntid. With a very iniall 
 iHliind tliUHdl VI U'dnmoMK very many flerrc, 
 |irond, Jp« 11 . iiiin nr ' • ■>ly lialfclvlliKt'd 
 nilorH, I' ivoi,,.l ''t'k II' .o indeed If thohU- 
 tory of Ireland, \ hllt mich aBtatoof thlnira 
 pxlKUil, .ould -vltord nuitor of Rumclvnt 
 Inferent I xn' n v thercader'sattcntlon. 
 
 UlngUom nkii iirit kingdom, kept agalnit 
 e<,>t, nolglihoui .iRalnot nelghhonr, and 
 I ' brother agalniit hrother, and hou 
 ' L['\ I '> nt father : xuih was the state of society 
 wlilch, however I imentaMc, was tinlto In- 
 rvHahlo ana iiatnral nnder Hurli aiiysten). 
 To refUHo to my a tribute was to declare 
 wnr against a Huperlor ; to inslNt upon the 
 payment of a tribute was, generally speak- 
 iiiir, to call the Inferior to arms, aided by 
 All tho power, or, as they called It, all the 
 ' liftck ' they could command. 
 
 Siiinetlmes, Indeed, a superior who c<iuld 
 iKit procure payment of so ninny head of 
 thoep or horned rattle, allvo and In good 
 order, would Invite himself and his ' back' 
 nr 'following' to board and lodging wKli 
 t)ic defaulter for a period proportioned tu 
 tlie tribute, rent, or other debt In default ; 
 and when tho sclf-lnvltcd guest chanced to 
 lie a great tanint or other personage with n 
 miiiierouH following, tho unwilling tenant, 
 as In the rase of many recorded ' royal pro- 
 RfUHHes' In Kngland, felt the effects uf eii' 
 
 irTER !!• 
 
 ,or wealth, and learn- 
 mtoTo negatived In » 
 
 ^"tnlaht alone, we think, Mjertalnlng his superior for many a longyoar 
 iitlon to tho worst •pc- liiftorwards in ham and byre, In Hold and 
 
 Idltlon to 1 
 
 to render its achieve- Iiionge. go ruinous, indeed, were these self- 
 I'ftt home or Its Influence liiivitntlons, these eonhrringa, in which wc 
 ^0 Impossible. . . puny easily believe that a powerful creditor 
 
 }^!5*V?'.nVMl*Bpok™ 
 
 limy easily believe that a powerful 
 
 uuld sometimes eat more beef and niut- 
 
 :(iu than could over Imvo been covered by 
 
 iniTBui .•■—-- ■''" "Ithis ot as many oxen and sheep as 
 
 ^na of Ireland swayloshcre due to him, that It was no uncommon 
 
 .i»»i-v from the Glnnt « §|ihig for the visited debtor, iu sheer ilos- 
 
 lils 'back,' and 
 morsel of hi a 
 
 tfrfflS"s:s 
 
 SliPr and from Qalwfty|>pmtion, to call together lil 
 
 ffiowth This, however,|erj. fairly refuse to allow a ..._ 
 
 Kb the' case, that wlthliiBood, or a drop of his drink, to pass thy lips 
 1"°. ft„Q separate kmK'Bfhls creditor. In this case a sanptiinary 
 Xb of each other and if; liglit, loading prol -'bly to a dozen u^ more 
 t r elUu" KfT.unst cacUBn c xjiinnatlon or support, In repMbatlon 
 l!!r%iiior'- of !hn turlu* i,, vilcntlonof tho conduct of one or 
 "^ "^ ' .oiiPssM,,.. „f tiio parties, was usually the result. 
 
 ow could a iieople thus situated, a jieoplo 
 n, high of heart and hot of liead, and 
 wly of hand, beyond almost any other 
 aple on tho face ot the earth, iMe other- 
 
 luoV these ttve klu( 
 iiinrp With rulers wlv 
 ^SaneTfrcauently.n"' . 
 
 ,• timn the klnBS tlu'm«i8e than a turliulent, a divided, «wi «Uwu h 
 «J,r^Tnxlmlty and coiiifcinfluentlal and a frequently diseased aiaU 
 n7 pach chieftain's po*arvlng people? Barter and tribute in 
 ^^prnaaed bitterness anBnd among people who carry arms and nre 
 iivrir which entered Intjfcne to bloodshed. Is only another nnie 
 '»S2r nersonal o' terror perpetual war, arising out of the di sire 
 liner iw" ■ tho weak to cheat, and of the strong to 
 
 iCB or kingdoms of irjttort 
 Uelnstcr, Munster, « '" 
 
 III a land in wlilrli bloodshed and dis- 
 turliMii>H> were not I Ik orcaslunal and ran 
 exeepii 'i, but the fre<|iieii(,lllmo8t tho con- 
 stant Hill , coiislns and more remote rcla- 
 tlonx, nay even brutliers themsolveH, weft* 
 but too apt to live upon terms which were 
 litilo liki ly to make them desirous to be- 
 nefit each other; liut tho law said that a 
 man dying possessed of landed i<ro|)prty 
 should not liuHlow it solely upon his chil- 
 dren—to whom ho would nal inally lie morn 
 attaclied than to anyone elHe, but that all 
 viale reUitioitt cren tn the rnoul dittant, and 
 witliout tho slightest reference to friendli- 
 ness or feud, however deadly or iung-Htand- 
 log, sluuild etjually share with the eldest or 
 best-beloved clilld. It thus often chanced 
 that the eldest son, or only son, of a do- 
 ceased tiinlst or chieftain called his friends 
 and sept around him and pursued his 
 cousins or male relatives to tho actual 
 death, as tho only means of keeping his 
 position In socluty by keeping his property 
 intact (uid \inbroken. Nor did even tlio 
 ehleftninslilp itself of noccHsity descend to 
 tho eldest, or any, son of a doceased tunist ; 
 he whom tlie family and tho sept ot the 
 deceased chief elected as worthiest was to 
 succeed ; and it is unnecessary to say that 
 rivalry iind partisMiiHlilp not unfrcauontty 
 l>roceeded to tho full length of bloodshed 
 and even of murder. 
 
 The bards, an idle, imaginative, and nnt 
 remarkably moral set of men, wero not 
 merely the attendants upon and divcrters 
 of the chieftain's hours of recreation and 
 wassail ; tho chieftain's bard wun also his 
 recorder ; and wo may ceaso to wonder at 
 tho exaggerations that liave corao tradi- 
 tionally down to us when we consider that, 
 besides gaining at every generation, theso 
 marvels wero originally said, sung, and 
 written— It written at all— by men whoso 
 comfort depended upon tho complacent 
 I'eellngs of him whose deeds and posses- 
 siuns tiiey sang, and who, therefore, wero 
 certainly under no very great temptation 
 to observe a too rigid adherence to pal- 
 try realities. Every chieftain hr.d his 
 bard, and the clironicles tims composed of 
 the affairs of all the chief families in the 
 kingdom are said to have been committed 
 to the care ot keepers lu the royal ensile of 
 Tara, but to have been buriiod about tho 
 middle ot the llfth century after Christ, iu 
 common with all tho mn»;liin or druldlcal 
 writings, by order ot Kt. Tnirick; by no 
 means tho least sorvlro that that excellent 
 first bishop ot Armagh— 80 excellent a bi- 
 shop that even tho stupid cxnggerntlona 
 attached to him as a saint cannot lower 
 lilm in tlic eyes of those who ndiniro use- 
 fulness and pleti —rendered to the be- 
 nighted land in which he and his handful 
 ot t'o.uljutors from Homo were the first to 
 preach the Uoispel. 
 
 CUAPTEIl HI. 
 
 Wk have spoken ot St. Patrick as a bene- 
 factor to Ireland ; even the falsehoods of 
 sedeniiiry monks and of wandering and 
 immnial bards and story-tellers cannot 
 tlu'oil «] air of ridleiilo over his truly 
 P V 
 
 \l 
 
■■■mx^^ai,''*-. 
 
 m .«. 
 
 666 
 
 CIjc CDrejidurij at W^tavn, ^t. 
 
 Christian and vencrablo character; and 
 higher praise, seeing thelrpowcr of making 
 truth doubtful and grave things ludicrous, 
 it would not bo easy to bestow. 
 
 The horrible superstitions which the 
 priests propagated and supported by stern 
 and unsparing cruelty remained In full 
 force for above four centuries and a quar- 
 ter after the light of the Gospel had slied 
 Us rays of divine and glorious bright- 
 ness upon nearly all the rest of Europe. 
 Elsewhere the Gospel no sooner was 
 preached than It had Its converts, ron- 
 vlnccd beyond tho power of human sophis- 
 try, and faithful even unto martyrdom ; but 
 Ireland remained the prey of the bigot 
 lieathen, tho abode of the licathen who was 
 deluded, or tho heathen who w.is coerced. 
 
 In one of tho frequent piratical cxeur- 
 slons that were made by tho Irish, Mac 
 Nial, a petty king, landed on the coast of 
 Brittany, slew, burned, and spoiled; and 
 brought spoil living as well as dead, human 
 as well as brute. Among the captives was 
 a youth of sonio fifteen or sixteen years of 
 age, who, on arriving In Ireland, was sold 
 as a slave and employed Inhcrdlng sheep. 
 This youth was tho afterwards so cele- 
 brated at. Patrick. Naturally of a thought- 
 ful turn, the mountain track and the fo- 
 rest glade In which his vocation caused 
 him to spend much of his time, deep- 
 ened all his meditative habits, and gave 
 zeal and fervour to his native religious Im- 
 pressions. 'He looked upon the laud and 
 saw that It was very good ; ' but he saw that 
 It was peopled by Idolators and polluted by 
 Idolatrous cruelties. Even amid the bitter- 
 ness of tho reflections caused by his own 
 situation, a slave and a captive in a foreign 
 land, ho felt that it would be a great and a 
 truly Christian deed to open the eyes of the 
 blinded heathen among whom his lot was 
 80 unhappily cast, and save their minds 
 from tho bondage of a false faith, and 
 the lives of their firstborn from being sa- 
 crlflced In torture at the flaming altars of 
 senseless and graven idols. Fortunately, 
 Patrick had scarcely attained the age of 
 manhood ere he escaped from his slavery 
 and got safely bark to France, and for up- 
 wards of twenty years applied himself with 
 constancy and diligence to learning, such 
 as was then attainable. But neither tho 
 long lapse of years nor the pride of culti- 
 vated and matured intellect, could banish 
 from his mind the -ecollectlon of the un- 
 happy state of the Irish, or his early deter- 
 mination to make the attempt, at least, to 
 enlighten their minds, and to raise their 
 social condition. 
 
 A.D. 432. -Accordingly in tho year 432, 
 and when he was himself about forty-flvo 
 years of age, he applied to the pope for 
 permission to preach the Gospel in Ireland. 
 Such a permission was willingly granted 
 by tho pope, and Patrick, accompanied by 
 a few French monks whom he had inte- 
 rested by his descriptions of the character 
 and condition of the Irish, landed In Olster, 
 after an absence of nearly or quite a quarter 
 of a century. 
 
 The foreign garb and striking appearance 
 of Patrick and Lis coinpaJilona tilled the 
 
 peasantry whom they flr«t encountered 
 with tho notion that' they were pirates, 
 and preparations wore made for driving 
 them back to tlielr vessels. But their quiet 
 demeanour, the benevolence of their coun- 
 teuances, and tho earnest and simple as- 
 surances given by Patrick, in the language 
 of tho peasants, that ho and his compa- 
 nions had arrived on an errand of peace 
 and good-will to all men, speedily con- 
 verted fear and hostility into admiration 
 and conlldence. Tho hospitality of the 
 principal people was cheerfully and heartily 
 bestowed upon tho disinterested strangers 
 who had traversed land and sea in the hope 
 of benellting their rude but cordial enter- 
 tainers ; and Patrick and his companions 
 presented themselves at Tara attended by 
 a numerous and enthusiastic cortege. Tlie 
 mild and venerable aspect of the preachers 
 gave full weight to tho sublimo and bene- 
 volent doctrines which they propounded. 
 King and people listened at flrst with inte- 
 rest, and then with full .and deeply inte- 
 rested credence ; and in an incredibly short 
 time after tluUr flrst landing, idols and 
 idol worship became hateful to the people, 
 the Christian doctrines wero everywhere 
 received, and churches and monastorie8 
 arose where the tiames had but recently 
 licked up tho blood of the shrieking and 
 expiring human victims of ferocious error 
 or more hateful fraud. 
 
 Tho mlsslou of St. Patrick, although it 
 destroyed paganism In Ireland, not only 
 produced none of that Individual suffering 
 which but too generally accompanies exten- 
 sive changes, however good and desirable 
 in themselves, but it immediately and tu 
 a vast extent improved tho political and 
 social state of the converted people. There 
 was no massacre, no sweeping and sangui- 
 nary persecution of the priests or people uf 
 the old faith ; but both seem quietly anil 
 imperceptibly to have adhered to Chrisii- 
 anity. Episcopal sees wero cstablisluJ 
 throughout the country, and Armagh was 
 made the metropolitan see, of which the 
 Irish apostle was himself tho flrst prelate, 
 Learned, active, and pious, St. Patrick's 
 conduct BO well warranted and seconded 
 his precepts, that the preachers of tlic, 
 Irish churches and the monks of Ireland) 
 immerous monasteries soon became famous 
 throughout Europe for such branches o( 
 learning as were then attainable; Irish 
 monks traversed foreign countries as sc-l 
 cular and religious teachers, and the nuisii 
 of tho Irish churches was performed in a{ 
 style of such unusual excellence, that in ttii 
 reign of Pepin teachers were sent for ti 
 Ireljind at an expense of great magnltndej 
 cousldering tho general poverty of thi 
 time, to Instruct the nuns of Nlvelic, ii 
 France, In psalmody. 
 
 But, whether politically, morally, or 
 llglously, the undue number of rellKioi 
 establishments .ind their inmates was 
 evil which could not but become moi 
 and more enormous with every succecdlni 
 generation. Though the Christianity 
 both the doctrine and practice of IrolanI 
 at this portion of her history was 
 beneath tho genuine practical and ar 
 
re 
 
 they flrit cucountored 
 that ■ they were pirates, 
 were made for driving 
 ' vessels. But their qulot 
 !nevolence of tholr coun- 
 ) earnest and simple as- 
 Patrlck, In the language 
 that ho and his compa- 
 1 on an errand of peaca 
 all men, speedily con- 
 lostlUty Into admiration 
 The hospitality of the 
 aa cheerfully and heartily 
 D disinterested strangers 
 1 land and soa in the hopo 
 r rude but cordial enter- 
 Ick and hl<) companion!) 
 Ivea at Tara attended liy 
 ithuslastlc cortege. Tlio 
 e aspect of tUo preachers 
 ,0 the sublime and benc- 
 wlilch they propoundetl, 
 stened at llrst with Into- 
 til full and deeply inte- 
 ind lu an incredibly short 
 first landing, idols and 
 me hateful to the people, 
 itrines were everywhere 
 lurches and monasteries 
 names had but recently 
 )od of the shrielcing and 
 Ictims of ferocious crrur 
 •aud. 
 
 St. Patrick, although it 
 sm in Ireland, not only 
 that individual suffering 
 erally accompanies exteii 
 vever good and desirable 
 It It immediately and tu 
 iproved the political and 
 converted people. Tlicre 
 no sweeping and sangiil 
 3f the priests or people o( 
 It both seem quietly and 
 have adliered to Chrlsii 
 1 sees were established 
 onntry, and Armagh was 
 lolltau see, of which the 
 himself the flrst prelate] 
 and pious, St. Patrick's 
 warranted and seconded 
 it the preachers of tlicl 
 d the monks of Irelaiidi 
 ;erles soon became famous 
 ipo for such branches o( 
 I then attainable; Irlsb 
 foreign countries as se- 
 IS teachers, and the music 
 •ches was performed In a 
 !ual excellence, that lu tln| 
 cachers wore sent for ti 
 ense of great magnitudi 
 general poverty of tin 
 the nuns of Nlvellc, ii 
 idy. 
 
 )olitlcally, morally, or r( 
 due number of rellKioi 
 "d their Inmates was 
 d not but become nioi 
 lus with every succerdlni 
 )ugh the Christianity 
 3 and practice of IrelanI 
 of her history was 
 nine practical and ni» 
 
 tol/c Christianity it tulTT: ; 
 
 perceive that St 'PatWra- "^'°'*'^^'o "ot to 
 lent and, conslderlSg th,r2n"l'^' V"'cvo- 
 lived, learned,-]a(d V - *^ " ^'''t^'' ''<' 
 foundation for thn *,„''"""1 "nd a solid 
 island has niaSe sine,. iV'^'^veincnt that 
 England. ® ^'"*='- "» connection with 
 
 cur lous particulars ff'tif? 11 f^? '""' ^''""> 
 Irish pc.pio during is ,V.,„P'ir"'"' "' *''«-■ 
 
 dross were pan irnl'.ri«ni'^ '" ''" "sfJ in 
 ^vc may trom t Ic r f, uS"^^,^'*";''';'' '•.■ink ; and 
 allotted to the tlircn .,;} V"""'*^'' "f Hiesc 
 
 tl'o niagl, frofi, wli ,4 ,•• L *• •*" '" ^'■'"''''' 
 yers, and lii8t.,n\ai « .,, il. n ""^ '•'"•<1»'. 'hw- 
 •J ways taken, ha u:,;r,'''fl''''^'«t«. ww-e 
 rity. To kings an >nlo^ '"''' "s<-"'l antlio- 
 were allowed to I li','^"^ •'""*'t'» colours 
 .•j-.ttobardsUcf^i r^«;[''oW^ 
 
 "Icy and the eti, ctlo ^vnf "^^''''- """ 
 miueiiccs even the rMn^V^'''^'' «" largely 
 "oniagl to Xw^-in nfM'^""'"f«c,,mpelied 
 •; ority to their kTng ,C ?,V.i' ^"cial'supe- 
 flhoni they In fn,.f „ " uuecns, throno-h 
 wnrllko or^ "jf^t^^'^^-'verned • b„t i Xver 
 ""nded even by J i^ "'° ""^^'f". I'o was re- 
 I'fld inferior to ti'cMiag, ^rcss '^^' ^^Va's 
 
 of terrltorfL^Vri^lJ'K"'""' '''''«'"« 
 "f England enjoyed a nMnni"! ""I'Ul'itlon 
 •nost iionrlshhrg foori '' .^."'""'"t'ss of tho 
 »i 1-abltation and n 'narn. ? '="'"'«'•' ^oth 
 O.SC of the Iris w'Th'^.Vi f"" '"•P'''-lor to 
 il owed to the cic rica ir,rt^i''° «"l'eriorlty 
 latloi, of Freiaiul as f,.?/.' I '""""sHc popu- 
 Proof,,,,^,, ,,,,[' ^^« earning A ci'car "r 
 *'eri<jus. widely-si.ro.//,, "" "* Jlioniischief 
 '"ost Practlcal'i', ,X'Z; ",'1:1,''^ "'" ^t- 
 l)y tl oproi,o8tL'r()i,3(vV"l /''at was done 
 
 aster,e/;p';^;;-«^-ttow|.vwr — 
 
 '^,J«l''ylndoVMrfie^:;' V/'"*^ 
 "^ every doscrinti m'i^'^;. ..^"'•" 
 
 Jantly produced -vp ?,'■'■'"""» ^>vre ab 
 
 ana ooarsw;',;y.!/i*;^^'^f rhe'^fi^ ""K 
 
 CHAPTiSli IV 
 
 tl'o mild trutis ,% rr^V,'^s"'^sf'tutin,^ 
 fin-|,uis errors nf„^'"''''*'''»'''ty for th^ 
 indeed. but'rtybstant;r",r '• '!""rect'y 
 <ian apostle also nf ai^l, ' "'''"' HieCliris- 
 ^ountry Christian J w s hTtV'';,:""', ^''^'^'' 
 fifth century by st ?'i.,„'^'V^"«'<J In the 
 nonk of great zc.nlaS "''' ."" ^'-'sl' 
 fJimdedthclonfffViinn '^ learning, who 
 Island of Zona. *^ ^"'""'* '""aastery In the 
 
 iSt.Patrlek'i.rc'l.^lir/.f.t '''%' "'O arrival of 
 humanising tim~^ "* CI,risiiani'j. ,°f 
 condition was weaken['d [ir.n •f™""^ "'-'r 
 at once by the nlurniirv ' yr,'*"^' "wakened 
 hormous mni ii er of* t'l^ ''"'«'^ and by tht: 
 Pshments ; and d.irfL if '"""astic Ua^ 
 
 Kourged It scar^^y'ie'^'',,,?"^:^^ spirits 
 |nd Pious seclusion ; and wm 1"'"' '''■'"•"«« 
 m was sendlnir I „,; . "'!'"'- t'^'C" Euk- 
 honks of Irelam? ih f !'.''*' '''>"« to the 
 N very best aualnablo".'^ '"'^'"' ^^M' 
 fonks studied and pramr*'"?"' "'"«o 
 "reign youth In clofqSn? '^"'^ taugiit 
 flflsh Indifference to fh^"'' ^'^'"^' and in 
 
 "fsand theworW8*e,M,nc. u"uf' ^'"^c" 
 i« to make their ip-rn^.'^^'^'out seek- 
 sscnlng the one or t hi '*^ available to 
 I'ence nsefm In reJtrih'r '"^"'^ and i„. 
 fougi, England at th™"«L ">", "thor. 
 '" seven kingdoms nmiM'' ^'?'' ^I' vidixl 
 
 K like each of The Telte'', '''»'^" "^ 
 fsagain divided Into neHv k" kingdoms, 
 K^dahl^^ 
 
 that they vere i ^ .Veu [nd'i'w.l'"'?}'" ^ensoi' 
 lerco petty i)ri/m.s ii, '^^'''"allybytlielr 
 
 n^foctedbVt'l!e •%c'ss'a,,,f Y"'' '■«"' 
 all times. i"itsDs and scholars at 
 
 a''fe''ni?on'a '"!' 'a",ll ''^"y ^varfare incvlt- 
 1>'-Inces. wo have ;^fr^nn°/ «'^verelg, s and 
 an obvious cal.so of n"*^/ '"cferred to "a 
 t'on. A no Je«s in,?w/ii',""' ""C'al condl! 
 ."Pon that p lural ?r ,"1' "^ ?V^ attendant 
 ""somof tlo people «. '.„"''■" '^ '^i-^s the 
 onoug,! to bo suSe^^^^ o hI "r"'-'""at« 
 *>f fore gn foos ti, . . '.t, to the attacira 
 the Whole CO mr/fron"'"''''^'''*^ 
 force may ft. • a tin ,f"'"^^««tInvadinK 
 I'l-lnces and i„.h- f m . '''"««' all tj,c pctn; 
 tl'-'I'e.Hlcn infer .rc'lJ^ri' •''"'' ah^ 
 a time each niar/ean't'^i-'''' *" "nitc; for 
 his hatred, tho iltul K' ^^f^^^ I'ls envy 
 
 1. injury umt has rbi/eal.f^r 
 '"ore Inst net of self nr,i ""'}• and In tho 
 ",'? fc'ood service towmNf''^*'""" '^^ach n "v 
 if , T1.1.S we sa;'^^f,"'^:{^|;*-'s«'-yationof 
 of Hie Whole of « ri, i' ^" '" the case 
 t'n-eatened by a torri W ."' .•^"•Jntry being 
 vader; but so it ,m^v f "'"' ""'"erous In- 
 ."■^d of the native and eir,"' ^"."' ^''at 1 a- 
 "ay not nierely overiww,^ ' l"'^^^^ '"'-''"y 
 towards the forelwi CmL" '"''^ sentiment 
 <'""vert it into a fc^if,? '"r"' '"'t may even 
 desire for 1 "s aniancn^ "^ «i"'l'athy and ^ 
 
 even Where domestic diffn?'*'''^'"""'- «"« 
 tl'o case of a great l-,v!uf'"'''*-^« «>" not. In 
 f,"" In some cases and r?,?''-''°'^"<"e tt^ea" 
 the "icre weakness whth v.'"; '" "'« rest, 
 ever produces niult render"'?''" '^^'•'aro 
 
 ""1 ed foes con.pl'ti !lirim.ffl '!'''?«'-^Jy 
 at the moment tw „V, *i: " inefflcient lusf 
 need strei gt"^^J/^,*^ey more than c^yer 
 
 to use t^at St reTLM. f ""^^ "'''»" everdeslro 
 j'OS'.^. If n act n ' V °f^°°"'""* Wise pT 
 Xintr. chiefs aStth^ki' "^^'"^ against 
 "lore common (^•,,"eVf',,i''*f' o"!. the still 
 ^^?f.!'lP."velUn^d.:,!i^,?1«'««!:«'iie^ 
 
 ™ca.ofthei,yokjAgd.;,r^^1«:«,«{;chi^ 
 
 d^d .ft lie? aJZ^r^;r"^^» •^^' - nun- 
 arniy-for'tin? Mm^'' '"'■'■'' ^''"'d '-' a vast 
 men. Wc In t li'l "'"'•^"""t'-y-of 8 5^' 
 Ave Irish klngdom.'^nH'' *"« l««s of tl?^ 
 spccifled at a ve,Ti'" "'° seventeen vears 
 and wohaveoidv rpfi"^ Wobable average- 
 to (hose mSZtZlT,\'' '■"'f^""'^ 
 
 
668 
 
 C^e CrcajfurH of Iftisltory, &c. 
 
 cases Invariably attendant upon famine, we 
 take no account. No period could be bet- 
 ter suited for the fair illustration of the 
 evil to which wo have adverted than seven- 
 teen years; for while that period would 
 make the mere infant capable of bearing 
 arms— particularly amonK a liardy, warlike, 
 and half-barbarous people — it would still 
 leave In soldierly vigour and activity the 
 man of twcnty-flve, or even of thirty years 
 of age, wlio escaped unwoundcd from bat- 
 tle on the very day of that infant's birth. 
 Tlius, in seventeen years of miserable 
 squabbling we liave an army of 8,500 men 
 utterly destroyed ; and at the end of that 
 time we And that Ireland was insulted, in- 
 vaded, and plundered for the first time by 
 any considerable piratical force of North- 
 men, or Danes, as the piratical northmen 
 and sea-kings were generally called. Here, 
 then, wo have evidence as irrefragable as 
 evidence can bf^ that to the plurality of so- 
 vereignty in Ireland, and to the at once 
 paltry and ferocious internal warfare to 
 which that plurality gave rise, Ireland, 
 when the fierce northmen sailed up her 
 rivers, burned and sacked lier monasteries. 
 Blew the monk in his cell, the peasant In 
 tho field, the penitent at the altar, and the 
 nursling child at his mother's breast, owed 
 the loss of an army thrice as numerous as 
 would have sufflced to crush, ere he could 
 have well landed, tho slaying and spoiling 
 foe who wrought so much havoc and so 
 much woe. 
 
 Tho kingdom of Meath, being nearly in 
 the central part of Ireland, was, though 
 originally the smallest of the five chief 
 kingdoms, tho titular chief ; and the suc- 
 cessful attempts of tho king of Meath to 
 wrest territory from the other kings, and 
 of tho latter, individually, to obtain tho 
 envied titular royalty in chief, were a fruit- 
 ful source, both of general national distur- 
 bance, and of partial and at the same time 
 implacable feuds among tho septs siding 
 With tho various kings. 
 
 For nearly forty years the northmen con- 
 fined their attacks upon Ireland to mere 
 predatory descents, in which they were 
 usually, from tho disunion we have de- 
 scribed, successful in carrying off consider- 
 able spoil and numerous captives. But the 
 very success of these descents, and the ex- 
 periencewhich the marauders acquired alike 
 of the fertility of the soil, and of tho dis- 
 union of tho inhabitants. Invited larger ex- 
 peditions and more extended views of con- 
 quest. About the close of the eighth cen- 
 tury they began to send as many as a hun- 
 dred vessels laden with fierce warriors into 
 tho Boyne and Liffej'. Tho monasteries, 
 both as being the wealthiest places in the 
 island, and as being the abode of the teacli- 
 ers of the faith of that hated Charlemagne, 
 whoso prowess and whose sternness had 
 made his faith odious to tho northern ma- 
 rauders, were the especial oi)jects of their 
 cupidity and vengeance. Built chlcfiy of 
 wood, the monasteries when plundered 
 were frequently committed to the tlames ; 
 and crowds of terrified monks and nuns 
 escaped from tho swords of tho enemy, 
 only to perish of hunger, or tho Inclcmcucy 
 
 of tho weather, amid tho woods and mo- 
 
 TTLSSGS 
 
 From conducting larger and larger expe- 
 ditions from the banks of the chief rivers, 
 farther and farther into the bosom of the 
 Island, tho northmen at length proceeded 
 to attempt a permanent settlement. And 
 hero again the divisions among the Irish 
 favoured the designs of their enemies ; for 
 It was no uncommon thing for the weaker 
 or more bitter of two rival septs to join 
 their force to that of tho invaders, losing 
 sight of their general interest, as Irish- 
 men, in tlieir desire for safety or re- 
 venge, as members of this or that sept 
 or kingdom. When the beacon fire sent 
 forth its lurid light from the summit of 
 somo coastward mountain, to announce 
 the northmen's approach, it but too often 
 happened that It was to many a signal to 
 aid and not to repel them ; and to positive 
 treachery of this kind tho northmen chielly 
 owed it, that early in the ninth century 
 (A. D. 815), they succeeded in planting a 
 strong colony in tho fertile district of Ar- 
 magli. Between this colony and the neigh- 
 bouring Irish there were frequent and des- 
 perate struggles ; but about thirty years 
 after it was planted, Turgeslus, a Norwe- 
 gian of great fame and power among tho 
 northern pirates, brought a powerful fleet 
 to Its aid, carried death and dismay into 
 all the accessible parts of tho country, and 
 assumed the title of king of Ireland (A.n. 
 840). Having erected strong-forts on well- 
 chosen parts of the coast, he wielded his 
 usurped authority most sternly. The na- 
 tive-born kings were made to consider 
 themselves as his mere tributary tanists ; 
 and ui>on each he levied a tribute, in the 
 nature of a pole-tax upon their respectivo 
 subjects, which tax, either from its verj' 
 nature or from the punishment, as soiiio 
 writers think, of its non-payment being 
 the amputation of tho offender's nose, was 
 called nose-money. 
 
 Turbulent even towards their own native 
 titular chief kings of Meath, it might have 
 been expected that the singularly haughty 
 and fiery kings of Ireland would be stung 
 to desperation by the sweeping and con- 
 temptuous as well as cruel tyranny of n 
 foreign pir.ate chief. Many attempts at 
 throwing off his oppressive and insultinn 
 yoke were unsuccessful ; but at length tlic 
 art and intrepidity of O'Malachlin, an 
 Irish king, put an end to both the reign 
 and the life of the usurper. As though 
 tho whole power and skill of the northmen 
 had been supposed to centre in this one 
 man, his death whs the signal of a gcnt'rnl 
 rising of the Irish. The lukewarm greff| 
 zealous and tho timid grew brave ; ever}' 
 where the Irish lieart beat and the Irisbi 
 sword gleamed for Ireland alone ; and the 
 massacre of tho northmen was so exten' 
 sivc, that the country might once more be 
 said to be almost free from all cnenile)] 
 save the turbulent and divided among liei 
 own sons. 
 
 But this freedom from the insulting yolii 
 of the foreigner was soon interrupted. Ii 
 larger numbers than ever, and with vcnj 
 gcanco now animating them as well 
 
 about the t 
 cence of ii 
 to any othe 
 Intercourse 
 owed to hei 
 Butnelth 
 
W^t W^tavi} al ivclnutr. 
 
 669 
 
 no woods aud mo 
 
 ;er and larger oxpc- 
 
 .InctoSon^fo 
 
 Khprocee^e^ 
 It settlement. Ana 
 ,8 among the Irlsji 
 f their enemies , lor 
 
 the invaders, io»'"h 
 I Interest, as Irlsn- 
 
 .»?«£ 
 
 the Deacon fl'O ,f "i 
 ^?^''\"t'butt?oolten 
 
 ■mm. 
 
 ceeded In planting a 
 Tertllc dl«t''f,?felgi: 
 ;."e"reKen\^^rdt^^^ 
 
 »c ^"f *{ernly. The na- 
 
 lSdWmUe,ln«^„ 
 Lnnon their respective 
 
 l^ cither trom Its vers' 
 ^•pS'ment M sonje 
 
 l\reXnS--.^- 
 I the sweeping and con- 
 
 it^ of O'Malachlln, ,an 
 I '^end to both there, , 
 
 tl^ S'JTaM 
 ," The lukewarm grewl 
 »Wdgrew1.rave;ev«7 
 
 '«'*'-V''Aone-aSd«'J 
 Ireland alone >»"",,,. 
 horthmen was so cxtcn 
 ,trv might once more m 
 ''W from all cnend 
 and divided among M 
 
 h from the insulting y"^« 
 tating tUem aa well « 
 
 cupidity, the pirate hordes of th.- ''orth 
 ngain poured In under three far ■■ sea- 
 Iclngs, Sitric, Olaif, and Ivar. .>,..ertor(], 
 Limerick, and Dul)lln were seized upon, as 
 being convenient e(]ual1y as strongholds 
 from which to rule and oppress the natives, 
 and as commercial cities. And, as is ge- 
 nerally obsL'i'vable, the energy of unprinci- 
 pled conquerors gave a commercial and 
 trading consoiucnce to those cities such as 
 they had never before possessed, aud most 
 likely would never have derived from their 
 original possessors. Merchants from va- 
 rious forelgu countries rei)alred thitlicr, 
 with articles of both use and mere luxury ; 
 and an observable impulse was given to the 
 civilisation and reflnement of the country, 
 through tlie medium of the very invaders 
 to whom thuusandsof tlie Inhabitants owed 
 misery and death. In truth, the situation 
 of the native Irish during this occupation 
 by the Danes may, without exaggeration, 
 he compared to that of the unhappy Bri- 
 tons, whose miseries under tlie early rule 
 of the Saxons are so graphically and so 
 tlirilllngly depicted by Uede. 
 
 But a warfare which kept alike the na- 
 tive and the invader in constant peril, could 
 not fall to abate In virulence as years passed 
 over. Intermarriage, and gradual commu- 
 nion for the purposes of trade, caused some- 
 thing like an armed Incorporation of the 
 two people. The natives were still go- 
 verned respectively by their own kings; and 
 the Bancs, under their kings. In their fer- 
 tile agricultural possessions aud prosper- 
 ous commercial towns, looked complacently 
 down upon the frcfjuent disputes and san- 
 guinary engagements between the native 
 provinces, precisely as Europeans looked 
 forth from their factories upon those jea- 
 lousies aud combats of the Indinn princes, 
 which have given so much territory, wealth, 
 and influence to a race who first went 
 among them with the timidity of strangers 
 and the cupidity of mere traders. 
 
 As we have already said, we believe that 
 the accounts that have been given of the 
 pleutif Illness of native Irish gold and silver 
 have been most ridiculously exaggerated. 
 It was to the commerce carried on and 
 encouraged liy Ireland's invaders, that 
 wealth, whether of the precious metals or 
 of foreign conveniences and luxury, was 
 chiefly, If not entirely, owing. The Italian 
 goldsmiths, so famous for the richness aud 
 cunning of their workmanship, undoubt- 
 edly supplied those ornaments and services 
 of gold and sliver plate which, towards the 
 mkldleof the tenth century, abounded In the 
 Irish monasteries and churches. Wc say 
 that this Is Indubitable, because we have 
 clear evidence of it in tlio will of Cormac, 
 bishop of Cashel and king of Munstcr. In 
 that will lie bequeathed to various churches 
 and monasteries not merely rich articles of 
 gold and silver, hut also rich garments of 
 silk, which not even the wildest dreamers 
 about the early native wealth aud magnlH- 
 cence of Ireland will pretend to attribute 
 to any other source than that commercial 
 Intercourse with foreigners which Ireland 
 owed to her conquerors. 
 
 But neither the Influence of the commer- 
 
 cial spirit nor the foreign luxury introduced 
 by tlie Danes, had the effect of subduing 
 the Irish turbulence or weakening the Irish 
 courage. Kven when, laying aside for a 
 brief time their petty quan'cls for local su- 
 premacy, they turned their arms against 
 the nortlimen, their endeavours wore far 
 more creditable than successful. But a 
 king of Mnnster at length arose, to show 
 the nortlimen that the juiwer of an inva- 
 der is precarious, and may be shaken long 
 after the most timid of lils followers have 
 ceased to fear, and all save the very best 
 and bravest among the oppressed have 
 ceased to hope, 
 
 A. D. 990.— Brian Borohmo (or, na It \a 
 sometimes written, Brian Boru), whose ta- 
 lents and courage even the romances found- 
 ed upon his actual deeds can scarcely rate 
 too highly, was king of Munster, contempo- 
 rary with MalachI, king of MCLth. The lat- 
 ter, though in title the chief kingdom, was 
 at this time scarcely the superior of Mun- 
 ster, the kings of which occasionally assert- 
 ed their equality by a Hat refusal to pay the 
 tribute. Though rivals, MalachI and Brian 
 Borohme had one common feeling of ha- 
 tred to the foreign rule of Ireland ; and 
 the former, a brave and able general, was la 
 a mere military point of view more com- 
 pletely the liberator of their common coun- 
 try tlian the latter. Disputes having arisen 
 between the king of Meatli and the Danes, 
 who had now rendered Dublin very popu- 
 lous and wealthy, a battle took place be- 
 tween them in tlie vicinity of the hill of 
 Tara, in which the Danes were so com- 
 pletely routed, aud with so much loss, that 
 they were glad to accept Malachi's terms 
 for peace. The Danes had so often been 
 victors In former and less ably conducted 
 attempts to restrain their power, that 
 among their slaves— by whom that warlike 
 and trading iifoplc had all domestic duties 
 performed, deeming them degrading to 
 warriors and mercliants— were upwards of 
 two thousand native Irish. These MalachI 
 compelled the Danes to liberate, and he had 
 the satisfaction to believe that this battle 
 had struck a terror into his foes which 
 would not merely restrain them from any 
 future excursions beyond their own bounds 
 with warlike or predatory objects, but even 
 cause them in the course of time to aban- 
 don the country altogether. Brian Bo- 
 rohme, as king of Munstcr, had obtained 
 scarcely less decisive triumphs over the 
 Danes, from whom ho had. In the case of 
 those who dwelt in Dublin, exacted an 
 annual tribute of an ounce of gold per 
 house. 
 
 Probably the triumpli of MalachI over the 
 Danes would have ended with the day of 
 their defeat before Tara, but tliat his own 
 subsequent defeat by Brian Borohme threw 
 power into the hands of a man as wise In 
 council as he was brave in the fleld. After 
 what has been said of the general pro- 
 pensity of all the Irish princes, from the 
 highest of the five kings to the very pet- 
 tiest tanlBt who could boast his territory of 
 a few acres, and his sept of a few scores of 
 half-starved peasants, it will be a matter of 
 no marvel that two powerful aud warlike 
 
 I r 
 
I 
 
 1 il 
 
 I 13: 
 
 670 
 
 Clbe €vtnim'ti of WfitavHt ^t. 
 
 ^ 
 
 princes, bo nearly matrlieil in point of 
 power and ainl>ition as Malachi and Brian 
 Borolimo, Bliouid And subject matter for 
 war against each otiier. Brian Borohme, 
 ronscious not only of warlllce ability but 
 also of capacity for civil rule, and perhaps 
 honourably anxious to make the latter ta- 
 lent serviceable to the whole of vexed and 
 suffering Ireland, flushed with his triumph 
 over the Danes and over many of the smaller 
 native kings and eliiofa, from whose terri- 
 tories ho had addc<l very largely to his 
 kingdom of Munster, aimed at the sole so- 
 vereignty of Ireland. MalachI, equally as 
 an independent prince, and as titular chief 
 king, rci-lsted his amoitious and certainly 
 unfounded pretensions. A severe con- 
 test ensued, in which Malachi was sub- 
 dued, and compelled, in that hall of Tara 
 which for centuries had witnessed the 
 supremacy of his ancestors, to do homage 
 to the rival whom he had so bravely though 
 lucklessly resisted. Several of the minor 
 kings and chiefs proposed to Malachi to 
 renew the struggle, and offered to support 
 him alike with arms and influence. Rut 
 true to his compact, and, perhaps, with the 
 characteristic nobleness of true bravery, 
 conscious that Brian Borohme wastlie bet- 
 ter capacitated to serve their common 
 country by quelling her domestic as well 
 as foreign foes, Malachi loyally and gene- 
 rously refused to do so. Ho went still far- 
 ther ; to his example of submission to the 
 superior genius of Borohme ho added the 
 strongest entreaty to his friends to support 
 and obey, instead of opposing, a man so 
 well calculated to preserve the peace their 
 bleeding country so much required. Ile- 
 talnlng his kingdom of Meatii, he paid 
 tribute to Borohme and faithfully second- 
 ed his measures. 
 
 Brian Borohmo's first acts showed that, 
 however biameable the course by which 
 he had obtained the chief regal place, his 
 genius was admirally adapted to it. Witli- 
 out losing time in idle show and ceremo- 
 nious enjoyment of his good fortune, he at 
 once set out on a military tour of pacilica- 
 tlon, receiving the formal submission of 
 the chiefs, and demanding good securities 
 and hostages for the loyalty of those who 
 had given any cause for suspicion, or whose 
 position was sucli as to make their future 
 revolt practicable on slight temptation. 
 Nor did he confine his cares to protecting 
 hlinsoif against the provinces ; he also made 
 strict laws for preventing the people from 
 being scourged by the unjust cosherings 
 and other oppressions of their rulers. His 
 well-known talents, and the sternness witli 
 which he even imprisoned those chiefs wlio 
 ventured to infringe his laws, had a most 
 salutary effect ; and In his reign Ireland was 
 a better-ordered and more happy and peace- 
 ful country than It had ever before been. 
 The strongholds and religious houses, which 
 had suffered so much h^ first by the vio- 
 lence of the northmen, and then by their 
 neglect, were repaired, and many new ones 
 founded. The Danes themselves, probably 
 finding the advantage of peace to their 
 commercial affairs, as well aa dreading to 
 provoke him as king of Ireland who had so 
 
 signally chastised them when lie was onljr 
 king of Munster, busied themselves solely 
 with trade, and did not for many years at- 
 tempt to commit any violence. 
 
 Time, tlio great soother of painful me- 
 mories, is also a great disturber of tho 
 good conduct which has its root in selfish 
 policy and selfish fear, rather than In a 
 genuine appreciation of goodness for its 
 own sake. And thus it proved in tho case I 
 of the Danes. Tiio prowess of Brian Bo- | 
 rohmo and Malachi had awed them, and 
 the singular fitness and energy displayed 
 by the former as a civil ruler had given 
 them practical proof and i)artlcipation of 
 tho benefits of peace in the laud. For 
 nearly a (luarter of a century these feelings 
 kept them perfectly in order ; but aa a new 
 generation sprang into active life, and long 
 habit had made strict rule much less im- 
 posing, they again began to show symp- 
 toms of r desire to return to their old 
 course of varying the life of the trader 
 with that of the armed and insolent rob- 
 ber. I'erhnps, too, they were encourageil 
 by supposing tliat the long lapse of years 
 had deprived the once terrible Brian Bn- 
 rohmo of his courage and conduct, as it. 
 was well known that it had of liis physical 
 strength and activity. The king of Dublin j 
 suddenly and without provocation led lii^* 
 northmen into the kingdom of Meatli, 
 plundering without limit, and, wherever 
 resisted, murdering without mercy. I 
 
 As If to show that Irishmen were never I 
 to see tho misfortunes of their country [ 
 without doing their own shameful part tu- 1 
 wards inflicting them, the king of Leiuslerl 
 joined his forces to those of tho northmen, | 
 and partook to the fullest In their out- 1 
 rageous violence. At the same monient-l 
 most probably by long preconcerted (ir-f 
 rangement— a new horde of northmen, ejic 
 man followed by women and children, eiil 
 tered Munster evidently with theintentiuiil 
 not merely to plunder the country, butl 
 also to effect a permanent scttlemeiit.f 
 Malachi and Brian Borohme put tliem-l 
 selves at tho head of the other kjnf<)l 
 and leaders, to oppose the hosts of forelitiil 
 and domestic foes t'lat had thus suddetilyf 
 sprung up amidst tlio profoundest peacej 
 and the most promising prospects of equaf 
 prosperity. Bightly believing that the iiaJ 
 tive foes were at once more guilty than tliil 
 foreign ones, Borohme despatched a inrgif 
 part of his force under his son Douough,tif 
 overrun the kingdom of Lein8ter,anddrivJ 
 off or destroy all the cattle on which tliJ 
 enemy would greatly depend for provision J 
 This service tho old warrior judged tliaf 
 his young and active son could effect i| 
 three days, to which period ho limited liil 
 absence. Under all ordinary circumstaiicff 
 this course would have been both politil 
 and safe ; for tho position of thenortlniief 
 was such, that it was to the last degree u| 
 likely that any general engagement woiill 
 ensue until after the return of DonoiipT 
 from an expedition the success of whii^ 
 would be of such material futuro value i 
 tho Irish. But once again a son of Irf 
 land— probably from some dastardly ffi 
 or revenge, or from petty personal Iwm 
 
 •>: 
 
 ht 
 
CTjc WitavD af JEvcTrtntr. 
 
 671 
 
 tviis Ireland's enemy : treason was In the 
 cami) of tlie bravo and good Borolimc, 
 whose gallant son was no sooner beyond 
 rcciill, than some deserter from the camp 
 made the uorthraen aware how much tho 
 Irish w«re weakened liy this detachment 
 of so largo a number of their best troojis, 
 and they at once forced on a gene, il en- 
 gafironient. 
 
 Fliglit, even h id it been In his power, 
 Ilorolime would not have for a moment 
 tliought of ; he formed his troops in battle- 
 array, and though more than fourscore 
 years had blajiched his hair and abated his 
 natural strength, ho rode along the ranlcs 
 and shouted his exhortations in tlio ge- 
 nuine und passionate eloiiucnce of whicli, 
 In former times, ho had so often witnessed 
 the tlirUltng and inspiring olToct upon the 
 troops who had followed him to victory. 
 I'ointing to the northmen, whose tumul- 
 tuous ranks were swelled by Norwegians, 
 Danes, and Britons from tho Orkneys, the 
 Hebrides, and the mountains of Wales, he 
 called upon Irishmen to strike no blow but 
 in remembrance of priests and nuns mur- 
 dered, churches burned, and tho sacred 
 tilings polluted or plundered ; ago cast forth 
 to perish In the forest, and tho young child 
 smitten dead with tho mother whose milk 
 still Itung upon Its lip ; ' bearing a crucillx 
 iu his left hand as he brandished his fami- 
 liar sword In his right, lio called upon 
 them to follow where ho e"\ould lead, and 
 to strike for the religion of the saints with 
 tiic firm hearts and vigorous arms of men 
 who knew how to die as Christians, but 
 never to submit to heathens in heart, name, 
 "unco,' 
 
 when ho was only 
 1 themselves solely 
 fformauyyeaiBat- 
 
 xtdlstuTbcrof the 
 19 its root m b*-'"*" , 
 
 began to fl their <'M 
 
 "„" „nd conduct, ah h 
 .MMmd of his rhys":.»» 
 fy'TheklngofUub'" 
 ,'^t provocation led 1^^^^^^ 
 e kingdom 01 JH^ - 
 
 Lrefc"«-"H' 
 
 Knalmmefulpar ; ,^ 
 em, the king "* ^if.Vm^" ■ or alll 
 
 those of tho "o"""'\ j! ■ a.d. lou.-It was shortly after daybreak 
 he fullest in *'"^' ,„,;t_l on the 23rd of April In the year 1014, that 
 
 At the same >""" . ^fB the venerable king and veteran warrior 
 long preconceri .^M thus addressed his army, who, greatly as 
 horde of "o",, ,,1,; cii I "'^'y '^W'-'w their numerical force to be wca- 
 ujmeu and cun^rc , ■ koned by the detachment of the troops 
 ilently with tucinvt;" ^^m „„(ier Donough on tho Leinster expedition, 
 Hinder the ''^ ,t|p}i,eiitl responded to the address by commencing 
 
 1 permanent ^^""^ti.p,,,;! tlio flght with cries of rapturous exclle- 
 ii\ Borohmo pu> j!J,,,,J ment, which proved that their king and 
 ad of the /''"S f^ypimil general had only done them justice in say- 
 1108C the hosts °^ *\ip,iivl ing that they knew how to die for their 
 
 t'\at had "'"^ ."^ ,,,,^(11 f''"^''- The battle lasted— success now in- 
 t the pvofounutst i ' J cllning to tho Irish, and now to the north- 
 ilslng prospects oii™|j|j,„_,j^,.|||g j.,jg „.i,oie of the day; and 
 
 tiy believing lua* "J' (iiJ wherever tho onward charge of tlie Irish 
 
 mce more 8"*', '.{^riarJwiia t''" fiercest and fartliest upon the foe, 
 
 lohtne desiiatcni-u I' ' Jaud wherever the foe in his turn repulsed 
 
 luder his 80""°"„(idrivlthcra the most murderously and effectively, 
 
 ouiofLelnsterjWiu ^ J there gleamed the sword and pealed the 
 
 the cattle on ^"' jgiyiiilBtill sonorous tones of Brian Borohme. 
 
 tly depend for provi«^ligjjgjj ^^^ j^^^^j ,jjmnjej ti,e om man's 
 
 old warrior J^^oC"^^ ijcyes and abated his natural strength, he 
 ictlve son couia eu , »(.„„(;|nuea tliug actively performing the 
 tch period ho """^V" fjiluty of both skilful chieftain and stout 
 
 Alordlnwy clrcum8i.^^^.^.|g,,,j,gj._ ^^^j^^ mcrally, 
 
 have ^ »,.„„fvrt.hmcM From morn to noon, from noon to dewy eve. 
 
 [But as the shadows of the mountains fell 
 longer and deeper ho became too weak 
 remain longer in tho field, and was 
 "' —-, 1 *«tiiT« vaiui: .HJbliged to seek rest In his tent, though 
 material luiure ^^^ ItlDveu hero his mental vigour mocked nis 
 nee again » »"'S,y ff»liy8lcaldeblllty, and he continued to direct 
 ■om ^°"*°pQraonal hnrel'lie light by brief and judicious messages 
 
 
 to the dilefs. At length the glad Bhoutaof 
 the Irish proclaimed that the foo was broken 
 beyond hope ; the king fell upon Ills knees 
 In the tlirliiing gladness of the patriot kinfr 
 and the loyal soldier, and his tent, in the 
 general joy, wiis left unguarded save by a 
 single stripling page, Tho traitor who had 
 warned the Danes of the detachment being 
 sent un ler Donough Into Leinster, couid 
 scarcely have wished a lieavier calamity to 
 Ireland than that which was caused by the 
 eager rusli of tlie king's personal guard to 
 join In tho slaughter and purt^uit of their 
 enemies, who were now to be seen flying in 
 every direction, wiiether that rush waa 
 made merely in obedience to their own de- 
 sire or in compliance with the king's com- 
 mand. Ho was recognised by a flying party 
 of the enemy only a few minutes after he 
 was thus left unguarded, and neither his 
 thin white hairs, his venerable aspect, nor 
 his pious posture could save him. In an 
 instant his enemies were upon him; tho 
 loud shriek and feeble though zealous blow 
 of tlic young page delayed the sacrlHce not a 
 moment; Brian Borohme, the terrilile in 
 battle, tho wise in council, and the inflexibly 
 just in rule, was slain, with many and 
 giiastly wounds, even as he knelt In thanks- 
 giving for the victory he had done so much 
 towards obtaining tor his country. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The defeat of the northmen was complete 
 at Clontarf ; and though the death ot Brian 
 Borohme was felt by lils troops as a very 
 serious drawback upon their victory, such 
 instant and excellent measures were taken 
 for following It up, that the fierce sea-kings 
 did not feel inclined to risk such another. 
 Tiic armed Invaders fled to their ships and 
 sought safety In flight ; and the northmi^s; 
 who were naturalised In Ireland, despairing 
 of any farther aid from beyond sea, had no 
 recourse but to live in peace with their 
 nelgiil)ours, with whom tho intermarriages 
 ot a few generations so incorporated them, 
 that ail distinction, save In a few male 
 iiaincs of families, was lost between the 
 two people lately so hostile, 
 
 Malachi, who had ably and bravely dis- 
 tinguished himself on this occasion at tho 
 very first outbreak of the northmen and 
 their treacherous allies of Leinster, was 
 now by common consent and acclaim called 
 again to tho chief sovereignty, which ho 
 enjoyed in all peace and honour until Ills 
 death, 
 
 A.D. 1022.— Full of years and Infirmities, 
 but no less full of honours, Malachi expired 
 peacefully iu the year 1023 ; and tlie death 
 of that venerable monarch was the signal 
 for a renewal of thoso shameful civil wai's, 
 and their consequent miseries and degr.a- 
 dations from which tlie strong hand and 
 vigorous mind of Brian Borohmo liad so 
 long kept the country free. Tho high re- 
 nown of Malachi had caused all tho kings 
 and chiefs to hall him as tho most worthy 
 successor of Brian Borohmo, but tho rela- 
 tives of those two truly great princes and 
 warriors could not so easily agree as to the 
 rightful successor of tho former. If the 
 
 . i 
 
 I n 
 
 ■ M 
 
-"^-MmtMrn^,.^, 
 
 ill 
 
 ! I 
 
 672 
 
 fE^t €veai\irii ol Wiiov^t «Vr. 
 
 princtploB of equity niul plain reaBontng Imd 
 been nppcnicd tu, tlio clainis of MiiIhcIiI'b 
 heir would uniiuof<tl()nal>ly Imvo nt oiico 
 been admitted ; and that upon two broad 
 and intc'IIJKiblo Krounda. In the llrst place, 
 Klurious and UHoful iin tho rel^n of llriiin 
 Borolinie liad been, ho had obtained tho 
 throne by violence; and It ia nioro than 
 posBlbIc that even Ills valour and conduct 
 would have failed to Reruro hhn upon It, 
 had not tho patriotic MalachI waived hia 
 own personal lnterei<ta in favour of tiioseof 
 his country, ,'n the next place, the unani- 
 mous ronsent of tiio kings and chiefs to 
 Malachi's succcedinff Brian very clearly 
 pointed out tho latter as tho merely per- 
 sonal possessor of tho throne, who had 
 olitalncd it wrongfully, who, probably, at 
 least, was allowed to retain It oidy on con- 
 Bideratlons of expediency, am' whose heirs, 
 consequently, even had ho died after Alala- 
 clii, could not, upon any sane view of the 
 hereditary prlncipu>,*.)r an Instant he put 
 Into competition with those of MalachI. 
 But equity and reason were allowed no voice 
 In tho matter. Many competitors appeared, 
 loud disputes and sanguinary struggles 
 ensued, and at length the lield was cleared 
 of all aspirants but two. These were l)o- 
 nough, king of Munster, heir of Brian Uo- 
 rohnie, and Turlougli, great nephew of the 
 latter and nephew of the former ; both, it 
 will be perceived, claiming In hereditary 
 Buccession to him who had been to all in- 
 tents an usurping king, however pood and 
 able one. The struggle between these two 
 princes was long and sanguinary ; but Do- 
 nough, though already in possession of the 
 kingdom of Munster, was vanquished. 
 Baffled in his high ambition, and detesting 
 tho sceno In which his rival had exhibited 
 BO marked a superiority in both talent and 
 popularity, Donough almost Immediately 
 resigned his proper kingdom of Munster, 
 and set out on a pilgrimage to Rome. Ar- 
 rived at • tho eternal city,' he entered into 
 a monastery, and there obscurely finished 
 his life. 
 
 Turlougli on mounting tho throne spee- 
 dily proved that he inherited with it much 
 of the ability and warlike courage of his 
 great uncle, together with a double portion 
 of his despotic and resolved self-will. Much 
 as he owed to the inferior kings and chiefs, 
 he imposed upon thorn unusually heavy 
 tributes ; a tyranny the full weight of which 
 was chiefly felt by the unfortunate kerne, 
 or peasantry, from whom, In addition to all 
 their heavy local burdens. It was of course 
 wrung by their tyrants. 
 
 From the Irish natives, Turlougli turned 
 his strong baud upon the northern settlers 
 and traders. Even under tho firm .xnd 
 Bteady rule of Brian Borohme, these people, 
 though strictly prevented from Indulging 
 theirseem ngly inherent and inoxtinguisii- 
 able love of violence and plunder, were 
 allowed to follow their peaceable pursuits, 
 and the customs of their own countries; 
 and their towna had invariably been go- 
 verned by their own peculiar laws, admt- 
 nlBtcred by princes or governors of their 
 own race. One of these, Godfred, king or 
 governor of Dublin, was banished almost 
 
 Immediately after the accession of Tur- 
 lough, who niled tho vacancy with Murken- 
 tach, his own son. A Bliullar course was 
 subsequently followed as to all the DanlHh 
 towns ; and when wo consider how little 
 formidable tho northmen had for somothno 
 shown themselves, and how very much they 
 had even lost of their distinct nationallly 
 by frequent intermarriages with the Irii<li, 
 It is dimcult to resist the belief that tills 
 sweeping change originated far less in ne- 
 cessity or patriotism than In Belf-wlll ami 
 a desire to aggrandise tho royal family or 
 its favourites. 
 
 At this period Ireland seems to havo ol>- 
 talned a very considerable improvement as 
 to wealth, if not as to reflnoment. Wo lliid 
 mention more frequently made of gold in 
 payment of trll)Uto where formerly it was 
 paid In cattlo or other kino; and to its 
 former exports of wheat, wool, hides, ami 
 cattle, we now find timber added. Indeed, 
 so flne was the Irish timber at that period, 
 and Irish bog oak especially, that William 
 UufUB, whose reign in England was con- 
 temporary with that of Turlough in Ire- 
 land, actually Imported Irish oak for tho 
 splendid roof of Westminster-hall. 
 
 A.D. 1080.— After an active and generally 
 prosperous and valuable reign, Turlougli 
 died in Io80. His kingdom was partitioned 
 among hla three sons ; the hereditary prin- 
 ciple being thus again set aside, but on 
 this occasion with at least tho colour uf 
 justice. Inasmuch as the principle of e<iii.il 
 division — though including the most dis- 
 tant male relatives— was that of the Brehou 
 laws in tho palmy days of tho Magi. One 
 of tlio sons dying, a contest arose between 
 the two survivors, Murkentach— already 
 mentioned as succeeding Godfred the norili- 
 iiian In the government of Dublin — and 
 Dermot. The latter was defeated and driven 
 '.iito exile, and Murkentach now claliiu'il 
 and was about to assume tho whole king- 
 dom. But a rival was set up against him 
 In the person of achleftain of tlieold bloiMl- 
 royal, named Donald MacLoughlin, who 
 was extremely popular among the priucej 
 both on account of his personal qualities 
 and his descent ; and again the unhaiip; 
 country was visited with a cImII war upon ;i 
 question tlio justice of wlilch was so oij- 
 vious, that any twelve honest men, how- 
 ever unlettered and unskilled in chicnnc.j 
 might havo set It at rest In an hour. Fur 
 eigiit years tlie old scenes of rapine, blond- 
 shed, and misery bade fair to undo all that 
 Invaders— f.-'.r less cruel and mischlevom 
 than tho turbulent and ju8tice-despising| 
 sous of the soil— had done towards tinpniv 
 Ing and enriching it ; and after all tliiaj 
 strife and misery, the rivalsat length agrrcil 
 to divide tho regal spoil between tlieiii. 
 The southern moiety of the kingdom was 
 given to Murkentach, and bore the tiiiel 
 of Leathmogh, or Mogh's share ; and tliel 
 northern moiety to MacLoughlin, and boi 
 the title of Leath Cunuln, or Conn's slijirc 
 
 Even this seemingly equitable arranpe] 
 ment did not restore a solid and lastiuj 
 peace. We call the arrangement soemlin.'!! 
 equitable, becauso it seems to hare met tin 
 full consent of both competitors and thcii 
 
Ctie f^Utarv at irelantr. 
 
 Recession of Tur- 
 rttiry wlHi MurU<u- \ 
 , lullar cour;o was i 
 «toalUUol)anlHU 
 
 ulmd lor some tl"io 
 iwiw very inucU tiicy 
 
 ufl.enef that t\M 
 natea far Ifcsa In nf; 
 ",ri.Uelf;wman' 
 . tlio royal famUj uv | 
 
 ,(\ seems to havo ol)- 
 'ahlolmprovcmcn a 
 
 renncment. . wonm» 
 
 ,Uero l..rincrly H was , 
 iier klne ; and to nn 
 
 oat woo. hides, aiul 
 mbcr added. Indec. . ; 
 Vmber at that period, , 
 (SlaUy.thatwmaju 
 
 u England was cm 
 , ot Turlough in in- 
 tod Irish oak lor tl.o , 
 
 nl^lvfand generally 
 ,al.ic reign. Turlmmh 
 iiRdom was partition i 
 slthe hereditary prlu- 
 gam set aside, .ut " 
 
 at least the colour t>t 
 , the principle ol euiul 
 ncluding the most d I 
 -wasthatolthcDrel'ou 
 
 .iftvs ol tho Magi. Olio 
 
 : contest arose between 
 
 wSrUentach -already 
 
 UnKGodlredthcnortU- 
 
 rHient ol Dublin -a"; 
 was defeated and drlv.i 
 
 'ukentach now clalnu^ 
 98umo tho ^vhole k m.^ 
 ^•na fict up against liiiu 
 hreItainoItheoldblo>"l- 
 aid MacLoughlln, >vlio 
 P^ar among the prlim^^^^ 
 f Ilia ncrsonal auamu j 
 l^nd again the unlmH'y 
 "vlth a civil war upon 1 
 :cT which was 8.. on- 
 felve honest men. ho v 
 d unskilled in cl'**""^; 
 'it rest man hour. Kn 
 tm>esol rapine. blo"d; 
 iTiofatr to undo all tnai 
 crue and mlschlevmi 
 
 It mid iustlee-dcspism 1 
 d due towards tmpryv., 
 
 u- and alter all t'"»| 
 J'rivarsatlengthaBree 
 
 ftl spoil between tlionij 
 ItyoIthekmgdoraH 
 ttPh and bore the title 
 rMogh's share; and H 
 iMacLoughUn.andlJcre 
 bunnm.or Conn's share. 
 Fnaly equitable arranpH 
 S?e a solid and lastinS 
 ^ awangement soemlnp 
 .?7emstohaveme m 
 [u corarctltors and timi 
 
 respective frlends.and so far wo areobllged 
 to call It BO ; though. »b initio, ono or tlio 
 other party must liavo been entitled to aU, 
 If cither was entitled to an;/. Clearly, how- 
 ever, this ground of debate was fully aban- 
 doned by tho dellbernto agreement wo 
 have referred to. Hut with tho cJiarac- 
 terlstlc pugnacity of the time and country, 
 though the two kings possessed, by treaty, 
 and each within liU own limits, tho ut- 
 most kingly Independence, a pe.accful en- 
 joyment (if limited and dellncd authority 
 tieems to have been by no means to the 
 taste of either king. Perpetual encroach- 
 ments wero made by one or tho other, and 
 a l<mg series of sanKUlnnry and very mis- 
 chievous battles terminated In tho utter 
 defeat of Murkentach, who, beaten at all 
 points and utterly daspairing of any better 
 Buccsss, retired from the contest In no;i, 
 and sought refuge in a monastery, where 
 lie terminated his days. 
 
 During the long .and obstinate stnigglc 
 between the native Irish kings, tho coast- 
 ward parts ol tho country wero repeatedly 
 annoyed by tho northmon, especially by the 
 Norwegian Magnus. Ills prowess and au- 
 dacity had possessed him of tho Hebrides 
 and tho Isle of Man, and under the title of 
 the Lord of tlio Isles he struck terror and 
 dismay far and near. Emlioldened by the 
 unnatural and senseless dissensions of the 
 Irish, he sailed up the Mlfey, ravaging and 
 destroying, and at length possessed himself 
 of Dublin, where, having fallen Into an 
 nnibush, he loHt his life. 
 
 From all that has been snld it will, we 
 trust, bo very evident, that the flaming 
 accounts given of tlie very early wealth, 
 grandeur, and learning of Ireland arc sheer 
 exaggerations or unfounded assumptions. 
 Tlie earliest inhabitants of It, of whom any- 
 thing is certainly known, were divided Into 
 numerous septs, individually too rude, and 
 .IS a whole too much divided among thcm- 
 fiolves, to have been either prosperous or 
 liifluontlal. Tho towns upon tho coast wero 
 cither founded or raised Into impoitanco 
 by subsequent Invaders of a more advanced 
 knowledge and refinement ; and at tho 
 period to which wo have brought down 
 tills history, tho condition ol Ireland had 
 iiothlug desirable which was not owing to 
 those Invrdors, and was, even then, such 
 as to make It morally certain, that the im- 
 provement ol the country, or even Its es- 
 cape from retrograding Into its original 
 misery and barbarism, could only result 
 from such an event as that to which wo 
 now pass, namely, the appear.anco ol Kn^- 
 [laiid on the Irish stage ; from which period 
 tlie history ol Ireland begins to possess 
 that clearness In which all its earlier poi'- 
 |tiou is 80 strikingly deflclcnt. 
 
 CHAPTER Vr. 
 
 Pnn various wars and arrangements in 
 Ireland did not prevent the whole island 
 torn ' ciiig still divided into the five chlel 
 kingdoms ol which mention has already 
 en made. The titular chlel royalty, as 
 fell as the real chlel power and inliuoncc, 
 rliich to tho time ol Malachi had appcr- 
 
 /573 
 
 talned as by prescription to Meath, subse- 
 quently passed now to one and now to 
 another kingdom. Munnter, under Drlan 
 Ilorobmc, had both tho chief title and the 
 chief sway, which afterwards appertained 
 to Connaught. 
 
 Uoderle. O'Connor, king of Connaught 
 and titular king of Ireland, however, lind 
 butllttic of tho power which Itrlan Dorohmo 
 had so sternly and steadily wielded. All 
 his energies wore required to enable hlni 
 to govern Connaught, and ho was Incapable 
 of either composing the dlirerences of tho 
 other kings, or of uniting tliem all under 
 his own authority In tho common defence of 
 their common Interests. In a word, Ireland 
 was in the twelfth century as divided as 
 ever it had been ; and only so far improved 
 In wealth as to tempt aggression by excit- 
 ing cnpldl'y. 
 
 That Ireland had so long remained free 
 from the aggresslims ol other than mere 
 ravaging northmen would bo wonderlul, 
 lndc<;d, but for the poverty which we liavo 
 shown to liavo caused that forbearance or 
 contempt. Heathen Rome and Christian 
 Rome alike had, for lung ages, allowed 
 the scml-barbarous people ol the 'sacred 
 Island' to light and destroy at their own 
 good pleasure. But the time at lenglli 
 eanio when Christian Rome, already en- 
 throned as tho mistress ol empires and 
 arbltrcss ol tlio temporal and spiritual 
 l>rlnce3 of the earth, looked with a longing 
 eye upon the lertlle Island on which pnis- 
 |)erlty, thanks to Iter invaders, had begun 
 to dawn. 
 
 The attention of Rome would probably 
 have been drawn to Ireland as ea.'ly as It 
 was, under any circumstances ; but it was 
 Ireland's near and ambitious neighbour, 
 Henry II. of England, who immediately 
 drew the attention ol the pontiff to her 
 value and capabilities ; overlooking, as 16 
 would seem, tho extreme probability tliat 
 the papal power would some day prove as 
 formUlablo In enmity as it could possibly 
 bo useful In friendship. Attracted by tho 
 fertility of Ireland and Its contiguity tolila 
 own kingdom, and being well Informed of 
 the internal dissen:)lons ol tho kings and 
 chieftains, which bade so fair to render tho 
 island an easy prey, lie applied to the papal 
 court for its sanction to his subduing ire- 
 land. 
 
 A.D. 1110.— Pope Adrian IV., wlio then 
 filled the papal chair, was doubly glad to 
 receive this request. An Knglishmau by 
 birth, he was naturally anxious for tho 
 aggrandisement of his native country; 
 and, aa pope, lie could not but be rejoiced 
 at having from the king of England tlila 
 emphatic acknowledgment of the temporal 
 as well as spiritual supremacy of Rnme. 
 
 The bull, so obtained, encouraging as it 
 was, did not alone occur to inllame the ambi- 
 tion of Henry. Tlie state of Ireland soon 
 alter this bull was issued was precisely such 
 as its foreign foeman might have desired it 
 to be ; one ol the intestine brawls which 
 formed so large a portion ol Irish existenco 
 breaking out just then with even more than 
 the usual virulence and fury. Dermot Mao- 
 morrogh, the then king of Leluitcr, who 
 
^Jm, 
 
 I f 
 
 ' 5 
 
 !i i 
 
 674 
 
 CTbt CrrAituri} of Viiiftariit ^Vr. 
 
 wan roiimrkaltlo oven nniniitf liM llrciitlonH 
 (■(mntryiiieii for liU KroHH iiiinionility, liiut 
 Kri'iitly provoked llin chief iii(<ii ot liUkliiK- 
 iloni liy IiIh tyriiiiniciil eoiulix-r.. lliiiiwiini 
 or conUMiiptiiDim ot llio Kenrriil feeling 
 lliiif. oxiHted iiir.'iinst. Iiliii, lie wntiloiily 
 ntliled U- llliy nlidiictliiK the wll'eof ororlr, 
 lirliico o{ lireirney, iliirliiK her hiiMhiiiid'it 
 HltMeiico, I'rineo Drorle on his reliirii Id 
 llio lio|f IhIiiiiiI In which he hiid, nn he lina- 
 .tlned, Hi'cnred I ho Hiifety of hU wife, wuu 
 I lUMetl III Ihe iitiniiHt r;iKO hy the liirorina- 
 t'lm Unit MncniorroNTli had nmde ii dencent 
 iii'oii Itiind rorclhly carried away the prin- 
 ce iH. IrlMh nioraliry at that time waM at hd 
 low an rbh, that nearly any man hut the 
 klh^ of r^eliiAter nilKht have aliductcd hlH 
 nciKhlionr'H wife, withont runninK xerloiiit 
 r'i^k of IncnrrlnKaiiyenndty or censnre lie- 
 yMulthnfof Ihe Injured himhand and hiA 
 Iminedlatc frlendaand rollowiMU Ihit Mac- 
 nnvroKh'ri character wan no Kenurally do- 
 test'Ml, that theprluco of Hreffney met with 
 wan iniidinnmniilByiniiathy. AinonKihoHO 
 who iwistonod to anal»t lilni wan Itoderic, 
 klnKo^Uoniintight ; iind ao powerful a force 
 wiui npiudlly led to the punlHhinont of the 
 ravUher, that ho was fairly driven from the 
 territory ho l<ad so Hcniidaloui^ly iiiIhko- 
 verned. 
 
 (!hastlHod hut Impenitent, diAprracrd nnd 
 Inirnln»< for roveiiKe, the exilo wont to 
 Franco, where lli-nry II. of KuKland then 
 waH, and Hollclted hU aid. OellKhlcd at 
 havluK an additional excnno for IiIh medi- 
 tated Invasion tluiH opportunely alfordeil 
 hlin, Henry atfocted to Klve I'alMi and full 
 credonoo to the vcrBlon of tin Htory which 
 It HUlted Mac.morronh'i* pui'pose to tell 
 lilin ; osiioclally ua heolfen-d, If rewtored to 
 Ilia khiKdcnn, to hold It as vassal of the 
 KukIIbIi crovt-n. .luut at tliat moment, 
 however, Henry was loo busily eiiKa^od In 
 Oulcnno In (iuoIIIiik the rohclllous spirit of 
 his Frondi suhjects, to ho able to K') per- 
 Bonnlly to the aid of his Irish supplicant. 
 Nevertheless ho cordially promised him 
 p\dssaut support, and furnished him with 
 letters patent by which all subjects of tho 
 king of Kngland were empowered and en- 
 couraged to aid the exiled kliiif of I.elnstcr 
 In Ills ttttompts to recover his dominion. 
 
 With this Important document Dermot 
 Macmorrogh hastened to Bristol to raise a 
 force upon its nutliorily. Vov a consltler- 
 able time, liowever, he found even the 
 king's letters patent Insulllcient to induce 
 men to volunteer for Ireland, where, ac- 
 cording to tho general notion of tho coun- 
 try, hard blows wore likely to constitute 
 tho principal booty. It is very likely that 
 Macraorrogh wmild have been still longer 
 without reaping any substantial bencllt 
 from tho possession of the king's letters 
 imtent, had ho not fortunately met with a 
 ruined nobio of the illustrious liouso of 
 Clare, who, by a f in-lous course of jtleasurt; 
 and oxtravngance, had so reduced himself, 
 that lio would gladly have shared in even a 
 less promlalng adventure. 
 
 Richard, suriiamed Strongbow, carl of 
 Rtrigul, was easily induced to enter into 
 the cause of tho king of Iielnstor,on being 
 promised his daugliter Kva ns a wife, witit 
 
 n preiient portion and the reversion of her 
 father's dominion. Having Hcuured this 
 
 potent ally — for Strongbow was a g I 
 
 and approveil soldier,— Macinorrogh left 
 lilm to raise and arrange forces, and |>i'o- 
 ceeiled to Wales, where l)y large and liberiil 
 promises ho procured I wool her allies, Mau- 
 rice li'll/gerald, and Uobert l^itzstephen, 
 eonstalilo of Abertlvl. Having thus se- 
 cured aliniulant aid, ho made arrangi'menls 
 for futuro prticeedlngs with tlie tlireu 
 lead'irs, and then clandestinely reentered 
 hit ..iigtiom of I.einster and secri'leil him- 
 sell III tho monastery of Karnes, of which 
 —so liltio had tho founding of inoiiastcries, 
 at that time so comnxni In Ireland, to do 
 with religious llfo or religious feeling— 
 this tyrant and ravishor was tho founder. 
 
 H is probable tliat Durmot Macinorrogli 
 had (Uily his own revenge and his own In- 
 terest In view wlien he sought tlio protec- 
 tion and aid of the Kuglisli king. Yet when 
 lio thus proposed to Introduco foreign 
 troops Into Ireland, and, iiko count •liilian 
 of Hpain who introduced tho llerco Arabs 
 into his country, railed tho foreigner to 
 look at (uico upon tlio loveliness, tlin f(>r- 
 tlllty, and the feebleness of tho land, it 
 seems scarcely possiblo that ho could liave 
 lieen wholly without a presentiment of tho 
 natural result. Somo writers oven go so 
 far as to say, that Ills assisting Henry of 
 Kngland to overrun tho rest of Ireland was 
 actually one of tho conditions upon which 
 ho obtained his countenance. In this there 
 Is more of bold c(iiije(auro than of legltl- 
 mato reasoning ; but if Macmorrogh had no 
 fears tiiat tliu foreign soldiery might allow 
 their plans to go a trllte farllier than tlio 
 mere recovery of lils dominion, ho only 
 fiirntslies another jiroof lliat revtdigo, like 
 drunkenness, blinds tho keenest eyo ami 
 bewilders the shniwdest Intellect. 
 
 Uoliert Kitzstephen, with thirty kniglits, 
 sixty esquires, and three l.undred archers, 
 WHS the llrst of tho friends of Dermot to 
 inako his appearance in Ireland. The nr- 
 chers, besides being well and completely 
 uriiied, were for the most part men wlio had 
 seen consideralilo service, and tlieir com- 
 pact and orderly march struck terror wlirr- 
 ever they appeared. Ten knights, thirty 
 es(iuires, !in(i sixty .archers liavlng, uiuicr 
 the leadership of Maurice do I'reniiergast, 
 joined this force, an attack was made upmi 
 tiio town of Wexford, which haii liecii 
 greatly Improved and was clileliy Inhaliitcil 
 by a party of Danes. Tho town was cu- 
 rled, and here tlio adventurers awaited tln^ 
 arrival ot Maurice Fitzgerald, llo joined 
 them soon after with ten knights, thirty 
 esi|uires, and a hundred archers; andtlioj 
 wliole force of tho adventurers was iiuwl 
 fully eiju.'il to tho task of defeating iiiiy 
 force that Ireland could draw to one iioliil, 
 Iloderic, king of Connaught, wlioliad takni 
 so signal a part in expelling tho guilty iiiu 
 detected Macmorrogh, made a gallant rc-l 
 sistancc to tho foreigners and tlieir nliy of 
 Leinster; butlic was beaten at ail poliiisj 
 and Macmorrogh now, looking beyond Uv 
 mere restoration of tho autliority freiii 
 which lie had so deservedly been driven 
 began to project Mio detluoning and exit 
 
„ ....version of l..|r 
 - Ml^olnorro^l^ livi. 
 
 <o fiircfx, 
 
 iitul I'i'i'- 
 
 „„ i„ lr.'lai>' . ». '^ 
 i)ornv>l MacmorroKli 
 
 "intVmUico fore «;; 
 nil iiko count .luliijii 
 
 mcHa ot tlio inn'l. It. 
 iXthocouUl '.iv;; 
 
 't\f ManuorroKJ. »a*l «^J , 
 
 root that re Yrn^o.M 
 H the kooiii-st eye ami 
 
 ;;l;':^,i;i^rtyun.«...^ 
 
 i-o 111 iroliind. Tin 
 moVll'avtmcnwlioliii.l 
 "rvh- -Vai"! tl.eli- comi- 
 
 '"tou kulgl.lH. tU ir > 
 arrlicrs lmv.n«. .>"''" 
 
 C(e Wfitotn of irelnntf. 
 
 676 
 
 ; I I -k wa« luaae m>"u 
 Sjffiv'lu^-^J 
 
 'iUi touknlKlila. "' "i 
 lulrwl archers ; aiul t 
 
 or death of llr)derle, mid hlH own cleviitloii 
 II tho dlKiilt.y of elilcf kliiK of Irolaiid. 
 Aiul tlilx fact, wo may remark:, K'>eH far to 
 dlKcredlt tlio oi)liiloii of hlH havliiK eiitrrcd 
 Into roinpnrt with Henry to ilio <'xli'nt,Miid 
 Willi the pardiMilar Hllpiilatloii to wliirli wo 
 Jiuvi) before allmlnl; for he ciiiilil Hrar"cly 
 lliink Keiiry of l';iiuland,tlii>o|i|ioii(<nl. cvi'ii 
 iif till! di'i'aileil Mild iiilKlity |>a|ial iiowcr, 
 a Mafe pernoii to rival; far Ickh could lie 
 Hii|i|iiK'.e that, even In vnHxalaKe, he could 
 ri'ifdi over llio wlioU* of Ireland, hut hy tlu; 
 direct consent of Henry hliiiHi-lf, 8lioiild 
 that foriiildah!(> monarch coiKjiicr Ireland — 
 as, he It oliHerved, It In iiHHumeil that IMac- 
 innrroKh expecled. I' •ever MiIh may I", 
 llie iimhitioiiH as|ilriit 4 of MaciiiorroKh, 
 who had HO lately liei-n an ontcaMt and u 
 Hiier for forolpii pity, Heeii ' 'iilly warrant- 
 ed hy the rucccsh whir -id hliherlo 
 hovered over the peiiiioii!* oL im allies. In 
 addition to the hiiccchsi'.s ihat we have 
 spoken of, they olitalncd sl^riial ndvaiitaKe 
 iiver the prince of Ossory, who not iiionly 
 rendered hinisclf to their cli'iiieiicy, hut 
 also Kavo hoslaKcs for IiIh future comliii't. 
 
 While these thlim's wei'e hcliiK eiiartnl, 
 KtrouKhow, tliouKh anxiously and impa- 
 tiently expected In Ireland, niid thoiiKli, as 
 far nH miiHteriiiK and ciiiilppliiK his troops 
 went, w:iH i|ulte ready to ko (hither, had, 
 III fact, made liln way to Normandy, where, 
 nH wo have kuUI, Henry 1 1, at that llmo wiih. 
 TIioiikIi an approved and gallant kiilKht, 
 StroiiKhow wan largely endowed with 
 that HiiRplclona and prevoyant slircwd 
 iiOHS, which, If not Renins, is very like It, 
 mid quite ns McrvlceaM^ a <inality; and 
 thniiKli tho written aiilhorlly of IhckliiK 
 til all KiikIIbIi HlllijeclH to alil (he liMiilshed 
 and deprived kiiiKof I.eliiHtersroiii'JH i, n 
 hiitli full and unequivocal, Klronghow I. o 
 well knew the waywardness, and tin; 
 liasBlouato wilfulness, when offended, of his 
 royal master, not to feel anxious for ii more 
 ilirect and personal permission to act; 
 It'st he should hy chance he runniiivr eoiiiiler 
 to tho kliiK's jirlvato wishes wlillc act In;,' 
 under hla openly expressed aiiMiorlty. Nor 
 lines It seem that hu wim greatly niislakeii. 
 I'riihahly the king thougrht tliat the previ- 
 iiiis eoiiquest and occupation of piirts of 
 Ireland, hy accomplished and knlKliHy 
 It'ailerd of strouK parties of his own hintr 
 uiiil hravo arcliery of Knglaiid, nilKlit iiui, 
 eventually, tend to make Ills own intendeil 
 iipin'opriation of tlio whole ishind any the 
 more facile. (Jertalii it Is, tliat, from what- 
 ever motive, though Henry did contlriii to 
 Btronghow in person the perniissloii wlveii 
 In tho letters patent to all Knglish subjects, 
 he did <30 with a coldness and ambiguity 
 
 "J" nt'iirers was iiuWBwiilch showed him to ho by no moans over 
 , adyeuuii iniyiiiicaged with llio success of the king of 
 
 ^^^}\ ".oxv to one iiiiiul.lU'inster In acquiring Knglish aid. 
 
 \ Having llrst despatclied, under Ilaymond 
 
 IlilB confldant and lieutenant, ton knights 
 
 land seventy nrchers who made good their 
 
 n.nii i/iivi. •■■■.' Jlandlng In splto of tho resistance of a hody 
 
 Igiiers a" ^ noini^ilof three thousand Irish by whom tlioy wore 
 
 las "?'*'v,' a heyoiid tlnlfuriously attacked near Waterford, Strong- 
 
 I'V^ViJr authority frowibow himself booh afterwards landed with 
 
 |)f '■"*'^,,".,„en iirlvciiltwo hundred horse and n strong hody of 
 
 "^^^^^ throning nud cxUfprchera. Having secured and garrisoned 
 
 Waterford, Htrongbow now led the Knglish 
 force to Dublin, which placi! they carrleil 
 by [aKsaiilt. Itoderic, king of iNiiinaiight, 
 enraged at the prowesK of the Knglish, and 
 iiliiriiied at the progross llioy niiil Ihi'lrally 
 won* making, put to ilcatli a nalural son of 
 Marinorrogirs, who was oiio of seven hoi4- 
 liivi's given by (hat Insiiieore prliico iis a 
 pli'ilgo of his frail y to Itoilrrle, iiiiiirr whom 
 while still doiilitful of the extent to which 
 he could depend upon his KngllHli allies, 
 ho had eonsenled to hold his kingdom of 
 LeliisliT. 
 
 Uoth at Waterford and at nublln tho 
 trliini|ili of the Knglish and their treaclier- 
 oils ally was marked hy circumstances of 
 the iiiimt awful barbarity. Hasculf, tho 
 Daiiisli governor of I lie idace, with I1I14 
 wife and children and soiiie alteiidantH, 
 were forliinale oiiougli to escape from llio 
 sack of Dublin to some boats in the bay ; but 
 the Hiaiiglilor among the common people 
 of both sexes and all ages was frightful. 
 Slrongbow now received, aa had been stl- 
 imlated, I ho hand of Kva, the nalural 
 daughter of Macniorrogh, and this latter 
 personage dyliigshiirtly afterwards, Htroiig- 
 bo'.v liocame possessed of (ho kingdom of 
 Iii'inster, and prepared to extend hla iioa- 
 session to the whole of Intland. 
 
 lloderic, Insload of hastening to tho 
 relief of Dublin, while the Danish tnliabl- 
 tants wiTO III a condition and spirit to 
 assist greatly in tiielr own defonce, em- 
 ployed that critical tiiiie, in which so much 
 nilglit have been done to arrest the pro- 
 gress of tho KiiKlish In a desultory and 
 unmeaningi^xpeilltion iiitoMeadi. Ho now 
 becaiiio sensible of tho error ho had coin- 
 niltled, and being joined hy other Irish 
 princes who also were now much alarmed 
 at the aspect of tho country, advanced with 
 tlilrty thoiisanii men— an ImmeiiHO army 
 for Ireland at (hat time to have on foot In 
 one coinmon cause— to besiege Dublin. 
 Hut Strongliow was not a man to bo long 
 pent within the walls of a beleamiered ciiy. 
 At the head of ninety kniglits, with a pro- 
 portionate number of esipilres and men-at- 
 arms, he tiaiiied out and intllcted such a 
 KMiiKuiiiary defeat upon this largo but un- 
 dlsrl|iliiied host, as to Impress all Ireland 
 with ail o)>inloii that the Kiiglisii were ab- 
 BoltUely Irresistible. 
 
 .lust at tills juncture tho hravo Pitzste- 
 plieii,who had been closely hemmed In at 
 a tort at t'arrick, sent to entreat aid of 
 Striiiigl)ow, The Latter, who previously to 
 his successful rally, whidi beside dispers- 
 liiga viist and enraged enemy, supplied him 
 Willi a year's food, of which he was despe- 
 rately 111 want, hastened at once to the aid 
 of his friend ; but before he could arrive 
 Kitzstcpiien lia<l allowed hinist'lf to bo 
 tricked out of his liberty. A messenger, 
 sent by tlie people of Waterford, to whom 
 ho was especially obnoxious, informed him 
 that Koderic— whom ho knew to have 
 marched against Dublin— had taken that 
 place; that Strongbow, Fitzgerald, nnU 
 many other knights of name had perished, 
 and that Roderic was now marching to- 
 wards him with the avowed determination 
 to spare neither sck nor age of the Kntfllslu 
 
676 
 
 K\)t CTrrnifurjt a( Wiiov}}, ^r. 
 
 aVow FltzBtephcii, roiiilUont thnt a bar)>n- 
 r>«8 country like InMand woiiUl l»c easily 
 subdued, liad bniunlit over bin wlfo and 
 cbildrcn with lilni, that ho uilKbt scttlo bla 
 lands as soon nn be nliould hnvo roiKiuoriHl 
 them, lie was, tbercforc, on tlieir account 
 Btruric 80 with terror, that he ro;idlly ft.ivo 
 credence to the IntcUlKence; tlio truth of 
 which, Indeed, the general character of 
 Irlrth warfare rendered but too probable In 
 every particular, except the con<iU('ftt of 
 Strongbow and his Kngllsh host by their 
 Ill-armed and worse-disciplined opponents. 
 The inossenger perceiving the Impression 
 Ills false tidings made upon FIt/steiihen, 
 now p«trsuadcd him to allow him to guidi; 
 hint to a shelter, together with his family 
 and Ills Immediate followers. In an evil 
 h(mr his anxiety for the safety of his wife 
 and children caused him to abandon the 
 strong fort in which ho could, at the very 
 worst, have held out for some time, anil 
 place himself and his family In the hands of 
 ills bitterest enemies. lie discovered his 
 error almost as soon as ho bad committed 
 It. Many of his most vaiuod followers were 
 put to death on tlio Instant, while ho and 
 the rest were committed to prison and 
 closely guarded. But how greatly was his 
 chagrin Increased when ho heard of the 
 splendid success of Strongbow at Dublin ; 
 and that ho was hastening to Carrick for tho 
 express purpose of alTordiiig that aid which 
 Fitzstcphen's own precipitancy had now 
 rendered useless ! The people of Waterford, 
 well knowing what fate they might expect 
 should they fall Into the hands of the terri- 
 ble Strongbow, gathered up every portal)lo 
 part of tlieir property, set Are to the town 
 in several places, and then, carrying their 
 prisoners with them, took shelter in a little 
 island near Waterford harbour. Thither 
 Strongbow pursued them, with threats of 
 taking the most signal and terrible ven- 
 geance ; but just as he was about to attack 
 the island, he was induced to depart by tlio 
 most solemn assurances which the enemy 
 caused to be given to him, thnt tho landinj,' 
 of his first man should bo tho signal for 
 striking off tho head of every English 
 prisoner. 
 
 While speaking of tho siege of Dublin by 
 the Irish, or, more correctly, of their rout 
 before that place, wo mentioned tliat 
 Strongbow and his followers had been mucli 
 Btmltened for provisions. What Strongbow 
 liad from tho very llrst foreseen, had by 
 this time taken place; Henry II. had 
 become jealous of his barons. Doubtful 
 how far feelings of allegiance would weigh 
 with such turbulent and self-willed men 
 against tho promptings of young ambition, 
 kindled and increased by splendid victories, 
 he saw in each new enterprise a new in- 
 stance of contempt of his authority, and in 
 each new success a temptation to actual 
 independence of his crown. Hoping, pro- 
 bably, that want of munitlonsandprovlsions 
 would cause them to suffer such reverse as 
 would make thein glad to sue to their llego 
 sovereign for sanction and aid, in an enter- 
 prise wliich they had carried on with as 
 inucli apparent independence as though no 
 sovereign existed to claim tlietr fealty or 
 
 resent their disrespect, liu had, for some 
 time, forbidden all aid to be sent to them 
 from England. As soon as tho state of af- 
 fairs In Ireland would admit of his doini< 
 so, and urged, in additinn to other coUiilde- 
 rations, by certain intelligenco he had 
 received, that tho king was on his woy in 
 lielmid at the liead of a numerous force, 
 Strongbow hastened to iCngland and met 
 the king In Oloucester, where lie iiad ns- 
 sembled a very powerful force. Henry at 
 llrst refused to admit Strongbow to M* 
 presence; but on the earl urging that he 
 could clearly show tliat. In that all ho had 
 done, ho had acted solely for the king's 
 service, and that he would not even stir a 
 step in tho Irish expedition until ho lind 
 received both a general and particular per- 
 mission from the king, ho was admilteil. 
 If must bo very clear to all who have rend 
 thus far, that Strongbow. fnmi tho flrst, 
 liad determined to make his military and 
 matrimonial coniiei tion with Denvot Mac- 
 niorrogli the stepping stone to the ; (le and 
 complete sovereignty of Ireland. TSv.iwhcn 
 Ills wary measures had proved tho just.'ceof 
 his suspicions of the king's true teelliiK-i 
 upon tliat subject, he shrewdly determined 
 that to hold much under the king was far 
 better than to have his conquests wrested 
 from him by a powerful monarch ; and he 
 boldly alllrmed on being admitted to tlio 
 royal presence, that lie aimed at Irisli con- 
 quest only for the king's service, and thnt 
 for himself, ho should be content wKli 
 wliatever reward his royal master might 
 deign to bestow upim him. raclfled by n 
 submission so civnolete, and seemingly bo 
 disinterested, tlu .iliig accepted the snr 
 render of Dublin and nil other ports and 
 fortresses conquered or to be conquered in 
 Ireland ; and granted to tho earl and hi.'! 
 heirs for overall his other Irish aciiuisltluiis 
 to bo held as llefs of the Rngllsh crown. 
 
 A.D. 1171.— Tho conciliatory policy of tlic 
 shrewd earl having thus averted tlic storm 
 of royal wrath in which he and li!s fortunes 
 would otherwise liavo probably suffereil 
 shipwreck, Henry hastened his prepiin- 
 tions, and, accompanied by Strongbow, laiiii- 
 ed at Waterford al)out the middle of Octolicr 
 1171. The largo force by which tho klnu 
 was accompanied, and the gallant ap|ie;ii'-j 
 aiice of his knights, armed cap-A-pic, pro- 
 cured him a degree of respect from the 
 natives which they prob.ably would have 
 withheld from the name of king,wlilch \va< 
 too common among them to have much nf 
 that prestige which attached to it elso 
 where. Not the slightest oppi).sitlon whs| 
 made to his landing, and as he progressed 
 through the country, kings and chlefjj 
 Hocked to him to tender their homage. Ti)| 
 each who thus came In to surrender lilij 
 possessions and authority, Henry instantly 
 restored both on tho easy condition (i(| 
 honiago being done and vassalage coii' 
 fesscd. Even Roderic O'Connor, tliel 
 original opponent of Derinot, peacealil;| 
 submitted, and without a single battle, 
 Henry II. of Engt.-ind became also king ol 
 Ireland. Having held a council at Caslicl 
 In which spociai provisions woro made foi 
 the support and protection of tlic clergy 
 
 ,A.D. 1172.- 
 
 I'or rudone 
 
 .with tho 01 
 
 tho flrst Em 
 
 f'llefly men 
 
 fnaractcrra 
 
 tlie natives I 
 
 my, howo' 
 
 I'Mk, and e 
 
 •nee, there 
 
 KpiKiuered, 
 
 *ouid proba 
 
 « but little 
 
 ^^ of thel 
 
 The profui 
 
 "•celled on 
 
 {Idlers, and 
 
 '»n which 
 
 'lent repress 
 
 "■CO In Its nc 
 
CTje Witavu at ivtUixts. 
 
 677 
 
 1,0 ncnt to Uiom 
 nsUioRtato of ttl- 
 
 n to other coikI"'- 
 
 ,»ll«onco lifi '>«'> 
 was on W» wny i.. 
 ri.uuuTouH fore. 
 
 Kii«liiua iiml »"«■<■ 
 
 w uvo l>o imd n^- 
 
 BtroiiKl'ow to > U I 
 .nrl urnliiB that lu 
 t", that aU lie l.ml 
 ,10 y for tlio Mm* 
 
 mUl not fven Bt r n 
 Itlon nntll »io \m\ 
 ;\ and imrttoular pci;- 
 i^bo wa« adnUlte.1. 
 toallwUol.avcma 
 bow. from tbo nrnt, 
 ako >»s military and 
 m Willi IHTivof, Mac- 
 
 BUmotothoMleand 
 nf Ireland. T^uiwlien. 
 iprovcdtl.nju«t!ce.,t, 
 
 . Btirewdly deti^rmlnia 
 
 scon.i«c9t8wre8t.<a 
 Tful no rnrcU ; and «« 
 .c'ntf admitted to tHe , 
 hL all cd at IrlBli cmi- 
 
 liia be content will 
 9 royal master mlBht 
 m il«n raclflcd by a 
 etc ad Bccmlngly »» 
 „K accepted tbo our 
 ,d nil other ports ami 
 dor to l>o conquered 1 
 
 Wl to the carl and lil* 
 other Irish acinUltloiis 
 ^SnKllsUero^vn , 
 
 riiplllatory policy 01 "'^ 
 ' lmravcrtedthoBt<,r.n| 
 
 ,lcl hcandh!sfortum> 
 ,avo probably sufleril 
 hastened hU prepar 
 cdbyStrongbow.am- 
 'utthemlddleofOctob 
 Iroo by which the ki i' 
 knd the gallant app'iu- 
 
 r rtrmcd cf«p-a-j"«. i;v'- 
 
 t of respect fron. 1; 
 y probably would h.u 
 Lme<ifkl"K.w»>lcl;f' 
 'iT»,cmtohaN;omud 
 
 ^i attached <""*;;, 
 mV klnga and clili^fs 
 
 of Dermot. peaccal 
 
 thout a 8l"8»%M 
 U became ajso KlnRO 
 
 eld a council at Ca^nci 
 '"ovUlpnaweroinadoto 
 
 •otcctlou of the cicFB) 
 
 npon whuHt) exertions the king well know 
 that tlio peaceable nialiitenanco of IiIb 
 tuthorlly would depend, and In which a 
 rarlety uf other lawH fur tliu regulation of 
 .narrlage, wIIIh, and Bucreaslon of property 
 were propounrted, tlio king proceeded to 
 rclebrato tlio feast of ChrlHtnias at Uublln. 
 The city poggesied no apartment largo 
 enough to Hcrvo for the royal l>an(|uetltig 
 room on this occasion, but a teniporiiry 
 l)avlllon was erected, In which Uenry 
 feasted O'ilonnor and the other principal 
 Irish princes In a stylo of profnso and 
 costly liberality such as they had never 
 before witnessed. 
 
 The king appointed n Uird high consta- 
 ble, an earl marshal, and a high steward ; 
 and distributed vast tracts of Irish ter- 
 ritory among English nobles, but on the 
 strictest feudal principle. Thus, for In- 
 stance, by way of preventing tho great pos- 
 sessions and eiinally great talents of Strong- 
 bow from being so predomipant In Ireland 
 as to tempt liiin to endeavour to throw off 
 the royal authority, the king gave tho whole 
 nf Meath, so long tho seat of tlio chief 
 Irish royalty, to Hugh de Lacy and his heirs 
 for ever, on the tenure of fifty knights' ser- 
 vice. May, so iwrtlcular was tho king that 
 the feudal tenure and forms should in no- 
 wise be neglected, that though Strongbow 
 had acquired his Lelnstcr poss>e:9slons by 
 marriage and not by tlio sword, Henry, 
 before ho left Ireland, compelled him to 
 resign them in form, and then conferred 
 tlicm upon hint on the usual military 
 tenure. 
 
 Having thns far provided for tho future 
 rtovernment and security nf Ireland as an 
 integral part of his dominion, and made 
 such minor arrangements as chanced to 
 occur to his mind or to the minds of his 
 advisers, Henry departed from tho scene of 
 Ills easy conquest— if conquest indeed tiiat 
 could be called in which he never had oc- 
 casion to Btriko a blow,— In April, 1172, 
 having been In Ireland barely six months ; 
 and on landing In Wales, proceeded Im- 
 mediately to St. David's church to return 
 tliauks for a success of which ho scorns to 
 have felt all tho Importance. 
 
 CHAPTEn VII. 
 
 A.D. 1172.— TnK reputation of Ireland 
 (or rudeness and poverty was such, that, 
 with the exception of a few of the leaders, 
 [thoflrst English invaders and settlers were 
 chiefly men of des|)erate fortunes and of a 
 character rather fitting them to battle with 
 the natives than to civilise them. Even had 
 they, however, been well fitted for that 
 task, and over so zealous In Us perform- 
 ance, the very relations of conqueror and 
 |(0Q(|uercd, possessor and dispossessed, 
 ■ould probably have made their exertions 
 If but little avail, at least in the earlier 
 tears of their residence. 
 The profuseness with which Henry had 
 krcelled out Irish lands among EnglLsh 
 )Idler8, and tho stern and jealous rigour 
 'Ith which each English pale or settlc- 
 iicnt repressed the slightest Irish disturb- 
 ico la its Qcighbourbood, soon caused tho 
 
 deepest and flerccst liatred. While tho 
 king and liis formidablu army remained, 
 the IrlHli affected tho nioxt cordial and 
 peaceful feelings; nii.v, perhaps, while tho 
 king's prehence acted as a strong check 
 npon tho haughty and insolent tyranny of 
 liie comiucrors, the coii'iuered actually did 
 entertain tho hope of being allowed to llvo 
 In peace and good fellowship. But the king 
 had no souiier departed tlian tlie flercest 
 animosities began to display themselves. 
 The natives, especially those who were in 
 the iuiinedlato nelghhourliood nf tho pa- 
 latinates, and who, therefore, were especi- 
 ally subjected to the insolence and oppres- 
 sion of tho English, looked with detestation 
 upon these possessors of countless acres 
 which tliey had forcibly wrested from tho 
 rightful possessors. From murmurs they 
 proceeded to actions ; rebellions on the one 
 hand and unsparing severity on tho other 
 ensued ; and again this luckless land seemed 
 doomed to long centuries of petty but ruin- 
 ous war.'*. 
 
 Strongbow was tho principal man among 
 tho new comers, and was known to bo tho 
 very soul of their councils, so against him 
 the animosity of the natives was especially 
 directed. To render his situation still more 
 perilous, his own followers, who, justly or 
 not, had acquired so much through his 
 daring and skill, began to show strong 
 symptoms of Insubordination. His ap- 
 pearance was hailed with less cordiality ; 
 his orders obeyed with less promptitude. 
 A chief cause of this want of cordiality 
 among tno English soldiers was tho strict- 
 ness of Fitzmaurice, who had the Imraediato 
 command. Ho was a good soldier and a 
 rigid disciplinarian, and being, as it would 
 appear, sincerely desirous that the natives 
 and the English should, for tho sake of 
 both parties, live in peace and in tho mutual 
 performances of good ofllces, he strictly 
 forbade all plundering and brawling, to 
 which tho English showed themselves only 
 too prone. This strictness, which the li- 
 centious soldiery considered all tho moro 
 unreasonable. Inasmuch as they were most 
 Irregularly paid, at length led to an openly 
 expressed determination of tho soldiers to 
 abandon Ireland altogether, unless the 
 command were taken from Fitzmaurice, 
 and given to Raymond Le Gros, an officer 
 who was altogether as popular among them. 
 Raymond Le Gros, perceiving how import- 
 ant his support was to Strongbow, ventured 
 to ask the hand of that nobleman's sister 
 Hasilla, a very beautiful woman of whom 
 Raymond had long been enamoured, but 
 whom Ills comparatively hnmblo fortune 
 would probably never have allowed him to 
 seek In marriage but for tho adventitious 
 importance into which ho was lifted by tho 
 mutinous spirit of tho soldiery. Strong- 
 bow was far too acute not to be well awaro 
 of the delicacy and even peril of his situa 
 tlon ; but he was as proud as he was brave, 
 and without hesitation refused Raymond 
 both the hand of the lady and constable- 
 ship of Lelnstcr, which he also demanded. 
 Raymond immediately embarked, taking a 
 considerable portion of the army with hiin. 
 Their departure was a signal for au lm« 
 
!; 
 
 
 , 
 
 678 
 
 ^e Crrnndiry of W^^ovut fct. 
 
 iiicdlatc ii"'lii-('iik of tho niitlvi'it; wlillo lliu 
 KiiRllnli Wi '(■ Nil iniicli wcnknii'd liy llic xiiil- 
 (li*n loM (if MO Ml rmiK a Imdy, tlmt HirniiKlinw 
 foiiiul It ncrt>iif<nry tn (U'Hiiiitcli ii iiii>iiMciiHi'r 
 to lit) (iniN, who liiid IdikIlmI In WiiIcm, ih'ii- 
 nilNiiiK tliiit hiM doiililo di'iiinnd xlioiild liu 
 liiiitii'dliitcly coiiiiijli'd Willi If lie kVoiiUl ro- 
 turn Willi tliu Holdlci'rt. lie did mo at lUiiiMt 
 cnMnkl iiKiiiii'iit ; urrlvliiu JiiMt In tliiic to 
 wivt' Iho kii'I'Imoii of Wiilcrfiiri , of wliniii 
 tlio IrlMJi liiid vciwi'<l imi to HI iro it iiiiiii. 
 I.o (IroM I'l'crlvcd liolli IiIh luldo mid liN 
 ii|i|)ciliiliiu'iil, and tlii'ii liiirrli'il to ini'it 
 II vilMt. foiTi' of Ii'ImIi whom O'Cniiiiof \v:iM 
 U'ltdliiK MKiiliiHt. Diilillii. Ah ilHiiiiJ, Iho 
 piilxM'ior iirnw and dhi'iplliio of tliu KiiK- 
 li'>hovi'rniiMi' the liiiiiiilliioiiM thoiiKli hravi' 
 tiiiilliliidi-t« of till* Irl^ih. Itod I'ic fioiiuht. 
 Kifi'ly III lllvhi.aiid l<:iyiii(iiitl \m (it'(M In- 
 dniKi'd IiIm vii'lorloiM foll'iwci'Mlo Ihu iit- 
 iiiohl fxU'iit of their wI.hIii'm ill niltlu'dJM- 
 ordcr* of Mcinl-linrliiiroiiA warfare. TIioiikIi 
 defenlfd on this imrtlrnlar oceiislon.u'Oon- 
 iiorwaMiiot NiilMlned, orieii routed, lio as 
 often K'ltlicred liln wild followerH to a head 
 ngniii, and IiIm (irr.ieverlnu and deMiiUory 
 attackM delU'd e en liii^ Mitillot the hrlllhint 
 liOdroM. At It: /III O'Connor entered into 
 a new treaty, by which ho enKiiK<'d to Imlil 
 liiM rifrhtfiil (loiiiln ona iiMtho lU-xo viixsal 
 of tliu kiiiK of KiiKl;iiid ; and in roiiHlder- 
 atloii of liiMliiiviiiir the ehli'f soverulKiiiy of 
 Ireland, exeliiMlve of th(> Kiifrllch |uile,— lie 
 uiidortook to peciire the peiicealile eoiidiicl, 
 of I he oilier native prlin'eM. to whom ilenry 
 aMHiireUthe iiodnes^lon and peaceful eiijoy- 
 inent of their reniicctlve territories on con- 
 dition of their roKiilar |iayineiit of trllmte, 
 coiiMiMtiiiff of a hide for every t)<ii lioad of 
 cattle Blaughtcred. Koderlo O'Connor, 
 therefore, wan klim, In vas»ahiKO to Kwk- 
 Innd, of all Ireland exceiit the KngllMli |<ale, 
 which Included nnlillii, Wuterford, IjcIii- 
 Hter, Meath, and tliu whole t'xtent uf coun- 
 try from DuiiKarroii to Wuterford. 
 • A.i>. 1175.— HlroiiKliow died in 1175, leav- 
 ing Ills daughter Isabel de Clare !ielro!>H to 
 lilt) lininenMu wealth, with tlio oxceptloii of 
 certain luiidH with which ho endowed the 
 priory which, In coinpllance with the quasi 
 devout spirit uf the age, he had founded at 
 Kllniainlmni. 
 
 At the death of Htronglmw a now gover- 
 nor, FItz-Adelni, went to Ireland. In hl« 
 train was a knight, of no great previous) 
 notoriety, named l)e Courcy, who, in pur- 
 ffuancu of a lingular fancy, Ilglited up the 
 flames of war In a part of the country which 
 aiuld all tlie recent bloodshed had remained 
 at peace. Lying towards Scotland, and 
 being inlialilted chlelly by Scotsmen and 
 shepherds, tho province of Ulster might 
 liavo long remained undisturbed, but that 
 a headstrong English knight conceived tho 
 huinano and worshipful plan of fultllliiig an 
 Irish prophecy, at no matter what expense 
 of Mood, Scotch, Kngllsh, or Irish. The 
 prophecy ran that Ulster should bo con- 
 quered by a knight from oversea, riding on 
 n white horse, and bearing birds upon his 
 shield. Do Courcy had como from over 
 sea, he speedily provided himself with a 
 white horse, and though his shield boro 
 uot birds hut bees, yet as the latter as well 
 
 as the former have wings, ho wasdoctdodly 
 of opinion that ho was <(ii4(d/iii( thu very 
 knight alliuh'd to In tho prophecy I And 
 to this mere whim of a foreigner, who in 
 niorc! nober times would h >vo been langheu 
 at iiM a coxcomb, or Mliut up a« a daiigeroiirt 
 lunatic, tliu unhappy people of I'ister were 
 to see homes and lives sacrillced I 
 
 In dcHpltoof the expre<is proliibltlon of 
 the governor, l-'ltz-Adelm, Do (Vnircy mim 
 lered a numerous band of followers, aii<l 
 Willi pennant Hying and trumpets sound 
 Inir, galloped at daylireak into the streets 
 of IMwnoairIck, the capital of IMstcr. The 
 poju^'s legate, cardinal Vlvlani, who was In 
 lliat province, eiideiivoiired to dlMSuade He 
 Courcy from violence; liiit the cardlnal'-i 
 elo(|iienc(' was powerless against the pn> 
 plieey. The cardinal, tlicii, Itecoinliig in 
 dignant at ■ lie Henseless and unprincipled 
 conduct of Do Courcy, advised tliokingof 
 I'isler, O'N'eil, lo oppose him In arms, In 
 tln( (Irst engagement O'Nell was defeated, 
 but snbsei|iieiitly Du Courcy, though gene 
 rally successful In (iltclied battles, was fn 
 i|ucntly reduced to great straits; and mi 
 one occasion ho only escaped capliire 
 wlilcli ill his case would havi lieeii Inevi- 
 table dualh-by Hying before his enemies 
 for two days and nights, without other sus- 
 tenance than water and wild berries. 
 
 The petty and mischievous warfare which 
 De Courcy had coininenced In Ulster natu- 
 rally led to similar disturbances in other 
 parts. FII/.-Adeliii, the governor, was de- 
 tested ; and Henry iiiiagiiilng that a more 
 popular governor would iierhaps succeed in 
 restoring and preserving tho peace oftlie 
 country— a peace which was indlsprnsable 
 towards making tlio possession of llio 
 coiinlry asmircoof reveiiuo to Kngland 
 removed I'itz-Adelin, and gave his post in 
 Uugh do Lacy, the lord of Meath, wlioni 
 he Instructrd to take all possible means id 
 conciliate the natives, but at the sainetliiio 
 to exert himself In the erection of castles 
 sumdently strong and advantageously situ- 
 ated for tho defence of the Kngllsh pale, 
 Nor did tho king's anxious efforts to securn 
 the peace of Ireland stoji even here. He 
 applied to Koine for permission to crown 
 his son prince John as king of Irelaml, 
 though of course in vassalagu to Knglainl. 
 The Court of Home, which, oven only wiili 
 reference to the I'eter-rence, and still more 
 with reference to future contingencies, liml 
 a deep stake in the tranquillity and prns- 
 verlty of Ireland, readily gave tho perniis 
 slon re(iulred. Hut, whether from already 
 perceiving something of John's real na- 
 ture, or from some othor unexplained feel- 
 ing, tho king did not avail himself of it,| 
 but merely sent him over as lord of Ire 
 land, where the prince arrived iu the yiail 
 1185. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 A.D. 1186.— Pbincb Johh ■was at this perloJ 
 about nineteen years of age. Arrogantl 
 heartless, and destitute even of the pruf 
 denco which would have taught him 
 imitate the affability and kindliness of ma 
 uer by which his father, during the whull 
 
 M 
 
w/<riii-hcnrt,Ml ,.i'|,.ft,,|,\i' 1'7 '"'tal'lc |,ut 
 ''''"'<>rtlir|,7iV,^. ,';"*" '"V ""'" '1'l.d 
 
 '""V li/ilr nil.) ImviiUhV ,,'''. '^'.''""'-•'■•'"'''y 
 '» v.ry odd rt|,,H.„rum'.. ,? '."*'• »'"'««"«'.l 
 "■< 'lio frlsliv. [•'.*• ,"" ''"iil't; (lioiiifli 
 
 'i'"iiiwd to Mill .;, I \""' "I'y wci-(. i„. 
 
 J"""K mid nH iKi r./l'^';^ '''■'■«''''« "N 
 »vcirr(>rclvcd«iM,. . "" ''I'liHflf t)i<n 
 ><•'•. ".Kl mmm ' I'^'i; r," '"-'IUImkIu ,«* 
 
 I '•■''••Js <.r t»ieHi./i.'ry*„i .';;■!/" """ ""-' 
 
 II vvi'ry •imMlf,.Mt«t ' ,V T?" ""tIoi-h 
 "I'-li iintuio ,vaH pp/tN . "f, ' '''^■•''''^- T'k' 
 'f /»r H«r,.r t„ Injur iihn,^ T"! '' "" " would 
 
 uririliuuion to I." v,f ,o' «■'"■; '''''•'"•'" <l<' 
 
 '"fivo and t.Trlflr d.« w ft""' """" '-x- 
 
 I "''•«''»'» nnd til,", I,,,, ," *'"Kli8li Mile, 
 i '""ses and l'Utr|,.r,',j' ,'''«• i"""y "f tlij 
 
 ilf'iJIy tlie unliii OMitir ,? f '■'" 'I'volt, luid so 
 Klnco John tit ,/,'''«' Wisfclt I. Xds 
 
 would lln.J. 'l . ."" "'. '« most llkf.Iv I>.. iJ "? 
 
 
 ;^'!!F?^»..^"lh;;rif;y'^^,^;^«|wt^;;;^dy 
 
 »'" '"•••n whoiiv il'/'''^'y ^'•'■l'»ii(l 
 at h'tm, )m i^ ,,'.'^' '" ''^''Xlaiid, 
 
 Ti„i . ' ""' '"■ I'lnirfrn.i.ii ; 
 
 -i^tiSio^'S'^''"-::;:';;:;:^ 
 
 I H l-etulunt ni d inoa »,, fi'''''y '•' ^'.i".' I 
 iifgoverinnent to jinr j*^ *""' "'"' »ave 
 
 lii"iis proDortv ntwi • '""^ l"'S8eg.«|||„ ,,„,,,. 
 
 [" n^tllr. i.^ateL'arn'?;"^'-^'''""^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 I' ovorcoiuo the tormUnlV' V'^'" '" Ireland 
 
 I rd nnd niost „,,C.,n "•■" •^"'"'"s 
 I iiKh do Lacy whn , . 2"''''''o conduct 
 |u-Adeh„."'=^'„;:,hj ' ' ;^ orinerly rcvS 
 ■"llmoreoffloloMf.,^J„ "■ '"ivo been a 
 
 fivo yearH". iRft.Vr' '.'''''.';" '"•''¥'>'>«' IJilrly. 
 •'••I'll t<'niieited ..V .i''"'"'''''' "' whlf i,«^r I 
 
 "•Id wii.' iineii.i'.i. I I '' "" ""I'lf Jniv iiy 
 '"'•'""•<' r At el' ,!>■/''<• renoCd i ,7'- 
 ""I V(TKoof a,. n'S*/. "> w.'irmro even o 
 
 "l'l«' H. (imn to li i,,,,''^, '•*""" '"<His of 
 »'H nlreiiily nm,|,' V,, V " «'""incNt ihat 
 '•■'Kl.i.onrhoo ",,,"', " V"" '"nne.l| 
 
 •r.nvn limy In «,.„'""' '" "i" l';nKli"i, 
 
 «/;;^tiou.;^v!;?i..;aiy':!i7;«tf.^.nna 
 
 r;, ",'.'• '" I'W John'' ,;:";', '''•r'''''^"' 
 
 tiliiiy ,viis oneii f„ ',,, "y" '''sc/tiiii eer- 
 "iit lunverfnl nVn/w- ""*""■"''''" 'jucstlon 
 
 covered that he ill vl /''': *"-' «"<"' <^ l*^ 
 vci.turinK to he .rd oil;" "i' '""f'' » 
 
 r';['':;f « ""i" ^ Sol.'" 'K^«y ""n." ' 
 
 r'H' lifetime of iticho /i • V" ^ourcy, in 
 >'reiiro to rrlneo John •• *'"' »'ven great 
 temi.t with'wi'/eh ho ha'//'"' "tter c.m- 
 Princo's orders In ^ ,^, treated all tl n 
 
 hro le, resolved to e„rh 1"' *"""'o t" tlie 
 
 til- 'J"a,.7;:jr'^/-!i™-'7^ ill's i!n;:;;r^^t^ to '^ j;^ ; ,-.o ^ h^ 
 
 '""'1 l>y an Jr ish i^/""*'" murderc., ,„ r,„„ 
 
 "I'ofMeath. *^°'**'«8tlolnhls]ora. Ifsnnr '^"K""icl. How or' Jn '"'.'"' ""'l 
 
il 
 
 11 1 i 
 
 580 
 
 CriK CTrrni^uri) al W^toi'V, &(• 
 
 tliiin as an excuse for leaving KiiKland while 
 the minds of hU subjects were alarmed and 
 irritated by the trciucndous effects of the 
 papal interdict. Attended by a powerful 
 array, he was speedily waited upon at Dub- 
 lin by twenty of the most powerful chief- 
 tains, who did homage and took an oath 
 of allegiance. Anxious now to conciliate, 
 us formerly he had been hasty to offend, he 
 made many presents among them ; and we 
 may take it as a sure proof that these brave 
 rhieftalns were even yet not far removed 
 from barbarism, when we learn that of all 
 the presents lie made them, they were by 
 far the most delighted with a quantity of 
 scarlet cloth. 
 
 The reader of English history is aware of 
 the Important law regulations whlcli were 
 made in England during the reign of John ; 
 all these regulations were equally extended 
 to Ireland, as were the provisions of that 
 great political blessing— magna charta. 
 But, unfortunately, these licnellts, though 
 they were actually conferred upon all, were 
 enjoyed only by the English, In Ireland ; 
 the turbulence, the ignorance, and the in- 
 domitable prejudices of the dweller-s beyond 
 the English pale, making them look with 
 mingled detestation and contempt upon all 
 liberty and enjoyment procured otherwise 
 than by force of arms. Where the barons 
 from England subdued tracts of country 
 and subjected the inhabitants to the feudal 
 law, those inhabitants undoubtedly enjoyed 
 tlie same imperfect and restricted liberty 
 as Englishraeii of the same rank ; and no- 
 thing can bo more grossly unjust and un- 
 true than to represent as a consequence of 
 English partiality, that difference between 
 the people which really arose from the wild 
 and Ignorant, though not altogether unge- 
 nerous, fierceness and turbulence of the 
 Irish themselves. 
 
 A.D. 1216.— John, whose attention to Ire- 
 land was but temporary, was now succeeded 
 by Henry III. The long rclgn of this prince 
 extended to flfty-six years ; and the weak- 
 ness of his character, especially unfitting 
 him to contend with the bold, able, and rest- 
 less barons of his time, made tlie struggles 
 of England more than enough to employ 
 him ; and Ireland was consequently left to 
 be scourged by the constant wars between 
 the Irish people and their English rulers, 
 the latter of whom still farther increased 
 the confusion of that unhappy country by 
 fierce and frequent contests among them- 
 selves. How desperate the condition of the 
 country had at length become, may be In- 
 ferred from a petition of the Irish people 
 to Edward I., in which they implored him 
 to compel the barons to administer the law 
 equally whether to English or Irish vassals 
 of his majesty, and to compel the extension 
 of all English laws and customs to the 
 whole Irish people. Utterly heedless, it 
 would seera,of the fact that, as far as decrees 
 coulr*. avail, all this had been done in the 
 reign of John, and that it was the Irish 
 people themselves wlio had prevented prac- 
 tice from being assimilated to theory ; yet 
 at the same time painfully sensible of the 
 existing evils, though blind to their real 
 causes, they offered tojpay the sum of eight 
 
 thousand marks to the king as tho price of 
 his rendering them this great and neces- 
 sary service. Ho made an order accord- 
 ingly ; but the order of the great Edward 
 was as Ineffectual as that of the mean Johu, 
 when opposed to tho habits and prejudices 
 of a people at once brave, restless, and Igno- 
 ra. .J, living In a state of society so provoca- 
 tive of injustice and tyranny as that of the 
 feudal system. 
 
 Tho long war in wlilch Edward I. was en- 
 gaged with Scotland compelled him to sum- 
 mon his barons from Ireland, and during 
 their absence the natives made frequent 
 and very destructive attacks upon the Eng- 
 lish pale. Tho death of Edward enabled tho 
 celebrated Uobert Bruce to seat himself 
 llrinly upon the throne of Scotland. Know- 
 ing how ardently the Irish desired to throw 
 off the English yoke, and judging how im- 
 portantly useful he could mako them in 
 diverting the attacks of tho English from 
 Scotland, king Robert Bruce in the year 
 after his accession to the Scottish throne, 
 (1315) sent his brother Edward Bruce into 
 Ireland with a well-equipped array of e.ooo 
 men. He was received with open arms as 
 deliverer, and took upon himself the title of 
 king. His brother soon afterwards landed 
 In Ireland with a still more powerful army. 
 But just at this time there was an absolute 
 famine in both England and Ireland ; and 
 the latter country, buffering under the ef- 
 fects of long civil war as well as of the bad 
 season, was still more terribly destitute thnii 
 tho former. The most splendid successes 
 of war could avail nothing against fainiiio. 
 Reduced to feed upon the horses as they 
 died of actual hunger, the soldiers of Druco 
 perished In awful numbers, and he at length 
 returned to Scotland, It-aviiig his brother to 
 contest his usurped crown with the Eng- 
 lish or abandon it, as lie might seo fit. Ed- ; 
 ward Bruce, who was to the full as cruel as 
 ho was brave, bore \ip with a most constant 
 spirit against all dltficulties. Bur, though 
 he had much success in the field, and 
 made terrible examples of the vanquished, 
 ho found it utterly impossible to drive tlio 
 English from their strong holds. Tho Irieli 
 were, indeed, for the most part very favour- 
 able to him ; but If they hated tho English 
 much, they hated each other still more,aiid, 
 as usual, their mutual strife rendered it im- 
 possible that they could constantly and cnr- 
 dially cooperate even for a purpose and a 
 cause which they all had strongly at heart. 
 
 A.D. 1318.— Under such circumstances, It 
 is most likely that Edward Bruce would at 
 length have seen that the concjucst of lre-| 
 land from such a people as the English waai 
 a project too vast for Scotland, oven witli 
 tho miglity Robert Bruce for her king. 
 But ere he had yet made up his mind to 
 abandon his usurped royalty and return to 
 Scotland, he w.".s encountered at DundalM 
 by tho English army, under the lord Berf 
 mingham. Edward Bruce on this impuri 
 nnt day performed the part of a good gcno; 
 ral and a stout soldier; but all his elf orij 
 were In vain, and ho fell upon the field ol 
 battle while making efforts to rally a per 
 tion of his routed and dispirited forcfj 
 Conspicuous by his arms and ornamciiu 
 
the king as the price ot 
 1 tills great and neces- 
 mado an order accord- 
 cr of tlio great Edward 
 s that of the mean Joliu, 
 10 habits and prejudices 
 jrave, restless, and Igno- 
 te of society so provoca- 
 id tyranny as that of the 
 
 which Edward I. was en- 
 d compelled him to sum- 
 om Ireland, and during 
 natives made frequent 
 re attacks npon the Eng- 
 ;h of Edward enabled the 
 Bruce to scat himself 
 one of Scotland. Know- 
 lie Irish desired to throw 
 te, and judging how iin- 
 le could make them in 
 cks of the English from 
 bert Bruce in the year 
 to tlic Scottish throne, 
 ther Edward Bruce into 
 i-equlpped army of 6,000 
 !lved with open arms as 
 ; upon himself the title of 
 ' soon afterwards landed 
 itili more powerful army, 
 ne there was an absolute 
 ugland and Ireland ; ami 
 , Buffering under the ef- 
 war as well as of the bad 
 )re terribly destitute than 
 most splendid successos 
 nothing against famliif. 
 upon the horses as they 
 ger, the soldiers of Bruce 
 lumbers, and he at lengtli 
 nd, leaving his brother to 
 ed crown with the Eng- 
 , as he might sec tit. Ed- 
 ras to the full as cruel as 
 > up with a most constant 
 difflcultles. But though 
 iccess in the field, and 
 mples of the vanquislied, 
 y Impossible to drive tlio 
 r strong holds. The Irisli 
 he most part very favour- 
 if they hated the English 
 each other still more, and, 
 tual strife rendered It iin 
 could constantly and cor 
 iven for a purpose and a 
 all had strongly at heart, 
 ir such circumstances, It 
 t Edward Bruce would at 
 tliat the conquest of Ire- 
 peoide as the English was 
 it for Scotland, even with 
 ert Bruco for her king. 
 yet made up his mind to 
 •ped royalty and return to 
 encountered at Dundalli| 
 irmy, under the lord Bw- 
 ,rd Bruce on this import 
 d the part of a good bcik 
 soldier; but all his effort 
 d he fell upon the field ol 
 :ing efforts to rally a r*"' 
 ted and dispirited force 
 Ills arms and ornament' 
 
 J — — _5i 
 
 "^tftriSisr 
 
 (Ion !..;► .1 "'rife wtm nntti ** countrv f n 
 SRo'^fdrvT,'-"^"-^^^ 
 
 wiiose iaii<ia~r; — ', ^^-i 
 
 Prope ■'"•',if 7 the Uan'a^ Tno\7'''"»''"t 
 
 [ "bedlence and '.^"^'''"«l. and f^r "'.''"''o 
 
 '•■iue«tlyi,ad"o„,^°°'* conduct thnv ^*'^'^«o 
 cxceJldiit 7t_««'"e security. B„t l^* /""se- 
 
 ffoin alj Biu\t^Ji^ Ireland as hf. "^ *''e 
 ' very nalu^' «?.! ejceptil?,^,? "?. Tee 
 
 m vocativeof wroni.f.'r"'Ja' tenure w«i ."'*' 
 H on the othni: 1 *''oJng;yet iV i, .^^'^ W'o- 
 
 SaglZTJl"^^. ana rai8K,*°'^;iMs | ti 
 
 two rices taT"^ '''e hostflitv itf"'"''''^ '''■ 
 
 toheeoiie In ?,""eopei, to^tl,7?'i'*'< «"1 
 "Hitod In.'.!" '^''<^ course of u. '"^^ racca 
 
 
 
 sceia,ofsi>,..i.'(° "''"■'of mennf iJf*,'" tlio 
 tlio IWhI, '^•^'''"et tiie Irish In., *^"»"sii de- 
 <Ire.s8 't L?*'o'"8. or weiw.^""*''' "sing 
 ^verodojfe ""'I S'»"o 0M?e'r l'"f ^'''s'^ 
 »<^monil/erefi n ^^^ severe .,^,,f««tine.U8 
 Site sp rft hl/'l>'>' '-'"■icta en'ts > ' "'"st bo 
 tried in vV,!?^' '"r two hundivli." '"' "lU'o- 
 severity'^iV m'"^ "'"' Xee..^;?rs. hJei, 
 
 'lueiit and sf.ffi"."^ revolt ; Sn "^ '""'ti- 
 
6S2 
 
 CJe CTvfn^ury of W^tavn^ ^r. 
 
 character of tlio country for turbulpiicc 
 very naturally leading him to cxrcct that 
 he should find the chiefs disinclined to 
 yield him peaceahlc homage. Whether, 
 however, from some vague predilection in 
 his favour, or from the very fact of his lieing 
 accompanied hy a large and well-appointed 
 force, he was even joyfully received. No 
 fewer than seventy-four of the most power- 
 ful men hastened to ni.-ike a formal surren- 
 der of their possessions, and to agree to 
 receive them in grant from him on condi- 
 tion of maintaining his royal authority In 
 Ireland against all who should gainsay or 
 resist It. Delighted with a loyalty so exu- 
 berant where he liad anticipated reluctant 
 liomage, if not actual resistance, Richard 
 proposed to honour with knighthood the 
 four principal chiefs, or petty kings astiiey 
 still affected to he styled. But the Irish 
 were not learned In the high lore of chi- 
 valry, and an honour which would have 
 heen eagerly coveted hy tlie high-born and 
 wealthy elsewhere, and which was often 
 gladly earned by long and perilous services 
 In the Held, was actually declined hy these 
 rude and untutored men, who gravely as- 
 sured him that It was the custom of the 
 Irish kings to confer knighthood on the'v 
 sons even at the early age oE seven yer. i. 
 And It was not until in\ich pains had been 
 taken to explain to tliein tlio theory and 
 ordinances of genuine knighthood, that 
 they could be induced to pass the prepara- 
 tory vigil and receive the honour with Its 
 strict and solemn formalities. Richard on 
 this .occasion made a considerable stay in 
 Ireland, and he and his Irish Hubjects 
 parted in apparently cordial good feeling. 
 Hut as soon as the king was absent the 
 Irish chiefs became as turbulent as ever. 
 The English pale was perpetually attacked, 
 and so much territory recovered from it by 
 the Irish, that It became reduced within 
 dangerously narrow limits ; and at length 
 Roger, earl of March, cousin and heir pre- 
 sumptive of the king, was barbarously mur- 
 dered. Richard was, at this time, greatly 
 harassed and endangered by the enmity of 
 Henry Bollngbroke, the exiled duke of 
 Lancaster. But though he well knew that 
 that noble meditated the Invasion of Eng- 
 land, Richard unhesitatingly led an army 
 to Ireland, to avenge the death of his 
 cousin : (a.d. 1.399). As was usual with 
 them, the Irish chieftains endeavoured to 
 avoid being ()rought to a general action, 
 and retired to the least accessible spots 
 among the bogs and mountains. But 
 Richard was too Intent upon avenging the 
 murder of his cousin to listen to those who 
 represented the dlfflculty of following the 
 rebels Into their retreats. Burning the 
 towns and villages as he marched along, 
 and disregarding the sufferings and com- 
 plaints of Ills soldiers, who often flound- 
 dered In the treacherous soil of the bogs, 
 furnishing easy and helpless marks for the 
 unerring weapons of their enemies, he fol- 
 lowed the latter up so closely, that the 
 greater part of them gladly submitted on 
 condition of being received Into the king's 
 peace with full Indemnity for the past. 
 But Macmorrogh, a Uncal descendant of 
 
 the chief whoso misconduct had first 
 called tlio English Into Ireland, held out 
 and loudly protested that neither fear nor 
 love should ever Induce him to submif. 
 The chivalry of England was not, however, 
 to be long ret<l8ted by a chieftain so com- 
 paratively powerless, and Macmorrogh at 
 length agreed to treat with the earl of 
 Gloucester. But when tho meeting took 
 place the (Icry chieftain was so enraged nt 
 wliat he thought the Insulting terms pro- 
 posed to liim, that he angrily broke up the 
 conference and betook himself to his savaffo 
 haunts, less Inclined than ever to submis- 
 sion, though less than ever In a condltidii : 
 to carry on any permanent or effective war. 
 
 Richard offered a very large reward for 
 the person of Macmorrogh, living or dead , 
 but events had by this time taken place In 
 England, which compelled him to forcpii 
 his desire to punish his haughty and h,;if 
 barbarous enemy ; for the earl of Lancas- 
 ter, who sulisequently dethroned Richard, 
 and succeeded him under the title of Hen- 
 ry IV., had landed In England, and been 
 joined by some of the most powerful nf 
 the nobility, and an army of nearly sixty 
 thousand men. Richard was consequeiitly 
 obliged to abandon whatever projects lio | 
 had formed for Ireland. 
 
 Henry IV. could llnd no leisure to atteiij J 
 to the .affairs of Irel.and, though many anJ J 
 pressing petitions were sent to him ; niidj 
 during the whole of his reign tho turln 
 lencc of the Irish chieftains, and tho cupl-l 
 dity and despotism of tho English autlio-| 
 ritles, made that country a scene of wil 
 disorder and wretchedness ; in, which ronl 
 ditlon It remained from the close of tbJ 
 fourteenth century to tho accession oil 
 Henry VII. of England. During this Iniitl 
 period of fourscore years, the whole liiJ 
 tory of Ireland may be written In tw;! 
 words, strife and misery ; .and to enter liiii 
 any detail would be merely to weary thil 
 reader with a monotonous recital of all tliJ 
 wrong that disgraces .abused might, acif 
 all the misery tliat degmdes while It ti>:| 
 tures trampled weakness. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 A.T). 1)85.— As though Ireland had nl 
 already suffered suniciently from wars, ; 
 volts, and their inevitable results, tlioi 
 cesshni to the throne of England of oucJ 
 its most solidly wise and peace-loving kina 
 Henry VII., was the signal for more IrJ 
 disturbance. Hitherto tho unhappy ]mA 
 had at le.ast fought about their own alTaiij 
 but now they were Involved in the caiis«| 
 a low-born boy, a silly Impostor, and f 
 mere tool of a more knavish one. Tliell 
 tory of the equally Impudent and uii!| 
 cessful attempt of the priest Simon to r 
 a mean youth, named Lambert Siniil 
 upon the people as the earl of WMrrf 
 the nephew of Edward IV., and heir tol 
 throne of Engl.-.nd, we gave In detail unf 
 the history of that country. But it Ul 
 cessary that we speak of it here, Inasnj 
 as that gross Imposture became a cam 
 very considerable suffering to tho IrUlJ 
 Richard Slmou, a priest living In Oiil 
 
misconduct liad first 
 Into Ireland, held out | 
 A that neither lear nor j 
 nduco him to submit. | 
 'land was not, however, i 
 1 liy a chieftain so com- j 
 3S, and Macmorrogh at 
 treat with the earl of 
 sUen tho meeting took 
 >Itain was so enraged at 
 ihc Insulting terms pro- 
 he angrily broke up tlic 
 ook himself to his savago 
 ed than ever to suhmls- 
 than ever in a condition ■. 
 rmanent or effective war. 
 a very large reward for 
 morrogh, living or dead , 
 this time taken place in 
 ompelled him to forego 
 ish his haughty and h.i'f 
 • for the earl of Lancas- 
 mtly dethroned Richard, 
 in under the title of Hen- 
 •d in England, and been 
 of the most powerful of 
 an army of nearly sixty 
 Richard was consequentlj 
 Ion whatever projects li« I 
 •Claud. ^ It , , 
 
 d llnd no leisure to attend 
 Ircl.ind, though many miJ 
 IS were sent to him; aiwll 
 c of his reign tho turlnil 
 ill chieftains, and the cuiill 
 ism of tho English autlio-l 
 ,t country a scene of wiUI 
 etrhcdness ; in. which con I 
 led from tho close of tli| 
 tury to tho accession o!l 
 Jngiand. During this lnii« 
 core years, the whole m 
 [ may be written In w: 
 i misery ; and to enter iutl 
 Id be merely to weary tB(| 
 lonotonous recital of alltlf 
 (graces abused might, an| 
 that degrades while It to| 
 weakness. 
 
 inAPTER IX. 
 
 though Ireland had iij 
 d suniclently from wars, 4 
 r inevital)le results, tlic il 
 tliroue of England of oucf 
 ■ wl se and peace-lo v I n g Uiiia 
 \s the signal for more Ita 
 [Iltherto the unhappy pcol 
 light about their own afrai| 
 (vere involved in the ciiusel 
 )y, a silly impostor, and J 
 more knavish one. TlieB 
 Qually Impudent and hum 
 [)t of the priest Simon to i-f 
 h named Lambert Simi 
 pic as the carl of Wiirff 
 [Edward IV., and heir to] 
 ;lr.nd, we gave In detail u«l 
 E that country. But it ui 
 ve speak of It here, InasmJ 
 Imposture became a caw 
 •able suffering to the IM 
 mou, a priest living In Oi™ 
 
 Biruccor of tho vnnti»V.„ """ uirect In. 
 Simnel : but co^s'i^e^j? '™tor. f "mUr" 
 the king had arrived af}ii=J°'^^'"^*'hJch 
 and considering tiennmii'" '^°J''*l d'gnity 
 per of hi8 enemles.'aKnp^ 
 Ing the character of &^±"^ coiisider- 
 tliere is but little reason ?r''*r'",'^"ecn, 
 Blmon was himself a meri',,';?, ''""bt that 
 of persons far higher in rau' 'ii.^'^c hands 
 TVlmtever meaua "ZcllroT^^ Though, by 
 was well furnished vwtlbf'.^°""» S'mncl 
 circumstances conn™ wm"',',''''"" '•' the 
 mlly; and thoiiiji nnn=„ '"' '''^ royal fa- 
 
 (I '"'sown story by tho4w'M'*"V"''*"on of 
 
 of knowing those cirrm.^ii '"'^^ ''ad means 
 
 tend to strcnSn '.'^^""''''s.'^ouldbut 
 
 i ."'<'*'ed it best* to lot him'"'*'; '"« t"?or 
 
 I i-ssay at imposture at n , ?If '"''^''o '"s first 
 
 court. Koth for the s«i.n'' '."r" 'roni tJic 
 
 and its propensity n^hHl^^ i^« 'ff'iorancc 
 
 no cause, Ireland xcao- '^'"8^ 'or any or for 
 
 test scene foTthefl?,Vat1?f«^ .'" '^«""eflt- 
 as many of tho Irlsl wer„ fn 'Vi ^»J^eclalJy 
 ;o the cause of tlie hoi^e n/v"'^ attaclied 
 ic was pretended ti/nV l^ °' ^•""'f. of wliich 
 was a srfon,"a,^ w^fo Imi ^„"n""^ ''"i'°«'or 
 auached to his alleged nl°?''f. ^^I'^olally 
 Clarence, who. as Inrfi ui^'l'^'-"*' f'" duke of 
 lind been'a verVlenem f^"''"''li'' "' Iceland 
 crcumstances induced fe'*?'^- ^^ these 
 visers of Simnel to <-«tn ,* '<' 'r'ends and ad- 
 his receptto,, there fulv™ '° "•^'""id.f^rd 
 most sanguine e,pj"/'y»"8wered tlieir 
 deputy of IreKn,! tV^ ''"""s. The loi/j 
 
 without 8UspS^;',/J'f J'npostor-s ^tor^^ 
 followed the exarapio of Ihi "' ^''epeopiS 
 
 I Impudent son of a nonr i,H® "*""■'• and the 
 fowned,-the crown ben'^^/,^*" «ctually 
 purpose from in ili *^'"* taken for that 
 
 , lodged m Clfn eaTtIf J?f."'° Virgin- 
 noi". and received ihrn,"1»» "-egal bo- 
 under the title of kino. 7?r°"8rhout Ireland 
 
 » word said, or a blow irlY*^ ^^- ^^'tlwut 
 
 of Icing Henry vij^ Stricken in defence 
 J Much as we know of fi,„ . 
 
 poryaded the great n?as8 of if„'''''^n«^e that 
 |\lousto tlie general Viiff. .*''*' I'eopic pre- 
 
 lon by meansof u,i"?"«^°n .of hlforma- 
 
 lowcver temporary of mp'^' *'"' «"<^eoss, 
 Jinipogtor, i8marv^inLi'''"'°st Impudent 
 
 Iconimon peonle • a^!?"' *'^*'" as regards Mm 
 lordor Of Sch'omitVT''^' the higher 
 r^ertlon of charitable im,l^''"'''<^« "o small 
 iliein Of having fei^„ii"'*f'-'"'ent to acquit 
 |o Pl«y Off HlZi^llTf^Zf^Uty In o7d" r 
 r»ff. in hatred of ti,ntir,?^'.'''"»«a'nst their 
 fw'. economy, and nvi^"'/« talents, flrm- 
 i'le first place hnrt ti^^*' ^' I'^aco. For jli 
 t^H extraonilSarv ° ^."^on '° whoseVie 
 Iwntheactua eartofw^-'^^ ^"^ yielded 
 f«i setting all thfl 5i^ ™'''''^' ''« would 
 %/''rto king mm! , *''*''"« of Henry th«' 
 
 rudence which characterll^^'-Vr"^ 'ho 
 F' ''V sooner iieard of f?,-,*^'^ ''^s whole 
 |""ie'. than he nut afi *!"«' I^'eten- 'on-, of 
 
 fcf?n.andrenderedaiiri''*<'?,' »« the 
 
 'iirm.in troops. i.ii(if>r ,i.« ' two thousami 
 able and enterm-rs ,jt nm^ eoniuiand of i,, 
 
 longer to support ti?^"'" *" ^'^ S much 
 |)'s Claims in England wi."'® ^"Wort of 
 
 barked Ilia Germing! ',''" ""iiaHy dj^im 
 
 nors ot thaiSSyv™ ?,r;'™ I'S™; 
 
 sSSiMSS«:£ 
 
 o.-.Ucd tl?ImL2°'"''' ""» 1°«S arctS 
 
as they already had done to his confldcntlal 
 representative. Hut the ever-politic king 
 hart a deeper deslRn ; that of making the 
 Irish lords so aalmined of tho Impostor to 
 whoso designs they had so foolishly lent 
 themselves, that they should he for ever 
 after little disposed to countemnce similar 
 adventurers. And, accordingly, at a grand 
 banquet to which they were Invited, they 
 hart the 8urprl.«o and mortlllcatlon to And, 
 among tho llvcrlert menials who waited 
 upon them, that identical SImnel whom a 
 short time previous they had crowned as 
 their king — .and crowned, too, with a dia- 
 dem taken from the head uf an image of the 
 Virgin I 
 
 '^''i|: a portion of the Irish were as 
 fooiijiiii) 13 hardily throwing away their 
 lives in Kugl.and in support of Slninel, the 
 Irish at home were lighting furiously 
 among themselves. l(,ad as tho situation 
 of Ireland generally was, It was just now 
 even worse than usual. Tho continual wars 
 which were carried on by tho Irish chief- 
 tains against each other and against tho 
 lords of the English pale, had throwi: all 
 the country oeyond the then very narrow 
 limits of that pale completely hack Into Its 
 primeval barbarism. Their huts, where 
 they had them, were dreadfully mean, squa- 
 lid, and unwholesome ; thousands of tliem 
 had no shelter but tho woods and the 
 mountain caves, and for the most part they 
 lived I'ke the noniade tribes of the East, 
 shlftirg fnnn place to place with their 
 flocks and herds for tho sake of pasturage, 
 and neither practising nor profiting by 
 the cultivation of their singularly fertile 
 country. 
 
 Partly, perhaps, because he deemed that 
 the mere existence of such a state of things 
 proved the negllgonceor the incompetency 
 of the earl of klldarc, and partly from in- 
 formation that anotlier conspiracy was on 
 foot, and that the earl was concerned in It, 
 the king dismissed that nobleman from his 
 ofllce of lord-deputy of Ireland. Incensed 
 at this disgrace and deprivation, Rlldaro 
 leagued with O'Uonnell, O'Neill, and other 
 Irish chieftains, and .all the horrors of war 
 were again Inflicted with increased se- 
 verity. The English pale was invaded and 
 ravaged ; and tlie sufferers. In revenge, 
 made Incursions upon the neighbouring 
 couniry ; each party vied with the otherin 
 ferocity and Injustice; and thus even the 
 prudent and just precaution of the most 
 peace-loving of English kings caused all the 
 worst horrors of civil war to rage with ten- 
 ■f.^ld violence throughout Ireland. 
 
 It seems to he a law as invariable as any 
 physical law of nature, that evil deed shall 
 he an evil seed ; In other words, th.at In 
 addition to the present evil which results 
 from crime or folly, some future crime or 
 folly shall result immediately from the one 
 and mediately from tho other. Ireland, 
 poor, half-barbarous, and distant, would 
 have been but little likely to have been 
 dragged into the seditions of the enemies 
 of Henry VII. if that same country had not 
 also been desperate and turbulent. But 
 its known propensity to turbulence and 
 bloodshed, the ready credulity with which i 
 
 It had listened to SImnel, and the Igno- 
 rant and faithful ferocity with which its 
 thousands had perilled life and limb In that 
 impostor's cause, could not fall to point it 
 out to any new adventurer of the sanio 
 stamp, as a sure refuge and nursery of hid 
 embryo conspiracy. Accordingly, that Per- 
 kill Warbeck,of whom wo have had occa- 
 sion to speak at length under tho heart o( 
 England, chose Ireland as tho abldlng- 
 jilaco of his designs mum tho English 
 crown. He landed at Cork, and was re- 
 ceived tlicro witli a warmth and credulity j 
 even superior to those which had been be- ( 
 stowed H|ion SImnel. Pretending to bo 
 Ulchard Plantagenet, one of those youm^ j 
 princes who were murdered by Ulchard III. 
 in the Tower of London, he had no sooner 
 landed In Ireland than he sent out his false 
 missives in every direction ; csiiecially di- 
 recting his attention to Desmond and Kll- 
 darc, as knowing them to bo beforehaml 
 inclined to treasonable practices against 
 their sovereign. Fortunately for the usu- 
 ally unfortunate Irish people, the infatu.i- 
 tlon in favour of this pretender reached 
 France, and was still stronger there than 
 In Ireland, and Warbeck accepted an Invi- 
 tation to the former country. 
 
 But Henry VII., who, though ho loved 
 licace and preferred the amassing of money 
 to the showy but empty glories of the mere 
 conqueror, was, nevertheless, very capat>lo 
 of exerting real vigour upon real and solid 
 occasion, now came to tho conclusion tiiiit 
 tho existing state of things in Ireland w:is 
 far too favourable to the enemies of liis 
 throne ; and he at once determined to 
 make such alterations as would prevent , 
 that island from being so conveuient a re- 
 fuge and recruiting place for pretenderj | 
 and their traitorous friends. It is a siji- 
 gular fact, that Ireland, overrun and terri- J 
 biy Injured by her own native factions, w;ii | 
 at this time .an avowed and permitted saiif- 
 tuary to evil doers. He who had committed I 
 In England an offence by which he h.adforf 
 felted his life or liberty, had only to escare j 
 from England Into Ireland, and no 111:111 1 
 could touch him. This right of sanctUDrjl 
 was first formally recognl-sed by Uiclianll 
 duke of York— father of Edward IV.— diirl 
 Ing his governorship of Ireland, but foriiil 
 actual origin we must look to tho numcroiiil 
 monastic houses there. Henry VII., ]wt 
 celvins the immense but pernicious mlvaiif 
 tagcs which the worst enemies of EnglniiJl 
 derived from this Irish right of sanctiuiriT 
 very wisely determined to abolish it;,niJ| 
 he intrusted this and some other impdrtanil 
 reforms to a man of considerable talfti 
 and still more energy, sir Edward Poyihl 
 ings, whose able and firm conduct cans 
 his name to be given to thelmportHiitn 
 gulatlons known to lawyers under (^ 
 name of ' Poyntngs' haw," which struek i 
 the very root of Irish sedition and tiirlii| 
 lence, by taking away from the lord?, 1 
 llament, and all other authorities in IRJ 
 land, the power of giving force and vaiiJii] 
 to any law until It should have been m 
 sidered and sanctioned by the klng(( 
 England. Sir Edward Poynings at tij 
 saiuo time revived, as far as practical)! 
 
tlio celebrated statufo of ^wr 
 
 much townrda reSnS''!'''-^.' ''»"'' «>ld 
 piglish paio less i)o"vcrfnl h^f "'''^ "' f'o 
 toiily oppressing the iws , ' „n V' '■*" *» ^•■■"»- 
 Ing on with iinpui ifv n,, ! ^"'' "« '" carry- 
 tr.iltorou3 rraXesVa,"'^/*l';«"'o"8 mfd 
 
 l;er.forn.od hyX£d vardi?n'/i"l'"'-ta.u act 
 dfsc()untenaiiclnKthort(^°^V'">?3 towards 
 of the ^'rcIsof t^opaie v!.'r'',''r'y •"""J""' 
 niid sendiiig,-,r/so ler Vn ^''^,'''^ nrresting 
 l)ratcd earl of Kildal '° J"ff'«nd the celc- 
 jvas in „o real cMXr InuT^' ''"^^'cver. 
 few other cases, Hcnrv vir ^'"''."^ '" "ot a 
 a ly praiseworthy tcmnnlf-,*^'"''"'^'' '"s usu- 
 «l)lo policy too far nf'^'^',"''' "'"» Peace- 
 cecdlngly dulllokPn?l'i'^ allowed an ex. 
 an excuse no ^^,'^ere°yft».?'"''l ^" ^^^Ve ag 
 
 discretion. Pcrki.i wV.V ,'' "Considerable 
 French friends nvh?^''°'^''3 ''"'It"! '>}' h s 
 
 f 'lio loyal,, c.-^,/?i^'y,;^sappointod 
 'im to land, intending 1^' T'^^^ '"vltcd 
 tlio pl•etendo,^va3 tm ,fv " f'-''^'" '"'". but 
 fofall into thesna?e n iT^^'"^'"''' '-^ <c"™t 
 J'istilicd his caiitio,[ ' T ,L*'"^/?»"'t fully 
 I'nts who had ,,,1/. , J''"**- of J'is adher- 
 "'ado prisoners '^/,"dV.X f '"'e"" «'ain or 
 neglectful of the altrr.^ i"''^',""'''W''ro or 
 per and opport, Uies 'f Tn ,'.. ''I "."' '""■ 
 beci. wrought by PovninLM '"'"'' ^''■■'t ^'ad 
 J'ltlier. But though oT,..nV'' '"-ocecded 
 
 lie was well recoiled by the »ll'''*^ "" ^""^^ 
 P'ace, and also by tbn f J . ""^^'or of that 
 
 "lond. he speed yfoi'^nd'^'""' <■•"•' "f T)es- 
 I'art for Sc(.^"wd w .or.? "'"'^ssai-y to de- 
 eiedulons and fast f, t^.u, 'i° '','*'' « '"ost 
 «;l'o protected and ho,?nin 1' ,''.'*"'os IV., 
 " n'ost. and eve went «Tf' '"'" '" "'o 
 liim t he hand (if 1 L '*o far as to givr. 
 
 Cathcrl,,c%oVdo, 'day'h';'''''";''-^^''^?^^^ 
 Huntley, Avh<) to •i,''!"^'''^*^'' of the earl of 
 
 l^e it said, was nwit br."n'"" "' "cnry vxr 
 treated ake? the f\,l\nVi''i'""'^ "ospital, y 
 lusband. This sbn. r il*^ ".xccution of l,ci- 
 reland was U,a, ^^ to fhn''' Warbeck 1, 
 taWished hi l'ov,ini« "'ORood order es- 
 Peneral Injury tlie m^v\ l''"0'l"cti vo of ?,„ 
 
 ^^«b3eq,,ei,^t ly csccu eS*f fr",' ?''^' ^^"o «" s 
 conduct with the mtond^v h ', "''■'♦sonable 
 siifferer. Pretender, being the chief 
 
 f'^°m,!^fm„^fe;'rl Of K,,j ^^. 
 
 , 'aprlsonmcnt In E,r«?,m' "' """ourabie 
 fey.theable,ni,,ister,f ,r' '"''"■"'"al Wol- 
 J g decidedly, and very iil^'l'''y J.7"-. I'av- 
 ^ lowing that noblen nn^o ,?'^ ' objected , . 
 Wsi,.,mense power ItL'^*'.'''' '''''"^'o f 
 I'onhisraore ories, iJ„7'*"'' '•> depend 
 "'e narrow eicano hf« Jom'^ recollection of 
 N; and the cSlnal ii'7''"'''"'-'''erly 
 «i',)n todoubt tlio lovn,/,^'' •■>'> additional 
 ^^'b-earl, from the fonl'^'V'J' '<»'"' of tl c 
 Elosely allied wi}),»i''*'' °f '"s being verv 
 
 ^W^was' tU^.^Tarl7v'l.?«=^^^ 
 aw. The us, ,1 f?ms^ *r„"^y;0''o years of 
 and the usual s.^ffPwJT^'^'' '"'/o '"Ireland, 
 existed ; and tho ilf.i,^* '^'' dcsperatJori 
 da,-e woi'ild, CO, seauent?.'^ cstates'^of K " 
 Whole of even his S^' ^^"^ '«»''«'l "'c 
 'ents for their defence nil*"'! I'Mctlsed ta- 
 or the still ,noreS^ri"''°^"»<'"n'ity. 
 tended friendship irL°"?„ """^ of pre- 
 V«at, under such circLffi'°' surprising 
 Joungamauast eim,?f''"'*^^»' so very 
 f ''ould fall uZ snare tw"' ^'t^^sorald 
 l'l«n by his fathe;!8 e,"e,nies VT"' ''V'J f"' 
 der to Involve him with ^L ?,''^>'> '" or- 
 vernment, caused it tn ,,„ "'° ^ngiisl, g„.. 
 tliat his fathei- iJi hno^° reported to hi.,, 
 
 England, a, d that order "i '''>''=. *" '^^ ' 
 
 down his father's Btnf-I ^eornfully threw 
 
 j;o'e.nn ,•e,,rc1at%^fi?,Wl,?"^ '"^'^^^^ 
 nis father's name, of -iii ..,^i .'"^ own and 
 fPect to the K, g ish cro .,,^^'iV'*^*' '"'nd ro- 
 Purpo.sc that tl e cbn ,. ,1. "' " was to no 
 real friends i, T'''l"celior, o„o of the few 
 
 family, i'^.pfo^ed ti^''"'!/,'^ "'" ^^^A 
 eeived yoiing ma,, nn^'l"'"^'»^"c aiTd dc- 
 
 too hastily „W"f^^" %^^^'T''' ""»«^"f 
 follies of an Irtsii koI / •'"*^ "'ere rhyn,eii 
 
 '-^adcd and nt'KdS ';:"'' ""«"'"'^ 
 nan snfflcient to co ,,, nrhnr""» "oble- 
 wisdoinofa t?Mt.„ „ . ""'^"alancc all tlm 
 «eIIor. Ho cffij^,"^,y<^?,"y Ijonest cou^ 
 s ores ho could oonin^nli /''*^ .friends and 
 plague was t hcii rCn^''; ^''^^ "lough the 
 ceeded to inve u.lt'cUv" ^^t^^\ '"'l"'" 
 lie had ,nany friends n^ ^^nowi„g ti,at 
 
 »onstotl,epri,,cim|n,Viii'' ^'^"' Proposl- 
 f'afoty of the c rus. If /5''?','''';«»'-i,,g the 
 
 wonldald him in lay ,^ i^^^l"*-^'^. *'''•»* Hiey 
 Alai-med for their m..'^,^^*' 'o the east!,' 
 tl.c Citizens c",'i,^,^Ted "^Z^^^^ '^^^l 
 tlie lord Tliotnas accnr.Vil, 1^**'' terms; and 
 ea.stle. The afchwZ "'^'f,/'«-'i«ked t"o 
 friends pi-oof to t be nw •~^''''o also liad 
 wlilch n.ake ine„ traito?s '"'i'*' *'i'""tatIo ,s 
 on board ship, a. wyf,',M*'?"'''i^'edtogct 
 lavo esoaiK-d ., t f,,- 1 o 1'""'* Probably 
 tlie vessel in which i,\ 1 , <cireunistancc of 
 ashore in a gale of wf> '.'''^/''^'''•'''•'^■t'dffolng 
 unfortunate prelate '? S ^V'""^'*'''- Th? 
 was ,-ized by the adh, ef,/*-'^ " '»"". but 
 a..d to the eternal disgraro »,?'.? ''''»«'^a'd ! 
 fKe, Who actually w&^°?,»'at perso,,-' 
 of bis own m(,st uiij, st nf^J"* e.^'fcutioii 
 co,n,nand. was imV„i5i 'Y ," ^" aa impolitic 
 After this\ '|r.aS nmr^,^ ^T '" ''^"t ° 
 left a par^. of 1, s a," '!\T 7' 'P""^ ^''om«s 
 eastle, and led tiier,' *< "i 'blockade of tho 
 to invade tl,cprSpJrt -Of ^^^^^^^ K"kenny 
 to whom ho had i-nw.wT ^''^ «•"*'■' of Ossory. 
 allLance. The eV,- f""''^^ "'^n' an offer of 
 was the wo^/'tof' i,X'""'-« ^'onest tlm,f 
 time, sternly refused tl o \.^"'"''« of that 
 tlms craftily made Vn \, °.^^' that was 
 character of threat and «•"' V' "'« dowwl 
 conduct was ,,,ost nrnui^""?.'»«- His loyal 
 by a suddeii el angc'^^Setm!'^ rewarded 
 
 ^-^the citi.en^s%1te;,'!XT^;s%« 
 
II m 
 
 586 
 
 Clbf (CreaiSmy of Witavu, ^r. 
 
 to allow the Blego of the caBtlo to be car- 
 ried on any farther. They employed Bcouts 
 to spread a report that troops had arrived 
 from England ; and so impllcHly did tlio 
 people believe It, that they boldly threw 
 open the cnstlo gates, and sallied out wllh 
 Bo much fury upon the domestic enemy 
 that they completely put tlioni to the rout. 
 Lord Thomas, who, on learning the ohaiiKO 
 that liad taken plHce in the detcrniiiiation 
 of the people of uubllii, hadiiastened back, 
 was wholly unable to restrain the panic 
 among hta men, and was himself fain to 
 take refuge In a monastery for the night. 
 On the following day, being secure In his 
 camp, ho proposed terms ; imt as ho re- 
 fused to give up the children of several 
 leading citizens of Dublin unless he were 
 flrst assured of the king's pardon— an as- 
 surance which tlie citizens of course were 
 unable to give him— tlie treaty came to 
 nothing, and a terrible civil war ensued, 
 the horrors of which were aggravated by a 
 pestilence which, originating in Dublin, 
 sprciul itself thence through tlio whole 
 country. 
 
 A.i). 1535.— Lord Leonard Grey, newly ap- 
 pointed to the government of Ireland, dis- 
 played considerable talent in the course of 
 this terrible strife ; and after upwards of 
 six months of liard t1ghMng,he obliged lord 
 Thomas to surrender. He and tlvo of his 
 uncles, who had been as deeply concerned 
 as himself, were sent to London as pri- 
 soners, and there executed. 
 
 Uenry VIII. was the more enraged by 
 the extent and continuance of this rebel- 
 lion, because It put a stop to tlio efforts ho 
 was just tlien making to carry into the 
 religion of Ireland the same reformation ho 
 had brought about iUiEngland. As soon as 
 the rebellion was suppressed, Henry re- 
 newed his endeavours to that end ; and so 
 evident an evil was the multitude of mon- 
 astic houses in Ireland, that the archbishop 
 of Dublin was the very flrst person to fall in 
 witli the king's design. By that prelate's 
 advice the Irish parliament was called to- 
 gether, and an act was forthwith passed for 
 transferring to the crown the first fruits 
 and other.spirltual dues which hitherto had 
 been" paid to the pope. This politic step 
 was soon after followed up by the issuing 
 of a commission similar to that which had 
 existed in England for suppressing the 
 monasteries. Unriiiestlonably good and 
 necessary as this measure was in itself. It 
 was carried into effect without a suftlclent 
 regard to considerations of political econ- 
 omy, or even of ordinary humanity. The 
 very enorniousncss of the e V i 1 requi red that 
 the remedy should be applied with all the 
 greater prudence. Almost destitute as Ire- 
 land was at this time of manufactures and 
 cor .mcrce, the sudden turning upon the 
 T.-jrld of an immense number of men and 
 .romen, who for years had been unaccus- 
 tomed to the carc'tof providing for their 
 worldly wants, could not fall to make a 
 very terrible additidn to the frightful dis- 
 tress that already existed. Moreover, the 
 doles that were given at the gate.-i of the 
 religious houses were of vital importance 
 to starving tbousaiids, and the courtiers 
 
 and speculators to whom the king disposed 
 of tlio possessions of the suppressed com- 
 munities, with a most imreflecting profu- 
 sion, were little inclined to show the sanm 
 indulgence to the tenants that had made 
 the church everywhere proverbial as the 
 caalestand most liberal of landlords. It is 
 obvious that a very slight amount of judge- 
 ment and care miglil have siiared very much 
 of the misery that was thus caused ; and It 
 is lamentable to retiect that the want of 
 tbatcaro and judgement made evil mingle 
 so largely and co long in what would otluT- 
 wise have been a measure of unmixed good- 
 ness and wisdom. 
 
 Tiie suppression of the monasteries, and 
 tlie formal declaration of Henry VIII. as 
 king of Ireland, completely independent of 
 the pope— Instead of lord of Ireland hold- 
 ing under the ,.ope, which was the light lit 
 wliich the Irish had hitherto looked upon 
 the king of England— w«rc followed up by 
 some politic endeavours on the part of 
 Henry, by personal attentions and the dis- 
 tribution of titles, to conciliate the loyally 
 and regard of the Irish chieftains. O'Doii- 
 nell, for Instance, was created earl of Tyr- 
 coiiiiel;0'KeIll,earlof Tyrone ; and his son, 
 lord Duncaunon ; thougii the latter, form Ul- 
 ablo as he could make himself in wild Irlsli 
 warfare, wpz so poor, tliat in order to be 
 able to go to London to receive his new 
 honour from tlie hands of the king, hu 
 was actually obliged to borrow a hundred 
 pounds of St. Leger, the English governor, 
 ai"" had so little prospect of returning even 
 that petty sum in hard ciisli, that lie stipu- 
 lated to be allowed to repay it in cattle. 
 
 Tlie most politic and just use that Henry 
 made of any of the lands of the suppressed ' 
 monastic houses in Ireland, was that ot , 
 giving estates to many of the nobles upmi 
 whom he conferred titles; a step by wliich 
 he at once reconciled them to the suppros- 
 Eton and the separation from Komo, and 
 gave them a stronger interest in resisting 
 any attempts that might bo made to dis- 
 turb the country or to throw off his autlio- 
 rity. And though neither that nor r.iiy 
 measure, which, unaccompanied by a nKuc \ 
 extensive civilisation of the people, and ' 
 crease of trade and commerce than were J 
 iiiimediatuly practicable, could have wholly f 
 restored peace to a people who had been su I 
 long accustomed to live in the midst of tlio J 
 disturbances and miserk's of civil war, it( 
 is clear that Henry's politic attoiitioii aiiill 
 liberality to the Irish liad considerable cff 
 f-^ct ; for the suppression of thenionastcricij 
 and all the consequent sufferings of tliel 
 people caused scarcely any increase of tlicl 
 usual turbulence of that most turbuleutl 
 country. The comparatively short reiKnl 
 of Mary In England, however, served tol 
 show that the facility with which the Irishl 
 had acquiesced in Henry's sweeping reforml 
 of religion was chiefly owing to self-interesil 
 and to the skill of tlio king in.acconiniodi'l 
 ting his favour to the tenper and desiresi!! 
 the person to bo cone' latcd. For aveijl 
 general liicllnatior \vab shown in Irclandl 
 during there'"nof Mary, to return to tliil 
 papal faith, ai.d one of the earliest difflf 
 cultlcB experienced by Elizabeth was tliail 
 
CIjc W^tavti at JivtXmxts, 
 
 587 
 
 lie king d>8r"'»e* 
 urn rcBsed com- 
 
 , U at had maao 
 
 )hn,t t\>o Avnnt ol 
 ,'ScVvlVmmK.^_ 
 
 titles; 'V^'fA' Buprres- 
 \*;eStUat"or ,^ 
 
 h n°"f Son" dcra^^^^ 
 
 1 of tnat '" "v,„..t- re sn 
 
 Henry's sweeping ^V,ie=-, 
 lefly owing to seUj^ 
 
 ^ tlio king '"■"v^jil'aircs'i I 
 rtt temper anddcmres 
 
 L eonC la ^d. r ^^^ ^ 
 
 of reeatablishlng protestantism among her 
 Irish siihjoctB. 
 
 The Desmonds and tlic O'Nollls were es- 
 pecially tronulesomo in their resistance to 
 England. The carl of Desmond broke out 
 into an open war with the carl ol Ormond, 
 who, besides being a very powerful and 
 alile nobleman, was a cousin of the queen. 
 Desmond, professing to bo confldeut tliat 
 1)0 could show that he was in tho ripiht 
 In tho dispute between him and Ormond, 
 which orit'lnatid in a question of boundary 
 of their adjoining jiosscBsious, petitioned 
 to ho allowed to reiiresont tho matter to 
 the queen In person. lie arrived In London 
 under tho imprc8i<ioii that he was to have 
 the required interview, but instead of being 
 so favoured, he was, harshly enoufih, tlirown 
 ill tlio Tower, where he was kept a close 
 prisoner for some years. When he at length 
 got his liberty, he naturally enough ex- 
 tended his enmity from the eiirl of Ormond 
 to the English power altogctlier. 
 
 A.I). 1579. — I'hllip of Spain, hating Eliza- 
 hith, both as the protcstant ruler of that 
 kingdom which ho would fain have sub- 
 jecled to tho gloomy and desoiiiting despo- 
 tism of the Inquigltlon, and because she 
 had, most prudently, refni-ed the oJTer he 
 made of his band almost before lir^r sister 
 and his wife was laid in her V .), gladlj 
 encouraged Desmond in bis desire to woik 
 evil to the English |)ower, and actually sent 
 tlic rebel earl a very consiilerablc force of 
 Sjianiards and Italians, lint the wild Irisli 
 warfare, with Its accompanying famine and 
 other sufferings, was too much for tho en- 
 durance of these troops, who had been ac- 
 customed to make war with considerably 
 less bloodshed ami more personal indul- 
 gence. Defeated wherever they appeared, 
 .and at length abandoned in despair by Ues- 
 mond himself, they laid down their arms, 
 and sir Walter lUleigh and other English 
 olllcers decided that they could not bo 
 looked upon so much in tho light of pri- 
 soners of war, as in that of felonious abet- 
 tors of a foul domestic rebellion ; and, as 
 a coiisciinencc of this decisiori, they were 
 sununarily executed. 
 
 Desmond liimself Vjelngfound In a wretch- 
 ed hut, was put to dcatli by some soldiers 
 for the sake of the reward they anticipated 
 receiving for his head from his enemy tho 
 carl of Ormond. The largo territories of 
 Desmond, and the vast possessions of tho 
 numerous wealthy men who had abetted 
 his rebellion, wcro confiscated, eltiicr on 
 the death of the owners in battle, or by 
 their departure on the failure of tho rebel- 
 lion to the Low Countries, where service 
 was offered to them by I'hilip. 
 
 If tho miseries ol civil war fell exclu- 
 sively upon those who excite it, the evil 
 would be great and sad enough to cause 
 our sorrow ; but, unhappily, tho worst sliaro 
 [of wretchedness usually falls upon people 
 who neither take part in tho crime, nor 
 have any power to prevent its commission. 
 jIu the present case, tho horrors of fainino 
 ind disease raged to such an extent as 
 ilmost to depopulate Munster. Raleigh 
 ind other Euglishmen got grants of tlic 
 laud that was thus left uutcuautcd; up- 
 
 wards of forty new lordships being distri- 
 buted, at almost nominal rents, upon tho 
 condition of settliug English fauiiiles. 
 Tills, however, could only be partially done, 
 for we have not a greater horror of ti. e most 
 savage deserts if Africa at the present day 
 than the generality ol Englishmen then 
 had of Ireland. Irish tenants, therefore, 
 were. In many cases, accepted by tho new 
 owners ol the soli. We have mentioned 
 among these new owners the celebrated 
 sir Walter Raleigh ; and to the accident ol 
 his obt."<nlng a grant Ireland owes tho 
 introduction of her 6tai>Io food, potatoes, 
 which lie first brought Into that country 
 from Bimnish America, lie also Introduced 
 tho cultivation of tobacco, but the climate 
 of Ireland— more moist oven than England 
 —prevented the quality from being good, 
 or the crop from being even moderately 
 safe, and, excepting as a matter ol curiosity, 
 it is now but little known there. Rut, by 
 introducing the potato, Raleigh conlerred 
 a real and pormancut benellt upon that 
 country. 
 
 Hu«h O'Neill, who had received much 
 kindness Irom queen Elizabeth, by wlumi 
 ho bad been created earl ol Tyrone, and to 
 whom ho was indebted lor tho restoration 
 ol a very considerable part of tho earldom, 
 wliich had been forfeited to tho crown by 
 tho treason of his uncle Shane O'Neill, was 
 for some tlnio one of tirj most loyal ol tho 
 queen's nobles in Ireland. It chanced, 
 however, »'jat when the great and providen- 
 tial tempest disporsod that armada which 
 Philip of Spain and tlie popo had presump- 
 tuously named tho 'invincible,' some of 
 tho vessels composing it wcro wrecked 
 upon tho coast of Ireland. Tyrone, whoso 
 art had not so completely concealed his 
 real feelings as to cause his loyalty to bo 
 wholly unsuspected, behaved with bo much 
 cordiality to the shipwrecked Spaniards, as 
 to give an opportunity to his cousin, a sou 
 of Shano O'Neill, to accuse him of treason- 
 able correspondence with Spain. All tho 
 long-suppressed violence of tho earl's na- 
 ture now burst fiercely forth, and with a 
 violence which gave ample occasion to be- 
 lieve that tho li'al sting of the charge lay 
 in its truth. Af ho had, for many ypo.fg, been 
 favoured and distinguished by tlio queen, 
 in whoso service he had in hij youth borno 
 arms against tho carl of Desmond, had ho 
 really been innocent, and indignant at tho 
 impeachment of his loyalty. It is quite ob- 
 vious that ho could have had no difficulty 
 In obtaining an opportunity to clear him- 
 self in tho eyes of her majesty. Hut instead 
 of taking this safe and straightforward 
 course, ho caused his cousin to be seized 
 and put to death ; and having thus, by an 
 inhuman and gratuitous crime, put hlmsell 
 out of the queen's peace, ho impudently sot 
 himself up as tlu <mtriotic enemy of that 
 queen to whose fa\ our ho owed all that ho 
 possessed. Levying war under tlic pretence 
 of patriotism, but, in reality, to save him- 
 self from the deserved penalty of murder, 
 he also excited tho M'Gulres, the M'MahonB, 
 and other septs to join in his rebellion; 
 and while tho English government ar. 1 
 its authorised ofllcers and agents were 
 
i: ) 
 
 ill i il 
 
 588 
 
 ^t flTrwi^tiiD of ^UWtori), ^c. 
 
 cndcavoxirinK to clvillso nnd ciirlck the 
 country, tlicso rntrlots were doliiff tliclr 
 utmost to throw it deeper nnd deeper Into 
 tiarbiirism nnd poverty, (or tlic mere sake 
 of gcrvtug tliL'ir own most dtsgnicefully 
 BClflsh purpoRCS. 
 
 A.D. miM.— Tlie pxporlcnco of npcs Iind 
 not as yet tnuglit tlio Irish that ponce Is the 
 true nursing mother of prosperity nnd linp- 
 plnesa. Tyrone nnd Iiis relielllous nssoci- 
 ntcs, with a1>nndant 'support, lind commit- 
 ted proportionate crime, nnd Inlilctcd pro- 
 portionnto misery. And yet, when In 1504, 
 sir AVilllam Uussell went to Ireland as 
 Jord-dcputy, Tyrone had the consummate 
 nssuranco to go to Dublin to take t'.ic onth 
 of nllcginnco nnd give nssuranccs oi' his de- 
 sire to support her majesty's governmpiit. 
 BIr Henry liagnnl, n shrewd man and stern 
 soldier, who then fliled the olUce of mnr- 
 (ihal of tlie nnny in Ireland, was for putting 
 It ont of tho prnctlscd traitor's power to 
 commit further crime by nt once sending 
 lilm over to Knglnnd. But sir William 
 Russell, destrouo nbovo all things of cnr- 
 rying conclllntlon to Its utmost prudent 
 length, determined to trust the cnrl'g pro- 
 mise of fnith and loynlty ; nnd tho earl 
 showed his sense of this too trusting nnd 
 thlvnlrous conduct, !)y immediately going 
 to his own terrlto.y and opening a cor- 
 respondence with her majesty's bitterest 
 enemy, the Spaniard, from whom lie ob- 
 tained a large supply of arms and animunl- 
 tlon, and then openly placed himself nt the 
 head of a confederacy of Irish chiefs, the 
 nvowed o))ject bchw tlie ruin of the Eng- 
 lish powerin Ireland. The very poverty of 
 thu Irish, added to the nature of their 
 country, abounding in wood, bog, and 
 mountain, rendered the putting down of 
 nn armed '•ebelllon in that country n mat- 
 ter of extreme dinicuity under any drctiin- 
 Btances : nnd this difflculty was increased 
 by queen Kll/.abcth's well-known parsimony, 
 wliich, In this case, was as censurnble as it 
 usually was praiseworthy. Ill-provided 
 with means of paying anything likencon- 
 Blderablc force, her commanders In Ireland 
 had their best-laid pinns defeated ; niul 
 I lie rebels retiring for a time to their wild 
 fastnesses, made tiieir appearance in as 
 full force as ever, tho instant that tlie 
 Knglisl) troops were disbanded or reduced. 
 It was chiefly, beyond all doubt, to this cir- 
 cumstance, that the treacherous Tyrone 
 owed his long Impunity. Knowing the dif- 
 flculty of finally nnd cfllclently crushing 
 fiuch nn enemy, without a far larger sum 
 than the queen was ever likely to devote to 
 that purpose, the queen's ofllccrs were na- 
 turally better inclined than they otherwise 
 would have been to listen to Tyrone's spe- 
 cious proposals for accommodation ; which 
 proposals he regularly made, and as regu- 
 larly broke, according as the fortune of war 
 made the one course necessary or tho other 
 Beductlve. 
 
 Shrewd and well-advised as Elizabeth was 
 beyond almost all English sovereigns, it 
 was, probably, only her ruling passion tlint 
 would thug have been allowed to injure her 
 Interest, without clicck from her own strong 
 sense, or censure from her ministers' faith- 
 
 ful zeal. But wrt(rr,nm vccUga, IpnrslmmUi 
 was the ruling maxim of her llfo; to par- 
 simony she owed not n little of that re- 
 spect which the profusion of lier successor 
 caused to be withheld from him ; to parsi- 
 mony she owed not n little of her Impunity 
 In despotism ten times sterner and a thou- 
 sand times more gratuitous nnd wilful than 
 the most despotic act that ever was charged 
 against her successor's martyred son ; and 
 there was too much of the llercc spirit of 
 tho fiercest of the Tudors in the nature of 
 Klizabeth of England to render it possibU- 
 forany minister, however able, successfully 
 to combat, even in a particular case, a 
 maxim to which tho whole experience ol 
 Iter life taught her thnt she owed so much. 
 And, nccordlngly, to tho six thousniiil 
 pouiuls which was tho ordinary revenue 
 of Ireland, tho queen nddcd only twenty 
 thousand, when emergency required tlio 
 doubling or trebling of tho ordinary Eii- 
 pllsh [orcc of a thousand men ; nnd 't \a 
 easy to perceive that bowever fortunate on 
 particular occasions her most skilful com. 
 mnndors might bo, they were far too poorly 
 supplied to allow of their following up tlio 
 enemy with tlic rcqulBltc vigour and per- 
 tinaclty. 
 
 While sir John Norrls was In command 
 of the Englisli force in Ireland, Tyrone, 
 who was extremely artful, availed himself 
 of his knowledge of tiic limited extent tn 
 wliich the queei' supplied her ofllccrs, to 
 play upon that commander's feelings, to 
 make and break treaties to such an extent, 
 that the unfortunate gentleman actually 
 died of a complaint wliich the doctors at- 
 tributed solely to his mental sufferings, 
 llo was succeeded by sir Henry Bngnal, of 
 whom mention has nl ready been made, 
 an ■ able nnd shrewd ofllcer. Being well 
 aware of the real disposition nnd Intentldiis 
 of Tyrone, this gallant oHlcor resolved to 
 press him to the utmost ; but an unfortu- 
 nate circumstance caused tho first of Ills 
 operntions to terinliiato In his death. The 
 rebels at thnt time were besieging the fort 
 of Blackwater, the garrison of wliich tlioy 
 had already reduced to great distress. Kir 
 Henry led his troops to tho relief of thu 
 fort, and was suddenly attacked on very 
 disadvantageous ground ; and one of tlic 
 ammunition waggons accidentally blowing I 
 up, so increased tho panic into which the 
 men bad been tlirown by the suddenness of 
 the attack, that a complete rout took place, j 
 Tlie loss on the English side was fully fif- 
 teen hundred, nnd unhappily Included the I 
 gallant sir Henry ; and but for the able 
 and daring conduct of Montacute, the com- 
 mander of the cavalry, who fortunately licld I 
 tho enemy In check, tho loss would lisvc] 
 lieen much greater. The rebels were natu- 
 rally very much elated by this victory, wliicli 
 was more decisive than they were accus- 
 tomed to achieve; and it also put tlieiii in I 
 possession of a very considerable supply nil 
 arms and ammunition, of both of wlilclil 
 they stood in great need. As (or Tyrone, I 
 ho was BO elated, that he assumed to liini-l 
 self the title of deliverer of the Irish people I 
 and patron of Irish liberty. I 
 
 T'lis event caused no little,. anxiety nil 
 
iiatlon to give .of,'"'"" "> "'o .Jetcrn" 
 to avail tlTtMii^ V08 of fr"^'"' »" »>e4be's 
 Thf' queen, in trmh ,T "^'"^"^^ «'"! trcntles 
 
 /,"' '^''" was now h\o), i}^\y°y- ^liit Es- 
 
 fame ana lnnu"„cn hS'""""s <" acquirj ]„ 
 ami liourffed till? »f/ ''r'^yini? Ir" In f 
 "J-Bsed cithejof iLcrnm ^V?' ''V'«« not nog: 
 
 'f appointing „i ?),' ' ll"" "» rel.e/s, and 
 
 1/8 lieutenancy As i,/n '"■'''•■'' oarers , 
 
 '"". sol'inillitarylolnT*'''""'' ili^^tin" 
 
 '•I'Jondany of 1 1, LnJ"^' ''« ^^«8 favour e.i 
 
 army provided for hi '':*';:^«°'-« : Jmvi„«'„' 
 
 J'lon tlio «iw, ;W;?"«''l'Jlol,i,i,Vi.i 
 '"vonMic biirlSIiu '" ''.'""""IWIIty ot jiS 
 
 kS/t «" '"' "« I'l'OTil/ rn.' 
 
 
 'o allow no conslUcra h n !-.'.'""'• set-ondly. 
 of the course of a"?[o / " " '7',"'f ''"" ""'- 
 st'lr to as heliiL' m.-> V P """ P'edfirod iilm 
 •"rosuccc«3 Ar,dL'i''f ri''"''''ted , 1 : 
 Partlrnlnrs Paq, v ' '^' '" t'leso twocanifni 
 
 jafctyand t'hoin?ere«rof^"/*" '" l'°« own 
 from the very ont«^f,' "r^, ''« '"J"' "Wstre^s" 
 canity, and too ninrii i,,.^ '"'^'^ <^an youth 
 even those nWiid" oteh'''''""*' 'ntoxlca U,* 
 tlio n,ost Ilhera" ''^ "'"^-h nature has been 
 
 If her courtiers wi , J'^*^ asalnst thopo 
 
 er« ; and he^ pen^ro, ?iv ' ^'7 ""'er cour 
 "Is friend, c,,ui,i n^^""'^'^ «Jcslrous to Bervo 
 
 tr via, dlsohedien't^CvouId"; .,?■"',' ."»' '""^t 
 •onsequenco airalnsn.vi ,'j^" ^*" " fearful 
 
 1'roi.ortlonato to 1 "rS^ fiZninun-^ 
 
 Tli'is'lir^'"'"" "'o'' CO „,^"„,?'},'? '!'■« f'i^u? 
 far 'Lr ;"■• ^''O"'' ''nouph " n"f,/''« '""•«»^- 
 
 ""'""'••J' ; nor did he oh"''?""« "poiHt; 
 and more iiositiiv.nJ. ^^^^ '' ""til a now 
 'if own co'mma\ d^'^^^^f/^livinoed^ t" ml 
 
 ''&'S7nrti:f?ri^"'"'"^^ 
 ^^r^osH^F'^asi 
 
 srave, because" triklnL'..^,';''"'' «"" more 
 and fatally ai^ii^fH "*= *''" niore direct Iv 
 
 WWllvoly PleSScS ],|,,S?',' "'"> '« tad 
 
I 'ii 
 
 590 
 
 CTfjc (!i:i'rnis(uvi» of !ftfrftori», &t. 
 
 Iiuiiit, lilM iriHtrtictldiiti wi'i'o ilniwii up in 
 uxuci confoniilty with tliu oiiliilotiH liu Imd 
 Hu often and ho tttroiiKly exi)ruHiii>d. liu 
 Was now, tlifrcforo, doiiMy pIcdRod ; at 
 onco by lilitowii jiulKouiciit mid l>y Uin duty. 
 Vul lio liiul Hcitrri'ly liindod in Dulillu wliou 
 liu allowed IdiiiHolf to bu porHUiuli'd tliiit 
 tlio HL'itHoii wafi too onrly for |>aHt«IUK the 
 IjoKH Avhich slieltored Tyrouo, and that hln 
 huttor plan would ho to devote hoiiio time 
 to an expedition Into Sriiiintor, where pur- 
 tienuf tho rchclH were doliiff inaeh uiiochief 
 and excrcirtinK much tyrnuny. Now, mak- 
 ing ov(?ry allowanco for the rllnmtc of Ire- 
 land, It ia dinirult to under.itand how It 
 could be too eiirly for Holdlers, men whose 
 duty and boast it Ih to uverconie dinicultlo!<, 
 to make tlieir way through the bogn, when 
 werenu'niber that lOssex did not leave I/on- 
 don until tho month of ^Ureli. A man of 
 prudence would liave enquired how far such 
 a strange excuse originated In the selfish 
 Interest ratlier than in the sincere convic- 
 tion of tho advisers. Ihit giillimt as Essex 
 liad proved himself, and especially at C'adlx, 
 lie had none of that deep rellectlon and 
 eagle-eyed glance at details which nro so 
 necessary to a connnander-lii-chlef ; and in- 
 stead of discovering, as with more solidity 
 and less brilliancy, lie must liave dis- 
 covered, that tlio persons who thus advised 
 liim liad possessions in Munsler, about 
 which they were far more anxious than 
 about the national honour, he ot once fell 
 into the snare, and em])loye(l himself in the 
 very task oi mere detail which ho liad so 
 cmphatlcall} censured in other command- 
 ers, lie was very successful in Munster— 
 while lie remained tliere ; but when in July 
 tho English troops, thiiine'l and sickly, re- 
 turned to Dublin, the dlsi)ersed rebels re- 
 turned to Munster as strong as ever, and 
 far more confident ; for they now perceived 
 that Essex was by no means tlic consum- 
 mate commander lie liad been called. Tho 
 course he Imd so unwisely pursued had yet 
 farther ill conscfineiicc. For the sake of 
 what must of necessity have been merely 
 temporary success in .Munster, ho liad not 
 only thinned and weakened his men, but, 
 in mere partial actions, had given tliem tho 
 opportunity to form a very respectful opi- 
 nion of tho Irish prowess. On one occa- 
 sion his men behaved so timidly, that he 
 cashiered tlio olllccrs of the detachment, 
 and actually decimated the common men. 
 Nothing worse than this could have occur- 
 red in a decisive affair with Tyrone himself; 
 nothing of the sort was likely to have hap- 
 pened while tho English troops were fresh, 
 strong, and full of contempt for the kerne 
 of Ireland ; but af ^ ,r being so disheartened 
 In detail, how cl^.u. men bo expected to 
 show any great zeal for more decisive and 
 extensive operations? Moreover, so much 
 time had been wasted, that, as formerly, it 
 was said to be too early for passing the 
 morasses, so now it was said to be too late. 
 Essex now wrote lioine for reinforcements, 
 and the queen, Bcemingly resolute to leave 
 him no reasonable excuse for ultimate and 
 signal failure, at once reinforced him. But 
 real and counterfeited sickness, and very 
 numerous desertions, rendered it impossl- 
 
 lile for him, out of the ImpoRlng force whinh 
 lie hml frittered away In idle detail «kli- 
 iiilHhlng to lead more than four tliousand 
 men against the niiiln enemy. With this 
 force he found it Impossible to iirlng Tyrone 
 to action ! for that wily chieftain was far 
 more desirous of wearing out liis enemy 
 tlian of giving him an opportunity of pro- 
 tit lug by superior discipline and equipinenf. 
 And with Ills usual and often successful 
 liii|iudeiici<, lie demanded a personal con- 
 icniice with the English commander. Here 
 again Essex displayed great unfitness for 
 his comiimnd. IIu was fully authorised. It 
 Is true, to panlon rebels, but he bet rayed at 
 onco his own dignity, and that of his royal 
 mistress, in consenting to give tho rebel 
 chief an interview without tlrst insisting 
 upon his submission. Tyrone, who was 
 us deeply politic as Essex was open and 
 tiiouglitless, seems to iiavc understood at a 
 glance the character of tlie man with whom 
 ho had to deal. AVIille making stipulations 
 which, as coming from a re1>el, could bo 
 looked upon only as Insult to the queen, he 
 behaved to the queen's lieutenant with the 
 most profound personal respect ; persuaded 
 him into a truce until the following May, 
 and even, It would seem, caused liliii to 
 listen, at least, to Insinuations which 11 
 was treason even to hear without resent- 
 ment. 
 
 This 'most lame and Impotent ccmclii- 
 sion* could not fail to be deeply annoying 
 to Ell/.alictli, after she had departed so far 
 from her usual economical policy In order 
 to Insure a complete conquest of the Irish 
 rebels. Ami I'lssex was so far from even 
 now seeing his error, and taking tho only 
 mode by which Elizabeth could have been 
 soothed, that ho excited her tcmiier still 
 farther by peevish and petulant letters In 
 which he sought to throw the ])lamc ratlur 
 upon an alleged want of means and oppor- 
 tunity, than upon his own want of firm- 
 ness and sagacity. Though the queen's 
 answers plainly showed that she really was 
 deeply offended, she was even yet disin- 
 clined to wound his proud spirit by so piili- 
 lie a disgrace as ininiodlatc recall would by 
 both his friends and his foes have been con- 
 sidered ; and she expressly ordered him to 
 I'cinaln In Ireland. Judicious action, or 
 even judicious refraining from such actiuii 
 as could probably add to the queen's anger, 
 miglit even now have enabled him to re- 
 cover his ground In Ireland; but Instead of 
 availing himself of the ojicning the queen 
 afforded him by refraining from rocallliig 
 him, the spoiled favourite, happening, wlillc 
 in his worst humour with the English court 
 and with himself, to hear that the queen 
 bad promoted his rival, sir Uobert Cecil, to 
 an offlco which ho had long coveted for him- 
 self, took no farther notice of tho queen's 
 expressed command, but hastened over to 
 England, Ills reception hero belongs lo 
 the History of England ; we must laro 
 confine ourselves to Ire and. and its af- 
 fairs, as he, ou this petulant departure, 
 left them. 
 
 Lord Mountjoy, whon Elizabeth, as we 
 have said, originally intended for the Irish 
 expedition, was now sent over In tho hni o 
 
; VtM» •»"'; 
 '"with tUlH 
 
 •Vt h»« ••"^"'y 
 
 ten HurccBBf^l 
 
 U \)Otvnyc'l »\ 
 tVnt of 1>1« royal 
 
 U taWl"« thooHl 
 
 k own ,^»V.n ouccu's W 
 
 [Though tl'«^^y?^,,s I 
 dthat9horea»> ^^^ 
 
 I, hear that tn° '*., j,, 
 
 vhon EUmV.eth.f ;« 
 »^K'ovcrlnt"ol>or^l 
 
 €l)t ^iitai'n of SrrlnntT. 
 
 501 
 
 thAt he would repair iho ovils onuticd by 
 tho HiKhty and liu'oiiHiilcrnto conduct of hli 
 arcoinpllHhod, but, In tlilH casont IouhI, in- 
 raimblu rival. Tlio Irlcli robols Hiicfillly 
 dUcovori'd that (hry now had todealwllh 
 n lord-llputrnant very illirerentin clinractcr 
 from tho vain and (acllo Ksgox. llrave and 
 iicroinpllHlKMt an i\ HoKllcr, Mountjoy wun 
 iilHo fouiowhat inclined to stcrnnuas and 
 bc verity. 
 
 A.i). 1003.— On taking llio roninmnd In 
 Ireland, Mountjoy deternilned neltlicr to 
 einiiloy all bin force upon one point, nor to 
 make a war of detiill in nucli a way as 
 coulil Ijo advantaiure()Ui4 to tho reliel.-t. Dlvl- 
 illiig Ills force Into detachments, ho Kavo 
 tlio commands to men of known nbllliy nnd 
 coiirime, with orders to actwith tho utmost 
 viKour wliilo oppoifcd, and to glvo no (luiir- 
 ter oven wlien opposition had ceased. Tlie 
 rebels being thus ntt.ickod In all quarters 
 nt once, nnd llnding that their now oppo- 
 nent was as ImprMcllcablo in negotiation as 
 he was irresistible In war, threw down their 
 arms, ftfnny of tliem souKlit piifety liy re- 
 tiring Into tlio most lnncces:<il)lo mornsses 
 nnd mountain caves, niul remaining; bidden 
 tiicre, nnd half starved, while their friends 
 exerted tliemselves to obtain their peiico 
 on such terms as Mountjoy choso to dlc- 
 tnte. Tyrone was no •'exception to this 
 general rule. At flrst, hi leed, ho tried to 
 obtain terms, but his days of successful 
 deception Avere now at length abandimed. 
 Mountjoy indexibly refused to admit him 
 to mercy on any other condition than that 
 of tho nuist absolute nnd literal surrciuler 
 of both his life nnd fortunes to tho queen's 
 pleasure. 
 
 A.D. 100.1.— Finding that any attempt to 
 palter with Mountjoy would probably put 
 liliii In some danger of being altogether ex- 
 cluded from the (lue 's mercy, be appeared 
 before tho lord-ilcutcjiatit and made the re- 
 quired submission. Hut he was even now 
 too late. Kilzabetb hadexplred wbileliostlil 
 hesitated ; and as tho character of her suc- 
 cessor rendered It very unlikely that bo 
 would show mercy to rebels so crafty nnd 
 faithless as Tyrone, both ho and O'Donnell 
 made their escape to Italy; where Tyrone 
 lived some years, supported only by a pen- 
 sion allowed to him by the pope. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 A.D. 1012.— TiiR most clflclent of tho Eng- 
 lish comraandera In curbing the rest- 
 less spirit of Ireland was undoubtedly the 
 lord Mountjoy ; and perhaps, but for his 
 8t:rn chastisement of armed rebellion, Ire- 
 land would not have been In a state to pro- 
 Bt by tho wise and humane desire of Eliza- 
 beth's successor, James I., to civilise the 
 people by raising them socially as well as 
 Intellectually, by giving them an Interest In 
 the preservation of peace by putting them 
 in possession of the manifold luxuries and 
 comforts which arc only obtainable by the 
 practice of tho arts of peace. It Is Imp s- 
 sihlo to rate too highly tho good eite^c of 
 the wise policy of James towards Irc.und ; 
 and when he boasts of that policy, we must 
 read his BeU-laudatloii idtogethcr witliuut 
 
 that pitying BUiile which we bestow upon 
 hia pedantries, aiul upon tho absurilllles 
 which even his native snKaclty did not iiru- 
 venthlmfrom sharing with tho umjorlty of 
 his Bubjei'ts. 
 
 llo clearly perceived what, next to the 
 putting down of actual rebellion, was tho 
 most pressing and tho most vital want of 
 Ireland: nianufiictures, trade, and tho oii- 
 portunity, means, nnd, above uii, the 1.0- 
 amplcs (it using them. 
 
 The linmeiii*i' tracts of land which civil 
 war and rebellion had depoimlated In Ire- 
 land, and especially in Ulster, furniihed th« 
 sngnciuus James with the llrst great ele- 
 ment, room for civilised colonists whoso 
 example of Industry and prosperity could 
 not fall to have tho effect of raising all the 
 rest of the country in the social scale. On 
 all former occasions tlio scheme of colo- 
 nising Ireland had a radically bad prlnciplo 
 which constantly caused it to fall. Tho 
 English pale was held by swordsmen, not 
 by manufacturers, or even to any conslder- 
 aiilo extent by traders. Uold soldiers, but 
 for (he most part as uncultivated as tho 
 very natives wlioni they had dispossessed, 
 these men either were constantly engaged 
 in petty warfare with the 'mere Irish,' ns 
 the men beyond tin! EmkIIsIi pale were 
 called, or. If tliey fell Into peaceable Inti- 
 macy with them, were far more apt to fall 
 with them into barbarism, than to ralso 
 them intocivilisntion and an inclination to- 
 wards the arts of peace. And tliat, as must 
 bo abundantly evident to the attentive rea- 
 der, was actually tho process which took 
 pl.ice, not merely with tlio general mass 
 here, but also with men uf some mark aud 
 note. 
 
 Aware that a large sum of English money 
 was absolutely necessary for the carrying 
 out of his adnitrablo plan of Irish reforma- 
 tliui.and aware too that practical mercan- 
 tile nu'ii were tho best possible persons to 
 look after tho details upou whleh so much 
 would necessarily depend, James Incorpo- 
 rated the Iloynl Irish Society. Tho mem- 
 bers were to bo annually elected from 
 among tho aldermen and common council 
 of London ; and to the committee, tlius 
 formed, were all matters to be Intrusted 
 connected with the management of tho 
 Irish llsheries, and tlio waste tracts of land 
 which were to be disposed of. These lands 
 were to lie let to three distinct classes of 
 undertakers ; so called because they under- 
 took to fulllll certain conditions. Those 
 who received two thousand acres were to 
 build n castle, with a proportionato baivn 
 or yard, surroiuided by a substantial wall ; 
 those who received fifteen hundred acrea 
 were to build a substantial stone house, 
 also surrounded by a&(ru;n, unless in situ- 
 ations where a bridge would be still more 
 dcsir.able ; and those who received a tliou- 
 sand acres were to build a good and sub- 
 stantial dwelling to tlieir own taste. In 
 some cases Irish chieftains were allowed to 
 undertake upon these terms, and to have 
 Irish tenants, on condition that thuso lat- 
 ter should abandon their wandering and 
 predatory habits, nnd dwell together In 
 steady, peaceful, and Industrious purBulls ; 
 
 \W 
 
602 
 
 (FTjC Crrnftui'it of W^itavDt 9t(, 
 
 Imt, for tlio nKiMt imvt, iinfcioiicti w.i.i 
 
 frivrii to KiikIIhIi uiulcitiiki-M, who wiTO to 
 iiivo Ktigll.i)! or J.owliuirl Hcotrli tcimntx. 
 Nor (11(1 tlilH oxrullciit hcIipmio roinprclicnil 
 liurrly tlio o\mi niid wliolly dciioiiiiliitod 
 country ; Oolcrnliip, Ijondondcrry, niid donio 
 citiiillor towns had ronaidoriiMn niiins Hprnt 
 upon thcin lii rcpuirInK nnd n-linlldiiiK ; 
 nnd hinidrc(]i« of MiitfllHh nnd Kcotch me- 
 rhmilci>, Willi thrlr fitnilllcn nnd nil ncccs- 
 iinry aiiplliinrcs foi their xovcrid tntdcn, 
 viTO Kent thitlirr. At tlio (<unio time, 
 rlinrrhcii wcro undowed nnd wrliooln oKtii- 
 Ml»ilu-d ; nnd tliogu who t>() loudly clmrKo It 
 Upon KnKliind nnnii InJuMtlco thiit tin; pro- 
 tcsiiin rhiirch In Rnpport(Ml In Iri'liind, 
 would (10 well til look lin(^k,iind to look niton- 
 tlvcly, upon this pnnHnKe in IrUh hlHtorv. 
 
 lliivlnKdono ho much townrdH Introiluc- 
 liiK tho lndn»<trynnd prollt in the tniln of 
 which civilisation, ronifort, and an attach- 
 incnt to peace are bo 8ure to follow, .laineM 
 decltu'ed all the people in Ireland to he 
 rqually hU ctulijertd.nliolUheil the whole of 
 the lirehon law8, and ttationeil a i<niall 
 nrniy In Ireland, which wan reKulnrly paid 
 from KuKland, and tliuH cprired nil temp- 
 tation to excite dlHtin-liniicrs Intheconnlry 
 liy levying cuiitriliuliiins upon ilH inhatii- 
 tnntg. 'i'lie Kood elToi^l of this was Htrlk- 
 liiKly shown in tlio cnse of an outbreak ex- 
 rit(rd and headed by a lurliuleiit chief named 
 0'D(iKh{5rty, Tliia chieftain, anions many, 
 wa8 very much enraged at seeluK the com- 
 fort and jirosperlty in which ptrangers 
 dwelt In Ilia native country; and lie wan 
 capcclaily opposed to the nliolitlon of the 
 Mrehoii law«, whldi gave occaHlnn to peri- 
 odical warfare by n iiiuHt absurd division uf 
 rroiierty, and made murder nnd other 
 crimes as purdiascable as any iiianufac- 
 tiiied luxury, by nlllxlnv a price to each 
 crime ; as the NormaiiK and 8axoiis, and 
 iiiimt other partlndy barbarous peojile, had 
 done at an earlier day. Takliif; counsel 
 with other chleriains as prejudiced nnd tur- 
 bulent as hitiiBcIf, O'UiiKlierty endeavoured 
 to pluiiKC the country Into a civil war once 
 more, llutliis flr«t outbreak was steadily 
 met by the resident Kngllsli troops ; rein- 
 forcements were 8i)eedlly sent; nnd ho who 
 but a few ycnrs before miKlit have sacked 
 towns, and then have sold his good be- 
 haviour for a peerage, was easily and spee- 
 dily put down, llegular circuits for the 
 odMiiiiistrallon of justice were formed; 
 charters of Incorporation were bestowed 
 upon the largcrnnd mure prosperous towns; 
 ami James had the truly enviable pleasure 
 of iK'ping prosperity and growing civilisa- 
 tion nccomi)llshed by his peaceful andequl- 
 table rule, for a country which Ids prede- 
 cessors had for nearly four hundred and 
 fifty years failed even to begin to rule with 
 citlier certainty or advantage 
 
 CHAPTKU Xr. 
 
 A.D. 1641.— FnoM the year 1G03 Iielaml had 
 liccn constantly iirogressing, sometimes 
 Blowly, sometimes more rapidly, but always 
 progressing, inoi . or less, towards tliecom- 
 PHnitivc perfection of Knglaud; nnd if in 
 the year 1041, Brian lioroUine, or Muladii of 
 
 the ((olden coll^ir, tlioHO siiK^ere and— the 
 ago In which tiny llveil being coiisiilered 
 — Henslbio frleinlsof their nut I vo country, 
 could have seen the splendid niterations 
 that had been wrought in its favour, they 
 would have denounced to tlio death the 
 traitor, who, for the sake of hU own base 
 interests, or Ills own tgtiorant faiicle-, 
 should have proposed tn light up the torcli 
 of war, nnd umio, in n few weeks of vio- 
 lence, wliat had been accompllHlied by the 
 wisdom, palleiice,nnd unbounded liberality 
 of so many years, nut iiiiliapplly tlie times 
 were favourable to the worst deslgiiM of 
 the Worst description of mock patriots. 
 The iinfortunatu t'hiirles I. was now upon 
 the bngllsii throne, and deeply Involved in 
 tlie fatal disputes witli tho parliament, 
 which ended so iaineiitalily for both king 
 nnd peoiile. To all dlHcernlng men It wan 
 evld(Mit, that both king nnd parliament had 
 drawn tho sword and thrown away the 
 Hcablinrd. Heoiland had openly thrown olf 
 its nlleglaiice; and though in Knglnnd 
 Cliarles still had tho title of king, ills most 
 reasonable demands were treated witli 
 mockery ; and as the Irish j>arllament— as 
 was evident In the case ot Klratrord— was 
 the ally, or rather the suliscrvleiit tool, of 
 the English commons. It was obviously 
 impossible for the king to have that iii- 
 lluence with the former, without whicli liu 
 was powerless to keep tho country in order. 
 The settlers In Ireland under the iioblii 
 scheme of king James were almost exclii- 
 s vely iirotestant, and they naturally had 
 the utmost, horror of the opposite faith, in 
 the name ot wlilcli so iiucli cruel persecu- 
 tion had taken place under former sove- 
 reigns, and constantly sympathised Willi 
 the puritan party in the ICnglisli house o( 
 coiiinions In its opposition to tho couii 
 and high cliiireli party. In their Kealous 
 ati(<ntioii to tills onepolnt,they(iulteover- 
 looked tho peculiai'liy of their own situa- 
 tion. Owing every tiling to roy.'d authority, 
 and protected alike In their properties and 
 liberties by the royal troops, the Irish pro- | 
 testants were probably the very laht of all 
 ihu Ill-fated Charles's subjects who, even I 
 with a view toselllsh Interests alone, should I 
 have doneaught tliatcouldaldtlietrlumplis ' 
 of his enemies. Though a long lapse of j 
 years, nnd tho steady and consistent wis- ; 
 (lom of the successive adniinlslratlons oJ 
 ChiclieBter,Grandison, Kalkland, and Straf- 
 ford, had fairly cstablislied Ireland anions' 
 tlie prosperous and civilised nations; tliougli 
 septs after septs had become peaceful and 
 settled tillers of tho earth, or proapcrom 
 artisans niiii traders in tho towns ; neitlicr 
 time nor niiiiluterlal wisdom had, as yet, 
 abated tiic detestation in wliicli the Irish- 
 man held tho Kngllshnmn, In whicli tho I 
 catholic held tho protcstant, in wliicli, In ' 
 a Word, tho comiuercd lield the comiuercir, 
 Tiicro was still much of the old leaven «f 
 Irisli turbulence in existence ; and at thn 
 very moment when tlic ungrateful protest- 
 ants of Ireland were Indulging their pnrl- 
 Inn liostility to tho throne to whicl.' tluy 
 owed Bo much, they were watched with n 
 grim smile of approving hate by the ene- 
 mies who smiled uiiuu theiu, only that i]c 
 
"triiciKiii iiiltfijt fill 11 ■ - 
 
 •If llio MliK l-li ii;i(l J, " ""If 'liui'Xfiiiinl.. 
 
 wir..ty,„Hi wn. ry of' ,''!'';''''''it to tl . 
 
 "'<• frlHh |.r.( Ml A'' ''"'""'»• t'> the n lo 
 
 n>iJ fKroKlou« m .onsel, r,,"""^^ «-..„„,|t. .' 
 «<'t'Mi. time tl„.y v,.rM„V ''•''''•, ns Itwoul.l 
 
 ''«ii ruin. VVJiii,, ti"^' L, "^''''iMtatliiw ti,,' l 
 
 n» well from (ho ,,<^ ,'f,"^'f''''>' <lt'l'nrtl„™ 
 
 '• « for nil ()|)|)(),.t,n ifv . ' ^'^','''' "'I'ro loiiw- 
 '"' '''prftfnlc-. ,.'''','1/'' "vall tlu.|„H,.| v/:^ 
 
 «" '''"<llstrll, ui.t ,'f' ' ['^'''l with rclMt ,, 
 
 though tho rathoi ,. li . n'"J' ''y tla-Ntnte-- 
 
 : '^nin'i'sofcomni.ri.f ,. ', ""'"»"inl minor 
 
 «'W •u.thli.V ,u.,.u"u t! /.'■""'• ""1 I'w' 
 mnllln^ aiuirrleroni I,, '',''!''•' "'o "ow 
 wsofaclvlUva,. Inn, '',' '"'" "'o hor- 
 J^oqiiPiit lcn,l,.r%C,. '';'"''•«'•''*•'•. find 
 «ffoof tho state of ,,';,,"' L"*'"K ndv.in- 
 'tnU.aiHl of HultliKt 1 m.,""'"''' '" K"K- 
 JrUh revolt to tho vnWo).« r"V*.''™''"''« ^>r 
 wliom ho tloslr. I ty> "^ ^''''''' <"lileftaiiia 
 
 I'-.imin.iiy. «;; :,vi '^u,^'ztJ'} '"« "'"-ic 
 
 Pc'ii|oii of U,)Ber ji'")*"f''tl'nii(nntiH. 
 '"'""" I'l" 'I»W>.ff. am? V Vl.*^':''l'^''''«" of 
 
 Of iiifr/inlf. 
 
 I ;,. ' ""• »ioBer nfimr,. „ ••■■■in m n ,> 
 "•'I tyaii,|,inw,,ff „VuVvV? Koiitleinan of 
 ""-' ' oM Irish,' < f V o ,, hJ ,""'""'"■ "'""'IK 
 'iiio. Hating oven h.l i * '''"/'"ent he was 
 
 ^mintryineu^'Jf ',f,!^''|''''«toreeo,,rllel s 
 
 roiidenco to whir, ho ' uL' ' """"''' ""l<'- 
 
 I'foe them reti r ho'fnni""".''"'^' ^'^'h-.I 
 
 tlie unsettled 8tftf..'nf V "*,'' I'lvantnKe of 
 
 ""ts. to cxc the irNh r, I*' if'"' '"•"'<' t- 
 ^oiitents to Insu'rectloi. I'i? '''^ "'"' ""'I- 
 fitlgaWo, ho eor OMm .; /^' ve and inde 
 tented lii every Kl'^^^ ''''"''''« tJ'si^on 
 
 « 'e Itiferlorltj- of the l".?<,'n"l''i; ''^t'lt upon 
 "d upon tho Ignorant "„^?V" ""'"''ers 
 flUence of safety i, which /J '"jo'ent cou- 
 
 lefn'. ''°™P«»^'lvey small «f„^",r''' <'^<'» 
 I r'nerso oo8elyBiii.<iK.M.L^''*'''l''isr army 
 
 I i"J5w"hout anrattent ^;^*^o"»>'o^^ to 
 
 ,7 fi03 
 
 . ""'vv jiixtire. to I ,r I':;'''"'"''''' ••'" I- 
 
 "I;- <.f tUo prof ...t 'n ti'of' r^*'*'7 '"*"■""■ 
 '"■■'"'"• " w.a .,,,1, a a V,'.. "'"'"' *'''"' "ow 
 
 •'Mcinles. p r Vi ." """!• inont iiiiilacal.i . 
 
 """'orlty hodclLV; ,'?">' •;' '!'«' l-oyal 
 '■'itholles. ii,; HH Id hZ''|V' "'"' •■'"•• to tho 
 
 '" i:ngii«*i, :z\ Ti:^ ^';'">f «"''j.Tt.':i 
 
 y't the king lia 1 Hi ow.? .'^''^'''''"HlanreH. 
 ''' l;"r».ernt,rthe I, eiZn n.V" '""I'OHltlo, 
 of their lellKlo |„^;''r;'"">' "" arronnt 
 •"•'•nied rertnli Vi, 1,1 "'" I"""!!"!!*, im 
 ?,"''J'rtlng',h ! 'r I U^ in'.i.'r''" '" «"""y 
 '•'"«land. would tlinvn"^''' loverelgii |,, 
 
 .""■•y Irlshn.an ladado h^,', '•* 'i*. ''"'^"""I ? 
 
 '•had only to Imk^^^^n''^ ''''"""''''«'''' ''t. 
 
 >ady endured hy ,1//,,/, ° r^''"7"tlnn nl- 
 
 '"ly to pre v,.nt .,;,;,' .i"'' their l.oundei 
 I '"■•' to the II.Teon.dn^V.n "".'/''"'•''' vie. 
 'I" I'UrltanN ; a« irishn^'''';'.'''''*^ •'••'"I of 
 !'" """'^. mil „„[,?'""7' hoy would at 
 have iHvn warra t, Vl In ^i.r'''*'."'"''^'""''''*. 
 foregny()ke whi!.i... " "'rowing oif ii.J 
 ' '"'"'; ''''U hey ';,:?';'"'':' had nxea ,„Io "^ 
 
 '•pon to do so/hot, ', tLrr<'''"'y «•'»""< 
 
 Portiinltynfroided t . LJ" '"voural.lo f-n- 
 Honslons-of olr en .| le«' '^^ V," «''••«•'' '"»" 
 pro Iml.lllty that tht^"' .'^,V "' <• ''y t|,o ,,,„,, 
 rlil 'heniselvesof » .!. I '.^ fnemles wouhl 
 
 !j;''fi .n.thorit',';;f' tiWrt'"''"^!'''''- "" ^ 
 
 '"I'l'ts loiind an echo In 7, "'''^''" "' '"8 argu- 
 
 |""tured thoughts of i,.*' ^''''^<'' "'"I loiig- 
 
 '> Whom ho 1^1 irs ' I^*?'™"'" ^■'" ''''talus 
 
 himself. ""- ""t Instance addressed 
 
 v'-;in:!;;;?;;^'^[,;!j^m.rouidhavodr- 
 
 'ho desiKiiH of fiZv MM i"m"''J '" "««l«t 
 •"'"'••Its. than t 10 vir' '',,''■'' ''""w-mal- 
 ereasing einnlly to V.. . m i, ''""I 'hilly m. 
 'unnifesicd l.y the 1'., ,'i( . ""' ^»'ilch was 
 ""'•'''". l.y tl peo i',^",^ ' '';;.'-"''.ncnt. an ! 
 ''i'Knsed to head ai IS., .n^f"^^'"'- O'-^ell 
 viiices.the slgimif .".v 'r""» '» tliepro- 
 fi niultane<.us^v t J' ;^' .';' .^vas to he glVen 
 
 nttack upon the cagt^o V.7 ,' "IT; ^^"h nn 
 was to be headed by Rocer v "''""• ''*'"'h 
 h>r<l M'(iulre. Oii-di,m*? rM'?"','? "'"• tlio 
 ^{''•"i' nt ''"ist. prom Lpd /if '''"''"• ''""■ 
 ^hl;nuiner(.U8lrl8 Sr^^^^^ ''""^ "'her 
 'ff I" the Spanish „rnvn?n ■'',"";«'■<' ^<""'- 
 .uni ; and with the unrmPM^?'"**''' '" J"'» 
 tho English puritans wp..'*'^"!'^ »''' ^hleh 
 tlieir savage and coarse?., .?')'"* "'«"' hy 
 "aces, there could bo 1. ,\ ''*'*■<'« «•"! ">o- 
 1 10 first signal of revoVw^^' that when 
 whole catholic populat.mnf^r" ?'*'"'• "'o 
 including tlio cith ?8 of th„ l!"*"ll"^' <^^'<"« 
 would join in a revoir^f.. .° E'iglish pale, 
 for tho catlioIlcrSn *'""""» *» ^''••»i 
 
 'n&e?cro"a& "««" «a<Je to 
 leadinff parties In every nfnri' ""i»>reak of 
 It now only remained MJr *" ^'■«''»'"'. 
 
ii .! 
 
 i 
 
 594 
 
 Crte CrrnjfMVM of ^litaxn, ^c. 
 
 In tho island ; all minor arrangcincnts, and 
 tlio rouRirig tlio mass of tho people into ac- 
 tion, boinK, l)y Moore's shrewd advice, de- 
 ferred to the very hour of action itself, that 
 the plot, being until then intrusted to the 
 knowledge only of tlie comparatively few 
 leading men, might thus run the less risk 
 of being revealed, whether by actual trea- 
 chery or l)y waTit of prudence. Tlie day 
 fixed upon was the 23rd of October 1041 ; 
 tiiat late period of the year being named 
 by Moore on account of tlie darkness of the 
 nights, which would favour the dark deeds 
 that were in contemplation, and on accoimt 
 of the difficulty that stormy season of the 
 year would throw In the way of transport- 
 ing men and arms from England, when 
 news of tho outbreak should reach that 
 country, 
 
 Great and prudent precaution as Moore 
 and Ills fellow-conapirators had taken to 
 limit their numbers and thus diminish the 
 chances of treachery or imprudence, their 
 torrilile design would in all human proba- 
 bility have been frustrated, but for tho un- 
 happy dilference between tlie king and his 
 people. For whatever caution might be 
 used in holding foreign correspondence, it 
 was scarcely possible that so vast and ter- 
 rible a conspiracy could be known at foreign 
 courts witliout some ' inkling of the mat- 
 ter ' getting to the ears of some one of the 
 numerous Intelligent spies, who, for gainer 
 other motives, busy themselves in tattling 
 to tho attach6s of the embassies. And 
 though no definite and tangible news of tho 
 matter in agitation reached the king from 
 his ambassadors, yet lie was warned by 
 them that there assuredly was some deep 
 and dangerous thing being planned in Ire- 
 land. Had the king been in concord with 
 bis people at home, and had the Irish au- 
 thorities been, as they in|that case would 
 have been, men zealous in his service and 
 indebted only to his favour for their prefer- 
 ment, even these slight hints would doubt- 
 less have been so used as to have led to tlio 
 discovery of tlio whole plot, and the pre- 
 vention of one of tiio most extensive and 
 terrible massacres that has ever occurred. 
 But the lord-lieutenant, tho earl of Leices- 
 ter, was detained in London, and sir John 
 Borlase and sir William Parsons, who dis- 
 charged his duties by commission, owed 
 their promotion to the king's domestic eno- 
 niles, the puritans, and therefore paid little 
 attention to his warnings and made no use 
 of them. So contemptuous were they, in- 
 deed, of their royal master's advice, or so 
 thoroughly besotted by their ignorant and 
 conceited notions of English superiority, 
 that even within four-and-twenty hours of 
 tho time appointed for the wholesale slaugh- 
 ter of the Protestants of Ireland, these 
 thoroughly reckless or tlioroughly incapable 
 men had not so much as doubled the guards 
 at Dublin castle, though its routine guard 
 was at that time but fifty men, while It 
 held out to rebels the tempting booty of 
 thirty-five pieces of artillery, and arms for 
 ten thousand raen.^ith ammunition in pro- 
 portion. 
 
 Such was the fatal blindness or pro- 
 Bumptlon of those men I Tho 23rd day of 
 
 October, as we have mentioned, was tho 
 day appointed for tho outbreak : tho 22nd 
 had already arrived ; Moore and M'Guiro 
 were in Dublin, their every signal carefully 
 watched and zealously obeyed by a wliolo 
 host of their disguised followers, and a still 
 larger following was hourly expected ; yet 
 not a doubt or a fear disturbed tho serenity 
 of tho castle, until now when the eleventh 
 hour was past and the twelfth had well 
 nigh struck, sir "William Parsons was roused 
 from his complacent indolence by the 
 appearance before him of one O'Conolly, 
 who, though an Irishman and a conspirator, 
 was also a protestant, and shuddered as 
 tho very hour approached which was to 
 doom every man, woman, and child of his 
 own faith throughout Ireland to inovitablu 
 dpjith. Tho repentance and confession of 
 O'Conolly were in time, though barely in 
 time, to save Dublin castle from capture, 
 and tho protestants of Dublin from dcatii : 
 but it was beyond all human power to 
 prevent revolt and massacre from stalk- 
 ing, unsparing and ghastly, throughont tho 
 rest of the land. Sir William Parsons and 
 his colleague, though the news fell upon 
 them like a thunderbolt, acted with great 
 promptitude and .energy the moment that 
 the positive assurances of Instant danger, 
 that were given to them l>y a repentant con- 
 spirator, convinced them how much tlicy 
 had erred in neglecting to found enquiries 
 upon the hints they had received from 
 their royal master himself. The guards 
 were increased at tho castle, and tho gates 
 shut; officers were despatched to appre- 
 hend Moore and M'Guiro, and to warn ti;: 
 protestants, from street to street, and even 
 from house to house, to arm and prepare 
 themselves for a death-struggle. Moore, 
 siirewd, suspicious, and active, perceived 
 that eomething had alarmed the castle, 
 and he took his departure from the city 
 before the officers could find liira ; M'Guiro 
 and Mahoney were less fortunate ; they were 
 seized and examined by the lords-justices, 
 and Mahoney's confession conveyed to them 
 tlic astounding and awful intelligence that 
 the fate from which tho protestants of 
 Dublin had so narrowly escaped, was but 
 too certainly in store for their unhappy co- 
 religionists tiiroughout all the rest of tlic 
 unfortunate island. 
 
 O'Neill and other leaders, not drcaminp 
 of any check to their design taking place 
 in Dublin, where the authorities had seemed 
 so blind, deaf, and presumptuous past all 
 human saving, were true to their time aiul 
 to their ruthless purposes. Tho signal was 
 given, and the signal was obeyed, not 
 merely by those who had beer initiated in 
 the horrid design, but by tho whole catho- 
 lic population ; for tliey who called upnn 
 that fervid and unreflecting people, called I 
 upon them to revenge tiie real or fancied ! 
 wrongs over which each bosom had brooded jj 
 in long, silent, but not tho less stern yearn- 
 ing, for the vengeance that now was at 
 hand ; and they called upon that people at 
 once devout, ignorant, bigoted and fierce, 
 to do tho deeds of demons, in that nnmol 
 whoso very sound breathes peace and good' 
 will to men. 
 
^«iStm^ 
 
 Irish and the En P'^otosta„t together, to 
 dread sJffnal give^n'*.'^,' " fooner was t c 
 laughed to scorn ,nVn«.'*''"^® t'os wcro 
 forgotten In al™ To^hf o*^*^«' "roken and 
 
 property; rameltvthJ^^^*', *° <Jefeiid ul own 
 
 circuiustancc oTTiTrT" — 
 
 Kenlous cruelty "'° '""»' «Jlnbollcaliy~f„: 
 
 sacremoreunJ^ieminch-^'^'^'-J' ^■'>s mas- 
 
 crimes of beinir PnSi, ,'^ "* "'« Incxnla)!^^ 
 
 the detested nation A?.",^Vi' '" People of 
 , yliildrenof the Irish 'imlV.f^^" "'e little 
 
 I Ire "sually drew them f^i«"] '" those cases 
 I ••'cadedhous.es or Sh^*^"' ''■°'n tlieirbar- 
 
 ft tK rS'o^ tr 4«"" "or^ 
 taken up. the Enci^/h'"' ''osl"on thry had 
 I fence and showed ^ ,V''°''a<^ted thefr dc- 
 I Sf '/L'??' ''"rndy was cln^^'"']"^ f*-""' to 
 
 sparing them;*bSt thf ,f.°"""" °atl^8 of 
 surrender was alsn f hi" "'"ment of their 
 s ruction. N^v i?.?°™°'"<'nfc of their de 
 ^I'amefui nerinl^L^'""'' ««8es even this 
 ' ?«moniacviI&o7?L'"^"»«>d upon y "h^ 
 
 viro vnV'*"'''"''^ they were rtn'J'''"«^ ""o 
 ties wore Perpctmed "vn?'"'*^'« barhaH- 
 
 rSi^cf^SS^.^o^rS5r 
 
 Of the English. ™^^'"f'««tfc '" his hatml 
 man. endeavoured to nri'" ,'?'*^«"8 n cruo 
 to l'»t a stop to thoMr'""' "Pon 0'.\c/l 
 slaughter. But t lo i,';^'"<'»» cruelties a, i 
 
 S'*V.''l "''"l' 10 work buTS"'°'""y- J'o 
 
 Of Ul^'te^X-;;;'" that While the English 
 
 culture. werTSfaoIl^ "'OTged in Sgr 
 
 manufacturers of BeST^^^^ the Scotc 
 
 The Trl't" towns scarcely snS.'*'™'."^' an^? 
 I'lc Irish affectpfjn«!j'^,™"ered at bII 
 
 "ection between t'l,eml^^'^'*l« ^elt. a con- 
 :jon,nion, though =«l'J:fs «"'» men of a 
 ancestry; and thur?hl®"'°t<''y common 
 opportunity tormXt^^ ^^''e timid had 
 strengthening the rdp'fc"*^ '''^ bolder for 
 abling themselves to ^^''''''s ''"<» thus 17- 
 iiecessary. tha Ia?e ? J^,'?^^"? ^y force, f 
 been accorded tou,l»l,?P' 't 's likely, laii 
 treachery. Thn inll ".'''ther in canricp «h 
 probablefberausP h^,°//?' '"''^'c'l. tl o mo^^ 
 selfishly intent imonH";^ 8''«tch' been less 
 had they Invit"?™ 'J'^'' "''J'n solo safetv 
 towns thopersec .ted an^"''f '•«''' ,1" thoh: 
 Ilsh, the rebels would hn^„ astounded Eng. 
 far less easy virM.ni "XF *""'"! the lattm- 
 
 f»l appeal to'^that^^SJt'dep^f " ">' "^S 
 
 jn u^^'w^r/^tSh^-'va 
 
 Dublin, saved by ^V ""^rly destroyed 
 so"n« *'}f„ P»-°mptTtudo"of "^l'"t,^}i"fcss?ou 
 sons, became the r,.fi,^„ ^ "'Hiaui Par- 
 and destitute fugitives f?onwh*''° "'aimed 
 
 most nil bounded nnii ♦ 5" the last, tho 
 Many were saved b?th„*^V''f I'ospltallty 
 

 596 
 
 Cljc Ci'fngurjj tif ?in^t0i"D, ^-f. 
 
 sufferings long after tlicy wcro safe In 
 Dublin. 
 
 It must not bo supposed that the lords- 
 justlocs were Idle while tiieso horrors 
 wore l)cinf,' perpetrated all over tlic island ; 
 tliough they seem cliiefly to have consulted 
 the safety of the rapital. Tliey immedi- 
 ately summoned to Dublin all detaclnnents 
 of tlie army. Many of those detachments 
 had been cither hemmed in lieyond tliu 
 power of escape, or cut to pieces at tlic 
 l)reaking out of the rebellion. Hut upwards 
 of fifteen hundred arrived at Dublin, and 
 to this considerable body upwards of four 
 thousand were added l»y enlistment, and 
 armed from the ample stores in the castle. 
 A detachment of six hundred was sent to 
 the relief of Tredah, which was invested by 
 tlie rebels ; but on being attacked, this de- 
 tachment was completely panic-stricken, 
 and routed, almost without firing n shot. 
 Dy far the greater number of them were 
 Hlain ; and in addition to tlils largo loss of 
 men, the Knglish h-id to regret that so 
 many stand of arm? had fallen into the 
 hands of the rebels. 
 
 Considerable blame has been attached to 
 the Uirds-justlccs for the exclusive atten- 
 tion tliey bestowed upon the safety of 
 Dulilin ; but though they undoubtedly do 
 seem to have been ituite sufilciently careful 
 upon that point, it must not be forgotten 
 that the greater part of the force at their 
 command was untried and undisciplined; 
 that the whole island abounded with armed 
 rebels; that in the case of Tredah their 
 endeavour to extend their rule had been 
 Bignally unfortunate ; and that the most 
 experienced military men of the prosent 
 day would find it difficult, in such a state 
 of tlie whole country, to suggest a better 
 plan for the employment of a small and 
 but partially disciplined force, than that 
 of keeping open a slielter and a rallying 
 place for the fugitives from other I'arts of 
 the country, and one, too, which Insured 
 communication witii Engl.and. It would 
 seem, however, that some opportunities of 
 enterprise against the rebels were really 
 and glaringly neglected, since the brave 
 carl of Ormond complained that the lords- 
 justices bestowed far too exclusive a care 
 upon themselves and the capital. The 
 catholic English of the pale at the outset 
 of the barbarous massacre expressed tiu^ir 
 strongest indignation against tlio rebels, 
 nnd applied to government for arms, tlint 
 they miglit defend themselves and aid in 
 preserving Ireland to tlie Englisli crown. 
 If tho rebellion had broken out upon 
 merely political grounds, it is most likely, 
 as they had so deep a stake in the country, 
 that tliey would have kept this promise. 
 But the political rancour of tlie rebels, as 
 we have already shown, was almost merged 
 Intlielr religious bigotry; and thus their 
 common feeling soon caused the catholics 
 of the pale not merely to lay aside, If tliey 
 had ever entertained it, the intention of 
 defending the government, but even to 
 range themselves, .with lord tiormanstou 
 for their general, on the rebels' side, and 
 In their violence and cruelty to the pro- 
 testauta they actually outdid tho old Irish. 
 
 As tho puritan violence of conduct and 
 threat had furnislied tho rebels with a 
 strong .argument Wlien rebellion was first 
 proposed by Itogcr Jloore, so it afterw.-irds 
 was made the subject of a gross fraud by 
 sir I'heliin O'Neill. That cruel and crafty 
 man having, on one of his murdering and 
 marauding expeditions, found in tho house 
 of one of his victims a royal patent, re- 
 moved tlie royal seal and affixed it to a 
 forged commission, by which it appeared 
 that ho .and other rebel leaders were ex- 
 horted and authorised by botli the king 
 and queen to take up arms to defend them 
 and the royal pre-ogative ag.ainst tho vio- 
 lence and insolence of the puritans. This 
 Impudent forgery could scarcely fail to 
 liave great influe ice upon tho ignor.ant 
 multitude, who, tliough they could not 
 read the instrnnient, would see tho most 
 autiiontlc and indisputable evidence In tho 
 great seal; and It is probable that thou- 
 sands who were active in rebellious ruffiiin- 
 ism conscientiously believed tli.it thoy were 
 doing good service to the king. 
 
 Tho tremendous 'troubles' by which 
 all England was now agitated prevented 
 the king from sending the requisite sup- 
 plies to Ireland ; tho consequence was 
 that the unfortunate pcas.antry were plun- 
 dered not only by the Irisli rebels, but also 
 by tho English soldiers whenever tho 
 latter sallied forth from Dublin. 
 
 A short truce at length took place. The 
 very rebels themselves were wearied with 
 the long continuance cf strife and blood- 
 shed; and the maniuis of Ormond, being 
 desirous of personally fighting for the king 
 against tlie rebellious puritans in England, 
 and wishing, also, to procure all the co- 
 operation that was practicable from Ire- 
 land, entered into a correspondenco with 
 sir I'helim O'Neill, between whom and the 
 rebel p.irlianient at Kilkenny .and the royul 
 luitlinrUies at Dublin a peace was agreed 
 
 Ulllill. 
 
 liuwlongpo bloodthirsty and turbulent 
 a person as O'Neill would, under the most 
 favourable circuinstaiices, havo remained 
 peaceable, it is difficult to guess ; iiiost 
 proba'.ily no longer than until tho country 
 had sulllciently recovered to offer new booty 
 to liiiiiself and his fellow bandits. liut lio 
 was not allowed to exliiblt himself as a 
 faithful keeper of his p^.Iemii agreement 
 even so long. Tlie p(>:.e looked longingly 
 upon the Peter-pence .and tho absolute nu- 
 tliority of the green ii^le ; and tho instant 
 he heard that O'Neill had agreed to give 
 the torn land and the suffering people rest, 
 he sent a confidential priest named Itinuc- 
 cini as his nuncio. 
 
 Iliiiuccini took over a few men, a largo 
 supply of arms and ammunition, and a very 
 considerable sum of gold. As he was, ac- 
 cording to his instructions, even profuse in j 
 his dlstributiim of the money among tlio 
 influential leaders, he found no difficulty in ' 
 procuring tho answer tliat ho required to 
 the cry of ' war to tho heretics 1 war, war!' ! 
 which formed tho burden ,of all his (lis- i 
 courses. While he was exerting himself to i 
 procure a renewal of war, In which he suc< 
 cccdcd to bis utukost wish, lie exerted litm* 
 
I condttct ami 
 
 !lllou was first 
 o It aftcrwiivas 
 gross fraua ».y 
 
 umnlcrlnB am* 
 
 nval patent, i*- 
 nmxcd It to a 
 Lie It ni-peave-l 
 ".Aprs were ex- 
 
 ho defend tluMn 
 ^Balnst tho vUv 
 
 ion i"" '^,', „„t 
 they could m'* 
 
 lie king. which 
 
 ,casantry were 1 
 S\Scver^'- 
 
 '^yXrlfe and Wood- 
 [u a vcaco was nu'^ 
 
 c tio^*^- „v.nn crof use ia 
 actions. P" c" Pf^'j^g tlie ,, 
 I the money amoim 
 
 Lfoundnodiracun^j,, ,' 
 
 ^cr tluit Uo rei^"'-" V 
 ]l>eheretlc8iwar ^ar^ 
 
 Durden ."* »L\ " geU to 
 Las exerting W^«'^^^, 
 
 ^t war, <V J*'*"iea iiim" 
 it wish, Ue cxcritu u 
 
 C^c $ii)^tarj} of Srcliiuir. 
 
 697 
 
 Bclf alr>> i'l preparing Ireland to bccoino 
 not only cf.tholic but also nionaEtlcas over. 
 Wliatevcr else the court uf Itoino undcr- 
 Btood, it was profoundly ignorant of poli- 
 tical economy. For wlilletlmt grasping and 
 liiBolent power was ready to brave all divine 
 laws and outrage all human feelings in 
 Its ardour for conquering countries, it 
 was to the full as anxious to impoverish 
 as to conquer them ; and ■\vhilo desirous 
 ot tribute, was ever bent upon multiplying 
 those non-producing coniniunities, which 
 could neither pay tribute themselves nor 
 cxistbutbyhugely diminishing tl:at which 
 ))Ut for them might have been wrung from 
 tlie laity. It was in accordance with this 
 equally invariable and Ignorant policy of 
 Homo that llinucciui now did all that ex- 
 hortation, threat, intreaty, and gold could 
 accomplish, to rebuild, beautify, and re- 
 pcople the religious houses that liad been 
 demolished by Henry VIII. : and, still 
 farther, tUo monks, whether Jesuits or 
 franciscans, carmelitcs or dominicans, who 
 were placed In the prlncipiil abbeys and 
 monasteries that were restored under his 
 own directions, had it in charge from 
 the zealous Jesuit, that they should be 
 
 "lit of season, in 
 
 . r a restoring and 
 
 ; I ries throughout 
 
 ;:■ U (juito clear that 
 
 i,i obtaining the com- 
 
 Instant, in sep^or. 
 exhorting the lal' "• 
 beautifying all tne 
 tlic island, of whl 
 Rome felt coufideu 
 plete dominion. 
 
 The assistance which the rebels received 
 from Rome enabled thenj to reconiinence 
 and continue the civil war with great ad- 
 vantage over the royal force, for tho king 
 was now in tho power of the puritans ; and 
 much as those bigots hated the papists of 
 Ireland, they loved their own aggrandise- 
 ment still more ; and while they obtained 
 large sums from the gulled people of Eng- 
 land, under the pretence of putting down 
 the Irish rebels, they coolly applied those 
 Buins to the support of their own treason- 
 able schemes, and Ici't the luckless autho- 
 rities at Dublin wl-.olly unaided. 
 
 Riuuccini, thongli his ostensible mission 
 was only of a spiritual character, no doubt 
 had more ample secret powers and instruc- 
 tions. At all events, he by no means con- 
 flned himself to matters spiritual, but iu- 
 terfcrcd, and with so much Insolence, in 
 civil affairs, and showed so evident an in- 
 tent to usurp all autliority, that even the 
 most bigoted among the Irish rebels be- 
 came disgusted, and he was at length fairly 
 driven out of the country. 
 
 After the murder of Charles I. that event 
 added to the previously existing sources of 
 strife in Ireland. The 'king's party ' in- 
 cluded not a few of those who had rebelled 
 against tho authority of Charles I., and 
 was, from a variety of causes, so strong, 
 that the marquis of Orinond, then at Paris 
 with the queen and Charles II., complied 
 with the invitation that was sent to him 
 to go over and take tho chief command, 
 in tho hope that both his experience, his 
 courage, ability, and his popularity, as 
 heing himself an Irishman, would make 
 him so cfflctent a rallying point for tho 
 royalists, that Ireland might onablo the 
 
 young king at some future day to reconquer 
 England. 
 
 For a time, in truth, it scemevl f.s if this 
 really would be the case. Notwii.'istaud'.ng 
 the numerous causes of hate aad strii'a 
 which not merely divided tho Irish people 
 into royalists and parliamentarians, but 
 also divided etch of thobC two leading par- 
 ties Into many smaller factions that were 
 either openly or secretly at the bitterest 
 enmity, all dilterenccs among the royalistt 
 seontcd to cease. Ormond was most cor- 
 dially received among them, and speedily 
 found himself at the head of an army 
 of nearly twenty thousand men. Colonel 
 Jones, who was a mere creature of tho par- 
 liament, and to whom Ormond had de- 
 livered tho chief command in Ireland when 
 ho himself hastened to aid the unfortunate 
 Charles I. in England, was compelled to 
 bestow all his care upon Dublin, where the 
 parliament left him unaided. Ormond, 
 therefore, found but little difflculty in the 
 earlier part of liia attempt to reduce Ire- 
 land to subjection to Charles II. At Dun- 
 dalk, he had no sooner summoned tho 
 place, than the garrison mutinied against 
 their governor. Monk, and compelled him 
 to surrender without Hrlng a shot. Tredali 
 and several other places were taken wltli 
 comparatively small trouble and loss ; and 
 Ormond now proposed, after giving hia 
 troops necessary repose, to advance to tlio 
 siege of Dublin. Could he have succeeded 
 in that important point, it is very possi- 
 ble that Ireland would have wholly been 
 lost to the parliament ; for, considering the 
 enthusiastic nature of the Irish people, it 
 is higlily probable the appearance of the 
 young king In Dublin, whither he would 
 have proceeded immediately on the success 
 of Ormond, would have united the wholo 
 Irish people in defence of their king against 
 the puritans, and their country against 
 usurpers. 
 
 But a change had come ( ver tho spirit of 
 things. Cromwell was now more potent in 
 I'Jiigland than the parlianicnt wlioso tool he 
 had seemed to be ; and though England 
 presented abundant labour and no littlo 
 danger, general Cromwell grudged Waller 
 and Lambert the glory, which both aspired 
 to, of conquering Ireland, in the character 
 of its lord-ltcutenant. With his usual art, 
 he procured his own nomination ; and, with 
 his usual promptitude and energy, he no 
 sooner received his appointment than ho 
 prepared to fulfll his tt<,8k. He immedi- 
 ately sent over a strong reinforcement of 
 botli horse and foot to colonel Jones, in 
 Dublin. Never was reinforcement sent at 
 a more critically welcome moment. Or- 
 mond, and Inchiquin, who had joined him, 
 had actually proceeded to repair a fort 
 close to Dublin, and liad carried forward 
 their work very considerably towards com- 
 pletion. Colonel Jones, who, though ho 
 was originally educated not for the army 
 but for the law, was a gallant aiid cuergetio 
 officer, had no sooner received this rein- 
 forcement than he sallied out suddenly 
 upon tho royalists, and put them com- 
 pletely to the rout. One thousand of them 
 were killed : and twice that number, with 
 B U 
 
hi 
 
 ill 
 
 f: 
 
 I 
 
 698 
 
 C^c Crcarfuru at ?5Wt0rjj, *c. 
 
 Hll the nmmunitinn and munitions of tlio 
 royal army, graced the triumphal return of 
 tho soloncl to Dublin. In tho midst of 
 the y f'.nd exultation of tho garrison and 
 peo.'- li Dublin at this buccoss, OiomwcU 
 him a, accompanied by Ireton, arrived 
 upon the scene. Tredali, or Droghcda, a 
 Strong and well-fortlfled town near Dublin, 
 was garrisoned for tho king by three thou- 
 sand men, principally English, under the 
 command of sir Arthur Aston, an able 
 and experienced offlcer. Thither Cromwell 
 hastened, battered a breach In tho wall, 
 and led the '<->iiy in person to an assault. 
 Though the parliamentary soldiery of Eng- 
 land.with Cromwell and the scarcely less ter- 
 rible Ireton at their head, sword in liand, 
 were not the men to be easily repelled, tliu 
 garrison of Tredah showed that they were 
 "English too;' for luo assailants were 
 tfflce beaten back with great carnage. A 
 third assault was more successful, and 
 I-:wtly in implacable rage at having been 
 ?ven temporarily held In check, and partly 
 ns the surest way to deter other places from 
 venturing to resist his formidable power, 
 Cromwell, to his eternal disgrace, gave the 
 fatal word ' No quarter ;' and so deter- 
 mined was he in this barbarous resolution, 
 that even a wretched handful of men who 
 were spared in the carnage, were, on the 
 fact becoming known to Cromwell, imme- 
 diately put to tho sword. Tho excuse that 
 Cromwell made for this barbarity, so tho- 
 roughly disgraceful to the soldierly charac- 
 ter, was his desire to avenge the shocking 
 cruelties of tho massacre. Professing so 
 much religious feeling, even that motive 
 would scarcely have palliated his cruelty ; 
 but the excuse was as ill-founded as the mea- 
 sure was ruffianly, for the garrison were not 
 Irishmen stained wUh the horrible guilt of 
 the ever-execrable massacre, but, as Crom- 
 well well knew, Englishmen, true alike to 
 their monarch, their falth.and their country. 
 
 Having thus barbarously destroyed the 
 entire garrison of Tredah, with the excep- 
 tion of one solitary soldier, whose life was 
 merely spared that he might carry through 
 the country the tale of the prowess and 
 rcmorselesness of the English general, 
 Cromwell advanced upon Wexford. Here 
 )ie had the same success, and showed the 
 eame murderous severity as at Tredah ; and 
 in less than a year from his landing in 
 Ireland he was in possession of all its chief 
 towns and fortresses, and had driven both 
 English royalists and Irish rebels to such 
 straits, that no fewer than 40,000 withdrew 
 from the island altogether. 
 
 But Scotland now attracted the ambition 
 of Cromwell; and having looked well to 
 the garrisoning of tho principal towns, and 
 sent a vast number of the inhabitants, and 
 especially young people, of both sexes, to 
 the West Indies as slaves, he left tho go- 
 vernment of Ireland to Ireton, upon whom 
 also devolved the task of finishing the sub- 
 jection of the country. Ireton, who was 
 both a stout soldier and an accomi)lished 
 officer, followed the parting advice and in- 
 structions of Cromwell to the very letter. 
 "With a well-dtsclpHned and well-supplied 
 Brmy of 30,ooo men, he ruled the country 
 
 with an iron and unfaltering hand. Wher- 
 ever tho rebels appeared In force, there ho 
 was sure to meet them ; and wherever ho 
 met, there he also defeated them. This war 
 was almost literally wltliout an exception 
 against the native -/ish, for the English 
 royalists had departed before Cromwell 
 rommitted the lord-lieutenancy to Ireton. 
 The latter, therefore, was probably qulto 
 sincere, however otherwise blameworthy, 
 when ho alleged, as tho cause of his intlcK- 
 Ible severity to theprlfaonersho took In his 
 various battles and skirmishes, his deter- 
 inlnathm to take lull vengeance for tho 
 massucro of tho protcstants. And however 
 much wo may pity tho fate of those pri- 
 soners, many of whom, in all human pro- 
 bability, had no kind of concern in the 
 ii.assaun , It is impossible not to see in tho 
 cruelty of i/^ton a fearful consequence ol 
 the original cr.mo of the Irish themselve.s. 
 
 There was one prisoner, however, for 
 whoso death, or even for the ignominious 
 manner of it, tho most sincere f.nd earnest 
 hater of severity could scarcely find a tear. 
 The faithless, selfish, and black-hearted 
 Phellm O'Neill, the real author of the worst j 
 atrocities of the rebellion, was at length 
 taken prisoner ; and it ever the gibbet was 
 rightfully employed In taking away human [ 
 life, it was most certainly so on this occa- 
 sion. As far as his means had permitted I 
 him, this man, who was In every sense df I 
 the word a mere bandit, caring little fur) 
 creed and less for country, and intent eolclj-r 
 upon his own aggrandisement, had rlvallcd| 
 Nero and all tiie worst tyrants and mis-l 
 crcants of antiquity. That he at one tliticl 
 contemplated tho possibility of makliigl 
 himself king of Ireland, his whole condudl 
 during the stay of the nuncio Rinucclnil 
 goes strongly to show ; and however grcatl 
 tho horrors inflicted upon Ireland by Cronif 
 well, whose name to this day is the byJ 
 word of terror throughout tho island, thai 
 unhappy country was at lenst fortunate iJ 
 being reconquered by even a CromwclJ 
 instead of falling under the awful dictatflrl 
 ship of an O'Neill. 
 
 The only town cf any great strength 
 importance that had now not yielded to tkj 
 English was Limerick. Against this to\t 
 Ireton led his men with his usual succeii 
 A fierce resistance was made to him, aq 
 when ho at length took it by assauU, i 
 took a no less fierce revenge. But hercl 
 was ordained that both his success tii 
 his cruelty should terminate. The crowdl 
 state of tlie place and the scarcity of p| 
 visions had generated one of those fevef 
 so "ommon in Ireland, which are as ln(| 
 tlovt^ as the plague of the East, and neai 
 as ia.al. Ireton had scarcely stilled 
 tumuli, ind excitement inseparable fn| 
 tin. takini, of a besieged town, when he \ 
 attacks:! by this fever; and as he 
 already very much weakened by fatlg 
 and exposure, it very speedily proved faj 
 
 Ireton was succeeded in the lieutena 
 by Ludlow. He drove tho native Irl 
 almost without exception, IntoConnauiJ 
 and so completely was the Irish cause a j 
 one, that Clanricarde, who had succe 
 O'Neill as Its chief hope and champion, 1 
 
I unfaltering hand. Wher- 
 ippoarcd In force, there ho 
 ?t tliem ; and wherever ho 
 !0 defeated them. This war 
 rally without an exception 
 Ivc -Msh, for the English 
 leparted before Cromwell 
 lord-Uentcnancy to Ircton. 
 •efore, was probably quite 
 sr otherwise blameworthy, 
 1, as the cause of his intlox^- 
 theprifionershe took in his 
 anil skirmishes, his deter- 
 ,ko full vengeance for tlio 
 I protcstants. And however 
 pity the fate of those prl- 
 f whom, In all human pro- 
 
 kind of concern in tlio 
 Impossible not to see in the 
 m a fearful consequence ot 
 me of the Irish themselvod. 
 ne prisoner, however, for 
 r even for the Ignominloua 
 lie most sincere and earnest 
 ty could scarcely find a tear. 
 
 selfish, and black-hcarteil 
 the real author of the worst 
 lie rebellion, was at lengtli 
 ; and It ever the gibbet was 
 loycd In taking away human 
 ?t certainly so on this occa- 
 IS his means had permitted 
 ,.who was in every sense nf 
 ere bandit, caring little for 
 'or country, and Intent Eolcly 
 iggrandisement, had rivalled 
 the worst tyrants and mis- 
 iqutty. That he at one time 
 the possibility of making 
 if Ireland, his whole conduct 
 ay of the nuncio Rlnuccini 
 to show ; and however grcatl 
 llicted upon Ireland by Croni' 
 lame to this day is the by 
 ■ throughout the Island, thai 
 try was at least fortunate I" 
 uered by even a Cromwel 
 ing under the awful dictator 
 elll. 
 
 (ra cf any great strength oi 
 at had now not yielded to t 
 jlmerlck. Against this toi 
 
 1 men with his usual Bucce: 
 tance was made to him, am 
 length took it by assault, "^ 
 , fierce revenge. But here 
 
 1 that both his success ni 
 lould terminate. The crowd 
 )lace and the scarcity of pi 
 enerated one of those f ev( 
 1 Ireland, which are as infi 
 laguoof the East, and ner' 
 iton had scarcely Btilled 
 excitement inseparable t 
 a besieged town, when he 
 this fever; and as he 
 much weakened by fatl, 
 ), it very speedily proved fi 
 succeeded in the lleutenr 
 Ho drove tlio native I 
 ut exception, IntoConnau, 
 etely was the Irish cause a 
 mricarde, who had succe* 
 chief hope and champion, 
 
 O'Neill, but spared .nd«'" '^"'« ""'o "s 
 Fmnce returned toTelanW to retire to 
 
 "liiitary ,„ S ' o?mn«Ji'" ""^'^•""PllsHed as a 
 mmml. set 4 du" vnh,„"""^° ^"W'era 1,? 
 peaceable arts and h '^ ."''°" tbo more 
 that the best way to «n°=,y'*''.'>' considered 
 the obedience of a npon.""? ^^° Peace and 
 commerce and manufarhf,.i^ *" encourage 
 
 most beautlftii'of 1?; ?h^'«""fictory of that 
 dress Which is know,?bv U n"""'*'* «' 'a^ e**,^ 
 
 gotten the very na.nonf^'^'Ls'^e had for 
 whom she owed"?nos«oil? benefactor t^, 
 "xho'T ''""" °' 'ncome ''"°°' '*^''^ed an 
 
 'ord.lleutH^a.rt'oPSn'drf'""^'' *o be 
 
 iSivS^^^^^ 
 
 minions upon whirh ^,i^'' ^P"' «' his do- 
 « chance of sutress a fm,f?'^ ^'th even 
 crown, removed the rtnt^V?* *" defend hi" 
 continued steadi rto^m^rn,' '';^'*"" « I 
 
 Imorais, and comfort unm^^ '? health. 
 
 W James once more invSivJ'Vl*''?'eatlo. 
 
 fcountry In warfare Jldln^^ *?** Hl-fatod 
 ames led a strong force to il^°^'^'> ^I^- 
 
 ,ie landed, at Kln«n?« ^fJf :? Iceland, wliero 
 
 b- Pe earl oTAVo^nne- 'Z^ °' ^arch 
 Mmself made lorU-lioutenanV o*""" he had 
 p Dublin, where hPitoat*"*' escorted him 
 Iemon8tr4tlon of ovM? '^^^eivcd with every 
 
 kollc Clergy anSeo>^e"thrf^'^''* ^'^ 'he 
 n? b?m ot sonm Vtiof ^ '^heformermeet- 
 ^eir fuU clerlrni „^'?.°*^^ '""em the city In 
 
 'nductwL'K'thc"ou'ntr?"* ^'« ^hVle 
 m mischievous in th^^?**^^ ^"^ arbitrary 
 ^"ntry had not alrcaiV 1 ."^""e As if the 
 
 Kerely enough from^rnf^f^'* '"^^ and 
 s. he called thorn info fli?'""^ dljfferen- 
 P again, by arbitrftHTi^f "•'.""^ active 
 
 fe parliament the Whole nTtl''"» '«■«« 
 pt members. Havfn^ « "' *he protes- 
 t's most ^liuifted °t^> emh.f.""® ^^'' 
 
 I «ettlement, by whl^TTTT:; — ^^ 
 
 I the spirit Which /liPfn* 'jhonest; and in 
 
 "at^ola^„;^„£-'^«^^ 
 I have froTtime to t".?f'''''*"^. theo7ls 1, *i^," J 
 «f ")ad or Zhonest oTf.V*=1 thovaga^es 
 
 ineir ancestors — iiQ^«."i"~or those of 
 somethins nnH^i *^° '""de theni wTr^Hf 
 
 swamp and heat, wu^'''?' condition of 
 concomitants, feverand?»J.'<'"'" 'nevit2b?o 
 James did not halt «n..,'^'"*'»e. Even hero 
 
 ment, and iiavintr iftor^f.**'"" ^em partla 
 
 Wherever It iTventn^i. *" ""hlic cr^l^ 
 
 one to say what win ho 1 1,« *". ^"»hle any 
 coin ^?r,at^ ?5r ^ «erw?t%^^ 
 f o whoK" and 'so^^^S'^ \' ^n a'S'anne? 
 "ight almost suppose tiTf'^S^' *hat one 
 lie would ultlmatpi V hi ^ • * he foreaa w th-ir 
 by the 8on-l/Haw wiK?&"/'-o'n Ireia^d 
 hfm from England w.J^k already drimi 
 may sound, it wil'l ^V^^^ *« this censure 
 our readers, when th^^'n *^^.'» *oo harsh to 
 caused Bcverll pUe^or,'""^ that Xies 
 be melted down anrt n^f "^I^ss artillery to 
 value o, each of"trese'co"n'w;^^^ "'^°" 
 niL3? current value trivpr^^?? sixpence, 
 
 fhl^'il'"* could have been n,.,. 
 
 Kds-aTd s'XAxrin^^-'^ 
 
 cur between mennftl'i^^ *hat might 
 BPerate and fata", he*nlxtT„'*'^''»''h8 
 ^e it quite certain that of .n^.h"^''^'' *« 
 're should be no scIrc^L ""^'^^'"'es 
 
 ^"tbetheorlginarsTnfttKnj, 
 
 ■j^"*« pounds J -^' "A James 
 
 would ever, under anvw..„'""''c- That he 
 --ucceeded in recovpH^^ ^ "'"^'^''nce*, have 
 of Ireland, or even &nl^'""<^ by ieans 
 an independent wn~d°''*'"^ *he latter "a 
 predates the s^p'S^^'^^'^^^^'^^^^ 
 
600 
 
 (!i:i)e ErtHimv at ?l^{ilt0r9» ^r. 
 
 can for a momont suppose. But it is by 
 no means so certain that James would not, 
 by wiser, more lenient, and more just con- 
 duct, have held out much longer, and have 
 finally retired 'rom Ireland under better 
 circurastancoe^ on terms far more ad- 
 vantageous to ' elf. 
 
 In the prov'' >( Ulster, where nearly 
 the whole popi. . vi.i were traders and Pro- 
 testants, and 'A^cio very much of the real 
 property tenure was aflcctod by the act of 
 settlement, the tyranny of James aroused 
 n spirit of the most determined resistance. 
 The king, obstinate in his resolutions and 
 implacable in Ills resentments, looked upon 
 the natural dislike of his subjects to a 
 wnolcsiilo destruction of both their poli- 
 tical liberty and their private property, as 
 nothing less than treason against his autho- 
 rity J and made war upon them as fiercely 
 as though they had no more right or title 
 to their land than the meanest of the fierce 
 mercenaries by whom he was accompanied. 
 Derry, commanded by the famous protes- 
 to.Kt clergy t»\au, George Walker, closed her 
 gates against him ; and to the steady 
 bravery with which, under circumstances 
 of superhuman constancy, that city was 
 held out against him, as more particularly 
 described in the History of England, it was 
 mainly owing that ho was so early drlvti 
 from the island. 
 
 Inniskillcn resisted him with success ; 
 Derry, with lier clerical general and her 
 array of 'i)rentico boys, nobly made good 
 her war-cry of ' no surrender ; ' and at 
 length on the 30th of Juno 1690, after a 
 little more than fifteen months of tyranny, 
 so senseless that one might almost suppose 
 hira to have laboiu-ed during the whole of 
 that lime under a judicial blindness, the 
 famot battle of the Boyne drove him for 
 ever into that obscurity for which, as con- 
 cerned the happiness of mankind, he was, 
 in snite of many really good qualities of 
 beta head and heart, alone fitted. 
 
 Even the departure of James did not 
 restore peAce to this truly unfortunate 
 country; for though catholics as well as 
 Protestants had deeply suffered under his 
 arbitrary rule^ ilie former preferred any 
 other fate to that of hafvlng for their mo- 
 narch so distinguished a champion of pro- 
 testantism as the victorious William. Lime- 
 rick, especially, made a stout and able re- 
 sistance. William in person laid siege to 
 tliat city, and was effectually repulsed, and 
 compelled to retreat ; and his retreat was 
 made the more difllcult by his rear being 
 encumbered with the protestant population 
 of that part of tho country, who, despoiled 
 of their property, and fearing to trust to 
 the mercy of their catl oUc brethren even 
 for their lives, followed the army with 
 piteous cries for that lellcf which it was 
 utterly impossible to afford them. 
 
 The affairs of England now requiring 
 William's presence, he gave up the com- 
 mand of the army to Oincle, an able gene- 
 ral. He defeated the Irish and French at 
 .Aughrlm, and when the defeated troops 
 took refuge in Limerick, he at once laid 
 siege to it. But the cause of the fugitive 
 James waa now at so low an ebb, that even I 
 
 the most enthusiastic of tho catholics had 
 given up all anticipation of benefit from 
 farther resistance ; and as from the stern 
 character of Oincle, It was not likely that 
 he would keep any measure in his wrath, 
 if compelled to take the place by assault, it 
 was determined to treat for peace while It 
 was still likely that ho would listen to any 
 reasonable terms. A negotiation was at 
 once commenced, and, after some alterations 
 of detail in the terms proposed had been 
 dictated by Gincle and acceded to by tho 
 distressed garrison, peace was concluded, 
 and the gates of Limerick thrown oi>en on 
 tho 3rd of October 1691. 
 
 In tho treaty of Limerick there was much 
 granted to the Irish people In general, and 
 to the catholics in particular, which would 
 assuredly have . <)en denied in the one CAse 
 to the whole population, and in the other to 
 the Protestants. 
 
 By this treaty, which under all the cir- 
 cumstances (lues great honour to general 
 Gincle, all forts and garrisons were to be 
 given up by the catholics, who were to 
 have restored to them in full the religious 
 liberties enjoyed by them under Charles 
 II. ; all who had borne arms in tho cause 
 of James II. were to have full pardon ; the 
 garrison of Limerick was allowed to march 
 out witli all the honours of war, and those 
 soldiers who preferred foreign service to I 
 roinaining in Ireland were to be conveyed I 
 abroad at the expense of the government ; 
 and all the nobility and gentry, without I 
 iiiiy political or religious distinction, were i 
 secured in the right of keeping and carry- 
 ing arms for sport or defence of their i 
 lives and property. If peace were always 
 made on such reasonable and honour- 
 able terms, war w ould surely be shorn of 
 half its horrors, and more than half its 
 animosity. 
 
 When William III. vas fairly settled 
 upon his throne, Ireland as well as Eng- 
 land began to exhibit iianlfest improve- 
 ment in trade and commi rce. Ignorant or 
 interested politicians, ivideed, still found 
 topics for inflammatory speeches and writ- 
 ings, in the necessary oi politic restric- 
 tions wliich the English government placed 
 upon the export of Irish wool, and in the 
 continuance of Poynings' law, which pre- 
 vented the Irish parliament from passing 
 any bill which had not first received tho 
 approbation of the parliament of England. 
 But tho whole history of Ireland tends to 
 show her utter unfitness for an Immediate 
 self-control. 
 
 Divided as that country was into religi- 
 ous parties, Poynings' law was the greatest ' 
 mercy that could have been bestowed upon 
 it. The English parliament could decide: 
 upon principles without reference *o par- 
 ties ; but laws enacted by an uncontrolled 
 Irish parliament would have been notliing 
 more than tho mere enunciation of tlie 
 bigotries and the hatreds of this or that 
 party that chanced to have the temporary 
 parliamentary ascendency. But the event 
 renders all reasoning upon tho subject 
 quite supererogatory. The country, under 
 these regulations which factious men at 
 that time so loudly complained of, recovered 
 
r,i,o7atbo»c8 hoA 
 „ of toeneflt f rom 
 «a Aom tue Btern 
 vas Aot MWcly that 
 
 ^JoulSllBtentoBny 
 negotiation was »t 
 
 ;ar« was concluded, 
 crick there wa9m«cl^l 
 
 garrisons weru , 
 
 tolkcei-lngaudcam- 
 •t or dclenco ot tami 
 If ncacewero alwa^8 
 ^ Purn and honour- 
 "',"!"« rtly be shorn of 
 ^nd more ibi^ uau i" 
 
 country ^'^\i"'2 'aS ! 
 
 [ere cnrMlsortMtl 
 ,rv The country, «"««' I 
 
 Cte Witorn at Srelanir. 
 
 with an almost miraculous rapidity from 
 the effects of long years of strife and wan- 
 ton destruction. Every description of la- 
 hour became more and more In request ; 
 every branch of trade became more and 
 more brisk. The agriculturists of the 
 south, in addition to their export trade, 
 had a vast, a sure, and a profitable market 
 among the manufactures of Ulster. Tliat 
 some distress sliould exist was inevitable ; 
 but no one who is not wholly governed by 
 prejudice can deny that Ireland Improved 
 wonderfully and rapidly, upon the whol(^, 
 during the time that elapsed between t.io 
 treaty of Limerick and the accession to the 
 Kngllsh throne of George III., that is to say, 
 from the yeariooi to the year 1700. 
 
 (icorge III., in the very first year of his 
 reign, showed his sincere anxiety to pro- 
 mote the prosperity and comfort of his 
 Irish subjects. Public works of great ex- 
 tent and importance gave employment to 
 those labourers who, in the Inevitable 
 fluctuations of trade and speculation, were 
 ill want of it ; new roads were made, piers 
 built at some of the seaports, a splenuiu 
 quny was built at Limerick, and that mag- 
 iilflccnt canal was planned which connects 
 Dublin with the Shannon, carrying busii- 
 ness, employment, and prosperity tlirough- 
 out its course. A single glance at the ex- 
 tent and number of the public works tlius 
 commenced, and a single hour of rcllcctlon 
 upon their inevitable effect in giving an 
 impulseequally to the enterprise of the capi- 
 talist and the industry of the poor man, 
 whose only capital Is his labour, will prove 
 equally the wisdom and the good feeling of 
 tlie king and his advisers ; and, if it were 
 necessary, we should bo able to prove bi'- 
 yondall dispute, and without any difficulty, 
 that so far as this wisdom and good fecUiii,' 
 failed to preserve Irelar.d from a recurrence 
 of violence, outrage, deep wrong to many, 
 and still deeper sufferir.g to more, Ireland 
 in this case, as in almost all previous cases, 
 was afflicted and arrested in her course of 
 prosperity, not by the cruelty or the neg- 
 lect, the oppression or the ignorance, of 
 England, but simply by the Intense and 
 untamed nropenslty of Ireland's own sons 
 to make ^ eir own wretchedness, in despite 
 of all tLac could be planned for their bene- 
 fit by wisdom, and accompUsliod by wealth 
 and iiberality. 
 
 In 1780, that perpetual source of ill blood, 
 the titlio system, met with a determined 
 resistance from a largo party In the south of 
 Ireland, who styled themselves White-boys. 
 Theyadinlnistertdofiths, binding the people 
 not to pay more tithe per acre than accrtaln 
 sum they fixed— to ixsmiit no proctors— and 
 not to allow the clergyman to take his 
 tithes in kind. They also proceeded to fix 
 the rents of land— to raise the wages of 
 labour— and to oppose the collection of the 
 tax called hearth-money. It was Impossible 
 thattheleglslaturecouldallow this violation 
 of the law to pass unnoticed, and in the 
 following year an act was passed to prevent 
 tumultuous assemblies and illegal combi- 
 nations. 
 
 A very few years passed from this time 
 before the French revolution broke out ; 
 
 601 
 
 when all who were dissatisfied witli the go- 
 vernment, and hoped to profit by the con- 
 vulsion into which the country was likely 
 to bo thrown, as weil as those who sighed 
 for C)^thollc emancipnlion, or clamoured for 
 the redress of grievances, hailed the euccesa 
 of revolutionary principles In tliat country 
 as the day-spring of liberty In their own ; 
 but while they professed to forward a 
 ' brotherhood of affection, a communion of 
 rights, and a union of power among Irish- 
 men of every religious persuasion," tho 
 leaders of tills ' association ' contcnplated 
 nothing short of tlie subversion of tlie mo- 
 narchy in Ireland, and a perfect fraternisa- 
 tion with the republicans of Prance, whom 
 they invited to come to their asslstanco. 
 That such was their intention w.-js after- 
 wnr4ls fully proved on tlie trials of Nai)por, 
 Tandy, and others ; and it was also evident 
 from the formation in Dublin of national 
 guards, distinguished by a green uuiforin. 
 and by buttons with a harp under a cap of 
 liberty instead of a crown. The flth of 
 December, 1792, was appointed for tho 
 general muster of these guards; but go- 
 vernment Interfered with their proceedings, 
 and the muster never took place. 
 
 But although the progress of insurrection 
 was stayed for a time, the spirit of disaffec- 
 tion only lay dormant till a more favourable 
 opportunity should offer for displaying Its 
 activity. At length, however, an arraiige- 
 niont wos made between the riiigleadera 
 iind the French government, that an ar- 
 mament should be sent in the winter cf 
 1790-97, with whom the Irish insurgents 
 would be ready to cooperate. According, ly 
 the Invading fleet anchored in Bantry Bay, 
 on the S4th of Deceml)er 1790; but as the 
 general and a great part of the troops were 
 on board ships that had not arrived, tho 
 admlrn!, after waiting for liim a few days, 
 icburned to Brest ; having previously as- 
 certained, however, that the country was 
 in a better state of defence, and that tho 
 population was less disaffected to the Eng- 
 lish government, tlian the French directory 
 had reason to suppose. 
 
 In May 1797, a proclamation was issued, 
 declaring tho civil power inadequate to 
 iiuell the insurrection, and ordering the 
 military to act upon tlio responsibilitv of 
 tiielr own olllcers. Many severities were 
 consequently practised ; and tho Utiited 
 /risftnioi, perceiving that their only chance 
 of success was by assuming the appearance 
 of being reduced to obedience, they con- 
 ducted their operations in a more secret 
 iiianT'cr, discontinuing their meetings, and 
 putting on the semblance of loyalty wltli 
 such consummate art, that, tho government 
 being deceived by these appearances, tho 
 administration of justico was again, in 
 about three mouths from tho dato of the 
 l)roclamation, committed to tho civil power. 
 The organisation of the United Irislimen, 
 however, had been going on all the time in 
 a manner the most secret and effectual. 
 Secretories.delegates, committees, andevcu 
 an executive directory, were respectively 
 engaged in furnishing supplies and arrang- 
 ing the materials necessary for carrying out 
 their plans; and in the spring of 1797, the 
 
; ; 
 
 1 1 
 
 602 
 
 (T^t Crrjutury of ^UtatUt ^t. 
 
 IrlBh nnlon was extending far anil wido, 
 throughout the island. Not liolug able to 
 propag^iiu (hoir iuBtructlona by incana of 
 the publln pr?BB, hand-Mnn were privately 
 printed and circulated by their agents. In 
 these, abstinence from spirituous liquors 
 was strongly recomnicaded— for the two- 
 fold reason oS impairing the revenue, and 
 of guarding agninst intoxication, lost thu 
 secrets of thesocioly should bo iucnutioUKly 
 divulged to the agents of government. 
 Those who thought they knew the character 
 of the lower Irish would not have believed 
 that any motive would induce them to follow 
 this advice; but It was so generally and 
 faithfully obeyed, that drunkenness among 
 the United Irishmen beranio a compar- 
 atively rare occurrence. The members were 
 cautioned against purchasing the quit-rents 
 of the crown, as the bargains would not be 
 valid In case of a change in the govern- 
 mont ; and the talcing of bank notes was 
 also to be especially avoided. These things 
 indicated an appruaclilng revolution, and 
 to effect it they looked with Intense anxiety 
 to Franco for military aid. This was readily 
 promised them ; and preparations for the 
 invasion of Ireland wore made at Brest and 
 in the Texol ; but lord Duncan's victory off 
 Camperdown rendered the latter abortive, 
 while that ut Brest met with unexpected 
 delays. 
 
 By this time the number of men sworn 
 Into the conspiracy amounted nearly to 
 half a million, and plans were formed for 
 the simultaneous rising of this body ; their 
 plans were, however, defeated by the vigi- 
 lance of the ministry, and some of their 
 most intiuential leaders arrested. In March 
 1789, government issued a proclamation for 
 the Immediate suppression of the disaffec- 
 tion and disorders in Ireland ; while gene- 
 ral Abcrcromble, at the head of the forces, 
 marched Into the most disturbed districts, 
 not, however, till the Insurrection bad risen 
 to a most alarming height. Vigorous mea- 
 sures were now taken ; and general Lake, 
 wh(» succeeded Abercrombie ir. the com- 
 mand of the army, proclaimed martial law, 
 and eventually crushed the rebellion in the 
 memorable conflict at Vincgar-hlll. 
 
 But it is needless to proceed : for the 
 scenes wliich followed, and the affairs of 
 Ir.land generally, arc so bound up with 
 those of England from this period, that the 
 
 reader will find the material points already 
 succinctly given. That wo may not bo 
 subject to the charge of taking a one-sided 
 view of Irish grievances, wo shall quote a 
 few remarks on the state of Ireland before 
 the Union by an able popular writer, who 
 In discussing political questions is never 
 justly charged with any lack of liberal 
 sentiments. 
 
 ' In truth, tills Independence was ap- 
 parent only. The wretched state of the 
 elective franchlso in Ireland \\m totally 
 inconsistent with anything like real In- 
 dependence; and so venal was the Irish i 
 parliament, tliat any minister, how un- i 
 popular socvcr,Iiad no dlfllculty in securing i 
 a majority in that assembly. Henco the { 
 anticipations in which the more sanguine | 
 Irk' patriots had Indulged wero destined 
 soon to experience a most mortifying disap- 
 pointment ; and this, and the hopes Inspired 
 by tho French revolution, terminated iu tlio 
 rebellion of 1708, which w.is not suppressed 
 without a repetition of the former scones 
 of devastation and bloodshed. 
 
 * The British government at length wise- 
 ly determined to effect a legislative union 
 between Great Britain and Ireland, and to 
 suppress tho pcpnrato le^^lslaturo of the 
 latter. This measure, notwlthstaidlng a 
 strenuous opposition, was happily carried, 
 and took effect from tho 1st of Joimary 
 1801. And, unless it wero resolved or 
 wished to put an cud to all political con- 
 nection between tho two countries, no- 
 thing could bo more inexpedient and ab- 
 surd Ibnu llie cAlBience of a separate Inde- 
 pendent legislature for Ireland. Perpetual 
 jealousies couk not have failed to arise 
 between It and the legislature of Great 
 Britain, which must necessarily in the end 
 have led to estrangement, and probably 
 Eeparatlon. A legislative union was the 
 only means of obviating these and other 
 sources of mischief ; its repeal would make i 
 Ireland a theatre for all sorts of projects 
 and intrigues, and it would be sure to befol- 
 lowed, at no distant period, by the dismem- 
 berment of the empire.'— JfOuHoc/i's lyict.* 
 
 Ut Sta alio for a masterly examination of tho 
 past history, tho present condition, and fiitiiro 
 iirosprcts of the Irish nation, ' Sketches of Irisli 
 History and Character,' by Goldwln Smith, M.A., 
 Kefflns Professor of Modera History in the Uiii- 
 vorsity of Oaford. 
 
?vo may not ^o , 
 wo Bl>a\l auoto a , 
 
 ring "^'O.-TirUl 
 nal was tl'® *■''* 
 
 t" luoro Ban»ulne 
 Igcd were do«t ncU 
 BtwortlfylnBdlBap- 
 'dtuchopcs inspired 
 
 was not bUPlHCSSca 
 t tuo lorrnor Bcenes 
 
 Sl;t length v^lBO- 
 
 *„m\ Ireland, and to 
 
 ° ^:it;itS«dt 
 
 \ *wero resolved or 
 S to all political con- 
 
 BXi^?* Vrot.aJ..y 
 
 -Slrs^rdirt 
 
 THE inSTOBY OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Tni! Scots Appear to liavo boen dosccndrd 
 from the Britons of tlie eoutli, or from the 
 Caledonians, both of Celtic origin, who bo- 
 intf pressed forward by new colonies from 
 Uaiil, ^iU they came to the western shores 
 of Britain, there took shipping and passed 
 over to Ireland, about a century before tlio 
 Christian era. In tbeir new abode, it is 
 said, tbey obtained the name of Scnyts, or 
 Wanderera', from which the modern term 
 Bcota is supposed to bo derived. About 
 A. p. 320, they returned to Dritain, or at 
 least a large colony of them, and settled on 
 tho western coasts of Caledonia, wlienoo 
 they had formerly emigrated, and in a few 
 years after we tlud them associated with 
 the Picts in their expeditions aRalnst tho 
 llomc.n province of South Britain. Tho 
 niodern Inhabitants of Scotland are divided 
 into Iliglilanders and Lowlanders ; but the 
 general name of both Is Scots. 
 
 In tho year 81, tho llomans, under Agri- 
 cola, carrleil their arms into tho northern 
 parts of Britain, which they found possessed 
 by the Caledonians, a flcrco and warlike 
 people; and having repulsed, rather than 
 conquered them, they erected a strong wall, 
 or lino efforts, between the friths of Forth 
 and Clyde, which served as. the northern 
 boundary of their empire. In 121, Adrian, on 
 account of tho difllculty of defending such 
 a distant frontier, built a second wall much 
 more southward, which extended from 
 Newcastle to Carlisle. However, tho coun- 
 try between the two walls was alternately 
 under the domlniou of tho llomans and tho 
 Caledonians. 
 
 In tho rclgn of Antoninus Pius, tho pro- 
 prajtor Lolllus Urblcus drove the Scots far 
 to the northward, and repaired tho rliuln 
 of forts built by Agricola, which lay bo- 
 tweoi tho Carron on the frith of Fortii 
 and OuDglass on the Clyde. Kowuver, 
 after ^he death of Antoninus, Commodus 
 harirtf recalled Calpurnlus Agricola, an 
 able commander, who kept the Scots In 
 awe, \ more dangerous war broke out than 
 had ever been experienced by tho Uonians 
 ; ill tliat quarter. The Scots having passed 
 ! tlio wall, put all tho Romans they could 
 ! meet with to the sword ; but they were 
 soon repulsed by Ulptus Marcellus, a ge- 
 neral of consummate abilities, whom Com 
 modus sent into tho Island. In a short 
 time the tyrant also recalled this able com- 
 mander. After bis departure tho Uoman 
 dlBclpIino suffered a total relaxation ; the 
 soldiery grew mutinous, and great disorder 
 ensued : but these were all happily removed 
 by the arrival of Clodius Alblnus, who pos- 
 sessed great skill and experience in mili- 
 tary affairs. His presence for some tlmo 
 restrained the Scots, but a civil war break- 
 
 ing out between him nnd SoTcrua, Alblnua 
 crossed over to tho continent with the 
 greatest part of tho Roman forces la Brl- 
 ti In ; and meeting his antagonist at Lyons 
 a Ireadful battle ensued. In which Alblnua 
 w IS utterly defeated. 
 
 riio withdrawal of tho Roman troops 
 gave encouragonient to the Scots to renew 
 their insurrection, whicli they did with 
 such success that the oinperor became ap- 
 prehonsivo of lotting the whole Island, on 
 which ho determined to tako tho flcid 
 against them in person. The army he col- 
 lected on tills occasion was far more nu- 
 merous than any tho Romans had over 
 sent into Britain ; and it Is asserted that 
 in ro-conquerlng Scotland ho lost no less 
 than 50,000 men. On his return from the 
 northern extremity of the island ho built 
 much stronger fortitlcations to aecur tho 
 frontiers than liad ever been done before, 
 and which in some places coincided with 
 Adrian's wall, but extended farther at each 
 end. But, in the nieantimo, tho Scots, 
 provoked by tho brutality of the emperor's 
 son Caracalla, whom ho had left regent in 
 his absence, again took arms; on which 
 Sevenis put himself at tho head of hia 
 legions, with a determination, as ho said, 
 of extirpating tho whole nation. But hla 
 death, which happened soon after, put a 
 stop to the execution of a threat so dire- 
 ful ; nnd we Und that his son Caracalla 
 ratincd tho peace with tho Scots. At thta 
 period Scotland was governed by Donald 
 I., who is said to have been Its first Chris- 
 tian king. Ho died A. D. 216. From the 
 reign of Donald I. to that of Eugene I. in 
 357, during which time eleven kings filled 
 the throne, no Important event occurs for 
 which we have authentic history ; * though 
 wo arc told that for tho great aid afforded 
 by one of tho Scottish klnp;s, named Pin- 
 cormachus, to the Britons, In their contest 
 with tho Romans, WeMtmoreland and Cum- 
 berland were ceded to Scotland. In the 
 reign of Eugene I. we read that tho Ro- 
 man and I'lctlsh forces were united against 
 the Scots. The Picts were commanded by 
 their king, named Hargust; and the Ro- 
 mans by Maxtmus, who murdered Valen- 
 tlnian III., and afterwards assumed tbd 
 
 « It muit bo admitted that no little uoccrtalnty 
 hangs over tho history of Scotland aencrall; 'or 
 the first nine or ten centuries of the Christian era. 
 An oxaminstlon of tho reasons for which each 
 particular OTcnt should bo accepted or rejected 
 would need greater ipace than the preient iketcll 
 can admit. But the appUcatlon of the teit (vis. 
 the existence or absence of contemporary hlitorlani ) 
 which has been Mready applied to the early hUtoTy 
 of tircoco and Rome wlU enable the reader io 
 many cases to come to a definite ooDclaiton with 
 regard to many alleged iUcti la the early htitory 
 of Scotland. 
 
'I 
 
 604 
 
 d)P CrrniTurit at W^tavu, ^r. 
 
 imiicrlnl pHrt>lo. Tlio iiIIIch «li<f(<ntot1 V.a- 
 g<>iio III tlitM'oiiiity (if Galloway; but. Miul- 
 inim lioInK <>l>llK<'>l to return HoiiMiwanl on 
 nccountof i»n liiRiirrpttlon, tlio I'Icts woru 
 In their turn dofoattid by tbo Bcotii. In tbo 
 following yonr, however, Mnxlniuii n»riiln 
 marched aKaiiiKt tlio ScotH, and not only 
 gained acoiniilele victory over them, lint 
 tho klnur, with MtoKreater imrtof lilxno- 
 MoH, was anionK tliii slain. Ho well. In- 
 deed, did tho con'^nurorx lni|irovu llieir vic- 
 tory, that their antngonlHta wero at laut 
 totally driven out of tho country. Bonie o( 
 thoni took rofuKo In tho ..^lliniliii iHliindM, 
 and fiomo In Hcandlnavia, but nioHt of Ihe/n 
 III (I to Ireland, whence thc>y made frequent 
 dericontx upon Scotland. 
 
 Tho lMct« wero at llrst greatly plcaRcd 
 with tho victory they had gained over their 
 warlike antagonists : t^ut being commanded 
 to adopt tho laws of tho RonmuA, and to 
 chouse no king who Was not sent from Homo, 
 they began to reiient of their having con- 
 tributed to the eximlslon of the Bcota ; and 
 in tho year 421, when Autnlplius, king of 
 tho Ooths, sent over a body of e x lied Hrots to 
 Britain, under KerguD, a desci ndant of the 
 kings of Hcolland, tlio rictx immediately 
 Joined tliem agaliiHt the common enemy. 
 
 It was at this iK<rlod that tho ItomanR 
 wero obliged, by the Inundation of northern 
 iKirliarlans who poured in upon thcni, to 
 recall their legloim and abandon their 
 con(|ue8ts In Urltiilii. Tho nativo ]lrlton<4, 
 therefore, 8o long accuHtoined to the 
 dominion of theHo mighty coiuiuerora, and 
 now HO incorporated wlili them, Bovcrely 
 felt the perils of their situation when left 
 to defend themselves: hence originated 
 tliat supplicating letter to Home, entitled 
 ' the groans of the Drltonf*.' This, however, 
 not being attended with success, tho Uritons 
 railed in tlto Saxons to tlielr aid, Dy these 
 new allies the Scots wero defeated in a 
 great battle, and their king Dongard, 
 successor to Eugene, drowned In tho num- 
 ber, A.D. 457, which put ft St' .. lor some 
 time to these excursions, llltiierto we have 
 seen the Scots very formidable enemies of 
 tlio soutliern Britons ; but when tho Saxons 
 usuriMHl the kingdom, and subjected those 
 whom they came to aid, tho Scots joined In 
 n strict allianco with tho latter; nor does 
 It appear that the Icaguu thus formed was 
 afterwards broken. 
 
 Three centuries now pass witliout any- 
 thing occurring calculated to Interest the 
 reader, or to throw light on the Scottish 
 history, beyond what han been related in 
 the History of England during tho Heptar- 
 chy. In 787 it is said that Aclialus, king of 
 the Scots, after quelling ^omc Insurrectiuns, 
 entered into a treaty of perpetual amliy 
 with Charles the Great, king of France and 
 emperor of Germany, which treaty con- 
 tinued to be observed li.vlolably between 
 the two nations, till the accession of James 
 VI. to the throne of England. 
 
 The next remarkable event In the lilstory 
 of Scotland is the war wltli the Picta. Bun- 
 gal, king of the Scots, claimed n. right to 
 the Plctish throne, which being rejected by 
 the latter, tliey had recourse to arms. At 
 this time the dominions of the Scots com- 
 
 preliended tlin \veHlern iHlandM, togetlmr 
 with the connMcR of Argyle, Knapdale, KyU*, 
 KIntyro, Ijochaber, and a part of lireadal- 
 biine ; while thu I'Ictrt possc.-HMcd the rest of 
 Scotland, lutd a considerable part of North- 
 uinberlaiul. The Scotv-, however, appear to 
 liiivo been superior in military skill; for 
 Alpln, tho stircessor of liongal, having 
 engaged tho I'IcIIhIi army near Korfar, Uu- 
 feated them and killed thoir king, though 
 not without Hulfcrlng great Iomh lilmmMf. 
 Tlio ricts then chose llrudus, tlio son of 
 their former king, to Huccced him, but koihi 
 after depimed aiKi put hlin to death. IIIh 
 brother Kennetli Hliared the Hanio falc, 
 llrudus, who next ascended the throne, was 
 a brave and spirited prince : he llrst oifered 
 terms of peace to the Scots, which, how- 
 ever, Alpln rejected, and insisted on a 
 total Hurremler of his crown. After vainly 
 endeavouring to obtain tho assistance of 
 Kdwin, king of Morthnmlierland, Brudu.'t 
 marched resolutely against his enemies; 
 and the two armies came to an engagement 
 near Dundee. The superior skill of tho 
 Hcots ill military affairs was about to have 
 decided tho victory in their favour, when 
 ilrudu;-! Is said to havo liiid recourse to the 
 foi!;iWlng stratagem to preserve Ills army 
 from destruction. He caused all the atten- 
 dants, female as well as male, to assemblu 
 and show tlirmselves at a distance, as a 
 powerful reinforcement coming to the 
 IMctH. This cai <ed such a panic In the Scot- 
 tish ranks, thai, all the efforts of their leader 
 could not recover them ; and they wero 
 accordingly defeated with great slaughter. 
 Alpln himself was taken prisoner, and hooii < 
 after beheaded, | 
 
 Kenneth II., the son of Alpln, succeeded 
 his father, and proved himself a brave and 
 enterprising prince, Itesolved to take a 
 severe revenge .for his father's death, ho 
 made tho most vigorous preparations for : 
 war; and so well did he succeed, that, after , 
 many desperate conlilcts. he became master i 
 of all Scotland ; so that he is justly con- | 
 sidered the true founder of tho Scottish 
 monarchy. J{o Is also said to havo been 
 very successful against the Saxons, but of 
 ills exploits with those hardy and sklirul 
 warriors wo havo no accounts that can bo 
 depended on. Having reigned sixteen years 
 in peace after his subjugation of tho Plcts, 
 and composed a code of laws for the better 
 regulation of lil.i people, ho died at Fort 
 Teviot In P(<rthshlre. Jteforo his time tlio , 
 seat of tlio Scots government had been in 
 Argyleshlre ; but ho removed it to Scone, 
 by trunsfeirlng thither the celebrated blnik 
 stono supposed to bo the palladium of 
 Scotland, which was afterwards removed 
 by Edward I. to Westminster abbey. 
 
 In tho reign of Donald, who succccdod 
 bis brother Kenneth, the Plcts who bad lied 
 out of Scotland applied to the Saxous for 
 nssiatance, promising to make Scotland tri- 
 butary to the Saxon power after It should 
 be conquered. Thlsended in agreat victory 
 on the part of the confederates, who became 
 masters of all the country south of tlio 
 Forth and Clyde, it being agreed that Mie 
 Forth should from tlia*; time forward Ijo 
 called tho ' Scots sea ;' and it was made A 
 
Viirl of Hron.liil. 
 
 rpartutNortl.; 
 ,;vovcr.ai.l..'nr . 
 illltary fklU ; inr i 
 
 if Hciir Ki>rf«r, ilu- 
 
 im to aeiitli. II 1^ 
 
 cail>otliron<;.w'»1 
 ce : ho IWnt «'«''''"''' 
 looU. wia«-h. Uow- 
 „1 iiBUtod on ft 
 ■own. After vainly , 
 .To n««lHtn'jco of ' 
 
 i ii»t Ul« cncniU'H 
 
 ftoanonKW^^;, 
 
 im>rlor »li"' " . 
 iwa»al.oultolmvo 
 
 tUclr favour, wluni 
 
 had rocour-o to ilu ! 
 
 n «rcflcrvo Ills nrniy i 
 
 ''c.S'iUtUeatto^ 
 
 nKtl.cr'9 death, lio 
 tens' preW^^^ 
 
 lo/ald to »'avo l.m 
 
 feotty-S'^uiifu 
 
 , alterwarda romo\cd | 
 
 country south "t^^;^ 
 ;";• and It vaa made a , 
 
 C^e filiiftary o( dfcatlffiiV. 
 
 605 
 
 fKliltal offoncn for any Bcotcli''"Kn to net lila 
 foot on RnffllHli Rronnil. 'i.iey woro to 
 erect no furtx ncnr tlit.> KnRtiHh liunndnrlcK, 
 to pay nn ntinnnl trihn'.o of n tlioiiwunl 
 ,)o\ind*,'And to »rlvo up xlxty of tlio Honi* of 
 tlit'lr chief nohlllty r.H hoHtiiKCM. After Dio 
 conclusion of thin irenty, ho linnillliitliiK to 
 the Boot*, the I'lctfi, MndhiM thiit tlii'lr 
 tntcroHt had heci: rntlroly neglectud. llnl 
 to Norway, wliilo tnoRo wlio rcniitincd In 
 KnKlainl met with a hrutal death from 
 their lato nllleH, Donald, having been lUv 
 throned and linprlHoned, put an end (o IiIh 
 own life ; lio wim nucceeded liy hlH nephew 
 CunHtantlnP, the non of Kenneth M'AlpIn, 
 In whoHO relKU Scotland wiih llrHt Invaded 
 hy thn Uanen, wlio proved hi di fornildfthlu 
 cnenileH to thn KnxllHh. Thiti Invnttlon Ix 
 Nnld to have heen occiuiloned by a Ixidy of 
 exiled I'lcta who fled to Denmark, wlieru 
 they prevailed upon thn kInK of that conn- 
 try to Rcnl hU two hrotherd to recover 
 the I'IctlHl. doinlnlonn from ConBtiintlno, 
 TheKO prlnceH liindcd on thu ronnt of Fi'e ; 
 nnd though one of the arnilCH wiis defeated 
 hy Coiiritantliiu near the water of lievan, 
 the king wan hlnmelf defeated by Iho other, 
 taken prUuner, and beheaded at a place 
 rdled the Devll'n Cave, A.d. Ki. Thh 
 unfortunate action coxt tho BcotH 1o,ihk) 
 men ; but tho Danea purchaued their victory 
 dearly, an they were oblli^ed Immediately 
 nfliTwarda to abandon their coiuiueBtd and 
 retire to their own country. 
 
 Oouiitautlno waa aucceededb;' IiIh brother 
 
 Eth, Hurnanied tho SwKtfooted, from hU 
 
 nKlllty. Ho was aucccedeil by CireKory, tho 
 
 Hon of Dougal, contemporary with Alfred, 
 
 (if KuRland, and both prlnccH deHervedly 
 
 ncaulrcd tho name of Great, The Danea at 
 
 their departure had left the I'lela In poa- 
 
 sesslon of Fife. AKalnac them (iregory 
 
 Immediately marched, and quickly drove 
 
 them Into tho north of Knglaml, where 
 
 their confederatea were already ni'istera of 
 
 Northumberland and York. In ^ll<!lr way 
 
 thither they threw a garrison Into the town 
 
 of Berwick : but this waa presently reduced 
 
 by Orcgory, who put all tho Danes to death, 
 
 but spared tho Uvea of the Plcta. Ho after- 
 
 wiirda marched against tho Ciiiiiliriana, 
 
 wluim ho easily overcame, and oiill)(i'<l to 
 
 yield up all the lands they had foriii rly 
 
 ' pusaeasud b '' inglng to thu Scot?, ac thu 
 
 I Binno timo . .t he agreed to protect tlicm 
 
 I ni^alnat tho power of the Danea. In a short 
 
 I time, however, Conatantlne, the klni; of ilui 
 
 I Cuinbrlana, violated tho convention bo had 
 
 I mode, and invaded /.nnandale; but waa 
 
 ' (lofented and killed by Gregory near liOeh- 
 
 [ uiabcn. After this lie entirely reduced tho 
 
 I coir'.tlea of Cumberl.and and Westmoreland, 
 
 which. It Is aald, were ceded to him by 
 
 Alfred the (Jreat, whose allaira were at that 
 
 period anything but prosperous. 
 
 Gregory next engaged in a war with tho 
 Irish, to support Donach, an Irish prince, 
 Bfjalnst two rebellious noblemen. Tho tlrst 
 engagement after his landing In Ireland 
 proved fatal to Brian, one of thcso chief- 
 tains ; and ho thv i reduced Dundalk and 
 Droghedo. On lila way to Dublin ho was 
 uppused by a chieftain named Cornell, who 
 Blmred the fate of his friend Brian. Ure- 
 
 L' 
 
 gory then nasumcd the guardlanNhlii of ths 
 young [irlnco ho camo to asHlst, appointed 
 a regency, anil nbllgrd them to awear that 
 tliey would never admit Into thn couiiiry 
 either a Dane or an Kngllshmiin without IiIm 
 consent. Having placed garrisons in tho 
 stronge<it fortressea. he returned to Hcot- 
 land, wh( ret ho died In tho year ffl'J. 
 
 Donald III,, the son of (Constantino, sue- 
 ccedcd Gregory; but hla reign waa short : 
 for having marched against a body of ma- 
 raudera who bad Invaded and ravaged tho 
 counties of Murray and Uohh, and subdued 
 them, ho soon after died, A.n. 90.1. He waa 
 succeeded hy Constantino III., tho son of 
 Kill, tiio most remarkable event In whoso 
 reign waa tliat ho entered Into alllaiicu 
 with the Danes agalnsr the Kngllsli. 'tUU, 
 however, lasted but two years. As soon aa 
 Constantino had concluded tho treaty with 
 the Danes, ho appointed tho presumptlvo 
 heir to tlie Hcottish crown, Malcolm, princu 
 of tho -southern counties, on condition of 
 Ills defending them aKalnat tho attacks of 
 the Knglisli, Ho had soon an opportunity 
 of displaying lila valour; but, neglecting 
 the necessary caution, hisarmy was Hignally 
 defeated, and ho himself severely Wounded. 
 In cnnsequenccof thisdisastcr, Const.antino 
 y/iii obliged to do homage to the Knglislt 
 monarch, Kdward thn elder, for tho pos- 
 scsBh>n8 ho had to tho southward of tho 
 Scottish boundary. 
 
 Karly in the reign of Atlielstnn, tho son 
 of Kdward, tho northern Danes were en- 
 couraged, by some conspiracies formed 
 against that monarch, to throw olT tho 
 yoko ; and their succcsa was such that 
 Atlielstan thought proper to enter into a 
 treaty with Hithrlc, tlie Danish chief, and 
 to givo him hla daughter in marriage. 
 Sithric, however, did not long survive tho 
 nuptlula ; and hla son Guthred, endeavour- 
 ing to throw oft tho Kngllsh yoke, was 
 defeated and obliged to liy into Scotland. 
 This event caused a scries of hostllltiea 
 between tho Scots and Kngllsh, which In 
 tho year 938 ended in a general engagement. 
 At this time the .Scots, Irish, Cumbrians, 
 and Danes were leagued against tho Kngiisii. 
 Tho Scots were commanded by their king 
 Constantino ; the I risli by Aniaf , the brotlier 
 of Guthred, tho Danish prince ; the Cum- 
 brians by their own sovereign, and tho 
 Danes by Froda. Tho generals of A thulstaii 
 were Edmund hla brother, and Turketu lila 
 favcmrlte. After an obstinate engagement, 
 the confederates were defeated with great 
 •laughter: tho consequence of which was, 
 that tho Scots wcro deprived of all their 
 possessions to tho southward of the Forth, 
 and Conatantlne, quito dispirited witii hla 
 misfortune, resigned the crown to Malcolm, 
 and retired to the monastery of the Culdeea 
 at at. Andrew's, where he died in 943. 
 
 Tlio . .gna of Malcolm, ludulf us, Duffus, 
 and Culle.i present nothing worthy of com- 
 ment; but a remarkable revolution took 
 place In tho reign of Kenneth III., who 
 succeeded Cullen, a.d. 970. This prince 
 commenced his reign by relieving the lower 
 clasaea from the exactions and oppressions 
 of the nobility which had become intole* 
 rable. Without stating his reasons, be 
 
 
f . 
 
 606 
 
 Cbe Crrxifurtf at ^alitovn, $et. 
 
 orderpd tho linronit to nppoar licrorti iiim at 
 Lanark, wiioro ho had pnivliled mi nrincd 
 hoit to takVHUch n( them tiito custody nit ho 
 knew to be notorloni offoixlors, and on tliu 
 rharKei heln«r«nl)itnntlntiHl,t hoy were roin- 
 
 rulli'd to nmlco roHtttutlon, nr wore imiilMhod 
 11 proportion to tho niiiHiiltudc *>( ihclr 
 otroiirc*. In tlita rv\uu tho Uani'i<, who Imd 
 pri'vlouily hecnnmkliiRnttciiiptH to Inviulo 
 I'lMRlnud, Iniidod lit Montr')*to, itnd titid 
 wnsto tho country around. KiMiiioih, find- 
 ing that thcjr wero making rapid prourugit 
 In bit kingdom, and wore tlion Ijfsloging 
 Perth, rcHolvrd to kIvo thoni l<altk>. Ho 
 l.s said to have offi-rod ton pounds* In fIIvit, 
 or the vnluo of It In land, /or tho head of 
 I'vpry Dane which Mliould I)o lu-oiiKlit to 
 him; and an tiiiniuiilty from nil taxoa to 
 tho goldlorri Willi Hirvod In hla army, pro- 
 vidrd they should ho victorlims ; hut. not- 
 withstanding tho utmost efforts of the 
 Hcots, their cncnilos fouKht so donperatoty, 
 that Konnoth's army must liavu hocn to- 
 tally dcfoatud, had not tho fngitlvos hcon 
 utopped by a yeoman of tho namo of liny, 
 and his rot»lncrg,wliowore only armed with 
 rustic weapons. The flght was now renewed 
 with such violcnco on thcptirtof tho Hcots, 
 that tho Danes were utterly defeated ; and 
 after tho hattlo tho king rewarded liny 
 with tho barony of Krrol, In tho rarso of 
 Oowrlo, onnohlcd Ills family, and gave them 
 nil annorlal hearing alluding to the rustic 
 weapons with wlitch they had achieved this 
 Illustrious exploit. Kenneth, at length, 
 In 094, met his death hy murder, at the 
 Instigation of a lady named Kenella, whose 
 son he had caused to he put to death. The 
 throne wastlicn seized by a usurper, named 
 Constnntlne; who, being killed In battle 
 after a reign of n year and a half, was 
 succeeded by Orline, the grandson of king 
 Duffus; and ho ngaln was defeated and 
 killed by Malcolm, tho son of Kenneth, the 
 lawful heir of tho Scottish throne. 
 
 Malcolm formed a strict alliance with 
 tho king of Kngland, and proved so suc- 
 cessful against the Vanes In that country, 
 thatSweyn, their king, resolved to direct 
 his whole force against him byan invasion 
 of Scotland. In conjunction with Duncan, 
 princo of Cumberland, who on this occa- 
 sion entered Into an alliance Avlth Hwcyn, 
 Malcolm sustained a terrible defeat, and 
 was himself desperately wounded. So elated 
 were the Danes by this victory, that they 
 sent for their wives and children, intending 
 to make Scotland thelrfuture home. Towns 
 and fortresses fell Into their hands, and 
 tho Scots were everywhere treated as a con- 
 quered people; but they afterw.irds met 
 with a severe check, which ' they endea- 
 voured to remedy by sending for reinforce- 
 ments both from Kngland and Norway. 
 Their fleets soon appeared off the coast, 
 and tbey effected a landing at Redhead, in 
 the count7 of Angus. The castle of Ilreeliln 
 was flnt besieged; but meeting wltli a stout 
 resistance there, they laid tho town and 
 chnrch In ashes. Malcolm, In the inean- 
 tlmeiWasat hand with his array, and en- 
 camped at a place called Barr, In the neigh- 
 bourhood of which both parties prepared 
 to decide tho fate of Scotland. 
 
 The action was ttt'tiv and bloody, bu( 
 was eventually crowned with complete suc- 
 cess to the Hcots. Hwoyii was not, how- 
 ever, so (liscourngetl but that ho sent hi* 
 son Oanut<', afterwards king of Bngland, 
 and 01)0 of the greatest warriors of that 
 age, into HcoMand, with an army nior« 
 powerful than any that Imd yet appeared 
 and though (ho Danes were, upon tho 
 whole, successful In the great battle which 
 followeil, they wore so much reduced that 
 tliey willingly concluded a peace on the 
 following terms; vlx. that the Danes should 
 liiiiiiedlately leave Scotland; that at long 
 as Malcolm and Hwoyii lived, neither of 
 them should wage war with tho other, or 
 help each other's enemies ; and that thn 
 Meld In which the battle was fought should 
 bo set apart and consecrated for the burial 
 of the dead. Tint glorious as ttie warllkii 
 exploits of Malcolm hadlieen, he is said to 
 havo stained tho latter part of his rclgn 
 with avarico and oppression ; and at tho 
 nge of eighty, after having reigned thirty 
 years, he fell by tho hand of an assassin, 
 Duncan I„ a grandson of Malcolm, suc- 
 ceeded him In iai4; he had also anotlier 
 grandson, the celebrated Macbeth, who In 
 the early I'art of Duncan's reign signalised 
 liliiiself in riuelllng a formidable insnrrec< 
 tlon, but wlio subscauently, after having 
 done much in expelling the Danish ni;i- 
 raiiders, murdered the king, and usurped 
 his throne, to tho exclusion of Malcolm, 
 the rightful son and heir of Duncan. 
 
 For some time Macbeth governed with 
 moderation, but his tyrannical nature wna 
 afterwards shown In almost every act. lie 
 caused Danquo, tho most powerful thniio 
 III Scotland, to be treacherously murdered, 
 and Intended that his son Kleance should 
 share tho same fate, had ho not made his 
 escape to Wales. Next to Uanquo the most 
 liowerful of his subjects was Macduff, the 
 thano of Fife; for which reason Macbeth 
 plotted his destruction ; but on Macduff : 
 seeking refuge in England, tho tyrant cm- ; 
 elly put to death his wife and infant chil- 
 dren, and senuestercd his estate. The In- j 
 Jured Macduff vowed revenge, and encou- 
 raged Malcolm to attempt to dethrone tlie 
 traitorous usurper. With their united forces 
 they gave Macbeth battle; and being de- 
 feated, ho retreated to tho most Inacces- 
 sible places in tho Highlands, where for 
 two years ho continued to defend himself 
 against nil who dared to oppose him. In 
 the meantime, however, Malcolm was ac- 
 knowledged king of Scotland, and Macbeth 
 perished In a conflict with Macduff. 
 
 A.n. 1057.— Malcolm III. being now ea- 
 tablishcd on the throne, commenced his 
 reign by rewarding Macdufl for his great 
 services, and conferred upon his family 
 some distinguished honours. The conquest 
 of England by William of Normandy In- 
 volved Malcolm, who espoused the cause 
 of the Saxons, in many fierce wars. Edgsr 
 Atheling, the heir of the Saxon line, and 
 many of tho Saxon nobles, found an asy- 
 lum in Scotland. Malcolm married Ha^ 
 garet, the sister of the fugitive prince, who 
 Is said to hare introduced a degree of re- 
 finement Into her court remarkable for 
 
wu* not, now- | 
 tnt »io wnj "'• 
 
 nrrlort ol th»t 
 Alt nrmy nwx* 
 I yet »rPe»roa 
 •pre, npon^\"? 
 
 a peace on tljo 
 
 a; tlmtRiloiiK 
 ivcd, iicllhcr of 
 itii tiio othor, Or 
 
 ;;fouB».t»l.«uW 
 wA for the l.ur la 
 
 ,^on; Rnd\t "° 
 
 ml of i»i> MSft""'"- 
 
 t Malcolm. B«c. 
 
 . I iid alito anotUcr 
 
 I Mncbctli, who li 
 
 miaablo tnimrrcc. 
 
 luM.m of MalcoW, || 
 ■trot Duncan. j 
 
 i,eth K"y«"\t,ro WM 
 rannlcalnaturoWM 
 
 n.ogt every act. 110 
 n»t powerful tnauj 
 
 "on Fleanco MiouW 
 ■ad lio not made UH 
 ^^ Uanauotl.omo- 
 .MwasMacaulT. tlH' 
 lldi reason MacDet^ 
 ,, . „ut on MacavifT 
 
 'ImltVVJ^.It'chU- 
 
 [\re«'t rrtf '"• 
 
 revenge, and encmi- 
 E to dethrone the 
 PMrunlted orc^ 
 
 b«n«^| 
 
 leVMSa^aa a| 
 Kd. and Macbeth 
 
 fcuh Macduff. , 
 
 rill. being now es 
 InnV commenced hla 1 
 te.^ lor his B«»* 
 Wupon hl9 family , 
 CnurB The conquest 
 C of' Normandy in- 
 f espoused the cauBO 
 
 Iv fierce WOTS. li-dB" >| 
 fthoBaxon line, and 
 
 Kucwiadegreeolrt^ 
 Kurt remarkable forj 
 
 C(e Witotn o( AcatlRiitt. 
 
 007 
 
 that ttmo.audtohnvocontrlliiitoU toHoftoii 
 the rudo niaiiuorit of thi^ people. Mitlcfilin 
 twice Inviidi'd Kiiulaiiil with nucceiit; luit 
 TVllllaui, hnvliiir t'ollected a great nnny, In 
 lili turn InvaiUil Bcotlnnd, and compelli <l 
 Mklcolni to do honiaffn for the liwulf* wliU'li 
 !)• held within what wn* accoiintod tho 
 EnglUh territory, TIiIn wan, a* tho reader 
 has been elccwhore liitoriiiL'd, an anchiit 
 fi'udal iiractlcc, common at tho period ; 
 tliiiiitfh In later tlniuH It ha* be«<n ax^erted 
 that tho Scottish monarrhs hold thuir whole 
 kingdom on this tenure. 
 
 On tlio death of Wllllnm tho Comucror, 
 Maloolni again cspoiiKcd tho cauite of 
 F.dgar Atlielln^, who had been induced to 
 M'ek hi* aR^ilMtance a >4ec<iiid time, when 
 AVIIIIam II.. Hurnamed lliifiiR, aiccnded tho 
 Kiigll*h throne. After fieveralnegotlat hum 
 lietwcen Malcolm, Unfiii4,and Kdgar, It wa>i 
 agreed that tho kUm of KiiHlaiid should re- 
 store to Malcolm all hlx southern posite^- 
 stoni, for which ho uhould pay tlio saiiio 
 homage bo had been accustomed to do to 
 tho Conqueror; that lio should restore to 
 Malcolm twelve disputed manors, and wive 
 hliii likewise thirteen marks of gold yearly, 
 bcsldoB restoring lldgar to all Ills Eimli.sh 
 estates. William, however, afterward.^ re- 
 fused to fulfil his CDKageiueiktsi, and applied 
 himself to tho fortifliation of fiis northern 
 liouudaries, especially CarliHle, which liad 
 been destroyed by tho Danes aoo years lie- 
 f(iro. This place lying within tho feudal 
 domlniona of Malcolm, ho complained of 
 William's proceedings, as a breach of tho 
 Into treaty. Another war was tlie natural 
 coiisequenco ; and the Scottish king, with 
 his eldest son. was killed .in attempting to 
 take the castlo of Alnwick, A.u. loo:). 
 
 Though Malcolm left nialo heirs, yot his 
 throno waa usurned, tirst by Ids brother 
 Donald Banc, and afterwards by Duncan, 
 his natural son. Dy tho Interposition of 
 tlio king of Englaud, however, Edgar, law- 
 ful son of Malcolm, was placed upon tho 
 Scottish throno. After a reign dlstiit- 
 guished by no reraarkabio event, EdKar 
 died In 1107 ; ai\d was succeeded by his 
 brother Alexander, surnamed tho Fierce, 
 from the Impetuosity of his temper. But 
 tiiougb lmi>etuou8, ho was severely just, 
 and rendered himself chiefly remarkable by 
 tho attention ho paid to the administration 
 of justice and tho redross of wrong. A con- 
 spiracy formed against tho life of this good 
 king was dissipated by the vigour of hln 
 measures; and after assisting Henry T. of 
 England in a war with tho Welsh, he died 
 in 1124. Ilavliw left no Issue, Alexander 
 waa succeeded by David, his younger bro- 
 ther, commonly called St. David, on ac- 
 count of hla great piety and excessive libe- 
 rality to the church and clergy. David In- 
 terested himself In tho affairs of England, 
 espousing tho cause of Maud against Sto- 
 phen. In several engagements ho was suc- 
 cessful, but was in others defeated ; and 
 found himself unable effectively to support 
 the cause he had undertaken. Uo died in 
 U53, and was succeeded by Malcolnt IV., 
 a prince ol a weak body and no less feeble 
 mind, who. dying in 1165. left bis crown to 
 bU brother W iulam. 
 
 In tho beginning of his reign. William 
 recovered from Henry of England tho earl- 
 dom of Northumberland, whicli had been 
 reliii<iuliihed by Malcolm ; but afterward* 
 leading an army Into England, and con- 
 iliicting himself witli too little caution, ho 
 was made prUoner by Hurprlso, and dn- 
 taliiecl ill capilvlty, till, in order to regain 
 his liiierty, he consented to declare liimseif 
 a vaMsnl of England, and to do hontagn for 
 his whole kingdom. IllchardCiL'iirdeMoti. 
 however, who succeeded Henry, remitted 
 tho oppressive tirms, and declared Scot- 
 land to be an Indepenueiit kingdom : amea- 
 i<uro to which ho was induced, partly by 
 tlio InJnsMcn of tlie claim itself, and inirily 
 liy his wish of rendering tho Bc' s hU 
 frii'iiiis, during an ox|iedltion whicli 'le wax 
 alxmt to undertake Into I'liiexilne. William 
 showed his gratitude for the restoration of 
 his independence, by routiniiing a faithful 
 ally of the Kimiisli till bis deiitli In 1314 
 
 William was succeeded by his son . ex. 
 ander II., a youtli of sixteen. He took bhti 
 side of tho EngllHli Imrons in their conten- 
 tions withiTohn, their feelileand imprudent 
 monarch. Ho was a wUe ami good prince, 
 and maintained with steadiness and spirit 
 thu independency of his crown abroad, and 
 the authority of his government at home. 
 At bis death, in 1340, lio was succeeded by 
 hli son Alexander, a child of eight years of 
 nge, who was Immediately crowned at Scono 
 as Alexander III. Having been betrothed, 
 when an Infant, to the princess Margaret 
 of England, their nuptials were celebrated 
 at York in 1251, and ho did homage to 
 Henry for his Knglish possessions. Thu 
 latter monarch demanded homage for tho 
 kiiigdoin of Scotland, but tho young princo 
 replied with spirit, that he came to York 
 to marry the princess of England, not ti» 
 treat of state alfalrs, and that ho would not 
 take 80 Important a step without tho con- 
 currence of tho national council. One ol 
 tlio i>rlnclpal events of Alexander's reign 
 was tho battle of Largs. Haco. king of 
 Norway, having collected a lloet of one 
 hundred and sixty ships, sailed towards 
 Scotland with a numerous army. a.d. 1303, 
 with a view to recover such of tl ■western 
 Isles as had formerly belonged to) •■;..••■ iwn, 
 but which had been wrested froui ' ' y tho 
 Scots. He nmdo himself master ai Arran 
 and llutc, and afterwards landed on the 
 coast of Ayrshire. Alexander attacked him 
 at Largs ; where, after a llerce eontoat, vic- 
 tory at last declared for the Scots, and tho 
 greater part of tho lnvadln;r army fell either 
 In tho action or tho pur? uU , Ilaci) reached 
 tho Orkneys, but so;m after^vards died, as 
 is said, of a broken licart ; and was suc- 
 ceeded by Magnus, who, discouraged by 
 the disaster which had ))efallen his father, 
 yielded all tilsrights to tho Western Islands 
 and the Isle of Man to tho crowu of Scot- 
 land, for tho sum of 4,000 marks, to be paid 
 In four years, iind a quit rent of one hun- 
 dred marks yearly : a.d. 1266. The Norwe- 
 gians still retained the Orkney and Shet- 
 land Islands. From this period, Alexander 
 was employed for several years in maintain- 
 ing tho indcpondeuce of the Scottish chtirch 
 against tho pretensions ol the pope, and 
 
608 
 
 K^t CremSura of |^ttt0rj), &c. 
 
 in reBtraining tho encroacbments of the 
 clergy. His reign was a long and prosper- 
 ous one ; and his death was, in Its conse- 
 quences, a serious calamity to Scotland. 
 While riding in the dusk of tho evening 
 along tlie sea-const of Fife, his liorse start- 
 ed, and he was thrown over the rock and 
 lillled on the spot. 
 
 A.D. 1280.— Alexander's clilldren had all 
 died before hlin. His danghter Margat'ot 
 liad married Eric, king of Norway, and 
 died, leaving Issue one daughter, Margaret, 
 usnally called tho Maiden of Norway, the 
 now undoubted heiress of the crown of 
 Scotland, and recognised as such by the 
 states of the kingdom about three weeks 
 after Alexander's death. The same conven- 
 tion appointed a regency of six noblemen 
 during the absence of the young queen. 
 These regents for some time acted with 
 wisdom and unanimity; but two of them 
 dying, dissensions ar»so among the remain- 
 ing four ; and Eric, king of Norway, appre- 
 hensive for the interests of hia daughter, 
 applied to Edward, king of England, for 
 Ills assistance and protection. Edward had 
 already formed a scheme for uniting the 
 two kingdoms by the marriage of his eldest 
 son, Edward, with the queen of Scots. A 
 treaty was entered into for this purpose ; 
 but the Maiden of Norway unfortunately 
 died at Orkney, on her passage to Scotland ; 
 and the nation was struck with grief and 
 consternation In beholding the extinction 
 of a race of sovereigns who had distiugulsh- 
 ed themselves for thelrbravery and wisdom, 
 and in anticipating tho miseries of a con- 
 tested succession. 
 
 The line of Alexander's descendants being 
 thus extinguished, the right of succession 
 devolved on the descendants of David, earl 
 of Huntingdon, third son of David I. Among 
 these, Hobert Bruce and John Baliol ap- 
 peared as comiictltors for the crown. Bruce 
 wag the son of Isabel, earl David's second 
 daughter : Baliol, the grandson of Margaret 
 tho eldest daughter. Although the right 
 was incontestible in Baliol, tho prejudices 
 of tlio people favoured Bruco : each was 
 supported by a powerful faction ; and arms 
 alone, it was feared, must decide the dis- 
 pute. In order to avoid the threatened 
 miseries of civil war, Edward I., king of 
 England, was cnoscn umpire, and both 
 parties agreed to acquiesce in his decree. 
 Tills measure had nearly proved fatal to the 
 independence of Scotland. Edward was art- 
 ful, brave, and enterprising. The anarchy 
 which prevailed in Scot'^ni Invited him 
 first to seize, and then to ubject tho king- 
 dom. Under the authorlt/ of an umpire, 
 he summoned all the Scottish barons to 
 Norham ; and having gained some, and 
 intimidated others, he prevailed on all who 
 were present, not excepting Bruco and 
 Baliol, the competitors, to acknowledge 
 Scotland to be a flef of the crown of England, 
 and to swear fealty to him as their sovereign 
 lord. Edward now demanded possession of 
 tho kingdom, that he might be able to 
 deliver It to him whose right should be 
 found preferable ; and such was the pusil- 
 lanimity of the nobles, and the Impatience 
 of the competitors, that both assented to 
 
 his demand ; and Gilbert d'Umpfrevllle, earl 
 of Angus, was the only man who refused 
 to surrender tho castles in his custody to 
 the enemy of his country. Edward, llnd- 
 ing Baliol had the best right, and was the 
 least formidable of the two competitors, 
 gave judgement in his favour; and Baliol 
 once more confessed himself the vassal of 
 England. 
 
 Edward now concluded that ills doml- 
 nlon was fully established in Scotland, and 
 began to assume the character of master: 
 his new vassals, however, bore the yoke 
 with impatience. Provoked by his liaugh- 
 tlncss, the humble spirit of Baliol began to 
 mutiny. But Edward, who had no further 
 use for such a pageant king, forced him 
 to resign tho crown ; and attempted to 
 seize It, as having fallen to himself by tho 
 rebellion of his vassal. 
 
 Sir William Wallace, a hero and patriot, 
 now first made his appearance, and almost 
 singly ventured to take arms in defence of 
 the kingdom ; but his courage, although for 
 a time It revived the spirit of his country- 
 men, could not save them from tho power 
 of the English king. He had lived a free 
 man, and a free man he resolved to die ; 
 but the season of resistance was passed. 
 Ho at length fell into Edward's hands, was 
 arraigned at Westminster as a traitor, and 
 an Ignominious death was tho reward of 
 his unexampled bravery. Hobert Bruoe, 
 the grandson of the competitor of Baliol, 
 then came forward, to assert his own 
 rights, and to vindicate the honour of hU 
 counti'y. The nobles crowded to his stan- 
 dard, and many battles were fought witli 
 the English. The Scots, though.often van- 
 quished, were not subdued : the prudent 
 conduct of Bruce, aided by tho national 
 enthusiasm, baffled tho repeated efforts of 
 Edward ; and although the war continued, 
 with little Intermission, upwards of seventy 
 years, Bruce and bis posterity kept posses- 
 sion of Scotland. 
 
 A.D. 1330. —Hobert Bruce began to relRri 
 In 1.30C, and no prince was ever more in- 
 debted to his nobles. Their valour conquered 
 the kingdom, and placed him on the throne; 
 and ho bestowed upim them, in return, tlio 
 lands of the vanquished. Hobert died In 
 1320, and was succeeded ))y his son David, 
 He had been an exile in France, and after- 
 wards a prisoner In England ; and beiiiR 
 involved in continual war with Edward i 
 III. of England, had not time to attend to 
 the Internal police of the kingdom. He died I 
 without children In 1371, and was succeeded '. 
 by Itobcrt Stuart. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Tlie House of Stuaht. 
 
 A.I). 1371.— Thk rclgn of Kobert II. (tliC 
 first of the House of Stuart) is replete 
 with accounts of skirmishes and inroad^, 
 but of very little consequence In an histo- 
 rical point of view. Ho died In 1390, and 
 was succeeded by Rol>erfc III., who was a 
 man of weak mind and sickly constitution, 
 and very unHt to check tho growing power 
 of the martial barons. Robert died In 1406 ; 
 and a!". Interregnum of eighteen years took 
 
Uraplrevllle.earl 
 lau -who refused 
 n hl9 custody to 
 y Edward, nnd- 
 Kht. and was the 
 two compctUors, 
 vour:audBalol| 
 Bclf tUe vassal ol ' 
 
 1 ttiat Ills doml- 
 d In Scotland, and 
 iracter of master: 
 
 r, Doro the yoUo 
 uJai.yhlslmuBU- 
 
 ofnallolDcganto 
 
 boUadnofurUcr 
 
 king, forced lilm 
 ftud attempted to 
 1 to himself by tho 
 
 a hero and Patriot 
 earance, and almost 
 B arms In defence of 
 Mirage. altUouRU for 
 Xltof Wscouutry- 
 icm from the power 
 He had lived a free 
 ho resolved to die , 
 slstance was passed. 
 Edward's hands, was 
 Bter as a traitor, and 
 was tho reward of 
 yery. Uobort Bru«e, 
 Spctltor of Ballo 1. 
 , to assert his owii 
 ate the honoiir of hU 
 .crowded to his rfta - 
 lea were fought with 
 ',t8 though .of ten van- 
 ibducd : the prudcn 
 Sdcd by tho natW 
 ;he repeated efforts oi 
 4h the war continued, 
 n.upwardsofsevent 
 posterity kept posscs- 
 
 iBrucG hcgan to rclpn | 
 W was ever more in-! 
 rhetr valour conquerca 
 Kim on the throne 
 m them, m return, tlo 
 
 shed llohcrt died m 
 l&,yhlssonDavW. 
 
 ^Kffi'andS 
 al wa? with Edward 
 ' „ot time to attend 
 'thcklugdom. Hedel 
 1371, and was succeedca 
 
 Iter it- 
 
 3 0/STUAnT. 
 
 m of Rohcrt II. ("'^i 
 Vstunrt) is replete. I 
 kh-mishes and InroadV, 
 Inscauence In an hlhio 
 
 I Tlo died in I390.„\"tl 
 lohcrt in., who was a 
 tnd sickly constitution, 
 leek tho growing Po*er 
 Is Robert died lnl40B. 
 Vof eighteen ymii<^\ 
 
 crt)e Witavu at ^tattmtt* 
 
 609 
 
 place, owing to James, his successor, being 
 a prisoner in England. 
 
 A.D. 1424.— Tho English had unjustly de- 
 tained the heir of the Scottish tlirone, but 
 they certainly made some amends for their 
 lujustlce by tho care they took in hla edu- 
 cation. During his long residence in Eng- 
 land, he had an opportunity of observing 
 the feudal system in a more advanced state 
 and refined from many of the imperfections 
 which still adhered to it in Ills own king- 
 dom. Ho saw there nobles great, but not 
 independent ; a king powerful, though far 
 from absolute : he saw a regular adminl- 
 gtration of government ; wise laws enact- 
 ed; and a nation flourishing and happy, 
 because all ranks were accustomed to obey 
 tliem. Full of these Ideas, he returned to 
 Ills native country, which presented to him 
 a very different scene. Tho royal autho- 
 rity, never great, was now contemptible, by 
 having been so long delegated to regents. 
 Tho ancient patrimony and revenues of the 
 crown were almost totally alienated. Tlie 
 license of many years had rendered the no- 
 bles independent. Universal aimrchy pre- 
 vailed ; the weak were exposed to the op- 
 pression of the strong ; tho barbarous chief- 
 tains ruled at pleasure,fand neither feared 
 the king, nor felt for the people. 
 
 James was too wise to employ open force 
 to correct such rooted evils ; neither the 
 men, nor the times, would have borne it. 
 He applied the gentler remedy of laws and 
 statutes, tending visibly to reestablisli or- 
 der, tranquillity, and justice in the king- 
 dom. But at the same time tliat he en- 
 deavoured to secure these blessings to the 
 people, he discovered his intention to re- 
 cover those possessions of which the crown 
 had been unjustly deprived ; and for that 
 purpose obtained an act. by which he was 
 empowered to summon such persons as liad 
 obtained crown lands during the three last 
 reigns to p.'oduce.the rights by which they 
 held them. As this statute threatened the 
 property of the nobles, another, which pass- 
 ed in a subsequent parliament, aimed p 
 dreadful blow at their power. By it the 
 leagues and combinations which rendered 
 the nobles so formidable to the crown were 
 declared unlawful, James now took bolder 
 and more decisive steps. During the sitting 
 of parliament, he seized his cousin Murdo, 
 duke of Albany, and his sons ; the earls of 
 Douglas, Lenox, Angus, March, and above 
 twenty others of ihe first rank, who appear- 
 ed restless under tho new statutes. To all 
 of them, however, he was soon after re- 
 conciled, except Albany and his sous, and 
 Lenox. These were tried by their peers, 
 and condemned. Their execution struck 
 the whole order with terror ; and the for- 
 feiture of tlieir estates added considerably 
 to the poRsession.s of the crown. He seized 
 likewise the earldoms of Buchan and Strath- 
 em upon different pretexts ; and that of Mar 
 fell to him by inheritance. The jiatience 
 and inactivity of the nobles, while tlio king 
 vas proceeding bo rapidly iu aggrandising 
 the crown, are amazing. The only obstruc- 
 tion he met with was from a slight insurrec- 
 tion, headed by the duke of Albany's young- 
 est son, and which was soon suppressed. 
 
 Encouraged by the facility with which 
 ho had hitherto advanced, James ventured 
 upon a measure that irritated the whole 
 body of the nobility. The fatlier of George 
 Dunbar, earl of March, had taken arms 
 against Robert III. the king's father ; but 
 that crime had been pardoned, and his lands 
 restored, byllobert, duke of Albany, during 
 the conflnementof James in England. Un- 
 der tlie pretext that tho regent liad exceed- 
 ed his power, and that it was the preroga- 
 tive of the king alone to pardon treason, 
 James declared the pardon to bo void. Many 
 of tlie nobles and great men held lands by 
 no other right than what they derived from 
 Krant of the two dukes of Albany. Although 
 Dunbar was at present the only sufferer, it 
 caused great alarm, as the precedent might 
 be extended. Terror and discontent spread 
 far and wide upon tills discovery of the 
 king's intentions ; the common danger call- 
 ed on tho whole order to unite, and to 
 make one bold stand, before they were 
 stripped successively of their possessions. 
 A conspiracy was formed against the king's 
 life by those who had been the chief suf- 
 ferers under tho new laws, and the first in- 
 telligence of it was brought to him while 
 he lay in his camp before Roxburgh castle 
 He Instantly dismissed his nobles and thcli 
 vassals, in whom he could place no con 
 fldcncc, and retired to a monastery neat 
 Perth, were he was soon afterwards niur 
 dered in a most cruel manner, in 1437. 
 
 James was a prince of great abilities, 
 and in general conducted his operations 
 with prudence : he was beloved by the peo 
 pie. and hated by the nobles. His maxims 
 and manners were too reflned for tho ago 
 and country In which he lived. He was 
 succeeded by his son. James II.. an infant.' 
 
 A.D. 1437.— Crichton. who had been the 
 minister of James I., still held the reins 
 of government. He did not relinquish the 
 design of the late king for humbling the 
 nobility, but endeavoured to inspire his 
 pupil with the same sentiments. But what 
 James had attempted to effect slowly, and 
 by legal means, his son and Crichton pur- 
 sued with tho impetuosity natural to Scots- 
 men. William, tho sixth earl of Douglas, 
 was the first victim to their barbarous po- 
 licy. He was decoyed to an interview In 
 the castle of Edinburgh, and there mur- 
 dered with his brother. Crichton, how- 
 ever, gained little by this act of treachery, 
 which rendered him universally odious. 
 William, the eighth carl of Douglas, was 
 no less powerful, and no less formidable to 
 tho crown, than his predecessor ; he had 
 united against his sovereign almost one 
 half of his kingdom, when his credulity led 
 him Into the same snare which had been 
 fatal to th-i former earl. Relying on the 
 king's promises, who had now attained to 
 the years of manhood, and having obtained 
 a safe conduct under the great seal, he 
 ventured to meet him in Stirling castle. 
 James urged him to dissolve that dangerous 
 confederacy into which he had entered : 
 tho earl obstinately refused. 'If you will 
 not.' said the enraged monarch, drawing 
 his dagger, ' this shall ;' and stabbed bim 
 to tho heart. This filled the nation with 
 
 I 
 
m^asaamM 
 
 610 
 
 CJe CreaiSiirt* of i^Wtavfi, &^f. 
 
 astonishment. Tho earl's vassals ran to 
 arms, marched to Stirling, bunit tho town, 
 and threatened to besiege tho castle. An 
 accommodation, however, ensued ; on what 
 terms Is not known ; but the king's jea- 
 lousy, and the new earl's power and resent- 
 ment, prevented it from being of long con- 
 tlmmnce. Both took the field at the head 
 of tlieir armies, and met near Abercorn. 
 That of tho earl, composed chiefly of bor- 
 derers, was far superior to the king's both 
 In number and in valour ; and a single bat- 
 tle must, in all probability, have decided 
 whether tho house of Stuart or of Douglas 
 was lienceforth to possess tho throne of 
 Scotland. IJut as his troops were Impa- 
 tiently expecting the signal to engage, the 
 earl ordei-od them to retire to their camp. 
 His principal officers, now convinced of his 
 want of genius and courage, deserted him ; 
 and he was soon after driven out of the 
 kingdom, and obliged to depend for his sub- 
 sistence on the friendship of the king of 
 England. 
 
 Tho ruin of this great family, which had 
 so long rivalled and overawed tho crown, 
 secured the king for some time from oppo- 
 sition, and the royal authority remained un- 
 controlled, and almost absolute. James did 
 not suffer this favourable Interval to pass 
 unimproved : ho procured the consent of 
 parliament to laws more advantageous to 
 the prerogative, and more subversive of the 
 privileges of the aristocracy, than were ever 
 obtained by any former or subscfiuent mo- 
 narch of Scotland. 
 
 During the remainder of his reign, this 
 prince pursued the plan which he had be- 
 gun with the utmost vigour ; and had not a 
 sudden death, occasi(mcd by the splinter of 
 a cannon which burst near him at the siege 
 of Koxburgh, prevented his progress, he 
 wanted neither genius nor courage to per- 
 fect it ; and Scotland might, in all probabi- 
 lity, have been the first kingdom In Europe 
 which would have seen the subversion of 
 the feudal system. 
 
 A.D. 1460.— James III. succeeded his fa- 
 ther in 1460, and discovered no less eager- 
 ness than his father, or grandfather, to 
 humble tho nobility : but, far lnf','rlor to 
 cither of them In abilities and address, he 
 adopted a plan extremely Impolitic ; and his 
 reign was disastrous, as well as his end tra- 
 gical. Jamca feared and hated his nobles ; 
 he kept them at an unusual distance ; and 
 bestowed every mark ot confidence and af- 
 fection upon few mean persons. Shut up 
 with these in iiis castle of Stirling, he sel- 
 dom appeared in public, and amused hlm- 
 eelf In architecture, music, and other arts, 
 which were then little esteemed. The no- 
 bles resented this conduct in the king ; and 
 combinations, secret lutrigucs with Eng- 
 land, and all tho usual preparations for 
 civil war, were the effects of their resent- 
 ment. Alexander, duke of Albany, and 
 John, carl of Mar, tho king's brothers— two 
 young men of turbulent and ambitious 
 spirits, and Incensed against James, who 
 treftted them with great coldness— entered 
 deeply into all their cabals. The king de- 
 tected their designs before they were ripo 
 tor execution ; and seizing his two brothers, 
 
 committed the duke of Albany to Edin- 
 burgh castle. Tho carl of Mar, having re- 1 
 monstrated with too much boldness, it Is | 
 said, was murdered by tho king's com- 
 mand. Albany, apprehensive of the same I 
 fate, made his escape out of the castle, and | 
 rcnchBd France. 
 
 James's attachment to favourites ren- 
 dering him every day more odious to hial 
 nobles, soon inspired Albany with moream-f 
 bitious and criminal thoughts. He con- 
 cluded a treaty with Edward IV. of Engl 
 land, in which ho assumed the name o(| 
 Alexander, king of Scots; and, in returiil 
 for the assistance which was promised hinil 
 towards dethroning his brother, he boundl 
 himself, as soon as he was put in posscs-r 
 slon of the kingdom, to swear fealty audi 
 do homage to the English monarch, to rcT 
 nounco the ancient alliance with France, tol 
 contract a new one with England, and lul 
 surrender some of the strongest castlcJ 
 and most valuable counties in Scotlandf 
 The aid which the duke so basely purJ 
 chased at tho price of his own honour aiKlT 
 the independence of his country, was puncJ 
 tuiiUy granted him ; and Richard duke ol 
 Gloucester, with a powerful army, conduct| 
 ed him towards Scotland. The danger of < 
 foreign invasion soon induced James to asd 
 the assistance of those nobles whom he hal 
 so lung treated with contempt. They eil 
 pressed their readiness to stand forward iJ 
 defence of their kingand country against al 
 Invaders, and took tho field at the head ol 
 a large army of their followers ; but it w,J 
 evident at the same time that they wcrf 
 animated by a stronger desiro to redrcsj 
 their own gricvancos than to annoy th 
 enemy, and with a fixed determinatirt 
 of iiunishing tlmso f.ivourltes whose iiisl 
 lence had become intolerable. This rest 
 liitlon tbry executed in tlie camp near Lai 
 der. Having previously concerted tliJ 
 plan, the carls of Angus, Huntley, and lja| 
 dor, followed by almost all tho barons 
 note In tlie army, forcibly entered the apaj 
 ments of the king, seized every one tlierci j 
 except Ramsay, who had taken shelter r 
 his arms, and hanged them immediate 
 over a bridge. Among the most reman 
 able of those who had engrossed the kinj 
 favour, were Cochran, a mason; HonuiJ 
 a tailor; Leonard, a smith; Rogers, a iii| 
 sician ; and Torlifan, a fencing-master. 
 
 Having no reason to confide in an ar^ 
 so little under his command, James 
 missed it, and shut himself up In the casi 
 of Edinburgh. At length Albany matlelf 
 peace with the king, but it was not of loi 
 duration ; for James abandoned liiniH 
 once more to his favourites ; and AlliaJ 
 again disgusted, retired to his castlel 
 Dunbar, and renewed his former confel 
 racy with Edward. The death of Edwai 
 soon after, blasted his hopes of reigniDg| 
 Scotland. He fled first to England,: 
 then to France, and from that timel 
 took no part in the affairs of his nat( 
 country. 
 
 Grown fonder of retirement than cil 
 and sunk into indolence or superstitll 
 James suffered his Whole authority tof 
 vol ve upon his favourites. The nobles H 
 
^fff Wetarii 
 
 a, $ic, 
 
 lie duko of Albany to Edin- 1 
 , The carl of Mar, having re- 1 
 rith too much boldness, it is I 
 urdered liy the Icing's coin-| 
 iy, apprehensive of the same I 
 s escape out of the castle, and I 
 ce. I 
 
 tachmcnt to favourites rcn-l 
 ivcry day more odious to hial 
 inspired Albany with moream-l 
 criminal thoughts. He con-l 
 ity with Edward IV. of Eugf 
 ch ho assumed the name ofl 
 Ing of Scots; 
 ancc which whl, i..v.....,^v.^ -.. 
 
 roning his brother, he bouii._^, , .,.,« ,,n.v» j ....u.,. 
 
 ioon as lie was put in poBScsBt'ie Wood of their itiJ^° *'""'• 'lands (.i 
 tiugdom, to swear fealty andBf/oiie for the treatnii«?' ^i'«'''nvo„red to 
 ) the English monarch, to rcK'c'r loyalty and d^f"^°' the father l,v 
 iicieut alliance with France, toff y.P'aced him ln«};««*°^''"''Js tlie so,? 
 BW one with England, and t(i»"d the whole kln»rtnm J^ "" the throne- 
 me of the strongest castlcsPnowJedging hfs authowf,^"'" """«'<' 1" ac 
 dluable counties In ScotlandH, f i>. Uss.-Jamcsiv '■^- 
 ich the duke so basely pur»'sli,throiie in the vpV.-^^P*'"^''*' the Scot. 
 ! price of his own honour aniPurally 8-cnerons and brax^''^^- "<> was na- 
 ence of his country, was puin*"iee, and delighted t.f° • '"*'fd niagnifl- 
 d him ; and Richard duke otf" suited was he for ti '*""-^- I'l'leed "o 
 nth a powerful army, conduotW'led. that dnrlnV ),., L°?^ °^^'' wlioiij he 
 •ds Scotland. The danger of #"nilty between thn ir1„ *^'^" the anclei t 
 ion soon induced James to nsBeemed almost to hn m i^?. *'"' the not Ls 
 e of those nobles whom he haW'y'ed not their sAf/ "'''''>' ^''^ased He 
 ;ed with contempt. They ei»'']>uted to the orn,mL 1' ''^''n'lse it con- 
 readiness to stand forward liP'd their power ho ?,\^^'/^ °' hfs court • 
 
 to anus, and ohiicro^ ' ■ — — _i" 
 
 at Bannockburn • b'nf l,f"'^*'»"tpred them 
 
 ch he assumed the name ofBconduct, "' *'^® v's'We In his wiio?o 
 Ing of Scots; and, in returiiB MaJiy of those who nrtr,^ 
 
 ■ •■■ -heing fearful of the terrm-^ "?'""8* Jan,e« 
 
 Mmm 
 
 of Scots; and, in returiiH, wany of those wlm „„* ^ — i-vjuuauon had beeVnXX'i*"?''^"!!; buthf« 
 
 which was promised Wn.!"-;"* 'earful of the terrm-^^ T'"«* Jame« 0^^^""'""^ -iPh^foJtt',':'^- Ho. l ow! 
 iig his brother, he boundlfation for liavfng Lhrr^ '? ?' ex connnuii -' svci^i"' "obles. mom ,'"?''"''» thepower 
 as he was put in posscs-it 'e blood of thfir t^™^*' ^h^ir hands ,, /Tbic"''"'' than any of i!?""** and more 
 lorn, to swear fealty ai.cl|ftone for the treatmin?' '-"'''^"'""red to Jf,! ^''."ftish monarchs i.J'.''.."'^'J«ce8sor8 
 , wni^iiBii n^nnarl'^, t.n rn.BtlicIr lovnif,, .If "'."'ent Of fj,of„M.-_ S" I ^ domination to va ''® *oJo riKi t 
 
 «\onepo^.aessr,^«^^''°„"^ 
 
 readiness to stand forward 
 L'ir king and country against 
 I took the field at the bead 
 of tlieir followers ; but It wa 
 he same time that they wen 
 
 a stronger desire to redrcs^ 
 riovancos than to annoy ttj 
 with a llxed determinatio 
 
 tlioso f.ivourltes whose ins: 
 Intolerable. This res 
 
 "d tjTelr power C;''"^'/' o' scoiirT. 
 >'f y Of hls\T„Sdom"',^^r'' "« »' "se- 
 lf terror to himsfif 'TiHa* ■'**»«" Object 
 I'fl I'art met with d..tri^i°'"'''<'nce ci 
 klrs; and in hVi ui/ *\"'' •''Section on 
 Perlenced how much nT/" ?"»''"' he 
 snoblcs Is able to noi^„" ^'"^ helovcd bv 
 gour of his TOuragn °o}V ^'"•o"gh t|'^ 
 
 - iy prospect of naffir o^""''" "'an from 
 
 ■come intolerable. This rcs»fed war against fI^'-J''"'*''^''' ^e de- 
 secuica in the camp near LaB^fa hy as gallant -ui nrri ' "'"^ "'as fol- 
 ir previously concerted ila* ancestors |,a(i ipj ,™J' as ever aiiy of 
 Is of Angus, Huntley, and LaPi'o of Plodden pIpi^ r ^"»'and. The 
 I by almost all the barons §^07] gained by the »,Vp'^f ' England^ 
 •my.forclbly entered the apai§"es, and In which he in„?', ^u^rey over 
 king, seized every one theicii to humble the nrfstnl"*' his life, serv- 
 lay. who had taken slielterl'-e than all the premprt^'?f?' S^ Scotland 
 Id hanged them lmmediat#PrecedingkJnKs Tw ^''''^ attacks of 
 e. Among the most remaiPs. Ave eldest sons nf.,'',^'*'''''' thirteen 
 wlio had engrossed the kin*' number of barons fn.i'^l^?*'"' and a 
 Cochran, a mason; Honii*D. 1517. -James y!;,iPJLV9 "'e king 
 inard, a smith ; Rogers, a i»'i only one year old t?,^** J!'« father 
 'orllfan, a fencing-master. W ^as conferred nnnn 1 • ''"'ee of re- 
 ^e of Albany, a mafi of "* *;''"«'n. the 
 rise, a native otV^°4 ^^l?" ""^ en 
 imanners, the laws^n V. -^.stranger to 
 people over w inV« i. "" '''e language of 
 kd rathir a";"a°'^,^ceroro'f''lif'^V "'lef 
 >r James abandoned hlnii»pan the governor of w^ *^^ ^'•ench 
 his favourites; and All)*s had attained h)«fh?'i*"'^- '"'hen 
 ted. retired to his castleBy/ retired to France •»«^^7'*'^ J'ear. 
 renewed his former confi*" that the kins «hm.?i ° *''° "obles 
 ward. The death of EdwaPrament, with the as«uV^«^^""o the 
 asted his hopes of relgniDgB<:lllorB, among whom ^""!P "' eight 
 [e fled llrst to England,*"?, who soon got fhnJI^'', *heearl of 
 ace. and from that timeR''sownhand8. jnmB.»°'° authority 
 ■ in the affairs of Lis na#"»icled by the carPa .^^^'^"""nwally 
 ■«. Who closely watchert^ M ""^ "onn. 
 aer of retirement than c#??'«!.er. eluded all thlw^ J '^-■"'''"ens; 
 to indolence or superstitlBwg from Falkland fln/i^'i?"<'e. anrf 
 ed his Whole authority toW/hng, the residence n?*.. '''° eastio 
 Is favourites. The nobles ill*', and the only njnrn -!# .'^"^en, his 
 t-r— — — _Z strength in 
 
 inard, a smith ; Rogers, a 
 'orllfan, a fenclng-niaster. I 
 reason to confide in an arJ 
 ler his command, James dl 
 d shut himself up in the c.nsl 
 1. At length Albany matle f 
 le king, but it was not of lol 
 >r James abandoned lilni« 
 his favourites : and Al 
 
 alono ' . *^^^ "^es towed 
 ^-ofthftCr«»ii'9 
 
 f 
 
 I 1!) 
 
 "fill 
 
'^^gs*««fe-»^.. 
 
 \ 
 
 612 
 
 QT^r Ctrrjufut]? of Wfitarst fee. 
 
 Scots ; when hatred to the king, and con- 
 tempt for his general, prcduced an effect 
 to which there is no parhUel In history. 
 Ten thousand men fled befoi'e an army su 
 vastly Inferior, without pt'lklng a blow. 
 About thirty were killed ; i. jvc athousand 
 were taken prisoners, ami among them one 
 hundred and sixty pcrE ur, vf condition. 
 The small number of t)y Eiijf'' ih prevent- 
 ed their taking more pfl'- *ne- .. 
 
 As soon as this affair •'eacned the king, 
 nil the violent passions which are the ene- 
 mies of life preyed on his mind : the dcei)- 
 cst melancholy and despair succeeded to 
 the furious transports of his rage. Veatli 
 relieved him from his anxiety ; but whether 
 from the diseases of his mind, or by poi- 
 son, is not Bufllciently ascertained. It took 
 I>lace In December 1543. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 The Reign 0/ Mabv.— JToiMfl of Stuarts 
 
 A.D. 1543.— Maby, only child of James V. 
 and Mary of Guise, who was bom only a few 
 days before the death of her father, suc- 
 ceeded to the crown. The situation In whicli 
 he left the kingdom, and the perils to be 
 apprehended from a lengthened regency, 
 alarmed all ranks of men with the prosi)ect 
 of a iurbulent and disastrous reign. 
 
 Cardinal Beaton, who for many years liad 
 been considered as prime minister, was tlio 
 flrst that claimed the high dignity of re- 
 gent ; in suppo . of his pretensions, he pro- 
 duced a will, which he himself had forged 
 in the name of the late king, and, with- 
 out any other right, instantly assumed the 
 title of regent. Ho hoped, by the assistance 
 of thQ clergy, the countenance of France, 
 the connivance of the queen dowager, and 
 the support of the whole popish faction, to 
 hold by force what he had seized on by 
 fraud. But Beaton had enjoyed power too 
 long to be a favourite '>f the nation. James 
 Hamilton, earl of A/ran, the next heir to 
 the queen, was called forth, by the general 
 voice of the nation, to take upon liimscU 
 the high ofllce ; and the nobles, who were 
 assembled for that purpose, unanimously 
 proclaimed him regent. 
 
 The earl of Arran had scarcely taken 
 possession of his new dignity, when a ne- 
 gotiation was opened with England, which 
 gave rise to events of the most fatal conse- 
 quence to himself, and to the kingdom. 
 This negotiation embraced a proposal from 
 Henry, of the marriage of Edward, bis only 
 son, with the young queen of Scots. All 
 those who feared the cardinal, or who de- 
 sired a change In religion, were pleased 
 with the idea of an allifluce that would af- 
 ford protection to the doctrine which they 
 had embraced, as well as to their own per- 
 sons, against the rage of that powerful and 
 haughty prelate. 
 
 The designs whicli Henry had formed 
 upon Scotland were obvious from the mar- 
 riage which he had proposed, and he had 
 not dexterity enough to disguise them. He 
 demanded that the young queen should be 
 put under his care, and the government of 
 the kingdom placed In his bands during 
 ber minority. 
 
 The Scots parliament consented to a 
 troaty of marriage and of union, but upon 
 terms somewhat more equal. The Soots 
 agreed to send their sovereign Into England 
 as soon as she had attained the age of ten 
 years; and to deliver six persona of the 
 llrst rank, to be kept as hostages by Henry 
 till the queen's arrival at his court. On the 
 side of Henry, it was agreed that the queen 
 should continue to reside in Scotland, and 
 himself remain excluded from any share in 
 the government of the kingdom. 
 
 The cardinal complained loudly that the 
 regent had betrayed the kingdom to Its 
 most inveterate enemies, and sacrificed its 
 honour to his own ambition: he lament- 
 ed to see an ancient kingdom consenting 
 to its own servitude, and descending into ; 
 the ignominious station of a ' 'ovince; and 
 in one hour, the weakness or treachery of j 
 one man, surrendering everything fur; 
 which tho Scottish nation had struggled 
 and fought during so many ages. These 
 remonstrances of the cardinal were not 
 without effect, and tho whole n.atlon de- 
 clared against the alliance which had bcco 
 concluded. 
 
 Argyll, Huntley, Bothwcll, and other 
 powerful barons, declared openly against 
 the alliance with England. By their assist- 
 ance tuo cardinal seized on the persons u{| 
 the young s'leen and her mother. 
 
 On the 25th of August, 1543, the regent] 
 r.-itllled the treaty wltli Henry, and pro-j 
 claimed the cardinal, who still continued tol 
 oppose it, an enemy to his country. Onl 
 the 3rd of Sept'imber, he secretly withdrewj 
 from Edinburgh, and had an interview wltl 
 the cardinal at Callandar, where he not 
 only renounced the friendship of England 
 and declared for the interests of Francf] 
 but also changed his sentiments conccr 
 Ing religion, and publickly renounced tlij 
 doctrine of the reformers in the Frauc 
 can church at Stirling. 
 
 The cardinal was now In possession 
 everything his ambition could desire, ai 
 exercised all the authority of a rcgci 
 without the envy and opprobrium attacli! 
 to tho name. Henry VIII. was not oil 
 temper to bear tamely the indignity m 
 which he had been treated both by tl( 
 regent and the parlia.:ient of Scotland, 
 determined on invading that country, 
 earl of Hertford had tho command ot 
 army destined for the enterprise, and 
 ed It, without opposition, a few mllesat 
 Leith. He marched directly for Edinl)ur 
 which city he entered May 3rd, 1544. 
 plundering the adjacent country, ho 
 lire to both those towns ; then putting] 
 booty on board the fleet, reached the' 
 llsh borders in safety. Peace followed 1 
 after ; but cardinal Beaton had prevloi 
 been murdered by the means of Nor 
 Leslie, oldest son of the earl of Ilotl 
 wliom tho cardinal had treated not 
 with Injustice, but contempt. 
 
 The prelate resided at that time Ini 
 castle of St. Andrew's, which he had i\ 
 fled at a great expense, and. In the opli 
 of the age, had rendered It imprcgn] 
 His retinue was numerous, tho town 
 devotion, and the neighbouring coi 
 
iment consented to m 
 and of union, but upon 
 noro equal. The Scots 
 • goveroign Into England 
 attained the age of ten 
 ,ver six persons of the 
 pt as hostages by Henry 
 Ival at his court. On the 
 as agreed that the queen 
 ) reside in Scotland, and 
 3luded from any share la 
 : the kingdom, 
 iiplaiiied loudly that the 
 ,ed the kingdom to its 
 lemles, and sacrificed Its 
 n ambition: he lainent- 
 jnt kingdom consenthiR 
 dc. and descending into 
 tatlonofa • oviuce; ami 
 veakness or treachery ol 
 ndcrlng everything for 
 sh nation had struggled 
 IK so many ages. These 
 [the cardinal were not 
 nd the whole nation do- 
 3 alliance which bad been 
 
 y, BothwcU, and other, 
 declared openly against 
 England. By their assist- 
 1 seized on the persons oJ 
 and her mother. I 
 
 August, 1543, the regent 
 tv witli *w*»Tirv- and prol 
 nal.who 
 
 il^iiligll^' 
 
 mmmMmmm 
 
 and had an interview will 
 Callandar, where he iiol 
 the friendship of BnglaniU 
 • the Interests of France 
 J his sentiments conccra 
 1 publlckly renounced th 
 reformers In the FraucU 
 Irllng. , J 
 
 ivas now In possession n 
 mbltlon could desire, anj 
 10 authority of a regcnj 
 
 
 'emy to his country On! «.a.,..t"t "I'o ^^X 
 iber.he secretly ^v'thdrcj of a caiM/naf ^^, " 
 and had an Interview wltj d.ilns it, to i.o I fj ,? ," r " 
 
 
 10 autliority of » regc*lmost double tliatofH.n''''^''" ariny' «■«..' I ^-r""/''''"''' '■"lv--.-cd''tn "m " "'O'lmii, and "n 
 SHythe ln51mW-*.nk, ,„ o" " ^ 'te"otf»^;„l' » M»m«o „> tii ?±,""' « JVmlT ,1,. 
 
 iivadlng that country. T«Mr, ,v|,„. t'akJn^ « fc' ^^Ptomh4 loth l?J''Present tT"ir wlm/f ," "* "« ">en ber, 
 
 I had the command ot»uou8 haste, ro.itort /h'"*"*^ "' ilieir j, ' ".'V^'- ^n "'c tre it\^n? f '"'"•^' ntti.eS 
 
 .,t„«.„ternrlse. and 1*16 Jo«., .<..•„ ^""tod them wi.n consw^'." f » yas '^^'o^'A^'iSo^?' ^"« ''a ■" 
 
 J;'!^'-? ^m. "if f f""'^"!}.?^ an hSn?''f ''"o. Of 
 
 )arlla.:ient of Scotland.Mi/Soitierset, ne 
 
 ■'"vuu Mith ppoarp sw..., "'^"ed were ...?„,*''"' and all tiVp ,.i ,i't''' »o Publier 
 
 rnal had treated "«'l,«^''V''«l'4->dico8T/H""'^'e8 S^^ r°"» and ^tl^l-r e, "f '',»""«l '<> wry 
 
 but contempt. ii'" 'a*-""rof France^n^*? '^"''^n <loZ^ tor^ B'lt /ro» f ^ '^?' '""Jalty to 
 
 resided at that "me tal irresentmcnt awS w ",'" violence of -.T-"^ ''>' "'e I'art thev u n '^ ""'i' were d - 
 idreWs. which h?had# proposed <> "f= England, voluiua: \]1"\ * """re latorcs f„^ ";^,?'''"«d "Pon o 
 sxpense. and. In the oi)l#niago of their vn?nL "• "* *>aiioo a -i^"" '," "Wn. "-"""» scene, wJii,;ii now 
 
if „, 
 
 ^«^- 
 
 !!;l 
 
 ' *f 
 
 SI 
 
 614 
 
 Cl^e CrcrtJfurt) of W^tatjjt ffc. 
 
 throne. In on'. .• to gratify tlio arl)ltrary 
 caprico of Ilcnri , EllBal)eth, a i v oil as lier 
 predecessor IMary, Imd been i( 'clared Ille- 
 gitimate by tlic parliament ; bi'i. In hla Inst 
 will Ik declared them the bu .osaora on 
 the throne to their br-i her Edvird ; at the 
 samo time passing b;- lie posterity of lils 
 Bister Margaret, ciuecn of Scotland, and 
 continuing the lino of succcssuii to Ills 
 Bister, the duchess of Suffolk. Eiine trem- 
 bled t.r the catholic faltli under .< nueen of 
 such abilities as Kllzibcth was »viio\ni to 
 possess. Spain and France were riually 
 alarmed. Instlgatid by the impetuou- t»m- 
 bltlon of the Gnlscs, who govirncil the 
 court of Prance, Henry, sooii after the 
 death of Mary, persuaded his daughter-in- 
 law, and his sou, lier husband, toass'nio 
 the title of king and ijiieen of England. 
 They alfoi-ipd to publish this to all Europe, 
 Hml used thi!, stylo and riiipellatlon In inib- 
 lii' paiwr , The arms of Kngland weio cii- 
 gravod oii tu'.ir c:!ii,and on tbrlr plate, 
 and borne ;> then, '••i ,iU occnTmnB; but 
 no preparation*, net;' ruulo to s;:ri'ort this 
 Impolitic nnd iKniiiniuiv claim. Eli/abeth 
 was already sea .( •' :'i lier thmne : she pos- 
 sessed :>!1 til.! Inti.^i iUity of Hpirlt, and all 
 tlioartH ofpolh. , Which were necessary for 
 mu.i>.itaiii1ii'i 111!!., station ; iiiid England was 
 growin;? Into reputation for naval power, 
 while that oi Franco had been utterly neg- 
 lected. 
 
 It was absurd to expect that the Scot- 
 tish Protestants would assist to dethrone a 
 qutcn whom all Europe began to consider 
 as the most powerful guardian and defender 
 of tht reformed faith. Yet, absurd as It 
 was, lii 1559, the queen-regent Issued a 
 procKamatlon, enjoining all persons to ob- 
 serve the approaching festival of Easter ac- 
 cording to the Romish ritual. The protes- 
 tants, who saw the.danger approaching, In 
 order to avert It, engaged the earl of Olen- 
 calrn, and sir Hugh Campbell, to expostu- 
 late with her. "Without disguise or apologj-, 
 she avowed to them her resolution of ex- 
 tirpating the reformed religion out of the 
 kingdom ; and soon after summoned all the 
 Protestant preachers In the kingdom to a 
 court of justice, to bo hold at Stirling on 
 the 10th day of May. The reformed met 
 in great numbers to attend their pastors 
 to Stirling. The regent being alarmed at 
 their being so numerous, although un- 
 anned, promised to put a stop to tho in- 
 tended trial, and they dispersed towards 
 their own habitations. 
 
 The regent had little regard to her pro- 
 mise. The loth of May arrived. The names 
 of those were called who had been sum- 
 moned; and, UDon their non-appearance, 
 they were pronounced outlaws. This con- 
 duct occasioned an insurrection In Torth : 
 tho churches were defaced, the altars over- 
 turced, the Images broken in pieces, the 
 pictures torn, and the monasteries almost 
 levelled with the ground. A truce was soon 
 after concluded between tho regent .and 
 the protestant" which was presently brokei; 
 by the formei ; and the protestants again 
 took to arms, not only with a view of re- 
 dressing their religious, but their civil 
 griovanccs ; and the protestant army, wher- , 
 
 ever it came, spread the iirl'.uv o<'. rivir- 
 matlon. Tho gates of (very town wfjo 
 thrown open to receive dieiii ; anti, w'<l' 
 out striking a blow, tin y toe' i'o?3CSBloa 
 of Edinburgh, Juno 20, '.V.-O. 
 
 On tho 8th of July, K nrj Ii cf Franco 
 d'ed; and Francis, tho ^msbiind of Mary, 
 •lueen of Scot-, succee-'l o t) thi* 'sirci 
 'Hie qi'oen-ren'Mit was i~ mn aftev iieprl .c*; 
 or h'.'r ;)ower i..y the pmtu.-tants; but tho 
 Frcii, h garrlsoTi 'n Lelth .>;fused to sur- 
 rt luJer that plac^ nor wer .' tho Scots in a 
 coi\dtt; .11 to obllcfe (ivra. 
 
 Ill t.:ii situation of uflfalrs, application 
 was nirido to Elizabeth for ii.ss' stance. She 
 sent to then, a supply of four th')"''nMd 
 crowns, whirl', was li lorceptod by Jtmii. 
 well, aii<> 'arrlid oi?. A second nppllcMtion 
 was made, Imrliriniylier asiiistaiu-e Wllz.a- 
 beth had olwerved t hi' piovaU-nco of r 'jch 
 counsels, and i ad nlrcady C(.'»'0 to a n lo- 
 lutlon with regard to the pnV. she woiiUl 
 act, if tliOir po\'vcr shvuUl grow more for- 
 nildablo. 
 
 In January 1.560, an English fleet arrived 
 in the frith of Forth, and cast anchor in 
 tho road of Lelth. Tiie English army, con- 
 sisting of 0,000 foot and 2,000 horse, under 
 the command of tfui lord Grey of ■Wilton, 
 and .attended by a iirodiglous number of 
 protestants, entcrci.l .Scotland early In tho 
 spring, and advanced towards Leith, which 
 they invested. 
 
 Nothing could now save tho French 
 troops shut up in Leitii, but tho immediate 
 conclusion of a peace, or the arrival of a 
 powerful army from the continent. They 
 chose the former ; and Kllzabeth not only 
 obtained honourable couditions for her al- 
 lies, but for herself; particularly an ac- 
 knowledgment of her right to the crown of 
 England from Francis and Mary, who hi 
 the treaty solemnly engaged neither to a.s- 
 sumethe title, nor to bear the .arms of kinij 
 and queen of England, in any time to come: 
 this peace was signed July 0, 1560. Wlillc 
 this peace was negotiating, the queen re- 
 gent died; and on the 4tli of December 
 Francis II. paid the debt of nature. Ho 
 was a prince of a weak constitution, and 
 fjilll weaker intellect. The ancient con- 
 federacy of the two kingdoms had already 
 been broken ; and by the death of Francis 
 the chief bond of union wliich rcmaiiieJ 
 was dissolved. 
 
 In 15G1, tho convention invited the quoon 
 to return to Scotland, her native countrj'i 
 and to assume the reins of governnieiit. 
 •She sailed from Calais in a galley, and on 
 the 19th of August landed safely at Lcitli, 
 where she was received by her subjcctj 
 with acclamations of joy. 
 
 With a view to gain Elizabeth's favour, 
 and conformably to tho plan which liad 
 been concerted In Prance, Mary committed 
 the administration of affairs entirely to 
 protestants. Elixabetta commanded Ran- 
 dolph to congratulate her on her safe re- 
 turn ; and Mary sent Maitland to the Ens- 
 lish court with ceremonious oxpressiora ol 
 regard for the <iueen. 
 
 Mary had now been soToral years a \fl' 
 dow, and numerous applications from a\t- 
 f crcnt courts were made for her hand witli 
 
.y too^' roe»c88loa 
 
 •■'';"• .j. (iPrpco 
 M«l,aiu! oC Mary. 
 
 Potc.-tants; but tho i 
 
 Itli ."fUBCd to BUV 
 
 ^l^cr.'lhoScotslua 
 
 for i:i.ss'<'tanco. Siu. 
 y ot four th-vT^nvHl 
 
 icrasBisTaui. ^^ 
 
 iHflvaU'ncoo£f • " 
 
 •eidycc.'i'Oto'^ -^ ;'; ! 
 iumWKro.vJnoroloi- 1 
 
 . FnKll6li fleet arrived! I 
 , n,?d cast anchor in r, 
 
 d towards LeltU.wblcii 
 
 as, »aSk^? 
 
 nnd 1- lluabetU not onl 
 icccvlltlonsforhcr al- 
 
 'if -particularly an ac- 
 Ir'rlgbt to the crown 
 nclB and MaiT. who lu , 
 
 K «in9 of government. 
 
 IVelvcfbflt'rUjects] 
 |^*JrEli7.abcth;9lavmir, 
 
 p£^ 
 
 labeth comraanded mn 
 
 Cljc Wsitavu at ^catlnntr. 
 
 616 
 
 out effect. Tlio queen of England recom- 
 mended Robert Dudley, afterwards carl of 
 Leicester, to her choice. The hi^h spirit 
 of Mary could not well bear tho first over- 
 ture of a match with an English subject. 
 Hho dissembled, however, with tlio English 
 resident, and married her cousin, lord Darn- 
 ley, eldest son of tho carl of Lenox. The 
 ceremony was performed In tho queen's 
 chapel, according to tho rites of tho llo- 
 mlsh church, on the 25th of July 150.5. 
 
 Damley'8 external accomplishments had 
 excited that sudden and violent passion 
 which raised him to tho throne. But his 
 understanding was weak, and he was Inex- 
 perienced and conceited. A few months 
 after marriage their domestic quarrels be- 
 gan to be observed. 
 
 Rizzio, an Italian musician, whom Darn- 
 ley had at first taken Into great confidence, 
 had now Incurred his displeasure ; he Im- 
 puted the change In tho queen's conduct 
 towards him to his Insinuations; and Mary's 
 behaviour was undoubtedly such as to 
 roiiflrm and strengthen these suspicions. 
 She treated this Italian with a familiarity, 
 and admitted him to a share In her confi- 
 dence, to which neither his first condition, 
 nor tho ofllco of French secretary to tho 
 queen, which she had lately bestowed on 
 liini.gavo him any title. Ho was perpetu- 
 ally In her company ; and, together with a 
 fewfavourltes.wasthecompanlonof alllier 
 private amusements. The haughty spirit of 
 Darnloy could not bear tho Intrusion of such 
 an upstart ; und. Impatient of any delay, ho 
 resolved to get rid of him by violence. 
 
 Nothing now remained but to concert 
 the plan of operation, and choose the actors. 
 The place appointed for Illzzlo's murder 
 was the queen's bed-chamber. Darnley 
 himself selected it. In order that he might 
 have the satisfaction of reproaching him 
 with his crimes l)cfore the queen's fix-e. 
 On the 9th of March, 1560, Morton entered 
 the court of the palace with one hundred 
 and sixty men, and seized all the gates 
 without resistance. While the queen was 
 at supper with the countess of Argyll and 
 Pizzlo, the king suddenly entered the apart- 
 ment. Close behind him was lluthven, 
 clad In complete armour ; and three or four 
 others followed him. Uizzlo, supposing 
 himself their victim, took shelter behind 
 the queen, taking hold of her, hoping that 
 she might prove some protection to him. 
 Numbers of armed men rushed into the 
 chamber. Ruthven drew his dagger, and 
 furiously commanded Rlzzio to leave a place 
 of which he was unworthy, and which he 
 had occupied too long. Ms ry employed tears, 
 entreaties, and threatenings, to save her 
 favourite; but notwithf landing all these, 
 he was torn from her by violence; and 
 before ho could be dragged through the 
 next .apartment, his body was pierced with 
 flfty-Blx wounds. 
 
 Mary was but a very short time without 
 a favourite. James Hepburn, earl of Both- 
 well, a man of base character, gained an 
 ascendency over her heart ; and tho king 
 was treated with Indifference and neglect. 
 On the 10th of June 1666, she was delivered 
 of a son. This event did not in the least 
 
 alter her opinion In favour of her husband ; 
 her aversion to him was excessive. Both- 
 well was tho object of her admiration. 
 Henry had for some time resided at Oias- 
 Bow, where he had suffered severely from 
 illness. Tlilther Mary went, and prevailed 
 upon him to come to Edinburgh, to which 
 place ho was carried in a litter. 
 
 The house prepared for his reception be- 
 longed to the provost of a collegiate church, 
 called Kirk of Field, and had all tho .ad- 
 vantages of healthful air to recommend It ; 
 and Its solitude rendered It a proper place 
 for the commission of that crime, with a 
 view to which It seems manifestly to havo 
 been chosen. 
 
 Mary attended tho king with assiduous 
 care; she even slept two nights In tho 
 chamber under his apartment. On Sun- 
 day the 0th of Fcuruary 1507, abouteleven 
 at night, she left him, in order to be pre- 
 sent at a masque In the palace. At two 
 o'clock the next morning tho house was 
 blown up with gunpowder. The dead body 
 of tlie kinpr, with that of a servant who 
 slept In the same room, were found lying 
 In an adjacent garden, without the city 
 wall, untouclied by fire, and with no bruise 
 or mark of violence. [For a more detailed 
 account of this dark transact ion, the reader 
 Is referred to the 'History of England.'] 
 
 The queen and Bothwell wore generally 
 suspected of tho murder, not only by her 
 own subjects, but by all Europe, over which 
 the news spread rapidly, and excited uni- 
 versal horror ; but what contributed most 
 to convince the world of her guilt, was her 
 marriage, on the 15th day of May following, 
 with Bothwell. This Indecent act excited 
 particular Indignation and abhorrence lii 
 tiie Scots ; and In one month Bothwell was 
 obliged to make a hasty flight to Norway, 
 where ho died in a miserable state ; while 
 Mary surrendered herself to the nobles, 
 who conducted her to Edinburgh, amidst 
 tho execrations of the soldiers and tho mul- 
 titude. The following evening she was 
 conveyed, under a strong guard, to Loch- 
 levln castle, and put under the care of Wil- 
 liam Douglas, the owner of It, to keep her aa 
 a prisoner. In this place she resigned tho 
 crown to her son, and appointed the carl of 
 Murray regent. 
 
 ■ A.D, 1567.— James VI., at tho time an in- 
 fant, was crowned at Stirling on the 20th 
 day of July 1507 ; and the earl of Murray 
 assumed the regency, the good effects of 
 which were qxilckly felt. Ho called a par- 
 liament, that conflrmed tho proceedings of 
 the confederates. Here the letters which 
 Mary liad written to Bothwell were pro- 
 duced, which proved her to be accessory to 
 tho murder of the king. 
 
 George Douglas, a youth of eighteen, and 
 brother to William Douglas, who had charge 
 of Mary, was Induced, by her affable and 
 insinuating manner, to let her escape. On 
 Sunday, tho 2nd of May, while his brother 
 was at supper, he procured tho keys which 
 unlocked her apartment ; and the queen and 
 one of her maids were suffered to escape to 
 a boat In the lake ready to receive her. She 
 travelled all night, attended by Douglas, 
 Seton, and sir James Hamilton, and in two 
 
 f 1 ' 
 
 i 
 
blG 
 
 ^l)S Crtarftirii of W^taxVt ^r. 
 
 diiya reached Ilniuiltou, ^Yllcro bIio raised iv 
 large nrmy. 
 
 Tlio regent wns (it Gl(i?gow, lioldtng a 
 court of justice, wlicu he heard ot Mnry'a 
 flight ; tiiid her lU'Diy, nlrcndy strong, aviis 
 only eight miles di.Mliiiit. In this dnngeroiia 
 exigency the superiority of Murray's gcnlua 
 appeared, and ho was soon In a condition to 
 take tho Held. lietween the two armies, 
 and on tho road towards Dumbarton, lay 
 Langslde-hlll. This the regent had the pre- 
 caution to seize, and hero ho waited the 
 approach of tho enemy. Tho encounter 
 was flerco and dcspernto : at length tho 
 queen'ii army was obliged to give ground, 
 and the rout immediately became univerHiil. 
 Mary witnessed tho bivlilofruma hill ; and 
 when she i-aw tho arniyi her last hope, 
 thrown Into Irretrievable confusion, she 
 began her flight, and never slept till Plie 
 reached the abbey of Dundrennan, In Gallo- 
 way, full sixty Scots miles from tho fleld of 
 battle. Krom thence sho escaped In aflshcr- 
 man's boat to I'.irllslc, with about twenty 
 attendants. This event took place on the 
 leth of May, 1508. 
 
 Elizabeth no sooner heard that Mary had 
 arrived In lOuf^'land than she resolved to 
 detain her. With this view she InstJintly 
 despatched lord Scrope and sir Francis 
 Knollys, with letters full of kindness and 
 condolence ; l)Ut at the same time gave or- 
 ders to prevent her escape. Mary was soon 
 after conducted to llolton, a seat of lord 
 Hcrope's, on tho borders of Yorkshire. She 
 was some time .iftcr, on account of a rebel- 
 lion in her favour, removed to Coventry, a 
 I)lace of strength, which could not be taken 
 without n regular siege. 
 
 Weary of keeping such n prisoner as the 
 Scots <iu(!en, Rlizabelli resolved to deliver 
 lier to the regent on certain conditions. 
 But while this airiiir was in negotintion, 
 the regent was murdered by llaniiltou, of 
 Bothwellh.augh, a person who owed his life 
 to the regent's clemency. Thus ended that 
 celebrated man, James .Stu.art, natural son 
 o( .Tames V., by la<ly Kr^^kine, and natural 
 brother to Mary, queen of Scots. Ho pos- 
 Eesscd personal Intrepidity, military Bkill, 
 and Bi.grtclty. Ue was a fiiend to learning, 
 xealous for tho reformed religion, and li- 
 beral to all whonj ho esteemed woi-tliy of 
 Ilia confidence and friendship. Ho was 
 long and affectionately remembered among 
 tho people by tho name of tho 'good 
 regent. 
 
 A.D. 1570.— The earl of Lenox, father of 
 the unfortunate Darnley, the murdered 
 husband of Mary, was elected regent on 
 the 12tb of July, 1570; and In 1071 Dum- 
 barton castle was attacked and taken by 
 captain Crawford ; a service of great Im- 
 portance to the regent, being the only for- 
 tiiled place In the kingdom that held out 
 for the queen. Ho was, however, surprised 
 and murdered at Stirling on the 3rd of Sep- 
 tember 1571. 
 
 The earl of Mar was chosen regent by a 
 majority of voices, on the 6th of Septem- 
 ber 1571 ; but he retained the situation no 
 longer th'in the 29th of October 1572, when 
 the earl of Morton was elected ; the fourth 
 vlio had held that dangerous ofllce in the 
 
 space of Ave years. James was now In tho 
 twelfth year of his age. Alexander Krsklne 
 had tho chief direction ot his education ; 
 and under him the celebrated Buchanan 
 acted as preceptor, assisted by three others 
 of the flrst ability. Tho nation groaned 
 inidcr the oppressions of Morion, and 
 those about tho king Infused Into him sus- 
 picions of his power and designs. Tho 
 earls of Athol and Argyll wcro animated 
 against him with Implacable resentment : 
 they besought tho king to call a council 
 of tho nobles. Janiea consented, and let- 
 ters wero Issued for that purpose. This 
 coiuicll met March 2-1, l"i78, and advised 
 the king to deprive Morton of tho regency, 
 and take tlie reins of government Into his 
 own hands. Morton Immediately acqui- 
 esced ; and a council of twelve peers were 
 appointed to assist the king in the admhil- 
 stralion of affairs. Morton, however, gain- 
 ed the ascendency within a month, and re- 
 sumed his former authority. 
 
 James early dlscoveied tliat excessive at- 
 taclnnent to favourites which accompanied 
 him through life. Kjui.t Stuart, second 
 brother of the earl of lienox, by birth 
 IV Krcnchman, and captain James Stuait, 
 second poll of lord Ochiltree, were most In 
 Ills contldence. Both thcso favourites la- 
 boured to undermine the authority ot Mor- 
 ton: they accused him of tho murder of 
 tho late king, and offered to verify this 
 charge by legal evidence. Morton was con- 
 lined llrst to his own house, and afterwards 
 in tiio castle of lOdinburgh; and he was 
 poon after tried, condemned, and executed. 
 What he confessed with regard to the crime 
 for wliic'i ho Fufllered is remarkable: it 
 .imounted to this, that Bothwell and Hunt- 
 U'y were the perpetrators, and that tlio 
 queen was tho author of It. Morton was 
 executed In 1681. 
 
 The enterprise called tho 'raid of Butli- 
 veii • happened in the following year, when 
 the king was seized In Ituthven castle, by 
 (iowrle, llayd, Giamis, and Olirhant. Thia 
 conspiracy. It is s.ald, was covi tenanced by 
 lOlizabeth. .Tames, however, In Juno l.W.'i, 
 escaped out of the hands of the conspirators, 
 after upwards of ten months' conllnemoiii: 
 
 In 1581, the partisans of Mary were busied 
 In a consiilracy against Klizabcth. This 
 plot was called the Orciit Plot or Vcsianinivt, 
 which she no sooner discovered than jIio 
 resolved to take Mary out of the hands ot 
 the earl of Shrewsbury, who had had the 
 c:ire of her flfce^a years, and appointed sir 
 Ainlas Paulet and sir Drue Drury to be he: 
 Keepers. Soon after this an act was passed, 
 which rendered Mary accountable not only , 
 for her own actions, butforthose of others: 
 ill consequence of which she might forfeit j 
 her right of succession, and even her lifo | 
 Itself. Projn this period Mary was treated | 
 witii Increased rigour ; almost all her ser- 
 vants were dismissed, and she was removed ; 
 to Tulbury. I 
 
 Not long after, the Inconsiderate affection | 
 of tho Kngllsh catholics towards JIary, and 
 their Implacable resentment against tiizu- ■ 
 beth, gave rise to a conspiracy which proved ; 
 fatal to tho former. Having, however, takea i 
 up this subject at considerable length In £U- i 
 
 !l 
 
Bl veil nil tlio i.oLinr^I'*''.?' "■ SSfl-fiLnnd 
 
 nff<'ctljig sccnM thn" 'r»'^'»<''"K, yet truiv' 
 of /niimrtnnce rninin/.f • '" t''o "oxt cvcnf 
 
 N<>v. 24, 1589. ^^'-"'"'I'lf. nliHi, tookM.ico 
 
 If prudent to cn.u',tv„, .S"'''''' ''^'■'-•''"nglit 
 timt country. K\wnrT\'' *-'"'" 'Uxnty , 
 
 Jfr In the t.iost carncsfmn ''-'"'• """cited 
 "'so his title by son n,,,rM '''?•■ '•> rccJ: 
 
 James could oht .in i "'"^ "'"^ "H that 
 could bo nh'ulo ,, VVi ;, "^^ "0 'iiirress , 
 •lor was the or .'re rt?,"r"' 1'"^ '""''ass 
 tloii of j.or f«nl,jm«n'M ',"'''' "'o disi.os . 
 
 S^-u^j;^;: -i;;;^! H:!fii,^nf^' the 
 
 raoy altogether ,S,er If "■• '.'•'' *» '^""sA- 
 
 liuthveu, earl of (.»'"■' "' "^ "''^'•o .T" i 
 AlfxandeV;?lVo 8o,Vs f"i>. "/"' ''/« '"•other 
 
 a>.<ler Rufl?l.,,f;'^f,^«.""«tcd hyMr Ak-L" 
 |"«;e. told hini/that the 'vnl ?''■"/ ''"'•o'-t- 
 I Hd met an unknown „r^?'''» '^'^^•"•« ''o 
 ni'pearanee, walkinri „ ' °? '' suspicions 
 near his bfotiir."! i^ "'""'o '» a hy-iMM, 
 BfarchJng T; ,V, ,:^ ''"«f at Perth u d on' 
 niiot filled wth a ^rnn r*^ ""«'«''• J"8 clonk 
 
 'im and lUs tresnro.'t''ly seized both 
 mnilcating the natt„^ f,^ I without co,„' 
 'jt'Pt him coniiiied nmf h° ""-y Person, had 
 fouso ; and that j.e ? on^Vl'l'V " «<"it«ry 
 ' '."part such a slngSiar p,?.'"^.','; '"« ''"ty to 
 In-i majesty. Jam?J .f ''^'^I't' "''^t of all to 
 f;;l thls^„i^;.o™^^';n<cUh.tely sus,^ 
 Piiost 6ui).)iied with ftiiii *"^ " seminnry 
 '0 r^«lte >'ew comnwuo^'/," ?."'",• '" o^-der 
 • 111 resolved toe mnoui^^^^^^^ "'® 'kingdom. 
 IVrth to call tWeZ^fl''S'"«8'st rates of 
 ""luiro Into a tK,' '"''"'"" "'«•". and 
 »f';o-. Ruthvenvioin' /"'"Stances of t e 
 8"'''tion, an \vitiV°'^"t'i' oi'Posed thlsre- 
 jl'iced the king to rldS..'!'"»"'»''"t« l^t 
 «:> examine the nVa f «. '^^*'"*' t" r"*^'"' and 
 *lthin a niilo of ?!,? '" I'^rson. w ",? 
 forward to infon,, . ' ,*"'*'"• Ruthven rodo 
 "'•firal, w"th abniV 'r'i*'?"'*''- of the khig-s 
 ireparatlo, s wore n ad " / "'t«n<J'"'t8 N,f 
 '"••"'It; although the ]".ri'"'' '"« cntcrtafn- 
 «''d embarrassed ho ?o'(i''''*^'»'-ed I'^nslvo 
 
 w/;^^v?:^'««^ourtesy&.f™' """'^ to 
 ^"th which ho treatei 1 1. "^"'"^on fa^o 
 
 »"^i^^ n? "^'SaS;^^ wJ 
 
 '-)• your co»,„,",V,"'-'V. '"y folher suiTered 
 
 ^^o'lor; submit my di.Y'' "'"^ P'y Pri- 
 
 s Htanco or oufro" ..r tte"*' ^'""-'"t rc- 
 
 f, i.;/'^ •■''^^'••"«o lis blood •"'Y^*''' «'"'" 'n 
 tulatod with jiiiM,r.„ "• James cxima 
 
 fired him. 'Wordi'i,?,'' ♦'""■catcd and flai 
 
 ''''Id Ills liand" In, • '""' ""cniDtcd to 
 "as, scorned to s„i^ u^' ""armed as bn 
 ••'"I. closing viti "' L iV^""! ""l'»"ity° 
 ffniggieen.i^icd;tho nn,M;?'«'''' " "crco 
 ' '» iiiotlonless all ho w , ,'"""'?"''stnnd 
 HigglngKuthve ; to va rds ,^^^^^^^^ '"o kf'K 
 "as ojien. The king then ' ','"^^ ^'''ch 
 of terror, loudiv ,.v .■ ■"• ^'f'' a voire 
 treason I liXPr ^'xclalmfd. 'TroaVo V 
 attei..lanf8 1 ,'ar,l «.,h ^ """-'lercd I • « i 
 «;'W a. the "indow ^ ^'''''I '"» voice, anu 
 t»c king's nock wlTl, vk.'L^n'"''''''' »'-«Cl 
 o .Is assistance; nd sir" T^ ^^li^^ ^Uy 
 Irst entering the n .if ^'"^ "'ohn Banisav 
 '•"'"'ven, Who was s i i'."*""' "-"sled ufon 
 '•"yal master. stn.H- .f "i'''^""^ with 1 « 
 
 Micre sir Thomas l"r'k-i '''''l"l''-*fai'-^ 
 I'firies met and kl /.riiT' ""'' »'•■ «ugh 
 '".shed Into tl.e room Will '!!• ^'""■'•'« "ow 
 ;;"d. followed by "cl-eL of"i7"':'i '» *^a«'" 
 "cll armed, and vifH.„i'. ''« attendants 
 e"od them all wiVh.,'? J""^ ''olce, threat! 
 ";ithstandlng"t,ro'' . j,"^^^|!t ^„7"'. Not- 
 t'loy encountered t ",i. il„Ji^ "'. numbers. 
 
 y lapses: "Tji^f^^^^^^^^ 
 
 treason was prefer?efi i^ ^/'"F"' 'or high 
 "esses were e.Nlamine^^S'«t ".em ; wit- 
 sentence, the imul^hmc ^^ ,i ^ '"* ""a"''n<)U3 
 "aK inflicted or hH • , n,*l"'i '" favors 
 rarliainent also enacted lift n"'^'^«- ^ho 
 
 lew. in the seven't ' ^'"» "'CSiHi of March 
 
 I'o forty.flftj;^,f iVrViTgn'''i"'^"'^^' ■'•"d 
 previous to her denMi lul^l' A *''ort thno 
 ;".'d the lord adS^ff„M'''^'■'^'^'« Cod? 
 
 ,^>"«r Of Scots,'Sld bo ier "r^'"' "'« 
 i^lils she confirmed on i,^- i ' ,?"cce8sor.' 
 soon as she had hroithJr '','^a"«-»>ed. Ab 
 Of t_ho councJI rocaimort*''"!'"''' *"^' '"rdl 
 E'lfirland. AH tho in?^r^ " •'•"'"'^^s king of 
 foreigners h favour°of ? !«', '^?'"'"'«<i «" > y 
 cabals lornicd witidn f '"5?°"». »» thb 
 «"l>Po.t the title of 1 ,,""; H^n^doni to 
 
 f," .£'.«. --^i:' Of He?tf!;^;i^ df ™P.^:!lL«'sm 
 
 and the tarl of 7reTtfor,7,u''"'''^'''* Stuart 
 "-"ent. ,,r cSne^-^Tr^^^^^^^^ 
 
I; ! 
 
 618 
 
 Clje CTtrniifuri; a( l^iidtarv, ^r. 
 
 the onri ot Noi'lliuinliorhiiid, aiul ThuiiiikH 
 BonierBct, ooit of tlio I'lirl of Worcester, 
 wuru Ur>Hi)ntcliud to Scotliuid with :i letter 
 to Jamcx, HiKiied by all llio iicert) ami iirivy 
 rounclllorrt then In London ; Informing lilni 
 of EUznbeth'x dorca!<e, and of his accogglon 
 to tho throne, llo prepared to set out for 
 London, and appointed tbu quueii tu follow 
 Iilin within a few weeks. 
 
 On the 5th of April Jauics hegan hla 
 Journey with a splendid train, and entering 
 Loudon on the 7th of May, took poaccablu 
 possession of tho throne of England. 
 
 From this period t" tho legislative union 
 of tho kingdoms, S;otIand declined not 
 only In Importance but in wealth. Instead 
 of enjoying any advantages by thu alliance, 
 it was considered rather lis an appendage 
 nf England, than as an important jiart of 
 Great Drltaln, and it was consequently neg- 
 lected. Uuuco It became a scene of civil 
 Btrlfo and national disturbances, rather 
 than n land united In the strong ties of mu- 
 tual interests and recii>rocul attachments. 
 Kot that this state of things commenced 
 Immediately after tho accession of James 
 to tho crown of England, or even during his 
 llfo ; but that, perhaps, must be attributed 
 more to tho personal attention of tho sove- 
 reign, than to tho transfer of the sove- 
 reignty. 
 
 There were seven Scottish parliaments 
 called after tho accession of James, where- 
 in he presided by a commlsiiloner. 
 
 An act was passed in ICOG for the resto- 
 ration of tho estate of bishops ; which was 
 followed by a great variety of laws for giv- 
 ing proper effect to the general principle ; 
 and there were also many laws enacted for 
 promoting domestic economy. After go- 
 verning Scotland with considerable success 
 during his occupation of the throne of Eng- 
 land, he died on tho 27th of March, l'<25, 
 and was succeeded by his son Charles I., 
 tlier. in the twenty-llf th year of his age, 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 From the Accession of Ciiahles I. to the 
 
 Death of William ill. 
 
 Dvaiva tho first ten years of Charles's 
 rclgu nothing occurred in Scotland calcu- 
 lated to disturb the serenity of lils rule ; 
 Tiut this calm was succeeded by frequent 
 hrolls and contentions, arising from many 
 causes, but chleQy originating in ecclesi- 
 asilcal matters. Among many laws of a 
 salutary tendency, they passed an act, re- 
 serving to the crown those lands which tho 
 baronage had wrested from the church ; the 
 clergy were thus bencfltcd, tho peoi)le were 
 relieved, but the barons were ofleiidcd. 
 Charles, who was attached to episcopacy 
 from sincere rellglims convictions, as well 
 as from viewsof political expediency, form- 
 ed tho scheme of a.-4»lmilatlng in all re- 
 pects tho churches in England and Scot- 
 land. With this view ho determined to 
 introduce a liturgy, which hi Scotland had 
 iievcr been regularly used ; and ho insisted 
 upon tho reception of a set of canons abo- 
 lishing the control over ecclesiastical mea- 
 sures which the inferior church judicatories 
 bad been permitted tu exercise. The vio- 
 
 leiico with which all this was resisted \\a* 
 carried to tho most extravagant ]iltch : the 
 clergy were Insulted, and episcopacy was 
 again contemplated as the engine of popery 
 and despotism. The dissensions which soon 
 arose in England cherished this statu of 
 mind : the discontented In Scotland made 
 common cause with the disaifected in tho 
 southern part of the island : they bound 
 themselves by the extraordinary deed which 
 they entitled ' tho solemn league and cove- 
 nant,' to exterminate prelacy as n corrup- 
 tion of the Qospei ; and thiy took an active 
 part in those violent scenes which ended in 
 tlio death ot Charles and tho crecliou of tUo 
 commonwealth. 
 
 To describe tho battles which took place 
 between royalists and roundheads, or to 
 nmke comnientson the hypocrisy and faith- 
 lessness of tho times, would be to repeat 
 that which has already found a place in 
 this volume. AVe shall therefore merely "b- 
 servo that after the execution of Charles I., 
 in 1618, the Scots I'roclalmed his son king, 
 under the title of Charles II. ; and that some 
 months after his defeat at Worcester, Scot- 
 land was incorporated Into one cummun- 
 Wealth with England. 
 
 On the restoration of Charles IL, the 
 Scottish parliament assembled, under tho 
 earl of MIdUleton, the king's commlssluuer, 
 on the 1st of January, 1001. He declared 
 tho king's resolution to maintain the truo 
 reformed protestant religion, as It had been 
 established during the reigns of his father 
 and grandfather; Intimating, however, that 
 he would restore the episcopal government, 
 though ho allowed, meanwhile, tho admi- 
 nistration of sessiuns, presbyteries, and sy- 
 nods. This endeavour to establish episco- 
 pacy was violently opposed, and led to tlio 
 most cruel persecution of tho Presbyteri- 
 ans, which lasted, with more or less fc- 
 verity, during the whole of his reign. Num- 
 bers were executed ; others were lined, im- 
 prisoned, and tortured ; and wliole tracts 
 of the country were placed under amilitary 
 despotism of the worst description. Driven 
 to desperation, the presbyteriau party had 
 several times recourse to arms, and, al- 
 though in some cases successful, they wero i 
 finally defeated and scattered at ButhwcU- 
 bridge, 
 
 A.D. 1685.— On ascending the throne, I 
 James II. professed his intention to sup- 
 port the government, in churcli and state, 
 as by law established ; yet his predilectiou 
 for tho catholic religion was evident in lils 
 very first acts. Com])llaut as the Scottii<h 
 parliament was in wliat related to tlicir 
 civil liberties, they were resolved to adlicro 
 to their religious principles. On this polut, 
 indeed, the people of Scotland vere unaiii- 
 mous, and when they heard of 4he limdiiig 
 of the prince of Orange, and read his Oe- 
 claratiou in favour of liberty and In sui)- 
 port of law, they hailed his advent wiili 
 joy. Tho nobles began to intrigue ; the 
 populace, in their zeal, broke out into In- 
 surrection against the catholics at Edin- 
 burgh ; and all classes looked up to tho 
 prince of Orange as tho deliverer of tho 
 two nations from popish dominion. Wil' 
 liam consulted several of tho Scottish iw 
 
 rant 
 
 from 
 
 niiU _ 
 
 dlers, 
 
 coiam 
 
 dore' 
 
 Olenc„ 
 
 fortuij 
 
 seiiues 
 
 13tli, 
 
 donald 
 
 to SUIT 
 
 order , 
 It'ss bai 
 whom 
 cilcssly 
 J'l'port 
 and wei 
 ''}• a tc 
 the nig 
 I rnpUie 
 ''uriied 
 children 
 ot cold 
 sacro e: 
 laturall 
 of WiUii 
 
Icgliio of popery 
 
 niidT they bouiul , 
 u tMWuoandeovc- 
 f^t.fU an a" WO 
 "tuo erection oUUo 
 
 OB wlilfUtoolt place 
 "roundheads or » 
 liyiiocrlByandliillli- 
 wovildl-e tonvcal 
 ly found a rliice n 
 therefore mere y oh- 
 .cutlouofCharle|iI.. 
 
 "aimed lilB »"" '''"*• 
 osn.iaudtlmtBomo 
 
 It at Worcester, Bcoi- 
 i liiio ouo common- 
 
 ol Cliarlea II.. <:l'<; 
 
 ImatliiB. however, tlmt 
 
 ri.rc8l)ytcrleg,andBj- ,, 
 -^^^"leit^ilo ' 
 
 boSreTgHu- 
 fotUcr8Wcrcflned.hn- 
 Lo.i • and whole tracis 
 ',u.eduud.-'r ft military 
 
 iccndlng tljo throne. | 
 
 his intention to b"!) 
 ,/ In church and state, 
 
 l^^^ystvedtoadbercl 
 
 K.rii.lc8 On this polut. 
 If Rrotlandvercnn'Uu- 
 bed hi/ advent W.U. 
 Lean to intrigue 1 1'" 
 %^^W}ie out into 
 the catliollcs at tJ" 
 Jses looked up to o 
 tl the deliverer ol^lo 
 
 QTIje Witor^ of £<catTAitli. 
 
 fllO 
 
 liU'H.cIcTKy, and gentry, rcKardlnwtlioHtato 
 of their oonulry, and Unned circular lottcfH, 
 tiinnmonlug a convention at Kdlnhurgli, on 
 I lie 33nd of March IflSO. When thuy met, 
 I licy derided that k Iuk James, by Ills ubUBu 
 t)t power, liiul forfi Itod tho rights to tho 
 ci'own ; andlninu'ili;iicly declared the princo 
 and princess of Orange to he kli'.g and (ineen 
 {it Scotland. This act, which Involved nuch 
 nilglity conBC'iHcnres, was attended by a 
 declaration of their wrongs and rIghtH. 
 V'ormer InHurrortlonM, though accompanied 
 liy many mli>chlcrH, passed away without 
 any advantago to lh(^ nation. Thouuh the 
 revolution of 1080 lnouKlit with It a civil 
 war. It was tho means of strengthening tho 
 ciMiHlltutlon, of |iiTservlng pulillc liberty, 
 and securing prlvali' rights. The presby- 
 tcrtan church was now eruetcd on tho ruins 
 of episcopacy; the prerogative was re- 
 strained to its proper functions ; and many 
 ealutary laws for promotiutf domestic econ- 
 omy were enacted. 
 
 Although the great bulk of tho prnplo 
 was In favour of the revolution, it must not 
 be forgotten that there was a very consi- 
 derable party that remained attached to 
 lliu exiled family of the Stuarts ; and it was 
 found to bo no easy nuitter to reconcile 
 the Highlanders to tho e.\pulalon of their 
 ancient race of monarchs. Many of them 
 were in an open stale of rebellion. How- 
 ever, in August lotia, a proclamation of lii- 
 duiiinity had l)een passed to such insur- 
 gents us would take the oath of alleylanco 
 to tho new governnieiit on or before tho 
 last day of Dccciuher. Tho last man to 
 submit was Macdonald of Glcncoc, and he, 
 owing to tlie snows and otlierinterrui)tlona 
 which ho met with on the road, did not 
 reach Inverary, the county town, in time, 
 and tho bcncllt of the indemnity was there- 
 fore strictly forfeited. William w.ia in- 
 formed, and fully believed, that Macdonald 
 of Qlcncoo was the chief obstacle to tho 
 paclflcatlon of tho Highlands, and a war- 
 rant of military execution was procured 
 from him against the unfortunate clilef 
 and his whole tribe. A detachment of sol- 
 diers, one hundred and twenty in number, 
 connuandcd by captain Campbell, was or- 
 dore ' nn tho 1st of February, to repair to 
 Olencoe, where they were quartered for a 
 fortnight among the inha))Itant3 of that 
 sequestered vale. On tho evening of the 
 13th, orders arrived to attack the Mac- 
 donalds while asleep at midnight, and not 
 to suffer a man to escape their swords; an 
 order whlcli tho soldiers obeyed wKli ruth- 
 less barbarity. Thlrty-clglitiiersons, aniimg 
 whom were (ilencoe and his wife, thus mer- 
 cilessly perished ; the rest, alarmed by the 
 report of musketry, escaped to the hills, 
 and were only preserved from destruction 
 by a tempest that added to the horror.s of 
 the night. The carnage was succeeded by 
 rapine and desolation ; tho houses wero 
 burned to tho ground, and women and 
 children, stripped naked, were left to die 
 of cold and hunger. This horrible nias- 
 B.acre excited universal execration; and, 
 naturally enough, rendered tho government 
 < of William odious to tho Highlanders. 
 
 CHAITKilV. 
 37io Union of the two Kingdom$, 
 
 William III. died In iroa ; and the crowns 
 or the two luitlons devolved on Anno, who 
 assured the parliament that she would sup- 
 port the government as then OBtabllishod. 
 Uut they refused to tolerate eplscojiacy , and 
 tliey declined to concur In adopting tho pro- 
 testant succession for the crown ; nay, they 
 Issued a declaration which Intimated apnr- 
 pose. In case of the demise of the crown, to 
 appoint a different sovereign from wIioho- 
 ever might be tho English king. The Kng- 
 lish statosmen,foreseelng what thiswas like- 
 ly to produce, recommended the uitpolnt- 
 luent of commissioners to treat of a union 
 between the two kingdoms. Instead of re- 
 garding It as an Idonlillcatlon of the Inter- 
 est of both kingdoms, tho people generally 
 considered it as a total surrender of their 
 Independence into the hands of a powerful 
 rival. Addresses against It were presented 
 from all (luarters, and In several places tho 
 populace rose In arms, and formed them- 
 selves Into regiments of horse and foot In 
 order to oppose tho union. Nor wero tho 
 commercial part of the community, who 
 were supposed to beneflt largely by It, satls- 
 Uedwlth Its terms. Notwithstanding every 
 opposition, however, tho treaty of union 
 was ratllled by both parliaments, and on 
 ibe ift of May 1707, the IcglBlatlve union of 
 Kngland and Scotland was ratllled. 
 
 For several years the union was unpro- 
 ductive of those advantages which were at 
 flrst expected : no new manufactures wero 
 attracted to Scotland, and commerce grow 
 more languid than before. But by a con- 
 siderable assimilation of the laws to those 
 of Englaiid, tho courts of justice wero bet- 
 ter regulated, and legal redress more easily 
 obtained ; while tlio barbarous pr.acticc of 
 subjecting prisoners to tho torture was 
 abolished. It was stipulated by the treaty 
 that no alterations should bo made in tho 
 church of Scotland ; that the conmierclal 
 laws and customs should bo the same in 
 all parts of the United Kingdom ; that tho 
 Scotch royal burghs should retain all their 
 ancient privileges ; and that no persona 
 should bo deprived of those hereditary 
 rights and offlccs which they had enjoyed 
 by tho laws of Scotland. Looking at these 
 and other conditions of the union. It was 
 certain that if tho Scotch would abandon 
 prejudices that ought to be obsolete, and re- 
 solve to profit by tho connexion, they would 
 soon have ample opportunity of so doing ; 
 while, on the part of England, It AVds evi- 
 dent that the zealous cooperation of Ler 
 northern neighbour In times of war must 
 tend to the security of tho whole Island, 
 and In peace contribute to Its commercial 
 importance. Queen Anno died on tho Ist 
 of August 1711 ; and, under the act of set- 
 tlement, the united crown was transferred 
 to George I. 
 
 We conceive it to bo unnecessary to c.irry 
 the general narrative beyond this period ; 
 tho affairs of Scotland being henceforth de- 
 tailed, in common with those of England, 
 In the history of that country. But, In con- 
 cluding this sketch, it appears rcciuisitc to 
 
 V 
 
620 
 
 Q:f)e Crrniidirs a( WiiorUt ^t* 
 
 kIvu a lirU>r nrcount of tlio pciMillnritlea 
 which attiK'h to niiitterH ccrlPulitHtlciil.— In 
 in<Hi, tho Ildiimii riitlidlla rdlHlnu wimnlii)- 
 IIhIioiI, nnil till) roforiniitton wns HAiictloncd 
 l)y nrt of |<arllniiu'nt, tlio dUtiiiKUlHhhiK 
 tt'iiftrt of tho Bcotdi rhurrli havliiK hcvu 
 llTKt rmliodU'd In tliu foruiulnry of faith nt- 
 tribntfd to Jolin Knox, who had ndopft'tl 
 tho dortrlnes of rnlvln, cHtiiMlHhrd iitdi:- 
 nova. Ocnoriil anscnihlli'R at that llino he- 
 Kan, and conMnnud to nici-t twiro ovi'ry 
 year, for tho nvftoo of twenty yearu ; after 
 which tlicy were ainiual. Kroui IftTJ to 
 iri03 n Hort of rplHi'opaey o1)talncd In tlio 
 cluirch, while tho eccleHhiMtlcal form of 
 Kovernincnt wart iireHhyterlan. Meaiitlnie, 
 the dlKnltarlex of thediurch and the no- 
 hlllly nionojiolUed tho revenues of the 
 church, nud left the reformed clergy in a 
 otato of Indigence. After much dellhera- 
 tlon, tho lirotcrttant leadcrH remilved to iiro- 
 vidu a fltate-nuilntenance for their tenchern, 
 and tho followliiK |ilan was adopted. Two- 
 thlrda of all ecclewlaHtlcal hcnelltea were 
 rcBorved to tho iirenent poiscsHor, and to 
 thu rmwn the reinainder was annexed, out 
 of which a competent HuhHiHtenco wan to 
 he iiMHlKned to the protestant clergy. Hut 
 tho revenue thus approiirlated, instead of 
 lieinr; duly appljed, wart diverted Into other 
 channelrt. In 15H7, all thu unalienated 
 church Itinils were annexed to tho crown ; 
 and tho tlihefl alono were reserved for tho 
 support of tlio clerffy. UlHliops continued 
 till 15US, when prcshyterian Kovornment 
 was established hy an act of iiHrllanient, 
 and a division was niado of thu church into 
 synods and presbyteries. liut the kiner, de- 
 sirous of having tho power of tho blsliuim 
 restored as a balanco to tho nobles In 
 parliament, prevailed on u majority of the 
 clerfTy, In 1607 and 1808, to agree that some 
 ministers should represent tho church in 
 parliament, and that tliere .-ihouid bo con- 
 Hlatit moderators in presbyteries. Uy an 
 net of parlliiment in luou, tho tempurali- 
 tles uf bishops wcru restored, and they 
 were allov;od n seat In parliaiiieiit ; and 
 thus the presby tcrlan government was over- 
 turned. But episcopacy at length grew so 
 obnoxious to tho iH]oplc, that in 1080, pre- 
 lacy was devlared, by a convcntlBii of es- 
 tutca to be a uutluiial grievance, wlikh 
 
 ouglit to be nbolished ; and In thu follow- 
 ing year the preHbjterian gcivcrnineni was 
 restored ami established by parliament ; and 
 the general assembly met, after Ithad been 
 discontinued from thu year 10.13. Hitherto 
 the provision for thu nminteniinco of tliu 
 clergy was inadciiiiate, but their Btlpends 
 were now raised and regulated by tho pricu 
 of grain. 
 
 'I'lie prcHbytcrInn diunti government, nf- 
 tiTwarils Hicured In the treaty of union, \^ 
 founded on a parity of ecclesliisllcal auilio- 
 rlty among nil its presbyters or pastors, 
 and modelled after tho Calvlnistio plan, 
 which Knox recommended to his country- 
 men. Tills form of government excludes 
 all preeminenco of order, all niinisterH 
 being held e<iual In rank and power. In 
 iiiiitters relating to dlsciplinu a pastor \!\ 
 as.Hlsted by elders, who ought to bo selected 
 finiii among tho most Intelligent and coii- 
 Fl.'tent of the parishionerri,but have no riglit 
 lo leach, nor to dispensu the sacrament.". 
 'I'iieir proper olllre is to watch over tho 
 morals of tho people, and to catechise ninl 
 visit thu side. Tliey likewise discharge tlui 
 olUce of deacons by managing tho funds fur 
 tho malntenanco of the poor within tliili' 
 districts. Tho ciders and ministers coiii- 
 poso what is called a kirk or r/iHrch-session, 
 the lowest ecdeHinstlcal judicature in Kcot- 
 land. When a parishioner is convicted of 
 liiinioral conduct, tlio church-session in- 
 lllcts some ecclesiastical censure. If a per- 
 son considers himself aggrieved, ho may 
 appeal to the presbytery, which is tho next 
 superior court. Tho ministers of an Indi- 
 llnlto number of contiguous parlslies, with 
 ono ruling elder chosen lialf-yearly, out 
 of every cliurch-sesslon, constitute what 
 Is called n prcsbi/Uri/, which has cogni- 
 sance of all eccleshiptlcal matters within 
 its bounds. fiynodaMv composed of sevcrnl 
 presbyteries, and of n ruling elder from 
 every cliurch-sesslon within their bound!<. 
 Tliey review tho proceedings of presliytc- 
 ries, and judge In references, complnlntc, 
 and appeals from tho Inferior court. liut 
 their decisions and acts are revcrsablo lij 
 the (imcral avscmbly, which is the higliest 
 ecclesiastical court, nud from Avhicli there 
 Is n') iii'i>eal. 
 
 !■ 
 
 w;i 
 
 1 » 
 
 ■ 0f( 
 
 ^m I.I' 
 
 
 1 
 
 n h 
 
 lar 
 ii... 
 
 I calle( 
 
mA in tho follow- 
 u govtrnmciiv wi»« 
 Dv imrlliimciit ; niiu 
 t,nfnr>t»m<H.ct;ii 
 
 mliitiMUinco of »' o 
 but Ua<lr •tll*'>J'« 
 [Ultttcd t>y llw l>f 'i*^ 
 
 r<l. K-ovcrnmcnt. nf- ', 
 . tiTiity of union, h 
 
 gbyur* or i>n«to»'". | 
 "o Calvlnl*tlo Plnn. 
 ,lcil to 111* »'0"»<f>- 
 "vcrnnitnt i-iic U"'<-;«^ 
 
 ank ami row^'r- , ' ' i 
 iBcU'llno II vastor H 
 oUKlil to Ito seloctid 
 rdll«.-nt and CO..- | 
 H'M.buthavcnorlBa 
 
 , to wati'li over tlu 
 ami to catcciaso aiiil 
 
 Ik" wlHO aiHCliar«e llio 
 um«ln«U>of«ml;.;;: 
 
 (Uc lioor within tluii 
 mid mlnUtera coi i- 
 
 Writ or rhiffh-^'"'"''"' I 
 ffimUcalure in «cu ■ , 
 
 I im-r 19 convicted of i 
 l';o'cla.rcU-sc««lon "• ' 
 
 leal confuro. If apt r- 
 ; f ngBrlcvc-d, lio may : 
 tcrj'.wlilclil8tl.oncxi 
 
 ' ministers of an «"fY' 
 itlKUOUBrarlMuB.wU , 
 
 L|„i,. constltntc vli'it 
 ^,•^ VhlcU l.iw coKnl- 
 i (.Ileal matters wltlilt 
 ' •omrosedofBCVcro 
 t a rnllnK elder from 
 1 wltum their bound!". 
 Dcccdlngs of Prcfd'y e- 
 ■eferenerB. comidaliil , 
 ,0 Inferior court, ni 
 acts nro rcversablo by 
 iwhU-hlu the highest 
 ■nndfromwblcUtU««, 
 
 THE HISTORY OF FRANCE. 
 
 --••*•- 
 
 ritANOR, whieli In the (iiiie«(if the lloiiiniH 
 WHU eiilh-d (laiil, or (ialll.i, cxti'iiilcil rnnii 
 llin ryreneett to thu Kliliie, and on tliii 
 nldu of Italy, brymul tjin Al|n to the 
 Adriatic; that wlileh ww Miiiiatcd on the 
 Italian Hide of llio Alim lielni^ named V[n- 
 nl|>liio (laul, and that beydiid thu Alpx, 
 Transalpliio (laul. The part nf TraiiHalpliio 
 (laid m'areet rpjior Italy, and Htretehliif,' 
 nliiii^ tlu) Medlterram-an towards* the I'yre- 
 mex, wan Coli(|uered by ^'ablu^<. An this 
 >viM tho llrat part that wan ciuiverted Into 
 a Uoinan province, it wan railed, by way 
 (if eminence, lUol'rufiiiciu. It was bounded 
 liy tho Alpn, tho Ceveiinen, and the Ulione, 
 Ciesar, whi> coiuiuered Triinsaliilni! (laul at 
 a later period, found it divided Into three 
 iLirtn: 1. Aiiidtania, extendhifr from the 
 I'yrenee.n to thu Oaronne, cliielly oceiipleil 
 by Iberian trllien; 2. (lallla Celllea, from 
 tliu tiaronne to tho Heino and Slarne; a, 
 (iailla Itelgica, in tlie north, c!(tendlng to 
 the illilno. Ihit HUbseriui'ntly, by the com- 
 mand of AuKuntun, a vi'ry illirercnt and 
 iiiucli more minute dlvlnlou ot tho country 
 t(ii>k |>lacu, which, however, it is not hero 
 iierennary to describe. 
 
 'flic (Jauls were tho chief branch of tlie 
 great oriKlnal otock of Celln; iindasthey 
 called themsclvcB <]<u'l, tho namo Oaul 
 probably thus took its tIhc. A prreat rcHcm- 
 Maiico appears to have existeil anions all 
 tho Colts ; and although tlicy were divided 
 Into numerous tribes, thnro were but few 
 hranchcs that wero perceptibly ditrerent 
 from each other. The period of their ear- 
 liest migrations In, however, too remote for 
 history, and, moreover, lnapi>llcablu to our 
 present object. 
 
 Cicsar represents all tho Oalllc tribes 
 M warlike, koIuk always armed, and re.ady 
 nil all occasions to decide tlielr dillerences 
 hy tiio Bword ; as a people i>f great levity, 
 and littlu Inclined to idleness ; but hospita- 
 llio, generous, conlldlng, and Bliicero. Tiio 
 Druids, their priests, who were the solo dc- 
 IKisltarlus of learning aiiiuiigist them, were 
 liiilebted to tho credulity of tlic people for 
 the deference they paid to them. Thty had 
 also bards or poets, who composed war 
 cnnga to animatu tiio combatants, aud to 
 rcrpetuato the memory of their heroes. Tho 
 ciders, or Hcnators of tlieir townn, togotlier 
 wllhtiiu military and tlicir chiefs, formed 
 wimtwo call the nobility; tliese. In conjunc- 
 tion with tho priests, possessed tho riches 
 and tliu power : vassalage and misery wcru 
 the portion of tho commonalty. 
 
 The disuiplino of tho Romans, and the 
 genius and good fortune of Cicsar, tri- 
 umphed ill ten years over tho valour of tho 
 Gauls.— Colonics liad commenced tiio work 
 of their subjugation, and conquest com- 
 pleted It ; Oaul became a llonian Province. 
 iTbo municipal rcgulutiuus, and the agri- 
 
 culture of the !lonmtif>, soon rnidcrod tho 
 eoiiiitry llourlHliIng ; but despotlnni after- 
 wariln denpollcl It. Thin ntato ot lliiiujn 
 continued for four ceniurlen, when tho 
 jieoplo were reduced to tlie iowestdeptliH of 
 mlnery, Impoverlnhed by the proconsulH, tlio 
 prey of factloiin, and alternately pasnliiK 
 from InsiirrecHoii to slavery, under tyrants 
 who wero perpetually cliniiKlng. Ihit the 
 'incurnloiis of tlie biirbarlans' on tiio Ilo- 
 man territory had by tills timo greatly 
 bumbled the former mlntresn ot tlio world. 
 Tliu clvlllnatioii, artn, and literature of tho 
 llomann wero on tlio declliio ; tlie empire, 
 divided and weakened, was falling into ml II, 
 illHelplliio wan relaxed; the glory ot tlio 
 Itoiiiiiii name faded beforu thu barbariu 
 liontn that i^Hued from the iiortli, and over- 
 ran the llveprovlneen.wlileii had llourlHlied 
 under thu admiiiLstratiun ot a Trnjan and 
 an Antonine. 
 
 Upwards ot four hundred years after tho 
 Ibuiian coiKiuesf, and under tho ruign of 
 tlio weak llcnioriii-', a jieoplo known by 
 tho name ot Kraiikn, from Francoiila in 
 (.ieriuany, abandoned their morasses and 
 their woods, In r<earcli of a better country. 
 Under thu direction of their king I'liara- 
 iiioiid, they panned tho Ithlne, and entered 
 (iaul, but carried tlielr arms no further 
 tliaii Uelglc (jlaul, tho country till lately 
 culled the Netherlands, riiaranioiid died 
 soon at t(T he liad elTectcd the settlement. 
 
 Tlio long list of kings whlcIi followed 
 riiaramond are divided Into tbreo races. 
 Tiio;/»»t is called the Mkiiovinoian, from 
 Mcroviu^, tlie third king of the Vranks : it 
 produced tweiity-oiiu kings to France, from 
 thu year 448 to tlio year 7,51, and ended with 
 Clillderic III. suruamed tho Foolish. Tliu 
 second race began witli I'opiii, mayor of tho 
 palace, who did not take upon himself tho 
 title ot king; nor did his son, the cele- 
 brated Charlua Martel. Pepin thu Sliort, 
 his Bon,deprivedClilldericIII.of ills crown. 
 Tills race, called tho CAtiboviNOiAX, gavo 
 Miirtcen kings to France. It aciiuired 
 much glory iinder Charlomngnc, but be- 
 came very weak under his succossorB, and 
 terminated with Louis V. called tlio Slug- 
 gard, after having possessed the throne 'iXt 
 years, from 7.53 to 087. The third race, called 
 tho CArKTiNB, commenced witli Hugh 
 Oapet, and gavo to Franco thlrty-threo 
 kings, wlio reigned 800 years, and flulBlied 
 with T.imls XVI., who waa beheaded Jan- 
 uary 170.1. Franco tlien bucamo a repuli- 
 lic, which lasted until May ISOJ; when it 
 was transformed into an empire by Napo- 
 leon Buouaparte, who had risen on tho 
 ruins of tho republic, and had been dlc- 
 t.ator of Franco under tlio appellation of 
 chief consul. Tho imperial title, however, 
 lasted but ten years ; Napoleon having 
 bouu driven fiom Lis usurped throno, aud 
 

 622 
 
 tirtfC Cicatfurj) of W^tovDt 9it» 
 
 LoulB XVIII. restored to tbo throne of Lis 
 ancestors. 
 
 Ill tracing tlio obscure records of the 
 curly periods, wo behold alternately wars 
 and alliances among the lloniaiis and 
 Franks, thcVlsigoths, and other barbarians; 
 ambitious generals raised to power by the 
 imperial court, but quickly overcoming 
 thelrfeeble masters, and calling In the aid of 
 the barbarous tribes to serve the ever-va- 
 rying purposes of their personal ambition. 
 The western empire was then declining : 
 the Saxons seized upon Anjou and Maine j 
 the Burguudlans occupied tlio cuuntry near 
 the Seine ; the Goths and Visigoths extend- 
 ed their dominions as far as the Loire ; the 
 Franks and the Allmanns, branches of the 
 dilterent hordes, which issued from Ger- 
 many, contended for the possession of the 
 north ; while the Komans or Gauls kept 
 the remaining part of the country. 
 
 We may here observe, that on the con- 
 quest of Gaul by the Franks, the lands 
 were distributed among their officers ; and 
 these, with the clergy, formed the first 
 great councils or parliaments. Thus the 
 government was evidently a kind of mixed 
 monarchy, in which nothing of moment 
 was tr.ansacted without the grand council 
 of the nation, consisting of tho principal 
 officers, who held their lands by military 
 tenures. It appears, indeed, that when 
 Gaul became the possession cl northern 
 invaders. It did not acquire tliat degree of 
 freedom to Its constitution which Britain 
 received about the same time, from con- 
 querors who sprung from the same com- 
 mon stock. 
 
 The Merovijigian Dynasty, or First Race. 
 
 A.D. 420.— Pharamond, the first king of 
 tho Franks, was succeeded by Clodlo, who 
 extended the bounds of his kingdom. Me- 
 rovlus secured the acquisitions of his pre- 
 decessor ; and Childcric, his son, pushed 
 his conquests to tho banks of the river 
 Seine. Clovls, his son, and tlie inheritor 
 of his ambition, aggrandised his kingdom, 
 and so far extended his power, that he 
 Is ranked as the founder of the French 
 monarchy. This prince, the first of tho 
 Frank kings who had embraced Christi- 
 anity, brought almost all the Gauls under 
 his government. He parted his dominions, 
 before he died, between his children. 
 
 Clovls owed his conversion to Christi- 
 anity from his marriage with a Christian 
 princess of Spain, and his example was fol- 
 lowed by most of tho Franks, who until 
 that time had been pagans. Ho w.as bap- 
 tised with great splendour in ihc cathedral 
 at Rheims; on which occasion the king 
 granted freedom to a number of slaves, 
 iind received tbo title of • Most Christian 
 King,' which Las ever since been retained 
 by the monarchs of Franco. 
 
 Clotalre I., the youngest and most bar- 
 barous of the sons of Oovis, and tho last 
 survivor of them, at the time of his death 
 possessed the whole of France; his domi- 
 nion extended from the banks of tho Elbe 
 to the sea of Aquitalne, in the Atlantic 
 Ocean ; and from the Scheldt to tho sources 
 of the Loire. At Lis death Lc divided It 
 
 among his four sons. Tho kingdom was 
 soon after rendered miserable, from tlio 
 jealousy of two ambitious women, the 
 queens Fredigondo and Brunehaut. Tho 
 former was a prodigy of boldness, of wick- 
 edness, and genius; and gained several 
 bailes in person: tho other is descriljcd 
 as a woman who, under tlic exterior graces 
 of oeauty, practised tho worst of vlces,ana 
 expiated her crimes by a shocking death. 
 
 A.D. 013.— Clotalre II., the worthy son 
 of Frcdigonde, became solo monarch of 
 France. Under this prince the mayors of the 
 palace began to have considerable power, 
 which increased under Dagobert I., and bo- 
 came excessive under Clovls II. and liis 
 successors. We see in the first race little 
 more than the shadows of kings, whilst 
 their ministers governed and tyrannised 
 over tlie i)eople. 
 
 Pejiln Heristal, mayor of the palace to 
 Childeric tho Foolish, seized the whole au- 
 thority. Ills son, Charles Martel, a bold 
 and enterprising warrior and great poiitl- 
 clan, with more ambition even than hi8 
 father. Increased Lis power by Lis brilliant 
 achievements, and governed France under 
 the tUV' of duke. 
 
 The Carlovingian Dynasty, or Second Sace. 
 
 As mayor of tlio palace, CLarles Martel 
 Lad long exercised tlie sovereign power in 
 the name of Childeric, a ^veak and indo- 
 lent prince. The Saracens, who had niado 
 themselves masters of the south of France, 
 penetrating into the heart of the kingdom, 
 were at length entirely defeated by him, in 
 one great battle fought between Tours and '■ 
 Poitiers, which lasted seven days, and in 
 which 300,000 Moslems were slain. In 
 consequence of this splendid vlctorj', he 
 was considered the champion of Ohri&ien- 
 doin ; and such was his popularity, that, 
 with the consent of the people, he assumed 
 the dominion of France : for, liavfhg a vic- 
 torious army at his command, he not only 
 deposed the king, but rendered himself an 
 absolute prince, by depriving the nobility 
 and clergy of their share in the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 A.D. 752.— His son Pepin succeeded hlin 
 in the tlirone ; but restored the privile'-'es 
 of the nobility and clergy, on theiragreeing 
 to exclude the former race of kings. He 
 also divided the provinces among hia prin- 
 cipal nobility, allowing them to exorcise 
 sovereign authorlt.' In their respective go- 
 vernments ; till at ength, assuming aklud 
 of independency, tley only acknowledged 
 the king as their head ; and this gave ri^e 
 to tho numerous principalities, and their 
 several parliaments, eery province retain- 
 ing the same form of government that had 
 been exercised in the wi.'ile ; and no li"^3 
 were made, or taxes raisea, wUhuut the 
 toncurronce of tho clergy, 
 
 A.D. 7C8.-Charles, his son, called Charl^!| 
 magiio, was valiant, wise, and viciorioii* 
 He conquered Italy, Gerniaiiy, and part uljl 
 Spain, and was crowned emperor of tlio 
 Komans (the western empire), by pope Leo 
 III. He established a regular and popular 
 goveriiineiit, 'iompiled a code of laws, fa- 
 voured the arts and sciences ; and died with 
 
KM 
 
 TIio kingdom was 
 lulscrablc, from tlic 
 )ltioua women, the 
 ad Druneliaut. Tlio 
 of boldness, of wlck- 
 mid gained sevcra 
 other Is described 
 >r the exterior griiees 
 JO worst of vices, and 
 y a shocking death. 
 II, the worthy son 
 ne solo monarch of 
 riucc the mayors of the 
 -• considerable power, 
 >r Dagobert I., and be- 
 er Clovls II. audi; s , 
 in the Urst race little 
 lows of kings, wlnlst ; 
 erued and tyrainusudj 
 
 ayor of tlic r-alace to | 
 i.Bclzcd the whole au- 1 
 Jharles Martel, a bod ij 
 irrlor and great pol ti- 
 ibltlou even than his! 
 , power by bis brllliiuit 
 50vcriicd France under , 
 
 iijnasty, or Second Itace. ■.' 
 
 palace, Charles Martel ! 
 
 the sovereign power ui i 
 
 eric, a weak and ludo- 
 
 laraocns, who had made 
 
 ! of the south of France, II 
 
 leheartof tbekliiK(i™,|| 
 
 ircly defeated by him, m 
 
 iiKht between Tours and : 
 
 ted seven days, and m 
 
 5lems were eUin. in 
 
 is splendid victory, lie 
 
 cliaiuplon of Ohrifeien 
 
 as bis popularity, that. 
 
 tlie people, he assumed 
 
 lance: for, liavttig a \lc- 
 
 I couiniaud, ho not only 
 
 ut rendered himself an 
 
 depriving the nobility 
 
 share in the govern- 
 
 n Pepin Bucceeded liim , 
 restored the p-.-lvilc^-csi 
 lergy, on their agrcemg 
 uer race of kings. He > 
 ivinces among hia prin- 
 ting them to exercise 
 'in their respective go- j 
 ength, assuming akiuj 
 i ey only acknowleagcd 
 ;ud; and this gave rise 
 Innclpalitles, and tlieir 
 I e 'ery 'iroviuce retain- 
 If gcvernnienttlmtliad 
 [ho wi.ole; andnob'js 
 les ralsea, wiLauut m' 
 
 Tifs'^fion, called Cliarlc-1' 
 ;. wi.-o, and vietorli)iiS;| 
 ,, Gcrniaiiy, and part I' 1 
 Vwned emperor of the 
 fu empire), by poi'C wo 
 l a regular and popular 
 
 |led a code of };^>^ 
 iBcieuccsjauddicdvMtli 
 
 €\)t W^totn al Stance, 
 
 623 
 
 the glory of being beloved by his subjects, 
 and feared by lila enemies. 
 
 Louis I. lo Debonnalrc, the only surviving 
 son of Charlemagne, began his reign ivith 
 the most cruel executions. Hia children 
 revolted against him ; he was compelled to 
 do public penance, and declared to have 
 forfeited the Imi' .rial dignity. 
 
 The Normans renewed their incursions 
 and their ravages under Charles the Uald ; 
 besieged Paris in the reign of Charles 
 |i ^ Gross ; and at length obtained a fixed 
 . .abllshment under Charles the Simple. 
 Tlie royal authority became weakened, 
 while the power of the lords considerably 
 augmented : the imperial dignity was al- 
 ready lost to the house of Charlemagne ; 
 and It was soon followed by the loss of the 
 crown of France. 
 
 First Bkakcu.— T7ic Capctinc Dynasty, or 
 Third Hace. 
 A.D. 087.— After the death of Louis V„ 
 the last of the Carlovingimi race, Hugh 
 Capet usurped the throne. This lluprli was 
 the grandson of Robert, whom tho French 
 had elected king in the room oi: Charles the 
 Simple. His father had rendered himself 
 nmch respected by the nation, in defending 
 Paris ag.alust the attacks of the barbarians. 
 Hugh Capet, inheriting the valour of his 
 ancestors, saved Franco under Lothaire. 
 Tills family possessed the duchies of Paris 
 and of Orleans; and these two cities, by 
 tlicir situation on the Loire aud the Seine, 
 were the strongest bulwarks of tho mo- 
 narchy against the Normans. 
 
 Hugh associated his son Uobort In the 
 kingdom. Robert, as pusillanimous as his 
 fatlicr was courageous, reunited the duchy 
 of Burgundy to the crown ; but his weak- 
 ness tarnished Ijis virtues. 
 
 A.D. 1031.— Henry I., who had the niis- 
 fortuue»to eee his own mother armed 
 against him, to deprive him of his crown 
 and give it to his brother, with the assist- 
 ance of the Duke of Normandy, forced his 
 brother to content himself with Burgundy, 
 wliieli this branch of the royal family pos- 
 sessed 300 years. 
 
 At tills period the tyr.anny of feudalism 
 was at its height. Overwhelmed with ser- 
 vices, tolls, and subsidies of all sorts. Im- 
 posed by tho military or the ecclesiastics, 
 tlie people fought only to rivet their chains 
 more firmly. Those who lived In the coun- 
 try were called villeins ; those of tho cities 
 and towns, bourgeois. Neither of am 
 could labour but for the advantage of their 
 lords, who often quartered their military 
 retainers upon them. Among themselves 
 tlielords were equ.ally ferocious; their de- 
 clarations of war extended to relations and 
 allies, and the quarrel of a single family 
 Was Buftlcient to involve a whole commu- 
 nity lu the fiercest war for years together. 
 Tims France became one vast field of blood, 
 and perpetual caniage at length wearied 
 even ferocity itself. 
 
 A,D. loco.— The long roign of Philip I., 
 son of Henry I., Is an epoch of romark- 
 iljle events. William, uul;c of Normandy, 
 crossed the Channel, and elTected the con- 
 quest of England In lOOU, where iic esta- 
 
 blished his own, rigorous modification of 
 the feudal regime ; and ho liad tho firmness 
 to refuse homage to tho pope. A jest of the 
 king of France on the obesity of William 
 kindled a war, from which may be dated a 
 long-continued enmity between France aud 
 Kiigland. 
 
 A.I). 1108.— Philip was succeeded by his 
 son, Louis the Gross. The first years of his 
 reign were disturbed by insurrections of his 
 lords In different parts of the kingdom ; 
 and the,?e insurrections were the more trou- 
 blesome, as tlicy were secretly fomented by 
 the English king, that by weakening the 
 power of Fr.ance his ducliy of Normandy 
 might be the more secure. The.so wars 
 between the two countries were often in- 
 terrupted by treaties, but as often re-lighted 
 by national ambition and antipatliy. 
 
 Louis the Young, unfortunate in the cru- 
 .s.ade.s, at his return repudiated his wife, in 
 wliose right he inherited Oulcnne and Polc- 
 tou. He died in 1180, and was succeeded 
 by his son, Pliilip II. surnameU the August. 
 
 Pliilip II. defeated John, king of Eng- 
 land, and wrested from him Norm.andy, 
 Maine, and Anjou. Ho then went on tho 
 crusade with Richard Coeur-de-Lion, to 
 rescue Jerusalem from the Saracens. Tho 
 two kings succeeded only in taking Acre; 
 and Philip, on his return, treacherously in- 
 vaded Normandy during Richard's absence. 
 
 A.D. 1223.— Philip Augustus was succeed- 
 ed by his son Louis VIII., surnamed tho 
 Lion. His short reign was not marked by 
 any great events ; blithe distiiiguit^liod it 
 by enfranchising a great number of serfs 
 or villeins. Ho signalised his courago 
 ag.alnst the English ; and died of a conta- 
 gious distemper, at the ago of thirty-niuo 
 years. 
 
 A.D. 1226.— Louis IX., surnamed for hia 
 piety Saint Louis, having defeated the king 
 of England, and many of the grand vassals 
 ci' France, at Tailleljiirg, conducted an army 
 to Palestine, took Damiet.ta in Egypt, and 
 distinguished himself at Massous, where ho 
 was taken prisoner. He was a friend to tlio 
 Indigent, and a zeahms advocate for tho 
 Christian religion. He died Vefore Tuiiii», 
 where he had gone upon a second crusade 
 against the infidels. Philip III., surnamed 
 the Hold, his son, was proclaimed king by 
 the army ; he was liljcral, benevolent, and 
 just, but displayed no striking abilities. Ho 
 was succeeded by his son, Philip the Fair. 
 
 A.D. 1285,— Philip IV., surnamed le I3el, 
 or the Fair, celebrated for his disputes 
 with Edwai-d tlie First of Englmid, aud 
 Pope Bonif.ace VIIL, abolished the order of 
 the Templars, reduced the Flemings, and 
 made the seat of the parliament permanent 
 in Paris. He was of a lively disposition, 
 but cruel and unfeeling ; and employed mi- 
 nisters who possessed all his defects, with- 
 out his good qualities. In his reign the 
 states-general, or representatives of tho 
 three estates of the kingdom, the nobility, 
 clergy, and commoiialty, were first assem- 
 bled. Piiillp IV. w.ns succeeded by his son, 
 Louis X,, during whoso reign, which was 
 short, the people were burdened with im- 
 posts. 
 
 The two brothers of Louis, Philip the 
 
1I< 
 
 624 
 
 CTI^c CrrjT^uvH a( W^tavn, ^(, 
 
 TiOiiK aii«l Clinrlcs IV., guccccdcd succi-a- 
 Blvi'ly. riiilipsignnliEcd lilinself by a iiuin- 
 t)iT of wise regulations in tlie courts ol jus- 
 tice. Cliarics followed his brotlier's steps 
 In tills particular ; but. tlio state was loaded 
 with debts and badly governed. 
 
 Seconii DnAycii.— House of VaMs. 
 A.n. 1328.— Queen Jane, wife of Charles 
 IV., being delivered of a ))osthuniou8 djiugli- 
 tor, the House of Valols mounted the 
 throne; the states of Franco having de- 
 creed females to be incnpa))ie of inheriting 
 tlie crown of Kranco. This is called the 
 Hidic law, from its having been the rs'ac- 
 tice of a tribe of Franks, called Salians, 
 to exclude females from all inheritance to 
 landed property. I'liilip IV., soon after, his 
 euccession, defeated the Flemings ; btit was 
 rtffeatcd by tho English in a sea-nght near 
 Pinys; also at Cressy and Calais. In tliis 
 reign Dauphiny was annexed to the crown 
 of France. 
 
 A.I). l.'J.W.— John, abravc iirince, butwith- 
 out genius or iiolitical discernment, huc- 
 reitU'd riiilip. He continued towar against 
 Ihigland, but was deleatod and tnken pii- 
 Bonerat the battle of roitiers. Tlie king- 
 dom became the theatre of factions and 
 carnage, and Was drained of iis vaUiablis 
 to ransom the king, lie had stipulated for 
 the ces.^ion of one-third of the kingdom, 
 and.l,0()0,000 of gold crowns. Not being able 
 to raise tliis enormous sum, Jolin volunta- 
 rily returned to f^ondnn, wliere he died in 
 the Savoy, a.d. 13GI. His son, Ciiarie:?, sur- 
 n.'inicd the Wise, succeeded him. 
 
 Cliarics v., seconded by Deiiuesclin, con- 
 Btalilc of France, avenged tlic honour of 
 tlic nation, and reestabli.slicd order in tlie 
 elate. Kverytliing wore a new face under 
 til is king, who was wise, laborious, and cco- 
 nomicai ; a friend to the arts, to Utters, 
 and to virtue. 
 
 A.i>. 1380.— Charles VI. succeeded to the 
 crown ; and France, under his government, 
 fell Into great disorder. Tliis prince having 
 lo.«t his reason, and recovering it at intcr- 
 viils, nothing decisive could be elfected. The 
 Fnglisli king Henry V. entered France, ancl 
 p.iined the battle o;" /.pincourt. Henry, by 
 treaty, became heir (o the crown ; butdieii 
 a few days before Cliarles VI. Henry VI. 
 of England was crowned king of Fniuce at 
 a very early age. His uncle John, dul;o of 
 Ikdford, .'ictod as reg'iit, and during his 
 life the power of tlie iOiiglisli .'ncrensed in 
 France. About this tnn(> Joan of Arc, an 
 ciilliussiMst in tlie cause of her country, rc- 
 nnim.'iled the valour and jialriotism of the 
 French nation. Klie foughf several battles i 
 Willi I'liccess; but was at length taken at | 
 roiiiplc gne, .rad burnt aij a witch byonlerof ! 
 the Knglish. [See ' ENfii.ANn,' Jlcnry VI.] 
 
 During this time, Cliarle.s VII. reigned 
 only over apart of France. But tlie duke 
 of Bedford was no noimer dead, llian the 
 duke of Burgundy became reconciled with 
 Charlc.a. Normandy, tiiiienne, and the 
 other provinces which had been held by 
 the power of the duke of Bedfiu'd, acknow- 
 ledged Charles; and the Knglishwcro com- 
 pelled to evacuate Fiance. 
 
 Charles VII. woa succeeded by Louis XI., 
 
 his rebellious son. He established the posts 
 Ho was a bad son, and as bad a father; a 
 severe prince, but a deep politician. Sonwj 
 important changes In the political coiull- 
 tion and the m.anncr8 of tiio nation were 
 produced in tliis reign. The royal power 
 was extended and consolidated; the knights 
 and nobles assisting in this, because it 
 gave scope for their exploits. Tho gcnd.ir- 
 merie, or body of permanent cavalry, was 
 formed, and a corps of foot archers. 
 
 ('liaries VIII., who succeeded him, mar- 
 ried Anne of Brittany ; thereby putting an 
 end to the last of the great feudal llefsijt 
 France. Hi estored to Ferdinand V. Car. 
 dagnc and llou.-ipllloii. He was an amia- 
 ble jirlnce, and his deatli was considereil as 
 a public loss. 
 
 The Ilottseof Valois-Orlcuna. 
 A.D. 119,).— Charles VIII. dying witlioiit 
 children, Louis, duke of Orleans, descend- 
 cd from Charles V., ol)tained the crown, nt 
 wliich he aiipeared wortliy by Ms giinj 
 i|u;ilitie3 and virtues. Ho commenced 
 Ills reign by forgiving his enemies, and 
 befriending his people. He coiujuered ihc 
 JUlancse, which he afterwards lost. Ili' 
 made himself master of tho kingdom at 
 Naples, conjointly with the king of Arru- 
 goii. He made war al.'io against pope Julius 
 il. Gaston, duke of Nemours, and the cliu- 
 v.'ilier Unyard, gre.iily distingiiislied them- 
 selves; but the l''reiicli were obliged to (piit 
 Italy. Louis XII. ac(iuired glory more On- 
 r;il)le, by gaining the love of his iicdiije, l| 
 and by his extraordinary affability, than li.v 
 hid wars. 
 
 Umise of Valois-AvgouUme. 
 
 A.D. l.")!"!.— A prince of tiie house of V.i- 
 lojs-Aiigouleme ascended the throne after 
 the death rf Louis XII., who left an only 
 daughter, ninrried to Francis, count of 
 Angouleme, heir to the crown. Francis de- 
 feated the Swii-s at Marignan ; reiiiiitid 
 Brittany to the crown; and coiniucred 
 LiixemlKurg. He was the protectnr and 
 promoter of the line arts, and a great en- 
 cimrager of the learned. He died with the 
 icputatlon of being the most polite prince 
 in Kurope. 
 
 A.D. 1,547. -Tleiiry II, succeeded Franejj. 
 Tlie face of alfairs ciianged at tlie ecim- 
 menceinent of tlie reign of tills prince. He 
 joined the league of the protestantprl'ife* 
 against tlie emperor, and made liiiiii'eK 
 master of Metz, Toui, and Verdun. The 
 emperor, Charles V., liesiegcd Metz: tlic 
 duke (it Guise obliged liiin to rai.-^e the 
 siege rind defeated him at Kentl. Henry j 
 aflerwanis entered into a ieiigue aeaiii«t 
 the house of Austria in Kpnin : and i'liiiip I 
 IT. avenged tlie lionoi;r of the Siianiaids.it | 
 St, (juintin. The duko of Giiiso took Cal; 
 friiin the lOngilsh ; and the peace of Cliateiiu I 
 Caniliresis terminated the ^sar. Franeisll., 
 Ills son, Bii"?eeded to the throne : a prince j 
 witliouc iiny remark.'ibio.vicea or virtues 
 He was married to Mary, Queeii of Heot.«, 
 and died at tho age of sevi'uteen. I 
 
 A,D. lW)o,~FrancIs II. was succeedcil lyl 
 Charles IX. The religious war.-*, tlicPeeiKj 
 of which had been inevlouBlj'BOwn, brulwl 
 
^r. 
 
 Ho cstnbllshed the posts 
 I, and as liad a father; a 
 ; a deep politician. Soiu" 
 's ill the political comll. 
 nicrs of the nation were 
 
 reign. The royal power 
 consolidated; the knights 
 -Ing in this, because it 
 lir exploits. The gendar- 
 ' permanent cavalry, was 
 P8 of foot archers. 
 i\\o succeeded him, mar- 
 any ; thereby putting nu 
 tlie great feudal tlcfs nf 
 red to Ferdinand V. Car- 
 Hon. Ho was ;\n aniia- 
 
 death was considered as 
 
 of Vulois-Orkiiiis. 
 VH VI I r. dying witlimit 
 ilse of Orleans, desceiul- 
 , obtained tiie crown, nt 
 ;d wortliy by his giinj 
 •tucs. lie coniiueiical 
 ;lving his enemies, ami 
 opie. He conquered llio 
 10 afterwards lost, lie 
 iter of the kingdom of 
 
 with the king of Aini- 
 • also against pope Julius 
 )f Nemours, and tlie cliu- 
 Illy distinguished tliciii- 
 'Dcli were obliged to quit 
 iic(iuired glory more dii- 
 
 the love of his peoiilo, 
 linary afl;al)illty, than liy 
 
 ^lois-AvgouKme. 
 ice of the house of Va- 
 cended tlio throne afut 
 i XII., who left an only 
 to Francis, count ol 
 I the crown. Francis dc- 
 ftt Marlgnan ; remiitul 
 Town ; and comiucml 
 was the protector anil 
 lie arts, and a great en- 
 rued. lie died with Ihc 
 b' the most polite prince 
 
 ■ 11. succeeded Fraiuli 
 i changed at the cimi- 
 •eign of this prince. He 
 f tlio Protestant prl'ira 
 ■or, and made liinii-eK | 
 oul, and Verdun. Tl;e 
 f., besieged Metz : the j 
 liged him to raise the 
 him at Kent I. Ilrniy | 
 I into a league aeahift 
 ia in fSpain : and l')iili|i j 
 ioi;r of the Ppiiniai-ilsat 
 uko of Giiiso took Calris 
 md the peace of c'iiatc.m 
 ed the w ar. Francis 1 1., 
 to the throne : a prina' J 
 kablo.vicea or virtuw, 
 Wary, Queeii of Kcols,! 
 of seventeen. 
 3 II. was succeeded l',f I 
 ;ltglou8 wars, the sinh [ 
 previously- sown, brulw I 
 
 rented nothing but one cof./ ."n^*^"™ '"'''■ 
 ««»|"'"ary factions l^i^ years tI^h"''''"'' "* 
 of St. Bartholomew's dav /«;./*; "'•''^**'>ci't' 
 With the Weeding bodies of ?no';*''^ .*'"'' '■'"'J 
 pntheeveof St. airtholomp^^'''''^"«'''''ts- 
 heen sent to the g.™o?r'7; """^r" ''■'"1 
 fall upon the protc^tantd l,?."^'**"'"'"^''' '<> 
 inent throughout JYa,"ce..,frt';7 *^'''""-t- 
 edict was published bcfor;, t n "'"."'>''' an 
 week, assuring them of tL'? ^'V "^ "'o 
 Hon, and that ho by no nunnlTf ^^'■""■'- 
 , exterminate them bocansn nf » f *'^'"«' *" 
 yet private orders wcToso.^r'£'^'"<^'''?'on, 
 rertly contrary; in rm,!^ '"'' "■'""rodi- 
 f he nnissacrc at i'arls was reneiJf^N",' ^^'"'■'^" 
 "t the principal tow.is; lo Mrf/^'f'! ,'" '"'"ly 
 of two months so ooo i>r^? I''" '" "'o RJ'aco 
 oily butchered. iCn' Tb, h*'"'^1 ^vereV r u^ 
 , atrocious order, gu'en v f "^"^ ""« '""•^t 
 i liouas taken ill. and n .LmicV'^'"''''' '"'"self, 
 l'.ilns until relieved bvd.?,f^'* ^^''f' ''odily 
 
 CUarlcs, dying withn ^ '' '*■"• ^'''''-- 
 wJed by hi's l?oU er"i , rv'nV ''''', ''''• 
 b"f>, cone iided tho Vni-.i ^'"■' ^*'"\ in 
 I-ncKlcatlon • with the ,m un ';"^'' ' ^-'''''t "f 
 stance of which wnq',?i',''^V '''«s"l>- 
 Klence.au,! thopubllcevi J i'^^'V "^ <•"••- 
 wore granted to he •ofon. , i^*^''.;,'''''''?'-'". 
 ''Mlel•r<^strictlon than t '.''■, "'''''''t.'iny 
 MWK'h witliln tw() im.; ,i ",",* *''"""<1 not 
 "Uier place wIh,- Uoli'.f "' '■"";/? • ■^'- nny 
 
 nl ed tho • catholic Joag .'"V.TV*'"'''-"!"" 
 rtiie very root of 1^^ u\„^ ^"■],''^'-"''^ 
 f'lr, as tiie prote«laiifQ i,„ ■ *^? ••"'diority ; 
 [liiefs, s<i the ca I'^i ';^^,!i'^-;^ ""-'^'"ly thoir 
 , " ''•"I'OUd entirely mo,, bn> ''i' ^"""•<^ 
 Mmc. and execute Mi.il ° ' '"^'^ "' tlie 
 ";™ded. Ifeiice a,". sea, ?,?':'■'■ '"' '^"'"- 
 k llio prot<...tants and ,,oM^i I'^secntion 
 I'll. In the end h «-?v././'''r,' '■^'■'''iPilii- 
 rL.l„;d by assa. i,,'n y:V i."'" l^'iib' I'c- 
 iiiont, I, tlieyea,' iw ., V"^ ''''""J'' "f a 
 pill 1. noiiil 1 ,f .f'^fr ^'' ^'"■'' ""' 'iiinrV 
 Wiig of NnvV,- :''.'^';',,"'-^"'-y "f Uonrb,^,;' 
 hoiioof Fraice ** ^'"•"ccs.sor on tiij 
 
 jtrls With the grA't'o,-S,rt„7" octs ; '^Z 
 uie kingdom, snl)niitf,',,/,M?' ' '° cit eg i,, 
 
 'jumly; but ti^k"" uorf ''"'^'^ 'nto Bu,': 
 {yaln, were stiii li, oifnn.u'i ^"W'oJ-ted by 
 
 J-Ud the.panlsh arS?.f/rtfe,'X,f;;- 
 ^£'^"'^^>u:;^'^' /"« «ngac,o... 
 
 ^ ICC to' 10 Diiniii,/ I *> "^l-'" greatfir uo.. 
 
 ^°S"^r!2i'« .^'i'S.'''''™'-' 
 
 Ungdon,, and dis Awcfi ,t''^^'' '•epentof tl,,,' 
 ^ fhes Which Henn In.? . '' '"""^"■^ion t , 
 
 aKn^i;-^£?io'S;^rf!s£ 
 
 ^ii? Of France ,ix^^-/';.".'^ "i? HMo of 
 Ifo was to Jintnnena :•"'"' ''.'" "'•^'f- 
 pputcs whlcii hiia^ I ' "'<-' I'e UfioTis 
 Imm. For ii f^" '?,"" "isl'-'u^tcd the, 
 
 I'Aautes, which roPPfh,/?'®',"'''"'''' £''l'''t 
 
 t'mned by other nr'^" ^'■""^'■'' t" •- o 
 
 Kledgedby t,eh^rds^^'M"° "'"•^ >'^- 
 |l">sed hy the cat) , n,. 1 ' "'*' ^ouit., but 
 
 t'' the title of Ch?*, """!•""" «-^ king, 
 I li a small army n, , ,L^- ""I'T I\'. 
 fm\ to conquer hNki.i'" "''^"<'''. ''^••■>'- 
 kfogc of ivfs. a,;[Tff '/';, Jfcraised 
 f.Miiyonno at Aro us ami /','' '''" '''i^e 
 t'* success, ho msen?- 1 . ''■'■'• ^ft^T 
 t*. and before' 0,,?, ' V.', !ll''''f ''«'^"'-" 
 
 Ft!;^.^Tih£Hr'''^--( 
 
 «")to. TlnVlonis'dii'^:!''';!'"' ^"vernpan;;; 
 j-*,™.^ ; ana the death fi.rV':''"'^^'':' ^""k o 
 
 '■l^rtcd a • 'c nc 'l/. f " ,'"'''"'J> "f L.^^^ ' 
 '"^•'■ived, as a rewar, '"^.''''^,V'^'"" t"ei a i 
 |:''"'^stants, nii^c , "LIl,^'^*'"''' "••»''^ ''at. To 
 
 ■•'i"I ambitio,, of ., '^ '^"^'"«■''■ Tlmr:^^ 
 "I'V "« ^vas decia ^d mbd^Vr'T'-d .i U - 
 T^,'' war was re, owed xw ''".' "'O «'; a- 
 .""?;. and KocI,eN?*',1,;' "' *''« ITo'es- 
 
 duce.l by' tbo 'kl , '"^ "Th^i"''*-' '••'J""'ft. ,'o. 
 and Uaston d'Oi- 'm.s T"^" aucon-mothor 
 'li/V'iUioritv of n h;., ^•■■■^'"O jealous of 
 with his pride Ic.ftrhp",'^!'.' '••!". <-'lsgusted 
 
 ' " ;0 do Mont, ore.Vd w 'f i"V ' •'»"*1 ^he 
 Toulouse. Iticiii.],- „,,■," '^'^ beheaded nr ' 
 
 eeeded by liis g„„ "° '''"^. Who was suc- 
 
 ■^•1'. KM.'!.— L,),,,:, -v-T,, , , 
 .voai-s old wlioii his f^,,." 'T,'"^ "Illy sit 
 
 =;"'-'i' as nil ,iX,r 'n .r*^ faniinal M - 
 i7'>reror at Jtocro v n. ?,!'," ''''Seated ii.o 
 
 Keecnde.l Iiy tho^ef '/•',,,.„, '^9''"' f'i'ccesses 
 
 tbe^e,,i)n^,vrr,o ;,'^/;5u,r^''''''*5etenni,,ea 
 
 ■yds BtiH conn ,0?, t,"'^^"'^'^- The Span. 
 
 k "Sf took the m' ,,, f,p^„^^ The yo„„tf 
 
 .Is armies, and s e, /^ «°'V» "'e head of 
 
 the frnits of h/>j nl^f J^ ^'^""'•"'Jdi wero 
 
 fame, l^eace w/a « on n??"""' ^"r nnUtZy 
 
Ui 
 
 
 : 
 
 62G 
 
 Clje Crca^uvn at W^tarij, C^t, 
 
 1 
 
 aftor, leaving the llnnuccs In (ho most do- 
 raiiffod state, and the; navy nearly mined. 
 Louis XIV. now took the reins of povern- 
 iiient Into liia own hands. IIo thirsted 
 for glory, and liad the discernment to 
 cUooso great men as his niinlstcr.s. Col- 
 bert and LouvoLs nilcd the llrst olllces of 
 tlio state. Tlic lliian('e.=>, the coninieree, 
 the marine, tho civil and military povorn- 
 nicnts, tlie sciences, and llio artH, exin'ri- 
 enccd a happy cliange. 
 
 Tlic death of Pliilip IV. of Spain occa- 
 sioned the renewal of war. Louis headed 
 liis troops, showing a great exampli> of ac- 
 tivity and courage ; and ills conauests were 
 the means of reestabli-jliing peace. Tlie 
 success of liis arms alarmed tlio ncitthbour- 
 Ing powers, who entered into a defensive 
 league ag.ainst France. Louis again took 
 the field, and cominered th j greater part of 
 Holland, wliicli he was o1)liged to evacuate 
 through the flrmnp.s? and intrepidity of 
 tho stadtholder, afterwards William III. 
 king of Great Britain. The tlieatn? of the 
 war was soon after dianged, and Franclie 
 Ccnnpto was reconnuered. 
 
 In the zenitli of his conquests, Louis dic- 
 tated the conditions of the peace of Nime- 
 guen ;'but this peace v.'as HO(>n after tirol;cn. 
 Tlio Spaniards lost Lnxcmlxnirg: Algiers, 
 Tripoli, and Geneva were boinbanlcd, and 
 obtained peace by uiakingreparatlon in pro- 
 portion to (ho offences tliey had given. 
 
 Tlie princes of Kurope formed the league 
 of Augsburg against Louis, of wliich Wil- 
 liam, prince of Orange, was the soul. Louis 
 revoked the edict of Nantes, thereby de- 
 priving himself of tlio services of many 
 tiiousands of his best and most uscrul sub- 
 jects, the Protestants, whom lie tliitw into 
 tho arms of his enemies. Having so done, 
 he marched against the allied powers. Ho 
 took. In person, Mons and Naniur; and 
 under Luxembourg, Catinat, and Vendonie, 
 tlie French signalised themselves at Fleu- 
 rus, at Stelnkirk, at Ncuvlnde, at Br.rceloiia, 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 James II. of Emrland, having abdicated 
 his throne. Hew Ut Franco as an asyhim ; 
 and Louis cndeav oared, but in vain, to 
 reestablish him. Peace was made .at IJys- 
 wlck, and Europe once more enjoyed repose. 
 Peace was of short duration : the death 
 of Charles II. of Siain rekindled the llames 
 of war. Pliil.'p, duke of Berri, by the wil" 
 of the late king, was named heir to tiiC 
 Spanish throne, which he ascended by the 
 name of Philip V. Tlie empercu- claimed 
 the crown of Spain for his son. War was 
 declared ; and tho fortune of arms appear- 
 ed to liavo abandoned Louis, who, as well 
 as Philip, sued for peace; but tho terms 
 offered by the allies were so hard as to 
 excite tho Indignation of tlie Bourbons. 
 The war was continued ; and at length ter- 
 minated In favour of France, who saw Phi- 
 lip in peaceable possession of tho crown of 
 Spain, secured by the peace of Utreclit In 
 17ia. Two years after, liOulH died, iiavlng 
 reigned seventy-two years. 
 
 The reign of Louis XIV. h.is been cele- 
 brated as the era which iiroduced every 
 thing great and noble in Franco. He has 
 been held up to the world as the muulflceut 
 
 patron of the arts, and a prince whoso c 
 ceptionsand plans were always grand ami n 
 dignllled. The true character of kings can 
 only be jistly determined liy posterity, anii 
 tlio reputation of tlils celebrated monardi 
 has not been strengthened by time. After 
 every proper tribute of applause Is rendered 
 him, It may be asserted that. In general, 
 ho ratlier displayed a rireposterous vanity 
 than true greatness of character, which liiis 
 been procluctivo of sudi baneful effects, 
 that the declino of tho French monarcliy 
 may be said to have mainly originated fiom 
 liis conduct. It must be admitted tl at in 
 the earlier years of liis reign, Louis ,ns a 
 liberal patron of letters, and many of tlie 
 most celebrated writers (lonrished ; as Cor- 
 neille and Bacine, tho two greatest trngio 
 poets of France, and Molioro, the llrst 
 comic writer; BoUeau, the satirist; Fon- 
 taine, Fenelon, MasslUon, and others. Tlie 
 close of the long career of Louis, once 
 styled by the French 'tho great,' was ills- 
 graced by a gloomy and bigoted iiilokT- 
 anee. i 
 
 A.D. 171."). — Louis XV. succeeded liis j 
 grandfatlier at the .ago of live years and 
 a half. Tho regency was conferred iJii 
 his uncle, tho duke of Orleans, uiidrr : 
 whose auspices llio unfortunate JIissi--:| 
 sippi scheme, planned by Law, a Scuiiii- i 
 man, took place, '''ho king took the gn- 
 vernment upon hi;'\soIf at tho ago oflif- 
 teeii, and appointed cardinal Floury, Ills 
 preceptor, prime minister. Tlio cinpoior 
 disturbing the peace of Europe, Spain and 
 Sardinia united with France, a..d declared 
 war. The taking of Philipsburg, tlic vie- 
 torioB of Parma and Placcntla, and tlie 
 conquests of Don Carlos, put an eml tn 
 this short -ttar, which g.avo Iiorraliio to 
 France. 
 
 Tho death of the emperor Charles VI, 
 liUinged ICuropo again into war. Franco 
 favoured the pretensions of the electur . ' 
 Bavaria. The combined armies (.f Fiaiuv 
 and Bavaria subdued Upper Austria, aiiJ 
 pos.ses.sed themselves of Prague, wliore 
 the elector was crowned king of Bulumia. 
 But a sad reverse was soon after exprri- 
 eiiced. Austria and Bohemia were torn 
 from Cliarles VIL, who had been cltctod 
 enipcfor by the assistance of Franco; niiJ 
 poaco was demanded of tho Iluiigariiii 
 queen, but refused. 
 
 Louis XV. who, aftor the death of r.ardin.il 
 Fleury, governed for some time in lii,somi 
 person, set four armies on foot, and inaifh- 
 ed into Flanders. IIo took Menin, Yiire?, 
 and Fumes; whilst the prince of C'oiiii 
 signalised himself In Italy. In the moan- 
 time Alsace was attacked : Louis Hew to ill 
 assistance, and fell sick at Mentz. As scub, 
 as his health was reestablished, he besieged, 
 Friburg, which surreiide/ed. Several cm 
 palgiis followed with various success, until 
 peace was made at Ai.v-Ia-Chapellc in lUl. 
 
 War recommenced In 17,55, between ili 
 English and French. In Genua ly it mi 
 carried on with advantage to the latterj 
 Hanover w.as taken, and the duke of i' 
 berlaiid made tho capitulation of I'lu.-tei 
 seven, disgraceful to the English. Tliokini 
 of Prusaia defeated the French and Ai ■ 
 
 tl 
 
-v4- 
 
 €lye W^tavv at ^tantc. 
 
 627 
 
 lirUice whose i-ou- 
 lUvays Brawl iuul , 
 ractcrot kings mu 
 
 ,"cd M time. Alt.l;' 
 
 mplaiselsrcndcrea 
 Itliat. iu genoniV, 
 •cpoBtcrouB vaiiily ■ 
 'laractcr.wlilclilKH, 
 
 p FrcncU monardiy 
 
 .fa loiivisUed; astoi- 
 i MoUcrc, tUc t 
 ,, tUc BatirUt ; Im- 1 
 loll and others. 'Hie i 
 irocr or r.oulB, ouro 
 •the great; w^o; ' '- 
 and blb'oted inioKi- 1 
 
 XV puocccdcd Ills 
 age of live years nm 
 lI^ was e'.nrcrrod 
 
 ^^^^iKoi^HS 
 
 linlslVr The empeni 
 " * viivonc. Spain fiiul 
 
 Kf Phllipfhurg, the yt 
 nd riacontla. and tic 
 'Carlos, put an eml 
 hlcU gave i^oiraiiic w 
 
 ^nsofiueeleo,.. 
 
 "■''' a IhiK of 1 oluniiJ 
 
 Tfs s"o" '^f'"- '?';"!; 
 
 LiltMiccoI Franco ;!mJ I 
 fdcd of U'O ll"n«>'n:«> 
 
 nor the death of cimluiJl 
 
 ^ffllshod^e ;c^ H 
 
 t Alx-la-Chapullcii'i;:! 
 led in 175b. "et^^f?" ';^ 
 
 trlans at Rosbach, which Instantly chanorod 
 tlio face of alT.jlrs. Hanover was retaken, 
 and the French heateii at Crovclt, liy tlio 
 prince of nrniiswick. They wore defeated 
 at "Warburg, ami at JKiiden by the Eng- 
 11 M. who proved Piicccssfnl both l>y sea 
 aiK. land. Spain, alarmed at the many con- 
 quests of their arms, jolneil a confederacy 
 of the princes of the hoiipc of ncnirhon, 
 known by the name of the 'family com- 
 pact :' and the flame of war raged in both 
 liemispheres, to the glory of the Kiiorllsh 
 nation and the loss of the Bourhons. Tlie 
 peace of 1703 put an end to tills war. 
 
 During the interval of peace, Loiii-i con- 
 fiiiored Corsica, after a desperate stnigglo 
 on tho part of that bravo people for their 
 independence, under Pascal I'aoll. ircilieil 
 ill 1774. lie was a prince of very moderate 
 p.irts.and w;i.-i <ri v-erncd in a crrcat me.'i.suro 
 by his niistri' ,ind his favourites, who 
 also governed I'rance. 
 
 A.n. 1774.— Louis XVr., grandson of the 
 last king, succeeded to the throne, having, 
 in 1770, marriiHl Marie Antoinette, princess 
 of Austria. Ifo regenerated the marine, 
 mucli weakened by I lie successes of i li(> i;n- 
 ftlisli iu llie late war; anil the navy of 
 Vrance, in a few years after liis snccessinii, 
 could hoast of one hundred sail of the line. 
 Ho assisted tlie Anglo-.Ainericans to throw 
 off the yoke of themollier country, which 
 tlipy elTecti'd ; hut it was in thirf war that 
 tlie seeds were sowi. of that revolution 
 which proved his ruin. 
 
 The war of American IiKh^iendence had, 
 in truth, t.aughd the people of every count ry 
 to know their power ; and in France, the 
 liitlucncc of the nobility and liie crown had 
 lioen annihilated, by their coutemptihle 
 profligacy in the preceding reign, A set of 
 iinwerful but intolerant writers had also 
 arisen, at the head of whom were Voltaire 
 and Rousseau, who attacked ail existing 
 Institutions with a wit and clociuenco that 
 made them universally popular. The taxes 
 wore most unjustly distrihuted ; tlie clergy 
 and nobility heing exempt from taxation, 
 and the middling classes and tiie poor 
 being ohllged to defray the whole. 
 
 Towards the close of the year irS8, when 
 famine stared tho miserable peasants in 
 the face, tho greatest dilUculty was found 
 to supply tho enormous expenses which 
 woTo every day Increasing. Tho king was 
 advised to call a meeting of the states-gen- 
 eral; a measure seldom recunvd to but in 
 rases of tho greatest necessity. The stai es- 
 general, consisting of Uio nobles, clergy, 
 and others, nssemblod, and commenced 
 their sittings In the king's royal palace at 
 Vcf.sallles, May 5th, 17S9. They soon dis- 
 Mvored the situation of the country; and 
 they also felt their power and their conse- 
 quence, from the eyes of all France being 
 directed to their prococdiugs. '1 hey bound 
 themselves, by an oath, never to separate 
 until the constitution of tho kingdom, and 
 the regeneration of public order, were 
 established and Ilxed on a solid basis. They 
 declared themselves Inviolable, by a ma- 
 jority of 40.1 against Hi ; and seemed jias- 
 slonately In love with freedom and their 
 country. Tho celebrated Ncckcr was dis- 
 
 missed tho ministry, and retired fro-u 
 France. 
 
 A state of universal agitation was /low 
 on the eve of commencing ; an awful f.ceno 
 approached— a scene from which wo dato 
 tho period of tho French revolution. T!io 
 citizens of Paris, who had assembled on 
 Sunday evening, the 12th of July x7R9, in 
 the puhlic walks of the Palais lloyal, pro- 
 ceeded from tb.enco to tho house of aii 
 artist on the Boulev.ards ; and having pro- 
 cured a Inist of M. Necker, and also of tho 
 duke of Orle.-ns, they adorned them with 
 cr.'ipe, and carried them through the streets 
 In triumph. "When they came to the Square 
 or Place Vendome, they were stopped by 
 the (ierinnn regiment of horse, who dis- 
 persed the iieople, and broke tho bust of 
 Xecker. Ho; 'e few were wounded ; but 
 they soon r.i Mod in increased numbers. 
 Theariny, wlilcii liaii lieen stationed round 
 Paris, now came forward in full force with 
 a body of cavalry; and tlie prince de Lam- 
 iies(|, of the liouse of Lorraine, ,at their 
 head. He had received orders from niar- 
 slial Mrogllo to take post near tlie gardens 
 of tlic Tuilleries, and maintain himself in 
 that position, witiiont doing any mischief 
 to the peojilc : lint tliey were now asseni- 
 liled In such nnmhers, and were so tumul- 
 tiioiis, iliat tiio prince, finding himself 
 liemnied in, and fearful of lieing cut off, 
 entered tho gardens of the Tuilleries at tho 
 head of his German regiment, and, with 
 Ills drawn sword, .■•ounded a peacealile 
 citizen who was walking there. The dis- 
 order from that time became universal; 
 the soldiers fired on the people ; and what 
 with the shrieks of the women, the g.oana 
 of tho wounded, and the arhltrnry hcha- 
 vlour of the mil tary, the whole city was in 
 an Instant thrown into a convulsed state. 
 
 The general cry was, 'To arms!' Jluis- 
 kets, and other weapons of defence, wero 
 sooii in every hand. The French guards 
 not only refused to fire on their country- 
 men, but united in their cause. They 
 marched to the Place of Louis X'V^. to meet 
 the German regiment. They soon camo 
 up with them as well as with some hus- 
 sars of the. Hungarian light horse, who had 
 joined the Germnns. A smart action took 
 lilai e, and tho Germans wero dr'ven back 
 in great disorder, leaving elevcr of their 
 comrades killed or wounded behind them. 
 
 On the lith of July, in the morning, al- 
 most every person in Paris was armed ; tho 
 soldiers mingled witii the populace, and 
 all at onco a nvmerous body exclaimed 
 ' Let us stonr. the Bastih^ 1 ' That instant 
 they proceeded towards it, and presented 
 tliemselves before lie tremendous for- 
 tress, by tho great street of St. Anthony. 
 JI. de Lauiiay, the governor, caused a flag 
 of truce to he hung <nit ; upim which a de- 
 taclimetitof the patriotic guards, with Ave 
 or six hundred citizens, introduced tliem- 
 selves Into the flrst court. The governor, 
 having advanced to the drawbridge, en- 
 quired of the people what tiiey wanted. 
 They answered, 'ammunition and arms.' 
 He promised to furnish them ; Instead of 
 which, he ctiused tho drawhrldgc to bo 
 raised, aud a discharge of artillery on all 
 
 Bjf ..: 
 

 i.'.'i* 
 
 II 
 
 
 028 
 
 ^\)t Evcniwvi} of W^tavUt ^r. 
 
 tlioso iiipu who wcro Iti tho llrBt court, 
 whereby ninny wcro killed and wounilcd. 
 Tlio governor now turned tlio cannon on 
 tho city. The populace, burning with re- 
 venge, sent for tho cannon from tlio In- 
 ViillUos ; upon which flvo pieces were soon 
 brought them, anddellvcred tooxpcrlenced 
 gunners. Three pieces of artillery, under 
 the direction of M.IIulin, were .ilso brought 
 Into tho court of the Sultpctrlerc, contigu- 
 ous to the H;istile,and innncdliitely pointed 
 aKainst that fortress, on which they llrcd 
 Willi great vivacity. Tlio governor, perceiv- 
 ing lie could not hold out ag.ain^t t-ucli a 
 lilinl.iiis as opiioHCd lilni, throw out a white 
 Hag. Tlio besiegers, however, would look 
 at nothing that, inight lessen their resent- 
 ment, or excite pity In favour of the bo- 
 Bieged. Tho povoriior made a second nt- 
 tenipt to pacify tlicni, but in vain. He 
 acquainted thciii, by a paper Introduced 
 tiirough a crevice In the drawbridge, that 
 he had 20,0001b. weight of gunpowder ; and 
 wonid blow up the garrison, and all it« 
 environs, If a capitulation was not ac- 
 cepted. Tho besiegers despised tiiis me- 
 nace, and continued their firing wltli addi- 
 tional vigour. 
 
 Three cannon were brougiit forward tc 
 beat down thodr.awbrldgo. The governor 
 then demolished the little bridge of pas- 
 sage on the Icft-liand, at tho entrance of 
 tho fortres; Holy, Hull i, and Malllanl 
 leaped on tli,: bridge, and demanded tli;it 
 the Ininoi^ c gar c should be l.istantly opened. 
 The besieged obeyed; an I the besiegiM-.-i 
 pushed forward to make ,<ood their en- 
 trance, slaying all who cam? in their way; 
 and soon after the standard of the victors 
 w.is seen hoisted on the highest tower. In 
 the meantimo the principal drawbridge was 
 let down ; tho populace rnsliod In, every 
 one eager to discover tho governor, and t(j 
 1)lnnge Ids sword Into hln 'ivachenms bo- 
 som. A grenadier slnglcii iiim out, si'izcd 
 and disarnu'd him, and delivered him up to 
 ]{u1in and ncly. 
 
 The del uty govornnr, tho major, and the 
 captain of tho gun.iors, were al^o sei'/.cd. 
 Tho victors proceeded with their prisoners 
 tothelloteldc Vlile; but they were scarce- 
 ly .arrived, when the mol) toro them from 
 tho linnds of those who held them In secu- 
 rity, and trampled them underfoot; and 
 De Launay, and tho major, pierced with 
 countless wounc'- , expired 
 
 Tlius fell the >.ustlle, :iter a siege of 
 three hours only : n fortress that the most 
 cxiierlenccd generals of tho age of Lp* -^ 
 XIV. had deemed Impregnable. It '....■( 
 begun by Ch.arles V. In 13G3, and lliilshcd 
 Inins.!. 
 
 The court, utterly astounded at these pro- 
 ceedings, now ordered the dismls^.-d of tlic 
 troops, and tho recall of NccUor. Bailly, 
 who presided at the tennis-court, was no- 
 minated mayor of Paris, and Lafayette be- 
 came comni.ander of the national guards. 
 A ■•- owdof tho lowest raljble, accompanied 
 b. .-iomc of the national guards, proceeded 
 to Versailles, and entered tho palace amidst 
 threats and execrations tho most Indecent 
 and revolting. The king was compelled to 
 Rccojnpany them to I'arls, and to receive 
 
 from the hands of Dallly the trl-colourcd 
 cockade, as a mark of his union with IIiq 
 people. 
 
 At tills period the famous Jacobin cluh 
 was formed : an illegal and violent power, 
 which raised Itself at the side of tho na- 
 tional representation in order soon after 
 to crush it. At llrst it consisted of a few 
 well-disposed deputies and patriots ; but I 
 it soon changed its character, and bccamol 
 the focus of insurrection and trcasonalile | 
 excitement. 
 
 Tun PiiExcii UisvourTroN.— T7»8 LimUcdl 
 Monarcliji. 
 
 A.D. I7fi9.— Wo now come to tho montli I 
 of Augn.st, an ever-memorablo era in tlio I 
 liistory of France. Tho new constltutlinil 
 was llnally ushered into tho national ii.s-f 
 sembly on t!io 1st day of tho month. Tlio) 
 articles Ueini; all discussed, the king nr-[ 
 c.opted it with seeming sincerity, r«?turniiigl 
 the .issembly thanks for tho title they liaill 
 bestowed on him ; th.it of ' restorer of tlio| 
 lll)ertles of France.' 
 
 It was not long after t lils, however, tli.itl 
 Louis, probably from llnding his poworl 
 I'lrcnmscrilied, attempted to leave Franco,! 
 witik thcaueen and family, and had actualj;! 
 approached tho frontiers, when he uasi 
 recognised by Drouet, son of the postmastitl 
 at Vareniics, Willi contrived to Impede In'J 
 journey by overturning a cart In tho wa.r.| 
 In the meantime lie conveyed the Intel 
 gence to tho guard. The king was iuiii| 
 fully identified, but denied having any 
 tention of leaving Franco, lie was, InwJ 
 ever, conveyed back to Paris, whore he lial 
 been but a very yhort time missed. llii| 
 brothers escaped by tak ing different roiuoj 
 
 This attempt of Louis to leave the kin* 
 ilom irritated tlio Parisians almost ii| 
 frenzy ; and lie was soon after convoyed i.f 
 the Teiiiple as a prisoner, together with 1 
 i|ucen, liis children, and his slsti f, Mad.'iinJ 
 ICII/.atjetl). Here iie suffered a rigonnif 
 coiiilnoment, until he w.as brought to tria 
 before tho national convention ; for by t|i)l 
 appellation the national assembly was tluf 
 known. Being convlcteil of what tliJ 
 termed treason against that constltuiliJ 
 w'licii he had sworn to defend, ho was niJ 
 demned to die by the guillotine; wliiJ 
 death he suft'ered on the 21st of Jamiail 
 17n.'5, with great fortitude, and was biiiif 
 jirivately In a churchyard of Paris; 
 grave being filled with lime. In order ti 
 prevent his partisans from removing lil 
 l>ody. Thus died Louis XVL, who, if nf 
 the greatest of the French iiionarchs, v 
 certainly one of the most unoffending ;bJ 
 ho was irresolute, brought up in the Inbll 
 of indolence, and of a court famous fnrif 
 breach of faitli. lie was, in fact. In cvci 
 respect, unsuitable to tlio government i 
 llie French natliin, whether as adesporia 
 or a free government : tho latter he Iiii 
 self ccitainly was tho means of intrnil 
 ciiig, by tho part he took In the com 
 between Great Britain and her Amerli^ 
 colonics. 
 
 2. The liepubUcan Government. 
 A.D. 1792. — Buving tlio conflneinnitj 
 Louis, the constitution was modelled acsj 
 
 it. 
 
save the onct beafaifuf'M"'} l'"«'cr couw 5 '°rt *^*'*"' .«' Clk TiTo & --uaur 
 hor doom liad duu/.t Sj^L"',*^ Autoinet e ; S tTH"^'. '^»' execrated bf* i?".? °»"^ 
 
 terrcd in a Afmvo flXcrwlM ^'"'I'^'l'a'ely . Inf^T^ J«a»". and met dea h^.^u',"'^^' ^"8 In 
 k firraco and beautV'vas'j'n'V*''^ "^''S SS (?''°"»'' »"t for'i, 's"' '^^^^ "? Ju«t 
 
 
 kriencei and 'Sy ^[Jl'.'^f' ^''^ouV ex-" r.i. 
 
 ■• — -"'oi'iiu, earned the r 
 
 ptea to tterSiS ■''? V'l"- '"-tail, ^h,""™"' «"' iiY15?i',;:.'''i''° 
 
 Jred'foS^.t.'^S& 
 
 tliird of each ci,',,, ."-o's'ative part (iim 
 
 go out yrarly, and Ijo •PniMi'?,''?"^^ ■'va« to 
 'Km cf anothVV. " '<^l'laced by the cloc- 
 
 aiitiioritlcs of Vn-,'^'^'^^' "'c nuiaioi- toVv ri.V '"^ I'^'iftrated tlio Fron^h Z''^'^.' ' 
 
 Ireed that the walls an?,°?,M'''?"' ''^■'"■'"' 
 Itl'o city Should 1.0 rJGd".V';"i-'^'"f^^ 
 fcefortli called LaViii^A^l '^",'^. ^-J'^i's 
 |io excesses ami ^„ ^ffmnchie. ' 
 
 lod of JVench''hitorv ™'"? °' fl^^^ I 
 |l. too Hicrodib fw^i ^"/"'"st. '"- 
 
 pSiiiliiiliiiss 
 
 1 Da<ue. to receive the adoration Of the had'b!?'/'!"' "''''"^rmy'ontah?^!; *° t^o 
 R\t«°^r----nowinir^!^^^^ 
 
 Po Ills sanguinary vengeance r?'"?" ^^'^^'no'itosc in thol oM.5° A"strians and 
 " . ij fp ^""^'"'ue a treaty 
 
 ■t './ 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 630 
 
 QTlis ^tttiiuv^ at ^imru, 9st* 
 
 of peaoOi In which Bavqy and Nice were 
 glren up to France ; on the 8t*i of May he 
 crossed the Po ; on the succeeding day he 
 forced Parma to consent to an armistice; 
 defeated general Wurmser on the 3rd of 
 August at Lonado, and on the 6th at Cas- 
 tlgllone: advanced against the Tyrol ; de- 
 feated Alrlnzl at Arcole on the isth of 
 November, and at Biroli on the I4th of 
 January 1707 ; concluded the peace of Tc>- 
 lentlno, in which the pope yielded Arlgncn 
 to France; and Bologna, Ferrara, and Ro- 
 magna to the Cisalpine republic, on thel9th 
 of February ; defeated the archdulce Charles 
 at Lesonso; and signed preliminarlos of 
 peace with Austria at Leoben on the 16th 
 of April 1707, and by the peace of Cnmpo 
 Formlo the Austrian capital was saved frura 
 destruction. 
 
 This treaty led to a congress to be held 
 for the adjustment of claims, and to bring 
 about that desirable blessing, peace. Rad- 
 stadt was the place appointed for the meet- 
 ing of the ministers of the dllteront powers 
 who were to assist. Fifteen months elapsed 
 in negotiation, which terminated in delu- 
 sion; nd the French plenipotentiaries, 
 Bonn? e and Roberjot, were assassinated by 
 some I Tman soldiers on their return to 
 France. Both parties having in tlio interim 
 recruited their strength, renewed the war. 
 
 During the above-mentioned negotiation, 
 a plan was laid in France for the conquest 
 of Egypt. They accordingly fitted out a for- 
 midable fleet at Toulon, on board of which 
 were embarked 42,000 troops, the flower of 
 Buonaparte's victorious Italian army. All 
 Europe was Intorested in the destination 
 of so formidable aii armament, but more 
 particularly England. Buonaparte, It was 
 generally understood, was to have the com- 
 uinnd ; but the great secrecy with which 
 everything relating t'uereto was conducted, 
 battled all the efforts at the discovery of 
 his real designs. It left Toulon in May 
 1798 under the command of Bricux as ad- 
 miral, and Buonaparte as commander-in- 
 chief of the troops, and steered to the east- 
 ward. In June, Malta 8ubn!itted ; and on 
 the 2nd of July, it reached Alexandria, In 
 Egypt ; having had the good fortune to es- 
 cape tiie vigllanra of admiral Nelson, who 
 had been despatched In search of it as soon 
 as it was known for a certainty that it bad 
 gone to the eastward. Alexandria was taken 
 on the 3rd ; and the beys and Manu'lukes 
 were flefeatci in several actions. Egypt, 
 including Its capital. Grand Cairo, was in 
 the possession of the French In twenty-ono 
 days from their landing. 
 
 Buonaparte had landed his forces but a 
 short time before the English fleet appear- 
 ed on the coast of Egypt. The French fleet 
 lay in the bay of Aboukir, moored in the 
 greatest security : the intrepid Nelson at- 
 tacked it on the ;i8t of August, and gained 
 a victory as complete as any in the naval 
 annals of our country. 
 
 Buonaparte having brought Egypt under 
 his posver, his next object was Syria, for 
 the invasion of which he was in readiness 
 early In February 1799. He marched from 
 Grand Cairo across the Desert. He took 
 El Arish, Joppa, and Jernsalvim, and pene- 
 
 trated the country as far as Acre, which 
 place he besieged. Here he met with an 
 unexpected foe, in the captains and crews 
 of a small English fleet, commanded by sir | 
 Sidney Smith, which had come to the as- 1 
 sistanceof tho pacha ; and after many most i 
 daring attempts to take that city, durlmr ' 
 forty days and upwards, he retired wltli 
 considerable loss. 
 
 It was during tho siege of Acre that 
 Buonaparte flrst heard of tho reverses ot 
 tho French, and the loss of the greater rart 
 of Ills contiuests in Italy. He soon after- 
 wards defeated tho army of tho pacha of 
 Natolla at Aboukir, and his departure frnm 
 Egypt followed Immediately on that evonr, 
 Ho left the government of his newconqiirst 
 under general Kleber; and embarking on! 
 board a small vessel, with a few of his prin- 
 cipal olilcers, had the good fortune to es- 
 cape the numerous English cruisers, and 
 arrived av Frejus on the istli of Octolier. i 
 Ho was received in Paris on the 10th amidst f 
 tho acclamations of tho people; and was 
 soon made acquainted with tho external 
 and Internal situation ol France. He (U'- 
 plored tho loss of thoso conquests wliipli 
 liad acquired to him immortal fame ; imt 
 he further deplored the state of the cmiii- 1 
 try, torn into a variety of iiiJtions. An I 
 array, unclothed, unfed, and unpaid ; a inrtl 
 of tho interior of the republic in rebellion; 
 a host of foes from without pressing It on I 
 all sides; tho finances in the utmost possl-j 
 ble state of derangement : and ther jsouriHl 
 drained almost to the last llvre. The Quifkl 
 dlsccriimont of Buonaparte told him tlntl 
 nothing sliirt of a grand effort could save! 
 Franco fn^m ruin. He soon made up lilil 
 mind to tho action, and, assisted by a fowl 
 frlci.'-ls, his generals, and tils army, actuallyl 
 assumed the government on the 9th ot N>| 
 vember; abolishing, at, tho same tluic, [til 
 constitution of the thii\l year. He was .- 
 after electcvl flrst consul, with extraord!-| 
 nary poweis. 
 
 The scone that took place on tliU niej 
 inorable occas1<Mi is well worth tniii^iriN 
 lug :— The legislature mot at St. (':, udl 
 tho councilor elders in the great galliTyJ 
 mid that of Ave hundred, of whom l.uciei 
 Buonaparte was president, in the oi'am.'ciT| 
 Buonaparte entered the council of oldon 
 and, in an animated address, descrllHjUtiH 
 dangers that menaced the republic, ail 
 conjured them to associate their wlsdoif 
 with tho force which surrounded him. 
 member using the word • constltiitionj 
 Buonaparte exclaimed, 'The constitutlnnl 
 It has been trodden under foot, and usjT 
 as a cloak for all manner of tyranui 
 Meanwhile a violent debate was golneo 
 In the orangery, several members insi»tliij 
 upon knowing why the place of sittinpl 
 been changed. The president endoavou 
 to allay this storm ; but the removal 1 
 created groat heat, and the cry wa ■. ' Voi 
 with the dictator I No dictator I ' At tl( 
 moment Buonaparte himself entered, bai 
 beaded, ff)llowed by four grenadiers: 
 which several members exclaimed, ''* 
 Is that 1 No sabres here ' "No armed meal 
 while others descending into the hall, c 
 lared him, calling him 'Outlaw,' 
 
ntry as far as Aero, which 
 jed. Here lie met with an 
 i, In tho raptiiins and crewn ( 
 lah fleet, commanded by Bir j 
 which had como to the m- ' 
 )acha; and after many niont 
 8 to take that city, durinor 
 upwards, he retired with 
 
 g tho siege of Acre thnt 
 It lieard of tho reverses of 
 1 the loss of tho greater part 
 bs In Italy. Ho soon after- 
 the army of tho pachu of 
 kir, and his departure from 
 Immediately on that eveiir, 
 Tnmpnt of hlsnr ■ 
 
 i in I'aris on ine i 
 of tlio people 
 ....Inted with thi 
 tuatlon ol France. Ho dt-- 
 of those conquests wliidi 
 ) him Immortal fame ; ipiit 
 
 retlrlnsr, mounted hL jm^ '„""'* Buo.mpa«e 
 n?an i'^°5P8 outside m?^i. ""d "ddressod 
 ilso made a forrihio „ "'* brother Ti.ni 
 
 rectory had reaicj ?^ ''°'"'"-<?<l thnttC'J^ 
 
 f^'sted of an execu^?^ constitution con- 
 
 nominated i.v fi,„ '""> the flrsKiX V . i 
 ""n&rd^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Morenu wi?^'^''«'clded the fat « . i"i '**"' 
 
 «>i 
 
 *. 
 
 •jneOs 
 
\(ft*=V»- 
 
 632 
 
 Crijc CTrcAilui'y at WHovUt fft' 
 
 i 
 
 liKlcod, tli.it I' wn^ not loriK licforu ho took 
 nil iipiKirliiiiiiy ul j'unly liiaultiiiK thu Kn- 
 ((IImIi ivinl>a!i!tuili)r. A I'eiiowal of hogtilUica 
 WHS tlio iiiituriil irsult; mid to siicli an ex- 
 tent dill Iluoiii\|)ai-to ciu'ry IiIm niiliiioslty 
 towards KiiKlaiid, tliat on tliu Kroiiml tliat 
 two Frencli hIiI|is lind been caiilurod jn-lor 
 to tlio formal Ut'i'liir.ii Ion of war, ho Issued a 
 decree for tlio deUiitioii of all llio Kii»<llAh 
 ill Franco; and under this liifrlngenieiit of 
 liitcrimtlonal law, tito number of British 
 Bubjects detained in Fraueo nmuuiitud tu 
 11,000, and In llolliind to l.aoo. 
 
 A.I). 1804.— In February a plot was dis- 
 covered III Paris for tlio asHUssI nation of 
 Buoiinpartu and the ove.-Hirow of tho eon- 
 gular Kovcrnr.ieiit. The prineipalB In thU 
 conspiracy were general IMchegru ;(k'orges, 
 an eiithuslagtic loyalist; and Lnjolais, a 
 friend of general Moreivu, who also was 
 charged with disallectlon to tho ronsuiar 
 goveriiineiit, rumiiiisr the trials I'iehegru 
 was found strangli d in iirison ; (Jeorges 
 and sonic of hia accomplices were publicly 
 executed ; and Moreau was Beiiteuccd to 
 two years' ImpriHoiinicnt, which was com- 
 luuted to baiii8linient to America. 
 
 Ouo of tho foulest atrocities of modern 
 times was next perpetrated by I bo order of 
 nmiiiaparte. Tlie duko d'Kiighien, eldest 
 son of the dul;e of Bourbon, was seized in 
 the neutral territory of Uaden, and taken 
 llr.-!t to Strasbourg, them^o to Paris, and 
 afterwards to tho castle of Vlncemies, where 
 a nilltary commission met on the night of 
 his arrival, to try him, on the charges of 
 having served in tho emigrant aniiles 
 against France, and of lieing privy to tho 
 coiL^pIracy i » Ueorges. It, however, slgiil- 
 fled little \Miat lUo charges were ; ho w;i.s 
 predestlnt.d fcv li uuediate exccu Ion ; ami. 
 In dritancf) oi every barrier of internntioiiiil 
 law, .luiifi v, h'u[ humanity, ho was taken 
 out and sli>'>t lu tlio cnstio ditch, almost im- 
 Miediately .i/tcr liis inidnight trial was con- 
 cluded. Till: jiriiico had tho reputation of 
 being a bravo soldier and a virtuous man ; 
 henco he was tlic more obnoxious ! 
 
 Tho ambition of Buonaparte to obtain 
 the imperial dignity, and his denunciations 
 against Kngland, seemed to occupy all his 
 thoughts; and, truly, these were ol)jerii 
 of no little magnitude. At length, on the 
 1st of May, amotion wasmadu In the tri- 
 bunate for conferring on Napoleon Jiiioiia- 
 p;irto the rank of emperor, with hereditniy 
 Kiiccossioa in his family. The decree of the 
 tribunato was adopted by tho sei'ule ; ami 
 power given to Buonaparte, If li« hid no 
 male Issue, to adopt an heir from ' lie chil- 
 dren of his brotliers. Tho title of prince, 
 princess, and Imperial highness, were con- 
 ferred on all members of tho Buonaparte 
 family. Thus ended the French republic, 
 under all Its phases. It had lasted eleven 
 years and four months— almost the exact 
 duration of tho Kngiish commouweailli 
 from the death of Charles I. 
 
 Pope Plus VII. now proceeded to Paris, 
 and on tho 2nd of December solemnly 
 anointed tho new emperor, who himself 
 placed the Imperial crown upon his own 
 head. The Italian republic followed the 
 example of France; and on the 15th of 
 
 March isos, having named their preitidont 
 king of Italy, Napoleon, on tho untli of 
 May, with his own 1 "ids also placed the 
 new crown of tho I. .i^rdian kings uiion 
 his own head, ami v,i:i .'inolnted by the 
 archbishop of Milii . 
 
 During his presence In Italy, tho scnato 
 of tho Llgurlaii republic demanded and ob- 
 tained the Incorporation of tho UenoeKo 
 Htato with tho French empire, on tho 4tb 
 of .lutio; and the small republic of Lucca 
 was transformed in the same year into an 
 hereditary principiillty foi 'onapartc's 
 sister, the princess ICIIza, I' s already, 
 also, piviuirliig thrones V ''lish his 
 
 brotliers. 
 
 The threatened InvnBlon oi irltaln had 
 long been the theme of every tongue, uiid 
 tlio people of Franco had been diverted 
 from all other thoughts during the nui- 
 mentous changes which, with a magician's 
 wand, had taken place In that Bystcm <>( 
 governiiirut for the attainment of wlilrli 
 the blood of Frenchmen had liowed wiili 
 such reckless prodigality. A third coalition 
 against Franco was concluded at Peters- 
 burgh, between Kngland and Hussla, April 
 11 : Austria joined tho confederacy In Au- 
 gust; and Sweden likewise was made ii 
 party to it, iiid received n eubsidy. lint 
 the emperor Napoleon felt assured tli.it 
 while he could detach Prussia from the 
 alliance, which he did by promising Ilaiiu' 
 ver to the king, he had no great reason to 
 apprehend any serious injury from the ot liur 
 powers. 
 
 In It.ily tho archduke Cliarle.? was op- 
 pose! to marshal Mnssuiia; at tlie saiiic 
 time i;.">,000 French niarchod under St, C.vr | 
 from Naples into Upper Italy, afteratre;iiy 
 of neutrality had been concluded between 
 Franco and Naples. The Austrian army in I 
 (Jeriiiany was commanded by tho archduko [ 
 Ferdinand and general Mack. This arnij- 
 penetrated Into Bavaria in September Iwij, 
 and demanded that the elector slioiiM | 
 either unite his forces witii the Austrian- 
 or disband them: upon which the clectiTJ 
 joined Napoleon ; and a similar course w;i- 
 adopted by tho dukes of Wirtemburg and 
 Baden. 
 
 Fors;ikiiig the camp of Boulogne, where I 
 he had been preparing tho * army of Kiig-I 
 land ' for the projected Invasion, Napoleon I 
 hastened towards Wirteraburg, and issued I 
 a declaration of w.ar. The corps of lierna-r 
 dotte and tlii^ Bavarians having murchedj 
 towards tlie Danube, througii the neiun 
 province of Anspach, belonging to Prus^ii,! 
 the latter power, which had assembled ii-| 
 armies iu the neighbourhood of the Uuv 
 siaii frontier, renounced its obligations Pii 
 France ; and by the treaty of Pot.«dara, cnii[ 
 eluded on the 3rd of November, (UirliiK thel 
 stay of the emperor Alexander ,it BerlliiJ 
 promised to join the cuemics of NapolennI 
 The Prussian armies, in conjunction wiilil 
 the Saxons and Hessians, took up a hosti!e| 
 position extending between thefrontlcra o' 
 Silesia and the Danube. But the Austrlanl 
 armies in Suabla liad been rapidly turneil| 
 and defeated by tho French, in a series oil 
 operations extending from the 6th to tlitr 
 13tb of October ; upon wblcli Mack, iu m 
 
t. '-^^ 
 
 11!? nnmod their prcNidont 
 (npoloun, on tlio 'UMi of 
 wii ! "I'ls ftlno placed llio 
 
 I, ii 'rdinn klii^H uiioii 
 iti'l 'v;in ;iiioliitfd by the 
 In ■, 
 
 scnce In Italy, tlio scnato 
 t'lnihllc dfinandtd and ob- 
 •l)()ratlon of tlio Ocnocso 
 'rench cnuilrp, on tlio 4th 
 f Hniall republic of Lucca 
 In tliu aauio year Into an 
 Jlpallty foi "onaparto's 
 IBS Kllza. I' n already, 
 tliruui'S t' '>IIb1i Ills 
 
 1 Invasion oi frltaln liail 
 L-mo of overy tongue, and 
 ranco bad been dlvertwl 
 LbouirhtB durliiK the inn- 
 i which, with a magician's 
 I plttco In that syHtem of 
 the attalnnient of wliii li 
 
 'iichincn liad llowcd wttli 
 dIgalRy. A third coalllloii 
 was roiicludt'd at IVti-rs- 
 Kiiglaiid and HUHsla, Ajiril 
 i3d tho confederacy In An- 
 on likewise was made a 
 received a eiibsldy. lint 
 poleon felt assured tlnit 
 iletach rrussia from tlio 
 o did by pronilHing Haim- 
 lie had no great reason to 
 rious Injury from the oMiur 
 
 rcliduke Charles was op- 
 il MasHciia; at tlin wuiif i 
 3li marched under St. Cjr 
 Upper Italy, afteratrcn) 
 been concluded between ' 
 •s. Tho Austrian army in 
 iimanded by the archduke i 
 toneral Mack. This army 
 iavaria In September Imi.i, 
 that tho elector sIkhiIiI 
 lorccs with the Austrhn- 
 : upon which tho cleeiur 
 and a similar course w;h I 
 ukes of ArVirtcmburg anJ [ 
 
 :amp of Iloulogne, wlicrcl 
 )ariiig tho ' army of Kng-I 
 lectcd Invasion, Naiioleoiir 
 s WIrteraburg, and UsnM 
 iVar. Tho corps of lieriia- 
 rivarlans having marchedl 
 ubc, through the nentnlf 
 ich, belonging to Prus.-ii, 
 
 which had asi^cmbleil ii.-l 
 Ighbourhood of tho llu>[ 
 ounced its obligations lol 
 le treaty of Potsdam, coii-l 
 
 of November, duritiK tliel 
 ■ror Alexander jt Berlliil 
 the enemies of NapoleniiJ 
 lies, in conjunction wiilil 
 [essiana, took up a hosti!;l 
 g between the frontiers oil 
 mube. But the Austral 
 
 had been rapidly turntdl 
 ;he French, in a series oil 
 cling from tho 6th to llieT 
 upon which Mack, in m 
 
 
 navnr(« and Ai'strlartnv '■''"''''••' ""•'" ffh sonh""i '"" ""P^-n-bgn t"M lo'"?"^" "'••re y 
 hay ng oriuineri noi«i"fe*''«..'>'''l after lm?.'^„/'"l'"'»"'«]-to. I'rinrlK?:'^':^'^ '" Jo- 
 
 Uavarl/i and Austrlai'i^f,^*!"'''""''" "irnugii i g„nh ■• 1*'- >i'j,ig,. to tUn „. ' - "' 
 
 '•• November lir «'"'*"" •»' tho emV.r^. '''"ffono II 
 "» 'I'-^-O.I K nT, "'•«' >'U«l)an,wi""nnn, •';"'•'"'""•' ''y 
 
 Herlos of Rt ,. } \^} ■' .Talleyrand • rV^^;'.. ? '"V vicero ^ 
 
 urthedonUMofthoTrn, " ".^"vemuei 
 foveral lluss/ancorpi "'"'''' '••'*•«•" '"t-^ 
 "ilsheH, thoy occnpl.'l Vlnn,,'*"'''*"' "' ""^'T- 
 
 ,^l"n of JVesb nrg^ Tho t^iJC'i^ '"""^ •'"''^ ■" onr'M''"""''' l"-'"'v f • nrA '•"•"■•^'"10 
 
 cciiiber, decided H.n JI' "^^ -"J of l)o ,,ViVi'^'''''"''"''<'here(llf rv .. i''" **"'''•''•'''•. 
 ""'J- lasted two m or M.r*'' " "'""ffh it imd u,J'']f' '" ""llmi.!. Vv .V"/ '' ''""stlfui/.,: 
 «mrleg.havlu^ro;'' .''..''•'<> "'o archd ko f.'''' "'"""tloal jus f, 'A'i?.«!«.»'" dlsre- 
 
 ccniber, decided Hin«.U' ";" -"d of De.' I ii„ri*r '"""""«<' bereil 
 ""'J- lasted two, nor M.r*'' ""'''"*?'' It I ad c i,,'*''!'"" """'"i.l. 
 Mmrles. having ree; ted ni''' "'° archd ko fft/rf.""""""' i»^^l' 
 
 "honlshcorif, , 
 ror Napoleon u . 
 
 ini3sla,at this, 
 I cr own safety, wi 
 
 «mrleXhav „;St:!r,i «•'<> "'o arcl d US &"',''"''"'•'>' 
 ''vont In Suabla. ?cur / f''™""''»"'f^o am """"» <"nr 
 man provinces am.^ I. , ^'''oiigh the Ger.H'?^o "."'""'"•'"' 
 
 tlireo days. Tho im»,i '*^^ ^*''''c'> lasted 
 "■'"Ich Nap .leo, 180 .. '" ','■' AuHterlltzri 
 
 •"•th sides. Tho A„Lfl r? "'? *'""0Ps on 
 amounted to so ooo ..? "■''"^'<''"» nrmh.s 
 
 ff-'-'oral Kut,,soff°S2,&,/'V'J''?''"'> ™ y 
 '"'t Kto Mecca of can .."""'. ^''"'"•'•"'^''Iii; 
 woimdcd,an<I rlMa >"' "'"^ ^0,000 u\h'\ 
 miles, waia S 'm« "" the sideof tl J 
 mto nature of th„ '', 'm.^'oo^ '" Ibodespo" 
 »f"nd fortnno of Na " n'""^ ^*'^" "^ of the 
 mnnber per/shed In a ak«L f^". '"""enso 
 way Davoust,Rouifr„^^"""'"o wiving 
 mid JTurat most a&J,t\"V\ "'''Hiler. 
 among iho French mS?''^"'^ themselves* 
 
 All^tfc,^,£o?>apoleo„ an, 
 annlstico «'as co„Sl'n "J^''' """^ «•' 
 
 sainodisre." 
 
 "constitntlonof 
 
 ' had lasted for 
 
 *"rf brown on 
 
 '•'»V for tho 
 
 ho eiiipe- 
 
 ''ling for 
 
 xclted by 
 
 ."ice; upon 
 
 »nicli Naporfon fn.. '' ''"■' oice; unon 
 "« "' «"S fifie'S™"'"?,"' I" S 
 
 I'mvcr of E " "' -■ 
 
 PrancA n.,,1 "■?J'}P>' >' tlio" inntcj" fieVtV o7 I ^^^^"^.'■''''""hts upon tliA Wf i'*'"'",''''^ the 
 
 00k niaral.™! '_'""' "" tho d.iv fnll««,l„" "'^ 
 
 
 
 ^ .■.. ■'^*i*8' tli6 sieg'o* 
 
 mi. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 *i& lyi 12.2 
 
 ^ 1^ mil 2.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 III 1.4 11.6 
 
 6" 
 
 y 
 
 /^ 
 
 ^m -^ ::< 
 
 wjfj" 
 
 ">. 
 
 <^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WIST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 

634 
 
 QDlie Crttulurfi oi ^iitavvit ^c. 
 
 At last, after a aeriea of Bklrmishes be- 
 tween the different divisions of thebostlle 
 armies, the decisive victorr of the; French 
 over the Russians at Frledland, on the 14th 
 of June 1807, led to the peace of Tilsit; 
 which was concluded on the 0th of July, 
 between France and Prussia, by Talley- 
 rand and count Kalkreuth, after an inter- 
 view between the three monarchs upon the 
 Nieraen. and subsequently at Tilsit. In this 
 peace Prussia was shorn of territories con- 
 taining upwards of one half of the former 
 population of that kingdom ; and from the 
 various districts which fell into the conque- 
 ror's hands were formed two new states : 
 the kingdom of Westphalia, anci the duke- 
 dom of Warsaw. The former was given to 
 Jerome Buonaparte, and the king of Sax- 
 ony was flattered with the title of duke of 
 Warsaw. Upon the Intercession of Russia, 
 tlie dukes of Mccklenburgh-Schwerin, Ol- 
 denburg and Coburg were reinstated; and 
 France and Russia exchanged reciprocal 
 guarantees of their possessions, and of 
 those of the other powers Included in this 
 peace. 
 
 Never had the fortune of man been 
 more brilliant : the whole world was strnck 
 with astonishment at victories so rapid, and 
 seemed to bow itself before so colossal a 
 power. But his ambition was boundless ; 
 and under the gnlso of giving freedom to 
 the world, ho became Its greatest tyrant. 
 No sovereign could be more absolute ; he 
 regarded other men as insignificant ciphers 
 destined to Increase the amount of that 
 unity which centered in himself. Hctalked 
 of the glory of France ; but thought only of 
 his own exaltation, and was gratified with 
 the Incense of servile adulation. He re- 
 established the imposts, the abuses, and 
 prodigalities of the ancient monarchy. The 
 aids and monopolies re-appeared undar the 
 name of united duties. The press was kept 
 under by a merciless censorship; Juries 
 were perverted ; prefects and other petty 
 despots assumed the place of free adminis- 
 trations of justice ; the emperor nominated 
 all the public functionaries, and all were 
 inviolable : the council of state, a depend- 
 ent and removable body, was the sole ar- 
 biter of their responsibility. The election 
 of the deputies was ridiculous in this pre- 
 tended representative government, the laws 
 of which were the dicta of the emperor, 
 under the name of decrees or senatorial 
 edicts. Individual liberty no longer ex- 
 isted : a police, that was a true political 
 inquisition, suspected even silence itself ; 
 accused even the thoughts of men, and ex- 
 tended over Europe a net of Iron. All this 
 time too, the conscription, a dreadful tax 
 upon human life, was levied with unspar- 
 ing activity; and the French youth were 
 surrendered to his will by the senate as a 
 Bort of annual contribution. 
 
 The afl^airs of Spain now began to occupy 
 the attention of Napoleon ; one of his first 
 objects, however, was to destroy the Eng- 
 lish Influence in Portugal. A French army, 
 in concert with a Spanish one, marched 
 against that kingdom, the partition of which 
 had been concerted between France and 
 Spain, on the 27th of October 1807 ; the 
 
 northern part being given to the house of 
 Parma ; the southern part to Godoy, who 
 received the title of prince of peace ; ana 
 the middle, on the conclusion of peace, 
 to the house of Braganza. Tuscany was 
 to be given to France, and the king of 
 Spain to be declared protector of thetlirto 
 states erected out.of Portugal; the SpaiiUii 
 monarch was also to assume, after the 
 maritime peace should be concluded, the 
 title of emperor of both Americas. In con- 
 formity with this treaty, Tuscany was given 
 up to Napoleon in 1807. and afterwards 
 incorporated with France; and marshal 
 Junot, duke of Braganza, entered Lisbon 
 on the 80th of November, after the rojal 
 family had embarked with their treasures, 
 and a few of the principal nobility, In a 
 British fleet for the Brazils. But, In isos, 
 the Spanish nobility, tired of the govern- 
 ment of the prince of peace, formed a 
 plot to raise Ferdinand VII. to the throne, 
 and free their country from foreign In- 
 fluence. It required no great effort to In- 
 duce Charles to resign in favour of his 
 son ; but this was an arrangement to 
 which Napoleon would not consent; and 
 both father and son now became pensioners 
 of the French conqueror, who invested his 
 brother Joseph, at that time king of Na- 
 ples, with the sovereignty of Spain and In- 
 dia. The people now rose en masse to vlii- 
 dicate their rights, and that struggle com- 
 menced in which the patriotic Spaniards 
 were so warmly and successfully supported 
 by the British under Wellington, during 
 the long and arduous military operations 
 which InEnglandare known as the ' Penin- 
 sular war.' 
 
 The war In Spain appeared to give Ans- 
 trla a new and favourable opportunity for 
 attempting the reestabllshment of her for- 
 mer influence In Germany. The emperor 
 Francis accordingly declared war against 
 France, and his armies advanced into Ba- 
 varia, Italy, and the dukedom of Warsaw. 
 But the rapid measures of Napoleon bamed 
 the Austrian calculations ; and, collecting a 
 large army, he defeated the archduke Louis 
 so severely at Eckmuhl and at Ratisbon, 
 on the 22nd and 23rd of April, that he \ras 
 comptlled to cross the Danube. Vienna 
 was thus opened to the conquerors, and 
 Napoleon took possession of that capital. 
 The archduke Charles was, however, undis- 
 mayed ; be attacked the French In their 
 position at Aspem, on the21st of May, and 
 the battle continuing through the next day. 
 Napoleon was compelled to retreat into tlie 
 Isle of Lobau, where bis army was placed 
 in a situation of great jeopardy, the flood 
 having carried away the bridge that con- 
 nected the Island in the middle of the river 
 with the right bank of the Danube ; and 
 two months elapsed before he was able to 
 repair the disasters of the battle, and again 
 transport his army acro:^8 the river. Then 
 followed the great battle of Wagram, which] 
 was fought on the 6th and 6th of July : ^k* 
 in this desperate conflict the loss of th 
 Austrlans was bo great that they imniedl 
 ately sought an armistice, which led to tlir 
 peace of Vienna, signed on the 14th of Or 
 tober 1809. 
 
^z Wfitaxti at ^mte* 
 
 685 
 
 By this peace Anstrla was obliged to re- 
 tlgn territories containing three milllonB 
 ol subjects. Saltzburg, Berchtolsgaden, 
 ie, were given to Bavaria ; the whole of 
 Western Qalllcla, and a part of Eastern 
 GslUcia, with the tc. u of Cracow, were 
 nnlted to the daked am of Warsaw ; and 
 other provinces, with part of the kingdom 
 of Italy, were destined to form the new 
 state of the lilyrlan provinces ; while Aus- 
 tria was absolutely cut off from all commu- 
 nication with the sea, by the loss of her 
 ports on the Adriatic. 
 
 The Tyrolese, who had been transferred 
 to the king of Bavaria by the treaty of Pres- 
 burg, finding that their ancient immunities 
 and privileges had been violated, and that 
 they were crashed by severe taxation .seized 
 the opportunity of the Austrian war to 
 raise the standard of revolt ; and in their 
 early operations they expelled the Bava- 
 rians from the principal towns. A French 
 army entered the countij and laid it waste 
 with fire and sword ; and the Tyrolese, ani- 
 mated by an heroic peasant named Hofler, 
 expelled the invaders once more, and se- 
 cured a brief interval of tranquillity. The 
 results of the battle of Wagrara, however, 
 gave the French and Bavarian forces an 
 opportunity of overwhelming them ; they 
 penetrated their mountain fastnesses, de- 
 sulatod the land, executed the leading pa- 
 triots as rebels, and the land was again 
 sn1)jcctcd to the tyranny of Maximilian 
 Joseph, the puppet of Napoleon. Several 
 efforts were simultaneously made in Ger- 
 many to shake off the French yoke; but 
 niter the overthrow of the Austrlans there 
 were no longer any hopes for them, and 
 the emperor of the French exercised an al- 
 most unlimited power over the northern 
 part of continental Europe. 
 
 In this concise history wo are obliged to 
 puss over those transactions which we have 
 reeorded elsewhere, and shall therefore not 
 enter further than Is absolutely necessary 
 upon the particulars of the peninsular con- 
 test, the chief events of which are given vm- 
 dcr 'Enoland ' and ' Bpain.' This, In fact, 
 should be borne in mind, generally, while 
 turning over the subsequent pages; for, 
 during the long war in which England and 
 France were the principal belligerents, such 
 were the alltsmrrs on both sides, that the 
 leading events ii •i>erly belonging to other 
 countries, were too Involved In the affairs of 
 England to be there omitted ; and where 
 space can so ill bo spared, though the 
 reader may sometiraes And a 'thrice-told 
 tale,' we wish to take credit for the avoid- 
 ance, as far as is possible, of tautology. 
 
 During Napoleon's residence at Vienna, 
 ke abolished tho temporal power of the 
 pope, and united the remaining territories 
 of the states of the church with France, to 
 which he had previously united Piedmont, 
 Liguria, Tuscany, and Parma, besides Savoy 
 ud Nice. A pension was assigned to his 
 lioHness, and the city of Rome declared an 
 imperial and free city. The pope was con- 
 ducted to Fontainebleau, where Napoleon 
 concluded a second concordat with him, In 
 ttalch, though the pope did not resnme his 
 temporal jurisdiction, be obtained the right 
 
 to keep ambaiiadors at foreign courts, to 
 receive ambassadort, and to appoint to cer- 
 tain biahoprlcB. 
 
 One of the consequences of the peace of 
 Vienna was the dissolution of the marriage 
 between Napoleon and Josephine, which 
 took place in December 1809; and his se- 
 cond marriage with the archduchess Maria 
 Louisa, daughter of the emperor of Aus- 
 tria, in April 1810. And when Napoleon 
 declared the papal territory a province of 
 France, and Rome a city of the empire, 
 he determined that the heir apparent of 
 France should bear the title of king of 
 Rome, and that the emperor of France 
 should be crowned in Rome within the 
 first ten years of his government. The 
 firmness with which he was opposed in 
 Spain; the perseverance of Great Brite'.n 
 in malntainhsg the orders in council, to 
 counteract the decrees of Berlin and Mi- 
 lan ; and the dally increasing prospect of 
 an approaching war in the North, where 
 longer submission to the arbitrary man- 
 dates of Napoleon was refused, did not au- 
 gur favourably for the future stability of 
 his vast power. The British also carried 
 on an important commerce with Russia, 
 through Gottenburg and the ports of the 
 Baltic, of which complaints were made to 
 the courts of Stockholm and Petersburg. 
 The commercial policy of Russia in IBIO 
 and 1811, and Its disapprsbation of the 
 treatment of the duke of Oldenburg (a 
 near relation of the emperor Alexander), 
 had excited the distrust of Napoleon ; and 
 he spoke the language of offended confi- 
 dence in remonstrating with 'his brother 
 the emperor.' 
 
 At length Russia and Sweden made com- 
 mon cause with Great Britain In opposing 
 Napoleon's darling 'continental scheme;' 
 while the latter arrayed under his banners 
 the military strength of western and south- 
 em Europe, and, trusting to the vast num- 
 ber of his victorious legions, he crossed tlie 
 Nlemen, and directed his march to the 
 capital of Lithuania. As the French ad- 
 vanced, the Russians retired, wa!!tlng the 
 country in their retreat. Napmeon then 
 with his main body marched upoa Moscow, 
 while a large division of his forces menaced 
 the road to St. Petersburg. But the main 
 force of the Invaders advanced to Smolen- 
 sko, which was justly regarded as the bul- 
 wark of Moscow. This strongly fortified 
 position was taken by storm on the 17th of 
 August, after a brief but bloody struggle; 
 the Russian general, Barclay de Tolly, firing 
 the town on his retreat. 
 
 But Moscow was not to be abandoned 
 without another effort. Kutusoff , who now 
 assumed the command of the Russians, 
 fixed upon a position near the villsge of 
 Borodino, and there firmly awaited the in- 
 vading host. Nearly 70,000 men fell in 
 this furious and sanguinary conflict ; and 
 as the French were joined by new rein- 
 forcements after the battle. Napoleon en- 
 tered Moscow, and took up his residence In 
 the Kremlin, the ancient palace of the 
 czars. The citizens, however, under the 
 direction, or with the sanction, of the go- 
 vernor RoBtopchln, not only determined to 
 
i 
 
 636 
 
 C^e Crraittirt; of Igitftors, ^r. 
 
 abandon their beloved metropolis, but to 
 consign it to the flames ; and scarcely liad 
 the French troops con gratulated them gel ves 
 on having secured winter quarters in that 
 cold and inhospitable region, ore the con- 
 flagrations burst forth in every direction; 
 and notwithstanding every device was tried 
 to subdue the flames, they ceased not until 
 more than three-fourths of the city were a 
 mass of smoking embers. 
 
 In this unexpected and embarrassing po- 
 Bltlon, Kapoleon gave orders for a retreat. 
 All the horrors that the imagination can 
 conceive were now felt by the hapless fugi- 
 tives, who so lately were the boasted con- 
 querors of southern Europe. The winter 
 liad set in unusually early, and brave as the 
 French soldiers were, the climate of Russia 
 was an enemy too powerful for them to 
 contend with. Thousands upon thousands 
 perished with cold and hunger ; thousands 
 upon thousands fell beneath the swords of 
 their relentless pursuers, who, maddened 
 by t . J recollection that their hearths and 
 boiaec had been polluted by these invaders, 
 and that their ancient city lay smouldering 
 In the dust, heeded not their cries for 
 mercy. But why should we repeat the tale 
 of horrors ? Suffice It to say, that the wreck 
 of this mighty army retreated through 
 Prussia and Poland, into Saxony ; while 
 Napoleon, bent on providing for his own 
 personal safety, and anxious to devise some 
 new plan by which the progress of the en- 
 raged enemy might be impeded, hastened 
 to Paris with all the speed that post horses 
 could effect, and with all the comfort that 
 a close carriage and fur garments could 
 bestow. 
 
 Napoleon appealed to the senate for men, 
 money, and the other munitions of war, 
 and his appeal was promptly responded to. 
 Notwithstandinghls recent reverses, be felt 
 that be still possessed the confldence of the 
 French nation ; and a large conscription was 
 ordered to supply the losses of the late cam- 
 paign : as soon, therefore, as the new levies 
 were organised, he hastened to the north ; 
 and, to the astonishment of all Burope, the 
 army under his command was numerically 
 superior to those of his adversaries. The 
 public voice In Prussia loudly 'demanded 
 warwith France, and the Prussian i.onarch 
 took courage to assert bis inde tendon ce 
 and enter Into alliance with Alcxunder. 
 The armies of these newly-united powers 
 sustained a considerable loss at Lutzen on 
 the 2nd of May, and at Bautzen on the 21 st 
 and 22nd, in engagementn ^>. Ith the French, 
 but neither battle was r!ecislye; and Na- 
 poleon, alarmed at the magnitude of his 
 losses and the obstinacy of his enemies, 
 consented to an armistice. During the 
 truce the British government encouraged 
 the allies by large subsidies ; but what was 
 of more consequence, the emperor of Aus- 
 tria, who had never cordially assented to 
 an alliance with his son-in-law, now aban- 
 doned his cause, and took an active part in 
 the confederation against him. 
 
 Napoleon established his headquarters 
 at Dresden, and commenced a scries of 
 operations against his several foes, which 
 at first were successful ; but the tide of for- 
 
 tune turned; different divisions of his army 
 were successively defeated ; and he collect- 
 ed his scattered forces for one tromendmis 
 effort which was to decide the fate of Eu- 
 rope. Itetiring to Lelpslc, ho there nindc a 
 stand, and under the walls of that aiick-nt 
 city he sustained a terrible defe.-it, Oct. is, 
 the Saxon troops in his service liavingdo. 
 sorted in a body to the allies duriiiff iho 
 engagement. Compelled to evacuato l^fiii- 
 sic, ho retreated upon the Rliluc, foIUiwod 
 by the allied troops; and after a severe 
 struggle at Hanau, Oct. 30, in wlilch tlie 
 Bavarians, under the command of general 
 Wredc, took a decisive part agalntst the | 
 French, they were defeated, and iiiultl- 1 
 tudes were made prisoners. Bernadotteuu. I 
 dertook the task of expelling the French | 
 from Saxony. The sovereign governments ; 
 In the kingdom of Westphalia, the grnnil 
 dukedom oi Frankfort and Berg, and the 
 countries of the princes of Isenberg and ; 
 Vender Leytn, were now overturned ; the i 
 elector of Hesse-Cassel, the duke of Druns- 
 wick-Wolfenbuttel, and the duke of Olilpu- 
 burg, returned to their own country : the 
 Hanoverians again acknowledged their old j 
 paternal government ; and the Russian ad- 
 ministration was re-Introduccd into the 
 provinces between the Rhine and the Elhp, 
 Considerable masses of troops, partly vo- 
 lunteers, and partly drafted from the Prus- 
 sian militia, enthusiastically followed the 
 Austrlana, Russians, and Prussians nrrnss 
 the Rhine. The flame of Indepcndcnre 
 spread to Holland, the yoke of Prance w.is 
 spurned, and the hereditary claims of the 
 house of Orange were rapturously acknow- 
 ledged. 
 
 A.D. 1814.— "While the olllcs were thus 
 effecting the humiliation of Napoleon hj 
 following up their successes to the very 
 gates of Paris, Wellington's army advanced 
 slowly but steadily towards Bayonne. As 
 ho advanced, the old partisans of the nou^ 
 i>r .» began to revive, the exiled family wmI 
 aimed, and the white flag floated onl 
 ills of Bordeaux. Napoleon had thtl 
 < .tago over Blucher at Brienne on tliel 
 iii.,ii of January, but was forced to rctreatl 
 at La Rochl6re, where the allies had rnnf 
 centrated their forces. He now retired bef 
 twecu the Loire and the Marnc, with tlia 
 view of covering Paris; and it was iioB 
 without difficulty that Blucher suecccdcdf 
 in penetrating the French line. But m 
 order of march was still 'forward! fori 
 ward I ' 
 
 On the 31st of March 1814, the alllel 
 troops entered Paris, and Alexander def 
 clared, in the name of the allied sovereigns] 
 that they would not negotiate with N.iin 
 leon Buonaparte, nor with any of his faJ 
 mily; but they acknowledged the riglil 
 of France only to the territory embracel 
 within Its ancient limits under its kings| 
 and, finally, that they would acknowlede 
 and guarantee the government which th| 
 French natlcm should adopt. They then 
 fore Invited the senate to establish a m 
 visional government for the admlnlstratiol 
 of the country and the preparation of f 
 constitution. Accordingly, the senate i 
 sembled April 1, under the able presiden(j 
 
llvlslons of Ills army 
 ited J and he collnct- 
 for one troinendoug 
 clde the fate of En. 
 sic, lio there nindc « 
 alls of tlmt ancli'iit 
 Iblo defeat, Oct. is 
 1 service having do.' 
 10 allies during (ho 
 d to evacuate' Lfl|i- 
 ;ho Rhine, foIUnvoil 
 and after a sevrro 
 t. 30, in which the 
 ominand of general 
 
 part against the 
 teatcd, and miiltl. 
 crs. Bernadottcun-I 
 polling the French 
 reign governnieiita : 
 itphalla, the grand <\ 
 and Berg, and tlie : 
 !8 of Iscnberg iiikj 
 w overturned ; the i 
 the duke of Briins- 
 the duke of Oltloii- i 
 
 own country : tlie ' 
 owledged their old 
 nd the Ilusslaii ad- 
 troduced Into the 
 Lhlne and the Elhe, 
 
 troops, partly vo^my orail Ppoh-k" •""""'"ciiy • nq »•, - '••"■ 
 ted from the I'lus-Btheequ^ oWI^h"®"'" «'o cj-e of «f„S'""»- 
 cally followed tlio Btlie expMaei^^i^" *" a» to conTrn r*'"^'' 
 
 1 Prussians .-icinssBof airwS!?'^"' *h0 8tate; the ?^» V''^'' *" 
 of lndei.endenceiliberty,. tt,e5~S° *« «» offlcls*'.'^" «/''?'" 
 
 declared that Kan; il"''''- O" the 
 
 reoall of Loutaxvj^PJ^ ^^O'eo ; nnd^h' 
 
 awaited a «t? ^^^ ""d the rAw° "/"'i'. so 
 
 
 I ""'wtrea Ala determTnoTi"* ^°"" 
 
 
 allies were thus 
 u of Napoleon Ijj 
 esses to the very 
 n'B army advanced' 
 irds Bayonne. As 
 ;isans of the Bou^ 
 I exiled famllywaj 
 Ito flag floated on 
 Napoleon had the 
 at Brlenne on the 
 i forced to retreat 
 ho allies liad cnii'' 
 le now retired lie 
 ; Marne, with thi 
 
 I nnd It was no' 
 tlucher succccdw 
 ch Jlne. But tht 
 
 II 'forward! for] 
 
 
 '«£!(, 'J™Mvo. «ZSiS f"''"''^ 
 
 Jeo n" on'°the"'c oa^. '•«:aPpSri„c*e°;"n"'^"' 
 March isiB ^^^'^ *" *'ranco fi,„ ,•'^"P"- 
 conspiracv/n *» '® •'x'stenco nf „ ^'xplaln 
 sures t™k^,^"t'"y,o"r of Napoleon t,.-?""'*' 
 
 Unsuccessfi.l . ?PP0S0 his nrn^i "0 "'C"- 
 
 part of tlfo ' ',.m''^ the army ^n.^^f ^^'^'"o 
 why.aftera^o'"*? declared *npd a «'"<'at 
 
 ""j'larcerainnri.V "^^'area for )i 
 ' resembled a TrTu",^ "' V*'''*'"" daj 
 Paws w thout sheudte J?« ""lo' w e. 
 
 , Thew n.^hl'^^'ngadVo 
 ^^y- NapoVon'',^!J»dherent8 
 
 r!®i."l«. peers. her«7i^f5J'>e chamhera 
 
 
 
 eluded a ne»'^ ^''"ali, fnd Prn/VPoso. 
 Of Mnrch'Z *»• on the bte? ,?"* 
 
 fmmM 
 
 :ii 
 
638 
 
 CT^e CrrajBTurs o( W^tattlt ^c* 
 
 second restoration of Louis XVIII., we shall 
 not repeat them In this place ; but carry on 
 our narrative to the period when the two 
 chambera passed the law of amnesty pro- 
 poaeo by the king, by which all those who 
 had voted for the death of Louis XVI., or 
 had accepted ofllces from Napoleon, during 
 the ' hundred days,' were for ever banished 
 from the kingdom. 
 
 With the evacuation of the French terri- 
 tory by the foreign troops, which was de- 
 termined on by the congress of Alx-Ia-Cha- 
 pclle, tho 0th of October 1818, and accom- 
 plished in the course of the same year, was 
 connected the payment of the expenses of 
 the war, and of the individual claims of the 
 subjects of foreign powers on the French 
 government and nation. Here French di- 
 plomacy was successful ; and ultimately a 
 very small proportion of the real claims 
 was accepted as a liquidation of tho whole. 
 France was now admitted into the alliance 
 of the great Buropean powers. But the re- 
 turn of France to royalty, and in a great 
 measure the ancien rfgime, was far from 
 satisfactory to the bulk of the people ; and 
 tho government was kept in a continual 
 state of o'scillation,— now a set of ultra- 
 royalists, and now the liberal party, direct- 
 ing the national councils. 
 
 While strict monarchical principles were 
 gradually gaining strength and influence 
 111 all departments of the domestic adminis- 
 tration, the French cabinet entered more 
 deeply into the continental system of the 
 great European powers. The election laws 
 were found too favourable to the liberal 
 party, and tho ministry therefore proposed 
 a new election law, for the purpose of giv- 
 ing tho richest landholders the preponder- 
 ance in the elections of the deputies, and, 
 at the same time, some laws of exception, 
 relative to personal liberty and the liberty 
 of the press, for the purpose of checking 
 public opinion. tJndcrthese circumstances 
 much aorlmo:iloua discussion took place In 
 tho Frencii chambers ; and the sessions ot 
 1819 and 1820 were agitated by the most 
 violent conflicts. The two parties attacked 
 each other with reciprocal accusations, and 
 Decazes, the president of the ministry, had 
 already proposed several bills, calculated to 
 gain over the moderate of both sides to the 
 ministry, when, in February 1820, the aa- 
 sassination of tho duke of Berrl by Louvel 
 (who to the last moment of his life ex- 
 pressed his fierce hatred of the whole Bour- 
 bon race, and his detestation of royalty) 
 drew forth the most virulent accusations 
 from the extreme right. The minister De- 
 cazes resigned, and tiie Juke of Richelieu 
 succeeded him. A new law of election was 
 carried, amid tho most violent opposition 
 on the part of the doctrinaires (members 
 who defended a consistent maintenance of 
 the principles of the charte) and the libe- 
 rals. Many oiflcers of government, by their 
 writings, and in their places as deputies, 
 opposed the new system ; so that with every 
 new ministry there were numerous dismis- 
 Rlons, and many names were even erased 
 from the army-rolls for political opinions. 
 It was evident, indeed, that many conspi- 
 rators were secretly employed in attempts 
 
 to excite the troops to a revolt, and some 
 were tried, found guilty, and suffered tbc 
 penalty due to treason. 
 
 The king opened the session of 1838 with 
 a speech announcing the march ot 100,000 
 French troops to Spain. He was ftlarmcil 
 for the safety of France by the revolution- 
 ary movements of his neighbours ; and thia 
 army, which was commanded by the duke 
 of Angouldme, was sent expressly to restore 
 the royal authority. The invaders encoun- 
 tered no effective opposition; the cortesfled 
 before them to Cadiz ; and when king Fer- 
 dinand approached that city, they permitted 
 him to resume his despotic sway. 
 
 During the last few years of the reign o{ 
 Louis XVIII. he was much enfeebled h; 
 disease, and, consequently, unable to act 
 with the energy necessary for establlshlii; 
 a firm and at the same time a conciliator; 
 government. Ho died in September 1624, 
 nine years subsequent to his restoration, 
 
 On his accession Charles X, brother ot 
 tho deceased king, declared his intention 
 of confirming the charter, appointed the 
 dauphin (duke of Angouldme) as meroherj 
 of the ministerial council, and suppresNi 
 the censorship of the public journals, rii- 
 161e was his prime minister. In May mil 
 the splendid coronation of Charles tooi| 
 place at Rheims, according to ancient cm 
 tom, with the addition, however, of the oatl 
 of the king to govern according to thi 
 charter. 
 
 On Lafayette's return from America 
 
 1825, the citizens of Havre having recdv 
 him with some demonstrations of ioy,th( 
 government manifented their resentmentlij 
 ordering out the r^endarmes, who cliarg< 
 the multitude with iirfewn sabres. The li 
 fluence of the Jesuits was seen in the pi 
 secutlon of the ConstitiUionnel and Cnum 
 Fratifaia. Villdle, who had dlsccrnniei 
 enough to see to what this fanaticism mul 
 lead, and who was at the same time ol 
 noxious to the liberals, on account of b| 
 anti-constitutional principles, and his oi 
 atlons In the funds, became less secui 
 The parties assumed a more hostile attltoi 
 towards each other. The royalists and tl 
 supporters of the Jesuits became more 01 
 in the expression of their real sentinien 
 the liberals became stronger and boldi 
 and the government assumed a tone 111 
 culated to conciliate its avowed opponei 
 
 On the opening of the session, Dec. 
 
 1826, Damas, minister of foreign affairs, 
 formed the chamber that all the contlni 
 tal powers had endeavoured to prevent 
 interference of Spain in the affairs of 
 tugal ; that France had cooperated ' 
 them, had withdrawn her ambassador fi 
 Madrid, and had entered Into arrangem 
 with England to leave Portugal and 61 
 to settle their affairs In their own 
 Several unpopular measures brought 
 ward by the ministers were, after viol 
 discussions, rejected; among which wi 
 proposed law concerning the liberty of 
 press. The withdrawal of this by an 
 nance was regarded as a popular tri 
 This event was followed by the disbani 
 of the national guards of Paris, a l)oi' 
 45,000 men, who at a review in the " 
 
 de Mars, had 
 
 ■ffslost the m 
 
 unpopular meai 
 
 Constant, and » 
 
 of Impeacliing 
 
 took credit to hi 
 
 ta a step whlci 
 
 Imt considered 1 
 
 m Jiowever. sc 
 
 ilsterlal party w, 
 
 indthatnotrlflli 
 
 "nenfs would av 
 
 Willie Charles 1 
 
 Ijiposed to the t 
 
 irinc/ples than h 
 
 'le counsels of di 
 
 le restoration of 
 
 possessed somi 
 
 ipjo were taugh 
 
 "ded.thataplo 
 
 lemoftheconstit 
 
 Vhad gained a 
 
 us the nation bee 
 n the court, ai 
 
 lion; While every 
 
 el>reach,and,lfn 
 ™»arcliy. Anewm 
 ,*'"» by thepo, 
 Bed moderate pri 
 Jlad neither the 
 fo necessary for . 
 
 'TCentheeitreme 
 one sifle, anapZ 
 
 » wniie the ultra,! 
 Mfed by their I'b 
 "tionary party trea 
 
 In?. Charles suude 
 
 Intrusted thefom 
 
 to prince Poiignaa 
 
 Aug. 0, 1829, the 
 
 tnL*''®«eal8and 
 t Bonrmont. minis 
 "urdonaye, ialalall 
 
 affair?".!.^/'' °"n 
 
 frti'',^ "leered por 
 JM. had an admin ifl^, 
 
 Cured'^f.V^/" *»« 
 Srevlv^^'ISJ/tlqu, 
 
 -^^£^^-- 
 
 "wns. not merely 
 
I his restoration, I 
 
 ■lee X., brother oti 
 
 iired hlB Intentldnl 
 
 ter, appointed theL.,„„ „,,„„ „ 
 
 ulSme) as memSerBthe turif..i«®y®''J' <'I'Portun'j7pV™™ *''e I Fronrh' «. """^ t'me befni^«'"'«.'"' account 
 
 Bll. and suppresNKrcach 'n5* spirits of the tte^ *«.'='<^'J InMtv'^*^' ""^ "'so ?o riln?"''®" '» "ho 
 
 bllo journals. VIlKSv 'a V.*^'" Possible to ov^^^^ on th« ®^' * Personal 
 
 ter. In May ]82«,B S^;,^ ' ew ministry wa<,,Tf/"t.''" 'he Jic aumH' ^ho struck him J.f^"*''' consul 
 
 I of Charles toolKeJZidlJ^^''* P°P"larSv'°rfedupon ii^^^^^ arniam«n^''"® »' a Pub- 
 
 ng to ancient cusM^gJ^^ferate Principles it ?' ♦"'^'^ Pw- the B,,?"?*'"e<l with exSr^.* ^"^ accord- 
 
 UldOf VTUU ^ ^, 
 
 'n sabres. The li 
 ^s seen In the pn 
 lonnel and Counit 
 bad discernmer 
 sfanatlcigmwoiil 
 le same time ol 
 on account of V 
 Iplea, and his oik 
 came less secui 
 
 wa linaf 11a of f Jfiii 
 
 pSSlS:s5teSB33s?as.s 
 
640 
 
 €f)t Crrntftirtf of Vtiitattit Ut, 
 
 tliii of you; it Itt a father who cnlls upon 
 you. Fulfil your Uutlcs. I vlll tnko citro 
 to fullll mint*.' Tho olcctlonH for tho nuw 
 rhanibcr took rinco in the Inttcr part of 
 Juno and in July. ThoURli tlio surcpsa of 
 the army in Alglora hecanio known during 
 tho ok'ctoral HtrufTKlo at homo, and tlioujfh 
 all parties exulted in tho ruccchh of tho 
 French arms, the ininifitry appeared to ffain 
 no popularity hy it. All tho rctunift of the 
 new clentlona Indicated a Htroiig majority 
 affainst tho minlBtry, ho tliiit, in the hc- 
 Rinning of July, Intelligent men Rpoko of a 
 cliange in tho admlnlHtriitlon a8 a natural 
 conactiucnco. A crisis was evidently ap- 
 proaching. 
 
 A Mind infatnntlon BPOina to have pog- 
 scssed prince rolignacand IiIh colleagues 
 tlioy preferred to attack tho charter, viO' 
 late tho social contract, and expose Franco 
 to a civil war, rather than to yield. During 
 this time the king and queen of Naples 
 visited Paris, and many festivals took place, 
 strongly in contrast with the stato of poli- 
 tical affairs. The king also ordered To Deum 
 to he sung In all the churches of tho king- 
 dom for tho victory of his army in Africa, 
 the news of which reached Paris four days 
 lifter the capture of Algiers. 
 
 Ardently as some of tho fierce and un- 
 ruly demagogues of Paris desired to see 
 the monarchy overthrown, tho majority of 
 the commercial classes and landed proprie- 
 tors In France dreaded the renewal of civil 
 commotions; they knew there was an ac- 
 tive republican party in the country, which, 
 though not very numerous, was nnscrnpu- 
 loua and energetic; and they had a just 
 .ipprehcnaion that If the revolutionary iiarty 
 gained tho ascendency, it would lead to a 
 renewal of those dreadful enormities which 
 were committed during the reign of terror, 
 when tho JacoMna were In power. But at 
 tho same time they were hostile to the res- 
 toration of tho ancient despotism, which 
 they had hcen taught to believe was the 
 determination of king Charles and tho Po- 
 lignac ministry to revive. 
 
 Had Charles X. dismissed his obnoxious 
 ministers and formed a cabinet of mode- 
 rate men, the crisis would, in all proba- 
 bility, have passed over without danger, 
 and the prerogatives of a constitutional 
 monarch would have been secured to him. 
 Instead of which the ministers made a ' re- 
 port to the king' (July 26), setting forth 
 at length tho dangers of a free press, and 
 calling upon him to suspend the liberty of 
 the press. 'The state,' they said, Ms In 
 danger, and your majesty has the right to 
 provide for Its safety. No government can 
 stand. If It has not the right to provide for 
 Its own safety ; besides, the 8th article of 
 the charter only gives every Frenchman 
 the right of publishing hU own opinions, 
 but not, as the journals do, tho opinions of 
 others ; tho charter does not expressly al- 
 low journals and tho liberty of the press. 
 Tho journals misrepresent the best Inten- 
 tions of government ; and the liberty of tho 
 press produces the very contrary of pub- 
 licity, because Ul-Intentloned writers mis- 
 construe everything, and the public never 
 knows the truth.' This report was ac- 
 
 companied I y three ordinances, which tIi 
 tually subverted the constitutional prlrl 
 leges of the charter. Tho first diHsoivi 
 tho newly-clectod chamber of depiitlen li 
 fore it assembled ; the second chnnKod tlii 
 law of elections, and dIafranclilKed tin 
 great body of electors ; and the third rii 
 Jected the press to new and severe rcntrli 
 tions which would havo completely nnniiii 
 Inted its liberties. Astonishment niid li 
 dignation seized I lio people of Paris us wk 
 as tho news reached tho dilTcreiit rnmrtri 
 of tlio city ; but no tumult occiirn 
 Whiio the ministers were congrntulntli 
 themselves on the apparent tranriullllty 
 the citizens, the latter had been artlvci 
 employed in summoning tho deputies 
 tlieir party within reach, or in conconii 
 measures for a vigorous rcsistanrc, 
 principal journalists prepared and prim 
 a spirited protest agaiuHt tho restrlciloi 
 on the press, declaring their right ti> pi 
 llsh as usual, and enforcing that riglit ii|i 
 the ground that property In a journ.il dj 
 fered In no respect from any other klnj 
 property, and that It could only be ntdif 
 by regular judicial proceedings for a bn 
 of tho law. The liberal papers, notrt| 
 standing, were all suppressed, and m 
 tlio«o whic'n (vere known to be favoui 
 to tho government allowed to appour, 
 
 It was impossible that this state of i 
 could long exist. The deputies reprci 
 ing the electors of the city, and some 
 other parts Oi the kingdom who wore il 
 in Paris, In all thirty-two, asscrablcilat 
 house of tho deputy, M. Tjafltte, tho banl 
 to take the subject Into serious ronsldJ 
 tlon, and decide on some immediate 
 of action. A number of constlttitli 
 peers also met at the duke do C'lmii 
 At each of these meetings It was rusoi 
 not to submit. Tho peers signed a 
 test, and sent it by a deputation to the 
 who refused to receive it. The rojei 
 strengthened the resolution of the 
 ties, and forty couriers were sent witl 
 patches to towns and villages within a 
 drcd miles of tho metropolis, repro^ei 
 tho outrageous conduct of govcrnmen 
 urging tho Inhabitants to cooperate 
 the Parisians In a determined stand l 
 liberties of France. 
 
 In tho meantime the government 
 the alert, and sent n general flin 
 Grenello and another to Angers, for] 
 tary purposes. The military coninii 
 Paris was intrusted to marshal Mai 
 duko of Ragusa. Troops were ordoi 
 from the barracks within fifty nillesai 
 and the guards In tho city were d( 
 Towards the evening, bodies of 
 merie were stationed about tho 
 and on the Boulevards. In conscquej 
 the b.ink refusing to discount III 
 nianufacturers perceived it had not] 
 dence in the government, and they 
 dlately discharged their workmen, 
 artisans congregated In the different 
 and reported what had happened to 
 Ing crowds. An ordnance was now] 
 by the prefect of police, declaring, 
 other things of a restricting klu( 
 'Every individual keeping areadini 
 
 On Tuesday tho 
 le police and a l,,r 
 "inted and on to, 
 
 'I'" i'f tho A'<«/m 
 
 fytonna tho ul 
 ^refused curat 
 pes. ana carried t 
 10- then proccnle 
 'W another pon^ 
 
 "tt'M.they/S"^ 
 fwandthotj^o^" 
 
 «,;«,.*"* "OWu).;i 
 
 ??,'i'^"r?" sticks t 
 
 '„??5..«:«'"'«rn.es , 
 ' to disj 
 [people 
 
 «'osed.'''?4:-.' 
 
 t^'^F> to di's'-^er' 
 
 slioi)a 
 ••MlenoflCf,' 
 
 • «'»£ 
 
 "^i-ere^feai;'' 
 "nnfa„tryi;«Xl 
 
 Tege„era„;ya'J 
 
 ^n;nWco?e'« 
 
 ."/.darkneVrforthe 
 Strug—- • - 
 
 Bday, 
 
 ^edneadflv**'? '" t^e 
 •ndtheS' "'«shof 
 ''«'nhawta°e7'«f^« 
 

 P" flour tho slioiia »i *'"""• and nt mi 
 I closed. Troops ^/''^""^''"utrarls 
 I soldiers of t ,o i,nn' "'° '■«l'nl guard 
 IwoDlo looked.,,'/,"' '^'*'"° l>ourimr In 
 
 |«3el«.erowero ste- In tho Pilcc 
 
 cation of ?L ''? ""n'stcrs am? tif "'^' ^'"» 
 tiirncil uM , ."•■♦■'»cd, when ii"' -^Quarter 
 
I' 
 
 042 
 
 €^t Crrxiturtf of t^Mtary, ^r. 
 
 Every stop tiikeii ))y tho columns wm 
 luarkeu by a Hories of iinirdrroua contllcti ; 
 tlioy woro oBRnllcd by iiiUHkotry from tbo 
 barricades, from the windows and tups of 
 housoB, from the comers of streets, and 
 from the narrow alleys and passages which 
 abounded In Paris. The hottest engage- 
 ment seems to have been la the Rue St. 
 Honor6, opposite the Palais Royal, whore 
 tho military were assembled in great force, 
 and tho people resisted them with desperate 
 determination. At the Place de Ordve they 
 fiercely contended with the Swiss guards, 
 and compelled them to retreat with great 
 loss. In the Rue Montmartre an attack 
 was made by the duke of Ragnsa in per- 
 son ; but the obstaoles which everywhere 
 presented themgclves to the troops wore so 
 formidable, and tho disinclination of the 
 troops of the line to engage with the citi- 
 zens so apparent, that the Insurgents woro 
 enabled to seize many Important posts ; 
 and when evening closed, the troopR, de- 
 feated In every direction, returned to their 
 ))ftrrncks, weary, hungry, and dtsplrlted ; 
 forwhlle they had been the whole day with- 
 out food, every family in Paris vied with 
 each other in supplying their fellow-citi- 
 zens with refreshment. 
 
 As soon as tho firing ceased, the people 
 made preparations for the next day by 
 strengthening tho barricades and increas- 
 ing their number. Excellent materials were 
 at hand in tho paving stones, which were 
 dug up and piled across tho street In whIIh 
 breast high, and four or five feet thick, 
 about fifty paces distant from each other. 
 Besides theee defences, hundreds of fine 
 trees were cut down for blockades ; In short, 
 nothing was left undone that ingenuity 
 could devise, or perseverance accomplish, 
 towards making an energetic and deter- 
 mined stand against the military on the 
 morrow. 
 
 Thursday morning had scarcely dawned 
 when the tocsin sounded 'To arms I' and 
 the people began to assemble rapidly and In 
 great crowds. Tho military, whoso guard- 
 houses bad been destroyed, were chiefly 
 quartered at the Louvre and tho Tuilerles, 
 tho Swiss and the royal guards being posted 
 In the hovscs of the Rue Bt. Uonoru niid 
 the adjacent streets. At tho same time tlio 
 students of tho PolytechniciSchool joined 
 the citizens nearly to a man ; they then se- 
 parated, proceeding singly to different parts 
 to take the command of tho people, and 
 nobly repaid the confidence that was re- 
 posed In them, by the coolness and cou- 
 rage they displayed. Tho garden of the 
 Tuilerles was closed. In the Place du Ca- 
 rousel were three sauadrons of lancers of 
 the garde royalo, a battalion of thesrd regi- 
 ment of tho guards, and six pieces of can- 
 non. The royal guards had hardly made 
 themselyes masters of the Hdtel de Ville, 
 when they were assailed on all sides with a 
 shower of bullets from the windows of the 
 houses of the Place de OrSveand in the 
 streets abutting on the quay. Tho royal 
 guards resisted vigorously, but were ulti- 
 mately compelled to retreat along the quay ; 
 their firing by files and by platoons suc- 
 ceeding each other with astonishing rapi- 
 
 dity. They were soon Joined by fresh tnidiu 
 includInK 100 cuirassiers of the guard, mui 
 four pit'ccs of artillery, each nf them en- 
 cortcd by n dor.en artillerymen on hor^c 
 back. With this reinforcement they ngnin 
 advanced on tho HOtel do Vllle, and » 
 frightful firing began on all sides, Tho 
 artillery debouching from the (|uay, nnil 
 their pieces charged with canister eliuf, 
 swept tho Place de Orfivo in a torrldo mnn- 
 ncr. They succeeded In driving tho cltlzcni 
 into the Rues de Matrlot and du Mouton, 
 and entered for the second time timt t\»j 
 into their position at tho HOtel do Villc ; but 
 tliclr possession of it did not continue Inn^, 
 fur they were soon again attacked with n 
 perseverance and courage that was ulinnjt 
 Irresistible. 
 
 On the 20th general Lafayette y,\n% tf. 
 pointed commander-ln-ehlef of the imiloml 
 guards by tho liberal deputies, and was re- 
 ceived with enthusiasm by tho Parlitlaii 
 A youth of twenty years of age belonKliifjiol 
 the Polytechnic School, led the attnck on 
 the Louvre, from which tho Swiss gimfdil 
 retreated to the Tuilerles. This pliiccr 
 also taken by the people, with one of thc: 
 vouths at their head. The Luxcmbaui 
 had already fallen into their hands. Tbi 
 young men of this school rendered i 
 greatest service to the cause of tho nntlniii 
 and afterwards declined tho medals Kranti 
 to them, and also the rank of lieutt'iiani 
 offered to each, in case he entered tlio arm] 
 Many of tho soldiers solemnly vowed tlii 
 would not continue to act against tlio pi 
 pie ; others were disheartened and dlseoi 
 Wted ; and two whole regiments went on 
 in a body to the side of the Parisians, 
 length, all the royal troops left the caili 
 by tho way of tho Champs Elys<^es, niid 
 their retreat were fired upon by the pc . 
 At night the city was partially illuniinnii 
 and perfect tranquillity prevailed, irtl 
 strong patrols silently paraded the stn 
 and passed gently from barricade to 
 rlcade. 
 
 A deputation from Charles X. at 
 Cloud, arrived at tho HCtcl do A'illc 
 in the morning. At eleven o'clock, the 
 putles and peers then in Paris asscinl^ 
 In their respective halls, and eetaUli 
 regular communications with eacli oti 
 The duke do Mortemart was introduci 
 the chamber of deputies, and delivered 
 ordinances signed the previous day hy 
 king. Ono of them recalled the fatal 
 niuices of the 26th ; another convoked 
 chambers on the 3rd ; the third aprnii 
 tho duke do Mortemart president of| 
 council ; and tho fourth appointed a 
 Gerard minister of war, and M. OasI 
 Perier minister of finance. Tho readli 
 these ordinances was listened to will 
 greatest attention. But at the tei 
 tion no observation was made— the 
 profound silence was for a time ob!i 
 —and then tho deputies passed to 
 business. The manner In which the 
 and his communications were recelri 
 the deputies was an announcement 
 Charles X. had ceased to reign. 
 
 On the 31st of July the deputies 
 lished a proclamation, declaring tlmtl 
 
 btd invited t 
 ileuteoant-gei 
 of tho Mnie d 
 fMuodni)rocIn 
 n/wtened to l 
 colours • of pn 
 
 'It the auemm 
 tenant-general 
 mstlon of the 
 slonalcommia,. 
 
 The Icing, wi, 
 
 let, a small n 
 Ver.allles.Thn 
 from Paris to trc 
 rotum. Informs 
 ,»» wished to 
 Uierbourgrto r 
 
 "filch holSj^tak 
 foncMjiong were 
 
 "'the national g„ 
 On the momjnsp 
 »' Charles X.J5d' 
 
 '""It-general • f i 
 Miiiadelnfavo,,, 
 'efterofthevin^ 
 
 fntedthoduUof' 
 Mm the du'i°"; 
 
 latlt/eofHenVv 
 r^eabdloatl?/?;)' 
 'ha peers and ti. 
 
 ;,i miiCii'^^chai 
 eani LZ^^ ^o'ed 
 
 X'^ofe^iJ'^ 
 
 Ithnofh »i '* "CCe 
 
 :''"A&^/e?^ 
 .fribedcCtftutloJ 
 
 l.ora?te^«"""eu 
 l«'««lt8^n*'«anctfo, 
 
 *''GuernondoC^f,i 
 
tied »>y fresh trdnpn 
 i of tlio gimrJ, niid 
 , cnrli of them ( + 
 llerymen on horse 
 rccincnt they ngnlu 
 jl do Vllle, and a 
 on all sidog. Tlio 
 om the nuay, and 
 rlth canister shot 
 
 in a terrific mnn- 
 driving the cltlzcni 
 ot and du Moutnn, 
 !ond time timt day 
 iHateldoVl||e;bu( 
 
 1 not contijiuolnntt, 
 in attacked with n I 
 }o that waa lUuniit ' 
 
 ce. The readi; 
 stened to witl 
 It at the ten 
 18 made— the 
 )ra time obsf 
 3S passed to ' 
 In which the 
 3 were receivf 
 nnouncement 
 > reign. I 
 the deputies 
 leclaring that 
 
044 
 
 €^t Ettniwvt) o( WfttavUt ict. 
 
 1840, and niilthcd <ii 1841. The city nnil 
 aiibiirim of PurU iiru eiictimud with u thick 
 liiKli wnll, di'fuiidoii l)y Immiuiu and niontM 
 in varionn imrti*. At aoniu dlHtanco fruin 
 tlilH wall, exterior wurl(8, conMiatiiig cliloliy 
 of dotaclied fortM, now servo to protect 
 thu inner fortllli-ations, and tu prevent an 
 enemy from approachiDK tho waiifi of tlio 
 city. Tliig nienHuro at flrst met with cun- 
 alderablo oppogltlon ; hut, vIewiiiK it m a 
 dcfeimlvo operation, and rccollectInK huw 
 in 1814 nnd 1813 tho French capital was 
 compelled to open ita gatcH tu an Invading 
 army, tlieuo defencca came to bo regarded 
 witli more Batiafuctton than diapIeuHure. 
 
 Deyond the period to wliicii wo havo 
 brought tlilii liitttory, tho cliief events tiiat 
 liavo occurred in Franco aro incidentally 
 mentioned In tho latter part of tlio 'His- 
 tory of England;' m, tho various attempts 
 nga!n«t tho life uf tho lilng ; tho expedition 
 by L(miH Napoleon, who bad tho temerity to 
 land near Boulogne, In August 18-10, wltli a 
 handful of followcrM, under an idea that ho 
 could overturn tho oxiHtIng dynasty ; th« 
 removal uf tho remains of Ihionaparto from 
 Ht. Helena to tho chapel of tho Invalides in 
 I'arls ; tho visit of Queen Victoria to Louis 
 I'liillppo and family at tho cliAteiiu d'Kii, ilicc. 
 But we win hero give a Hhort summary of 
 tlio leading incidents in its colonial and 
 foreign poilcy,down to the forcedabdlcatlon 
 of King Loula I'hillppp. 
 
 Du'ing tho first years of tho now reign, 
 tho internal i)rosperityof France continued 
 to Increase in spite of the forniidablo in- 
 Burrections which now and then broke out ; 
 but her African conquest seemed to bo as 
 far from lieing completed as ever. Abd-el- 
 Kader, tho Indefatigable enemy of Franco 
 In Algeria, continued to eludo tho grasp 
 of tho successive commanders employed 
 against him ; but he had frequently been 
 driven, after successful combats, to tako 
 refuge In tho territories of tho emperor 
 of Morocco, by whom the French had 
 reason to expect lio was encouraged and 
 assisted. At length It was determined to 
 tako hostile nieusurca ngalnst tho emperor, 
 and thus compel him to adopt, for tho 
 future, a strictly neutral policy. Tho prince 
 do JoluvUlo arrived off Tangiers, In tho 
 Plutonwar steamer; and after some preli- 
 minary negotiations with Mr. Drummond 
 Hay, tho British charge iVaffairea at Tan- 
 giers, who had interfered with the view 
 of averting actual hostilities, they were 
 abruptly broken oil by tho commencement 
 of a cannonade by tho French guns upon 
 tho city of Tangiers. 'It was not pos- 
 sible,' says the prince, ' to hesitate longer : 
 wo were deceived with treacherous propo- 
 sals at tho moment that war was actively 
 prepared against us ; there was nothing left 
 for us but to havo recourse to arms.' In 
 this affair the loss of tho French amounted 
 to only throe killed, and sixteen wounded ; 
 while that of the Moors amounted to 150 
 killed, and 400 wounded. 
 
 The prince next directed an attack to be 
 made on the to^vn and fort of Mogador: ho 
 opened his Are from those vessels which 
 could enter tho harbour, consisting of tho 
 Belle Poule frigate, and three armed brigs. 
 
 It was iuitainud tho whole day with unnhiiu 
 ed viguur,and was replied to by a very Nvv<'rn 
 lire from tho batterlei of the town, and »( 
 tho Island at tho mouth of the harlidiir. 
 About Aou cuoice troops afterwiinliteirectcd 
 a landing on the iaict : they encouiiti'ivii 
 a furious and iiangulnary rcMi^itance; mni 
 nearly lialf the number of the Mnorlitii 
 soldiers who formed the garrison perlHliiij 
 on the spot, with their yatOHhans In tliuir 
 hands. The wurk of destruction procoiUid 
 with frightful violwice ; the batterloH du 
 the shore were gradually silenced, and tlio 
 walls of tho town wore reduced to ruluj, 
 The lnh::iiltantrt lied from tliecity torscaiie 
 the lire from the shlpr< ; and the wild licirdet 
 of tho KabylesdoMcended from tliehllK4,iuii] 
 plundered the houses, maltreating allwlio 
 fell in their way. In tho meantluie, whilo 
 the Moorish furtlOcatlons were crumMlcK 
 away beneath the tiro of tho French m\^i, 
 marshal Bugeaud, who commanded tlia 
 army in Algeria, encountered tlio mala 
 liody of tho emperor's troops, on the Ijaiikij 
 uf the Isiy, and obtained a most coin|ilcl 
 victory. Being now convinced that he m 
 unable to cope with tho arms of France, 
 the emperor of Morocco yielded to tin 
 demands of the French, and a treaty w 
 executed between tho two conn tries, wkr 
 by Abd-el Kader was oatlawed from tbi 
 Moorish territory, and tho emperor cr -agi 
 to prevent troops from assembling unhl 
 frontier. The French then evacuatiu JI( 
 gador, an exchange of prisoners took (lUi 
 and thus terminated the short but s|iirli 
 contest In which France and Morocco lii 
 been engaged. 
 
 Mean while, tho indomitable Abd-cl-Kadi 
 had hitherto baffled all tho attempts nii 
 by the French to capture or destroy hii 
 and if defeated In an engagement, 
 was sure to re-appear in a short time 
 the head of his gallant followers, to Lori 
 and wear out the European enemy, 
 whom the burning suu of AXrlca wat 
 itself alone an intolerable scourge, 
 well, indeed, might tho native cblcfi 
 thirst for their blood. A' dreadful act 
 vengeance had been Inflicted by the Frem 
 which invested thecampaign of Algerianl 
 tho character of such unnatural ferociiji 
 was never before heard of, even In the u^ j,, . ^ -=" «* 
 barbaric periods of history. Tho OuIBd.™}' «or sister. 
 RlahB, a Kabyle tribe, wore closely l'Uf»Kh thr ® *''°' 
 
 Ut the windlnj 
 ffrcw the cries 
 muro was hesi 
 Krecnwood.ofi 
 \\ mt aftcrwa 
 
 •Dine wj«hing • 
 fwrn/y opposlni 
 rm-lved yatagh 
 of dt'op Wounds 
 in/n. women, aii 
 ot tlii'lr bodte, 
 
 iMted sides of ti 
 
 M of remorsoi 
 
 lollon-ed bjr ,0V 
 
 frlcans. Wag tiin 
 
 oraildahlo Abd-. 
 Iiwedlly took n lac 
 "•^tratedbytheF, 
 
 ' 'iia produced 
 '«"» of savage \ 
 
 It was during air 
 « on, that the Fi 
 n«o reached its c 
 '« visit to Uu'ia 
 ".nnd shortly af J 
 ,;'«e<l the gucen «t 
 
 rt«r-<^Vi 
 
 coiiisVo"»'»;'d M 
 
 by tho French, and took refuge in i^tl 
 caverns or grottoes. They were BuniiuonT 
 but, refusing to surrender, prcparatij 
 were mode by their pursuers to nuSnt 
 them by placing lighted fascines atf 
 entrance. This produced no elTect ; i 
 Ool. Pelissier, who commanded the Frd 
 troops, ordered letters to be flung to ibf 
 In which they were told their lives wJ 
 bo spared, and liberty restored, i( tlieyf 
 rendered their arms and horses. "With i| 
 terms they agreed to comply, providedl 
 French would withdraw to a dlstniico. r 
 condition, however, was rejected; 
 lighted fascines were again thrown J 
 the caverns. On the second night o^ 
 honlble sioge, the fires were kindled a 
 and the cries of the victims, when 
 smoke was about to suffocate, were t 
 
 "Tone. 
 
 . F 
 
 should 
 
>tti day with uimhiiu 
 it()l)yBV<'ryHfv<TB 
 )f tlio town, luiii (,( 
 :li i>( tlio Imrhdur. ' 
 aftorwiinlnt'iructdi 
 ! tlii-y 1'iicouiiu.ii'il 
 ,ry ruHUtHiicoi hikI 
 er ot tlio MiKirlitii 
 
 untoreu tliu malil 
 uopi, on tliu baiiktl 
 !d a muiit coiiitilctM 
 ivincod tliiit lid ffaJ 
 
 arnu of Frniire] 
 CO yielded to tl 
 
 , and n treaty w 
 rocoun tries, wkr, 
 )utlawcd from tbi 
 le emperor cr-aort 
 asBcnitdlng uuhli 
 hen ovacuutca }Iii 
 rlBoners took iiUcr 
 3 short but spirite 
 3 and Morocco b 
 
 (table Abd-cl-EaJi 
 tho attempts nu' 
 iroordegtmylili 
 
 1 engngemi'iit, i 
 In a Hhort tlmcj 
 oUowcrs, to baru 
 ropcan cneiiiy, | 
 1 of AXrlca vml 
 bio scourge. aI 
 native chli'IiJ 
 
 A' dreadful acti 
 ctcd by the Frcnl 
 )ign of Algeria wl 
 matural fcroclt)! 
 if, even ill the uif 
 tory. Tho Oul 
 sro closely pureJ 
 )k refuge In tm 
 <y were buiuiuoiI 
 nder, preiiaratil 
 'suers to tiuffuf 
 'd fascines atf 
 Bd no cflect ; f 
 aanded the Frej 
 } be flung to ta 
 
P' 
 
 646 
 
 Ct^e evsHintji ot f^Utorp, $(t. 
 
 be confronted with hts ludgos, when It was 
 BUddenly known that ho had found tlino 
 to poison himself, and thus to oacnpo the 
 scaffold hy suicide. Letters were published 
 after his death, from which it appeared that 
 he was engaged in an improper connec- 
 tion with the governess of his children, and 
 that, for the sake of this person, ho had not 
 shniiik from the perpetration ot this foul 
 deed. General IH'sp.ans Ouhleres, peer of 
 France, formerly minister of war, and tl»e 
 cidcvant minister Teste, one of the presi- 
 dents of the Court of Cassation, were con- 
 demned for bribery and for corruption, by 
 the 0' urt of Peers ; and after the most 
 audacious denials, tlie latter was obliged to 
 confess having accepted loo,iX)0 francs for 
 granting some privileges to a mining com- 
 pany. He tried to shoot himself in prison, 
 and it was unlvcrs.illy reported that his 
 own son had procured him the pistols. Yet 
 fate would have it that he should turvlvo 
 his own disgrace. The minister of justice, 
 Martin du Nord, died suddenly a mysterious 
 death ; he is said to have sunk Into imbe- 
 cility, for ho was discovered by the police 
 In a secret gambling house, where they 
 expected to And only debauchees, and 
 other characters of the lowest description. 
 Bresson, who had negotiated the Spanish 
 marrlages.cut his throat. EmIledcGirardin 
 accused Gulzot of being willing to sell the 
 dignity of the peerage, and he himself was 
 convicted of having sued for this dignity for 
 his own father, and having given a promise 
 to withdraw from the opposition press. In 
 tho event of his request being granted. 
 It became known at the same timo that 
 tho mliilater of the Interior had received 
 100,000 francs from a ministerial paper, to 
 which ho had granted a privilegre. The mi- 
 nister of commerce was convicted of having 
 accepted 600 railway shares from the Nor- 
 thern Company Immediately after M. Gul- 
 zot's declaration that a minister to whom 
 such a charge could be brought home was 
 to bo considered infamous. Mary other 
 similar delinquencies were proved against 
 government offlcials ; but enough has been 
 eald to show how deep-seated was the dis- 
 ease, and consequently what inroads were 
 dally made upon tho popularity of King 
 Louts Philippe and the integrity of hia 
 government. 
 
 But the proximate cause for the unpopu- 
 larity of Louis Philippe was his speech, at 
 tho opening ox the chambers on the 28th 
 ot December 1847. In that speech his 
 m; I'sty ascribed tho reform agitation, 
 wl .I'h had spread over the whole country, to 
 •hostility and blind passions.' This angry 
 phrase confounded. In one assertion, the 
 mean with the extremes— the ultras with 
 the moderates ; those who might at the 
 next turn of the political wheel constitute 
 the new administration, with those whose 
 only chance of power depended on a revo- 
 lution. 
 
 Nineteen sittings were held before the 
 address on the royal speech could travel 
 through the chambers. Tet, obstinate in 
 error, tho king and the government pro- 
 ceeded to follow up the blow, by pntttng to 
 Issue the legal right of the constlttttkmally 
 
 legitimate parliamentary opposliloti to n 
 reform banquet, assembled not by (hu 
 members of an extra parliamentary (iml 
 law-prohibited association, but by tliosi' ut 
 a great party in the chamber, for the ex- 
 ercise of an undoubted constitutional rlRhr. 
 Tlio rofomi banquet was fixed to take pUrc 
 on Sunday the 20th ; but was subsecmiiuiy 
 deferred until the following Tuesday. 
 
 That Tuesday morning the general com- 
 mittee appointed to organise the bniuiiKt, 
 had desired only ' to make a legal iiiid pa- 
 clflo protest ' against the acts of the govern- 
 ment— a protest which, as they publicly 
 advertised, would ' be the more enicncidtis 
 tho more calm it was. Pursuant to thin idci, 
 they requested by their manifesto tho rlii- 
 zcns to utter no cry, to carry neither Baj 
 nor exterior emblem ;' and such of the na- 
 tional guard as might join tho proccssloD.j 
 ' to present themselves without arms.' Thcj 
 dynastic opposition meanwhile had yielMJ 
 to the conservative cabinet, and, nmeliti 
 the chagrin of the multitudes abnmil 
 the morrow, had resolved on wltlulrawlni 
 from the banquet, and to rest satisfled will 
 the impeachment of the ministry, 
 
 Notwithstanding the unpleasant sti«teo{ 
 t lie weather, groups of artisans and slwi 
 keepers crowded the Boulevards and ili{ 
 Champs Elys^s ; and the whole nl t! 
 immense area between tho church of tl 
 Madeleine and the chamber of dopiitli 
 was completely occupied. At noon tin 
 followed a procession of labouring iiiei 
 dressed In blouses, who were somi dl 
 porsed by a regiment of infantry and a cl! 
 magistrate. To these succeeded a depui 
 tion of students bearing, unarmed, a 
 tlon to the chamber for the impeacbuii 
 of ministers. 
 
 As the day advanced the money-chani 
 on tho Boulevard closed their shops 
 tho old Marseillaise hymn, and a i\ 
 chorus, • Mourir pour la Patrie,' had 
 snng by the people densely massed in 
 Place do la Concorde. Moreover, as .it 
 same huur on tho 27tb of July 1830, 
 offlclal residence ot the premier wiu 
 tacked with stones, two panes of a m 
 window beingbroken. Thereupon foil 
 a charge of cavalry, by which many 
 injured, some wounded, and one mitn 
 his head cleft open. The national 
 during the day, responded with relui 
 to the beat of the rappel. A detacliinei 
 the seventh legion, on guard at the Olii 
 of deputies, had indeed, even early IDj 
 day, refused to clear the colonnade, 
 and avenues. The populace from tl: 
 time attempted to erect barricades lnj 
 rues Royale, Elvoll, St. Honoro, ai 
 Florentin, the Place de Chatelet, and 
 spots favourable to their purpose ; bi 
 midnight all had been thrown down, 
 the troops of the line bivouacked 
 streets, along the quals, and In tlionii 
 places ot Paris. But next mornini 
 barricades were reerected, and stoui 
 fended, and some of the soldiers, by 
 they were attacked, were slain, f 
 tional guard declared f orrefonn and 
 the ministers. A company of the 
 legion appeared lit arms before the 
 
 iKT, to proseni 
 
 form; while ( 
 
 tliird, and seve 
 
 'Vive la nefor 
 
 Oandt' — 'J, 5, 
 
 luinlstjy was ik 
 
 flirt/co fell on c 
 
 of the night th 
 
 naUoiiai guards 
 
 was coiindcd t( 
 
 count Molo hav 
 
 clwrgert MM ti 
 
 ivlth the duty of 
 
 , Bnt whatever 
 
 from uiis arrant 
 
 W(ed;-for an e 
 
 converted the tm 
 
 to/1. A ban fro,, 
 
 to Ji.ivo gone off 
 
 ,f'ioleg tho horse 
 
 '2"nent of u"^" 
 
 Wathowas attacJ 
 
 -Ilsclmrge. At om* 
 
 dflrcd-thoshr, 
 ma were henrd 
 
 ^c' them drove 
 m, sword in h 
 ;c;io about tho H6t< 
 • «"(i!ot resided 
 W" oen of tho CO 
 track, were lorne 
 ace and exhibited 
 wtly glare of torcl 
 
 Jnursday morning 
 
 etroop%ofthe», 
 rnotonanyaccoi, 
 
 yfen back wm^^ 
 
 K-^"thTa^i 
 
 advance; alreadl^ 
 
 Keo'K«"««™ 
 • state of constema 
 
 
<f opiidsltlori ti) (I 
 bletl not l>y I ho 
 arllamcntnry mul 
 HI, bat by those (jf 
 imber, for the ex- 
 tnstitutlonal right. 
 fixed to taku jil.iro 
 1 was BUb8e(|iieutly 
 
 form; wlilio (lotaSCJVn^ourof ;;^ 
 third, and scvpnth loii "^ "' the socoiirf 
 'Vive la rf^,' .'!?""« f'scd nSl^i 
 
 cliolccf«li on count M"i.'°'5"<^*^hokinff'| 
 of the night thosunr^"'"; I" tho course 
 national Kuards and^nL,?'"'"'"''! of "ho 
 
 was COIIIIiicd to innrM ''.''^"Ol'SOfthellnn 
 
 count Molo hav^nrf^:!! ^^^^^^^imo 
 charged MM. Tli ?«„',' '""'. the vjn^' 
 wUh the duty of'fe,""'^ Odllion Vrro? 
 I But whatever hrmoi * " "cw cablnpt 
 
 ton. A bail from a ff i'^" Ji"" a rcvoiu- 
 regiment of the iin2.''°''^H°' *'' "'e mj 
 
 ^Ics Jay weltering on Jh»" s'^ty-two 
 ffcr them drove nn^," j*''° Pavemcrit 
 N. sword in i,anrt^."«<J'-''n of cu^^i'^': 
 
 fcno about thoHCt^'el de^ Cami.*"° ^J""'" 
 - t^iilzot resided wna ^^P^c'dos, where 
 
 »enof the iorMes°be.n£ ?»«««cra 
 [tmclf.wero borne nin^'^P^P'^ccd on 
 we, and exhlbltP.i %!^^ "^^ '''""i Place tn 
 
 ?, unarmed, a i#cre the niuitS "er/«? fortb. ^veryf 
 the lrapeachuie»«f sommesfraAfe/' tm;? ^"* armes/ 
 Ipursday morning no Z""" '"<''»• that 
 
 u V — Bange would satlsfv fhl '"^™ »a nlsterlai 
 
 ff try felt lts^wettr„?!''- Th« new 
 hasperato their counc'r^il'' "°* '"rther 
 krai itary - .^^^ to Tef^^"- *»rected 
 
 ^ The national fiTi^rt°K °' 'he Xuli- 
 i^fed; the Insnr^in^^ wholly dls- 
 
 N Louis 'p^,J,^«'«n^hlch relS 
 
 ( WHO BUUDC(|IU' 
 
 ing Tuesday. 
 % the general com- 
 inlae the bniuiiict, | 
 ko 8 legal and p^ 
 acts of the govern- 
 , as they imblliiy 
 le more efllcnflims 
 rsuanttothisidfa, 
 manifesto tMociii-i 
 
 carry nelthrr Uagl 
 ind such of the ii,vP 
 )ln the ;iroo('ssloD,l 
 vlthoutarms.' Tticl 
 nwhllo had yieldeill 
 net, and, niurhtJ 
 titudes abroad m 
 cd on wltlulrnwini 
 :> rest satlsflvd witi 
 ministry. } 
 
 unpleasant state oj 
 artisans and slioil 
 oulerards and till 
 the whole of llf 
 
 the church of tu 
 kmber of dcpiitlii 
 3d. At noon tlipij 
 )f labouring iiiel 
 ^o were soon dl 
 infantry and a cij 
 ucceeded a depul 
 
 U7 
 
 Orleana ». ' precaution tho /? "'fforent 
 £reZX''o?7e;|''^-^SdTete"d' 
 
 "Pon°h'erufe^l«&Wta''"" 
 
 fhe^oicelfW'^f/ opposftZ' fe^"- 
 by persons in thi'n Jl* flrearms, preeeSf^ 
 
 end. 
 
 
 fcpalace of ^ATtoVSlTo 
 
 te&eXnok^r'ot^''J?°»"' ^"Ubt- 
 fit. was still on hnrf^i^''H°» theking-a 
 Pe Tuliertes ^fh'^?'^'»ck in the court 
 
 Fed no longer Th<r^* f^'^eyer, be 
 Fsto absta&m flwn'^"^^ gave dl- 
 (aseless bloodB w/i/" "Z*^*^'' »« 
 tL°' sought to reiSi* fiS® *'^0' though 
 If detachmenW *^« '""'"tude by 
 
 eighteen S ^^^^^o^ of lesa th«« 
 House o/^erft^S« '^l^ilg 
 
p 
 
 a* 
 
 !■ 
 
 LI 
 
 648 
 
 €^t ^ttaiuvyi o( ^Mtorff* 9ct* 
 
 Louis Philippe,' gays a contompornry wri- 
 ter, 'had uot also been infatuated with 
 tho curse of his race — that of refusing to 
 concede a simple and just demand, made 
 In equity and moderation by the people — 
 he would not in his old age have been 
 exiled from his country. Ho had disdained 
 to be taught even by all Ills eventful ex- 
 perience. Ho had forgotten or disre- 
 garded in power what ho had written In 
 adversity. In Franco, after two revolu- 
 tions and more bloodshed in tho name of 
 liberty than in any country in tho world tho 
 press wos thoroughly fettered by the laws. 
 No French citizen or f, • ><gner could move 
 in or out of or over Fra..v. , without a writ- 
 ten license, or permission to do so from 
 tho police. The freedom of assembling In 
 public or private meetings was prohibited 
 by the laws of September 1834— laws which 
 Berryer with truth said, " put into execu- 
 tion tlie ordinances of Charles X." The 
 representative system was so limited by the 
 high money-rate in direct taxation required 
 to bo paid to qualify electors as to amount 
 to a mockery of the whole population. In 
 short, though there was civil, military, and 
 legislative equality for all before the tri- 
 bunals, and equality for all rich enough to 
 qualify for electovs, civil liberty did uot 
 exist in France.' 
 
 The republic having been proclaimed on 
 the basis of liberty, equality, and fraternity, 
 Dupont de I'Eure was named president of 
 the council :Lamartine, minister of foreign 
 affairs ; Ledru Rollln, minister of tho in- 
 terior ; M. Goudchaud, minister of finance ; 
 Cr6mieux, minister of justice; Francis 
 Arago, minister of marine; general Bedeau, 
 minister of war ; Carnot, minister of public 
 instruction ; Bethmont, minister of com- 
 merce ; Marie, minister of public works ; 
 Oavaignac, governor-general of Algiers; 
 and Gamier Pag6s, mayor of Paris ; while 
 Armand Marrast, Louis Blanc, Flocou, 
 and Albert, ouvrier, were appointed sccrc- 
 
 The fortresses of Paris and Vlnccnnes ac- 
 knowledged this provisional government. 
 OdiUon Barrot, marshal Bugeaud, and nu- 
 merous other members of the opposition, 
 gave in their adhesion to it. The palace 
 of the Tnlleries was transformed Into an 
 hospital of Invalids for the wounded work- 
 men, to whom a million of money, due of 
 the sum which had been granted for the 
 civil list of the late king, was directed to be 
 pidd, in order to relieve the immediate wants 
 of the unemployed labourers and citizens. 
 All political prisoners were discharged; 
 and the punishment of death was abolished 
 for political crimes. It was declared that 
 the national tricoloured flag should bear 
 the words 'JRaptAlique Franfaiae, JAberti, 
 Egalitt, Fraiemitt ',' that the red roaeUe 
 should be introduced as a souvenir of this 
 last revolutionary act, and that it should be 
 worn by tho members of the provisional 
 government. A strong garde mobile, con- 
 sisting of twenty-four battalions of 1,0<8 
 men each, was formed for securing the 
 tranqolUity of Paris ; and acts of accu- 
 Bation were drawn np by the procureur- 
 general against the Gulzot ministry, most 
 
 of whoso members had meanwhile fled to 
 England. 
 
 Hut It soon bcrnmc apparent that Import- 
 ant Ullterenccs of opinion existed nniniiRst 
 those whom a strange series of events Imil 
 placed at the head of affairs. Laniartliio, 
 tho presiding genius of tho new move- 
 ment, who sought, with Marrast and others, 
 to govern tho country according to tlie 
 principles of constitutional llborty, wiis 
 opposed by Louis Hlanc and Lcdru Kollin, 
 who maintained that tho last revolution, mi- 
 like all previous rcvolutions.wasmore wci/ii 
 than political, and that measures ghoiild 
 lunnediately be taken by the government 
 for the organisation of labour, and the | 
 abolition of mialrc. To meet these vlews.ji 
 commission of enquiry was appointed to sit 
 at tho Luxembourg with Louis Blanc as rrc- 
 sident, and Albert, ouvrier, as vice-presi- 
 dent. National workshops* too were openoil, 
 where two francs per day were awarded liy 
 Rovernniout to each new comer, and wlicre 
 thus tho Idle and vicious had the same r^ 
 muneratlon as the energetic and hulus- 
 trlous. The enonnous multitudes of ivnrt- 
 Ing men flocking into Paris from the dc-i 
 partraents to tako advantage of the iirir 
 regulation, caused f?rcat excitement In the 
 capital. These working men formed tlicm- 
 selves Into clubs, which beciimc tlie ceiiircl 
 of furious debates, and fomented sneii di 
 order In Paris, that many of the wenltlij In 
 habitants, deeming a residence in the o.irl' 
 tal unsafe amid such elements of discon 
 quitted France, and trade was for a tinn 
 prostrate. Meantime the aBsembly im 
 posed to frame a new constitution, niul ill 
 vided the country Into electoral districti 
 Great exertions were made by the cxtronij 
 party, who now obtained tho title of Ri 
 Republicans' from wearing the old red 
 of liberty as their badge, to obtain <i proiwi 
 derance In the election of mcmlicrs fnrtl, 
 national assembly. The assembly, tlioiii 
 chosen by universal suffrage, being, iii 
 withstanding all the efforts of the Ked ~ 
 publicans, composed of men of niodpn| 
 views, great antagonism arose. A foriiil 
 able outbreak on the 16th of May, rcsultli 
 from the refusal of the assembly to npiioi] 
 a minister of labour, and which evcntu: 
 led to the expulsion of Louis Blanr, 
 suppressed by the vigorous efforts of T.: 
 artlne. This outbreak was followed 
 another of a most alarming character. 
 the month of June, the Increase of laboni 
 In the national workshops from is.oooj 
 120,000, became a subject of apprehensioi 
 the government, who ordered that 30,r 
 those who came from a distance slu 
 return to their homes. After an Inten 
 with the executive committee, adeput) 
 
 » It i> but justice to M. Louii Blanc to i 
 that, whaterer evili theio national workstionj 
 flletcd upon the communttr, he waa iu no ref 
 to blame for their eitablisnment. Ho hss cl(| 
 exonerated himielf on thii point in liii I 
 d'Hiatoire; and bi> itatement ii fullr c 
 berated by M. de Lamartine, who laya, ' Bicol 
 d'etre ii la lolde de Louii Blanc, ill |I«J 
 lien nattonanx) ^talent tnipirtia par I'cipritf 
 adTcratirei.' — Mittoirt dt la Rtv, de Ftmtr§ 
 p. 120. 
 
 the canal St. Ma 
 Jbourg St. Dctiiq 
 
 aides. The whit^ 
 jof barricades 
 jl^eprinclpaltiioi: 
 f • Denis, and tl 
 
 TfA"','i'""'''.on 
 ™ Wdge St. M 
 
 talc, form fdable 
 ^; every street 1 
 Id to another, a 
 tended by lo'on 
 
 1 MCh BiJe. TJ. 
 
 'cparatlons : biTt 
 taultaneousfy fo, 
 f/^« HOtel% 
 e CJiau8s6e d'An 
 Honor6; by tJ, 
 imice, the L„ 
 
 .J-'SbytheJeftba 
 
 leofflnesof the m 
 
 «mbiy,andthu? 
 
 fteniextremltyo 
 
 or three whole da 
 
 f from morning 
 
 ho barricades b? 
 
 ; »f shells being , 
 
 Wct.ofthomlnfih 
 
 .^oopscoSldOTln 
 
 S. the insSrge 
 
 ™8hoJd rapldiy^^ 
 
 " ""e'r position wai 
 
 ^'tamorlcJOre. I 
 
 $SeT"-«°^' 
 
 Mot, ti''3"« f'o 
 
incanwlillo fled to 
 
 iparcnt that Impnrt- 
 »i existed niiioiigst 
 k'rics of events Imil 
 ifTalrs. Lainartliip, 
 :>f tlio new move- 
 Marrast and others, I 
 ■ according to the I 
 tlonal llherty, wiis ' 
 5 and Ledru liollin, 
 I last revolution, nil- 
 ons, was more scicial I 
 
 iiasircviMui.iuii,!!!!- 
 ons.was more social 
 it measures shmild I 
 by tlio governinei: 
 if labour, and tli 
 meet these views, 
 
 nrna nnnntiitnil t.n ct 
 
 meet tneso views.a 
 ivas appointed to iilt | 
 I Louis Bliinc as rro- 1 
 
 of men from thn .mT WWOI 
 
 through the streets o'V £" ."'^y mSrched 
 
 sgalnst the measurea of i^"^' McIalS 
 
 rapidity with whlci' if'5"y?™raent. Th? 
 
 rations for civil \vfll/'*'*<^<'8 and nren^ 
 
 government «■»,.„ '^"^"clos aaainat tt ' 
 
 Fas appoiuieu losn 
 . Louis Blanc as rro- 
 
 ,8* too were opcnod, ■ "^ ,!• ?°;'-''ole of t f/^ ^n^.V'^^ rrlnclp 
 ay were awarded liyB," barricades. Ail thn f/°""^ was a niaM 
 /comer, and wlicrM ^P^'nclpai tj,„r^™ «^^^^^ leading t^^ 
 
 pd to another nil ."/"^'^Icaded froni «;.„ 
 
 hum bv'i'So*"^ the barricades^ero 
 f each sltfe. The2„ 1, '"a<lo In the waM 
 Jropnratlona: bnt1h«^f° ^^o defen^vi 
 
 ea tno "tieof-iiJ^J'by.and thusfSrm ^«^ 
 ring the old red c«'„'7i??tremlty of Pari^ i^^ctlon at the 
 3. to obtain a propoHJ"' Jhree whole days tlVis tor-.K, 
 of members fnrtlK™^[om morning till Xi,"''''i' conflict 
 le assembly. tli,)iigK''„Vf" cades beC bro«i"!l*'J" «Wto 
 uffrage, being, n»:»f s''e Ha being thrown lnf?*J,.^J' 8«'l- 
 Eorts of the Hfd PBt^'^^/'Jie mine being broni'**/'® '"''"'e 
 f men of modonK » P? 'couid gajn thfir^^^^^ 
 m arose. A for,„»;^^ the insurgentBH^Z"^ '^"*«'ep 
 thr.fM«rr rp<.i.mM"5'iold Tap dlv rpanViiS '^'"H froni onp 
 p on the fourth rto^^il* anotlier m 
 fereat f rom al, gfdil' i^^^ were forced 
 
 £?; iA' *cn o'clock a i.?f»l''®^'se »>arri- 
 Kf I'tace de la BasMMo K*""^ of mortars 
 l^g on that tide -and ?°'»''arded th| 
 *sthn"* '««! 8?t 'flre''to\V''orttlme! 
 ?' nouses, a mi^I , "owe of thn 
 erahio^.-*-^ "»'ne also nii«i.»^t.l"o 
 
 struck by a imiiT "^^ 
 
 Bit T/i.*!; . '™™edIa%^^irS^^^ 
 
 n/um durL"o,^'MAIl?«'ffo. with a mail' 
 have a sniim, . """ the presidnnf « " ^^ 
 
 s-f-ssssip!! 
 
 conTetirorterr^him ^, 
 
 avnnSL^'io «o-called«oX.Vj?J«'.. parties: 
 
 but of t?/'«»ns and ieX»"ot only 
 •Bonaparte tnni, *X.. ™ber, Louia v,..."""^' 
 
 w houses. Ami^i","''' "ome of tiin 
 
 £^e...,w|g'-«rg^ntsa3e^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^.^;;^«;^^ccl^^ ^cea^ed 
 
 -" tae zoth of Decemhn, ''T™°'»"'of June 
 Ki^^tl^^ ^""'^ theTrescrihn^'^ Napoleon 
 
 solemnuies? "'^ "^"blJo amldMS^^^J 
 
 iTr ^'^'^«'S"of"fhe"J.''"r''»«« to dwell 
 
 rrd"Vo^tHlf»K 
 
 SKiU^SS^^^ 
 
 moment he wa* Tifi' °' ^'s own : ijut th« 
 "'onarchistsh^lfedte' *""? Party of't,^| 
 gaD"tlr.f''«"con8ideredhf*„^''''^^«""^^^^^^ 
 
 'erent 8ectl?^'sVf^'?i"^ '^''''^eenTho dif 
 tbey all. wTf.i.fl'o monarchical no^J.f 
 
 ?ereTt^'iectlZ7ortS ^^^^^o ^ 
 a", legitimls ' Twn'"''^"^' Part^ 
 ■. combined fn^. Or'eanist, Bona. 
 haviiKT „®^ 'o prevent thn r«.^.Y.??: 
 
 
 
v 
 
 and undormlned the educational Inatltutiona 
 of the countiy. The choice of jouruals to 
 be sold la the streeta was actually left to 
 the police ; and the fundamental law of 
 universal auflrage repealed without the 
 sanction of the nation. If the cause of 
 order lost adherents out of doors, the fault 
 was with the party that called themselves 
 its champions within the chamber. They 
 possessed all the power, If not the will, to 
 do good ; the majority In the single cham- 
 ber was omnipotent in the nation, the ex- 
 ecutive government was bound to obey 
 their behests, and popular caprice could 
 not affect tbejr position; they were re- 
 turned under a system of universal suffrage, 
 and no legal power in the state existed to 
 dissolve parliament. If they had been true 
 friends to their country, and acted irrespec- 
 tive of party considerations, they would 
 have consolidated the liberties, developed 
 the resources, and strengthened the position 
 of France. All power in the country was 
 concentrated in their hands; they might 
 have passed a habeas corpus act, relaxed 
 their stringent commercial code, modified 
 the system of centralisation, or asserted 
 some principle la their action which would 
 have made them the rallying point of ra- 
 tional liberty. Instead, however, of avail- 
 ing themselves of their impregnable posi- 
 tion, and directing the progress of the 
 nation, they only signalised themselves as 
 exaggerated alarmists or faint-hearted re- 
 actionists. They seemed determined that 
 France should enjoy the unabated excite- 
 ment of a continual revolution ; they pro- 
 tested against peaceful ac<iuiescence in 
 what had been adopted, and nothing an- 
 noyed them so much as the supposition that 
 their constitution was finally settled ; its 
 very Imperfections were a source of conso- 
 lation to thein, and any new evidence of 
 its instability was hailed as a triumph to 
 their principles. To create discontent with 
 the existing form of government was their 
 object ; nor were th«ir efforts without suc- 
 cess ; they seriously damaged the republic 
 in the eyes of the people, and it was dilQ- 
 culi to find any who were satisfied with its 
 working. 
 
 But while the national assembly was 
 thus reaping laurels in so unpatriotic a field, 
 it was kept in countenance by the doings 
 of the president. From the first it was 
 apparent to all who were not struck with 
 judicial blindness, that his own personal 
 ambition, and not the maintenance of the 
 constitution which he had sworn to up- 
 hold, or the prosperity of the country 
 which had recalled him from exile, was the 
 object be had at heart. In the prose- 
 cution of his alms he adopted a mingled 
 policy of conning and hypocrisy, to which 
 there are tew parallels in modem times. 
 To gratify the army, he regaled them on 
 champagne and sausages on the plains of 
 Satory:— while the conservative majority 
 in the assembly were won by his apparent 
 adherence to their illiberal and reactionary 
 measures. Thus he gave a ready assent to 
 the law on the Slst of May 1850, repealing 
 universal suffrage la the election of the 
 president and the assembly (the very law 
 
 which he afterwards struggled hard to get 
 repealed), and in order to gain over the 
 priesthood, he sent the army into Italy in 
 1840, which abolished the Roman republic, 
 and reinstated the pope. 
 
 The close of the year 1851 had been long 
 designated as the advent of a great coiivui. 
 slon ; no pains wore spared to prepare tlio 
 public mind for somo alarming event ; it 
 had been the policy of all parties to cxaj. 
 gerate the dangers society was exposed to, 
 and Kurope at large was willing tu l)uliere 
 that secret associations for the worst ot 
 objects covered like a network the wliola 
 surface of France; a jacquerie was an- 
 nounced to be at hand, and many a Cas- 
 sandra prophesied that hearth, altar, life 
 and property were about to be engulfed 
 in a whirlpool of socialism. Tbesu aud 
 such like rumours were put in circul»tiou 
 by legitimist and Orleanlst, moiiurchijt, 
 and republican, each in the hope of turn- 
 ing the alarm they created to his on- 
 individual advantage. The greater the dli 
 trust in existing forms, the clearer, tlie] 
 thought, would be the field for their m 
 systems ; the day of confusion was to h 
 the vigil of their success, the outbreak oj 
 revolution the eve of a restoration : Fram 
 frightened from her propriety would lly 
 any standard which promised a moment: 
 respite, and each party believed that tliej 
 would be the first to wave over the scene 
 general confusion. But, strange to ti 
 whilo the friends of cither brancli of 
 Bourbons were thus buUUInpr their lioi 
 on a national panic, and both wero h 
 scheming the fall of the republic, vl 
 monarchists were boasting of the synipal 
 of the people, and socialists beglimlng 
 believe in their rumoured importance, 80i 
 half-4ozen individuals swept away coiistl 
 tion, chamber, press, tribune, law and 
 thority throughout the realm, and cod 
 tuted themselves sole arbiters and absoli 
 masters of life, limb, power, and proj 
 within the dominion of France. 
 
 On the 2nd of Dec. 1851, Louis Napolj 
 Bonaparte, the president, whose tenui 
 office was to have expired the follo' 
 May, under the pretext of ' 
 ciety,' assailed the legislative power, 
 rested the representatives, drove out 
 assembly, dissolved the council of i 
 expelled the high court of justice, 
 pressed the laws, swept the streets of 
 with grape-shot, and terrorised Frnnn 
 
 The audacity of the stroke was onl; 
 passed by its success ; no real oiip 
 took the field : even the choice of evil 
 not left : the bewildered nation, n 
 under the blow, threw itself at tbcfi 
 the power which had inflicted it, 
 courts of justice, it is true, and tl 
 tional assembly did, to their Ini 
 honour, protest ; but the love of 
 
 was so dead that their voice did not^ .„^ 
 
 single echo. Nay more, the ImmenseBjj. aJ^'^^ taken up 
 rity of the nation, when afterwar«(yj/''o sum of 3,^ 
 pealed to, mnf erred on the presid^(j|„,jj;,y about 300.0( 
 most despotic powers, aud thus i 
 to sanction his unheard-of deeds. 
 constitution then granted to Franl 
 form of liberty was maintained, r 
 
 <plrlt was 81 
 g^slative chi 
 of state. Tl 
 elected ever 
 tnge; and tj 
 the council o 
 Jfo man of g, 
 that the repuj 
 what had ban 
 iiresldent, wi 
 op/nlon of th 
 through varloi 
 «/«r the coul 
 sdcs a cry for 
 ]impiire. This , 
 stood; and on 
 wry ot the c( 
 reestablished, t 
 
 'me Of the en 
 touaryi853.he 
 Ions Who met hi, 
 .""i resolved on a 
 to accordance wjti 
 
 wad of seekliiff 
 Nerally stthaift^i 
 I lat of a nation I, 
 'a Spanish noi, f 
 ""DS- the noblest 
 
 comte de Par*." 
 *''<'«ed thlXt 
 
 comte de P«w. 
 "ean war if # '"'^^ 
 
 ^^'sassinatehiin?,'" 
 
 Sed^f*'"2'lo^' 
 'vlilch t2i*ll1/^* 
 
 
uggled hard to get 
 • to gain over tlio 
 army into Italy in 
 Roman republic, 
 
 1851 had been long 
 t of a great convul- 
 irod to prepare the 
 ilarming event ; ic 
 ill parties to cxag- 
 ety was exposed to, 
 i willing to believe 
 s for the worst o( 
 networlc tlio wliole 
 jacquerie was an- 
 , and many a Cm- 
 i heartlj, altar, life 
 out to he engultei] 
 iallsin. These and 
 3 put in circulation 
 ieanlst, mouarcliitti 
 
 iplrlt was 8un^l^nir~; «W^ 
 
 matire chamber I »«.''.'^n»'»t«l?7ir 
 
 •^"•'stsTFTTn — --— -ilL 
 
 ^l": O'l.the 
 
 sides a cry for ?h''«*' tl^ere" woso ''^' ^°«» 
 
 aprlety would Ay tKneraWr *f **?'"» a royal am?"'''8-e. In- 
 imised a monientaM"5^?7„8ub8tltutea J^^^ whJc , 
 
 believed that the* ,'8"'»n« 'on he had c^"^^ '"'erest for 
 
 Nasslnate h„n ? .""empts were mid« 
 
 aiusi/, uiuiiaiciiiti 
 
 a the hope o£ turn-, 
 reated to his wp' 
 The greater the illi 
 s, the clearer, the] 
 field for their owi 
 anfuslon was to N 
 B88, the outbreak < 
 restoration : Fraii 
 aprlety would lly 
 imlsed a momenta 
 believed thattheij 
 ,ve over the scene o 
 ut, strange to tel 
 Ither brancli of t| 
 uUding their Loi 
 ,nd both were Ijh 
 the republic, vlil 
 ing of the sympatl 
 lallsta beginning 
 ed importance, sor 
 swept away consili 
 iribune, law and 
 3 realm, and com 
 Tblters and ahsoli 
 power, and propi' 
 C France. 
 851, Louia Napoli 
 snt, whoso tcnur* 
 pired the folloi 
 ixt of 'saving I 
 gislatlve power 
 lives, drove out] 
 lie council oi: r 
 art of justice, 
 t the streets of 
 jrrorlsed Kranw 
 stroke was onlji 
 ; no real ohim 
 le choice of evil( 
 ■jred nation '"* 
 
 , 14-r.Al« At- ft 
 
 Arrested '^1^ "a™^ Or ?n?''°J}."«°'Pt 
 thosfl »^f ' conspiracy Hn^"' to amend 
 
 I>oSwlf„°L!?P«senteMvis of^^^^ «* '"• 
 I '" l85o! The ar^M",^°'» 'he treafy S? r^«» 
 isatlon and L^"'''®^ related to tL *■■'' 
 
 WaThfte?"th.^"'*^^ MoldfC a^!l 
 
 
 ,1'lles votld^or "^ transferring ^thA^®^" 
 
 '#!^ 
 
;' ill 
 
 662 
 
 W^c ^rtnintu of Witnvpt Stt* 
 
 more in fancy than reality, to secure a bud- 
 get which would be strictly In accordance 
 with the wants of the country. The result 
 of these suggestions was their acceptance 
 by the emperor, who appointed M. Fould 
 to the ministry of flnance. 
 
 The year 1802 brought with it no events 
 of any great Importance to the French 
 empire. The Mexican cxprdition dragged 
 on Its length slowly, without achieving 
 any positivo result. The Mexicans de- 
 clared their resolution to flood the country 
 round the city of Mexico ; but the French 
 troops had not before the close of the year 
 reached far enough to make such a measure 
 an iniuiedlnte necessity. 
 
 The year 1863 was marked by the pro- 
 posal made by the emperor for a Euro- 
 pean congress for regulating tho future 
 condition of Europe. Tho invitation to 
 take part In it was distinctly declined by 
 the British government, and although the 
 replies of most of tho other powers to 
 whom the invitation was addressed were 
 favourable, tho project was ultimately 
 abandoned. 
 
 Tho debates In the French chamber are 
 seldom without interest, but this interest 
 Is not unlike that which attaches to good 
 discussions in a mere debating society. 
 Tho words of the speakers may produce 
 some elfccts hereafter: but they will bo 
 followed by none for the present; and 
 thus to EnKllsli readers tho speeches of 
 men like M. Thiers, deni.indiiig certain 
 reforms and ciniraing certain rights na in- 
 dispensable conditions of liberty, arc apt to 
 become wearisome. But there wns no lack 
 of such speeches in the year 1864 ; nor can 
 it be denied that, in logical and moral 
 cogency, the 1 1 beral speakers had very much 
 the best of It. Meanwhile, although some 
 were found on the ministerial side to de- 
 clare that only cowardly governments have 
 believed in the liberty of the press, there 
 were many more who appreciated the bene- 
 fits already produced by the free trade 
 convention with England. Tlie year was 
 also marked by another conspiracy against 
 the life of tho emperor. Greco and the 
 other assassins asserted that they acted by 
 the instructions of Mazzlnl, who denied all 
 knowledge of the affair. Although all were 
 convicted, none were sentenced to death. 
 A more significant trial was that of M. 
 Garnler Pag^s and twelve others, for acting 
 
 as a committee to secure tho return n{ 
 liberal candidates. They were defended 
 by tho most eloquent of French advocate), 
 M.Jules Favre and M. Berryer; but tliclr 
 rhetoric failed to secure their acquittal. 
 They were each condemned to a lino of 
 600 francs, with the costs of the prosecution, 
 or in default of this, six months' imprison- 
 ment. 
 
 When In 1866 an Immediate outbreak of 
 war was threatened between Austria, Prus- 
 sin, and Italy, the emperor, in conjunction 
 with tho governments of England and 
 Russia, proposed a conference for the set- 
 tlement of tho dispute : but tho sclirme 
 fell to tho grotmd, owing to tho rerly oj 
 the Austrian government, that it woulil 
 send a representative only on the conUlthm 
 that no question of territorial aggraiidUe. 
 ment for any of the contending pnrtlcBwas 
 to be discussed. As this excluded nut onl; 
 the question of Prussian right to SchlCBwIg. 
 Holstein but also that of Italy to Veiictia, 
 tho French emperor declared that the con- 
 ference was impossible. When in a (cw 
 weeks the war had come to an end, hcaskcd 
 from Prussia the concession of a small strip 
 of territory to tho extreme south of hcrl 
 Ilhenlflh provinces, containing valuaU 
 coal-tlulds near Saarbruck and Soarlouij 
 This was peremptorily refused, and thi 
 demand was quietly dropped. But ho di 
 dared publicly tliat the war had destrnyi 
 tho Germanic confederation and detlnl 
 tlvely established Italian nationality, am 
 that all the new arrangements resultlgi 
 from it would be bcneflcial to tliose vfai 
 underwent them and In a special degree i{ 
 France herself. 
 
 In December tho French garrison di 
 parted from Rome, leaving, as tlie cmper 
 put it, tho protection of France by way 
 security for the holy father. They »i 
 soon, however, to return. 
 
 Some account of the Luxemburg ro| 
 ference proposed by the French emperorf 
 1807 will be found in the histories of £i 
 land and Prussia for that year. 
 
 A visit paid by Louis Napoleon to l| 
 emperor of Austria at Salzburg in Angi 
 furnished a subject for much disrussli 
 but it was announced that the vlxit 
 no other object than to condole with 
 emperor on the barbarous murder of 
 brother tho wchdnke Maximilian by 
 Mexican republicans. 
 
 This country 
 
 of Eiirojic, nn 
 
 tlio Medltcrrn 
 
 nas well know 
 
 » tlioiisanu jpj 
 
 )Tt it apjicars 
 
 frrtly known t 
 
 Hcrodotiia. Ai 
 
 makes us acqj 
 
 , liiliabitants, tin 
 
 lirlaiis, who bcc 
 
 I moil iinino of C( 
 
 of the Cnrthagd 
 
 notling ccrtali 
 
 Spaniards, and t 
 
 lore the flrst Pu 
 
 In ancient tin 
 
 a country replete 
 
 at tlie time of i 
 
 (1/glous quantltl( 
 
 Iwen carried oui 
 
 Dlans and Tyrlar 
 
 tatlon of Ijelnff VI 
 
 f<l I'y Aristotle, t 
 
 flrst arrived In 8p 
 
 naval coinmoditie 
 
 ties of silver, th 
 
 ler contain nor 8 
 tlicy used it for 
 •nciiors and othe 
 I^or could It have 
 *'™ the Carthas 
 Inhabitants at th, 
 "I'enslls, even the 
 fcs metal, ml 
 11113 amazing nienf 
 till their gifaXg 
 
 « 111,542 lbs. of e 
 » J, betides an Im 
 ud other things Of 
 Although the earn 
 K' *° ''ave con 
 lilch probably entp 
 
 ionelghbourlngco 
 ■upledthenortl^frn, 
 ^on to believe th 
 * country was po 
 
 111 from the opndsl 
 
 mownessof thos 
 }^ valuable produc 
 'Jfeinents quite suff 
 toirianstofomsf 
 
 Ningiy,theca™ha« 
 
 ~\i''"8e natloi 
 
 ^cted their views tow 
 Mear300B.o.had 
 . 'lie north-easf nf 
 glided the to^^'o?'l 
 
 w& Inthecou 
 ™7 their ambition f 
 
 W of a country so a 
 
are ttao return ot 
 By were defended 
 French advocate», 
 Serryer; but their 
 re their acquittal, 
 mned to a flno of 
 of the prosecution, j 
 months' Imprison- 
 
 THE HISTORY OP SPAIN. 
 
 cdiate outbreak of 
 reen Austria, rruj. ' 
 ror, in conjunction 
 
 of England and 
 Bronco for the set- 
 : but the Bclipme 
 ng to tlie reply of 
 int, tliat it would 
 ly on the condltloQ 
 Itorial aggraiidUe- 
 ending pfirtlcswM 
 I excluded not only 
 right to Schleswlg- 
 )f Italy to Venetli, 
 iared tliat tiic con- 
 i. When In a lew' 
 toanend,hca9liedj 
 9ion of a small strip 
 'erne south of her 
 tntaining valiiablr' 
 ick and Soarloui) 
 
 refused, and tbi 
 >pped. But 1)0 de 
 war had destroyci 
 ration and deHni 
 in nationality, am 
 gements resultlm 
 Icial to those wbi 
 a special degree ti 
 
 'cnch garrison dl 
 ing, as the cmpeH 
 [ France by wayi 
 uther. They m 
 1. I 
 
 3 Luxemburg ro 
 French empcrorl 
 e histories of £o' 
 It year. 
 
 is Napoleon toll 
 alzburg InAiigti 
 ' much disrussloj 
 that the vIkIC 
 I condole with 
 Dus murder oJ 
 Maximilian by 
 
 ^"'.^o^yel'n'il'd tti^, /» the south-west 
 the Medltcrrnncarp^el^y t"e Atlantic 
 , B-as well known to fiin t.i ^^^ • "'"l Franco 
 ' » tl-onsand J'caw "b&e 'Trn'"!'^..'^' '™«t 
 jet it appears to hn,.„ , ° Christian em • 
 fcftly known to tiioPrn t^*'" very imper- 
 Herndotns. As far^'as^ffi'" the tlnTof 
 nmkes us acquainted wm?'^? "'' tradition 
 Inlmbitants, they were n.„ r.'f^ abor/gina 
 , rians, who became 'blenlS*'"^ nnd IbS- 
 I moil iiaino of Coi/Vh^.i ""^d in tlie coni 
 
 of the Carthagin anHnto' S.Ti!' "'.« °°™''^» 
 notli ng certain can bo f4^*'"' however. 
 Spaniards, and thfq I, ^° afflnncd of tliV 
 fore the fl«t Punic wa?'"'"*''' ""' '"«» "c? 
 In ancient timca Si.ni., « 
 a country replete wlfhH^i,!!'''^ regarded as 
 a 1.0 tlrao of the KoHr; *'"' though 
 .(liglous quantities of ^^m" «""q"est ]iro- 
 becn carried out cS'if^,?^'"''' silver had 
 Dians and Trrlana it \.!'J^ the Carthnef 
 tatlonof being vervH-f,""^"'' the repu- 
 "1 1.y Arlstoul. thii whJ>n ^"^ "" '"«- 
 drst arrived In 8i>,,i„ *^5^" the Phoiniclai s 
 naval coinmoditi'esfoJ''87cM^''''"««'' tie r 
 titles of silver thuf Vi ."^"'"'"lenseaunii 
 
 fr contain nor'8U8tai'n't';.f}"r «o"'d " e . 
 liey used it for Cl?a8t«f,H ^""''•though 
 inciiors and other im^i, "'"^ '""Jo their 
 N'or could It have bPPrf \""''?'« »' silver 
 w en the CaSgS,'""^' diminished 
 Wiabltants at that ??«.„*''""<'• since the 
 Dteiislls, even thPir Ji"'" ™ade all thf r 
 tfous uietal. °in the^f»8er8, of tl at pre- 
 
 s amazing Plenty waT°cr/J}'° ^'"na^s 
 t" their gleanings W^rl hv «"^ '"^''"eed ; 
 pifal'le, since in ninn ,1° * "<» '"eans des- 
 M 111.542 lbs. nt BnL^'"'''i they carried 
 m, besides Wlmmo^r' ""^^ ^.005 lbs of 
 iiid other things Of varue*^""""'^ of coin 
 
 mch probably enterert^h °* '^«^'t<e tribes 
 k nelghbourKountrx^^i' ^"'"«»'a from 
 Med thenorthfrnffl;?' «""'. and oc° 
 ^on to believe tl af tifl "' ""^''e 's every 
 p country was nn== '"^ southern part of 
 Nfromtttpo^a'^ffi'sed hy t„„ J"" of 
 
 f rrowness of ^gelfest «' AfrlcaT the 
 k valuable products of e' ®,'hraltar, and 
 [ucements quite sufflrwA^"'"' heiiig in- 
 ^fbarlans to fom settt^* '"5 "'o African 
 
 ["■■"•uuHB lororm uptti^^ i """ ■*ri' 
 
 ^fdingiy. the Carthaglnf-nf °'l *here. 
 
 Pra the PhffiKns led 4''''°«edescent 
 
 r'"» all those nation «,..*'*^"' *<> traffic 
 
 fccm With useft^i com J^^? """'d suZy 
 
 |cted their vle^'toSffif '« ^""-'y dl^ 
 
 J" year 300 b.o. had e«?« wf J i*"** »hout 
 
 f tlie north-east of fi^'^^hed « colony 
 
 lu'iJcd the town of nnr.° ^^"'nsula, and 
 
 Pfcelona. In the coiT« J'^5°.'u'he modern 
 
 "ttem'p't^kveJirK!?' '^'o^rHcs. Th„ 
 The result WM^Vo^raZ.?"'" ^""'e ^r 
 the Whole peninsula to tim T'?""*'^»tion of 
 'Jp; and It coi!t/n.,L thclioman rcDuh 
 
 ni«.:>anla to for m"",f,; ""r^ !"« "•''^e of 
 the empire for nearly snvnn'*"'^'''°v'"eo of 
 was usually dlvfrled infn *;? centuries, it 
 tions. L„s|?n,iia, BcDticior Vn'''' *f'"*'»t Por- 
 ""^^•p^nd TarraconeZis or Hfii*''''."'''' U'terl- 
 £10 Spaniards were rmS."'','" Citcrlor. 
 though the InhabiVnnfl . r?''y hrave ; and 
 southern coasts i,;»,"^^ "' the eastern anri 
 ot servllo's^f.g^'^d been reduced to a "tato 
 penetrated fartlfer l/.t^^'J'. *' "'o Romans 
 .nL^^'"'?«'"''i''s hadtt%^°"ntry than 
 nations whose love of ihi^i ^^'^^ ™et with 
 their valour, and wim.JVJ?'^'^' '^'as equal to 
 
 the Numantlncs Can?nK '''™ldablo were 
 
 terwards the captain nf'^'^ ''""'«••• and^^^^ 
 took upon him ^tftoni?/''"/"' hand^ttl. 
 t ona Who had been in ^^m"** °' «<"ne na- 
 thage.and ventured /« ^'"""^e with Car- 
 Power In that ,)arr„f °o"^?°se the Roman 
 "a, now POTtuga, Th^'" <^«"ed LuX" 
 Who commanded n T^'" P"»tor Vetllii " 
 against him with lo.S^'"^ "a^s. marched 
 feated and kUled wltrthlf ? ' '^"' ^'as de- 
 his troops. The nn^ ""' ^°ss of 4, coo of 
 spatched Another nrS?"* in'mediatehTde- 
 
 and 1..300 horse jbuW^Y'"' ^O.OM foot 
 gaL^f .1 detaci;i't^^J'»/hus ha ,„^fl"4 
 
 gasred the rest in a Tw* Sr"" o' them, en- 
 having entirely doL^'i?^?? hattl™'a„d 
 great part of thccoSy "^ a"'?'' reduced 
 Who was sent with « V;fL -^"otherpnetor 
 tho same fates- t^oth-r^f.^^y' ^et with 
 tlonof Carthage the n'"'^^'" the destruc- 
 per to send thel'r con^,Tn"'.**'°"»htp?^ 
 who defeated the J^tn' 9"'ntus Pabiur 
 battles. It is not &''"'«n9 in several 
 pursue thisporMon o?'^^^*'^' "ecessary to 
 With minutencssrsSfflce^frn"'^" "'^toS 
 after many sever4 cont« J' /" *'»>'. that 
 Romans were often oinw^^ '" '^hlch the 
 bravery of the Celt^hii?*'^ *^ >''eld to the 
 and Cantabrians scinin ''°^' ^'"'"antlnea I 
 destroyer of Carthaie ,.^""""""8. the ' 
 
 ?es=^,^^^^^ 
 
 vlv»S S'?- inh^StTuT , 
 Tills was a flnaloverth?„'*"^'"°'"'« tffiph 
 of Spain very s peldUv fw' *"•* the whSle ' 
 of Rome, goveriiert h,7. ^*''""° a provlncH 
 ^>othing of imnort^?^/,'^" annual prato^^^ 
 the history of "he " ''"^f "ow occurred In 
 war between Marina ^i'^^^i* *»' the civl" I 
 
 ifj^ 
 
Ainonff these was Scrtorlus, who Imd col- 
 lected a powerful ftriiiy from tiio relics of 
 that party, and contonded with groat buc- 
 cesB against Oalus Annlus and Motellus, 
 who were sent against him. Sertorhis 
 now formed a design of erecting Lusltaiila 
 into an Independent republic ; and so vigor- 
 ously were his measures prosecuted, that 
 tho Iloiiians became seriously alarmed for 
 the safety of their empire In that quarter. 
 
 On the death of Sylla, the most emi- 
 nent generals In Rome contonded for the 
 honour of having the command of the 
 army which It was Intended to send against 
 this formidable enemy. After some deli- 
 beration, tho management of this war was 
 intrusted to Pompey, afterwards surnamcd 
 tho Orcat, though he had not yet attained 
 tho consular dignity. Metcllus was not, 
 however, recalled ; but Scrtorlus for a 
 long time proved more than a match for 
 them both ; and after establishing himself 
 lu Lusltanla, he made such perpetual at- 
 tacks on their united armies, that they 
 'ouud It necessary to separate, one retreat- 
 ing into Gaul, and tho other to tho foot of 
 the Pyrenees. Treachery at length effected 
 for the Roman cauje what valour tried In 
 vain ; the bold and skilful Scrtorlus being 
 assassinated at an entertainment by Pcr- 
 perua, after having made head against the 
 Roman forces for almost ten years. Pom- 
 pey aoyr pressed forward with redoubled 
 ardour against the insurgent army, and tho 
 troops, deprived of their able leader, were 
 Anally subdued by him. 
 
 Though conquered, Spain was not alto- 
 gether in a state of tranquillity ; many of 
 the most warlike nations, particularly the 
 Cantabrians and Asturians, continuing, 
 wherever opportunities presented them- 
 selves, to struggle for their independence. 
 But from the time of Anrlppa, who carried 
 on a war of extermination against them, 
 till the decline of the western empire, they 
 remained in quiet subjection to the Ro- 
 mans. Augustus himself founded the co- 
 lony of Cuesar Augusta (Saragossa) and 
 Augusta Emerlta (Merlda). For 400 years 
 the Roman manners and language took 
 root In the Spanish provinces. In the arts 
 of war and peace, the peninsula at that 
 period rivalled Rome; and It gave birth 
 to many men of flrst-rate character and 
 abilities; among them, Pomponius Mela, 
 Seneca, Lucan, Trajan, and Tlieodoslus tho 
 Great. 
 
 In the reign of the emperor Honorlus, 
 the Gothic tribes of Vandals, Suevl, and 
 Alans spread themselves over the penin- 
 sula. About the year 420 the brave Wallia 
 founded the kingdom of the Visigoths in 
 Spain. The Vandals, from whom Anda- 
 lusia received its name, could not with- 
 Btaad him, and withdrew into Africa in a 
 few years after. The Visigotlis, under 
 Eurlo, extended their kingdom by the ex- 
 pulsioD of tho Romans in 484 ; and at 
 length LeoTlglld, in 583, overthrew the 
 kingdom of the Suevl, in Gallcla. ITnder 
 his aucoesgor, Recared I., tho Introduc- 
 tion of the catholic faith gave the corrupt 
 Latin liuiguage the predominance over the 
 Gothic; and, alter that time, the unity of 
 
 tho Spanish nation was maintained by tho 
 catholic religion and the political InlliKiKo 
 of tho clergy. 
 
 Towards tho end of tho seventh coniury, 
 tho Saracens (the name adopted by ihu 
 Arabs after their settlement In KiiruiKO 
 having overrun Barbary with a raiiklliy 
 which nothing could resist, and poHscMBcd 
 tliunibclvcs of the Uuthic dominions In 
 Africa, made a descent upon Spain. l(o'i(>. 
 rlc, the king of tho Qoths, was a UHurppr, 
 and having occasioned grefit dlsaiTuctlmi 
 among his subjects, he determined to coino 
 to an engagciuent, knowing that he Cduid 
 not dciH?nd tipon the fidelity of his own 
 people If he allowed the enemy time to 
 tamper with them. Tho two armies nipt 
 In a plain near Xeres, In Andalusliv. The 
 (ioths began the attack with great fiuy; 
 but they were totally dcfcated.and Uixlorlo 
 In his nifeht was drowned in tho Guailal- 1 
 quiver, A.I). 711. 
 
 Nearly the whole of Spain was brought I 
 under tlie dominion of the Moors (as ilio 
 Arabs of Spain aro usually called) by tlils [ 
 decisive battle ; those Goths who still ron- 
 tended for independence retiring into the| 
 mountainous parts of Asturlas, Itiiipi 
 and Biscay. But in 718 their power lieu nil 
 to revive imder Pelayo (or Don Pel.'u'liiij 
 a prince of the royal blood, who lieaiUal 
 those that bad retired to the mountiiinsi 
 after tho fatal battle of Xeres. In thcl 
 most lnaccessll)lo parts of these rcplonsl 
 Pelayo established himself ; and such wcrel 
 Its natural defences, that although thol 
 Moorish governor, Alaknr, sent a powcrfiilf 
 army to crush him, the followers of l\layof 
 were so conccrled among the preclplcfflj 
 that, almost unseen, they annihilated thill 
 enemies. In a second attempt the Moorf 
 were equally unsuccessful, nearly the wlm 
 of their anny being cither cut In pieces o| 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 At this time the greater part of SpniJ 
 became a province of the caliphs of Had 
 dad; but In the middle of tho eighth oif 
 tury Abderahman, the caliph's viceroy l| 
 Spain , threw off the yoke, and rendered hint ■ 
 self independent, fixing the seat of his gMf ,,i?f°''> aDoUjorOh 
 vernment at Cordova. Abderahraan's flim "£ ',? Spain aboiu 
 
 Kfl^l""! centn 
 
 dom ; and though he could not alter il 
 Mahommedan laws, which are unclinni 
 able as the koran wherein they aro writti 
 he appointed just magistrates, released li 
 Christian subjects from a great part 
 the tribute-money hitherto extracted fri 
 them, and patronised commerce and i 
 arts. At Cordova he built one of the mi 
 superb mosques in the world, and It stiil 
 mains a splendid monument of the skill 
 magnificence of that enlightened people] 
 
 The descendants of Abderahman coi 
 nued for nearly two centuries to relgnj 
 Spain, at their capital Cordova, patroiilsf 
 tho sciences and arts, particularly i)^' 
 nomy and medicine, at a period when Cl:j 
 tinn Europe was_ immersed in igno: 
 and 
 tered 
 
 though tbia 
 
 m POBBOiml 
 
 reduced. 
 
 , In the me 
 , by I'elavo, nc 
 
 a'xiOrledo. 
 
 in strength, 
 
 Wined over tl 
 '''0 tenth cem 
 named Afohai 
 aW'Cared to « 
 "i«t people. • 
 vrhlrb he redii 
 
 /^fejCastJiewi 
 Caljcla anaPo] 
 e»ld to have o 
 
 fifty different e 
 however, havln 
 
 I '«"«. and carrltS 
 
 oltbocbaf^boi 
 
 , f iperstltlousiy a 
 
 judgement ;iSd 
 
 llie Moors welSrt 
 
 "ieyfenS^oTth 
 
 I next battle, that 
 
 If and his sojdi, 
 
 from a terrible de 
 
 km 
 
 Fff and by tuil ' 
 
 fear 
 
 pom that fiJif? V*"« 
 UtUe. ""^ style. 
 
 Z"'^»'A"^^, 
 
 But 
 
 ms it h»'* ■"''' Don 
 
 .""eMoor^^^P^^rt 
 
 _ _ 'wntlnuaidS^ *^^»' 
 
 barbarism. In 7T87charYemagii6W''2»y day tamtUZA 
 
 I Spain with two great armies, ■^rtstlang. ""'"^ed 
 
mliitalncJ by tho 
 
 pulItlCItl llllllK'IK'O 
 
 Bcvciith coMUiry, 
 adopted liy tliu 
 nont 111 Kiiriiiic) 
 with a rii|iklliy 
 Bt, and posscfiscd 
 Ic domliilona In 
 loii Spain. Ito'lc. 
 », was a n«ui|ior, 
 jrent dlsnltuctlmi 
 tcniiincd to coino 
 Ing that he Cduid 
 elity of his own 
 ,e enemy time to 
 two armies nipt 
 I Andalusliv. The 
 with great fni); 
 
666 
 
 C^e Crcaifurv at IQMtary, iet. 
 
 country— and a wotl-sottlcd political order 
 
 CIlBUCd. 
 
 In tlio timo of Kdward IIT. wo And Engr- 
 Innd, for tlio flrst time, Intcrfcrlnir with 
 tlio nffalrB of gpnln. In tho year 1284 the 
 kingdom of Nnvarro had liccn united to 
 tliat of Franco l>y tho marriage of Donna 
 Joanna, queen of Navarre, with Philip tho 
 Fair of Franco. In in28, however, the king- 
 doms wero again separated, though the 
 ■ovorclgns of Navarre were still related to 
 those of France. In 1300, Charles, sur- 
 named the Wicked, ascended the tlirono of 
 Navarro, and married the daughter of John, 
 king of France. Notwithstanding this al- 
 liance, and that ho hlniHcIf was related 
 to the royal family of France, ho secretly 
 entered into n negotiation with England 
 against the French monarch, and even 
 drew into bis schemes the dauphin Charles, 
 afterwards surnamed the Wise. When the 
 young prince was made sensible of the dan- 
 ger of his connexions, byway of atonement 
 he promised to sacrifice his new a<<soclates. 
 Accordingly, he Invited tho king of Na- 
 varro, and some of the principal nobility of 
 the same party, to a feast at Rouen, where 
 ho betrayed them to his father. The most 
 obnoxious were executed, and the king of 
 Navarro was thrown into prison. In this 
 extremity, the party of the king of Navarre 
 had recourse to England. The prince of 
 Wales, surnamed the Black Prince, In- 
 Taded France, defeated king John at Polc- 
 tlera, and took him prisoner, which unfor- 
 tunate event produced tho most violent dis- 
 turbances in that kingdom. The dauphin, 
 then about nineteen years of age, natu- 
 rally assumed the royal power during his 
 father's captivity. In order to obtain sup- 
 plies, he assembled the states of the king- 
 dom ; but that assembly, Instead of sup- 
 porting his administration, demanded limi- 
 tatlona of the prince's power, tho punish- 
 ment of past malversations, and the liberty 
 of the king of Navarre. A rebellion en- 
 sued ; and amidst the disorders that con- 
 vulsed the kingdom, tho king of Navarre 
 made his escape from prison, and presented 
 a dangerous leader to the malcontents. 
 Those of the French people who wished to 
 restore peace to their country, turned their 
 eyes towards the dauphin. Marcel, tho 
 seditious provost of Paris, was slain in at- 
 tempting to deliver that city to the king of 
 Navarre. Tho capital immediately returned 
 to its duty ; considerable bodies of the mu- 
 tinous peasants were dispersed or put to 
 the sword ; some bands of military robbers 
 underwent tho same fate, and France be- 
 gan once more to assume the appearance of 
 civil government. 
 
 In the thirteenth century, during the 
 reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the cities 
 in the kingdoms of Arragon and Castile 
 had formed themselves into an association, 
 distinguished by the name of the Holy Bro- 
 therhood. They exacted a certain contri- 
 bution from each of the associated towns ; 
 they levied a considerable body of troops. 
 In order to protect travellers and pursue 
 criminals; and they appointed judges, who 
 opened courts.in various parts of the king- 
 4um. The nobles often murmured against 
 
 this salutary Institution ; they complained 
 of It as an encroachment of tlioir nioRt 
 valuable privileges, and endeavoured to 
 have it abolished. But their catholic inn- 
 Jestlcs (for such was the title they now 
 bore), sensible of the bcneflclal cfTccts of 
 the Brotherhood, not only In regard to tlic 
 peace of thelrklngdom, but In its tendcnry 
 to abridge, and by degrees annihilate, tlio 
 territorial Jurisdiction of the nobility, coun- 
 tenanced tho institution upon every occa- 
 sion, and supported it with tho whole forro 
 of royal authority ; by which means tlir 
 pron'pt and Impartial administration o( 
 justice was restored, and with it tranquil- 
 lity and order. But at the same time tint 
 they were giving vigour and justice to tliclr 
 civil government, and securing their suli- < 
 jects from violence and oppression, an In 
 temperate zeal led them to establigh ai 
 ecclesiastical tribunal, equally contrary to 
 the natural rights of humanity and tho 
 mild spirit of the Gospel ; and thus origi- 
 nated tho most baleful of all instltutlnim, 
 the Inquisition. Wherever the footsteps oj 
 the • HoiiY Office ' may be traced, tho iiath 
 is marked with blood ; but in no put of 
 tho world has it run such a sanguiiiar; 
 career as in Spain. 
 
 Of all the Mohammedan possessions In 
 Spain tho kingdom of Granada now alone 
 remained. Princes equally zealous and am- 
 bitious naturally wished to add that fertile 
 territory to their hereditary dominioim, hy 
 expelling the enemies of Christianity and] 
 extending Its doctrines. Everything con- 
 spired to favour their project ; the Moorl^hl 
 kingdom was a prey to civil wars ; wlicrj 
 Ferdinand, having obtained the bull ol 
 SIxtus IV., authorising a crusade, put him- 
 self at the head of his troops, and entcn ' 
 Granada. Its subjugation quickly foUowi 
 When the capital surrendered, it was tW 
 pulated that their king should enjoy tbi 
 revenue of certain places in the fcrilll 
 mountains of Alpujarras ; that the lnlialM'^'-'*'er yot • ohQ^,. 
 Itants should retain undisturbed possessluBUe old Itomnii ii, 
 of their houses, goods, and inherttanceB>rics MaricI <>Tf.n , 
 their laws and religion. Thus ended tliBmrnuIiitaH o....*"^'^I'i 
 empire of the Arabs in Spain, which li; 
 flourished for more than eight hundn 
 years. 
 
 During the period of Arabian power.ai 
 culture, commerce, the arts and sciciin 
 flourlslied in Spain. Tlie universities aw. me great Inhniii 
 libraries at Cordova and other places wcB "ot devolve n.im 
 resorted to by the Christians, as tliesr""" *-' ■ """' 
 of the Greco- Arabic literature, and the Ai 
 totellan i)hilosophy. From these iii8tl{ 
 tlons Europe received tho knowledge of 
 arithmetical characters, of gunpowder, 
 of paper made from rags; while, on 
 other hand, among tho Gothic Spaniai 
 the blending of the chivalrous and rellgii 
 spirit gave occasion to the foundation 
 several rnllitary orders. We may tj 
 remark, that Don Rodrigo Diaz do Blr 
 Campeador, the hero without an equal, 
 been celebrated since theend of theeler 
 century as the hero of his age. Tlic roi 
 tic elevation of national feeling, ni 
 found its support In the religious faltb 
 national church, preserved the Clirisi 
 Gothic states of Navarre. Arragon 
 
 I AUurIa /row 
 I dtngcra. 
 
 It was in 
 
 /MbeIJa, and 
 
 l/itecr, that Co 
 
 ul»covon'(iAn 
 
 wards subduct 
 
 lt» valuable ni 
 
 "Ducd, until < 
 
 Spain ; but ricj 
 
 Mw world wit 
 
 of the nation ft 
 
 niothcr countn 
 
 &natlcl8m,e8ta 
 miem. Still 
 "•"in. were tt'a, 
 now world, tho, 
 
 ra?or^"'t^ 
 
 ,, On the death of 
 
 B'^er, at his deat 
 ^tovcrnor to t h o v 
 land at his death 
 ►"e regent Of CMtl 
 
 f'OTcd Into the iiar 
 f«as uble to do so 
 fiVever 
 
 Nave by tb«f .^»" 
 fisand efforts L™!.®"' 
 
 Bef?fhff»«elyt. 
 Pnned In t^il'''*' "" 
 

 #j 
 
65A 
 
 rijr CrrAtfurv of fDitltarit, ^r. 
 
 rpufori'il ciiin|)lPt«» trnninllllty, hwl h« not 
 w.iiitoiily wniindcil the lirnrtx i)f h\» poorlo 
 wild worn liornniliiir fnvournMy cllnpimod 
 townnln lilm, hy IiIh nrnriifiil i»n<l dPHpotlc 
 mnnnprn, niui Imrxlily vlolntpil tlKM-onntltu- 
 lloiml rlwrhtu of tlm country liy his Inipcrlou* 
 toiip, by (llnrrMnnl of rnHtomary formn, and 
 liy ••xtrnordlnnry domnnd*. A* soon, thcro- 
 fiirc, n* ho hiul ffonc to Tirrniftny, to tnko 
 posHOHslon of the lu'vr thmiii', tho cities of 
 CiiHtllo nrodc for the dcfcncn (if their nnclcnt 
 rUhto. Thcdc rlttcM, JcalDiiH of thoir IndP- 
 pcndcnco, rpfniird to iicknowlcdgc cnrrtlnal 
 Adrlnn, ))l8hop of ITtrochf, whom Chnrlpn, 
 Ills former pupil, had nupolntid rcKcnt. 
 They concluded nmonff thenmelven a 'holy 
 lenffup,* got poHnpdHlon of the pprson of tho 
 (liu'Pii mother, to ndmlnlHter, In the nnmo 
 (if her, M tho IPKltlmnto aovorclgn, tho 
 government of tlio kingdom, and went to 
 tho king a detail of their well-founded 
 grlevniict*. of which they demanded redrPM. 
 t'liarlPH refuRPd to rpcelvo the deputies of 
 the Ipagiio, and thun augmented tho oxas- 
 ppnitlon of tho people. Tho league then 
 riilHcd Its head still more boldly, and formed 
 plans for liberating tho common people 
 from tho ancient feudal oppression of tho 
 nobility. Tho democratic spirit spread 
 rapidly; bur It was liy this very mon'is tho 
 cause was lost : for the nobles In all tho 
 provinces, feeling that spirit far more than 
 the abuse of tho roval power, rallied around 
 the throne, which they had previously risen 
 against, and around tho regent Adrian, 
 whom they had hitherto hated. In order to 
 frustrate the projcctH of the rebels. Tho 
 citizen warriors dt do league, notv Ith- 
 st.'indlng tho high courage anddorotedncss 
 of Individuals, wcio un.iblo to withstand 
 tho shock of ilio forces brought against 
 them ; and though the noble city of Toledo 
 defied tlielr power for nearly a year after all 
 tho others bad submitted. It was at length 
 taken by stratagem, and royalty trlmn plied. 
 Tlio most precious of ancient privileges 
 wore abolished or forgotten ; tho cortes, 
 once so venerated anu Innucntlal, degene- 
 rated Into tamo assemblies, tho principal 
 business of which was to grant taxes, but 
 the voice of which was unable to produce 
 salutary reform. 
 
 This revolt seemed to Francis a favour- 
 able juncture for reinstating the family of 
 Jean d'Albtrt In the kingdom of Navarre, 
 ("hnrles was at a distance from that part 
 of his dominions, and the troops usually 
 stJitioneil there had snen called aw.iy to 
 quell the commotions in Spain. A French 
 army, under Andrew de Poix, speedily con- 
 quered Navarre ; but that young and Inex- 
 perienced nobleman, pushed on by military 
 ardour, ventured to enter Castile. Tlio 
 Spaniards, though divided among them- 
 selves, united against a foreign enemy, 
 routed his forces, took bim prisoner, and 
 recovered Navarre In n shorter time than he 
 had spent In its reduction. 
 
 HostllI''.Ie8 thus begun In one quarter 
 ,>etween iMe rival monarchs, soon spread to 
 uiothcr. The king of France encouraged 
 the duki oi Bouillon to make war asralnst 
 the emptj-or, and to Invade Luxei.' >ourg. 
 Charles, after humbling the duke, a>.. )mpt- 
 
 (d to rnt?r France ; bii. vo'i rrpelleil nn,| 
 worsted bejoro Werleres, I ■ the fnui'in* 
 chevalier Hayard, ''.istinpnIfMed nmoim iiu 
 contemporaries hy the i»pp«''mtion of 'Tin' 
 knight without frar and wlthont reprimrh; 
 and who nnltcd tho talents ( f a great kcik 
 ral to the punctilious hononr and ronuuieii' 
 gallantry of the heroes of chivalry. 
 
 During these operations In the flcM, nn 
 unsuccessful confreis was held at ('uI.in, 
 under tho mediation of flonry VIII. if 
 England. It serrcd only to exasporatp tli.- 
 parties which It was Intended to rcconrll" 
 A league was soon after concluded, iiv • 
 Intrigues of Wolsey, between tho \' fo. 
 FTenry, and Charles, against France : irnl 
 after a severe contest. In which tiiurii 
 continued to lose ground In I'lly, t^ < nu 
 thorlty of tho emperor anrt lil< ponfale. 
 rates was everywhere rstablNli ■! ^iprc. 
 
 Following up the advniii;iK'< < he hrnl 
 gained In the field by tullilial niftrcpurri', 
 Chnrle* paid avisit lo tho courtof EnBlnnl 
 In his way to Spimi, where his prencin'e 
 was become necissary. In tlilshewn^iiiorf 
 fortunate than lie had any right to erpcrt; 
 for ho not only k'iilnod the cordial f rleii(1nliip 
 of Henry, but disarmed tho resentment nt 
 Wolsey (who had been grossly deceived anr 
 olTended by the sliaro which rharies to"li 
 In conferring the papacy, vacant at I.i vi 
 death, on Adrian), by assuring him of it on 
 tho decease of tho present pontiff, whn«| 
 age and Infirmities seemed to render it imtj 
 far distant. But the negotiation betwofi 
 Charles and Henry proved of little value ti 
 cither ; for the army under the earl ci 
 Surrey, that was sent to Invad* France, wsi 
 obliged to retire at the end of the cam paling 
 without being able to take one place witbli 
 the French fnmtler. 
 
 Francis had prepared not only for tlii 
 most energetic defence of his klnRcloi 
 but was r-solved also upon rcconqiicrli 
 Milan. Tills, perhaps, would have suoo 
 ed, had he not at the instlgratlon of 
 Intriguing mother, Louise of Savoy, liifi 
 red tho enmity of prince Charles of Bm 
 bon, constable of France. Impelled by 
 slon, this prince fled to tho cmpemr, 
 order to flght under his banners, and tlici 
 by revenge the wrong which had been 
 flicted on bIm. Thus France lost Itn' 
 general, and secured the triumph nf 
 enemy, by tho hand of Its natural defomli 
 
 ' 11 rlio . noontime tho imperial army, iiii' 
 tlio Collin, .uiil ot Pescara and Ilourboii, ii| 
 pomtritdA 111! > Provence, .c ' as besn 
 lilt: jiiT: .ii)'' ijnt Fran, .o, never i» 
 
 . 1 u. I tU. ii In misfortune, forced th 
 iMfog.int generals to retreat, and cntei 
 once more as conqueror the plains of Mil 
 and their brilliant capital. The strong 
 of Pavia, on the preservation of wl 
 almost tho last hope of the emperor Ii 
 he now besieged with all the Impetuoi 
 of passion, and with all the resources of 
 art of war. Great destinies seemed to doi 
 on tho Issue of tho siege. Already 
 frlends of Charles began to waver; all 
 threatening clouds seemed to portend 
 dire political calamity. Pope Clement 
 (Medlcis), prevloualy the enemy of 
 French, having signed a treaty of ncai 
 
 ttf, abandon 
 
 Jnifland, mli 
 
 WiiNpy, It! PI 
 
 ■> jno emperc 
 
 Tli« Frenoii 
 
 rifdmone till 
 
 lliriiwn Into 
 
 opened Its KM 
 
 f'T and Sfonjfl 
 
 miicfs p„„„ 
 
 "iiKl.'uefl thn 
 
 ;■'""' «utF( 
 
 '"■(iii'ft ton ( 
 
 *"""'■' "i hiri 
 ilnie.t oimci, I, 
 
 "'"/".the (mm 
 ' lt«ip|/ef. Til 
 
 f-;^!'' him tod? 
 ,'Ms lie acted con 
 \imt exner ence 
 , ""^ »l /'ar/.,' F, 
 
 ^"»>' (rained the 
 Trincu himself „ 
 '':;^"'re. being to" 
 .The news of this 
 '■"J">f Francis ' 
 ^'"•"I'o with cor.s 
 
 |;;;J'.ueiy„,„;;;^.;^ 
 
 wvroZ'^ -oldie 
 "T' r of the empe 
 "•'^'•"i. became fl 
 rr^r anu resolTitl 
 
 '" ''» sot 1)0111 d 
 
 '"■'•"'ed at Buc Z 
 
 ^'I'leen-mother V 
 /H courageous , 
 "J ilespemte cont 
 Pf "Pect of unboir 
 
 Wy meditated p^ 
 J wlK- ''«"'«>■" 
 n«ot,„tr'*J'' •'"I 
 
 «' r^'Jected w?tft 
 .^ous terms of 1 
 
 '"''yhlsdesteoN? 
 
 l''«sgned.onthc 
 treaty called the 
 ■> 10 ceded Bnr.,, 
 
 mant^r^ also rell 
 
 w to £"-?'■ ''''""^' 
 
 'b also rell 
 lie 
 
 j*8tor© fi 
 
 aon the cause of th 
 *»es, and taklnir d , 
 
 »'>ofetS'"'S:' '^ 
 tate thlttl- *>« ^ 
 
vii'i rcpplli'il nri.i 
 
 «, I ■ tlK! fHltl'llH 
 
 'iililieil nmoiiu hu 
 ppo'mtlon of 'Till' 
 wlthont rprrimch,' 
 ti ( t n Rrcnt Ki'iii' 
 nonr And rnmiuitli.' 
 f chlvMry. 
 ni! In tho flold, nn 
 'lis held nt CuIiIj, 
 t nnnry VI 1 1. „f 
 ■ to exMpprntc tlic 
 ynded to rcoonrllc. 
 ' conrlndrd, l>v ' 
 ptwecn tlio I' pi', 
 ilnut Prnncr ; itnl 
 In whlcti t'i.iiid« 
 d In It'ily, ti.' nu 
 nnrt lilH cnnfede' 
 CftMNli "IHipre, 
 ivniu;iK'( M ho hnd 
 jUll(«l ni&ii(»urrr, 
 n court ol Enghnil 
 lero his prrsence 
 n tlilRliowfiiiiiiore 
 ly rlRlit to oxpcct; 
 I cordial friendship 
 tho rcsentnicntdf 
 ■oMly deceived (iml 
 hlch Charles toiit 
 7, vac'int nt Ln'ii 
 inrlugbim of It on 
 But pontiff, whnwl 
 Bd to render It iwt! 
 
 Sotlatlon betwcd 
 of little value t 
 indcr the enrl c 
 InvBd* France, wsi 
 dot the cam rain, 
 CO one place witlilii 
 
 lly, abandotied tim 1IZ — "^ 
 
 : '""l,","":'? "mt n„',r':'A..'t«r .mn.t' ,,»;«' 
 
 "•"I that? tejr^'.''/ '•'M ".Ir' "h*^ ' "i-^:! tl.0 
 
 pie signed. on tho ^Ti, JA^^'came him 
 
 fl; to restore to m.,. i , "-*"o'9: nm 
 I his adherents ni' I '"'^ «' Bourbon 
 Fon the cause of thlf". ^""ses.sions to 
 
 /*«es, and taklnir hT^ ■"''<?r8on8fta 
 |,'?»notftiimieTl^L.*fi' that if ^? 
 
 tV^o said he .f^ "«■'"'>•« th. , '^' 
 
 In tin ... '""I'oror. '"^ •upor/or 
 
 tlonal fe.?/?,. "♦'"nnns, Hiio dL^"'"^''«. 
 
 ilnir ., .,„ 
 p»«l> raeriir K'J'' """"Iw 1, ta,,. 
 
660 
 
 C^e Cffafiutn at I^'*t0rjj, fct. 
 
 puwcrs than from lils own Rubjects; and 
 It was nut long before hU old competitor, 
 Francis, witli tlie aid of English money, 
 ivaa able to send a formtdablo army into 
 Italy, under the command of marshal Laii- 
 trec. Clement then regained his freedom : 
 but the deatli of the French marshal, and 
 the revolt of Andrew Doria, a Genoese ad- 
 miral in the service of France, were serious 
 disasters, which inclined Francis to try the 
 effect of negotiation in lieu of the force of 
 arms. The progress of the reformation in 
 Germany— to which Charles was ever most 
 strenuously opposed— at this time threat- 
 ened the tranauillity of the empire ; while 
 the victorious sultan Solyman, who had 
 overrun Hungary, was ready to break In 
 upon the Austrian territories with an over- 
 whelming force. In this state of things 
 a paciflc accommodation was too desirable 
 to be refused by Charles, notwithstanding 
 he had lately gained such advantages ; and 
 It was agreed that Margaret of Austria 
 (Charles's aunt), and Louisa (the mother of 
 Francis), should meet at Cambray, with a 
 view of adjusting the terms of a treaty 
 between the two monarchs. The result was, 
 that Francis agreed to pay two millions of 
 crowns, as the ransom of his two sons, to 
 resign the sovereignty of Flanders and Ar- 
 tois, and to forego all his claims on Italy; 
 and Charles ceased to demand the restitu- 
 tion of Burgundy. On this occasion, Henry 
 VIII. was so generous to his friend and ally 
 Francis, that he sent him an acquittal of 
 near 600,000 crowns. In order to enable him 
 to fulfll bis agreement with the emperor. 
 
 The terrors of the Turkish arms were at 
 this time greatly increased by the cruel- 
 ties exercised on the subjects of Christian 
 states who were so unfortunate as to fall 
 Into the power of the Algerine pirate, Bar- 
 barossa. This man was the son of a potter at 
 Lesbos, and by deeds of violence had raised 
 himself to the throne of Algicis. He regu- 
 lated with much prudence the interior po- 
 lice of his kingdom, carried on his piracies 
 wilh great vigour, and extended his con- 
 quests on the continent of Africa; but 
 perceiving that the natives submitted to 
 his government with impatience, he put 
 his dominions under the protection of the 
 grand seignior. Solyman, flattered by such 
 rn act of submisblon, and considering him 
 the only adversary worthy of beingopposed 
 to the renowned Doria, appointed him to 
 the command of the Turkish fleet. Thus 
 assisted, he not only strengthened his for- 
 mer kingdom, but usurped that of Tunis ; 
 and now carried on his depredations against 
 the Christian states with more destructive 
 violence than ever. 
 
 Willing to support the exiled king of 
 Tunis, Muly Hassan, but far more desirous 
 of delivering his dominions from so dan- 
 gerous a neighbour as Barbarossa, the em- 
 peror readily concluded a treaty with the 
 former, and set sail for Tunis with a for- 
 midable armament. This was the most bril- 
 liant exploit of bis life. He sailed from 
 Oagllart to the African coast, took the 
 strong seaport town Goletta by storm, 
 with 800 pieces of cannon anU all Barba- 
 roBsa's fleet; defeated the tyrant in a pitched 
 
 battle ; and 10,000 Christian slaves having 
 overpowered the guards and got possesaioii 
 of the citadel, he made his triumphant entry 
 Into Tunis. Muly Hassan, on being rein- 
 stated, agreed to acknowledge himself ,i 
 vassal of the crown of Spain, to put tin' 
 emperor in possession of all the fortillcil 
 seaports In the kingdom of Tunis, and ti) 
 pay annually 12,000 crowns for the sulisist- 
 once of the Spanish garrison In Golutta. 
 These points being settled, and 20,0)0 
 Christian slaves freed from bondage, eitlur 
 by arms or by treaty, Charles, covered with 
 glory, returned to Europe, and was received 
 as the deliverer of Christendom ; while liar- 
 barossa, who hod retired to Bona, lost no 
 time in gathering around him the necessary 
 me.ans of becoming again the tyrant ol the 
 ocean. 
 
 Whilst Charles was fighting in so glorious 
 a manner against the hereditary enemy of 
 the Christian name, the king of France took 
 advantage of his absence to revive his pre- 
 tensions in Italy. Glorious as the result 
 had been, the temerity of the Algerine 
 expedition at first portended nothing hut 
 misfortune ; and Francis thought such an 
 opportunity of turning the political scale 
 might not again occur. How quickly did 
 the prospect change I Barbarossa defeated 
 and obliged to fiy; the barbarian iirincc 
 for whom Charles had interested hiinsclll 
 replaced upon the throne of TunU, and 
 that khigdom made tributary to Spain; 
 while altars were "erected there to tiiel 
 Christian religion, and the triumph of tbe{ 
 conqueror adorned with the broken chain! 
 of slavery. 
 
 A.D. 1536.— Francis now invaded Italy, oc- 
 cupied Savoy and Piedmont, and thrente 
 Milan. Charles, again roused by exertioi), 
 arrived with a superior force, and drovi 
 the French from the greatest part of Savoy, 
 invaded Provence, and besieged Marsciilti 
 But the great talents of the mar.^Iial di 
 Montmorency, who commanded the FrcncI 
 army, and still more the determined encigj 
 of the people, who now arose to defom 
 their homes and property, compelled Cliarli 
 to raise the siege and to make a most d( 
 plorable retreat across the Alps. 
 
 After various other feats of arms, attend! 
 with changing success, a truce was o» 
 eluded, through the mediation of tliu i)ci|i 
 for ten years (June 18, 1538), accurdli 
 to which each of the belligerents rctaini 
 what he possessed. Savoy was thcreff 
 divided, but Milan remained in the ham 
 of the emperor, although under equivoi 
 promises in favour of France. 
 
 These conditions were not fulfilled. Fj 
 Charles, having invested his son Phllipmj 
 Milan, had given his adversary anewcai 
 for animosity ; and the second expcditij 
 of the emperor to Africa, which was tl 
 time very unfortunate, furnished Fraii 
 with a favourable occasion for a new 
 turc. The audacious piracies of Baibaroj 
 which were renewed with all their horri 
 appeared finally to require an aveui 
 sword; and Charles, full of the proudi 
 hopes, undertook this crusade in Octol 
 1541, at the bead of a powerful arniyi " 
 equipped and stored. Hardly had ti 
 
 «rr(ved on tl 
 storm arose, 
 the discourage 
 attacks of an i 
 tallons, relieve 
 giigo and mui 
 gates of Algler, 
 and hardbhipa. 
 
 vessels that hac 
 them, and the 
 larnij- embarked 
 
 A.D. 1642.— Pr, 
 
 enthad at le 
 
 n«r his enemy. 
 
 tarlcs with flv 
 
 'cundarles; to\i 
 
 rabant, Fiando 
 
 Jiish to admit 
 
 nitan Into the hi 
 
 t the French fl 
 
 ''rate Barbaross 
 
 Nn8tthelmj.er 
 
 But all this wa 
 
 »na remained n 
 
 ■mlea of France 
 
 ;«css In tho b 
 
 anding even th( 
 
 Wes. In Which 
 
 ^t troops fell), J 
 
 TCrance,prudeni 
 
 d his generals, o 
 
 .W«g renewed his 
 
 ingot England. ; 
 
 to, Champagne a 
 
 Prance, Whilst 
 
 Ifoush Picardy.' 1, 
 
 larlesatParLs A 
 
 li'Sinseachot 
 
 Sni^l^*^.? treaty 
 
 '*. In tho main. 1 
 
 he earlier one at 
 
 » the project of 
 
 i^nbetween the twt 
 
 |n consequence of 
 1 to humble the 
 ;cluded a dishono 
 
 ^d should pay tril 
 iffary which ho 
 
 sultan enjoyed u 
 "e 'est. At the 
 
 a league ;,vith IM 
 rpatlon of herpst 
 
 nheiibeJtyof^,; 
 
 "Object, and waf 
 
 'lude a 
 
 peace wltl 
 
 ■own terms. Byth 
 
 W t 10 barrier of 
 «r; he, therefore 
 ,»t tlie head of an 
 'w these three bis 
 ""successful The 
 ^"ed to Francis" 
 ;« i^° .possessed In 
 t^?,1"f"tles that" 
 w^ command: auc 
 
 'marched into Lor 
 ."en. and laid sleg 
 JJJat was thought 
 
11 
 
 €f^e Witavn at ^^nin* 
 
 661 
 
 Blayes having i 
 ntot possession 
 "mpliant entry 
 an being rein- 
 age himself a 
 iln. to put tli.| 
 I the fortiiua 
 ■ Tunis, ami ti) 
 for the subsist- 
 (on m Uolelta. 
 ed, and 20 oio 
 bondage, ciil|(r 
 38, covered Willi 
 ^ndwasrecelycJl 
 iom; while Uar- 
 
 Dona, lost no 
 imthenecessriry 
 the tyrant ol tlio | 
 
 mgln so glorious 
 edltars enemy ot 
 nffoIKrau •retook 
 to revive his pre- 
 )U8 as the resjiU 
 of the Alger n 
 ided nothing imt 
 
 1 thought such u 
 1^0 poUtlca seal 
 How quickly di 
 
 vrbarossadefeiited 
 barbarian prlnc 
 interested lumscl 
 ne ol Tunis. mJ 
 butary to Smj 
 ted there to lie 
 the triumph oJ the 
 1 the broken cliamsi 
 
 I his son Philips I 
 
 •ersaryanewM^ 
 second expcdW 
 lea, which wMt 
 larnlshed Frail 
 Ion for a new n 
 iclesofBaiW^ 
 1th all their ho 
 lulre an aTCii! 
 dl of the proa 
 ^sade m Octo 
 lowerfularmy.j 
 Hardly bw " 
 
 arrived on ttao coast o( Algiers, when a 
 storm arose, destroyed the fleet, and left 
 the discouraged troops exposed to the flerce 
 attaclcs of an exasperated enemy. The bat- 
 talions, relieved by abandoning their bag- 
 gage and munitions, marched from the 
 gates of Algiers, amidst a thousand dangers 
 and hardships, to Cape Metafuz, where the 
 vpsscls that had escaped the storm awaited 
 tliem, and the ralserablo remnant of the 
 jarmy embarked. 
 A.D. 1542.— Francis thought that the mo- 
 ent had at length arrived for prostrat- 
 ing Ills enemy, ilo took the fleld against 
 harlcs with Ave armies, on Ave different 
 nundarles : towards Spain, Luxembourg, 
 irabant, Flanders, and Milan. Nor did he 
 lush to admit the auxiliary fleet of the 
 iiltan Into the harbour of Marseilles, or to 
 't the French flag float beside that of the 
 Irate Barbarossa, In the lino of battle 
 igalnst the Imperial and papal fleets. 
 But all this was of little avail. Andrew 
 ria remained master at sea, and the Ave 
 nies of France, notwithstanding their 
 cccss in the beginning (and notwith- 
 inding even the brilliant victory of Cc- 
 Isoles, In which 10,000 of the emperor's 
 st troops fell), yielded at last to tlio per- 
 vcrance, prudence, and fortune of Charles 
 dhis generals. On the other hand, Cliarles 
 iviiig renewed his old alliance wltli Henry, 
 log of England, had already penetrated 
 ito Champagne, and menaced the heart 
 ! France, whilst Henry was advancing 
 irough Plcardy, In order to unite with 
 larles at Pari.?. At length, mutually tired 
 harassing each other, the rival mouarchs 
 included a treaty of peace at Crespy (1544), 
 lich, in the main, renewed the conditions 
 the earlier one at Cambray.but contained 
 10 the project of a matrimonial connec- 
 >n between the two houses. Francis died 
 11547. 
 
 la consequence of the emperor's resolu- 
 |n to humble the protestant princes, ho 
 icluded a dishonourable peace with the 
 te, stipulating that his brother Fcrdl- 
 id should pay tribute for that part of 
 ingary which ho still possessed, while 
 I Bultan enjoyed undisturbed possession 
 Ithc rest. At the same time he entered 
 a league ;wlth Pope Paul III. for the 
 Irpatlon of heresy, but In reality to ojv 
 8 the liberty of Germany. But he failed 
 is object, and was obliged, in 1552, to 
 iude a peace with the protestants on 
 ' own terms. By this peace the cnperor 
 Metz, Toul, and Verdun, which had 
 cd the b.irrier of the empire in that 
 tcr; he, therefore, soon after put hlm- 
 at the head of an army, In order to 
 iver these three bishoprics. In this he 
 unsuccessful. The defence of Metz was 
 iltted to Francis, of Lorraine, duko of 
 , who possessed in an eminent degree 
 le qualities that render men great In 
 try command ; and although the cni- 
 Irmarchcd Into Lorraine at the head of 
 men, and laid siege to Metz, attempt- 
 Ithat was thought possible for art or 
 ir to effect, ho was obliged to abandon 
 lentcrprise, with the loss of cue half 
 " troops. 
 
 Breathing vengeance against France, and 
 Impatient to efface the stain his reputation 
 bad received, Charles retired to the Low 
 Countries, and took Terouenne. In Italy, 
 and in Hungary, however the Imperial arms 
 were less successful; still, by efforts of 
 wisdom, celerity, and prudence, ho again 
 snatched the laurel from his enemy's brow. 
 At length, after having reigned over Spain 
 for thirty-nine years, this mighty monarch, 
 whoso life had been one continued scene of 
 ardent pursuits— either disgusted with the 
 pomp of power and the projects of ambition, 
 or sickened by repeated disappointments- 
 resigned the empire to his brother Ferdi- 
 nand, and his hereditary dominions (Spain, 
 Italy, Flanders, and the American posses- 
 sions) to his son PhUip. Ho then sought 
 happiness In quiet obscurity, and retired to 
 the monastery of Yuste, in the province of 
 Estreniadura, where, after two years' tran- 
 quillity, he closed one of the most tumul- 
 tuous lives that is to be met with in history : 
 
 A.D. 1558.* 
 
 Extr.iordinnry penetration, astonishing 
 skill, unwearied application to business, a 
 profound knowledge of men, and of the art 
 of placing them properly ; a mind calm in 
 prosperity, and unshaken In adversity ; an 
 activity which continually hurried him from 
 one extremity of his empire to the other- 
 were the talents that distinguished Charles, 
 and raised him to the first rank among 
 those who governed the world. Ambitious, 
 artful, pnident: little scrupulous in point 
 of religion, and always affecting to appear 
 the reverse; prodigal of his promises in 
 danger, and preferring the advantages of 
 breaking to the honour of keeping them ; 
 affable and open with subjects who, In a 
 manner, adored him ; a dissembler with his 
 enemies, whom he flattered only to destroy ; 
 this prince possessed all the virtues and 
 vices necessary for tiie conquest of Europe, 
 and would in all probability have subjected 
 it, but for the courage of Francis and tlio 
 capacity of Solyman. 
 
 When Charles V. resigned his dominions 
 to his son Philip II., anxious that he should 
 pursue the same plana of conduct and prin- 
 ciples of policy, he put into his hands all 
 the political observations which he had 
 written down during his long reign, and 
 which formed a system of the art of go 
 vernment both in peace and war. Philip 
 highly valued and carefully studied this 
 his political testament, which, being the 
 result of long experience, and dictated by 
 great abilities, might be thought an inesti- 
 mable gift ; but the event has proved that 
 the maxims adopted and principles laid 
 down were In thetv tendency destructive of 
 the true interests of Spain, whose power 
 has been gradually «veakencd, and wealth 
 exhausted, by the system of aggrandisement 
 therein recommended, and pursued during 
 the two succeeding reigns. The Spaniards, 
 even to this time, retain the memory of 
 this fact, on which they have founded a 
 proverbial expression, that 'In all great 
 
 * For a graphic account of the cloaing nccnct 
 of the rmperor'i life, «ee the ClouUr Lify of 
 aurltl r.,bj William StirUog. 
 
 ill 
 
 "I 
 
i;' 
 
 'i 
 
 ! I i' 
 
 662 
 
 Ct)e ZttaiMtn of JftUtars, ^c. 
 
 emergencieB, tholr mtnlaters are wont to 
 consult the spirit of Charles V.' 
 
 At the period to which we are now ar- 
 rived, how powerful was the throne of 
 Spain t Besides that fine and warlike coun- 
 try, It governed also In Europe the two 
 Sicilies, the Milanese, the seventeen pro- 
 vinces of the Low Countries and Pranche 
 Compt6: In Africa, Tunis and Oran, with 
 their territories, the Canaries and some of 
 the Capo Verd Islands ; In Asia, the Philip- 
 pines, tlie islands of Sundl and a part of 
 the Moluccas ; In America, the empires of 
 Mexico and Peru, New Spain, Chill, and al- 
 most all the islands situate between those 
 two continents. 
 
 The troops of Spain were the first In 
 Europe ; their armies, reckoned invincible, 
 were composed of veterans trained in actual 
 service, inured to fatigue, and animated 
 1)}' the remembrance of various triumphs. 
 Tliey were commanded by the dukes of 
 Alva and Savoy, both pupils of Charles V., 
 who had been brought up In his camp, and 
 were already distinguished by their victo- 
 ries. Her Immense fleets, which in a man- 
 ner covered the seas, had been taught to 
 contend with Barbarossa, and to triumph 
 under Dorla; tlie mines of Potosi and Chill, 
 liitcly opened, were in full vigour, and en- 
 riched Cadiz with an annual tribute of 
 twenty millions sterling. 
 
 I'hilip II. was master of all those pos- 
 sessions. He had recently married the 
 queen of England ; and the passionate fond- 
 ness of Mary for a husband who made no 
 return to her affection, gave him the com- 
 mand of all the forces of her kingdom. 
 Tills monarch had neither the valour nor 
 activity of his father, nor that affability 
 which made the emperor the idol of his 
 subjects ; but he had all his ambition, and 
 supported it with those talents and vices 
 which make tyrants so formidable. His 
 penetration and capacity were extensive ; 
 but he was callous to every generous feel- 
 ing, full of duplicity and suspicion, cruel, 
 revengeful, and superstitious. 
 
 A truce of Ave years, settled by the man- 
 agement of Charles V., had given some re- 
 pose to Europe, and seemed to promise a 
 lasting peace. An aged pontiff revived 
 the animosity of nations, and kindled the 
 flames of a general war. Paul IV., impa- 
 tient to be revenged on Philip, sent his 
 nephew to Henry II., in order to persuade 
 him to take up arms. Montmorency In 
 vain urged him to reject the solicitations 
 of an ambitious old man : Quise, who ar- 
 dently wished to display his talents, pre- 
 viiiled upon the monarch to assist the pope, 
 and hostilities were renewed. Henry, who 
 always found a faithful ally in Solyman, 
 was joined by the sultan and the pontiff 
 against FhlUp. The latter, who, notwith- 
 standing the Indifference he showed for 
 bis consort, still preserved an absolute em- 
 pire over her, found no preat dlfflculty in 
 obtaining the assistance uf EngUsli forces. 
 Thus Italy, Hungary, and the frontiers of 
 France, were at the same time In a flame. 
 Tranquillity, however, soon revived in 
 Italy, where the mlBfortunes of Henry, the 
 defeats of Qulse, and the abilities of the 
 
 duke of Alva, obliged the pontiff to abandon 
 the monarch whose assistance ho had im> 
 plored. 
 
 In Flanders Philip appeared in person, 
 at the head of a numerous army ; the ope- 
 rations being directed by Pbiiibert of Sa- 
 voy, a prince of great abilities, which he 
 was particularly desirous of exerting on 
 this occasion, from motives of resentment 
 against the oppressors of bis country. The 
 flower of the French troops advanced to 
 meet the Spaniards, and a splendid train 
 of nobles followed their warlike leader ; the 
 king was prepared to join them, and the 
 city of St, Quentin became the general ren- 
 dezvous of those numerous forces. Phili. 
 bert laid siege to it ; and it was defcudcd 
 by the gallant Oollgny, nephew of the coa- 
 stable. The prodigious efforts of the is- 
 habitants, animated by that young hero, 
 confounded Philip ; and he already began 
 to dread that he should be under the ne- 
 cessity of raising the siege in a shameful 
 manner, when the Impetuous Montmorency 
 appeared under the walls, and offered hat- 
 tie. The French fought valiantly, but thclri 
 courage was useless ; the capacity of the 
 Spanish general triumphed over the rasbf 
 valour of his opponent ; a bloody defei 
 threw Montmorency into chains, and di 
 Btroyed the greater part of the nuble 
 under his command. The capture of tlu 
 city immediately followed. 
 
 France, unprotected on all sides, thougl 
 herself undone, and Paris trembled iritl 
 apprehensions of soon seeing the enei 
 at her gates, Charles, who was Informi 
 in his retreat of the success of his son, 
 longer doubted of the destruction of hi 
 ancient rivals, and the French monar( 
 was preparing to fly for shelter to some 
 mote province. 
 
 The duke of Ouise, who had been recall 
 from Italy, was the only person that 
 not despair of preserving the state. Wl| 
 incredible diligence ho collected the ei 
 tered remains of the vanquished aro 
 and when, by judicious marches and fi 
 tinned skirmishes, he had given a cliecl:] 
 the ardour of the enemy, and revived 
 courage of the French, he suddenly tu 
 towards Calais, and, after a vigorous 
 well-concerted attack, deprived theEngl 
 of a place that, for three centuries, I 
 given them a ready entrance to the co| 
 nent. 
 
 Philip fixed bis residence at Madrid, 
 governed his vast dominions, wlthoutj 
 aid of any ostensible ministers, in pei 
 despotism. By his Intrigues the pop( 
 was conferred on cardinal Medlcis, 
 was attached to the house of Austria, 
 became the minister of his designs. 
 new pontiff loaded him with favours, 
 declared him the protector of the chi 
 which title the monarch justified byej 
 ordinary condescension. He submltf 
 bulls and papal edicts that affecb 
 majesty of the throne, and paid a 
 deference to the clergy. He raisi 
 mense and magniflcent monasteries, 
 ously persecuted the enemies of 
 and presided at those horrid rites 
 bigotry and enthusiasm dignified wil 
 
 ""heir rights, 
 »>8PIantedtot? 
 mote from thei, 
 Tho people Of A 
 manded a rL^l 
 
 " joKe; and lui 
 ""^''ty. wasi 
 rak her fetters 
 ^ riQUlsltfon te, 
 ^prompted thin 
 
 .^"■anynat/oTsf 
 «y served only t, 
 
 "I'l more vini 
 
 '■"e'yJeaJous'^'of 
 
 r had preserved u 
 
 es v%°' B"rgS 
 7 y. to respect , 
 
 ^ ea the more «.n 
 
 

 — I 
 
 ;he pontiff to abandon iMI 
 
 flBiBtaace ho had Im- jH "«™e of acta of fc' ~: — ^___;;;^|-2*"» 
 
 appeared In person. I ^fl'^Stftt^^rtj^^^^ 
 srouB array ; the ore- ■ to 'uflame the zeal oV^,*^ ""Wished der?of^ 
 1 by PhiUbert of Sa- ■ fed over Jt. can n ^''« *y«»nt8 wRo^ 
 t ablUtteB, which he ■ ""e cppressive spviw?® ^"idered at fw" 
 rous of exerting on ■ f«"'-t should caugortr^'l "' this eitcrlh?' 
 otlves of resentment ■ . JJio Moors. Th^ ^i^'^Tfctlon f "^""^aWe 
 ! of his country. The ■ 'he faith of treaMeJS*'"®^ '« Spain o„ 
 
 troops advanced to ■ f?«'r Privileges v/r.^f;^^'"^ enraged m.?" 
 md a splendid train li "'"""7 'nen'^d imf"; ^^'elr "berty^con" 
 ir warlike leader; the ■ ''f ''<'?' WendsfloVln^ \^^ Wood of th«?; 
 > join them, and HiM tpnbUo execuMonerf ''??^""» the handf 
 :amcthe general rcn- ■,!'? P'aco of strength .^;. despair suSi 
 lerous forces. Phili- ■ ''"l» but the excess of^^^ .<""'8ldw^^"^J> 
 and It was defended ■™feavoured to br^k'/^'l''' m'seiy a«rf 
 r, nephew of the con. ■ \^8bt of which «Sr J^^e'*" chains ?h^ 
 iis efforts of theln.B'We. The ejomio^ o* ''^""'"e InsuDnoil® 
 by that young hero.l '^en, whom thevh»H?"®°* «&*• 
 ,nd he already began ■"'"?'/ them: the7£*^ .9'"««'"ed. did «^; 
 dd be under the ne-i»"''"'er. and^mDf„f,"P''ed hJs place hi 
 
 siege m a shameful ■ angers who pTOfP«»^''"' assistanci n? 
 ^tuousMontirorencjl's"" ancestors. X!f "J the religion «* 
 rails, and offered l)at.i«»^»thern Parts ofThl'^.'/ebell^nen/ 
 at valiantly. but tbaM^became once^^oro fh*'?^''<''h. whfch 
 
 the capacity of th«K"f an'moslty. xii^° the theatre of an 
 nphed over the ra8liB™"P alone secretiv a^ f ?i" ^as alarm,.rt r 
 jnt; a bloody defe*^*! Produced? Tho"',*®"! at the revol/ 
 into chains, and «"'«aW,it,e^o,™o valour o^ 
 
 part of the noble«„7,the desperate reso?^ff?®'"a'8 trlumnhPd 
 The capture of *„& ^S'S^^Kft ^^^^^^^^ 
 iTn^all sldee,thoughft their rights a.^'p^^^f^f theki^^^f^'f^^ 
 Paris trembled witB^sP'anted to the Voifn *^'°"s, and werJ 
 n seeing the eneAt'efrom their form«"*'<'s that lay S 
 ,. Who was lnfornie»^''«PeopIeof ArS^'lf « 
 uccess of his 8on,nK'",^n<'ed a restnr«M„"' ?t the same «»,„ 
 
 temptllssu^l ^^?ied thS^i,e?P^yed In" I 
 ?,C^J."d'9'al to l1fd*r5??t edicts a^^^^^ 
 
 !, wno was inrori 
 uccess of his son, 
 lO destruction oft 
 he French monarc 
 }r shelter to Bomen 
 
 an 
 
 UB marches and a 
 had given a clieck] 
 3my. and revived f 
 li, he suddenly tun 
 ifter a vigorous « 
 .deprived the Engt 
 three centuries, I 
 tntrance to the cor 
 
 "\ " '''e''' chains tbe 
 
 .minions. wlthou«gf their affe^on'phX'''"? ">' <^^a' 
 mlnlsters, in perM'^ffrt to relish such »n i '"• ^ho never 
 itrlgues the PopeB^'i'te'y ileaJrous "f b^SfP^'^'ent. was 
 .rdinai M«dids!^"ecksof this people^"*' S» the stub! 
 
 PMonneVertnri^** <"»»ntnr wfM, . 
 
 [^"e'-eenpolK^X^d^.??, 
 
 w8.andobl/^^Hr*u™'""ches siih„"*^ and 
 trembled at nf^^^clergy to fl^^^^«ed al- 
 
 endoavoGrld LT ^""ea^ng^tnm^rffaret 
 [ i'°'"P"«nc"^wl»^a^e the| by a «^'.,'»'d 
 the cardinal nvS V*® ^^eslres of f i? Pendent i 
 ""1 pub Shed a di'™^'J ^UherZ^^opie} ' 
 
 t^S^-^S^l'^eVdi'^^^^^^^ 
 The nobles *„ ' Prevent 
 
 ^«appo,X "^tho?*^ «h<lS thefn'^'f^^'* 
 
 Jaws. ""'^'^ «««tabUsi°S,3'» the c ry 
 
 ^t the head «* »,. * "'^ °' the 
 
 P«a{n ^^^^^^^ r ^""am. 
 tunes before Ci Nassau, that ?h* *^e «' 
 
 ^e^ectK"?^"*^^ 
 
 a^a«^-^u5^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 that theimn?^^f 7' with 8ecrP^"",*^«'-taio 
 ,» «h miniS »^' ^'aughtluees n/Jfasure; 
 him Judeplndln^^" "/^nlnA ro2d*^ "^P*^ 
 ambitions desl^n» J" "rder to rm, *° ^'^e 
 suhmisslon and*rf'= ^^ assumed "n'^sal his 
 thing but c^r^i&..«^^ and tliked H" "' 
 countrymen to M*^^*''o comnin)„,^ "^ no- 
 
 
 ^*i 
 
 f: 
 
 rf 
 
I 
 
 liO' 
 
 III?! 
 
 
 664 
 
 (Ttie ^ttKixivti at W^tatUt 9et, 
 
 In some men the most valuable powers 
 of the mind are united with the basest 
 passions. Thus it was with Alva, whom 
 Philip had appointed to succeed Granville. 
 As soon as ho arrived in Flanders, by an 
 affected show of lenity and moderation 
 that silenced all diffidence and apprehen- 
 sions, he appeased the Flemings, disarmed 
 them, and decoyed the principal nobility to 
 Brussels. The governor, thus master of their 
 fate, threw off the mask that till then con- 
 cealed his despotic and sanguinary senti- 
 ments, confined tlie most distinguished per- 
 sons in a dungeon, and appointed a special 
 commission for their trial. Judges, devoted 
 to his mandates, condemned eighteen noble- 
 men to death, and a few days after pro- 
 nounced the like sentence against Egmoiit 
 and Horn. These executions, conducted 
 with the most awful solemnity, were a pre- 
 lude to many others. Kxecutioners were 
 despatched from one city to anothci, and 
 in the space of one month thousands per- 
 ished under their hands. Terror, which at 
 first chilled the courage of the people, at 
 length gave place to despair, by which It 
 was relieved. Numerous armies appeared 
 on every side, all animated by the desire 
 of avenging the blood of their friends and 
 fellow-citizens shed on the scaffold, and all 
 made desperate by the certainty of having 
 no hope of pardon. Alva, no less great as 
 a commander than he was barbarous as a 
 minister, hastened at the head of a small 
 body of Spaniards to the differentprovinces, 
 fought and triumphed at every step, dis- 
 persed the confederates, beat down the 
 walls of the cities, and deluged the streets 
 with blood. 
 
 One head, however, escaped the gover- 
 nor's snares : William prince of Orange, 
 having more penetration than his unfor- 
 tunate friends, did not give way to the flat- 
 tering invitations of the Spaniard. He re- 
 tired to Germany, where he learned, with 
 the rest of Europe, the miseries of his 
 country : proscribed as he was, and his for- 
 tune confiscated, without friends or sup- 
 port, he ventured to declare himself openly 
 the avenger of his countrymen. A general 
 hatred against Philip, wliose enormities he 
 laid open; horror and detestation against 
 the duke of Alva, whose tyrannical excesses 
 ho painted in strong colours ; the interest 
 of the Protestant religion, the alliances of 
 the house of Nassau with so many sove- 
 reigns, his prayers, his patience and reso- 
 lution, procured him a small army, and his 
 two brothers who joined him gave increase 
 to his hopes. 
 
 Ho had scarcely raised the standard of 
 llbrrty, when Jhe people flocked round him 
 ready to obey his orders. His flrst attempts 
 were unsuccessful, and gave way to the su- 
 perior fortune of the duke of Alva ; he re- 
 turned to Germany, collccied another army, 
 made his appearance in Holland again, and 
 was onco more obliged to fly. Haarlem, 
 Flushing, Leyden, and most of the mari- 
 time towns renounced all obedience to the 
 duke of Alva ; the love of civil and religious 
 liberty animated every breast, and tlie Hol- 
 landers, till then obscure and insignifl- 
 cant, seemed to become e nation of heroes. 
 
 Courage and skill were in vain opposed to 
 them : the love of liberty supplied theplaco 
 of numbers, policy, experience, and rielies. 
 
 At length the sovereignty of Philip was 
 abjured, the Iloman catholic religion abo 
 ilshi'd, the state erected into a rcpubiio, 
 and WiUiiim declared their chief, undcrtlie 
 title of statltholdcr. But he did not long 
 enjoy the title. An assassin employed by 
 Philip gratiflcd his revenge against Wll- 
 Ham ; and the sudden death of that great 
 man seemed to threaten the extinction of 
 tlie republic he had created ; but Maurlcp, 
 his worthy son, inherited his dignity, hu 
 talents, and his zeal. 
 
 The new stadtholdor was not dl8n\aycil 
 at the approach of the duke of Parma, 
 though that hero possessed all the capacity 
 of the duke of Alva, and, with more know 
 ledge and experience, had many excelloni 
 qualities. Though reduced to tlio la,st 
 extremity by the amazing efforts of tlieir 
 enemies, they would listen to no accom- 
 modation, and contented themselves with 
 soliciting succours from queen Elizabeth, 
 Their persevering efforts were rewarded,- 
 the republic revived, her fleets returned! 
 from distant countries richly laden, !,nd| 
 furnished her with new resources for ri 
 pelling her tyrants and securing hcrlibcrt 
 on a solid foundation. 
 
 While Philip was pursuing the w 
 against these obstinate revolters, an ui 
 expected revolution procured him a nei 
 kingdom. John III., wl.o during a Ion 
 reign saw Portugal enjoy the most splendli 
 prosperity, left only a grandson for liia bui 
 cessor, who was still an infant, and pn 
 mised to be the model of happy monarchi 
 A peaceful and wise regency augniom 
 those expectations, which were conflriin 
 by the great qualities that appeai'cd in " 
 bsstian. 
 
 This prince, in peace with all Euroi 
 master of the most extensive commerce t| 
 then carried on, idolized by his people, itl 
 fancied the great kings his predcccsso 
 were revived In hlra, appeared to have 
 thing that could prevent him from enji 
 ing an enviable felicity. But a vain r 
 slon for glory having suddenly captival 
 the mind of Sebastian, hurried him to 
 tomb, and with him the glory ana pi 
 perity of the nation vanished for ever. 
 
 One of those scenes of ambition so 
 quent among barbarians, had latel.v 
 exhibited at Morocco. The ruler of li 
 country was both weak and odlons, 
 his uncle taking advantage of his mm 
 larlty, obtained the crown. The unfoi 
 nato monarch, having no hopes of nn 
 anco from subjects tliat had suffered \>) 
 oppression, applied to the Christian prlii 
 and endeavoured to interest them luj 
 cause by the most specious promises, 
 lip was too prudent to engage in a 
 from which he could derive but llttli 
 vantage, and therefore rejected the s( 
 tations and offers of the African. S 
 tian eagerly embraced them, and rcs^ 
 to employ all his forces in restorini 
 tyrant. Deaf to all advice, and blii 
 every other consequence, he could 
 thing in the prosecution of this deelgi 
 
 the honour 
 
 llie glory oi 
 
 Mil and of 1 
 
 t/anity in t 
 
 powerful eni 
 
 army jn pers 
 
 with such 8 
 
 still greater 
 
 pe- eral consi 
 
 libi. But h 
 
 dissipated : j 
 
 cassar the ai 
 
 contested th, 
 
 qii/shcd Chri 
 
 •iefcat; half 
 
 bcueath the 
 
 tings were sla 
 
 The cardinal 
 
 fd the throne t 
 
 lis accession < 
 
 '"■'"I? In the 8 
 
 Catherine, duel 
 
 fWmcd the 8c, 
 
 eions by force o 
 
 fusJnmanyaB 
 
 ™i was takpii 
 
 »ilh blood. E 
 
 fho soldiery ; til, 
 
 Ifd to K/li J 
 
 '"same time R 
 
 ,"«; ■liipcndagcs , 
 
 P"e colonies on 
 
 W.rlch andcxt 
 '"'If. Tallant !8 
 f'ioasheC 
 
 f England, carrli 
 
 »"ed strnggio 
 » <-""Id boast Yi, 
 'lepnerals l„ ti/c 
 
 S^iJi^ad^^- 
 
 Ir^^'-iieR 
 
 I", P've greater? 
 
 > tho pope fSivM 
 ."enedlctlon af/^ 
 "Armada.* Thro, 
 preparing thl« » 
 
 £«.• Whilst thol^ 
 land, then coninn 
 
Ml, mid of Plant/ ,»« ^"'P^rorforJiifl ,.?!* 
 
 In vain opposed to 
 ty supplied the pliico 
 [)erlence, and rlclies. 
 jignty of Philip was 
 uliollc religion nbo- 
 cd Into a republic, 
 heir chief, under tlie 
 ut he did not long 
 sassin employed by 
 venge against Wll- 
 
 death of that great 
 ;n the extinction of 
 eated ; but Maurice, 
 Itcd Ills dignity, hiij 
 
 r was not dlBn\aj:cil 
 ho duke of P.irnin, 
 ;sscd all the capacity 
 lid, with more know { 
 had many exccllciil 
 duced to the last 
 zing efforts of tlieir 
 Isten to no accom- 
 ted themselves Willi 
 jm lueen Ellzahetli. 
 iris were rewarded; 
 her fleets returnod 
 
 ;w'rcsoLief?or\%S'?i^^,;tliewh^l^-i7„^ 
 
 [securing her libertMiesamo t^mn"' "'"' ^Js go^^"?Ja« sub- 
 
 iiie glory of having nA„l™'*'<''"'' of klnaT 
 Ml, and of Plant/ ,»« ^"'PeTOrforjira"?!* 
 tianfty 1„ the cSa 'n,''""''«rd of cVrlf 
 po«crful enemies of H."' "'"-■ of the mni; 
 army in person f>f 2i f ''® '^'■"sa. Hp io,w u** 
 wifl. such s2?eogs n'i'''' ""'J J'«vlng an,^^* 
 
 silif^ff 
 
 contested tho iT^i ^ Europe and iJ . 
 qii/chod Christ(?n/° "' valour thn {"'"'' 
 
 slons by force nfo!^ S"PPortcd hf<i V?ri* ° 
 mi blood W I''"n«Jercd. aurt^vAi ''^' 
 
 monthTronTThrr! ~— ^^^ 
 
 ^sddSf'^i^^iT- 
 ^-pte^dal^ «-^ 'sir' '^- 
 
 ^ fefs o€*'«''orbr^^^^^^ th"e^ 
 
 i;abir8''Ct%^r "•'^"SsrnThefrT™ 
 verance. adm»...i V'' "assessed o'r«ol'"'"'n 
 
 ^^^^■^^^liii 
 
 oy tne most 9piciiiii«!etii,'in o i?"' as were hla t 
 
 grandson for l.ia 8n*e ^ave pfolT '" »" » mt ho m^,""." '"- 
 an infant, and pr«f e,/„i„^ J'o'n'ngs. asafaflVK ""'^/^^oolf. 
 
 mmm 
 
 flio could boast thfu "^'sgraccful tniJ^' 
 enslve commcrcctmVitof ?&""''' ,"*»•' tS s b.n- m"' 
 
 * give greHtc^To'^^l'^t rcUgfo^s zea 
 
 [• "le attack. Lnr?^'L*°»<'t'ier to on. 
 to engage ^n J^'S^^r^^^^^ ^^ 
 derive but Ilttl«s„pp?,^o^','^a'. performed sS"er' 
 3 rejected the s#si ece8sfM^'?™i^,"^"'"P of tlie BnX7''^^«- 
 ;he African. #o«test ,n wb.^ ''"'■'>ed in tWs^/mn'^'? 
 them, and mMtnei fro,,wl.'''^^»featadvaiitn<,ol'''°''*- 
 
 •needed by p i»*^*v';'*espect.s w" ii°""de(l 
 ^'''fe AnnVof '\"^- '"s son bv f,.!^^^ «"«■ 
 
 an armistice for ?^ ^.""Cudcd in ,«^^'^''co 
 therlands ?,, i/.'^^^'v-c yearq ivlf^*??' and 
 /rrepar:,hJ'.li«0.9.- but rsn^'' '!!.'!; tlioK^! 
 
 feThV'B''''^-^^^ 
 
 I 'OSS Which Trln !"<'cessiveiy SH''^''''e8 
 commerce and «5^'"''<^<1 flvefsfvth^''^!;^*'' « 
 
 other purpose tho'^"« '"''"ewed ^^nf"?"" '« 
 
r I 
 
 
 666 
 
 QDIje QTrrwItir}} o( )l%Uftarjf, ict. 
 
 not even terminated by the peace of West- 
 phalia, but cuntlauod till the peace of the 
 I^renees, in lOfiQ, by which RnuKsllloii and 
 Perplinian wore coded to Kranco, and a 
 niarrloRe wna concerted botwooii the In- 
 fanta Maria TlieroBn, Philip's daughter, and 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 In laas Philip IV. died, leaving for hia 
 successor an Infant son ^Olinrlcs II.) only 
 four years of a^o, during wIiomo minority 
 the queen dowaKor, Mary Anno of Austria, 
 governed the Iclngdoni, whilst she rosignod 
 herself to thogovornmontof liorconfossor, 
 a Jesuit, and by birth a German, named 
 Nluird, whom she caused to bo appointed 
 inaulBUorgenornl. The king, wlien eighteen 
 yours of age, married a daughter of Philip 
 duke of Orleans, who by her mother was 
 ir:;and-daughter to Charles I. of Kngland ; 
 but this marriage producing no issue, on 
 the death of the king, which happened in 
 1700, the succession to the crown of Spain 
 was contested between Philip duke of An- 
 jou, second son of tho dauphin, and grand- 
 son to Louis XIV. by Maria Theresa, whom 
 the deceased king had in his will named 
 for his immediate successor, and the arch- 
 duke Charles of Austria, brother to the 
 em iHiror Joseph. 
 
 On this occasion, the jealousy which pre- 
 vailed of the Increasing power of the Frendi 
 monarchy occasioned a grinul alliance to 
 bo formed between tiio maritime powers 
 and tho house of Austria, to prevent tiie 
 duke of Anjou from obtaining tho crown of 
 Spain, and to place that diadem on tho 
 head of tho archduko Charles. This occa- 
 sioned a long and destructive war; >--ut the 
 unexpected deiith of tho emperor Joseph, 
 In 1711, when he was in the &^rd year of 
 his ago, entirely changed the political as- 
 pect of Europe ; and Oharh^s, who had as- 
 sumed tho title of king of Spain, and en- 
 tered Madrid in triumph. In consequence 
 of the wonderful successoB of the e.arl of 
 Peterborough, succeeding his brother In 
 tho empire, that Idea of maintaining the 
 balance of power in Europe, which had 
 procured the archduko such powerful sup- 
 port against tho pretensions of Philip, now 
 pointed out the bad policy of suffering the 
 empire and the kingdom of Spain to be 
 again held by tho same sovereign. This, 
 together with the reverse of fortune which 
 had happened to Charles by tho defeat 
 at Alraanza, brought about tho peace of 
 Utrecht, which conflrraed the crown of 
 Spain to Philip, but stripped it of all those 
 vjiluable European appendages which had 
 for many years been annexed to that mo- 
 n.-xrchy : Belgium, Naples, Sicily, and Mi- 
 lan being resigned to Austria; Sardinia to 
 Savoy ; and Minorca and Gibraltar to IJIng- 
 land. 
 
 To prevent, as much as possible, tho dan- 
 ger apprehended from two kingdoms being 
 possessed by one prince of tho house of 
 Bourbon, Philip V. solemnly renounced his 
 right to the crown of France, In case the 
 succession should happen to devolve on 
 him ; and his brothers, the dukes of Berri 
 and Orleans, on their parts renounced all 
 claim to the crown of Spain. 
 
 Many Important conquests were made I 
 
 by the navy of Great Britain in the Medi- 
 terranean, during tho war for the succes- 
 sion ; and tho strength and rcsourrcM of 
 Spain were In every respect greatly ox- 
 hausted by It. Tho provinces of Valeiicln, 
 Catalonia, and Arrngon, which had adiicred 
 to the Interests of Charles, sevoroly felt ilio 
 resentmentof Philip, when ho becainiu,i. 
 talillHlied on the throne ; ail the remains nf 
 liberty which those peoiilo had beenailnwcd 
 to retain slnco tho days of the Gothic kiting, 
 were abollHhcd,and tho sovereign aHsiiiiu'ii 
 an absolute power ovgr tho lives and for- 
 tunes of his subjects. 
 
 Cardinal Alberont, an Italian, who brrnne 
 minister to Philip IV. soon after ho mnrrloil 
 his second wife, tho princess Kllzalictii, 
 daughter of the duko of Parma (1711), wjj 
 formed for enterprise and Intrigue : lio la- 
 boured Indcfatigably to restore tho lilng- 
 dom to something of its former ronsc-l 
 qucnco; and by his attention and siipi>rlor| 
 talents tho Spanish navy was greatly ms- 
 mented. Ills designs were so bold and os- 
 trnslvt, that for a short tinio they si 
 likely to elTect mighty changes In tho imllii. 
 cai system of Kurope; and In i717 Sp.iinro 
 fused to ratify tho peace of Utrecht, .ii 
 these Ideal.projects were, however, at m 
 disconcerted by the British court. In soik 
 Ing a lleot Into tho Mediterranean, wIjIcI 
 without any previous declaration of wai 
 attacked tho naval force of Spain, at Cai 
 Pussaro, In Sicily (Aug. 1718), and tdok 
 destroyed tho greatest part of their slil 
 This decided step on tlio part of KiikIi 
 Roon procured tho dismisnal of Allioroi 
 and at tho same time gavo birtli Id i 
 quadruple alliance between Groat Biltal 
 France, Holland, and Germany. 
 
 In 17.30 great mlsunderstandhiRS nr( 
 between tho courts of Madrid and Lnmli 
 In respect to the right which tliesuhji 
 of the latter claimed to cut logwood oiiil 
 Spanish main, and from the conduct of 
 (fuardcKostas of tho former In tlic % 
 Indies, in seizing upon and conflsMtil 
 British merchant-ships there. Those 
 putes gavo rise to awar, tho principal evi 
 of which was tho taking of Porto iit 1 
 tho English. Philip V. died in 17l(i, 
 was succeeded by Ferdinand VL, lils 
 by his first queen, who reigned tiiirti 
 years, and dying without Issue, w;is 
 cecded by his half-brother Charles III., t1 
 king of the two Sicilies. 
 
 Under the reign of Charles III. 
 Bourbon family compact of 1701 invol] 
 Spain, to its injury, in the war hen 
 England and France. The cxpt'iliii 
 against Algiers likewise miscarried 
 did the siege of Gibraltar, in t)ic »,i{ 
 1777-83. Yet the Internal admlnistra 
 improved, as was seen In the advauceii 
 of agriculture, commerce, and tlio v. 
 arts, while tho popuiatlon w.as cons] 
 ably on tho increase. The power of tin 
 qulsltlon also was restricted, and tlicfi 
 opposition of the Jesuits annihilated 
 blow, by the • pragmatic sanction' of 
 which banished them from all the S|ii 
 dominions, and confiscated their prn; 
 Tho grossest superstition, however, 
 abounded, and a strict observance 
 
 Boit frirnlons 
 WM regarded 
 Mble, 
 Clisries IV. R 
 
 Tho progress of 
 Mrval)lo whlla i 
 ducted the afiTn 
 was Biipergodod 
 •dmln/gtrat/on 
 was (nJur/ouB tr 
 Mperated the , 
 '«'n;»t'ortnn, 
 of modern times 
 V?«<"thoroj 
 Spain at first « 
 wr against tho 
 fcvourlto ruined 
 ,t u<lo the dlscpod 
 
 ioa Which oeS 
 or Irlnco of p-. 
 
 in 17^'""*^*'° *" 
 irfjin; but be,„'' 
 tot Trinidad. |,v ? 
 
 KoJ'iSr'7'»'«^ 
 "" "' affairs, hnt 
 
 "<) rose to hi'gud 
 
 ?• '«■'•.£' 
 
 Charles iv * in «• 
 
 declare wi^irrj 
 Trafalgar, bet ai ^ 
 
 ?7orrl"'«''o'dl 
 . In JSm"''^''^"''^"^ 
 
 '"e "ft BofT^"" 
 
 ^called on thn's?"" 
 lilist • thn L. ° ^'"•" 
 
 '"'"'«••&. 8er,v 
 
 "hruler^ys'^r^u'ed 
 
 /^y Oha eWv- «^' 
 
 '"'-'td''S->«^ 
 •» deprive hfr''^''tc 
 
 «nsed the ffi.'^r" 
 
'Itnlii In tho Alcdi. i 
 
 rnr for tlio buccoh- I 
 
 and rcflourccH of I 
 
 08|H'ct Kroatly oj. i 
 
 Miirea of ViUcncli,, I 
 which had ailliored I 
 'H, soverelyfcltthel 
 loii ho hnciiino m. I 
 
 all tho remnlnantl 
 lohadhoenallDWt'jf 
 >f thcGothlukliiKii,! 
 lovorclgn asauinoj f 
 
 tho lives anil tori 
 
 tallaii,whol)Pdinio| 
 )iinrturluin)iirrli'ill 
 irliiceBS KlizabeiliJ 
 
 Paniii»(17in,wajl 
 id IntrlKiio : ho laJ 
 
 roatoro tho kingj 
 Its former ronsc-l 
 itloii mid BlinnrlnJ 
 
 :'"«"' the BourboS^'?"" «^e"threw ^h^ ""> ^''dor o, th«'H ^"yonno to' «'!''"• ^«- 
 
 3, and tl>«#S?,,^'«';'e8 IV 4oto rV^"'»«''on of S.?^."' »' Bay",. dit-f''^'o"8 clefe^r ' 
 on was comK"? "'at his son FeVX 2 ^»Poleon »«* "*^.*'"enclj from Vr ^"'"ed tlie rpf.: ".' 
 B power of tliRn- had intended 7i"5"*'> rrlnce of ^» '5*''^ "'o city r ^^a^rld, and Ca?/'^'''"*'^ 
 ;ed. and tl.c*»h'»''Wlv-e his mo?he? otfl'/^''^ hfmf ,». •i'"'>arkedhi?E"°""«" AdT' 
 5 annihilatedM"^"' to bg excluded from I!®' «° *hat &!'" ^P^'n : and & ".' ^""en and 
 
I* < 
 
 668 
 
 C^t Crcotfurv of IftUtori?, ^c. 
 
 EBpinosa, opened tlie way to Asturia and 
 the northern coast: and in conBcquenco 
 of the gucrcss of lanncA at Tudcla, great 
 numbers of fugitives took refuge in Sara- 
 gossa. The mountain rass of Somo Sierra 
 was taken by assault by tlie Krcnch and 
 roloB, under Napoleon and BessK^res; nnd 
 tlie Frouch army apj^ared before Madrid, 
 which surrendered Dec. 4. The French gain- 
 ed mar.y victories and took ,:ny fortresses j 
 but the contjuerors renmibod masters only 
 of the places which they occupied, as the 
 guerillas everywhere surrounded and ha- 
 rassed them. 
 
 Austria now declared war, and Napoleon 
 was obliged. In January 1809, to leave the 
 conduct of tho war to bis marshals. Two 
 objects chiefly occupied the French crenerals 
 (n that and the following year— the recon- 
 liuest of Portugal, and the march over the 
 Sierra Morena to Cadiz. The British had 
 become masters of Portugal. Sir Arthur 
 Welleslcy advanced from Lisbon, by tho 
 way of Alcantara, up the Tagus, and Cuesta 
 joined hira neor Truxlllo ; whilst general 
 sir Ilobort Wilson advanced over Placenzia, 
 and Venegos, the Spanish general, from the 
 Sierra Morena, towards Madrid. This bold 
 plan of attack was frustrated by tho battle 
 of Talavera. The nrltlsh. Indeed, were vic- 
 torious over Joseph, Victor, and Jourdain ; 
 but not being sMfflciently supported by the 
 Spaniards,, and being threatened by Soult 
 andNey advancing on their flank, they were 
 obliged to retire to tho frontiers of Portugal; 
 after which Venegas also began to retreat, 
 nnd Wiis defeated by Joseph at Almonacld, 
 as was Wilson by Ney In the passes of iiaros. 
 Madrid thus escaped a siege. 
 
 The central junta at Seville now resolved 
 t.) yield to the universal wish to assemble 
 the cortes and to nominate a regency. New 
 armies were created, and Arczaga advanced 
 with S5,000 men as far aa Ocana, where, 
 however, he was entirely defeated by Mor- 
 tler. Madrid, therefore, was again saved ; 
 but in Catalonia, Arragon, and Biscay, the 
 most desperate struggle was carried on with 
 the bands of the patriots. In Old Castile 
 several guerilla parties hovered on the 
 French ; and in Navarre tlie troops of Mlna 
 were an absolute terror to them. The largest 
 cojupany of them, under the dreaded Mar- 
 quesito, formerly a colonel in tho army, en- 
 countered several generals in the open field. 
 In vain did the French establish fortresses 
 on their lines of connnunlcatlon, and en- 
 deavour to protect their rear by movable 
 columns. Yet their plan against Andalusia 
 succeeded. With 22,000 men, the rash Are- 
 zaga thought he could maintain the line 
 on the Sierra Morena, fifteen leagues long, 
 intrenched and mined, and having in its 
 centre the fortified pass of Peraperos, 
 against 60,000 troops, commanded by the 
 best generals of France. Dessolles and 
 Gazan, in January 1810, took the pass of 
 Despenna-Peras ; Sebastlano stormed the 
 deflle of St. Estevan, and took the bridges 
 over the Guadalqutver ; and on the 21st 
 of January, 1810, Joseph Buonaparte enter- 
 ed Baylon. Jaen was conquered ; Cordova 
 submitted. Sebastlano occupied Granada; 
 and Joseph, on the 1st of February, entered | 
 
 Seville, from which the Junta had fled to 
 Cadiz. 
 
 This place, the only one which remained 
 In the hands of the Spaniards, and wlilrt 
 was defended by in.ooo men under Allm- 
 querque, and 4,000 Kngllsh soldiers under 
 Graham, besides the combined Drltlsli uid 
 Spanish fleets, was besieged in Februnrf, 
 but all tho efllorts and offeri of tho Fnncb 
 were in vain. The war in Catalonia anil 
 Arragon continued. In Leon, the Fronrt 
 conquered Astorga, and then directed tliclri 
 arms against Portugal. In this country, toi 
 the north of tho Tagus, Wellington com- 
 manded a British army of ao,ooo men, andl 
 Bcresford a Portufruese army nearly on,! 
 strong, besides 62,000 militia. The rlijlii 
 wing of Wellington, at Badajos, was jolni 
 by 20,000 Spaniards under Ilomana, and 8,0 
 under Oallasteros. The main body uf iiu 
 allied force was posted on tho heiglitsoj 
 Lisbon, which had been rendered Iniprpj 
 liable. The plan of the British comnit'nilti 
 therefore, was defensive. Massena brt 
 his undertaking in June, by the siege 
 Culdad-Rodrigo, which surrendered on tl 
 loth of July, and Ney entered Portugal dv 
 the river Cua ; but Almeida detained .Vai 
 scna till tho 27th of August, when it wi 
 obliged to capitulate. Wellington ordei 
 the whole country through which Mnssei 
 could follow him to bo laid waste ; and tl 
 latter was consequently compelled to de[( 
 his march some time. He was afterwj! 
 beaten at Busaco ; and Wellington imw (\ 
 tered the strong position of Torres-Vcd 
 wliicli consisted of two lines on the hclgl 
 of Lisbon, defended by 170 well-plac^ 
 works and 444 cannon. Massena foii 
 this position unassailable, and rctrcati 
 after several engugeraents of little iinimi 
 unce. In November to Santarem. Here 
 remained till March 1811, when lie 
 compelled, by want of provisions, to ei 
 cuate Portugal entirely. But the I'rei 
 were victorious at other points. Riirli 
 In January 1811, took the important forti 
 of Tortosa, in Catalonia ; and. In tlie 
 lowing June, after a murderous assaulij 
 flvo days, the fonress of Tarragona. 8( 
 took the frontier fortresses towards Pi 
 gal— OllvenQa and Badajos ; and Victor 
 fcated general Graham at Chlclniia. 
 tho autumn, Suchet marched agaiibt 
 lencla; and after having beaten thcai 
 under general Blake, Murvledro fell (in 
 2Uth of October, and Valencia 8urrcude| 
 in January 1812. 
 
 Lord Wellington now again cntci 
 Spain. Bo took Culdad Rodrigo nnd 
 dajos; but he was ill supported )i)' 
 cortes and tho regency. At this t 
 Marmont was at tho head of the Frei 
 army in Portugal ; but the loss of the 
 cisive battle of Salamanca, on the 23ii' 
 July 1812, obliged him to give up tlic 
 fence of Madrid. Wellington entered 
 city on tho 32nd of August, and thcFi 
 retired from before Cadiz about the 
 time; thus withdrawing their forces (I 
 the south of Spain, and concentrating tr 
 in the eastern and northern parts, 
 the occupation of Madrid, Wellington] 
 lowed the enemy to Burgos ; but lie 
 
 op tlio liego 
 several uiisuc 
 nlards afl-orde 
 and the Pren 
 After several < 
 il8head-quart( 
 tierof i'ortuga 
 I tered Madrid? 
 
 decided the tn 
 was recalled in 
 30,000 men, fro 
 
 '?,«='» " July" 
 which i.j;', 
 
 ?u8t,an^ cithst 
 
 Pt. Butjnooi.l 
 
 Madrid am. , 
 
 J'led Salamariv 
 
 nianded by JqA 
 
 daln, retreated t 
 
 ton overtook tli, 
 
 splendid victory 
 
 the French arnir 
 
 mi. retreated "n^ 
 
 toBayonne.and 
 
 victors Imniodlat 
 
 Count Ablsbal oc 
 
 tvelllngton enter* 
 ^"IJ-. In then ea 
 nresden, had appo 
 eu tenant and coi 
 ^ri'iles in Spain. 
 wi's, and oj.posed 
 ilie victor. On fi, 
 "•"^anlnVheP 
 lined until August 
 llnffton took sffi 
 wliig several tImJ 
 to approached to I 
 Mnot,i,onrever,u 
 a' I'O left the Py 
 Idassoa. After Pai 
 fench soldier was 1 
 
 ™p of Bayonne. j 
 "passed the NiV- 
 
 ra attacks. It wm' 
 
 fl'taln a secure f, 
 
 jntj-y His hetS-q 
 
 «ii de Luz, Tlifin/.2 
 
 tacks on the Gave^ 
 "wy lie fought a, 
 
 to. by Which the 1 
 (Treat disorder V^^ 
 
 «l»gton'f&ed 
 ™,to Toulouse wh, 
 
 theoccupatforof] 
 fcsputanendtoth 
 f'o cortes had alrca, 
 ;«"d had resolve™^ 
 
 ^^d swear to preserv 
 ore he should be " 
 
 » treaty of Valencav 
 
e Junta had fled to 
 
 ine which romnlned 
 >aniardii, and wliirk 
 ) men under Alhu- 
 rlish soldiers under 
 mblned DrItiKh and' 
 ileged in F'jbruaryJ 
 jffers of the l-'reiicli 
 r in Catalonia and 
 I Leon, the Freiifhi 
 , then directed thclri 
 In this country, to 
 8, Wellington com- 
 ■ of 30,000 men, and 
 ( army nearly ao,^ 
 militia. Tlie rlgln 
 Ilndajog, was jolnei' 
 ;rIlomana, and 8,00 
 ! main body of thi 
 
 II rcTiiucruu iinprcj 
 Britlslt comnii'ndei 
 re. Masscua boga' 
 i\e, by the siege o 
 surrendered on tli 
 itered Portugal ove 
 elda detained Xn 
 iigust, when it wi 
 Wellington onlcrc 
 ugh which Mnsscg 
 laid waste ; and il 
 ' compelled to dot) 
 He was afterwaH 
 (Velllngton iiow i 
 n of Torres-Vedw 
 lines on the hclgli| 
 by 170 well-pM 
 1. Massena for 
 ,b!e, and rctrcati 
 nts of little inipii 
 Santarem. Here' 
 1811, when liev 
 provisions, to e 
 f. But the Vreu 
 er points. Sueli| 
 B important form 
 la; and, in tlief 
 urderous assault 
 f Tarragona. Soj 
 38ca towards Put 
 jos ; and Victor 
 I at Ch'.clnin, 
 arched agttliist 
 ig beaten tlieai 
 iirvledrofoUiini 
 ilencia surrcude 
 
 ..larda afforded ,'im' iZlS,"?' «« "'o Spa": 
 
 8H(1 tJie French , ml *"'''<""it 8ui)i„),.t 
 
 After «overa7;i„i»^,J,fe,vea «„,',';;;•; 
 
 I '''"'ii'aU-quartera tnVv!^! '. " •^'""'isforred 
 
 ttred Madrid. '^"'' "'° ^ra'ch again en! 
 
 dccidl^'C' ^ir'„7V;'""«''«'^" In nn.sia 
 was recalled Iri the L'i'.° »'."""«"''» Sou I? 
 30.000 men, /?„„,' »''„»''"""» of igi.i. ^ I, 
 
 Stan. .,BrdV.5;^^""''"^^^^^^^^ 
 
 (fat. DutJo»pnh?,n,nl"'"" "" tho Lobre. 
 Jfadrld agfc Vndte." "''''»•'<' '"K 
 pled Salainan. Thy^""Sf'on I'nd occn^ 
 manded by Jodpni. i? ^'"•^"ch army com 
 
 dam. retre'^.tcdlS V&^P^IJ" aiid'/our-" 
 ion overtook fi." I!!^?'^.'"- Hero Welling. 
 
 Id irntn«,i «i.. 
 
 it Unrtrnu _*», 1 - 
 
 609 I 
 
 ! main body of th«daln. retrp«f n^ .' ,,,""<>'>'»par( 
 
 I on the heights oB ion Overtook ?,f»Vlttorla.' H 
 
 n rendered ImprogBsnicndld vC.fnJ'° ^'""'0'. and gain nrt ri" 
 
 British commi.ndeMirFrencl nrn?' °' ^''"o"-'* ; affe? whHf 
 
 HI", retreated ..u^sordni''* ''^ Oraliani anS 
 to Dayonno. and lost ni? u*"'?.'" "'« Pyrenees 
 victors Immedinfoi!. . " "* baggage ti,a 
 
 Velllngton entered JVim^i" ^'^^''"s'lan, and 
 
 & '"."'0 meantime vl? "'« 0"'"" 
 IBresdcn, had annni. Vi ?* -"iPo'eon, then in 
 
 lleutenait andTomnmn ,""*';*''«' So,? i, ' 
 trinles In Spain ir«'^'^?-'"-e''lcf of ] | 
 
 U8,and5)posedi J""/'' *''o beaten 
 flie victor. Onti.nVf.V*'^^ra'''o force tS 
 ^•le^an In the Pyre,^"'/»>y tho stn.g? 
 ^ined until August nt. 1. ' ""^^ *«s main- 
 kton took.S *sebastln?h!7^"'"*- We-i 
 ving several tlinTr'm,ic^,"*.l«"''. n"e'' ' 
 I'o approached to deHvir l,'''^ ^^^ enemy ' 
 M not, however nnV I « "i® garrison. It ' 
 K he left the i3j?enee«^'."l °' ««" »>«" 
 pdassoa. After PaSnn'.*"^*^ ,P»88ed the 
 Hch soldier waaTf t^ n th ^l*^ '«"«". "o 
 «ry. except In iarcelon^ "l^^^n'sh ter- 
 ces in Catalonia w-on,*"? » 'ew other 
 wkedthoenomvnn mV!*"**"" "ow at- 
 '« NIvelle, and HoniV"' '"'"led banks of 
 
 *i passed the Nlve Irt^i'^L' ^^ellington 
 ml attacks. It was' ^? l»ad repulsed se- 
 ,'ol)taln a 8ecM"» *"-" Possible for him 
 hntry Hl|'a.S'„''^"Vn the h'ost^ 
 .MUdeLuz. Thfin/.»».» ^'^'' ^ero at St 
 Ns on the Gave ^^'^"'sed ^»^hcvi 
 W 1,0 fought aVnV'®, 28th of Pe- 
 [ttes, by whlcl thelafte^w^''^, ^""It at 
 
 •sSorfe-d t liirx'j^aH ^^ ^c'r^B 
 
 cy. At this #eiient took "'»''*' * ^angu/narv m, 
 ead of the *"'• the occSpatfon'nf"S *'"' loth o? Apr?/: 
 1K»"?'i"o t •o'^^^^^^^ ''^- "'« allied' 
 
 b Z'^r. »° fSv' "tK^'r .•J.^^- 
 
 
 )W again cntel 
 
 ,''i',;^"'erican colon esri.i* "'^ 1"88 of ' 
 
 •Kht; the others iVaTC*' '"^^° himself by 
 their friends had sSffnr^^" executed, and 
 
 ea./»CV,fft^^^^ t? tho Amorl. 
 the oateers favoumbie to tif«*^'''""'''^- ""d 
 
 p'Donnell, cSndo del Ahl"^",*'^'- himself 
 secret. But, find 4Vs*'i?^fJ'M^"« "' t'^' 
 frus.tro^"'!]'!!* dictaTtor of t^ «'T ^"■"Ject 
 rrustrated by the civil ni,?J '.1° monarchy 
 a division of troops wWph".'"'^?' ^^ caused , 
 signal of Insurrection <^.'* l"^ 8'''en the ' 
 «. 1819), and"^'e'itts /l^T'"^'' ("^S 
 to be arrested. Thn ..mi' ^?^ '" number- 
 troops was fixed fnr To barkatlon of the 
 
 St of tho Sh? fouT"bS,^' °" 'he 
 ttlego proclalninrt tfct. "attallons uiidni. 
 8urroundenK«?^ *^°°8"tutlon Of Tgia 
 Callejo, Who imd a**^"1""ters of generaf 
 
 the coimaml tont-"^^*'^'^ O'DonneK 
 of IsladeLeo'n and ^"Sslonof the town 
 
 arrested In July? amone''«i?'' *''° "fl'^m 
 roga. The Insurgent^ fSlH""!!. ^as Qui! 
 on Cadiz, but oSiedTn^n" '''«''• attack 
 the naval arsenal, a ghlDnf^M"*'^?' '»*here 
 othervesselsof war wrfh „°' "'« ""e, and 
 foil into their hands OuJrnIJ'®i''«n«J'ort8. 
 the name of thearmy^otth^^^^l'^^'^'in 
 

 , 
 
 < i 
 
 If' 
 
 'IF*: 
 
 
 670 
 
 Elb( ^vtKiMvu of IDMtarv, 5;r. 
 
 RIORo, at ttio licnd of a troop of s.eno 
 men, now onnuptod AlKttalraH, cntcnul Mn- 
 Uki, and aftnr Honio flKlitliiK wttli (VDon- 
 nell, ailvaiicod thrnuKli Kclju and Ourdova 
 to Ante(|U<>ra; wlillu tho national army, 
 under (jtilroKa, In addroHHOH to tlio khiK 
 and to tho nation, declared their only oli- 
 Joct wag to «avo their country by tho ro- 
 ■toralton of thu conHtltiitlon, which had al- 
 ready )HU>n accepted by thonntlon. Itlttlntri* 
 now took plaro In all i|unrterh In favonr of 
 tho constitution of tho rortes; tho royal 
 forces joined tho InmirgentH ; Freyro hini- 
 BolfwuH olillxed to proeliiiin tho conHtltii- 
 tlon In Hevlllo; and Kerdlnand, abandoned 
 by Ills own troopH, wiih compelled to yield 
 to tho Konorul cry, and, by prnclanintlon, 
 doclarod hlniHcIf ready to ■uniniou tho 
 cortca of 1813, and accept tho conHtltntlon 
 of tliat year. On tho samo day a general 
 amnesty was proclaimed. On tho Oth a 
 provisional junta of eleven memliors was 
 named, to conduct iiiriiira till tho meeting 
 of i.ho cortos; and Ferdinand sworo to ob- 
 servo tho consMtntlon In prusenooof this 
 body, and of tho municipal anthoritlos of 
 Madrid. Tliu IniiulHltlon was abollnhed, ai4 
 InconslHtontwlth the conaMtutlon, and ob- 
 noxious ministers, &c,, wuro succe-jilud by 
 others favoumblo to couHtltutlonai prin- 
 ciples. In place of the council of (Mslllo 
 and that of tlio Indies, a supremo juiMclal 
 tribunal, with appropriate subordinate 
 courts, wa.^ establlHhed, niillonai Kuardi) 
 were organised In tho provinces, tho niii- 
 nicipal authorities woro mado to confiT n 
 to tho condtttutlon, and tho cortcs fln.ihv 
 asscmblod. Much was done to lical the 
 wounds of tho country; but an upostolical 
 
 iunta established itself on tho frontiers of 
 'ortuRnI, and bands of peasants, monks, 
 and Kuerilla soldiers were formed, for the 
 purpose of restoring the privileges uf tlie 
 crown and tho clergy. 
 
 Tho second session of the rortes began 
 in March 1831, who declared tho whole 
 country In danger, and in a state of siege. 
 Tho command of tho armed force was now 
 given to Morlllo, and quiet was In some 
 measure restored. Hut tho ultra liberals, 
 or exaltados, as they were called, wero not 
 a little excited by tho events In Naples and 
 Piedmont, In 1821, and tho kingdom was 
 In so disturbed a state that an extraordi- 
 nary cortes was summoned In September. 
 At the same time Mexico declared Itself 
 independent; Lima was occupied by the 
 Chilians, under San Martin ; and the Spanish 
 part of tho Island of St. Domingo was lost 
 by its union with Haytt. Upon which tho 
 cortes urged the Icing to appoint an abler 
 ministry, and, after some contention, his 
 majesty yielded to their wishes. In .Tan- 
 uary 1822, the cortes declared themselves 
 ready to acknowledge America as a king- 
 dom independent of Spain, but united with 
 her under Ferdinand VII. their common 
 sovereign. The deputies sent to America, 
 however, could effect nothing on these con- 
 ditions ; and the session of the cortes was 
 concluded on tlie 14th of February. 
 
 At the outset of the third session the 
 moderate liberal party prevailed, and tran- 
 quillity was gradually restored to tho in- 
 
 ternal affairs of ttio country, when It began 
 to bo threatened from without. The itriiri){ 
 sanitary cordon of French troops along the 
 Pyrenees, and thu Intrigues of the t>xili>fi, 
 led tho government to suspect that tliu 
 diHturbances excited among tho peaHimtH 
 in Navarro and <!ataloiila, and the ImmlH 
 of 'HoUllers of the fiilth,' so called, with 
 lnstlgat(Ml by tlio French government. Tim 
 cortes therefore armed tho volunteer im- 
 tlonal guards ; butthii pecuniary resoiiri'i'it 
 werochlelly In tho hands of tlio supportcm 
 of <lespotlHm. Tho royal guards, In splfu 
 of llio opposition of Miirllli), their Cdiii. 
 mander, entered Madrid July 7, but lliii. 
 Insteros, at tho head of the national giiiinl.^, J 
 defeated them, and they lied Into the royiil I 
 lialace; but Mio king, who favoured llu'in | 
 originally, now showed himself IrrcHolntc, 
 They were uiia'ilo to resist tho po|iuli'.r| 
 force, but wo n I have been allowed to nv 
 tiro. If they h.td not again llred on tlio| 
 national guaalr, who then fell upon tlicinJ 
 and killed ir wounded the greater imrt.l 
 The moderate /^nrty, who had been in favdiirl 
 of a chamber of peers and the exteiiHlmil 
 of tho royal power, now Joined the Cdiii-f 
 muneroB,or popular party, and all the iiilii'| 
 Isters resigned. 
 
 The new ministers acted In conformliyl 
 v/ith tho views (if tlio communeroH; amll 
 the king, whoso authority liad sunk on 
 tirely, coiiHented to all they proiinKJ, 
 Miiiiy persons of rank. Including blsln^i)!! 
 'vei'o banished. Ueneral Kilo was cxeciiii'df 
 but tho guards woro treated with Kr« 
 leniency. Tlio king again declared liiHndj 
 hertnco to the constitution ; but tho npoii 
 tollcal troops In HIscay, Navarre, and (-'.iii 
 Ionia continued tlielr revolting rriicltlcJ 
 Under tho marqu:.^ Matatlorlda, a rcKiiirl 
 of tho friends of absoliiti; government wJ 
 established at Seo d'lJrgel, near tho Fniiff 
 frontier, in August 18,')2. It issued order/ 
 in tho name of the 'imprisoned kiiix,''! 
 the restoration of everything to the nUf 
 In which It had been before tho 7th i 
 March 1820. Tho troops of tho apoHtolla 
 party, after much bloodshed, wero bcntl 
 by MIna and Mllans. (Generals Kspliiol 
 TorrijoB, and Kl Pastor distinguished tlicl 
 selves against Quesada, a TrappLst, «| 
 others. The regency lied to Fniiipo In) 
 vcmber 1822, and it .vas obvious tlint I 
 cause was not that of the nation. No trod 
 of the line nr national guards, nn Imii 
 tnnt cities nor individuals, wont ovcrj 
 them. Somo snldlers 'of tho faith,' I 
 ever, still continued in Spain, parMciilal 
 those of Des8l6res, Vllmann, &c. At I 
 period was Spain in a more nnscttlcil i 
 than now, end nothing leas than adesin'ij 
 struggle between despotism and revolu) 
 could be calculated on. Tho Froiidi f 
 acceded to tlie principle of an arniid Inl 
 ventlon pronounced by Austria, UusslaT 
 Prussia, in relation to Spain; and the Frol 
 ambassador at Madrid received ordcrr 
 advise a change in the constitution, osj 
 condition on which the continuancef 
 peace between the two countries musl 
 pend ; and, in order to enable Ferdlif 
 VII. to make such changes freely, lici 
 first of all bo restored to thefull ciijorij 
 
rr. 
 
 ) country, when tt homn 
 iini without. Tho itriiii»( 
 Ki'onoh trnopii ahinv the 
 IntrlHUOH of thu (<xll<<ii, 
 nt to RnR|)unt thiit tlio 
 
 • il ninouK tho iicitHuntH 
 lulonln, and tho ]miu\% 
 fiiltli,' HO rftllcd.wcro 
 i.nrhKovcrnnu'nt. Tim 
 rnn.'d tho " 
 
 fiiltli,' HO rftllcd.wcro 
 'rcnrhKovcrnnu'rit. Tim 
 rniod tho volunteer iii|. 
 
 tlin pocunliiry reHdiirri'H 
 ImndH of tho nuiipiirtcru 
 royal KunrdM, In H|>ltii 
 
 of Murlllo, thoir cinn- 
 Vliidrld July 7, hut Ihj. 
 
 il t\t t.liff liiiMftlinl i/iiiirilj 
 
 In Hi>ltii 
 ... „,„riiio, in ' 
 VlHdrld July 7, nut ii;i|. 
 it of tho nntlonni Kuiiril.4, 
 I they lied Into the myal 
 Inur, who favoured Ihcin 
 
 to 
 
 Inur, who favoured Ihcin 
 3Wed liiinHcIf IrreHoiiiii', 
 to rcHlitt tho |)i)piil:'.r 
 iftvo heen allowed to n- 
 lot nffnln flrcd on tho 
 ho then fell upon lliem, 
 inded tlio groatcr purl, 
 ', who had hecn In favdiir 
 ccrH and tho exteiiHldiij 
 r, now jolnnd tho C(iiii.| 
 r party, and all tho inlii' 
 
 i«ii Kovnrnnienr r-.. . '" """'"n. T/i..u. 
 'ityoiino, n«(i M,„ '' "' ''orpii/,,,,,' ""> Mho hV,.,, W ' '•''''''^Nt<'(l iii,„ ,"'"''""• 
 
 loral Kilo wau cxeriiii'i 
 ■ore treated with Brn 
 (( axain declared limn 
 Htitutlon ; hut thenpo 
 Hcay, Navarro, and (lii; 
 iclr revolting cnicltta 
 i Mittallorida, a rcwnc, 
 iHoluto Kovornnieiit wa 
 iriJrgol, near tlie FrciiH 
 l< 1833. It Usued nrdcH 
 a ' Imprisoned klii;?,'fJ 
 everything to the staf 
 !>een before tho 7th { 
 ;roop8 of thoapoHtollo 
 hloodslicd, were beat! 
 ns. GcneralH Ksiiiiioi 
 stordlstlnguUliodthc 
 lesaihi, a Trapplst, u 
 icy lied to Pniiipoliijj 
 It '.vaB obvious Mint | 
 of the nation. Notw 
 lonal guards, no lmi> 
 Uvlduals, went over 
 ors 'of tho faith; li 
 id In Spain, partldil; 
 I, Ullmann, &o. At 
 n a nioro nnsettlod si 
 Ing less than adcspi'i 
 cspotlsm and revoliil 
 d on. Tho French I 
 iclploof an arinuil Inj 
 1 by Austria, Russia, 
 to Spain ; and the Frcf 
 drld received or 
 
 Fiutmiity .?'"",' "cntral. or rathnr„<- '"■''"' 
 
 rngmsms 
 
 ti /rill.,,,- ..'"!'.'' y M';m 
 
 '■'"•'. err,, "■•*' ^*'"« 
 'no„ff Mi,"'.i'*'"".« "t 
 
 ^Hd were opeia'd/oi" ''''''« "^ tho Vwl''^ «"n«t'tUtloM 'a '">'<"'r ,, t 
 "JO coln?nV „f^i"'2„^'^.<W Of ren T?«r'-««^^^^^^ by Boro , 
 
 to Spain ; and the Frcj 
 
 the^cStutlo°n,''M»d. ■-On the i«h*'"1«''t"'''on"i!«d'"^' 1 5"'^d'V"rsotprn/" l""« "''o'cmim!^'" ^'" 
 Eh the contmuancefthe kinir. with JVi" "^""o. "ho cortii'h?''"'«'' s^^^^^^^ 
 two countries musBftdlz; but tho "- .'^*''"<'V/deD«rfn,?n'"' tho sElT'"*' ''(emitted tiV^^^' 
 
■*.l 
 
 672 
 
 G^r ZvtHiwn at llMtorv» Ax* 
 
 iiKtlonitl Hplrlt, Mid to rrduro tlio numbcri 
 of tliucoiiittUutlonalliti.tlmt when, In laio, 
 tlio Kr«iich revolution produced Hurh citvctn 
 In lic'lKluni, and vxrltfd no much niarni in 
 (lormnnynnuotliornpiKhbonrinfrcounirlcii, 
 it Rcarct'ly nwalcoiipd tlio popular feolliiK on 
 thJH Hide tliu ryrrncPN: the trou))lcg of 
 Hpain wr«o now nioHtl/ coiiMiii'd to the 
 HtruKKlo ft r power hotwoon flu- more or loni 
 nliHoluto of thu nl)MoluliM(i, tlio formorlmv- 
 hiH l>con favoured l)y the vIuwh of Don 
 Carlo*, then iirlr iirrxumptlvo to the tlirono, 
 and ttiH latter liy Miu Idiif^. Itut on tlio 
 liirth of a royal prlnccBH. in 18.10, by Marlii 
 ClirlHtlna, his fourth wife, a royal docroo 
 rt'iidort'd (lio crown hereditary In the female 
 line. III default of male lielrn, and ciitliely 
 cliaiiRed the relation of the prlncu to tlio 
 tlirono. 
 
 DiirhiR a Bovcrc atfnrk of Illnc.nii, Fordl- 
 nniid, at tlio iiiHtlKatlon of tlio frUiidH of 
 Don Carlog, In IHnu, renewed thoRilIc law, 
 which rendered the throne of HpaIn heredi- 
 tary only In tho nialo line ; hut, with that 
 vacillating conduct wlileh la ono of tho 
 Burefit inarkR of a weak mind, liU majesty, 
 on lilH recovory, formally protested nunlnRt 
 the decree, which ho Btated to have been 
 extorted from him ; and ho then affain de- 
 clared Ills dauKliter to lio hU only IckI- 
 timato BUCceHifor to the tlirono of 8paln. 
 Shortly after this, Don CarloH was banished 
 from tho khmuom ; and Kerdlnand, who 
 was In hiB fiftieth your, died HUddeiily of 
 apoplexy, on the I'litli of September 18.13.' 
 
 Tho death of Kerdlnand VH. became tho 
 filRnal for tho breakinnr out of fresh dlsRen- 
 BlonR. In order still further to fortify tho 
 right of his daughter to the throne, iio had 
 excrclHcd tho prerogative of naming her 
 his successor In his w !I ; and by the same 
 Instrument ho appointed the (]uccn regent 
 tin tho Infanta Isabella attained tho ago 
 of elglitcen years. Don Carlos, however, 
 claimed tho throno in rirtiio of tlio8allc 
 law, although it had been repealed, and 
 wa8never,lnfact, practically In force. The 
 rights of Isabella II. were supported by the 
 liberals ; tho pretensions of Don Carlos by 
 the absolutists. Guided by tho counsels of 
 M. Zca, the chief minister, tho queen de- 
 pended upon tho support of the constitu- 
 tionalists for securing tho Bucce!)Blon of 
 her infant daughter. The strength of the 
 CarllstH lay chiefly In Navarre, Catalonia, 
 tho liiscayan provinces, Old Castile, and 
 Kstrcmadura. Tho chief strength of tho 
 constitutionalists was in Madrid, and in 
 tho provinces of Andalusia, Murcia, Valen- 
 cia, and other districts bordering on tho 
 Mediterranean. The queen-regent was not 
 Blow in adopting vigorous and popular 
 measures to counteract tho Carlists. With 
 tho aid of the provincial militia and the 
 volunteers, she disbanded the royalist vo- 
 lunteers of tho capital, and in Toledo; she 
 also remodelled tho post-ofllce laws, the 
 cenBorshlp of the press, and public educa- 
 tion ; while at the same time caro was taken 
 not to disturb existing interests and pre- 
 judices. Meantime several contests took 
 place between the rival parties, accom- 
 panied with the exercise of great cruelties 
 ou both Bides ; but the queen's party was 
 
 mi-ncpd In Mndrld i.tiT 
 «n(l the ranltfti ,|p „ '"'' 
 
 nioro lerlous n, I "" '" 
 |of<lioq,,TO,,V.';'''vay« 
 
 metropolis. ^Utf^^^ « n 
 
 ff"ror;iorof MtuiM,! ^"<''"«<J 
 
 jtndtoly.thoSS'"" f 
 jihoqueen-regent J,.'."."^n 
 InNliocortegnmi^ ■'"'•''-'»•' i 
 
 F'yofetn/gfn, r 1" '^"•'' 
 
 K»s proposed to ho; ,*^™"<'o 
 
 '"'"---•"'•ftrei' 
 iKUarles of 
 
 ■l'ondontS?^>?o,'^''''«''t'''of 
 
 on of thn o"....". 'ho ro\ 
 
 I' 
 
 fe'!f.°»F" «r, 
 
 generally unccflgsful, and at tho cIoro o( 
 the year tho civil war appeared nearly n( 
 an (lid. 
 
 Tho reciprocal massacre of prlsoiiprn hid 
 several tlmci occurred, and the dea(llli'<.t 
 hatred an<l ruvengo was manifestly eiinii- 
 raged by both parties ; In short, so saviikrciy 
 was the HpanUh contt<st carried on, tli;it 
 tho duke of Welllntftnii, from motlviM >i( 
 humanity, sent lord Kllint and colonel (iiir- 
 wood on a mUslon to Spain, to endeitvdiir 
 to put a stop to tho crueltlPfi practlHcil liy 
 tho helligcrcntR, and render tho war Icm 
 bloody and revengeful. The ClirlstlnoB lin- 
 sltated at first to enter into any teriim with 
 tlio CarllgtR, whom they deemed rclicU; 
 and although, at length. It was niutiiall; 
 agreed upon to treat tho prisoncrg tnkin 
 on either Bido according to tho ordinary 
 rules of war, a few months only elnpsid 
 before similar barbarities were practlsiJ 
 with nil their former reraorgclessnesH. 
 
 In tho sprlug of 1834 a treaty was rnn- 
 eluded in London, by tho courts of (inal 
 Orltain, France, Rpain, and Portugal, liav- 
 lug for its object tho paclllcalion nr tlic 
 peninsula. IJy tlits quadruple treaty It \m 
 agreed— that flpain and I'ortiigal fIiouMi 
 assist each other in tho expulsion frmnj 
 their respective territories of Don Carln! 
 and Don Miguel ; that Britain bIiouIiI r< 
 operate by employing a naval force ; m 
 that France should asRlst the contractlm 
 parties in any way that they in comiii' 
 accord might determine upon. 
 
 Tiio war thus continued to rnore will 
 unaliated fury; but the i leen's party 
 taincd an auxiliary force, which wan nil 
 in England, and tho command given tj 
 gencial Kvans, Tho British goveriiiiiri 
 was pledged to assist with a nnvnl fnti 
 only ; tho troops therefore, wiilcli wi 
 denominated tho • British legion,' w 
 raised without tho sanction, though n 
 talPly with tho connivance, of miniiiiei 
 They were ill-e<iulpped and ill-cliid, ii| 
 could anything bo managed much \v. 
 than their commisBarlat. NotwItliKtnndli 
 theiio disadvantages, and tho motley rl 
 racter of tho recruits, they fought'' brnvi 
 and thereby contributed in no slight d<'i 
 to tho Buccess of tho queen's cause, 
 the Btli of May 1836, some fortified wm 
 wiilch had cost tlio Carlists three or 1 
 months to erect, and through tho cent 
 which ran the higli road to Herimiil, w] 
 gallantly carried by the auxiliary IokIi 
 while two armed steamers, comniandedj 
 lord John Hay, lent very opportune nlf 
 tho victors. On this occasion the Ioji 
 the British in killed and wounded anion 
 to 800, among whom wore upwards otl 
 
 venty offlcers. About this tiino Mondid ,„,.„„. .. , _ ._. . , 
 
 tho Spanish prime minister, froin i*, ',',f^""»ocltyofBllbo^™*'"!»' 
 BbilltleB much had been anticipnted,M'„tl||°„''^d_of hls""~.°"°5C^^ 
 who had not been zealously BuprnrtiJ^ 
 tho cortes, resigned, and was sucnf 
 )>y M. Isturitz. Another violent clii| 
 woB, however, near at hand. 
 
 At Malaga, Cadiz, Seville, and Coti 
 the Cadiz constitution of 1812 had beeuj 
 claimed, and provincial juntas cstAlilli 
 wholly independent of the qneen's nuthil 
 On the 3rd of August a movemeut f 
 
 In Juno ifi-w „".' *""»ractor. 
 '""cd hy the Snnnl^''«"n'"« 
 
 ^eannnsuccMB?, I ''^ ""J Car 
 •" f a«le8 fought"b?il"}'I'' '» ' 
 
 ;'f works J," i/ree ^'"f ntly sal 
 '"■n back nt ♦, *^*'» ''ut each t 
 
 f;vestUt e^''^rc';rH';;,' »'?"« 
 
 l^r colonel Wakefle ', \f'' II''^ "' 
 It Charges ; but am,'. '^'*^o scv 
 fas tho weli-nn^w '"'•'' '"fro 
 •"'rectlon of r"^ "'"'ed artllle, 
 
 'f^. and was 8jLi?m •""■« *" 
 
 /I'o loss of the P„i ^ ^™und 
 
 i"<JedwasesMm„»^i""«ts in kli 
 
 raised, by tho*2?' " ? "'''ffo ot 
 
 British and "Jhrtt's of th, 
 
 wore upwards otB^jte'ero. assisted hv^'"''"*^'' 
 
 this tlino Mondb«Z'' S''?'"eers. artflierv.^.^'"'" 
 ntilster. frotn fed t o^ty^,£^^^ 
 
 totlilngTu't thren?h^'"P'"«'« 
 ^-yalde«c^%«;ft-.l83j 
 
logo o( 
 [!arly At 
 
 fr'i Irid 
 .'ad I lest 
 riiiTii. 
 ivaifily 
 ri, tli;it 
 
 IVCM o( 
 
 ipKiiir- 
 Iciivoiir 
 IhimI liy 
 I'ar li'ft 
 nos lio- 
 im vv'ltb 
 ri'licls ; 
 iitnall; 
 » tnki'ii 
 rdlimry 
 
 'actlijt'd 
 
 88. 
 
 ns cnD' 
 
 f (ireal 
 
 III, liav- 
 
 of the 
 
 y It wail 
 bIiihiIiI 
 ti Um\ 
 I Cirliii 
 mid ci 
 :o ; (iiii 
 Tncllnj 
 
 OIUIDi 
 
 mmm&Mmm' 
 
 
.:)!' 
 
 674 
 
 CTfie Crrnjftirjt of W^tavpt ^(» 
 
 Improving. After an ob.' .oate defence by 
 the Carlist troops, general Evans succeeded 
 In carrying Irun, where a dreadful scene of 
 pillage and massacre ensued. Fontarabia 
 soon afterwards capitulated. On the 13th 
 of May, Espartero entered Uernani, after 
 having beaten the Carllsts, and taken 600 
 of them prisoners. In several other en- 
 gagements he was also successful. Yet such 
 was the uncertainty of this contest, that 
 In the following month the forces of Don 
 Carlos were almost everywhere successful. 
 On one occaalon— the battle of Barbaatro— 
 the Carllsts gained a great victory, up- 
 wards of 2,.')00 Christlnos being put hore de 
 combat. This was the most sanguinary en- 
 i;,igement that had been fought since the 
 commencement of the civil war. 
 
 Whilst Don Carlos was advancing to- 
 wards Upper Catalonia, and preparing to 
 ])Iace himself in the centre of the moun- 
 tains of that province, the revolutionary 
 hydra had raised its head with more hardi- 
 hood than ever. And, to add to the calami- 
 ties of the Ohrlstlnos, general Evans, with 
 the greatest part of the offlccrs belonging 
 to the legion, had abandoned the cause as 
 hopeless and returned to England : only 
 1,500 remaining behind, who formed a bri- 
 gade under the command of colonel O'Cou- 
 ncll. 
 
 The cause of the queen now wore a most 
 unpromising aspect. Her troops had sus- 
 tained several severe defeats ; and, in Sep- 
 tember, the forces of Carlos were actually 
 investing the capital. On the 24th of Au- 
 gust, general Buerens was defeated, with 
 the loss of 1,500 men, while in endeavour- 
 ing to repel one of the armies of Don Car- 
 los, 12,000 strong, which was attempting to 
 pass between Uaroca and Sanigossa, On 
 the 14th of Sept. the remains of the British 
 legion, under general O'Donnell, after their 
 advance to Pampeluna, were attacked by 
 a superior body of Carllsts, who carried 
 Andoain, where O'Donnell had fortified 
 himself, and drove the queen's troops back 
 to Hernani. The British auxiliaries bore 
 the whole brunt of the attack, and twenty- 
 flve English olllcers were killed. 
 
 On the 11th of Sept. the Spanish govern- 
 ment received intelligence that Cabrera was 
 preparing to march against the capital, and 
 that his movement was to be supported by 
 the bulk of Don Carlos's army. Martial 
 law was immediately proclaimed. The 
 troops and national guard mustered ; a 
 'sacred battalion' was formed to guard the 
 two queens ; and cannon were stationed in 
 the most exposed and dangerous qimrters 
 of the city. 
 
 Again the fortune of war Inclined to the 
 Christines side. Don Carlos, who had in- 
 vested Madrid, was compelled to make a 
 precipitate retreat, with great loss, and was 
 closely pursued by Espartero, In Navarjp 
 and Valladolid, also, the queen's troops 
 gained some considerable advantages ; 
 Carlos was driven to his old quarters in the 
 north ; and Espartero, having taken pos- 
 session of many strong places, appeared 
 confident of successful results from the 
 next winter campaign. 
 
 In Koyember, the dlssolatlon ol thel 
 
 cortes took place, and a new cabinet was 
 formed, in which Espartero was appointed 
 minister of war, and at the same time coii- 
 tinued as commander-in-chief of the army 
 of the north. The English legion had been 
 wholly disbanded, after a correspondence 
 between its commander, O'Connell, and 
 the Spanish general, O'Donnell, which had 
 reached the height of asperity. The men 
 composing the legion had given up their 
 arms, and were in the most deplorable state 
 of destitution. 
 
 At the commencement of 1838 (Jan. 23), 
 the town of Morella was captured by tlio 
 Carllsts. This was of the greatest import- 
 ance to them, as it constituted the point ot 
 junction between the kingdoms of Valencia 
 and Arragon, and was admirably fortifled. 
 1,200 prisoners, 12 pieces of cannon, and 
 provisions for three months, were the 
 fruits of this capture. On the other hand, 
 the Carllsts had been defeated in an at- 
 tempt to obtain possession of Baragossa, 
 and in some minor engagements elsewhere, 
 To which we may add, that on the 26th ot 
 April, Espartero attacked and entirely de- 
 feated, near Burgos, the force of count 
 Negri; making 2,000 prisoners, of wliom 
 215 were chiefs and officers. 
 
 Thus for many succeeding months did 
 victory continue to alternate between tlio 
 contending parties, though inclining gene- 
 rally to the constitutional side. We sliali 
 therefore pass on till we come to an affair 
 of considerable moment, namely, the sur- 
 render of Morella— the last stronghold of 
 Cabrera— to the queen's troops on the aist 
 of May 1830 ; the garrison remaining pri- 1 
 Boners of war. Espartero had no less than I 
 60,000 men, including 2,000 cavalry, and 7J i 
 pieces of artillery, to reduce this fortress, \ 
 Balinaseda, the worthy rival of Cabrera in 
 ferocity and rapacity, fell into the snare 
 laid for him by the queen's generals. Be- 
 lieving that he was not pursued, he passed 
 tlie Douro, and conceived the bold project 
 of surprising the two queens on their mj 
 to M.odrld and Karagossa, where he was at- 
 tacked, on the 25th of June, by the consti- 
 tutional general. Concha, and driven to tlie 
 Pyrenees. He then retreated into France, 
 but made bis appearance again on the 30ib, 
 at the head of about 6,000 men. He liad 
 retired before the queen's troops, flghtiog 
 to the last ; and, although, like almusl 
 every other chieftain in this sanguiusr; 
 and long-protracted struggle, he was • 
 monster of cruelty, his firm adherence t« 
 his master's cause until there was no lonier 
 any hope of success, merits admiration. 
 He appeared in nearly the last stage of 
 exhaustion, from fatigue and from Ui 
 wounds, of which he had received no lot 
 than fourteen. 
 
 At this time It was said that but littli 
 more than the name of royalty existed in 
 Spain ; a military despotism, headed 1)7 
 Espartero, dictating the whole affairs ot 
 the nation. The queen-regent Christina. 
 being stripped of nearly every particle is 
 power, made up her mind to quit Spain l)»| 
 fore Espartero and the new ministers af 
 rived. She saw them, however, at Valencia, 
 and expressed her determination to abdH 
 
cabinet was 
 is appointed 
 le time con- 
 of the army 
 Ion had been 
 reapondence 
 ionuell, and 
 1, which liad 
 y. The men 
 ren up their 
 )lorableBtato 
 
 838 (Jan. 23), 
 itured by tUo 
 itOBt import- 
 i the point ol 
 18 of Valencia 
 ibly fortified. 
 cannon, and 
 IS, were the 
 te other baud, 
 ted in au at- 
 of Baragosaa, 
 Qts elsewhere. 
 in the 26th ot 
 d entirely de- 
 )rco of count 
 era, of whom 
 
 g months did 
 e between tlio 
 ncUninB gene- 
 ilde. Wo slmll 
 ne to an affair 
 iraely, the sur- 
 stronghold ol 
 (pa on the 3l3t 
 remaining pri- 
 lad no lees tlian 
 cavalry, and ?J 
 |e this fortress. 
 . of Cabrera la 
 into the snare 
 generals. Be- 
 lued, he passed 
 le bold project i 
 ,B on their waj j 
 lere he was at- 
 by the constl- 
 id driven to tlu 
 jdinto France, 
 lin on tlie 30tli, 
 men. He had 
 jroops, flghllDI 
 lb, like almost 
 lis aangulnarj 
 [le, he was « 
 A adherence to 
 E was no longer 
 ita admiration, 
 I last stage ol; 
 and from mi 
 (celved no lea 
 
 I that but little I 
 W existed nl 
 lin, headed Ml 
 Ihole aflai" "'I 
 tent Chrlstintjl 
 fery P"tlclo ^1 
 Id quit Spain ti»l 
 % ministers fl 
 
 ber.atValenc*! 
 
 nation to aMfl 
 
 QD^e WHtaxn at ^jpafn. 
 
 rate the regency, In consequence of the 
 difflcultlea which environed her. She was 
 then told, that if she insisted on abdicat- 
 ing, and on retiring to Naples, she must 
 leave the young queen ls.il)ella to the 
 guardianship of the nation, and must also 
 give up the public property vested in her 
 ns queen and regent. To this she con- 
 sented, and the ministers accordingly an- 
 nounced the event to the nation. Shortly 
 afterwards the young queen laabella II. 
 made her public entry into Madrid, at- 
 tended by Espartero, &c., amid tbo accla- 
 mations of the Inhabitants. 
 
 In May 1841, the dulte of Victory (Es- 
 partero) was elected by a majority of 76 
 votes as solo regent of Spain during the 
 minority of Isabella; the queen-mother, 
 Christina, having previously sought refuge 
 in Prance. For a considerable time after 
 this event, the new regent possessed the 
 confidence of the people, and effected many 
 useful reforms in the state ; but owing to 
 his having given great offence to the clergy, 
 in consequence of his having sanctioned 
 the appropriation of part of the ecclesias- 
 tical revenues to secular purposes, a power- 
 ful party continued to harass and distract 
 his government ; till, at length, the insur- 
 rectionary movements in various parts of 
 the country denoted that another crisis 
 was approaching. 
 
 That crisis at length arrived, and the poli- 
 tical career of Espartero was brought to a 
 close. In June 1843, Corunna, Seville, and 
 many other towns declared in favour of 
 his opponents ; and Madrid surrendered to 
 them on the 24th of July. On receiving 
 this Information, Espartero Immediately 
 raised the siege of Seville, and started for 
 Cadiz, with 400 cavalry. He was pursued 
 to Port St. Mary's by general Concha, at 
 the head of .500 horse, who arrived on the 
 strand only five minutes after the regent 
 liad embarked in a boat for the English 
 ship Malabar, of 72 guns. Nogueras, Go- 
 mez, and a few other officers escaped with 
 lilro. A manly and patriotic manifesto was 
 laddressed by Espartero to the nation prior 
 to his departure for England ; which thus 
 cimcludes :— ' A military insurrection, with- 
 out the slightest pretext, concluded the 
 [Work commenced by a mere few ; and, aban- 
 doned by those whom I so often had led to 
 victory, I am compelled to seek refuge in a 
 foreign land, fervently desiring the felicity 
 of my beloved country. To its justice I re- 
 commend those who never abandoned the 
 cause of legitimacy, loyal to the last, even 
 hi the most critical moments. In these 
 Itho state will ever find ita most decided 
 
 isistants.' 
 
 His enemies also addressed a manifesto 
 Ito the people of Spain, with the alleged 
 Tlcw of explaining and justifying the revo- 
 lotion, and also of vindicating themselves 
 
 id those who cooperated with them in 
 irocurlng the defection of the army, and 
 ihe consequent overthrow of Espartero, by 
 leans of foreign gold. 
 
 On the BOtta of July, the duko ot Baylen 
 
 mmed the functions of guardian ot the 
 
 teen and the princess her slater. The new 
 iBtry adopted tbe decided oourse of de- 
 
 675 
 
 daring queen Isabella of age after the 
 meeting of the cortes, which was appointed 
 to take place on the I5th ot October ; to 
 which proposal the queen gave her con- 
 sent, Espartero left Spain, on his voyage 
 to England on board the Prometheus steam- 
 vessel ; and on his arrival at Woolwich ho 
 was received with marked respect by lord 
 Blomflcld, commandant of the royal arsenal, 
 sir F. CoUyer, &c. On arriving in London, 
 ho took up his residence at Mlvart's hotel, 
 wliich was literally besieged by visitors of 
 rank, amongst whom were the duke of 
 Wellington, lord Aberdeen, and sir Kobert 
 Peel. The regent sulisequently paid a visit 
 to her majesty at Windsor; and the cor- 
 poration of London made him welcome by 
 inviting him to a festive entertainment In 
 true civic style. 
 
 Christina, the queen-mother, who for a 
 long time had been living in a state of 
 exile In France, was now permitted to re- 
 turn to her native land ; and, accompanied 
 by the young queen Isabella, the infanta, 
 and the principal ministers, she, on tho 
 23rd of March, entered Madrid, with great 
 pomp and state. On the 10th of October 
 the cortea were opened by Isabella, who 
 on that day completed her fourteenth year ; 
 and, three days afterwards, Christina was 
 publicly married to Seuor Munoz (pre- 
 vlously created duke of Rianzares). Her 
 attachment to this person had long been a 
 matter of public notoriety ; and it was uni- 
 versally believed that she had either been 
 privately married to him for several years 
 past, or had lived with him In a state of 
 concubinage. Many insurrectionary move- 
 ments had lately taken place in Spain, but 
 it might be said that the civil war was now 
 ended. Seiior Gonzalvo Bravo had arisen 
 upon the ruins of Espartero's power ; but 
 none of the generals or ministers who 
 attained a temporary eminence during tlio 
 collision of arms and parties that had taken 
 place, proved equal to the task of regene- 
 rating their unfortunate country. We have 
 no space to trace the rise and fall of the 
 various administrationa that were subse- 
 quently formed. It must suffice here to 
 state that, soon after tho expulsion of Es- 
 partero, tho corporations that had long 
 been obnoxious were changed; tho na- 
 tional guard was disarmed and put down, 
 and a law obliging the queen to seek the 
 consent of the cortes to the husband she 
 might select was abolished. 
 
 Before wo speak of the most recent events 
 in Spanish history, it may be as well to re- 
 mind the reader that from time imme- 
 morial the politicians of Spain have been 
 divided into French and English factions ; 
 the former called by tho name of Mo- 
 derados, the latter, Frogreslstas. On tbe 
 downfall of Espartero, the Moderados, with 
 general Karvaez at their head, had buc< 
 ceeded to power; and they soon found 
 in the marriage of queen Isabella and her 
 sister the Infanta the means ot perpetu< 
 atlng both the interests of France In Spain, 
 and their own Influence over Spanish 
 affairs. Some of the dlfflcnlties which for 
 a time arose with respect to the manner la 
 which this project could be carried out, will 
 
fir 
 
 m 
 
 ■1*' 
 
 676 
 
 CD^e tS^vtaimu of W^tavn, ^c. 
 
 be found at p. 045 In HijO 'History of Prance.' 
 But, flnall}-, queen Isabella was united to 
 her cousin Don Francisco do Assis, duko of 
 Cadix,— eldest son of Don Francisco do 
 PaTila, king Fcrdlnniid's younger brother, 
 and of Dona Carlotta, queen ('hristina's 
 Bister ; whilst the infanta, Dona Fernanda, 
 was married to tho duke of Montpcnslcr, 
 king Louis Philippe's youngest son :— these 
 marriages taking place at the same time in 
 violation of a pledge, which the govern- 
 ment of Franco had given to tlio BngUsh 
 government, to tho effect tliat tho infanta 
 sliould not be married until the queen lier 
 sister had issue. The English government 
 manifested mucli indignation; and, after 
 stating its objections on various grounds 
 to tho marriages tliemselves, protested 
 against any child of tho duke of Mont- 
 pensler ever becoming sovereign of Spain, 
 on tlie ground that by the treaty of 
 Utreclit, any descendant of tho Orleans 
 family was excluded from sucli a ])osltion. 
 Tlic Moderados were in the full enjoyment 
 of their triumph, when intelligence arrived 
 of tlic overthrow of monarchy in France, 
 and tlie night of Louis Philippe to Eng- 
 land. On receipt of tWa important news, 
 all parties seemed at f. jt inclined to pre- 
 vent violent results by prudent and mode- 
 rate courses. The government requesting 
 extraordinary powers from the cortes, de- 
 clared that that body should be kept sitting 
 in order to judge of the manner In which 
 these powers ought to bo exercised. The 
 opposition leaders, on their part, believing 
 that by the natural current of events they 
 should come into power, deprecated vio- 
 lence and revolution above all things, as 
 likely to carry matters beyond the point 
 at which men of reputation could engage 
 In them. All of a sudden, however, af- 
 fairs put on an entirely new aspect. Ge- 
 neral Narvaez appeared one morning la 
 full uniform before the legislative assem- 
 blies, and declared them to be prorogued. 
 In epite of the promises recently given, 
 and without assigning any cause for [>uch 
 a violation of so solemn an engagement. 
 The consequence was clear. On the 26th 
 of March (the cortes had been prorogued 
 on the 22nd) an insurrection broke out at 
 Madrid. The minister of the interior de- 
 scribed it as 'disturbances occasioned by 
 groups, few in number, and of the lowest 
 class, and vagabonds.' But no sooner had 
 tranquillity been restored, than arrests of 
 all sorts took place. Two of the most 
 eminent opposition leaders In the cortes, 
 BcTiores Olozaga and Escosiira, were seized, 
 imprisoned, and Anally sent off to Cadiz, 
 there to be embarked for transportation to 
 Wie Philippines. They were never tried, 
 nor sentenced, nor even accused of any 
 particular crime ; and nearly all the men of 
 mark in the same party underwent the same 
 tate. Meanwhile the English government, 
 which had a deep interest In the welfare 
 of Spain and the preservation of the Spanish 
 crown, for which it had made great sa- 
 criflces, instructed the British minister at 
 the court of Madrid earnestly to recom- 
 mend to the governhient of Spain a line 
 of conduct more in accordance with con- 
 
 stitutional usages. But against this inter- 
 ferenco with the internal affairs of tho I 
 country, the Spanish ministry protested in 
 a vigorous despatch ; and soon afterward,*, 
 sir Henry Bulwcr, the British ambassador, 
 who had been held up for some time in | 
 tho ministerial press as a revolutionary in- 
 triguer, was dismissed from the Bpani^li 
 capital, on the pretext that his life was in I 
 danger. The British government contented 
 Itself by merely giving his passports to Ji, 
 Isturltz, the Spanish ambassadorlu London, I 
 But all diplomatic intercourse was sus-f 
 pended between the two countries till 1850; 
 when it was renewed on the mediation otl 
 the king of the Belgians, at the sollcitatinn [ 
 of the Spanish government. Previously tu I 
 these negotiations, general Narvaez had I 
 restored tho couBtlCufional govemiiicntl 
 which be had suspended In 1848, and I 
 granted a free pardon to all political of- 1 
 fenders. But in spite of his adoption ol\\ 
 milder system, he did not long maintain I 
 his authority. Early in 1851, ho retired I 
 from office, in consequence of the IntriguesI 
 of tho queen's mother, and a military oivl 
 position In the senate ; but It was generalljr I 
 understood that, should tho unity of tlie| 
 conservative party be broken up, and i 
 Progreslstas bo once more ' aux portcs dg| 
 pouvoir,' Nar>'acz would again becoraci 
 I'hommo nuccssalre, as in 1848, 'le plutl 
 propre,' as It was said, ' k tenir tSte !k la cou-f 
 tagion rcvolutlonnalre.' 
 
 For some years previously to 1850, anl 
 active system of propagandlsm had becnl 
 organised In the United States, having fori 
 its object tho annexation of Cuba, tlicl 
 chief Spanish colonial possession, to tliel 
 American Union. It is true that the go-l 
 vemment of the United States gave uol 
 official countenance to these proceedingsT 
 on the contrary, it took active measures tol 
 suppress them. Tet in the teeth of tlitl 
 government, newspapers were established 
 and meetings were held, with the view ol 
 making popular an enterprise, from wiiicbj 
 it was said, some high American f unctionf 
 arles did not keep aloof. In consequenn 
 of these measures an expedition was or| 
 ganiscd; and on the 19th of May 1850,1 
 buccaneering party of 600 men, under i 
 Spanish adventurer named Lopez, landt^ 
 in Cuba. After a short but obstinate strusl 
 gle, they took possession of tho towng 
 Cardenas; but a day or two afterwai' 
 they were compelled to an ignominlousai 
 precipitate flight in presence of the proniij 
 measures adopted by tho governor, and tlif 
 spontaneous fidelity of the population. Sm 
 ral of the piriitea were captured, but tlieil 
 leader escaped. I 
 
 But Instead of being dIscoura<;ed by tbl 
 striking failure. In little more Mian tweltf 
 months afterwards, another expedition S 
 the same piratical purpose was orts^olit 
 by the same adventurer. Oa the Srd i 
 August 1851, a steamer called the Faiil 
 pero left New Orleans for Cuba, BteaUI)l| 
 and without a clearance, having on boi 
 upwards of 400 armed men. After toaclilii 
 at Key West, she proceeded to the c« 
 of Cuba, and on the night of the llthi 
 12th of August, landed lier piratical ( 
 
C^e ^t^tat^ of ^yafn. 
 
 677 
 
 |m riaytiis, wltliin about twenty leagues of 
 [llavammli. 
 Tlic main body of them proceeded to, 
 ind took posaesBion of, an Inland village, 
 fix Icngnos dtstant, leaving others to follow 
 III charge of the baggage, as soon as the 
 Imcans of transportntion could be obtained. 
 riio latter liaving taken up their lino of 
 iiarch, to connect themselves with the 
 iiain body, and having proceeded about 
 [our leagues into the country, were attacked 
 m tlie morning of the 13th by a body of 
 ipaiiish troops, and a bloody conflict en- 
 lued, after which they retreated to the 
 [lace of disembarkation, where about fifty 
 i( tlicm obtained boats, and reembarkcd 
 tcrein. They w^ere, however. Intercepted 
 icartlio shore by a Spanish steamer cruis- 
 iig.aiid, after being examined by a military 
 liirt, were sentenced to he publicly exe- 
 [utcd, and the sentence was carried Into 
 (jccution on the IGth of August. Jlcan- 
 rhlle the main body of the invadci's, after 
 me desperate struggles with the military, 
 Ispersed over the Island. liopez, their 
 ;ader, was captured on the 29th, and pub- 
 clygarotted at Havannali on Sept. 1. Many 
 ;iii8 followers were killed or died of hunger 
 id fatigue, and about 160 were made pri- 
 mers, and sentenced to ten years' hard la- 
 lur In Spain. The news of tlie execution 
 1 80 many American citizens caused great 
 icitement at New Orleans. The Spanish 
 )nsul there was assailed by a mob, his 
 toperty destroyed, the Spanish flag that 
 lomed his office torn in pieces, and he 
 
 t against this Inter- 
 •nal afflaira of tho 
 Inistry protested In 
 nd soon afterward?, 
 British ambassailnr, 
 
 for some time in 
 5 a revolutionary in- 
 
 1 from the Spanisli 
 that his life was In 
 vcrnmcnt contented 
 I his passports to M. 
 nbassador In London, 
 itercourso was sus- 
 vo countries tilU850; 
 on tho mediation ol 
 ns. at the solicitation 
 ment. Previously tu 
 ireneral Narvaez had 
 ntlonal government 
 .ended In "".an 
 m to all political ci- 
 te of his adoption ol a 
 id not long maintain 
 r in 1851, ho retired 
 uence of the Intrigues 
 er, and a military oi>- 
 >; but it was genera ly 
 ould the unity of tie 
 )o broken up, and the 
 3 more'aux portesdu 
 would again becoM 
 , as m 1848, Me Plui 
 a,'ktenlrtSteilam-| 
 
 Ire.' 
 
 previously to 1850, Ml 
 
 ropagandlsm had MenMnself obliged to flee for his personal 
 litcd States, having Ki»ety. But the government of the United 
 " ""*"" "'■ ites at once took measures to atone for 
 lis Indignity, and thus proved to tlie f-pan- 
 b government Its lack of sympathy with 
 ic lawless expedition. 
 
 [Tlio history of Spain presents nothing 
 ire worthy of record than tho rise and 
 of ephemeral ministries until the year 
 I, when symptoms of serious dlscon- 
 it showed themselves against the cor- 
 iptions of the government, and a strong 
 iiuosity was manifested against the 
 leen-mother, and Arana tlie favourite of 
 queen. A military insurrection In 
 luary was successfully put down ; but 
 forced loans of tho government con- 
 ned to exasperate the country, and In 
 ly a more formidable revolt broko out, 
 which general O'Donnell bore a proml- 
 t part. A battle took place at Yical- 
 0, in which tho queen's troops Avere 
 leated; and O'Donnell retired to Aran- 
 z. In the following month he made 
 rtnresto tlie Progresistaiirty ; and a 
 iclamation was Issued with their consent 
 itlng their object to bo tlie reestabllsh- 
 int of the constitution of 1837, the dis- 
 leal of tho cameriUa and the queeu- 
 ither, and the reembodiment of the na- 
 "'^ guard. The agreement of the nation 
 i these demands v s sj mjtnlfest that 
 existing ministry found themselves 
 Iiclled to resign. An atte-npt to form 
 lovemment under the duke tie Rlvas 
 roused tho inhabitants of Madrid to 
 determined insurrection, and a memo- 
 vas presented to the queen, who found 
 
 icxatlon of Cuba, licl 
 ial possession, to tliel 
 t is true that the g»| 
 nlted States gave ml 
 to these proceedings;! 
 ,ook active measures if 
 ,t in tho teeth of tM 
 apers were establisliM 
 held, with the view 
 enterprise, from whictl 
 [ah American functiotf 
 Uoof. In consequcDMl 
 an expedition was oij 
 le 19th of May 1850, f 
 of 600 men, underi 
 , named Lopez, landel 
 ort but obstinate stniM 
 lesBlon of tho townr 
 [ay or two afterwarC' 
 Itoanlgnominlouss 
 presence ol the proiBM 
 y tho governor, and m 
 lof the population. Still 
 [crc captured, but tuer 
 
 lngdlscoura<?edhytK 
 little more ".haD twell 
 [another cxvedltionir 
 purpose was orb?nw 
 I^turer. Oa the 3rd « 
 lamer called the nn 
 Vs for Cuba, stcaWJ 
 fence, having on bow- 
 tdmen. Alter toucWi 
 proceeded to the cm 
 e night ol the Utn" 
 ^dea lier piratical f 
 
 It prudent and nccessar>- to yield to tlieir 
 demands. After some further flghting, 
 caused by the bad faith or general Cordovn, 
 it was punounced that a new ministry would 
 bo formed by Espartero, and the tumult 
 was at once appeased. It appeared, how- 
 ever, that Espartero Insisted on the same 
 terms w''lch had befin demanded by O'Don- 
 nell, and the new government was formed 
 on tlieir acceptance. It was determined 
 that the elections should take placo accord- 
 ing to the constitution of 1837, which was 
 based on universal sufFrage. Permission 
 was granted for the Impeachment and trial 
 of queen Christina, but with the former 
 ministers she sought safety in flight. The 
 next acts of the new ministry were to re- 
 place the existing agents at foreign courts 
 by others of tried worth and honesty, to 
 remove all ofllcers ol tl'' household, and to 
 convoke the cortcs witli (me chamber only. 
 General O'Donnell was created a fleld-mar- 
 shal. But it seemed that he could not rest 
 contented with anything like a constitu- 
 tional rule. In July 1856, he brought about 
 the resignation of Espartero, and with tho 
 liearty concurrence of the queen proclaimed 
 Madrid and all the provinces in a state of 
 siege. The resistance made in the capital 
 was put down by force ; and the cortes, who 
 by an almost unanimous vote declared that 
 they had no confldence In the O'Donnell 
 ministry, were Ignominlously dlsraiBBed. 
 This cotip-cTdat, yvMfh under another name 
 obtained the cordial approval of the French 
 emperor, was resisted at Saragossa, but to 
 no purpose. The national guard was dis- 
 banded and suppressed; and the country 
 was compelled to submit to a ministry which 
 had violated every principle of the conoti- 
 tution. In three months that ministry was 
 displaced by another under general Narvac-ii. 
 The war which broke out between Spain 
 and Morocco in 1859, again brought O'Don- 
 nell into activity. The former government 
 had demanded a cession of territory near 
 Ccuta on the African coast ; but in discuss- 
 ing the question of boundary It appeared 
 tlmt more was demanded than the emperor 
 of Morocco was prepared to gran'/, and war 
 was accordingly declared against the latter 
 In October 1859. The British government 
 Immediately declared that they could never 
 allow Spain to acquire In Africa any ground 
 which might endanger their occupation ol 
 Gibraltar, and especially that they would 
 not allow Spain to hold Tanglers beyond the 
 close of the war. After a campaign In 
 which the Moors, although flghting bravely, 
 were almost always defeated, the war was 
 ended in Marcli 1860, the emperor of Mo- 
 rocco undertaking to comply with the de- 
 mands of Spain, and to pay a large In- 
 Oemnlty. During this year an ineffectual 
 nttempt was made by the count of Monte- 
 molin to seize the throne of Spain. General 
 Ortega, tho commander of the Balearic 
 Isles, endeavoured In vain to win the help 
 of his troops In proclaiming and uphold- 
 ing the count of MontemoUn; on their 
 refusal ho fled, was taken prisoner and 
 executed. The count and his brother 
 were also taken, but were released and 
 allowed to quit Spain on signing an act 
 Y Y 
 
 ; 
 
 !iP 
 
 
 I 
 
678 
 
 €tit Evtniuvn 0f W^tatpt ^t* 
 
 of renunciation of nil pretengions to tlio 
 throne of Spain. This act was, however, 
 repudiated by the count, In a letter written 
 to the queen of Spain from Cologne In 
 June 1860. In the following year the Span- 
 ish government entered into a convention 
 with those of Great Britain and France, 
 for an expedition to Mexico, in order to 
 enforce the performance of those obliga- 
 tions which the Mexlcaii» had evaded or 
 repudiated for more than twenty years. 
 Unaware of this convention, the go- 
 vernor of Cuba despatched the Spanish 
 expedition from the Havana before the 
 arrival of the French fleet. On reaching 
 Vera Cruz, the Spaniards demanded the 
 surrender of the town, and the request 
 was Immediately complied with ; and the 
 arrival of the British and French fleets 
 seemed to lay the whole country at the 
 tc^Ttr ot the three great powers, whose 
 
 enmity the Mexicans had drawn upon 
 themselves. But the ambition or the 
 necessities of the French emperor en- 
 larged the projects of the expedition so 
 greatly that the governments both of Spsin 
 and England withdrew from any furtlicr 
 share In it; and the Spanish nation tlircw 
 itself more heartily than ever into the wnrlt 
 of bringing out the material wealth and 
 resources of the country. This task it 
 might have carried out more effectiinilj', it 
 it could have been freed from the burden 
 of evil governors. As it is, each year has 
 brought with it revolution, or a succession 
 of revolutions, the last of which (1808) has 
 driven Isabella from the throne. The 
 cortes are to decide what form of gnvem. 
 ment is to be Anally adopted ; and at present 
 (February 1869) they appear to acquiesce in 
 a state of things which Is practically » 
 publican. 
 
 PoBTroAr,, n 
 supposed to h 
 by the Phoenli 
 was taken po 
 aboat 260 year 
 a Roman prov 
 (tustus. Towai 
 century the AIi 
 rl and the VI 
 themselves mai 
 eighth century 
 and Saracens, 
 from them by t 
 of Burgundy, dl 
 eminent servlci 
 phonso vr., kin 
 daughter Therei 
 carl of Portugal 
 tingvbm. Alphi 
 successor, obtali 
 orcrtheMoor8.ii 
 people ; and In i 
 states, the succ 
 settled. Alphoni 
 croffn of Portug 
 male line of this 
 In the person of i 
 tnral son, was, tw 
 ibo crown, and li 
 Mde settlements 
 inelslandsof the 
 jrandson John I] 
 W been expelle 
 great enconragem 
 Mverles Afterw. 
 [Manuel, Vasco d 
 ,^e to the East 
 we of Good Hone 
 
 In 1500. Brazi 
 Pedro Alvarez, an 
 most valuable dlscc 
 Were they soon er 
 Neighbouring inhal 
 toe carried on a SI 
 tiepowerofPortnj 
 n' n 1580, on th, 
 iramai, the male 
 !came extinct, am 
 le Kingdom was t 
 irtugneso now lo 
 na they had obt 
 ychs; their iH 
 "i'es, in Brazil, ant 
 L"??«»lected,a?d 
 
 »iL*''£o*'>erm« 
 fi«thePortugne« 
 
 S'nf Jo7n.d^ 
 fantof the old i 
 "^•v This prince. i 
 
 "TOgsl hare been i 
 
THE HISTOID: OF PORTUGAL. 
 
 -•o*- 
 
 PORTCOAIi, nnclently called lAuitania, Is 
 supposed to bave been originally colonised 
 by the Phoenicians and Oarttaaginians ; but 
 Uas taken possession of by tbe Romans 
 I about 850 years before Gbrtst, and became 
 I a Koraan province under the emperor Au- 
 gustus. Towards the beginning of the nf tb 
 rentury the Alans, and afterwards the Sue- 
 Irl and the Visigoths, successively made 
 themselves masters of this country. In the 
 j eighth century It was overrun by the Moors 
 land Saracens, but was gradually wrested 
 from them by the Christians. Henry, duke 
 I of Burgundy, distinguishing himself by his 
 I eminent services against the Moors, Al- 
 blionso VI., king of Castile, gave him his 
 I daughter Theresa in marriage, c-eated him 
 I carl of Portugal, and in 1110 left him that 
 |kliiyv''.3m. Alphonso Henrlqucs, his son and 
 I successor, obtained a signal victory, in 1136, 
 I orcr the Moors, and was created Icing by the 
 I people ; and in 1181, at an assembly of the 
 I states, the succession of the crown was 
 [settled. Alphonso III. added Algarve to the 
 ■crown of Portugal. In 138.3 the legitimate 
 linale line of this family becoming extinct 
 lln the person of Ferdinand, John I., bis na- 
 Itural son, was, two years after, admitted to 
 Itbo crown, and in his reign the Pomguese 
 Imade settlements in Africa, and discovered 
 Ithe Islands of the Azores. In 1482 his great 
 IJfrandson John II. received the Jews who 
 ghid been expelled from Spain, and gave 
 ■great encouragement to navigation and dls- 
 Icorerles. Afterwards, in the reign of king 
 lEmanuel, Vasco de Oama discovered a pas- 
 Itage to tbe East Indies by doubling the 
 ICape of Good Hope. 
 
 I In 1500, Brazil was discovered by Don 
 
 iPfdro Alvarez, and the Portuguese made 
 
 |iiio!<t valuable discoveries in the East Indies, 
 
 Ivliere they soon erected forts, subdued the 
 
 Vlghbourlng inhabitants, and at tbe same 
 
 fclme carried on a sanguinary war in Africa. 
 
 pepowerof Portugal was then at itsheight ; 
 
 m, In 1580, on the decease of Henry the 
 
 ordinal, the male line of the royal family 
 
 *c»me extinct, and In the succeedir t year 
 
 Ihe kingdom was subdued by Spain. The 
 
 'ortnguese now lost most of the advan- 
 
 les they had obtained under their own 
 
 konarchs; their possessions in the East 
 
 Indies, In Brazil, and ontho c^<«.8tof Africa, 
 
 ►ere neglected, and many oJ them wrestM 
 
 Trom them by the new republic of Holland, 
 
 Bdby the other maritime powers, while at 
 
 tome the Portuguese were much oppressed ; 
 
 m In 1640, they Bbook off the Spanish yoke, 
 
 7 electing John, dniteof Braganza, ades- 
 
 Mdsnt of the old royal family, for their 
 
 bg. This prince, who assumed the title 
 
 JJohn IV., drove the Dutch out of Brazil ; 
 
 M from him all the succeeding kings oz 
 
 pnngsl have been descended. Alphonso 
 
 VI., tl.o son of John IV., was dethroned by 
 hit brother Peter, who in 1668 concluded a 
 treaty with Spain, by which Portugal was 
 declared an Independent kingdom. This 
 was brought about by the mediation of 
 Charles II. of Great Britain, who had married 
 the Infftnta Catherine, sister to Alpbmso 
 and Peter. In 1706, John V. succeedud to 
 the throne on the death of his father. In 
 1730 a double marriage took place between 
 the courts of Spain and Portugal, a prince 
 of each court marrying a princess of the 
 other court. 
 
 Although Brazil again belonged to Por- 
 tugal, Its former greatness could not now 
 have been restored, even had the princes of 
 the house of Braganza displayed as much 
 vigour and wisdom as some of them showed 
 good intentions. A commercial treaty had 
 been concluded under the first prince of 
 this line, and in 1703 a now treaty was con- 
 cluded by tlie English ambassador, which 
 secured to England the advantages of the 
 newly discovered gold mines in Brazil. 
 From this time the relations with England 
 continued to become more Intimate, until 
 Portugal was no longer In a condition to 
 maintain an independent attitude In Euro- 
 pean politics. During the long reign of 
 John v., from 1707 to 1750, some vigour was 
 exerted In regard to the foreign relations, 
 and something was attempted for the pro- 
 motion of the national welfare at home (the 
 restrictions on the power of the Inquisition, 
 and the formation of an academy of Portu- 
 guese history, for example); but. In the 
 former case, without decisive consequences, 
 and, in the latter, without a completion of 
 tbe plans proposed. 
 
 On the death of John, in 17IS0, his son, 
 Joseph I., prince of the Brazils, succeeded 
 him, and tbe marquis of Pombal, a vigorous 
 reformer, administered the government, to 
 the universal satisfaction of the people. He 
 attacked the Jesul^,^ and the nobility, who 
 during the preceding reigns had exercised 
 a secret influence in the government. The 
 exposure of the power of the Jesuits la 
 Paraguay, their conduct at the time of the 
 earthquake In Lisbon (1766), and the conspi- 
 racy against the life of the king (1769), led 
 to the suppression of the order: in 1767 
 they had been deprived of tbe post of con- 
 fessors to the royal family, and forbidden 
 the court. Two years after, all the Jesuits 
 were banished the kingdom, and their es- 
 tates were oonflscated. The brave count, 
 of Schanenburg Llppe, to whose services 
 against Spain, In 1760, Portugal was so much 
 lndebted,likewlse reformed the Portuguese 
 army; but soon after hU departure, the 
 effects of his improvements disappeared. 
 
 On the accessfon of Maria Franclaca Is** 
 bella, eldest danghter of Joseph (in inT), 
 
 i: • 
 
 i 
 

 I 
 
 680 
 
 C^c Crraijuri} of ?l!Wt0riji ^c. 
 
 the mnrquls of Poinbal lost tlie liillticnco 
 which he had ross*f8scd for twcnty-nvc years. 
 To lilm Portugal owed her revival from her 
 I>rcvious letliargy ; and although many of 
 Ills useful rcffulations did not survive his 
 fall, yet theenliprlitened views lie introduced, 
 and the national feeling which lie awakened, 
 were not witliout jiermancnt clTccts. In 
 1792, on account of the sickness of the 
 <iueen, Juan Maria Joseph, prince of Brazil 
 (the title of the prince royal until 1810), 
 was declared regent ; and. In 1799, her malady 
 having terminated in a confirmed mental 
 aberration, the prince was declared regent 
 with full regal powers, but made no change 
 In the policy of the government. His con- 
 nections with England involved hint in the 
 wars of tliat country against France; and 
 the Portuguese troops distinguished them- 
 selves by their valour in the penl' nilar 
 campaigns. Commercial distress, the accu- 
 nuilatlngdcbt,andthethreatcninglanguage 
 which Spain was compelled bj France to 
 atlopt, led to a peace with France in 1797 : 
 but the disasters of the French arms In 1799 
 encouraged the regent to renew hostilities, 
 in alliance with England and Russia. 
 
 As soon, however, as Buonaparte had es- 
 tablished his authority, Spain was obliged 
 to declare war against Portugal ; but it was 
 terminated the same year(1801) by thetreaty 
 of Badajos, by which Portugal was obliged 
 to cede Olivenza, with thepayment of a large 
 sum of money, to Spain. Portugal, mean- 
 while, preserved a mere shadow of Indepen- 
 dence by the greatest sacriQces, until at last 
 Junot entered the countr; , and the house 
 of Braganza was declared, by Napoleon, to 
 have forfeited the throne ; this most impu- 
 dent and arbitrary declaration arising from 
 tlie refusal of the prince to seize tlie Eng- 
 lish merchandise in his dominions. 
 
 Tlie regent now threw himself entirely 
 into the arms of the En^^lish, and on the 
 9th of November 1807, embarked for Brazil. 
 Jnnot entered the capital the next day, and 
 Portugal was treated as a conquered coun- 
 try. An English force was landed, and, In 
 the northern provinces, numerous bodies 
 of native troops determined to maintain the 
 Btrugglo for freedom ; a junta was also es- 
 tablished in Oporto to conduct tb.e govern- 
 ment. After some hard lighting, tlie dcci- 
 Bivo battle of Vimeira took place (Aug. 21, 
 1808), which was followed by the convention 
 of Clntra, and the evacuation of the country 
 by the French forces. 
 
 During 1808, 1809, and 1810, Portugal was 
 the chief scene of the military contest be- 
 tween Great Britain and Fiance ; and the 
 Portuguese subsequently also took an active 
 part In the war for Spanish independence. 
 
 On the death of Maria, John VI. ascended 
 the throne of Portugal and Brazil. This 
 transference of the court of Lisbon Into an 
 American colony was followed by important 
 consequences ; firstly, that Brazil attempted 
 to withdraw itself from dependence on Eng- 
 la.ad ; and secondly.ihat the colony gradually 
 became a separate state. In Portugal, on 
 the contrary, the influence of England con- 
 tinued, and the condition of the kingdom 
 was not essentially changed. 
 
 In 1816 John VI. refused to return to 
 
 Lisbon, whither a squadron under elr Joim 
 Bercsford had been sent to convey lijiir 
 partly, it is said, because ho was disploasod' 
 at tlie disregard to his rights shown by tiic 
 congress of Vienna ; partly because the un- 
 popularity of the commercial treaty imd 
 alienated him from England ; but, prohably 
 still more because he was inlluenced by the 
 visible growth of a Brazilian party wlilch 
 now aimed at independence. Henceforward, 
 indeed, the separation of Portugal fnim 
 Brazil manifestly approached. Tlie Portu- 
 guese of Europe began to ^capair of seein? 
 the seat of the monarchy at Lisbon ; the re- 
 gency there were without strength, all ap- 
 pointments were obtained from the distant 
 court of Itio Janeiro ; men and money were 
 drawn away for the Brazilian war on tlie 
 Rio de la Plata; the army left behind wns! 
 unpaid ; in flne, all the materials of formid- 
 able discontent were heaped up In Portugal, 
 when the Spanish revolution broke out In' 
 the beginning of 1820. Six months elapsed 
 without its communicating to Portugal ; but 
 In August the garrison of Oporto declared 
 for a revolution ; and being joined on tlieir 
 march to the capital by all the troops on 
 tlieir line, were received with open arras 
 by the garrison of Lisbon ; and It was de- 
 termined to bestow on Portugal a still wore 
 popular constitution than that of Spain. 
 
 This revolutionwas unattended by violence 
 or bloodshed. A provisional governmeMJ 
 was established, which, on the 1st of Octo- 
 ber, formed aui.ion with the junta of Oporia 
 Count Paimelia, the head of the royal re-l 
 gcucy, was despatched to Rio Janeiro witli| 
 an account of what had happened, and 
 petition that the king or the prince roy 
 would return to Lisbon. The mode of elect- 
 ing the cortes was settled chiefly In inilta 
 tion of tlie Spanish constitution ; and Ik 
 liberal party, which was desirous of tlieini. 
 mediate adoption of that constitution, olij 
 ligcd the supreme junta (Nov. IDtoadralj 
 nisior the oath of obedience to it to tin 
 troops. The regency of Lisbon, by them 
 vice of a Portuguese minister, at once fall! 
 ful to his sovereign and. friendly to the 1 
 berty of his country, nade an attemit ii 
 stem the torrent by summoning an assoii 
 biy of the cortes. The attempt was t( 
 late ; but it pointed to the only means < 
 saving the monarchy. The same mlnistei 
 on his arrival in Brazil, at the end of 18: 
 advised the king to send his eldest 8on 
 Portugal as vIcCToy, with a corstitutloni 
 charter. In which the legislature was to l{ 
 divided into two chambers. H s also recoi 
 mended an assembly of the most respei 
 able Brazilians at Rio Janeiro to organli 
 their affairs. But a revolution In thatcai 
 tal speedily brought matters to a cM 
 and the popular party, headed by Don 
 dro, the king's eldest son, declared for t1 
 constitution of Portugal, and the scpi 
 tion of Brazil at the same time. 
 
 On the 9th of March 1821, the artlclj 
 of the new constitution, securing freedi 
 of per? tjn and property, the liberty of ' 
 
 There was i 
 
 cerning the 
 
 and the roya 
 
 nally decide* 
 
 a condltlonn 
 
 ances in Bra 
 
 gal, but was ] 
 
 tad given hie 
 
 cortes, inipos 
 
 On landing, j 
 
 serve the new 
 
 Mitliout oppo 
 
 acts of the co 
 
 The revoluti 
 
 0118 of theaut: 
 
 ns the royal n 
 
 fordlngly reca 
 
 lion. But the 
 
 among tlie Bra 
 
 the example of 
 
 sen ted address* 
 
 Iiim not to yi 
 
 Portuguese assi 
 
 Wni a prisoner 
 
 tlier ; but, by a 
 
 jll,toj)rovldef( 
 
 for their liberty 
 
 neither could ha 
 
 out acceding tot 
 
 llicn left it witl 
 
 tion of monarch 
 
 ijnlesced therefd 
 
 Ktltlons ; the ir 
 
 liroclnlmeoi;and 
 
 ilius finally dism( 
 
 In the summei 
 
 IlieFrench army 
 
 rol of the P(,rtt 
 
 fant Don Miguel 
 
 kracted notice, ' 
 
 Of a battalion wi 
 
 MDstitutlon ; and 
 
 tanally ignorant o 
 
 Nt* against the 
 
 as'ly Induced to 
 
 ilightwork. After 
 
 essors of authorK 
 
 «nt and fatal err" 
 te'liig their secui 
 
 fed power. A r 
 
 "on, which grew 
 
 |ecourt.wa8foster 
 
 iMfterastruggt, 
 
 tntedthepromulg 
 
 *edanddlge 
 
 ,/n April 1824, lar 
 
 ^m surrounded 1 
 
 Inhered the access f 
 
 fj^f diplomatic 
 MI nuncio, the Pre 
 ^nussianaswellas 
 « the only means 
 
 to souio degree o 
 ' K^'mperfee 
 me French amba* 
 panled by hJs tw 
 *(;«f"ee on board 
 
 ofttwte«;.S' 
 
 prec;^, isgal equality, and the abolition «fe of the whoio'','nV^5' 
 
 pilvileges, the admission of all citizensBlength able to r2i / 
 
 all offices, and the sove. jlgnty of the vall the transact inm, 
 
 tion, were adopted almost unanlmousWp necessarv Bon % 
 
 ^tconspicilo'uspart 
 
Thcro was inoro dlvorsitr '^ — T~. - 
 
 corn ng tl.o organlsatlo ^of f h*)f '^''•" C""- 
 and tho royal veto • im? V ' *''° chambers 
 nally decided in fa vou^ofe '""ior'tJes fl-' 
 a conditional veto Aff»-"° •'^'amherand 
 ances in Brazil, tho kfe,?"?? <"*'"rb. 
 gal. »mt wasnot perinitfn,! ?"?•' 5"" P"rtu. 
 Iiad given his consoi t tn.n '° 'l"'' "«"! lio 
 cortes, Imposing rcstriPH^f^*'"' ""'s of tho 
 On landing, he lmnS"v «l' '"«I'«wer? 
 serve the new con <(t if. .ti^"^'* *'^oro to ob^ 
 «"hout opposK/^,S"a'*,y\"'^^ 
 acts of tho cortes "'*^ s"ctecmng 
 
 The revohitlona'rv Pni.t» 
 ""8 of t"o author"?^ ,^?'th„MT.° "« *«">«:l. 
 ns the royal n(!iniiii«Vr»M '"°"'^''**"ountry 
 o»rdlnglyreca o" ' fe'"' ■'"; ""d H.oy 'c^ 
 1«|". n.it the spirit of nl?l''''''.''ent <•" I-is- 
 among tho BniH lans 'j.^.^'il^'dwice arose 
 tlic example of the Span sh'i^"™V''»ed by 
 fcnted addresses to ti.« 1 Americans, pre- 
 Wm not to yield to thf,!'.';''' ^^S^'^ccWng 
 Portuguese assembly «l,n^^''l'»»?« "' tho 
 Wm a prisoner, a" ti'mv i?,*i"''''^d '" "'ako 
 tliorjbut, by assumi .rJ^. "'^ "'•''de hfs fa. 
 Jll. to provide CKw.'l.^''''""'" «' Bra- 
 for their liberty. 1 , tZ .'If'^/i'' "« ^^Tll as 
 noitliercould liave cont/ ,,,'J '«„<'v'f'"it he 
 out acceding to thn ° A i "*-?'"^'"«i!'l with- 
 '^n leftitCtl^; l^«K^lr'r''*"»ve 
 I lion of monarchy in fh„V i" "'° <l«struc- 
 flnesced therefore" nthn ,?,""""*'• Deac- 
 jietlt ons ; tho inVio,;!; j"' Prayer of thesA 
 Proclalmeii 7nd"tte'j"^r' ^"'''•'"'af 
 |il)us finally dismembered ^"''*'' "'"'""cl 
 
 rnlt of tho PortuiJl pL^^"*'" ''xclted a re- 
 
 mt Don Miguel ^"hr.':°i?li8t8; the in 
 
 "racted „oC.'wrpn»„l^f-'' .BO.';. 
 
 1 1« out, against th«HV"' •"''"' of break, 
 t e aueen ?Tnd' so'^wenV^if.^^'""* «"'" 
 
 X' iln^lr "'> Ss^ "'cseyoai 
 tlon fju f'4>' '/"»"'• '««ued a proclamn. 
 
 b0 8mdl/yKi;^^t"l^,«„%,^^^ 
 ?"ft^e^Wi^;'t£'''i'''^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 nif trutlon of j ,gu?^H f„s?od. for the aim"! 
 
 grievances. whetie?'p blfr ni'''' r'^'-essof 
 that asseniblywaa Jfnri„.*'f.'''''™te. To 
 t on of the periodfcil mppM '''" co"8ldera- 
 '»itf cortes, and t o ; Li'^'^'r^sof succeed- 
 anicllorati Iff H>i "jeans of progressfi-ni J 
 
 ••020. from whirb A.Vi,, t. t"o cortes of 
 o«2yo«?,er'i r ^^^^^^ 
 
 If a '^'^talion^ho Spring at the Lead 
 
 ■wnstitution; and thpln^'^*'*'. "^a'nst the 
 
 finally Ignorant of thi"nh{!fA'*"i ^o'd'erv? 
 iolts against the kinff n?^?^''' of their rb- 
 
 |slly Induced to ov^rtUnt*'?i:'<^«' '•'•ere 
 Pghtwork. AfteraJhopM^r ^^^^'^ own 
 lessors of authoritvr„.^ "'"i'^'^'althepos. 
 pent and fatal S of Tn'i'' .,'/''« "'« an- 
 fe Aleir seS'n ». "?.-"'at of 
 
 d r» ^r s-^ £•"" '^' rfwy^na 
 rw^^WdAl^v'^^^^^^^^ 
 
 'n regard to the pollcv f^ T'' P'-^ncipally 
 wards Brazil. ^'^""J' '« "JO pursued to, 
 
 , fo™edTand^aSot'i,H:^'^ ministry was 
 
 a^iTd^t^r V ot"e'd'r„"tiron^^4 
 
 ha ! tasted independeiico „"^ f.^^^^'-'na 
 ev'dent that nn»n,il".S';'. and It wassoori 
 
 l^jf.fth^^'^™^,{l^'rk^dl-Vl^^ 
 
 Nteu power. A resis an^« "''1''""» "n- 
 pn. Which grew I n .?,''h'° "'e consti- 
 feecourt.wasfolteredLl" '.'® interior of 
 >(i.aftera struffff ,f?n?^/"'^^*»" InHnence • 
 fed the Promf&fronTa ';'.""""'• j"-^' 
 I) sidered and digested ' " "''■"'«'■ «ell 
 l/n April 1824. iTarf ,,# ♦! 
 Ik^on surrounded the klnX*''":^'«on of 
 [iKiered tho access oM>i.i'^* "alace, and 
 l?c of his mliiisfpra L* servants tohlm • 
 111 the diptomiMr i" .^'^'■^ Imprisoned- 
 Iwl nunc o, the Prp^","*'' '"Cndlng the 
 leRussian as wllfS' r^S^^'adors. and 
 fc the only'S^i^Va^fa'lfi^'' """Istcn 
 fn to some degree of ifhiSf *" restoring 
 |»«jer. 80 imperfect ihlW' ^^'^ was. 
 fthe Krench ambalsador' t^ *¥ advice 
 
 hrefugeon boarW'"'^''''"-« (May 9) 
 
 ev'denf7h,V"'*'P^"dencc , and if ,.'""■'"» 
 iotinil '•"*' "o amlcai.ie igs,,n i^^ was soon 
 srotiatlon was nor.s)i;«^ 1 . H° of such ne- 
 
 I separation of Brazfi ''L'i?*'^^«°dence and 
 
 granted a conafif.,;. * month. Don Podrr^ 
 chambers; Md i„ ' n.'il"' *'«'abllshl, g two 
 
682 
 
 Cnf)e Zttaiwi'ii at WitaxHt ^t. 
 
 was formed, which aimed at the overthrow 
 of this oonstitutton, and proclaimed tUo 
 prince absolute king of Portugal. The 
 marauis of Chares and the mamuls of 
 Abrantes appeared at the head of the in- 
 surgents ; and Spain, which alone had not 
 ncknowledgod the now order of things, as- 
 sembled an army on the Portuguese frnn- 
 t ItTB. In this emergency Portugal appealed 
 to England, and 15,000 Britigli troops were 
 lauded in Lisbon. Thus aHststcd, tlio in- 
 surrection was completely put down ; Spain 
 was forced to yield ; and tlio cortes, which 
 had been convened in October 1826, closed 
 Its session li; March 1827. 
 
 In July, Ton Pedro named his brother 
 Miguel lieutenant and regent of the king^ 
 dom, with all the rights established by the 
 charter, according to which the government 
 was to )>e administered. The prince ac- 
 cordingly left Vienna, and arrived at Lisbon 
 in February 1828. The cort'-i was then in 
 session, and, ou the 20th, Miguel took the 
 oath to observe the charter, In the presence 
 of the two chambers. But the apoutollcals 
 or absolutists, to whom the disposition of 
 the regent was well known, already began 
 to speak openly of his right to the throne, 
 and to hall him as absolute king. His mi- 
 nisters were all appointed from that party, 
 except the count Villa Ileal ; and the popu- 
 laco were permitted to add to tliclr cry, 
 ' Long live the absolute king,' that of 
 • Down with the constitution.' 
 
 It was now determined that Miguel 
 should go to Villa Vlgosa, a town near the 
 Spanish frontier, where he could be sup- 
 ported by the troops of the marquis of 
 Chaves, and be proclaimed absolute king ; 
 but this project was frustrated by the deci- 
 sion of Mr. Lamb, the British minister, who 
 counteracted the order for the departure of 
 the British troops, and prevented the pay- 
 ment of the loan made to Don Miguel un- 
 der the guarantee of the Britisli govern- 
 ment. The cortes, being opposed to the 
 designs of the prince, was dissolved March 
 14, and the recall of the British troops in 
 April removed another obstacle from his 
 path. He accordingly, on the 3rd of May, 
 issued a decree in his own name, convoking 
 the ancient cortes of Lamego, which had 
 not met since 1S07. The military in gene- 
 ral was not favourable to the projects of 
 the prince, and the garrison of Oporto pro- 
 claimed Don Pedro and the charter. May 
 18. Otner garrisons joined them, and the 
 constitutional army, 6,000 strong, advanced 
 towards Lisbon. But they were unable to 
 cope with the absolutists, and, after sus- 
 taining a severe defeat towards the end of 
 June, the troops citlic forced their way 
 to the Spanish frontiei s, or embarked for 
 England. Thus terrainatjd the first ef- 
 forts of the constitutionalists in Portugal, 
 and, with the extinction of that party, the 
 influence of England with the Portuguese 
 government ceased. 
 
 Don Miguel now turned his attention to 
 the consolidation of his power: severity 
 and cruelty were his expedients; the prisons 
 were crowded with the suspected, and fo- 
 reign countries were filled with fugitives. 
 Many noblemen who were kr ^wn to be at- 
 
 tached to the cause of the young queen, 
 fortunately mode their escape, and soiuu 
 of them came to England, where tlicy were 
 supported by money sent from Bra7.il |>y 
 the emperor, for that pnrposo, to hU mi- 
 bassador in London. The cortes mot Juno 
 83, and declared Don Miguel lawful kljig 
 of Portugal and Algarvo; chiefly on tlio 
 grounds that Don Pedro liad forfeited liln 
 right by becoming a Brazilian citizen, nud 
 was not a resident in the country, and tliai 
 therefore he could neither succeed to the 
 throne himself, nor name the person w%) 
 should reign in his stead. On the 4tli nf 
 July 1828. Don Miguel confirmed the judge- 
 ment of the cortes, and assumed the rnyai 
 title. He Immediately established a spcrlal 
 commission to pinilsb all who bad taken a 
 part in the Oporto insurrection, the nicin- 
 Iters of the commlsKlon being to bo \mii 
 from the confiscations they should nmke; 
 and in the colonies the same courao oi 
 condemnation whu pursued that bad bccii 
 practised at home. 
 
 Portugal now became the prey of poliii. 
 cal and religious bigots. In March ls»), 
 the regency appointed by Don Pedro, us 
 guardian of his daughter, was Installed In 
 Terceira, consisting of Palmella, Villa Fi.ir, 
 and Gucrrelro ; and subsequently to the 
 return of Don Pedro to Europe, it was well 
 known that ho was making preparations fdr 
 displacing Miguel from bis usurped mi 
 Meanwhile insurrections repeatedly broke 
 out at homo, but wore suppressed by tho, 
 vigour of the government ond the want olj 
 concert in the Insurgents. In 1830, It wm 
 estimated that tlie number of priaonoD 
 confined for political causes was ainive 
 40,000, and that the number of pcrsom 
 concealed in difCereut parts of the couutr; 
 was about 6,000. In consequence of some 
 acts of violence, and a refusal of redresi 
 on the part of the government, a BritL'li 
 fieetwas sent to theTagus (May 4, 1831);| 
 but on its appearance the required con- 
 cessions were made. In July, Miguel vu 
 obliged to Bulfer a second humiliatiun ot| 
 this nature; a French fleet having forai 
 the passage of the Tagus, and taken toi 
 session of the Portuguese fleet, boau» 
 the demands of the French governmeotj 
 for satisfaction for injuries to French sat 
 jects committed by the Portuguese autlic 
 rities, had not been complied with. 
 
 In August, an insurrection of the troopi 
 broke out against Miguel. At that tiiii( 
 Don Pedro bad arrived In Europe, liavii 
 embarked on board an English ship of wi 
 in the spring of 1831, and reached Frnuc 
 in June. From thence he proceeded t< 
 Oporto, and immediately commenced opi 
 rations for displacing Don Miguel froi 
 the throne, and establishing Donna Mai 
 as queen, under a regency. Previous 
 this, large bodies of volunteers had ci 
 barked from Britain and Ireland in tbj 
 cause of Don Pedro, the greater number 
 whom were garrisoned in Oporto. Sol 
 Miguel, meanwhile, was not inactive, l)i 
 advanced with his adherents towards tbi 
 city, which he attacked several times witi 
 out success : on one occasion (Sept. s| 
 1832) his loss was 1,600 men, while tbat 
 
 Don Pedro wa 
 
 I tlio number. 
 
 ii.ivnl battle ti 
 
 of Don Pedro, 
 
 niiral Napier, i 
 
 wlilch the latt 
 
 liiss of two sill 
 
 in, a store ship 
 
 I .«i'l». This eve 
 
 iho Pedrolto | 
 
 .(loiiniont of tin 
 
 i.siino Mine to u 
 
 I dition of roceivi 
 
 lo Ills rank, i 
 
 proclaimed que( 
 
 nag married to 
 
 ■I son of Eugene : 
 
 I died in March oi 
 
 ln» been marrlci 
 
 Don Pedro dh 
 
 .I'aughter had m 
 
 iMt liLs short re 
 
 ilic suppression i 
 
 dii.vonts in the 
 
 lot all lands beloi 
 
 which wr..s com 
 
 thcassl.canco gi 
 
 I monks, &c. durin 
 
 rival brothers. 
 
 I liip, an act of ur 
 
 |tliiiiigh small pen 
 
 a year— were grai 
 
 openly avowed th 
 
 MiKuel. it was sc 
 
 liaving done so, i 
 
 celved the pittan( 
 
 fated were ordere 
 
 fit of the state; a 
 
 Pedro the cortes 
 
 Fiiiall lots, allowlr 
 
 come the purchase 
 
 ilie buyers were ni 
 
 Mettled inPortugj 
 
 and who, as well a 
 
 try thus convertet 
 
 will be tho means 
 
 «nd thereby incrc 
 
 large class of the I 
 
 To pursue this i 
 
 Portugal farther 
 
young quctii, 
 ipo, and Boniu 
 hero they wore 
 'roin Brn/.ll liy 
 ISO, to hltf ;iiii- 
 ortcsniot Juno 
 ,cl lawful king 
 
 chiefly on tlio 
 d forfeited his 
 Ian citizen, mid 
 untry, and tliiit 
 Buccecd to tlie j 
 the pcrBon who i 
 
 On the 4th nf 
 rmed tho judge- 
 gumed the rnyal 
 blUlied a special 
 •ho bad taken 9 
 ctlon, tho iiicm- 
 lelng to be imiil 
 3y should miike; 
 game cour«o nj 
 d that bad been | 
 
 no prey of ro'ltl- 
 In March m\ 
 y Don Pedro, aj 
 , was Installed In 
 lmella,VUIaFlur, 
 sequently to tlic 
 urope, It was well 
 if preparations tor 
 lis usurped wai. 
 repeatedly broke 
 luppressed by the, 
 t and the want of 
 ). In 1830, It™ 
 iber of prlsoufri 
 luses was al'ove 
 nber of persoiii 
 rts of the couutrj 
 lequonceot sonw 
 ■ef usal of redreu 
 mment, a Brltlih 
 tus (May 4, 1831);' 
 he required con- 
 July, Miguel wu 
 id humiliation ol 
 let having forcet" 
 i, and taken r«! 
 rtge fleet, bocaus 
 fnch government 
 ■les to French m 
 Portuguese autta 
 lied with, 
 lion of the troopi 
 bl. At that tiiM 
 fn Europe, havliif 
 igllsb ship of vf 
 1 reached Fraw 
 be proceeded ' 
 comuieuced 01 
 (on Miguel froi 
 Ing Donna Mar 
 icy. Previous 
 luntecrs had ^ 
 I Ireland In tl 
 ;reater number 
 in Oporto, w 
 [not Inactive, w 
 jntB towards m 
 •veral times w 
 (caaion (Sept. » 
 en, while that 
 
 f l)e ftliiita'H; at ^artusnl. 
 
 683 
 
 pon Pedro v/an not moro than a tL..a of 
 the number. In July of thu samo year, a 
 ii.iviil battle took place bi'twcen the fleet 
 (if l)i)ii Pedro, under tho I'ommand of ud- 
 nilnil Napier, and that n' Dun Miguel, in 
 which the latter was dt.eated, with tho 
 l,iss of two ships (if 74 gunn, a frigate o* 
 JO, a store ship of 48, and two smaller ves- 
 fi'U, This event, with other successes of 
 ;|io Pedrolto iinrty, led to Miguel's aban- 
 ilonniont of the throne, consenting at tho 
 ;.nino time to leave tho kingdom, on con- 
 dition of receiving an income for life snlted 
 (0 Ills rank. Donna Maria da Gloria was 
 lirociaimed queen of Portugal, and In 1836 
 was married to tho duke of Lcuchtenberg, 
 son of Eugene Deauharnols. This prince 
 died In March of tho samo year, after hav- 
 iuK been married about a month. 
 
 Don Pedro died a few months after his 
 I'aughter had assumed tho regal j)ower ; 
 iMt his short reign was distinguished by 
 ihc suppression of all tho monasteries and 
 oiii.vonts In the kingdom, and the seizure 
 of all lands belonging to them ; a measure 
 which w'-s considered as retaliatory for 
 thenssl canco given to Don Miguel by tho 
 monks, &c. during tho contest between tho 
 rival brothers. This was, notwithstand- 
 ing, an act of unmerited severity ; for al- 
 though smallpeiisions— none exceeding 601, 
 a year— were granted to those who had not 
 openly avowed themselves In favour of Don 
 Miguel, It was so easy to accuse them of 
 having done so, that very few actually re- 
 ceived tho pittance. The lands thus confis- 
 cated were ordered to be sold for tho bene- 
 nt of the state ; and after the death of Dun 
 I'edro the cortes divided them Into very 
 tmall lots, allowing labouring people to be- 
 come the purchasers on easy terras. Among 
 ihe buyers were many foreigners, who have 
 Bettled In Portugal on these small estates, 
 and who, as well as the Portuguese peasan- 
 try thus converted Into landed proprietors, 
 win be tho means of promoting Industry, 
 and thereby Increasing the comforts of a 
 large class of the Inhabitants. 
 
 To pursue this sketch of the history of 
 Portugal farther ii needless ; for though 
 
 several attempts havo been made to over« 
 turn thcexlstlng government, andalthough 
 the political horizon still wears an unHot- 
 tled aspect, tho events which havo subse- 
 quently occurred present few features of 
 Interest to the English reader. The last and 
 most striking occuirenco In PortUKueso 
 history, took place In April i851, when tho 
 duke of Saldanha, at the head of a mlli?,nry 
 insurrection, overthrew the niinlHtrj of i,iio 
 count do Thoinar, and, after a short resist- 
 ance on the part of the queen, obtained 
 his place. The tiueen's secoiul marriage 
 with a prince of the family of Saxe Cobiirg 
 must not be forgotten ; neither should wo 
 omit that Portugal, once so conspicuous 
 among the slave-dealing nations of Europe, 
 haslollowed the example of Great Britain, 
 and decreed Its total abolition. 
 
 Tho governinont of Portugal is an here- 
 ditary monarchy, with nn upper and a lower 
 representative chamber, lioth of which are 
 elective. Tho cortes meet and dissolve at 
 speelfled periods, without tlio Intervention 
 of the sovereign, and the latter has no veto 
 on a law passed twlco by both houses. 
 Each province has a governor, to whom the 
 details of Its government are Intrusted, but 
 great abuses exist In almost every depart- 
 ment, tho Inadequnoy of tho salaries lending 
 to tho acceptance of bribes. And with re- 
 gard to tho prevalence of crime, it may be 
 truly said, that so common is assassination, 
 and so lunnerous are thefts, that the law 
 and the police are Impotent alike to secure 
 either property or life. 
 
 Though Portugal has lost Brazil, she still 
 retains tho Azores, Madeira, Capo de Verd, 
 and Guinea Islands ; the settlements of An- 
 gola and Mozambique, In Africa ; and those 
 of Goa Dilli, Macao, &c. in Asia. The queen 
 of Portugal, Donna Maria, died In childbed 
 on the 15th of November 1853, and her hus- 
 band, the king consort Ferdinand (of Saxo 
 Goburg), became regent of tho kingdom 
 during the minority of his son Pedro'V.,who, 
 after a short reign of eight years darkened 
 by many calamities, died on the 12th of 
 November 1861, and was succeeded by his 
 brotber, Lonls dulce of Oportow 
 
 1 
 
 P' 'I 
 
THE HISTORY OF GERMANY. 
 
 [AUSTRIAN EMPIRE, GERMAN STATES, ITOO 
 
 t^t 
 
 Fkoh all that can bo collected o{ tlio early 
 history of Qermany, It aiipcars to have been 
 divided Into many petty nations and prin- 
 cipalitles, Bomo governed by klims wlioso 
 power was limited, others by such as were 
 absolute ; some of their princes were elec- 
 tive, and others hereditary ; and sonio aris- 
 tocratlcal and dcmocratical Rovernnients 
 vero alHo found ninonff them. Many oi 
 these states and Itlngdoiiis fre<iuently unit- 
 ed under one head or general, both In their 
 offensive and defensive wars. 
 
 This M'as the state of the Hermans before 
 they were conquered by the Ilumans. At 
 that time the children went naked, and the 
 men hung tho skin of sonic wild beast upon 
 their shoulders, fastening it with a thong; 
 and persons of tho best quality wore only 
 a littlo woollen mantle or a coat without 
 sleeves. Their usual bed was tho ground, 
 a littlo straw, with tho skins of wolves or 
 bears. 
 
 Like the ancient Britons, they performed 
 their sacrlQces in groves, the oak being usu- 
 ally chosen for an altar; and, instead of a 
 temple, they erected an arbour made of tho 
 boughs of the oak and beech. The priests, 
 as well as tho sacrlQce, were always crown- 
 ed with wreaths of oak, or of some other 
 sacred tree. They sacrificed not only beasts, 
 but men ; and these human sacriflces wero 
 taken from among their slaves or male- 
 factors. They burnt their dead bodies, and, 
 having gathered up the bones and ashes of 
 the funeral pile, buried them together ; at 
 the funerals of the great, warlike exercises 
 were exhibited with all the rude pageantry 
 of barbaric splendour, and songs were sung 
 In memory of the heroic actions of the de- 
 ceased. 
 
 These wero the manners of the Germans 
 before they were subdued by tho Uomans, 
 who met with such resistance, that they 
 were contented with making tho Rhine and 
 the Danube tho boundaries of their con- 
 quests; they accordingly built fortresses, 
 and stationed garrisons on the banks of 
 both those rivers, to prevent the incursions 
 of what they termed the barbarous nations : 
 but within about a hundred years after Con- 
 stantino the Great, tho Franks, Burgun- 
 l.VLua, Alemanni , and other German nations, 
 broke through these boundaries, passed the 
 Rhine, and dispossessed tho Romans of nil 
 Gaul, RhsBtia, and Norlcum, which they 
 shared among themselves ; but tho Franks 
 prevailing over the rest, at length estab- 
 lished their empire over all mc^dem Ger- 
 many, France, and Italy, under the conduct 
 of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great. 
 
 This celebrated man was crowned at Rome 
 by pope Leo III. In tho church of St. Peter, 
 
 on Christmas-day, 60O, amidst tho acclnnn- 
 tlons of tho rlorgy and the people. Mro- 
 phorus, at that time emperor of the i , i.i, i 
 attended at the coronation ; andthetii' prin- 1 
 res agreed that tho state of Venice hIioumI 
 servo as the limit to each empire, t'liark-l 
 magno now exercised all tho authority (>( 
 thoOuisars; the whole c<mntry from licni;.! 
 vento to liayonne, and from Ilayonnotulli-I 
 varia, acknowledging his power. 
 
 Tho Germans had previously been oun-l 
 verted to Christianity by one Wlnfred, nn | 
 Knglishman, who also collected tlit'iii liJ 
 towns, and thus introduced the ek'iiiciiiil 
 of civilisation amongst them. The Siixniiil 
 wero made Clirlstlnns by Charleuiagui',| 
 after a long and bloody warfare. 
 
 After tho death of Charlemagne, and (tl 
 Louis lo Debonnaire, his son and succiv^HDrJ 
 the empire was divided between tho fmrl 
 sons of Louis ; Lothalro was emrerunr 
 Pepin, king of Acqultalne ; Louis, king ull 
 Germany; and Charles tho Bald, kliiK "if 
 France. Tills partition was a continuall 
 source of discontent among the piirtir? 
 Tho French enjoyed the empire under t'luliil 
 emperors, until the year 012, when Luiilil 
 HI., the last prince of the rare of CliarliT 
 magnc, dying without male issue, CmirailJ 
 count of Franconia, son-in-law to linmT 
 was elected emperor ; but was not ackiiu«J 
 lodged in Italy, nor in France. 
 
 The reign of Conrad produced no cliniigd 
 whatever in Germany ; but it was alioul 
 this period that the German bishops lliel 
 themselves in the possession of their Mil 
 and many cities began to enjoy the rlKhtol 
 natu'/al liberty; following the exauii'it.' <1 
 tho cities of Italy, some bought tliei;('i'i!.'litf 
 of their lords, and others procured tLcuf 
 with arms In their hands. 
 
 Questions affecting the general Intero- 
 of tho Germanic body were deterniiiicdii 
 a diet, consisting of the emperor, the vlti 
 tors, and the representatives of the iirlncef 
 and of tho free cities. There were also ml 
 nor diets In the different cities or divldionf 
 of the empire. It may, however, be iiropi 
 to mention in this place, that Ihe coiistiiil 
 tion of the empire has nndOTgono a tota 
 change. There is no enip iror of Gernianjf 
 the title is sunk in that ol emperor of Aiil 
 tria, which tliat sovereign holds by inlil 
 rltanc, not election. The eccleslii^tic| 
 elector ites have been taken possession « 
 by sec iilar princes. Bohemia is united t 
 Austrfi; tho palatinate has dlsappoareJ 
 Saxon r is given to the kingdom of Prussil 
 forme ly the electorate of Brandent'urj 
 and tl electorates of Hanover and Bavan 
 are also converted into kingdoms. Host { 
 these changes arc the result of recent wa 
 

 kingdom ot Uurgundy to /h'„"""°*<'<l "'o 
 ito'tl P.,itt„,| subject to ..iV"? "'"P're. ron. 
 I In a trwity with DPii.»«lV"''""'"'<>n' and 
 rlrerKldcras thebn mi""'' """"UitoJ the 
 empire . He, "ryiir' ;•"''»'•>;"' thoaeVraan 
 
 Ipi'rorg. "'" fx tlio Otriuaji ciu- 
 
 n IIPtii<ir TTT -« _ 
 
 |mirili ngalngt them" rrmn'V',','''''''''''-tod a 
 Mncmicy of tho i)nr.Ii'-.i"" '*'•''''' tlmo tin 
 
 |!tal.llHhedf,,r,„f ".T- «"<1 '' hecanio ' n 
 lleiiutatloii to li,„, . "'" i''"IH'ror to send ! 
 
 f^;,y^t,bo oSr"«-"«''''» that a^K.;' 
 
 Aiider tho bii''i',tH,''' ,'''»». however, i.i.t 
 fiid Ills Bubi^ct/nuaV^T' "'■<»"'-y V; 
 fcnl'ist hlra; 1 wi tr. ''''''"''" f" robe 
 pf states. ' " ^^^"^'' J'" "as Uei-osJd by 
 
 |lllgc7t^-renoun''coi,!'''' "'"''•^ ""t was 
 Ivcetltiiro Of iSn?L '''■'''.''"'''onB to tho 
 faimed by hf/„',oc& heon 
 
 |nio extinct t'lo main n.' ""'J '" '''»> I' " 
 Piporors. ""*'° ^'"0 of tho l-'rauk 
 
 lArlos, rcserv„K a so h =' '."^ coronation 
 
 J""i^, wisdom «nrt,^. ^^'o' 'or liia 
 r times exwtnmxISL'J'^^l^^'on : he vis 
 
 [as to depose Wm*/*'"«'^ PopeGr-Korv 
 l«o contl?uTcSi?ef s'beVl" ^V' «^al? 
 
 FOnsof theQuolDhsan.lrM .'.^?, '"'""US 
 
 |raer adhering toMm*^ C'lhcllncs: the 
 fe^" t"oem?e*ror8 ° '"'^'"' «''<'. --'"a t'bc" 
 
 pe'^lX^tas^'re^n't^ ""^'"-"t'' eon- 
 Ps-cach of whiob B.^n^* asunder by fac 
 
 that timo tbey havn hn„. "''""any. Krom 
 
 "olo cIector«7a„d ?he,r li""."*''*'''''''* "« » I 
 }pgo was fstabll "hed i,„5 "*{''» to this prlvi: ' 
 111 tho relffn of ni.^.i ^.''''•^''''controvor.lr 
 constitution known^S" '*"•• ''y 'ho giiHo.M ' 
 
 descend to ufo Tirs'",'^f «;%"« »'eId%»S 
 
 house of Austria iLo' V'" '"under of tim 
 " cM'*"'"^- '"'"'''* '° ""«' ""■ 
 
 <;" Boe hli^'on' We.flllf""''"'^""'^. "vcd 
 
 Jather-s desiro sucVo ,ed ' n 'm'"'*''*- «' '•'« 
 
 ono was set up At'^t.?/'''''''''* ""•> « n<"v 
 ''>rmor8, John Huss ami f„ *'°""c" "'o re- 
 were rondcmiird nnS ny'""''"''' °' Prague 
 emperor liad granted .h '"■"*• a'">ough tho 
 
 flfty-thrco vears ?i,i "H'^'"-""'! rclgneil 
 chosen klnw of n.o ^ ^"" Maxiralllan wa, 
 ot his fathc^"aVd ^ferwnr? ""«•'"» "ho Uf' 
 the pope the lnD^i„r!^^"'^'^^°''»'a'ncd from 
 ^ft^oemplrrffl!i,«-&hj^ 
 
 Pwff'ifln'^ 7rCJ^ "'"Great, son of 
 
 l^l'lato for tho /,?"''?•'««'» a Parti 
 
 fe„^llllam/e;VTHo,a''.!l"H?-- *''"e"«o 
 Jrinsla ; Ridiard earl ni*n^ ' ^^nry of 
 r„ '° Henry Iir' of p?,'„F°'?"'all, bro- 
 |»so king Sf Castne if'?!!?' f"*! >^'- 
 t>' officers of thJ^l A' ^^Is t mo the 
 fright of ^leVttei'p^'*^ '""^ ^'a'm 
 Won of the prlncM tnT''"'"'''"' '» the 
 J»"iout consulting ant nM****' *owns, 
 I e empire .- the dls^ri^?'^^"'" members 
 V^o served to confirm'"**' ^'ate of tho 
 ; and Gregory x»?„': "'""> this 
 
 ;""i', King of SDttfn oVwi^'^ear, son of 
 
 Maximiiiauf was eKrt""** grandson to 
 
 Ho procured I nnfiS. ^° emperor In isio 
 
 Jiemned, ISd In hl/Lfi""",'"" to bo con: 
 
 tl'at great rcfompr JkI*!' "'o disciples of 
 
 Protestants, fro™ their «!",^'*,.*»^e "anie of 
 
 deoreo of the Imwrhil'dfeu^'f'''' "*«'"«' » 
 
 catholics. Ho is sni,i ji , '"•'arour of tho 
 
 rlous in seventvCfM-,^** '.'a^o been victo- 
 
 and Frenclikin* , r "^ " ''" ^ad the popo 
 
 "me. and carnt^ ' ff-°o5^ " tho san^o 
 
 Protestanrp^fnci J'^i-na. T^^ War oS the 
 Saxony and the prllice of wi'*"" e'ector of 
 but. after a reign of ?hfrtv^?*"K?'''««ner8; 
 resigned the empire to hu'?'**!? >ears, ho 
 "and. and the kingdom o^L'i?'^"'" J'erdl- 
 
 of Yuste in Spain. ""'"''» *<> the coiiTeiit 
 ^;|:iabdlcation of this prince left th, , 
 
I 
 
 OHti 
 
 €\)t CrrAflurv ot l^inftartf, 9(t, 
 
 ixiwvr u( tUo priiu't'itot (Icriiiniiy iiiiiro llriii. 
 The homo ()( Aiulrla wai divided Into two 
 lirauclu'R ; uuo of which rulKiH'd In Mpalii, 
 nnd, by the roiuiii08t In thu New World, 
 liiid tii'coiiio iiiucli Hupcrlor In i>owi>r and 
 rlehcM to tlio Aimtrliin hriinch. KcrdUmnd 
 I., iinriM'Hiior to Clinrloit V., Imd Hreut poH- 
 RciiiiionHlndcriiiaiiy: I' ppur Hungary, which 
 liu iiIho pottHCHMt'd, rould allord him lltMu 
 nioro than tho iiu|>port (>t the troopri nuct^H- 
 Rary to niaku luMid iiKninNt thuTurkH; Uo- 
 hi'inla Hpcniwl to licar tho yoko with ro- 
 gri-t; nnd Mvonia, which liad liitlicrto lio- 
 lonuiHl to liiu cinpiro, wan now Uutucliud, 
 nnd Joined to I'oland, 
 
 KiM-dlnanil I. dlHtlnKulHh(<d hlniivif l>y en- 
 lulillHliInK tho Italic ooinicil of thu uiMt>ire; 
 he was a poacffiil prince, and u«ed to anniKn 
 n )>nrt of I'jidi day to hoar tho conipiaiiitg 
 of hlH puopio. Maxlinillan II. and hlK xon 
 Itudolph II. woru each ciectod king of tho 
 ItoMians, hut thu latter could not he pro- 
 vailed upon to allowa auccvanur to he chosgu 
 in hiK lifetime. 
 
 ruder Maximilian II., a« under Ferdinand 
 I., I.oMihardy was not, in effect, In tho power 
 of (lerniany ; it was in thu hands of rhillp, 
 appertaining rather to an ally thanavaHnal. 
 Uuring tliU time, the IcglHlatlvu authority 
 resided aiwnyu In the enineror, noiwlth- 
 H^Hnlling lliu weaknuHH of tho Imperial 
 I'lwer; and this autliorlty was In Its greui 
 ent vigour, when tho chief of the empii'o 
 had not diminished his power l)y Increasing 
 that of tlio princes, Uudol|>h II. found 
 tiiCHO olistades to his autliorlty. and tho 
 empire hecamo nioro v?ak In his hands. 
 
 The philosophy, or rai.icr tho effeminacy, 
 of this prince, who possessod particular 
 virtues hut not thoio of a sovereign, occa- 
 Bioncd many fermentations. Lutheranism 
 had already spread Itself iu Germany for 
 tho space of a century; princes, kings, 
 cities, and nations, had embraced this doc- 
 trine. In vain Charles V, and his succes- 
 Bora had endeavoured to stop its progress; 
 it manifested Itself more and more every 
 day, till at length it broke all bounds, and 
 menaced Qerni.my with a general war. 
 Henry IV. having nullllled tho measures 
 of the party formed against the house of 
 Austria, tho protestants nnd catholics ap- 
 peared reciprocally to fear each other ; and 
 liostllitles ceased after the taking of Ja- 
 ilers. 
 
 Germany, liowever, continued to be di- 
 vided into two parties. The first, whicli 
 was named tlie unoelic union, had for Its 
 chief the elector palatine, united to whom 
 were all the protcstant princes, and the 
 greater part of tho imperial cities. The se- 
 cond was called tho catholio league, at the 
 head of which was tho duke of Bavaria. 
 The pope and king of Spain joined them- 
 selves to this party ; and It was further 
 strengthened by the elector of Saxony and 
 the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt: the 
 first, l)ecau80 he was jealous of tho elector 
 palatine; and the latter, because he had 
 his particular reasons for keeping fair with 
 the emperor. 
 
 Rodolph died In 1612. The electors, after 
 an Interregnum of some months, bestowed 
 (ho empire ou the archduke Matthias, 
 
 brother to tho lato enipuror. Tills prlnrn 
 had already nniuntud thu thrones nf Hun- 
 gary and lli>liemla, us a friend to iho |ir». 
 tuHlant cnimu. IhiL hu had no Koniict' hv 
 cendt'd the Imperial throne, lliait In' hul 
 asiilu tliu n<ask,and renounced thorerniiiini 
 religion. It was not long betoruhu reni^K] 
 thu pro|irr reward of his dlHsliiiuliiiidn. 
 An irruption being nnido Into Jlrnuuiy 
 by thu Turks, hu applied to thu proUhimit 
 for succour, who refused him vvery uxiiit 
 an CO. 
 
 In Irtin Matthias died, leaving no \mw. 
 The priilextant party uxed Its utnioni in. 
 (leavours to (irevent llie empire from tnWnn I 
 iiito tho hands of a catholic prince, ( ,i|ii'. | 
 riaily onnof the house of Austria ; noiwitii. 
 standing which, Ferdinand II., cimi.hIu i) 
 I liu latu emiieror, was electad, and fiir a i 
 timu hu was the most hn|ipy as well ns iIk 
 most i)oworful nn)narch in Kuropu; iini»o| 
 much from his personal elforts or aliilUi^'*, 
 as from tliu great suucens of his geiicnil'i, I 
 Wallenstein and Tilly. The |)ower of Aus-I 
 tria meiuiced ei|ually tho catholics ainl tlio I 
 protestants, and tho alarm sprtnd itjtlfl 
 oven to Homo. 
 
 Tliu popu thought It advisable to iiuIk 
 with France, In order to check thOKi'DwliiJ 
 power of Austria. French gold, ami tlici n [ 
 treaties of tlio protcstaiitn, brouKlit Iniol 
 this confederacy Gustavus Adolpliiu, klii^l 
 ot Hweden, tlio only monnrch of iil4 ihjl 
 who had thu smallest pretension to tlic| 
 namo of a hero. 
 
 Tho arrival of Oustavus In Gonii.inrl 
 changed thu face of affairs In Guro|ie, liil 
 1031 ho gained tho battle of LeipHJc, de-l 
 eating general Tilly. Many of the iif»l 
 manneuvros Introduced at that time liyiliJ 
 Swedish monarch into tho art of wnr, arel 
 even now practised by most of the Kuro-I 
 pean powers, nnd are esteemed, by mllltar;! 
 men, clief-d'ceuvres In military art. f 
 
 Ferdinand, in 1032, had nearly lostHunJ 
 gary, Bohemia, and the empire; but lilif 
 good fortune saved him: his enemy, (iuJ 
 tavus Adolphus, was klllod in the battle oj 
 Lutzen, in the midst of victory. 
 
 Tho house of Austria, which had simd 
 under the arms of Adolphus, now felt iienf 
 spirits, and succeeded in uotachiiiir tlil 
 most powerful princes of tliQ empire fronf 
 tho alliance of Sweden. These victorlouJ 
 troops, abandoned by their allies and m 
 prived of their king, wore beaten nt.NordI 
 lingen ; and although mure fortunate nficrl 
 wards, they were less feared than wheif 
 under Qustavus. 
 
 Ferdinand II, died at this conjiinrtunl 
 he left all his dominions to his sun Ford| 
 nand III. In the reign of this prince tli| 
 celebrated treaty of Westphalia was i 
 leinuly signed at Munster, October il 
 1018. It was the basis of all Bubseiiiieof 
 treaties, and is esteemed as tho fuiidiiiuei 
 tal law of the empire. It was by tliistreat| 
 that the quarrels of the emperors, and i 
 princes of tho empire, which had sulisistel 
 700 years, and the disputes about rcligioi 
 (although of less duration, not ic^ii dai 
 gerous), were terminated. Germany i| 
 peared gradually to recover Its losses ; tlil 
 flelds were cultivated, and the citicn rebuill 
 
QTbe V)ii<tav|} o( 6frmxn|^; 
 
 687 
 
 Thin |<rliKfl 
 iiivn <>r Hull- 
 1 tu lliu |ir<)- 
 lo mioiu'i' uit- 
 tlinii lii> lull) 
 . lliori'fiiriiii'il 
 rolic rrcciuil 
 
 liHMllllllllllllill, 
 
 llto lli:iii<:ir)i 
 lu vroli'xtiiii) 
 u every luiUi 
 
 ,'liin no issiu'. 
 
 t» \ltinii«l ell. 
 
 re from fiillliii< 
 1 i)rlnci', i'i'iii> 
 trirt ; 111)1 with- 
 
 11., Ciillalii f) 
 
 •il, and for n I 
 as well a* tlii: | 
 'luroiifl ; ii"tM 
 rtH or nlilllU'.'s I 
 
 )f lliu gl'lll'lllls I 
 
 IHiwer of Alls- 1 
 
 1 Bpnail Itsdlj 
 
 Igftlilo to unlK 
 rktlioKriiwiiii)) 
 [olU,aiultluMii [ 
 , hroimlit {iiiol 
 
 A(lolp>><)^> klK^I 
 ircU of llU d;ifl 
 itcnBlon to tlici 
 
 18 In Gfniwnrl 
 
 \ In Europe, lul 
 
 of LeliiHlo, ilc-l 
 
 jiy of tlie iii'wl 
 
 hat time liy tbel 
 
 art of war, ml 
 
 )Ht of tlio Kiir>l 
 
 |iuhI, by lullUaryl 
 
 ary art. | 
 
 early loatHunj 
 
 iiplre; but lilil 
 
 fills enemy, (lu* 
 
 in tbebttttleoq 
 
 iory. . 
 
 'hloh had lunkj 
 
 !■, now felt iK'i 
 
 uotacliliiv \^ 
 ,liQ eniplr« tro 
 hcso vU'torloul 
 |r allies aM m 
 beaten at Nordl 
 Ifortuimteaderl 
 
 sd than \im 
 
 lis eonjmiftnre 
 lu Ills sun FerJJ 
 T thU prince llij 
 kphalln wa3 
 fcr, October 
 Tall subseniiei 
 ] tUo fundaraei 
 kabylblstKnij 
 Eperori*, anil 'f 
 \i had sulisisif 
 laboutrellgloi 
 I, not lcs9 d"' 
 Germany i 
 ; its losses;! 
 be cities rel)uill 
 
 Iicnpuld, tlieiou of KerdliittiiU.iucceetled. 
 Illi llrvt war wm rery unfortunate, and lio 
 ri'ulved the law by tlio peaee of NlnieKuen. 
 Thu tnterlor of Oerniany was not iiiaterl- 
 iilly Injured ; but the frontiers, on tlio nldu 
 (i( tlio Itlilne, suffered eonsldernlily. For- 
 tune was less iiiieuual In the Hucond war, 
 |iri>iluced by tlio lenKue of AuKsburK ; Cer- 
 ni.iiiy, EnKliiiid,Hpiilii, Havoy, and Hweden, 
 nmiliiHt Kranre. This war ended with tlio 
 pciiro r)f UyHwIek, wlilub deprived Luuls 
 XIV. of StrimlmrK. 
 
 ; The third war was the inoHt fortunate for 
 
 I Leopold andfor Oerniaiiy : when Iiouls XIV. 
 
 II liail eonslderalily Increased his power ; when 
 
 ! lie governed Hpain under the name of his 
 
 I graiulton ; when his armies not only j)os- 
 
 I i<t'8iied tho Netherlands and liavarla, but 
 
 ' were In tho heart of Italy and (leriiiany. 
 
 Thu battle of Hochstadt, In 1704, cliaiiKed 
 
 tliefjceno, and every plaro he had arqiiirud 
 
 I WAS lost. Leopold died the following year, 
 
 [ with tho reputation of being the most 
 
 J iKiwerfui emperor since Charles V, 
 
 Tiio relgu of Joseph T., his son, was yet 
 
 muro successful than that of Leopold. The 
 
 I yolU of England and Ilolland, tho victories 
 
 111 prince Eugene and tlio duke of Marl- 
 
 I liorough, and his good fortune, rendered 
 
 lilm nlinost absolute. Ho put to the ban of 
 
 ilio eiiipiro tho electors of Duvaria and 
 
 ColoKiie, partisans of Franco, and tuuk pos- 
 
 I tcAsion of their dominions. 
 
 Joseph died In 1711, and was sureeeded 
 
 I ly his brother, Charles VI. Although i>ow- 
 
 trlui as he was, by tho possession of all 
 
 Hungary, of the Milanese, of Mantua, of 
 
 .Naples, and of Biclly, the nine provinces 
 
 ul tho Low Countries, and tho flourishing 
 
 itatu of his hereditary Uerinan dominions, 
 
 he WAS obliged to sign, on receiving the iin- 
 
 I iierial crown, an obligation to conserve . >.^ 
 
 I augment the right of tho Germanic body. 
 
 Thu empire was tranquil and flourishing 
 Imider tho last emperor of tho house of 
 I.\u8tria. Tho war of 1710, against tho 
 I Turks, was principally on tho frontiers of 
 I the Ottoman territory, and terminated glo- 
 riously. Germany bad changed its face 
 lilurlng the times of Leopold and Joseiih ; 
 lliut, in tho rcigii of Chailes VI. it may bo 
 hnlil to have arrived almost at pcrfoction. 
 I Previous to this epoch, the arts wcrcun- 
 I cultivated : scarcely a house was well built ; 
 I and manufactures of fine articles unknown; 
 I the thirty years' war had ruined all. 
 
 The affairs of Charles were uniformly 
 liuccessful until 1734. The celebrated vlc- 
 I lories of prince Eugene over tlio Turks at 
 iTemeswar, and at Belgrade, secured tho 
 I frontiers of Hungary from molestation; 
 laud Italy became safe in conscauenco of 
 I Don Carlos, son of Philip Y., having con- 
 I tented to become his vassal. 
 But these prosperities had their tcnnl- 
 
 ■ nation. Charles, bjr bis credit In Europe, 
 laud lu conjunction with Russia, eiidca- 
 Ivoured to procure, the crown of Poland for 
 lAuguBtus III., elector of Saxony. The 
 preneh, who supported Stanislaus, had tho 
 liilvantage, and Stanislaus was elected king. 
 IDoa Carlos being declared king of Naples, 
 
 ■ after the battle of Bltonto, took posses- 
 plon alio in 173S. Charles, to obtain pence, 
 
 renounced the two kingdoms, and diitmem- 
 l)ered the Mllanusu In favour of thu king of 
 yard ill la. 
 
 Now misfortunes aftliited lilm In his Pit- 
 ter years. Hikvlngderlai'iMl wariignlnst the 
 Turks In 17:i7, his iirmhs were defeated, niul 
 a disadvantageous peacu was tlio eoiiNe- 
 nueiiee. lielgrade, Teineswar, Orsovn, and 
 all tho C(nintry between the Danube and the 
 Huavo, were ceded to tho Turks, llo died 
 brokenhearted. In 1740. 
 
 The death of ('liarles plunged Europe In 
 ono general and ruinous war. lly tlio * iirag- 
 niatle samaloii,' wlilcli he had sigiied, and 
 which was guaranteed by Fruiii-e, the areh- 
 diirliess Maria Therein, hlMeldcHtdiiuuhter, 
 had been named as heiress to all his pos- 
 si-ssloiis. This prliieess married, in 17.'M, 
 KniiieU 8teiilieii, Ini t duke of Lorraine. 
 Hlio solicited tho Im lerliil throne for her 
 husband, and sued for tlio iiiherltaiico of 
 her father. They were both disputed by 
 tho elector of Uavaria, who, supported by 
 tho nrms of France, was elected emperor 
 in 174U. 
 
 (Jliarles VII. died in 17l», and was suc- 
 ceeded by Francis I., tht^ husband of .Maria 
 Theresa. Ho died In 17US, and was hiic- 
 ceeded by his eldest son, Joseph II., who 
 had been elected king of tho llomnns the 
 preceding year. When this prineo attained 
 to tho Imperial dignity, ho was eoimldered 
 as distinguished by a steady and active at- 
 tention to every department of govern- 
 ment ; and ho actually Introduced a variety 
 of bold and salutary reforms In the state. 
 A noblo liberality of mind, and enlarged 
 views of politics, were Imputed to him when 
 ho rendered tho condition of the lower 
 orders of men In his hereditary dominions 
 loss wretched and servile, by alleviating 
 that cruel vassalage in which they were held 
 by the feudal lords of the soil ; whilst afreo 
 ond unreserved toleration was granted to 
 all sects and denominations of Christians: 
 but these hopes were frustrated by a more 
 full developementof his cliaractcr.iu which 
 activity without elflrleiicy, enacting lavs 
 and abrogating them, funning great do- 
 signs and terminating them in nicun con- 
 cessions, appeared conspicuous. 
 
 On tho death of the elector of Davarla In 
 1777, the emperor laid claim to a consider- 
 able part of that electorate, founded on a 
 vague right which had been set up, but not 
 contended for, so long ago as tho year 14U5, 
 by the emperor Siglsmund. The king of 
 Prussia, as elector of Brandenburg, op- 
 posed these pretensions, on the ground of 
 protecting tho empire in its rights, privi- 
 leges, and territorial possessions, against 
 ail encroachments upon, or diminutions of 
 them ; but tho emperor not being induced 
 by negotiation to relinauish his designs. In 
 1778 tho two most powerful monareha in 
 Europe led their formidable armies in per- 
 son, to deeldo tho dispute by arms ; nearly 
 half a million of men appearing in the 
 field, to light for a territory which would 
 have been dearly purchased at the sum ex- 
 pended on one year's support of those vast 
 armies— so little is the ambition of princes 
 regulated by the intrinsic worth of the ob* 
 ject at which they aim ! 
 
688 
 
 €^t Cr(a;sur|? at ^ititavti, ^c* 
 
 The kingdom of Bohemia was tho 8ceno 
 of action, and the greatest generals of the 
 age commanded; as marshal count Lau- 
 dohn, on the side of Austria ; prince Henry 
 of Prussia, and the hereditary prince (after- 
 wards duke) of Brunswick, on the side of 
 Prussia. The horrors and the (cldt of war 
 were then expected to be revived, in all 
 their tremendous pomp ; but (he campaign 
 was closed without any geueral action, or 
 any brilliant event whatever ; and during 
 tho following winter the courts of Peters- 
 burg and Versailles interposing their good 
 offices to mako up tho breach, terms of 
 peace were soon adjusted at Tcscben, in 
 Austrian Silesia. Tlie territory acquired to 
 the house of Austria by virtue of this treaty 
 extends about seven English miles, and 
 in breadth is about half that space. 
 
 The court of Vienna, being thus put into 
 possession of this territory, ronounced. In 
 the fullest and most explicit terms, all 
 other claims whatever on the electorate, by 
 which every latent spark that might kindle 
 future contentions and wars was supposed 
 to be extinguished. In the year 1781, the 
 court of Vienna endeavoured to procure for 
 the archduke Maximilian, brother to tlic 
 emperor, tho election to a participation of 
 the secular bishoprics of Cologne and Mun- 
 ster, together with the reversion of the 
 former : this measure was strenuously op- 
 posed by the king of Prussia, who remon- 
 strated against it to the reigning elector, 
 and to the chapters, in whom the right of 
 election is lodged : but notwithstanding 
 tlie power of the prince who thus Interposed, 
 the house of Austria carried its point. After 
 this the views of the emperor were directed 
 to the restoration of the commerce for- 
 merly carried on by the ancient city of 
 Antwerp ; and also to invite foreign ships 
 to the port of Osteud, by which he hoped 
 to render the Austrian Netherlands flourlsh- 
 irg and opulent ; nor was he less attentive 
 to .abridge the power of the clergy and the 
 authority of the chnrcli of Kome, in every 
 part of his hereditary dominions. 
 
 Joseph II. died February 20, 1790, in tho 
 forty-ninth year of his age, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his brother Leopold II., then 
 grand duke of Tuscany, who became em- 
 peror of Germany, and king of Hungary 
 and Bohemia. 
 
 This prince severely felt tho thorns which 
 encomp.assed a diadem ; althotigh a lover of 
 peace, he was compelled to wage war with 
 tho Frencli republic : whilst he saw his sis- 
 ter, tho queen of France, degraded from her 
 rank, kept a close prisoner, and in conti- 
 nual danger of an untimely end ; but death 
 closed his eyes upon these anilctlve scenes 
 In March 1701, five months after his ad- 
 vancement, in the forty-fourth year of his 
 age.. 
 
 Francis had no sooner been declared em- 
 peror, than he joined in the hostilities 
 carrying on against France, on account of 
 his hereditary states, as well as the empire. 
 He soon lost the Ifetherlands ; and the em- 
 pire all its territory west of the Rhine : the 
 Austrian possessions in Italy followed in 
 1797. The progress of the French arms 
 Was arrested only by the treaty of Campo 
 
 Formlo. A congress was afterwards held at I 
 Bastadt, which continued sitting for ninny I 
 months, and at length broke up without | 
 procuring peace. During the year 1799, tlic 
 Austrians, joined by the Russians uuaer | 
 Suwarrow, penetrated into Italy, and dc- i\ 
 prived tho French of the greater part oj J 
 their conquests acquired by tho milittirjr 
 skill of Buonaparte. 
 
 In 1800, Buonaparte, having returned! 
 from Egypt, raised an army, and crossed 
 the Alps, with a view to recover Italy, lost L 
 in his absence. Fortune favoured hisarms, I 
 and all the possessions of Francis fell into f 
 his hands by the famous battle of MarcnRo. 
 Piedmont also submitted to the conqueror, 
 and was, with Parma, Placentia, and some \ 
 imperial fiefs, incorporated with France. 
 
 The peace of Luneville, in 1801, made I 
 the niilno the boundary between Prance! 
 and Germany; the latter thus lost more? 
 than 26,000 8(iuare miles of territory, and I 
 nearly 4,000,000 Inhabitants. The Austrian 
 monarch founded the hereditary empire of 
 Austria in 1804; and the first consul oil 
 France was declared emperor of the Frencli, j 
 under the title of Napoleon I. Austria and | 
 Russia soon after united against Napoleon; 
 and the peace of Presburg, which took place J 
 on the 26th of December 1805, terminated | 
 the war, in which three states of theGerman) 
 empire, Bavaria, WIrtemberg, and Baden, [ 
 had taken part as allies of France. In tlie I 
 following year, sixteen German princes | 
 renounced their connection with the German I 
 empire, and entered into a union under tlie I 
 name of tho confederation of the Rhine,! 
 which acknowledged ilie emperor of France I 
 as Its protector. This decisive step was I 
 followed by a second. The German empire I 
 was dissolved ; the emperor Francis re- 1 
 signed the German crown, renounced tlie I 
 title of emperor of Germany, and declared I 
 his hereditary dominions separated from | 
 the German empire. 
 
 The first year of tho existence nf ttilsl 
 ' confederation ' had not elapsed, when itil 
 armies, united with those of France, were I 
 marched to the Saale, the i'.lbe, and tliel 
 Oder, against the Prussians, .^ild afterwards I 
 to the Vistula, against the Russians. After I 
 the peace of Tilsit the confederation vrasl 
 strengthened by the accession of eleven I 
 princely houses of northern Germany. Tliel 
 kingdom of Westphalia was established, [ 
 and Jerome, tlio brother of Napoleon, put j 
 upon the throne. Pour kings, five grand I 
 ditkes, and twenty-five dukes and otlKfl 
 princes, were united In tho new confcde-| 
 ration. 
 
 The peace of Vienna increased its citcntl 
 and power. The north-western parts, how-r 
 ever, and the Sanseatic cities, Bremen,! 
 Hamburg, and Lubec, were united with I 
 France in 1810. When Napoleon, in I8i!,r 
 undertook his fatal expedition to Russia,! 
 the contingents of the Rhenish confederal 
 tlon joined his army ; and not less tbail 
 about 100,000 Germans found their gravesi 
 in the snows of Russia. The Russians purl 
 sued their advantages to the frontiers oil 
 Germany. Prussia, wearied with her longl 
 sufferings, joined tliem with enthusi«sni,r 
 and, at the same time, some of the suteil 
 
Ci)e W^tat^ of ^ermanj?. 
 
 689 
 
 ftcrwards held at 
 Bitting for iiuny 
 iroke up without 
 the year 1799, tlic 
 I BagBlans under 
 to Italy, and dc- 
 le greater part ol 
 , by the militarj 
 
 having returned, 
 rmy, nod crossed | 
 recover Italy, lost! 
 favoured his arms, 
 I Francis fell into 
 Battle of MarcnRo. 
 to the conqueror, 
 iceiitia, and somci 
 ed with France, i 
 le, in 1801, made 
 f between France i 
 If thus lost more 
 J of territory, and 
 ats. The Austrian 
 ;redltary empire ol 
 lie first consul ot 
 eror of the French,} 
 ;onI. Austria and I 
 against Napoleon; I 
 •g, which took place 
 T 1805, terminated 
 tates of the German 
 mberg, and Baden, 
 of France. In the 
 1 German princes I 
 lonwlth the German I 
 ) a union under the [ 
 tlon of the lUiine, 
 emperor of France I 
 decisive step to 
 ho German empire 
 ,peror Francis re- 
 m, renounced the I 
 ,uany, and declared I 
 [ns Bcparatcd fromr 
 
 existence of this 
 
 I elapsed, when its 
 
 se of Prance, were 
 
 the i'Ube, and tlie 
 
 ins, aiid afterwards 
 
 le Russians. After 
 
 confederation was 
 
 ^cession of eleven 
 
 em Germany. Tlie| 
 
 k was established, 
 
 \T of Napoleon, put 
 
 kings, five grand 
 
 dukes and othir 
 
 the new confedfl 
 
 icrcased Its extent 
 
 .western parts, how-! 
 
 lie cities, Bremen, 
 
 Iwere united witD 
 
 1 Napoleon, in 18l!, 
 
 bedition to Russia, 
 
 Ihenish confcden- 
 
 juid not less than 
 
 found their graves 
 
 [The Russians pur 
 
 lo the frontiers of 
 
 rled with her long 
 
 , with enthuslasn, 
 
 Uome of the states 
 
 of the north of Germany united with them. 
 Lubeck and Hamburg rose against the 
 French, and all Germany was animated 
 with the cheering hope of liberation, Aus- 
 tria next joined the grand alliance ; and 
 the war, owing to the enthusiasm of the 
 people, soon assumed a most favourable 
 appearance for the allies. On the 8th of Oc- 
 tober 1813, Bavaria joined the allied arms; 
 and ten days afterwards, the battle of 
 Lcipslc destroyed the French dominion in 
 Uermony, and dissolved the confederation 
 of the Rhine, 
 
 The king of Wirtcmberg, and the other 
 princes of the south, soon after followed the 
 example of Bavaria; and after the battle 
 of Hanau, Oct. 30, the French army had 
 I retreated over the Rhine, Everywhere In 
 I Germany the French power was nowanni- 
 Ihllated; neither the kingdom of Westpha- 
 lllanor the grand-duchy of Berg any longer 
 I existed. Throughout Germany immense 
 [preparations were made for the preserva- 
 [tion of the recovered Independence, The 
 Ivlctorlous armies passed the Rhine on the 
 Iflrst days of the following year, and all the 
 Iterrltory which the French had conquered 
 Ifrom Germany since 1793, was regained and 
 Iwured by the events of the campaign in 
 ll'rance and the iieace of Paris, It was sti- 
 IpuUted, by the articles of the peace, that 
 lihe German states should bo independent, 
 Ihut connected together by a federative sys- 
 Itcm. This provision of the treaty was car- 
 iried into effect by the congress of Vienna, 
 IKov. 1, 1814, and 1)y the statutes of the 
 iGermanlc confederation in 1815. 
 
 In the new system of Europe, established 
 
 lit the congress in 1815, and by the treaty 
 
 pncluded with Bavaria, at Munich, in 
 
 Wll 1816, the Austrian monarchy not 
 
 pnly gained more than 4,238 square miles 
 
 Bf territory, but was also essentially im- 
 
 broved in compactness ; and Its commercial 
 
 Importance was increased by the accession 
 
 ]of Dalinatia and Venice. The influence of 
 
 his power among the states ot Europe, in 
 
 konsequence of the congress of Vienna, as 
 
 the first member of the great quadruple 
 
 Vliance (changed by the congress of Alx-la- 
 
 thapelle to a«qulntuple alliance), and as 
 
 Uie head of tlie German confederation, has 
 
 kince been gradually increasing. Of the 
 
 lorelfm affairs of the government, the 
 
 inost important is the connection of Austria 
 
 »ith the German confederation, 
 
 I The termination of the war with Russia, 
 
 lr, as It ia called in Germany, ' the war of 
 
 peration,' restored Germany to its geo- 
 
 aphlcal and political positioc In Europe, 
 
 nt not as an empire acknowledging one 
 
 npreme head, A confederation of thlrty- 
 
 Ive Independent sovereigns and four free 
 
 Btles has replaced the elective monarchy, 
 
 Tiat fell under Its own decrepitude. In tlie 
 
 Mce of the smaller princes, who were to 
 
 ecome rulers, as well as of those who 
 
 ►ere obliged to descend to the rank of 
 
 ibjects, more attention was paid to family 
 
 nd poUtical connection than to the old 
 
 fnrltorlal divisions under the empire. The 
 
 [ertcal flefs, and the greater part of the 
 
 e imperial cities, were incorporated into 
 
 I estates ot the more powerful princes, 
 
 upon the dissolution of the empire, and 
 were not reestibllshed. Only four cities 
 remained In the enjoyment of their politi- 
 cal rights. 
 
 The princes then formed themselves Into 
 a confederacy, named the • Bundestag' or 
 Diet, and agreed to hold its sittings in 
 Frankfort-on-the-Maine. They gave to it 
 a constitution (named the Bundesacte) by 
 which the sovereigns, of their own autho- 
 rity, constituted themselves the diet, and 
 gave to each a vote In it corresponding to 
 the extent of their dominions ; but in which 
 the German people were not recognised as 
 entitled to any representation. The thir- 
 teenth article of this act of union, how- 
 ever, declared that in everj' separate state 
 of the confederation a constitution ' shall 
 bo instituted,' But no time was men- 
 tioned, and no description of the consti- 
 tution was given ; and it was only in some 
 of the smaller states, such as Hanover, 
 Baden, and Hesse, that the provision was 
 carried into effect. During more than thirty 
 years the rulers of Austria and Prussia, al- 
 thou"'' constantly solicited by their sub- 
 jects to redeem this pledge, refused to 
 fulfil their obligations. So far from grant- 
 ing constitutions, a congress of ministers, 
 under the direction of prince Metternlch, 
 assembled at Carlsbad on the 20th of Sep- 
 tember 1819, and adopted tho following 
 among other resolutions :— 1st, that the 
 universities shall bo subjected to a strict 
 superintendence ; 2nd, that no dally or other 
 periodical work, nor any book unless it 
 shall exceed twenty sheets, shall be pub- 
 lished in any state of the Union until they 
 shall have been previously revised and 
 sanctioned by the public authorities; and, 
 3rd, that a central commission, consisting 
 of seven members of tlie diet, shall sit la 
 Mayence, charged with the suppression of 
 ail revolutionary tendencies in the states 
 of tho confederation. 
 
 From that date till 1848 these resolutions 
 continued to be acted upon with unsparing 
 rigour. Tho ' central commission ' con- 
 sidered themselves authorised to abrogate, 
 suspend, and act in opposition to the 
 ' constitutions' enjoyed by the mlnorstates 
 oil every emergency, which appeared to 
 them to call for an exercise of repressive 
 authorlt.v. The natural fruits of this breach 
 of faith soon showed themselves. The stu- 
 dents of the universities, and in many 
 instances the professors, l>ecame the deter- 
 mined enemies of the ruling powers. The 
 men of literature and science winced under 
 the galling censorship to which they were 
 subjected ; and the mass of the people, 
 having been rendered by their schools 
 capable of feeling, reading, and tnlnking, 
 thoroughly sympathised with the classes 
 before named, and all demanded freedom. 
 In this manner the Intelligence and pliysl- 
 cal force of Germany were nearly unani- 
 mous In the opinion that their sovereigns 
 had broken faith with them, abused their 
 confidence, and, in return for all their 
 sacrifices, had treated them with harshness, 
 indignity, and injustice. 
 
 Even so late as 1844, a conference took 
 place at Vienna, of .plenipotentiaries of the 
 
mi 
 
 n 
 
 690 
 
 Cl^e €vtHint^ at ffiiitarpt &*€. 
 
 German Btates, for the arowed suppression 
 of n powerful body of malcontents, whom 
 prince Metternlch deacrl ed as hostile to 
 all authority ; tending to disturb all social 
 relations, either public or private ; and 
 which would, if left nuchecked, finally de- 
 prive certain prlnops of all monarchical 
 authority. This congress was, therefore, 
 convened by the sovereign princes and free 
 towns of Germany, to provide against the 
 Bligbtest obange In tbe existing order of 
 things. 
 
 In those circumstances, the French re- 
 volution of February 1848 burst forth like a 
 volcano. It operated throughout Germany 
 like an electric spark applied to combuitible 
 materials. The people, the students, and. 
 In many Instances, the professors, rose, and, 
 with the tacit sanction of the middle ranks 
 In general, rebelled against the sovereigns 
 and demanded their pol)tlcal rights. The 
 soldiers in almost all the German states 
 partook of the common sentiments, and 
 offered either no, or only a brief and feeble, 
 resistance. The sovereigns saw their power 
 vanish like a shadow. In Vienna, on the 
 18th of March 1848, the cry was uttered, 
 'Down with Metternlch,' and, on the 14th, 
 prince Motternich was a fugitive, and tho 
 city in the hands of the students and tho 
 burgher-guard. Tho emperor hesitated, 
 and on ISth May there was a second rising, 
 in which the people triumphed. The court 
 then promised reformed institutions, and 
 subsequently appointed a so-called liberal 
 minister to carry them Into effect. 
 
 On the I8th and 19th March the people 
 of Berlin rose in arms. In the Konlg'a 
 Btrasse, where the chief contest ensued, 
 the words 'Respect private property,' 
 were posted on every shop, and on the 
 city chambers were Inscribed, 'Public 
 property.' The government was beaten, 
 few excesses were committed, the king 
 promised free Institutions, and tranquillil^ 
 was restored. Political movements took 
 place at the same time in Bavaria, Saxony, 
 Hanover, and the other minor German 
 states, and everywhere the sovereigns, 
 prostrate before the popular power, acceded 
 to the demands of their subjects. These 
 demands were limited to representative 
 constitutions, freedom of the press, gua- 
 rantees against personal arrest except on 
 the warrant of a court of justice, trial by 
 jury, pnljlictty of judicial proceedings, and 
 other constitutional privileges, which In 
 England are reckoned the birthright of 
 even the humblest individual. These hav- 
 ing been conceded, the sovereigns were 
 left in tho undisturbed possession of their 
 thrones. 
 
 Bimultanennsly with these occurrences, 
 a self-constituted assembly of political 
 reformers met at Heidelberg, to devise 
 means for obtaining a new constitution 
 for confederated Germany, in place of the 
 obnoxious diet, which the princes con- 
 sented to abolish. They had two grand ob- 
 jects lu view. To secure a due represen- 
 tation of the people in the confederated 
 government, and by means of this govern- 
 ment to render Germany a great and 
 united political power. Their labours endeii 
 
 in tho election, ijy nearly universal suf. 
 frage, and with the consent of the sove- 
 reigns, of a certain number of deputies I 
 from each of the confederated states, who 
 met in Frankfort as a German parllnnient, 
 with power to frame a constitution for 
 the confederation, and to constitute Gor. 
 many, in her foreign relations, a single, 
 powerful, and united state. On the m\i 
 of June 1848, the parliament chose tlie 
 archduke John ot Austria as the head of 
 United Germany, under the title of tlie | 
 ' Reichsverwcser,' or 'lieutenant-adminis- 
 trator of the empire.' ' The election was I 
 received with universal acclamation. Fires 
 of joy blazed on every hill, cannon thm-: 
 derod out the publlj greeting of the con- 
 stitution, and thousands of voices shouted | 
 forth in jubilee, " JIall our German Father- 
 landl"' 
 
 Immediately after the installation of tlie I 
 Reichsverweser, the German parliament | 
 commenced its labours of framing a consti- i 
 tutlon. By this scheme, the countries com- : 
 posing till that period tho Germanic coii-> 
 federation, together with Bohleswig, anil 
 the provinces of tbe eastern and western I 
 Prnssia, were all to be fused into one grand, I 
 free, fraternal empire of Germany ; the so- 1 
 vereignties at present existing within t\\m \ 
 territories being limited and subordinatodl 
 up to the point which the perfection o{ im-l 
 perlal unity might be found to require.! 
 This empire was to be hereditary, and Its I 
 oapltal was to be Frankport on the Maine. I 
 The emperor of Germany was to be main- 1 
 taincdlii his dignity by a civil list, voted I 
 by the German parliament ; he was to Imvel 
 the executive in all affairs of the em|)iro,r 
 and to nominate and appoint all offlccrd oti 
 the state, of the army and navy, and of the I 
 staff of the national guard. In the imperial I 
 power, as constituted by this emperor audi 
 parliament, would be vested all the inte^l 
 national representation of Germany viml 
 respect to foreign states, tho disposal i 
 the army, the right of conducting negrotlvl 
 tions and concluding treaties, and of de-l 
 daring peace or war. The parliament wul 
 to consist of two houses ; the upper can-[ 
 stituted by tho thirty-throe reigning eoTe-l 
 reigns (or their deputies), by a deputy froml 
 each of the four free towns, and by aconi-l 
 plenient of as many imperial counclllon,! 
 v^ith certain qnaliflcatlons, as should raiiel 
 the whole chamber to the number of Ml 
 members ; tho lower by representatives tol 
 be elected by tho people in fixed I)ropo^| 
 tions, but by methods to bo determined m 
 the respective states. Provision was alxil 
 made for the establishment of supremo fudl 
 imperial courts of judicature, with ampKl 
 powers, vast fields of operation,. ind inoitl 
 effective machinery. But long before tlil)| 
 gigantic scheme could be matured, the pro 
 ceedings ot the German parliament wit 
 thrown into a different channel by eveDti 
 to which we must now briefly advert 
 
 Schleswlg and Holstr<n are two dncblet 
 which, by hereditary descent, have oomij 
 to be connected with the crown of Dei' 
 mark, as Hanover was with that ot tnf 
 land. But the king of Denmark is dak] 
 only of Bohleswig and ot Holstein, ~ 
 
C^e Witovp at 6ermanj;. 
 
 691 
 
 ' unlTerBAl mu fj 
 nt o2 the sove- . 
 )er of deputies 
 ited itates.wbo 
 nan parliament, 
 onstitution f(}r| 
 constitute Gor-j 
 itlonB, a single,! 
 ;c. On the 29tli : 
 nent chose the] 
 t as the head of 
 ;he title of tliel 
 utenant-admlnls- 
 rhe election was; 
 Blnmatlon. Fires | 
 ill, cannon thiin- 
 etlngot the con- 
 (f voices shouted | 
 r German Father- 
 
 DStallatlon of the 
 rman parliament 
 ftraming a const!- 
 ;he countries com- ; 
 he Germanic con-j 
 ,h Bohleswig, aiij 
 Item and western 
 led into one granil, 
 Germany ; the so- 
 istlng within these 
 and subordinated 
 e perfection of Ira- 
 found to require, 
 hereditary, and its 
 [)ort on the Maine. 
 ly was to he maln- 
 ' a civil list, voted 
 nt ; he was to have 
 lirs of the emrire, 
 point all ofBcers of 
 d navy, and of the 
 ■d. In the imperial 
 ■ this emperor and 
 iBted all the lnte^ 
 of Germany ^itli 
 18, the disposal o( 
 anducting negotlt 
 reatles, and of ile- 
 'he parliament ™ 
 iS ; the upper con- 
 iroe reigning sovfr] 
 I, by ft deputy from 
 iTOB, and hy a com-] 
 perial councillor!, 
 UB, as should ra^ 
 he number of *» 
 repreBentativesto 
 6 in fixed prorf 
 be determined bj 
 •rovision was »1m 
 int of supremo and 
 ■iture,wlth ample 
 leration, and most 
 ,t long before tnii| 
 matured, the pr 
 parliament wei 
 .lannel by eTcni 
 lefly advert 
 1 are two dncnl( 
 iscent, have comi 
 e crown of Wf 
 rfith that of Bni 
 Denmark is aw 
 of Holsteln, " 
 
 their Gorman laws and constitution have 
 remained unchanged during all the period 
 of their connection with Denmark. In 
 Holsteln the succession has always been 
 limited to heirs male ; and as in some an- 
 cient charters there was a clause declaring 
 the union between Holsteln and Sclileswig 
 indissoluble, the Germans, In the near pros- 
 pect of the crown of Denmark falling Into 
 the female line, had, for a long period, been 
 eager that measures should be adopted to 
 the effect that the duchy of Schleswig shot) Id 
 follow the succession of the duchy of Hol- 
 steln, and that all political connection be- 
 tween Denmark and the duchies should 
 cease. To this arrangement the Danes were 
 naturally hostile. This question had at- 
 Itracted great attention in 1846 and 1847, and 
 some opposition was offered to the central- 
 ising tendencies of Christian VIII., because 
 [it Avas thought that the measures of the 
 lourt were directed against the nationality 
 of the duchies. The accession of this 
 lioverele;n, followed by an attempt to em- 
 iraco his different possessions under one 
 nstlUitlon, increased the discontent of 
 he Gcman party in Schleswig-Holsteln. 
 aK r the connection existing between 
 ihn Qii , ind to propose to treat either 
 if 111 . ■egral parts of the monarchy, 
 
 '.- u an attack upon the rights 
 iftL .ly, and as an attempt to extin- 
 
 itsh the nationality of the duchies. During 
 lis exasperated state of feeling the French 
 iTolution of February, 1848, opportunely 
 iroke out. The momentary success which 
 tended it, stimulated the German party In 
 16 duchies to throw oft the Danish yoke j 
 id a provisional government was at once 
 oclaimed. Though It appears singular 
 at the government and the people of Ger- 
 ijnv should have seriously set to work to 
 lade an ancient monarchy for the benefit 
 an empire which never existed, yet so it 
 s— the kingdoms and the principalities of 
 irmany took up the quarrel. The assembly 
 Frankfort aided the Insurgents both by 
 ird and deed. Troops from every quarter 
 !re hurried to the assistance of a ' kin- 
 race ;' and general Wrangel, at the 
 id of a considerable army, occupied Jut- 
 id, and raised enormous contributions 
 im the unfortunate inhabitants. It was 
 vain that the king of Denmark, who, as 
 ;e of Holsteln, was a member of the 
 manic confederation, protested against 
 invasion of his rights. The Germans, 
 im the Rhine to the Oder, had set their 
 rts upon making Germany a naval 
 er, and were determined to acquire the 
 rbour of Kiel, together with a large por- 
 ta of the Danish coast. The Danes, how- 
 ir, manfully resisted : though compelled 
 reture from their continental dominions 
 the superior numbers of the invading 
 they inflicted no small loss on the 
 17 by blockading the German ports, 
 mark then applied to Rassla, France, 
 England, her allies, for folfUment of 
 ties guaranteeing to her the integrity 
 ler dominions. The danger of a general 
 'opean war became Imminent ; and the 
 tlan government, which, up to that 
 lent, had been the chief instigator and 
 
 support of the Insurgents, found it neces- 
 sary to consent to an armistice. This ar- 
 mistice was concluded at Malmo, Aug. 2G, 
 and was to last for soven months. It virtu- 
 ally put an end to the war : for though It 
 again broke forth, ai\d raged with great 
 violence (Jurlng the s))rin8 and summer of 
 the following ycir, the combatants were 
 confined ahnosc exclusively to the Hol- 
 steiners anci the Danes ; the German govern- 
 ments having meanwhile abandoned a cause 
 to which they had lent tliemselves at first 
 with unexampled eagerness. 
 
 Theassembly at Frankfort, after a stormy 
 debate, approved of this armistice, but by a 
 small majority. The liberal members, with 
 Dahlmann at their head, loudly expressed 
 their Indignation, which found a powerful 
 echo out of doors. Meetings were held out- 
 side the town, at which it was resolved that 
 those who had ratified 'the Infamous ar- 
 mistice of Malmo were traitors against tho 
 majesty, liberty, and honour of the German 
 people;' and a deputation was appointed 
 to inform them of this resolution. The arch- 
 duke John was now officially informed that 
 the senate could not preserve the peace of 
 the town. His minister of the Interior, Von 
 Schmerling,forthwith summoned Austrifiu, 
 Prussian, and Bavarian troops to Frank- 
 fort : and when the populace began to erect 
 barricades, and throw stones at them, the 
 town was declared In a state of siege. At 
 length the confiict began by an attack on 
 one of tho barricades, at which the ominous 
 red flag was displayed. One barricade after 
 another waf carried under a galling fire 
 from behind ihem and the houses. Artillery 
 had to be called for, and employed against 
 some ; but by midnight all resistance was 
 at an end. Martial law was proclaimed. 
 This Insurrection was marked by some In- 
 cidents more than usual'y atrocious. As 
 prince Llcl nowsky snd major Auerswald 
 were attem^>tlng to reason with the insur- 
 gents, thej were fired upon, mortally 
 wounded, and then barbarously cut and 
 hacked. The decline of the assembly may 
 date from this day. 
 
 In the midst of these complicated trans- 
 actions, the important question as to the 
 prince on whose head the imperial crown 
 should be placed, could no longer be de- 
 ferred. A large majority of the national 
 assembly voted for the king of Prussia ; 
 and a depucatlon was appointed to go to 
 Berlin to ;»pprlse his majesty of the vote. 
 But the king, who had so often appeared 
 anxious to seize the imperial crown, now 
 declined it until the princes of Germany 
 should have made known their views. This 
 answer pleased no party. Austria did 
 not find the refusal sufficiently distinct; 
 and the Frankfort assembly saw In it a 
 proof that a rupture was at hand. Then 
 followed a series of complicated events, 
 in which the German parliament disap- 
 peared. Austria, through her minister, 
 M. de Schmerling, declared that the as- 
 sembly had exceeded its powers; that It 
 had not been nominated to dispose of the 
 empire, but to frame a constitution for the 
 approval of the different govemmenta 
 finally, that the assembly no longer existedi 
 
692 
 
 tU^t ^veaiuxyi at W^tavn, ^c. 
 
 and that the Austrian deputies might con- 
 sider their mission at an end. 
 
 Thus abandoned by Prussia, and attacked 
 by Austria, the German parliament was at 
 a loss wJiere to turn to for support. Many of 
 the most distinguished members, who had 
 had faith iu the mission of the parliament, 
 lost courage, and one by one resigned their 
 functions, and thus left the field open to 
 the wild and revolutionary spirits whom 
 they had hitherto kept In check. Left to 
 the freedom of their own will, they at onc« 
 proceeded to depose the archduke John, 
 who, however, took no heed of tlieir depo- 
 sition ; and, at length, on the 30tli of May 
 1849, they resolved to quit Frankfort, and 
 removed to Stuttgart. There they formed 
 nothing but a club, and the first German 
 parliament received Its deathMon-fromtho 
 police "gents of the king of Wlrtemi.crg. 
 The revolutionary deputies then dlsperseO 
 over Germany ; and we And them taking 
 part in all the insurrections of which Dres- 
 den, Lelpzlc, and Baden were shortly after- 
 wards the bloody stage. 
 
 The king of Prussia, now acting under 
 the counsel of general Uadowltz, attempted 
 to obtain by diplomatic means what ho 
 had rejected when presented by the popu- 
 lar will. But it would far exceed our limits 
 to detail the policy to which he had re- 
 course to effect his object. Sufllce It here 
 to state, that the various schemes which 
 he adopted had no definite result, save to 
 revive, In all its force, the fierce struggle 
 for supremacy that had long existed be- 
 tween Austria and Prussia. Prussia by 
 convoking at Erfurt certain elected depu- 
 ties as a central parliament, in lieu of the 
 Frankfort parliament already hastening to 
 an end, had recognised the political ex- 
 istence of the people, and their right to 
 participate In framlngafederal constitution. 
 Austria, on the other hand, refused to allow 
 her subjects to elect deputies to that as- 
 sembly, and protested against the character 
 of a federal parliament given to it by Prus- 
 sia. Austria argued that as the Frankfort 
 parliament, to which she had consented, was 
 dissblved, the old diet revived as a matter 
 of right. Prussia resisted this view, and 
 maintained that the diet was for ever ex- 
 tinguished, and that, on the dissolution of 
 the Frankfort parliament, the field was 
 once more open to the reconstruction of a 
 new federal constitution. But, in defiance 
 of the protest of Prussia, the diet at Frank- 
 fort was once more convoked, the plenum 
 announced to be complete, and the usual 
 recognition by foreign powers formally de- 
 manded. The German people were In de- 
 spair. The king of Prussia was isgarded 
 as their only, although a forlorn bvyp ; and 
 they longed for some event whic.N by 
 uniting them, might once mcr'* enJle 
 them to vindicate their own political ex- 
 istence and their rights. 
 
 Such an event most unexpectedly oc- 
 curred. The electorate of Hesse-Cassel 
 was one of the minor German states which 
 enjoyed a constitutional government. For 
 eighteen years it had been In full opera- 
 tion; and through Its instrumentality many 
 beneflclal measures had been introduced. 
 
 But the chambers having, In 1850, declined i 
 to vote certain taxes, the elector dissolved i 
 them, and in flagrant violation of the con- ; 
 stitution, proceeded to levy vbe taxes by 
 his own sovereigu authority. But the in- 1 
 (*' idualB, from whom taxes were lllegallv i 
 demanded, applied to the supreme civil 
 court, and received from It an Injunction 
 to restrain the collector. This brougiit i 
 the sovereign and the supreme court, as j 
 representing the law and the constitution,: 
 into collision, and the peop. universally 
 rallied round the constitution. Thej- re- 
 mained perfectly quiet, but offered a deter- 
 mined passive resistance. The elector fled L 
 to Fulda,and there proclaimed martial law, ' 
 appointed a commander-in-chief, and or- 1 
 deredhlm to collect the imposts by military 
 execution. The officers of the elector's 
 army resigned their commissions, and he 
 was forced to disband his soldiers I He 
 then applied to the confederate sovereigns i 
 to reduce his subjects to obedience. Austria i 
 and Bavaria at once responded to the call, , 
 and Induced Wlrtemberg to aid them. Tlie 
 German people, with one voice, appealed to 
 the king of Prussia, who marched hl3 troops 
 to the confines of Hesse-Cassel to support 
 the constitution. The soldiers of Austrln 
 and Bavaria approached by another line to 1 
 enforce the dictates of the elector's irre- 1 
 sponsible will. To give effect tohls demon- 
 stration, the king of Prussia .-■■.ramonedliis I 
 chambers, and called out his landwclir or 
 the whole military force of his kiugdcu., 
 The chambers, his army, and people re- 
 sponded to the call to war with acclamations | 
 of joy ; and a conflict seemed Inevitable, 
 The whole German people gave indications I 
 of participating in the same spirit. The 
 agitation was universal, and the sovereign 
 speedily discovered that. If the sword were 
 once drawn, it would be a war not olj 
 Austria against Prussia, but of the people | 
 of all the German states, and of Bohemis, J 
 Hungary, and Lonibardy, against tlielr] 
 kings I The rulers stopped short on 
 brink of the precipice. The king of Prussis j 
 suddenly prorogued his chambers, and on j 
 the 29th of November 1850, prince Scliwar- f 
 zenburg, representing Austria, and baron j 
 Manteuffel, the minister of Prussln, nietj 
 at Olmutz, and adopted propoRltloiis for I 
 'solving,' as they termed it, 'the ponding [ 
 differences' regarding both Holstcin and I 
 Hesse-Cassel. The solution was very simple. \ 
 These sovereigns agreed that all the (lerman I 
 princes should name two commissaries, I 
 whose office shall be to force Denmark and | 
 Holstcin to make an arrangement, and also I 
 to force the elector and his subjects to | 
 come to terms ; and In the meantime. Id I 
 order to establish, 'in the electorate of I 
 Hesse as well as in Holsteln, a legal state I 
 of things responding to the principles of I 
 the diet,' and which should ' render tliej 
 fulfilment of the federal duties possiblo,' 
 Prussia agreed to join Austria In occupying I 
 Hesse, and in sending commissaries to I 
 Holsteln, to call on ' the stadtUolderatel 
 (the Holsteln people), in the namo oi tbel 
 diet, to cease hostilities.' I 
 
 These resolutions were soon aftenrardil 
 carried Into effect ; and from that monienll 
 
In 1850, declined 
 elector dissolved , 
 itlon of the con- 
 Bvy xbe taxes liy 
 ■Ity. iJut the In- , 
 ceawevc iUogRllyj 
 16 Bupreme civil 
 It an injunction: 
 r. This brought 
 u'preme court, aj 
 the constitution, , 
 )eop. universalis : 
 ,tution. They re- 
 ut offered a deter- . 
 I The elector fled 
 [ilmed martial to, 
 r-ln-cblef, and ot- 
 mposts by military 
 a of the elector's 
 nmisslonB, and he 
 his soldiers 1 He , 
 ederate sovereigns 
 obedience. Austria ' 
 sponded to the call, 
 g to aid them. The 
 e voice, appealed to 
 ) marched hlatroow 
 ae-Cassel to support 
 soldiers of Austrln 
 dhy another line to 
 ' the elector's Irrc- 
 leltccttohlsdcjnor,- 
 ussla r-.mmonedhis 
 ,ut his landweliror 
 rco of his klngdo... 
 rmy, and people re- 
 ar with acclamatloM 
 t seemed incvitiible, 
 pie gave inAica.tim 
 same spirit. The 
 M. and the soverdp 
 it.lf theswordwere 
 •^ be a war not of 
 a. but ofthepeorle 
 ftes-andof Boheraiv 
 irdy. against thelt 
 jpped short on .... 
 ■^The king of Prnssla 
 Is chambers, and on 
 1850, prince SoUwm- 
 Austria, and 1.ar« 
 ter of Prusslo, n 
 ed propositions for 
 fedlt-'thcKnain? 
 hoth Holstclu al 
 Klon was very simple, 
 dthatallthederm 
 two commissane!, 
 force Denmark and 
 rangement.andaU 
 md his subjects 
 the meantime, m 
 ^ the electorate 
 plBtcin.alegalsW 
 
 Ko the Pr""; P'f. 
 should 'render w 
 •al duties possi*. 
 LustriainoccupylMi 
 \g commissaries to 
 the Btadtuoldoia^^ 
 in the namo ol tw 
 
 ire soon rdtcm^ 
 lftomthatinoiuf«t| 
 
 tlic revolutionary flame which burst fortli 
 in 1648, and bad continued to burn with 
 more or less intensity for two years, may 
 be said to have been extinguished. The 
 subsequent history of Germany possesses 
 little interest for the English reader. Suf- 
 fice it to state that the old diet at Frank- 
 fort was reinstated with its former au- 
 thority ; and repeated conferences were 
 held at Dresden, Berlin, Vienna, and else- 
 where, for the purpose of regulating the 
 internal commerce of the diferent Ger- 
 man states, and arranging other weighty 
 matters. But, tar from cementing the 
 interests of the different governments, 
 the contest for supremacy between Aus- 
 tria and Prussia still raged so violently, 
 that even the Zollverein, whose grand 
 unifying influence for many years ope- 
 rated so beneficially on the material inte- 
 rests of Germany, was threatened with 
 dissolution. 
 
 In August 1863, a congress of German 
 Bovereignsand princes took place at Frank- 
 fort for the purpose of discussing a project 
 {or the reformation of the bund, the king 
 of Prussia being almost the only ruler 
 who held aloof. The result of the con- 
 gress was an act which decreed, among 
 other things, that a directory should be 
 formed for managing the affairs of the 
 confederation, that a federal council should 
 be formed of the plenipotentiaries of the 
 governments, thai, au assembly of fede- 
 ral delegates should be periodically con- 
 voked, and a federal court of justice 
 established. 
 
 Thb following territories, with the po- 
 polatlon of each, were, according to the 
 BtatlBtlcs of 1857-62, comprised lu the 
 Ge-man confederation •— 
 
 States. 
 Austria 
 Prussia 
 Bavaria 
 Saxony 
 
 Population. 
 
 . 12,813,263 
 . 14,139,008 
 . 4,689,831 
 2,225,240 
 
 Hanover 1,888,070 
 
 Wurtemberg. . . . l, 720,708 
 
 Baden 1,369,291 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt . . . 836,250 
 
 Mccklenburg-Schweriu . 548,449 
 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz . . 99,060 
 
 Saxe Weimar. . . . 273,252 
 
 Oldenburg .... 295,242 
 
 Luxemburg .... 190,804 
 
 Hesse-Cassel .... 738,4.^ 
 
 Nassau 450,567 
 
 Brunswick .... 281,697 
 
 Saxe-Meinlngen . . . 172,341 
 
 Saxe-Altenburg . . . 137,162 
 
 Saxe-Coburg-Gotlia . . i.')9,43l 
 
 Bolsteln and Laucnburg . 594,566 
 
 Anhalt-Dessau Kiithcn . 124,013 
 
 Anhalt-Bernburg . . . 57,811 
 
 Hesse-Homburg . . . 26,817 
 
 Schwarzburg-Sondershauscu 64,895 
 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt . 71,613 
 
 Waldeck-Pyrmont . . 58,904 
 
 LIppe-Detmold . . . 108,613 
 
 Scbaumburg-Lippe . . 30,774 
 
 UeuBS-Qriez (senior bran .1) 42,130 
 EeusB-Bcbleitz (junior branch) 83,300 
 
 81. 
 32. 
 33. 
 34. 
 
 3.5. 
 
 Liechtenstein 
 Homburg 
 
 Bremen .... 
 Lubeck .... 
 Frankfort 
 Tutal population 
 
 7,160 
 
 229,041 
 
 98,675 
 
 49,482 
 
 83,380 
 
 . 44,802,050 
 
 Tlic total military force of the confe- 
 deration, 603,072 men. 
 
 In the year 1855, the emperor of Austria 
 entered into an important concordat with 
 the Pope, which showed how strong a power 
 the Roman church still ventured to exer- 
 cise, where she knew that her "laims would 
 be admitted. By it all education wair placed 
 absolutely in the hands of the clergy, who 
 were to decide what books should and should 
 not be read, not only by the pupils, but also 
 by the nation .it large ; and the gov£i iimcn* 
 engaged to prevent the Interdicted books 
 from spreading over the empire, as well as 
 to suppress all contempt of the church, her 
 ministers, and her ordinances, whether 
 shown in word, deed, or writing. Questions 
 of law find property were dealt with in the 
 same spirit. 
 
 To this concordat succeeded in i860 poli- 
 tical reforms, of which the results are 
 likely to be antagonistic to the ecclesiastical 
 domination. The nimibers of the Belchs- 
 rath or council of the empire were fixed at 
 80, and in its periodical sessions, it was (1) 
 to fix the amount of the budget, to examine 
 the state balance sheets, and the reports of 
 the national debts' commission ; (2) to con- 
 sider the more important draughts for gen- 
 eral laws ; and (3) the propoc^ls of the pro- 
 vincial constitutions. But it had not the 
 right of Initiating and making proposals 
 for laws or ordinances. The old Reichsrath 
 was to continue its functions on questions 
 not cognisable by this new Reichsrath. >.ae 
 members of which were called counsellors 
 extraordinary. On the 21st of October, the 
 emperor promulgated a new constitution. 
 This constitution introduced many impor- 
 tant Improvements, and granted to the 
 people a much larger share of real freedom ; 
 but throughout it regarded freedom as the 
 spontaneous gift of the sovereign, revocable 
 at will, and not as the inalienable right of 
 the people. Hence the Hungarians «vere na- 
 turally dlssatisfled. What they wanted was 
 no arbitrary gift from a benevolent emperor, 
 but the restoration of rights which they had 
 once exercised, and which had been vio- 
 lently suspended. They demanded therefore 
 the carrying out uf an existing constitu- 
 tion, not the promulgation of a new one ; 
 and further, as a natural sequence, the 
 coronation of the emperor at Pcsth as king 
 of Hungary, as well as the reunion of tho 
 Banat .and Volvodlna with the present king- 
 dom of Hungary. What tho final result 
 may be, the history of 1862 does not enable 
 us to determine. The political atmosphere 
 seems outwardly calm ; and the attention 
 of the Austrian government 1,9 wisely given 
 to financial reform.s which are urgently 
 needed. Tho difficulties involved in the 
 occupation of Venetia may be reserved 
 until an answer to them can no longer be 
 withheld. 
 
 z £1 
 
 • 1 
 ■1- 
 
 I 
 
HUNaARY. 
 
 Thb Huna are described by the old his- 
 torians as a nation of ferocious savages, 
 emanating from Scythia, or Western Tar- 
 tary. Tliey lived upon roots, and flesh, half 
 raw ; they had neither houses nor cities ; 
 and their wives and children dwelt under 
 tents. They fought without order, and 
 without disciiillne; and trusted much to 
 the swiftness of tlieir horses. They do not 
 appear to have been known to the R. 'nans 
 until about the year 200 of the Christian 
 era, at which time the llomans called thcui 
 Pannonians. 
 
 The people of Hungary consist of seven 
 distinct races, viz. Magyars, Biowacks, Cro- 
 atlans, Germans, Wallachians, Busniacks, 
 and Jews ; of whom the Magyars are by 
 far the most considerable. In their own 
 country their oriental denomination of 
 Magyars is usually given to them, the name 
 of Huugariaas being used only by other 
 nations. 
 
 Under Attila, the> penetrated into Gaul, 
 and became masters of the llncst cities; 
 and were approaching towards Paris, when 
 Aetlus, the Roman general, defeated them 
 near Troyes, in Champagne. After this 
 battle, Attila retired into Pannonia; but as 
 soon as he had repaired his losses, he 
 ravaged Italy ; and was preparing anew to 
 enter Gaul, when death put an end to hia 
 victories in the year 464. 
 
 Attila was really what he had named 
 himself, ' the terror of men, and the scourge 
 of God.' After his death, great divisions 
 took place among the Huns, who no longer 
 kept that name, but assumed the appellation 
 of Hungarians; but of their history during 
 the time of the Western and Bastem em- 
 pires, and the various wars and invasions 
 which are said to have taken place between 
 the third and tenth centuries, there is no 
 information upon which reliance can bo 
 placed. 
 
 They began to embrace Christianity un- 
 der the guidance of German missionaries. 
 Stephen, chief <^t the Hungarians, who had 
 married the sister of the emperor Henry, 
 was baptised at the beginning of the 
 eleventh century. The pope bestowed 
 upon him the title of ' the apostolic king ;' 
 and Idolatry boou after disappeared in Hun- 
 gary. 
 
 Stephen, thus honoured by the pope for 
 hit services In converting the heatnens, 
 endeavoured to strengthen his kingdom by 
 the power of the hierarchy and the aristo- 
 cracy. He established ten richly endowed 
 bishoprics, and divided the whole empire 
 into seventy counties. These officers and 
 the bishops formed the senate of the king- 
 dom, with whose concurrence king Stephen 
 granted a constitution, the principal fea- 
 tures of which are still preserved. The un- 
 settled state of the succession to the crown. 
 
 and the consequent Interference of neigh- 
 bouring princes, and of the Roman court, 
 in the domestic concerns of Hungary ; tbe 
 inveterate hatred of the Magyars aKnInet 
 the Germans, who were favoured by Peter, 
 the successor of Stephen ; the scciet strug. 
 glc of Paganism with Christianity, and par- 
 ticularly the arrogance of the clergy and 
 nobility, long retarded tue prosperity of the 1 
 country. ' 
 
 The religious zeal and bravery of St. la- 
 dislaus, and the energy and prudence of 
 Calonian, sliiue amidst the darkness of 
 this period. These two monMChsexteniled 
 the boundaries of the empire ; the former 
 by the conquest of Croatia and Sclavonia, 
 the latter by the conquest of Dalmatli 
 They asserted with firmness the dignity ot 
 the Hungarian crown, and the iiideiien- 
 dence of the nation, against all foreign 
 attacks ; and restored order and tranquillity 
 at home by wise laws and prudent regula- 
 tions. The introduction of German colo- 
 nists, from Flanders and Alsace, into Zips 
 and Transylvania, by Geysa II., in lH8,ha(l 
 an importaj.it Influence on those districts; 
 and the connection of Hungary with Con- 
 stantinople during the reign of Bela III, 
 who had been educated in that city, liada 
 favourable effect on the country in general, 
 The Magyars, who had previously passed 
 the greater part of the year in tents, Ijecami 
 more accustomed to living in towns, and ! 
 to civil Institutions. On the other hand, : 
 Hungary became connected with France, 
 by the second marriage of Bela with Mar- 
 gat et, sister to Henry, king of France, and I 
 widow of Henry, king of England. Sbe 
 Introduced French elegance at the Hun- 
 gnrlan court, and at this time we And tbe 
 11 est mention of Hungarians studying it 
 Paris ; but these Improvements were soon 
 checked, and the kingdom was redur- iA 
 most deplorable condition by thei.irasioi 
 of the Mongols in the middle of the IHV 
 century. After the retreat of these wild 
 hordes, Bela IV. endeavoured to heal the 
 wounds of his country. He induced Ger- 
 mans to settle in the depopulated provlncej, I 
 and elevated the condition of the citizen! 
 by increasing the number of royai fret 
 cities. 
 
 The king, Ladlslaus, having been killed 
 In 1290, by the Tartars, the emperor Ro- 
 dolph of Haps'i. urg, pretending that Hun- 
 gary was a flef of the empire, gave tbe 
 crown to one of his sons ; but. In 1309, pop< 
 Boniface VIII., supposing it to be bis rigbt 
 to dispose of the kingdom. Invested Chart' 
 bert, who supported bis appointment wltti 
 his sword. Under him Hungary becaiM 
 powerful : he added to his kingdom Croati: 
 Servia, Transylvania, Moldavia, and partoli 
 Dalmatia. 
 
 In 1437, Albert of Austria ascended tlitj 
 
■ference of neigh- 
 the Roman court, 
 I of Hungury ; tho 
 
 Magyars UKalnrt 
 tavoured by Peter, ] 
 
 ; tlio secret Btnig.,; 
 rlstlanlty.andpar- : 
 of th« clergy and • 
 le prosperity ot the 
 
 bravery ot St. la- 
 r and prudence ot i 
 the darkness nt ' 
 luonarchB extended 
 •mplra ; the lormw 
 atla and Bclavonla, 
 quest of Dalmatia, 
 mess the dignity ol 
 , and the indereii' 
 against all foreign; 
 rdcr and tranqulUltj 
 md prudent regula- 
 m of German cote 
 nd Alsace, Into Zlr§ 
 leysall.,lnll48,had 
 3 on those districts; 
 Hungary with Con- 
 B reign of Bela III, 
 d In that city, had > 
 e country in general, 
 1 previously passed 
 ^car in tents, became ; 
 Ivlng in towns, and ! 
 On the other hand, 
 lected with Francf, 
 re of Bela with Mar- 
 king of France, and 
 t of England. Slie , 
 sgance at the Hm- 
 ils time we find till 
 rarlans studying" 
 jvements were soon 
 lorn was reduc wJ 
 ilonhy thei...asioj 
 middle ot the 1311 
 itreat of these wUd 
 ivoured to healtu 
 r He Induced Ge^; 
 .)opulatedprovlncei,; 
 ntlonof thecltizenij 
 Imbor of royal nee 
 
 1 having been kliw! 
 tg. the emperor R* 
 letendlng that Hm 
 le empire, gave tM 
 liB;but,lnl309,i;op! 
 
 [ng it to be his ilgM ., 
 ^om. invested Ch»rt 
 
 1 appointment m 
 n Hungary tecaiM 
 his kingdom Croav 
 
 Moldavia, and part* 
 lustria ascended tto' 
 
 Cri)e W^tovn of dermani?. 
 
 695 
 
 Hungarian throne. Under blm commenced 
 the inteitlne divisions whloh, Joined to the 
 irruptions ot the Turks, almost depopulated 
 the country. The civil war between the 
 people and the nobles, in the ;ci>tn of 
 liftdlslauB V. and the Corvlns, weakened It 
 go ronob, that it was not In a state to resist 
 the Ottoman power ; and the army of 8oly- 
 man entirely destroyed that of Hungary In 
 1526; when the king, Louis II., was killed. 
 200,000 captives were taken away by the 
 Turks. 
 
 Ferdinand I., emperor of Germany, was 
 elected king of Hungary by the states In 
 1527. He found the country weak In popu- 
 lation, very poor, divided by tho Catiiolic 
 and Protestant factions, and occupied by 
 the Turkish and German armies. It was In 
 a deplorable state under all the kings of 
 the house of Austria, but more particularly 
 so under Leopold, elected In 1655. In his 
 reign, Upper Hungary and Transylvania 
 were the theatre of revolution, bloody war, 
 and devastation. 
 
 The Hungarians defended their liberties 
 anfalnst Leopold; and the uonscfiueucewas, 
 the death of thoprlnclp.il nobility on the 
 scaffold, at Vienna. A man named Emeric 
 Tekeii, whose father and friends had fallen 
 under the hands of tho executioner. In 
 order to avenge their deaths, raised a force 
 in Hungary, in 1683, and joined Mahomet 
 IV., then besieging Vicuna. John SobleskI, 
 king ot Poland, Charles, duke of Lorraine, 
 and the prluces of the empire, had the good 
 fortune to oblige Mahomet to retire, and 
 thus relieved the emperor and his capital. 
 
 Leopold was resolved to be revenged on 
 the Hungarians ; he erected a scaffold in 
 the month of March 1087, and It remained 
 until the close of tho year, during which 
 time victims without number were immo- 
 lated by the hands of the cxecutlono''. Tlio 
 [ehockii'g butcheries which ihc liungariivus 
 i6aw practiaed on their countrymen filled 
 Ithem with horror and Intimidated them. 
 The Turks were twice repulsed, and Hun- 
 gary submitted. Transylvania was con- 
 kuered, and in possession of the imperial- 
 ists. The crown, which, since the time of 
 Ferdinand I., had been electlve.wasdcclared 
 hereditary ; and Joseph, son of Leopold, was 
 crowned king at the close of tho year 1687. 
 [it continued in the possession of tho old 
 lustrian boudc until the death of Charles 
 I., 1740. 
 
 Afterhis death, Maria Theresa, his daugh- 
 tei,wlio had married Into tho house of Lor- 
 ilne, and was by right heiress to his hcre- 
 Itary states, was in great danger of being 
 lethroned. France and Bavaria overran 
 ler dominions ; but at length she overcame 
 11 her dlfflculties : her husband, after the 
 leath of Charles VII., of Bavaria, was also 
 nvested with the joint sovereignty. On her 
 leath. In 1780, her son Joseph II., emperor 
 )J Germany, succeeded. He, dying In 1700, 
 lis next brother, Peter Leopold, grand duke 
 If Tuscany, became king of Hungary ; but 
 lied Ave months after his elevation, and 
 vas succeeded by his eldest son Francis. 
 From this time the Hungarian nation was 
 too much occupied with wars and rumours 
 « wars to proceed regularly and zealously 
 
 with constitutional and social reforms. Nay, 
 the chivalrous naturo of the people itself, 
 and their loyalty to tho Kaiser's throne, led 
 them to submit to repeated and exorbitant 
 dem ipda fur men and money, without ex- 
 acting a correspondent redress of griev- 
 ances. Francis I., when tho victories of 
 Napoleon were shattering tbo unity of 
 Austria, reminded tho diet of its response 
 to Maria Theresa at a similar crisis ; and on 
 each appeal was met with equal devotion, 
 if not with equal enthusiasm, even after 
 tho Hungarians were weary of a war In 
 which tliey performed the giant's task, and 
 received tlio dwarf's reward. From 1796 to 
 1811, tho diets were convoked to grant sup- 
 plies, and to bo dismissed as soon as they 
 spoke of grievances. 
 
 But with the restoration of peace in 1812, 
 a new era began fur Hungary. In spite of 
 war and levies, and bad government, the 
 kingdom had advanced In material prospe- 
 rity ; and it was expected that peace would 
 afford leisure for carrying out tho social 
 and constitutional reforms which previous 
 commissions had recommended. But it was 
 an era of brief promise and protracted dis- 
 appointment. Austria, as a member of the 
 Holy Alliance, was more than ever deter- 
 mined to set Hungary upon the same footing 
 as the hereditary states. A court party was 
 sedulously fostered In tho country and the 
 chambers; Austrian ulUcers were put in 
 command of Hungarian regiments ; the 
 bondage of the press was rigorously en- 
 forced ; new shackles were .'mposed ontrade ; 
 the currency was deprec'atedj for twelve 
 years no diet was sunip.oued, and nearly 
 every article of tho constitution was assailed 
 by violence, or evaded by intrigues. The 
 arbitrary measures by wlilch. In 1822 and 
 1823, the Austrian cabinet attempted to levy 
 taxes and troops In Hungary, In express 
 violation of Leopold II.'s nineteenth article 
 In tho ' dlplomo,' and of so r any preceding 
 charters, were arrested by the imposing diet 
 of 1825. Francis I. upon this retracted, apo- 
 logised, and by three additional articles en- 
 gaged to observe the fundamental law of 
 his Hungarian kingdom, to convoke the diet 
 at least triennially, and not to levy subsidies 
 without Its concurrence. From 1825 the 
 movements of the Ai strian government 
 were less daring and more insidious. It 
 tampered with elections, stimulated the 
 hostile prejudices of the races, and aug- 
 mented its number of partisans In the 
 chamber of magnates. Its success, how- 
 ever, in these arts was scarcely answerable 
 to its diligence. The municipalities of 
 Hungary, her county elections, and the 
 temper of her country gentlemen, opposed, 
 In most cases, an effective barrier to the 
 encroachments of absolutism. The nation 
 needed only a strong Impulse to complete 
 Its organisation ; and from the year 1827 
 dates that regular and active opposition 
 which, under the title of the Hungarian 
 party, withstood for twenty years (1827 — 
 1847) the assaults of despotic innovation. 
 The soul of this party was Kossuth, who, 
 though not a member of the diet at this time 
 contributed by his pen to the diffusion 
 ot liberal principles, and more than once 
 
896 
 
 QTIje Crrailuri} ot )gMtartf, 8c(, 
 
 expiated Iila courage by flno and iniprUon- 
 iiient. In 1817 ho waa returned to the diet, 
 wlioro Ills inltucnce became transcendent. 
 The inorements of tlie diet wore materially 
 quickened by the news of the French revo- 
 lution of February 24, 1848 ; and it was re- 
 solved to require a responsible ministry to 
 be chosen from the ranks of the liberal 
 party. KossuMt made this motion March 
 Srd, and so powerful wa^ the support he 
 coramandcd, that ' the conservative dcle- 
 
 fratefl agreed to give their tacit consent : or, 
 n other words, that the motion should be 
 carried, without a single observation being 
 made from either side of the house, by 
 general acclamation.' The inaucnce of the 
 Paris revolution was exceeded by that of 
 Vienna, March 14th. When the news ar- 
 rived, that prince Mecternich had been 
 compelled to resign ofllce. It became self- 
 evident that the Hungarians must have a 
 bond fide responsible ministry, liberty of the 
 press, and annual diets at IVath. To those 
 demands the sovereign acceded, and a 
 Hungarian ministry, composed of the most 
 distinguished members of the diet, was In- 
 stalled in office. That ministry embraced 
 the names of Louis Batthyani and Sze- 
 chenyl, of Paul Eaterbazy and Kossuth. 
 For the first time for three centuries, the 
 Magyars beheld at Pesth a truly national 
 government ; and, forgetting ancient grud- 
 ges, the whole kingdom was filled with loy- 
 alty and devotion to their hereditary sove- 
 reign. 
 
 But scarcely had the just claims of Hun- 
 gary been recognised when the cat met of 
 Vienna began to consider how the newly- 
 granted privileges of the Magyars ci uld be 
 wrested from them. One mode of efl ecting 
 this object speedily suggested itseU. The 
 Sclaveshad been for some time dreaming of 
 a united empire, and the Mea of flattering 
 their hopes, and then employing them to 
 crush the new-born liberties of Hungary, 
 readily occurred to the successors of princ« 
 Metternlcb. The Sclavonic people of the em- 
 pire wtre envious of the success of the Hun- 
 garian movement, and thus became more 
 readily the dupes of their iraperie.l masters. 
 The baron Joseph Jellachicb, at this period 
 colonel of a Croat regiment of horse, with 
 a handsome person and a ready wit, was 
 suddenly elevated to the dignity of Ban of 
 Croatia. Ho employed all his eloquence, 
 which was undoubtedly great, to Incite the 
 Serb and Croat population against the Ma- 
 gyars. Ho collected troops along the fron- 
 tier, whom, in his boastful proclamations, 
 he promised to enrich with the spoils of 
 Hungary ; he even threatened to march to 
 Pesth with his • Red mantles," the wildest 
 of those robber hordes by whom ho was sur- 
 rounded, and to dissolve the diet by force. 
 Suspicions began to l)e entertained that the 
 ban of Croatia waa secretly backed by the 
 imperial court, and a formal complaint was 
 brought against him at Innsprunk, where 
 the court was residing. In consequence of 
 these representatious, the ban of Croatia 
 was, by proclamation, deprived of all his 
 titles, and publicly declared a traitor. 
 
 The fears of the Hungarian diet were, for 
 » short time, lulled by this decisive act. The 
 
 agitation on the Croatian frontier, however, 
 still continued, and the marauding imndg 
 whom Jellachlch had drawn together cum- 
 niltted the grossest outrage* on the Inhabi- 
 tants ot the Lower Danub*. The few Aus- 
 trian regiments which were quartered in 
 that district offered so feeble a resistance to 
 the insurgents, as to revive all the 8U8|i|- 
 cions of the Magyars. Before a month had 
 elapsed , the true intentions of tliu cuurt 
 becaii.e apparent. The Serbs and Crdati 
 were no longer denounced as rebels and 
 traitors; and an Imperial proclamation nu 
 even Issued, approving generally of their 
 proceedings. 
 
 Boused to a sense of the imminent dangrr 
 which threatened them, the diet at length 
 took effective measures to resist any at- 
 tempt which should be made against Iti 
 liberties. Towards the middle uf Jul;, 
 Kossuth, as minister of finance. In an ela- 
 borate address, proposed that funds should 
 be Immediately provided fur raising an 
 army of 200,000 men; these were grauted 
 with enthusiasm. 
 
 Both parties were now In earnest, Aui- 
 tr'a had resolved at all hazards to retrace 
 i.cr steps, and Hungary was no less deter- 
 mined to maintain her long-lost nntionalltr. 
 From th< I time It was evident that nil fur- 
 ther ner.'otlatlon was fruitless, and the Im- 
 perial cabinet prepared to carry out Its 
 scheme fif Invading Hungary from the 
 south. For this purpose the ' traitor Jelli- 
 chlch' of the lOth of June was, on the4ib 
 of September, reinstated In all hisdignitlei 
 and titles, and on the 9th of the same momh 
 he crossed the southern frontier withu 
 army of upwards of 00,000 men, composed 
 partly of Austrian troops, but chietlyotli- 
 regular bands of Serbs and Croats, irlili 
 whom the heroic ban declared lie would 
 march direct to Pesth, and disperse the diet, 
 Before he could make good his boast.lio*- 
 ever, he suffered a signal defeat from the' 
 army of Hungarian volunteers wliichawalt- 
 ed his approach in the vicinity of thecaN- 
 tal. After this discomfiture, hemadeiliei 
 best of his way with a remnant of lila forte 
 to Vienna. 
 
 Serious events had mean-"hl!e occun«l| 
 At Presburg, count Lam berg, - ;lio had beet 
 sent to take the military comi'jand in Hun- 
 gary, but whose appointment, witlioMthe 
 sanction of the diet, was ilier.al, had fallen 
 a victim to the popular fury. This occur- 
 rence materially widened tli i ijreach l» 
 twcen the diet and the Imperial authority 
 and both parties actively prepared for tie 
 deadly struggle which was now inevitable 
 A proclamation was immediately issued b; 
 the emperor (October 3rd) dissolving lb( 
 diet, declaring all Its resolutions wblcblui 
 not bis sanction null and void, appolnllK 
 Jellachlch military commander and npi 
 plenipotentiary in Hungary, and laying* 
 kingdom under martial law. Tlie Vleim 
 revolution of October 6th, with tlio sub* 
 quent bombardment and capture of ili 
 city, left the military forces of Austrlaftf 
 to act against Hungary. In that dlrcctln 
 they were Immediately sent; and nodooM 
 was entertained of a certain and speedfH^ 
 umph. But before the army bad timeU 
 
ow In earnest. Aui' 
 I hazards to retrace 
 y was no lens deter- 
 long-lost iiationalltr, 
 evident tlintnllfup 
 trultless, and tlielm- 
 Dd to carry out Its 
 Hungary from the 
 ISO the ' traitor Jell» 
 June was, on tbeM 
 edinallhisdigiiitlei 
 ith of the same monlli 
 brn frontier with u 
 jo.OOO men, coinpoied I 
 )P8, but chiefly of It' I 
 bs and Croats, mm 
 n declared lie would j 
 and disperse tliedlel' 
 good his boast, boi- 
 nial defeat from thel 
 lunteers which awnit' 
 I vicinity of the carl- 
 uflture, he made the j I 
 remnant of hl9 lorctr 
 
 inean-"hlleoccurrti!f 
 imberg.iholiadton 
 iry connijandlnHuj- 
 ntm'int, wHliouitkel 
 ras iUor.al, Imd fellev 
 ar fury. This occiit- 
 encd til 1 breach I* 
 imperial authotilH 
 'ely prepared for tin 
 « was now iiieviublt 
 nmediately issued bl 
 ^•3rd) dissolving til I 
 I'csolutlons whiclihii I 
 and void, nppoinliii! I 
 jmmander and ro)i^ 
 ngary, and lajInglK I 
 al law. The Vienn 
 6th, with the sub* 
 and capture ot w 
 forces of AustrlaW 
 . In that dlrectki 
 J- sent; and nod* 
 flrtaln and speedjtfrl 
 le army had time hi 
 
 Cl)e WitoxQ of ®rnnnii!t. 
 
 697 
 
 enter Hungary, Ferdinand V., who felt 
 htmsoU unequal to the crisis, abdicated the 
 throne in favour of his nephew Francis 
 Joseph, who at once caused himself to be 
 nrocMlmed emperor of Austria and king of 
 aungary, without waiting for the constitu- 
 tional form of hlu election in accordance 
 with ancient treaties. 
 
 In the month of December, prince Wln- 
 dlsrhgrati! entered Hungary at the head oi' 
 130,000 men ; r.nd one stronghold after an- 
 other Rubmltted to their af)»ault. On the 
 advance of this great foree, t* e diet retired 
 from Pesth, and establlf>he(' Itself at Do- 
 hreciin, to the eastward o! the Theiss, 
 behind which river Gorgei, t> e commander- 
 in-chief of the Hungarians, concentrated 
 ' his army. Encouraged by success, a royal 
 proclamation was Issued March 4th, 1849, 
 annihilating the separatecxistcnco of Hun- 
 gary ; declaring It an integral portion of the 
 'hereditary empire of Austria,' an<? naming 
 Vienna as the capital, and seat of the 
 executive power. But the end was not 
 yet. The Hungarians now begun to act 
 on the offensive, and the campaign which 
 followed is one of the most remarkable in 
 history. 
 
 General Bem, a Polish emigrant,rccovered 
 Transylvania ; having with singular rapid- 
 ity, and with very inadcauate means, clear- 
 ' ed that country of Austrian troops. Oorgci 
 having inured his raw levies to discipline 
 and (danger throughout the winter, at this 
 time suddenly abandoned his defensive tac- 
 tics, and, crossing the Theiss at several 
 points, made a vigorous attack upon the 
 lines of the Austrian fleld-marshal. His 
 flrst efforts against the Austrian lines were 
 successful, and he Instantly followed them 
 up by a fresh attack. During the next ten 
 days there was a continuous series of 
 battles, which terminated generally to the 
 advantage of the Magyars. Windischgratz 
 retired slowly before his impetuous adver- 
 sary, who drove him, without a day's repose, 
 from one position to another, until he 
 reached OodoIIo. Near to that place the 
 Austrian general Intrenched himself along 
 a rango of wooded heights, which, being 
 thickly planted with artillery, he deemed 
 Impregnable. But he was mistaken. Gorgei 
 advanced immediately to the attack. The 
 Anstrlans fo'^gLt with their proverbial ol)- 
 Btlnacy ; but nothing could withstand the 
 farlouB charges of the Hungarian horse, 
 which, breaking through every obstacle, 
 made their way to the bcights, and silenced 
 the enemy's artillery. The victory was 
 complete; and the Anstrlans retired in 
 confusion from the field. After bis last 
 diBcomBture, Windischgratz was removed 
 from the command ; and Welden, who was 
 sent to succeedhlm. immediately evacuated 
 Hungary with the wreck of the imperial 
 forces. 
 
 We now approach the critical point of 
 tills great struggle. On the I4th of April 
 1849, a few days after the decisive defeat 
 of Windischgratz, the declaration of Hun- 
 garian Independence was Issued by the diet. 
 The particular form to be assumed by the 
 government was reserved for a future diet, 
 it being provided, In the meantime, • by 
 
 acclamation and witli the unanimous ap- 
 proval of the diet,' that Louis Kossuth 
 should be governor, and that the afftilrs ot 
 the kingdom should be conducted ' on the 
 basis of the ancient and received principles 
 which have been recognised for ages.' 
 Gorgei did not object to this measure; 
 but from this time he manifested a desire 
 to thwart the views of the diet. After 
 tlio retreat of the Austrliin army, bo was 
 strongly urged by Kossuth and by Deni- 
 binski, who had now arrived in Hungary, 
 to march directly upon Vienna with his 
 victorious troops. Instead, however, of 
 directing his steps towards the Austrihit 
 capital, ho marched upon Buda, which was 
 still held by the Imperial troops, and closely 
 invested that ancient seat of royalty. He 
 did, indeed, succeed In c.ipturing Buda 
 after an obstinate defence, but each pro- 
 clous day wasted before that city strength- 
 ened the arms of his opponents. The war 
 in Italy had now been concluded by the 
 decisive defeat of the king of Sardinia at 
 Novara, and a considerable force could be 
 spared. To crown tho whole, the aid of 
 Russia was invoked to crush the Hunga- 
 rians; and in the month of June, the com- 
 bined imperial armies entered Hungary 
 simultaneously fror , the north, south, east, 
 and west. 
 
 The summer campaign commenced under 
 the auspices of general Haynau, whoarrived 
 on the banks of tho Danube, hot from the 
 slaughter of Brescia; and being str gly 
 reinforced from various quarters o. tho 
 empire, ho lost no time in commencing ac- 
 tive operations. On the 20th of June, no 
 at length engaged the army under Qorgcl, 
 near tho coiitUience of the Waag and the 
 Danube. The Austro-Jlusslan army was 
 greatly superior in point of numbers to the 
 Hungarian force; but after several days' 
 hard lighting, and great loss upon both 
 sides, no decisive result followed. On the 
 2nd of July, a vigorous attack was made 
 upon Gorgel's Intrenched camp, near Ko- 
 morn. The combat lasted ttte whole day, 
 but the assailants were at length repulsed, 
 with tlie loss of 3,000 men. Gorgei, who had 
 fought at the head of his troops throughout 
 the day, was severely wounded upon this 
 occasion. But on the same night, a de- 
 spatch was received from Kossuth, to the 
 effect that Gorge! had been removed from 
 the post of commander-in-chief. That tho 
 diet had strong grounds of complaint 
 against this general, there can be no doubt : 
 but their decision came at a most unseason- 
 able moment; and there can be little doubt 
 that it hastened the catastrophe whlcli fol- 
 lowed so shortly af te; wards. 
 
 The struggle now crow rapidly to its con- 
 clusion. Gorgei, finding it impossible to 
 make head any longer againsu the Anstrian 
 and Russian armies on the Danube, resolved 
 to fall back upon districts which he had 
 occupied during the winter, behind the 
 Theiss. Leaving general Klapka with a 
 large garrison in the impregnable fortress 
 of Komom, he commenced his retreat 
 about the middle of July. By the rapidity 
 and skill of his movements, he succeeded 
 in eluding the vigilance of his enemies. 
 
698 
 
 Clb^ Crraifur); al 1^iitav\it vVr. 
 
 and once moro found liimsolf on the left 
 bank of tho Tliolii, at tho head oi' n con- 
 ■iderable army. He now moved :o the 
 •outhwnrdft, with whi\t object did not ap- 
 pear, for lip thus placed hlniHClf between 
 the army of nayiinu and that of tlio Uusalan 
 general, Itudlxer, who were both ad\ anclnpf 
 upon central Hungary. Dut the cutaittrophu 
 WEB at'hand. 
 
 On tlio lith of August, ho had an Inter- 
 view with Ko88Utta, at Arad; and shortly 
 afterwardaapubllo proclamation was lasuod 
 by Koiiuth and hia colleagues, resigning 
 tho whole of their powers Into tho hands 
 of general Arthur Oorgel, whom theyino- 
 minated dictator of Hungary. What wa« 
 Iilsmotlvo In acci'ji' lug this nominal dignity 
 —whether to aveugo the Blight he bad re- 
 ceived disrlng tho previous month, or to 
 give more elTect to tho step he meditated— 
 we shall not venture to decide. Certain U 
 Is, that two days suUxoaueiit to hIa eleva- 
 tion, ho mado an micnndltional surrender 
 of hla forces, consisting of upwanls of 
 80,000 men, and 144 pieces of cannon, to tho 
 Russian commander, at Vlllagos. In a pro- 
 clamation issued Immediately afterwards, 
 lie recommended tho rest of the Hungarian 
 ebtefa to follow his example, and trust to 
 tho generosity of tho nuss'an czar. 'With 
 tho surrender of Gortrnf, tho contest was 
 virtually at an end. Tho greater number 
 of the Hungarian chiefs followed bis ex- 
 ample, truatmg to the vaguo assurances of 
 safety which were held out to th?m by 
 tlieir favourite general, and which w tre so 
 completely belied by tho subsequent con- 
 duct of the Austrian government. Kossuth, 
 Bern, since deceased, Demblnski, Ouyon, 
 and some others, sought refuge in Turkey. 
 But Austria and Russia immediately de- 
 manded from tho Porto the surrender of 
 the refugees, and tho cabinet of the sultan 
 appealed to Bngland and France for support. 
 Fatlinf in the immediate accomplishment 
 of their purpose, the ambassadors of the 
 termor powers suspended diplomatic rela- 
 tions with tho Porte, and waited further 
 Instractl' uS from Vienna and St. Peters- 
 burg. In these circumstances tho Turkish 
 government addressed six queries to the 
 ambassadors of Franco and England, with 
 a view of sscertaining their opinions on tlic 
 points in dispute, and of learning whether, 
 la the event of war being declared, tho 
 Porte might ' count upon the effective co- 
 operation ot those two powers.' Franco and 
 Bngland were united on this point, and 
 their combined fleets were ordered to take 
 up a position near tho Dardanelles, from 
 which they might promptly render aid if 
 such were required. ThisneceB8lty,bowever, 
 was prevented by tho vigour of the mca- 
 BurdS which had been adopted. The Austrian 
 ard Russian governments gave way, and 
 nhiinately Kossuth, and the more eminent 
 of i!tt co-patriots, were removed to the in- 
 terloi, with a view of preventing further 
 disturbance to these powers. 
 
 Meanwhile numerous memorials were ad- 
 dressed to the English government, praying 
 Iti interference on behalf of the refugees ; 
 and the United States sent a steam-frigate 
 to conrey Kossuth and his companions to 
 
 tho Western World. Austria threatened 
 vongoance in case thmr were permitted to 
 depart ; but tho Turkish cabinet regolv^il 
 to listen to tho reproientations of other 
 powers, and ou the 32nd of August 1851, the 
 welcome tidings of freedom were convcfei 
 to Kossuth. On tho 1st of Septinibtr, ho 
 left Kntayah, landed at Rontliaiiipton on 
 the38rd of October, amid tin acclamttloni 
 of congregated thousands ; and, after a tri- 
 umphal progress through different parts of 
 Kngland, sailed for the united States. Blure 
 Ills surrender general Gorgel resided in 
 great seclusion at Klagcnfurth, where he 
 cheered his solitude with tho compoiltlon 
 of a work In which ho details his ' Life niul 
 Acts in Hungary,',and which, if it conclu- 
 sively rebuts tho charge of treason thathai 
 been preferred against hlin, fully cstitl). 
 Ilshes tho fact that he had no desire for 
 Hungarian independence, and exerted him- 
 self but languidly In its support. 
 
 In tho year 1860 tho Austrian emperor 
 entered on what Is rolled tho path ot con- 
 Btltutlcmal government. In other worJj, 
 of his own sovereign grace and solely n^Hii 
 act of his own unfettered will, revocalile, 
 therefore, at pleasure, ho granted certain 
 political privileges to be enjoyed by all tlio 
 subjects of his crown. These grants and 
 reforms might have been a boon to people 
 who had never known real freedom ; tiny 
 were an insult to those who had once poj- 
 sessed It, and who had been deprived of 
 It by a violent despotism. And as such 
 they were repudiated by the Hungarian i 
 diet. On the 18th of May 1861, M. Deak mado ' 
 a speech on these Austrian concession*, 
 which showed that tho principle of abio- 
 lutisin was committing the emperor tore^ 
 dangerous risks. Ho urged Indlgnantl; 
 that the constitution which they had In- 
 herited from their forefathers had been 
 taken away, and they had been govcrnel 
 despotically until tho Austrian emperor 
 choao ' to enter tho path of constitution- 
 allsm.' But that constitution so ^Ivon 
 encroached on Hungarian Independent', 
 inasmuch as it transferred to a foreign ] 
 assembly (the Reichsrath) the right to grant 
 the supplies of money and men, and niailo J 
 the Hungarian government dependent on I 
 the Austrian, which is not responaihlc for I 
 Its acts. If Hungary accepted tho diploini i 
 of October 20th, i860, she would cease to ^ 
 herself, and would become, to all Incei... , 
 and purposes, an Austrian province. 'There- i 
 fore,' ho said, ' wo will neither send depu- 
 ties to the present Reichsrath, nor take 
 any share In the representation of the em- 
 pire.' The Croatian diet had already madj 
 its protest on thelOtb of May. An addreai 
 was adopted, whlcb the emperor refused to 
 receive because It did not recogiiUe lilni 
 as king of Hungary ; but to a second ad- 
 dress he replied by 'rejecting the Idea of: 
 an amalgamation, but granting an internal 
 autonomous administration, together vlth < 
 dynastic, military, diplomatic, and lluanclal 
 unity with the rest ot the empire.' In the ; 
 Hungarian diet this rescript was received | 
 with feelings of contempt and dlsgns'i 
 The taskiot preparing an answer was given j 
 to M. Deak, who in It Insisted that, 'accord' 
 
d5« !ftWt0rij o( ^tvmnnt). 
 
 009 
 
 liiK til tlic i>i'flginiul(^ sanction, there t'xlsti 
 lictween Hunijary and the hereditary coun- 
 tried no otiir onnd of union besides the 
 Identity of the rolRnliiiT houBO, whilo the 
 right ofmBkIng laws and InterpretlMK them 
 Wonna to the legally crowned king and 
 the IvK^lly nugemblcd diet, and raniint ho 
 rxerclned without the latter. To this iirng- 
 matlc sanction he declared that Huiu-ary 
 vas determined to adhere, while It pro- 
 teai>;d againgt tho cxerrUe, on the part of 
 the Relcherath, of any logUlatlvo or other 
 power over Hungary In any relation what- 
 tncvvr. All acts, therefore, poised by the 
 Ilclihsrath In reference to Huni^ary would 
 be Invalid, and Hungary would rci'ognlso 
 no flnancial measure! pjuscd by that as- 
 lemhly. 
 
 The chamber by an Inimenge majority 
 voted for the Immediate iidoption of this 
 reply, which was also adopted unanlmouHly 
 hy the upper house. By way of dealing with 
 the difflculty, tho emperor dissolved tho 
 diet hy a rescript dated August 2lHt, and ho 
 resolved to meet by force tho pii!<<lvo re- 
 fusHl <<f the Hungarians to pay any taxes. 
 Boldtcrs were billeted on the people, and 
 a lyitem of almost Intolerable oppreaslou 
 
 carried out, until their flnnnoss gave way, 
 and tho taxes wcro sullenly iiald. The 
 storm was repressed for tho present, but 
 for the present only. 
 
 The position of Austria In relation to 
 the other Oerman states was niaterlnlly 
 altered by tho • Seven Weeks' War ' of l«e8, 
 and tho events which took place at tho 
 snmo time In Italy. Pur an account of 
 these events tho reader U referred to 
 the histories of Prussia and Italy fur that 
 year. 
 
 But the constitutional questions affecting 
 tho several nations of which the Austrian 
 emperor is tho sovereign, are of more 
 lasting Importance than his relations to nn 
 external confederacy. He now saw thiit ha 
 could not hope to rule In pence, except as a 
 constitutional sovereign, and thus theob> 
 ject rr which Hungarians had long strug- 
 gled iiiid fought WHS now gained without 
 further bloodshed. A Hungarian ministry 
 was formed early in 18U7 with count An- 
 drnssy for Us president. In Juno tho em- 
 peror and empress wore crowneil at Pesth, 
 as king and queen of Hungary, tho consti- 
 tntli'U having been signed, and an amoMty 
 declared for all political offenders. 
 
THE raSTORY OF PRUSSIA. 
 
 Tun nnmo of Pnutlann wa« unknown till 
 tho teiilli rfntury ; itiid Iti etymology Is 
 very unrortulii : Rome uutliors ■iippoie ttint 
 the former Inlmbltiiiiti, nlludinR to their 
 proximity to tho KuHMlnnit, called them- 
 wlvos I'orusil, or, bordrrliiK on the Itiis- 
 bIhiih; forpo, In tho old Prussian lunguago, 
 ■IgnlflcB near, 
 
 III that age tho klngH of Poland took 
 itrvnt palna, and even mndo uro of llro and 
 •word, for the conversion of tho pagan 
 PruBslans to Christianity. Doleslaus I. Ik<- 
 gnn with chastising tho Prussians for the 
 murder of Bt. Albert, or Adelhert, called 
 the apostle uf that nation. His successors 
 had also several quarrels with tho Prus- 
 sians ; and Uoleslaus IV„ who cominittcd 
 dreadful ravages In this country, lost his 
 life In nn unsuccessful battla In 1103. 
 
 In the thirteenth century, tho Prussians 
 ravaged Culm, Cujavla, and Masovla ; upon 
 which Conrad, diikoof Mnsovla, was obliged 
 to apply to his allien, who all wore the cross, 
 which they carried into tho fleld against I liu 
 Prussians, whom they considered as tho 
 euemicB of tho Christian name. But all 
 their efforts proving Ineffectual, tho duke 
 applied to the Derman knights of the Teu- 
 tonic order, and strongly represented the 
 great importance of dpfeiuling the fron- 
 tiers. Accordingly, In 12.10, they obtained 
 palatinates of Culm and Doberzln for twen- 
 ty years, and afterwards for ever, with the 
 absolute authority over any future con- 
 quests In Prussia. These knights, after 
 long and bloody wars during the space of 
 flfty-three year^, by the assistance of tho 
 sword-bearIng knights, subdued the whole 
 country. A war afterwards broke out be- 
 tween the Teutonic knights and the Lithu- 
 anians, which was attended with the most 
 dreadful outrages. These knights made re- 
 ligion the cloak of their ambitious views, 
 and, under the pretence of propagating the 
 gospel of peace, committed the most inhu- 
 man barbarities ; nay, it Is generally agreed 
 that they extirpated the native Prussians, 
 and planted the Germans there In their 
 stead. Their territory at that time ex- 
 tended from the Oder along tho Baltic, to 
 the bay of Finland, and contained cities 
 like Dantzlc, Elblng, Thorn. Culm, &c. But 
 In 1410 their savage zeal received a terrible 
 check ; for after a most bloody battle they 
 were totally defeated. 
 
 In 1454 half of Prussia revolted from Its 
 obedience to the Teutonic order, and do> 
 clared for Caslmlr III., king of Poland. 
 This occasioned a fresh effusion of blood ; 
 tin at last a peace was concluded in 1400, 
 by which it was agreed that the part now 
 called Polish Prussia should continue a free 
 province under the king's protection ; and 
 that the knights and the grand-master 
 
 should poiicis tho other part, noknowlcdij. 
 lug themselves vassali of Poland. The 
 knights Hoon endeavoured, hut In vain, id 
 throw off this yoke. In 1S19 they riilKiil 
 new wars, which were terminated In iw 
 by a peace concluded at Cracow ; by wliich 
 It was agreed, that the margrave Albert, 
 grand-master of the Teutonic order, sluiiiM 
 be acknowledged duke or sovereign of tjio 
 castrrn part of Prussia, |whlcli lie \vm lo 
 hold as a tlof of I'oliind, and which wii8 to 
 descend to his male heirs ; and upon fiillure 
 of male Issue, to hU brothers and tlivlr 
 male heirs. Thus ended the sovereignty of 
 the Teutonic oriler in Prussia, after It liiiJ 
 subsisted three hiiiiilrod years. 
 
 The new duke favoured the Introdurliun 
 of the reformed rellulon Into his doniiiiluni), 
 and founded the university of KonigHliirif, 
 The elector Joachim added tho duchy it 
 Prussia to the electoral house of Bnuidiii- 
 burg, with which U had been closely cdu- 
 nected. The reign of the elector iWorne 
 William was unhappily dlHtinguishedliyihe 
 calamities of tlie thirty years' war, in whirh 
 PruBHla suffered much from tlie ravuguj «f 
 tho Swedes. 
 
 Frederick William, called the ' great elec- 
 tor,' from his extraordinary talents m n 
 general, a statesman, and a polltlcinn, oli- 
 talned. In 1650, by a ticaty with Poland, m 
 extinction of the lioniage heretoforu pniil 
 to that kingdom; and liewasacknowleilgoil 
 by the powers of Kurope a sovereign Inde- 
 pendent duke. lie made Arm his right In 
 JuUers; obtained Cleves ; recovered imrtdf I 
 Pomerania ; and increased tho populiulon 
 of his country by affordingan asylum to the 
 refugees of France, after the impolitic revii< 
 cation of the edict of Nantes by LouU XiV, 
 
 Frederick, his son, raised tho duchy if 
 Prussia to a kingdom ; and on tho 11th «{ ' 
 January 1701, In a solemn assembly of the 
 states of tho empire, placed tho cronii. 
 with his own hands, on his own head iiikI 
 that of his consort : soon after which he 
 was acknowledged king of Prussia by all 
 the other Christian powers. 
 
 His son, Frederick William I., wlio .is- 
 ccnded the throne in 1713, greatly Inoronsed 
 the population of his country by the taymr- 
 able reception he gave to the distressed : 
 and persecuted Saltzburgers, as his grand- 
 father had done by making It an asylum to 
 the Huguenots, when driven out of France 
 by tho revocation of the edict of Nantcj, 
 in the year 1084. He was wise, hold, and 
 economical ; his principal study the aggran- 
 disement of hia kingdom. 
 
 This monarch was succeeded In 1740 l)T 
 his son Frederick II., then in the twenty- 
 ninth year of his age, who rendered hij 
 kingdom formidable by his valour and pru- 
 dence, and promoted the hai>plue8s of lili 
 
VL\)t Vmtovii at etVMtw\i, 
 
 701 
 
 1*1 
 
 iu1)Jprti by nil niiioiulincnt nnd ■iniplinra- 
 tlon (if thu law*, tlu< Inrrcnioof rutniiierrc, 
 Bnd niMiir wlio ri'HiiliitloiiN. IIIh doiiroda- 
 tlonionPolaiul.niiU hlH iirliltrnry mid iiii- 
 luit vlolatlonot thu guarniitucd iirlvllOK^'s 
 ot Dniit'/lc, as well ih tlio oiiprPHMloim 
 which the city ot Thorn cndiirfd, thoiiKh 
 they mlHht «(<rvo t > aMr^rniullxu IiIm IcIiik- 
 ddin, Kulliod M* tiuiiio In tho viva ot mi 
 liuimrtlal iinstcrlty. 
 
 Oil tlio death of tho pmnrror Charles vr., 
 
 In the name year, Kredrrlck led a larnc army 
 
 Into Silesia, to a roiinlderalOit part of whirh 
 
 durliy ho laid claim. He for sotno time 
 
 \ nmliitaliied a war against Alarla Therega, 
 
 i daughter of tho Into emperor, who was 
 
 I married to tho grand duko of TuHrany | 
 
 but on tho iKt of Juno 1743, a treaty be- 
 
 tweiMi the (iiiecn of Iluiiffary and tho klntr 
 
 of rruaglawa8»lHnediit Itrcxlnu ; liy which 
 
 I the former coded to tho hitter Upper and 
 
 Lower Silesia, with tho rounty of Ulatz In 
 
 lliihcniln, and tho king of I'ruRHia engaged 
 
 u pay to certain merctiants ot London tho 
 
 uniB which they hiid advanced to tho late 
 
 'iiiperor, commonly called 'the SIleHlan 
 
 loan;' and at tho peace of Alx-la-Chapclle, 
 
 tlic contracting powers guarnntcod to htm 
 
 whatever had been thus ceded. 
 
 His father had over paid peculiar atten- 
 tion to his army, but tlio nttentlou of tho 
 Bon was more fudlciously and effectually 
 directed; for, In tho year IT.'M), lio had 
 l.w.ooouf the best troops in Kuropo. At 
 tliat time a league was formed aKaliist him 
 by the empress queen, and thu court of 
 Veriiaillea : Augustus, king of Poland and 
 elector of Haxony, had secretly buconio a 
 party to this confederacy, the object of 
 which was to subdue the Trusslan doml- 
 I nions, and partition them nnioiig tho con- 
 1 tractiiig powers. Frederick obtained early 
 I and authentic Information of his danger 
 from Saxony, and proceeded with no less 
 spirit thnii effect to avert it. Ho marched 
 a powerful army into that electorate ; com- 
 ! pellcd the troops of tlio elector to lay down 
 their arms ; became master of Dresden : 
 entered tho palace, got possession of tho 
 correspondence which had lieen carrj'lngon 
 against him, and published to all Europe 
 the authentic documents ho had thus ol)- 
 talned; which fully justilled him in tho 
 hostilities be had tlius commenced. Thu 
 war soon after raged with great fury, and 
 tbo empress of Russia joined tho confede- 
 racy against this devoted monarch ; but 
 his unparalleled exertions, judicious mea- 
 sures, and personal bravery, wlileh were 
 powerfully supported by tho wealth amf 
 arms of Great Britain, finally bafllcd all 
 the attempts of his cnemle.a, and the ge- 
 neral peace which was ratified in 1703, tcr- 
 nilnnted his labours in tbo field. 
 
 The Great Frederick, long regarded as tho 
 bero of the Prussian monarchy, and par 
 exceUence the bero of the age, brought to 
 perfection what his father had so success- 
 fully begun. Ho resisted the power of half 
 Europe, and, by his conquests and tlic wis- 
 dom of his administration, he doubled the 
 number of his subjects, and almost the 
 extent of his territories. He was as great 
 In his projects as ho was fortunate In their 
 
 execution : he was n legislator, k general, 
 a itatesman, a scholar, and a philosopher. 
 Indeed, it may be said, he wu one of thoMO 
 men whom nature only produces at long 
 Intervals ; but, at tho same time, It muttt 
 not be forgotten that. Instead of exercising 
 a paternal rare for his people, ho regardeti 
 the rriiMMlitn nation as a foreign general 
 regards the army under his eummand ; hit 
 solo tliiiughts, in fact, apfiearing to be 
 constmitly centred In tbo love of lumo ant/ 
 of power. 
 
 Frederick died In 17fl6, and left to hli no 
 phew, Frederick William II. (by some called 
 Frederick III.) an extensive and prosperous 
 kingdom, a large iid well-disciplined ai 'uy, 
 and a wcll-fllled .leasury ; but no nossessed 
 none of those commanding tal< uts, that 
 energy, or that patient perseverance, which 
 HO emiiientiy <liH(liigulslie'l bis p edcccssor. 
 Tho finances of Prussia were soon exhaust- 
 ed ; and in conscq "nccof t).. high ran): 
 among tho Kuroiiean states to wlMch Fren 
 crick the Great had elevated her, she w(, 
 obliged to take a prominent part in M, j 
 most Important afralrs of tho contUimf 
 which, without his genius, could no. bo 
 maintained. Frederick Will . n II. died in 
 1707, ami was succeeded by i.k ,-jn, Fred- 
 erick William III. 
 
 By tho partition of Poland n 179a, and its 
 final dismemberment in KO.t, Prussia ne- 
 quired a great extension of territory, iu- 
 cludlng the importniit city of Dantzic, and 
 upwards of two millions of inhabitants. In 
 171)0 tho Prussian cabinet inado a secret 
 treaty with France; and after many sinisler 
 and vaclllatlngmovements, Prusslaresol ved 
 upon the mulnteiianco of a strict neutrality, 
 which, in tlio state of Kuropo at that time, 
 was impossible. In 1803 Franco occupied 
 Hanover; and In 1803, when a third coalition 
 was forming against France, Prussia wa- 
 vered more than over. Alexander of Ilussia 
 ai>pcnrcd at Berlin, and brought ohout the 
 convention of Potsdam, Nov. 3, 1806 ; but 
 aftcrtiiubattlcofAusterllti!, Prussia sought 
 for and obtained peaco with France, and 
 was consequently compelled to submit to 
 tho harsh t. , .j^ "f the conqueror. 
 
 Again, wl"' 1 *• poleon had concluded the 
 confederacj v.a iie Rhine, Prussia stepjied 
 forward to arrest his gigantic power ; l)Ut 
 the battle of Jena disclosed to the world 
 bow Incapable it was for her to contend 
 against tlio emperor and his confederated 
 allies. The peace of Tilsit reduced Prussia 
 to halt its former dimensions, which IThlf 
 hfi 1 to support 150,000 French soldiers until 
 tho end of 1808, and to pay 120 millions ot 
 francs, while French troops were to retain 
 possession of the fortresses of Stettin, KUs- 
 treiii, and Glogau. The minister Von Stein, 
 who was long at the bead of affairs, was a 
 most uncompromising enemy of Franco, 
 and wiicn bo was in consequence compelled 
 by her to quit Germany, baron Hardenberg 
 was placed at the head of tbe government 
 as Btate-cbancellor. The continuance ot 
 French oppression, and the Insulting hu- 
 miliation tbe Prussians had to endure, at 
 length roused, rather than subdued, the 
 dormant spirit of tbe people. After Napo- 
 leon's Russian campaign tbe population 
 
702 
 
 ^t Creaiffury al l^tiiftori;, ^c. 
 
 rose en matse, and to their zealous efforts 
 iu the cause of oppressed Europe, the com- 
 pleteness of his discomfiture may he mainly 
 attributed. The part which Prussia played 
 In this great game of war we have elsn- 
 where related, and It is not consistent with 
 ihe limits of our work to make needless 
 repetitions : it Is sufflrient to state, that at 
 the general peace of 1815, rrussla became 
 more powerful thnn ever; for although a 
 portion of her Polish dominions passed into 
 the hands of llusala, it was more than com- 
 pensated 1)y valuable acquisitions in Sax- 
 ony, Pomerania, &c. 
 
 From this period, the Prussian states, in 
 spite of great political restrictions, con- 
 tinued to advance steadily in prosperity. A 
 great impulse to the extension of German 
 coramerco was given by the establishment 
 of the Zollverein, or 'Customs Union," under 
 the auspices of Prussia, by which internal 
 trade was freed from all restrictions, and 
 a uniform system of duties agreed on for 
 those states that joined It. 
 
 Frederick William IV. ascended the throne 
 In 1840, and became remarkably popular. 
 His affability and his varied acquirements 
 rendered him personally attractive, and 
 gained him the hearts of nil with whom 
 ho conversed. Soon after his accession to 
 the throne, he declared that he would de- 
 velop the system of representative govern- 
 ment, as established in the provincial es- 
 tates ; but he made no promise to grant a 
 representative constitution for the whole 
 kingdom. On the contrary, he declared at 
 KOnigsberg that he would never do homage 
 to the idea of a general popular represen- 
 tation. But Tarious public changes, chiefly 
 in the proTincial administration, were soon 
 after, and at different times, introduced. 
 In the autumn of 1842 the king convoked, 
 at Berlin, a meeting of deputies, delegated 
 by the provincial states, to deliberate on 
 questions of taxation, railroads, and other 
 public Improvements. « Discontents arose 
 afterwards on account of the censorship 
 of the press ; and it became evident in the 
 following year that the bold sentiments 
 of the provincial diet of the Rhenish pro- 
 vinces were not confined to the speakers. 
 In 1844 or 1845, manifestations were made 
 in different provinces, significant of a ge- 
 neral determination to obtain a constitu- 
 tional government. In 1846 disturbances 
 broke out at Posen and Cologne, followed 
 by arrests, trials, and convictions. In 1847 
 the states t eis convoked at Berlin; and 
 a new era of Veedom, it was supposed, was 
 then about to dawn on the country. But 
 this assembly was not a representative par- 
 liament. It was composed of delegates 
 from the provlrcial states, summoned to 
 deliberate and report on questions not 
 initiated by themselres, but those only 
 which were submitted to them by the go- 
 vemment J it consequently gave little satis- 
 faction. On the 17th of January 1848, a 
 committee of the delegates of the provincial 
 states commenced its sittings iu order to 
 examine the new penal code submitted to 
 it by the king for its deliberations. In the 
 midst of these deliberations was heard the 
 amtre^odp of the French revolution. On 
 
 the 6th of March the committee of tlio aa< 
 sembled diet of the states at Berlin, having' 
 completed its deliberations, was dissolved 
 in person by the king, who was prepared to 
 make some concessions, among which was 
 the liberty of the press, with certain gua- 
 rantees and conditions. A royal patent was 
 issued convoking a diet to meet on the 2nd 
 of April. But before this could be effected, 
 grave events had taken place. 
 
 On tho evening of the 14th of March 
 crowds were In the streets of Berlin, with 
 patrols both of horse and foot, parading 
 there also. On the l.">th. In the 8f hlossplntz, 
 the people assembled before the klns's pa- 
 lace, growing in numbers and courage, as- 
 saulting the sentinels, and managing to 
 protect themselves from the cavalry by bar- 
 rels and barricades. The 16th was a eoin- 
 parativc lull, the 17th was pronounced auiet, 
 but on the 18th the tempest recommenced. 
 On that morning the king made great con- 
 cessions to his people ; but the latter, while I 
 acknowledging thcroyal condescension with i 
 shouts and huzzahs, demanded the with.' 
 drawal of the troops from the palace. A stafl- 
 ofBcer, who thought that the crowd was ap- j 
 preaching too near, essayed to keep tliein I 
 at a distance, and provoked violence, which i 
 a detachment of cavalry advanced to repress. 
 Two chanco shots were fired ; the popular 
 wrath was awakened ; and the troops in all | 
 the streets were attacked. Ere long arms i 
 were obtained by the multitude ; the troops j 
 were fired on from the houses, and many 
 superior officers, distinguished by tlieir' 
 dress, and affording the better mark, were ' 
 killed. Tho populace themselves had to 
 fight against 20,000 armed men ; bnt rein- 
 forced by the armed students, active and 
 enthusiastic, were led forward to victorj'. I 
 The prisons were forced open, the prisoners | 
 were set free, and soon afterwards th"! 
 troops refused to Are unless attacked. At 
 night the city was Illuminated ; until morn 
 the alarm bells were rung. On the morning 
 of the I9th, the city of Berlin looked like 
 a town of war. Tho streets were torn np, ! 
 and filled with heaps of stones, which the ! 
 people had thrown from the windows and' 
 roofs on the soldiers. Early appeared a royal 
 proclamation, ascribing the shots on the 
 Hchiossplatz to a mistake ; and by eleven, 
 the troops were all withdrawn. The people, 
 again, in the Schlossplatz were addressed 
 by the king from tho balcony. But some 
 atonement to the slaughtered was yet need- 
 ed. Tho bodies of those who had fallen in : 
 the Priedrichstadt were laid in a wajfgmi, j 
 attended by a large procession of citizens, : 
 and taken to the palace, the populace calling 
 on the king to appear and do homage to the | 
 corpses. With reluctance he appeared, and 
 then granted their desired armament to the 
 people, who forthwith rushed to the arsenal, ! 
 and claimed the distribution of arms. On | 
 the 24th the obsequies of the slain were, 
 celebrated ; all the municipal and commu- 
 nal authorities, all the magistracy, guilds, ; 
 clergymen of all confessions, and students, 
 hesAei by the Illustrious Humboldt, form- 
 ing the funeral procession. 
 
 On the and of April, the diet convoked t 
 by the king of Prussia met at Berlin, under 
 
thepresldence of a royal commlsaloner, the 
 new nilulster of state, Campbansen. But 
 m the mIdBt of tbe agitations that prevailed, 
 the constituent assembly made little pro- 
 gress In Its deliberations ; and out of dnora 
 the iloraocratic party assumed so forml- 
 dnble an aspect that tbe days of tbe mo- 
 narchy seemed numbered. Jliiilstry after 
 ministry was appointed in the hope that the 
 revolutionary torrent might be stemmed : 
 but In vain ; and it was not till November 
 that a more resolute minister, the count of 
 Brandenburg (since deceased), seconded by 
 general Wrangel (who had returned from 
 his campaign in Denmark), determined to 
 remove the assembly from Berlin to Bran- 
 denburg, and even ventured in the following 
 month to dissolve It. Tbe king now pro- 
 posed to concede (octroycf) a constitution, 
 and convoked an assembly to examine It. 
 But this attempt at constitution-making 
 fared no better than Its predecessor. The 
 king's rsfusal to accept the imperial crown 
 of Germany offered to liim by the Frank- 
 fort parliament ; the long continuance of 
 the state of siege at Berlin ; and Anally 
 the ministerial efforts to preserve as much 
 as they could of the royal authority and the 
 ancient aristocracy— all this Irritated the 
 opposition into acts which were supposed 
 to be Incompatible with kingly power ; and 
 the assembly was dissolved in April 1849. 
 The third and last attempt to frame a con- 
 stitution was soon afterwards begun, and 
 this time with more success. In November 
 of the same year, the constitution of the 
 second chamber of tbe Prussian parliament 
 was promulgated. It conferred the elec- 
 tive franchise on all Prussians of not less 
 than twenty-flve years of age, resident 
 three years within the electoral district, 
 and having paid one year's taxes— military 
 garrisons being also considered as resi- 
 dences, and including also as electors all 
 Germans of thirty years of age, and resid- 
 ing in Prussia. The chamber of peers 
 consists of the hereditary nobility, limited 
 to primogeniture, to a certain number 
 named by the king for life, and to a simi- 
 lar number elected by electors who have 
 paid the maximum of taxations. In each 
 of the provinces there are elective assem- 
 blies ; besides, tbe municipalities have each 
 their local administrations. The constitu- 
 tion defining the powers of tbe king and 
 the parliament, the duties of the ministers 
 of the crown, was published on tbe 2nd 
 of February 185a It neither establishes the 
 liberty of the press, nor includes an> habeas 
 corpus enactment ; but it has hitherto 
 so far worked practically that if honestly 
 carried out. It will enable the Prussians 
 Anally to secure for themselves a fpir share 
 of civil, poUtIc*l, and religious liberty. 
 
 The principal part of the Prussian do- 
 minions lies continuously along the south 
 shore of the Baltic, between Russia and 
 Mecklenburg. The Inland frontier of this 
 part of the monarchy on the east and south 
 is Bufllclently connected ; but on tbe west 
 side its outline la very irregular, some 
 small Independent states being almost en- 
 tirely surrounded by the Prussian domi- 
 nions. But exclUBive of this principal po^ 
 
 tiou, there Is an extensive Prussisiii terri- 
 tory on both sides the Rhine ; which U 
 separated from tbe eastern part of the 
 kingdom by Hesse-Caisel, part of Hanover, 
 Brunswick, <fee. Some detached territories 
 In Saxony also belong to Prussia. 
 
 Some account of tbe position which 
 Prussia assumed in the Russian war of 
 1854-8, will bo found in the liistorlcs of 
 Kngland and Prance. Since that time no 
 event of great importance has occurred in 
 the history of Prussia. The king, Frederick 
 William IV., died on January 2, 1861, and 
 was succeeded by his brother, who had 
 exercised the regency during the illness ot 
 the king. An Important political contest 
 soon arose on the question of taxation for 
 the support of tha army, involving the 
 more serious question of constitutional 
 government. A majority of the Prussian 
 parliament determined that the number of 
 the army should be reduced ; but the king 
 persisted in refusing to give his consent, 
 and the parliament withlicid the vote of 
 supplies. On this the king declared his 
 intention of levying the taxes on his own 
 authority, and dissolved the chambers. 
 
 Tho meeting of tbe chambers in 1863 
 failed to bring about any solution of the 
 constitutional struggle between the king 
 and his parliament. Tho latter had de> 
 manded the disbanding of about one-third 
 of the cavalry and about half the Infantry; 
 and M. Bismark asserted that their failure 
 to withdraw these demands made the Idea 
 of a reconclliatloii almost hopeless. The 
 English ministry, he insisted, was tiie 
 ministry of the parliament : the Prussian 
 was the ministry of the king. To the 
 assertion by the chamber that the right ot 
 granting the expenditure was the first 
 right of the representatives of the people, 
 the king replied that the people was repre< 
 sented by both houses of the diet, and that 
 If both of these did not agree on an ar- 
 rauf^ement approved by himself, the govern- 
 ment would, in default of it, carry on the 
 administratioa without interruption ; but 
 that, much as he desired to replace the 
 finance administration of the state on a 
 legal basis, he could not, to effect that pur- 
 pose, betray the rights of the crown and 
 the chamber of the lords. In the upper 
 house, more than half the members were 
 absent when tbe ministerial address waa 
 carried. The king was of course fully satis- 
 fled with its loyalty and its a^'eeraent with 
 his views. 
 
 The alleged convention between Russia 
 and Prussia with regard to Poland was 
 ancRher subject of strife. It was asserted 
 that Prussia bad agreed to give up all Poles 
 taking refuge in her territories; M. Bismark, 
 denying the correctness of the current 
 reports, yet re'ased to say what the con- 
 vention was. By 246 to 67 the chamber of 
 deputies resolved that the Interest ot 
 Prussia requires that the government 
 should not assist or favour either of the 
 contending parties In Poland, or allow 
 armed persons to touch the Prussian soil 
 without, at the same time, disarming them. 
 On the 27th of May, the king closed the sea* 
 ■ton of the chambers with a speech, in whlck 
 
be said, that as their refusal to co-operate 
 with th« goTomment had made It necessary 
 to bring their deliberations to hti end, the 
 government reserved to itself the power 
 of determining the manner in which the 
 financial measures should bo arranged, and 
 hoped to come to a better understanding 
 hereafter with the representatives of the 
 country. 
 
 On tlie 1st of Juno a royal decree 
 authorised the suppression of newspapers 
 'which persistently exhibited tendencies 
 dangerous to the welfare of the state,' and 
 the exclusion of foreign journals which 
 might, on this account, be objection- 
 able. Two days later the crown prince 
 forwarded to the cabinet through M. Bis- 
 mark a formal protest against the decree, 
 and on the day following wrote to the king, 
 asserting that the decree was an evasion 
 and a violation of the charter. In Septem- 
 ber the chambers were dissolved; but 
 although the liberal party was as strong In 
 the new chambers which met in December, 
 it seemed that an end was opened for the 
 controversy by the claim of the prince of 
 Augustenburg to the duchies of Schteswig 
 and Holstein in opposition to that of 
 Christian IX., who had just succeeded to 
 the throne of Denmark. An address was 
 drawn up, having as Its object the setting 
 aside of the treaty of London of May 1852, 
 and the recognition of the prince of Augus- 
 tenburg as the duke of Schleswig-Holstein. 
 But the ministry refused to withdraw for- 
 mally from the London treaty, and the 
 chamber refused the loan asked for on the 
 ground of the possibility or likelihood of a 
 war on the Schleswig-Holstein question. 
 
 In 1863 a convention was signed, on the 
 14th of Augiist, at Oastein, between the 
 king of Prussia and theemperorof Austria. 
 This document declared that the co-doniin- 
 Ion hitherto existing in the countries ceded 
 by Denmark In 1664, was leading to incon- 
 veniences dangerous to the good under- 
 standing between the governments and to 
 the Interests of the duchies, and that it was 
 determined therefore to divide the exercise 
 of It geographically until further agreement. 
 This convention was severely condemned 
 1>y the British governmchl, and in his 
 despatch to the diplomatic agents abroad 
 lord Russell declared, that by it all rights, 
 (lid or new, whether based upon u solemn 
 agreement between sovereigns, or on the 
 clear and precise expression of the popular 
 will, had been trodden under foot ; that the 
 authority of force was the sole power 
 consulted and recognised by It ; and that 
 violence and conquest were die only basis 
 on which the dividing powers had estab- 
 lished their convention. 
 
 As If to add point to this condemnation, 
 the question of the succession to the 
 duchies had been submitted by the Prussian 
 government to the crown lawyers, who de- 
 cided that the father of the claimant, on 
 behalf of whom the confederation had gone 
 to war, had yielded up his title, or, as 2hey 
 put it, had receded behind king Christian 
 IX. and that sovereign's male posterity.and 
 that the prince of Augustenburg could my 
 no claim to a privileged right of succession 
 
 to the duchies. It followed that, at the time 
 of going to war, the confederacy had no 
 technical title whatever, and that whatever 
 claim they had on the duchies was given 
 by the treaty of 1864, which by force of 
 arms they had extorted from the king of 
 Denmark. 
 
 With the senate of Frankfort, the Prus- 
 sian government continued to deal not less 
 unceremoniously. The meeting of tlic 
 federal delegates had roused the wrath nf 
 M. BIsmark, who protested against their 
 allowing Frankfort to become ' the source 
 of all senseless schemes.* But in spite of 
 this paper and a similar reproof from 
 Austria, the senate announced that it still 
 adhered to its original programme, that 
 Germany should be constituted as a federal 
 state, the central authority of which should 
 be transferred to Prussia upon condition 
 that such transfer be sanctioned by a par- 
 liament representing the whole German 
 nation ; that the settlement of the Sclilca- 
 wig-Holstein question would be brought 
 about only by a vote of the population of 
 the duchies, and that the convocation of 
 their estates could no longer be delayed. 
 
 The same dissatisfaction showed itself at 
 the beginning of 1860, owing to the pro- 
 hibition of a banquet which the citizens 
 of Cologne intended to give to the liberal 
 members of the chambers ; and in February 
 the lower house decreed l)y a large majoritj', 
 that the union of the duchy of Laueuliur; 
 with the crown of Prussia should not take 
 place without the approval of both the 
 chambers. As before, the king Buddenlf 
 put an end to the session on the 23rd, an j 
 the liberal and conservative parties were 
 arrayed against each o; ler ns bitterly as 
 ever. Of the former, Herr Gneist declarod 
 that not only the constitution but cacli and 
 every law relating to matters political had 
 ceased to exist in Prussia. On the other 
 hand, Herr Wagner asserted that the con- 
 stitution was an imperfect and in sonio 
 respects an indeflnite, indistinct stntute: 
 there must be somebody e.ititled to give an ' 
 authentic interpretation of its meaning; 
 the liberals wished to take that ofUce on 
 themselves, the conservatives wished t' 
 confine it to the king. He further urged 
 his opponents to look on this as a fair 
 stand-up light, and to fight it out without 
 abuse and the imputation of bad motive.', 
 M. BIsmark cut the matter short by saying 
 that the lower house tended to ferment 
 strife, and that therefore it was much 
 better to do without it. j 
 
 Another act in the drama was a decree 
 issued in March by the Prussian king, im- 
 posing imprisonment aa a penalty for an; 
 Schleswiger signing an addresser delivering 
 a speech in favour.of the duke of Augusten- 
 burg. This added strength to the feeling 
 with which Austria regarded Prussia as a 
 power bent on depriving her of the hege- 
 mony of Germany. The Prussian goreni- 
 mentdldnot care to conceal the satisfac- 
 tion with which It would welcome a var. 
 Austria accordingly began to prepare forthe 
 struggle, and the Prussians treated this 
 preparation as an offence. In short, Herr 
 Blsmark's time had come. Ou the 24th of 
 
ikfort, the Prus- 
 'd to deal not less 
 meeting of tlic 
 iged tbe 'wrath nt 
 ed against their 
 ;ome ' tbe source 
 But in spite o( 
 ar reproof from ! 
 iinced that it still 
 programme, that 
 tuted as a federal 
 y of which should 
 1 upon conditiim 
 iCtioned by a par- 
 iC whole Gerinaii | 
 mt of the SchlcB- 1 
 rould be brought 
 the population of 
 le convocation of 
 ger be delayed, 
 n showed Itself at 
 swing to the pro- 
 ■hich the citizens I 
 [Ivo to the lilicral 
 i ; and In February [ 
 ly a large majority, ; 
 i;hy of Lauenliiirg 
 la should not take ' 
 oval of botli tlie 
 ihe king suddenly 
 I on the 23rd, anil 
 itive parties were 
 ler ns bitterly as 
 rr Gneist declared 
 ation but each and i 
 tters political had 
 3l». On the other i 
 rte<l tliat the con- 
 rect and In some 
 ndlstlnct statute: 
 MtltledtoglveanI 
 of its meaning: 
 ake that office on 
 ratlves wished t' 
 He further urged 
 )n this as a fair 
 rht it out without j 
 n of bad motives, 
 er short by saying 
 inded to ferment 
 ore It was inuch 
 i 
 imawas a decree 
 'russlan king.lm- 
 a penalty for any 
 dress or delivering 
 dukeof Augusten- 
 gth to the feeling 
 rded Prussia as a 
 her of the hege- 
 Prussian govern» 
 iceal tbe satisfaC' 
 welcome a war. 
 .to prepare for the 
 ilans treated this 
 In Bliort, Herr 
 On the 24th ol 
 
 €fit W^tavii at Germany. 
 
 703 
 
 March a despatch wad sent from Berlin to 
 the minor German states, peremptorily 
 demanding to know which side they would 
 take, if Prussia was forced into a war with 
 Austria. Of these states, many replied by 
 referring to the lUh clause of the federal 
 act, which forbade war between the mem- 
 bers of the bund, and provided peaceable 
 means of settling disputes ; and Bavaria 
 added that a state resorting to force against 
 another federal state had violated the 
 federal constitution. In the result, seven- 
 teen out of the thirty-three states forming 
 the union seceded from it, and all the 
 minor northern states cxce|)t tbe elder 
 house of Rcuss took part with Prussia, 
 wlilch further allied itself with Italy. 
 Meanwhile other negotiations wore going 
 on. Austria and Prussia proposed dis- 
 armament for each of Its own free act : 
 hut Austria, while ready to withdraw her 
 forces on the Prussian side, said that the 
 army on the side of Venetia must be kept 
 on a war footing, as the king of Italy 
 was evidently preparing to attack it. This 
 just suited M. Bismark's plans, who pro- 
 nounced the excuse utterly unsatisfac- 
 tory. In short, i was clear what the Issue 
 must be. 
 
 Ou the 7th of May the Prussian troops in 
 Schleswig crossed the Holstcin frontier, to 
 assert their right to a joint occupation of 
 the two duchies. Against this Austria 
 protested in tho federal diet. The French 
 emperor proposed his remedy of a con- 
 ference; and this, as might be supposed, 
 euded in nothing. {See * History of France,' 
 for 1866.) On tho 15th of June the Prus- 
 sians entered Saxony and occupied Leipzig. 
 Their wliole force was divided into three 
 main armies: one, under prince Frederic 
 Charles, occupied Saxony and threatened 
 Bohemia; the second, under the crown 
 prince, was in Silesia; the third was the 
 army of the Kibe, under general Herworth. 
 General Benedek was placed at tl<-3 head 
 of the northern army of Austria. The 
 plan of the Prussian campaign had been 
 arranged by general von Moltke at Berlin ; 
 but. In addition to the ability shown in 
 this plan, they had a further advantage 
 iu a rifle, called the nccdlc-gun, Inllnltely 
 superior to any weapon in the hands of 
 the Austrians. It is unnecessary to enter 
 into the military details of operations 
 which resulted In tho total defeat of the 
 Austrians at Kaniggriitz, as well as in re- 
 verses, more or less serious, undergone by 
 them In almost every engagement of a 
 struggle which, from tho time of its du- 
 ration, was known as the ' Seven Weeks 
 War.' It was now evident to the Austrian 
 emperor that his northern army was over- 
 matched, while an Immense proportion of 
 his forces was held at a distance guarding 
 Venetia. He therefore took the sudden step 
 of surrendering that ttirltory to tho em- 
 peror of tho French, who at once proposed 
 to the Prussians h Is remedy of a conference, 
 to be preceded by an armistice to last for 
 Ave da^'g, from July 22. 
 
 Meanwhile the Hanoverian army had been 
 compelled to capitulate to the Prussians at 
 Langensalza on the 28th of June, after a 
 severe engagement on the previous day. 
 On July 14 the remaining representatives 
 of the German bund withdrew from Frank- 
 fort to Augsburg. Two days afterwards 
 the Prussians entered Frankfort, and most 
 severe burdens were laid upon the city. 
 The occupation of BrUnn led to the aban- 
 donment of Moravia by the Austrians, and 
 on the 14lh of July the Prussians were 
 within fifty miles from Vienna at Znaim. 
 Unhappily anotlier battle was fought at 
 Blumenau, in which tbe Austrians bad tho 
 worst, on the very day on which the armis- 
 tice began. At twelve o'clock an offlcer 
 from the quarters of prince Frederic Charles 
 came to announce that the armistice was to 
 begin at noon that day ; but general Frau- 
 sky, fearing for general Bose, who was 
 operating at some distance, allowed the 
 enga,i[ement to go on for two hours longer, 
 and th.^n ordered a general advance. "When 
 tlie armies were ordered to coase firing, 
 the Austrians found that they had escaped 
 imminent danger of severe defeat, as gene- 
 ral Bose wt.8 in their rear. 
 
 By the trtaty of peace signed at Prague 
 the emperor of Austria consented to the 
 union of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom 
 with that of Italy, recognised the diMS'>- 
 lution of tbe late German bund, and gave 
 his consent to a newf<^:'mation of Germany 
 in which Austria should have no part. The 
 German states tc the south of tbe Main 
 were to form a union, which should have 
 an international Independent existence, its 
 connexion with the Northern Federation 
 being left to be defined hereafter. The 
 duchies of Schleswig and Holstelu were of 
 course wholly abandoned, on tho under- 
 standing that If the Scbleswigers, by a free 
 vote, expressed a wish to be united to 
 Denmark, they should be allowed to do so. 
 The territorial gain to Prussia included 
 tho following states : Hanover, Hesse-Cas- 
 scl, Nassau, Hesse-Homburg, the duchies of 
 Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, the 
 portion of Hesse-Darmstadt lying to the 
 north of the Main, and the principality of 
 Hohenzollern. 
 
 These great successes were represented 
 to tho lower Prussian chambers as a favour- 
 able opportunity forcndlng past differences. 
 By their adopting tho bill of indemnity to 
 the government from any consequences of 
 having violated the law by collecting taxes 
 which had not been voted by the chambers, 
 tho government would bo morally com- 
 pelled to act in a friendly spirit towards 
 tho house. To the intercession of tho 
 Hanoverians on behalf of their king, the 
 king of Prussia replied that annexation 
 was in this case liis duty. Ho was bound 
 to render iinp')ssible in tho future any 
 recurrence of the danger from the hostile 
 attitude of Hanover. 
 
 On the 12th of September a bill was 
 passed, determining the constitution of the 
 new German parliament. 
 
BAVARIA. 
 
 -♦o*- 
 
 Bavahia, now one of the principal secon- 
 dary states of Germany, was derived from 
 m circle of the German empire, of the same 
 name, bounded by Franconla and Bohemia 
 on the north, Austria on tho east, Tyrol on 
 the Bouth, and Si'abla on the west. The 
 earliest Inhabitants of Bavaria were a tribe 
 of Celtic origin called the Boll, from whom 
 it received Its old Latin name of Bolarla ; 
 but, about the time of Augustus, tho Ro- 
 mans subdued It, and it afterwards formed 
 apart of what they te/med RhiBtla, Vln- 
 dellcia, and Noricura. After the downfall 
 of the Roman empire, the Bavarians fell 
 under the dominion of the Ostrogoths and 
 Franks, by whom it was governed till 
 Charlemagne took posse.islon of the coun- 
 try, and committed the government to 
 some of his counts. On the part'/ton of 
 his imperial dominions amongst his girnd- 
 Bons, Bavaria was assigned to Louis tho 
 German. Its rulers bore the title of Mar- 
 grave till 920, when Arnold, its reigning 
 rrlnce, was raised to the title of duke, 
 which bis successors continued to bear till 
 033, when Maxrollian I., having assisted 
 Ferdinand II. against the Bohemian in- 
 surgents, was elevated to the electoral 
 dignity. 
 
 In 1070 Bavaria passed into the posses- 
 sion of the Guelphs ; and in 1180 It was 
 transferred by imperial grant to Otho, 
 count of Wlttelsbach, whose descendants 
 branched out into two families, tho Pala- 
 tine auQ the Bavarian, tho former Inherit- 
 ing the palatinate of the Rhine, the latter 
 the duchy of Bavaria. Few events of any 
 importance occurred till the war of the 
 Spanish succession, when Bavaria sufCered 
 severely from following the fortunes of 
 France. It, however, received a great ac- 
 cession in 1777, when, upon tho extinction 
 of the younger line of Wlttelsbach, the pa- 
 latinate, after a short contest with Austria, 
 was added to the Bavarian territory. After 
 the adjustment of the Austrian pretensions, 
 the electorate enjoyed the blessings of peace 
 till the French revolution, which Involved 
 all Germany in the flames of civil discord. 
 The elector remained on the side of the 
 Imperialists till 1796, when the French 
 marched a powerful army into his domi- 
 nions, and concluded a treaty for the ces- 
 sation of hostilities. In the following year 
 was signed the treaty of Campo-Forniio, 
 and in 1801 that of Lunevllle, by which all 
 the German dominions left of the Rhine 
 were annexed to France, and the elector 
 lost the palatinate of the Rhine, his pos- 
 sessions In the Netherlands and Alsace, and 
 the duchies of Juiiers and Deux Pouts ; 
 receiving as indemnities four bishoprics, 
 with ten abbeys, fifteen imperial towns, 
 and two imperial villages, and fiome other 
 
 minor privileges which It wonld be Bupe^ 
 fluous to mention. 
 
 In the confllc.':8 between Fn>noe and the 
 continental powers, Bavaria continued to 
 maintain a neutrality till 1800, when the 
 elector entered into an alliance with Napo- 
 leon, who s'" ""rtly afterwards raised him to 
 the dignity -jt king, and enlarged hi? do- 
 minions at tho same time by the annexa- 
 tion of several important provinces. Of all 
 tho allies of tho French emperor, no coun- 
 try has retained more solid advantages than 
 Bavaria. Shortly after tne campaign ol 
 1800, when Austria, to purchase peace, sa- 
 crificed part of her possessions, Bavarln 
 received a further enlargement, by the ad- 
 dition of Tyrol, Elchstadt, the eastern part 
 of Passau, and other territories ; when she 
 began to assume a more important station 
 amongst the surrounding states. 
 
 At the dissolution of the Germanic con- 
 stitution, and the formation of tho RUc- 
 nis'a confederation, another alteration took 
 place, the duchy of Berg being resigned for \ 
 the niargraviate of Anspacb, together with 
 the imperial towns of Augsburg and Nu- 
 remburg. In 1809, Bavaria again took part 
 with France against Austria, and again 
 shared in the spoils of war; hut subse- 
 quently ceded some of her ter jrlcs to 
 Wlrtemburg and Wurtzburg ; and, by an- 
 other alteration which shortly followed, ex- 
 changed a great part of Tyrol for Bayreutb 
 and Ratlsbon. 
 
 But the friendship of the Bavarian mo- 
 narch for his ally and patron was soon to 
 be put to the test. When the thirst for 
 military conquest induced Napoleon to 
 march the French armies to Moscow, the 
 Bavarian troops were amongst the number. 
 Apprelisndlng the ruin that awaited tlie 
 French, but While tho fortunes of Napoleon 
 were still doubtful, the king of Bavaria 
 seized the critical moment, and entered 
 Into a treaty with the emperor of Austria, 
 and joined the allies in crushing that power 
 Avhich had long held so man} nations iu 
 thraldom. These important services were 
 not forgotten. Bavaria was confirmed in 
 her extensive acqulsltionB by the treaties 
 of 1814 and 1815: for though Austria re- 
 covered her ancient possessions iu the 
 Tyrol, &c., Bavaria received equivalents m 
 Franconla and the vicinity of the lUiine. 
 
 Though the inferior kingdoms and states 
 of Germany are of too little Importance to 
 become principals in any European war, 
 they are frequently found very elTectlve 
 allies, as was tho case with Bavnriii. Its 
 array during the war amounted to 60,000 
 men. In 1818 Bavaria received a cent 
 tution, which continued to work with toiv- 
 rable regularity till 1846, when king Louis, 
 Whose foeticaudartiaiio tastes had secured 
 
t would be Bupe^ 
 
 n Frpnoe and the 
 Etrla continued to 
 11 1806, when the 
 lllance with Napo- 
 ards raised him to 
 
 enlarged hi? do- 
 le toy the annexa- 
 
 provinces. Of all 
 emperor, no couu- 
 d advantages than 
 
 tr.e campaign of 
 urchase peace, ga- 
 sscsslons, Bavari'i 
 jement, by the ad- 
 it, the eastern part i 
 rltoriea ; when she 
 Important station 
 g states. 
 
 the Germanic con- 
 ation of the Rbe- 
 her alteration took 
 being resigned lor 
 jach, together with 
 Augsburg and Nu- 
 irlaagaln took part 
 Lustria, and again 
 ! war; tout subse- 
 
 her ter jries to 
 sburg ; and, by an- 
 iiortly followed, ex- 
 Tyrol lor Bayreuth 
 
 the Bavarian rao- 
 )atron was soon to 
 hen the thirst for 
 iced Napoleon to 
 es to Moscow, the ! 
 longst the number. ' 
 that awaited the j 
 rtunes of Napoleon t 
 s king of Bavaria 1 
 ment, and entered 
 smperor of Austria, 
 rushing that power i 
 man) nations in 
 ■tant services were 
 was conflrmed in 
 •ns by the treaties 
 bough Austria re- 
 ossesslons in the 
 ved equivalents lu | 
 .ty of the lUiine. 
 ngdoms and states 
 Ittle Importance to 
 ny European war, j 
 md very effective 
 with Bavaria. Its j 
 amounted to 00,000 
 received a cont I 
 to work with toiv- 
 when king Louis, 
 tastes hadsecuiea 
 
 Ci)C W^tovn at 6frmany. 
 
 705 
 
 for liim considerable fame beyond the limits 
 of his own dominions, began to adopt mea- 
 sures which roused the Indignation of his 
 subjects. Into this course he was betrayed 
 by the Infatuation which had seized blm 
 for the well-known LolaMontes, whom he 
 hid created countess of Lansfoldt; and, 
 In March 1848, Immediately after the French 
 revolution of that memorable year, the at- 
 titude of the Bavarian people became so 
 mrnadng, that the king saw himself com- 
 pelled to abdicate the throne in favour of 
 bis eldest son, Maximilian ; who both dur- 
 
 ing, and subsequently to, the stormy period 
 that ensued, displayed great firmness, vigi- 
 lance, arid prudence, not only in regard to 
 his own kingdom, but on the wider field of 
 i:.uropean diplomacy. 
 
 In the history of Greece it will be seen 
 that Otho, a Bavarian prince, was in 1832 
 elected king of that country ; that, lu 1843, 
 he consented to give his subjects a more 
 liberal government, that bis promises were 
 miserably broken, and that he himself wu 
 ignomiulously expelled in 1803. 
 
HANO^'EE. 
 
 The king'.loni of Hano"er, which, unt !i the 
 year 1815, was au elecconitc, was forraod 
 out of the (iiiiiiies former!: iiosseased by 
 Boveial fatnllii .3 belongtug 10 the junior 
 branches <>£ ti\o house of Brnnswlck. The 
 bouse of Hanover may, Indeed, vie with any 
 In Germany for antiquity and noi i»:nes?. 
 Jt pprang from ( le ancient fa.nlly of tne 
 UiiulphB, dukes and electors of Bavaria, o'i>3 
 of whom, Henry the Lion, In 1140, inarri n» 
 Mnude, eldest daughter of Henry It., kin;; 
 of England. Tlioir son WiUlara, eallefi 
 Longsword, wan created first uuke thereof. 
 'i'lie domi lions descended in a direct line 
 1 Kiiiest, '.^ho divided them, upon his death 
 In 1546, Into two branches ; that of Bruns 
 wick Wolfenbuttel, and Brunswick LUiie- 
 burg. The possessor of the latter, Ernon!. 
 AuginttUB, was in 1092 raised to the dignity 
 of an elector; before which he was hef.i1 
 of the college of German princes. Ernest 
 married Sophia, daughter of Frederick, eler 
 tor palatine, and king of Bohemia, by Eli - 
 zabeth, daughter of James I., king of Great 
 Britain. Sophia being the next protcstant 
 heir to the crown of England, through the 
 medium of the house of Stuart, the parlia- 
 ment fixed the succession upon her, on the 
 demise of the then reigning queen Anne. 
 Sophia died a short time before the queen ; 
 and taer eldest son, George Louis, in conse- 
 auence« became king of Great Britain. 
 This was in 1714, from which time till 1837, 
 at the death of William IV., both England 
 and Hanover have had the same sovereign. 
 
 The families set aside from the succes- 
 sion by the parliament on that occasion, 
 independent of the family of king James II. 
 by Mary of Este. were as follows : the royal 
 houses of Savoy, France, and Spain, de- 
 scendants of Charles I., through his daugh- 
 ter Henrietta; Orleans and Lorraine, de- 
 scendants of James I. through Charles 
 Louis, elector palatine, eldest son of Eli- 
 zabeth, daughter of the said king ; Balm, 
 Urscl, Cond6, Gonti, Maine, Modena, and 
 Austria, descendants of James I. through 
 Edward, elector palatine, youngest son of 
 the said Elizabeth. 
 
 The history of Hanover for the two cen- 
 turies preceding the Lutheran reformation 
 presents little interest, except in the con- 
 nection of its princes with tile wars of the 
 Guelphs and Ghibellnes, In the latter end 
 of the 14th century. Amongst the most 
 zealous supporters of the reformation, how- 
 ever, were the princes of Brunswick, and 
 their subjects during the thirty years' war 
 very effectively supported their anti-papal 
 efforts. Ernest of Zell, the reigning duke 
 at that period, was one of the most elo- 
 quent defenders of Luther at the diet of 
 Worms ; and his endeavours to improve the 
 people by eetablisliing clerical and general 
 
 scl.r, jl3, when learning was appreciated by 
 only a few, show him to have been a man 
 of enlightened and liberal views. 
 
 On the accession of hpr urcsont Majesty 
 to liie throne of Gr'^-'t Bri> ^In, the Hano- 
 ^■erlan crown, !>.v vi vue o^ the salic law, 
 devolved on her 'inclo Ernest, duke of 
 Cuniberlind, fifth, uur eldest surviving son 
 of Geori/e tl£ Tt Lai! previously been lor 
 many years , i ;r the viceroyship of the 
 dukei'TlCambr.r^ge. i 
 
 Hanrvyr suffered in the French war o(^ 
 l7o7 ; but it experienced still greater suffer' 
 ings during the French revolutionary war, : 
 after the enemy got possession of it. Ai i 
 the peace of Amiens, ii. was given up to the I 
 king of Great Britain ; but that peace bein; \ 
 of very short duration. It .again fell Into 
 the hands of the French, without resist- 
 ance, or without an effort to save it, on the 
 part of the inhabitants or the government, [ 
 
 In 1804 Prussia took possession of Han- : 
 over, but ceded it in the same year to tlie 
 French, who constituted it a part of the 
 kingdom of Westphalia, established In 1803. 
 .^t the peace of 1813, the king of Great 
 Britain reclaimed his rightful dominion!, 
 which were then formed into a kingdom 
 ana much enlarged by the stipulations oj 
 the treaty of Vienna. 
 
 The countries which compose what is 
 called IHanover, consist of Llineburg, ac- 
 quired by inheritance in 1292 ; Danne- 
 burg, by purchase, 1303 ; Grubenhagen, by 
 inheritance, 1079; Hanover (Culeiilnirg), 
 by inheritance, 1679; Diepholtz, by ex- 
 change, 1685 ; Hoya, by inheritance, In 
 part, 1582 ; the remaining part by a grant 
 from the emperor In 1705 ; Lauenburg, by 
 Inheritance, 1706; Bremen and Verden.hy 
 purchase, 1715 and 1719; Wiideshausen.by 
 purchase, 1720 ; and the Hacleln-land, 1731, 
 The district of Lauenburg has since been 
 ceded for the bishopric of Hildesheini, the 
 principality of East Frleslaud, the districts i 
 of Lingen, Harllngen, &a 
 
 Hanover so long formed an appendage 
 to the British crown that we are indiiocil 
 to extend this slight history by qiintin; 
 from Mr. M'Culloch an account of its go- 
 vernment :— 
 
 • Before PrusEia ceded Hanover to France, 
 In 1804, the form of government was mo- 
 narchical, and the various territories were 
 subject to feudal lords. The peasants ol 
 the marsh lands had more freedom, niiil | 
 la East Frlesland the constitution of the 
 country was almost republican. In the 
 territories of the princes of the cmviK, 
 the representation of the people by es- 
 tates, composed of the nobles, prelates, 
 and deputies from the towns, served to 
 check the power of the sovereign, as in 
 Other paits of Gennany. In 1808, wlien 
 
1 tiio French war o( 
 d Btlll greater Bufler- 
 li revolutionary war, 
 )osseB8ion of it. At 
 L, was given up to the 
 bat that peace being 
 jn. It again fell Into 
 inch, without resist- ' 
 lort to save It, on the 
 3 or the government. 
 ik possession of Han- 
 the same year to the ] 
 itcd it a part of the i 
 111, e8tahll8hedlnl808.i 
 3, the king of Great] 
 I rightful donituions, \ 
 rmed Into a kingdom ! 
 ty the stipulatlouB ol | 
 
 ch compose what Is | 
 list of Ltlneburg, ac- 
 ICO In 1292; Danne- 
 03; Grubenhagcn, by 
 [anovcr (Culcnburg), 
 i; Dlepholtz, by ex- 1 
 by Inheritance, In 
 ling part by a grant 
 1705 ; Lauenburg, by 
 emen and Verden.hy ] 
 19; Wlldeshausen,})? i 
 ;he Hadeln-land, 1731. j 
 nburg has stv.ce been 
 •Icof HUdeshelm.tlie L 
 rleslaud, the districts il 
 
 formed an appendage j 
 
 that we are induoca 
 
 ■b history by qunt'"? 
 
 an account of its go- 
 
 ed Hanover to France, I 
 ffovernment was mo- [ 
 riouB territories were i 
 •ds. The pciisauts ci 
 more freedom,/™ 
 I constitution of the I 
 
 republican. I» !'"> i 
 inces of the empire, 
 1 the people by » 
 [the nobles, prelates, 
 "he towns, served o 
 the sovereign, m m, 
 iny. In 1808, when; 
 
 NnpoIcoM crcatrd the kingdom of West- 
 phalla, the territories of Hanover, with the 
 districts of Hildeshcim and Osnnbrlirk, 
 formed a part of it, and the Code Napoleon 
 took tlic place of the ancient laws, and a 
 Biiam representative government was estab- 
 llslicd. On the return of the rightful so- 
 vereign to Hanover, In 1813, the French 
 Institutions were summarily abolished, and 
 the old forms reestablished; and in 1813 
 the estates, summoned upon the ancient 
 footing, drew up the form of a new consti- 
 tution, raodellod on that of England and 
 France, and substU'Ulng a uniform system 
 of representation fc 'he various represen- 
 tative forms which i,rcvalled under the em- 
 pire. The chief change that excited disap- 
 iirobation arose from tho arl)itrary decision 
 of the sovereign (George IV.), advised by 
 count Munster, that there should be two 
 chambers Instead of one, contrary to tho 
 proposal of the estates and the universal 
 custom of Germany. The respective rights 
 of the sovereign and the country to the 
 crown-land revenues were not clearly de- 
 fined by this fundamental law; but the 
 interests of the people were supposed to bo 
 suflldently consulted by the Institution uf 
 a national treasury, the commissioners of 
 wlilch, named for life, were ex officio mem- 
 bers either of the upper or of the lower 
 chamber. 
 
 'This constitution, however, contained 
 no properly deflued statements respecting 
 either the rights of the people, or the pre- 
 rogatives of the crown ; and as tho new 
 system of representation was not suOlcl- 
 cntiy consolidated to resist tho encroach- 
 ments of a monarch supported by power- 
 ful foreign Intlucncc, the necessity of a 
 more definite fundamental law, in which 
 tlie rlglits of tho citizens should at least 
 be declared, was felt on all sides. This 
 feeling led to the draw'ng up of the consti- 
 tution of 1833, which differed In but few, 
 though most essential, points from that of 
 1819. Tiio principal points of difference 
 were a fuller acknowledgement of the riyht 
 of the chambers to control the budget, and 
 to call the ministers to account for their 
 condUL, i the restriction of tho king's ex- 
 licnditurc, by a regulated civil list ; and 
 the reservation, for the use of tho nation, 
 of tho surplus revenue of the crown de- 
 mesnes. These modUlcatlons rendered the 
 treasury, whoso functions thus devolved 
 upon tho chambers, wholly unnecessary ; 
 and it was dissolved. The new fundamental 
 law, after being discussed by both cham- 
 bers, received the assent of William IV, in 
 1833, v,ho, however, by tho name act, modi- 
 fled f'lurtecn articles of tho bill. New elec- 
 tions followed, and the new chambers wero 
 
 exhibiting their activity In reforming 
 abuses, and introducing economy Into the 
 state disbursements, when tho death of 
 "William IV. interrupted tho proceedings. 
 As tho sallc law, excluding females from 
 Nio succession to the throne, prevails In 
 Hanover, William IV. was succeeded by his 
 eldest surviving brother, Ernest, duke of 
 Cumberland, In England. Immediately on 
 taking the government, the new king de- 
 clared tho chambers dissolved; and pre- 
 viously to their reassembling, he abolished, 
 by proclamation, tho fundamental law 
 which had been adopted under the reign of 
 his predecessor, and, in the most arbitrary 
 manner. Insulting alike his brother's me 
 mory and the whole country, declared tho 
 fundamental law of 1810 to be alone valid. 
 Under the last-named law he summoned a 
 ti^sh parliament: but ho found tho spirit 
 of the nation aroused and Indignant; for 
 not only the courts of law, but the highest 
 legal authority In Germany, and several 
 faculties of universities, declared his pro- 
 ceedings illegal ; many towns refused to 
 send representatives to parliament, and 
 those which met signed a memorable pro- 
 test, declaring their opinion that the fun- 
 damental law of 1833 was still the law of 
 the land. As tho chambers could not be 
 convened, for decency's sake they were 
 declared dissolved. 
 
 ' In this state of things, the government 
 of Hanover was managed by authorities 
 partly belonging to the period of 1819. 
 The privy council, which met to advise tho 
 king on state affairs, in the same manneraa 
 that of England, was arbitrarily abolished, 
 and a cabinet council, composed of tho 
 king's ministers and creatures, appointed in 
 Its place. Matters remained In this state 
 till 18-18, when king Ernest saw himself 
 compelled to yield to the revolutionary 
 tempest which then swept over Europe. 
 The constitution of 1833 was then restored, 
 and has been In force ever since. But tho 
 old aristocratic party of the country, who 
 saw themselves deprived of certain privi- 
 leges by tho restored constitution, wero 
 not Inactive during tho reactionary i>erlod 
 that afterwards set In ; and it is generally 
 understood that nothing but the flrm con- 
 sistency of tho king stood between them 
 and success. In 1851 king Ernest I. died, 
 and was succeeded hy bis only son, 
 George V. 
 
 'A treaty of mutual Inheritance has long 
 existed between Hanover and Urunswlck, 
 which was formally renewed In 18.'iC, and 
 by which tho Hanoverian crown Is declared 
 to descend to the dukes of Urunswlck on 
 the extinction of male heirs of tho Hue of 
 Hanover, and vice versa. 
 
 3.A 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, 
 
 coMrnisiNO 
 HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. 
 
 Thh NETHEntANns, or Low Countrica, 
 which now form two pnpuloua kingdoms, 
 though of Bccond-rato Importance when 
 compared with the great European powers, 
 were, at the commencement of tlio Chrls- 
 tlan era, mere dreary marshes and dismal 
 forests of vast extent, which were fre- 
 quently overflowed by the sea. This Inhos- 
 pitable low tract was thinly Inhabited by 
 people of Gennan origin, called Batavlana 
 and Frisians, many of whom lived In miser- 
 able huts, raised on wooden piles, or built 
 upon mounds of sand, to secure them above 
 the reach of the tides. But It Is not to be 
 understood that the entire region was of 
 this description ; although It has been gra- 
 phically said, that whole forests were occa- 
 sionally thrown down by a tempest, or 
 swept away by an Inundation— that the sea, 
 had no limits, and the earth no solidity. 
 The higher grounds, extending from the 
 Rhine to the Scheldt, Including that vast 
 extent of woody country, the ancient forest 
 of Ardennes, were inhabited by various 
 tribes of the German race, who sul)sieted 
 by agriculture and the chase. They had 
 towns and villages In the heart of the fo- 
 rest ; their country produced abundant sup- 
 plies of corn and cattle ; they were coura- 
 geous and uncivilised; and the people con- 
 sisted of two classes, chiefs and slaves. 
 
 When the Romans under Julius Cicsar 
 subdued the Gauls, that warlike nation 
 turned their arms also against the people 
 we have just spoken of, whoso country they 
 denominated Gallia Belglca, or Belgium ; 
 but they did not pursue their conquests 
 farther towards the north, thinking proba- 
 bly that the desert plains and patches of 
 land, rising, as it were, from their watery 
 bed, were scarcely worth the trouble of 
 exploring, much less of contending for. 
 They accordingly offered peace and alliance 
 to that part of the Netherlands now called 
 Holland ; while the Frisians were left to 
 struggle with the Roman legions for their 
 liberty. 
 
 From the writings of CiBsarwe learn that 
 Flanders was occupied by the 'Menapli and 
 Morlnl, Brabant by the Atuaticl, Hainault 
 and Namur by the Nervll (so remarkable 
 for desperate courage as to excite the won- 
 der of the veterans of Rome), Luxemburg 
 and Limburg by the E)>urones, &c. Cassar 
 emphatically describes the Belgians as the 
 most warlike of the Gallic tribes, and ob- 
 seiires that In stature and bulk they sur- 
 passed the Romans. But though they 
 lought with an energy and a determiuatlon 
 
 which nothing could exceed, the dlgclpIlMl 
 and military skill of the Romans eventually I 
 obtained the mastery. r 
 
 In subduing this bravo people, the Ito-I 
 mans had recourse to the most barbardiiji 
 practices of ancient warfare ; and for a time I 
 cither extermination or expulsion 8eemeil| 
 to be necessary to conquer their fierce audi 
 valiant spirits; thus we read, that In (>| 
 Bar's celebrated battle with the Fervll.iieail 
 Namur, the army of theconfcden tedtrll)0!,|l 
 amounting to 60,000 men, was reduced to] 
 50O, and that on taking the town of Ton[ 
 gros he sold 5.'»,000 of the Atuaticl fori 
 slaves. By degrees, however, they becanul 
 Incorporated with the'r conquerors, ndnptedl 
 their manners, and served In their armlei,! 
 proving themselves, in many mciiioraUjI 
 instances, the ablest auxiliaries tlint eveil 
 loight by the side of the Roman Icglowl 
 In this state they remained for about lourfl 
 centuries, during which time the Belglef 
 population underwent considerable cliangei { 
 from the successive Invasions of the Franh j 
 from the north, whost progress wcstwart J 
 terminated in their establishing thoFranlir 
 ish empire in Gaul. | 
 
 We have already had occasion more than I 
 once In this volume to notice, that when I 
 the Romans subjugated any countrj', tli«| 
 Inhabitants, however barbarous, gradiialijj 
 bc'iine acquainted with the arts and sii-| 
 vantages of civilised life, and that the suir, 
 sequent prosperity and ! ink to which tterl 
 attained in the scale of .iations may justir I 
 be attributed to the co.mectlon which sob-l 
 Bisted between the co\qucror8 and tliecoii-f 
 quei'ed. Thus It wa? wltlj the Belgic pro'l 
 vinccs. From the Romans they learncill 
 how to redeem tl.elr Inundated lands, bij 
 constructing dy'ies, embankments, anil 
 canals ; and as tney were naturally an «•[ 
 tivo and intelligent people, they dralneJl 
 their marshes, and prepared the land act I 
 merely as pasture for cattle and thegroftli| 
 of corn, but for the cultivation of cholMl 
 fruits and vegetables ; while towns anil 
 villages were built on the higher groimJif 
 and the country. Instead of being a dreary I 
 waste of bog-land and water, presented 1 1 
 the eye a varied prospect of fertility anil 
 an Industrious population. 
 
 Towards the declension of the Romanl 
 empire, when Its rulers were compelled tol 
 withdraw their troops from the provinces,! 
 Gallia Belglca shared the fate of the rcati 
 and It was successively overrun by the nt 
 rlous tribes from the north of Germanj.l 
 But notwithstanding these serious disall 
 
QDl^e Vtiitatu of t^e fitt^tvUnttsi, 
 
 709 
 
 iravo people, the Ito-I 
 othe most barbnmul 
 irarf are ; and f oV a timj I 
 I or expulsion seemed I 
 iiquer their nerceanill 
 iwe read, lliat In t>l 
 
 with the Nervll.iiMil 
 he confcdon tedtrll)C!,| 
 
 men, was reduced to r 
 Ing the town of TonI 
 
 1 of the Atuatlcl fori 
 Itowover, they became I 
 
 e'r conquerors, adnptedl 
 served In their nrmlfNl 
 1, In many mciuoraWel 
 t auxiliaries that evetl 
 of the Roman Icglniul 
 jmalned for about font 1 
 vhlch time the BelgttI 
 nt considerable clmiigei I 
 [invasions of the Frank! I 
 ost progress wcstwari I 
 establishing the FrankJ 
 
 lad occasion more thai 
 e to notice, that when 
 jated any country, ili« 
 ;r barbarous, gradualli 
 with the arts and aJ| 
 d life, and that tlicputr 
 md link to which th(j 
 I of /.atlons may jusiljl 
 co.mectlonwhtclisiil)-] 
 lior.qucrors and the» 
 P with the BelfJtlc pi» 
 Romans they leameJ 
 )lr Inundated lands, m 
 , embankments. Ml 
 were naturally an K; 
 „ people, they dralnrf 
 prepared the land m 
 >r cattle and the grofti 
 B cultivation of cholM' 
 les ; while towns isA, 
 on the higher groutd, 
 stead of being a dreary 
 ,nd water, presented M 
 •ospect of fertility anl 
 latlon. „ .1 
 
 lenslon of the Roniffl 
 lers were compelled to 
 ips from the province*,! 
 >d the fate of the rest, 
 _rely overrun by the vm 
 the north of Gemm] 
 g these serious disai 
 
 I vantages, the spirit of Improvement kept 
 pace with the age ; more land was reclaimed 
 from the ocean, and randercd both pro- 
 ductive and habitable. The maritime low- 
 land descendants of the Menapll, now blend- 
 ed with Saxons and Frisians, continued 
 to prosper In commerce and agriculture, 
 targe towns had been built, and many 
 artsand manufactures, brought from other 
 countries, were carried on with credit and 
 gucccss. Brugi B.Ghent, An twerp, and other 
 towns rose in Import nnoo, and the com- 
 mercial Important .>f tho Flemings was 
 I universally acknow icdged. 
 
 At what precise time the Clirlstlan reli- 
 gion was Introduced, It la Impossible to 
 I asaert with certainty ; but we know that 
 previous to the reign of Charlemagne the 
 conversion of the people had br .omo gene- 
 ral, and that churches and monasteries ex- 
 isted in various parts of the country. But 
 no trace of the fierce and valiant warriors 
 of former dnvs remained ; their swords had 
 Indeed been turned Into ploughshares, and 
 their spears into prunlng-hooks, but feudal 
 I Institutions had converted tho free sons 
 1 of the soil into abject vassals, who now 
 tolled only to enrich the baronial lords and 
 haughty prlestr whose power and posacs- 
 slons were Immense. This state of vassal- 
 age did not, however, extend to the towns, 
 the inhabitants of which were mostly nicr- 
 I chants and manufacturers, enjoyl>ig all the 
 advantages of free citizens. Their Industry 
 and Ingenuity not only made them wealthy, 
 I hut obtained for them attention and re- 
 spect; and in the course of time they elect- 
 ed their own magistrates, made their own 
 laws, fortified their cities, and organised a 
 regular militia from among themselves ; so 
 that they were able to maintain their privi- 
 leges and defend their liberties against tho 
 I encroachments of foreign princes or their 
 I own powerful nobles. 
 
 I At the period to which we are now refer- 
 I ring, the maritime commerce of tho Flem- 
 I logs had made a great progress with Spain 
 land England, from whence they obtained 
 I large Importations of wool. Their skill In 
 I the manufacture of woollen stuffs and 
 I cloths had established for them a market In 
 I every foreign port ; the herring fishery was 
 I also a great source of wealth ; and to these 
 I they added a large trade In corn, salt, and 
 jlewellory. 
 
 I In the eleventh century the country was 
 I divided into duchies, counties, and impe- 
 Irial cities ; Brabant, or Lower Lorraine, 
 land afterwards Luxemburg, Limburg, and 
 iGueldres, were governed by dukes ; Flan- 
 Iders, Holland, Zealand, Hainault, Artois, 
 iKamur, and Zutpheu, by counts. Frles- 
 lland Proper remained a free lordship ; 
 lUtrecht became a bishopric, the secular 
 I authority of the bishop extending over 
 iGronhigen and Overysscl. Of all these 
 I realms, tho counts of Flanders were the 
 I most powerful, and, after their possessions 
 [had passed, in 1383, to the more powerful 
 ■house of Burgundy, the latter, partly by 
 I marriages, partly by force or cession, ob- 
 Italned possession of the largest part of the 
 I Low Countries. 
 During the crosades the Flemish imrgh- 
 
 crs obtained great advantages, owing to 
 the mania with which many of tho nobles 
 were seized to Join the holy leaguers. In 
 order to raise money for equipping armies 
 to combat against tho Baracens, they wore 
 induced to part with their lands and to 
 grant great privileges and polHIcai powers" 
 to their wealthy tenants, who thus were 
 enabled to purchase Independence and a 
 jurisdiction of their own, as we have beforo 
 mentioned. ' Tho people, conscious of their 
 power, gradually extorted from their rulers 
 BO many concessions, that the provinces 
 formed. In reality, a democracy, and were 
 only nominally subject to the monarch of 
 Franco and his nobles. When tho rest of 
 Europe w. i subject to despotism, and in 
 volvcd in comparative ignorance and bar- 
 barism, tho court of the counts of Flanders 
 was the chosen residence of liberty, civilisa- 
 tion, and useful knowledge ; and when the 
 ships of other nations scarcely ventured 
 bpyond tho sight of land, those of the 
 Flemish merchants traversed the ocean, 
 and Bruges and Antwerp possessed the com- 
 merce and wealth of the north of Europe. 
 In this state the provinces long continued, 
 until they came under the dominion of tho 
 duke of Burgundy, about tho middle of 
 tlio fifteenth century. Previous to this 
 event, we find only unconnected duchies, 
 counties, lordships, and towns, with innu- 
 merable rights, claims, and privileges, ad- 
 vanced and enforced now by subjects and 
 vassals against each other or against their 
 lords ; and now by lords and vassals 
 against the monarch, without the expres- 
 sion of any collective Idea of Belgium as 
 a nation. Under the Burgundlan dynasty 
 the commercial and manufacturing towns 
 of the Low Countries enjoyed a remarkable 
 prosperity. The famous order of the Golden 
 Fleece was instituted in 1430 ; and beforo 
 the end of the fifteenth century the city 
 of Yprcs had 4,000 looms, and the city of 
 Ghent 50,000 weavers. Bruges and Ant- 
 werp were the great marts of the com- 
 mercial world, and contained each about 
 200,000 inhabitants. In the Flemish court 
 of the duke of Burgundy, named Philip 
 the Good, about 1455, luxurious living was 
 carried to a vicious and foolish excess. Tho 
 wealthy were clad In gorgeous velvets, sa- 
 tins, and jewellery, and their banquets 
 were given with almost Incredible splen- 
 dour. 
 
 • This luxury produced depravity and 
 crime to such an extent, that in one year 
 1,400 murders were committed in Ghent, 
 in the gambling-houses and other resorts 
 of debauchery. The arts were cultivated 
 with great success. Van Eyck Invented 
 the beautiful oil colours for which tho 
 Flemish school is renowned. Painting on 
 glass, polishing diamonds, lace, tapestry, 
 and chimes were also invented in Belgium 
 at this period. Most of the raagnlllcent 
 cathedrals and town-halls in the country 
 were built in the thirtcLiith and fourteenth 
 centuries. History, poetry, and learning 
 were much cultivated ; and the university 
 of Louvaln was the most celebrated In 
 Europe. In 1477 Belgium passed under 
 the dynasty of the empire of Austria ; and 
 
710 
 
 tSl)t Wrtnttwtn of ?Q(ii(tartt, ftt. 
 
 =^l 
 
 I i 
 
 aftor innny yi-nrit of coniont lit'l wccii llio 
 «lfH|Hiiln Mnxliiilllini itiiil llin (U'liiiicrnllii 
 KIcinltiKM, Mio Kiivoniniont, In l.>lii, ilc- 
 i*ci>nih'«t til hlN Kriui(lHoii,(<lii>rlfit V., kliiir 
 nf Htmlit mill I'liiiioror ut (li'i'iimi-y. In liU 
 irlKii tlio nflluiiiico of the h'IriiilHli Iiui'hIi- 
 crH iittitliu'it ItH lilKliXHt |)olni. Tho city 
 I of (Ihont ruiitiiliu'it l7»,(Mio InliiililtitiitH, of 
 
 Hrliom IINUHIO wiM'lt OtIKItKl'il III WCUVlllK 
 
 nnil otlirr liiiliiHtiliil nrtH, HniKCM iiiiiiiiiklly 
 (•ximrtoil HtiilfH of KiikIImIi mikI HiuiiiIhIi 
 
 wool to ttiO MllllO of N,IHN),<MX) lloilll!*. TIlO 
 
 Holiclilt nt Aiitwci'p iiftiMi (Miiitnliu'il 9,MM) 
 VOhhoIn, wnlMiiK llittlr liii'ti In coidk to tlio 
 wlinrfH; lii>r Kiiti'it wcir dnlly (tiilorcil liy 
 niX) IiiikUhI wiikkoiih ; miii hrrtucliiiiiKo wiih 
 iitti'mli'il, Jwli'o ft iliiy, liy ^,IH)() nu'nIiiintM, 
 W'lio (<x|)<<nil(Ml i:io,(MNi Kolili'ii crowiiN In a 
 BliiKlt* ImiKiiiot kIvoii to I'lilll)! II., Hon of 
 (ilmrlea V. Tlio viiliio of tlio wool iiiiiiiinlly 
 Iniportoil from KiiKlitml iind Himlii oxori'd- 
 ctl 4,(XX),iMX) iiloroM of Kolil. TIiIh mnii/.liiK 
 |)roH|>ority oxiiorli'iircil a rnplil iiiiil fiiiiil 
 (li'olino iinilor tlio iiiiillKniuit tyritnny iiiul 
 blKotry of rhlll|>. ThotloclrlnoH of I ho pro- 
 tOHtniit rofornmtton liml found very iiuino- 
 roUH ndhoroiit* In IIcIkIikh; tiUllu'runlHiii 
 wn* proiiolu'il with f roii/.lod zoul l>y m-vo- 
 ral iminilar fiiiiatlrH, who divw nroiiiid 
 thcnt crowda HiiiouiitInK RoiiioMnioH to 
 10,(X)0or IS.iXK). I'artloHof IcoiioclaHis nlHo 
 n|>|>oiiroil niid diMiiollHhod tho ornaniental 
 liroiM'rty of 400 rliui'i'h(<i«. I'l-otoHtniit por- 
 Boontlon l>y llio IiuiiilMttlon had boon roiii- 
 iiioiicod hy Charlott V.; Iiut by I'hillp II. 
 It wan vatahlUhcd in Its iiioHt diabolirni 
 cxtiavBganoo. Ho flilod tlio ronntry wllli 
 SpaiilHh eoldlorrt, and coninilMHlonod tho 
 duko of Alva to cxtlrpnto, without nioi'cyi 
 every protostniit hcrotlc in UolKiuiii. Vo- 
 lumes havo been writton to descrlho tho 
 rroreodiiiKa of thU al>Io ttoldlor, hut nan- 
 KUiii'iry versecutor, who boasted that In 
 \cs» than bIx years ho had put to deai.li 
 18,(X)0 inoit and women by tho sword, the 
 tf ibhet, tlio rack, and tho tiames. Itutn and 
 dread of deatli In its most hldoous funim 
 drove thoufniids of artisans to lOuKland, 
 where they introduced tho manufacturing 
 skill of Bruges and (ilient. Comnierco and 
 trado In Klanders dwindled away, many 
 of tho rich merchants wore reduced to bi'Hr 
 for bread, the great cities were half de- 
 sorted, ami forest wolves often devoured 
 tho scattered Inhabitants of desolated vil- 
 Ingos.' [Kor tho foregoiiiHr spirited sketch 
 of tho rise, progress, and decline of com- 
 nierco and tho arts in Uelgiuin, wo aro in- 
 dcbteil to Mr. M'CuIloch's Cicographlcul 
 Dictionary.] 
 
 These oppressions being exercised with 
 tho most tyrannical fury by Ferdinand of 
 Toledo, duko of Alva, whom IMilllp had 
 created governor, tlio Netherlands niadoa 
 strong effort for their freedom, and Wil- 
 liam, prliico of Orange, in conjunction 
 with his brother, count Louis of Nassau, 
 undertook the defence of the inhabitants, 
 in their noblo struggles for religious aitd 
 civil liberty. Accordingly, tho states of 
 Holland, in tlieir own names, conferred 
 tho stacUholiicrship, a title equivalent to 
 lieutenant, on the former, and several other 
 towns and provinces declared for him. He 
 
 llml united lliuin. In Ib7il, In oiio g('ii> ml | 
 axKorlatloii, under tho tlll(< of *Thu [';iv\. 
 llcaMoti of Olieiit.' Hut thlN union lii'liji(| 
 soon dhsnlved, tho priiico labourotl to tiiu | 
 iiMnoMt of IiIh power to form a more iliir' 
 iitilo alllaiiie, which ho h'U'plly accxm. 
 pIlHlied In 1570. In that .^'car iho rclu- 1 
 braled leaHUo of lUrccht wAh 'oiu-IikN, I 
 which gave naino to tho irnlted I'mvliircn, | 
 and liccaiiio tho basis and plan of iljcirj 
 coimtltution. 
 
 The princo of Orango was af terwnnli I 
 on tho point of being nomlnaii'il ihii 
 Hoverelgn of these countries, but tu 
 treachei'oiiHly shot In IftH-l, bynn aHKnxiilii | 
 named IkUlhii/ar Ocrhad, who hail fm. ' 
 Hiimi'd llio iiamo of KranclM (luyoii. Thi) I 
 man was siiiipoMcd to havo been hlrriliiij 
 perpetrate tlio murder by tlio HpanlHli mi. 
 iilstry, but no lorliiros could force ai-oii. 
 fesHlon from hliii. Tho United Ncllicr. 
 landH, however, continued to iiialiitnlii, I 
 HWord in hand, that liberty to wlilrli II117 
 had raised themHolvoM; and I'llixalielli ii|L 
 Knglaiid took lliom under her protci'ilmi,, 
 mid rendered Miem oHHcnthil aHHlHliinrc, I 
 When tho earl of lielccHter, tho favimrlte J 
 of that queen, was sent over by her tn (Ik I 
 Netherlands, In t!io year inH5, tlio Htiiutl 
 appointed him governor and cAptaiii-Ki'no I 
 ral of tho riilted I'rovlnces, or. In oilicrl 
 words, their Htiidtholder; but liU IiiiukIiih 
 carriage, and uiiHkllful manner of rniidiici. r 
 Ing tho war, soon rendered hini uiipii|iiil»r, 
 and the next year ho returned to KiikIiiiuI. 
 The Dutch, being afterwards better hiiji. I 
 ported by tho KngllHli, ballled all lla'at-' 
 tempts of the Hpanlards; and their mi' 
 inerco arrived at such a helglit, that In lOI j 
 thuir colehrated Kast India company nl 
 established. Hpain, being both weaki'iiiil | 
 an<l discouraged by tho 111 BUCccH.Sddl 
 tedious war, in Itiuo agreed to an arnilitili'tl 
 for twelve years, and In tho very llrsil 
 article of tho treaty acknowleclKi'il tlnl 
 United Netherlands to 1)0 a free ainMuJe-j 
 pendent state. During this truce tlicro] 
 i<ubllc attained to a degree of power wlil(!i| 
 It has never since exceeded. 
 
 OonipoUed by necessity to iiinko toI 
 against tho Spanish fleets, the repiilillraDil 
 soon became excellent salloi.., and ciiici>| 
 prising indcfatlgablo merchants, wliovl'T 
 hlteil every sea, and to whom no purnnij 
 too distant, no obstaclo ton dlscoiirnulnu 
 The commerce of Cadla, Antwerp, and I.li'l 
 bon, fell into their hands ; and In tliiiiwi;| 
 tho United Netherlands were. In tlio 
 die of tho Bovontcenth century, tlic llritl 
 commercial state and tho first iiiarltlmil 
 power in the world ; for, with about m 
 ve.i8ol8 of war, they ))ado dellanco tocvcrjl 
 rival, while Kngland and Franco njnlfrfl 
 in the humiliation of thedreadcd nionim'lifl 
 of Spain. The Dutch East India cuiiimI 
 established In I602, conquered Islands unil 
 kingdoms in Asia ; and with about Ml 
 ships, they carried on a trade with ChiiHil 
 and even witli Japan. They alone 6ii|>I 
 plied Europe with the productions of tlitl 
 spice islands. The gold, the iicarls, tiie rre-l 
 clous jewels of the East, all passed tliruuglil 
 their hands. The West India coinpaiiJ 
 was not 80 successful, on account of tb(l 
 
\un iiiiiitliiiitril lliK 
 KUiililt'H, tml WM,, 
 lf.Hl, l>y nn nHHrwulii I 
 rliiitl, whi> Imil in' 
 riinflu (Jiiyoh. This 
 Imvi' l»i'«'» '''•■•''' '" 
 r liy llio HimiilHli ml- 
 mcoulil fiirit' in'iiiiv, 
 Tim UiilU'il Nctlur- 
 .liiuiHl to iiiiiliilnlii, [ 
 illii-ily to wlilfli Ilu7 
 H ; m»> Mllw"l'"tli "I 
 iiiilor lK<r iiroli'iiliiii,! 
 I'HHi'iitliil uhhIhIiuii'cI 
 IccHtcr, 111" fiivonriie 
 ntovi'f liy iHTioilK 
 yciir UM, tliii hliitct 
 nor luul cAiiliilii-Kino 
 ovliuTH, or. In (Hint 
 iler ; Imt liU Imimliir 
 il iniinncr of comliiri. 
 nlorcdlilui uniioi)imr,l 
 rolurm-il to Kimliiiul. 
 tterwiinls iK-tlcr bii|1' 
 lull, IdilUcil nil ilio «t' 
 mln; (iw\ Uii-'lr wni' 
 li a lu'l«lil.tli"l '»'*'' 
 It Iiiaiiv cmnpaiiy ™, 
 iH'liig both wwiki'M; 
 
 thO IH BUCCOM otij 
 iKrooil to ail iinnlstlcj 
 md III the vtry llrsi 
 y ui'linowlt'ilKcil in. 
 to iioiifroo iiiKl W" 
 i,K thU truco llionv 
 IcKri'c of i)o\vcr mm 
 oooiU'd. , J 
 
 .•esslty to Hmkc w 
 llectB, the rt'inilillw 
 lit salloi^, :i!ul oiiU'M 
 
 morcliants, wluivl' 
 to whom no i«irtw« 
 vclo too dlftcoiirat! iiq 
 illji, Antwerp, aiijl I* 
 
 ■anas; ami 111 tl'li^v! 
 ,iul8wero,ln tlio ii» 
 nth century, Hic «« 
 nd the «r«t marltiin; 
 
 ■; for, wltll about M 
 bade dcllancc to cytJ 
 
 1 and Franco rejulM 
 the dreaded moniiwui 
 
 n East India coiiil'any 
 conquered Islands ujj 
 and with about Ml 
 m a trade with IWl 
 an. They nlone /"fl 
 ;he productions of tMi 
 tjld.thoiwarls.llierwi 
 last all passed tlirousM 
 West India coinpanJ 
 ful, on account ol [i«| 
 
 €\)t Witaxv at tOe Drtljrrlniitrif. 
 
 711 
 
 Jcnlonny of KiiHlinid and Vraiui-. Unllantl, 
 iiovi'rIlii'li'HK, fur a Iomk IIiiik iiialntaliini 
 ilirdoniliiloii of Iho hrit. Vim Tminp and 
 |><i Uiiyler were vIclorluiiM, and l.onU X I V., 
 nli'i liiid laid a drrp plan for hiiinlilliiK 
 llii'ilnrliiKri'iiiihllc, wiH lliiully exhuiiHlnl, 
 mill iibllK<'d toHUd for peace. 
 
 Tlii'Hi' HiKiml HUcecHMCH were itrlnrlpiiily 
 (iliiiiliu'd by till) able eoniliict of pilnii^ 
 Mnurlce of NaHHnii, the Heconil Hon of ibi- 
 llrHl Htudlliolder ; and to the Name ilJKiilly 
 tlilH iH'liice waH elioHen when inily twenty 
 mill ycari« of iiki-. lie condinaeil tjio uf 
 riili'i4 iif the NiateH. during twenty yeiirn, 
 Willi Ki'eat ablllly and HiicceHH. The latter 
 iiiirL lit IhiM iirlnce'H Koveniiiient wiih hiiI- 
 llcil by cruelty and InKratltmIe; fur ho 
 |irnciii'(il the coiiileiiinatliiii ami deiitli of 
 lliu iit'iiHlniiary llarnevelt. to wIiomo liillii- 
 I'lirolie owed hlHelevatloii. TI,Ih man, who 
 WIIH nil Armlnlan In rellKloii and a re- 
 liulillcaii III pollMcH, wax Hacrllleed to IiIm 
 ii|i|iiliiiiH ; but IiIh death cniiMed the po- 
 litical prInclpleH fur which he Hiilfered to 
 dlircftd more widely. TIiobo who oppoHed 
 tliu Dtadtholder were iif terwardrt ealleii ■ I ho 
 bmivcHleIn party,' from l)e Witt, biiiKo- 
 iimatcr of Uort, and live other inemberH of 
 the Htntcrt-xeiieriil, lieiiiK ImprMoned In that 
 n:«tlu for iiialntaliiliiK hiicIi hcih ImeiitM. 
 
 liilOU) Iho war wax iiKaIn renewed, diirliiK 
 wlilcli the xtadlholder, prince Krederlek 
 Henry, yoiiiiHeHt hoii of the nri-it Wllllitiii 
 (who succeeded, on tin* death of liU half- 
 lirnllitT, prince Maurice, In Kr.V.), Kreatlydls- 
 lliiKiilHlied himself. This war wasbrouKht 
 tiiii|icrlod In lO'lH, by the peace of MiiiiHtei', 
 II)' which treaty I'liiiiii IV., kiiiK of H|ialn, 
 renounced all claim to llio United Nether- 
 luiiila, 
 
 Frederick was succeeded by his only son 
 AVIIIInni.who was fourth Ktniltholder,lieliiK 
 then twenty-oiio years of hko. lie a|i|iearM 
 tiihitvu been ambitious, as was Ills futlier. 
 In 1653 a war broke out between the 
 United I'rovlnces luid KiiKland, the luttor 
 fimntry tin nbeliiK under a republican form 
 'it Kovcrnmetit : this war was terminated 
 t»'(i years after, by a treaty. In which the 
 Btntcs of Holliuid ciiKaKed for ever to 
 |cxcludo the house of Oraiigo from the stndt- 
 liiiUlcrKlilp of their iinivliice. 
 
 lu ififlS another war was kindled with 
 
 lEnglmid, at which time that country had 
 
 |ri'italiicd its regal constitution : this war 
 
 :C(iiitliiucd until the treaty of Urcda. The 
 
 |8tnteA of Holland and West Friestand then 
 
 assed an edict, by which they abolished 
 
 liCBtadtholdcrshlpIn their provinces. This 
 
 riiB cllccted by the influence of the grand 
 
 cnslonary Do Witt. When Franco formed 
 
 design to sel/.o on the Rpanlsh Nether- 
 
 Linds, ilio United Provinces entered Into an 
 
 illlniico with the crowns of England and 
 
 wcdcii for the defence of those countries : 
 
 iy which France was. In 1008, compelled 
 
 '0 agree to the peace of Alx-la-Chaiielle, 
 
 mtsoon took a severe revenge by breaking 
 
 hat alliance, and Inducing Enp;land, with 
 
 mo other powers, to enter into a league 
 
 igalnst the United Provinces ; on which a 
 
 ar ensued. In this critical juncture, the 
 
 public, in 1672, nominated William, the 
 
 oung prince of Orango captain and admi- 
 
 ral K<'iieral ; and (ho populace rompi llnl 
 the stales of lloilaiid to liiveHt blm with 
 the MtiultholderMlil|i, wlilch two jnirK ari> c 
 was declared hereditary In bis family. Mo 
 was the llfth Hladthoider and the tliird of 
 that iiaine; he miiirieil liie prlncenH Mary, 
 eldest daiigliter of .laiiii'S II. of lOiKlaml, 
 and became king of MiiKlaiid, 
 
 III the ytiiir iil7H a pearo was conelnded 
 With Franco, at NiiiM'gnen ; but. it was of 
 no long contlniianee, for when, in iiihh, tho 
 Hliites HiipiMirteil thelrHtadtholiler In Ills ex- 
 liedllloii (it Kiigliind with atleetiiml u largo 
 liiidy of troopH, Kranceiieclared wurngaiiiHt 
 I belli, whic.li was terminated liy the|ienceof 
 KyHwIck 111 1(1117. At length on tiie dentii of 
 ('liarli'S II. king of H|iain, In tho year I7(KI, 
 the Hiiaiiisli iirovinees fell (o tlio Hliare of 
 the lioiiMo of Austria, and (ho republic bi> 
 caiiio InvoiviMlln a warritspectiiig tliatsiiR- 
 hcmhIiiii, wiiicli CMiillliued till the peiico of 
 Utrecht, In I7l'l. 
 
 Wlliiniii died king of Knglaiid and stadt- 
 holder of the United Provinces, In 17()V. 
 III! iipiiolnled John William Crl/.o, prlncii 
 of Nassau Dietx, his sole heir, wiio was born 
 I0H7, and was (Irowneil In crossing an arm 
 of tho sea at Mardyke, Hlii of .tuiy 1711. 
 TliriM) inoiitlis after his deuth his wiilow 
 was delivered of a sun, wlio was (^hrlstiwieit 
 Wllliiiiii, and afterwards iieciiino sladthol- 
 der; but on the death of William III. that 
 (■nice was laid aside, iiiiMI, in 17^:^, the pro- 
 vince of (iiielders el(^cleil lilin tlielr stadt- 
 liulder, notwlthHliindiiig the remoiiKlrniiceii 
 of tlie other provinces. 
 
 On tlie(leceas(M)f the emperor CJharles VI. 
 the Dutch assisted tlio (|ueen of Hiiiigary 
 against France, which drew on tlieiii tlio 
 resentment of that power ; and in 1717, ihu 
 French ninking an Irruption Into Diitcli 
 Flaiiilers, the repiiblie uiinnlmously do- 
 elan^d tlio above-mentioiieii Wlilinni,prlncu 
 uroraiigi', stailMioldi^r, ca|itnlii-general,and 
 ailiiilral-ln-cliief, making tliuHodignities he- 
 reditary In Ills family, even In tho fcnialo 
 and collateral branches. 
 
 in the general war which broke out in 
 Kiiropu ill 17.'iO, the Dutch, ta'.liig no part 
 ill tho (luarrel, were perhaps tho greali.st 
 gainers, by suiiplylng tho belligerent pow- 
 ers with naval and ni*!Uary stores; and 
 when tho dispute bctv>eeu Groat llrltalii 
 and tho American colonies rekindled tho 
 llaines of war, tho moiit OHscntbt) assistance 
 was procured, both to America and Prance, 
 by mi.'ans of the Dutch si:tMenient at Ht. 
 Eustatlus, luid of the freights brougiit by 
 their ships. Atlength it was discovered, by 
 tho capture of an .tnierlcan packet, that a 
 treaty between the American States and 
 tho province of Holland was actually ad- 
 justed, and that Mr. Laurens, tho president 
 of tho congress, was appointed to reside at 
 Amsterdam in a public capacity. This oc- 
 casioned the court of London first to cancel 
 all treaties of commerce and alliance wlilch 
 then subsisted between that kingdom and 
 tho United States, and soon after, in Vc- 
 comber 1780, to issue a declaration of hos- 
 tilities against tho republic. Tlio resent- 
 ment of Great Britain proved extremely 
 fatal to tho possessions and wealth of tho 
 Dutch ; the island of St. Eustatius, with a 
 
712 
 
 Clje €ttai\iri} at Witovn, ^r. 
 
 large fleet of valuable merchant ■htpi. fell 
 an easy prey to a naval and military force 
 tinilor the (-oinmand of admiral Rodney and 
 general VauKhan ;Hi.'veral honmw.ird-hound 
 Ea»t India mIiIph, richly laden, were either 
 taken hy the KmhIImIi or doAtroyed; NeKa- 
 jiatam, on the Coromandel coaiit, and their 
 chief HctMcmenl on the Mland of Ceylon, 
 were wreHted from them; a fleet of nier- 
 rhant ghipM hound to the llaltir, convoyed 
 1)y a it(|iiadroti of Dutch men-of-war, under 
 the command of admiral /oiitman, were 
 ohiiged to return to the Texel, and one of 
 (he Ti-gwu Rhlim wat) bunk In a very Rhnrp 
 tetlr)n which hapi)cnod with a Ilritlrth 
 R(lundrou under the command of admiral 
 Hyde Parkwr (afterwards created a ba- 
 ronet). Had the admiral hoen supplied 
 with only one more Mhip of the line, ho 
 would probably have captured must uf tlio 
 enemy'D fleet. 
 
 In the Mieantime the emperor of Ger- 
 many, attentive to the lmpr'.)vemcnt of hU 
 (lomlnionit In the Low Countrle;;, and desi- 
 rous of procuring for lila sulijectn the ad- 
 vantageR to bo derived from the oxtenxlou 
 of their commerce, determined to oblige 
 the Dutch to allow a free navigation on 
 the Scheldt, whicli river, by the treaty of 
 MuiiHter, In the year 1048, they posseg.'ied 
 encluslvely. To procure this, a ship, bear- 
 ing the imperial tlug, proceeded down the 
 Hclieldt from Antwerp; the captain being 
 ordered not to submit to any detention 
 or examination whatever from the Hhlp* 
 belonging to the republic of the Seven 
 United Provinces, or to make any declara- 
 tion at the custom-houses belonging to tlie 
 republic on that river, or to acknowledge 
 them in any manner whatever. At the 
 Bamo time another vessel was ordered to 
 Ball from Ustend up the Scheldt to Ant- 
 werp. They were both stopped by the 
 Dutch on their passage, whicli the emperor 
 construed Into a declaration of war on the 
 part of the republic, although T)y the 14th 
 article of the treaty of Munster, entered 
 Into with Philip IV. of Spain, It was stipu- 
 lated that the Scheldt should remain shut : 
 In consequence of which that river had 
 remained puarded by two forts, Lillo and 
 LiMkenahock, assisted by guardsbips. An 
 army of 80,000 men was now aBsemblIng ; 
 and some imperial troops, with a train of 
 artillery, advancing towards Lillo, the go- 
 vernor ordered the sluices to be opened In 
 November 1784, which laid a large extent 
 of circumjacent country under water. A 
 war between the emperor and the republic 
 seemed to be inevitable ; but the interpo- 
 sition of the courts of Yersailles and Berlin 
 prevented that evil; and the emperor at 
 length agreed to give up his claims, on 
 receiving a very large sum of money from 
 the Dutch, to indemnify lilm for the ex- 
 penses which had been Incurred by his 
 preparations for war. 
 
 Wllllani v., the seventh stadtholder, on 
 the death of his father in 1751, succeeded to 
 that dignity when only three years of age ; 
 the princess dowager, his mother, wlio was 
 princess royal of England (being the eldest 
 daughter of George II.), was appointed 
 governeBB and guardian to the young 
 
 prince ; the prince of Drunswirk Wnifi-n- 
 buttcl acted as captain-general and lord- 
 high-admiral during the minority, wlilcli 
 oiintiniied until the year 17fM, when the 
 lirince, having attained to eighteen yciiriof 
 age, took upon hlmot'lt the adminiMtnitlun 
 of public alfalrn. The year followhiK, lie 
 married the prlncesa Frederlca Sophia Wi|. 
 lielmlnaof Prussia. 
 
 The amiable manners and benign Oiniio- 
 Kltlon of this prince procured lilm Kiiifr 
 ral esteem, whllNt the al)solute asceudiiir; 
 which the duke of tlrunswiek had acimlrd, 
 during so long a minority, over the ininij 
 of a prince In whom gentleness aiiU aC' 
 oiilescence were such prevailing aunlltlM, 
 caused him still to retain all \\\i plenltiiilg 
 of power. It was not long, however, lufure 
 the people began to complain that the iiudi 
 undlHgulsed partiality was shown tu fo- 
 reigners In the niipolntments to offices. 
 
 One of the chief favourites about the 
 person of the prince of Orange was Cupel- 
 Ian Vandor Marnh, who had been advaiired 
 from a low origin to the station of cham- 
 berlain and ennobled. This man, hiivlii; 
 continual opportunities of con versing with 
 the prince In private, represented to lilm 
 the necessity there was for lilm to Intw- 
 fero, by exerting that authority which tbe 
 states had vested In htm, and no Ioniser in 
 delegate It In so umiualltled a manner. Tlie 
 prince acknowledged the justice of tlia 
 suggestion, and promised to act upon It; 
 but when Instances were pointed out In 
 which he might render himself lilgliljio 
 pular by appointing certain persons to ,| 
 vacant olllces, he found the restraliitu lit 
 which ho had ever been accustomed tota 
 held too strong to bo broken. Tills led 
 Capellan to desert the cause of his lunsttr, 
 and to join the republican party. SdM 
 after, the duke of Brunswick resigned Lit 
 employment and quitted the country. 
 
 The republican, or antl-stadthoMiTlaii 
 party, which, as we have already seen, liail 
 subsisted In the provinces ever since lie 
 year 1647, or from the death of Maurice, tlie 
 second stadtholder, found. In the mlnlstryot 
 Franee, the most effectual support whlchln-, 
 trigue and a lavish distribution of mone;i 
 could render. More than a million of monff 
 had been Issued from the treasury of tbe > 
 court of Versailles tofurtherthe Inteiestsot 
 this party. However secretly these practice) 
 might bo carried on, they were not conceal- 
 ed from the courts of London and Bcrllc, 
 who were no less strenuous to support tin j 
 Orange party. Internal dissensions, tliu)] 
 fomented by foreign Interference, rose to 
 a destructive height ; and each party Ini' 
 blbed the most rancorous spirit agalnit 
 the other. Insomuch that it was thought to 
 be no longer safe for the prince and princcw, 
 with their family, to reside at the Hagac; 
 they therefore, in September 1785, retiieil 
 to Nimeguen. 
 
 In this posture of affairs, the princess oi 
 Orange, who possessed an elfivated mind, 
 great abilities, and an enterprising spirit, 
 determined en a very bold and decisive] 
 measure; which was, to proceed, withoui 
 the prince, and with only two or three at- 
 teudantB, to the Hague, to make the eipe' 
 
Cbe Wtitavn d( tl)e |)rtf)ri'lnitOir. 
 
 713 
 
 Irg, the princess of I 
 an clrvated mlBili| 
 interprlslng sriritil 
 bold and decisive! 
 ) proceed, without 1 
 ly two or three at-1 
 to make the expe'i 
 
 riment how far lier pronoiuo nnd addroRH 
 could bo rendered nervlcontilo to tlic caiiHu 
 of till) prlnro hrr hunlmnd. As mIih wan 
 iiroccedlnffon lior Journey on tlio '.'stli o( 
 Junti J787, sho was nt(>|ipfd ni'iir Hrlioon- 
 htircii, liy A comniiinilaiit acting iimlrr tlio 
 rt'imhllcan party, dt-tnlnod tlicm iliirln>r 
 liie iiicccetllng iilglif, aiitl alMnlutoly rc- 
 sl rioted from procuodlnirany fiirtliiT. TliU 
 liiillKiilty determined her to ntnrn to Nl- 
 nu'gueii, and aroproRentiiHiin of tlu< trciit- 
 ment nho had received wha lintiiedliiti'ly 
 iraimraltted to tlio king of I'm^sla, her 
 brother, who had iuccecded 'tlio great 
 Frederick 'on that throne. Tho king nnp- 
 l)orted tho caumo of his sinter with great 
 warmth; but tho Htatet) of Holland not 
 lioln« dlBPoscd to imko any eoncesftlonH, 
 the reigning duko of llrnnHWIek, nephew 
 to the duko who had tilled the IiIkIi olTlce.s 
 ill Holland, was placed nt tho head of an 
 nrmy of I'russlauH, amounting to about 
 \i>,(m ellectlvo men, whom ho led on tho 
 i;ith of Heplember Into the proTlnco of 
 tliieldorland, for tho express puriioso of 
 rciiturlng tho princo of Urungo to hU 
 rltfhtB. 
 
 Tho Judicious distribution of tho troops, 
 mid tho vigour of tho operations, retlected 
 tho highest credit on tho commander. A 
 geiicrnl panic seized tho republlenn party : 
 only the town of Goream, which was com- 
 manded by Capellan, sustained a bombard- 
 iiieut uf about an hour ; tho other places of 
 Btrciigth opened their gates at the first sum- 
 inoiid, Kven tho strong city of ''Jtrecht, In 
 which were 10,000 men In arms, and whoso 
 fnrtlflcatlons had been greatly strength- 
 ened. Instead of meeting with Urniness tlio 
 spproach of tho enemy, was deserted by 
 the whole republican party, with all tho 
 Iireclpltancy of desperation. These rapid 
 tuccesses of the duko caused tho Orango 
 party to gain the ascendency at tho Hague ; 
 lut tho city of Amsterdam remained de- 
 termined to resist to tho utmost ; relying 
 upon tho prodigious strength of tho place, 
 which both nature and art, it had over been 
 Buppoacil, had eontrllnued to render im- 
 prognablu. The duke, however, made his 
 arrangements for attacking tho city in va- 
 rious directions, leading on his choicest 
 troops to tho most perilous assault in per- 
 son. After a very obstinate condlct, some 
 of the most Important of tho earthworks 
 were taken, which gave tho besiegers a 
 secure lodgment, and threatened tho city 
 with a destructive bombardment : tho ma- 
 gistracy of Amsterdam, finding themselves 
 thus placed, thought It high time to sub- 
 mit to terms. 
 
 After this event, nothing material oc- 
 curred till the invasion of tho French 
 revolutionists, which changed the whole 
 aspect of affairs both In Holland and Bel- 
 glum. In 1702 the national assembly sent 
 general Duraourlez, at the head of a large 
 army, to invade Belgium, It being an object 
 of flrst-rate importance to deprive Austria 
 of that country ; and, in November, tho 
 French general gained a great victory at 
 Genappe, in Hainault. In a few days uf tei'- 
 wards Dumouriez made his triumphant 
 entry into Brusaels. Tho party who favoured 
 
 the Prench wan much too strong, conjoinlljr 
 with tho Invaders, for tho friends of tha 
 house of Orange to resist tho invaders with 
 any clianco of success : acconllngly. In a 
 very short time, all tlie principal towns of 
 thn Netherlands submitted to tho French j 
 nnd it was pompously asserted by tho latter, 
 that It was the wish of tho lielglani them- 
 selves to throw (lit tho government of Aus- 
 tria, nnd bo incorporated witii the Krench 
 republic. That many really wislied this there 
 can be no doubt ; but though the turbulent 
 and dlsaftccted were numerous, such n 
 union was not desired by the majority of 
 those who had anything to lose, 
 
 Although l)y a very easy conquest the 
 French had gained poswesslon of tho Ne- 
 therlands, tho emperor of Austria took im- 
 mediate measures with u view to its reco- 
 very. A largo army, under tho archduko 
 ('harles, joined by the duke of York and 
 the prince of Orange, at tlio head of their 
 Kngllsh and Dutch troops, contended for ft 
 time with the armies of Franco; but after 
 two yi'ars of wiirfure, In wlilcii iho allied 
 troops, but more particularly tho British, 
 snlfered very severely, tho cause of tho 
 slailllioUler grew ho|ieless, "When, there- 
 fori!, in 170-1, tho victorious banners of re- 
 |)Ublican Franco waved on tho frontiers of 
 Holland, tho nialeontcnts again rose. Pl- 
 eliegru, aided by tho severity of the winter 
 of 17Uj, and by the favour of tho popular 
 party towards tho French, made an easy 
 comiuestof Holland, Tho hereditary stadt- 
 holder lied with his family to Knglund, and 
 tho Batuvlau republic was formed, May 10, 
 1705. 
 
 Tho old provinces were now merged into 
 one republic, ; tho legislative power, in imi- 
 tation of tho French, was given to a re- 
 presentatlvo assembly, and the executive to 
 a directory of ftve. Tho new republic was 
 obliged to cede to Franco some southern 
 districts, particularly Maestrlcht, Venloo, 
 lilinburg, and Dutch Flanders ; to form a 
 perpetual alliance with that state; pay a 
 sum of 100,000,000 guilders; and allow tho 
 French troops to occupy Its territories. 
 Six years after, it was found necessary to 
 alter this constitution. Tho republic waa 
 again divided Into tho old provinces ; in 
 addition to which the 'land of the gcne- 
 ralty' was funned into un eighth. Tho 
 administration of tho government was sim- 
 plltled ; the legislative assembly diminished 
 to thirty-ttvo deputies ; and tho executive 
 power was extended to a council of state 
 of twelve men. Notwithstanding these al- 
 terations, the Batavlan republic, incapable 
 of effecting Its ends with tho feeble re- 
 mains of its strength, saw its fleets over- 
 powered by those of England ; its colonics 
 laid waste ; its commerce limited to a coast- 
 ing trade, and to tho domestic consump- 
 tion ; nnd the bank of Amsterdam ruined. 
 By the peacu of Amiens, in 1802, It was de- 
 prived of Ceylon, ouo of Its richest colo- 
 nics. 
 
 AVhcn peace had been concluded between 
 Great Britain and France, and the hopes of 
 better times were just awakened, the hal- 
 cyon dream was suddenly dispelled, and 
 the thunder of war again resounded on the 
 
 I •■ ,,f •< 
 
► -«r, k^ 
 
 714 
 
 Wl)t Eveniittn ot ^i^tav^, ^t. 
 
 =^l 
 
 Bhorea of Holland. Its porta were block- 
 iidcd, its fleets were nniiihilatcd, and its dis- 
 tant colonies-fell into the power of the Bri- 
 tish ; itsprosperlty, indeed, seemed for over 
 gone ; it was treated as a continered coun- 
 try, and all the advantages proi ilscd by its 
 republican allies proved a niei c chimera. 
 
 In 1805, the Dutch constitution was chang- 
 ed for the third time ; but, so far from any 
 Improvement taking place in the condition 
 of the country, it continued to grow worse, 
 and tlie only remedy tliat now seemed to 
 present itself was the incorporation of Hol- 
 land with tho French empire. This accord- 
 ingly took place in 1806, the mode in whicli 
 It was accomplished being by erecting it 
 into a kingdom, of which Louis Buonaparte, 
 ono of Napoleon's brothers, was invested 
 with tho sovereignty. But Holland was 
 equally unfortunate as a kingdom, as when 
 it was designated tlie Batavlan republic. 
 Though, by a treaty with Prance, king Louis 
 possessed tho rights of a constitutional 
 monarch, and was disposed to exercise his 
 authority with mildness and impartiality, 
 ho was made the mere instrument of Na- 
 poleon. It is true thiit he iiL'sltated in en- 
 forcing, if he did not resist, the arbitrary 
 decrees of the emperor, and that he Incurred 
 no small share of his disapprobation in coii- 
 8cquen''c ; but his cflforts to promote the 
 weal of his subjects proved wholly ineffec- 
 tual, so thorouglily controlled was he by the 
 power to whom ho owed his regal elevation. 
 Holland was excluded from the commercial 
 lirivileges of France, thongh it had to fol- 
 low all the wars of Napoleon. The national 
 debt was augmented to 12,000,000,000 guil- 
 ders. The only means by wliii'U the mer- 
 chant could obtain a support was the smug- 
 gling trade with England. Almost all the 
 former sources of prosperity were obstruct- 
 ed ; and when Napoleon's Milan decree (oC 
 Nov. 11, 1807) was promulgated, and the 
 Dutch ports were shut against Britlsli com- 
 merce, the trade of Holland was totally 
 ruined. Thowell-dlsposed king, lamenting 
 evils which he had no power to remedy, and 
 finding that if he retained the sovereignty 
 he must become a tyrant against his own 
 will, voluntarily and unexpectedly abdi- 
 cated the crown, infavour of his eldest son, 
 a minor, July 1, 1810, and witlidrcw into the 
 Austrian territory, as a private individual. 
 
 Napoleon did not, however, sanction hip 
 brother's measures. The French troop? at 
 once occupied Amsterdam, and a decree 
 was passed for annexing Holliind to iho 
 French empire ; six senators, six dcputl?s, 
 in the council of state, two judges in t.ic 
 court of cassation, and twenty-flve deputies 
 In the legislative body, being assigned to 
 it. The continental system was then more 
 strictly enforced, the taxes were augmented, 
 and the conscription laws were Introduced, 
 whereby husbands, sons, and brothers were 
 torn from their families, and compelled to 
 fight for a cause they detested, and a ty- 
 Rint they abhorred. Tho Dutch depart- 
 ments, which had already been formed in 
 the time of the kingdom, now constituted 
 two military divisions ; and all tl.e seven- 
 teen provinces of tho Netherlands were 
 Wiited under the dominion of Fraiue, 
 
 At length tho fortunes of Buonaparte 
 began to decline, and tho itcople looked 
 forward with hope that their worst days 
 of suffering had passed. Tho prince of 
 Orange had died in England, in 1806; but 
 his son was living, and on him tho hope 
 of the nation was fixed. The Ilusalan cam. 
 paign of 1812, so fat;tl to the ambition of 
 the French emperor, was regarded by the 
 Dutch patriots as the advent of their de- 
 liverance. But Buonaparte was still in 
 power, and most of the f rosses in tlie 
 Netherlands were garrlsoiiL'd with French 
 soldiers. Ardent, therefore, as their feci- 1 
 lugs were, and anxious as were their hopo?, j 
 they patiently watched that portentous 
 cloud which appeared in the political hori- 
 zon, and which at last burst with deso- 
 lating fury on tho host of Napoleon »t 
 Leipsic. 
 
 That Important battle may bo said to 
 have decided tlic fate of Belgium and Ilni- 
 land ; the armies of tho allies advaiifed 
 against France; a combined Prussian and 
 Uussiau force, under Bulow, was sent 
 against the Netherlands, and was joined 
 by adotaclimcnt from England, imder at- 
 neral Graham. All the great towns iiniv 
 declared for William, prince of Orange, wlin, 
 on tho 13th of N<)veint)er 181,3, arrived at 
 the Hague, and was welcomed with tlic 
 sinccrest tokens of joy and .iffcctlon. Ho 
 liumedlately repaired to Amsterdam, where 
 ho was proclaimed king, the people being ■ 
 unanimously desirous that the stndthdi- 
 derate should bo changed Into an heredi- 
 tary monarchy. It w.ts not long helm 
 the whole country was entirely freed from \ 
 the presence of the French, and the new ' 
 sovereign (tho sixth In descent from tlio ' 
 illustrious founder of the republic) was so- 
 lemnly Inaugurated on the 30th of Jlarrli 
 1814, and proclaimed by the title of Wi.- , 
 Ham I. ' 
 
 By a vote of tUo congress of Vioiiiin, : 
 the Bclgic provinces were united with tlic 
 United Netherlands, to form ono klngdnni, 
 and William was recognised by all tlic 
 powers as sovereign king of tlio Ncthci- ' 
 lands. At the time of this arrangement.! 
 treaty was made witli Great Britain, whlcli 
 power agreed to restore all tho colonies It 
 had taken from the Dutch, except the Capo i 
 of Good Hope, Ceylon, Essequibo, Berblce, i| 
 and Dcmerara, This union by no means 
 gavoentiro satisfaction; indeed, there had i 
 never been any cordiality between the two i 
 people, owing to the religious prejudlrw 
 of the Belgians, who are catholics, and not j 
 only dislike being governed by a protcstant 
 king, but have a kind of national animosity 
 to the Dutch. Tho people, however, we'tj 
 ot)IIged to aco'Mesce in the decision of tlic 
 ruling v>'"n ers. 
 
 Scarcely was the union of Holland and 
 Belgium accomplished, when the unexpect- 
 ed reappearance of Buonaparte on tlie m\ 
 of Prance disturbed the peace of Eiimiic; 
 and the Netherlands became once more a 
 scene of warfare. Louis XVJH. had taken [ 
 refuge in Ghent, and there remained till 
 tlio fate of the enemy was decided on tho ' 
 Held of Waterloo. As tho principal fea- j 
 turcs of this important battle have been , 
 
©Ije W^tovn at tijc jJetTjcvInnW. 
 
 716 
 
 may 1)C said to 
 BelKlum and Hd!- 
 a allies advaiiri'J 
 iicd rrusslaii and 
 liilow, was sent 
 1, and was joined 
 iigland, under pc- 
 
 great towns imw 
 ICC of Orange, who, 
 r 1813, arrived at 
 clcomed with tlic 
 and affection. Ho 
 \nistcrdain, wlicro 
 , the pepplc hclii? ' 
 that tlic Btadtlml- 
 cd into an liercdi- 
 I not long botiire 
 nitlrely freed fnnii il 
 tnch, and the now 
 I descent from tlw 
 
 ^ rcpuhlic) was so- 
 the 30tl) of Slarcli | 
 
 the tltlo of AVL- 
 
 ngrcas of Vieiiii.i, i 
 ;re united with tlic 
 Jorm one kingdom, 
 raised by all tlic 
 ng of the Nether- 
 his arrangement a 
 rcat Britain, whiili 
 all the colonies It 
 !li, except the CaiKi 
 Jsaequlbo, Berhlcc, 
 nlon by no mmi 
 Indeed, there had i 
 ;y between the two i 
 iliglous prcjudiffs 
 _, catholics, and not 
 acd by a protcstant 
 national animnsity ' 
 l)le, however, we'« j 
 lie decision of tne 
 
 on of Holland and ' 
 when the unexpoct; 
 naparte on tlic m\ 
 3 peace of Euniiic; 
 ■came once more a 
 s XVIII. had takiii 
 here remained tut 
 ,'as decided on tlic 
 the principal im- 
 battle have l)cen 
 
 already given In this volume, it would bo 
 n needless repetition to introduce it In this 
 place : we shall tlicrcforo merely notice a 
 few incidents coiincctcd with the subject, 
 or arising out of It. 
 
 In the month of Juno 1813, Brussels 
 presentrd a gay and animated appearance, 
 it lieing the head-quarters of the British 
 army. OBIcers In their bright uniforms, 
 accompanied by elegantly dressed ladies, 
 tlirongcd the park ; and on the 15th the duke 
 of Wellington, with the chief of the officers, 
 was present at a ball given by the duchess 
 of Richmond. The duke had been that day 
 (lining at his hotel with scmie of Ills aides- 
 de-camp, and before they left the table, a 
 dcsiiatch was received from marshal Blu- 
 clier (who had taken up his position at 
 some few leagues' distance, to guard the 
 outposts of the allied armies). Informing 
 tlic British commander that ho had been 
 suddenly and unexpectedly attacked by the 
 Frcncli, and might probably require assist- 
 ance, in which case lie might soon expect 
 to hear from him again. Orders were ac- 
 cordingly given by the duke for ail the 
 troops in Brussels to be ready to march 
 at a moment's notice ; and then, having 
 made his arrangements with apparent com- 
 I posiire. In order not to create unnecessary 
 alarm in the city, he and his officers at- 
 tended the ball ; and up to a late hour all 
 I continued tranquil. 
 
 Siionaftermidnlght, however, the rolling 
 1 of dninis and the sound of bugles alarmed 
 tlic inlialiitants ; but all the information 
 that could be obtained was, that the duke 
 of ■Wellington had received a despatch in 
 I till) ball-room, of so urgent a kind, that 
 iBome of the cavalry officers, whose regl- 
 jnientswere quartered in the adjacent vll- 
 hagcs, liad not time to change their attire, 
 llmt actually galloped oft in their ball-room 
 [dresses. It was at length ascertained that 
 Itlic French had obtained some adviiutages 
 lover the Prussians, « ho had been obliged 
 ltd retreat and take up a new position, about 
 Isevcn miles from the village of (Juatre 
 ISras. 
 
 Tlic rolling drum, the clang of arms, the 
 
 ■trampling of horses, and all the fearful din 
 
 lof warlike preparation, resounded in the 
 
 Istrcets of Brussels during tho whole of that 
 
 levcntful night ; and at break of day were 
 
 [to be seen, among the brave fellows who 
 
 were waiting for orders to march, many 
 
 ^n anxious weeping wife and child taking 
 
 |liclr fond fp-»well of those who, haply, 
 
 mcfore the p.;.. went down- would leave 
 
 [them wretched and forlorn. 
 
 Silent and deserted were tho streets as 
 fcoon as the soldiers hud left them for the 
 pttle-Held ; but wherever human counte- 
 nances appeared during the dreadful mo- 
 Bients of suspense, it was evident that fear 
 iiid dismay usurped all other feelings. Pre- 
 sently the hollow sound of distant cannon 
 las distinctly heard ; and In tho absence of 
 lutlicntic information, busy rumour niag- 
 fclllcd the real danger, and circulated ac- 
 Inunts of disasters the most appalling. On 
 llils day (tho 16th) two battles were fought : 
 |ne at LIgny, by the Prussians under Blii- 
 l)fir, against Buonaparte lu person ; tlio 
 
 j other at Qnatre Bras, between a part of tlio 
 British army under tho duke of Welling- 
 ton, against the French troops commanded 
 by marshal Key, who had Intercepted tho 
 duke on his march to aid the Prussians. 
 
 At night authentic intelligence was re- 
 ceived at Brussels that a most sanguinary 
 battle had been fought, which was to bo 
 renewed on the following day, but that tho 
 French were no nearer than they were in 
 the morning. This latter assurance In some 
 measure allayed the worst fears of the In- 
 habitants; but the nightwas very generally 
 occupied in packing up their valuables, so 
 tliat their departure might not be impeded 
 should the French be ultimately victorious 
 and become masters of tho city. Every 
 thing that occurred, in fact, strengthened 
 this impression ; and in the midst of the 
 confusion attendant on the hasty harness- 
 ing of Jiorscs to the baggage-waggons .and 
 the rattling of trains of artillery, a troop of 
 Belgic cavalry, who had lied from the fleld 
 before the flght was over, spread a report 
 that the British army was totally defeated, 
 and that the French were within an hour's 
 march of Brussels. 
 
 Despair now seized tho panic-stricken 
 citizens, but none had more cause to dread 
 an unfavourable result than the numerous 
 English visitors at that time in the Belgic 
 capital, who were consequently among tho 
 foremost of the fugitives. At length it 
 was ascertained that a most terrible con- 
 flict had taken place, in whioli the heroic 
 duke of Brunswick, and most of the gal- 
 lant Highlanders, who had marched from 
 Brus.sels in the morninf, were lying dead 
 upon the fleld ; and that the duke of AVcl- 
 lington had withdrawn to Waterloo, in or- 
 der to be nearer the Prussians, who had 
 retreated after their defeat atLlgny. Early 
 next morning a number of long tilted wag- 
 gons arrived, conveying the wounded sol- 
 diers slowly through the town to the hos- 
 pitals. 
 
 Saturday was a day of breathless anxiety 
 and Intense grief. Some were mourning 
 the loss of friends and relatives, others 
 were anticipating the ruthless violence of 
 the French soldiers when Brussels should 
 be given up to plunder ; while all who had 
 the means of conveyance, and many who 
 had not, set out for Antwerp. But that 
 day passed with very little fighting, both 
 armies being engaged in making prepara- 
 tions for a decisive contest on the follow- 
 ing (Sunday, June 18). At ten o'clock tho 
 battle of Waterloo commenced, and was 
 not concluded till nine at night, v/hen the 
 complete overthrow of tho French army 
 was effected. 
 
 The tlrst accounts which reached Brus- 
 sels ascribed the victory to the enemy, 
 adding that the duke of Wellington was 
 severely wounded, and that most of the 
 English officers were either killed or made 
 prisoners : nor was It until the followliig 
 morning that tho mournful lamentations 
 of despair were changed luto sounds of joy 
 and gratulation. But the terrible nature of 
 the conflict was fully understood, for every 
 one who arrived from the battlc-fleld agreed 
 that tho carnage of that dreadful day was 
 
 .«■ 
 
71C 
 
 Clje QTrfAiEfur!? of W^toxn, 9(t, 
 
 only Burpassed by tho matchless valour of 
 tlio combatants. 
 
 So numerous were the wounded on tho 
 Held of battle, tlmt although tho most ac- 
 tive exertions were used to remove them, It 
 was tho work of three days ; but It Is satls- 
 fiii'tory to know, that nothing could ejcceed 
 tho humanity of the peasantry In the neigh- 
 bouring villages, who were Incessantly oo- 
 cupled In convoying to the fatal fleld food, 
 water, and such other necessaries as were 
 calculated to alleviate tlio sufferings of 
 thoso bravo men who there hiy steeped In 
 gore, tho dylnfr mingled with t'-n dead. 
 Nor did their hu.nane attentions eiiu there : 
 they received the perishing sufferers into 
 their humble homes, so that every cottage, 
 as It were, was converted into a hospital, 
 and every Inhabitant became a nurse. Tho 
 public Infirmaries of Brnsseis and Antwerp 
 not being sulBclently extensive for tho re- 
 ception of all who were convoyed thitiier, 
 tho citizt^ns made the wouuvled men fhcir 
 guests, and kindly administered to tiieir 
 necessities. In all the towns of tho Ne- 
 therlands subscriptions were set on foot 
 for their relief, and every comfort that 
 could bo provided for them was liberally 
 supplied. 
 
 Among tho distinguished commanders 
 wlio were wounded at tlie buttle of Water- 
 loo was the young prince of Orange, whoso 
 conduct In the fleld earned tlie warm com- 
 mendations of the duke of Wellington. It 
 also obtained for him among his counlry- 
 men no small share of popularity ; and :i.s a 
 mark of gratitude for his services, the na- 
 tion presented him with an elegant palace 
 near Brussels. 
 
 The union of Belgium and Holland being 
 llnally settled, the king of tlie Netherlands 
 was inaugurated at Brussels, in the presence 
 of the states-general, on the 2l!--i of Sep- 
 tember ISLI. His first care was to deserve 
 tiie good opinion of his subjects by giving 
 them ecjual iaw.s, and in endeavcmrs to put 
 tlie youthful population of Belgium on an 
 equal footing witli those of Holland; for 
 which purpose he established national 
 schools In every village, and appointed 
 teachers properly qualified to Impart In- 
 struction on tue system which he had found 
 80 successful in his old dominions. By de- 
 grees, these schools were augmented and 
 improved; and In tho sequel, others of a 
 very superior kind were founded, fn which 
 the fine arts were studied, and every Incen- 
 ilvc to emulation promoted by the distri- 
 bution of prizes, &c. Nor was the atten- 
 tion of the king entirely confined to the 
 mental Improvement of lii.s subjects. In 
 order to copo witli the manufactured goods 
 of other countries, advantage was taken 
 of the discoveries and Inventions of scien- 
 tific men wherever they were to be obtain- 
 ed ; pteam-englnesand new machinery were 
 Introduced Into tho cotton factories ; roads, 
 canals, and railways were undertaken ; conl 
 and Iron-mines wore opened ; every facllKy 
 was given to commerce ; and nothing but 
 the Inveterate prejudice of old habits pre- 
 vented the agriculturists fro.p benefiting 
 by the wise suggestions of king William : 
 Buch, however, was tho obstinacy of the 
 
 Belgian farmers, that they were detormlncU 
 to retain the rude and awkward implements 
 which tho husbandmen of bygone centuries 
 liad used, rather than adopt tho Improve- 
 ments of modern times. 
 
 In many respects tho laws of the new 
 kingdom of the Netherlands were asslmi. 
 lated to thoso of (ire.at Britain, and the 
 country Increased In prosperity with every 
 succeeding year. Still It was evident tlicro 
 was a %vant of a common feeling between 
 the Belglc and Dutch subjects of tho new 
 monarchy ; and tho circumstance of the 
 taxes In Belgium being Increased since the | 
 union was a constant and a not unrensnn- 
 able theme for discontent to feed upon, in- 
 asmuch as they had been united without 
 their own consent. 
 
 On the 17tli of May 1810, a Netherlandish 
 licet, under admiral Van dor Capellan, joined 
 the English under lord Exmouth, and emu- 
 pciled Hie dey of Algiers to recognise the 
 European law of nations. On the Mth a 
 coinp/irt wa.i concluded between the king! 
 of Prussia and of the Netherlands re- 
 specting the cession of a tract of countryto 
 tho latter; and, about the same time, tiie 
 king of the Notlierlands acceded to the 
 holy alliance. Tho political relations nf || 
 France witli its new neighbour were p.iciljc. 
 With Sweden and Denmark, as with Kiiain 
 and Portugal, the relations were i.invly 
 commercial. But the aiiialgamaMnn (if ihe 
 Dutch and Belgians Into one nation wa 
 not successful : In short, a reciprocal aver- 
 sion of the northern and tho Bouthcrn 
 people was several times exhibited, wiib 
 great animosity, In the church, in tiie iiniiy, 
 and even In the chaml)crs of the states- 
 general. 
 
 As the difference of languages rendered i 
 tlie union of the southern and northern: 
 Netherlands Into one nation difllriilt, the 
 government, while It allowed house of the 
 French language as well as le Dntrh in 
 the proceedings of tho state.s-gener.il, abo- 
 lished the use of French In judicial proceed- 
 ings, and by the public authorities, only al- 
 lowing advocates to make use of It foracer- 
 tain period. Tho attempt to suppress the 
 French language thus made two oproslte 
 parties tho secret friends of Friuiioithe 
 catliolic Belgians, apprehensive for their 
 church, because they believed the oljjeot 
 was to propagate tho protestant fiiltli h; 
 means of the prohibition of French ; and ilie 
 llrabanters and Flemings adh"red to France 
 from old predilections. Thus, notwitli- 
 standing the prohibition of tho Frenchand 
 Oerman languages in public life, the Iwndi 
 of national unity were by no means tight- 
 ened. On the contrary, besides the diver- 
 sity of language and religion, other caii.'ei| 
 separated tho southern provinces from the 
 northern ; but tho greatest obstacle to s 
 cordial union lay In the uniform levyinj!! 
 of taxes. Belgium, a manufacturing and 
 agricultural country, wished to placu the 
 burdens on articles of export and imiwrt; 
 while Holland, to spare Its own coinmcrre, 
 wished to Impose them on real estate. The 
 budget, therefore, always employed a great 
 part of the time of the states-general, who 
 were convened In October of each ycir, 
 
Clje Witavi) at tlje l^ctl^rrlnutriS. 
 
 717 
 
 wero (Ictprmlnca I 
 ward Implements 
 bygone centuries I 
 opt the Improve- 1 
 
 laws of the ncw| 
 iiids wero asfllml- 
 Britain, and the I 
 pcrlty wltli every 
 was evident tlierc 
 I feeling between 
 jjectfl of the new 
 um Stan CO of tlie 
 icreased since the \ 
 d a not unreason- 
 t to feed upon, In- 
 n united without' 
 
 0, a Netlicrlanilisli j 
 erCapellan.jolncill 
 xmoutb, and cuiu- ] 
 8 to recoRulsi' the ; 
 s. On the astli a | 
 hctween the kings j 
 ! Netlierlatids rc-j 
 tract of country to jl 
 ho same time, the I 
 Is acceded to the f 
 Mvnl relatliins nf jj 
 ■ht)Ourwercp;iclllc. 
 irk, as with Spain 
 ^lons were purolf; 
 iialgainatloiiotilic 
 ,0 one nation was] 
 , a reciprocal aver- 
 and the southern 
 ;8 cxbililtcd, with 1 
 liurcli.in thoiirray, I 
 crs of the states- i 
 
 .nguages rendered 
 ern and northern 
 itlor dlfflcitlt, the! 
 nved ho use of the ' 
 . as le Diitrli In 
 -tates-geiieral,abo-j 
 In judicial proceoJ- 
 utliorltles, oiilyal- 
 usoof ilforacer- 
 ... to Buppross the 
 nado two opposite 
 ds of B'rii.iu'o; the 
 icnalvc for thelt 
 lievcd the objeei' 
 rt.testant faith liy 
 ofFrench land the 
 adli'Tf.d to France 
 Thus, notwitli- 
 of the French and 
 Dlic life, the Iwndi 
 y no means tight- 
 besides the dlvet- 
 glon, other mm 
 )rovlnccs from the 
 test obstacle to j 
 ^ uniform levjio! 
 lanufacturlng and 
 shed to place the 
 xport and import; 
 ts own conimcrre, 
 ureal estate. The 
 ? employed a greal 
 tates-geueral, who 
 bcr of each ye»r, 
 
 nitcrnatcly at the Hague and at Brusgcla. 
 The new finance law created such dissatis- 
 faction among the people, especially In what 
 related to the meal tax, that in tho grand , 
 duchy of Luxemburg disturbances arose, 
 which it was found necessary to quell by 
 force. From this period party violence may 
 be said to have proceeded with tenfold 
 vigour, and tho discordant elements of 
 which the now kingdom of the Netherlands 
 was composed, speedily led to Its deslruc- 
 tioD. But it is more than probable that It 
 tlio revolutlou in Prance, which drove one 
 hranch of tho Bourbons from tho tlirono 
 and invested the other with sovereign 
 power, liad not occurred so early, the revolt 
 of tho Belgians would have bej.i delayed a 
 few years longer. 
 
 As is tho case In tho capitals of most 
 European countries, so it was customary 
 hi Brussels to celebrate tho king's birth- 
 day with illuminations and oth«r public 
 rejoicings; but while the usual prepara- 
 tions wero making, placards were posted 
 on the walls, Inthnatiiig that the examjile 
 (if tho Parisians would on that occasion be 
 followed. Thus warned, and being also 
 assured of tho Increasing disaffection of 
 tlie people, tho magistrates Immediately 
 Issued orders to suspend tlie fete ; and tho 
 performance of the opera of Massanlello, 
 which had been advertised, was also i>ro- 
 hilJltcd, on the ground that it contained 
 many political allusions, which were calcu- 
 latcil to excite tho people at such a junc- 
 ture, and so accelerate the thrcate'.cd re- 
 volt. There Is no doubt that the i ery act 
 of forbidding the opera hastened the dread- 
 ed catastrophe ; for a mob assembled In 
 front of the theatre, demanding tho ropre- 
 Bentatlon of Massanlello ; and so great was 
 tho tumult, that tho government tliought 
 It prudent to comply. 
 
 The opera was accordingly performed, 
 and with just such results as might na- 
 turally he expected. The audience that 
 evening was composed chiefly of the lower 
 classes ; and as they were predisposed to 
 mischief as well as excited by tho revolu- 
 tionary Incidents of the drama, a scene of 
 I riot and brutal excess commenced as socm 
 as they left the theatre. Tho gunsmltlis' 
 shops were broken open for the jiurpose of 
 obtaining flre-arms, the wine-cellars weru 
 plundered, the house of the chief minister 
 1 was set on flro, and tho resldenceb of seve- 
 ral other persons connected with the go- 
 vernment were broken into and despoiled. 
 The rioters were, however, held in check by 
 the more respectable inhabltaji^s, who, imi- 
 tating the Parisians, on tho following day 
 formed a national guard of citizen soldiers, 
 I for tho protection of their property against 
 the mob, as well as for effecting a revolu- 
 tion, though by a more orderly and syste- 
 matic plan of operations. 
 
 A council of oomo of the most influential 
 citizens undertook tho management of 
 alfalrs, and sent a deputation to the king at 
 the Hague, with a statement of their griev- 
 ances, at the same time demanding redress. 
 The king saw that it was now too late to 
 temporise ; ho had either to accede to the 
 revolutionists, m toto, or to put down by 
 
 force of arms the Incljdeiit rebellion ; and 
 ho evidently preferred the jierll which must 
 attend the latter attempt, to the abandon- 
 ment of Ills rights as sovereign of tho Ne- 
 therlands. At this critical moment, his sons, 
 tho prince of Orange and prince Frederick, 
 at the head of a strong detachment of 
 Dutch troops, were marching towards Brus- 
 sels. AVhen they reached Vllvorde, about 
 live miles from the city, tho citizens. In 
 firm but respectful terms, Informed tho 
 princes of their determination not to admit 
 the soldiers ; and not a moment was lost In 
 unpaving the streets, cutting down trees 
 to form barricades, and otherwise placing 
 Brussels In the best statu of defence in 
 their power. 
 
 SInoerely desirous that no blood should 
 be split, and anxious to bring this 6meuU 
 to a favourable Issue, the prince of Orange, 
 unattended by a military escort, rodo into 
 the city ; but no cordial greeting welcomed 
 lilui, and it was with somo difficulty that 
 he reached tho palace, where he reinaincd 
 till the dopuiailon returned from the Hague 
 with the kliiK's answer. As his majesty 
 merely replied to the effect that he would 
 assemble the states-Keiicral, and take tho 
 suljject into coiisIdcu'atiDii, tho public dis- 
 content was liicreasied, and the council re- 
 solved on demanding a separation from tho 
 provinces of Holland, and, if they could not 
 obtain It by amicable means, to effect It 
 by force. They accordingly had a confer- 
 ence with the jiriiice, and having stated 
 that they were willing to acknowledge tho 
 king as their soverelgi., but wished to have 
 a separate parliament and a separate code 
 of laws, he promised to use all his luBuenco 
 with his fatlier and the states-general to 
 procure an amicable arrangement. 
 
 But, although the states-general assem- 
 bled, they spent 'heir time In fruitless de- 
 bates Instead ■•. rursulng measures likely 
 to lead to an ' \>mmodailon. Meantime, 
 the lovolt had spread throughout tho Bel- 
 gio provinces, nx\i\ tho acts of the Insur- 
 gents at Liege, Numur, and other towns, 
 showed that the spirit of discontent was 
 not to be easily repre».-:ed. From among 
 the clti'/.eiis of Brussels was formed an 
 execn.i «' ptovernraent, under the title of 
 the committee of public safety ; but their 
 councils were thought too moderate by tho 
 turbulent multitude, who refused to sub- 
 mit to their authority, and displayed all 
 the violent passions common to an infuria- 
 ted and lawless p )pulaee. On this being 
 eoninumleated to the king, princo Frede- 
 rick, as commandcr-ln-chlef of the Dutch 
 army, received his majesty's orders to take 
 immediate steps for enforcing obedience ; 
 on which he issued a proclamation, pre- 
 paratory to Ills entering Brussels, stating 
 that. If the people laid down their arms and 
 returned peacealdy to their allegiance, a 
 general pardon would be granted, but not 
 otherwise. This brought matters to an 
 Issue. A determined resistance un the part 
 of the insurgents was resolved on, and a 
 scene resembling that of the revolution in 
 Paris followed, the lighting, like that, con- 
 tinuing for three days. 
 
 On the 27 th of September the Dutcb troops 
 
718 
 
 CT^c Crrnslurn nf ?jWtnrt), ^r. 
 
 I i 
 
 :| 
 
 A 
 
 quitted nrUHsrlif, imd the .••.•ovlsloiinl go- 
 vermiu'iit limuoilliitily IssiU'il ii prodnnm- 
 tlondeclnrlnKtliolmlcpciuleiicect Uolglum. 
 L'l) to tills jH'rloil tlio cillKciis >f Antwerp 
 Imd taken no piirt In tlio revf lutlon ; but 
 tliey now admltteda body of llelglc soUlIei-H 
 Intothe town.nnd, uniting with tlioin.coiii- 
 IH'lled the Dutch troops to tiike sliclter 
 Within the citadel, which, aftei some sniiii't 
 rnnnonadlng that did considoraMe danwige 
 to .".he hou^^es, they wen allowed to keep 
 possession of; the Delglnn auxiliaries liciiig 
 prevailed upon to leave tho citizens to 
 defend themselves In tlio best manner they 
 could. 
 
 It was now fully evident that t*ic king of 
 Holland liad not the power to retain, or 
 rather to regain, the sovereignty of the 
 eouthern provinces; and as tl.efour great 
 powers, Uussla, Austria, rrussia, and Kng- 
 laud, had i-ron tho means of effecting the 
 union, envoys from the three foreign courts 
 -rerc tent to Loudon to settle the terms 
 upon which tho kingdom of the Nether- 
 lands should be separated. Tlu' council of 
 llrussels appeared to be In favour of a con- 
 etitutloua' monarchy ; and they ofTercd the 
 crown to tho duke of Nenu)urs, second son 
 of Loula Philippe of France. The inluie, 
 however, declined the oJCer, and tliey then 
 llxed on prince Leopold of Suxc Coburg, 
 who, after siune hesitation, con-^ented to 
 become king of the lielgians, and was im; 
 claimed, on the 4th of .Inly, lt^;il, by thc 
 tltle of Leopold the Kir^t. 
 
 After a reign of thirty-four years, marked 
 on the whole by great prosperity, Leo|ioid 
 dted on the 9tli of December, 1H05, and was 
 succeeded by his son Leopold II. 
 
 The anibassndors who had met In London 
 to settle the terms of the separation, agreed 
 that, while the negotiations were pending, 
 nil hostilities should cease between the 
 lielgians and the Dutch, and that the troops 
 of both parties should retire within tlie 
 limits of their respective countries, accord- 
 ing to their firmer lioundarle.s. Hut this 
 nrrnngeuuMit was opposed by the king of 
 Holland, because It would compel him to 
 surrender the citadel of Antwerp and also 
 Bouie forts on the Scheldt. Austria, I(u^^sia, 
 nud Prussia declined to interfere in the 
 niatter ; but Great Uritalu and France, fore- 
 eeelng that no final settUnuent could be 
 clTected while the Dutch held these iuiport- 
 »nt places, took a dec' led part in Insisting 
 on theirimuiediateccacuatlon. TheciliuU'l 
 of Antwerp was one of the strongest In 
 Europe, and its garrison of 0,000 men was 
 
 cominauded by general Cliassd, nn Intrepid 
 and skilful veteran. 
 
 An Kugllsli licet was rent to lilockade iho 
 mouth of the Scheldt, while a French army 
 of 00,000 uu'u, tuider nuirshal (ieranl, i.iiii 
 siege to the citadel of Antwerp • 'uit Mmt 
 the siege commeiu'ed, tlio t • gcMi'niii 
 came to an understanding thai the towr 
 "'lould not be Injured by either parly, iiiid 
 that the Inhabitants should take no part in 
 the contest. As far as pofislblo this arr.iiiKe- 
 nicnt was observed, but during ten daysdf 
 almost incessant cannonading, the loss ni 
 Ilfo on each sid ' was great, ami the cliaiKl 
 was litci'ally ba teredto pieces. At \n\iiU\, 
 the gallant old general offered to eapltiilaiii 
 on coiulition that he and his men might he 
 allowed to ret Ire to Holland ; this, however, 
 marsliid (lerard refused, unless two of tiic 
 forts on tlie Scheldt wore given up; hut as 
 thoy were not under the command of gem. 
 ral Ohasse, and tho klugrefused to sanciii . 
 tlieir surrender, the bravo defender of tlio : 
 citadel, and the surviving remnant ut tli« I 
 garrison, were ni:uxhed into France as 
 prisoners of war. 
 
 There were still some niliu)r points nl 
 dispute left untouched, particularly tlionii- 
 propriatlon of the provinces of Liniliuig 
 and Luxemburg; but the siege of Antwcri) 
 was the last event of a hostile nature that 
 occurred. The direct Interferenco of Km. 
 '.md and France had terminated as must 
 have been expected ; .nd though there w 
 much contention respecting the possession 
 of the two provinces just mentioned, itwas 
 eventually arranged, through the mediation 
 of tlie licit isb government, that they slioiilj 
 bo divided between tlie two kingdoms, tlio 
 king of Holland retaining Luxenibin-i?, Willi 
 tho title o' grand duke. 
 
 King William I. being nearly seventy. voah 
 of ago, and wishing to retire from tliecaros 
 of public life, ill 1810 abdicated in favow 
 of his son, the hereditary prince of Orange, 
 who was proclaimed king on tlie 8tli ot 
 October. No niau could bo more generally 
 ostecmed by liis subjects than the now 
 sovereign, or more entitled to their os. 
 teem ; and, indeed. It may with great trmli 
 bo said, tliat William II. of Holland, aiiJ 
 Leopold I., king of tho Belgians, were 
 l.iotli well calculated to promote the rro- . 
 sperlty of their respective countries. j 
 
 AVIIiiam ir. died c; tho irth of Mnroh, ! 
 1819, and was succeeded '.^y his son Wil- ; 
 Ham III., who has since been actively m- | 
 gaged In organising extensh'O ref(U-mi', .it 
 once political, financial, and adniiuisMaiivii 
 
 it 
 
]lmii36, nu Intrepid 
 
 :'tit to MockiuU' the ' 
 lillo a Krcncli army 
 irslinl (ieniril, \M 
 itwerp* 'nit hi'furc 
 
 tlio t ' bi'iii':mIi 
 liiK tliai tilt! ti)\vr 
 y elllii'r parly, iiiid 
 )UU1 fake no part in 
 mslMcthlsarraiiKo- 
 
 during ten diiysnf 
 iiatUni^, tlie liiss nl 
 unt, and tlio cltaiKl 
 
 pieces. At IniKili, 
 ffored to capltulato, 
 d Ills men nilKlitlic 
 and ; this, however, 
 , iinlcBB two of the 
 re given up; imtas 
 i> coinniaiid of gpin- 
 
 refused to saiiciii. 
 live defender of ilio 
 Ing remnant of tlit 
 ed Into Fniiioe as 
 
 ic minor points o( 
 particularly llicaii- 
 ivinecs of l.liiilmig 
 he sIcKC of Autwcrii ! 
 I hostile nature that i 
 fiterfercnco of Km- : 
 terminated as iiiiijt 
 id thoUKh there \w | 
 ctlng the possession 
 St mentioned, It was | 
 iroughthenieiliatlun \ 
 ent, that tliey plionlJ 
 L' two kliigdoiiii', till' ; 
 igLuxeiuhiiiM.', Willi I 
 
 nearly seventy ycaii 1 
 •ctire from the riirw 
 abdicated In favow 
 ry prince of Orange, 
 Ing on the 8tli ot 
 bo more generally 
 ■cts than the now 
 tilled to their is- 
 .!iy with great trntli 
 II. of HoUana, and 
 the Belgians, were 
 ,o promote the pro- 
 ve countries. 
 Jio 17 th of Jlnreh, 
 Jed '.)> his soil Wil- 
 re been actively cu- 
 tensive reform?, at 
 andadmlulstvaiivc 
 
 ME HISTORY OP 
 
 SWEDEN, DENMARK, AND NORWAY. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 -♦♦♦- 
 
 Thb early lilstorv of Sweden Is no less 
 Involved In fables than that of most other 
 nations ; but as It Is famous for being the 
 imilve country of the llcrce and v irliko 
 tiotlm, whose emlgrattoiis effected tin nost 
 singular and rapid revolutions on the ii:u- 
 ropcau continent that history records, we 
 shall In the Drst place consider who were 
 the earliest inhabitants of those I'liggud 
 coasts and mountainous regions, whence 
 Issued the bold and barbarous Northmen, 
 whoso devastations and cruelties rendered 
 tlieiu terrible as the Invaders of more 
 peaceful and sunnier lands. 
 
 Tlio ancient name of the region now 
 romprchending the three northern king- 
 doms, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, was 
 '^candlnavla; but the inhabitants were at 
 that time known to the nations of the south 
 of Europe only by vague rumour. 
 
 Ab(';t A. D. 250 commence the fabulous 
 accounts of Odin, or Woden. Till the mid- 
 dle of tho uiuth century Scandinavia was 
 little known; but the bold expeditions of 
 the natives into the southern and western 
 part3 of iJni-opo, and the diffusion of CI rls- 
 tittiilty amoiigst them, about the year looo, 
 shed light on this region. The kli.gdoin 
 of the Swedes was separated from that of 
 theGoths till the twelftli century; but in 
 1132 both nations, with tlieir several de- 
 ponileiicles, were united under Swcrker, 
 king of the Ostrogoths, wlio w.ns proclaim- 
 ed king of the Swedes and Goths. It was 
 afterwards agreed by both nations, that the 
 Swedish and Gothic princes should hold 
 the sovereignty alternately; but thisocwi- 
 sloned many bloody Intestine wars. 
 
 Magnus Smeck added Schoncn and the 
 adjacent territories to tlie kingdom; but 
 at length, by his maladministration, he 
 deprived both himself and Ills family of the 
 throne; for after Albert, duke of Meck- 
 lenburg, his sister's son, had been elected 
 Wng, Margaret, wlio was lieiresH to the 
 crowns of Denmark and Norway, com- 
 pelled him to give up the kingdom of Swe- 
 den to her ; and by the union of Calmar, 
 ill the year 1307, the same princess united 
 the three northern kingdoms under one 
 head. This union excited in the Swedes 
 the greatest indignation ; and In 1448, the 
 Swedes, and Norwegians elected a sepa- 
 f'Te king, Karl Knutsen, or Charles, the 
 6on of Canute, and formally renounced the 
 wiloii. After the death of Charles, several 
 ft the family of Charles reigned in succes- 
 (lon, with the title of presidents, though 
 
 with regal authority, until, In 1520, Chris- 
 tian II. of Denmarlc was acknowledged 
 king of Sweden. But his tyranny disgust 
 cd the people. Kven during the ceremony 
 of the c .ronatloii, iiotwithstanding his pro- 
 .nises of amnesty, ho ordered ninety-four 
 Swedish noblemen to bo beheaded In the 
 market-place of Stockholm, and perpetrated 
 filnillar acts of cruelty In the provinces 
 At length, by the assistance of a Swedish 
 nobleman named (iustavus Erlckaon von 
 Va.aa, they shook oflf tne Danish yoki , 
 
 The bravo (iustavus Vnsa, who had ren 
 derod himself extremely popular by the 
 conduct and Intreiildlty he had shown In 
 rescuing Sweden from the oppression of 
 the Danes, was elected king, and not only 
 bocame the founder of a line of iiionarchs 
 of ills family, but advanced the royil autho- 
 rity to a very great height. 
 
 The crown of Sweden had hitlicrto boon 
 elective; but the Swedes had been deiirlved 
 of this right under the Danish kings: ac- 
 cording to the laws of Sweden, the royal 
 authority was so limited that the king could 
 neither make war nor peace, levy money nor 
 troops, without the consent of the states; 
 he could neither erect a fortress. Introduce 
 f(n*clKii troops, nor put any strong placb 
 Into the hands of a foreigner. The reve- 
 nue of the crown then solely arose from 
 some Inconsiderable domains nbout Upsnl, 
 a suii'll poll-tax on the peasants, and from 
 fines and forfeitures which fell to the crown 
 In criminal proceedings. Castlet- , flefs, or 
 manors, which were at first granted by the 
 crown only for a term of years, or at most 
 for life, were insensibly changed Into liere- 
 dltnry poi. nssions, which the nobility held 
 by force, without paying the rents that had 
 been reserved out of them. This was also 
 done by the bishops and clergy, who pos- 
 sessed such estates, on pretence that the 
 lands of the church ought to bo exempti^d 
 from all duties; and by these encroach- 
 ments the royal revenue was so reduced, 
 that the king could scarcely maintain more 
 than five liundred horse. He was con- 
 sidered only as a kind of captain-general 
 during a war, and as president of the 
 senate in time of pejice. The prelates and 
 nobility fortlUed their castles, and ren- 
 dered them the seats of so many Indepen- 
 dent states, and, armltig their vaasais, fre- 
 (jucntly made war on each other, and some- 
 times on their sovereign. They neither 
 sought nor expected redressfrom the king's 
 courts, when they thought themselves In- 
 
:><>% 
 
 <4 
 
 W^^'n- 
 
 m 
 
 720 
 
 ^e ^vtaHuvn at IgMtarj}, ^c. 
 
 Jiired, but proceeded by force o( arms to 
 avenge their own cause. Tlio kingdoms of 
 Norway and Denmark were under the like 
 form of government; both were elective, 
 and had their respective senates without 
 whoso concurrence or that of tho states 
 assembled in their diet, the king could 
 transact nothing of Importmice. 
 
 But to return to Qustavus Vasn, who 
 found the kingdom in this situation. Tho 
 states, to express their ardent gratitude to 
 their deliverer, passed a solemn decree, by 
 which thoy ol>llgf'd themselves to approve 
 whatsoever that p.itrlot should think fit to 
 enact for tho preservation of his dignity, 
 against a pretender who was set up in op- 
 position to liini. They, in particular, em- 
 powered him to make peace and war, and 
 resolved that his enemies should be ac- 
 counted the enemies of the nation. 
 
 This happened at the time that th;;! doc- 
 trines of the reformation began to prevail 
 In Sweden ; and as the Romish clergy, 
 Qustavus's greatest enemies, were In posses- 
 sion of one half of the lands and revenues 
 of the kingdom, also holding many royal 
 castles and domains, the new king. In or- 
 der to resume these possessions, embraced 
 the doctrines of Luther, procured au act 
 to be pa-ised, by which It was ordained 
 that the bishops should ImmedltUcly sur- 
 render tl elr castles to the king, and dis- 
 band the'r troops; that their pretended 
 rights to dncs and forfeited estates, which 
 originally belonged to tho crown, should be 
 abrogated ' that all the superfluous plate 
 and bells belonging to the churches should 
 be sold to pay the public debts; that all 
 the grants of estates to the clergy, since 
 the year 1445, should be revoked, and the 
 lands reunited to tho crown ; that two- 
 thirds of the tithes, generally possessed by 
 the bishops and abbots, sliould be seques- 
 tered, for nalntalnlng the army In the time 
 of war, a id for erecting and endowing 
 public schools and hospitals In time of 
 peace; and that all the privileges of the 
 clergy should be entirely t the king's dls- 
 posil. 
 
 VKsa, having thus obvalned a constitu- 
 tional title to the revenues of tha church, 
 marched through great part of his domi- 
 nions, at the head of a body of horse, to see 
 theact put Into execution, attended by Olaas 
 Petri and other Lutheran doctors, whom 
 ':0 ordered to preach J)cforc him In the 
 J ;nclpf. churches. "Wherever ho came, 
 Li: commanded the titles and grants by 
 Wuich the clergy heir" their lands to bo 
 brought before him, . , d either reunited 
 them to the crown, or restored them to 
 the heirs of the ancient proprietors ; by 
 •which means he recovered from the se- 
 cular and regular clergy above two-thirds 
 of their revenues, and seized upon near 
 thirteen thousand considerable farms. Ho 
 also caused the superfluous church phite to 
 be melted down and carried into the public 
 treasury. This, indeed, occasioned some 
 conspiracies and insurrections; but they 
 were easily quelled. 
 
 Having now succeeded so happily in sup- 
 pressing his greatest enemies, he obliged 
 the nobility and gentry who held the crown- 
 
 lands, which they had kept as their own, 
 to resign their flefs or to pay the rents that 
 were originally due to the crown. Uponi 
 this they were obliged to compound wlih' 
 the king, and agree to pay him annually a 
 certain sum for all their flefs and manors. 
 
 The crown was next rendered hereditary 
 to the issue of the reigning prince by tiie 
 free consent of the states, and it has ac- 
 cordingly been enjoyed by his descenilants 
 until the present century, tiustavus Vasj 
 died In 160O ; but the division of tho king- 
 dom among his children, tho maladminis- 
 tration of his son John, together with the 
 poplsli tendencies of Erick, John's brother, 
 and of Slglsmund, king of Poland, the son 
 of John, threw tho kingdom Into great dls-i 
 order, which it required all tho cnerpryand 
 prudence of Charles IX. and his son (iusta- 
 vus Adolplius to suppress. Under tne latter 
 prince, who began his roign In icn, tlie 
 Importance of Sweden rose to its greatest 
 height ; his armies supported the protest- 
 ant I itorest In Europe, whilst his domeiiiic 
 pollCi established good order in his king- 
 dom. Ho reduced the greatest part o( 
 liivonla, and penetrated so far into Ger-^ 
 many as to become formidable to the era-i 
 peror; but in the year 1632 helosthl9ll(e| 
 at the battle of Lutzen, dying In the anus 
 of victory. 
 
 This prince was one of those rare mortals 
 that join to the abilities of a great warrior 
 and statesman the virtues that refine and 
 exalt humanity. In his life and death be 
 gained the noblest reward that worth like 
 his could crave. 
 
 Ills daughter Christina succeeded tn the 
 throne In 16.33, when only six years ol Rge, 
 She wrested from Norway and Dfiimark 
 the territories of Jemptland and Harjedalen, ' 
 with the islands of Gothland and Oelanil, 
 and In 1648 added Uiiper Pomerania, Bremen, 
 Verden, and W'sniar, tv the "wedls)' donil- 
 ni<m8. She was, no less remarkable for her 
 learning and capacity than for her singul 
 larltles of conduct. In the year 1654 that' 
 princess solemnly resigned the crown ol 
 Sweden, and was very instrumental In ad- 
 vancing to the throne her cousin Cliarlw 
 Guistavus, prince palatine of Deux-Poiit!, 
 son of John Casimlr, prince palatine of the 
 Rhine, by Catherine, daughter of Charlej 
 IX. and sister to Gust.avus Adolphus.wlioia 
 her subjects had wished her to make her 
 husband. Charles, who coveted a croivn 
 rather than a marriage with his cousin, in 
 1658 added Schonen, Halland, and other 
 places to the Swedish dominions. lUnm 
 Charles XI. rcassunied all the nlicnattJ. 
 crown-lands, and rendered himself .in abso-; 
 lute monarch. 
 
 Charles XI. dying In 1697, in the fnrtr- 
 second year of his age, and the thirty- 
 seventh of his reign, was succecilcd h; 
 his only son Charles XII., who being under 
 flfteou years of age, a regency was apiioint- 
 ed ; but the uncommon talents of this 
 young prince soon procured for him the 
 government; and through his mediation; 
 tho peace of Ryswlck was concluded, be-! 
 fore he had completed his 10th year. In 
 tho year 1700, the Poles, Danes, and Rus- 
 sians, taking advantage of the king's youth, 
 
 ' W^ 
 
Clje W^tai'V 0f ^lurtrrii. 
 
 721 
 
 d kept aa tliclr o\\ti, 
 to pay the rents that 
 to the crown. Upnn 
 id to compound wUh 
 pay lilm annually a 
 )!r flcfs and inandrs. . 
 t rendered lieredltnt? I 
 ilgnlng prince by the J 
 states, and It lias ne- 
 ed by his Uescciulants , 
 itury. Gustavus Vasa 1 1 
 
 division of thekliiB-il 
 Ircn, the maladmlnis- 1 1 
 hn, together with the H 
 ErlrW, John's brother,;! 
 ingof Poland, the soni 
 Ingdom Into great din 
 ired all the energy and • 
 IX. andhlsBondusta-;,. 
 iress. Under tne latter! I 
 his reign In ICU, the 
 en rose to its greatest , , 
 supported tha protest-: 
 pe whilst his domestic 
 ood order In his king- 
 
 the greatest part ol 
 rated so far Into Ger- 
 formldable to the era- 
 ear 1032 helosthlslllel 
 :zen, dying In the arms 
 
 ne of those rare mortals | 
 lltles of a great Mnrrinr ! 
 
 virtues tliat refine and f 
 n his life and death he 
 
 reward that worth ilke; 
 
 rlstlna succeeded to the 
 ki only six years of age.: 
 Norway and Denmark j 
 mptlandandHarjedaleii,' 
 t Gothland and OelanV 
 iper Pomerania, Brenieu, 
 ir. tv the Swedish doml- 
 less remarkable for het 
 city than for her singu- 
 
 In the year 1654 tnsi 
 resigned the crown ol f 
 •ery Instrumental in ail- L 
 •one her cousin Charte 
 lalatlne of Deux-Pont!,j 
 ^r, prince palatine of the 
 ne, daughter of Charte 
 istavus Adolphus.wlioffi 
 Hshed her to make her j 
 
 who coveted a cr(in 
 •lage with hlscousMi,iii| 
 >n, Halland, and mlier 
 Ish dominions. J"**'" 
 limed all the alicnatrf 
 
 ndered himself an ate> I 
 
 -,cr In 1697, In the forty-;! 
 18 age, and the thirty-! 
 *lgn, was succceJcd ' L 
 XII., who being umeti 
 
 m, a regency was M\li»i';;f 
 .mmon talents oitl 
 1 procured for him M| 
 through his niediatioal 
 flck was concluded, he- 1 
 leted his leth JCf •„, "1 
 Poles, Danes, and Rus-i 
 itage of the king's youih.f 
 
 endeavoured to recover the dominions of 
 which their ancestors had been deprived. 
 The English and Dutch sent a fleet Into 
 the Baltic to hla assistance, and compelled 
 the Danes to conclude a peace with him. 
 This young prince then marched against 
 the Russians and Poles, whom at the be- 
 ginning of the war ho defeated in almost 
 every engagement, with numbers far infe- 
 rior to thoee of his enemies, though he had 
 well-dlsclpllued veteran tioops of Saxons 
 to contend with, as well as Uussians and 
 Poles. 
 
 In the year 1708, the glory of Sweden 
 rose to an unparalleled height. Its king 
 then held the balance of Europe, and might 
 Imve dictated to all Its powers; but the 
 superior address of the duke of Jlarlbo- 
 rough, whose abilities as a statesman and 
 negotiator were eiiual to those which he 
 possessed as a general, caused the force of 
 Sweden to be directed against tho Uns- 
 slans, which might otherwise have turned 
 the fortune of the war then waging against 
 France. Tho czar Peter the Great, im- 
 proving by his former miscnrriages, at 
 length formed his troops to conquest : 
 t'iiarles was defeated at Pultowa, in Juno 
 1709; his whole army, consisting of so.ooo 
 men, entirely cut off, or made prlsoiipiv, 
 exi:ept three or four hundred horse, with 
 whom the king escaped to Bender, in Tur- 
 key. He there gave signal proofs of » des- 
 perate Intrepidity as incapable of fear as 
 void of discretion, having ..-itli a handf i,l of 
 men performed prodigies of :)er3onal valour 
 against the whole force of the Turks ; but 
 he was at length made prisoner. 
 
 The numerous enemies of Sweden .availed 
 themselves of this reverse of fortune. Fre- 
 derick IV., then king of Denmark, declared 
 war, but could not obtain the object for 
 which ho contended. Augustus, tlic de- 
 posed king of Poland, was more successful. 
 The Russians overran the most valuable 
 territories he'd by the Swedes on the east- 
 ern shores of the Baltic, whilst those In 
 Germany were divided among the confoile- 
 rates: Swedish Pomerania was .annexed to 
 Prussia, and Bremen and Verden fell Into 
 tho hiviids of the Danes, whose king dis- 
 iii)8cd of them to the elector of Hanover, 
 afterwards king George the First of Eng- 
 land. Thus- were the accessions of terri- 
 toiy, which had been made by ihe princes 
 of the house of Vasa, severed from t hat 
 .kingdom. A peace being ratified In 1714, 
 '"larles regained his liberty ; but his pas- 
 n for war hurrying him into fresh broils, 
 met his death by a eanncn-l)all at the 
 liiege of Frederlckshall, when he had in- 
 Ivaded Norway, in 1718. 
 
 Two more extraordinary characters never 
 ippeared on the stage )f liunian life at ono 
 Ime than Peter the Great of Russia, and 
 iharles the Twelfth of Sweden. Of the 
 'ormer we shall speak more at large anon ; 
 >f the latter it may be siifely asserted, that 
 iO dangers, however sudden or imminent, 
 iver occasioned in him the least dismay, 
 venwhen they shook the constancy of the 
 rniest among his foliowen ; he seems, 
 J short, to have been a man divested 
 I the smallest particle of («»r ; and the 
 
 manner in which he Is related I'o have en- 
 dured cold and hunger shows hli.^ to havo 
 been a prodigy of strength as well as of 
 courage. His rapid successes ngftlp«(t tho 
 combined force of Denmark, Poland, and 
 Russia, prove hini to havo been an ablo 
 general ; but although his successes aston- 
 ished all Europe, yet In their consequfinces 
 they were fatal to tho klngd(mi which ho 
 governed. A strong resentment against 
 the unprovoked attacks made upon him 
 led hlin to meditate enterprises against 
 his enemies, extravagant and Impractlcabio 
 In their nature ; and tho cool and undis- 
 mayed perseverance of his great adversary, 
 the czar Peter, at lengtli prevailed over hla 
 ill-directed ardour. 
 
 Upon the death of C'harles, hla sister 
 Ulrica Eleanor ascended the throne, by the 
 free election of the states ; but first gave 
 up all pretensions to iirl)itrary power ; and 
 In 1720, by consent of the diet, transferred 
 the government to her liushnnd Frederick, 
 hereditary pritiee of Ilosse Cnssel. Frederick 
 having no issue, the states. In 1743, nomi- 
 nated Addliilnis Frederick, duke of Holstelu 
 and bisho]) of Liil)e(', his successor, by a 
 majority of only two votes. Adolphus, on 
 the decease of Frederick, in 1751, Jissnmcd 
 the reins of government. He married Lou- 
 isa Ulri''H, sister to the king of Prussia, who 
 lived to the year 178;.'. 
 
 Tlio new form of government established 
 at tiiis juncture, consisted of fifty-. me arti- 
 cles, all tending Id abridge the powers of 
 the crown, and to render the Swedish sove- 
 reign the most liuiitcd monarcli in Euiope. 
 It was settled, that the supremo legisla- 
 tive authority should reside absolutely and 
 solely in tlie states of the realm assembled 
 in dici, which, whether convened by tho 
 king or not, must regularly as.semble onco 
 In liiree years, and could (^nly be dissolved 
 by their own consent. During the recess 
 of tlie diet, the executive power resided in 
 the king and seiiiito ; but, as tlu^ king was 
 liound in all affairs to abide by the opinioft 
 of the majority, and as ho po.ssessed only 
 two votes, and the casting voice in case of 
 equal suffrages, he was almost entirely sub- 
 ordinate to that body, and could bo con- 
 sidered in no higher view than as Its presi- 
 dent. At the same time, the senute itself 
 ultimately depended upon the states, as Its 
 members, though nominally iippointed for 
 life, yet were in a great measuij under tho 
 control of tho states, being amenable to 
 that assembly, and liable to bo removed 
 from their office in case of real or pre- 
 tended malversation. Thus tho supremo 
 authority resided in a tumultuous as.sein- 
 |j|y composed of the four orders, into 
 which many nobles without property, the 
 meanest tradesmen, and the lowest pea- 
 sants, were admitted. Although all the 
 statutes were signed by tho king, and the 
 ordinances of the senate issued in hla 
 name, yet In neither case did he possess a 
 negative ; and, in order to obviate the pos- 
 sibility of his attempting to exercise that 
 poMcr, it was enacted in the diet of 17.56, 
 that ' in all affairs, without exception, which 
 had hitherto required the sign manual, his 
 majesty's name might be aSlxed by a stamp, 
 
 i 
 
 'S'" 
 
722 
 
 C^^ Crf«SuV|} of !ftWt0ti», <M. 
 
 whcnovcr ho sIiduUI Imve declined lila Big- 
 linturo at tlio Itrst or second re(iueat of tlio 
 Bcnute.' In consequence of tlilH resolution, 
 the royal slKuaturo wiis actually engraved, 
 and applied to tlio ordinary despatches of 
 govcrunieut, under the direction of the 
 Bcnato. In a word, tho Idng enjoyed llttio 
 more than the mere name of royalty ; ho 
 was only the OBtensibIc Instruuicnt in the 
 hands of one of tho two great parties which 
 at that time divided and governed tho king- 
 dom, ns cither obtained the superior intlu- 
 cnco lu tho diet. Fully determined to wrest 
 from the Benato their assumed power, and 
 to recover that participation of authority 
 which tho constitution liad assigned to the 
 crown, tho king proceeded to a meas\iro 
 both bold and decisive. On tlie 13th of De- 
 rcmlicr 1768, ho signed a declaration, by 
 which ho formally abdicated the crown 
 of Sweden ; and, by giving public notice 
 throughout his dominions of this step, ut 
 once suspended all the functions of govern- 
 ment. The senate felt their authority In- 
 BUlIIcient to counteract such a measure, for 
 their orders were disputed by all the col- 
 leges of state, who had ceased to transact 
 tlio business of their several departments. 
 Tho magistrates of Stockholm, agreeably 
 with the form of government, were pro- 
 ceeding to convoke tlie order of ' burghers,' 
 which compelled the senate to consent to 
 tho desired assembly of the diet ; and the 
 king's concurrence was reiiucstod to con- 
 llrm the proclamation for that purpose, 
 which being given, ho ro.suiuiH\ the reins 
 of government. The meeting of the diet, 
 which took pluce on thelOth of April 1709, 
 though It c.>incUled in some particulars 
 with the king's views, yet was far from 
 eltecting everytliing wlilch he ainn\l at. 
 
 Adolphus Frederick died Feb'nury 121 ti 
 1771, and was succeeded by (iustavus 111., 
 his eldest son, thou twenty-live ycvirs nf 
 age. 'i'lie acresslou of this young prince 
 to tho throne, wi>li tlio prepossessiDUS of 
 tlic people strongly on liis side, was a 
 favourable period for oxteiKlliig the power 
 of the crown by the reduction of that of 
 the senate. An arLstocracy uiitur.ally and 
 rapidly degenerates into de.«potisni ; the 
 yoke of which is rendered more intolera- 
 ble to a peojile In proportion as the op- 
 pressions of antnnberot tyrants are nimc 
 grievous than Miiise of a single one. The 
 new king found his people divided Into two 
 great political parties, distinguished by the 
 names of 'hats 'and 'caps;' the former 
 espoused the Interest of tlie court, the latter 
 the country or patriotic party. The most 
 masterly strokes of policy, as well as tho 
 most profound dissimulation, were used by 
 this monarch to circumvent and destroy the 
 Influence of the senate. Tlie people were 
 grievously oppressed ; for besides the 
 rigorous exactions made on them by their 
 ralers, they suilered every calamity which 
 a year of great scarcity necessarily occa- 
 sions. The army was devoted to his in- 
 terest-; and his two brothers, prince Charles 
 and prince Frederick Ae.gustus, each c<>in- 
 manded a body of troops. The next year, 
 whilst the king was amusing the senate 
 at Stoc^.olm \vith the warmest professious 
 
 of disinterestedness, and of his wlslioi 
 to bo tliought only tho llrst citizen of j 
 free country, an insurrection of th(( min. 
 tary liappened at (Jlirlstianstadt, In the pn). i 
 vinco of 8cano; which was set on fimt ii;[ 
 one Hellichlus, who comi.ianded there. The I 
 plea made use of to justify It was, tlie tj.l 
 ranny and oppression of tlie goveriiliij| 
 powers. Prince Charles, who was purposely f 
 in those parts, made this a pretence tons. 
 seinbio tho troops under Ills coimnnnd, I 
 wlillat the king, his brother, who w/is ni J 
 Ostrogotlila, put himself at the same tlmo i 
 at tho head of tho troops there. Tlie sciinie ' 
 was much alarmed at these proceedliijH, ; 
 whilst the king, with tlie most consuiiimnte ' 
 dissimulation, expressed his reseiitniont 
 against tlio insurgents, and his zeal to sii|i- 
 press them ; at the same time, by Btntlmiin; 
 tlie military force In Stockholm so as to?ur. i 
 round the senate-house, ho eitcctuallyfnii. ,| 
 trolled the deliberations carried on tlierf, ' 
 In this exigency tho senate fcmnd IIuhh;! 
 selves totally abandoned by tho soldlory, 
 whilst the king, being thus supported, n-u 
 enabled to accomplish a great and nhnM j 
 unparalleled revolution, and to deprive m j 
 extensive nation of Its lUiertles In a single,! 
 iiKU'iiIng, without bloodshed, withoiitiicljr,: 
 wltliout tumult, and without oppnslilnu; 
 while the people flocked together wlilmj 
 much IndifTercncc and tranquillity ns Ifltj 
 had been merely some holiday sport. 
 
 It is said, only tlve persons in tlio kln^'l 
 dom were intrusted with tho design. Viij I 
 few were imprisoned, and that only for J 
 a short time ; nor did any one experleiicf, J 
 in the smallest degree, a diminution of t 
 royal favour on account of their 0111H14I 
 tlon. The senate took anew oath of allfrl 
 glance to the prince, and trainiiilllily \vu[ 
 ivstiired throughout the kingdom. I 
 
 Six years .after this revolution tookrl.w, I 
 tlie king convened the senate ; but lliidinil 
 the house of nobles very much disposed H I 
 oppose the views of royalty, he suddi'iilfl 
 dissolved that assembly. 
 
 On the ICth of March 1792, the kiiii,'l)flii|| 
 at a masked ball, an assassin, named AiilirT 
 stroeni, disch.arged a pistol l>elilndliiiu,iliej 
 contents of which lodged between tlieliiji 
 and the backbone. Tlie king laiiKnialii'ii| 
 until the 29th, and then expired. TlieilJil 
 after he received it, he sanctioned an edHJ 
 by which his brother, the duke of Sudl^^ 
 mania, was appointed regent of the kiiisT 
 dom, and guardian of his only son, tlunil 
 minor, being fourteen years of a^'c. TliliI 
 prince, upon the death of his fallier, siifj 
 ceeded to the crown, under the titleof (jwl 
 tavus IV. I 
 
 Custavus IV. accordingly assumed llii| 
 government under the guardlaiisliiiidfi* 
 duke of S'idermaiila. No sooner, ho\vi\i'r,| 
 had he atiained his majority tliau lie en 
 broiled himself In hostilities with Kraiice 
 He next engaged in aiuiMetiualcoiitestwiill 
 llussia : the consequence of which was ilnf 
 I ho latter overran Ftnlan 1, and tlircateinJ 
 an attack on Stockholm. As Sweden wasil 
 the time in alll.ance with England, a Hritisi 
 army, under sir John Moore, was sentovfj 
 to the assistance of Gustavus ; but tiia 
 general, refusing to submit to the diftata 
 
tSljt W^tavu of ^iDcbrii. 
 
 723 
 
 mil of Ma viUhH 
 ,0 flrst citizen oJ a 
 roctton of tho mill- 
 ilnnstiuU, In tlic rrv 
 , w:i9 set on fiml )i; 
 nLinudeathurc. Tlie 
 latlfy It wiin, the ty- 
 I of tlio gDVi'inlus 
 g.wbownsimrjtDsely 
 hlB aprctenct) toas- 
 iidcr Ills couimnnil, 
 brother, who \v(la at 
 elf at the Biime tiino 
 ps there. The ficiwte 
 t these proccedliiu), 
 the most consuninwte 
 jsed »ilB resentment VJ 
 s, andhlszcaltosiif. I 
 netlmchystntloHiiis 
 ,tocUholinBonHto;ur-f 
 sc, ho ertcctuiilly omi- ' 
 ona carried on tlitie, 
 J senate found I )«> 
 ■ined by the sowlcr! 
 a thus suvportcd, w 
 8h a great and ».\\m 
 Ion, and to deiirlvc an . 
 Us llhcrtlcB In a sliigK 
 jodshed.wUhvmliiols, 
 d without oppo?l'i"«i 
 eked together wiili m^ 
 indtramiulUUyualtll 
 nc holiday sport. 
 ,-e persons In tlio klnj 
 with tho design. \or;' 
 ed. and that only f»t 
 ild any one oxperlciiw, 
 rec. a dlmlnullou of tli 
 count of their oin« L 
 ooUanew oitthol* 
 
 and traniinllUty wui" 
 t the klngdoin. i. 
 Is revolution to(iK rUff, 
 the senate ;lmtlWi:|! 
 L very much dlspnscJt 
 [)f royalty, he suadtiili,] 
 
 m'in702.thcklnK'l)eiB!J 
 as8ast»ln, uanicilAuW 
 iUHstoU.ehlndlimi,t« 
 lodged between tlio i 
 The kln« laim'iiijW 
 
 1 then expired Tlie W 
 he sanctioned ;in oJti.: 
 
 Icr, the duke of nM 
 ■ed regent of the kms- 
 'of hlBonlyBon.tliuii 
 eeu years of a^'C. WH 
 loath o£ his falluT,« 
 liLunder the titleof 0» 
 
 Icordhn-'ly ns^nimxMj 
 Ithoguardlansliil'W'i 
 A a No sooner, hmvwtj 
 
 ls"«>ajority tl';V'iJl" 
 Ibostilitles with !•» 
 \ ail iL've.iual contest w 
 [uJ^'ceoiwhUOnva.; 
 fFtnlanl.andtlirrttu« 
 Volrn. AS Sweden IV I 
 P with England, a lln 
 rhnMoore,wasse 
 
 lot Gustavus; Diit 
 |o submit to the diftat 
 
 of the eccentric, If not Insane, king, soon 
 retunied home. Though tho Swedes fought 
 with great coiirago, they were unable to re 
 lUt tho overwhelming force of tho Ilus- 
 tinns, especially as tho limited resources of 
 Sweden were wasted by GuBtavus in scnse- 
 li'gg and inipractlcablo enterprise^). At 
 length the Swedes grow weary of a sove- 
 reign whose conduct threatened tho niln 
 of thoir country ; lie was arrested by sorao 
 oflils officers, deposed, and tho crown trniis- 
 forrcd to the duke of fludermanla, who took 
 tlie title of Charles XIII. (a.d. 1809) ; prince 
 Christian of IIolstein-Augustcnburg (who 
 adopted tho uanio of Charica Augustus) 
 k'lng at tho same time declared crown- 
 'rrlnco ..nd successor. The new monarch 
 Iwns forced to purchase peace from lUissla 
 hy the cession of Finland, and tlic exelii- 
 flon of British veasels from tho ports of 
 Sweden. The crowis-prlnce, however, dying 
 piiddenly, marshal llernadotte, prince of 
 h'nto Corvo, was elected sneccssor to tho 
 •rown by a diet held at Orebro in 1810; 
 iiid having accepted the honour, and been 
 idoptcd by tho king tind«r the name of 
 'Imrles John, he soon after arrived In Swo- 
 leii, of which he became king on the death 
 (fClmrles XIII. Ill 1818. 
 Sweden now declared war against Great 
 Jrltalnjbnt tho pressuro of the war, and 
 llio Increasing encroacliinents of France, 
 brodiiced a change of policy in 1813, and sho 
 loliicd the allies against Napoleon. By tho 
 'arc with Denmark, concluded at Kiel, 
 laii.U, 18U, Sweden received Norway as an 
 iidcpendcnt, free, indivisible, and Inallon- 
 ^Ic kingdom. In return for Iter possessions 
 1 Poincrania and tho island of Uugeii. 
 Some Intrigues and conspiracies for tho 
 ;8toratlon of the fninlly of Vasa occurred 
 Sweden ; but tho estates took tho op- 
 irtunlty to give tlic king the strongest 
 isurauccs of fldclity. Tho king and Swc- 
 I'.sli estates. In order to interrupt all com- 
 iniilcatlon with the exiled family, deter- 
 ilned to transfer to it all its proiwrty 
 ;malnlng In tho kingdom, and to extin- 
 ulsh Its pension by the payment of a eer- 
 iln sum, mutually agreed ujion by the two 
 irtles, which was done In 1824. 
 [Slnci! the union of Norway and Sweden, 
 lisdmib'.e kingdom has combined, under 
 le king and two very different constitu- 
 )n8, two proud and free-splrltcd nations, 
 th jealous of its peculiar privileges. Tho 
 )lltlcal condition of Sweden and Nonvay 
 rrasaiicrmanent partition between them : 
 pre, a jealous aristocracy is perpetually 
 Itching over its ancient privileges ; here, 
 ^democracy struggles to defend Its rights. 
 both kingdoms the peasantry ai.d the 
 flzens hold .. higher rank than in most 
 ipean states. Tho nobility of Sweden 
 sabdivldcdinto three classes— the lords, 
 tluding counts and barons ; the knights, 
 [those whose ancestors have held the place 
 Iroyal councillors ; and tho simple noble- 
 ... The clergy are represented by tho 
 pop of each diocese, and the citizens 
 peasants, the latter comprising only the 
 peasants of tho crown, by deputies. 
 diet or representative assembly of 
 'deu Is composed of four separate cUau- 
 
 borB, consisting respectively of deputlcH 
 from tho nobility, clergy, burghers, and 
 jieasants. Tho four chambers deliberate 
 and vote separately ; but ah auestiona must, 
 previcusly to their decision In the chamber, 
 bo referred to standing committees chosen 
 at the commencement of the diet, consist- 
 ing of an equal number of members from 
 each Older. In most cases, the decrees of 
 tho diet must bo submitted to tbo king, who 
 has an absolute veto ; but tho king has 
 frequently refused his sanction to the reso- 
 lutions of tho diet, and tho diet has nega- 
 tived the proposals of the king, without or>- 
 caslonlng a change of ministry, or exciting 
 any feeling of animosity *>i\ either side. 
 This anomaly is increased by the absolute 
 legislative power which tho constitution 
 confers on tho king in all matters of In- 
 ternal administration and police. In regard 
 to which tho diet merely presents ad- 
 dresses and petitions expressive of their 
 views and wisb 03. 
 
 The Boverelm disposes of tho higher 
 civil and mlllta'-y onices, from which fo- 
 reigners arc excluded by law. Without tho 
 consent of the states, the king cannot enact 
 new Laws or abolish old ones ; and tho con- 
 stitution requires the king to assemble tho 
 states once In five years. 
 
 The legislative power In Norway is lodged 
 In tho * Btorlhing,' which meets every three 
 years sno jure, and not by any writ from 
 the king or the executive. This ' storthing* 
 enjoys a right possessed by no other legis- 
 lative assembly In tho world. If a bill pass 
 through three successive ' storthings,' It 
 becomes tho law of tho land without the 
 royal assent; and this right was exerted 
 when the Norwegians abolished their here- 
 ditary nobility In 1821. A viceroy, or go- 
 vernor-general, resides at Chrlstlanla. Tho 
 revenue and troops of the kingdoms are 
 kept distinct; and the fortlllcatlons of Nor- 
 way are only in part occupied by Sweden. 
 For the levying of taxes, the consent of tho 
 states is necessary ; and all the troops and 
 olllcers aro required to take tho oath of 
 allegiance to them, as well as to the king. 
 Tho sovereign has the right to make war 
 and peace, to regulate the judiciary, and to 
 conduct the general administration without 
 restraint. Tho succession to the throne Is 
 hereditary in the male lino, according to 
 tho law of primogeniture : on the extinc- 
 tion of tho male line the states have full 
 power to elect a king. Before his corona- 
 tion, the king is recjulred to take the inau- 
 gural oattm, iind to subscribe an engage- 
 ment to maintain inviolate the evangelical 
 Lutheran religion. 
 
 In marshal Berntidotte Sweden and Nor- 
 way foun<l a king la every respect worthy 
 of their allegiance. Looking steadily to tho 
 future, ho met present dllBcultics with 
 llrinneas and wisdom ; and his jicrsonal 
 character aud his constitutional principles 
 secured him tho love and fidelity of his 
 people. 
 
 In 1844,Charle5; XIV. died In his eightletli 
 year, and was succeeded by his son Oscar, 
 who, on his de^ th i'< 1859, was succeeded 
 by his BOD, Charles XV. 
 
ri 
 
 i 
 
 II I 
 
 
 DENMARK 
 
 -•o*- 
 
 Tbk aborlgtnos of DciiDmrk arc euppngcd 
 to have come from Germany, and to have 
 Rained their support from the sea. The 
 Olmbrl, who durlvcd their origin from 
 them, dwelt in the pcnii'Bula of Jutland, 
 the Ohergonesus Clnibrlca of the Romans. 
 They first struck terror Into the Romans 
 by their Incursion, with the Teutoncs, Into 
 the rich provlnroa of Gaul. After this, led 
 by the mysterious Odin, the Goths broke 
 Into Scandinavia, and appointed chiefs from 
 their own nation over Denmark, Norway, 
 and Sweden. But the early hist' ry of this 
 country Is Involved In fii hie, and presents 
 nothing that is Interesting to a stranger. 
 All that Is known with certainty is, that, at 
 the period of which we are speaking, Den- 
 mark was divided into many small states, 
 that the inhabitants gained their subsist- 
 ence by piracy, and spread terror through 
 every sea, and along evi i y coast, wherever 
 they came. 
 
 In th" eighth century the Danes became 
 formidable to their neighbours by their 
 piratical depredations on the coasts of 
 England, Flanders, Normandy, and Ger- 
 many. This desultory warfare was main- 
 tained for more than two centuries, till at 
 ]ength,their rude and savage manners being 
 somewhat meliorated, they became cultl- 
 Tators of their native soil instead of adven- 
 turers at sea. Other causes likewise con- 
 curred to put an end to these outrages ; 
 that redundant population, which had been 
 the means of pimring forth such swarms of 
 plunderers, no longer continued ; many had 
 fallen by the sword in those invasions ; 
 conquests had been made, and emigrants 
 had settled on the acquired territories in 
 vast numbers ; the introduction of Christi- 
 anity, lit tlio tenth century, servedlikewise 
 toabati their ferocity, while the increased 
 strength of the neighbouring states, and 
 the force they had acquired at sea, became 
 too formidable to be contended with. 
 
 Canute, or Kuut, commonly called the 
 Great, who died in England in the year 
 1036, advanced the dignity of thia kingdom 
 to its highest pitch ; but the sovereigns who 
 succeeded hlra were little distinguished un- 
 til towards the close of the.foorteentb cen- 
 tiiry; when Margaret obtained the regal 
 power on the death of her son Glaus, or 
 Olaf III., who had united the kingdom of 
 Norway to that of Denmark. In tb^ year 
 1388 (three years after her accession), 
 having defeated and taken iirlsoncr Albert, 
 king of Sweden, she was enabled to urge 
 her pretensions to that crown ; of which 
 fibe obtained possession b^ the consent of 
 
 the states, at tue assembly of the rupreial 
 tatlves of the three king oms held at Ci)| 
 miir, In the year 1.107, at which tlmoaml 
 (i-'leratcd constitution was formed o( m 
 Krea teiit consequence to the nortliern Btait^ 
 and called ' the union of Calmar.' Thl«w|»| 
 and heroic princess, to whom liUtnrlnl 
 havo given the distinguishing aprcllAtitil 
 of 'the Scmlramis of the north,' relginT 
 over DenmarK and Norway twcnty-8l)t,i3 
 over Sweden sixteen years. After thiijk 
 century elapsed without anything lii;t}| 
 Important occurring in the history ol Ui| 
 country. \ 
 
 Christian I., count of Oldenbur?, m 
 came to the throne in 1448, was the fbuoM 
 of the Danish royal family, which hnacij 
 since kept possession of the throne, u 
 Aom which. In modern times, RusHla,Sn 
 den, and Oldenburg have received Hid 
 rulers. He connected Norway, Schlosra 
 and Holstein with the crown of Dcnniiif 
 but was so fettered by his capltuliiiltd 
 that ho seemed to be rather the head c<| 
 royal council than a sovereign king. 
 
 In the year 1523, Frederick, duke of lij 
 stein, was raised to the throne by tlicvoli 
 of the people, who, for his cnitUy u 
 tyranny, had deposed their king Chriii^ 
 II., in whose reign the crown of Swodonli 
 been dismembered from that of DoiiidhI 
 and placed on the patriotic brow of fiiistai 
 Vasa. Frederick I. having embraicd li 
 doctrines of Luther, the tenetsof tliatJ 
 former spread with great rapidity tlirov 
 the kingdom. 1 
 
 The event which chiefly dlstingulshcii 
 history of this kingdom since Uio rclgil 
 Frederick I. is tlio unprecedented revolui/ 
 which took place In the 17th ceuturr.if 
 which merits particular notice here. 
 
 Denmark was then governed hyal 
 cliosen by a delegation from people oil 
 ranks, assembled in a diet, who lu m 
 choice paid a due regard to tlie faullil 
 the preceding prince ; and if they fnuiidf 
 of his lino properly qualified to disclij 
 the di ties of thathlgh station, they tboii 
 it just to prefer him before any otber,l 
 the eldest son before the younger, IJJ 
 merits warranted the adoption ; but iftla 
 of the royal family were either deflcWI 
 abilities, or had rendered theuiselvesf 
 worthy by their vices, they flioseKJ 
 other person, and sometimes ral acd a m 
 man to that high dignity. To the kins9 
 elected, and a senate consisting of tlicfl 
 clpal nobility, the executive powers ol^ 
 vernment were intrusted. 
 
 One of the most fundamental partso 
 
Cl)e Vti^tarv ot ffittimnrt. 
 
 )lj of till) roprewl 
 ig onm lu'ldAtCill 
 t wnlch time awl 
 WHH termed ol Uil 
 the northern staKvf 
 Oalraar.' TlilmlnL 
 J whom hlBtortal 
 uUhliig aprcllMwl 
 lUo nortli,' relgiif 
 (vay twciity-Blx.ud 
 cars. After thli,i| 
 ut anything hi?™ 
 11 the history ol t'-" 
 
 of Oldenburg,™ 
 1448, was the founli 
 uUy. which hR3 ciij 
 of the throne, «/ 
 1 times, Russia, Sij, 
 have received tw 
 1 Norway, Sclilci^'J 
 e crown of hcmt/i 
 by his cnpltuliillciL 
 k rather the lieadM 
 [overelgn king. I 
 ^derlck, duke of Id 
 le throne by the voK* 
 lor his cruelly «L 
 their king ChrUii 
 , crown of SwodcnlJ 
 
 fom that of Dcniiin, 
 lotlcbrowolGusli^ 
 iavUig embriiccdU 
 the tenets of tliati 
 [rcat rapidity tliroi^ 
 
 lleflydlstlngutshesi 
 
 loni since the re m 
 Srecedcntedrcvoliitt 
 J the 17th centutJiH 
 liar notice here. 
 'i governed by a- 
 
 on from people ^ 
 fa diet, who in *| 
 
 egard to the famW 
 '; and U they fnuBM 
 
 I qualified to im 
 IhBtution.thcy lioi 
 V before any otlier, 
 he the younger, tti 
 ^ adoption; but J"^ 
 vere cither defldei 
 ndered thenisehesj 
 ces, they chosej 
 tetlmesralscdap^ 
 PV. Tothckn 
 {. consisting of w 
 kecutlvo powers 01 
 
 lundamental parts 
 
 coiiBtltutlou was the frequent mcctlng« of 
 
 tho states, In order to regulate evorythlng 
 
 rvlntliig to the government. In thenc nieut- 
 
 IngD new laws were enacted, and all ntfalrt 
 
 relating to peace and war, the dlsposul ot 
 
 lercat offlccH, imd contriictH of marriage for 
 
 Iflie ri>yttl fanilly, were debated. The Im- 
 
 kioslng of taxes was merely accidental, no 
 
 money being levied on tho people, except 
 
 trt nwtntaln what was esteemed a noceasary 
 
 i;ir, with tho ndvico and cniiHent of the 
 
 niiil'm, or now and then by way of free gift, 
 
 '*() add to a daughter's portion. Tho king's 
 
 rdlnarv revenue consisted only In the rent s 
 
 ( hnd'« and demesnes. In his herdi^ 1 
 
 altle, lif« forests, Hervlcea of tenants : i 
 
 ultlvatlng his ground, &c.,for customs. .n 
 
 oerchandlse were not then known In that 
 
 mrt of tho world : so that ho lived like a 
 
 lodern nobleman, upon 'ho revenues of 
 
 ,U estate. 
 
 nut In the year 1860, the three states, con- 
 sting of the nobility, clergy, and com- 
 jonalty, being assembled In a diet, for tho 
 inrposo of finding mcina for dlBcharglng 
 be debts Incurred by a wnrwlthCliarleaX., 
 ling of Sweden, the nobility endeavoured 
 ) lay the whole burden on tho commons; 
 Idle the latter, who had defended their 
 luutry.and particularly their capl I ;il, with 
 le utmost bravery. Insisted that the no- 
 es, who enjoyed all the landi>, should at 
 ast pay their share of tho (axes, since 
 ley had suffered less In tho common calar 
 ilty, and done less to prevent Us progress. 
 At this the nobility were enraged, and 
 my bitter replies passed on both sides. 
 |t length a principal senator, standing up, 
 |ld tho president of the city, that the com- 
 lons neither understood tho privileges of 
 le nobility, nor considered that they them- 
 ves were no better than slaves. Tho 
 rd slaves was followed by a loud mur- 
 ir from tho clergy and burghers ; when 
 nson, the president of the city of Copeu- 
 !en and speaker of the house of commons, 
 lervlng the general Indignation It occa- 
 ned. Instantly arose, and swearing thai; 
 B commons were no slaves, which the 
 ibllity should find to their cost, walked 
 (t, and was followed by tho clergy and 
 •ghers, who, proceeding to the brewers'- 
 1, In the city, debated there on the most 
 ctual means of humbling the arrogance 
 the nobility. Then It was that the first 
 a of rendering tho crown of Denmark 
 'edltary was started by tho bishop of 
 land, but nothing like Investing the 
 g with absolute power was at that time 
 lught of, althougli It was soon after 
 ipted. The assembly afterwards adjourn- 
 to the bishop's palace, where the plan 
 an hereditary succession received tho 
 nlmous concurrence of the whole aa- 
 ibly. 
 
 rederlck III., who then possessed the 
 ~m of Denmark, has been represented as 
 nee naturally eupine and unambitious, 
 engaging manners and a benevolent 
 t, yet his habits of life were as little 
 y to render him highly popular as gene- 
 'Odious; but what the common course 
 vents would not have brought about, 
 lexlgenciesof tho times effected. Charles 
 
 726 
 
 X. of Sweden having broken the treaty 
 ho had entered Into at Ilosklld In the year 
 IflftA.and Invnded Denmark, for the avowed 
 purpose of subduing both that kingdom and 
 Norway, to annex them to tho crown of 
 Sweden, Prederiek behold tho impending 
 storm with the firmness of a king; he re- 
 nounced Ills beloved m^p, led on his troops 
 In person, and by his activity, conduct, and 
 bravery, delivered his capital, repelled the 
 Invadrra, and forced them disgracefully to 
 evact. his territories. These aehlevo- 
 men' servcdiy endeared him to tho jieo- 
 pi' 'ifore the fervour of their gratl- 
 
 ' ' Idcd, tho dissensions between 
 
 "innmons broke forth. Had 
 ' of ambition existed in 
 ■ uch an event would liavo 
 1> a name ; but this prince Is 
 
 ri, 1, y some historians who have 
 
 relsued this momorablc revolution, as having 
 relapsed Into his former habits of Inac- 
 tivity. The intrigues of two principal men 
 In Ills court brought about an event which 
 be himself showed no solicitude toproruru. 
 
 Tho revolution being thus accomidlslied, 
 ft new constitution was established by un 
 edict consisting of forty articles, and en- 
 titled 'the royal Inw of Denmark,' by 
 which the suecosshm was settled on tliu 
 king's eldest son, and, on failure of male 
 Issue, in the female line. Tho kings of 
 Denmark iind Norway were therein declared 
 to bo above all human laws, acknowledg- 
 ing In all ecclcsIaKt ical and civil affairs no 
 higher power than God alone. They may 
 make. Interpret, abrogate, and dispense 
 with laws, except tho royal law, which 
 must remain Irrevocable, and be considered 
 as the fundamental law of the state. Tho 
 kings of Denmark h:ive likewise tho power 
 of declaring war, making jieaoe, imposing 
 taxes, and levying contributions of all 
 kinds. Tho kings who have reigned since 
 this revolution have been Christian V. 
 (1070) ; Frederick IV. (1609) ; Christian VI. 
 (1730); Frederick V. (1746); Christian VII. 
 (1760) ; Frederick VI. (1808) ; Christian VIII. 
 (1840) ; Frederick Vll. (1848) ; and Christian 
 IX. (1863). 
 
 In 1792, when tho allied powers wished 
 Denmark to take part in tho war against 
 France, shemalntalned her neutrality. But, 
 by her accession to tho northern confede- 
 racy In 180O, she was involved in a war 
 with Great Britain, in which tho Danish 
 fleet was defeated at Copenhagen, April a, 
 1801. 
 
 The courage of the Danes very deserved- 
 ly obtained for them a truce ; upon which 
 Denmark acceded to the treaty of Russia 
 with England, evacuated Hamburg and Lu- 
 beck, of which she then had possession, 
 and received back her own colonies. At 
 length, in 1807, this state was included in 
 Napoleon's continental policy. A French 
 army stood on tho borders of Denmark ; 
 Russia had adopted the continental system 
 at the peace of Tllslt ; and England thought 
 It lier duty to prevent the accession of 
 Denmark to this alliance. To carry that 
 object, an English fleet, conveying a large 
 army, was sent up the Bound ; and as the 
 Danish government refused to join in a 
 
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 defensive alliance with Groat Britain, as 
 demanded, or to surrender the fleet as a 
 pledere of its neutrality, the capital was 
 bombarded for three days, and the whole 
 fleet, consisting of eighteen ships of the 
 line, fifteen frigates, &c., was delivered up 
 to the British, and carried ofi in triumph. 
 Great Britain now offered the crown-prince 
 neutrality or an alllauce. If he accept* 
 cd the first, the Danish fieet waa to be 
 restored in three years atter the general 
 peace, and the Island of Heligoland was to 
 be ceded to the British crown. The crown- 
 prince, howerer, rejtcted all proposals, de- 
 clared war against Great Britain in Octo- 
 ber 1807, and entered into a treaty with 
 Napoleon. 
 
 This alllanca with France was no sooner 
 concluded than Bemadotte occupied the 
 Danish Islands with 80,000 men, in order 
 to land in Sweden, against which power 
 Denmark declared war in April 1808 ; but 
 this plan was defeated by the war with 
 Austria in 1809. The demand made by 
 the court of Stockholm, in 1813, of a trans- 
 fer of Norway to Sweden, was followed by 
 a new war with this crown, and a new 
 alliance with France. On this account, 
 afcer the battle of Lelpslc, the northern 
 powers who were united against France, 
 occupied Holstein and Schleswlg. Gluck- 
 stadt and other fortiflcatlous were cap- 
 tured, and the Danish troops driven be- 
 yond Flensburg. 
 
 The court of Denmark, seeing the un- 
 favourable position in which the country j 
 was placed by the declining fortunes of, 
 Napoleon, not only concluded a peape with | 
 England and Sweden, but entered into an 
 alliance against France, and contributed a 
 body of troops to the allied forces. Den- 
 mark was also obliged to cede Heligoland 
 to Great Britain (receiving in exchange 
 several West India islands), and Norway 
 to Sweden (for which she was compen- 
 sated by Swedish Pomeranla and Rugen, 
 which were afterwards exchanged for 
 Lauenburg with Prussia). A peace was 
 concluded with Russia in February 1814. 
 
 Since that period the Danish govern- 
 ment has steadily exerted Itself to draw 
 forth the resources of the country, and to 
 Improve the condition of the people. In 
 1834, provincial states were established; 
 and great improvements were otherwise 
 made in the government and adminis- 
 tration of the country. But, useful and 
 valuable as are the reforms of late Intro- 
 duced into the organisation of Denmark, 
 the most brilliant feature In her contempo- 
 rary history, and that which gives the best 
 proof of her activity and her strength, is 
 the struggle against Germany for the re- 
 tention of her rights over Schleswlg and 
 Holstein. (In the History of Oermany will 
 bo found an account of the origin and 
 consequences of this fierce struggle ; and 
 wo shall here contort, ourselves with sub- 
 joining for purposes of reference a sum- 
 mary of the leading events by which it 
 was marked.) Frederick VIL, who suc- 
 ceeded to the throne, Jan. 20, 1848, com- 
 menoed his reign with the grant of a con- 
 stitution to his subjects. Immediately 
 
 afterwards his ministry lutroduccU in(»| 
 sures which, it was supposed, had a teo.1 
 dency to Incorporate Schleswlg with tlwl 
 crown of Denmark, in violation of anclcDil 
 stipulations which declared that the Q«rl 
 man duchy of Holstein and Schlesvplil 
 should be inseparable. To 'als sevenncel 
 the German Inhabitants of the dachlnl 
 were adverse. Availing themselves of Uwl 
 contre-eoup which the French revolutlogi 
 of 1848 produced throughout Europe, tbnl 
 at once formed a provisional governmcnJ 
 and appealed to the German people for a»l 
 slstance, which was promptly granted, boitl 
 in word and deed. Volunteers hasteisdl 
 to the scene of action from all sides ; anil 
 the Prussian government marched iJ 
 troops into the country. Meanwhile 0>l 
 penhagen was put in u state of defenail 
 the navy was reOtted, the soldiers irenl 
 gathered imder their colours, and teoil 
 towards the heart of the insurrection. Oil 
 the Sth of April, the Danish army defeaMi 
 the insurgents, at Bau, near Flensbnrglil 
 Schleswlg. But the Prussians having m 
 this time come to their assistance, on tin 
 23rd of April, the Danes were obliged Itl 
 leave their position at Denvirk. On tliil 
 1st of May, the German army oecupMl 
 Jutland, under the command of gcnenll 
 Wrangel. On the 28th of May and thestkl 
 of June, the Danes fought most gallanilj 
 at Duppel and at Nybel, while Wran^l 
 abandoned Jutland on the demand of £gfl 
 land, Russia, and France. The armlstlJ 
 of Maimo was concluded the 26th of Ai| 
 gust ; but on the 3rd of April 1849, tl 
 war recommenced with a catastrophe t 
 the Danish fleet at Eckernforde. The m 
 of-war, the Christian VIII., which had salliy 
 Into the bay to destroy the batteries i 
 the cneiny, was detained there with 11 
 Geflon by contrary wind. Alter an hen 
 resistance, the Christian VIII. was I 
 up, and the Geflon surrendered to 
 the destruction of her whole crew. 
 
 On the 6th of April a battle was foii^ 
 at Ulderup ; on the 23rd of April and tLom 
 of May, at Kolding, when the Danish geal 
 ralRyee<"octedaretreatinJutland,rcniiill 
 able for die skill and energy with whlil| 
 it was accomplished. On tlio 16th of )H 
 a Holstein army of 16,000 men commcunl 
 the bombardment of Frederlcia ; on thcfl 
 of July this Danish army made a vlctorloi 
 attack, took the redoubts of the eneng 
 and threw him into compietedlsorder. f 
 Prussian army then retired from Jutla 
 On the lOth of June new armistices and |i 
 llmlnaries of peace were made, and sigi 
 on the 2nd of July 1850. But Holttdl 
 recommenced the war on its own accoo 
 under the command of the Prussian e 
 ral Wiliisen. On the 25th of Jul}-, t 
 Holsteiners sustained a severe defeat ^ 
 Idstedt; but skirmishes continued onli 
 and sea till the Sth of October, when gi 
 ral Wllllsen was again driven back at 1 
 derlckstadt. It waa not till the beglnnl 
 of 1861 that the Danish army could reto 
 to theirhomes, after three cauipaigiisnU| 
 will be remembered in history, and in whlj 
 members of all classes of society, anlniatij 
 by a common spirit, took part, eitbeil 
 
Cn^e W^iotyi ot Btttttt«t%* 
 
 726* 
 
 miulBtry lutroduced mc* 
 ; vaa Bupposed, had a ten- 
 norate Schleswlg with the 
 irlc In violation of anclm 
 ilch declared that the Get. 
 Holateln and Schlesnlj 
 jarable. To *.al» severance, 
 ihaWtants of the duchlee 
 Availing themaelvcB of be 
 ich the French revolutlot, 
 pd throughout Europe, thej 
 I a provisional govemmcit, 
 ;o the German people for» 
 I was promptly granted.lwtt 
 deed. Volunteers hastrae^ 
 C action from all Bides ;ri 
 government marched la 
 le country. Meanwhile to 
 put m a sUte of defend 
 refitted, the soldiers ml 
 er ttelr colours, and (at 
 eart of the Insurrectloii. Oi 
 •11. the Danish army defeat*^ 
 ;s at Ban. near PlensDnrgJ 
 ut the Prussians having W 
 e to their asBlstance, on tk 
 the Danes were obliged ti 
 OBltlon at Denvlrk. On « 
 the German army occupM 
 er the command of gcnejl 
 rthe28thofMayandtheWl 
 Danes fought most gallant 
 Id at Nyhel, while Wran^^ 
 itland on the demand of l^ 
 and France. The arm st« 
 U concluded the 26th of ^ 
 n the 3rd of April 1849, « 
 pnced with a catastrophe 
 tet'atEckernfoMe The™ 
 irlstlan VIII .. which had sal 
 r to destroy the hatteries 
 was detained there with 
 itrarywlnd. After an hi 
 ,e Christian VIII. was hlo 
 Genon surrendered to m 
 Ion of her whole crew. 
 
 I of April a !«»*"?, ^^''f^r,^ 
 n the 23rdof April and tlie_ 
 
 oldlng, when the Danish gc 
 ;eda retreat In JutlancUem 
 skill and energy with f I 
 nnllBhed. On the I6th ot » 
 rmyrfW.OWmencomme. 
 mIniofFrederlcla-.onthc 
 'janlBharmymadeavlct^ 
 the redoubts of the cnei 
 im into compietedlsordcr 
 ny then retired from Jutl 
 ifJunenewarmlBtlcesai^ 
 ■peace were made, and 9 
 
 ot July 1880. But How 
 sdthewaronltsownaccor 
 
 mmandotthePruBBtoir 
 . on the 25th of JuV 
 sustained a aevero defeat 
 ; skirmishes continued onli 
 he 6th of October, when I 
 was again driven back at 
 It was not till the begiD 
 .the Danish oim corA&re^ 
 es.afterthree campaigns w 
 mberedln history, and in «W 
 'aU classes of society, aiiiOT 
 m spirit, took part, either 
 
 leonicrtpts or as volunteers. In 1852 a 
 
 deflnltlve treaty was ratified In London, 
 
 between England, Russia, Sweden. 
 
 France, and Prussia on the one hand, and 
 
 j)enniark on the other, recognising the 
 
 iransmlBslon of the Danish crown (In de- 
 
 ault of male issue in the 0.ircct line of 
 
 £lng Frederick IIT. of Denmark) to the 
 
 iBBue of Prince Christian of Schleswlg- 
 
 lolsteln, and his consort Louisa, princess 
 
 it HesBO, In order of primogeniture from 
 
 nale to male, and providing for the con- 
 
 iluued union of all the statea now united 
 
 inder the sceptre of tho king of Dcn- 
 
 lark. 
 
 That treaty, however, failed to settle a 
 uestlon which became still more compli- 
 .tedfrom the relation of the Prussian and 
 ustrian governments to the German 
 'edcratlon. The death of king Frederick 
 II. and the accession of Christian IX. 
 .1 Kovember 1863, was followed by a 
 ilulm on the part of prince Frederick of 
 ugustenburg to the dukedom of Schlea- 
 Ig; and the realstanre of Denmark led 
 an Invasion of Prussian and Auatrian 
 iroopg. 
 
 I It was now abundantly evident that tho 
 lispute could be settled only by the arbl- 
 ament of the sword. At the close of 1863 
 be OanlBh troops evacuated Rendsburg on 
 he Elder, and a body of Saxon troopa 
 Inder general Hake Immediately occupied 
 p6 town. In Holstein popular feeling 
 ■as almost unanimous In favour of Ger- 
 many, nnd declared the duke of Auguatcn- 
 urg the heir of the Schleswlg-Holstein 
 jrovn. The Danes, on the other hand, 
 {enled that there was any such crown 
 any such state: and bishop Monrad, 
 be president of tho council, was loudly 
 lieercd when he declared that they were 
 ping to war to expel from Schleswig 
 1 who should dare to Intrude Into It. But, 
 limpared with that of the German con- 
 deracy, their military strength was as 
 Jpthing. They trusted. It seems, to the 
 Id of the western powers, and certain 
 IprcBslons of lord Palmerston were ad- 
 pced as justifying this hope. They 
 BO relied on the strength of the Danm- 
 jerke, or the line of fortlflcatlors on 
 |e north aide of the Elder. B^.c this 
 npart was exceedingly weak on tho 
 est Bide, and here the Germans at once 
 lected a passage. To the demand that he 
 |ouldquU tlie town of Schleswig, the Dan- 
 1 general de Meza replied that he had 
 derg to defend It. But It was found im- 
 ssible to resist the Germans. The Danes 
 «uated Schleswig, and the Austrians 
 Icupled Flensburg. But although the 
 pish general had only abandoned an 
 Itenable position, the indignation at 
 Ipenhagen was great, and more than 
 ■e change of commanders took place. 
 " the 7th of February general Wrangel 
 nonnced that Austrian and Prussian 
 nmUBloners would administer the civil 
 Temment of Schleswig, and that the 
 rman would henceforth be the ofHcial 
 Nuage. But the conquerors were now 
 Mnnlng to quarrel among themselves. 
 «na was occupied by Prussian troopa, 
 
 and the federal commissioners protested 
 that the continuous occupation of the 
 Holstein territory was reserved for the 
 federal troopa alone. The Danish army 
 was now massed at Frederlcia, DUppel, 
 and the opposite laland of Alaen. OUppel 
 was besieged by the Prussians, and held 
 out until the middle of April, when the 
 last bastions were stormed by the enemy. 
 Frederlcia also was abandoned, and tho 
 troopa croaaed over Into tho Island of 
 Fflnen. Tho Prussian general, having 
 entered Jutland, imposed on the provinco 
 a contribution of 90,0002. in compensation 
 of damage alleged to be done to German 
 property, by the capture of ships and cargo 
 by the Danes. The moat exorbitant de- 
 mand waa made on Viborg and other towns. 
 A naval victory off Heligoland, achieved 
 by the Danes in the month of May, could 
 have no material effect on the isaue of the 
 struggle. 
 
 Meanwhile the British government con- 
 tinued its efforts to bring the war to an 
 end. After much 'difficulty It wjia agreed 
 that hoatllitlea should be auspended for one 
 month from May 12, and that for this time 
 Denmark should raise her blockades. But 
 when the conference in London entered 
 on its work. It was found that the plenipo- 
 tentiaries differed widely as to the obli- 
 gations laid upon them by the treaty of 
 London. Lord Russell proposed to settle 
 the matter by separating Holstein, Lauen- 
 burg, and southern Schleswig from the 
 Danish monarchy, on condition that certain 
 compensations were made to Denmark for 
 this loss of territory. To give further time 
 for deliberation, the armistice was ex- 
 tended to the 26th of June; and when this 
 period had nearly expired, the British 
 government proposed to submit the ques- 
 tion of frontier, then remaining to be set- 
 tled, to the arbitration of some friendly 
 power; but to this both the belligerents 
 demurred, and the conference abruptly 
 ended. 
 
 In Denmark the Monrad ministry had 
 given place to that of count Moltke. On 
 the 29th of June the Prussians crossed 
 over to Aloen, and the Danes were com- 
 pelled to retreat after a loss of nearly 3,000 
 in killed and wounded. This victory 
 caused great exultation at Berlin ; but it 
 waa followed also by serious squabbles 
 between Hanoverian and Prussian troops 
 at Rendsburg, and the Saxon chambers 
 protested against tho occupation of that 
 town by Prussians as a violation of the 
 rights of the German confederation and an 
 outrage upon the honour of the German 
 federal troops. 
 
 Denmark was now compelled to accept a 
 peace, the terms of which were, that she 
 give up the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, 
 and Lauenburg, with all the islands be- 
 longing to the first-named duchy, the 
 details of tho demarcation of the frontiers 
 to be aettled by the definitive treaty ot 
 peace. The Pruaaian minister M. Bismark 
 having called the attention of the British 
 government to the singular moderation 
 and placability shown by the German fe- 
 deration, lord Russell replied that, being 
 
72e» 
 
 QT^e €xtKi\tttJi nt Witttp, itt. 
 
 thus appealed to, be eonld not deny what 
 that government reaUy Mt, tIz. that the 
 war and Its resulta were alike unjnat, and 
 that aa some two or three hundred thousand 
 Danes had been transferred In Schleswlg to 
 German rule, the complaints formerly made 
 of tyranny over Germans would now be 
 transferred to the other side. The Danes 
 could Indeed say fairly, that they had been 
 overwhelmed by numbers, and the victors 
 I» on no lied of roses. In fact, the victory 
 of the Germans had sown the seeds of 
 ■notber war to bo fought ont between 
 
 Prussia and Austria. The Prussian inlr.i»l 
 ter no longer affected to conceal hit coii.1 
 tempt for any resolutions of the tti 
 deral diet which might be opposed ttl 
 the alleged rights and Interests of VnA 
 sla. In December the Schleswlgerg took! 
 leave of the Danish king, In terms whlcll 
 at least deserved as much nrmpattar A 
 the complaints of the Holsteiners bcfotil 
 the war. I 
 
 For later events connected with ttil 
 Bchleswlg-Holstein duchies, the reader r 
 referred to the History of PrvMia. 
 
trlk. The PruBiian mtr.l»| 
 «oted to conceal Mt cofrl 
 resolatlons of the fel 
 h might be opposed ttl 
 its sod intereBtB of Fn»l 
 ber the Bctaleswigers tooti 
 tlBh king, m terns vhlckl 
 d u mucta irmpatby nl 
 of the HolBtelnerB bcfoni 
 
 mts connected yilVh ^ 
 eln duchicB, the reader k 
 Biitwy of Pruuia. 
 
 Ci)e Witavij at ^ortDny. 
 
 727 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 tO» 
 
 Fhi obierratlons that hare i-^n made 
 espectlng the early ' Istoryof Sweden and 
 tenmark apply also to Norway. Up to 
 ie ninth century it was governed by a 
 lumber of petty prlncea ; until one, more 
 lold and powerful than the rest, named 
 larold Harfaagre, who had renounced the 
 PoIb of Scandinavian worship for the doc- 
 rlnes of Christianity, conquered them, and 
 jecame sole and absolute monarch of the 
 jountry. 
 
 Llice the other Christian princes of Eu* 
 ppe, Harold Harfaagre was anxious to 
 btroduce the feudal system; and having 
 (rested the various petty principalities 
 om those who before possessed them, be 
 jdttced the people to a state of vassal- 
 Be, and placed a governor over each pro- 
 pnce, to collect the revenues and hold 
 purts of justice. But among so brave and 
 lubbom a race as there Northmen, many 
 ■ere were who, rather than submit to 
 urold's despotism, emigrated to other 
 puntrles, Ireland being among the num- 
 Bf. They, however, chiefly settled in Ice- 
 uid, an uninhabited and uninviting spot, 
 Kt In time it tiecame not only very popu- 
 Iu9, but was the fiivourlte resort of their 
 pIdB,or poets, and their historians, whom 
 ley treated with every mark of honour- 
 lie regard. 
 
 |Norway having become a regular and 
 dependent kingdom under Harold Har- 
 re, during a reign which lasted more 
 I half a century, many customs were 
 
 introduced which tended to raise the cba* 
 racter of the Norwegians as a nation de- 
 sirous of cultivating the arts of civilised 
 life, but which still would not abate ono 
 iota of its warlike pretensions. He had 
 bestowed flefs on many of the nobles, 
 amongst whom was Rognvald, father ot 
 the famous Rollo, duke of Normandy ; so 
 that, in fact, it may bo said that the usur- 
 pation of Harold in Norway led to the 
 settlement of the Normans in France. 
 Harold died in 034, and was succeeded by 
 his son Eric, but as he proved a tyrant, some 
 of the principal chiefs made propositions to 
 his brother Haco, who had been educated 
 in England, and was then residing at the 
 court of king Athelstan. He accordingly 
 went over to Norway, and having pledged 
 himself to abolish the feudal laws, and re- 
 store the allodial tenure, he was proclaim- 
 ed king. Eric, seeing that there was no 
 chance of recovering the throne, collected 
 a fleet, and sailed to the Orkney islands, 
 from which point he could readily assail 
 the coasts of Scotland and Northumbria. 
 
 In 1038, Canute the Great, king of Den- 
 mark, conquered Norway, but did not long 
 retain posseasiun of it, and the country 
 had its own monarchs again from 1034 to 
 1380. On the death of Olaf IV., his mo- 
 ther, Margaret, daughter of Waldemar III., 
 king of Denmark, inherited both thrones ; 
 from which time Denmark and Norway re- 
 mained united, till 1814, when Its cession 
 to Sweden took place. 
 
THE fflSTORY OF RUSSIA. 
 
 -***■ 
 
 Ths orliorliuil inhabitants of this trlgantic 
 emiilre (which embracca nearly half of 
 Europe, and tho whole of norciiem Aela— 
 reaching from the frontiers of China to tho 
 Gonflnea of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey— 
 besides having vast possessions on the 
 north-western coast of Noitli America) 
 were doubtless a multitude of nomadic 
 tribes, classed under the cotnmon appel- 
 lation of Snrmatlans and Scythians. These 
 northern hordes, at a very early period, be- 
 gan to menace the Roman frontiers, and 
 even before the time of Oyrus had Invaded 
 what was then called the civillsttd world, 
 particularly southern Asia. They inhabited 
 the countries dcscrilied by Flerodotus be- 
 tween the Don and tho Dnieper ; and Strabo 
 and Tacitus mention tho lloxolanl, after- 
 wards called Ros, .as highly distinguished 
 among the Sarmatian tribes dwelling In 
 that district. The Greeks early established 
 colonies here ; and in the sertmd century 
 the Goths came from the Baltic, and, lo- 
 cating in the neighbourhood of the Don, 
 extended themselves to the Danube. 
 
 In tho fifth centur}', the country in the 
 neighbourhood of these rivers was overrun 
 by numerous migratory hordes of Alans, 
 Huns, Avarians, and Bulgarians, who were 
 followed by the Slavi, or Bclavonlans, a 
 Sarmatian people, who took a more nor- 
 therly direction than their predecessors 
 had done. In the next centurj', tho Kho- 
 Earl, pressed uimn by the Avarians, entered 
 the country between the Wolga and the 
 Don, conquered the Crimea, and thus placed 
 themselves In connection with tho Byzan- 
 tine empire. These and numerous other 
 tribes directed the course of their migra- 
 tions towards the west, forced the Huns 
 into Pannonla, and occupied the country 
 between the Don and the Alanta ; while 
 the Tchoudcs, or Ishudl, atrlbeof the Finnic 
 race. Inhabited the northern parts of Russia. 
 All these tribes maintained themselves by 
 pasture and the chase, and exhibited tho 
 usual barbarism of wandering nomades. 
 
 The Sclavonians, coming from tho nor- 
 thern Danube, and spreading themselves 
 along the Dnieper, In the fifth and sixth 
 centuries, early acquired, from a commerce 
 with their southern neighbours, habits of 
 civilised life, and embraced the Clirlstl.in 
 religion. They founded in the country 
 afterwards called Russia tho two cities of 
 Novgorod and Kiev, which early attained 
 a commercial importance. Their wealth, 
 however, soon excited tho avidity of tho 
 Khozari, with whom they were compelled to 
 maintain a perpetual struggle ; but Nov- 
 gorod found another and more formidable 
 enemy In the Varangians, a race of bold 
 pirates who Infested the coasts of the Bal- 
 tic and who had previously subdued the 
 Oonrlanders, Llvonlans, and Ksthoulans. 
 
 To these bold Invaders the name of nuiml 
 or Russians, is thought by the most cmll 
 iicnt authors to owe Its origin. Uo thiil 
 however, as it may, It appears certain tliyl 
 in these dark ages the country was dIvUcJ 
 among a great nuuil)er of petty iirlni^l 
 who made war upon each other witli gna 
 ferocity and cruelty, so that the pccpitl 
 were reduced to tho utmost misery; noil 
 the Sclavonians, seeing that tho warllbl 
 rovers threatened their rising state vlitl 
 devastation, were prompted by the ncra 
 sity of self-preservation to offer the gnverj 
 ment of their country to them. In cmi,* 
 quence of this, a celebrated VnraiicM 
 chief, named Ruric, arrived, in 862, witll 
 body of his countrymen. In the neiglihonf 
 hood of the lake Ladoga, and luld thu ftiii 
 datlon of the present empire of Ituaslut 
 uniting his people with those who ain 
 occupied the soil. 
 
 Ruric has the credit of being z?.n,\om i^ 
 tho strict administration of justice, i 
 enforcing Its exercise on all the l)n;i| 
 who possessed territories under liim, " 
 died in 879, and was succeeded by liis t 
 Ighor, who conquered Kiev, and rciiiovJ 
 the seat of governiiient from NovBorodif 
 that place. Ighor's widow and success 
 Olmi, publicly embraced Christlanltj j 
 Constantinople in 955, and attempted, li 
 without success, to introduce tho Gn 
 ritual among the people. Her son Srt 
 toslaf, after conquering Bulgaria, and evi 
 threatening Constantinople itself, fclif 
 battle against the Pessheneijrl, ncaril 
 cascades of the Dnieper, in 972. 
 
 The Russian empire continued to flond 
 till the end of the reign of Vladimir^ 
 Wolodomlr), wh • ascended the tlironel 
 976. Having settled the affairs of lils g 
 pire, he demanded in marriage the iiriiin 
 Anne, sister to the Greek emperor Basii 
 Porphyrogenitus. His suit was gmntwl,^ 
 condition that he should embrace Clitli 
 anity. With this the Russian monarehn 
 piled ; and that cmpiro was thenccfon 
 considered as belonging to the patriarclii 
 of Constantinople. Vladimir recelvedil 
 name of Bnsllius on the day he was baptlq 
 and, according to the Russian annal9,2( 
 of his subjects were baptised on the i 
 day. 
 
 The Idols of paganism were now tliroi 
 down, churches and monasteries wcreenr 
 ed, towns built, and the arts began to li 
 rish. The Sclavonlan letters werenorl 
 Introduced Into Russia; and Vladimir i 
 missionaries to convert the Bulgaria'd!,!^ 
 witliout much success. We are tuld U 
 Vladimir called the arts from Greece, « 
 tlvated them in the peaceable periodsoli 
 reign, and generously rewarded their r 
 fessors. His merits, indeed, aptwar tola 
 been very considerable. He has beenij 
 
C)^e Vtiitav}} of ttuMfs. 
 
 729 
 
 vaders the name of Ruisci^l 
 thouKlit by the most cmll 
 > owe tta origin, lie ttiiJ 
 nay, It mipearB certain tliul 
 [08 tlio country was divldi.'il 
 iiniii)>er of petty iirini^l 
 upon each other wltli kriiI 
 ruclty, 80 that the pccpH 
 to tJio utmost misery ; null 
 s. seeing that the warliUl 
 lied tlieir rising state viiil 
 ere prompted by tlio ncwl 
 icrvatlon to offer the gnvm" 
 jountry to them. In cnii» 
 3 a colobratcd Vaniiulii 
 Luric, arrived, in 862, wlihj 
 untrymen, in tlie nelBlitioi* 
 ;o Ladoga, and Isild the Jtrn 
 )rosent empire of Uussluli 
 [)plo witli tliose wlio alrr ■ 
 
 ic credit of being z?alou!liJ 
 
 ministration of justice, kL 
 
 cxerclBO on all tlie bojtl 
 
 i territories under lilm. " 
 
 id was succeeded l)y lila i 
 
 Diuiucred Kiev, and reniovil 
 
 iverniiient from Novgorod* 
 
 [Rlior's widow and succcstf 
 
 y cml)raced Christianity i 
 
 e in 955, and attempted, t 
 
 ess, to Introduce the «re 
 
 the people. Her son Srt 
 
 onquering Bulgaria, and eti 
 
 Jonstantinoplc itself, WiJ 
 
 t the Pe88hen0(?ri, ncari 
 
 le Dnieper, in 973. , ^ „ j 
 
 1 empire continued to (Inuiii 
 
 of the reign of VladiinlrJ 
 
 ^v^ . ascended the tlironel 
 
 settled the affairs of li 9* 
 
 nded in marriage the prliiW 
 
 ;o the Greelc emperor Bafii 
 
 Itus. His suit was grantodj 
 
 it he sliould embrace cw 
 
 his the Russian monarch n 
 
 at empire was thencefor* 
 
 belonging to the patr arttt 
 
 lople. Vladimir received* 
 
 lus on the day he was baptlM 
 
 ig to the Russian annals.Jf 
 
 ;t8 were baptised on the s 
 
 f paganism were now ttin 
 ica and monasteries wereere 
 lit. and the arts began to » 
 lavonian letters were nor J 
 ito Russia ; and Vladimir r 
 to convert the BulgarlJ-^M 
 b success. VTe are told* 
 ,ed the arts from Greece, ( 
 in the peaceable periods oii 
 enerously rewarded their l« 
 merits. Indeed, appear to « 
 insiderable. Hehasbeem 
 
 tolled by the monks as the wisest as well 
 u the most religious of kings ; bis zealous 
 exertions in promoting the profession of 
 Christianity throughout his dominions ac- 
 quired for Dim the title of saint ; and suc- 
 ceeding historians, comparing the vlrtueu 
 of hli character with the age in which bo 
 lived, hare united In conferring upon him 
 tlio appellation of Vladimir the Great. Uo 
 died in 1008, and, contrary to all rules of 
 sound policy, divided his empire among his 
 twelve sons. 
 
 Vladimir was no sooner dead than his 
 ions commenced a civil war. Swatopolk, 
 uno of the brothers, having destroyed two 
 others and seized their dominions, was in 
 Ills turn hurled from his eminence by Ja- 
 rlslnus, another brother, who reigned from 
 luu to 1045. But as the fugitive prince 
 had found refuge at the court of Boleslaus, 
 klDg of Poland, It brought on a dreadful 
 war betwixt the Poles and Russians, in 
 which the former were victorious. During 
 the rclgn of Jarislaus, the progresj of 
 Christianity was considerably promoted by 
 hla exertions ; and besides conferring many 
 important privileges on the mercantile ci- 
 tizens of Novgorod, for whose use he also 
 lenactcdahody of e<iuitable laws, he built 
 [a number of towns throughout his doml- 
 hilnns, and encouraged learning as far as it 
 I could lie attained under all the disadvan- 
 tages attendant on its acquisition in that 
 I dark age. 
 
 I Jarislaus fell into the same error that his 
 I father had committed, by dividing his do- 
 Inilnluns among his live sons. This pro- 
 Iduccd a repetition of the bloody scenes 
 Iwlileh ><ad been acted by the sons of Vlodt- 
 Imlr: the Pules took advantage of the dis- 
 Itractcd state of affairs to make continual 
 I inroads and invasions; and the empire con- 
 Itlnued in the most deplorable situation till 
 1 1237, when it was totally subdued by the 
 ■Tartars. Innumerable multitudes of tliese 
 Ibarbarlans, headed by their khan, Batto, 
 latter ravaging great part of Poland and 
 iBlleala, broke suddenly into Russia, where 
 Ithey committed the greatest cruelties. At 
 Ithlg time Vladimir II. was the grand duke, 
 ■who, though he reached not the fame or 
 ■authority of his ancestors, was acknowlcdg- 
 led as czar by the Byzantine emperor Alexis 
 IComnenus, and was the first whose brow 
 ■was graced with the imperial crown of 
 inussia. 
 George Sevoloditz succeeded his father, 
 uid built Moscow in 1147 ; but the cease- 
 legg insurrections and calamities which had 
 Deen weakening the strength of the Rus- 
 sian state since the death of Vlauirair the 
 Qreat, facilitated the enterprises of the 
 Uongols ; and after the death of George, 
 who was killed in battle, the whole kingdom, 
 with the exception of Novgorod, which 
 preserved its independence by treaties, fell 
 nto the hands of the Mongols. 
 Hitherto the Russian state had made 
 omparatively little progressln civilisation ; 
 k circumstance to be attributed to the va- 
 riety of nations cf which it was composed, 
 Md to the military constitution of the Va- 
 ruiglans. Oommerce remained chlelly in 
 Ibe bauds of those German merchants who 
 
 had followed the Ohristian missionarlei 
 who came into Russia after the commence* 
 ment of the I3th century ; and the princi- 
 pal seats of this commerce were the towns 
 of Novgorod and Kiev. The traffic wl'.h 
 the south was mostly under the manage- 
 ment of Greek merchants. From the time 
 Christianity had been introduced there had 
 been monasteries in Russia ; and in these 
 establishments the scanty literature of the 
 age was preserved. 
 
 Though reduced to the most degrading 
 servitude by their Asiatic conquerors, the 
 Russians successfully resisted the attempts 
 of n<.y enemies, which appeared in the 
 lilvonlans, the Teutonic knights, and the 
 Swedes. Jarislaus conquered Finland, but 
 liorislied by poison among the Tartars. 
 His son Alexander defeated the Danes and 
 Swedes in 1241, in a great battle upon the 
 Neva, and received for this action the ap- 
 pellation of Alexander Nevsky. His young- 
 est son Daniel mounted the throne in 1247. 
 He removed his residence to Moscow, and 
 in 1296 assumed tlio title of grand duke of 
 Moscow. This prince founded the cele- 
 brated palace of the Kremlin in that city, 
 in 1300. Daniel was succeeded by his son 
 George, who successfully resisted the 
 Swedes, and built the town of Orshek, now 
 Schiussenljurg. 
 
 During several succeeding reigns the 
 Russians had to contend, first with the 
 Tartars, and subsequently with the Llvo- 
 nians and Poles ; the miseries of a foreign 
 yoke being also aggravated by all the cala- 
 mities of intestine discord. The Livonians 
 took Pleskow ; and tlie Poles made them- 
 selves masters of Black Russia, the Ukraine, 
 Podolia, and the city of Kiev. Casimir the 
 Great, one of their kings, carried his con- 
 quests still farther. He claimed a part of 
 Russia, in right of his relation to Boleslaus, 
 duke of Halit!!, who took the duchies of 
 Pensemyslia, Halitz, and Lucl;ow, and the 
 districts of Sanock, Lubackzow, and Tre- 
 bowla ; all which countries he made a pro- 
 vince of Poland. 
 
 The newly conquered Russians were ill 
 disposed to brook the government of the 
 Poles, whose laws and customs were more 
 contrary to their own than those of the 
 Tartars had been. They joined the latter 
 to rid themselves of the yoke, and assem- 
 bled an army numerous enough to over- 
 whelm all Poland, but destitute of valour 
 and discipline. Casimir, undaunted by this 
 deluge of barbarians, presented himself at 
 the head of a few troops on the borders of 
 the Vistula, and obliged his enemies to re- 
 tire. Demetrius, who commanded In Mos- 
 cow, made frequent efforts to rid himself of 
 the galling yoke. He defeated in several 
 battles Maymay, khan of the Tartars ; and, 
 when conqueror, reAised to pay them any 
 tribute, and assumed tl.j title of grand 
 duke of Muscovy. But the oppressors of the 
 north appeared in greater numbers than 
 before; and Demetrius, at length over- 
 powered, after a struggle of three years, 
 perished with his whole army, amounting 
 to 240,000 men. 
 
 Bosflius (or Basilowitz), the son of De- 
 metrius, revenged bis father's death. He 
 
730 
 
 Cb( Crcaifur}; o( ^iiiavtit ^t. 
 
 nttackod his enemies, drove JJicm out of 
 Ills dominions, and conqnered%ulgarlB. He 
 made an alliance wltb the Poles, whom he 
 could not subdue ; and even ceded to thorn 
 a part of his country, on condition that 
 they should help him to defend the rest 
 RKalnst any new Incursions of the Tartars. 
 Hut this treaty was a weak barrier against 
 ambition. The RuRslans found new enemies 
 In thetrallies, and theTartars soon returned. 
 Basllius had a son of the same name, to 
 whom the crown ought to have descended ; 
 but the father, suspcctfrn? his legitimacy, 
 left It to his own brother Qregory, a man 
 of a severe and tyrannical disposition, and 
 therefore hated by the people, who asserted 
 the son's right, and proclaimed him their 
 sovereign. The Tartars took cogn I sanco of 
 the dispute, and determined It in favour of 
 Bastllus ; upon which Gregory hiui rocnurge 
 to arms, drove his nephew from Moscow to 
 the principality of Uglltz, and usurped his 
 throne. Upon the death of Gregory, Basl- 
 lius returned to Moscow ; but Andrew and 
 Demetrius, sons of the late usurper, laid 
 siege to that city, and obliged him to retire 
 to the monastery of Ti oits, where they took 
 him prisoner, with his wife and son, and 
 put out his eyes. The subjects of the un- 
 fortunate prince, incensed at the cruel 
 treatment he received, forced the perpetra- 
 tors of it to fly tc iTovgorod, and reinstated 
 their lawful sovereign at Moscow, where he 
 died. In the midst of this general con- 
 fusion, John I,, the son of Basllius (or, as ho 
 Is called in the Busslan tongue, Ivan Bosi- 
 lowttz), by his invi.iclble spirit and refined 
 policy, became both the conqueror and 
 deliverer of his country, and laid the first 
 foundation of its future grandeur. 
 
 In this period the Cossacks arose. Tbi> 
 Poles and Lithuanians had conquered the 
 whole of Western Russia to Kiev, and sub- 
 jected the vanquished people to religious 
 persecution, as well as political oppression ; 
 and on the east, the Tartars of »he Crimea 
 endeavoured to subdue the Russians. The 
 discontented, therefore, retired into the 
 fertile but uninhabited Ukraine, and adopt- 
 ed a military organisation, under the con- 
 trol of a superior officer styled a hetman. 
 
 In the promotion of civilisation, Ivan II. 
 surpassed all his predecessors. German 
 artists and learned men were welcomed 
 and liberally rewarded by the czta ; printing 
 offices wero established ; and commerce was 
 promoted by a treaty with Elizabeth of 
 England In 16S3. He established a standing 
 army, conquered Kasan in 1662, the king- 
 dom of Astrachan In 1664, and endeavoured 
 to drive the Teutonic knights from Livo- 
 nia; but Denmark, Poland, and Sweden 
 attacked him, and a conspiracy in the in- 
 terior broke out. In this embarrassment 
 he Implored the emperor Rodolph II. and 
 pope Gregory XIII. to interfere ; and the 
 nuncio of the latter brought about the 
 peace of Zapolla between Ivan II. and Ste- 
 phen Bathonr, king of Poland, in 1082, by 
 which Livonia was ceded to Poland. Ivan 
 died In 1884. 
 
 Towards the end of Ivan's reign, Ter- 
 mack, a Cossack, discovered Siberia. Feo- 
 dor, hig aaccesBor, conquered Siberia en- 
 
 tirely In 1687, and surrendered Esthonis to 
 Sweden in 1696. Feodor,the last of Ilurlc'i 
 descendants, died In 1608 ; and Russia wu 
 shaken by Internal convulsions and external 
 wars, which gi?atly retarded her progrosi 
 In civilisation. The war of the Poliih 
 party with the party of the pseudo-Deme- 
 trius was not ended until Michael Fcodnro- 
 witz (of the family of Romanoff) ascended I 
 the throno In 1013 ; after which a treaty of I 
 peace was concluded with Sweden anjl 
 Poland. I 
 
 The young Michael was proclaimed, and 1 
 signed a compact with his new sub1ect8,b;l 
 which he promised to protect the C8t!t| 
 bllBhed religion ; to make no new laws, noil 
 change the old ; not to raise imposts ; and I 
 to make neither war nor peace, without tlit I 
 consent of tlio senate. The Russians, nr I 
 rather the senators, seized this opportunit; | 
 to have a part of the government. Miclijei I 
 remained faithful to his promise; and died I 
 in 1064, leaving his throne to his son AleilJ 
 Bo long as tho Swedes maintained tbel 
 ascendancy over tho Russians, their rrlDi 
 cipal view was directed to exclude tliiil 
 power from the possession of any port onl 
 the Baltic: being well aware that thtl 
 natural advantages which their rival po^l 
 scssed, would, whenever that poweriiii| 
 empire should avail Itself of them, mliti 
 tho cnmmcrclal consequence of Ruaslaoil 
 tho ruin of that of Sweden. I 
 
 Alexia, the father of his country, wasonlil 
 sixteen years of age at his accession to thel 
 throne. The despotism and insolence oil 
 his ministers drew upon him the hatred oil 
 the people during his minority; butwheil 
 he took upon liiniself the government, btl 
 was both loved and respected. He cnmt 
 -aged an intercourse with foreign nntlonj,! 
 and Induced educated and laborious stran; I 
 crs to people his desert provinces; null 
 Russia, under him, began to be known ttl 
 the principal powers of Europe and Aslil 
 Ambassadors from China and Persia vl^lttdl 
 Moscow ; and Alexis sent, for the first tiintj 
 his ambassadors to Franco and Si)alal 
 More generous, or less politic, than thil 
 other monarchs, he refused to receive thtl 
 ambassador of Cromwell, declaring thitl 
 he never would acknowledge the pretcndel| 
 protector of England. Ho died in 1676. 
 
 Manufactures, arts, and military dlsc^ 
 pUne were introduced in this actlvu relpl 
 and although an unsuccessful war mi| 
 waged with GustavuB Adolphus, kingi 
 Sweden, yet the boundaries of the emplRl 
 were extended. Theodor, or Feeder, blil 
 son, succeeded, on the death of his fatheti 
 in 1677 ; and after a beneficial reign wlildl 
 continued seven years, on his death-bed Ml 
 nominated his half-brother Peter, to till 
 exclusion of his elder brother Ivan or Join,! 
 whose imbecile mind disqualified him foi| 
 the arduous task of government. Notwitt 
 standing this, the intrigues of their elstt 
 Sophia, a restless and ambitious wornu,! 
 stirred up civil commotions, which onlil 
 subsided on the death of John in letfl 
 when Peter became sole soTereign of ii| 
 the Russlas. I 
 
 The private character of the czar wu til 
 no means bo Irreproachable as to leadhHI 
 
C^e Witarti of ^xiiiiti. 
 
 731 
 
 ■urrendercd Bsthonla tn 
 reodor.the last of llurlc'i 
 [ In 1508 ; and Ruiilawu 
 IconvulBlonsand external 
 tly retarded her prngroii 
 The war of the Polish | 
 [»rty of the pseudo-Denie^ 
 led until Michael Fcodoro- 1 
 1y of Romanoff) ascended 
 ,3 ; after which a treaty o( 
 luded with Sweden an] 
 
 chacl wa« proclaimed, anil 
 t with his new subjects, t)j 
 Ised to protect the esta- 
 to make no new laws, not I 
 not to raise imposts; anl 
 war nor peace, without the 
 senate. The Russians, m 
 oro, selied this opportunity I 
 ' the government. Mlch«ell 
 il to hlB promise ; and m\ 
 lis throne to his son Alcikl 
 ) Swedes maintained tbtl 
 • the Russians, their rrin-j 
 directed to exclude tliul 
 I possession of any port oil 
 Ing well awaro that thtl 
 iges which their rival ro!.| 
 whenever that poweriull 
 avail itself of them, ralsl 
 , consequence of Ruaslaoul 
 of Sweden. 
 
 ther of his country, was c_, 
 C age at his accession to tlxl 
 lespotlsm and Insolence oil 
 row upon him the hatred oil 
 Ing hiB minority ; but wheil 
 ilinself the government, litl 
 1 and respected. Ho cncoti 
 loursc with foreign nation),! 
 icated and laborious Strang I 
 his desert provinces; nnil 
 him, began to be known tol 
 lowers of Europe and Atlil 
 ■om China and Persia vislteil 
 .lexis sent, for the first tliiie,l 
 rs to Franco and Spalil 
 1, or less politic, than tlMl 
 8, ho refused to receive tliil 
 
 Cromwell, declaring tlijil 
 
 acknowledge the prctendedl 
 
 igland. He died In 1676. I 
 
 s, arts, and military dlidl 
 
 oduced in this active Telgil 
 
 an unsuccessful war wl 
 ustavuB Adolphus, king ill 
 le boundaries of the empml 
 I. Theodor, or Feodor, iiii 
 , on the death of his fatM 
 ter a benenclal reign wMI 
 m years, on his death-bed M 
 
 half-brother Peter, to m 
 selder brother Ivanor Jotal 
 e mind dlsquallfled hlmfjl 
 }k of government. KotwiM 
 the Intrigues of their sisw 
 less and ambitious womu,! 
 U commotions, which o^l 
 he death of John In 18*1 
 ecame sole sovereign oi ui 
 
 character of the czar wwwl 
 rreproachable as to leadbui 
 
 ■ubjects to form any exalted notions of his 
 future course ; but, In spito of all dlsad- 
 vantageii be applied himself to the moral 
 and political regeneration of his country. 
 During the administration of the princess 
 Rnphls, he had formed a design of esta- 
 blishing a maritime power In Russia ; and 
 at the very commencement of hia reign 
 he defeated the Turks, from whom he 
 wrested the port of Azof, which opened to 
 Ills subjects the commerce of the Black 
 Bea. The first object of his ambition being 
 thus attained, he resolved to carry out his 
 design of making Russia the ccntro of 
 1 trade between Europe and At t— to connect 
 the Volga, the Dwina, and the Don, by 
 canals, thus opening a water communica- 
 tion between tho northern seas and the 
 [Black and tho Caspian seas. To complete 
 I this magnificent plan, he determined to 
 I build a city on tho Baltic sea, which should 
 ■ be tho emporium of northern commcrro 
 land the capital of his dominions. He did 
 Inot, however, rely simply on this stupen- 
 Idous undertaking for carrying out his 
 Imarltlmo and commercial plans. He felt 
 Ithat It was necessary for some of the young 
 Inoblllty to travel into foreign countries for 
 llmprovement, not according to our notions 
 lof foreign travel, but for tho express piir- 
 Ipose of learning whatever was likely to bo 
 liiiost useful to the country of their birth, 
 lelther In cultivating the arts of peace, or 
 lln maintaining the discipline of war. Ho 
 ■accordingly sent sixty young Russians 
 linto Italy ; most of them to Venice, and 
 |tho rcct to Leghorn in order to learn tho 
 art of constructing their galleys. Forty 
 nore were sent out by his direction Into 
 lolland, with the intention of instructing 
 Ithemgelves in the art of building and work- 
 ing large ships ; some were sent toGormnny 
 So serve in tho land-forces, and to learn 
 the military discipline of that nation ; while 
 {Others were elsewhere despatched in pursuit 
 of whatever knowledge was likely to be 
 cndered advantageous at homo. 
 Nor did the patriotic emperor stop even 
 Ihere. Having established a regcr : 'o 
 flirect the government during his ab.. i>:', 
 he himself lefthisdomlnlon8,and traveil ^I 
 wneognito through various European statts. 
 Having arrived at Amsterdam, ho inscribed 
 Ills name as Peter Mlchacloft in the list of 
 penlers of tho India Company. Here 
 he performed all the duties of his sltua- 
 llon ; and, at the Intervals from labour, otu- 
 lled mathematics, fortiflcation.navigatlon, 
 and drawing plans. From Holland be came 
 |o England, where ho completed his studies 
 iblp-buildlng, and examined the princt- 
 1 naval arsenals. King William permlt- 
 Ihhn to engage several ingenious Eng- 
 Hsh arf^^ifleers, and he returned, by way of 
 Holland and Germany, to Moscow, uter 
 In absence of nearly two years, having ac- 
 quired a fund of knowledge which after- 
 pards eo much contributed to his country's 
 llory. 
 
 I He had no sooner arrived than he was 
 ■ollowed by crowds of every species of artl- 
 ^ns, to whom he held out the greatest en- 
 auragement ; and for the first time were 
 'en largo Russian Tessels on the Baltic, 
 
 on the Black sea, and on the ocean. Arclii- 
 toctural building began to rise among the 
 Russian huts; colleges, academics, prlnt- 
 ing-h(j aes, and libraries, sprang up under 
 his fostering hand. Habits and customs 
 were changed by degreea, although witli 
 dlfllculty, and the Muscovites began to 
 know something of civil society. 
 
 At the same time commerce bed its birth 
 in Russia. Laws, military and marine dis- 
 cipline, and manufactures, tho sciences and 
 fine arts, and all that appeared to him de- 
 sirable in nature, were introduced. [The 
 loading events of tils war with CharlesXII. 
 being related in tho History of Sweden, are 
 here omitted.] Peter died, regretted by his 
 subjects, in 1735; and was succeeded by 
 bis wife, tho empress Catherine I., who 
 supported the splendour of tho empire, and 
 held tho sovereignty of Russia with a firm 
 rule till her death, which happened two 
 years after her elevation. 
 
 Peter II., grandson of Peter the Great, 
 being only twelve years of age, then be- 
 came czar. Tho reins of government, 
 during his minority, were held by prlnco 
 Menzlkoff, whom the first Peter had ad- 
 vanced to the highest nfflccs In the state, 
 and who was no less tho favourite of the 
 csarlna, Catherine. The young czar dying 
 in 1730, Anne, duchess of Courland, niece 
 to Peter tho Great, and daughter of Ivan, 
 ascended the throne, whicli she filled ten 
 years. This empress rendered herself me- 
 morable by the decisive turn she gave to 
 the contests which arose in Europe ; she 
 assisted the emperor Charles VI., frustrated 
 the schemes of tho French ministry for 
 placing Stanislaus on the throne of Poland, 
 and actually procured the crown for his 
 competitor Augustus, at the same time that 
 eho triumphed over the Turks and Tartars, 
 the natural competitors with Russia. 
 
 Ivan, or John III., great-nephew to Anne, 
 became her successor, when only two years 
 of age. This infant, the son of the princess 
 Anno of Mecklenburg, wh? deposed by the 
 general concurrence of all ranks in the em- 
 pire ; and tiic princess Elizabeth Petrowna, 
 daughter to Peter the Great by the empress 
 Catherine, was raised to the imperial dignity 
 in December 1741. Her reign, which con- 
 tinued twenty years, was prosperous. In 
 the war which broke out on the continent 
 in 1756, she took a decided part in favour 
 of the house of Austria ; and was on the 
 point of crushing tho Prussian monarch, 
 and possessing herself of his most valuable 
 territories, when death suddenly closed her 
 career, in 1762. 
 
 Her nephew, Charles Peter tJlric, duke 
 of Holstein, grand duke of Russia, now 
 became czar, by the title of Peter III. 
 The friendship which this prince bore to 
 the king of Prussia saved that hero from 
 his impending fate, and converted a for- 
 midable enemy into a powerful ally. An 
 intemperate zeal, which led Peter to at- 
 tempt cutting off the venerable beards of 
 his clergy, and to abolish some established 
 and favourite military fashions, joined to 
 an unbounded fondness for a mistress, and 
 a strong antipathy to his wife and son, 
 terminated his rclgn in a few months. 
 
732 
 
 Cbe (TrtaMiirv at V)Mtartf, ^r. 
 
 Tho general nillum which rctorlll. hml 
 drawn upon himiulf, iinltoti all orders of 
 his subjects agalnit iilni ; lio was bcIzciI 
 and doDusod, and his wife rnlscd to tlio 
 Imperial dlKiilty, by tlio title of Cathti- 
 rln« II., in July 17fl3. Tlie cnptlvo prlnro 
 was soon after cruelly drprlvrd of life. 
 Borne letters written by tho IcIiik of rniM- 
 Bla to this weak prince, found aftor IiIh do- 
 cease, which strongly rocnniniendod toliliu 
 a change of conduct, and particularly iilnid- 
 cd In behalf of his repudiated consort, il xvd 
 that princess In tho interests of Kredorlck. 
 Catherine II. was notoriously licentious, 
 yet her rolgii may bo regarded as one of 
 iho most prosperous In the annals of Uuh- 
 sla. As soon ns she had relieved the coun- 
 try from an exhnUHtInx wnr, slio Invited 
 artisans and workmen of all kinds to settle 
 In her empire, and collected around licrdlH- 
 tlnguished foreigners to assist her in Im- 
 proving the laws, and Infusing a healthy 
 vigour Into the commerce of llussla. Hhu 
 was victorious by land and sea against tho 
 Porte, with whom she concluded a peace 
 In 1774, whereby llussla gained a consider- 
 able accession of territory. 
 
 In I77n, Catherine divided her empire 
 Into separate governments. In 17m), she 
 Instituted tho armed neutrality between 
 Russia, tho emperor of (Germany, Prussia, 
 and Portugal, against tlio naval power of 
 tho English; and, three years aftcrwnrds, 
 sho planned the expulsion of the Turks 
 from Europe, and tho reestabllshniont of 
 the Bycantlno empire : but some i>olltlciil 
 considerations caused tho execution of this 
 project to be abandoned at the time, mid 
 when it was resumed, ten years lutcr. It 
 by no means succeeded to tho extent that 
 had been anticipated. 
 
 At the conclusion of tho Turkish wnr in 
 1793, the Dniester became tho frontier of 
 llussla towards Moldavia nud Uessnrabla ; 
 and as the war with Sweden was now con- 
 verted into an alliance with that power, 
 tho ambitious empress again turned her 
 eyes upon Poland, whither her army march- 
 ed with tho certainty of conriuest ; nud on 
 tho occasion of tho second partition. In 
 1793, B territory of so.ooo square miles wus 
 added to tho llussian empire. On the re- 
 maining part of I'oland she Imposed the 
 most oppressive restrictions, which pro- 
 duced a formidable rebellion in 1794. The 
 gallant Kosciusko strove hard to effect tlie 
 independence of his country, but lie was 
 overwhelmed by numbers and taken pri- 
 soner, while Suwarrof stormed and devas- 
 tated with more than barbarian fury the 
 suburbs of Warsaw. The dissolution of tlie 
 kingdom was now at hand ; and in the 
 third partition of Poland, lu 1705, llussla 
 extended her power towards the west as 
 far as the Vistula. It now extended it- 
 self from the shores of the Baltio to tho 
 western end of North America and the Ja- 
 IMin Islands. Yet, in the midst of her mili- 
 tary operations, the empress protected and 
 enconraged the arts and sciences, and gave 
 a new code of laws to the subjects of her 
 vast empire. She died Kovember 17, 170G, 
 and was succeeded by her son Paul I., who, 
 capricious as he was, began his reign by a 
 
 noble act of justice, namely, the liberntluo 
 of the brave Kosciusko. 
 
 Tho late empress had engaged curly in 
 the confederacy against France; but, from 
 some unexplained cause, did not coino Into 
 action Hgainst that ]iower. The etiipi.'rijr 
 Paul likewise remained almost In a nciitrni 
 state, until the beginning of the yeiir nm 
 when he sent a powerful nriny to llio u! 
 hIhIhiico of till) allies Into Italy, unilcr tho 
 coiiiiiuuid of Huwurrof, a general well kimvii I 
 before by his coiiiiuests and crueltU'H iJ 
 Poland. Tlie successes of this man wen 
 extraordinary during neveral months itfur I 
 his arrival in Italy ; but towards lliu i nj | 
 of tho cninpalKii, Ills good fortune Hccnii^j 
 
 to desert him; and It was not wltl t| 
 
 great diniculty and loss that ho renrlicdj 
 Oernmny across the Orisons country, li.v I 
 rasscd by the French armies under Murcau | 
 and Massena. 
 
 The ill Buccoss of tho Russian arail 
 against the French, augmented by tliu had I 
 understanding which suhsisted betwein liiJ 
 generals and those of Austria, appeared in I 
 have an extraordinary elTuct on the nilmll 
 of the emperor I'uul, who, from liiivln;! 
 been the uncompromising enemy of lluo-l 
 naparte, now entered Into amicable riirrc'l 
 spondence with him, and bernnie oiiuull 
 his most ardent admirers. He luld nnl 
 embargo on all tiro English vessels in lilJ 
 ports, and Induced Sweden, Denmark, anill 
 Prussia to join him in the northern iiniuil| 
 confederacy. Hut on the night of the 2:inll 
 of March IHOl, just at the time tho llrltUiil 
 fleet was sailing through the Sound tu tliel 
 attack on Copenhagen, Paul was wm\ 
 sinated by some of the Russian nolillli;! 
 whom he liad treated with harshnvBa miill 
 contumely. How far his sons were cdpl'l 
 sant of what was going on, it Is Inipositliilel 
 to tell; but it was generally believed tliail 
 tliey were In the secret, and connived ailil 
 from a conviction that their father iiitiiiilJ 
 ed to Immure them in a fortress. AndBUdil 
 an event was very probable, for tlirrc III 
 little doubt of Ills l)eliig insane at tlictliMl 
 
 On Alexander, the Intc emperor's i.'lduil 
 son, succeeding to tlio throne, n dvgretl 
 of energy and consistency was soon mti 
 In every department of tho goveriimciiJ 
 Separating himself from the nortliicl 
 league, he concluded a treaty with (i.i^l 
 Britain (Juno 7, 1801), and at the iiiiiiieL 
 timo renounced the grnnd-mastersliiii oil 
 Malta, which had been conferred on liiil 
 father. In June 1802, he appeared, fur thil 
 flrst time, personally among the potcnlatol 
 of Europe, and had an interview with tbtl 
 king of Prussia at Memol. France, uiidnl 
 the guidance of Napoleon, was at tliUl 
 period making rapid conquests in the souilil 
 of Europe ; Buonaparte having been, in (hil 
 preceding month, crowned king of Itaifl 
 at Milan ; shortly after which he anneiedl 
 Genoa to France. But the cabinet of Stl 
 Petersburg seems wisely to have tbougbil 
 that its distance from the scene of actiopi 
 might well excuse the emperor from anri 
 active interference with belligerent state&l 
 He, however, confirmed the IncorporatloDl 
 of the government of Georgia with the UiiS'l 
 slon empire; concluded treaties of vom] 
 
€\)t 9)iiltarv at ntiMiA 
 
 rp, iininelyi tlio ItbvrutluD | 
 ■limk". , , . 
 
 MH hud r!ig»Bctl rurly in 
 lunliiHl Kmiiro; but, from 
 IcaiiMU, did not comu Into 
 lat itowcr. Tlio tiriipcrnr 
 mIniMl nliiioit In a neiitriU 
 icKlniiliiK lit <Jio yriir nw, 
 iiowtrful nriny to tlio v- 
 lUt'H Into Italy, under tliii 
 lirrof, a K»""<'f "' w«'ll l<ii"v II 
 mtiui'Htrt imd crufliliH in 
 
 PCCMl'H of thl8 limil WIN 
 
 irliiK H(!Vt>rnl luontlm nfur 
 aly; Imt towurds tlm (ud 
 , litH good fortune Hiinuil 
 niid It was not wlllmM 
 nnd loHH that Jio rt'ivchfj 
 , tho OrlHoiiH country, In. I 
 cncU ariulo» under MDrcaii | 
 
 f)g of tlio nuBBlan armr 
 ncli, auBincntcd by tliu had 
 vlilch 8ul)Bl»tcd bctwiiii lili 
 Ortoof Aunlrla, BpiK'uri'dtii 
 •dlimry olfoct on tho mind 
 r I'aul, who, from Imvlni! 
 npromlHinK oncniy of lluo. 
 itorcd Into nnilcahio rorrc- 
 1 hint, and bfcnnic oiiu ut 
 nt ndinlrerB. Ho lulil nn 
 tlto EuBllsh voaaolH in lili 
 c(;d Bwcdon, Dtmniark, nn 
 him In tho northern iirnirf 
 )ut on the niBht of tl"- 2M 
 luBt at the time tho Urliliih 
 K through the Sound tu tlic 
 onhagen, I'aul waa wm 
 no of tho nusslau nolillltj 
 treated with harshness wid 
 DW far his sons were emi' 
 as going on. It Is lmp(>H« 
 vas generally believed iliai 
 10 secret, and connived at i 
 Ion that their father iMtinil. 
 hem In a fortress. And such 
 very probable, for tlirro li, 
 his being Insane at the tlm. 
 T. tho late emperor's t Idwi 
 a to tho throne, a dcgrai 
 
 consistency was soon Bcej 
 -traent of tho goverinijenl 
 mself from the npf'!'"-; 
 icluded ft treaty with itM. 
 
 7. 1801), and at tho m* 
 
 id 
 
 ta tho grand-masterahUi oil 
 had been conferred on m 
 10 1802, ho appeared, foriMI 
 onally among tho poteijiawtl 
 had an Interview with ibel 
 a at Memcl. France, uiideil 
 of Napoleon, was at tiiijl 
 rapid conquests inthesouttl 
 onaparte having been. lu II 
 nth, crowned king of IWI 
 :tly after which he aimeiril 
 ice. But the cabinet of 811 
 sms wisely to have thougj I 
 ce from the scene of actlorl 
 cuse the emperor from ml 
 ence with belligerent staejl 
 sonflrmed the fncorpon^onl 
 nent of Georgia with the I uM 
 
 "concluded treaties of m^t 
 
 with Franco and Spain; and (iffercd. In 
 ]fK)3, to IntorpoM) his good odlcoH In re- 
 itorlnff the newly rnptnri><l peace betwrcii 
 KiiKlsiid and Franco and Hpiiln. Hut after 
 the i'xecutlon of the duke d'Knglileii nil 
 liitvrcourso between ItUHsla nnd Franco 
 rvHHi'd ; nnd In April isos, Alexander Join- 
 rd tlio third coalition nganiHt Kninro : but 
 the lots of tho battle of Austerlltis rlouded 
 tlin |iros|)C('ts of tho nlllcs, and the llusslan 
 cnuicror returno<l to retersburg. 
 
 Tlie bnttlu of Kylau was fought on tho 
 gtb of February 1ho7; that of Krledlnnd, 
 flntlio4th of June following. The Uusslnns 
 then retired, and after an Interview be- 
 tween the two emperors, whU'h took place 
 1)11 (ho river Nlenien, In a hnndsomo pavi- 
 lion erected ou a raft for tho oceaHlon, 
 |)CRCO was concluded on tho Rth of July 
 iHor. At this niemorablo Interview the 
 outward forms of friendship were dlsplay- 
 rd hi'tween tlioso rival monarchs, and an 
 aliiindnnco of courtly dissimulation used 
 to testify tho sincerity of their profesHloiiM. 
 Alrxamler, by tills eomi>uct, acknow- 
 IrdKcd the brothers of HuoniipHrto as kings 
 rc8|)0ctlvcly of Naples, Holland, and Wegt- 
 Idmlla; ho formally recognised also the 
 coufctlcratlon of tho llhlnc, and promised 
 to Acknowledge all tho sovereigns who 
 might hereafter become members of that 
 confederation. Ho engaged that hostili- 
 ties on tho part of Ilussla should Instantly 
 IccMO with tho Ottoman I'orto. Ho under- 
 took al8o to mediate for a peaco between 
 ;ngland and France ; and If ho should 
 iruTO unsuccessful, ho was to close the 
 lorts of Russia against all Drltlsh ships ; 
 vhich, In fact, was soon after done. In 
 808, Alexander had an Interview with Na- 
 lolcon at Erfurth, and afterwards took 
 lart, AS tho ally of France, In the war with 
 UBtrla; but his wnnr. of /.eal in the cause 
 ■an ton evident to escape tho penetration 
 { tho French emperor, and a growing cold- 
 ie88 between the Imperial allies began to 
 ippcar. 
 
 Great Injury had been done to Uussinn 
 lommcrce, and lieavy complaints made by 
 ncrcbaiits. In consequence of their ports 
 laving been shut against tho English ; they 
 rcro therefore again opened to them, pro- 
 idod they hoisted American colours, while 
 'ronch goods were very strictly prohibited, 
 'bis Induced Napoleon to make himself 
 lastcr of the principal northern ports of 
 Icrmany, and to Incorporate the posses- 
 'ons of the duke of Oldenburg, a near rc- 
 ktlon of Alexander, with France. Against 
 is proceeding Itussia made a very cner- 
 itlc protest; and, as early as 1811, Ave 
 :\m\m divisions assumed a position oppo- 
 te Warsaw. On the other hand, Napo- 
 m caused tho fortresses on tho Vistula 
 .(1 Oder to be declared In a stato of siege, 
 nt tbitber largo m.Hsses of troops, and 
 cupied Swedish Pomeranla, because 
 larlcs XIII. of Sweden declined a closer 
 nncetion with France. 
 The contest In Spain was at this time 
 lily grow'.ng more obstinate, and the largo 
 luunt of men and money It consumed 
 light well hare appeared to Napoleon a 
 "dent obstacle to a Btrugglo with 
 
 733 
 
 llussiR i but ho ralrutati'd lliat his armx, 
 amounting to neiirly a mllilon of effective 
 men, would *io suniclent for tbn rondlnt In 
 both quarters : and ho also relied upon a 
 great mass of auxllliiry forces, ehlelly pro- 
 mised by the confcdcrHtlon of tho Khlne ; 
 besides Ills alliance Willi rrussla nnd Aus- 
 tria, which covered him on both flanks, 
 and secured his retreat. Ho, hnwovor, 
 made peaceable offern, through the count 
 do Narhoiine, his ainbasHatlor ; hut tho 
 obieet of his mission being unattalncd, 
 half a mllilon of soldiers, conslsthig of 
 French, Uermans, Italians, Poles. Swiss, 
 Spaniards, and Tortuguese, with more than 
 1,!K)0 cannon, were put In motion, about tho 
 end of July, to attack the Uusslanson tho 
 other side of the Memen and tho Vistula. 
 The llusslans. In three dlvlshms, occupied 
 a lino Including Kiev and Kmolensk to 
 Ulgo. The flrHt western army of 137,noo 
 men. In Mlhnanln and ('ourland, was com- 
 manded by liarclay do Tolly, who had till 
 (hen been inlnisler of war ; the other west- 
 ern army, of 4H,000 men, was commnndod 
 by priiico Ilagrntlon. A third body of 
 forces served to keep up the communica- 
 tion between the other two. 
 
 All the disposable property and records 
 had long before been generally conveyed 
 Into the Interior. The llrst western Hub- 
 slan army was stationed along tho Niomcn 
 ns far as Grodno, nnd eomprlsed six corps 
 of Infantry and two of cavalry. The se- 
 cond western army was In tho vicinity of 
 Ilonim, consisting of four battalions of 
 Infantry and one of cavalry. Tho commu- 
 nication was kept between them by tho 
 hetnian riatoff, with lo.ooo Cossacks, nt 
 Blalystork. The army of Volhynia, under 
 Tormasoff, at Lutzk, was composed of two 
 divisions of Infantry and ono of cavalry, 
 containing together about 20,000 men ; and 
 there were other corp» stationed elsewhere, 
 amounting to about 40,000 men more. 
 
 The UusHlan plan of the campaign was— 
 by retreating, to avoid a decisive battle, 
 until tho enemy should bo remote from all 
 his resources, and weakened by marches 
 through a desolate region, and tho Russian 
 army should bo so considerably strength- 
 ened by the accession of all the forces that 
 might bo meanwhile raised, as to have a 
 decided superiority. Napoleon's scheme, 
 on the contrary, was— to use every effort to 
 compel tho Russians to battle, to destroy 
 them after tho defeat, and, pressing for- 
 ward with hasto to the capital, to proffer 
 peace. But ho not only entirely mistook 
 tho character of his enemy, but bo over- 
 looked the important fact, that though tho 
 Russians might retreat, they would stiU bo 
 In possession of their resources. 
 
 On tho 0th of June, Napoleon passed 
 tho Vistula, and. shortly after, tho Niomcn. 
 ■ Russia,' said he. In ono of his favourite 
 harangues, ' is dragged along by a fatality I 
 Her destinies must be accomplished.— Are 
 we no longer to be regarded as the soldiers 
 of Austerlltz 1 Let us carry the war Into 
 her territory : a second war In Poland will 
 bo as glorious to the French arms as the 
 first.' After several severe battles, and the 
 loss of many men ou each side, the victory 
 
:) 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 734 
 
 Crtir Crmnurtf o( WitotUt Set* 
 
 mnenllx inollnlnir tn fiivnurof tho rroncli, 
 the main body of tho Uuiilati army rotlrol 
 t(> flmulenik. FattRue, and want u( all 
 kindi, had meanwhile operated lo detri- 
 mentally on tho French army, that It was 
 obliged to halt at thli point for ten ilnyi, 
 during which the two nuulan armlei iliuilly 
 formed a Junction under the walli nf Hino- 
 lenak. Thoy then Immediately bi-tiran to 
 act on tho uffenalvc. With 13,noo cavalry 
 they attacked general Bohniitlnnr rind dmvu 
 him back with oonilderahio Ioih. On tho 
 irth of August tho main body put Itself In 
 motion to eiiroiintor tho Froiich army, 
 which had advanced In order. If poitllilo, to 
 comiiel a genornl battle. When Napoleon 
 ■aw tall atteniptfl to surround tho right 
 wing of tho Uusslans dofeutcd, ho ordered 
 hisrlght wing, under I'onlatowskl.tohasten 
 by way of Ortza, by rapid inarches, to cut off 
 the Russians from Mosruw. On tho othor 
 hand, Bngratlon hastened to defend this 
 road, and Barclay do Tolly sought to retard 
 the enemy as much as possible. Smolensk, 
 an old place, formerly strongly fnrllfled, 
 and the whole position on tho Unleper, 
 greatly favoured liU plan ; and not till tho 
 midnight of tho 17th, after u loss of many 
 thousands, did tho French succeed In taking 
 this bulwark, reduced for the must part to 
 a ruin. 
 
 Tho Russian army retired in haste, burn- 
 ing alt the towns throuKh which It paHHod, 
 while Napoleon followed, his troops suffer- 
 ing more and more from want and tho cli- 
 mate. Meanwhile, Barclay do Tolly hud to 
 resign tho chief command toKutUHoff, who 
 had reaued now laurels in tho TurkiHh war 
 Just ended. Reinforced by mlllilii and ro- 
 ■cnres, he resolved to await the enemy 
 seventy mllci from Moscow, In a strong en- 
 trenched poHlllon. The French caino up, 
 and a terrible battle ensued, In which the 
 Russians lost 29,000 men Tho French esti- 
 mated their own loss at 10,000: it wag, 
 however, BupposeU to be nearer double that 
 Dumber. Tho Russians remained masters 
 of the field of battle ; and, without any 
 great loss of artlllerv, and still loss of pri- 
 soners, they wore ablo lo retire to Moscow. 
 Napoleon, after two days' repose, followed 
 them ; and Kutusoff, Instead of awaiting 
 his enemy at the gatesot Moscow, marched 
 through. 
 
 The news of Kutusoff a defeat had spread 
 the greatest consternation at Moscow. 
 Hastily collecting their money and valu- 
 ables, tho nobles fled, abandoning their 
 fMlaces and furniture to the mercy of the 
 nvaders. Merchants and tradesmen closed 
 their warehouses and shops, seeking ref ugo 
 from the enemy wherever thoy could llnd 
 shelter; the sick and wounded were con- 
 Teyed away from the hospitals in waggons ; 
 and the prisons were cleared of their In- 
 mates, who were sent under an escort to 
 IToTgorod. And now tho flames burst 
 forth from the house of count Rostopchin 
 —sure and awful evidence that tho patrio- 
 tic governor, by setting flro to his own ro- 
 ■Idence, intended that tho vencral>Ie city 
 ■bould not harbour the enemies of his 
 country. The conflagration of the gover- 
 nor's house was the signal for the rest ; and 
 
 suddenly were seen, issuing from vsriniul 
 quartors of Moscow, vivid coluiiins of firtl 
 and dense masses of smoke. Doomed, «• n I 
 were, to pass their winter amid tho lnlioi.l 
 pitable snows of liussla unless theyrnudl 
 extinguish tho flames, the French soldlrn I 
 exerted themselves to tho utmost to iit«,l 
 tho devouring element ; but thouirh tlierl 
 
 i>artlally succeeded, so little renmlncd nil 
 iloscow, that it was incapable of afloraiml 
 them protection. It must be remembered I 
 also, that the French troops having liiill 
 permission to plunder tho city, such a «c«di| 
 of oonf UFtlon and drunkenness followed, Ihit I 
 numbers of tUora perished in the bumlui 
 ruins. 'I 
 
 All the hopes whirli Napoleon hod built I 
 on the possession of Moscow were not I 
 disappointed ; famine and desolation stand I 
 hlui in tho faco; and as the Russians nl 
 therod round on all sides, it was cvldenil 
 that nothing could save tils army Imtil 
 speedy retreat or peace. Every day lielttht-l 
 ened their sufferings, the provisions hsvliii I 
 been wasted, and foraging beuomtng ron. I 
 tinually more dangerous, from tho rnnOuil 
 of Russian peasants and Cossacks, ill 
 IcuRth, on tho 19tli of October, tho Krenrbl 
 evacuated Moscow, and commenced tliclrro I 
 trogrado march. Tlie country wasaili'scrt;! 
 and tho privations felt by the army limldltl 
 solved all bonds of obedience, while thckJ 
 verity of the winter now covered tho ruadil 
 with ico and snow, destroying nun ujl 
 horses by thousands. By the 12th of Jiovml 
 ber they reached Hmolcnsk. But in valil 
 had tho remnants of the army hoped to Ocil 
 there repose and nourishment. The bl 
 creasing numbers of tho Russians, vhtl 
 hovered round and harassed the retrititlii;! 
 enemy, prevented them from repairing «ii|l 
 of their vast Ioshcs, or of reinvlKorntltil 
 tbeinHelvcs by rest. At tho passitge »( ilii| 
 Bereslna they lont 20,000 men, and a RrrsI 
 part of their baKt/'iKO and artillery ; iiiuitliil 
 cold, which lucreaxed every day, toKethgl 
 with tho most horiiblo want, carrlid illtl 
 order, misery, and despair to tho lilgliMl 
 pitch. At length Napoleon Intrusted tbil 
 command of his shattered army to Miir^l 
 and iiastcned himself, under the strirtMl 
 incognito, by way of Warsaw and Dri'sdm,! 
 to Paris. Marshals, offlcors of high and loil 
 rank— all who could— followed the oxararlil 
 of their emperor. No company kept Inoil 
 together. The sole object of all was to unl 
 life. I 
 
 The emperor Alexander, who had hitherHl 
 only fought for independence, now rvsolrdl 
 in his turn to become the aggressor; lull 
 Joining his army in Poland, publlf;bcd,li| 
 February iei3, tho celebrated ninnlfeitt 
 which served as a basis for the coalltlond 
 the other powers of Europe against tlien| 
 pacity of tho French. The king of Pruut 
 at tho same time summoned all capable i 
 bearing arms to battle for their countirl 
 and though he did not then designate bf 
 object, his people, who for five yenrabi' 
 been humbled and degraded, undcrstot 
 him, and, with unparalleled cnthuslan 
 thousands poured forth from the placeid 
 rendezvous from every section of the com 
 try. In vain bad the French, with theiUI 
 
G^r KU^arv o( VLwUin, 
 
 73A 
 
 Bn, UiUlng from varloutl 
 »w, vivid Ctilumnt of flr«l 
 ofimoke. Doomed, u it | 
 Ir winter amid tho lnlini.l 
 Uuiila unlcM thorrnudl 
 mioi, tho French loldlf rj I 
 e» to tho utmoit to tu; I 
 umcnt; hut thouRh theitl 
 cd, 10 little rvnmtncil (i| I 
 railnwpablo of aflnrainH 
 
 It tnu»t bo rcmcint)f red 
 fcnch troop* havliiB had I 
 ndcr tho city, wch a »mm 
 IrunkonnoM followed, tliti | 
 1 porlthed inthohumlml 
 
 nrhlrU Napoleon had lullil 
 jn of Moscow wiTo now I 
 mine and doaolatloii umi 
 I and aa the IliiB»laii« gv 
 all sldcB, It was ovldenil 
 luld save liU army If « 
 ■pcaco. Everyday lifldhi. I 
 liiBH. tho provision! havlni [ 
 dforaulng l)eoomlng f»l 
 ngcrous, from tho roiifloil 
 tsants and Cossack*, Ai 
 Jthof October, tho French I 
 »w. snd commenced tliilrn> I 
 Tho country wasaili'scnl 
 nsfcltbythearmyliiwUi*! 
 , of obcdlonco, while the kj 
 liter now covered tho rosdil 
 now. destroying mm inll 
 ands. By tho 12th of NoTco I 
 Bd Smolensk. But In valjl 
 ts of tho army hoped to flc(l 
 ind nourishment. The IjI 
 crs of tlio nusslans, wlul 
 and harassed tho rctriiUlfil 
 fd theiu from repairing anil 
 08HC8, or of relnvlKoratnil 
 •est. At tho passage of m 
 ost 20,000 men, and ii grcjil 
 irrigo and artillery ; iiiiilttK| 
 ■'iv:>«ed every day, toi»eth(i| 
 honlWo want, carried d« 
 anil despair to tho ilgliMl 
 ith Napoleon Intrusted tbil 
 a shattered army to Munjl 
 ilmselt, under the BtrlcWl 
 fay of Warsaw and Dresden,! 
 hals, officers of hlRh and toil 
 ould-f ollowed tho exarapHI 
 or. No company kept loiil 
 solo object of all was to tinl 
 
 Alexander, who had hltlintt 
 Independence, now reflolr* 
 become the aggressor; mJ 
 my In Poland, publlslied.ti 
 the celebrated mnnlfeilfi 
 M a basis for the coalltlonL 
 era of Europe against theM 
 fronch. The king of Pro"W 
 ne summoned all capable^ 
 to battle for their countnl 
 ) did not then deslgnawMi 
 splc, who for five yean m 
 I and degraded, undent 
 th unparalleled enthusiai _ 
 ired forth from the pla««i 
 ,m every Boctlon of the me 
 lad the French, with tneii 
 
 of their iMt reserves and "f troops drawn 
 together in bMte, mad' uii'orts to remain 
 on tbePregel, on tho Vistula, and on tlio 
 Oder. The RuMians advanced slowly In- 
 deed, but everywhere with overwhelming 
 Doweri and all that the French could do 
 wai to retire behind the Elbe with the least 
 possible lose. Prussia now declared war 
 inlnst France, and concluded an alliance 
 with Russia |tbe confederation of tho Ilhino 
 was dissolved: and, though Austria *'o- 
 mslned nentral, the popular insurrection 
 wu almost universal In northern Uormany. 
 Uspplly for Napoleon, tho Prussians and 
 Russians were not In n state to derive tho 
 fulladTantagefrom this situation of things. 
 The forces of tho llusslaiiM wcro almost cx- 
 lisusted, those of thu Prussians had tirst to 
 b« formed ; much timo was lost In negotia- 
 tions with the king of Saxony, and Kutu- 
 soll fell sick and died at Uuntziiiw. Tlicso 
 I elreurostancea were promptly taken advan- 
 tage of by Napoleon; but though this pro- 
 j longed tlio contest. It proved but of little 
 svul In the sequel. 
 
 In August tne war was resumed with 
 great vigour, Austria participating In It as 
 an ally of Russia and Prussia. Napoleon 
 bad been Joined br a corps of chosen men, 
 chiefly cavalry, which had come from Spain ; 
 and the chances of victory, for a time, onco 
 more appeared to be In his favour. But 
 li^r tho battle of Dresden, where Moreau 
 wu mortally wounded, his progress was 
 (arrested by the defeat of Vandammo, at 
 loulm; by tho slmultanroua overthrow of 
 Ihls trmy In Silesia, under Macdouald ; by 
 Itbe )i Td-fought battles at Gross-Beerca ; at 
 IBelzig; and by tho defeat which Ncy sut- 
 Ifered at Uuunewltz. In addition tn these 
 InUfortunce, want of all kinds prevailed In 
 lexbausted Saxony, and lamentations In the 
 Ihospltals, where thousands died of dyscn- 
 Iteries and fovers, At last, by soniu ra|)ld, 
 Iwell-covered marclKn, Uluclier formed a 
 Ijunctlon on the Elbe tvtlli tliecrown-prlnco 
 lof Sweden, while he surprised a French 
 ■corps under count Bertrand. and took up a 
 )osltlon between the Muldnn and the Elbe. 
 U soon as he was advised of this, Napolccn 
 Started from Dresden, In tho hope of over- 
 powering them both separately : but they 
 bad already crossed the Muldan to the 
 Je. The great Bohemian army had also 
 dranced on bis right flank. Theso and 
 Btucher's flying corps met In his rear ; and 
 general Thielemann, who bad exchanged 
 |be Baxon service for the Russian, took 
 rbole troops of French fugitives, and 
 ought several battles between the Elster 
 nd the Saalc, almost all of which resulted 
 9 the disadvantage of tho French. 
 Napoleon now proceeded with his main 
 irmy to the plaina of Leipsic, where he ar^ 
 tlved October 13. Here Bcbwartzenbcrg 
 ad ahready commenced a reconnolssance 
 gainst the king of Naplea; meanwhile 
 ugeran'i division bad been greatly rein- 
 forced; and. as be bad probably thought 
 ke had deceived the crown-prince and Blu- 
 perby movements made on the other side 
 bf Wltteiberg, and that be bad gained so 
 niach time that be could meet tbe great 
 'ahemian army alone in a decisive engage- 
 
 ment, he did not delay to rnrountcr It In 
 thu spacious plain near l.tiipKle. Tho en- 
 gagement comni«nced about nine o'clock 
 In tho morning of October 10. After severely 
 destructive attacks on both sides. Napoleon 
 had gained some ground in tho centre and 
 I'll the left wing. But too duke of Ilagusa. 
 wli') occupied a wldu lino to (lie north of 
 LelpsIc, was unexpectedly attacked by Blu- 
 rhcr with tlio greatest Iniputuoslty, totally 
 defeated after an obstinate resistance, and 
 driven back In disorder. 
 
 On tho 17th Napoleon negotiated through 
 count Meerveldt, who had boon taken pri- 
 soner, for liberty to rttlre nndltturbed, and 
 for an armistlro ; both of which proposals 
 wcro tho less listened to, because the allies 
 could now conduct their operations with a 
 mutual iiMdcrstandinMr. tho crown-prince of 
 Sweden having Johud Blucher with up^ 
 wards of no.oou men, and general Bennlg* 
 sen, with almost as many, being hourly ex- 
 pected from Orlmmii. On tiic 18th of Oc- 
 tober, therefore, a fearful conlllct took place 
 at Leipsic. The French fought with desiie- 
 ration, to save their honour and secure their 
 retreat, which had been commenced at day- 
 break : but on tho following day their re- 
 treat ■•■!;» converted Into a flight, and n 
 general overthrow. This battle emanci- 
 pated Germany. Bavaria l:ad already re- 
 nounced the confederation of the Rhino, 
 and united with Austria. All tho German 
 prlnrcs followed this example, with tho ex- 
 ception of tho king of Saxony, Jerome of 
 Westphalia, and the prince-prlmato. After 
 the loss of many thousands, In prisoners and 
 wounded, Napoleon, assailed or harassed 
 In every nuartor, was obliged. In order to 
 gain tho Kliino, to sustain n despcrnto con- 
 flict with the Bavarians and Austrlans sta- 
 tioned at Ilanau. The allies mode a halt 
 on the lllilnc, In order to unite the forces 
 of liberated Germany with those furnished 
 by England and Holland. Even tho Danes, 
 who had been forced to form the closest 
 union with Napoleon, In consequence of 
 tho hard terms proffered them by England 
 and Sweden In the spring of 1818, wcro 
 obliged to concede all that tbey had for- 
 merly refused. 
 
 French affairs in Spain had also taken a 
 most unfavourable turn. Marshal Jourdaln 
 had been totally defeated by Wellington at 
 Vlttorla, had been forced back to the Py- 
 renees, with the loss of his artillery ; and, 
 subsequently, Soult and Suchet had wltta 
 diOlculty kept the English from the soil of 
 France Itself, and It was consequently ne- 
 cessary to send thither new forces. The 
 French senate, always before obsequloua 
 enough, now ventured to remonstrate, when 
 repeated decrees of tho emperor had already 
 ordered tho lovy of nearly half a million of 
 conscripts, the organisation of cohorts of 
 national guards, and the formation of four 
 armies of reserve. Still stronger terms of 
 dissatisfaction were used by some of tbe 
 deputies ; and, in consequence of the gene- 
 ral indignation at the enormous expendl" 
 ture of human life, great difficulties now 
 presented themselves In the formation of ft 
 new French army. 
 
 Beyond the Rhine from Switzerland to 
 
J' L 
 
 736 
 
 tS^fit Crcai^uri) ai ^iitav^t ftc. 
 
 Holland, the allies found but little rcslat- 
 ance. They made themselTes masters of all 
 the passes to Italy, of the cities of Geneva, 
 of the roads over the SImplon and St. Ber- 
 nard, and early In January they occupied a 
 new lino, covered on the left by the Seine, 
 on the right by the Mouse, in Alsace, Lor- 
 raine, Deux-Ponts, &c., with the exception 
 of the invested fortresses. Napoleon had 
 issued a proclamation for a kind of general 
 rising of the people : but measures of this 
 kind, which worked wonders In the revolu- 
 tion, were now almost wholly disregarded. 
 Meanwhile the ulUcd troops steadily ad- 
 vanced, and though several engagements 
 took place, in no instance had a French gcno> 
 ral strength enough to maintain the most 
 important points against the overwhelm- 
 ing force of the invaders. 
 
 On the let of February was fought the 
 Bunguinarv battle of Brienne, in which Na- 
 poleon lost 18,000 prisoners and seventy- 
 three cannon. He had 70,000 men in the 
 field, and no blame can attach to cither 
 them or their commander for the loss of 
 the day ; the most desperate resistance on 
 the part of the troops, and the most active 
 suiierintendenco on the part of Napoleon, 
 being everywhere apparent. Eager to im- 
 prove their first victory on French ground, 
 the allies pushed forward, and divided their 
 forces, of which Napoleon, with great bold- 
 ness and address, took advantage. But, 
 though he had received considerable re- 
 inforcements from the army in Spain, he 
 was too much enfeebled to prevent the 
 Russian, Austrian and Prussian comman- 
 ders from proceeding towards Paris in two 
 largo columns, one on the Seine, the other 
 on the Marne. 
 
 Tlie operations of the allied troops from 
 this period, and the important consequences 
 which followed, having already been de- 
 tailed in previous portions of this volume, 
 wo deem it unnecessary to pursue the sub- 
 ject farther. In all the transactions which 
 took place relative to the abdication of 
 Buonaparte, the occupation of Paris, &c., 
 tho emperor Alexander took the lead ; and 
 with a nuble magnanimity, as if oblivious 
 of the wrongs his own country had re- 
 ceived, ho endeavoured to allay those feel- 
 ings of vengeance in some of bis allies 
 which, without such humane consideration, 
 might have laid the French capital in nshes, 
 and have given rise to a new war far more 
 dreadful than the one which he had been 
 80 instrumental in bringing to a glorious 
 termination. 
 
 As it was considered necessary, after all 
 the violent changes on the continent of 
 Europe, that the boundaries of each sove- 
 reign should be permanently fixed, a con- 
 gress of tho sovereigns and ministers of 
 the principal powers was held at Vienna. 
 This being a favourite idea of the emperor 
 Alexander, and principally emanating from 
 him, he took the most prominent part in it. 
 But in the Interval between the abdication 
 of Napoleon and the meeting of congress, 
 Alexander, accompanied by the king of 
 Prussia and several distinguished foreign- 
 ers in their respective suites, paid a visit 
 to the prince regent of England, by whom 
 
 as well as by the people at large they wcro 
 received with every token of respect and 
 hearty welcoming. 
 
 But before any final arrangements were 
 made by the allied powers, the congress 
 was suddenly broken up, in consequence of 
 the return of Buonaparte from Elba to 
 France. The allied armies of Russia, Prus- 
 sia, and Austria once more prepared to 
 take the field ; but the English, Belgians, 
 and Prussians, at the battle of Waterloo,! 
 decided the fate of Europe, and for ever' 
 sealed the fate of hlra who had so longbeen 
 its tyrant and disturber. ' 
 
 It is now necessary to revert to tho nlfalnj 
 of Russia, in connection with the Ottoman j 
 empire, as they existed previous to the 
 French invasion. It had been a favourite 
 scheme of ambition with Catherine II. to 
 expel tlio Turks from Europe ; with that 
 view she had sought every opportunity, 
 however frivolous tho pretence, of cngv 
 glng them in hostilities ; and as the Turki 
 were generally worsted, Russia gradually 
 acquired some new territory, and a greater 
 infiuence over the Sublime Porte. Tlie 
 Russians had also been at war with Pcrsli 
 By the peace of Bucharest, signed In May, 
 1812, the former power ceded Moldavia ai 
 far as tho Prutli, Bessarabia and the chief 
 mouths of tho Danube ; the peace of Titlls, 
 In 1813, with the latter, gained for Prussia 
 all the territory west of the Caspian sen, 
 between the Kur and the Araxes, Georpti] 
 having been united before ; and on the 
 east coast as far as the Gulf of BaikaD,] 
 with the exclusive navigation of the Ca»{ 
 plan sea. The Russian empire having l^j 
 come so extensive and formidable, Alci- 
 ander took every means, by founding anjl 
 supporting tho holy alliance, to mntntaii 
 his high position. After the conquest ol 
 Alx-la-Chapelle, Russia appears to hart 
 discovered that her Influence over Europi 
 would 1)6 best promoted l)y the contlnuann 
 of peace, which would enable her to de] 
 velope those resources which make a coi 
 try formidable in war ; and to that ci 
 Alexander reorganised almost the wbi 
 interior of his empire. 
 
 Among other matters that were settled 
 the congress of Vienna, it was dotcmiini 
 that Poland Bh(mld be annexed to tlie Iti 
 sian empire, with a separate governmeDlj 
 and Alexander was accordingly crown 
 king of Poland. The remainder of hU rcl 
 was spent in the most laudable exerti( 
 for the benefit of bis people. The ahu 
 which were practised in all departmeni 
 civil, military, and judicial, required 
 resolution and perseverance to coi 
 and the emperor set about this work of 
 formation with all the honesty and zeal 
 a patriot prince. He made frequent t«i 
 through hla provinces, in order to be 
 eye-witness of the local administration 
 the laws ; and he neglected no opportucll 
 of improving the general condition of 
 subjects, and of abolishing vassalage; 
 the resistance made to his benevolent 
 ertlons in this latter measure prereni 
 him from carrying out his intentions to 
 great extent. Ho, however, encouraged 
 arts and literature, and effected many 
 
itf^e W^tarti af lAwiSU, 
 
 727 
 
 .oplo at large they wcro i 
 y toltea of respect and 
 
 inal arrangements were 
 ipowCTB. the congrcMj 
 n iin In conseqiieiicc of 
 
 ^^o revert to the nftairs 
 "i^unn with the Oltoraan 
 'exffl previous to the 
 
 " _vm, rntherlne II. to 
 
 1on^ltn.Calhcrlne^,,,,5 
 
 P 
 us "the Pretenf. "— "-1 
 stmtlcs; andas theTwi. 
 
 from Europe; wiin iwi 
 ought every opportunlU, 
 ?..«il:o nretencc, of engv 
 
 ™«;.tPd Russia gradualljl 
 i^rhelnTvrarwUhPd 
 
 Bucharc8t;BlgnedltiMay,l 
 • rower ceded Moldavm al 
 
 p'wuer' gained lor PrussUl 
 fy^^'^st'oftheCasplmtjeJ 
 
 ur arid' the Araxes, Genrpli 
 
 Ulvfind fomldahlc. Alcv 
 '^ ™^nTi9 hy foundliiK anil 
 
 ^BVparategovernH 
 
 jr 
 
 rand%*dldafre.l«5red"- 
 ;«W.aTd effected many 
 
 tar; chnnges In the condition of the people, 
 vhilo be patronised commerce, encouraged 
 lanufactures, and promoted the difTuslon 
 lot knowledge, by moans of the press, 
 which was protected by a careful censorship 
 from the pestilent effects of licentiousness 
 111 morals and of sedition in politics. 
 The emperor Alexander died Dec. 1, 1825, 
 it Taganrog, a town, founded by Peter the 
 Ireat, on the sea of Azof. He was succeeued 
 iv Nicboli;^,— the grand dulie Constantine, 
 tterwards viceroy of Poland, having re- 
 iounced his right to the throne of Russia, 
 cording to a previous arrangement. A con- 
 ilrocy «oon after broke out, when thercgi- 
 lonts of the guard, who had talten the oath 
 Constantine Immediately after Alexan- 
 fa death, refused to take the oath to 
 iicliolas, and a tumult ensued, which was 
 ppressed at last by the mingled firmness 
 d moderation of the emperor. On the 
 latter being afterwards Investigated, It 
 ipearcd that it was the result of a con- 
 Jracy wliich had existed for years ; and 
 Iffcrcnt punishments were assigned, ac- 
 irdlng to the degrees of gu i It of the parties 
 ipllcatcd; some being executed, some 
 iiiished to Siberia, and others Imprisoned ; 
 t the far greater number were pardoned. 
 Soon after Alexander's death, a war wltli 
 ii'ila broke out, In consequence of dis- 
 tcs arising from the non-settlement of 
 tjiin boundaries between Russia and that 
 rer. Abbas Mirza, wlio h.id just then 
 ceeded to the throne of Persia, thinking 
 moment propitious for attacking Rus- 
 at once marched over the frontier, and 
 anred as far as Elizabethpol ; but the 
 slaiis were defeated, and driven back. 
 ir was now Immediately declared against 
 II, and general Paskiewltch, being ap- 
 ited commander-lu-chlef, passed the 
 ixes, took several strong fortresses, en- 
 d ancient Media with no opposlv.ion, 
 forced the shah to sue for peace, coni- 
 ng him to give up an extensive terrl- 
 on the south-western shore of the Cas- 
 sea, with some provinces on the 
 icasus, be.'jidcs making them pay the 
 uses of the war, nnd the losses by the 
 Ion. 
 
 c Caucasus consists of two parallel 
 
 Ins of mountains in western Asia, cover- 
 
 [tlie country between tiie Black and the 
 
 linn seas. They extend nearly seven 
 
 red miles, and are rendered almost im- 
 
 .ble b/ rushing torrents, steep pre- 
 
 !a,an_ frightful avalanches. The sum- 
 
 of these mountains arc covered with 
 
 itual snows, and arc mostly barren, 
 
 .he lower parts are clothed with thick 
 
 Its, nnd the plains abound In orchards, 
 
 ■ards, corn-flclds, and pastures. It 
 
 rlacs the provinces of Georgia, Clr- 
 
 i,MelItcnla, Great and Little Kabarda, 
 
 lestaii, which is the mountain-land bor- 
 
 ig on the Caspian sea, and Schlrvan, 
 
 ■ the Paradise of Roses, from the 
 
 nee of beautiful flowers which grow 
 
 spontaneously. Tlie tribes who dwell 
 
 higher regions of the Caucasus, espe- 
 
 tbe Lcsghians, who Inhabit the most 
 
 n parts, live by plundering their 
 
 ibours, and are held in such terror, 
 
 that several tribes purchase Imnninity from 
 their depredations by paying them tribute. 
 
 The war with Persia was scarcely ended 
 when Turkey engaged the attention of the 
 Russian government, and the Russian mi 
 Ulster, Nesselrode, declared to Franco and 
 Great Britain, that his sovereign must have 
 satisfaction for the violation of the treaty 
 of Ackermann, and for the hattt-sheriff of 
 December, 1820, which the Porto^had ad- 
 dressed to all the pachas, and which con- 
 tained many offensive charges against Rus- 
 sia. A declaration of war was accordingly 
 issued by the emperor, and on the 7th of 
 May, 1828, tlie Russian forces passed the 
 Pruth, to the number of 15,000 men, in- 
 cluding persons of all descriptions attacli 
 ed to tho camp. Count Wittgenstein wa? 
 commander-in-chief. In a fortnight the 
 Russians had possession of several towns 
 and fortresses, and the Turks retired into 
 tho fortilled mountain position of Choumla, 
 which was the centre of their operations. 
 
 Tho Russians at length took Prawodi, 
 tho key of the Balkan ; and their next aim 
 was to gain possession of Varna. To carry 
 on a siege in a vast and almost uninhabit- 
 able country like Bulgaria, under tho fatal 
 Influence of the climate, was difllcult, but 
 in proportion as tho dlfflcultles were great, 
 so were the exertions of the besiegers, and 
 after It had been Invested both on the land 
 and sea sides, breaches were made, and 
 a body of troops forced their way Into 
 tho city. Tenlfled by this, the enemy 
 gave up all further resistance. 
 
 The campaign In Asia proved successful. 
 The predatory population on the Caucasian 
 mountains submitted to Russia. The Rus- 
 sian army under count Paskiewltch forced 
 Its way from Caucasus and Ararat Into 
 Asiatic Turkey, and took by storm tho 
 strong fortress of Kars, the central point 
 of Turkish Armenia, together with the 
 enemy's camp. After this, several other 
 fortresses fell Into their hands, so that 
 besides obtaining possession of MIngrella 
 and Imerltia, the whole pachallc of BujaziU, 
 as far as tho banks of the Euphrates, was 
 conquered. In Europe the success of the 
 Russians was more equivocal : tho results 
 of the whole, however, were Important. In 
 Europe and In Asin, Russia had gained two 
 Turkish principalities and three pachallcs, 
 fourteen fortresses, and three castles. 
 
 The Russian emperor had repeated, dur- 
 ing nnd after tho campaign, as well as be- 
 fore It, to the British ambassador extra- 
 ordinary, lord Heytcsbury, his Inciinatiou 
 for peace with the Porte, on the terms of 
 Indemniflcation for tho expenses of the 
 war, and security against future Injuries 
 and violations of treaties; but the Porto 
 had rejected all mediation on the basis of 
 the London treaty, and refused to send en- 
 voys to negotiate with the ambassadors of 
 tho three powers, and the commissioners 
 of the Greeks. On the contrary, Mahmoud 
 had announced a new campaign, with the 
 words, 'Honour and independence are worth 
 more than life.' Hitherto the negotiations 
 had been carried on in Constantinople, with 
 tho reis eflendl by the minister of tho 
 Netherlands. He had delivered to the reia 
 3 . 
 
m 
 
 7S« 
 
 (iriic ^TifflJUiru of mutnru. *Vr. 
 
 (tffKtiitl tlin miiniroF<lii of I'l'iiMco, Urmit 
 Hi'ltitlii, nu<l KWHlit (of AiiHDHt tl, \H-iH), 
 whIWi mitdo known totho I'orto tlio niollvo 
 nnti otijoct of Mto Khmu'I) rxpodlMoii nKnlimt 
 tho Mort^t, TliK I'rosNiini ninlmNNiitlor llko- 
 wIho ikIvIhi'iI (Iio I'orlti to ylcltl; Intl. no 
 nipi'tott-ntitMonH would Indnoo tlio Muliiin 
 tovlold ; tnid iirciuki'iitlonit for nnoMitir riitn- 
 IMtiKn \vi'i'(> niiido with ittitiNiinl viKoitr. 
 
 It) llio li(>Klnnliif( of tN^'i) Ki'iii'inl l)l« 
 Idlsch wnx i)|i|toltil(>d t'liiniiiiinditt' In clili'f 
 of ilio UiirtNliin fori'i'M ; niid nltlioii»rli Hio 
 'I'lti'kliih i»i'm,V wiix wrciilly fi'lnforrcil, ittid 
 Uttdi>r llio foiittniitid of omci'i'K of IiIhIi i'<< 
 Mowtinttdttnum'Nlloniildolifiivoi'y, Mio llitn- 
 oliut ifiniorniM hloMlitcIt titid I'ltHklcwItcli 
 IUMvihI too itntt'h for lln'tn. Tli(< liittor look 
 poMHOHitloii of Kr/criiiii. I ho i-iiiitt'(i of iho 
 TiirkUli power Iti AhIii. Tho HcritHklor, 
 oomiimttdor-ln rlilof of tho wholo 'I'lirklnh 
 nrmy, nnd ^^>vornor of nil AhIhIIo Tutkoy, 
 wiiM (ikkon iirlMonor. toKOlht«r wllh foitr 
 iirlnclixd |<nclii»H, and 1IM> i<loc(<ii of fitnitoii, 
 lltit llio Hhiiriioitt roiitCftt of thi< AmIiiIio 
 I'Diiipnlcti wtiH oiM*iiiloin<d hy Iho imi'hit of 
 Vim to nliiVo tho forlrrnn of Hnjiudd. Tito 
 ntlui'k ^vll^4 ittitdo wllh 7,<xhi Infimiry mid 
 ft,(HHt oavHiry, nidi'il by Iho Mro from it but 
 (cry, on » riinnro of rockn, witlcli Hwopt lht< 
 ItiiHHinii troo|i!«oii tho llitiik iind roitr, tiiiil 
 tho ttro of tnnxkotry front tlio tiihiiMtiiiitit 
 of ihoTiirtrtr (jtmrtor of tho pliK'o. After 
 flilrtytwo hottrn of InfoxNiuit llKhlliif.r, tho 
 Tiirkit rt<lr<t»tod. Thociiroor of I'liHklowltrh 
 In thlx ciitniiultni Inid boon oiitt of (Mintlnniil 
 HUoooiiM ; mid niicIi hiid Ix'on his |)r(>(*odlitK 
 cmn)>alKH In IVrslii. 
 
 Tho cmninklKU In Iho Ktirononn provlnorn 
 wikH Ntlll inoro KttcoosxfttI, Hovoriil luitMoH 
 woiv fought In tho unrlnur, In which tho 
 IttisMliin!*, nndor UloliltMch, Konoritlly hud 
 thoiidvmitnKo, Kitro|)oiiu tiu-tlcxKlvlnKhlin 
 a dooldod «ui>orlorlty. At lotiKtIi filllHtrlii 
 (inrrondorod, ntid tho K«rrl«on of Io.ihhi 
 u\on bonuno iirlnoiiors of wtir ; 2"-'0 pl(«coH 
 of cmiiion, olRiity Htiiiidnrdu, and tho wholo 
 of tlio Tttrkltth tUitlllii, fnllInK Into Iho 
 Imndsof tho Hu«»Iihik. l>lot>llmh now biw- 
 touod to orons tho lliilknn, and rontliiiied 
 Itis tnnrch without any BorlouA obstaoloH, 
 oxpiM>t such as tho oxoohhIvo boat of tho 
 woallior, *p. prcsontod, till ho roachod 
 Adrlimoplo, which ho took on tho 80th of 
 July. 
 
 Kollod at every point, tho forto was now 
 rt>ndy to conmionoo noKotlatloiis ; and iic- 
 oordlnnly a treaty of noaoo was sinned, tlio 
 prlticlnal i>olnt8 of wlileh were tho eenxa- 
 tlon of hostilities ; the n>«torallon by Ilus- 
 8la of tho principalities of Wallaehln and 
 Moldavia, and of all the towns ooenpled by 
 tho Russians In HulKiirlaandllouniella; the 
 •ettletnent of tho boundaries between tho 
 two powers In Kuropo and Asia ; tho jiro- 
 vlslons for tho religious liberty. Indepen- 
 dent administration, and free trade of the 
 people of Moldavia and Wullachla; freedom 
 of commereo to Uusslau subjeets tlirou«h- 
 out the Oftotnan empire, as secured by 
 former treaties ; free commerce and navi- 
 gation of the Black Sea tu all nations at 
 peace with the Porto; tho stipulation of 
 the Porte to pay 1,600,000 ducats of Holland 
 to Russia within eighteen months, as an I 
 
 Indnmninratton for Iosnok of ttiiNHlnu nuJ 
 JectM, and a further siini, Mitch hn nliiiniJ 
 l>oaKr«^<*<t mii »** n» Indoinnlty for ihoril 
 lienwoN of till) war ) wllh tho ncccNNidn ^1 
 tho forte to Iho itrraitttetnetitN of liiiMiiur 
 Ureafc Hrlliiln, and France. rrniiiMiin, 
 Ui(iC(>, Thus Iho emneror NIcIhiIiin, J 
 eordltiff to tho iihidK" which ho hud wlvri 
 tolilK allies nt the cotiittiKiiceinciit (>riJ 
 war, stopped Hhorl In tho enreer of nj 
 iiuest. when ho hud obtained tho iiIiM 
 for wlilcli the war was proft^ssodly \n\i\ih\ 
 taken. 
 
 ••"or many years Hubsennently tho DumIi 
 Kovernnienl was fully occupied lii i'iiii*ii|i 
 datliiK Hi power liit<<rnally, and oxinuiiu 
 lis Inlltteiice In tho Kiisl, A fortn-HHnry 
 iiietiMo streiiKth ki'ow tip at M(ibai>t(i|ii>|;J 
 linmeiiNo navy cotninandod tho lilncli iw 
 iittd till) KuMslati einpt>t'or in'occnitii 2 
 lotiHtli to carry out the dcslKUH whlci; 
 had lotitr proposed to ex(<citto on lh« diii 
 littlon of Iho Tttrklsh eitipin'. The ki 
 war between KtiKland atiil Kiiincc umiigi 
 Ktissia, which liroko out In INM, wiixtt 
 result. Kor tho emtses which led tn Hi 
 strtiKKlo wo refer tho reader to ilm hid, 
 ries of KitKltind, Priince, and Turkey, 
 foro the summer of ism was well ailvnn 
 Iho KOvertim(<nts of Oreitt llrltuin m 
 rratico had determined that tlio imn 
 which had arisen on t of the eaHterti ijiuki 
 should bo fouKlit out on Itiissliin kioh 
 It was resolved to strike ablowittilicdi 
 fortress of Hebastopol. The order fur n 
 einbarkatlott of tho troops at Vinim in 
 driven on the 8lh of HepI ember; luiii 
 seemed to Infuse fresh li(>alth iitiil Mirim 
 :iitionK Iheforei's, which were wiinIiiI hyiii 
 ease and nientnl prostration. The vii)'i 
 lip tho llliick Heawas fnvoitrable, nm' 
 serious atletii|it wiis nuido by the lliiii.< 
 to obstruct tho taiidlii»r. The polm iim 
 fordlsembiirkltiK WIIS aspot called omki 
 about twenty mlh's to tho sotiili nf v.w 
 torla: and on tint l.'itli of Hepienihcril 
 armies, ntimberltiK -lo.otV), werosiic(v«iifi 
 and raiililly liiiiile<l,iitid took up Mielr 
 tlon on Itusslan Kroiind, lly the iniIi )| 
 were ready to inarch upon MebMHldiml. 
 the mill the order was Riven to iikivc. 
 cotintry appeared to bo rteserieil imii 
 iiilvanoed Kuaril of lltisslans wii.s kivii 
 Issue from the vIllaKOon tho bitiiksdtil 
 Alma. After s(>mo skirmishing Hu')' 
 tired In good order, their oliject, W 
 merely to elloct a rocunnolsNiiin'c. 
 allies spent tho nl^ht on some rlil 
 ground to tho south of tlio Hulifmi.if, 
 lOngllsh lyliiKwlthimt cover, as ilie ii 
 had been placed on board ship mi 
 Kronnd that they were too heavy to hi 
 Tho hardships which were to prcHMilioin 
 fearfully during tho ensuing winter m 
 milking themselves felt already, mid kIi 
 tokens of tho harvest of sickness iiiiildi 
 which they wero destined to prmliii'i'. 
 daybreak on tho following day tlio',<| 
 memnon'wlth tho Inshore si]iiiiili'iiii ti 
 up II position off tho mouth of tlm All 
 Beyond that rlvor tho slopoa bristled 
 Russian artillery, their guns wore 
 stronger than those of tho alllcH, nndil 
 position scorned impregnable. Yet li 
 
rijr Wiiavu at %\\\iHn, 
 
 739 
 
 for loMOK «r HtiiiNliui H\\ 
 
 thoi' c»"»i """•' "" "'""iH| 
 
 an liidi'iimHy ^'•■ •Ih'i'iI 
 
 ar J wllU I lit» nt'ci'HMlnii o(| 
 
 iun\ KmiKi', rrHiu'diii,! 
 tlio I'lniu'roi" Nli'liiiiiiH, nJ 
 lodK" wiilfli It" liii'l Hlvfi 
 Milt <M)\inm'HC<Mnt«nt nf [\A 
 hiirl In lltt' rHH'Kr of mJ 
 n liiiil tilituliii'tl 111" <itii(ritl 
 rnr wni* i>i'orttiiNii(tly iiiuHl 
 
 \ik fully (ii't'iu>l<'<l III ''""""ll 
 rliilonmlly, nm' <'xi(iiiiiii(, 
 tliit Kimt. A fori ri'HM lit y 
 li Ki'ow up nl' Htibui'li'l'iilm 
 comiimititrd llio Uliiik M 
 Inn ompomr in'ofciilcil ii| 
 
 y out III" rtt'HlUnH Wlllrtl 
 im<tt 1.0 I'xiMMilo on lliiullr 
 TdiklHli tMiuilif. 'I''"' Ki 
 OiiKliiii'l '"•'' ••'•nn<''' "wil"' 
 liroko out In IHM, wimii 
 10 mum'K wlilfli It'll I" 111 
 ifor tho rt'iulor U* Urn lilii> 
 (J. Kninco. iiu(> Tiiilo'y. li 
 ii«r of IHM wiiH well iidvnim 
 (<ntH of (iroiit lirliiil" » 
 l(>«tM'nilu(><l Hint III" 'l"ii 
 cnouiof lliociiMtciiiiiiwl 
 
 Ullt out. (in llUHHllllI KIMM 
 
 irttoHtrlkoftlilowiiMlii'KK 
 
 «)ia»»l.o|)ol. Til" ovdi'ifnril 
 
 of Ml" troopK lit Viinm m 
 
 < Rill of Ht'ploinlM'r; iiwl 
 
 tiHo fr"Hl> lu'ivlHi mill Kimii 
 
 ocu.wlili'hwrrowiisiitlliyiS 
 
 iMil j.roHlmtlon. 'Hi" vny 
 
 Hfiv \\M fiivourtilil", nml 
 
 1.1, wn« tiiMil" liy •»'" •>'"" 
 
 lio imi.llntf. 'l"»"\i:'"ll,'"'iS 
 
 hlKWIlH II upot '»"''•""''"' 
 
 • inll"« ti> III"" Kiuillii'f '''«l 
 
 1 til" l.'itli "f H"i>l"iiil"'ril 
 
 iirliiK'lo,(HV).w"r"Hii('i'i"<i<M 
 
 ll.lrtl.llUll took upMirlri' 
 
 ,11. Kriiiintl. Hy •''"' '""! ' 
 miilTli upon H"lmHliii"il. 
 
 „,ll'l- \V!l« KlVfll to III'lVI'. 
 
 urcil to I)" rtcwrii'il miili 
 iii-il of IlUMHliinn WHS woii 
 vllliiK"<>n tlio Imiiksiilil 
 . m>ino KklrmlHliliiK Huyr 
 (1 onU-r, tlioir ol>jiM-t M 
 Itoct a roconnotuHiuiii'. 
 Mio niBliti on «"'"" ™ 
 ,(, flouth of tlio Hiilirminr, 
 rwlHiout cov<>r, lis till' lei 
 ficotl on lionrtl hIiu' "» ' 
 thpywrro loo luiivy tn oi 
 s which were to pn'SHilirai 
 lnK tbo cnnulnR wliitirr- 
 mPlvosfeltalrPiuly.iiiiilj!' 
 
 Bi ImrvosI; of slckno8H iiinUi 
 .roro dPBtlnwl to proilnii'. 
 tho following (lay Hi'' Jl 
 th tlio Inshore hhiih; nm t 
 I off tho mouth "',"'«/" 
 river tho slopoB hrlstliur 
 niory, their guns were 
 
 |A those of tho nllloB.!ind 
 imed ImprugnaDle. Yetm 
 
 lliitllloof li'ii tliiiii I III liiiiM'rt Miiit|ioNMI<in 
 
 Iwiiit niirli'il liy tho ulllo*; Imt llio victory 
 lyvHuwoii liy n hcKvy tonHof (tin Iclllcil niiil 
 
 llWVMVIIIIIlilCllitllO llllHNlttn lOHMllclnHNllltl'll 
 
 lilt lliilolcKN I'liini H.iKMi MICH. Oil llio 'j;iril 
 ilin nllli'H licKnn tlioIr niiii'rh towiinlN Mm 
 liiii'tlii'i'ii fikc" ii' Hi'liHNtopol, It lii'ltiK Mii'lr 
 liiiciitliiii III iittnck Mm forlK which protect 
 tiiccliy (in lliitt Mill"- Hut thiN wim foimit 
 
 til III* IIMprilCtlCltlllll. Tl'lHlpN l*IICIIIIIpl«l oil 
 
 th(«llcll>*'ck would li" Hwcpt off t>y ilm lli'o 
 Dftlui HiinhIiiu lintl"i'l<<ii which cniiiiiiiuMlril 
 tliKt riviii', Hiiil th«i llcut ciiiilil Mini no hIu'I 
 ii<r iiciir ItM iiioulh, whorciiN ou tho Hiiiiihrrii 
 llilo tlici'ii wim A coiiipiiriitlvi'lv Koml liiir 
 liiiiiriiiiil Hiif" iinchorliitf Krouiul In tho Inlit 
 Af Hiklnkliivn; nnil on tlil*t hIiIo It, wiot 
 
 [llllHKllt lll'lt til" llUMMlltllM nilKlit li" nil 
 
 nrii|uircil for dcfcnc", nml thitt. tho town 
 iilKlit l>" P'trrlcil liy it miiiIiIcii iiMHitiilt. Tlir 
 I'li'mihiatliiU lo ittlitch It on thin hhl" liml 
 [t(iili»i»ilvinitiiK"H. It liiftlho liiiMMliiiiHfri'o 
 iiilioiirlii tliolrNUppllimntiil I'liliifiircoiiioiitH 
 U wiiy "f rcrcliop lit III" liiiHiMif Mill pi'iilii 
 fuln, whil" It iiIho hIiowuiI Mint tlio iiIIIi'h 
 
 >lt til" hollOlCHHIIOHN of IIIVRhMIIK Hi'IiIIM- 
 
 ii|iiil with til" ti'oopM lit tliclrroiiiiiiitiKt, Mini 
 liiiit tlii'i'" witH no iii'iiiy to cover tho iitlnck 
 
 If lllC tlCHJOKCrM. It WHM lit tlllH tllllO Mint 
 
 JifirHliiil flt. Aniiiud, IhIiik coiiiplntrly pio- 
 llratcil liy Hi'vcro IIIiichh, ri'HiKiKtil IiIh coiii- 
 iiiiiiliif III" Krcncli iirniy to Kciicml Ciiii- 
 )lK>rt, mill (lied » f"W diiyH firtcrwiinlH on 
 ||h imiiHiiH" toCoiiHtnutliiiiplo. onihcjiiMi 
 it Hctitciiihcr th" itlllcil iiniiy rciichi'd III" 
 iitrniicc of th" vtillcy of lliiliiklnva. A piirt 
 thn licet wtiH itlrciiily In tho liiirlioiir, 
 full tliu hIi'ku triiln mid pi'ovImIiiiin for tlio 
 )lillcrA, On thn i^rtli they took up their 
 juitlonii In th" viilley to tlio north of ll.'i- 
 kklavn. Ah thi>y n|i|ieiir"d on tlio IuiIkIiIh 
 WAR oliHurvcil that KeluiNtopol wah In 
 tt commotion, iiiid koiiio tiMiimht iliat 
 mild then hftvo heen readily liikeii \<y 
 eoiip-de-maln', hut It wim thuiiKht hiir- 
 iroim to nHHnult It wlillo full of wonieii 
 gd chlhlrcn, nnd tho teiinhlllty of the 
 piithurii pnrl under tli'j lire of tlio UimNlnn 
 >ct wiiH HtroiiKly (lueHtloiiod, In tlireo 
 DckD tho KiikIIhIi liattorloH wern com- 
 Ictcil; butdui'inH that tlinu tho IIUKHlaiiH 
 Vlticen busy dtrongtheiilnn tlio fortlllca- 
 Eiiiii to tho utinoNt, tho women and chll- 
 WiilirliiKiiiK enrth, prahloiiH and fiiHclncH, 
 |d workhiff hy nl^ht an woll an by day. 
 tho 17th of October Mio bouibardnicnt 
 in, but Itwaa nntlclpated bynfurlouH 
 from tho IluHBlan kuiih. Whlln tho 
 lledbRttcrluathuH pouriMl In tlioir deadly 
 laBllcg by land, thn 'Agnnioinnon' with 
 iier TCBBClfl of tho (loot approached cIoho 
 idcr tho forts and kept up a treinondouH 
 during tlio wliolo of tho day— tlumo 
 lips only being Berlously Injured which 
 hiUI not approach ni^ar enough under tlio 
 jtterlcs. At the cIoho of tho day tho Iohb 
 ]tlio KiiglJHh wan 44 killed and 2(10 wouiid- 
 of tho French SO killed, lfl4 wounded ; 
 KuBslan loBB being about &0O, among 
 ^oin Were tho two iidmlralH Kornllolt and 
 ehimolf, who had planned and executed 
 I Biirprige of tho Turklak fleet at HInope. 
 turned out that tho Arc of tho fleet had 
 m but little damage to thofortlflcatloiiB, 
 
 nnd tho wiiIIn Niumied to bo In no w/iy wiak- 
 eti"d, nltlioiigh tho HloneM wmo ilddled 
 with Nliiit, 
 
 Hut Willi" Ml" itllleH were tbim bunyon tho 
 Moiitbeni Nlile, the IliiNriliiiiN were piepiirliitf 
 to Niu'prlNo tbeiti by an iittaek on the Itelil, 
 nnd by plnrliiK Mieiii between two llriK to 
 expoii" them to iilmoRt eirlitln de>itniittl.>ii. 
 'I'lio 'Jtilh WMN ebimei-. an I bo d;iy for thlx at- 
 tempt; and It wan on tliln day Mint by a 
 too literal ailberenco to an order of lord 
 llaHlaii Mio eavaliy under lord Kiican miido 
 that inemorablo ebarge, from wbleli I bo 
 nwirvel wiiM Mint any Hlioiild return allv". 
 'I'lio elriMiniMtunceH of tbe Held had ebnnged 
 bi'lween the iiioment when tbo order wnn 
 Hiven, and tliiit In which It waH received by 
 lord liiicnn. 'I'lio iravalry, koiiio Oin) ntrong, 
 wero now fncliiK Mio wiiolo body of l.j- 
 lininiirH force, wblrli hnd Jiint arrlviidfrom 
 HeMHnrnbln; yet MiU Niiinty troop forreil 
 their wny tln'oii^ii MiIm nritiy, and witb 
 niiinberM feiirl'iilly dlmlnlnhed oven foimlit 
 tlieir wny biirk mkhIii to tlio Hpot from wblrli 
 tliey bnil Hi't oiii., Wbeii tlio miiMter loll 
 wan called to Miecvenltig, nenrly two i.blrdN 
 were iiiImhIiik: yei., In NpMti of tbit loNMeH 
 wlitcb Miey bnil iindergnne, tbo r<'KlHtniii'o 
 of tbo liiiHHJnim wiiM kept up with an Krenl 
 reMolntloii iiM ever. 'I'ho very next morning 
 Hevernl eoliiioiiH of liifnntry, which Imd not 
 Nlllfered In prevloim battleM, ImhiiimI out of 
 HebnMtopol, but Miclr loieceHH Wan not 
 greater Minn on tbo day before. Htlll relii- 
 furremeiitM nnd provlHlonx were eoiiHtnnlly 
 poiirliig In, nnd before any notbro wan r"- 
 celved of tbeir npproncb, r,o,(KH) iMiHHiatirt 
 wiTogalliereil on the lielKbtn of Inkerman. 
 On tbo fitli of November wan fought tho 
 terrible buttle wlilch Inknowii by Mint tiaine, 
 nnd In wbleli, nfler a fenrfiil Ktrtigglo nnd 
 tunny nerloiiH Iohhom, Mio victory remnlneil 
 witli the nllleH. Among tbo MrltlHli otllccrH 
 Willi fell wnn Hlrlienrge (,'nMienrt, wbo BulTer- 
 ed hlniKelf to bo drawn too far In piirHiilt of 
 the enemy, and found bin party Hiirroiinileil 
 by an overwhelming fone. 'J'lio eoopera- 
 tlon of the allied forcen wait admirably hiih- 
 talned, and to tlilH wnH pndmbly owing 
 the defent of a plan wbleli Boomed nitiioht 
 to eiiKiiro HiireeHH to tho UiiMHlniiK. Tbo 
 bnttle wan decided Hliiipl> by bard llgbtlng; 
 for inanii'iivrlng tbero wiib little room or 
 none, and the Htiiok" waa ho great that to 
 BCD tho o|M.'ratliuiB wbleli might be going ott 
 Ix'cnmo an ImpoHHiblllty. Tbo Iohh of tbo 
 French in killed and wounded wan 1,720, 
 lliatof tho KiigllMli wan 2,(112, of whom 402 
 wero killed. Tliiit of Mm IluHHianB wan 
 much greater. Nino days afterwarda a Iohh 
 (dmoHt heavl(-r waH NiiBtnlm!d by a terrlflo 
 Btorm which biirBt over iialaklava, wreck- 
 ing eleven traiiBiiortB, and diHtnantlng anti 
 rendering uweleHj* six inore. A magnlllceric 
 now Ktenmshlp, the ' I'rincc,' with a cargo 
 valu(;d at half a million, wan utterly d(v 
 Btroyed, and with her was lost aInioBt every- 
 thing which was necoHsary for tho health 
 and comfort of the troopHdurlng the coming 
 winter. The Krench loHt a three-decker, 
 'Henri IV.,' and a favourite war-Bteamer. 
 For four days tho storin raged furiously; 
 hut, frightful as its cftectB wero, they were 
 tolerable Indeed to what they might have 
 
i 
 
 740 
 
 Cl)c Crratfurt? ot ^litavi}^ iVr. 
 
 been had the tempest conio while the 600 
 veBselR of the lluet were on their way to 
 Eupatorla. 
 
 From this time, the Russians attempted 
 scarcely any active operations against 
 Balaklara. Both sides wished to wait for 
 reinforcements, and the allies liad to 
 struggle with the stern dlfllcultles of a 
 Crimean winter, aggravated a thousand 
 lold l>y wretched mismanagement and mi- 
 serable want. The troops were worn down 
 with cholera, dysentery, and fever; the 
 commissariat was in a hopeless state of con- 
 fusion, offlcers and men were without bag- 
 gage, clothing and food, while traders at 
 Constantinople were openly boasting of 
 the enormous gains which tliey had made 
 at their expense. The auiferlngs of the 
 French were also great : but French sol- 
 diers are always more capable of liclping 
 thcniselvcs, while tlie English always need- 
 ed some one to cook for them, and, as it 
 was said, almost to put the food into their 
 mouths. Again the latter paid exorbitant 
 prices at the will of the peasants whose 
 goods tbey ))ought : the former took what 
 was to bo liad, laying down a price which, 
 after fair consideration, was judged to Im 
 Bulllcloiit. In addition to this, the roads 
 about Balaklava were in a hoiH!less and im- 
 practicable condition, while tlic French had 
 l)eeu enabled, from having men to spare, 
 to construct good roads over the whole 
 ground which they occupied. Tlic medical 
 department was scarcely more satisfactory ; 
 the surgeons were Indefatigable, but they 
 were without the most necessary resources 
 and appliances, and the disorder was almost 
 greater at Constantinople than it was at 
 Oalaklava. This horrible state of things 
 was remedied by the sclf-sarriflcing dcvo- 
 tbm of Knglish ladles who, under Hiss 
 Florence Nightingale, went out for the 
 purpose of tending the sick and wounded 
 in tlie hospitals at Scutari ; and by their aid, 
 as well as by tliat of the Committee of 
 the Patriotic Fund, and a largo number of 
 additional chaplains, a very great improve- 
 ment was immediately cft'octed in the con- 
 dition of the troops. 
 
 But although the siege of Scbastopol was 
 practically suspended, the lEussians were 
 not idle: they scarped the ground in front 
 of their batteries, threw up earthworks 
 whereverthey were nccdcd.and enormously 
 strengthened the whole fortlflcations of 
 tlie city. Wlien the siege began, it was 
 comparatively defenceless; before the year 
 had ended, it was almost impregnable : and 
 this strength was owing mainly to tlic fact 
 that these new works were not of stone 
 but of earth, mounted with batteries of 
 tremendous power. Perhaps the Russians 
 were right in saying that history furnished 
 few instances, in which defences run up in 
 a few months were maintained for nearly a 
 year against all the appliances ot the must 
 skilful warfare of modern times. 
 
 During the summer of 1854, the allied 
 fleets of France and England sailed into 
 (he Baltic, the former under the command 
 of admiral Oeschdnes, the latter under sir 
 Charles Napier. After a reconnolssance It 
 fTM found that an attack on Cronstadt 
 
 without gunboats wlilch could a|i|ironci|l 
 nearei than the ships would be impriidcn J 
 if not worse ; but the forts on tlie isianj 
 of Bomarsund were taken with largo quuhl 
 titles of stores and annnunitions. tikI 
 forts were destroyed by mining, and tlitl 
 prisoners carried to England ; but tbtl 
 general result of the expedition was t«l 
 detain in the north for the protectloiuj 
 St. Petersburg an enormous force wliicJ 
 would otherwise have been despatched i«| 
 the aid of the besieged in SeljastnpoJ 
 Another squadron proceeded to the WiiiJ 
 Sea, blockaded Archangel, made an incflet 
 tual attempt on Solovetskol, stormed aJL 
 burnt Novltska, and destroyed Kola im 
 capital of Russian Lapland. A third sqnti 
 ron under admiral Price appeared off tt 
 tropaulowski in Kamschatka, at the eiiiliJ 
 August: but admiral Price shot lilins({| 
 during the day preceding tiio attack, an 
 the expedition merely destro.-ed some Im 
 terles, and did some damage tc the eiieiii;i| 
 ships. 
 
 Early In March 1835, an cffor ■ was agnJ 
 made to put an end to the war b/ a cmM 
 ence at Vienna: the failure of thai attdiiHl 
 with the causes which led to it, ).a» : 
 already recorded In the Jlistm-y of BmjIoJ 
 for that year. But before that confcrciid 
 opened, the emperor of Russia had tetd 
 to live. On the 2nd of March a severe iJ 
 tinenza ended in his death, and lils soJ 
 Alexander II. at once issued a mniiifc^ 
 in wliicli ho expressed his resoliiiioii ii 
 carry out thoroughly the wishes and |il.uj 
 of his father. In April the allied fleeti i 
 France and England again entered lU 
 Baltic, but the results of the exi>cdlllJ 
 were not great. Some very angry andnilJ 
 ful feeling was roused by the vioiatloiicll 
 Hag of truce by Russian soldiers at Haii^ 
 A boat belonging to the 'Cossack' 
 sent on shore to land some prisoners itJ 
 were set free ; it was alleged on the sl| 
 of the English that the flag of trace i 
 carried C(msplcuousIy in the bow of i 
 boat; while the Russians declared tliiittll 
 flag was never seen, and in fact tliatf 
 never existed. The evidence against tliij 
 was, however, too strong to leave roomfl 
 any other supposition than that the Russi^ 
 account was in part made up of vilfi 
 falseliood. The fleet mlvanced tn 
 Tollioukln lighthouse, oil' Cronst.idt,) 
 within sight of tlio spires of St. l'et«i 
 burg, and then sailed to Sweaborg. Fi 
 two or three days the fortlflcations of tU 
 place were assailed with a trctneiidiV 
 cannonade, the English alone liari| 
 poured in 1,000 tons of shot and shell ;b 
 as the guns could not reach a great paitl 
 tlie fortress, the English and French ctr 
 manders thought it advisable to withdn 
 from the attack ; and the approach of ii 
 ter compelled the fleets soon afterwanlil 
 return home. J 
 
 The results of the bombardment o(S 
 bastopol were more serious. On the \'\ 
 of February the Russians made that i 
 successful attempt to recover Eiipatoi 
 which formed the last piece of Crimij 
 news received by the emperor Nlchj 
 before his death. On the 0th of Marclitr 
 
9((^ 
 
 Its wlilch could aj.|>roapli| 
 BhJps would be lmi>riidc:iil 
 mt the fortB on the islauil 
 rere taken with largo qu«n.| 
 » and ammunltlona. Tbtl 
 Toycd by mining, ana tbtl 
 cd to England; but tJ 
 of the expedition was ul 
 lorth for the protection oil 
 
 an enormous force wlilfJ 
 se have been despatched ul 
 lo besieged In Sebaslopoil 
 ron proceeded to the Wl,il 
 Archangel, made an lnclle| 
 p SolovetBkol, Btormcd ati 
 a. and destroyed Kola tbil 
 "An Lapland. A third sqnjtP 
 nlral Price appeared oil ^l 
 n Kamschatka, at the cudjl 
 admiral rricc shot lilmifti 
 ly procfldlng tiio attack, >»« 
 1 merely destro.-cd some 1 
 
 some damage tc the cnmii^ 
 
 ,rch 1855, nneftor- was art 
 n end to the war b.- a cuiifc 
 a:thefiiilureofthavatt«iii 
 ses which led to It, .as te 
 led in the llisto^T/ "1 E'ljlm 
 Out before that coiifcrcni 
 inpcror of Russia had ceas, 
 
 he 2nd of March a severe I 
 d m his death, and his k^ 
 " at once IsMied a nianite 
 
 expressed his resoiuiKm' 
 orouKhiy the w shes and iili 
 
 England again entered i 
 ,ho results of the exiwd ; 
 at Somevcryansryandrt 
 ns roused by tl.evu.latM 
 by llusslan soldiers at llanH 
 .riKliig to tlie ' Cossack- n^ 
 rotolandsomeprisouersrt 
 
 ■e • It was alleged on the sH 
 ish that the flag of truce i 
 plcuouBly m the bow - 
 the llussians declared t it l 
 Jer Bcen, and In fact t la 
 d The evidence against tli 
 T too strong to leave room 
 pVsTtlon than that the Rusf 
 in part made up of «l 
 The fleet n.U'anced o il 
 IgUthousc. ou Crons adt, 
 t of the spires of St. leu 
 hen sailed to Sweaborg. H 
 jdaysthefortiflcationsofil 
 assliled with a tremeii* 
 the English alouo imi 
 
 000 tons of shot and slicu, 
 TOuld not reach a great part^ 
 
 1 the English and French cm 
 iught it advisable to wltM 
 hark • and the approach cfj- 
 &e fleets soon afterwardil 
 
 lU of the bombardment of 
 Ire more serious. On tlie i 
 fv the Russians made tha 
 Kttempt to recover Eiu-M 
 lied the last Pleco of cm 
 Vvpd l)y the emperor Mcn 
 ISb. OnthcOthofMarcm 
 
 Elje %\iisiK^ at Viwiiin* 
 
 741 
 
 were more successful in seizing and forti- 
 fying a knoll or hillock in front of tlio 
 Haliuchofl. On this they raised a redoubt 
 from wh'ch the French were unable to 
 dislodge them, and sank a number of pits 
 from which tneir riflemen did great execu- 
 tion upon the enemy. On the 22nd, the 
 Igarrlson of Sebastopol made a dospernto 
 ■but Ineffectual sortie, which was followed 
 I fortnight after by a general bombardment 
 [rom the allied batteries. The cannonading 
 las continued for several- days without 
 iroducing any sensible effect on the fortl- 
 Icstions. On the 10th of May, general 
 >ellBBlcr was at the expressed wish of 
 leneral Canrobert appointed to the coni- 
 lanil of the French army, and a few days 
 jterwards the French got possession of 
 the counter-approaches of the enemy In 
 front of the central bastion. An immense 
 iiiiount of damage was done by expedl- 
 [lons to fortifled towns in the neighbour- 
 lood, where the Russians had laid up large 
 Hilltary stores as well as magazines of pro- 
 flslons for the use of tlieir arm.v. A force 
 ras sent under sir George Brown and 
 tcneral O'Autemarre, which reached the 
 Itraits of Kertch on the 24th of May. They 
 Inmd Kertch itself evacuated ; the Rus- 
 ians having blown up all the works along 
 go coast, and destroyed more than four 
 illlion pounds of corn, and half a million 
 ninds of flour. Yenikalu was taken on 
 10 Bamo day in the same condition. Cap- 
 iln Lynns was then sent to Genltchi on 
 le neck of land which separates the 
 itrld Sea from the Sea of Azoff : a de- 
 |and for the surrender of tlie place was 
 it by a refusal, and the English at once 
 |t Are to the merchant vessels and corn 
 )rc8, and then returned to Yeiilljule. It 
 II supposed that in this expedition four 
 )nth8' rations for 100,000 men liad been 
 fstroyed. In June the Russian garrison, 
 lowing that their want of water would 
 id to a surrender if the place were at- 
 ;ked, voluntarily abandoned tiio fortress 
 Anapa, on the Straits of Kertch, having 
 )wn it up and left .heir cannon in a use- 
 9 condition. 
 
 In the 7th of Juno general Pellsslcr 
 Icrcd attacks to be made on tbeMamclon 
 two other redoubts near Careening Bay. 
 these attempts, together with one made 
 {the English on the quarries, were suc- 
 |sful, It was resolved to make a general 
 piult on the city. A tremendous Arc was 
 |ned by the allies on the 17th of June ; 
 on the following day thenttempt ended 
 Ihe complete repulse of both the English 
 \ the French, and princo Gortschakoil 
 led an exulting order of the day, con- 
 flating bis troops on their signal suc- 
 Thls temporary defeat added to the 
 I and the sickness which already pressed 
 rlly on lord Raglan, and on the 28th of 
 ^e he died, and general Btmpson was 
 thited to succeed him In the commend, 
 le middle of August the covering army 
 le Russians under Liprandi was again 
 ited in an attempt to raise the siege, 
 a long and disastrous engagement : 
 as the French lines had now been 
 iced within a few yards of the Malak- 
 
 hoff, and the loss of life in tho trenches 
 was Increasing In proportion, it was re- 
 solved that another assault sliould bo made 
 on tho 8th of September at midday, because 
 at that hour the Russian garrison always 
 took their meal and their midday sleep, 
 and It was thought that they would thus 
 be taken by surprise. The French were to 
 storm the Malakhoff, and the English were 
 to seize the Redan, when, and not before, 
 tho former bad been taken. The attack of 
 the French was completely successful ; that 
 of tho English on tho Redan failed, and 
 general Simpson was much h!amcd for de- 
 fective arrangements, which resulted at 
 the time of action in an inextricable con- 
 fusion. But it now became clear to tho 
 Russians that they could not hope to hold 
 the city any longer. During the coming 
 night, several loud explosions were beard, 
 and It was surmised that the enemy were 
 evacuating Subastopol. In good order and 
 with excellent arrangement, this great 
 work was accomplished; and tlio allied 
 armies on the next day found theniselvcs 
 possessed of a heap of ruins. It was indeed 
 time to give up the struggle when tho flro 
 of the besiegers was costing the garrison, 
 now for nearly thirty days, a loss from loo 
 to 1,000 men each day ; and prince Gortscha- 
 kofiC was fully justiflcd in the strong lan- 
 guage of satisfaction which he held to his 
 troops for their determined courage and 
 resolution tlirougltout the siege. Tho suf- 
 ferings of tho besieged must latterly have 
 become very dreadful, and a fearful account 
 was given of a number of dead and wound- 
 ed men whom the Russians had been com- 
 l>cllcd to leave bcliind them, and who were 
 found in dungcon-llkc buildings in a most 
 appalling condition. 
 
 On dividing the town tiic English took 
 possession of tho western part, the French 
 of the eastern, and a mixed commission was 
 appointed to apportion the spoil taken in 
 the city. On the lOtli of November general 
 Simpson resigned tlio command of tho 
 army, and was succeeded by sir William 
 Codrlngton. Before this time, tho emperor 
 liad journeyed from Moscow to Odessa, and 
 thence went to visit the great siilpbuiiding 
 port of Nicholaleff. On tho 12th of No- 
 vember he issued an address to his army 
 from Klmpheropol, in which he thanked 
 his trooj'S for a defence which they had 
 carried out to the uttermost. The next 
 step of the allies was to destroy the de- 
 fences of Kinburn : in order to do this with 
 the greater ease, the fleet left Kamiesch 
 liay, and casting anchor before Odessa on 
 the 8th of October, kept its position for a 
 week, during which time the inhabitants 
 momentarily expected a bombardment. It 
 then weighed anchor and sailed to Kin- 
 burn, where the Bug and Dnieper flow into 
 a lake and thence pass by one channel Into 
 the sen, separating OczAkofC on tho north 
 from Kinburn on the south. After a short 
 bombardment, the garrison of the latter 
 place capitulated, giving up the stores as 
 they were, and being allowed to depart 
 with the honours of war. The fort of Ocza- 
 koff was blown up and abandoned by the 
 Russiiuis. Towards tho end of October, 
 
742 
 
 CIjC QTiCAiidiry oC VltHtarj;, ^-r. 
 
 another squailroii went ngatnst Tnnian aud 
 Fanagorta, situated un the eastern side of 
 the straits of Kertch: both were abandoned 
 by the Russians, and tlic EnKlisli found only 
 useless guns, and empty niaKnzlnes wliicli 
 had held powder and corn. Tlio shlpn then 
 returned to Genitchi, aud thence to Subus- 
 topol. 
 
 The campaign of the ycnr was] over; it 
 had, practically, ended the war. The em- 
 peror of Russia felt that peace ought to bo 
 made, if pos8il)lo. Itsecmed less and less 
 likely that Prussia would abandon her 
 strict neutrality, and Austria seen^cd to Ito 
 dally assuming a mure hostile attitude. In 
 December 1855, count Ksterhazy was sent 
 from Vienna to negotiate on the four bases, 
 wkicli had already been accepted by Rus- 
 sia,— these being the completu abolition of 
 the Russian protectorate of the Dauubinn 
 principalities,— the setting free the mouths 
 of the Danube for tho rommcrco of all 
 nations,— tlie neutralisation of the Ulack 
 8ea,— and the preservation of tlio rights of 
 the sultan's Christian subjects. On tho ac- 
 ceptance of thoHC proposals by Russia, it 
 was orrauKoil that a conference should 
 meet at I'aris on tho 26th of February, 
 when an armistice was agreed on, to last 
 till tho end of March. Before that time 
 had exi>ired, tho treaty of peace had )>een 
 signed ; among its chief provisions was the 
 stipulation that neither the Russian em- 
 peror nor tho sultan should establish or 
 maintain any military-maritime arsenal on 
 the coasts of tho DIack Sea, which should 
 be closed to all war vessels, except the 
 light ships necessary for the service of the 
 coasts. It was agreed that the people of 
 the principalities should continue to enjoy 
 under the sovereignty of tho sultan all 
 their former rights and privileges, which 
 were guaranteeu bjr the coulraoting powers. 
 
 By another article tho sultan agrcpii to| 
 communicate to the contracting partlei|| 
 flrman for improving tho condition o{ iiijl 
 Christian subjects, tho said flrman iiavlnil 
 cniiinated, as he chose to express it, i^lf 
 tancously from his sovereign will. I 
 
 The allies evacuated the Crimea on tiij 
 IStli of July ; and the coronation uf iiij 
 emperor took place with great splcnduij 
 at Moscow, on the 7th of September, Ail 
 uka»e was Issued at tho time, reiiilttioil 
 not only all military recruiting orcunsrriJ 
 tion for four consecutive years, (imlei 
 in the event of a new war,) but u\m t 
 pecuniary lines, and all taxes in arrei 
 amounting to 24 million silver roiiblus, i] 
 was accompanied liy a large ainncety iJ 
 offenders of all kinds, and children boiij 
 during tho military service of their fnthq 
 were now left free to choose any oocnn 
 tion wliicii they might prefer, insttcnilij 
 belunghiK to the army as they had liltliciu 
 done. Sonio disputes occurred in rnrrm 
 out tlie terms of tho treaty of pence ; irf 
 nn Engllsli ship was stationed at 8ernt] 
 Island, at the mouth of the Danube, to|iiJ 
 vent the Russians from mustering tlicrej 
 any force ; but neither this dispute nnru 
 other which had reference to the lUm\» 
 frontier near Bolgrad were followed b) i 
 serious consetiuences. 
 
 Vrom tills time the Russian empcmrl 
 voted Ills attention to internal ruforn 
 and on tho lOtli of February 1861 appcin 
 a i)rocIamatiou which was tho re^iiilt i 
 many years of careful thought, and wlilj 
 could not fail to cxcrciso an immense I 
 fluenoeon tho destinies of llusHia. iti 
 nounced the gradual emancipation of til 
 serfs- a measure in which the cniixJ 
 Nicholas had found himself thwaitedi 
 the obstinate opposition of the uobiUt). | 
 
iole the BUltan agrceii J 
 
 I the contractinR i>nriieai| 
 ■ovIdk the condition ot lilil 
 nts. the snld flrniaii lmviii|l 
 ) chOHO to cxpresH it, bihiii.| 
 his Rovcrolgii will. I 
 neimted the Crimea on tliJ 
 niid tho coronation of ibJ 
 iilaco with great Bplcnduul 
 tho 7th of September. Ail 
 led at tho time, reniitiiii|l 
 Itary recruiting or coiisctiJ 
 coiisecutlvo years, (milef" 
 it a new war,) hut iilsu i 
 9, and all taxes In iirtei 
 !4 million silver roulileB, 
 led l)v a largo amnesty lA 
 
 II kliids, and children M 
 Itary Bervlee of their fiitliai 
 
 free to choose any ()ccii[« 
 ey might prefer, Instenih 
 ho army as they had hltlun, 
 IsputcB occurred In rarryld 
 of tho treaty of pence nil 
 Ip was gtntloned at Sorinnw 
 nouth of tho Danube, to d 
 lans from mustering tlicrei 
 t neither this dispute nnru 
 md reference to the lUum 
 Bolgrad were followed Ijj i 
 luences. 
 
 Ime the llusstan empcrnri. 
 ;cntlo« to Internal reform 
 th of February 1861 amw 
 m which was tho resnit t 
 f careful thought, and wLW 
 
 to exercise an immense 1 
 destinies of llussla. Ul 
 
 gradual emancipation of M 
 sure in which the emiierf 
 
 found himself thwaiteUH 
 oi>po«ition ot the uoblUty, 
 
 TIIE HISTORY OF POLAND. 
 
 -•«^ 
 
 ■OBT countries bare Bomo positive origin 
 
 Ktrlbuted to them, and banded down to 
 
 resent times by tradition, although no 
 
 tco of a written history may be found ; it 
 
 I not 80, however, with Poland. In tho 
 
 mcof tho Romans it is likely to have been 
 
 I unexplored part of the great Ucrcyulou 
 
 kn-st; and such inhabitants as it cou- 
 
 kliied probably belonged to tho Sarmo- 
 
 hns, P nation of barbarians more fierce 
 
 Jid savage than any of the other hordes 
 
 liili wliora tho civilised conquerors of Eii- 
 
 W li.id to contend In their work of unl- 
 
 ferBal subjugation. But, bo that as It may, 
 
 jsecnis clear that I'olaud either afforded 
 
 ) materials for the historian, or produced 
 
 writer to record her history, for a con- 
 
 dcrablo time after tho other nations of 
 
 urope emerged from obscurity. It ap- 
 
 krs, Indeed, that an army of Bclavo- 
 
 Eous, under the command of Lesko, took 
 
 PBsesBion of the country, a.d. 650, and 
 
 hat this leader became the first of a race 
 
 ] kings, who held tho sovereign power for 
 
 Jccntury. 
 
 rriie next dynasty of kings la dlstlngulsh- 
 
 1 by the name of Its first sovereign, and 
 
 lllcd the dynasty of Plast ; but nothing 
 
 brthy of notice is preserved, until Jagel- 
 
 ta, grand duko of Lithuania, obtained the 
 
 l\crclgiity of I'oland In the year 1385. Ou 
 
 Is being elected king, he renounced Pa- 
 
 luilsni, to which ho had before adhered, 
 
 Id embraced Christianity; from which 
 
 he It spread rapidly among the Poles. 
 
 bis prince united the whole of hia here- 
 
 Itary dominions to those of Poland : in 
 
 Iturn for which the Polos rendered tho 
 
 own hereditary in his family; but his 
 
 ale lino terminated in tho person of 81- 
 
 tniund Augustus, in 1572. Two compcti- 
 
 tben started for tho vacant crown ; 
 
 bury, duke of Anjou, brother to Charles 
 
 I. ot France, and Maximilian of Austria. 
 
 Iter a long conflict, the former ot these 
 
 |talncd the prize ; but on tho death of 
 
 i brother, he succeeded to the crown of 
 
 Hnce, and abandoned that of Poland. 
 
 From this reign we may date the corro- 
 
 jondcnce between the French and the 
 
 lies, which subsisted until the increasing 
 
 Ivor of its northern neighbours entirely 
 
 nnteracted the politics of the couri) of 
 
 rsalllcs. On this second vacancy, Maxi- 
 
 lllan was still rejected ; and Stephen Ba- 
 
 lory, prince of Transylvania, chosen, on 
 
 count of tho high renown which ho had 
 
 nulred. He married Anne, tho sister of 
 
 Kismund Augustus, of the royal house of 
 
 Rellon, which rendered him highly po- 
 
 Uar. He waged war with tho Muscovites, 
 
 B recovered from them all that they had 
 
 tmerly taken from the Poles; after which 
 
 Isettled tho Ukraine, which, in tho Polish 
 
 language, signifles the frontier, and which 
 was at that time a wild and unprofitable 
 desert. He it was that introduced military 
 tenure into Poland, by which, he formed tho 
 best cavalry in tho world. Ho likewise es- 
 tabllHhed a militia, roinposcd of Cossacks, 
 which Boon became a respectable body of 
 Infantry. These Cossack'*, be settled in the 
 Ukraine. Having performed these essential 
 services to the kingdom which he governed, 
 lie died in 1586. 
 
 Theodore, czar ot Russia ; Maximilian, 
 archduke of Austria ; and Siglsmund, prince 
 of Sweden, now severally put forth claims 
 and contended for tho crown. Tho year 
 after, Siglsmund, having defeated and taken 
 prisoner his rital Maximilian, became too 
 formidable for Theodore, and CRtabllshcd 
 himself on the throne by the name of Sigls- 
 mund III. He was a zealous papist, and 
 waged a long and unsuccessful war with 
 his native country, Sweden ; but in his 
 wars with the Turks ho was more fortunate. 
 Ho reigned forty-four years, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his eldest son Uladlslaus VII., 
 who was chosen the 13th of November 
 16.<)2. Ho was successful against the Turks, 
 tlio Russians, and the Swedes, and died in 
 1648. In his reign, tho interests of tho 
 Polish nobility clashing with tho grants 
 which had been made to the Cossacks in 
 the Ukraine, a fierce contention arose. His 
 brother, John Caslmlr, succeeded him, al- 
 though a cardinal. Tho elector of Branden- 
 burg, in this reign, found means to ob- 
 tain from the Poles a renunciation of their 
 sovereignty over Oucnl Prussia, which ho 
 held as a vassal of the crown of Poland. 
 This renunciation was ratified by the treaty 
 of Utlva In 1060. Caslmlr, then attempting 
 to gain an uncontrollable and absolute sove- 
 reignty in Poland, excited a civil war ; and 
 in the issue his army was defeated by prince 
 Lubomirskl. He afterwards found means, 
 however, to drain the country of its current 
 specie, which he remitted to France ; and 
 being no longer able to maintain liis foot- 
 ing in Poland, ho precipitately (jultted tho 
 kingdom, and followed his wealth. In this 
 state of voluntary exile he made a formal 
 renunciation of the crown, and died two 
 years after. 
 
 On the resignation of Caslmlr, four can- 
 didates appeared : namely, the great prince 
 of Russia; the duke of Neubourg, who was 
 supported by tho Interests of France ; tho 
 duke of Lorraine, who was backed by the 
 German power ; and the son ot the prince 
 of Cond6 : but it wa3 soon found that tho 
 contest lay be. /con tho dukes of Neubourg 
 and Lorraine. The palatine Opalenski, 
 however, by popular harangues, had tho 
 address to set them both aside, and procure 
 the election ot prince Michael Wiesnowiskl 
 
! 
 
 i 
 
 744 
 
 €\)C QTrriiilurii a( IDdttatii, ^r. 
 
 Ill 1<I70, Who rockDiictI hi* doicpiit frnni a 
 brotlirr (irJiiKt'lloii, Ito wrh rhoMoii to tlio 
 riiyiil (IlKiilty m* Ikmiikh i'liiHt.ntltlo highly 
 r«'ii|u<rt(Hl III Polniid.nndRlKiitfyliiRa iiiiblo- 
 ninii wli.) mil traco liln descent throuKli a 
 loiiirllneof I'ollHliaiic«iitorii: but ah Iiuwiia 
 A weak prince, tlioTiirki took ndvniungo of 
 Ilia Incapnclly, Invaded Poland, ami took 
 Kainlnleck, tlio eaiiltnl of Podolln. MIcliaet 
 did not loiitf enjoy IiIm dlKiiity ; lie died 
 three yearn after liU elevation, at tlio very 
 tlino when HolileHkl, the I'ollali Koneral, had 
 (ruined a great and declMlvc virtory over 
 the TurkK. Another rontentlnn then aroau 
 nlxuit a HiioeeHHor; but at length tho diet 
 iinaniniotialy ehoHe John SoMeHkl for their 
 king, who inalntiilned a war agaliittt the 
 Turku, although III seronded by tho no- 
 bility ; and In I07A, at the head of no more 
 than n,uoo men, ho defeated 00,00*) TnrkH 
 mid Tartar»: after which, receiving a rein- 
 forceinent of 10,000 trooim, lie drove 100,(X)0 
 of the enemy out of I'odolla, and waa 
 crowned at (Yacow, In February 1070. 
 
 The Turka by tliuMO diifeats were brought 
 to ac(iulcRco III terms of peace, which were 
 nimervod during seven yeurs; but In lowi 
 the Ottomans Invaded Hungary, and laid 
 Hiege to Vienna. The nclglibourlng iirlncea, 
 being roused to action by the impendiiig 
 danger, put their forces under the com- 
 inand of Sobleskl, whoso army iiiUHtered 
 40,000 strong; with which force he attacked 
 mid defeated tho InndclK, whoso numbers 
 were llttlo short of aoo,ooo. This decUlve 
 stroke restored peace; but the great mili- 
 tary talents of the king, joined to his ex- 
 treme parsimony, created Jealousies among 
 tho Polish nobility, who thought that he 
 had formed designs of changing tho con- 
 Btiiution of tho kingdom, and rendering 
 himself an absoluto monarch. These ap- 
 prehensions, which were never supported 
 by any direct proofs, enil)itlercd his latter 
 days. He died In loou, in tho sixty-sixth 
 year of his age, and tlio twenty-second of 
 liix reign. He left n son, princo James 
 Hobleskl, whom, however, tho Polos did not 
 iiomiiiato for their king. 
 
 All interregnum of a twelvemonth fol- 
 lowed : at liength Frederick Augustxis, elec- 
 tor of Saxony, was chosen, iu preference to 
 the princo of Conti, whose pretensions were 
 backed by tho Interests of France : but In 
 1705, tho Poles, being tampered with by 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, declared tho crown 
 vacant, and chose Stanislaus Leczlnskl, 
 palatine of Posnania; to establish whom 
 on the throne, Cliarles of Sweden entered 
 Saxony with a powerful army, and compel- 
 led Augustus to save his electorate by 
 abandoning his pretensions to the crown 
 of Poland. Tho reverse of fortune which 
 Charles experienced In 1708, gave Augustus 
 tlic ascendency ; and his competitor found 
 It nccesBary, In his turn, to quit the kingdom. 
 Disputes and ill-will, however, prevailed 
 between Augustus and the nobility, from 
 this time until his death, which happened 
 In January 1732-3. 
 
 The question, whether tho house of Aus- 
 tria, or that of Bourbon, should flx tho 
 succession to tho throne of Poland, then 
 Iduugcd Kuropo into war. The former suii- 
 
 ported the protcnsloni of AugUHinK, lU 
 son of tho deccaHed king ; in wlilcliiiiiir 
 nation the court of Ht. PeterHbiirgaJHiini] 
 eurred: the latter alined at reHtorliiK i|] 
 abdicated Htanislaus, wIioho dnUKlit(r,tiiL 
 princess Mary, wan married to l.(>ulii.\r1 
 Notwithstanding this alliance, IiIh Intt. 
 was not vigorously supported by tli(> i.igii 
 of VerMallles; and he was Hiially ilrlifj 
 out of Poland, poNseHHed of iiothliimnn, 
 than the empty title of king ; he, liowml 
 gained the duchy of liorralne and l):ir,\vliiif 
 he enjoy I'll during tho remaliidrr (i( i 
 life. HtanlslauH died in January 17(iii,li|] 
 Ing attained to tho great ago of (>Ik|||| 
 nine years. He was dlstingulHlictl furii 
 talents anu virtues; his huiMaiiliy 
 active, and displayed Itself In iiiiiiiy iini] 
 Instances of klndneHS and grin'riiiij 
 TIioukIi deprived of tho crown of I'l 
 he expressed his strong attaclnnciit tntij 
 country, and his thorough kniiwli'(]Kc( 
 Its Interests, in a work which lie wr.d 
 mill published In tho year 17riU. eiiiitM 
 J,a Voix Libre rfa ViUiyen : ou Ubsenut4 
 Hiir le Oouveniement du I'olvgnc. 
 
 Frederick Augustus, elector of finsJ 
 was chosen king of Poland in Sii>t('iiii| 
 173.'), in tho forty-sixth year of his axi'. 
 was the third king of that name, llciiiil 
 ried Maria Josepha, daughter of iheciii|>ii( 
 Joseph I. In the winter of 174.'>, the kiJ 
 of Prussia attacked liiiii In his licrcdiid 
 (loiiilnlonH, made himself master of DivNJ^ 
 and forced the elector to accept siii'li 
 ditioiis of ixnce as were proffered. In ]i 
 tho king of Poland liaving secretly ))eci^ 
 R party in a confederacy formed byd 
 empress queen and tho king of Frniicci 
 strip the king of Prussia of tho pniv liinl 
 Sllesln, the unfortunate Augustus suildnf 
 fell a victim to tlio resentmciils of i 
 monarch, who took possession of Dro^ 
 his capital, and competed Ills wlioloan 
 consisting of 13,000 men, to siirrcml 
 prisoners of war ; after whicii lie eij 
 rlenced tho most bitter calamitlott. 
 queen, whose every motion was ii;irro|| 
 watched by tho emissaries of tho I'ruiaf 
 monarch, died of a broken heart; whi 
 the designs wlilch tlie king had foi'iiii>ll| 
 the advancement of hla family, liy pra 
 ing for one of his sons the dukcdnnl 
 Courland, and for another tho blshoprltl 
 Liege, were entirely frustrated. Woriidof 
 with years as well as with sorrows, lie| 
 signed his breath on tho 5th of Octo 
 1703, in the seventy-sixth year of lim 
 and tho thirtieth year from his electioi| 
 the crown of Poland. 
 
 The son of Augustus declared liims 
 candidate for tho vacant crown; bull 
 d*.cd of the Binall-pox In less tliaiil 
 months after. Count Poniatowskl, onj 
 count of his eminent merit, was mij( 
 niously elected king, on tho 7tli ofi 
 tcmber 1704, without any coniiiiotlon| 
 disturbance. Tlie powers of Uiissia, F 
 sia, and Turkey supported his preteiiiM 
 The ambassadors of France, Spain, andl 
 empire, who opposed his election, reC 
 from Warsaw, when tlio diet aBseiBtJ 
 Ho took the name of Stanislaus Augur 
 Tho new king had not long sat mionl 
 
Clje W^tovu at Dolnnir. 
 
 7ir* 
 
 ttCIIHlOIIB l>( AllRUKllIK, tL 
 
 foiiHvil king ; in wlilcli iinnn] 
 rt of HI. rftcTHliUfK iilmio.ii)' 
 Iter nIniHl nt n-HinrliiK iii 
 it*lauM, wlioHU (InuKlitir.til 
 , wan mnrrloil to l.nulnxil 
 iiR tills alllaiu-o, hlHliiti 
 lUMly Hiippot't*'^' '>y '''■*' 'M 
 mill liu wiiH niinlly ilrltn 
 lioHWHWtl of iiotliliiKnwii 
 y titloof klPKi lu'.liiiwcwl 
 hy of Lorraine mill Ihr.wliiJ 
 iirlnK the rcinalniUr nl u 
 iiH died In January l7iiiUii4 
 to tho Rreat ago ot liKhiJ 
 Ic wn» inHtlnKulHliciUcrkj 
 vIrlm'H; IiIh liuiimnlly «J 
 lni>layc'il ItHcIf In niiiny iniJ 
 kliuliioHS and Kt'iitrmiiil 
 vod of llio rrown of V^M 
 lilaHtronKiiltaclinitiitiaUii 
 lilH tliorouKli kiiowliilKn 
 ill a work wliUli lie \w 
 d In tlio year 17f>«. inliik 
 e (lit Citoycn: <»it Oboiirulw 
 leiiKHt du i'oUtono. 
 fVtiKiiHtiio, fU'ftor of film 
 kliiK of I'olaiul III Hi'iiiniiW 
 jrly-BlxtliyP'"" «>"''* ».•"'• ' 
 king of that naim*. lliim 
 Ki'lilia. dauglili'r of tluHMuM 
 L the wliil«r of 1745, the kid 
 t,tiu-ki>() lilin In Ills iK'nilW 
 lado lilmsi'l f iiiastirr of On r 
 ho elL'ctm- to acci'i>t siirti i 
 nee an woro proJtt'ri'il. liiK 
 foland liavliig secrul'.y hm 
 k confederacy formed by 4 
 l<n and tho kliiK of Friiiicc,! 
 f of Prussia of tlio innvliiftl 
 ufortunate AuKuatun hiuWei' 
 1 to tlio leseiitniciits ot il 
 10 took posseHslon of Droiil 
 lid coinpeJled Ills wlioloan 
 :,t 13,000 men, to t>mrcn 
 ' war ; after which lie «i| 
 most bitter calnmltlM. 
 10 every motion was imrros 
 tho emissaries of tho I'rus* 
 pd of 14 broken heart; ™ 
 which tho klii« bad fonnrtl 
 meiit of his family, by m 
 of hlB sons the dukcdiwl 
 [id for another tho blshoiiritl 
 entirely frustrated. ■Woriiiloil 
 IS well OS with sorrows, lie! 
 Iireath on the 5th of Octtf' 
 seventy-sixth year of lilsi 
 rtlcth year from liU clcctioil 
 f Poland. 
 
 )f Augustus declared lili.s 
 or tho vacant crown ; bull 
 small-pox In less tlian , 
 er. Count Pontatowskl, on< 
 Is eminent merit, waa lu* 
 :ted king, on tho 7tli of « 
 i, without any commotion] 
 I. The powers of llussm, i™ 
 rkcy supported Uls preteua 
 ,ador8 of France, Spain, and! 
 o opposed Ills election, re» 
 law, when tlio diet asseuia 
 B name of Stanislaus Augu* 
 lug had not long sat uikm 
 
 I thriiiie, before ■omo KiiHMlan troops initciTd 
 
 llila kliiKdoni on tho plea of procuring n 
 
 I tultratloii and other iirlvlU-ges for tho op- 
 
 Iprcititcd and iierMOcnted ' dlHsltlentM,' who 
 
 \yn't« of tlioUreek church, and also for tho 
 
 ll.iithcraii and other reformed ClirlsMaiiH. 
 
 ItIio lilttor eiimlfy which wiibslsted between 
 
 Itjio itDinnii rathollcs and tho dlHHldciilM, 
 
 KiikIU'iI the llanio of a llcrce, bloody, and 
 
 IdcMiliitliig civil war, wblrh r.iged during 
 
 Itlio years I7U0, 1770, and 1771 ; In the mbbt 
 
 |uf wlilcli, the inlHeralile Poles were vlxlted 
 
 ■with the poHtllence, which swept off SQO.ooo 
 
 lot tlH) population. The part which the king 
 
 ^if Poland took against the dlssldeiits, 
 
 caused a conspiracy to bo formed to assas- 
 
 lliiate liliii. In November 1771 ; from which 
 
 Ritciniit upon his life bo escaped alinoHt 
 
 by n miracle. Many of tho coiisplratorM 
 
 limt their lives by the hands ot tliu execu- 
 
 tldiicr. 
 
 I AnioiigHt tho Poles tho love of freedom 
 
 pill liiiig prevailed, without the spirit of 
 
 tiiiioii. A kingdom fertile and extensive 
 
 Iti that of Poland, torn by InteHMiio c(mi- 
 
 hidtioiiH, and unprovided with the nieaim 
 
 bf Bcif-defenco, presented a niont alluring 
 
 broHpect to its powerful neighbours. The 
 
 eciiMires n'lilch have been passed on the 
 
 jroat southern klngdonis of Kurope, for 
 
 flic tameness nnd unconcern with which 
 
 llicy looked on and saw a noble kingdom 
 
 ^lulilated.are In reality iiniueaiiliig charges. 
 
 ilad the states of the empire, France, and 
 
 Ihu maritime powers, joined In a lietero- 
 
 k'liiMiim league with the courts of Rtocklioini 
 
 iiict Copenhagen; had I hey oven engaged 
 
 flic nitomans In tho alliance, what could 
 
 lliclr fiillextexertlons have availed towards 
 
 cciiriiifT Poland from tho depredations i<f 
 
 llirce powers capable of bringing Ave or six 
 
 luiidred thousand men Into tho field? 
 
 fk'cts would liavo been Inellectunl In a 
 
 KiitCBt carried on In the centre of Knrope. 
 
 Ilieso confederating iiowers could bavo 
 
 Irought no force equal to that possessed by 
 
 liu partitioning iirinces. In fact, the latter, 
 
 ly tliclr union, had elfectualiy prevented all 
 
 niuiiipts to form an opposition capable ot 
 
 liwartlng their designs. 
 
 [It Is needless to mention the frivolous 
 
 ■id obscure claims which vcro set up by 
 
 lie three partitioning powers to tho terrl- 
 
 Vies which they designed to appropriate : 
 
 t is Bufllclent to descrlbo tho countries 
 
 ililfh were thus forcibly wrested. The 
 
 liiims of Austria comprehended the soutli- 
 
 fii parts of Little Poland, and tho whole of 
 
 led UuBsla, with Procutia. Tho royal salt 
 
 ■lues at Wleluska, Uorhnla, and other 
 
 paces In Little Poland, were comprehended 
 
 I tho territory thus seized. The produce 
 
 t these mines supplied the king with a part 
 
 I Ills prlvato revenue. Tho whole ot the 
 
 krritory wrested by Austria contains about 
 
 brce hundred miles from cast to west, and 
 
 fo hundred from north to south. Tho 
 
 Istrlct seized upon by the empress of 
 
 psla, was the whole of Polish Livonia, 
 
 pd that part of Lithuania which borders 
 
 p the Russian empire, and extends over 
 
 lat duchy even beyond the river Bercslna ; 
 
 le wholo lying under nioro than four 
 
 kgrccB of latitude, but much less cou- 
 
 Biderablo In width. Tho king of I'msMla 
 took posBesslon of all tho western parts of 
 Pomeranln, bounded on tho soutl<i>,.<-d by 
 tho river Not/,, t.igether with tho whol-! of 
 Polish Prussia; tho citica of Uantxig and 
 Thorn only excepted. To this territory Iki 
 gave the name of New Prussia. Am these 
 coiiiiiries form the southern shores of tho 
 llnltlc,Mnd give the command of the Vistula, 
 they were highly Important to n monarch 
 whose domlnlonr', before this aninlHltlon, 
 could not furnish a deep, convenient, and 
 ciipaclons barbnnr for shipping. The pn< 
 iitical views of tho king of Prussia thereby 
 became much enlarged, being directed to 
 commercial and niarltlme objects. 
 
 Tho Inhabitants of tb** countries thus 
 disiiiembered were reriulred, by the mani- 
 festos, to take oaths of allegiance and 
 llilellty to their new sovereigns, within n 
 very short space of time, on i>aln of for- 
 feiting their estates. Tho Independent 
 siiiritof the PoIIbIi nobility could III brook 
 such mandates : many ehoso rather to 
 abandon their country and estates and 
 submit to voluntary exile, carrying with 
 them such parts of thi-lr property as tho 
 short time allotted them would enable them 
 to collect. The eonllscatlon of these estates 
 was an object of great consequence to each 
 sovereign: Itbelngacruel policy constantly 
 practised Ity Invaders and usurpers, to o|i- 
 |)ress and ruin the native nobility. In order 
 to provide for their own adherents. Tho 
 empress of lliisiiia, however, conductetl 
 these pro8cri|illons with less sc^verlty than 
 her two riiiifederiites. This incuiorabiu 
 event took place In September 1773. 
 
 The king of Poland, unable to niako any 
 effectual opposition to these violent acts of 
 power, was at length Induced to give his 
 sanction to tho partition, by being put Into 
 jxissesslon of a rich territory, which was 
 rendered hereditary In his family, and 
 which was guaranteed by the three courts ; 
 i besides which, a largo sum of money, to 
 I eiiiible him to pny off his heavy debts, was 
 , p.'cseiited to liini as the further price for 
 this his sacrinco of duty to tyranny. Still, 
 however, to add Insult to injury, a diet was 
 caMed, the memliers of which, by tho most 
 undisguised violence, were compelled to 
 givO their votes to ratify the alienation of 
 so great a part of tho kingdom. It was 
 tliought, however, that this change of go- 
 vernment, though brought about without 
 any colour of justice, or plausible claim of 
 right, miglit, after the convulsions caused 
 by its first estabilsliment had subsided, 
 tend to enlarge tho sum of human happi- 
 ness in those districts, as well as to render 
 tho country more wealthy and flcmrishing, 
 as the oppressions of tho nobility wero 
 likely to be greatly restrained, and the con- 
 dition of the peasantry to bo considerably 
 amended. 
 
 That tho three great northern powers 
 should concur In the design of dismember- 
 ing Poland, by mutually acknowledging 
 and supporting each other's claims, ap- 
 j-.eared so essentially necessary to tho ac- 
 complishment of the purpose, that each 
 became disposed to lay aside those jealou- 
 sies and bickerings which subsiated against 
 
■m-rSX* 
 
 740 
 
 C()e CiCAifurtt or ^iiinx^t ^t. 
 
 tho others, and, for tlie wko of further- 
 lug Us own particular lutcn-st, to ansUt In 
 ■trcngthenluR its rival*. To tho omprcM 
 of RuMia, indeed, tho claims of Austria and 
 Prussia must havo liccn iiartlciiliirly un- 
 welcome; for sho gavo up tliat unbounded 
 iuOueuco aud authority which Hho hud 
 acquired in tlio distracted kingdnni, for n 
 territory little adoquato to tho Iohs of such 
 power ; hut this concession wns nwiUo to 
 purchase a contlnuanco of tho good uuder- 
 stonding that sulisltttod between liernnd tho 
 court of VIeniiii, and to check thoHodeMlgna 
 Which were forming by tlio latter court to 
 reduce tho aHccndant fortuneti of llussia : 
 BO that mutual jealousies, In fact, cemented 
 the great northern confederacy, which may 
 bo consUiered as tho forerunner of a very 
 Important ruvolutloulu tho political system 
 of Europe. 
 
 By tho exertions nnd abilities of tlio king 
 of Poland, wliirli llio general sense of 
 misery and degradation, occasioned liy in- 
 testine anarchy and sovereign Interference, 
 contributed very essentially to render ef- 
 fectual, a new constitution was set tli>d for 
 Poland on tlio3rd of Mny 1701, by which the 
 catholic faith was declared to 1)0 tho esta- 
 blished religion of tiio country, butatolera- 
 tion was extended to ail rellgicms pcrsua- 
 Hiims. Tho peasants nnd vllliigcrs were 
 relieved from tlmt slavish dependence on 
 their lords which caused tlieni to be con- 
 sidered as no other than appendages to tlic 
 soli, and a perfect aud entire liberty was de- 
 clui-ed to all pcoitlo. 
 
 For a few years Poland appeared to 
 flourish ; and tliat part of it wlilcli was 
 left to Stanislaus w.'is greatly henellted by 
 Ills judicious introduction of artisans from 
 France and otlior countries, under wliosc 
 Buperintendenco tho manufactures of tho 
 country were carried on to considerable 
 advantage. But tliough the Poles were at- 
 tached to their king, they saw, wltii indig- 
 nation and distrust, the prospect of being 
 still further humliied and reduced l)y tlie 
 tliree self-elected arbiters of a nation's fate. 
 Kur was it long before their apprehensions 
 were sadly veriflcd. 
 
 The French revolution had just broken 
 out ; and the Kusslan empress, fearing, per- 
 haps, tho effect of such nn example upon 
 a warlike peoi>lc, agreed witli tho king of 
 Prussia to make such new division of the 
 Polish territories as should render all at- 
 tempts fruitless which they might make to 
 recover their independence. 
 
 The Polish nation, aware of its Impend- 
 ing fate, resolved to oppose this design by 
 a general, vigorous, and unanimous effort. 
 For this purpose, being convinced that 
 tlielr ancient elective and monarchical form 
 of government was dcfoctlve in its prin- 
 ciple, and injurious to tho state in its ef- 
 fects, the Poles, under tho sanction of tho 
 kins of Prussia, framed a new constitu- 
 tion. In which, among other changes, tiio 
 crown was rendered hereditary. Whilst 
 almost every sovereign in Europe approved 
 of this revolution, tho empress of llussia 
 alono expressed her disapprobation, aud 
 tendered her powerful aid to a few discon- 
 tented nobles who had entered Into a con- 
 
 federacy to oppose tbonew coustUutluiiul 
 Targovltii. I 
 
 llely lug upon the protection of ttaoldnil 
 of Prussia, wlio had engaged to pruvrnil 
 tlio Interference of any foreign Power witJ 
 tho Internal concerns of Poland, thu PuIm 
 were not Intimidated at the hostile iirci.anL 
 tlonsof llussia. Hut their hopes were niUtrtl 
 bly disappointed. Frederick WiUiuni, \vhe|l 
 appealed to, refused to espouse their ciiuiif 
 and they were left to engage sliigU'-ljiindetl 
 with the whole forces of tiiu l!iii«|||l 
 empire. Oatherlno liuiiicdiately iiiuicbej 
 an army into Poland ; and BtanislauH raltej 
 a consideral)lo force, wiiicii was vlm-A 
 under the command of his nephew, iirlndT 
 •losepli PoiilatowskI : but the Pollsli mJ 
 arcli, desirous of averting tlio inl^crk'gd 
 war, acceded to tho terms of HiifHl(i,«,l 
 nulled tlie now constitution, andatloweiliii)! 
 ItusslaiiH to take |)ossessiou of his caiiji 
 This occurred in 170.1. 
 
 Having proved so fur fortunate, CitthcrliJ 
 resolved to secure her dominatldii ovJ 
 Poland by still more weakening ItsiHmtJ 
 and, in coiise(iuoncc, agreed upon a {iirHigT 
 partition of this despoiled kiiigdotii, i 
 coiijunction with the king of PruHBla.wjiL 
 seized as his siiaro the cities of Thurii aiij 
 Dantzic. Amazed, but Irritated, at tliUml 
 of aggressive duiilicity, and deluded by tJ 
 ambiguous answers of tlio lliisslaii nmU 
 sador, the confederates of Targovit/, imii 
 tiie nation to rise in defence of tlie iiiti'Krii|| 
 of tlio kingdom ; and tills call was ukyej 
 with singular alacrity. Tiie Ilussliiii Vim 
 were, liowever, now ordered to act In cuiil 
 cert witli tliose of Pru^isia ; and tlie cmirt 
 of Petersburg and Berlin, openly avuwli 
 their Intention of effecting a furllur iji. 
 memberment of Poland, forcibly obtHludI 
 tho silent assent of the diet of Grudiioii 
 this initiuitous measure. 
 
 Tho indignation of tiio Polish pntrloi 
 was now raised to tlie highest pilclj, ai 
 they Instantly resolved to make one iuiin| 
 desperate and linai effort to restore tij 
 freedom of their country. With aiiiazin) 
 rapidity a general insurrection was urti 
 nised, and as tho king had lost tliu coiiM 
 denco of the nation by his weakness, ilHf 
 troops unanimously placed at their hm, 
 tho celel»ratcd count Tlmddeus Kosclust] 
 a young man of liigh birth Imt siiialHoil 
 tune, who had been educated in thu mill 
 tary school at Warsaw, and had served i 
 aide-de-camp to general Waslilugton In tin 
 Americdn war of Independence. Madalit 
 ska, a Polish general, raised the standai 
 of revolt, and, in conjunclrfon with Kosc 
 usko, took Cracow, from which city thq 
 issued an address to the nation, and eigne 
 ail act declaratory of their motives .iiidii 
 tentions. Kosciusko was tlien placed atii 
 head of tho army aud of tho republic, will 
 unlimited power. 
 
 Tho first operation of tho severe contM 
 that Immediately ensued proved favourabli 
 to the patriots, who routed a llusslaii am 
 of superior force near Cracow, and cxpeUii 
 tliem from Wiino. Mcaiiwliile, the Riissin 
 ambassador compelled Stanislaus to deelt 
 the insurgents rebels, and demanded i 
 surrender oX tbe arsenals. This deu 
 
CIj( VHitavn aC |3Qlantr. 
 
 747 
 
 lusotbonew Gouitllutlouul 
 
 t the protection of the kinil 
 lie liad engaged to iirovenJ 
 c of nuy foreign jiowir w:ii 
 )ucern8 of Poland, tliu Vu\ti 
 Idated nt tlio liU8tllfi>rc'|.aii- 
 lUit tholr ho|)eB were nii«i't>l 
 'd. Frederick ■Wllllinn, wiml 
 fiiBod to eBiiouao their cauit I 
 left to engage Blngle-lmnilJ 
 )lti forcva uf tlm ItiisMiil 
 erlno liunicdlatcly iiiiii'cli«l 
 ■oland ; and BtanUlaii» ralMil 
 B force, which wan iil;ict(| 
 nnnnd ot IiIh nephew, iirliiR 
 owHki : hut the roUfli luiji^ 
 of averting the nilscrk'jL 
 to the terms of ItusHlD.ml 
 ronHtltutlon. andalldweihlitl 
 ike poHSUHBiuu of hU caiJitt' 
 In iron. , 
 
 ed BO fur fortunate, CatlierliJ 
 ecuro her donilnutlim wA 
 1 nioro weakening lt8iKmr| 
 luonce, nKi'iied upon !i tiirtliaT 
 (his desi>tillcd klUKiliini, ii 
 •1th the king of rrussla, \\l> 
 nharc the clllea of Tlimii mi 
 ized, hut Irritated, at tlilnai 
 duiiUclty, and deluded by aJ 
 iHwers of the llusalau niiiUi 
 federates of Targovltz iiivltl 
 rise in defence of the liitegriij 
 iiu ; and this call wa» oljuytl 
 alacrity. The llusslaii fgrcd 
 r, now ordered to act in tJ 
 30 of rrussla J and the coutu 
 r and lierlin, openly ariiwiB) 
 )n of effecting a further lUt 
 of Toland, forclhly obtHluil 
 cnt of the diet of (iruduon 
 8 measure. 
 
 atlon of tlio Polish iiHtriM 
 
 ed to the Iilghcst pitch, aiL 
 
 resolved to make one luori 
 
 llnal effort to restoio tlK| 
 
 lielr country. With niiiMln) 
 
 neral Insurrection was ori 
 
 the king had lost the coiii^ 
 
 nation by his weaknnss, llii 
 
 mously placed at their Leil 
 
 " count Thaddeus KosciiisliiJ 
 
 of high birth but siiiall foti 
 
 d been educated in the luillf 
 
 t Warsaw, and Lad served i 
 
 to general Washington intbi 
 
 r of Independence. Madalij 
 
 general, raised the stanilail 
 
 1, In conjunction with Km 
 
 racow, from which city tha 
 
 rcsa to the nation, and elgiel 
 
 atory of their motives and Ir 
 
 isclusko was then placed attl 
 
 rmy and of tUo republic, Till 
 
 wer. 
 
 deration of the severe conta 
 tely ensued proved favourabi 
 a, who routed a Kusslaii aruf 
 irce near Cracow, and expend 
 Una. Meanwhile, the Russir 
 ompelled Stanislaus to dccli 
 ts rebels, and demanded t 
 the arseualB. This deir* 
 
 kruve the Inhabitants to desperation ; they 
 lew to nrmi, and after a saugulnary contest 
 b( forty-eight hours, tlio llusslans weru 
 Irlvcn out of Warsaw with linnionao 
 Ijaiightrr; and preparations were imme- 
 Ijately made, under the dlntctlons of Koscl- 
 lalto, who repaired to the capital, to repel 
 by future attack. 
 If the contest had hitherto been unenuiil, 
 ( WAS now rendered much more so. Aus- 
 risliad entered Into tho views of nussia 
 jnd Prussia; and powerful armies advanced 
 |u every side. After an obNtinate battle 
 ho king of Prussia defeated KoscluHko, 
 ^k possession of Cracow, and marched 
 iwurds Warsaw, wliero tlie enraged popn- 
 ico had committed great excesses. His 
 ■tferii ot occommodatlon having been re- 
 fected, he laid siege to tho capital, but be- 
 hg R'liulsed in u llerco attack upon tho 
 iiiruuchcd camp of tlio confederates, ho 
 |iM eventually compelled to abandon this 
 ntrriirlso, after a fruitless siege of two 
 huutliH. 
 
 I Paring tho timo thoso events took place 
 Warsaw, tho Russians under Siiwarrof 
 Bd defeated tho Poles, at Itrv/esk, and ge- 
 triii Fersen was endeavouring to unite his 
 brros with tho grand Russian army. Kos- 
 lusko hastened to prevent tills junction ; 
 lit In an obstinate battle against the su- 
 Brlor forces of general Fersen, the Poles 
 icro routed, and their gallant chief hav- 
 ^g been wounded and taken prisoner, was 
 urried as an exllo to tho dreary regions of 
 Iberia. As far, however, as loss of lll)erty 
 nd expatriation could bo rendered endu- 
 Ible, it was, under all circumstances, so 
 Indeied in tlio present Instance, more than 
 fdiiiary attention having been paid in pro- 
 fdlng him not only with suitable apart- 
 leati, but with books, drawing materials, 
 Ir. tor his recreation and amusement: an 
 Idulgcuce rarely granted to Rustilan cai)- 
 Ivcs. 
 
 iDeeply was tho loss of their beloved Thad- 
 
 liis deplored by tho Poles ; and though it 
 
 id not utterly break tho spirit of tho i)a- 
 
 Tiots, it nevertheless proved falal to their 
 
 luse. Suwarrof advanced williout o|)i)o- 
 
 Jioii under tho very walls of AVarsaw; 
 
 Id the Polish generals took post in tho 
 
 Ibarbs of Pniga, on tho o]iposlto bank of 
 
 le Vistula. On tho 4th of November 1795, 
 
 Jey were vigorously assaulted by Suwarrof, 
 
 the head of 60,000 men. The contest 
 
 ged more than eight hours ; but it ter- 
 
 limted in the utter destruction of tho 
 
 bllsh army, whoso shattered remains rc- 
 
 |cd Into the city of Warsaw. The citizens 
 
 Ithe capital surrendered to the coiKjuerors, 
 
 po pillaged the city, and put to the sword 
 
 nrly 30,000 Individuals, sparing neither 
 
 e nor sex. Tho troops endeavoured to 
 
 l:ce their way through the enemy's lines ; 
 
 It nearly the whole of them were cut to 
 
 tees. 
 
 piaud, now laid prostrate, witnessed the 
 Ixu-ture of Its last king, who, summoned 
 I St. Petersburg, was compelled to ab- 
 ate his throne. The final partition of 
 i kingdom, by the sovereigns of Austria, 
 ^ssla, and Prussia, was not long delayed, 
 reasiou was settled on the ex-king, who 
 
 rellred first to (Iroduo, but on tho death of 
 Catherine, In 171W, he went to St. Petersburg, 
 where ho was treated with much rosi«ct 
 and attention by the otniieror Paul, at whose 
 court ho resided till hlsdeath. Fortunately 
 for Kosciusko, and tho Polish patriots In 
 general, tho new emperor hioked on them 
 Willi more than u pitying eye : he not only 
 restored tho former to liberty, but made 
 him tho most liberal offers to remain In his 
 service : they were, however, respectfully 
 declined : and the heroic chief, after spend- 
 ing somo little timo In England, went to 
 America, where ho remained a few years, 
 and on lils return to Kuroiip, chose Franco 
 as ills rcMldence, and settled near Fontalnc- 
 blcau. All the Polish patriots In tho Uussluu 
 prisons were released by tlio emporor Paul 
 and those wlio had been sent to Siberia, of 
 wlioin tlicro were not less than 12,000, were 
 recalled. But many of the bravest Poles, 
 who had fought with Kosciusko, mado their 
 esciipc, entered tlio French service, and 
 were formed Into separiilo battallrms, dis- 
 llngulslied by Uuoiinparte as his Polish 
 legloiiH. 
 
 When tho emperor Alexander succeeded 
 to the tiirone, In 1801, his coiuluct towards 
 tiic Poles was not less liberal than that of 
 Paul, his father, had been. Contrary to 
 tho plan pursued by the other two powers, 
 ho scrupled not to bestow high offlces on 
 natives of tho country, and preserved to 
 them their ancient laws and privileges, 
 lilthiyiiila (the Russian portion) was divided 
 into eight districts, with a governor over 
 each, but all these governors were Lithu- 
 anian nobles ; and the members of tho diet 
 were elected by tho people. The peasants 
 wero still held in feudal bondage, but 
 encouragement was given to many plans 
 whicii tended to their improvement, both 
 nionilly and Intellectually. 
 
 Not long after Ruonnparto reached the Im- 
 perial dignity, one of his favourite schemes 
 was that of freeing tho Poles from the aub- 
 jjctlon of the three great northern powers, 
 and availing himself of tho services of that 
 hardy and warlike race, of whose valour 
 and physical capabilities he had had ample 
 proofs In his lato campaigns. Ho accord- 
 ingly visited Kosciusko, who was still re- 
 siding near Fontalnebleau; and endea- 
 voured to persuade him to take up arms, 
 onco more, for tho land of his birth ; but 
 the gallant hero doubted tho sincerity of 
 the Ciallic emperor's professions, suspecting 
 that he only desired to rescue Poland from 
 Its present masters. In order to add it to his 
 own empire ; he, therefore, declined his 
 overtures : but thoug'i Kosciusko refused, 
 there were thousands of others who flocked 
 to Ills standard, and Buonaparte pursued 
 his plan of comtuest. Tho event of the 
 battle of Jena, fought with tho Prussians 
 In 1806, put him in possession of Warsaw, 
 and all that part of Polnnd which had been 
 annexed to Prussia : this territory ho form- 
 ed into a separate state, which he called 
 the grand duchy of Warsaw; and, uniting 
 it to Saxony, he gave to the klncrof that 
 country tiio additional title of grand duke 
 of Warsaw. 
 
 Tho dismembered country, which now 
 
< 
 
 748 
 
 €hf €i'ftiim\} o. itiiitatUt ^t. 
 
 DrHt. recclvrd Intcriinl o-'Ur from forclmi 
 liiiMdit, continued n tl.lK (roi.dtlnn till No- 
 viniber IBOfl, wlu-ii N"ii()lcoir% victoric* led 
 tlio pinlirrnnt I'olei, under Doi^browskl, to 
 Potcn mid Wariaw. By tlie tcrmH of tlio 
 pcaroof TlUlt, JulvO, 1807, t)ie greater pnrt 
 of tlio PruMlan I'oliih prnvin on wan form- 
 ed Into tlio diioliy of Wiir!<aw, wlilrh rr- 
 cvlvodanormanruler In tlio kltiKof Piixoiiy, 
 ■nd, at tho lamo time with tlio Krcnrli 
 code, a oonititntlon iilmilar to tlio Kreiirli, 
 1>y wlilrli ImndiiKO wnw nlmllKliiHl. Pniit/.lc 
 wall to liiivo liccn it rciiulilJR iiiidor (lie pro- 
 tection of rriiDRla and Hnxoiiy, but re- 
 mained a French place of arm«. The Brain h 
 iMJRtowcd on tho French otllrer*, hik* ill 
 moro tho continental RyMtciii wlilcli 'In- 
 Rtroycd all trade, exhiuiHted tho (xihilc 
 revcnuog, no that Poland, amid 'ill It- tm 
 tiinil wrnltli, experienced the l.il' of Tnii- 
 talus. The nccegslty oi furnlHli:>,' trooi)8 
 for tho French scrvfco wh« nlrr> ;i < liock on 
 tho proHperlty of the nctv gt.ite, and nniil- 
 lillated all that Pnitnla Imd effected >\t 
 irreattncrlllcen. Yet Mio woollen niid cotton 
 iiiiuiufactureR, tlmt had ki'owii up In Voseii 
 and Bromborg, iistaiiiol theinBelves. The 
 govornmont of tlio duchy did everything 
 rractlcablo under such unfavourable cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 Tho war between Frniicpniid Anstrin, in 
 1800, Biiffineiited, Indeed, t|i,) snlferlngH of 
 tho country, but rtcvelomd, to an extra- 
 ordinary degree, tho military energies of 
 tho people. Under tho command of Poiii- 
 Bfowgkl and French oltlcers, tho Polluli 
 troops rivalled the best troops of Franco 
 111 valour. They advanced to Cracow, and 
 tho peace of Vienna (Oct. H, 1800) annexed 
 Western Gallcia to the duchy of Warsaw, 
 which had hitherto contained .10,000 square 
 iiiiles, with 2,200,000 Inhabitants; so tlint 
 Jt now coinprlm-d (10,000 square miles, with 
 a,7flo,00O Inhabitants, and furnished a well- 
 equipped army of 60.000 men, which fought 
 In Bpain with great bravery. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the old na- 
 tional pride revived ; their former boun- 
 daries, a native king, and tho restoration 
 of the name of Poland, were tho unanimous 
 wish of the nation. On this wish, which 
 lie artfully encouraged. Napoleon founded 
 his plan of attack upon Russia, in 1812, 
 which he styled the second Polish war. Ho 
 contrived that a general Polish confedera- 
 tion, In Warsaw (June 28, 1812), should 
 Bolfnnly proclaim the restorntlou of Po- 
 lai.il; hui ,un .irdour was not universal. 
 The nxertions of tho duchy, ■.'■l-tch mijcu 
 Upwards m 30, 'ii men, wc n the most 
 1) -t ri "J ;itil uie'iCss by Napoleon's method 
 oi u.igliigwar. Tormassofl kept the Lithu- 
 nnians in check, and, instead of the myriads 
 of whom Napoleon boasted that he should 
 And on horseback at his command, only a 
 few battalions of volunteers assembled. 
 
 Meanwhile Russia assumed the adminis- 
 tration of the whole duchy, Dantzic, with 
 Its territory, reverted to Russia, and tho 
 congress at Vienna (in May 1815) decided 
 the fate of the country,—!. The city of 
 Cracow, with its territory, was to be go- 
 verned by its own laws, as a free and Inde- 
 liundont republic ;~2. Tho country on tlio 
 
 rl^ht bank of tho Vistula, with thorirJ 
 of Tainapola, which had been ( ( >li'i| iJ 
 llusila by the peace of Vienna, was rim,,,^ 
 to Austria;— 3. Tho circles of Oiilni mJ 
 .Mlchelan.tho city of Thorn and its tcrrltun] 
 tlio department of Posen, with tho cirf J 
 tlon of tho circles of Poritz and I'ojfuc,, 
 and part of tho department of KiiIImcIi,^ 
 far as tho Prozim, excluding tho (iiyilijL 
 circle of that name, were ceded i, \\, 
 kiMgof PrusNin, whounitedDant7.lc,Tliirrt| 
 fill II, and Miclielaii with West Ilut<Kiii,iiJ 
 fr' III the reiiuiliidcr (ll,<flO square iniitT 
 
 V Ml iM.ooo Inhiililtants) formed tlioRni^ 
 .ih-ii of I'osen, and appointed prince im 
 •',v;i',\ i<(vv : nior. All the rent was uniiiil 
 
 V th Mil Itnssian empire, under the ma 
 of the 'k'ngdoiii of Poland,' but w|iii4 
 '"larato adinlnistratlon, and such n tr 
 I >. ini extent as tlio Russian emperoriluJ 
 sCi (It. Tho emperor Alexander, thprofiii> 
 assumed tho title of czar and kliigof I'olaiijj 
 MUd received hoinngo In Warsaw. 
 
 Poland, though thus divided, prrwi 
 Its name and language, as the trcntki 
 Vienna secured to all Poles who wcrcmii 
 jects of rliher of the three powers, suclm 
 organisation as tended to moliitnlii tliu 
 national existence. A polish charter 
 accordingly promulgated (Nov. 37, liiii| 
 The government of the country wa« liii(| 
 vested 111 n iiatlvo Pole, ns lleutcimnt 
 tlio kingdom, unless one of tho lin|m 
 princes should be appointed viceroy. Tin 
 was rendered nugatory by the prcHcnrc 
 the tyrannical Constantino, as coiiiiniindi 
 In-chief. Equality of religious scetK. gi 
 soiial security, liberty of the press, tlif 
 tiro poxsesslon of all cmployincnii<, rii 
 and military, In tlic country, by Pules, \vi 
 among tho promises of the charter; m 
 tlioso rights were to bo secured by a 
 tlonal diet, composed of two cliamliers. 
 
 But these promises were kept only toil 
 car : restrictions on the press, nrlilini 
 imprisonment, and punishments; Imuli 
 added to Injuries; a solemn mockery ot 
 diet, which was not allowed to cxercli 
 any real authority; the violation of ev 
 article of tho charter by a Russliin Imrli 
 rian ; peculation and extortion practised 
 the inferior officers ;— these were some 
 the features of the Russian government 
 Poland. 
 
 On the death of Alexander (Dcccm 
 1823) and tho accession of Nicholas, a en 
 spiracy broke out in Russia, and, on ri 
 tence that It expended to Warsaw, sevei 
 hundred pcrso»«i« were arrested In Polm 
 and a commission constituted, contrary 
 tho provisions of the charter, to ciniuli 
 Into tho affair. The only discovery ol IW 
 inquisitorial trllmnal was, that secret 
 cictlcs had exlstt'd In Poland since I 
 In May 1829, Nicholas was crowned 
 Warsaw. In 1828, Iiowever.asecrctsocii 
 had been liisiiRiit^'.', for tho purpose 
 gaining over tljie oncers of ttio army totli(| 
 cause of Indept-ndenco ; and tothclrageni 
 Is the insurrection of 1430 to be attribul 
 It appears, neven uelcss, that it was Imi 
 dlately occaslov d by a sham conspiiwl 
 got up by the Kussfnn police, who hadtlM 
 induced a number oi younff '«« .n id kinj 
 
Clje IQfiftdri; at |3aTntitr. 
 
 749 
 
 f tlio Vlitulii, with the dJ 
 , which had hcfii ((It'll 
 I i)c»co of Vloiinn, wai rcntoi^', 
 -3. Tlio rlrclci of Culm nmL 
 city of Thorii and lt« territ irjl 
 [•lit of I'oMMi, with the tinf 
 clrclci of I'orlti ar.d I'cymn 
 the departmi'iit of Knllwin 
 tdWin, cucludllig the rityniil 
 nt iimno, wcro ceded tn iiJ 
 <lii, whounltPd DantzlcThinl 
 iclielnti with Wc»t Ilu«i»la,u(l 
 iimliKlcr (11,400 iMiimro uilh" 
 lulmliltnnts) fornu-d tlicuniit 
 (en, mid nppolntod prliirc U 
 lor. All tlio rcht wu» unlij 
 ssliui empire, under the uaf 
 sdom of rohind,' hut wliinl 
 iilnUtratlon, and «uch n torn 
 ; ns the IlURalan cuiperorilinuL 
 einperor Alexander, thrrctdfl 
 title of czar and kln»rof PulaM 
 I h('in«K() In War»aw. 
 inuKh thus divided, prcwr 
 id limguiige, as the trentU'sJ 
 ir«d to all Poles who were uil 
 er of the three powers, •ucliil 
 I as tended to malntnlii tld 
 Istence. A polish chiirterni 
 
 promulgated (Nov. 2:,Ulil 
 iment of the country w«« tnJ 
 k native I'olo, n§ Ucuteimnt € 
 in, unlesn ono of the liiiiKTiil 
 uld he appointed viceroy. TtiJ 
 ed nugntory hy the presonccf 
 Pill <!()iiHtantliu', ns conimiiw 
 (luullty of religious scct^l« 
 Ity, liberty of the press, tlif ii 
 don nf all employnicntii, rid 
 r, In the country, by I'olw.wtn 
 
 promises of the charter; di 
 8 were to ho secured l>y at 
 composed of two elmnilicrs. 
 
 promises were kept only tot« 
 ctlons on the press, nrliltnr* 
 ■nt, and punishments; liisniiil 
 ilurles ; a solemn mockery oli 
 1 was not Bllowcd to cxerclij 
 
 ithorlty ; the violation of em 
 he charter by a Uusslim Iwi* 
 
 itlon and extortion practUcdlJ 
 offlcers;- these wore somed 
 
 of the Uusslan government d 
 
 eatli of Alexander (Deccinb 
 10 accession of Nicholas, » cmj 
 ke out In Russia, and, on r« 
 It cjniended to Warsaw, Rcven 
 rso«« were arrested In Vom 
 nlsslon constituted, contnirjM 
 ons of the charter, to ciui«W 
 fttr. The only discovery ot ttii 
 tril'unal was, that serret r 
 existed tn Poland since IS 
 M, Nicholas was crowned 
 n 182S, however, a secret soclei 
 i.stfftut^'-', for the purpose^ 
 r ib(e oncers of the army tolMl 
 iep»^nd«<nco ; and to their agenif 
 rectloi> of li*ao to he attriliutetl 
 nevert ueless, that It was lm»l 
 *lor,'d by a sham consplrifll 
 le Uusslan police, who hadtimi 
 lUniUci- ^ f younf **»■«« lo l«""(| 
 
 h(,|ii«elTC«, and cMwded the prisons with 
 jielr virtlixs. Not only the Polish ofllcers, 
 llio youth I r the military school, and the 
 tudenti, hail ix (ii gained over to tho cnuso 
 ^ Ihe patriots; Imt tlin nrreater part of tho 
 Htl7,('ii», and the chief noiilcs, were ready to 
 nfouraK'' an effort to save llicmsflve* 
 jom what they now foresaw— the ordipa- 
 Enii of Poland hy a llusHlnn army, and the 
 Lsrchlng of thti PoIIkIi troops to the south 
 tfiurope. 
 
 I Bui-h was tho state of things when tho 
 Liurrcctlon of Warsaw hrokcout, Nov. ll», 
 no. A young officer entered the military 
 Ehool, on tho evening of that day, and 
 hllcd the youth to arms. They Immedl- 
 Icly proceeded to Uelvldero, tho residence 
 I C(iii»tantlne, al)iiut two miles from the 
 Ity, fur the purpose of selling his person. 
 |icy were Joined, on the way, l>y the stii- 
 fenti nf the university, and forced their 
 hy Into tho palace ; hut the prlnco was 
 bnceslcd In a clolhes-pres», hy a servant, 
 }itll ho could make his escape hy a Nccrct 
 Mir. Another party of radets and siudenls 
 iiiei the streets, calling the clti/.ens to 
 nil, and they were Joined bv the Polish 
 hiu|i8. The arsenal was seized, with 40,(K)0 
 land of arms, and tho Insurrection now 
 (ramo general. On tho next morning 
 Looo troops and citizens were In arms, 
 Id tlio Uuiilans were expelled from War- 
 w. 
 
 riio administrative council was summon- 
 
 I to preserve order ; and, to give more In- 
 
 lioiK^o to Its measures, sevenil of the most 
 
 Vingulaliod Poles wore Invited to sit with 
 
 r Measures were taken for tho organisa- 
 
 hii of a national guard, and of a new police 
 
 Id niunlct|>al government. On the 3rd of 
 
 >rcmber, the prince was allowed to leave 
 
 e nelghlMurhood of Warsaw, with three 
 
 glments of Russian ravalry, and two ro- 
 
 picnts of Infantry, without opposii >n. 
 
 I the 6th, general Cloplckl was proclu.m- 
 
 dictutor till tho meeting of the diet, 
 
 kich was convoked for tho I8th. Mcan- 
 
 klle Nicholas issued a proclamation, In 
 
 lich hedcclared that no concessions could 
 
 I made to the rebels, and, on tho 2-ltli, 
 
 tithcr, addressed to the Russians, telling 
 
 tni that tho Polos had dared to propose 
 
 bditions to their legitimate master : ' God,' 
 
 (adds, ' is with us, and in a single battle 
 
 I ahall he able to reduce to submission 
 
 f»e disturbers of tho peace.' January 24 
 
 I Polish diet, which had been opened on 
 1 18th of December, declared tho absolute 
 Icpcndcnce of Poland, and the termlna- 
 
 II of the Russian dominion, and on tho 
 b, that the Polish throne was vacant. 
 Llthough tho immediate cuuso of this 
 lolutlou wad the severe punishment In- 
 ked on tho pupils of tho military aca- 
 ny, 08 before stated, there is no doubt 
 |t the Poles were encouraged to make 
 
 I attempt by the sncceag that had ai- 
 ded the Parisians in the preceding July, 
 «cure to them a constitutional goverii- 
 nt. The object of tho Polish revolu- 
 |il»tB, however, was not to withdraw 
 oiaelves entirely from the authority of 
 I Ruislan emperor, but only to maintain 
 i privlleget tli^t were guaranteed to tbem 
 
 at tho Congress of Vienna, and to get rid 
 of tho tyriinnoiis vlceroyshlp of tho grand- 
 duke C'oiistantliie. They had now, however, 
 drawn tho sword ; and although two com- 
 inlHsloiiers were sent to Ht. Peterslmrg. to 
 endeavour to effect an arrangement, the 
 emperor refused to listen to them, and 
 denounced the revolted Poles as traitors to 
 whom no lenitr would bo shown. 
 
 Miii'slinl Dlebltsch, who had so success- 
 fully conducted tho war with tho Turks, 
 entered Poland at tlio head of a large army. 
 Ho advanced as far as Warsaw, and wni 
 victorious over the Poles near the walls of 
 their capital, February 39, isai (the loss of 
 the Poles Is stated to have been S.BOO, that 
 (if their enemies 4, BOO); hut when prince 
 llndzlvil reslKiied thecomnmndon the 28th, 
 mid Hkr/.yiu'ckl, then only a colonel, was 
 appointed In his piace, tho Polish cause 
 galiu'd strength. TliU bravo olllcer, thimgh 
 lliially unsuccessful, like tho heroic Kos- 
 ciusko, proved that ho deserved a better 
 fate. March ill, he was victorious over the 
 Ilnssinns In a night attack. Re advanced 
 cautiously, nnd, favoured by tho darkness 
 of tho night, reached their eaiitoninents 
 without being perceived. Tho ndvaiiccil 
 guard of general tielsmar, coiiitlsting ot 
 8,000 or lO.iMX) men, was first attacked, mid 
 ain OHt wholly destroyed. Immediately af- 
 terwards, he attacked general Rosen, who 
 vrna posted with 20,ouo men nt Dembo 
 Wlelskl, and obliged him to retreat, with 
 the loss of 2,ouo prisoners and nine pieces 
 of cannon. 
 
 Another Important victory was after- 
 wards gained near Zel'^eliow, when J2,0oo 
 Russians were killed, wounded, or taken, 
 with twelve pice; » of cai.non. During iliU 
 action, tho l.lthiiiininns and Volhynlniis. 
 who served In tho Russian army, turned 
 their arms ntraliist tho Russians, and ma- 
 terially coiitrlljuted to tho success of tho 
 Poles. The peasants In various quarters of 
 Poland, now took an active part In tho war, 
 and hastened, with whatever w(>ap(ms they 
 could uhtaiii, to tho army. Insurrectlona 
 broke out In lilthuanla, Volhynla, Kowno, 
 Vkrnlnc, Wlliiii, and even In ancient Po- 
 land, as far as Smolensk. On the other 
 hand, general Dwernlckl, who had been 
 sent to make a demonstration In tho rear 
 of tho Russians, and who had been victo- 
 rious over them, was at last compelled to 
 pass Into tho Austrian dominions, wliero 
 lio surrondci'ed to tho authorities of that 
 country April 2rth, with 5,000 Poles. Tho 
 ardour of the people, however, still con- 
 tinued, and hopes were entertained In every 
 country that tho manly resistance of tho 
 Poles would Induce the powerful cabinets 
 to interfere; but, unfortunately, Prusslii 
 nnd Austria, being themselves In posses- 
 sion of a part of tho spoils of Poland, did 
 ail in their power to prevent interference, 
 while Britain and Franco were too much 
 occupied at homo to render essential uld. 
 The military operations were now prose- 
 cuted with new vigour, and the emperor, 
 who, In a manifesto addressed to the Rus- 
 sians, had called them the legitimate mas- 
 ters of the Poles, was ready to make every 
 sacriflco to regain tbe Polish tbrone. 
 
i;^ 
 
 i 
 
 o . 'I 
 
 I 
 
 i! 
 
 760 
 
 ©l^e ZrtKiuv^ tst W^tot^t 9i;t, 
 
 Their fate was soon afterwards decided. 
 After two days' fighting, Warsaw was 
 taken by the Russians (September 1831): the 
 conflBcatlon of their property, and exile to 
 Siberia, followed as a matter of course. 
 Poland was soon afterwards incorporated 
 wfth Russia ; and although it had its 
 separate diet and code of laws, liiisslnn 
 troops were stationed In all the prliicipal 
 towns, and it was In all other respects 
 like a conquered country. 
 
 Thirty years later Poland still proved un- 
 mistakably that her national life wms not 
 crushed, and that the tyranny of the 
 Russian government was not easier or more 
 free of anxiety than it was during the days 
 of the emperor Nicholas. The patriotism 
 of the Poles showed Itself at first not in 
 acts of violent insurrection, but in peace- 
 ful commemorations of its great national 
 heroes: and to Its utter disgrace, the 
 Russian government made use of the 
 opportunity furnished by these religious 
 Bervices to massacre an unarmed popula- 
 tion. Every movement on the jiart of the 
 emperor and his government betrayed fear 
 and uncertainty ; while the action of the 
 people was a calm adherence to a resist- 
 ance which is purely passive. Tliis period 
 of passive resistance was followed by an 
 open revolt, which was provoked by a 
 conscription (set on foot. It is said, by 
 the marquis WielopolskI), by which it 
 was designed to carry off all suspicious 
 or dangerous persons. In the words of 
 lord Napier, the British ambassador at 
 St. Petersburg, this conscription ' was a 
 design to make a clean sweep of the revo- 
 lutionary youth of Poland, a plan to 
 kidnap the opposition, and carry it off to 
 Siberia or the Caucasus.' On the evening 
 of the 14th of January, 1863, the grand 
 duke Constantlne, then viceroy of Poland, 
 signed the order for commencing the con- 
 scription. At midnight the houses In 
 Warsaw, noted on the lists, were sur- 
 rounded, and the men seized, or their 
 parents carried off as guarantees of their 
 appearance. More than 2,000 were thus 
 carried off, and many more took to flight. 
 These were commanded by the central 
 committee to form themselves into armed 
 bands. Russian troops were sent in pur- 
 suit, and the people, thus maddened, broke 
 Into open revolt. By a decree published to 
 Induce the peasantry to make common 
 cause with them, the committee ordained 
 that land held under any title by small 
 farmers should become henceforth the 
 freehold property of the tenant without 
 any obligations beyond those of paying 
 taxes and serving the country, the former 
 proprietors being compensated from the 
 national funds by means of government 
 Btock. 
 
 An officer named Langlewlcz, formerly 
 belonging to the army of Qaribaldi, took 
 the command of the main body of the 
 insurgents early In February near the 
 town of Wachock, In the district of Radom. 
 Other divisions were posted In the districts 
 of Warsaw and Lublin. Soon after this 
 the central committee, having appointed 
 Langle^CE dictator, resigned for a time 
 
 its own functions of secret govern niont I 
 On the I8th of March he fought a desiuTDtel 
 battle with the Russians; and Immciliatel;! 
 afterwards lie disappeared without MadinJ 
 his troops a personal farewell. He lettl 
 behind him a written proclamation, urginJ 
 his companions to fight to the deatli ; anill 
 the next news heard of him was tliatbel 
 had surrendered himself to the AuptriamJ 
 who conveyed him to the citadel of Craco».l 
 After his departure a guerilla warfare »ai| 
 kept up by Meroslawskl and some othtti 
 leaders ; but the provinces of Pospii anil 
 Galicia ri-malned throughout undlsturhed,! 
 
 To the first remonstrance made by (irf«I 
 Britain, France, and Austria, the einpcrotl 
 of Russia replied by expressing hiswillinj.! 
 ness to grant an amnesty to the Pnlesjl 
 by the 1st 03th) of May they had laid dnul 
 their arms. This offer was summarily r(.l 
 jecttd by the central committee, wlio dfl 
 Glared that they had taken arms, not tol 
 obtain more or less liberal institutions, tail 
 to get rid of the hateful yoke of a foreijil 
 government. This, according to iirinifl 
 Gortschakoff, meant the acqulslrlnn oil 
 dominion over provinces where tlie In 
 mense majority are Russian by race or iJ 
 religion— a project which would asstirciiw 
 bring about a claim to the Polish rp>| 
 vinces belonging to other powers iil 
 well as to those of Russia. Lord U\\?m 
 replied, the 17th of June, by proposiue slJ 
 points as the bases for negotiation; (l) I 
 general amnesty ; (2) national represennf 
 tion ; (.S) the appointment of Poles t 
 national offlces; (4) full liberty of cj| 
 science, repeal of the restrictions imposi 
 on catholic worship; (6) the use of iJ 
 Polish as the official langu^ige ; (6) arego^ 
 and legal system of recruiting. To alW 
 time for the discussion, lord Russell m 
 posed a provisional suspension of armsV 
 bo proclaimed by the emperor of llusi 
 The ready reply to this was the tecliiiiii 
 difficulty of determining who tlin iiarti 
 might be to this suspension, or wliatjl 
 stains quo vrWch It would guarantee, 
 proposal was. In short, declined, aodlf 
 governments of Great Britain, Prance.u 
 Austria thereupon laid on Russia tlieli 
 reaponsibility for the consequences whi 
 the prolongation of the troubles of Poli( 
 might produce. For this, as confcssrf 
 the advice was not to be backed by stronj 
 arguments, the Russian government ( 
 nothing. General Berg was nrroiwl 
 military commander of Warsaw, andj 
 attempt to assassinate him was reqti 
 by the complete demolition of th3 Ziinicfl 
 palace, with all its cost'y furniture i 
 Its still more precious manuscripts relJilj 
 to the early history of Poland. The gw 
 duke Constantino withdrew from hisf 
 of viceroy, and the most stringent orlj 
 were issued for the suppression of the n' 
 lion during the approaching winter sm 
 
 Tlie Insurgents never made head agi 
 and the result was the extinction olj 
 name of Poland, which now became pjij 
 Russia, the official use of the Po!lslil[ 
 guape being suppressed, and everjill 
 being done to destroy the forre of I 
 national recollections and aBaocIatioMl 
 
nns of secret govcriiniciit,, 
 rtarchhefoughtaaesmate 
 Uusslans; andlmmcamtely 
 lUawearcd without Uiddin! 
 ?er8onat tarcwell. lie lei. 
 written proclamation, urgin? 
 ftonKhttothedeath; aiJ 
 
 dWmself to tho Auptrwm, 
 him totho citadel of Cracow, 
 irt re a guerilla warfare la 
 eroBlawsUl and some ottej 
 f hn wovlnces of Posen U 
 "it ?oughoiit«ndlst«rW 
 
 rcraons"'^"'"*' made by (irni 
 re and Austria, the cmmA 
 MoAv expressing hlswilllnH 
 I an amnesty to the Poles a 
 th^ofT/theyhadlaUldoM 
 
 This ofler was Bttmmariiy» 
 B central committee, who d^ 
 thev had taken arms, notio 
 orlessUheraUnstltutlon,,,! 
 The hateful yoke olafW 
 This, according t" !'""« 
 -• meant the acau'sl "";' 
 ver provinces where the \4 
 rltvare Russian by race or j 
 project which would assurcdli 
 ? a claim to the Polisli m\ 
 jnglng to other rowers « 
 iro«o of Uussla. Lord \um\ 
 ' inh of June, hy prop. W 
 h« bases for negotiation . (l)( 
 'bests' ; (2) "'^tional repre« 
 the appointment of loies 
 flcea- (4) full liberty of c; 
 fcalof the restrictions imro! 
 
 'worship; (B) the use of rt 
 ,cofnclallnnBu:ipe;(6)aregM 
 
 ivstem of recruiting. To m 
 fe'discusslon.lordBnsse „ 
 
 visional s«8Pen9''"V°^'*S 
 iipd bv the emperor of IVua 
 re ly to this was the tecto 
 S'Setermlulng who the H 
 tn this suspension, or ^^lwlu 
 which It would guarantee^T^ 
 ^s in short, declined, ana 
 Its' of Great Britain. Fran e >( 
 
 was not to be backed by stroi 
 
 Jl'^lll^Ts'^'coWuV hS 
 L'?eSeclous*i9!.jiscrlpt.rcJ 
 
 atte^'iSwUii 
 
 and the moHt strlngcn urf 
 ,df or the suppression of the K 
 IS the approaching winters 
 'Veents never made heads 
 esSlt was the extinction 
 
 Poland, which now hecan^P 
 he offtclal use of the Fo.ia 
 >lnK suppressed, and eurj" 
 
 THE raSTORY OP SWITZEKLAND. 
 
 HB northern and southern nations of 
 
 Europe have been singularly intermingled 
 
 ;n the history of Helvetia, whoso Alpine 
 
 ■alls seem like a barrier, separating tlicm 
 
 .•om each other. The Roman leKlons, in- 
 
 eed, conquered the Gauls, Rhastians and 
 
 ilemanni, in the forests and marshes ; Imt 
 
 ;hey could not destroy the northern spirit 
 
 ){ freedom. The traces of its ancient sub- 
 
 Ingation to Rome are still visible in the 
 
 oinanlc language of a part of Switzerland. 
 
 Helvetia, under the Romans, had a 
 
 ourisliing trade, which covered the land 
 
 ;itti cities and villages; and Switzerland 
 
 itlll forms the connecting link between 
 
 orthern Germany, the Netherlands, and 
 
 ranee on the one side, and Italy on the 
 
 tlier. 
 
 Before the fall of the Roman empire in 
 
 e west, the northern and largest part of 
 
 iffltzerl.ind. occupied by the Alemannl, 
 
 lad been conquered by the Franks. On the 
 
 lira dwelt the Hnvgnndlans, and Rhtetla 
 
 as under tlio Ostrogoths. Three German 
 
 itlons, therefore, freed the country, about 
 
 D. 450, from the dominion of Rome. 
 
 Christianity had already been Introduced 
 
 to Helvetia from Italy, and as early as 
 
 IB fourth century there were Christian 
 
 urches at Geneva, Colre.and other places. 
 
 [he Alemannl and Burgundlans gave their 
 
 iw8 and their habits to the Helvetians ; 
 
 id the Alemannl occupied tho greater 
 
 rt of the country. Each soldier received 
 
 arm ; a judge, or centgravc, was set over 
 
 e hundred of these farms (forming a 
 
 mt, or hundred): and the place of judge- 
 
 nt where he settled nil questions be- 
 
 een the free citizens, was called MuUuo, 
 
 iveral cents formed a Wait (hence Thurgiiu, 
 
 rgan, &c.), the judge of which was styled 
 
 Dit (graf ); and tho counts were under a 
 
 Ike. 
 
 lie great Irruption of barbarians swept 
 |roHKh tho peaceful valleys of the Alps, 
 id Roman civilisation disappeared. Os- 
 igoths, Lombards, and even Huns, set- 
 " In different parts of the country. At 
 It, tho Franks, who had taken possession 
 the lands of the conquered Aliimanni, 
 ve the Ostrogoths over the Rhsetian 
 untalns. 
 
 In S34, they likewise subjected tho Bur- 
 
 idlans; and all Switzerland became a 
 
 tlon of tho Fr .rklsh empire. The coun- 
 
 ', however, r^'win'd Its ancient constltu- 
 
 thoRomaj.o md tho old Inliablt.ants 
 
 e governed by Roman, theAlenmnnl 1)y 
 
 mannic laws; and each of tho other 
 
 ilons by its peculiar code. Tho Chrls- 
 
 religlon was restored anew, and tho 
 
 lated fields were again brought under 
 
 Ivation. 
 
 the partition of the empire of tbo 
 
 Franks amon? the Merovingians, Switzer- 
 land was divided between two sovereigns ; 
 one reigned over Alemannian, and tho other 
 over Burgundlan Switzerland, or Little 
 Burgundy. Pepin reunited the whole coun- 
 try, and Charlemagne encouraged the arts 
 and sciences ill Helvetia. Under his feeble 
 successors, tho counts became more and 
 more Independent of tho royal authority, 
 and finally made tho possession of their 
 gaus hereditary. One of them (Rodolph) 
 established, in 888, the new kingdom of 
 Burgundy, between tho Reussand the Jura. 
 Nine years previously, Boso had established 
 tliu kingdom of Aries, in tho territory be- 
 tween the Jura and tho Rhone. Thirty 
 years afterwards the two Burgundlan king- 
 doms were united. The counts In the 
 other p.artof Switzerland were still nomi- 
 nally subject to the German kings; but 
 they conducted themselves as princes, as- 
 sumed tho names of their castles, and com- 
 pelled the free Inhabitants of their gatia to 
 acknowledge them as their lords. Hence 
 arose a multitude of Independent and com- 
 plicated governments, whose chiefs were 
 engaged in continual feudswlth each other. 
 War was the business of the nobles, and 
 misery the fate of the people In the dis- 
 tracted land. The emperor Conrad, there- 
 fore, set a duke over the counts In Aleman- 
 11 la In 911. But the emperors of the Saxon 
 house were the first who compelled tho 
 dukes, counts and bishops, in Switzerland, 
 to respect their authority. 
 
 After the death of Rodolph III., the fifth 
 and last king of Burgundy (1032), the em- 
 peror Conrad 11. reunited Burgundlan 
 Switzerland with Alemannla, which be- 
 longed to the German empire. But under 
 Henry IV., graiit'-s^n of Conrad II., the 
 royal authority In Switzerland was again 
 overthrown. The country people became 
 more secure ; the feuds among the nobility 
 flourished ; Geneva and Lausanne, among 
 the Romanic, and Zurich and Basle among 
 the German cities, became thriving towns. 
 The families of Savoy, Kyburg, and Haps- 
 burg were the most powerful among tho 
 noble families. Many nobles went, about 
 this time, to Palestine ; and thus tho coun- 
 try was delivered from their oppression. 
 After tho death of Borthold V., last duke 
 of Ziihringen, In 1218, Alcinannia again 
 came Into tho possession of the emperor. 
 His hereditary estates in tho Uchtland and 
 in Little Burgundy passed by his sister 
 Agnes to the house of Kyburg. 
 
 From this time, tho Hapsburgs in north- 
 ern Helvetia, and the counts of Savoy in 
 tho south-west, grew more and more power- 
 ful. The emperor appointed some noble- 
 man as governor of each city, or com- 
 munity, which was not under a count, to 
 
7r)2 
 
 ft\)f Crcarfurii a( KiWtavjj, ^t» 
 
 oollpct tl.c imlillc rcvcmio, niiil to punish 
 vlolatloim (it tliu luilillc piJiico. TIh; (Icr- 
 innii kliiKS wcro no loiiRft<r iiblo to aflord 
 protection : might gnvo riKht, and the bolil- 
 •'."t l)pcnniP the mirfhtlcHt. Scvoral Inferior 
 liifilH, and several places, therefore, sonivht 
 the proterllon of lliipshnrKor Savoy. 7m- 
 rich, Home, Haslo and Rolenre, the districts 
 of Url, Schweltz, and Underwalden, Kradii- 
 Alty ncqnlred the selKneurlal riKlits from 
 tho cmperorH, by jr.irchase or by Krant, and 
 nssuinod the nann? of Imperial cities, or Im- 
 perial distrusts. They were more prosper- 
 ous and powerful than tho nobility, who 
 lived In their solitary castles at cinnlty with 
 each other. 
 
 Kven tho crusades, by promoting com- 
 merce. Improved tho already flonrlshlnff 
 condition of tho cities, as a part of the 
 troops, arms, provlslims, &c. were transmit- 
 ted to Italy, through the j'lissesofthe Aliw. 
 Tho crusaders brought back new Inventions 
 in tho arts, new kinds of fruits, fic. The 
 gold and silk manufacturers of the Ita- 
 lians and oastrrn nations wuro Imitated In 
 Switzerland ; retlnement took tho phico of 
 rudeness, and poetry became tho favourite 
 amusement of the nobles. Tho cities now 
 formed alliances for their mutual protec- 
 tion against the rapacity of tho nobles, and 
 demolished ninny castles from which they 
 exercised their oppression upon the peace- 
 ful merchants. 
 
 At tho end of tho thirteenth century, 
 Rodolpli of lla|>sburg, who. In 1204, had In- 
 herited the estates of hia undo Ilartmniui, 
 count of Kyburg, became more powerful 
 than the old lords of the soil. As king 
 and emperor of (iermany, ho held a court 
 nt Helvetia; but ho did not abuse his 
 power to reduce the freemen to vassalage. 
 His ambitious sons, however, Ilodolph and 
 Albert, encroached upon tho rights of the 
 Pwlss. Albert, In particular, who succeed- 
 ed to tho imperial dignity In 1298, by his 
 tyranny and obstinacy, gave rise to the 
 llrst confederacy of the Swiss cantons. On 
 the night of Noveutber 7, 1.107, thirty-three 
 bravo countrymen met at Orutiln, a soli- 
 tary spot on the lake <if Lucerne. Filrst of 
 Url, Stauffacher of Schweltz, and Melch- 
 tlial of Unterwalden, were tho leaders on 
 this occasion. Ail swore to niaintain their 
 ancient Independence. The three Walds- 
 tiidte, or forest towns, (as these cantons 
 were called), accordingly rose, deposed the 
 Austrian governors, and destroyed tho cas- 
 tles built to overawe the country, 
 
 Henry VII., the successor of Albert on 
 the German throne, conflrmed to the fo- 
 rest towns tho rights of which Albert had 
 endeavoured to rob them. The house of 
 Austria still contended ol)Stiiiately for Its 
 lost privileges. But the wiirliko si)lrlt of 
 tho people fostered a love of conauest and 
 plunder; mutual hatred kindled civil war.s 
 between neighbouring cantons; foreign 
 powers sought the aid of the confederates 
 in their contests. In 1424, the people of 
 the Grey League established their Inde- 
 liendence, and were soon after joined by 
 those of the other two leagues. 
 
 The emperor Frederick III. then called a 
 Frciicb army into Switzerland to protect 
 
 his family estates. The ftwiss niadi n «iv| 
 cond Thermopylni of tho churchyni'd of st,l 
 Jacob at Hiisle, where l,<:'x)of tlicm winJ 
 stood 20,000 Krencli u' . ' tho daiiiililij 
 Louis (August 20, I'll-. . i iiey next iinJ 
 voked Wiarles tho Hold of Hurguiid.v.wiiJ 
 marched Into their country, but was i!i.J 
 fcated at Oranson, Murten or Mnrat, ;iiii|l 
 NiiMcy, in 1177. Tho confederates iiirinJ 
 selves aH|)lred tocon(|ueHt, thepcoiilolii'inJ 
 t\reA by the desire of plunder, and llioii<>| 
 bles by warlike ambiilon. In M(i(i, timl 
 wrested Thurgau from Austria; niul fmij 
 m:io to M.^o, Zurich, Schweltz, and (ilarnj 
 contended for Toggenburg, till llcriioiiJ 
 elded tho dispute In favour of Schweltz. 
 
 Tho confederated cantons from tlii.siini(| 
 boro tho name of the Swiss confedcrarj ij 
 foreign countries. In I4HI, KriburK niJ 
 Soieure entered the confederacy. TlinnJ 
 |)eror Maximilian I. now deterinlni'il iJ 
 force tho Swiss to join tho Suabian IcawJ 
 and to submit to the court of tho liiiiicriJ 
 chamber. Hut they suspected OernianyiJ 
 account of Austria, and Joined the (irlMnhJ 
 Ilenco arose tho Suabian war, wijlch uijr 
 concluded, after the Swiss had gahivil rii 
 victories over the Germans, by llic juiJ 
 of Hasle, in 1400. Itasie, Schaffhausi'ii.aiJ 
 Ai>pen7.ell wi'ro afterwards admitted iin] 
 tho confederacy. Hut tho country and |h>J 
 pie were disturbed by domestic and forclg/ 
 wars. 1 
 
 In tho Milanese war of 1.112, the Swl^ 
 comiuered tho Valtelino and Ohiaveiii 
 and obtained from Milan tho Italian I 
 ilages, which form at present the caiiiJ 
 of Tessln. They fought on a foreign ftm 
 now for, now against, Milan; at ono ilJ 
 for France, and at another time nK.ili^ 
 her, till after tho great battle of )larj| 
 nano, gained by Francis I,, in l.Mn, \^ 
 concluded a perpetual peace with Kiiiiki 
 at Friburg, in MIO, which was followcili 
 1.^>31,by tho llrst fonual alliance wiiliilij 
 kingdom. 
 
 About this time tho work of reforniatiJ 
 began in Switzerland. Zuiiigllus, in iSlT 
 preached against indulgences, as LuiU 
 had done In MH. Kven as early as lil 
 he had attacked pilgrimages, and the liiJ 
 cation of the Virgin Mary ; and in Ul 
 with tho knowledge of his patron, tliciT 
 bot of Kinsledein, several nuns aliamlui^ 
 the monastic life. His removal froin r 
 sledeln to Zurich, in 1518, gave hini o:i 
 age to speak more openly, as Lutlicrli 
 meanwhile, appeared in tho cause oil 
 form. Hut when the principles of tli(| 
 formation were dllTused through Ziirii 
 Berne, Schaflliausen, Hasle (by tlie labfi 
 of Qilcolampadius), St. Gall, and .Mf 
 hausen, religious jealousy Bepanitf(l( 
 reformed and tiic cathollo cantons. 
 Giarus, Appcnzcll, and the Grisons, i 
 people were divided between tlictwud 
 fessions. -Lucerne, Url, Schweltz, I'nil 
 walden, Zug, Friburg, Soieure, adlicrdj 
 the ancient faith ; as did likewise tlief 
 lals and the Italian bailiwicks. Faiiatl^ 
 kindled a civil war. The Schwelt/ersbg 
 a protcstant preacher of Zurich. TwoSn 
 armies, nearly 80,000 strojig, awaltcJj 
 signal for civil war,a better spirit suddd 
 
^'f^ 
 
 ^" Tlio Swiss luailc ft !i(v| 
 ai'of tlifi rliiirdiyftia t,t sj 
 wliiTO I.tv^ool lliem wllliT 
 oiicli u' ' tho ami|.hln| 
 20 14.-. . lix^y '"''" l"*| 
 LUoHoWof niirKiuiily.vvliJ 
 heir couulry. Iml- ^v;.s >kj 
 ,011. MurU-ti or Moral ami 
 'i'lio ronfodoralcH Uiiiii.r 
 
 Hlro of i>UiiuU«r. mill tlionJ 
 
 ft,ifromAUHtrla;am Ml 
 irlch. Scliwoltz, ami l.laral 
 
 iti> 111 favour of Hcliwciiz. 
 •atcil cantons from ILIsiwI 
 !'i »i.o «wiBS coiifPtlcrac! nl 
 mil 
 ll(> ciii-l 
 llan I. i>"W .\ct('rnilm'(l i| 
 to join the Hua\.lan Wm>\ 
 
 C^e 1{)i^tors) of j^tDitjerlnnlf. 
 
 763 
 
 of tlio ftwiBS conf(Mlm( 
 
 r oi« in 1481. rrll.iirB 
 .,1 the coiifeiliMacy. ' lif 
 
 "to join the sua .Ian loi 
 to tie court of tlio Inumd 
 
 iHtVla. and joined the t.vs„i,J 
 Ti.o Sual.laii war. whldi;vJ 
 
 t^!;."thrBvWHB liad Bal.,0,1 
 u- aormans. l>y H'tM' 
 
 
 r the OormanSL „. 
 409 nanlc. Sclialtliauson.iii 
 .?oariorward«adn.lttcai« 
 ^"lUit the country amH»j 
 iirbcdDy domestic and furclrf 
 
 innepp war of 1512, tlin Mi 
 
 1 froi 1 Milan tlio Italian ltd 
 ^f^m «t^.re«e«t tlio J 
 riieyfouwlit on a foreign («j 
 P'a'^alnst. M\lan; at o.u> j 
 and at another t> , x 3 
 .? tiio Kreat l.atUo of il j 
 
 a liy Francis I.. '",, V?';.' ,„ 
 perpetual peace wit bw. 
 
 in ir.lO. wlilcli wa»foll(\Y J 
 n,4t formal alliance will. ikj 
 
 lowledgoof Ula patron. tW 
 K several iiuiisabamW 
 
 • fe. His removal f ;• > ^ 
 
 brurlcli. Ill 151S. B'^^'i-' H\ X 
 rilulre openly. - ^ 
 
 bffule 'rlncU-ll^ytm 
 J.v.-.> diffused tlirou«li M 
 
 iruvnilcd, and tlio llrst religious pcaco was 
 iiicludcd In 1S20. 
 
 It was agreed that the mnjorlty of votes 
 itliocnmnuiiiitles should decide all (|iieH- 
 oiia relating to changes of fall.li. Hut 
 ic rapid proKresH of the reformation again 
 ovokcd tlio catholic cantons to war; and 
 n troops of Zurich were routed at rii|v 
 1(1531 ). where Zulngllus fell, and at the 
 lOiiiitalii of Ziig. After tlio second puhllc 
 'ace, tiic catholic religion was restored In 
 )leuro and tlio common ]>rovliices. In 
 le mcniitliiie. Savoy, which had long pos- 
 iFsi'd episcopal and seigiieurlal rights In 
 nova, reduced tho city to entire huIiiiiIs- 
 jn. Hilt llie oppressive iiinnner In which 
 ic ducal authority was exercised, led (ie- 
 iva, 111 l.''-''', to join Memo and Krlhurg. 
 Id tlnkc was forced to yield. Heme and 
 iicvft coiicliit'ed the perpetual league of 
 I, and Heme gained possession of the 
 ijs (io Valid. At tho same time tho re- 
 nucd doctrines were propagated from 
 iiieva hy CiUvlii. J'*- the peace of Lau- 
 nc, 111 ISfl'f, Savoy first renounced her 
 liiis upon the Pays do Viiud, and was 
 driven from Ifelvetla, as NeiihiiCK 
 liccri licfore. Ahout tills time (IWifO, 
 iicniid Krlliiirg divided between theni- 
 ivcs tlie territories of tho counts of (Jni- 
 c; Ro that. In all Helvetia, no great fit- 
 ly of the ancient nobles retained Its pa- 
 iionlal estates, except that of UeiibiirK. 
 'ho Swiss, however, were distracted by 
 gluua and political controversies. Arls- 
 ucy and diniiocracy struggled for tho 
 Tlorlty, and the intrigues of Spain lllleil 
 people of tho Valtelino (1(117-21) with 
 Iritof fanaticism. In foreign, and es- 
 iilly hi tho French service, tho Swiss 
 itcd foreign manners : ho sold his blood 
 [orclgu masters ; and tho ancient Swiss 
 tyand simplicity retired to tho remote 
 is of the higher Alps. At the same 
 , tlio connection of tho confederacy 
 tho German empire becaino less and 
 close, while tho eantoiis obtained the 
 riiiiitluii of their rights from tho em- 
 ir Maxliiilllan II. 
 
 t the liitlueiice of France soon became 
 
 uniiiiaiit, and Itoiiio swa.ved the minds 
 
 Its adlierents by means of Je.sult col- 
 
 at I/Uceriie and Friburg; and partl- 
 
 ly through the papal nuncio at Lu- 
 
 ic. Ill the thirty years' war, tho con- 
 
 'atcs uialiitained a prudent neutrality ; 
 
 liy the peace of AVestphalla (1618), tho 
 
 lete separation of Switzerland from 
 
 crnian empire was at length sulcmuly 
 
 wlcdged. 
 
 l«c:), France renewed her nlllaiice 
 
 the Swiss, and asserted that they had 
 
 jlit to form alliances with other pow- 
 
 Tlic conquest of tho Franclio Cointo, 
 
 74, and tho slego of llheinfcld, In 
 
 ly the French, together wltli thoerec- 
 
 t tlio fortress of HUnlngcn. in 1679, 
 
 d the apprehensions of tho Swiss. 
 
 however, happily maintained their 
 
 allty, even in tlio war of tlie Spanish 
 
 isslon. During tlio persecution of tho 
 
 tants in France, to whom they rea- 
 
 ;ave an asylum and pecuniary aid, they 
 
 llttlo regard to '.lio rcmoustraucea 
 
 of TiOuIh, who viewed tho refonnors as re- 
 bels, as hu did to tho Intercession of the 
 Protestant Swiss can'ons iu favour of their 
 brethren In the faith. 
 
 Tho Swiss liad llttlo Iniluenco In foreign 
 politics during tho e!glit.e(!iilli century ; 
 and, until towards Its close, they suffered 
 little from foreign Interference. This tran- 
 (luilllty, which, however, was often Inter- 
 rupted hy Internal dissensions, was allko 
 favourable to the progress of commerce, 
 agriculture, and manufactures, and to thu 
 arts and sciences. In almost every de- 
 parlineiit of liiiman l<nowledge. the Swiss 
 of tho elKliteeiith century, lioth at homo 
 and abroad, ac(|iiired distinguished repu- 
 tation, lis the names of Ilaller, Honnet, 
 liemoulll, .T..r. lloiisseaii,Tjavater, Ilodmer. 
 Hrcltiiiger, (i(!SBner, Sulzer, HIrzel, Fusell. 
 llcittliiKer, .lolin von Mdiler, I>cstuh)zzi, 
 and many others, bear witness. 
 
 Tho pcMjpIo of the dtinocratic cantons 
 (Mijiiycd an almost unlimited freedom, and 
 look a larKO share in the aflairs of govern, 
 iiieiit. Tlioso places which were under tho 
 general protection of tho whole confede- 
 racy, were not burdened by excessive 
 taxes; tliey enjoyed a high degree of civil 
 freedom, and numerous municipal riKhls. 
 The larger cantons, as llerno and /iii-lcli, 
 In which the government was administered 
 by the capitals, or liy a body of tho cltl- 
 zi.'iis, who enjoyed many peculiar privi- 
 leges, were also in a liourlshirg condition. 
 Tliero were no oppressive taxes; but al- 
 most everywliero tho government was con- 
 scientiously conducted ; tho administra- 
 tion of justice was cheap and simple, and 
 benevolent institutions were numerous. 
 Notwithstanding ail these favourable clr- 
 cumstanccB, internal dissensions still con- 
 tinued, and new troubles arose iu 1700, 
 which shook the political fabric ; blood was 
 often spilt, and punishiiicut rendered ne- 
 cessary. 
 
 Altliough the Swiss had at first firmly 
 maintained their neutrality in tho wars of 
 the French revolution, French power and 
 Intrigue gradually deprived them of their 
 former constitution ; and, after incorporat- 
 ing several portions of Switzerland with 
 tho French and (Jisalpliio republics, tho 
 French converted the Swiss confederacy 
 into the Helvetic republic, one and Indi- 
 visible, under an executivedlrectory of five 
 persons. The legislative power was di- 
 vided between a sciiato and a great coun- 
 cil, to which each of tho fourteen cantons 
 elected twelve members. It was in vain 
 that some of the democratic cantons at- 
 tempted to prevent tills revolution. They 
 were speedily overpowered. 
 
 Hut tho oppression of tho French, tlio 
 arbitrary manner In wlilcli they disposed of 
 the highest omces, and the great number 
 of weak and corru|)t men who were raised 
 to power— soon made the new ofllcers con- 
 temptible. Aloys Ueding, a man of en- 
 terprising spirit, whose family was celo 
 bratcd In the annals of his country, form- 
 ed the plan of overtlirowlng the central 
 government. Unterwalden, Schweltz, Zu- 
 rlcli, Olarus, Appenzell, and the GrlBoni 
 wished to restore the federal constitution : 
 ' 3D 
 
imft tr .tt».»»».<ifa>ia.. 
 
 I 
 
 7fi4 
 
 QD^e Creafturp ot Hitftorj;, ^r. 
 
 and Reding imagined tliat Buonaparte Iiim- 
 Belf, who had just withdrawn tlie French 
 troopa from Switzerland, would favour his 
 plan. Tlie smaller cantons, in their diet 
 at Schweitz (August 0, 1802), declared that 
 they would not accept the constitution 
 which had been forced upon them, and 
 that they preferred a federal government. 
 The consequence was a civil war. Zurich 
 was besieged to no purpose by the troops 
 of the Helvetic republic, against whom its 
 gates were shut. Rodolph von Erlach 
 and general Auf der Maur, at thb head 
 of the insurgents, occupied Berne and Prl- 
 burg. The Helvetic government retired to 
 Lausanno. 
 
 Aloys Bedlng now summoned a general 
 assembly, which was held at Schweitz, Sep- 
 tember 27. Three days after, the first con- 
 Bul of France offered to the cantons liia 
 mediation ; but the small cantons, guided 
 by Aloys Reding and Hirzel of Zurich, per- 
 severed in their opposition. Twelve thou- 
 sand French troops entered Switzerland, 
 under Ney, and the diet separated. Reding 
 and Hirzel were imprisoned. In December, 
 both parties sent deputies of the eighteen 
 cantons to Paris, to whom Buonaparte 
 transmitted by Barth<^16my, Fouch6, and 
 ROderer, the act of mediation of February 
 10, 1803, restoring the cantonal system, but 
 granting freedom to the former subjects 
 of the cantons. 
 
 The cantons were now nineteen In num- 
 ber :~Aargau, Appenzell, Basle, Berne, Frl- 
 burg, Glarus, Qrlsons, Lucerne, St. Gall, 
 Schaffhausen, Schweitz, Soleure, Tessin, 
 Thurgau, Unterwalden, TJri, Pays do Vaud, 
 Zug, and Zurich. The republic of Valais was 
 changed by a degree of Napoleon, in 1810, 
 into a French department] and as early as 
 1806, he granted Neufchatel (which had 
 been ceded to him by Prussia, but which 
 \vas under the protection of Switzerland,) 
 to gencriil Berthier, as a sovereign prin- 
 cipality. Napoleon assumed the title of 
 ' mediator of Switzerland ; • and the mili- 
 tary service required of the Swiss became 
 more and more oppressive. It was only 
 by great firmness and the sacrifice of im- 
 mense sums of money, that most of the can- 
 tonal governments could avert greater op- 
 pression ; they were obliged to adopt the 
 continental system ; and the canton of Tes- 
 Bin waa long garrisoned by French troops. 
 In 1813, wlien the theatre of war ap- 
 proached Switzerland, France permitted 
 the Swiss to maintain their neutrality ; 
 but the allies expressed themselves am- 
 biguously, and large armies were soon 
 marched through the country. In various 
 directions, to Prance, Their arrival excited 
 a fermentation in many quarters. The act 
 of mediation was annulled, December 29, 
 1813, at Zurich ; and several cantons, of 
 which Berne was the first, laboured to 
 revive their old constitutions. Tlirougli 
 the Influence of the allied monarchs, the 
 cantons were Anally prevailed on to assem- 
 ble a general council ; but revolutions and 
 counter-revolutions agitated several of the 
 cantons. A diet was at length assembled 
 at Zurich, and now articles of confedera- 
 tion were agreed upon by nineteen cantons, 
 
 September 18, 1814. They resembled tligl 
 old federal pact in many respects. Tlilil 
 confederacy was aclcnowledged by the ron.! 
 gress of Vienna. The bishopric of Dasle L 
 with Bienne, was given to the canton oil 
 Berne, excepting tlie district of Blrseckf 
 which fell to Basle, and a Bn;all portionl 
 which fell- to Neufchatel. The former r»l 
 lations of the latter place to Prussia wortl 
 restored, and, witli Qeni ;a and the Valalil 
 it jo ned the confederacy of the Swiss cai-l 
 tona, making their number twenty-two. f 
 
 August 7, 1815, the compact of Zurldl 
 was publicly and solemnly adopted, aftftl 
 the deputies of the confederacy at Vlenul 
 had given in their accession to tlio muM 
 the congress of Vienna, so far as tliey r»l 
 lated" to Switzerland. Soon after, Switzjl 
 land became a member of the holy allianoil 
 But the political state of the Swiss cantoiil 
 as settled by tlie congress of Vienna, iitjl 
 jealously watched by the holy alliance, nrf 
 rise to much disaffection in the great boj, 
 of the people. In this state of things tbJ 
 general demand forreform, in tlie clcctonj 
 assemblies of Tessin (one of the small f. 
 tons), compelled the council, June lii 
 to yield to the public voice, and estalJ 
 a system of direct elections, and of pii] 
 llclty of fproceedings in the great countf 
 and to guarantee the liberty of tlio m 
 and the inviolability of persons, as \«d 
 of the constitution. This event, nndil] 
 French revolution of July 1830, set tlicn 
 amplcs for general risings in various riii 
 of the country. In the new cantons tl 
 popular demands were generally so readJ 
 complied with as to prevent any serliJ 
 disturbances, and the democratic cantij 
 toolt hardly any part in the troubles ;li 
 in the old aristocratic cantons, the oppu 
 tion waa stronger and more Bystciuiii 
 Still, as many of the townspeople m 
 favourable to more popular instltuli/ 
 the governments, even In these cmi 
 generally yielded, with little opposition.! 
 the wishes of the citizens ; and in Fribaf 
 Berne, Lucerne, Soleure, Schafliiausenl 
 revision of tlio constitution, the abolitf 
 of privileges, the extension of tlie i 
 of election, abolition of censorship of ij 
 press, &c., were among the concessli 
 to popular rights. 
 
 Prom that period little occurred to J 
 turb the general tranquillity of tlie mi 
 till 1846, when a civil war brolce oiit,J 
 cause of which was as follows : — Ini 
 canton of Aargau, where the poimlaii 
 is mixed, a portion of the catholics il 
 risen, in 1840, In insurrection agaliiiii 
 government ; and as it was found f 
 the convents in tliat canton had liistiii 
 the rising, their suppression was Am 
 and the revenues, after providing rel 
 nently for their inmates, appropriatedl 
 religious and charitoble purposes. Isf 
 diet. Lucerne, the leading catholic ( 
 ton, vigorously protested against tbiH 
 and the Argovians offered to rcstorel 
 convents. But the catholic party r 
 not ■atisfled. In the canton of TJ 
 the clergy went so far as to refusel 
 sacraments to the members of m 
 Switzerland, as the liberal party was nan 
 
Clje W^tttvn at ^inititxXmxts, 
 
 755 
 
 1R14 Tliey rcsemliled tliel 
 in many respects Tlil,l 
 acknowledged by the ron.[ 
 The WBliopricof Bask 
 :;, given to the cnnton oil 
 ,g the district of BlmkJ 
 aasle, and a sn-.all pottlojl 
 °cufc\i9tel. Thelormerifrl 
 itter place to Prussia wml 
 flthGem-aandtheVahlJ 
 ,nlcdcracy of tho Swiss ca»l 
 heir number twenty-two I 
 15. tho compact of Zurdl 
 nd Bolemnly adopted, afwl 
 f the confederacy at Vlml 
 Bclr accession to the actsi 
 Sf Vienna. 80 far as thyI^I 
 crland. Soon after, SMtwl 
 memheroftheholyaUimttI 
 calBtate of the Swiss cantoJ 
 fhfl congress of Vienna, »i 
 hedhytheholyalUance.ejJ 
 
 fl}«ftflcctlon m the great W 
 ^1n this state of thingst^ 
 nd for reform, In the eleciotJ 
 i^SnConeofthesinall^ 
 
 nied tho council, June 13 
 iepuWlc voice, and cstaMd 
 direct elections, and otr«* 
 ceedlngB m the great couBrtf 
 antce the liberty of the iw 
 iolabUlty of persons, as W 
 Htutlon. This event, and tH 
 .lutlonof J«lyl830.scttlie« 
 ienerol risings In various r^ 
 ftw in the new cantons tS 
 a were generally so m^ 
 th as to prevent any Bens 
 and the democratic cantj 
 ,anypartln the troubles;* 
 trUtocl-atlc cantons, the ori. 
 troiiger and more systerad 
 ,anv of the townspeople iri 
 '"omoJe popular inatltu 
 nients. even In these ca«i 
 jK^vith little oppo^M 
 of the citizens ; and Inlriw 
 erno.Bolcure.SchailUauo, 
 "tbo'constltutloii.thcaW 
 
 •es the extension of tie n 
 f.Volltlon of censors^; p;^ 
 were among the concesai 
 
 '«J period llttlo occurred to 
 S tranquillity of the cot 
 hpna civil war broke ont, 
 Wch was as follows :-ln 
 
 ffi tho eathollo IB"] 
 
 , T_ tVio rnnton 01 "1 
 
 .,,(1 even to their relatives, or tho readers 
 lo£ their journals. Tho Jesuits, elated with 
 heir tr'uraph In the Valals. now became 
 xtremcly active In the other catholic can- 
 ons and In 1844 they were formally Invited 
 eiiter the canton of Lucerne, from which 
 ■hey had hitherto been excluded, to talce 
 'liargo of the cantonal education. Tills led 
 ;o civil dissension In tho canton : the oxpul- 
 lon of tlie leaders of the anti-Jesuit party, 
 lul the invasion of It by free corps from tlie 
 iiace.it cautona. Hatters soon began to 
 gume a more serious aspect. In the diet 
 1844 the Argovlan deputy had proposed 
 ic expulsion of the Jesuits from the con- 
 Bderacy. He then met with no support ; 
 lut In the diet of 1845 a majority voted 
 r that measure. In 1846 Ijuccrno and 
 II other catholic cantons formed wliat 
 as termed tho Sonderbund, or Separate 
 ■ague, an armed confederacy. In fact, in 
 pport of the cause of the Jesuits. This 
 AS voted to bo Illegal by a majority of the 
 let ; and changes of government which 
 lolc place Immediately after In Berne, 
 ueva, nud other places, having given 
 ore strength to the anti-Jesuit party, 
 10 expulsion of that society, with tho dis- 
 utlonof the Sonderbund, was resolved 
 by the diet. But as tho catholic cr.n- 
 ..9, relying on Austria and on Franco for 
 irport, refused compliance, It was ro- 
 ved to have recourse to arms. Tlie 
 lops of the diet, commanded by general 
 ifour, appeared before Friburg, which 
 ened Its gates after a feeble resistance, 
 le federal army then resumed Its march, 
 il soon reached tho vicinity of Lucerne, 
 ere a surrender was niado after one 
 jorous action at the adjacent village of 
 |th. The leaders of tho Sonderbund took 
 Bight, and the Jesuits were ordered to 
 t tho canton within forty-eight hours. 
 I remaining cantons sent in their sub- 
 ision, and thus, through the vigour and 
 Idity of general Dufour's rn^asures, tlio 
 ilwar was terminated without giving 
 trla or any other power a pretext for 
 irference. In 1848, while Europe was 
 rulsed by revolution. Switzerland en- 
 id comparative tranquillity ; save that 
 Ichfitel, which had hitherto belonged to 
 aia, then shoolc off th« foreign yoke, 
 Mra» annexed to Switzerland. 
 
 In tho year isno It seemed for a time that 
 a war between tho federation and tiio king 
 of Prussia was Inevitable, On tho 2nd of 
 September a band calling themselves royal- 
 ists under tho count of Pourtales, seized 
 tho castle of NeiifchStel, the seat of tho 
 government of the canton, and called on 
 tho people to support the authority of tho 
 king of Prussia, on whoso behalf they had 
 struck the blow. In an engugcmcnt witii 
 some federal troops who were sent against 
 them, these royalists were defeated, twelve 
 being killed and more than one hundred 
 taken prisoners. Tlie federal council or- 
 dered that the prisoners should bo tried for 
 high treason : tiio king of Prussia demanded 
 that they should be unconditionally libe- 
 rated, grounding his demand on his scig- 
 norlal rights over Neufchfitel. It seems 
 that in 1707 tlio states of Neufchfitel trans- 
 ferred their allegiance to tho house of 
 Brandenburg. In 1814 Neufchatel was ad- 
 mitted into the Swiss confederation, but In 
 1815 tho rights of the king of Prussia were 
 recognised and conllrmed by the congress 
 of Vienna. In 1848 tlie people determined 
 to asslmliato themselves wholly to the 
 other members of tho confederation, and 
 disputed tho Prussian claims, which, how- 
 ever, were again recognised by tlie live 
 powers in 1852 ; and so matters continued 
 until this attempt of the royalists in 1856, 
 The federal council, although urged by 
 Austria. Bavaria, and Baden, refused to 
 comply with the Prussian demand. On ex- 
 plaining the state of the case to the French 
 emperor, tho latter advised them to re- 
 lease tho prisoners, and sliowed great Irri- 
 tation when his advice was rejected, and 
 warned Switzerland that henceforth she 
 could hardly expect much assistance from 
 France. In April 1857. a treaty of media- 
 tion was concluded by which the king of 
 Prussia gave up for ever all rights of so- 
 vereignty over Neufchatel and Valeiigln 
 for the solid consideration of 1,000,000 
 francs to bepaid by the federa' ^on. Tho 
 king had also the consolation of lug per- 
 mitted to style himself prince uf Neuf- 
 chfitel and Valengin, under tlio express ad- 
 mission that the title was never to bo made 
 tho basis of any iiolitlcal claim. 
 
 went BO far a8torelu«l 
 
 .to the members ot n 
 td,aathellberalparty^vasnai 
 
THE HISTORY OF ITALY. 
 
 -»^♦- 
 
 niCKOiti'! Itoiiio liriil n1i80i'))C(1 nil llio vltiil 
 imwcr of lluly, this country was tlilokly 
 1iiliiil)lt(><!, niut for tlitt inoHt. imrt, by civi- 
 llHcd iiiitioiiH. Ill MumorMi of Italy aloiio, 
 vliicli offiTi'il llio loiiKi'Al roslHtiuiro to llio 
 Itomiuii*, dwelt tlui (inula Knrllior xoiitli, 
 oil tlio Ai'iio lUid tlio Tllmr, ii ininilH'r of 
 Hiimll tribes, supIi iih tlio Ktnixcl, tlin Siuii- 
 iillOH.iiiid LiitliiH, oiideavouivdtotltidwircty 
 by foriiiliiK coiifcdoraclus. IjOhh closely 
 milted, and ofton IiohIIIo to eaeli other, 
 were tlio (Ireek eolonlea of Ijower Italy, 
 callod Atoona Orcein. 
 
 Itdlhi did not bueonio tlio peiioral imino 
 of MiIh country until tlionKoof AuRURtUH. 
 It had been early liii|ierfcctly known to 
 tho (jreekH under tlio name of lleaptria. 
 Au»onUi, HiUurnia, mid ih'notria, were also 
 names applied by tlieni to tho southern 
 jiai't, with ■which nloiio they wore at llrst 
 ucuualitted. Tho name Italia was at llrst 
 merely n partial name for tho southern ox- 
 treinity, until it was gradually extended to 
 the whole country. 
 
 Tho niodern history of Italy begins with 
 tho fall of tho westorn empire. Itoiiiuliis 
 Aiiyrustus, Its last feeble emperor, was de- 
 throned by his (ierinan Kuards. Odoacer, 
 their leader, assumed tho tltlo of Ichin <>/ 
 Italji, and thus this country was separated 
 from the Uoman einplro. Uiit this valiant 
 barbiiriaii could not comniunlcnto a spirit 
 of indepeiidenro and onerKy to the depene- 
 rato Itallniis; nolliii.K but an amalKama- 
 tion with a people In a state of nature could 
 cireet their regeneration. Such a peoplo 
 already stood on tho frontiers of Italy. 
 
 Theodoric, kliiK of tho Ostrogoths, In- 
 stigated l>y /eiio, emperor of tho Kast, 
 overthrow the kingdom of Odoacer, In 4o:i, 
 and reduced all Italy, ills tiotli'j spread 
 from tho Alps to Sicily. In thu lagoons 
 of the Adriatic alono, somo fugitives, wlio 
 had lied from tho devastations of Attila, 
 maintained their freedom. 
 
 Theodoric, who combined tho vigour of 
 the north with tlio cultivation of the south. 
 Is justly termed the (Ireut. Uuttlio energy 
 of Ills people soon yielded to llomaii corrup- 
 tion, Totlhi, for tea years, contested In 
 vain the almost completed conquest with 
 tho lullltnry skill of ISelisnrius. Ilo fell 
 In battle In 652; after which Italy was an- 
 nexed to the eastern empire, under an ex- 
 arch, who resided at Itavenna. But tlio 
 first exarch, Narses, sunk under tho In- 
 trigues of tho nyzantine court, and Ids 
 successor neglected tho defeneo of the 
 passes of tho Alps. The country was then 
 invaded by the Lombards, who, under Al- 
 boln, their chief or king, conquered the 
 territory which afterwards received its 
 name from them. 
 
 Tho kingdom of the Lombards included 
 
 Upper Italy, Tuscnny, and Uinbrls. Alhojil 
 ali-o created the duchy of Uenevniin ij 
 Lower Italy. Tho whole of Loniliiirillu| 
 Iliily >va8 diviiled Into thirty giciit I . 
 under dukes, counts, iltc, wliicli K(jniiy 
 camo hereditary. Togotiier with Hii- neil 
 kingdom, the confederation of the fiiKliltiif 
 in llio lagoons st III subsisted in uiiilJKiiirlKt 
 freedom. Tlio Islanders, by the eltMMIiiii:) 
 tholrllrstdoge Anafesto, In (107, eHtaMWs, 
 a central government, and the republlcij 
 Venice was founded. 
 
 Itavonna, tho seat of tho exarcli, ith| 
 Romagna, tho I'entaixills, or the iiviMiiig 
 tinio cities (llimlnl, I'Isaro, Faiio, Hlniol 
 glla, and Ancoiia), and almost ail tliu coa.'] 
 of Lower Italy, where Anialll ami (|]e| 
 had dukes of tlieir own, of the (irccki; 
 tlon, remained uncnnqucred, toKellii'r\ii| 
 BIclly and tho capital. Homo, wiilcli • 
 governed by a patrician In tho iianuMifn 
 emperor. Tho slight dependcMico nii i|| 
 court of nyxantium disappeared alnidiiti^ 
 tirely in the liegtnnliigof thcelglillit 
 tury, when Leo, tho 1 saurian, exaspmiil 
 tlie orthodox Italians by his nssaiiltofli 
 ages. The cities expelled his ofllcpri',! 
 chose consuls and a senate, as in iinile 
 times. Homo acknowledged, not indil 
 tho power, but a certain paterniil mm 
 rity of Its bisliops, even In secular iiirail 
 In c(msequcnco of the respect wliicli ilif 
 holiness procured them. Tlio \w\v>,\ 
 their efforts to defend tho freedom (jf iij 
 against the Lombards, forsakiMi byi 
 court of nyxaiitluin, generally hadrccoiil 
 to tho Franklsli kings. 
 
 Ill consideration of tho aid cjpcfl 
 against king Astolphus, pope f^tejiliciill 
 in 753, not only anointed I'epln, wlininf 
 preceding year had been made kiiiK ill 
 Ki. 'ks, with tho approbation of iMiitlf 
 charlas, but with tlio assent of the iiiu:! 
 pality of Home, appointed hliii p.'ilrkf 
 as llio Imperial g(.iveriiorhad hillu'itol* 
 denominated, Charleiuiigno made wnrul 
 Dcsiderius, tho king of tho Loiii)>nriiif 
 defence of tho llor.inn church, tookS 
 prisoner in his capital, I'avia, unliciil 
 einplro with the Franklsli nieimrcliy.i 
 eventually gave Italy a king in his m\ 
 pin. Uut his attempts against tliuilif 
 of Henovento, the independence ofwa 
 was lualntalucd by duko Arlclils,ng!ilii!il 
 republics ill Lower Italy, where Xiif 
 Amalfl, and Gaeta, In particular, liaj 
 como rich by navigation and comniff 
 were unsuccessful. The exarchate, 
 tho Ave cities, had already been \)xm 
 to the pope by Pepin, in 756, and Cbi 
 niagne confirmed the gift; butthoser 
 supremacy of the popes was not coinr^ 
 until the pontificate of Innocent III., 
 the year 1200. Their rank, Uowcver.ai 
 
Cfje Qiii^tari; of Stnti;. 
 
 767 
 
 VLY. 
 
 viinl Co thirty KivatlkH 
 
 [vrnm.-nt, and the n'l-uWIc 
 
 , l4tiii.oll*«. or U..' llv.^mr 
 lM,„t„l, I'lBliro, KlUlo, Hil4, 
 c< a>dulnio«t.iUlhc« 
 hi V where Aiiiam nml *« 
 
 icd uiiiroiuiucrnl, t.oKO I < rw 
 1,0 ciii.lt.il. H.mio. wl.1.1.^ 
 ,,il,.itrl(Mauliitl..;«ii«"HM| 
 
 I' in BllKllt aoilflulOIU'd Oil II 
 
 i!i\^UuluV'''«elI;m 
 10 iioKliiiiluK "' tUoeiKmiH 
 Koo. tl.o 1 saurian, t'xnspm 
 
 clt 08 cxiu<U.-d 1.19 <'">"'". 
 „18 and a Ho.iato. as In >m 
 no iickuowlodgcd, not \\ 
 
 rucoof tlio respect Willi li 111! 
 r cured ibein. Tl.o rm;", 
 s to defend tlic freedoms K.. 
 louiDards. forsaken lo« 
 ^antlum.Keuerallylmdrw 
 
 iklsli klntfs. 
 
 ideratlon of tlio aid -^1^ 
 M Astolplius, itopc Step iiiui 
 only anointed l'epn.wl.oi 
 year Had been made khmM I 
 
 tirtlu, approbation o I" . 
 It with the assent of the m 
 ronle appointed hmr:>n. 
 
 erlal Kovernorhad i>H1h"" ' 
 cd. CM.arlen•.HBItonl»do^v 
 *^ the king of tl.o I-om ri 
 the lloi-.inn church, t(ok. 
 a his capital, Vavla. .ui Urf 
 Ml the I'ranklsh meiiarcliy, 
 .%vMy«vkln«l..l.B8o 
 his ntteiupts against tied 
 to the independence « « 
 fucdSdukoArlcljl..«|a| 
 
 "\>rnavigatlon and mm 
 
 iccesBful. The exarcliMo, 
 
 UesUad- already been pm 
 
 riA hv Pepin. In 766, aiiQ ^'' 
 ttd tU «»" ; but ^ e^ 
 t of the popes was not com 
 LntiflcateoflimocentnU 
 [200. Their rank, howcv tr, 
 
 |llii< rrrloHlaslles of the west, and the tern- 
 
 Iniiral power now acqiihcd, gave tliein an 
 
 liiKi'ciiiiitiK'y over the cIcrKy and liilly in 
 
 I'liiinpe, which they failed not to Improve 
 
 biiitll tliey were acknowledged as the lii- 
 
 i|illll)lc lieailH of the ehiircli. 
 
 l.i'ii 111. hestnwi'd on the khiK of the 
 
 riiiikH, on (ilirlstniiiK-day, A. n. H(K), the 
 
 nijicrlnl crown of the \ve»t, which iiecdcil 
 
 (^liiirli'ijiimne to riilHo It fi'oiu notliliiK. 
 
 lit ilJHlIku to the I'VaiikH, wlione coihiuchI 
 
 HM looked upon as a new liivuslon of Imr- 
 
 nrlmiH, unlteil the ficr cltlcH, IIoiik! ex- 
 
 'cptcd, more closely to (lie caHtern empire. 
 
 vcM (luring the lifetime of ('ImrleinaKiie, 
 
 ninkli'li Italy wiiH given to his grandson 
 
 icrmii'd; who, however, having attempted 
 
 liccoiiie liid(<peiideiic of his uncle, IjoiiIh 
 
 lie ih'lioiiiiaire, was de|)rlvedof the crown, 
 
 11(1 li:ul Ills (.'yes torn out. 
 
 llftly now remained a constituent part of 
 
 lii< Krnnklsli monarchy, till the partition 
 
 Vcrd.iii, which took place liiRl.'i; when 
 
 was allotted, with the Impiirlal dignity, 
 
 11(1 wimt was afterwards called Lorraine, 
 
 liOtlinlre I., eldest son of Koiiis. iiit- 
 
 nlro left the government to his sun Louis 
 
 tliu most estimable of the Italian 
 
 luces of the Carlovlnglun line. After his 
 
 itli, III Wa, Italy became the apple of 
 
 ncord to the whole family. (!harles the 
 
 iilil, of France, llrst took possession of 
 
 mid after Ills death (^arloinan, king of 
 
 viirlii; who was succeeded, lit ssn, by bis 
 
 Mllicr Wmrles tin* Kat, king of Knablii, 
 
 111) united the whole nionurcliy uf the 
 
 links for the last time. 
 
 Is (ictlirononient. In 887. was tlio epoch 
 
 ftimrdiy and dvll war In Italy. Keren- 
 
 iHii!), duke of Frlu'.i, and Uuldo, duke 
 
 Spolcto (besides the marquis of Ivrea, 
 
 only ones remaining of the thirty 
 
 lit vassals), disputed the crown between 
 
 III), (hildo was crowned king and cm- 
 
 or, and after his d(!ath (804), his son 
 
 iiiiljcrt. Aniold, the Carlovlngian king 
 
 the Ucrmnns, enforced his claims to the 
 
 III and Imperial crown of Italy (890), 
 
 it, like most of his successors, was able 
 
 iimliitnin them only during his residence 
 
 [tlie country. 
 
 ftorllie death of I.ambert and Arnold, 
 
 |iil.s, king of Lower Iturgnndy, became 
 
 rompctUor of lierengarlus I.; and tills 
 
 Id and noblo prince, although crowned 
 
 K In 894, and emperor in 805, did not 
 
 jy quiet till he had expelled the emperor 
 
 Is IH. and vanttuislied another eompe- 
 
 ir, Itodolph of Upper Burgundy : he was 
 
 11 then unable, on account of tlie feeble 
 
 (lIMon of the state, to defend the king- 
 
 clfcctively against theinvaslons of the 
 
 cons and the Hungarians. 
 
 ftir the assassination of Bcrengarius, 
 
 134, Rodolpli ir. n llnaulsbed his claims 
 
 "ugli.countof Provence, In exchange for 
 
 country. Hugh eought to strengthen 
 
 Insecure throi'ie of Italy by a bloody 
 
 ny. His nephew, Bcrengarius, mar- 
 
 of Ivrea, fled from Lis snares to Otho 
 
 [Great, of Germany, assembled an nrmy 
 
 igltives, returned and overthrew Hugh 
 
 i5. Hugh was succeeded by his son 
 
 aire. Bcrengarius became his flrat 
 
 counsellor. But, after l!ie death of f,o- 
 thalre, In 050, (poisoned, It was stild, by 
 HerengarluH), the latter wished to cinnpel 
 Ills wldotv — ihn biiautlfnl Adelaide -con- 
 trary to her Inclination, to marry his son. 
 Kscapliig from the prison to which lie had 
 consigned her, she took refuge in the cast lo 
 of Canossa, where she was besieged liy lie- 
 rengnrliis 11. Hlie now applied for aid to 
 (Mho I., king of (lerinaiiy, who passed Iho 
 Alps, liberated Ikt, eiiiniuered I'avln, be- 
 came king of the Kranks and l/oinbards, 
 and married Ad(.'lald(>. 
 
 To a |)rompt submission, and the cession 
 of Krinll, (the key of Italy), which Otho 
 gave to his lirotiier Henry, Henitigarlus 
 was indebiiMl for pennlsslon to relgi. as 
 the vassal of Otho. But the nobles of 
 Italy preferring now complaints against 
 him, 1(^11 years after, Otlii, returned In 
 OUI, deposed him, and led him prisoner to 
 llaii.bcrg; and, after having beta, himself 
 crowned king of Italy with the Iron crown. 
 In 001, united this kingdom with the Der- 
 raaii. Otho gave tlie great Imperial fb^fs 
 to (iermans, and granted to the Italian 
 cities privileges tlint were the foundation 
 of a free constitution, for which they soon 
 became ripe. 
 
 The growing wealth of the papal court, 
 owing to the niunlllcence of i.lio French 
 kings, which liad promoted tiuilr Inlliience 
 on till! government, so betiellclal under 
 Leo IV. and pojies of a similar character, 
 became, through the corruption of thu 
 Uoman court In the tenth century, the 
 tlrst cause of Us decline. The clergy and 
 the people elected the popes according to 
 the will of the consuls and a few patri- 
 cians. Alberic of Camerlno, and his son 
 Octavlan, were absolute masters of Ilome, 
 and the last was pope, under the name of 
 John XII. , when twentyytarsof ago. Otho 
 the Oreat, whom ho had crowned emperor 
 in Home, in 002, deposed him, and choso 
 Leo VIII. In Ills stead; but tlio people, 
 jealous of its right of election, chose Be- 
 nedict V. 
 
 From tills time, the popes, instead of 
 rullnv the jieople of Home, became depen- 
 dent on them. In Lower Italy, the re- 
 publics of Naples, Gaeta, and Ainalfl still 
 defended their Independence against the 
 Lombard duchy of Bencvento, with the 
 n.oro ease, since the duchy had been di- 
 vided, in 830, between Slconolphus of Sa- 
 lerno and Iladelghlsius of Bencvento, and 
 subsc(|uentiy among a great number, ami 
 since, with the dukes, they had had a com- 
 mon enemy in the Raracens, who had been 
 previously invited over from Sicily by both 
 parlies (about 830), as auxiliaries against 
 each other, but who iiad settled and main- 
 tained themselves In Apulia. The emperors 
 Louis II. and Basillus Maccdo had, with 
 combined forces, broken the power of the 
 Mussulmans; the former was, neverthe- 
 less, unable to maintain himself in Lower 
 Italy, but the Greeks, on the contrary, 
 gained a flrmer footing, Knd formed, of the 
 regions token from the Saracens, a sepa- 
 rate province, called the 'J'hcma of Lom- 
 bard}/, which continued under their do- 
 minion, though without i)rejudico to the 
 
708 
 
 C^e CrcaiVuru af ^iiiltai'v, ^r. 
 
 liberty of tho ropubllcs, iipwnrdii of a hun- 
 dred ycari, beliiff govonuHl by a catapaii 
 (or gnvornnr-Koncral) at Uarl. Otho the 
 Great hlmsolf did not succeed In driving 
 them altnxothcr from Italy. Tho niarrlngo 
 of his soil, Utlio II., with tho Greek prin- 
 cess Thcoplinnia, put an end to his exer- 
 tions for tliitt purpose, as did tlio unfortu- 
 nato battle at liiisuntollo to the slnillur 
 att<>mpts renewed by Otho II. (080). 
 
 In opposition to tho designs of the count 
 of Tusruluin, who wished to supplant the 
 absent einporor sit Rome, a noble lloman, 
 tho consul Creeccntlus, in oso, attempted to 
 govern Home under the semblance of her 
 ancient liberty. Olho II., Icing since 07.*), 
 occupied with his projects of conquest iu 
 Lower Italy, did not Interfere wltli this 
 administration, which became formidable 
 to tho vicious popes Uonlfaco VI f. and 
 John XV. IJut when Otho III., wlio had 
 reigned in Germany since 083, raised ills 
 Iclnsman Gregory V. to tho popedom, Ores- 
 centlus caused tiie latter to bo expelled, 
 and John XVI., a Greek, to be elected l)y 
 tho people. He also endeavoured to place 
 Rome again under tho nominal supremacy 
 of the Byzantine empire. Otho, however, 
 reinstated Gregory, besieged Crescentlus 
 In tlie castle of St. Angelo, took lilm 
 prisoner, and caused lilin to be beheaded, 
 with twelve other noble Romans, a.d. 098. 
 But the Romans again threw oil their 
 allegiance to tiio emperor, and yielded only 
 to force. 
 
 On the deatli of Otho III. 0002), the 
 Italians considered their connection with 
 tho German empire as dissolved. Harduin, 
 marquis of Ivrea, was elected king, and 
 crowned at Pavia. This was a sutllclent 
 motive for Milan, the enemy of Pavla, to 
 declare for Henry II. of Germany. A civil 
 war ensued, in which every city, relying 
 on its walls, took a greater or less part. 
 ITenry was chosen king of Italy by tho 
 no)>1es assembled in Pavla; but distur- 
 bances arose, in which a part of the city 
 was destroyed by fire (a.d. 1004). Not till 
 after llarduln's deatli, wlilcli occurred in 
 1015, was Henry recognised as king by 
 all liombardy. He was succeeded by Con- 
 rad 11. 
 
 At the diet held at Roncaglla, near Pia- 
 conza In 1037, Conrad made the Oefs here- 
 ditary l)y a fundamental law of the em- 
 pire, and endeavoured to give stability and 
 tranquillity to the state, but without suc- 
 cess. The cities (which were d.illy becom- 
 ing more powerful) and tho bisliops were 
 engaged in continual quarrels with the 
 nobility, and the nobility with their vas- 
 sals, which could not be repressed. 
 
 Republican Rome, under the influence 
 of the family of Crescentius, could be re- 
 duced to obedience neither by Henry II. 
 and Conrad II., nor by tho popes. Wlien 
 Henry III., t)-o son and successor of Con- 
 rad, entered Italy in 1040, ho found three 
 popes in Rome, all of whom he deposed, 
 appointed in their stead Clement II., aiid 
 over after filled tho papal chair, by his own 
 authority, with virtuous German ecclesi- 
 astics. This reform gave the popes new 
 consequence, wlilch afterwards became 
 
 fatal to his successor. Henry died k^M 
 
 1050. ^- - 
 
 During tho minority of his son Henry lyl 
 tlio policy of tho popes, directed hy HWitM 
 brand, (afterwards Gregory VII.) suci'iciledl 
 Iti creating an opposition, wlilch noun lic.1 
 came formidable to the secular power. Tliel 
 Normans also contributed to this rranitl 
 As early as 1010, warriors from Ni)riiiiuiJjl 
 had established themselves In Caliil)rlitnr,i|l 
 Apulia. Allies sometimes of the Liiinlianji I 
 sometimes of the republics, soiUL'ilniejrjl 
 tho Greeks against each other and nxnlni;! 
 the Saracens, they constantly bocainu iiMnl 
 powerful by petty wars. Tlio groat prci*! 
 ration of io IX.for their expulsion tcmJ 
 nated In defeat and cap uro (lo,'i.i), oil 
 tho other u.ind, Nicolas II. united wltluiiJ 
 Norman prl'^ces, and, in 1050, liiYCiMl 
 Robert Gull I with all tho torritnrifll 
 conquered by in In Lower Italy. Fninl 
 that time, tho i^ope. In his coiilllcta vtiiJ 
 the imperial power, relied on the suiiprinl 
 of his faithful vassal, tho duke of Apjal 
 and Calabria, to wlilrh Sicily was in 
 added. While the small states of tlio «niiit| 
 were thus united into one largo one, i!J 
 kingdom In tho north was dissolving' id 
 smaller states. Tlio Lombard cities wd 
 laying tho foundation of their fiitiircliJ 
 portance. Venice, Genoa, and I'lsii iveni 
 already powerful. 
 
 In tho small republics of tho nortli ( 
 Italy, tho government was, in most rajt 
 divided between the consuls, tlin k^ 
 council, tho great council, and tho popiid 
 assembly. Petty feuds /'ovclopeil tlij 
 youthful energies. Such were those ili 
 teriiiliiatcd with the destruction of U 
 by Milan, in 1111, and the ten ye.irii' «l() 
 of Como, by tho forces of all tho Ldiiiku 
 cities, which lasted from 1118 to iii!s. 
 subjugation of tills city rendered Mild 
 tlie first power in Lomhardy, and niost^ 
 the neighbouring cities were liui' alii 
 Others formed a counter-alllanco wiii 
 antagonist, Pavla. Disputes betweeiiJliy 
 and Cremona were tho occasion of tiieSii 
 war between tho two unions (1120), to \\l)il 
 tho contest ot Lothairo II. and Oonndf 
 Hohenstaufen for tho crown soon gti 
 another direction. This was the oricini 
 the Ghibellnea (favourers of the onipereif 
 and the Guelfs (the adherents of tin' 
 rally of tho Guelfs, and, in general, tliep 
 of the popes). 
 
 In Rome, tho lovo of liberty, rcstniii 
 by Gregory VII., rose in proportion m 
 successors ruled with less encri^y, 
 schisms between Gelaslus II. and lire?^ 
 VIII., Innocent 11^ and Anaclotiis ll.,l 
 newed tho liopes of tho Romniis, An^ 
 of Drescin, formerly proscribed fur liisi t 
 lent attacks against the luxury nf i 
 clergy in that country, was their le: 
 After eight years, Adrian IV. succeedeJi 
 effecting his execution. 
 
 Frederick I. of Hohenstaufen (chilled B 
 barossa) crossed tho Alps six times, in ort 
 to defend his possessions in Italy agaii 
 the republicanism of the Lombard cltl< 
 Embracing the cause of Pavla, a J 
 weaker, ho devastated tho territory ofl 
 Ian, and was crowned In Pavla and Im 
 
^c. 
 
 uccessor. Ileury HWi luHr 
 
 Cbe !ftMtoi^ or Stall;. 
 
 709 
 
 Inorltyol hl« eon Henry iv,l 
 popog, dlrocted by Hll(l^l 
 rdu Gregory VII.) Buccwdrtl 
 opposition, wlileh noun 1*1 
 to Uie secular power. Tlitl 
 conlrllmtcd to tliln rcstiiil 
 
 wiirrlors from NoriimiiJjl 
 
 1 tUeinnclves In Caliilirlii arJ 
 Bometlniesof the I,oinlanlJ 
 the republics, BoinoUimsfil 
 liiBt each other niul amwl 
 hey constantly beciiiiiurair(| 
 jtiy wars. Tho grout ptcpjl 
 X for their expulslim termH 
 afeat nnd cap uro (lo,'.;i). Oil 
 I. Nicolas II. lanltoil with nil 
 les, and. In 1059, tiiv(?wl 
 
 I with all tho terrltiiftl 
 m In liowcr Italy. Fril 
 ( iiope, In hU conlllctB wwl 
 )Ower, relied on tlio mmt 
 I vassal, tho duko of Apuil 
 to which Sicily was sool 
 I the Buiall states of tlio aouiP 
 Ited Into one largo one, i!J 
 no north was dlssolvlns m 
 i Tho Lomliard clllos wiJ 
 lindatlon of their future Isl 
 mice, Oenoa, and I'lsa \veii| 
 
 ill r'opubllcB of tho nortli l 
 rernmcnt was, in moBt niai 
 won. tho consuls, tlio lessd 
 treat council, and tlio iwruld 
 •etty feuds I'ovelopcd M 
 rgles. Such were those tkii 
 irith tho destruction of Ltf 
 1111, and the ten ye:irs' i-lej 
 tho forces of all tho l-nmtm 
 lasted from ins to 11^3. TL 
 of this city rendered Mia 
 /er In Loinhardy, and most 
 urlng cities were hov alliH 
 ed a counter-alliance wltht^ 
 'avla. DIsputesbetwocnMtt 
 L were the occasion of tlieM 
 the two unions (1129), to rtlJ 
 3f liOthalro II. and Conrad 1 
 n for tho crown soon gtl 
 ctlon. This was the originl 
 es (favourers of the cniperc 
 ilfs (tho adherents of tin 1 
 uelf 8, and, In general, tliep* 
 
 tho lovo of liberty, rcstridii 
 VlI„ro80 m proportion as! 
 ruled with less eneiay. n 
 ween Gelaslus II. and ^^m 
 ent II., and Anaclctus I1,J 
 lopea of the lloniaiis. Ani:^ 
 ormerly proscribed for Ins ' 
 ! against the luxury of 
 mt country, was their I» 
 years, Adrian IV. Bucceedeil 
 execution. ,,' 
 
 i. of Hohcnstaufen (cnllciH 
 Bscdthe Alps six times, inert 
 
 Is posBCBsloHB In Italy a«w 
 ■ittnlsm of the Lombard cll^ 
 the cause of Paya, m 
 levastated the territory oil 
 B crowned In Pavlaaudllo^ 
 
 hi 1158, ho reduced Milan, demolished tho 
 fnrtiflcntluna of Placonzn, and held a diet 
 at Ronriiglla, where ho extended tho Im- 
 perial prerogatives conformably with the 
 Justinian code, gave tho cities chief ma- 
 Bistmtco, and proclaimed a general pence. 
 Illii rigour having excited a new rebellion, 
 bin reduced Cremona to ashes, compelled 
 bililan to BUbmlsslon. and having driven out 
 ill tlio Inhabitants, demolished tho fortl- 
 railons. 
 
 wlicM the emperor entered Italy In 1163, 
 Itliout an a.iiiy, tlio cities concluded a 
 inlon for maintaining their freedom, which, 
 n 1167, was converted Into tho Lombard 
 nnfederacy. Tho confederates restored 
 Jlinn, and, to hold In check the Ohllielliio 
 Ityof I'avin, built a now eltv, called, In 
 louour of tho popo, Aleasandrla. Neither 
 Werlck's governor. Christian, archbishop 
 if Mciitz, nor he himself, could elfoet nny- 
 iilng against tho confederacy ; the torraer 
 illiil before Ancona, with all tho power of 
 ihlbcllno Tuseany , and tho latter, before 
 ik'iin.iiidrla. Ho was also defeated by Milan, 
 [t T.ognnno, In 1170. Ho then concluded 
 concordnto with Alexander III., and a 
 iifcwlth tho cities of Venice, and a peace, 
 liich secured their Independence, at Con- 
 anco (1183). Tho republics retained tho 
 Icstii (foreign noblemen, now elected by 
 lemselvcs) a.i judges and generals. As 
 rincrly, all wero to take tho oath of fealty 
 il allegiance to the emperor. But, Instead 
 strengthening their league Into a perma- 
 lont confederacy (the only safety for Italy), 
 aey wero soon split Into new factions, 
 flicn tha designs of tho Hohenstaufen on 
 II! tliroiio of Sicily drew Frederick and 
 [enry VI. from Lombardy. 
 During tho minority of Frederick II., and 
 le disputes for the succession to tho Gor- 
 an tlirono. Innocent III., who was Frc- 
 Tloli's guardian, succeeded In reestabllsh- 
 g tlic secular authority of tho holy see In 
 lino and the surrounding country, and 
 enforcing Us claims to tho donations of 
 arlcniaBne and Matilda. Ho also brought 
 er almost all Tuscany, except Pisa, to tho 
 rty of the Quelfs. A blind hereditary 
 itied, rather than a f.eal for the cause, In- 
 ired the parties ; for when Otho IV. aa- 
 nded t\w liiipertnl throne, the Guelfs 
 came his party, and the Ghlbelines the 
 lie's ; but tho reversion of tho Imperial 
 rono to tho house of Hohenstaufen, in 
 ic person of Frederick II., soon restored 
 le ancient rolaMons. 
 
 In Florence, this party- spirit gave pre- 
 )nce to tho disputes of the Buondelmontl 
 d Donatl with tho Ubertl and Amadol, 
 giuatliig in private causes; and moat 
 les wero thus Internally divided Into 
 lelfg and Ghlbelines. The Guelf cities ol 
 rabardy renewed tho Lombard confedo- 
 y, in 1226. The Dominican, John of VI- 
 mn, attacked these civil wars; but hla 
 enipc to obtain secular power in Vlcenza 
 :asloned his fall. After the emperor had 
 urned from his ci-uaado,ln 1230, he waged 
 r, with varying success, against the cities 
 Id against Gregory IX., heedless of tho 
 icominunlcatlon ; while Ezzelln>dl Uo- 
 "luo, under tho pretence of favouring the 
 
 Ghlbollnea, eatabltahed, by every kind ot 
 vlolouce, his own power In Padua, Verona, 
 Vironza, and the neighbourhood. 
 
 The plan ot Gregory IX., to depose Fre- 
 derick, was suceoasfully executed by Inno 
 cent IV., In tho council of Lyons (1846). 
 This completely weakened thu Ghlbellna 
 party, which whs already nearly undermined 
 by tho intrigues ot tho mendicant orders. 
 Tho Uologneso united all the cities of Italy 
 in a Guelf league, and in 1340, took Euzlus 
 prisoner, whom they never released. In 
 tho Trevisan Mark alone, the Ghlbellaos 
 possessed the aupremacy, by means of 
 Gzzelln, till ho toll before a crusado of all tho 
 Guelfs against him, in 13S.'S. But tl eso 
 contests wero fatal to liberty; the house 
 Bella Scala followed that of Romano in the 
 domtnlon ; and Milan Itself, with a great 
 part of Lombardy, found masters In the 
 house of Bella Torre. Tyrants everywhere 
 arose ; tho maritime republics and the re* 
 public of Tuscany alone remained free. 
 
 After Charles I. of Anjou bad become, by 
 the favour of the pope, king of Naples, sena- 
 tor ot Rome, papal vicar of Tuscany, and 
 had directed hla ambition to the throne ot 
 Italy (a policy In which his auccossors per- 
 severed), tho names of GuelfaandGhlbclinoa 
 aciiulred a new signification. Tho former 
 denoted the friends, the latter the enemies, 
 of the French. To thcsofactions wero added 
 in tho republics, tho parties of the nobility 
 and the people, tho latter of which was al- 
 most universally victorious. Tho honoat 
 exertions of Gregory X. (who died 1276) to 
 establish peace, were ot no avail ; those ol 
 NIcholaa III.,who feared tho propondcranco 
 of Charles, were more efficient ; but Martin 
 IV., servilely devoted to Charles, destroyed 
 everything which had been effected, and per- 
 secuted tho Ghlbelines with new animosity. 
 
 A different Interest— that ot trade and 
 navigation- -Impelled tho marltlmo repub- 
 lics to mutual wars. Tho Genoese asslated 
 Michael PalxologuB, In 1201, to recover 
 Constantinople from the Venetians, and re- 
 ceived In return Chios ; at Melorla, they 
 annihilated tho navy of tho Pisana, and 
 completed their dominion of the sea by 
 a victory over the Venetians at Curzola, 
 which took place In 1298. Florence ren- 
 dered its democracy complete by tho pu- 
 nishment of all tho nobles, and strength- 
 ened tho Guelf party by wise mcaaurcs ; 
 but a new schism soon divided tho Guelfs 
 in Florence and ail Tuscany into two f lo- 
 tlona— the Nerl (Black) and Blanchl (White). 
 The latter were almost all expelled by tho 
 intrigues of Boniface VIII., and joined the 
 Ghlbelines. In Lombardy, freedom seemed 
 to have expired, when the people, weary ot 
 tho everlasting feuds of their tyrants, rose 
 In most of the cities, and expelled them. 
 
 Henry VII., tho first emperor who had 
 appeared in Italy for sixty years (1310), re- 
 stored tho princes to their cities, and found 
 general submission to his requisitions, 
 peace among the parties, and homage to 
 the empire. Florence alone undertook tbr 
 glorious part which she so nobly suatalne'l 
 for two centuries, as tho guardian ot Itn- 
 lian freedom ; she choae Robert ot Naples, 
 the enemy of Heury, her protector for fl vo 
 
760 
 
 tsr^e QTrentfurif of I^Mtavv, Set, 
 
 ycM», and rniimliicil froo wlilln Mm nthor 
 pnrtRuf tlio kliiKdoiii wero divided Into fiic- 
 tliihfl nnd dPRtroycd )>)- IntvHtlno witrM. 
 
 Ill 13.10, John, kliiK of Itdliciniii, Huddonly 
 ciitorcd Italy. Invited by the liilinlillantii 
 of llrosclii, fftvonrod l)y tlio |>(»i>o, i-locted 
 lord of 1,110011, ovcrywlicro nrtliijf the imrt 
 of n nicdiutor and poikccinnkur, lio would 
 have Hiiccocded In i>Htal)llHhlnf< tliu power 
 ntwhU'h lieahiied, had he not been oppoHed 
 by tho KlorentiiieM. On hit* Rocond expe- 
 dition to Italy In inX\, Az/.o Vl8Contl, Mar- 
 tlno della Hoain, ami Uobert of Naples, 
 united aKaitiHt hlin and Ills ally, the papal 
 legate, nertrand of I'olet, who aRplred to 
 tho doinlnit)!! of lioIoKiia. After tho down- 
 fall of both in Kia-i, when the I'epoli be^an 
 to rule in noloKiia, Martino delta Brala bu- 
 caino master of half Loniiiardy. Florence 
 led tho oppoBltion aRainitt liiin, and excited 
 » war of tho lenRuo, in wlilch It Rained no- 
 thing but tho scur'.ty of Itw lllierty. 
 
 In Rome, Oola 't ciikI, in \M7, B<night to 
 restore order end tranquillity; ho was ap- 
 
 Jiointcd tribune o.' tho people, but was 
 orccd, after f.jvc-i niontliH, to yield to tho 
 nobility. llavlnM eturned, after seven years 
 of baulshnicnt, witli tlie leRnto eordliml 
 Albornoz, ho ruled aKuin a Hliort time, and 
 ot lenffth was murdered in an insurrection. 
 ThoOenoono, tired of tlio perpetual disputes 
 of '.ho Ghihclino Spinolna and Dorian with 
 the Uuelf tirinialdl nnd FieHchi, banlHlied 
 nil theHofamtliOB in 13.10, nnd nindo Hiinoa 
 Jloccanestra their flrst doge. 
 
 In 1317 linly suffered by ;v terril)Io famine, 
 oud a still more terriblo pestiieiiro in the 
 ;enr following, which swept away two 
 thirds ot tho populntion. No lorn terriblo 
 was tne scourge of tho batidc. (banditti), or 
 Inrgo companies of soldiers, who, after every 
 peace, continued the war on their own ac- 
 count, ravaging tLo whole country with 
 Are and sword. 
 
 Pope Innocent VI. succeeded In conquer- 
 ing the whole of tho states of the church, 
 by means of tho cardinal legate. E^idluB 
 Albornoz (1354-flO); but, reduced to ex- 
 tremities by the oppresslonB of tho legates, 
 and encouraged by Florence, the conquered 
 cities revolted In 1375. Tho cruelties of car- 
 dinal Robert of Geneva (afterwards Clement 
 VII.), nnd of his band of soldiers from 
 Bretngne, produced only a partial 8Ul>ju- 
 gatlon ; and tho great schism, tho freedom 
 of these cities, or rath !r the power of tiielr 
 petty tyrants, was fully confirmed. 
 
 The VIscontI, meanwhile, persisting In 
 their BChenies, of conquest, arrayed tho 
 whole Btrenglli of Italy In oppo!<itlon to 
 them, atid caused tho old factions of Guelfs 
 and Ghlbellnes soon to be forgotten in tlio 
 Impending danger. Genoa submitted to 
 John VIscontI, who had purcliased Uologna 
 from the Pepoll in 13.50 ; but his enterprise 
 against Tuscany failed through tho resist- 
 ance of tho confederated Tuscan republics. 
 Another Ic.iguc against Iiim w.as concluded 
 by the Venetians with tlie petty tyrants of 
 Lombardy. But tho union of tho Floren- 
 tines with the VIscontI against the papal 
 legates continued but a short time. In 
 Florence, the Guelfs were divided Into the 
 parties ot the Ricci and the Alblzzl. The 
 
 sedition of tho Clompl to which DiU mnl 
 rise, waB i|iielied Ity Michael di l.niiiln, wiio| 
 had been elected gonfalon lere by ihouif 
 Helves, In n way no Iohs niniily tlmn duii,. 
 teroHted. 
 
 Tlio Venetians, irritated with Ciiriin, 
 on account of tho nHHlMtaiieo lie liiiil ui\,|,% 
 tlio Getioene In tlio war at (;iilo/./;i (i:i:'iJ 
 looked quietly on wliili" .Tolin (laleii/.z.j ViJj 
 coiiM dei)rlve(l tho Delia Hrala and iVirnnil 
 of all tlieir p(iMHeHKionH;aiid Kloreiii'('!i|hn|,| 
 assisted the iiiifortniiate princes. I'nueiA 
 (^arrarn made liimHelf again innstir itl 
 I'ndiia, in 1.1on, and maintained his mlvin.r 
 tngCH, till bo sunk under tlio enmity dt it«| 
 VeiietinnH (14011), who, cliaiiglng tli('lr|i>l 
 llcy, liecame hencefortli, instead of tlu'.p,! 
 ponr'iits, tlio rivals of tlio ambitious virwil 
 of tlio VIscontI. I 
 
 In 131),'), Jolin Galen/.Ao obtnlnnl fr.nl 
 the emperor Wenceslau.s tho IiiveHiliuri'i,(l 
 Lilian nB adiicliy, piirclmHed IMna (wlikj 
 liirt natural son (inbriei bargaliir<I uwnyiJ 
 Florence, 1405), from tlio tyrant (Icnmi oil 
 Applano (Who reserved only tlio iirliuifjl 
 llty of riombliio'), and subjugated Slcnr,],! 
 Perugia, and Bologna; so that FlunnrrJ 
 fearfully menaced, alono stood iiKaiiisi iiigl 
 In tho cmiso of liberty. On his diMili, ij 
 M03, tlie prospect briglitcned, aiut diiriaJ 
 tho minority of his sons, n great iiurtlgl 
 of Ills states was lost. When KndUlsajl 
 of Naples, taklrg advantage of tlic yclil,iJ 
 made liimHClf uiaHter of all the ecoU-rinl 
 tical states, and threatened to coiniucri 
 Italy, Florence again alono dared tiiiv;iii| 
 liini. But tills danger wan transltdry ; itt 
 VlHconti soon rose up again In opi" rililrial 
 
 Duke Philip Marin reconquered nllliJ 
 states ot Lombardy, by means of the ml 
 Carmngnola (1410-20). (^cnon also, wliiJ 
 was sometlmeB given up, in noniiiinl (ml 
 dom to Btoriny factions (of tlie I'lcuiir 
 AdornI, Montnlto, Gunrco), nnd ai niliiil 
 times was subject to France, or to ij 
 marqulB of Montfcrrat, submitted tnl 
 (1421), Florence subsequently cnlinJiiial 
 an alliance against him with the Vtiictii 
 (1425) ; and by means of Carmagiiola, nM 
 liad now come over to thcin, tliey foniiin 
 ed tho whole cotintry as far as the M\ 
 a. d retained it In tho peace of IVrnii 
 (1428). 
 
 After Milan had boon cnfcelilod liy ilJ 
 Venetians and Florentines, nnd wliilo.ll 
 plionso of Arragon was conntaiitly dlstnr^T 
 ill Naples, by tlio Anjou party, no dniiu'iiia 
 predominance of power exlHted in liilj 
 though mutual jealousy still exciinl 
 quent wars. In wlilch two parties aiiioni.'ii| 
 Italian mercenary Boldlers, the llnidn,'* 
 and the SforzeschI, continued always I; J 
 tlio to each other, contrary to tlirrii-ii 
 of those mercenary bands. Aflcr tlioal 
 tinctlon of tho VIscontI, In l tl7, Fraij 
 Sforza succeeded in gaining possession^ 
 the Mllancso state. The Venetian', w| 
 aimed at territorial aggrandisement, Invi^ 
 formed a connection with sonio prinf| 
 against him, he found an ally In Fd niK 
 which, with a change ot circumsiniiM 
 wisely nitered her policy. About this i 
 the family of the Medici attained to H 
 iu that city by their wealth and m 
 
Set* 
 
 [^lomplto whirl) ililt mvil 
 1 iiy MIf.lmi'l tU l<niitli>.wlwl 
 .a uoiifaloiili'rn liy ihcin 
 no li'HH mniily Umii ilMiif 
 
 ig irrltntnl with ('iirrnni,| 
 
 Ik'i nHHlHliuii-o lii'liml KK.nl 
 
 Uin will- lit (;iil('/./;i (i;i:'i 
 
 ,1, Wllllf .ll>llll(llll<'!l«"Vl 
 
 iiio nolliv Hi'iila iuitU';in;ir«l 
 
 ifortuimtu iirlnccK. Inimul 
 hlniHi'lt ntmlH. ;"i»*'ir "II 
 and inalntnlncd liU m vul 
 
 'mkniulcrUionmiltyotinl 
 ,) who. clmiiRlii« ll»rii>l 
 
 Iviilrt of the auil'ltli'iiH vNj 
 
 im f!nlcn/xo obtnliioil fmul 
 
 Ay. inirclmpod IMwi (wliltkl 
 
 > fn.in tho tyrnnt i.i'iw oil 
 , n'gorvoil only tlio k ml|J 
 \xw\ mill sul.jnKatcrt hU'iinJ 
 noloKiia; BO that llurn,.! 
 firod aloiio stood «r:iIii^I lull 
 of l!"rly On hl« .l.:,il,,:l 
 
 of hU sons, ft great, luir 111 
 
 a was lost. WluMi I.n(\l«tal 
 
 di-Kadvantaptoof Uir sdil-iJ 
 
 f niaHtcr of all tlio i'i'flo>u*l 
 
 „„d tl.rratciird to cowmm 
 
 CO nKalii alono darrd to iojWI 
 
 lis danger was tratisltory;ibil 
 
 roHoxipngalnlnoH-s 4 
 
 In Maria roconquore.l nil li| 
 
 mbardy. by tiieaim of the ml 
 
 iUlM Ocnoa also, jviidl 
 
 iCB irlven up, linionilimllMl 
 
 my factions (of the 1 .■.■.J 
 
 tttalto. Ouarco). aud iiu.tj 
 
 BUblcrt to France, or to IJ 
 
 Muafcrrat. submitted to 1 
 
 snco subsequently cut I ivJltJ 
 
 &t htm with the VmtBJ 
 
 Ty mcansof Carmagimla.na 
 
 «Wvcrtothcm.tlu-ycmii4 
 
 10 country as far as Un'M 
 
 d It In the l'*^"**^" "^ 
 
 m had been cnfc<'l'l'''\';f 'JS 
 d Klorentlnos. and wli lelj 
 rraVon was constantly jllstnrtJ 
 ythoAnjouparty..io.lnnu'or|L 
 CO of power existed li ma 
 tual jealousy still cxcitcl J 
 m which two parties amon«« 
 cenary soldiers, the 1 racluj^ 
 ,rzcschl. continued nhv ro^ 
 ; other, contrary to H 
 crccnary hands. Af o ' a 
 tho Vlscontl, m 1117, l'«q 
 ceded in galnlnff po^'i'i'.-ii'nj 
 so state. Tho Venetians' 
 'ritorlalaRgrandlscmfnt.inv 
 'onnection with some I '^ 
 h. ho found an ally in Hn« 
 Ri' ft change of clroun H 
 ' cd her policy. About tUi»i 
 pf the Medici attained top 
 ^y by their wealth and '« 
 
 €\)t W^tavn oC StaltK 
 
 761 
 
 MIlMi, wliero llio Htitr/.n Imd eHtabllslied 
 tbetiKClves; Venice, which poRsesaed half 
 lit Lonil'Hrdy J KlortMico, wisely niannged by 
 Lorcnxo Mvdfcl; tho ■lutoM of the church, 
 (or thii most imrt rostored to the holy sec ; 
 Mill Naples, which was Incapable of employ- 
 ing Its forct'H In direct aMueks on oilier 
 uliitcH, roiiHllluled, In thoflftcoiilli century, 
 ihi'i'ol"'*'"' l'>alu»ce of Italy, which, during 
 lliii iniuiifold feuds of llieso Hlatcs, |ier- 
 iiilttcd no ono tu become dangermis to 
 Ihu liidependenco of the rest, till IIIM, 
 when Charles Viri. 4)f Franco entered Italy 
 to coiKpier Naples, and Louis Moro Hforza 
 iilnyed Hie part llrst of his ally, then of his 
 riicmy, while the |io|ie, AlexaiidiT VI,, 
 rARcrly sought the friendship of t lie French, 
 toiironiote the exaltation of his son, C'lesar 
 
 llorgla. 
 
 A long succession of military contests 
 
 [now took place, which were chlelly excited 
 
 |)y InvAslons from (lermany, or by the ef- 
 
 (orta of party leaders at homo to usurp 
 
 power over tho freo cities; but we must 
 
 MM liy these, and merely observe that the 
 
 Jli'illd family ultimately succeeded In es- 
 
 tJilillalilng their sway. The brief traiuiull- 
 
 jlty nf Italy, however, was soon destined to 
 
 k< disturbed by tho grasping ambition of 
 
 Itlic wiirlikepopo, Julius II., who completed 
 
 tlicBiilijugatlon of tho statesof the church, 
 
 not, liuleed. for a son or nephew, but In the 
 
 imiiio of the holy sec. He concluded with 
 
 Alaxlniillan I., Ferdinand the Catholic, and 
 
 llonla XII., the league of t'umbray (150«), 
 
 [Hlnst the ambitious jiollcy of the Vene- 
 
 llana, who succeeded In dissolving the 
 
 leaRUo which threatened them with de- 
 
 Itniction. The pope then formed a league 
 
 rltli the Venetians themselves, Spain, and 
 
 |lio Swiss, fur tho purpose of driving the 
 
 French from Italy. This holy league did 
 
 lot, however, thou attain Its object, al- 
 
 liough Julius was little affected by the 
 
 french and Ocrman council held at IMsa to 
 
 cposo hint. Maximilian Kforza, who had 
 
 acquired Milan, relinquished It without 
 
 wrvo to Francis I., In 15K5; but the 
 
 ipcror Charles V. assumed It as a reverted 
 
 jif of the empire, and conferred It on 
 
 TmncUco Sforza. brother of Maximilian, In 
 
 S20. This was the cause of violent wars, 
 
 which the efforts of Francis were always 
 
 inBuccessful. He was taken prisoner at 
 
 ■uvia, and, with his other claims, was 
 
 (impelled to renounce thoso on Milan, 
 
 |hich remained to Sforza, and, after his 
 
 Bath, was granted by Charles V. to his son 
 
 liilip. The Mcdiccan popes, Leo X. and 
 
 leraent VII., were bent, for tho most part, 
 
 the nggrnndisemcnt of their family. 
 
 larlcB v., to whom all Italy submitted 
 
 [tcrthe battle of Pavia. frustrated, indeed, 
 
 le attempts of Clement Vll. to weaken his 
 
 )wer, and conquered and pillaged Homo 
 
 1527; but, being reconciled with the 
 
 )pe, he raised tho Medici to princely 
 
 ithorlty. 
 
 [Florence, Incensed at the foolish conduct 
 Pletro towards France, had banished the 
 edlriin 1404. but recalled them In 1.'>12 ; 
 Id was compelled to take a station among 
 [e principalities, under duke Alexander I. 
 Medici. Italian policy, of which Florence 
 
 had hltherlii been the hhuI, iiuin tin ivrlod 
 Is destilutu of a common siiirlt, .ind ihu 
 history of liiily |g therefore destitute of a 
 central point. 
 
 After the extinction of the male biaiich 
 of the niarqiilHes of Monlfcrrat, Cliiirlt-t V. 
 KMVe this ciiuiitry to tlnii/agii or .Maiitiiii. 
 Maximilian II. subsequcnily riilHeil Almit- 
 ferriil to a duchy. The KlorenlhuM failed 
 (I.^:i7) In n new attempt to i'miinci|iiiir 
 tliriiiHelves, after the deiilli of diiko Alex- 
 ander, who fell l)y tho hiiiiilsof an assassin. 
 Cosmo I. succeeded him in tliegoverniiieiit, 
 by the inliiii'iice of (Miiirles V. I'arina and 
 l'iaceii/,a, wliidi Julius II. had conquered 
 for llio papal see, Paul III. erected Into a 
 ducliy, in I.M.'i. which hoKavelo his natunii 
 son, I'eier Alois Farnese. whose son (HIaIro 
 olitnliied the Imperial Investiture In iri.VI. 
 (ieiion, subject to the French since 1 l!i!», 
 found a deliverer In Andrew Doria (ir.'.'Ki. 
 lie founded tlic aristocracy, and the conspi- 
 racy of Fiesci) (1.M7) failed to subvert htm. 
 Ill ir>5;i, besides Milan, Charles V. conferred 
 Naples on his son l'lillli> II. liy tin- peace 
 of ('liateau-Cambresls, in iri.'iO, I'hiiip I Land 
 Henry 11. of Franco renounced all their 
 claims to ricdmont, which was restored to 
 its rlKhtfulsovereiHn,dukel':iiinianuel I'lil- 
 liliert of Havoy, the bravo Hpanlsli Keiicral. 
 
 The legitimate male line of the house of 
 Ksto became extinct in 15ii7, when the iiie- 
 gitlmato ('lesaro of ICsto obtained MoUena 
 and Ileggio from tho empire, and Ferrara 
 was conllscated as a reverted lief by tho 
 holy see. In tho second half of the six. 
 teenth century, the prosperity of Italy was 
 Increased by a long pcaiH', as much as tho 
 loss of ,.s commerce allowed ; Henry IV. of 
 France having, by tho treaty of Lyoni, 
 ceded Salu/zo, tho last French possession 
 In Italy, to Kavoy. Tho tranquillity conil- 
 nued till the contest for the succession of 
 Mantua and Montferrat, after tho extinc- 
 tion of tho tionzaga family (10*.>7). Mis- 
 fortunes In Germany compelleil Ferdinand 
 II. to confer both countries, in iniil, ns a 
 lief Oil Charles of Nevers, tho protege of 
 France, whoso family remained In posses- 
 sion tin tho war of tho Spanish succession. 
 In tho peace of Chlerasco (in.li), Hiclie- 
 lieu's diplomacy acipiired also I'Igncrol and 
 Casale— strong points of support, In case of 
 new invasions of Italy, thoiiKh ho hud to 
 relinquish the latter. In 10.17. Hy lliu extinc- 
 tion of the house Delia Uoveia, tho duchy 
 of Ordino, with which Julius 1 1. had invest- 
 ed It, devolved. In lO.'U, to the i>apal see. 
 
 In tho second half of the seventeenth 
 century, the peace of Italy was not Inter- 
 rupted, excepting by the attempts of Louis 
 XIV. on K;ivoy and IMedmont, and appeared 
 to be secured for a long time by the treaty 
 of neutrality at Turin (KiBO), when tho war 
 of the Spanish succession broke out. Aus- 
 tria haviiiBf conquered Milan, Mantua, and 
 Montferrat, retained tho two Urst (for 
 Mantua was forfeited by the felony of tho 
 duke), and gave tho latter to Savoy. In tho 
 jioace of Utrecht, Austria obtained Sar- 
 dinia and Naples; Savoy obtained Sicily, 
 which It exchanged with Austria for Sar- 
 dinia, from which it assumed the royal 
 title. Mont Gene V re was mado tho houu 
 
 

 t 
 
 702 
 
 €l)t EvtRiuvii at IQMtorj), &c. 
 
 ditry liolweon Prnnre and Itnljr. The hou*o 
 of Kiirnoiu borominff t'xtlnct In 17.11, thu 
 HpniilHli inrniit Olmrloi ol)t.aliif<il riiriimnnd 
 riiiccii/.u. In tliii wnrfortlio l*iill«li tliroii«, 
 of i;;;i, OlmrlcH KmninmiPl of Hiivoy, In 
 nlllaiicu Willi Krnnro and Hpain, connuerod 
 tlio MIIancHO territory, and roct'lvod thcro- 
 fniin, In tlio iieacw of Vli'nna (ITJIH), Nnvara 
 find Tortona. CliarloH, Infant nf Hpalii, ln'- 
 ramu kln^ of tliu Two Hldlli>i«, and ced«d 
 Parma ami I'laccnza to AuHtria. 
 
 Tho Modlrl of Klorcuco, entitled, ilnro 
 ISTft, Krand-dukr* of Tnnrany, hccanio ex- 
 tinct In 17.17. Krnncln Hti-iihon, duko of 
 Lorraine, now rorelved TuMniny by the pre- 
 liminaries of Vienna, and bncoinlnff empe- 
 ror In 1745, made It tho appanage of the 
 yoiumerllnc of tlio Anntro-I.orralnolioime. 
 Ill 1748, tho Spaniards coniiiiercd Milan, but 
 wer^ expelled thenre by Olmrlei Kmniamu'l, 
 to whom Maria Thereia reded, In reward, 
 HomoMllaneHodUtrU'tR. MaHHa and Carrara 
 fell to Modena, In 174.1, by right of Inherlt- 
 nnco. Tho Spanish mfant, don I'hillp, 
 conquered Tarma and I'larenza Inlilnown 
 name, lost them, obtained them again an a 
 hereditary duchy, by tho peoco of Alx-la- 
 Chapello, In 174«. 
 
 At tho era of tho Pronrh revolution, Ttaly 
 WB8 divided between the principality of 
 Savoy, tho EccIeslaHtlcal Htiteei, tho repub- 
 IICH of Venice and Oenoa, the grand diuliy 
 of Tuacany, and the Buiall prInclpalltU'H of 
 Parma and Modena. Naples and Sicily 
 were governed by a king belonging to tho 
 houHO of Dourbon ; and Mnntua, Alllan, and 
 Bome other lUacca were In the poaseHslua of 
 Austria. 
 
 In September 1703, t' j French troops 
 nr»t penetrated Into Ravoy, and planted 
 tho tree of liberty. Though expelleil for 
 Bom(- tlmo, In 179.1, by tho I'ledmonteso and 
 AuBtrlana, they held It at the end of tho 
 year. Tho National C(niventlon had already 
 declared waragalnnt Naples, and tho French 
 advanced Into the I'lcdmontoAO and (lenoeso 
 territories, but were exiielled from Italy In 
 July 1795, by tho AustrlauB, Sardinians, and 
 Neapolitans. In 1790, Napoleon Buonaparte 
 received tho chief comminid of tho French 
 army la Italy. Ho forced tho king of 
 Sardinia to conclude a treaty of peace, by 
 which tho latter was obliged to cedo Nice 
 nnd Savoy to France ; con(|uered Austrian 
 Lonibardy, with tho exception of Mantua ; 
 put tho duko of Parma and tho pnpo under 
 contribution; and struck such conEterna- 
 tion Into tho king of Naples, that he begged 
 for peace. 
 
 After Mantua had also (fallen, In 1707, 
 Buonaparte formed of Milan, Mantun, tho 
 portion of Parma north of tho Po, and Mo- 
 dena, tho CIsalpIno republic. Franco like- 
 wise niado war on tho pope, and annexed 
 Bologna, Ferrara, and Ilomagna to tho 
 Cisalpine republic (1707), by the peace of 
 Tolentlno. Tho French then advanced to- 
 wards Rome, overthrew tho ecclesiastical 
 government, and erected a Roman republic 
 (1798). In Genoa, Buonaparte occasioned 
 a revolution, by which a democratic re- 
 public was formed after the model of the 
 French under tho name of tho Llgurlan re- 
 public. Tho French bad, meanwhile, pene- 
 
 trated Into Austria, through tho Vonetiu 
 territory. Tho Veiicllans now made cum f 
 mon cause with ibo l)ravc TyrolcKc »|,,,L 
 gained advantagcN ov; thoFrenih (ntiiJ 
 Alps. Buonaparto, til roforo, occuplmi Vj,| 
 nice without strlkliiK t blow, and gnvo tht I 
 rupubllu u democratic constltutloii ; |,|,| | 
 by 'ho peace of Cuinpo-Kormlo (ITtli OfJ 
 1707), tho Venetian territory, m far .-% tliJ 
 Adige, was relluiiulshed to Auitrlii, miJ 
 the rest incorporated with theUlsal|i|iic,<.l 
 public. Tno king of Sardinia concluiloiiil 
 treaty of alliance and subsidy with Krancr I 
 October 35; but, In 1708, tho directdry, ul 
 sailed In Homo from Naples, docirud J 
 expedient to compel lilm to resign hit tcrtJ 
 tories on thu main land. I 
 
 Notwithstanding Its treaty of amItywiiJ 
 France, Naples concluded an alllniicf, ||| 
 1798, with Britain and llusslo. Tho VtmiJ 
 therefore, occupied Naples, and ttwril 
 there the Parthcnopean republic. ThJ 
 grand duko of Tuscany had IlkcwlHoforMl 
 an alliance with Naples and Ilrltiiln, uJ 
 Ills country was, in return, coniimllciUil 
 the French to receive, like Piedmuiit, J 
 military administration. After the cog.! 
 gress of Uadstadt was broken off, AiHirJ 
 and the (ierman empire, under IIushIuu su J 
 port, re.iewed tho war against tho Fruiifii,! 
 who again loft Naples and Home td ti<|l 
 British, Uusslans, and Turks. Tho kinJ 
 and tho pope returned to their ciiiilt.iltij 
 Lombardy ; tho French were defeiitcj iJ 
 the Austrlans, undor Kray and Mvl;iii,ai)j| 
 by tho IlusHJans, under Suwarrof, and Iml 
 all their fortresses, except Uenon, wlienf 
 Massena sustained a vigorous siege, uhltl 
 his countrymen liad to evacuate nllliii J 
 But, In the meanwhile, Buonapiirte nm 
 made flrst consul after ids return frogi 
 Kgypt. Ho marched with a now nrnijrJ 
 Italy, defeated tho AuHtrlans at tlic atf 
 morablo battle of Marengo (1800), ami «» 
 pelled them to capitulation, by wlilrhil 
 tho Italian fortresses were again cvaciiaKl 
 
 By tho peace of Luncvillo, Feb, o, m 
 the possession of Venice was conllrnicJ^ 
 Austria, which was to Indemnify the diil 
 of Modena, by tho cession of Brligaii, 
 duke of Parma received Tuscany, luul add 
 wards, from Buonaparte, the title n( klij 
 of Ktrurla. Parma was united with Frmi 
 The Cisalpine and Llgurlan republleoiij 
 guaranteed by Austria and Prance, i 
 with tho Llgurlan territories, were uiiiii 
 the imperial llefs included within thtl 
 limits. The king of Naples, who Imd o«f 
 pled tlie states of tho churcli, was oblii 
 to conclude peace at Florence. ByKi 
 slan mediation, ho escaped wltli the loisl^ 
 of Plombino, tho fitato degli Presidj, i 
 Ills half of tho island of Elba, together* 
 the promise of closing his harbouraagaiil 
 the British. Tho other half of Kiba 1 
 cany had already relinquished to Fn 
 But tho whole Island was obstlnatelflj 
 fended by tho British and Corslcans,* 
 tho armed Inhabitants, and not ctmj 
 tin autumn. Tho Stato degli PresUlj Fn 
 ceded to Etruria, September 19; but stt 
 detachments of French troops reiiia) 
 both in Naples and Tuscany, and thelri 
 port cost immcuse sums. To the ref ilii 
 
QDIje )[)iil(orv at UtaXu* 
 
 768 
 
 (trill, tlirough the Vinetlu, 
 VencMaiiii ""W mado enni 
 h I ho bravcTyrolt'Ki" whol 
 „,,H ovi the French lnili»l 
 Irto th roforo, ocru|ilui!Ve.l 
 rluiiiK * blow, ftiiil Hiivcihi 
 
 Voainpo-Kormlo (Utli Oa 
 tiHii tiirrUory, ai far,-«tli»l 
 ll„,,ul..»u!d to Auitrlii. Mi4 
 irato.l with the Ol«al'lllo,^ 
 l,,«of HiirdlnUcoiu-iu(N, 
 
 leo and «ul'»l«y ;»"".'''■»""• 
 t III 1798, the dlroclMry, m 
 »o from Naploi, dcMiicI i: 
 oinvolhlmtoreiilgnhlitcnl. 
 
 ;:riyr» treaty of amltyww 
 .« coiK-liuUHl an aUliince, » 
 talii and Ku«gla. Tho rxm\ 
 
 arthcnopeaii rppubllo. Tht, 
 r%u,ca..Vh.ulllkowseomd 
 ;iiii Naples and Ilrltiilii, m(, 
 was in return, compolledb, 
 o receive. llWo I'ledmoni,. 
 hilBtratloi',. After tHe w 
 »t dt was broken off. Ainw 
 nn empire, under lU.«Hh,n,f 
 ■d tho war a«alnBt the Pratb, 
 left Naplon and Homo to ki 
 8lan«. and TurkB. Tlie klii| 
 returned to their cai4ta.. 
 the French were dof.'ntiJli 
 IB under Kray and Mel:!!", d 
 ani under 8uwarrof. a.ul .d 
 r r >«»i'9. except Oonoft, wlied 
 tuned ft vigorous slego.^hl! 
 '. had to^vacuatoallltalj 
 innanwhlle, Huonapiirte n 
 couBUl after hl» return fml 
 marched with a now arrar 
 ted tho Au«trlanH at tl.e i 
 ,tloofMarenKoC1800).:ui;l f 
 MO capitulation. >y wlilrli 
 ortrc88e«wcroa«aln(n-imi 
 saco of Lunevlllc-, Vvh- 0, II 
 on of Venice was com rme 
 irhwfts to indemnify thcil 
 by the cession of UrUm.'- 
 nm received Tuscany, ami a i 
 "nuonuparto.thetltooU 
 Viirma was united wit UKam 
 nl'SdLlgurlftnrep«mcs.< 
 by Austria and France, 
 Kurlan territories, wen ui 
 al tleta Included wli iln ft 
 e king of Naples, ^vho Imd (;t 
 atesof tho church, was 
 10 peace at Florence U 
 tlon. ho escaped wlt»> tu^ f« 
 10. tho Stato degll PrcsJ]- 
 tho Island of Elba, together' 
 ofcloslnghlsharboursw 
 
 1 Tho other half of I'lDJ ' 
 already relinquished to J^ 
 fholo Island was obst natiiy 
 To British and CorsU^nM 
 l„babltant8.andnotcaoa 
 
 n. Tho Stato degll Pre>.U J " 
 trurla. September 10 ; but 
 
 itTof French troops rora 
 !nlcsand Tuscany, and tUelr 
 
 of (leima and Lurca thoflmt con«ul Kavo 
 ufWconBtltutloni In Iflui. llut, In January 
 lltiU, the CUalpIno reiuibllc was tranHrorm- 
 ediiitollie Itullun republic. In Imitation of 
 tbti now French conHlltutloii, and Ihiona- 
 tiarto bocHino preHlitent, (lenoa alHo ro- 
 relveJ a now rDiiHlltiitlon, and Ulrolamo 
 IbiimMi) for doge, riedmout, however, was 
 malted with Franco. 
 
 After Ihionapurto had bccouio emperor, 
 la 1801. ho attached (Manli 17, IHOA). tho 
 ruyal crown of Italy to tlio iiuw Imperial 
 trowiii ho promised, however, never to 
 inlto tlio new monarchy with Franco, and 
 tvcn to give it a king of Um own. Tho now 
 [iiuiitltiitioii was similar to that of tlio 
 frencli empire. Napoleon founded tho or- 
 Icrof the Iron crown, and having placed 
 Uiu crown on Ills own head, at Milan, ho 
 l|i|>oliite(l his step-Bon, KiiKeno Ueaulwir- 
 Jolii, viceroy of Ualy, who laboui-ed wiili 
 rent zeal for tho Improvement of all bntii- 
 ic» of the government, of Industry, ami 
 lenrts. Uircumstances, however, reiiUer- 
 1 tlila new government oppresHlve, as the 
 vlilic opemieH, during peace, amounli'd 
 ) luo.ooo.ooo francs, which were all ni bo 
 jntrlbiitad by less than 4,000,000 people. 
 No Kiiro|iean power recogii i sed , ex pressly. 
 lio Italian kingdom of Napoleon. Tlie em- 
 mir continued to strengthen liis power 
 jnilimttlio active enemies of the iiewordi.'r 
 tilings, and gave to lila sUter Ullza tlio 
 rlnri|>Htlty of I'lomblno, and to her hus- 
 ind, I'awiualo Dacelocchi, tliu republic of 
 ucca, as a principality, both ns French 
 th. rarmn. IMaceiiza, and (iuastalla wcru 
 jnirporatcd with the French emi>li't> July 
 [it. Tlie popo was obliged to sanction 
 {e imperial coronation by his preneiice. 
 istrla iinw acceded to the alliance of llus- 
 and Britain against France. Naiiles, 
 in, again suffered tho British and Itus- 
 init to land. But the success of tho Aus- 
 |au arms was frustrated by the defeats at 
 m and Austcrlitz; after which tho peace 
 I'reiiburg completed the French supru- 
 icyln Italy. Austrian Venice, with Is- 
 land Ualmatla, was united to tho klng- 
 11 of Italy ; and this, with nil tho Frencli 
 itltulIoiiK, Italy recognised. 
 The kingdom liad now an extent of 
 im square mllcg, with 5,0S7,0OO Inhabl- 
 »tg. Naples was evacuated by its nuxlll- 
 K amV occupied by tho French, iiot- 
 Ihstandlng the attempts of tho queen to 
 bite a imlTersal Insurrection. Napoleon 
 Ni gave tho crown of Naples to his bro- 
 )r Joseph. 
 1808, tho widow of the king of Etrurin, 
 conducted tho regency In behalf of 
 minor son, was deprived of her king- 
 fl, which was united with France. Na- 
 fon, moreover, appointed his brother-ln- 
 f, the prince Borghcso. governor-general 
 ilie departments beyond the Alps, who 
 Jk up his residence at Turin. As Napo- 
 had, meanwhlio, given his brother Jo- 
 I the crown of Spain, ho filled the 
 )Uo of Naples with hla brother-in-law, 
 chim Murat. until that period grand- 
 to of Berg, who entered N.iples Sept. 0. 
 
 1 1809, the emperor gave Tuscany to his 
 
 sUter Kllxa, of rioinblno. with tlio title of 
 grand duchOBi. In tho inmn year. Austria 
 mado now exertions to break the oxceMNlvo 
 iiowcr of Franco ; but Napoleon again drovo 
 ncr troops from the llnld, and r,>pcared 
 onco more victorious In Vienna, wliere he 
 proclaimed (May 17) the end of the secular 
 authority of tho poperi, and tho union of 
 tho states of tho church with France. Uonio 
 became the second city of tho empire, and 
 a pension of i(,000,000 of francs was assigned 
 to tho pope. 
 
 After tho peace of Vienna, liy which Na- 
 poleon aoijulred tho lllyrian province*, 
 Istrla and Ualmatla were H(>paratcd from 
 tho kingdom of Italy, und attached to 
 them. On tho other band, Mavarla ceded 
 til Italy tho circle of thoAdlge, a part of 
 KIsacli, und tho jiii'isdiction of Clausei! 
 Tho power of tho French emperor wn 
 to nil appearance, tlrmlyi'stalilishc( 
 
 While tho Italian people were " t| o • > 
 French armies, sacrilicing tlieirowi' ) ^ ., • 
 111 the ambitious wars of Napolooi >i' m 
 nioto regions, and were obliged top" '• 
 taxes In the midst of tho total ruin 
 commerce, all tho periodicals wer ,,. 
 
 liralses of iho liistitutioiis for tho oiicoii- 
 rageiuont of science, artrf, and Industry In 
 Italy. After the fatal retreat from Itussia, 
 Murat, whom Napoleon had per«oniiily of- 
 fended, deserted the cause of Franco, and 
 Joined Austria (January H, 1H14), whoso 
 army penetrated Into Italy, under Belle- 
 gaivle. Tlio viceroy, Kugene, continued 
 true to Napoleon and his own character, 
 and offered to tho enemies of his dynasty 
 tho boldest resistance, which was frus- 
 trated by tho fail of Napoleon In Prance, 
 
 After tho truco of April 21, 1814, tho 
 French troops evacuated all Italy, midmost 
 of tho provinces wen; restored to their legl- 
 tlinato sovereigiiK. Tho wife of Napoleon, 
 however, tho empress Maria Louisa, ob- 
 tained tho duchies of I'arma. Piacenza. and 
 Guastalla. with reversion to her son ; and 
 Napoleon himself became sovereign of Elba, 
 of which ho took possession. May 4. But 
 before the congress of Vleniialmd organised 
 the political relations of Europe, ho effect- 
 ed his return to France, March 1, 1815. 
 
 At the Banio time, Murat, king of Naples, 
 abandoned his former ambiguous attitude, 
 and took up inns, as ho protended, for tho 
 Independence of Italy, But his appeal to 
 tho Italians was answered by a declaration 
 of war by Austria. Driven from Bologna 
 by tho Austrian forces, and totally defeated 
 by Blanch! Ttilentino, ho lost tho kingdom 
 of Naples, Into.whlch tho Austrian general, 
 Nugent, had penetrated from Home, and 
 BianchI from Aqulla, seven weeks after tho 
 opening of tho campaign. He embarked 
 from Naples, with a view of escaping to 
 Franco. Ferdinand returned from Palermo, 
 and Murat's family found an asylum in 
 Austria. Murat himself, accompanied by a 
 band of adventurers as daring as himself, 
 mado a descent In Calabria, from Corsica, 
 in order to recover his lost kingdom. He 
 was taken prisoner nt Pizzo, brought before 
 a court-martial, and shot (Oct. 13. 1816). 
 
 Meanwhlio tho congress of Vienna, by 
 the act of June 0, 1815, had arranged tho 
 
 
 sr iK 
 
 '41 \ ■ 
 
 
 Fj 
 
764 
 
 Wf)t Crea^urji at WitovHt ^f. 
 
 I 
 
 affairs of Italy In the following manner :— 
 1. The king of Sardinia was reinstated in 
 his territories, according to the boundaries 
 of 1792, with some alterations on the side 
 of Geneva : for the portion of Savoy, left 
 In posses:4ion of France by the peace of 
 I'arls, of Jlay ao, 1814, was restored by the 
 treaty of Paris, of Nov. 20, 1815. To his 
 states was nnlted Genoa, as a duchy, ac- 
 cording to the boundaries of that republic, 
 In 1792, and contrary to tlie promises made 
 to Genoa. — 2. Tlio emperor of Austria 
 united witli his hereditary states the new 
 Lombardo-Venetian provinces formerly lie- 
 longlng to Austria— the Valteline.Bormio, 
 and Cliiavenna, separated from the Grlsons, 
 besides Mantua and Milan. Istria, however, 
 was united with the Germanic-Austrian 
 kingdom of lUyrla; Dalniatia, with Uagusa 
 and Cattaro, constituting a distinct Aus- 
 trian kingdom.— 3. The valley of the Po was 
 adopted as tlie boundary between tlie States 
 of the Church and Parma ; otherwise, tlie 
 boundaries of Jan. 1, 1782, were retained. 
 The Austrian 'louse of Kstc again received 
 Modcna, Reggio, Miraudola, Massa, and 
 Carrara. — 4. The empress Maria Louisa re- 
 ceived the state of Parma, as a sovereign 
 duchess, but, by the treaty of Paris, of June 
 10, 1817, only for life, it having been agreed 
 that the duchess of Lucca and her desccml- 
 ants should inherit it. —5. The arcliduke 
 Ferdinand of Austria became again grand- 
 duke of Tuscany, to which were joined tlie 
 State degli Presidj, the former Neapolitan 
 part of the Island of Elba, the principality of 
 Piombino.and some small Included districts, 
 formerly flefs of the German empire. The 
 prince Buoncompagni Ludovisi retained all 
 his riglits of property in Elba and Plom- 
 biiio.— 6. The infanta, Maria Louisa, re- 
 ceived Lucca, of which she took possession 
 as a sovereign duchy, 1817, with an annuity 
 of 500,000 f ran cs, till the reversion of Parma. 
 — 7. The territories of the Church were all 
 restored, with the exception of the strip of 
 land on the left bank of the Po ; and Austria 
 retained the right of maintaining garrisons 
 in Ferraraand Commacliio. — 8. Ferdinand 
 IV. was again recognised as king of the Two 
 Sicilies. Britain retained Malta, and was de- 
 clared the protectress of the United Ionian 
 Islands. The knights of Malta, who had 
 recovered their possessions In the States of 
 tlie Church and In the kingdom of the Two 
 Sicilies, for a time made Catania, and after 
 1820, Perrara, their residence. The republic 
 of San Marino, and the princQ of Monaco, 
 whose mountain fortress the Sardinians, 
 aud before them, the French occupied, 
 alone remained unharmed amid the fifteen 
 ])oiitk'al revolutions which Italy had under- 
 gone in the course of twenty-live years. 
 The Austrian predominance was thus more 
 lii'inly est.'iblished than ever In Italy. 
 
 But this state of things was not of long 
 duration. Throughout the wiiole of Italy 
 the mal-iidministratlon of affairs created 
 great discontent, which soon exhll)ited 
 itself in overt acts of riots and Insurrection. 
 Tills was more especially the case in Naples, 
 where In 1820 an unsuccessful attempt was 
 made by general Pepe to introduce a con- 
 stitutional government. 
 
 But though the Austrian bayonets iiuil 
 down all Insurrectionary movements, tinl 
 revolutionary feeling was by no ni«iiissiii).I 
 pressed ; and throughout the whole ol iiigl 
 peninsula an imsettled and dlsrontcnteiil 
 spirit continued to prevail. In 18.'I0 tliorej 
 volution In France still further fonientej 
 the desire of change ; and Modena, lidloiiiu,! 
 Parma, and other states, set up the st.iiMiariil 
 of revolt. Hopes had been cntertiiiiK'(ii]|,|l 
 help would be easily found from the art rJ 
 In the French revolution, aud that L^ij.f 
 bardy would join a confederacy, Inlinuriiill 
 for the emancipation of Italy at largo, iijl 
 these expectations were III founded. FrMr»| 
 could not Interfere, and Austria was mi!f| 
 witli an army of 100,000 men to put dowtl 
 the llrst demonstration of revolt. AfierJ 
 brief struggle the malcontents were ovirjl 
 where subdued, and the expelled priiial 
 returned to the peaceable posjossiDii iM 
 their ancient seats. Matters rcmaiueJlil 
 statu quo till 18-16, when the whole peniiisiiJ 
 was once more shaken by the ref(iiiii;r.i| 
 spirit which Plus IX. exhibited on lils* 
 tlon to the papal chair. EveiTwlicreltaliiBil 
 then felt that for the first time for maijl 
 years they had a future before tlieiti. iJ 
 January 1818, the king of Naples, wliiicf 
 SIcliian subjects were In actual robcllin 
 promulgated a constitution. Soon afieil 
 wards, the king of Sardinia and thegM 
 dnke of Tuscany followed his example, m 
 amid many changes and many liope!>, ilJ 
 one greatest hope and the greatest cliiiii.J 
 stood forth prominently under the iiaiue | 
 Independence, llepubllcans, constltutw 
 alists, and absolutists, all joined in tliciJ 
 sire, real or feigned, to see the Italian irJ 
 vinces rid of the Austrians, or the fcireiiJ 
 era, as they were styled : and soon attcrtJ 
 shock of February 1818, which eslnbliiti 
 a republic In France, the passionate dcsJ 
 broke forth in acts. 1 
 
 The first outbreak was in Lombarily. [| 
 the 18th of March the news arrived of il 
 revolution at Vienna. The Milanese, avi 
 ing themselves of the difllcultles of i 
 Austrian government, demanded tliati 
 political prisoners should be set at lilien| 
 a national guard armed, and a proviii« 
 government chosen to prevent aiisral 
 Hutwith tills demand neither tlie Austrif 
 general, Iladetsky, nor the director ofil 
 police, would comply. Meanwhile, i 
 popular enthusiasm increased from liMrl 
 hour. Barricades were everywhere crociilf 
 arms were obtained from ail quartcM,a 
 the troops were repulsed on evciy si 
 Tills passed on Sunday the 19th Marclifl 
 live days, since called the • live dayif 
 Milan,' the struggle raged witli liitid 
 terruptlon ; but on the morning of Tli«( 
 day, the 28th of March, the Austrian! 
 witlidrew from Milan : and the jtrovisicl 
 government Immediately issued an cm 
 getic proclamation, calling upon all Italij 
 to join In the contest that had begun. 
 king of Sardinia at once responded toi 
 call ; after some ' coy reluctant' dcla}-,Pj 
 Pius IX. and the king of Naples werefrrij 
 by the clamours of their respective buW 
 to send a largo force to the aid ofij 
 Insurgents, 
 
Clje W^tatu of Mhtu* 
 
 765 
 
 ;ho Austrian bayonets imtL 
 •ectlonary movements, iiiil 
 'Cling was by no nieiuisMp-l 
 irougUout tlie whole of tliel 
 inscttled and tlisrontcniedl 
 1 to prevail. In IKiOtliorpJ 
 incc Btlll further fdniPiitejl 
 ange ; anil Modcna, UniiKm,! 
 ^r states, set up the st;imlarill 
 ">s had been cntortiiiiiiiUliiil 
 -asUy found from tUo arifJ 
 revolution, and tliiit l,i,ir,l 
 iln a confederacy, Ifiljimrinil 
 nation of Italy at large, tel 
 Ions were 111 founded. I'rnsril 
 rfcre, and Austria was rciijl 
 of 100,000 men to put imi 
 nstratlon of revolt. Aficnl 
 the malcontents were cvfijl 
 
 d. and tho expelled pniiMl 
 he peaceable posi=o?Moii !jl 
 seats. Matters rcmaiiieJlil 
 146 when the whole pcniii-iiil 
 re shaken by the ret(|vi«;r.i 
 'ins IX. exhibited on lii3*| 
 lal chair. Evei? where UaliEl 
 ; for the nrst time for inul 
 id a future before tlicm. li 
 , tho king of Naples, \vW 
 lets were in actual robelliL 
 
 a constitution. Soon atwl 
 ns of Sardinia and the graii| 
 any followed his example. M 
 hangcs and many hope?, HI 
 hope and the greatest cliniisi 
 rominently under the miiit I 
 
 e. nepublicans, constltmioiL 
 isolutists, all joined mtliei| 
 eigned, to see the Italwunl 
 
 the Austrians, or the forcipj 
 vere styled : and soon after M 
 )ruary 1818. which estaliliill 
 
 France, the passionate dCM# 
 
 n acts. _ , 1 :M 
 
 iitbreak was in Lomb.irdj. M 
 March the news .arrived oil 
 r, Vienna. The Milanese, avi 
 ves of the diracultics of iM 
 vernmcnt, demanded tliiit 4 
 joners should be set at lilieni 
 uard armed, and a iirovisi'Hl 
 chosen to prevent aiuwl 
 s demand neither the Aiu rJ 
 letsky> nor the director oil 
 Id comply. Me.inwlii le, tl 
 luslasm increased from \m% 
 •,ades were everywhere croc* 
 ibtained from all quartcrj,i( 
 were repulsed on every s^ 
 on Sunday the 10th Marcli.F 
 (Ince called the • live ( i|!H 
 struggle raged \yith im M 
 hut on tho morning oi urn 
 h of March, the Austriaiial 
 ■om MlLan : and the provisj.a 
 ; Immediately issued an ij 
 matlon, calling upon all Italj 
 ,c contest that had begun. ^ 
 dlnla at once responded to J 
 ome ' coy reluctant' dclaj.ri 
 1 the king of Naples were i>^ 
 ours of their respective mm 
 large force to the aid ot« 
 
 General Pope, the revolutionary hero of 
 1821, was appointed to tho chief command. 
 The enthusiasm of tlie Neapolitans, indeed, 
 knew no bounds. Brilliant reviews In tho 
 morning, patriotic songs a'ld serenades in 
 the evening, consumed the brief space 
 wliicli Intervened before the first division 
 ef tho army was in readiness to move. 
 After some vexatious delays, 17,000 men at 
 length left Naples for the Lombard war. 
 They were to be followed speedily by 21,000 
 more. Pepe, in the meantime, proceeded 
 byseatoAncona, which had beenflxedupon 
 i 83 the rendezvous of the Neapolitan forces, 
 ])revlous to the commencement of active 
 ^ o|ierations. But In the midst of all these 
 llireparattons, the Neapolitan cabinet liad 
 determined that the expedition should 
 liicver reach Its protended dodtliiation. 
 
 On joining the flrst division of his army 
 lot Ancona, Pepe was naturally eager to 
 [take part In the great struggle In Lombardy, 
 Jvljich was then at the hottest, lie quickly 
 (discovered, however, that the superior 
 IcHlcers by whom lie was surrounded had no 
 ilntentlou to cross bayonets with the Aus- 
 Itrians. Still he was In expectation of the 
 Bccimd and larger division of his army, 
 vhich might be more patriotically disposed. 
 This second division, however, never ap- 
 peared, and was never Intended to appe.-ir. 
 Jfter gome delay. Instead of the expected 
 lid, there came a peremptory order from 
 ftaples, recalling the whole of the troops 
 under Pepe's command to protect the ca- 
 pital against tho dlsaUccted within its 
 rails. 
 
 Jleanwhlle, fortune had hitherto smiled 
 ipou the arms of the king of Sardinia. 
 Lftcr the 'live days' of Milan, the Austrian 
 Kiinmauder had prudently fallen back upon 
 lie great fortresses of Mantua and Verona, 
 ritli the double object of providing for the 
 ifcty of his troops, and of waiting tlio 
 rrival of reinforcements. In his front he 
 jad the main army of the king of Sardinia, 
 [nshed with its past successes, and far 
 itnuniboring the imperial force. In Ills 
 par, tho papal army, uiiiler Uurando, lay 
 Viceiiza; while on every side a hostile 
 ipulatioii was ready to Intercept his 
 kilipllcs and Impede his operations. Such 
 p tho position of afTairs in the end of 
 lay. 
 
 [But all these advantage) were very 
 lortly aftcrwiirds more than countor- 
 ilanccd by the masterly operations of Ila- 
 Etsky to the eastward of the Adige. Hav- 
 (g received reinforcements under Wcldcn 
 I the amount of 35,000 men, he iinmcdiately 
 tamcncod active operations, and the papal 
 hny, which occupied VIcenza, was the flrst 
 Mectof attack. This enterprise, which was 
 kndueted with the utmost sccrcsy and ex- 
 Idltion, was crowned with complete suc- 
 ks. After a faint show of resistance, the 
 binan general surrendered, with nearly 
 1,1)00 men, on condition of their being 
 lowed to rccross the Po, with all the 
 knours of war. The terms were granted 
 r Uadetsky ; and after tho departure of 
 |c lloman troops, he was again sole master 
 the Venetian provinces, with the means 
 ready and uninterrupted communlcatlou 
 
 with Austria Proper. The tide of victory 
 had now fairly turned against the king of 
 Sardinia, and his adversary, no less enter- 
 prising than prudent, lost no time In fol- 
 lowing up his tardy triumphs, Charles 
 Albert had still under his command about 
 80,000 men. Tlie numbers under Uadetsky, 
 who now began to act on the offensive, 
 were nearly as great, .and much better 
 supplied with all the mat6r id ot war. Under 
 such circumstances, the chances of success 
 In the open country were in favour of tho 
 Austrians. The Piedinontese, betrayed by 
 the Neapolitans, and abandoned by tho 
 llomaiis, still fought bravely, but without 
 any definite plan^ and after sustaining at 
 least two serious defeats, Charles Albert re- 
 tired precipitately upon lils own dominions 
 with the loss of fully one half of his army. 
 He did not even, during his hasty retreat, 
 attempt to defend Milan, which, after tho 
 lapse of four eventful months, again fell 
 Into the imdisputed possession of the Aus- 
 trians. A formal armistice was at the same 
 time concluded ; and the mediation of tho 
 great powers was offered for the purpose of 
 effecting a final arrangement, which might 
 be bcnoflclal both to Austria and Italy. 
 
 After tho retreat of Charles Albert, tho 
 Venetians, who had embarked with enthu- 
 siasm In the war, were left almost entirely 
 to their own resources ; but In their isola- 
 tion they displayed a constancy and a spirit 
 worthy the brightest days of the republic. 
 The garrison, which was composed chiefly 
 of volunteers, many of whom were members 
 of the flrst families in Italy, not only de- 
 fended the city throughout the autumn and 
 winter of 1848, but they ventured to leave 
 the shelter of the lagoons, and to attack tho 
 Austrian Intrenchments on the main land. 
 On the 27th of October, a descent was made 
 upon Mestre, which proved eminently suc- 
 cessful. Of 3,000 Austrians who were 
 posted there, 600 were taken prisoners ; and 
 un equal number were killed or wounded, 
 while the loss of tho Venetians was com- 
 paratively small. 
 
 Throughout the winter and the ensuing 
 spring, tho struggle still continued with 
 equal obstinacy upon both sides, and with 
 varying success. But a contest more im- 
 portant than that in which Venice was so 
 nobiy engaged, was soon to attract tho 
 eyes of Europe. In the beginning of March 
 1849, it became apparent that a renewal of 
 hostilities between Austria and Sardinia 
 was inevitable. Charles Albert was still 
 the master of 100,000 troops ; and with these 
 ho had resolved to strike another blow for 
 the Independence of Italy. It was a rash, 
 but by no means a hopeless enterprise ; for 
 Venice yet lield out, and the whole popula- 
 tion of Northern Italy was still burning to 
 shake off the Austrian yoke, which galled 
 the more severely after its temporary 
 removal and its unlooked for return. 
 Badetsky, Indeed, was now at Milan, at the 
 head of a numerous and well-appointed 
 army ; and with the undisturbed possession 
 of tho German passes, he could obtain 
 from tho heart of the empire whatever 
 supplies he might require. Regardless, 
 however, of tho now comparatively secure 
 

 766 
 
 Wttt Crw^urt) of W^tov^t vVc. 
 
 position of Ills adversary, the king of Sar- 
 dinia onco more rushed forward to the 
 frontiers of Lombardy with the whole of 
 his available force. At Novara the con- 
 tending parties were nearly matched, num- 
 bering upon either side about 50,000 men. 
 The combat was long and obstinate, but 
 Austrian discipline at length prevailed. 
 Throughout the day, Charles Albert, with 
 his two sons, shared all the dangers of the 
 field. The duke of Genoa had three horses 
 killed under him ; and several of the royal 
 staff fell close to the person of the king. 
 It was not until the battle was Irretrievably 
 lost that ho retired with reluctance, and 
 still within range of the enemy's guns, upon 
 Novara. 
 
 In the evening ho called around him his 
 chief attendants and his sons ; and having 
 briefly explained his sentiments, he formally 
 abdicated his crown In favour of the duke 
 of Savoy. Ho then took an affectionate 
 farewell of every one present, and departed 
 alone In his travelling carriage, without a 
 single attendant. Not one of his officers 
 was permitted to share the solitude of his 
 journey, nor was anyone awnrc of his In- 
 tended destination. In a few short months 
 he found. In his voluntary exile at Oporto, 
 that death which he had sought In vain on 
 the banks of the Tlcino. 
 
 "With the second defeat of the Sardinian 
 army, the cause of Italy was virtually lost. 
 But the spirit of the people was still un- 
 subdued. Even after this event, the citi- 
 zens of Brescia, although threatened by 
 victorious Austrian armies upon every side, 
 rose and expelled the garrison which oc- 
 cupied their citadel. But general Ilaynau 
 soon afterwards with a large force reduced 
 the city amid revolting barbarities. Tlie 
 fall of Brescia was speedily followed by 
 that of Rome(whose stirring history during 
 this eventful period has been told else- 
 where) ; and the Sicilians, after a long but 
 Ineffectual struggle, were once more re- 
 duced to subjection. 
 
 On the south of the Alps, throughout 
 tho summer of 1849, the cause of Italian 
 nationality was maintained alone by Venice, 
 and nobly did she uphold her ancient fame. 
 Fraud and force proved equally unavailing 
 to subdue her. But hunger and pestilence 
 at length accomplished that which Austrian 
 bayonets had failed to effect. Towards the 
 middle of August, the supply of bread In 
 the city became exhausted ; while, at the 
 same time, the cholera was dally sweeping 
 off 200 victims In a population of little 
 more than 200,000. The ammunition, too, 
 was nearly all expended ; but even under 
 these desperate circumstances, without 
 hope, and without an ally In tho world, the 
 Venetlansnever seemed tohave en wrtalned 
 tho notion of an unconditional s."Te;idcr. 
 Aware, however, that the rcslstaTice of the 
 Ocean City had awakened the ryuipr.thies oi: 
 Europe, the Imperial authorities probably 
 felt that some consideration was due to the 
 oplnloift of the age. After a brief corre- 
 spondence with the proTlsiODal government, 
 terms of a capitulation, highly honourable 
 to tho besieged, were offered and accepted. 
 The last act of the revolutionary drama had 
 
 now closed, and tho cause of Italian Inde. 
 pendenco was once more laid low through- ( 
 out tlio entire peninsula. 
 
 But before many years should pass, tlio 
 cause was to rise again, with brlglucr 
 prospects of permanent success. By the 
 aid which she furnisliod to England anj 
 France during the Ilussian war, Sardinia 
 took her place among the greater ro\vcr§ 
 of Europe, and count Cavour knew vroli 
 how to use this advantage to promote tlie 
 Independence of Italy. 
 
 Before the close of tho conference whioii 
 settled tho terms of tho peace which mi 
 an end to the Russian war In March m, 
 count "Walewskl called attention tn the 
 affairs of Italy, and expressed the wish of 
 tlie French emperor to withdraw his troof! 
 from Home, as soon as this could be dnne 
 witliout injuring the tranquillity of iht 
 country, or tho authority of the pnntincal 
 government. He also dwelt on tho lub 
 mous manner In which the klngdmn ot 
 Naples and tho Sicilies was governed, a; 
 being the chief cause of the revolutionari 
 movements which continually dlsturlici 
 the peninsula. Lord Clarendon, in rcrlr, 
 recommended tho secularisation of iiie 
 papal government as the readiest wav t( 
 meeting tho Roman difllcalty, and urpe! 
 the necessity of demanding from the kb 
 of Naples an amnesty for those who liaj 
 been condemned or Imprisoned wltlioul 
 trial for political offences. 
 
 But tho presence of Austria at the cob- 
 ference rendered It Impossible to come M 
 a conclusion likely to satisfy Sardinia: anj 
 on the 16th of April count Cavour ad- 
 dressed to the Britlsli and French govcix- 
 ments a protest against the failum 'if iIb 
 conference to settle tho Italian qiicstln: 
 Ho spoke of the disturbed state of Iiali 
 for tho last seven years, during whioli; 
 violent system of repression kept It la 
 continual ferment. The agitation had Ijm 
 recently calmed, because it was hoped iln! 
 the conference would remedy the o\\h cos- 
 plained of : and now, onthedisappoiiitiiifii 
 of that hope, It was likely that the comii:- 
 tlons would break out with greater cxc::'- 
 ment than ever. Ho further compini:/ 
 that Austria, by establishing a rlmiud 
 fortresses had rendered herself absolBiii 
 mistress of nearly all Italy, had destroyrii 
 the equilibrium established by the treaiij 
 of Vienna, and continually menaced M 
 mont. In a speech made subsequeiitl.vii| 
 the Sardinian chamber, count Cavour sail 
 that a great point had been gained tiylM 
 duclng England and France to proclairatSi 
 expediency of putting an ^nd to theocm 
 patlon of Central Italy, and lo declare moii 
 generally that the evils of Italy ought toU 
 remedied. 
 
 It was ,=ioon found that with the king((| 
 Naples and his ministers remonstrance 
 however friendly, were of ',io avail. Tti 
 called forth simp!, ar. indignant asscrtk 
 of the liberty of the sovereign io dcalvrii 
 his subjects as he pleased. The Kgatloi 
 of France and England weie accordlni 
 withdrawn from Naples, while Freni 
 squadrons were held In readiness to ar; 
 off Naples If the withdrawal of the am 
 
c. 
 
 Qni)( W^tavQ at Stalji. 
 
 767 
 
 no cause of Itallfm Imle- 
 ie more laid low tlirougt- 
 ilnsula, 
 
 ly years shoum pass, tlio 
 se again, with Ijriijlit.cr 
 nanent Bucceas. By tlic 
 irnlshed to England and 
 ^e llusslan -war, Sardinia 
 nong the greater rxmn 
 count Cavour knew well 
 (idvaiitage to promote tlic 
 
 Italy. 
 
 e of the conference whlA 
 s of the peace wliirli rat 
 asslan war In March m, 
 called attention tn the 
 ind expressed thcwlsho! 
 >ror to withdraw his tronvs 
 Soon as this could be rtmn 
 a the tranauinity of tlis 
 authority of the pontlllfal 
 [e also dwelt on tlic liils- 
 m which the kingdnm ol 
 BlclUes was govoriici!, as 
 cause of the revoUiUniur; 
 ,lch continually dlsturlitd 
 Lord Clarendon, In rcrlj, 
 the secularisation of tlit 
 cnt as the readiest way c 
 omau dimculty, and m<A 
 t domandlng from tlic kit? 
 mnesty for those wlinlia 
 cd or Imprisoned wltlioiit 
 al offences. 
 
 lence of Austria at the con- 
 ed It impossible to enrac to 
 ely to satisfy Sardinia tan 
 ,f April count Cavour a..- 
 British and French govcrc 
 ,t against the fallurcif ttt 
 settle the Italian ciucstioi 
 no dlstuvhed state of Itali 
 vcn years, during wli cli; 
 of repression kept It ii 
 cut. The agitation iwdbM 
 d. because it was hoped iW 
 would remedy the evils COB- 
 1 now, on thedisappcniitiiiBi 
 t was likely that tlie coiiiii;- 
 cak out with greater cki!'; 
 er He further comrl^!:-- 
 l,y cstahllshing a chm'j 
 tendered herself alisolut 
 arly all Italy, had destroyri 
 ?i established by the treaii 
 , continually menaced M 
 ipeech made subsequcutl . 
 'chamber, count Cavour ai 
 olnt had been gained lis s 
 d and France to proc ainit^ 
 ruttlngan-indtothcow 
 iralltaly, and i<> declare nio» 
 the evils ofltaly ought toK 
 
 found that with the kitigtj 
 lis ministers ;;emonstraii»i 
 lidly. were of mo avail, m 
 CpVar, indignant assert 
 
 of the Boverelgn to dcaW 
 ks he pleasfd. TheUga « 
 fd England weveaccordl^ 
 Irom Naples, while » 
 Ire neld In readiness to ar 
 the withdrawal of the am 
 
 Mdors should bo followed by any Ill-treat- 
 ment or Injury to British and French sub- 
 jects residing In that kingdom. Against 
 [this step the king Issued an energetic 
 irotest, m which he asserted the doctrine 
 bat rulers had a right to govern their sub- 
 iects according to their fancy ; and it is not 
 'asy to see how the proposition can be 
 icnled, if the converse Is granted that sub- 
 |«cts must ''.Id left to deal witli their rulers, 
 Bd retain or reject them at their pleasure. 
 'he Inconglstency In thU case was not 
 eater than that which In 1854-55 refused 
 pgrmit the Greeks of Epirus and Thessaly 
 ;o rise up against the abominable tyranny 
 if the Turks. 
 
 But the condition of Italy was soon to 
 
 idergo momentous changes ; and early 
 
 the year 1859 It became evident that the 
 
 ■St impulse to the new movement would 
 
 jgln liy a war between Austria and the 
 
 illed forces of France an . Sardinia. The 
 
 St sign of the Impending storm was given 
 
 the greeting of the French emperor to 
 
 le Austrian ambassador when he went to 
 
 e Tullerles on the 1st of January. The 
 
 nperor regretted that his relations with 
 
 c ambassador's government were not as 
 
 lod as they had been, but he expressed 
 
 le same personal esteem for the Austrian 
 
 peror. The words naturally excited 
 
 rm throughout Europe : and the seml- 
 
 Jclal statements of the ' Monlteur ' were 
 
 it of such a kind as effectually to allay It. 
 
 lore the end of the month the relations 
 
 Sardinia with the French emperor were 
 
 ented by the marriage of prlnco Napo- 
 
 m wltli the princess Clotlldc, then not 
 
 teen years old, the only daughter of the 
 
 ig of Sardinia. Great efforts were made 
 
 Austria to secure the aid of the German 
 
 [federation in case of a contest, while 
 
 Sardlrlan government published a 
 
 ng protest against the attitude as- 
 
 iied by the Austrlans In Italy ; and 
 
 nt Cavour in the Sardinian chambers ex- 
 
 issed his regret tliat England continued 
 
 preserve a cold neutrality with regard 
 
 the interests of Italj-. But the British 
 
 ernraent, although it took no suaro in 
 
 struggle, exerted Itself to the utmost to 
 
 Ttlt, and for this purpose the Saiulnian 
 
 rernment was requested to specify cx- 
 
 ily its grounds of complaint against 
 
 itrla. This was ably done by count 
 
 our, who boldly admitted that the Aus- 
 
 domlnatlon inspired nothing but fecl- 
 
 of repugnance and abhorrence in the 
 
 enso majority of the Italians wlio were 
 
 ect to it, and that the latter felt for 
 
 r rulers nothing but antipathy and 
 
 ed. These feelings ho^justlfled on the 
 
 nds of the Intolerable oppressiveness 
 
 Infamous cruelty of their rule, while 
 
 rged a separation on the plea that the 
 
 itrlans were simply encamped, not es- 
 
 Ished in Italy, and that the two nations, 
 
 ring utterly in language, manners, and 
 
 8 of thought, could never coalesce. 
 
 Ided further that Austria had never 
 
 herself within treaty barriers, but 
 
 sought by every means to secure to 
 
 elf apreponderating Influence through- 
 
 tho whole peninsula. The duchies of 
 
 Parma, Modena, and Tuscany had practi- 
 cally become her flefs, and she had occupied 
 the Roman states whenever she fotuid a 
 convenient pretext for so doing. Tlio re- 
 medies which ho proposed wore, that Aus- 
 tria should grant a national atid soparato 
 government for Lombardy and Veuetla; 
 that she should destroy the forts con- 
 structed outsido the walla of Placentia; 
 and, giving up the occupation of the Ilo- 
 magna, proclaim the principle of non-in- 
 tervention ; and further, that flie dukes of 
 Modena and Parma should be urged to give 
 their people institutions similar to those 
 of Piedmont, while the grand duke of 
 Tuscany should reestablish the constitu- 
 tion to which he had freely consented in 
 18-18, and the pope should give up the ad- 
 ministration of his provinces beyond the 
 Apennines. To this memorandum, Austria 
 rejoined with a list of counter-complaints, 
 urged at wearisome length, In which the 
 stock arguments of conquerors were plenti- 
 fully applied, and credit was taken for its 
 interference in the Romagna, in order to 
 guarantee to the pope the free exercise of 
 his apostolic mission, and, of course, to 
 preserve Intact the Independence of tlio 
 spiritual head of the catholic church. Much 
 correspondence continued to pass between 
 the British and the other governments. In 
 the course of wlilch the former declared 
 plainly that public opinion In England 
 Avould not render It possible to assist 
 Austria as against her own subjects, and 
 count Buol urged on the other hand that 
 Italy wanted no change, and that it waa 
 impossible Austria should ever come to 
 an understanding with France on Italian 
 affairs. Inasmuch as site espoused the cause 
 of nationalities, while Austria upheld that 
 of Boverelgn governments and established 
 order. On the 22nd of March, it was an- 
 nounced in the 'Monlteur' that Russia 
 proposed the assembling of a congress, to 
 which France had assented. To such a 
 meeting the Austrlans made It an indis- 
 pensable preliminary that Sardinia should 
 disarm. Still the xiegotlatlons went on, 
 until they were rendered useless by tlio 
 obstinate rashness of Austria. On tlie 23rd 
 of April an Austrian ofllcer arrived in 
 Turin, and called on Sardinia at once to 
 disarm under threat of immediate hostili- 
 ties if she refused. To this demand count 
 Cavour replied by saying that the decision 
 belonged to the congress rather than to 
 Sardinia alone. On tlie day following, 
 VictorEmmanuel called his soldiers to arms, 
 in answer to the menacing insolence of 
 Austria. TheBrltlsh government wrote in 
 the strongest terms condemning this step 
 of the Austrlans, and adding that when 
 this demand was made, Sardinia had ac- 
 tually agreed unconditionally to uisarin. 
 In a special meeting of the Sardinian 
 chamber-deputies, the king waa intrusted 
 with all legislative and executive powers, 
 until such time as peace should be restored. 
 On the 27th, the emperor of Austria an- 
 nounced to his army tlie nmmencementof 
 war, and two days later dcilarcd his deter- 
 mination of invading Sardlnia.while he sent 
 a long paper to all foreign governments, 
 
 
 
I 
 
 768 
 
 QTIje CTrfaijur]} of l^iitavtit 9et, 
 
 In whlcli ho drew an Ideal picture of the 
 woiulerfnl prosperity and liapplneas which 
 the Italians were enjoying under the benig- 
 nant protection of Austria. 
 
 In llomo tliero was naturally prroat ex- 
 citement, and some Rymptonis were shown 
 of a wish for revolution : but It was no 
 part of the French emperor's Intention to 
 embroil himself at present In that qnartcr, 
 and general do Goyon warned the Iloinans 
 that no public nianifcstatlons would be 
 permitted, however peaceable, and that 
 any such manifestations would bo followed 
 by very disagreeable consequences to thoso 
 who made them. On the 27th of April a 
 revolution broke out at Florence, where 
 the grand duke, being thoroughly unpopu- 
 lar, was advised by his friends to abdicate 
 in favour of his s(.n. Ho replied that ho 
 would rather lose his throne, and he lost It 
 accordingly. On his flight, the people pro- 
 claimed a provisional government, which 
 on the 11th of May, handed over Its func- 
 tions to signor Buuncompagnl, a com- 
 missioner appointed by tho king of Sardi- 
 nia, with tho full consent of the people. 
 From Parma, the duchess-regent fled on 
 the 1st of May, but a few days afterwards 
 she returned, to resume, as she said, the 
 exercise of her regency. The appearances 
 which had induced her to come were de- 
 lusive, and once more she was obliged 
 to leave Parma. But disdaining to fly as a 
 fugitive like the duke of Tuscasy, she 
 withdrew openly and quietly into a neutral 
 territory. Finally the duke of Modena, 
 whose territory liad on the outbreak of the 
 war been occupied by Sardinian troops, 
 found himself obliged to leave his domi- 
 nions ; and, having appointed a regency, 
 he joined the duke of Tuscany In the Aus- 
 trian camp. On the 20th of April, the 
 Austrian army began to cross theTiclno, 
 and it took Ave days to get all across at 
 different parts of the river, until on the 
 8th of May the whole country north of the 
 Poasfar as Biella and Gragliaon the north- 
 west and the Dora Balea on the west were 
 held by them almost without opposition. 
 Tho French army was put in motion on the 
 day on which Austria had sent her ultima- 
 tum of disarmament or war to Sardinia : the 
 generals were Baraguay d'Hllliers, Macma- 
 hon, Canrobert, Kiel, Prince Napoleon, and 
 St. Jean d'Angely. Thus was tho cause of 
 Italian independence committed to the de- 
 cision of war, and the British government, 
 while freely condemning both sides, de- 
 clared, in language somewhat Inconsistent 
 perhaps, with its acts in reference to tho 
 Greek subjects of the sultan, that it had 
 always recognised as a sacred rule of Inter- 
 national obligation, that no country has a 
 right authoritatively to Interfere with In- 
 ternal affairs of any foreign state, or In the 
 relations of any government with its sub- 
 jects. On the 12tli of May the French empe- 
 ror reached Genoa, where he was joined tho 
 next day by Victor Kmmanuel, who then re- 
 turned to the head-quarters of the Sardi- 
 nian army, while Louis Napoleon went en 
 to Alexandria. The allied armies occupied 
 the whole line of the Po, and left the Aus- 
 trian commanders quite uncertain as to | 
 
 where the attack would be made. On tlnl 
 20th of May count Sladion was eent tt 
 make areconnoissance on the riglit bank J 
 the river, and his troops crossed m Vao. 
 carlzza, near the junction of tho TIcigJ 
 and the Po, took Cortegglo and Montoliin 
 which were held by Pledmontese troni ii;i,jj| 
 as they pushed on towards Glnestrollo, tiJ 
 were met by the French troops under gcnf! 
 ral Forey, and Btadlon was overwheliiieilii( 
 fresh reinforcements which were brougi 
 up by railway from Voghera. In this haw 
 of Montebello, the Austrians lost In kiCt 
 and wounded about 1,400 men. Tho Frcji 
 emperor now sought most to deceive i 
 Austrians as to the point of attack, atij 
 succeeded. On the .TOth of May the I't 
 niontese crossed the Leria and led llic.ti 
 trians to think that the attack vould 
 made on Mortara. The Austrinii gunti 
 determined, therefore, to fall on I'uiosi] 
 which was guarded by troops under Via 
 Emmanuel In person. Tho Austrians »e 
 defeated here, as well as in an engagent 
 which took place at the same timuatCo 
 flcnza. Meanwhile tho French arniyii 
 crossed the Po, and taken up its iiosiii 
 at Novara. Soon afterwards the Austi 
 w!*hdrew to the left bank oi the TIcl 
 and thus their invasion of Piedmont 
 come to nothing. On the 4th of June] 
 terrible battle was fought at Magenta,M 
 Buffalora, and after a doubtful combjti 
 four hours, the Issue was decided l)yi 
 troops of marshal Macmahon, who \ 
 after the battle, created duke of Magei 
 On this signal defeat, the Austrians tl 
 doncu Itlilan,aud posted themselves inlo 
 at Malcgnano, halfway between Milan 
 Lodi, in order to protect the retreat 
 their main body across the Adda. To 
 vent this, the French attacked them' 
 tho 8tli of June, and in two hours, 
 theiu out of the town. It was at this 
 that the name of Garibaldi became a ni 
 word for Italian soldiers. At tho lidl 
 a baud of volunteers calling theniseli 
 Chasseurs of the Alp&, he drove the 
 trians from Como, crossed tho Lcrla,i 
 again defeated them opposite to \m 
 In tho middle of June he engaged tlie 
 trian vanguard at Rezzato and Trii)outi,i 
 the latter were compelled to withdrawf 
 Castenedolo, after blowing up the li 
 over tho Chlese at Montechlaro. 
 
 After tho defeat at Magenta, the Ausli 
 retreated on tho line of the MIncio, l! 
 Ing up all the bridges in their retreat, 
 destroying tho military works at l'ia( 
 and Pavla, Lodi and Pizzlghcctone, n 
 bad thus been raised in vain for thei 
 pose of overawing Italy. Finally, 
 made their stand within the liiieso!{ 
 Quadrilateral, a s'r:. of square foniif 
 the fortresses of I schiera, Vcroua, 
 nano, and Mantua. 
 
 About this time the Prussitui p«t 
 meut expressed Its opinion that tbei 
 presented no reason for the Interfereni 
 the Geri.;arilc confederation, while 
 Walewski urged that such iuterfcrt' 
 a quarrel about Italian provinces 
 lead to the doctrine that the non-fi 
 provinces of Austria should be cunsU 
 
 nnd 
 to 
 
ack would be mnde. Onthtl 
 pount Sladlon wiia eeiit b 
 lolBsance on the right taM 
 1 hlB troops crosBCd iii Vao 
 the iunctlon of the Tlch, 
 ,0k Cortegglo and Mouteb* 
 BldbvPlcdmontcsctrooiJik, 
 Ton towards GlneBtrrUo,ilJ 
 the French troops muergrf 
 1 Stadlon was overwhelmed I, 
 xencnt" which were wj 
 .iJomVoghera. I«» W'^f 
 10 the Austrianslost In kil„ 
 %,outl.400men. ThoFw^ 
 V sought most to decel\ci 
 ^n the point of attack, mi 
 On the 30th of Maytlieft 
 ,9syhei;e.laandlodU.cA, 
 ink that the attack vould 
 
 lanwirilo the French army 
 n^, and taken ui> Us ro.ii 
 ° Soon aftci^vards the Ausinj 
 to the left hank oi the iici 
 
 hauie created duke of Mage: 
 S defeat, the Austrlaim 
 Tand posted themselves nl( 
 '^ iViifwav between Milan. 
 
 lH«'n!^^w°as«f 
 Italian soldiers. At the M 
 
 & about Italian provinces 
 
 C6e Witavti at Italy. 
 
 769 
 
 completely Incorporated In tlie Federal 
 
 nion- 
 
 On the 23rd of July the French emperor 
 9 at Montecbiaro, the king of Sardinia 
 Lonato, when they wore surprised by 
 unexpected move of the Austrlnns, who, 
 istend of retreating further wltliln the 
 ladrllatoral, resolved suddenly to resume 
 leoifensive. Of this movement tlioy were 
 It aware until the 24th ; nor did the Aus- 
 lans Itnow that the whole of the oppos- 
 I force had crossed the Clileso. Hence 
 ■0 armlps, numbering altogether some 
 ,000 men, found themselves suddenly 
 ling each other. Then ensued the f rlght- 
 battlc of Solferlno, a biii^iio in which 
 liorrors of the light were heightened 
 Rfgarful thunder-storm which drenched 
 soldiers with rain, while It hid the 
 ivcments of the armies. The Austrian 
 itrewas broken, and they themselves ac- 
 iwledged, while they endeavoured to 
 ilaln, their disastrous defeat. They then 
 back on Verona, having left i strong 
 In Peschlera, which was shortly after 
 isted by the Sardinians. But nov/, when 
 most difflcult part of the contest, 
 nst an enemy entrenched within their 
 fortiflcations, was seemingly about to 
 n, it was suddenly announced that the 
 emperors had met at Villa! ranca, and 
 d upon an armistice, which resulted 
 peace. By the terras of the treaty, 
 were to establish an Italian confedera- 
 under the honorary presidency of the 
 , It WHS also arranged that Austria 
 Id cede to France Its rights over Loni- 
 ly with the exception of the forts of 
 ihlera and Mantua, while Venice, al- 
 igh still remaining under the Austrian 
 rn, should at the same time. In some 
 or other, form part of the Italian con- 
 ation, and the dukes of Tuscany and 
 ma were to return to their states, 
 ;luga general amnesty. The reasons 
 1 led the emperor of France to this 
 was undoubtedly the fear that, by 
 ling Austria on its own ground, he 
 " bring on himself the whole power 
 Germanic confederation, or. In other 
 I, that be would bo engaged in a war 
 inly in Italy but also on the Rhino. 
 ila decision caused a desperate dlsap- 
 lent in Italy. The restoration of the 
 of Modena and Tuscany made the 
 |elon of the Austrians from Lombardy 
 merely temporary. The people of 
 ce declared resolutely that they 
 never allow themselves to be brought 
 under Austrian influence, and re- 
 to appeal to Victor Emmanuel. A 
 appeal was made by the people of 
 magna, which had revolted from the 
 am* where the Sardinian troops had 
 led Torre Urbano and Castelfranco. 
 It tills the papal government had 
 1 a furious and indignant protest, 
 pealed In their turn to the French 
 IT. To the requests addressed to 
 om Florence and the Romagna, 
 Emmanuel replied cautiously and 
 tly, but encouragingly, and on his 
 aendation, Buoncompagnl, who had 
 iztraordinwry commissioner at Flo- 
 
 rence, was appointed regent of the central 
 Italian States. From the French emperor 
 the pope received very cold consolation. 
 The ' solution ' which ho suggested for the 
 unpleasant difficulty which had arisen, was 
 the surrender of tho revolted provinces. 
 No doubt the rights of tho pope were In- 
 contestable ; but there remained the more 
 stubborn fact that tho people had no mind 
 to return to their allegiance. 
 
 Tlie drama was. Indeed, scarcely more 
 than begun. Tho congress which Louis 
 Napoleon sought to convene for settling 
 the affairs of Italy never met. France luid 
 committed herself to the restoration of tlio 
 dukes of Tuscany, Modena, and Parma : 
 Kngland was not less determined (perhaps 
 I'jcause it was not altogether against her 
 own Interests) that the people of those 
 states should bo allowed to choose their 
 own form of government. Vet further, 
 there appeared towards the close of tho 
 year a pamphlet entitled Lo rape et le Con- 
 gris, which was attributed to the emperor 
 of the French, and whlcli urged the neces- 
 sity of depriving the pope of all Ills tem- 
 poral possessions, with the exception of 
 tho city of Rome ; and Austria, therefore, 
 would have nothing more to do v> ith the 
 conr'ess. The British government then 
 proposed (1) that Franco and Austria should 
 agree not to interfere by force in Italy, 
 unless on the unanimous request of the 
 five great powers ; (2) that the French em- 
 peror should come to terms with the pope 
 for the evacuation of Rorje by the French 
 troops ; (3) that the government of Venetla 
 should not be made a matter of negotiation ; 
 and (4) that the king of Sardinia should 
 be advised not to send troops on to Central 
 Italy, until the Inhabitants should, by a 
 new vote in their assemblies, have declared 
 their wishes, whether for -jr against the 
 annexation to Sardinia. In the former 
 case tho British government would inter- 
 pose no obstacle to the march of the Sardi- 
 nian armies. The French emperor hlmselt 
 now saw that his schemes could not be 
 wholly carried out, and he therefore as- 
 serted that he had never intended to bind 
 himself to restore the Italian dukes at all 
 risks, and ho now proposed (1) the complete 
 annexation of tho duchies of Parma and 
 Modena to Sardinia ; (2) the temporal admin- 
 istration of tho Romagna, of Ferrara and 
 Bologna, with the king of Sardinia as vicar 
 of the holy see ; (3) the Independent reesta- 
 bllshmcnt of tho grand duchy of Tuscany. 
 To these proposals, count Cavour said, that 
 Sardinia would not object for herself, 
 but he foresaw that they would be firmly 
 rejected by'the people of Tuscany and the 
 Romagna, and ho admitted the Impossibili- 
 ty of resisting their wishes, if these should 
 be for annexation with Sardinia : in fact, 
 that no government could stand for a day 
 which refused to carry out a desire thus ex- 
 pressed. Only a few days passed before the 
 people of these several states decided al- 
 most unanimously for this annexation, and 
 a bill. Introduced into the Sardinian cham- 
 bers to authorise It, speedily became law. 
 Meanwhile, the other part of what would 
 seem to bavc been a secret bargain befora 
 3B 
 
770 
 
 CTfjc CrrcnUui'v at 9^(i(tortt, ^r. 
 
 thownr wIDi Auitrta, waHonrrlcdoutby tliu 
 «omI(>u of Savoy and Nl'/./a (Nice) to FrHiicc. 
 The Kronoh oiniioror put It on IhoRroiind of 
 K ' KcoKrapblcal necoHHlty,' for the Hiifoty 
 of IiIh frontier, and left tlio matter to tho 
 Ibriio of votcN given by unlverHnI Huirrtifru ; 
 Willie connt <!«V(iur found It convenient to 
 Bay tliat tho InliabltantM niuHt lie allowed to 
 determine the (jtieHllon for tlienmelveg. It 
 Was of courHuaiiHWorc'd In tho iilTlrmatlvo 
 by nil aInioRt iinanliiinuH vol« : but 11 v/nn 
 iiotorloufl that French ngentDund eiiilHmi 
 rlcH hiid been HiMliiloiiHly at v. ork, and Miu 
 vote In fact was not free. Tiie iiioBtBtronu- 
 ov) oppoHttloii canio from the HwIhh con- 
 federation, which maintained that by thin 
 rexRloii tho neutrality of tho provlnccn of 
 Ohablals and Kniiclgny would bo violated. 
 Much complicated correripondenco piiHHed 
 between tho federation mid tho Hardlnlan 
 Kovernment on tho Biibject : but In tlio 
 end tho former waa constrained to content 
 ItRolf with a fiolenin prntcHt HKaliiHt the 
 annexation, and a rofuHnl to rocognUo Ita 
 validity. When the treaty of eoHwIon was 
 presented In tho Sardinian chaniberH, It 
 wag approved by a majority of 2a« iigalnst 
 flS votes : but In tho minority wiia (iarlbaldl, 
 tho deputy of Nl/.r.a, Ills native place; and 
 thus tho vote produced results verj' dlffe- 
 re»it from thoao which t}io French emperor 
 nnticii)ated. 
 
 To a letter (sent on tho 20th of March), 
 In which tho king of Sardinia offered to nd- 
 mlnlBtcr tho temporal government of the 
 papal territories, the p()pe replied with an 
 Indignant refusal ; but the result which ho 
 dreaded was nearer at hand than ho Ima- 
 gined ; and the crisis was hastened by tho 
 besotted folly of tho king of Naples. Francis 
 II. had seemingly made np his mind to 
 follow the policy of Kclioboam, and was 
 doing his best to change his father's whips 
 Into scorpions. On the death of Ferdi- 
 nand II. the governments of Franco and 
 Kn)«1and had consented to renew the Inter- 
 course which had been broken off ; but mat- 
 ters grow worse Instead of better, and in 
 •luly 1850, lord John ilussell wrote In plain 
 terms to the English Minister, to say that 
 the king had now simply to choose between 
 the ruin of his evil counBollors or his own ; 
 and that If tho Neapolitan people should be 
 driven to Insurrection, he was not to look 
 to Englr\nd for any support, whether moral 
 or material. The warning was unheeded. 
 
 In April 1890, the people rose in rebellion 
 at Palermo in Sicily, and be8le:^ed the royal 
 troops. They were joined by the people of 
 Kesslna, Catania, and Agrlgentum. For a 
 month they carried on tho strugglo by 
 themselves, but Uarlbaldl was on toe way 
 with more effectual help. On the 6th of 
 Hay he sailed from Genoa with about 2,000 
 Tolunteers, and as he lay off the Roman 
 coast he Issued a proclamation calling on 
 all to rise In arms, and divide the enemy's 
 forces, with thobattle-cryof Italy and Vlo- 
 tor F*nmanuel.' On tho loth, he landed at 
 Mars- la, and on the 14th advanced to 8a- 
 ^Cinl, where he took the title of dictator of 
 rilcUy, ' In the name of Victor Emmanuel 
 and Italy.' On the nex day he completely 
 defeated general Laadt, with S,500 troops, 
 
 at Oalata Flini. After a fow more riiKaiJ 
 iiienlH, in which he was gcu'riiiiy Hum-iT 
 ful. ho altairked I'lUerino on the 27tli,i,|j 
 di JVC tho Ncaiiolllan troops Into llic eu'aM 
 from which, aided by tho Ueot In tLu h^f 
 hour, they bombarded tho town for tmnn 
 hours. At length, an armiHtii;o wiu ukh 
 on, by which tho royalists were to cviiciu 
 I'alenno, witli tho eiception of Knrtu 
 tellamaro. About three weeks later, u^ 
 baldl was victorious In a Hovero \n[i 
 at Melazzo, about twenty-Hvu inlloHfrii 
 MoNHlna, but lie narrowly escaiied Iki^ 
 killed during tho coitllict. Thuiicuiiii 
 UoBCO tho Neapolitan KuncTal cuiiliuhtti 
 and h Ih iroopH were allowed to leave Mil 
 without their arms. 
 
 The terror of Francis II. Bliowcd iUdlJ 
 profoBBlons of lavish conceBsion uf cvq 
 thing to everybody. A new lllicnil . 
 try was to set to work, and draw ii|iii 
 articles of a statute or coiiBtltiii l<in, iiu 
 on reproBentativo Italian and natlnnall 
 Btltutlons. An alllanco was to bo ininlorL 
 Victor Kuiinanui'l for the coinmoii Inttrj 
 of Italy. A prince of the royal liniiici 
 to bo viceroy In HIclly, and that luliiuiir 
 to have all that It c(>uld posHiliijr ni 
 Tho constitution granted by FerdlnauJ 
 In 184a, and then treacherously wlili(in« 
 was declared to bo again in force, uiiii( 
 national parlian ., was HU'.ninuia'il lurij 
 loth of September. Itwr altoKcUicri] 
 late. Tho straw at which tho Urowd 
 man clutched In his desperatioii ciuiltdl 
 grasp. From Messina, Uarlbaldl In Aii| 
 sent a proclamation to the JNeaimlltii 
 which he Bald that he had alrtiuly itL 
 their bravery, but desired not to timkel 
 further proof of It. He begged tlienl 
 constitute Italy without slauglitcr ( 
 sons; and his request was coiiiiiliedi 
 almost to tho letter. On tho lOtli of Aiu 
 he croHsed the straits, and lamled iitMa 
 On the 20th ho advanced to UeKgiii,irU 
 a largo body of royal troops had lioenif 
 centratcd. Jliit there was next tu ii)| 
 slstance. In less than two hours, onl;i 
 fort remained In their hands; In if 
 more, this Vras surrendered, on cundl 
 that tho garrlsotk should be allomdu 
 out, leaving their arms and baKKiiKu >> 
 together with the storos in the tort,* 
 comprised many cannon and 6U0 sti 
 arms. Garibaldi then advanoid iid| 
 troops commanded by general firli 
 near San Giovanni, and surrounded 1 
 But, confident In his expectation oli\ 
 render, he forbade all firing, and pn 
 tho royalist troops raised tho sIkuU, ' 
 OaribaUti, vivaVItalia.' Garibaldi tlieof 
 among them himself, and was aliuo!t| 
 in pieces by their enthuBlastic cmU 
 He had won a bloodless victory. TU 
 dlers, about 2,000 In number, werctolll 
 they might go home If they UMif 
 they at once did so, leaving their i 
 the Invader. Towards the endofiV 
 tho count of Syracuse advised liis li 
 the king to follow the example lit 
 duchess of Parma. There may have IT 
 touch of sarcasm in the secmtnK < 
 with which be urged him to win tliij 
 titude of Italy, by making ' a BubUaif 
 
€^t VaniaKV at Italtf. 
 
 771 
 
 After afowinoro nmt 
 i, |i« wim Ki-i(>riii;y wmt 
 I I'lllLTIIlO <>•> <■''" ""111, to 
 
 ^^^a l)y 111" Ucol III lliu liii 
 banlcil tho town for mir 
 ,lli, nil iirmlHtlw will iinre 
 royiillft* were U><.'um 
 tlio cicoi'tl""""'""'^ 
 lOUt thri'o wooknlaltr.Uii 
 
 iortOUH 111 UH.1V.M0 l,»l| 
 
 i,out twpiity-nv.) iiill.'H tto 
 ,.) narrowly wmm\ M 
 11,0 .•.oiillli'i. ■ni.iiux (1 
 tt,,..lltan ni>wn\ m>\\m 
 wer.^aUoweatolcuvuM.l. 
 
 .fTrl'nclfill.Bl'f'WCdlUcU 
 f lavlnU .•on.-cHH on n m" 
 
 vbo.»y. A «'«w '"'"'"' "" 
 et to work, aiul ilruw up 
 
 aatutoor const 1 "il"".!-;- 
 ailvo llallttii uiul niillniul 
 ,uilllan.-o want.. 1)0 nm. lo- 
 lurl for tliocmunon Into 
 rliico of tlio r.iya .(.uic 
 ; ,,. Hlclly. an.l ihiitlsiuud 
 Umt It coul.1 V.|^««ll.lJ -| 
 ,Uoii Kranted l>y Kit. n nl 
 tlion tr.'a<5iifrt)U»ly wUM™ 
 lt.rbo«BaliilnfonT»,,Ji 
 liaii o was BU'.niiioiiiil lor 
 mnbcr. Uwv; alloKcUier 
 waw at whlcli tl.o aro«L 
 
 m M.'HHliia. Uarlljaiai li Aii|. 
 
 ,ld that lie liad alrciuly d 
 ty^,ut desired not to luiikcL 
 
 Ui of it. He bcBKC.^ IU«« 
 Italy without BlauKlitcr 1" 
 111. ronuest was mmM 
 ie letter. OntholOlUof A 
 thoHtraltB.andlaiulediitM 
 Ll% advanced to UeKgM 
 y of royal troops Uiidljccn, 
 nut there was next to 
 „ eBB than two Jwurs onji 
 ed In their hands ; Hi 
 '.M gurrendorcd, .)|i cun« 
 'nUQU should be allow.J 
 .^etr«rm8andb«KKH'?oh 
 
 th the BtoroB in the fort, 
 many cannou and ooo »t 
 •Ibaldl then advaiuod 
 manded by genenil B. 
 a\ovSnnl.and.urro.mdcd^ 
 lent In hlB expectation on 
 
 Iforbade all flrlnB. a'lJ r"f, 
 ttrooPB ralaed the shout. 
 '»lmr/toKa.' Garibaldi tUMi 
 Kmself. and was almo« 
 
 i!b«rttrVt, 
 
 oiSyXuse advised 1.1ML 
 
 'to follow the example (ij 
 Pa^r There may lmve« 
 ircasm In the aeemlnB <« 
 
 U he urged him to win IM 
 
 c3''l)Ut Vraiirlii II, had no mind to laku 
 lia'advleu. UIh uiliilHterH ruslKiied, and 
 ok refuKo on board a Uritlnh Hhlp of war. 
 Ince Iwliltutia, a iiioHt unpopular man, 
 ran rcniDved from thu coininand of tli.i 
 iilouklKiiard, and general VlKllawaumailo 
 iinuMiiuor of the iixiiiy of NaiileM. liut 
 ,a nnny ltm>lf was melting away. Two 
 iKlmeiitHofdragiion8,Hontt(>reHtoroord.!r 
 Paggia, declared agalnut the king. BU 
 jImvutH, who were ord.trod to march 
 lalimt I'oteiiza, Bhouted Viva Oaribuldl ; 
 id general Floraz wrote from ApuMii to 
 tliBt none remained with him but hlH 
 tt. The king tried to form a now in In I s- 
 ;, nis offortB were vain, and la hlu 
 [wry ho oxclalmod, 'Then all have for- 
 tcum.).' Making up bin mind to leave 
 ipleii, ho coinfort(!d hlitiHolf hy Issuing a 
 claniatloii, In which he Hald that he had 
 tr ciitcruilned a hIiikIo thought that 
 J not devoted to the happiness and good 
 liU BUliJectH. Ills sul)JectH understood 
 D |)erfi'ctly, and left him to And his way 
 \\mt he could to Uoeta, which, with 
 lUBiWas all that rnmuliicd to hlin .>f his 
 lout kingdom. Two days afterwards 
 Ihaldl entered Naples aa an ordluary 
 iviigor In a railway train, 
 c iHjpo had good reamjii to sympatlilso 
 tlui woes of the king of Napl.is, ICarly 
 ptembcr, the people of T.isaro, TJrblnn, 
 Muntcfeltru cast off his yoke and pro- 
 ne.1 Victor Bmmauucl as their king, 
 pope throw !-lmself on the commisera- 
 of 'ho cjithollcs, and l.'ivlted all who 
 lid, to onrol themselves under his stau- 
 ', Hunar«dB hastened from Ireland, 
 r plea of serving as railway labourers, 
 renlly to light the temporal battles of 
 loly see. The papal army thus recruited 
 placed under the comiuand of general 
 lorlcldro; but before ho could take any 
 led step, ho was told by general Fantl, 
 tbe Sardinian troops would occupy 
 rla and the Marches, If the papal sol- 
 attempted by force to suppress any 
 inal manlfostatloiiB. From Home La- 
 lire received doluslvo promises of 
 asslBtance from Prance ; but he found 
 If suddenly without money, and the 
 m of the papal government In maln- 
 a toll on grinding corn made It 
 an Impossibility tc procure any 
 Early In Septerab<:r, count Oavour 
 ed cardinal Aniouelll, that SarMnla 
 Invade the pp.pal states unless tbe 
 ilBbanded hl« mercenaries ; and on tbe 
 it September, the troops under general 
 il crossed the boundary, and marched 
 Pesaro, Fano, and Urblno; which 
 111 occupied without difficulty. Tbo 
 place surrendered was Perugia, In 
 the garrison of 1,700 men became 
 len of war. General Lamorlcldre re- 
 on Hacerata, In order to protect An- 
 havlng under him a force of 8,000 or 
 ^^ To Intercept him Oialdlnl held 
 !lgb 4 of Ostnl and Oastel Fldardo. 
 led In at Loretto, Lamoriclire had 
 aos of getting to Ancona except by 
 g his way through the enemy : and 
 Ml battle took place accordingly on 
 0. General Flmodan led the attack 
 
 tm the riedm.)iiteso iroop8,but he received 
 a mortal wound, and hts tro.)pH, ufUir light- 
 ing bravely, wero completely defeated. 
 Seeing at length that the d':,y was Irretriev- 
 ably lost, f.eneral liamoricl^re (led to An- 
 cona. The next day, the remulns of his 
 forces laid down their urini, and the papal 
 army In tlio Marches and l/mbrlu ceased to 
 exist. Anconu wait immediately besieged, 
 and surrendered on the 2Uth of September; 
 and so ended u campaign of elKhteon (luys, 
 In wliloh tho Sardlnlaus took six cUIlm, 
 twenty-eight field pieces, IdO pieces of wall 
 artillery, 20,000 niuskots, more than 600 
 horses, and some ]R,000 priBouers, with all 
 the euemy's generals. 
 
 M.wur.vhile, things looked much as though 
 In the work of liberation Venetia was to 
 have Ita share as well as Naples, It was 
 perhniiH not altDgethor consistent with 
 previous declarations made to the king of 
 Naples, when lord Joliu Russell wrote to 
 count Cuvour, strongly deprecating any 
 movement In Venetia. Tho truth Is, assoon 
 as IntereMt cuino In the way, the Oritlsh go- 
 vernment was still tempted to act la Italy 
 as It had acted with reKrence to the Greek 
 subjects of the sultan during the Crimean 
 war. '(ireatlirltuln,' ho said, 'has lutttrestB 
 In the Adriatic, which her majesty's govern- 
 ment must watch with careful atteut*on. 
 Rut from tho Sardinian chambers count 
 Cavour obtained a complete sanction for all 
 that had been dono, while he candidly ad- 
 mitted that, although Venetia ought to bo 
 free, yet any attempt In that (iiutrtcr w.mld 
 for tho present bo highly inprudcnt, and 
 might endanger tho cause of freedom not 
 la Italy only, but throughout tho European 
 continent, uo added also,that the pope must 
 bo left unmolested la Ilomo, that question 
 being 'none of those which can be Bolved 
 by tho sword alone.' The presence of Max- 
 zinl at Naples caused much embarrassment. 
 On hlB refusal to leave the pUco, the marquis 
 Pallavlclnl and his colleagues In tbe mi- 
 nistry resigned; but tho people expressed 
 themselves loudly against Mazxlni, and Pal- 
 lavlclnl again to.>k office. On the l&th of 
 October Oarlbaldl Issued a decree In which 
 he said that, ' to satisfy a wish cherished by 
 the whole nation, the Two Sicilies, whlcii 
 have been redeemed by ItbUan blood and 
 which have freely elected me their dictator, 
 form an integral part of one and Indivisible 
 Italy under the constitutional king Victor 
 Bmmanuol and bis descendants.' A fort- 
 night before this time Garibaldi had sig- 
 nally defeated tbo troops of Francis II. in 
 tbe battle of tbe Volturno, and driven them 
 into the fortress of Capua, although his 
 volunteers, some 16,000 In number, were op- 
 posed to 80,000 royalist soldiers. 
 
 But Victor Emmanuel was now on tb« 
 road to assume the power wblrJi had been 
 won for him by Garibaldi. Tbe hero and 
 tbe king met on the 20tb of October between 
 Teano and Speraozano. As soon as the king 
 saw Oarlbaldl, he spurred his horse towards 
 bim. As they drew near, bis officers shouted, 
 'Viva Victor SmmanueW Garibaldi came 
 forward, raised his cap and added, ' king oc 
 Italy.' Victor Emmanuel raised his band 
 to his cap, and stretching out bis band to 
 
772 
 
 Cbe Zteniwrti ot ^iitarn, ^(. 
 
 Oaribaldl, aniwcred, ' I tlmnk you.' On tlio 
 Srd of November ho defeated the nriiiy nt 
 Francis 11., \rhtcli liad retired behind the 
 Garlgllano, and now fell bark on Gaeta, the 
 only place which still remained to the king 
 of Naples, Capua having previously sur- 
 rendered, and lis garrison of 0,000 having 
 been made prisoners of war. The Inter- 
 ference, whether well or ill-lntcntloned of 
 the French emperor, protracted the defence 
 and fall of Gaeta. He would only allow It to 
 bo invested by land, to give Francis ir. the 
 chance of escape by sea. But the only re- 
 sult was that the siege was continued 
 through the rest of the year without 
 benefit to himself, at the cost of cnornioun 
 and useless bloodshed. At the same time 
 tho French army of occupation In Itome 
 had been strengtheni.-d, and had occupied 
 Oivita Vecchio, Albano, Velletrl, and many 
 other towns. The town of Vltorbo hart, 
 In September, declared unanimously for 
 Victor Eramanui ' ; no disturbances had 
 takan place, and tho government had gone 
 on peaceably. In October, general do 
 Goyon sent a message to the Oonfalonl^re 
 to say that he must And (lunrtcrs for the 
 French troops who were to be sent thither. 
 The Gonfalonifire answered that, relying 
 on the French emperor's pledged of nonin- 
 terference In the affairs of Italy, they had 
 chosen to make Victor Emmanuel tlicir 
 king,— that the French might come If they 
 pleased, and that they would encounter no 
 resistance, for they would And tho town 
 deserted. Early In November the Italian 
 question was decided at Naples; 1,302,064 
 votes were given In favour of a united 
 Italy, 10,313 against It. On the 7th Victor 
 Emmanuel entered Naples in triumph, and 
 appointed signer Farini his lieutenant-go- 
 vernor for the Neapolitan provinces. Two 
 days later. Garibaldi retired to his own 
 domain ot the llttlo Island of Oaprera, 
 having Issued a proclamation in which he 
 called on all Italians to unite under the ' lie 
 Oalantuomo,' and invited them in March 
 of the following year to give ' the last shock, 
 the last blow, to the crumbling tyranny.' 
 
 On the I9th of January 1861, the last 
 French ship of war sailed away from Gaeta. 
 The French emperor had abandoned Francis 
 II.; he had prevented the Italians from 
 blockading the place by sea, to give the 
 Bourbon a fair chance of escape, but he 
 had no mind to continue his veto, when his 
 aid was looked upon ' as an encouragement 
 to resistance, and assumed the shape of 
 material support.' Thus forsaken, Francis 
 II. still struggled on till the 18th of Feb- 
 ruary, when the garrison capitulated, and 
 with the ex-qneen he went on board a French 
 steamer, and took refuge at Rome. 
 
 The first measure of the Sardinian cham- 
 bers, on meeting In 1861, was to Introduce 
 a bill declaring Victor Emmanuel king of 
 Italy. Against thia act, which was passed 
 almost unanimously, the papal government 
 vehemently protested ; but Great Britain 
 Immediately recognised the new kingdom, 
 and France soon followed the example. 
 Bat the great statesman who had first 
 Mfliired tor Sardinia a recognised place 
 
 among the European powcis, and wluji,,,!! 
 steered his country tliroUKli tlio Kriivriil 
 (liniKors, was cut oft before his Krciitno/K 
 watt consummated. After a sliort llliiMr 
 of which the fatal Issue wa<> in KrciitiJ 
 set down to tho Italian practice (>{ lijcidjJ 
 for every posslblo malady, count Caviml 
 died on the 6Mi of Junt ; and the iirt| 
 feeling was that the Italian cause liadujf 
 dergone an lrroparal)Io di.-astrr. Tlielit 
 was Indeed great, but there were iiotwjt J 
 Ing men to carry on his work with nm 
 sincerity, if not with cfjual genius. Aniiin 
 try was formed under baron lllcns()ll,wi,J 
 In answer to rumours that ho purpfiseju 
 cede the Island of Hardlnia to Pr.nifo.j 
 dared unmlstakt'al)ly tlio policy wlilriiij 
 intended to work out. Tho very wnrJa 
 thought of cession he scouted wlthnllii 
 disdain of his soul. 'Not an Inch of Itaij 
 ground,' he said, 'must be given up." 
 there was a territory to recover, Oitl 
 tanlty, matured by time, would npfn J 
 way to Venice. In the meantiuie, we ly 
 of Rame. Yes, we will go Rome. Firl 
 go Is for tho Italians not merely a rluli, 
 is an Inexorable necessity.' Yet thcrcitJ 
 obstar'es In the way which cvoii lu;< 
 enthusiasm found It ImpoEsll)lc to ! 
 mount. After a tiiousand twists Inl 
 tortuous game. It became evident tlnt^ 
 French emperor had no Intention olir| 
 drawing his troops from Rome. Theoib 
 of Naples by his agents stirred up lirigi 
 ago In every quarter, and his cnilsij 
 caused serious disturl)anccB In ttii 
 places. Order was preserved, but (nilij 
 force ; and the dawn of Italian unity sciif 
 to be suddenly and ominously clouded. 1 
 events of 1862 seemed to make the |ir.)J 
 even darker. The Intrigues of the SHnlii 
 minister Rattazzl led Garibaldi tn sm 
 that an attack on Rome would m| 
 thwarted by the Italian govornmcmii 
 Garibaldi determined accordingly ton 
 the contest to a final Issue. It wasr 
 manifest that he had to dr:;! v.-'.th \i 
 different spirit from the cautious ynii 
 reus prudence of count Cavour. TlioJii 
 proval of the French government™! 
 disguised or qualified; and tlickingoll 
 found It necessary to send troops toii 
 the progress of Garibaldi and his vnlari/ 
 The fight at Aspromonte, In which tlii| 
 who had destroyed tho Bourbon tn 
 was with his son wounded and t,ika| 
 soner, was tho result — a result disgi 
 to the Intrigues of slgnor Rattazzijd 
 best perhaps for the true Interests « 
 Italian kingdom. Even before Iti 
 could be little doubt as to the Intonia 
 the French emperor ; since the defq 
 Garibaldi those Intentions were bnldl 
 claimed, and announced an indeflnltiR 
 tinnatlon of the occupation of nonit.| 
 determined support of the tempor.) 
 of the papacy. 
 
 The only Important event in 1 
 history be'longlng to the year ^864( 
 passing of the bill for transfe'ringtlij 
 of government from Turin to Floresrf 
 the significance of the event watl 
 found, not so nucb In the change Itr 
 
iean powci «, ni"l wIkOiiiI 
 .try tlirourtU tliu Knve-il 
 c)K before Ills Krciii woK 
 .(1 After a Fliort lllr.ofj 
 
 'tiilinn practice of 1.\i;tili«d 
 b\o mnladr. count Cm, b| 
 [, of Juiit; and tlic llrJ 
 V tlio Italian cause ImiUtl 
 
 't liuttlierowereiii;tTO| 
 TV on i.lB work will m* 
 with equal gen UH. Amut 
 uiulerlmrou Ulcn(«.M,wJ 
 
 foul 'Not an Inch of ItalJ 
 d' must lie given up. 'BJ 
 n^rltory to recover. Off! 
 cd \,y time, would omi 
 Tn tlio meantl.no.wcMtiJ 
 
 itnUana not merely a rid;, 
 KccBslty/ Yettlim* 
 tiio way which even ItJ^ 
 
 er a thousand twls s < 
 ,e t became evident tlniJ 
 rorhadno intention (if vj 
 roops from Home The ort 
 
 his aKentB stirred up linN 
 
 /q«!l?ter. '^n^h'»,H 
 ' ,,a diaturhanccB in «t« 
 ??wa9 preserved, hut mili 
 kndTawn of Italian unity KiJ 
 
 IV and ominously clouaed. 
 
 rtholtailangovornnoM 
 StUlned acco;^^'"«> ;': 
 
 K^li^cautiousv^ 
 ^^.^re'nT^gS-J'li 
 
 E^b'sUr'l^aitS 
 
 «iht?s|thclnt.. 
 emperor ;.Bl_nce^^tho^; 
 
 €fit ^iMtocn at Stall;. 
 
 77l» 
 
 ioBe intentions wevoDg 
 
 1 iiio motives which actuated it. On pro* 
 
 uiMU the ineaBure, general Olaldlnl Bald 
 
 itbst tliey only could wish to retain Turin 
 
 tbo capital who wished also to keep the 
 
 tallan lilngdom ur.dvr the Bhadow of 
 
 Prince; that strategically it was of no 
 
 niuv BO iDiig as tho AustrlanB occupied 
 
 iin ouHdrllateral, and that ho desired to 
 
 tlio Itiillftu kingdom placed under tho 
 
 lie pfotcctltii of her own bayonets and 
 
 ler own valour. If It should bo urged that 
 
 Niireiico WHS not guniclently central, he re 
 
 illodby Admitting thefact, and alleging thU 
 
 rt us the reaBon for which ho dealn d 
 
 1(1 hoped to go to Homo. 
 
 The prospect uf a war with Austria in 
 
 ga ciused great cnthuslnsni. A volunteer 
 
 tM was fiirnicd, and the command given 
 
 (iarllialill. The iiopularenthuslasni was 
 
 lUiided simply on a resolution to free 
 
 iietiA from Austrian dominion, siid sot 
 
 i<f free from the Alpa to tlie Adriatic. 
 
 is was enough to impel the Itoilans to 
 
 all tlicmsclveB eagerly of tho probable 
 
 ipture lictween I'russlannd Auitria, and 
 
 IU9 to expel all Oermaii Intruiers from 
 
 Italian soil. War against Austria was 
 
 lared by Prussia on June 78, and two 
 
 slater by the king of Italy. The com- 
 
 'ncemcnt of operations wi8 llxcd for 
 
 23rd of June, and, for a lew days pre- 
 
 Ing that date, the Orsr, second, and 
 
 Ird corps of tho army, nider tho Immc- 
 
 itc command of tho kinp, with a cavalry 
 
 lUlou, had been i)U8hei' forward to the 
 
 intler, the general head quarters being at 
 
 inelo. On the raornlr.g of the 23rd the 
 
 ip9 were ordered 'by tho king to cross 
 
 Mluclo. The cntrv upon the enemy's 
 
 Itory was effected it all points without 
 
 lUtaiice, and it was evident that the 
 
 itrlans had given up nil idea of dcfend- 
 
 tlie territory bf tween that river and 
 
 Adige. Hence it was determined to 
 
 fance into the territory bet\"eeu tlio 
 
 rcsses of Yerona, Pcschlura, and 
 
 itua, scpnrato one from the other, and 
 
 !up a strong position between the plain 
 
 YlUafrancii and tlie group of i.'lls 
 
 een Valer;glo, Sommacampagna, and 
 
 elnuovo. The third corps first came 
 
 coDfllct with the enemy a little beyond 
 
 ifranca, where it was attacked by tlio 
 
 itrlan r-ivalry, but succeeded in holding 
 
 [rouiK".. The rest of the army, by tho 
 
 IsBlo'i of general Marmorit', was de- 
 
 d. Another division underwent a 
 
 ilsr at Custozza at the hands of the 
 
 id'ike Albert, wh6 was in command of 
 
 U9trlan army. The battle raged for 
 
 il hours, and for Bome time tho 
 
 Tlans failed to carry Custozza. At last 
 
 'tallan.i, under the princes Humbert 
 
 Amadous, ende&Toured, with their 
 
 Id troops, to advance to Staffalo, 
 
 ng Custozza at the Bame time; ^ut 
 
 were overborne by the Austrlans, 
 
 finally got possession of the Italian 
 
 OD. The Italian array, driven ''>ack by 
 
 .uatrlans, recrosscd the MinciD, and 
 
 the bridge at Valeggio. It then re- 
 
 d aud took up its position behind the 
 
 A naval battle off Llssa also ended in 
 
 tho ropulBoot the Italian fleet ; and admiral 
 I'crsinv waa afterwards brought to trial 
 for cbo result. Nor was (laribaldl mucli 
 moo fortunate. On tho 3rd of July ha 
 attacked the Austrlans nt Monte Uello, 
 ar d was driven back and hlmaelf wounded 
 IM tho thigh ; but ho took tho opportunity 
 (t crossing over Into French territory, and 
 ■irging the Italians to deliver tho French 
 districts from tlio grasp of tho fArolgner. 
 
 Itut tho struggle was now cut short by tho 
 Tnilstico accepted by tho Prussians and 
 Austrlans, of which the reader will Hud an 
 accoiMit In tho history of Prussia for 18M. 
 Tho Venetians were asked to go through 
 tho ceremony of a plebiscite, by which, of 
 coursu, they declared their decided wish to 
 bo united to the kingdom of Italy, tho 
 sovereign of which could now again wear 
 tho Iron crown of Lomliuidy, which, like 
 Venotia, had been ceded by the Austrian!. 
 
 Tho Ilomnn Question alono remained to 
 bo solved ; but in his circular, addressed to 
 tho prefects of the kingdom, baron Ricasoll 
 declared that, after the fulfllinent of tho 
 September convention, that question could 
 not and must not bo the motive for agita- 
 tion, Italy had promised France and 
 Europe to remain neutral between tho pope 
 and the Romans, and she must keep her 
 promise. 
 
 These words were to be tested as early 
 as 1807. The political movements were 
 preceded by Ineffectual proposals for the 
 conversion of ecclesiastical property Into 
 money to be held by the clergy as a corpo- 
 rctlon, tho church being left entirely free, 
 and giving up all Its exemptions, immnnl- 
 tles, and prerogatives In the state. Early 
 In February slgnor Ratazzl displaced baron 
 lllcasoll as prime minister. In the course 
 of tho euiiiiner armed banddof volunteers 
 approached tho Roman frontiers from ya- 
 rious parts of Italy with the ezpresied 
 purpose of marching upon Rome, and the 
 Roman people showed, by breaking out 
 in insurrectionary movements, that their 
 satisfaction ii> the papal government ad- 
 mitted of being stronger. But the Italian 
 ministry was determined to keep its word: 
 and on the 23rd of September Garibaldi 
 was arrested near Sienna, and taken, first 
 to Alessandria, and thence to Caprera, 
 which was watched by Italian ships of war. 
 At Rome great uneasiness was felt. The 
 officers of the French legion, known as »ie 
 Autibes, were throwing up thei<> coranils- 
 Bions, and tho desertions were becoming so 
 frequent as to threaten the dissolution of 
 tho whole force General Dumont, havlngr 
 reached Rome <rom Paris, found that these 
 desertions wereowing to Italian influences, 
 but, although the desertions ceased, the 
 incursions of the Italian volunteers did 
 not. These were commanded by Menottt 
 Garibaldi, a son of the great liberator of 
 Italy. The contest went on with varying 
 success between the p<mtiflcal troops and 
 the Garlbaldlans, until the French emperor 
 determined once more to settle the matter 
 by his own overwhelming military force. 
 The needle-gun bad turned the day against 
 the Austrlans at Sadowa; the chassepot 
 
772* 
 
 €l)e €ttHims of Witotti, 9ft, 
 
 decided tbo fato of the Oortbaldtant at 
 Mentana, irtaero aarlbaldl i.imiel( com- 
 
 Sanded, having made his oioapo from 
 iprera In tplto of the tquadroa which war 
 f nardlnv him. Ho was soon again arrested 
 and confined at Varlgnano, on tho gulf of 
 Spezzla. But when general Menabrea. an 
 the head of tho Italian government, rallrd 
 upon the French emperor to withdraw his 
 troops from Rome, tho latter answered by 
 nroposlnf his favourite remedy of a con- 
 ference for the settlement of tho Roman 
 question. To this the Italian government 
 consented, on tbo proviso that tbo dclibo- 
 ratlona should be oonOoed to romovlni; ' ho 
 pfeM&t diacnltlei hetwevn Italy and tbo 
 
 holy see, without any retrospcciiy,, ,„. I 
 sldorattonH nf tiie fncts by whUh Mid in^.l 
 (lorn of Italy luid been eonstltiitml. timI 
 Vroncb, however, retained only citiiil 
 Vecohia, wboro they were to reiniiln oniil 
 until tbo huly father should be iiu lonml 
 menaced. I 
 
 Ilut tbo general policy of the Itiiiijl 
 government remained nnehanReil, u,m\ 
 according to Blgnnr OrUpl, witH not inrffl 
 tary to Italy. Thoroughly ngreeliiK In iiiij 
 general Menabrea added that It wun ner^t 
 thelessncccMary tenaciously to nfllrin thM 
 right to Rome, but that Rome, tliriugi||l 
 waa the crowning of the natlonnl edilsl 
 Was only to be won by moral means, ' 
 
10 fuel* »>y which till) kln^l 
 
 md l.eon cotitttmied. Tb«| 
 
 P? reulned only CiviJ 
 
 th«y wore torcmnln-nljl 
 
 father ihonld bo no \mmt 
 
 lerRt policy «« »''« 'w'"l 
 
 Thoroughly HBrcclnKliuh J 
 L» added that It win nml 
 7yt2Su.1ytoamr.n.h,»l 
 „ i>iit that Rome, tUmtKhlll 
 n\. « of th«. "ftlotml edl J 
 
 THE HISTORY OF VENICE. 
 
 -•♦•- 
 
 [)r All the repnblleH of Italy, Tcntcfl \n that 
 Ulinac history la the mngt liitcrcHtlnivnnd 
 Lingular; It haa all the itiirtllnR lirlllfaiicy 
 \t roinnnre, and fully jiiitlflcH the roiiiiirk 
 tir It Rrrat modorti p(i(!t,— ' Truth In itrango, 
 Itriiiffcr than Hctlon.' 
 
 The lilHtDry ot VonIco Is now, more than 
 ■vtr, tiitrrcHtlng to iih ; for It Id In uiir day 
 lliit n blow, as r-virt and as crnahing as the 
 lliiinilcrbolt, lias atrack out of the list of 
 iili'licnilcnt slates this aticlcnt rcpuhllo, 
 D rcmnrkablu In alto and In Institutions. 
 ' At ttio north-eastern cxtrunilty of Italy, 
 V'twren the Al|m and the north-western 
 |o:ist of the Adriatic, thcro was setiled from 
 [ very early ago a pooiilo called the HonotI 
 rVenotl,from whom the fertile district In 
 ucitloD was called Venatlo. 
 [Uoweror subjected, It is certain that In 
 ko years of Rome 052-3, just after the de- 
 bit ot the Clinbri and Teutoncs by Mnrlus, 
 Knctia became a part ot the Roman pro- 
 ■nro called Transalpine Uaul, and waa go- 
 Irncd by a pnetor. From this time forth 
 n must, for some centuries, speak of it in 
 Inncctlon with Rome ; of whose disasters 
 k shall see that fertile Venetta Prima waa 
 lodesolatedTtcttin— and the maritime Fo 
 ftiaSteundatbo glorious and mighty con- 
 iquenco. Continental Venice, If subjected 
 itho power of Rome, was at the same time 
 Imitted to its prlvilegea and made partl- 
 lator of Its adrantages. Qovemed by a 
 pniau pnetor, they also voted in the 
 pman aaaemblieB of the people ; and fur- 
 ■hlng a contingent ot men and money 
 ^cn the affairs ot Rome demanded it, they 
 
 had the aid ot Roman taste and Roman 
 nlth In improving and beautifying their 
 
 lies, as numerous remains, especially in 
 ^ons, show at thlB day. 
 rrom the annexation of Venice to Rome, 
 ail the end of the fourth century of the 
 jrlstlan era, it is In Roman history that 
 
 1 reader must look for such slight roen- 
 as is made at all of the affairs of Vo- 
 
 lla ; and we pass, therefore. In the pre- 
 It sicctch to the commencement of the 
 Irth century of the Christian era. 
 The flercc northern people known by the 
 po of Ooths, being expelled by the no 
 flerce and still more powerful Huns, 
 at the year 870, were allowed to settle 
 nselrcB in the vast plains of Thrace, 
 nated partly, perhaps, by gratitude to 
 ne, bat stlU more by hatred of the Huna. 
 I Goths were ot signal bervice to the 
 Hero empire, to which the Huns were 
 ireadfol and perpetually troublesome 
 ny. Alarlc, the Oothlo leader, the 
 bt distinguished hlmielt tn this auxiliary 
 pare, was tar too acute not to perceive 
 [veaknesB of the once mighty people 
 >hlch he was the temporary ally and 
 
 the seemingly grateful gu«st ; and he was 
 far too ambitions ami rrstlnss In his nature, 
 to see that wcakni-HS wlthnut (IosIkii to 
 take advantage of It. Krom merely aiding 
 ThooduHlus the (Ircat to rupcl the Huns, 
 Alarlo easily got loavo to aHHlHt In putting 
 down the rubelllons of ArlmgaHtcs anil Kuko- 
 niun, who alinwl at tlio Iniiiorlal jmrple. 
 This Intorfurunco In tlio Internal affairs of 
 Home at once Increast'd Alarlc's Insight 
 Into tier actual condition, and his desire to 
 become the master of that empire, of which 
 hitliorto he had only l)ccn the sholtercd 
 guest or the paid servant. A couHldeniblo 
 territory In Thrace and high honorary rank 
 I n the Roman army should have been deemed 
 by Alarlc himself a sumclent reward for alt 
 the services bo had rendered to Rome; 
 especially as Rome liad sheltered the Uoths 
 as distressed fugitives loni; before she 
 asked their aid as warlike allies. n"t apleii 
 was necessary to justify the auxiliary in 
 becoming the focman ; and accordingly as 
 soon as Alarlc saw that the state of public 
 affairs was such as to iiromlse him success, 
 he began to call men and angels to witness 
 how faithfully and boldly he had served 
 Rome, and how scantily and ungratefully 
 she had rewarded his good services. 
 
 Both courts, the eastern and the western, 
 abounded with men who wished to sec 
 confusion and warfare In the very midst ot 
 their native country; some In mere po- 
 litical or personal hatred ot their rulers, 
 others In the still more detestable hope 
 that harbaric legions might be so far suc- 
 cessful as to throw the empires Into that 
 state in which the strongest arm and the 
 sharpest sword would bo the I)oat title to 
 all possessions. Ruflnus, though ho was 
 tutor to the young Arcadlus after the death 
 of Thoodosius the areat,wai the most active 
 of the traitors who wished for the success 
 ot the barbarian malcontent; and aided 
 htm not only with secret advice and Infor- 
 mation, but also with considerable sums 
 of money. Thus aided and encouraged, 
 Alarlo overran Pannonia, Macedonia, and 
 those parts of Thrace which were adjacent 
 to hta settlement and sufflclently wealthy 
 to be worth his destroying labour. Btllicho, 
 the general of Honorlus, who then reigned 
 over the western empire, waa for a time 
 successful against Alarlo ; but by r ^ -tnf or- 
 tunato over-confidence gave the • bar- 
 barian opportunity of retaliation, .oh he 
 so effectually used, that Honorlus was fain 
 to recall his general from aiding the Greeks, 
 and convert the Goth from an enemy Into 
 an ally, by giving him the sovereignty of all 
 lUyrla. The Increase of power which Alarlo 
 necessarily obtained from Increase of ter- 
 ritory was little likely to decrease either 
 his enmity to Honorlus, whose general had 
 
774 
 
 €l)t (Treoilurv o( )t}Mtori;, ^r. 
 
 tctii|iorflrtly ili>ri'aU>it liliii, or lil« dufllro to 
 overrun tlio wcMturii iMiipIro, wlilcli pro- 
 miMt'd niurii richer ii|m)II tliiiii ihoUruclaii 
 territory lio lutil nlnmily ntviiK<'(l. 
 
 iMumIiik liliiiiK'lf ti> tin flieviiced npnii a 
 •lilcld -Ihoniicldiiti'iithroiiciiicnt of a wur- 
 rior kliiK— lin was pruclalinvd, ntiildRt tliu 
 ftlioiiiH of iiU flcrcu Hdtillcry, kluK ot tlio 
 VlNlKotlm. IncrcanInK IiIh already iinmeiiM) 
 nriiiy liy recrnllR fpnii tliu liaiiks of iliu 
 Diinulio, ho pointed to itoiiieniidtliennillliiHt 
 ItJilliin liiiidH, and proiiilited iliclr Rpolh (o 
 liirt followerM ; niid.iiiifortiiiiiktely.lilHlU'rt'o 
 Iwitred of l{i>tii(< and love of lilootlHlicd and 
 plunder were fully ri|Uallcd by the timidity 
 iind Irreuolutlon of HoiuirlUR. That feulite 
 niiiimrrli wuh xpeedlly convluccd »f IiIh 
 Inferiority to hU Ixirhnrle opponent; and 
 wa.« from l he very ontm-t of tlio war worHted 
 liy him, In deHpliiiof a literally innnmerahle 
 nrniy, eomiioHcd imrlly of veteran troopH 
 and partly of harharlim IcvicHfruni tho very 
 extremllloH of tlin empire. 
 
 Hlllli'ho, the man who, of all the ompo- 
 ror'H frIendH and advltierri, waw jirohiilily (ho 
 nioHt likely to have proved the HUuecHitful 
 defender of tlio empire, who had a'ready 
 Riven Huch KlKnal|<roofMof liolh ability and 
 leal, wa.4 Huci'ltleed partly to that v;iKn(>, 
 Imi no leHH bitter, hatred wlilrh thn multi- 
 tude of all tliiieH and nil nKeH bciir to tower- 
 ing and lilKhly surccRBful talent, and partly 
 to the nilUKled timidity and treachery of 
 HnnorluM hlniKelf, who had learned to fenr 
 the ability of Sllllcbo by mere dint of profit- 
 luK by It. ViirKetfuI of the talent and bra- 
 very which Btlllcho had i<ften shown, or, 
 ns wo iniKht almost Ray, IniputInK hlxmuHt 
 Im'Hirtant Mervlcem to him a.s Crimea, Uono- 
 rli'it dbowud little concern when hlB guneral 
 and nilnUter waa niaxaacred ; and actually 
 after tho perpetration of that crime, praised 
 the iierpetratori), and condemned tin; mem- 
 ory of BlUU'lio and hU fellow-vlctlniH, hh 
 far an their nieinory could bo condemned 
 by any wordu of no puor-HplrUedandeiluml- 
 iiate a peraon. 
 
 Tho treachery of llonorlus and tho ma- 
 llKUlty of hU favourite, Olymplus, having; 
 put Btllluho to death by a virtual violation 
 of iianctuary, and 8omo of the ablest men 
 of tho empire merely for beInK tho friends 
 of Stltlcho having been Bacr!)<c,ed just be- 
 fore or lust after the murder of tho minister 
 himself, wo nilKlit expect to llnd Honorlus, 
 at least, making tho negatlvo and poor 
 atonement of proteclinx tho widow of his 
 tutor, friend, and minister. But though 
 Bcrena, tho lady In question, was aunt to 
 Theodoslus and adoptive mother of Hono- 
 rlus himself, he meaidy Buffered her to bo 
 BtiMUKlcd, in 408, on the approach of Alaric 
 with hisUothsto besiege the imperial city. 
 Alaric, shrewd in policy as fierce in light, 
 sought to enlist on his side tho feelings of 
 the numerous partisans of the murdered 
 Btllicho ; and a cheap and safe way of doing 
 BO presented Itsielf In praising tho virtue 
 and tho talents of Btllicho, now that the 
 former could no longer be serviceable to 
 Rome, nor tho latter formldablo to Alaric 
 himself. Tho praises thus bestowed upon 
 the deceased minister, by the living and 
 tbreatcuiug foe, were Interpreted by the 
 
 Iloninn multitude Into proof IrrefiiiKiii,!. 
 that tho widow otHtlllchorarrlediiMittn,. 
 Bonablo corruipuudenc^ with Alaric, ny 
 that hlH lellancu upon hor aid and liitiri.t 
 it wiM that crnholdanud him to tliriniin 
 tho ImperUl rity with duRtrurtlnii, i{„ 
 popular cry of thu Ignorant miiltliuiinwn 
 liaHcly rompllud with by tho onipcMr nml 
 tho senate, and thu unfortuimtu McreiiiiW]| 
 strangled. 
 
 AVI 111 Huch an emperor Jnitt such a |i(vi|,||, 
 was Joined as was least likely to bo |i('rni> 
 n('nilyHucceHHfullnreMlHtlngaliolil,grn',|i 
 and hardy race of barbarlana led oniiy^' 
 Al/irlc or an Attlla. The Individual luriit 
 hood and pride of manhood that liiii] r|« 
 ractcrlsed tho Uoinau of tho re|iulill(',:ini| 
 thn Herrlcd dlscliillnu and national i^ruJ 
 that had no often given prey to the Hun:,, 
 eagle, under thoUomanemiierors ivlmwiri 
 worthy of that name, had passed iiwny i,J 
 fore a luxury and effeminacy which \vuii;i 
 be Incredllilo were they not relalcil to gJ 
 by the pens <if Indignant Itomans whuiin, 
 crilio tho scenes which, loathing, llicylkni 
 amidst and witnessed. AmmlanuH MvJ 
 celUnuM, more eHiieclally,deacrlbcs tliniuiJ 
 ury, pride, and effeminacy of the rlrli y 
 being more than eastern, ' If,' snji br,| 
 'on a hot day they muster conrago to ui 
 In tlieir jiainted gallies from the LurrlDi 
 lake to their elegant villas on tho sca-cbiui 
 of I'liteoll and Cajeta, they compare iliil 
 exploit 10 thnexpedltlonsof Alczaiiclcriull 
 (.'aisar. Yet should a fly settle on tliiitlihl 
 folds if their umbrellas, or n hiiiiIjciiI 
 penetrate some unguarded chink, tlicy .. 
 ploru their hard fate, and iirutest. In nSfaiA 
 language, that 'twero better to hiivu \itei 
 born In tho land of the Olmmerlan!, ii«| 
 regions of perpetual clouds nnddnrknruf 
 Innumerable Instances might beKlvcm 
 this effeminacy as to tho upiier onlmi 
 Uonmns In tho connncnceinent of tliu a 
 century; and abundant proofs nilglit 
 adduced of tho stalo of want, deiicudnd 
 upon public alms, or still more eiiilimlliii 
 dependence on Indlvlduid patronage, nti 
 lower orders. Dut enough has Indi^i^ 
 to show that the state of Uonie, itlUeij 
 giivornnient and peoi>le, was precisely iid 
 as to InTltc, nay, to require tho rinloitif 
 flcatlon of Buccossivo and succesHfiijin 
 sionsof hardier races; and It uowmilr 
 mains to enter upon the particular lil^iii 
 of Venice, as one which claims our utig 
 tlon inoro than tho other Italian rcpiiM'i 
 
 Alaric again and again ravaged Uiti 
 man territories, and insulted tho Itui 
 people; Honorlus and his ministers 
 rally seeming to invito him to do so liyil 
 pusillanimity on sonio occasions, undili) 
 absurd and empty threats on otlivr>>. I| 
 norlus kept his court at Itavcnna, who 
 his ministers alternately provoked A!i 
 by their useless and empty boastings,! 
 bribed him to forbearance by the mni 
 not only of public treasures, but of thei 
 onal honour ; until at length tho b&tU 
 colours floated above the walls of Itoi 
 Adoiphus, brother-in-law of Alarlc,anilj 
 scquently the terrible Attlla, who ant 
 realised his truculent boast that wta«nl 
 horse ouco trod tho gnui never grew, 
 
 w wi 
 fiigrcs 
 finforc 
 ;y of 
 
 radn 
 ley be 
 
 arme 
 
 veg 
 
 Inst 
 
 Ore 
 
 lady, 
 iiiccd 
 
 Irlili 
 Jlehq 
 or, 't 
 ears 
 its of 
 
C^e Vtiitftarv of Wenitt. 
 
 770 
 
 ude Into proof IrrffriiKiihiu i 
 ' of Htlllc.ho rfkrrlt'd on ikint. 
 pouilt'iicu with Alurlc, «ii(j 
 ru u|ioii hur nld niid liitiri.i 
 nlioldmiod hliii Id tlinaiui 
 ■Ity wIMi doHtrurtlim. uA 
 tliu iKiiiiriiiit iniiHItiiiln »i| I 
 id with liy Hio tmi|iirnriiii4 
 I Iho uitfortuimtu Muriiiitwu 
 
 u rmiioror J««t bucIi i\ ri' iUi 
 witN IriiHt likely to lMM«'rni» 
 fulliiroiilpitlnRftl>olil,Krnilf, 
 I'oot barliiki-luiiR lod uiiiiyiui 
 Mtllii. T)m liuUvltlimlliatili 
 lo (it liliinliodd tliikt li:ia rl>» 
 1 iioiimiiof tho ropulilli'.mj 
 llHcliilliiu and imtloiiiil i<rM« 
 rteii Klviiii pri'y l<> till' lt'"i-'i 
 ho Uoinan •■mpororn .vliowin 
 lit imino, liiid iumm-il iiwny 1.^ 
 niid cITcmliiacy which wuull 
 woro tlu'y not ri'laloj to m 
 if liidlKimnt llonmuH wIukim. 
 u'H whicli. loiitliliiK. ll'i'ylN 
 wltncHHCd. AniinlwiUH M«. 
 
 cHin'clally.duucrllicii lliolm. 
 nd fltcinliiucy of the rUli u 
 thnii onstcrn. 'If, Bajiht, 
 iV llii-y muster courngiUo Mil 
 itcd Kftlllcs from tho liUcriit 
 clcgiint vlllftH on tlio sciicow 
 nd Uiijotft, tht-y coinimrc ilii' 
 lidxpiidltlonsof Alcxftmlcr«ii| 
 Bhould a tty BUttloon lliunllh 
 eir nmhrollaii, or a nuiiM 
 me unKUiirdod chtnk, tliiyd 
 lird fati', unci iirotest, \n uaiiW 
 ftt 'twiTO tietter to hiivo m 
 
 1 liuid of tho Olmnierli\ns,t!i 
 (crretual doudu nnd diirkiifn 
 ) liiBtauccs might he kIvhii^ 
 acy aa to tho uppui" "rAeni 
 Mo commencement of llloll^ 
 id ahundaut proofa hiIkiU 
 tho Btato of want, tleiKiiiliM 
 
 alms, or Btlll more eiitliraN 
 on Indlvlduid patroniiKc.nia 
 B. But enoUBli lia* hnliai 
 at tho Btato of Home, (illkelj 
 , and people, was precise »!«< 
 >, nay, to recjulro tlio riiikitif 
 BUCcoBBlvo and HUceeHKtiilM 
 rdler races ; and It now mm 
 Iter upon the particular mi 
 18 one which claims our fi 
 hau tho other Italian mm 
 alu and again ravaged tW 
 3rlcg, and luBulted tho IW 
 jnorlus and his nilnlBtcrU 
 (ig to invito him to do so iiytk 
 ty on Bonio occasions, aimi« 
 1 empty threats on others, i 
 t his court at Uavcnmi, wliej 
 Brs alternately provoked AW 
 icless and empty hoastlngs," 
 , to forbearance by the mm 
 public treasures, but of tlier 
 ir ; until at length the tarto 
 ated above tho walls of m 
 brother-in-law of Alarlc.anjs' 
 the terrible Attila, vihom 
 B truculent boast that when] 
 ) trod tho grwi never gW 
 
 TUCil >")ly III every dirccr ion ;niid pi;rliapN 
 
 Ino I"!''' "' "'" '''■■(''''^'i " *'*> except Aqlil- 
 
 llcla wliii'li wa4 BO utturly destroyed m to 
 
 Iiiim'vi'K wlilioiit tnici>al)lo rulim, mitreriMl 
 
 Inicire lliiiii Vi'iietlii I'rltun, or t'ontlnrnial 
 
 Ivciili'i', roiicordin, OdiTNo, Altliio, ami 
 
 ll'iiiliiii. Kor llirco years tho liihaliltantH of 
 
 |tli('i-o |ilnccN WITH never for nil liiNtanl free 
 
 Ifrmii llx' preitciicu of tho strniiKcr and ilio 
 
 l(i|>|iri'iiKi<r, oil (iccahloii of tho mim'oiiiI liimail 
 
 |(if till' liiilhlc Aliu'lc; and many of ilium, 
 
 livi'ii ilnrliig the tyranny of that coiii|>ani- 
 
 ■tlvi'lv iiillil tyriiiU, tiiiilc refiigo In llio vnrl 
 
 oim M't" ^vliU'h wcro groiiiied anuiiiil III 
 
 illd, 'I'IiIh IhIiiikI, which was alriiady ilm 
 
 kirl Hiiil I'lilrcin'it of tho coiiimeri-o of r.i- 
 
 Hiiii, w!M naturally that which wan carl I e."!, 
 
 bii(| iiioKt rcHorlcii to ; nnd wollnd Mint, hh 
 
 kill) im the year 4^1 thn InhahltaiitH of iIiIh 
 
 fltlli' litlcl well! niimerouH i>iioiigli to allow 
 
 y till) litillding of a conBlilwralilo chiiicli, 
 
 ili'h was ill tliiit year ileillcnteil to Ki. 
 
 jiiiiicit III pursiiaiiro of a votv niiiile iliiilnx 
 
 Ilm iiroKri'BS of a great ll.-o wlilcli cmi' 
 
 ■iiint'il twenty-four Iioubcm. It In posNilile 
 
 fliHt thn retreat of Iho great iiiiijoilly of 
 
 lilt' fuKillveH from tho ninlii lanil to tliu 
 
 lulvswos iiKTcly temporary, nnd that wliiii 
 
 Jitir proper country was abandoiicil by iiio 
 
 kirliArluns, they would bo led, elllier liy a 
 
 killing after their fertile and lieaiiliful laiiil, 
 
 Vlilcli would he remembered with thegreiit- 
 
 |r regret by being contrasted with Iho Hat 
 
 ml (Irciiry Hhores of the Isles, or by a vagui! 
 
 lo|iu iif llndlng Homo remnants of |iluiiiler 
 
 \tt licliliid by Ihi^ barliarlaiiH, to return to 
 
 lio riiiillnent. liut that tho number of 
 
 t'l'iiiiinciit emigrants to the Isles even at 
 
 lilntliiic was very consldurable. Is evident 
 
 (iiin A ilocument which we bell«!VO Is not 
 
 jiioli'il, If even referred to, by any modern 
 
 llsiuriim of Venice, except Dani. 
 
 ITIiu document In iiuestlon Is an old nnd 
 
 ulyimrtlally perfect iiiaiiiiscrlpl In tliucon- 
 
 :iit ii( 8t. Michael- and Is a collection of 
 
 briiius notices relative to tho origin of 
 
 ttiilfi',' which was formed by Fulgoiillin 
 
 Tiiiiintiellus, an abbot of tho house, nnd 
 
 Inru translated by one of Its librarians, 
 
 ntlicr MIfarelll. It bears date In the year 
 
 ! Christ 'I'.'l, and the last year of the pa- 
 
 ^cy of Innocent I. ; and tho chief passage 
 
 It that was BufHclently legible to bo 
 
 hnialnted Into Latin by tho learned llbra- 
 
 Hii, Is a decree of the consuls and senate 
 
 I'adua for erecting Itialto Into n chief 
 
 Ity, In which tho scattered po|mlntlon of 
 
 lo whole of the adjacent Islands might 
 
 liigregnto, not merely for their own greater 
 
 Imfort, nnd tho convenience and prospo- 
 
 ly of their own port, and the patron city 
 
 ' radun, but likewise, and especially, that 
 
 Icy being thus concentrated might keep 
 
 l armed llect, and thus defend allko thein- 
 
 Pves and the neighbouring continent 
 
 iiiiiBt tho recurrence of tho destruction 
 
 ' Are and sword, which this region had 
 
 vady, and to so fearful lui extent, exjic- 
 
 ^nccd at the hands of the Uoths with 
 
 eirliliig Alarlc. 
 
 tBehquuvi legere non potui,' says tho trans- 
 lur, Ubo rest is not legible ;' but enough 
 Tpcars to show, that the earliest Inhabl- 
 bts of the isles wcro comparatively few 
 
 In number, Hcattered hlilier ami llillbir 
 without Juilgomonl and wliboiii cuminoii 
 iiollly, save kucIi as iiriittHarlly riKitlied 
 from their common ilepeiiilc'iii'i' upon r.iciu.i, 
 HH IlKlierioeii, cnrrli'rs, ami Iradirs In geiii'- 
 
 ral ; and lliat tbelnviiHl if Italy by Alailc, 
 
 ami the xubNui|iieiil ami ruliioiiN occiniiaMoii 
 of till) cities and plains <>r l.oiiilinrdy by his 
 llercf) people, so much IncrenNi'il tho nopii- 
 loiisneHS of tho Isles, as to lead the I'ailii- 
 nils to order the concentration of the Inlia- 
 bllants and the constitution of ii central 
 seat of |Mi|>uiatliiii - III short, of a chief city 
 of the Islets, to which It Was Iniivilable tho 
 ii'^t Hlioiild Ik'coiimi morally, as III tliii und 
 tbi'y also were iibyslcally, united and tiiili- 
 Ji'i'led. 
 
 Imitating upon a small scale tlin liiiiiio 
 liiorlal policy of Home herself, the I'adii- 
 niiM, wlillo tiny iiHHiiredly took tin; coiirHo 
 which was buxt calculated to priimoie Iho 
 Intrri'Hts of the settlers on the Islanils.aiid 
 to make Ihiiiii liiiportnntly UHi'fiil to north- 
 caHlern Italy, should Its fate ever deiniiil 
 ii|iiiii marlllmo warfare, did not allow tlio 
 Islaiiilrrs to forget that they were dein'iiil- 
 eiits ns traders, and, In soiiio degree, as co- 
 loiilHts ; mill, nccordliigly, the new town or 
 slate was giiveriied by otnccrs appointed by 
 tlio I'aduans, with the llllo of consuls. 
 
 Jtlalto, crJlivti nltti, the deep rl ver, which 
 was thus made the chief town of the Isles, 
 was subsiMjiieiitly coiiiiccli d With the op- 
 po.slto bank by a bridge which born tlio 
 saiiio name, and this Island Buhseqiieiitly 
 had built upon It, too, the ezchaiiKc, also 
 called Ulnlto: this last being nt oiii .; tho 
 homage imld to tho chief Island, nnd tlio 
 surest guaraiilt>e, in a purely commercial 
 and maritime state, for preserving the chief 
 resort and Intlucnuo to It. 
 
 The peculiar situation of the Venetian 
 Isles being considered, tho obstacles which 
 tlieir dIOlcult navigation niiiHt have pre- 
 sented to foreigners and bnrbarlans In tho 
 then rudo state of tho marlllmo art, their 
 connection with so fertile and populous a 
 portion of continental Italy, would prog- 
 nosticate immense prosperity immcdiutely, 
 nnd great, If not preponderating power 
 ultimately, to the new state. In the event 
 of that ruin falling upon the Roman em- 
 pire, which every circumstance, within and 
 without, indicated to tho least careful and 
 attentivo observer ; even should no other 
 exteninlelrcumstances favour tho Islanders. 
 Such other circumstances, however, tended 
 to bring about the greatness of Venice. 
 
 A new scourge for Italy appeared In tho 
 shape of a multitude of Huns, who were 
 led from the depths of gcythla by Attila; 
 a leader fierce and able as Alarlc in the 
 Held, and fa"- -noro cruel nnd unsparing 
 when tho flek was won. Ilnving carried 
 lire and sword throughout Mncedoiiin, Ger- 
 many, and Gallia, from which last he found 
 It prudent to retreat, the al.irm v.-as sud- 
 denly given that he was lending the Huns 
 and their swarming barbarous allies to- 
 wards the Julian Alps, threatening new 
 destruction to the beautiful lands of Vene- 
 tla, and new miseries to the Venetians of 
 the main land. In the year 452 Attila a|)- 
 pearcd before Aiuilcia ; und that city still 
 

 viia 
 
 776 
 
 QTfie Crrnifuri) of fgitftorii, ^r. 
 
 preserviiig eome of the spirit of old Rome, 
 of which It was a colony and offset, made 
 a defence so brave— though Insufllclent to 
 save it from the fierce host that assailed it 
 —that when it was, at length, in sheer ne- 
 cessity, yielded, the enraged barbarian lite- 
 rally left not one brick or stone standing 
 upon another. 
 
 The cause of this new irruption of Attila 
 and his Hnns, as being also a rrinctpal 
 cause of the wealth and power of Venice 
 the Superb, must not be wholly omitted 
 here ; we mean the treason of Honoria, the 
 sister of Vaientlnian III. This princess, 
 having dishonoured her rank and family by 
 her intrigue with a courtier, which intrigue 
 was aided by the carelessness of her own 
 mother, who had always acted as if she 
 was regardless of the education and mo- 
 ral conduct of her daughter, was placed 
 under the most rigid surveillance. Natu- 
 rally of a gay, perhaps we might even say 
 of a licentious turn, this restraint wearied 
 her to such a pitch of desperation, that 
 she contrived to send a ring to Attila, as a 
 pledge of love and good faith ; and with it 
 a pressing message demanding his support 
 and aid against her own family, and request- 
 ing to be admitted into the number of his 
 wives. Honorla was reputed to b« very beau- 
 tiful, and to female beauty the barbarian 
 chieftain was by no means unsnscaptible. 
 But he devised a considerable Improvement 
 npon the proposition of the princess ; he 
 preceded his new advance upon the empire 
 with a demand, not only of the hand of the 
 lady, but also of half the provinces of the 
 empire. The refusal he met with, and his 
 rage thereupon, led to the destruction of 
 Aquilela, and to the taking refuge of the 
 inhabitants of that and the neighbouring 
 cities in Blalto and the dependent Venetian 
 Isles 
 
 If not so wholly destroyed to their very 
 foundations as Aquilela, the neighbouring 
 cities were, however, so completely pillaged 
 and so considerably devastated, that a vast 
 number of the Inhabitants not merely 
 sought shelter in the isles daring the ac- 
 tual and threatening presence of the bar- 
 barians upon the main land, but were so 
 wearied by the losses they had already sus- 
 tained, and so completely dispirited by the 
 apparent probability of a frequent recur- 
 rence of similar Inflictions, as to take up 
 their permanent residence in the compara- 
 tively inaccessible isles, where they had at 
 first Borght only a temporary shelter. Some 
 would doubtless return to the main land, 
 in hope to find their homes andestroyed, 
 whatever might have befallen the homes of 
 their neighbours ; but being as poor as the 
 poorest of the islanders, and far less favour- 
 ably situated as to the future than the 
 Islanders as abody, it was not at all reason- 
 able that the former should claim any con- 
 tinuance of the Padoan authority over the 
 Isles ; the more especially as no one knew 
 bow soon a new Incursion of the barba- 
 rians might once more render the Isles the 
 only place of safe refuge to the dwellers 
 upon the main land. 
 
 The authority of the old towns being 
 thus tacitly but eflectuaUy terminated, the 
 
 islanders and refugees consolidated tbeia- 1 
 selves together, and organised rerliapsthel 
 very best kind of society for the clrcBB.r 
 stances in which they were placed. I 
 
 The extent of the immigration htid ruM 
 it impossible for the chief Islet, Ilinlto to] 
 accommodate more than a very Inconsid'er-I 
 able portion of tho fugitives. Tlie remain.! 
 der had of necessity distributed thcmselrei I 
 amid the other islets, all of which were not I 
 populated, more or less densely. Each of I 
 the larger c' these Islands, containing || 
 Bufflcient population to givo it the iicc»| 
 sary weight and importance in the neil 
 state, it was agreed should elect a trilmntl 
 This magistrate, whose term of nfflcevjil 
 limited to one year, was charged with tltl 
 administration of justice in his ownisitl 
 and was accountable only to tho general a.v| 
 scmbly of the colony, which alone couldll^I 
 clde upon the affairs of the isles en mmA 
 In a word, the islanders formed a federatirJ 
 republic ; the whole governed as toextenul 
 affairs and affairs of common import, bynl 
 authority delegated from the whole ; escti 
 internally and in matters peculiar to itttnl 
 governed by the tribune of its own eleotloil 
 
 For a long time their chief commoditldl 
 for sale were salt and fish, but thosenl 
 articles peculiarly profitable where the ml 
 merce in them is very large; moreoverl 
 the islanders could not fail to arriimii!;i(l 
 riches, the great source, when wisely utc^l 
 of political power— exempted as they wail 
 from the evils to which the cities on tbi| 
 main land had become the victims. 
 
 The invasion of Italy by the Hemll i 
 der Odoacer, in 47a, when the arniyse 
 by Augustulus was vanquished, and itai 
 neral slain by Odoacer's own hand ; aidU 
 subsequent invasion of the Ostrogoths a 
 der Tlieodoric, who dethroned and pm«| 
 death Odoacer, the dethroner of Augud 
 Ins, caused a new Increase of popiilatioiiii| 
 flow into tho Venetian isles; and whenii 
 insular republic had barely a hundred ;a 
 of existence, it already began to be rcsp« 
 ed for its Industry and numbers, and t 
 mired for a prosperity so strikingly cm 
 trasted with its small number of iiatiii^ 
 productions. Fish and salt were all iil 
 Venice seemed to possess; and it vrasi 
 yet known how far better a nurse ( 
 merce is to a state than war. 
 
 The disasters to which the empire! 
 been subjected both in the east and inH 
 west, and the blots which barbarian d 
 cess had cast npon the escutcheon ( 
 Rome's supposed invincibility and H 
 invulnerability, added to tho utterdestn 
 tlon of the cities of Venetla Prima, pro 
 biy caused Rome's power to be heldl 
 comparatively light estimation even) 
 those who returned to the main lands 
 rebuilt their destroyed homes. Andil 
 isolation of the Inhabitants of the I 
 their early poverty, and, above all, 
 hardly practicable searwalls that stretclij 
 around them, would seem to make tl( 
 independence of disorganised and distn 
 od Rome a matter beyond dispute. It li 
 however, been disputed, and by sbigbj 
 thority, but we think on very inadeqf 
 grounds. CasaiodoruB, minister to r 
 
C^e fUMtari; at 9mict» 
 
 777 
 
 refUBCes consolidated thm- 
 r and organised pertiapstlii 
 I'ol society for the clrcum. 
 chtbey were placed. 
 )f the Immigration had maot 
 tor the chief islet, Einltn.to 
 more than a very Inconsidcr- 
 ttheMgltlvea. The remain. 
 •paslty distributed themselvfi 
 r Islets, all of which were now 
 "e or less densely. Each 01 
 these islands, containing i 
 ulatlon to give It thenecM- 
 sid importance In tie iiei 
 igreed should elect a tritaM 
 itP ■whose term of ofllceim 
 r^m.vTas charged with tki 
 n of jultlce m his ownl*, 
 untahle only to the genera » 
 fl colony, -which alone couWfc 
 fiS«a^8 of thelslesenTiw, 
 felflanders formed a federative 
 ewho"e governed as to externa 
 flairs of common Import, tym 
 "egated from the whole ;e«k 
 ad In matters peculiar to i mill 
 "the tribune of Its own eleotta 
 /time their chief commodllH 
 ^e salt and flsh. hut thosea 
 altolfpromablewheret^ecJ 
 hem 19 very large , moreova, 
 rs Muld not fall to acotranht 
 S«at source, when wisely M 
 Kr-exempted as theyra 
 ^vnltowhlchthe cities on til 
 hadVecome the victims. 
 
 r««^* Ttalv by the Henill 
 
 £r*r 476. when the armyt 
 
 ilis was vanquished, and it 
 
 by Odoacer-s ownhand ; an 
 
 Mnvaslou of the Ostrogothsi 
 
 ri" Who dethroned and pm 
 
 Mr the dethroner of Auf i 
 
 a new increase of population^ 
 
 ho vinetlan Isles ; and whe « 
 
 .TeUnedtothemania 
 
 lelr destroyed homes, aw 
 
 of the li'ha^^S^'ifv"!*^^! 
 f poverty, «»<»., »?°l%trtcl 
 ctlcable efSrwaUs that strw 
 
 i»m wonld seem to majf ." 
 ^?e'ol disorganised and dl 
 
 a matter beyond dispute. » 
 
 r^e«Knrer?lnK 
 'cJalodotus. minister to I 
 
 dorie. wroM » highly flattering letter.—a 
 letMr pemied with most oratorical art and 
 etre, and evidently with great anxiety as to 
 it> ntcceiB,— reqnestlng the Venetians to 
 effect by means of their vessels the trans- 
 port of a supply of wine and oil from Istrla 
 to Ravenna. The very care and polish that 
 are lavished npon this letter seem to ns to 
 be qniee decisive as to Rome having no re- 
 cognised, stated, or easily available autho- 
 rity over the Venetians of the Isles. It Is 
 aulte true, as has been remarked by the 
 learned count Dam, that notwithstanding 
 the urbanity of the letter. It yet evidently 
 contains an order. It seems to us, that 
 the politely couched order of such a neigh- 
 bour as Rome, can scarcely be said to prove 
 augbt against the actual political indepen- 
 dence of such a state as Venice, and at so 
 early a stage of its existence. It would 
 leem far more correct to consider that 
 IRome couched a demand, which she knew 
 as not strictly ]nst, in terms which she 
 idged would be agreeable to her nascent 
 lelghbour. Even In her decline Rome was 
 ar too '"'aildable a neighbour not to feel 
 it Uberti' to make even unreasonable re- 
 luetts of a community of fishermen and 
 lall merchants, comparatively prosperous 
 . tbat community might be. 
 With increase of population and of wealth, 
 10 Venetians, hy which name we shall, to 
 ive clrcumlocntlon, henceforth desigrnate 
 ily the islanders, began to feel anxious 
 )at tbat which was their chief and cheap 
 'egnjtrd, the difficult navigation of the 
 joons ; and the navigation was forbid- 
 in not merely to strangers In general, but 
 'en to that Padua which once was the 
 letropolis and oursing mother of the 
 land republic. When we consider the 
 nrors to which the cities on the main 
 jid bad been exposed by the barbarian 
 ivaders, and reflect how probable It was 
 at new invasions would occur, which only 
 le difficulty of the navigation and the su- 
 irlorlty this Insured to the vessels of the 
 landers could prevent from extending to 
 le Isles, we can scarcely wonder at the 
 im and jealous rule adopted by men who 
 i only become islanders and fishers after 
 jyhad been ruined agriculturists, flying 
 haste and in terror from one of the love- 
 tand most fertile of earth's lovely and 
 ;lle spots. Nor was it long before the Ve- 
 ilans had good reason to congratulate 
 mselres upon the care they had bestow- 
 equally upon acauirlng dexterity in the 
 tgatlon of their narrow and difficult 
 elu and shallows, and preventing a like 
 terlty from being acquired by others, 
 le Slavl, a harbarous and warlike peo- 
 had established themselves in Oalma- 
 That country, however, had already 
 so often overrun and plundered, that 
 lorded by no means a sufficient amount 
 ^booty to satisfy so numerous and so 
 ly a people. They consequently availed 
 selves of the numerous ports and 
 kg their new country afforded them. 
 Imitated the piratical example of the 
 lans, by whom the country had for- 
 'ly been occupied, and speedily became 
 le of terror to all who had occasion to 
 
 be upon the sea In that direction. The 
 Venetians, perpetually pursuing their com- 
 mercial and carrying avocations in their 
 light vessels, were especially subjected to 
 the attacks of these dating marauders, to 
 whom the portable but valuable freights 
 brought by the Venetians from the ports of 
 the eastern empire, with which they carried 
 on great commerce, were an Irresistible 
 temptation. The hardy habits and active 
 life of the fishers and merchants of the 
 Venetian isles had given new vigour and 
 courage to the people, who, while living in 
 comparative luxury upon the mainland, 
 had abandoned all their possessions to the 
 barbarians, rather than struggle to possess 
 them at the risk of losing life also. Mu3< 
 tering their vessels.they boldly encountered 
 the pirates, beat them, and compelled them 
 to respect the liberty of the seas as far as 
 Venetians were concerned therein. This, 
 In addition to many other circumstances, 
 seems to have been a link in a long and 
 unbroken chain of causes which tended to 
 bring about the prosperity and power of Ve- 
 nice in her subsequent palmy days ; for while 
 the success with which the traders encoun- 
 tered the terrible and notorious pirates was 
 especially well calculated to obtain a high 
 and chivalrous name for the Venetians, oven 
 at the outset of their career, the very strug- 
 gle and warfare in which they were from 
 time to time engaged -vlth so fierce a peo- 
 ple, and with everything at stake upon the 
 issue, must have had a mighty share in in- 
 creasing the energy of the Venetians, and 
 inlforming their national character to that 
 striking commixture of commercial indus- 
 try and warlike spirit and skill to which 
 their subsequent and long-continued power 
 may so greatly be ascribed. 
 
 In the year 668 the Lombards invaded 
 Italy, and so successfully, as completely to 
 cut off all connection between It and the 
 eastern empire. The Lombards, who came 
 from Pannonia, like all tho other barbarian 
 scourges of Italy, commenced their destroy- 
 ing and plundering career on the main land. 
 And now again, the misfortune of the main 
 land brought benefit to the Isles. Kot only 
 were the people of the newly rebuilt habita- 
 tions on the main land glad to abandon 
 their Incomplete cities, and take refuge in 
 the Isles; not only did the islanders see 
 the inhabitants of even Padua, their former 
 patron city, imploring shelter, but even the 
 clergy settled amongst them, and perma- 
 nently too ; for the Lombards established 
 Arlan preachers in the towns of conti- 
 nental Venice ; and the consequence was, 
 so fierce and sanguinary a war and such 
 ceaseless schisms, that the clergy who had 
 found a refuge in the isles did not think of 
 quitting them. 
 
 Though the Lombards persecuted the Ca- 
 tholic faith professed by the Venetians, the 
 former, who were at that time neither a 
 commercial nor a marfMme people, were 
 to a very great extent dependent upon the 
 Islanders for their supply of all such neces- 
 saries or luxuries as came from foreign 
 countries ; and in this particular superiority 
 of the Venetians to the Lombards, and sub- 
 sequently to Charlemagne and bis Franks, 
 
778 
 
 QT^e ^ttnimyi of ^iitcvUt Sat* 
 
 tbe attentive and thoughtful reader will 
 Bcarcoly fail to Bee yet another great ele- 
 ment of the permanency and power of the 
 insular state of Venice. 
 
 Kginhard, tlie contemporary and historian 
 of Charlemagne, makes emphatic mention 
 of the coarseness of the apparel of that 
 monarch and bis court, as compared to the 
 line stuils and rich slllcB brought by the 
 Venetian traders from the ports of Syria, 
 tbe Archipelago, and the Black Sea. 
 
 It was in the inevitable nature of things, 
 tliat the very Increase of population which 
 tended so greatly to the increase of the 
 prosperity and consideration of the compa- 
 ratively new state, should bring in its train 
 such a diversity of Interests, such a dltfe- 
 rence of proportion in the numbers, wealth, 
 and power of the numerous insulated mem- 
 bers of the federative republic as should 
 rail aloud for a change in the political sys- 
 tem. Most important changes afterwards 
 took place ; and it is to Venice as an acting 
 and not merely growing state, that we have 
 henceforth to direct our attention. 
 
 The original form of Venetian govern- 
 ment was purely democratlcal: magistrates 
 were chosen by a general assembly of the 
 people, who gave them the name of tri- 
 bunes ; one of whom was appointed to pre- 
 sido on each island, but to hold his ofllce 
 only for a year. This form subsisted for 
 about one Imndred and fifty years ; it then 
 appt^arcd expedient to make choice of a 
 chief magistrate, and on him the title of 
 duke was conferred, which has since been 
 corrupted to doge ; this dignity wfis elec- 
 tive, and held for life; he was even In- 
 trusted with the power of nominating to 
 all ofllces, and of making peace and de- 
 claring war. Paul Luke Auafesto, the first 
 duke, was elected in the year 697; and 
 such was the conHdence which the people 
 reposed in their duke, that he was at li- 
 berty to use his own discretion how far he 
 would avail himself of the advice of the citi- 
 zens. In the councils which he called on 
 any matter of importance, he sent mes- 
 sages to those citizens for whose judgement 
 he had the greatest esteem, praying tliat 
 they would come and assist him with their 
 advice. This form was retained by suc- 
 ceeding doges, and the citizens so sent for 
 wer'^ called pregadi (from the Italian word 
 p.egare, to pray). The third doge, whose 
 talents for war had proved successful in 
 extending the power of the republic, at 
 length meditated the assumption of a more 
 absolute sway, wishing to render the su- 
 preme authority hereditary in his family : 
 but such conduct excited a general alarm 
 in the people ; he was assaulted in his pa- 
 lace and there put to death. This event 
 caused the government of Venice to be new 
 modelled, and a chief magistrate, who was 
 now called 'master of the militia,' was 
 elected annually ; but his power whilst in 
 olflce was the same as before. Such form 
 of government contlnuc-i only five years, 
 when the title of doge was revived (a.d. 
 740) in the person of the son of bim who 
 bad been assassinated. 
 
 About the latter end of the twelfth cen- 
 tnry, when every other part of tbe Chrls- 
 
 tlari world was selKed with a frantic rage 
 for recovering the Holy Land,the Venetians 
 were so far from contributing any forrc) 
 for the crusades, that they did not scruple 
 to supply the Saracens with arms, aminu- 
 nition, and every other necessary. As the 
 power of the state became augmented by 
 the acquisition of Istria and many parta ot 
 Dalmatia, tho jealousy of the people to- 
 wards their doge became stronger. At that 
 time the only tribunal at Venice consisted 
 of forty judges; these were called 'the 
 council of forty ;' but In tho year 1173, in- 
 other doge, named Michlell, being assassi- 
 nated in a popular insurrection, tho coun- 
 cil of forty found means to new-model the 
 government by gaining the consent of tin 
 people to delegate the right of voting for 
 magistrates, which each citizen possctsed, 
 to four hundred and seventy persons, callod 
 councillors, ^ ho received the appellation ol 
 •the grand council;' and, acting as dele- 
 gates of the people, became what the gene- 
 ral assembly of tho people until that time 
 had been. By this artful Innovation (whicli 
 the people were cajoled into an acatiies- 
 cence wiih, by retaining the right o£ elect- 
 ing th.„ "'^luciliors annually), the deiuo- 
 craci h: .i'le presently subverted; and an 
 aristoi .i'.. , '■- its fullest and most rigid 
 form, .', tT." reduced, by restricting tin 
 powei v.i. ■-i.ddoge, and Instituting a varleif 
 of olHcera (all of whom were, in a short 
 time, chosen from among the nobility), 
 which effectually controlled both thcpriuct 
 and the people. 
 
 Zlanl was t)ie first dogo elected after tbt 
 government had received, what the event 
 proves to have been, its permanent modlJ- 
 cation ; and during his administration tin 
 singular ceremony of espousing tho tei, 
 which has been annually observed evn 
 since, was Urst adopted, and took Its M 
 from the assistance which the Venetian) 
 gave to pope Alexander III. when hailj 
 pressed by the emperor, Frederic Batbi- 
 ros&a, .ind the signal victory they obtained 
 over a formidable licet under the conimanl 
 of Otbo, sonof Frederick, in which tlic ad' 
 niiral and thirty of his ships were taken 
 Alexander, with the wiiole city of VeiilteJ 
 went out to meet Zlani, the conqueror.oi 
 his return ; to whom his holiness presents 
 a ring, saying, * Use this ring as a cliaintt 
 retain the sea, henceforth, in 6ubjectl(i| 
 to tlie Venetian state : espouse her vii 
 this ring, and let the marriage bo 5olci>j 
 nised annually by you and your suceesson^ 
 to the end of time, that the latest posteriti 
 may know that Venice has acquired id 
 empire of the waves, and holds the seal 
 subjection, in the same manner as a nlli{ 
 Is held by her husband.' 
 
 During the continuance of the repuM 
 this ceremony was performed by tlicdoi 
 dropping a ring into tho sea, pronouncii 
 at the same time the words, Despmsmi 
 te. Hare, in»ignuin veri perpetnique dm\K 
 This emblem of its former power and Inf 
 pendence is now for ever gone ; and, In 
 language of the poet, 
 
 'i'Ue apoustlesi A>lriatlc mourni her lord. 
 
 Tho VeuetiaQB having extended theirl^ 
 
Bli«d with a Irantlc rage 
 I Holy Land,tho Venetians 
 
 contributing anytorces i 
 that they did not scruple ! 
 racenB with arms, ainnm- ' 
 r other necessary. Ab the 
 te hecame augmentca by 
 t Istrlaand many parts ot , 
 alousy of the people to- \ 
 bccanio stronger. Atthnt 
 Ibunal at Venice coiislstcil 
 : these were called ' the ;■ 
 •• but in tho year 1173, an- i 
 ed Mlchlell, being assas!!- ■ 
 lar Insurrection, tho com- ; 
 d means to new-model the 
 training the consent of th? 
 ,te the right of voting te 
 ich each citizen possetsea, 
 and seventy persons, f alld 
 } received the appellation ol 
 incil ;' and, acting as dele- 
 iplc, became what the gene- 
 
 tho people until that tim 
 his artful Innovation (wlittli 1 
 re cajoled Into an ncquics-l 
 retaining the right olclect- 
 clUors annnally), the dem> 
 wesently subverted; andMl 
 
 its fullest and most rlgU 
 reduced, by restricting ilu 
 oge. and instituting a varletj 
 I of whom were, In a shoit 
 from among the nobilltyt,! 
 ,Uy controUed both ther.nnce 
 
 e flrst dogo elected alter th! 
 lad received, what the cvrt 
 b been. Its permanent moM-l 
 irlng hl8 administration thil 
 nony of espousing tlic sea,! 
 pen annuaUy observed evet 
 3t adopted, and took its tla 
 [stance which the Vcnctimjl 
 Alexander I"- "^v '"' " I 
 je emperor, Frederic Daita-I 
 signal victory they obtnlned 
 able licet under the commanll 
 )f Frederick, in which tlic lil 
 irty of his ships were takcil 
 th the whole city of Vento.l 
 neet Zlanl, tho conqueror, oil 
 , whom his holiness prcsmt^l 
 -. ' Use this ring as a clialn»l 
 •a, henceforth, In Bitbjectlal 
 ;lan state: espouse her ^Ml 
 a let the marriage be solcil 
 vbyyouaudyourBuccessoijI 
 time, that the latest posteriji 
 hat Venice has acquired lai 
 Twaves, and holds the scajl 
 ,1 the same manner as a « 
 
 ;ara'nceofthererJ 
 y was performed by tlie d# 
 inglnto the sea, Pronounm^ 
 time the words, ^«P»n^"« 
 
 of Its former power and in* 
 low for ever gone ; ana, in « 
 he poet, 
 
 i\en AOrlatle mourns her lord, 
 lanu having extended ilieiritt 
 
 t!Ll)t W^tavu at Wtnice, 
 
 779 
 
 ritortes Into Lombardy, Istrla, and Dalma- 
 tia became masters of many of the islands 
 In 'the Archipelago, particularly the large 
 and Important one of Oandla ; they were 
 masters of the Morea ; i\nd. In the begin- 
 ning of the thirteenth century, Dandolo, 
 their doge, when more than eight; years of 
 see In conjunction with the French, took 
 Constantinople from the Turks. It was 
 about this time that they engrossed the 
 lucrative trade in tho manufactures and 
 productions of the East Indies, which they 
 procured at the port of Alexandria, and 
 conveyed to every market of Europe. 
 
 Under Marino Moroslni was Introduced 
 the latest form of electing tho doge ; and 
 at this juncture jealousy and envy occa- 
 sioned the war with Genoa, which, after 
 continuing a hundred and thirty years, was 
 at last concluded by a treaty tu 1381. Du- 
 ring this war, Peter Gradonlgo, the doge, 
 procured a law to be passed, that none but 
 the nobility should he capable of having a 
 teat In the grand council ; and thus the 
 {government became altogether arlstocra- 
 tlcal. 
 
 In the fourteenth and fifteenth centu- 
 ries the Venetians extended t'^elr posses- 
 Islons in Lombardy, and, in 1473, the last 
 ;lng of Cyprus appointed the state of Ve- 
 ilce his heir. Towards the end of the Of- 
 eenth century the commerce and power 
 )t the Venetians began to decline ; for the 
 ■ortuguese having doubled the Cai)e of 
 Jood Hope, and found tho way to the East 
 Indies by sea, that valuable trade was ac- 
 luired, flrst by the discoverers, and af ter- 
 rards by the L'utch and English. 
 In the beginning of the Blxtesnth cen- 
 lury (A.D. 1509) the pope, the emperor, 
 ^rance, and Spain, joined in the famous 
 oague of Cambray, which threatened tlio 
 inbverslon of the Venetian state ; but the 
 «pubUc made a brave stand against Its 
 lumerous an'', powerful enf niles, and the 
 'enetlans ret tlned their independence, al- 
 liough with he loss of all their posses- 
 lions In the ecclesiastical state and the 
 [ilanese. Tliey also suffered much from 
 le Turks, who drove them out of Cyprus. 
 1 the seventeenth century a sharp con- 
 ist arose between tho government, the 
 lergy, and the pope. In which, however, 
 \\e former had the advantage. Venice was 
 Iso long engaged in fierce wars with the 
 furks, during which they lost Candla, but 
 lined part of Dalmatia and all the Morea ; 
 le latter, with other places and districts, 
 le Turks recovered In the wars which were 
 sged during tho early part of the last 
 sntury. 
 
 The Venetian government. In tho year 
 
 t37, having shown particular marks of 
 
 jspect to the prince, who was generally 
 
 klled In England the pretender, when lio 
 
 Isited that city under the character of the 
 
 lunt of Albany, the British court took 
 
 'eat offence, and the Venetian resident at 
 
 ondon was ordered to depart; but proper 
 
 incesslons being made by tho state, a 
 
 lendly Intercourse was reestablished, and 
 
 the year 1745 the earl of Hotdemesse was 
 
 It amhasBador extraordinary to Venice. 
 
 the year 1703 the Venetians found it 
 
 necessary to pay a subsidy to the dey of 
 Algiers, to preserve their commerce from 
 tho depredations of the Algerine corsairs ; 
 but they subsequently carried on a war with 
 some other of the plraUcal states, nearer to 
 them, on that coast. 
 
 Thus did tho republic of Venice continue 
 upwards of thirteen hundred years, amidst 
 many foreign wars and Intestine commo- 
 tions. Its grandeur, as we have seen, was 
 chiefly owing to Its trade; and after the 
 decline of that, Its strength and power 
 suffered considerable diminution. No go- 
 vernment has been more attacked by deep- 
 laid and formidable conspiracies than that 
 of Venice; many of which have been 
 brought to the very eve of execution with- 
 out discovery or suspicion. But though the 
 entire subversion of tho state has been, 
 at times, impending from some of these 
 plots, yet until the era of the French revo- 
 lution, they have been constantly rendered 
 abortive, either by the vigilance or good 
 fortune of the senate. One of the most 
 remarkable of these conspiracies was formed 
 by a doge named Merino Falleio, in the 
 year 1355, who at that time was eighty 
 years of age; but, conceiving a violent 
 resentment against the senate, he formed a 
 plan In order to assassinate the whole body. 
 The design was timely discovered, and the 
 dignified hoary traitor was brought to trial, 
 found guilty upon ills own confession, and 
 publicly beheaded. In tho great chamber 
 of the palace, where the portraits of the 
 doges are placed, there Is a vacant space 
 between the predecessor and successor of 
 this man, where appears this Inscription, 
 'Locus Marini Falieri decapitati,' 'The 
 place intended for the portrait of Marlnus 
 Fallerus, who was beheaded.' The year 
 1618 Is also distinguished by a no less 
 remarkable conspiracy, the contriver and 
 principal agent in whlcli was the marquis 
 Bedamar, th-^ Spanish ambassador residing 
 there. 
 
 Addison observes, that among all the 
 instances of Venetian politics, there Is none 
 more admirable than the great secresy 
 which reigns In their councils. ' The senate,' 
 says he, ' is generally as numerous as our 
 house of commons, if we only reckon the 
 sitting members, and yet carries its resolu- 
 tions so privately, that they are seldom 
 known till they discover themselves In the 
 execution.' 
 
 The college, called 'the seigniory,' or 
 supreme cabinet council of the state, was 
 originally composed of the doge and six 
 counsellors only, but to those at different 
 periods were added, six of the grand coun- 
 cil chosen by the senate, who were called 
 aavii (sages), then five savll of the Terra 
 FIrnia, whose more Immediate department 
 It was to superintend the business of the 
 towns and provinces belonging to the re- 
 public on the continent of Europe; at 
 Olio time there were also five savU for 
 maritime affairs, but after the state had 
 lost its commercial Importance, five young 
 noblemen were chosen by the senate every 
 six months, who attended the meetings of 
 tho seigniory without having a vote, though 
 they gave their opinions when asked : this 
 
wa8 designed as an initiation into public 
 buBlnesB. To these were added the chiefs 
 of the criminal court of 'forty,' This 
 college was at once the cabinet counMl and 
 the rr: .esentative of the republic. 
 
 The consiglio di died, or ' council of ten,' 
 was a high pena'. court, which consisted of 
 ten counsellors, with the doge as president. 
 It was supreme In all state crimes, and pos- 
 sessed the power of seizing anyone who was 
 accused before them, or comnii""ng blm 
 to close confinement, and prohibiting all 
 communication with his relations and 
 friends, of examining and trying him In a 
 summary manner, and, If a majority of the 
 council! pronounced him guilty, of con- 
 demning him to death; they also might 
 order the execution to be cither public or 
 private, as they thought proper. This 
 fi rmldable tribunal was established in the 
 year I3ia 
 
 About two centuries after, a still more 
 despotic power wad intrusted to three in- 
 dividuals, always chosen from the above 
 council of ten, and forming the court called 
 the state Inquisition. These inquisitors 
 likewise kept the keys of chests which are 
 placed in several parts of the ducal palace, 
 enclosed witbln the open jawa of lions' 
 heads carved in the walls ; through which 
 notes were conveyed by anyone who was 
 disposed to drop them ; and ^bus notice 
 was sticretly given to the government of 
 wlutterer mlent ooacem it to know. 
 
 The history oi Venice furnished a drMd. i 
 ful instance. In the beginn*'<e' of the geveiil 
 teenth century, of anumber oi confederated 1 
 villains, who concerted their measures w | 
 artfully as to frame talse accugotlouj 
 against some of the Venetian nobles, vtilcb I 
 in the opinion of their Judges convlctell 
 them of treasonable practice! agalnatthil 
 state, and ono at leaat waa publicly ei»| 
 Gutea. At length the frequeucy of accii»| 
 tlons created suspicions, which led toil 
 full detection of the infernal scheme ;npoi I 
 which every poeilble reparation wa** nudil 
 to the manes of the innocent victim, tbtl 
 honour of whose family was fully restondj 
 but the tribunal, which decreed tbe ki>| 
 tence, was suffered to possess tbe Rnmetifrl 
 limited power, the only alteration belo|l 
 that anonymous information was somevliii I 
 more cautiously received ; for Itwaa ap^l 
 tical maxim in Venice, that ' it is of monl 
 importance to the state to intimidate erei;! 
 one even from the appearance of a crimt;! 
 than to allow a person, against whom i| 
 presumption of guilt appears, to 610^1 
 however innocent he may be.' • 
 
 • We hST* treated at iome length tlie hlilin| 
 of Venice, becaun iti yoUtlesl and commerdil 
 eminence rendered it for many eentnriei b; kl 
 the moit Important of the Italian itatet. In otdtl 
 not to break the thread of the narrative, the lall 
 which Venice played In the Italian moTcmtntin 
 1848aadl8i9Ude(ei:><*.atiip.765,7ee. ' 
 
: Venice furnlslied a drMd-p 
 btae l)eginn'»'e' of tlie seven- f 
 of anumber oi confederattd ] 
 mcerted their measureB hi 
 
 frame MM accugatlouj 
 ' tbe Venetian noble8,wlitcb| 
 of tbelr Judges convlctdl 
 nable practices against tbt I 
 at least was publicly $i»l 
 rtb the freauency of accii»l 
 Busplclons, which led to i| 
 if the internal scheme inpci I 
 jg'ilble reparation wa'* milil 
 if th<s innocent victim, tbi| 
 Be family was fully restoredj 
 lal which decreed the tti>l 
 ered to poBsesB the Bamesttl 
 
 the only alteration belii|l 
 18 information was somewha I 
 It received ; lor Itwaa apoltj 
 (1 Venice, that • it is of nionl 
 the state to Intimidate eveij I 
 1 the appearance of a crime,! 
 
 a person, against yrhom il 
 Df guilt appears, to e>ciic,| 
 cent he may be.' • • 
 
 «ated at wm* length the hlttnl 
 Sw ItTuoUtlcsl and comtterdJI 
 SJd It f« msny cenlnxlci IjjJiI 
 iStoftihetUliMiiUt*.. lnori.1 
 *h»»dof the n»rr»tlTe,thej*| 
 
 PAPAL ROME, OR THE STATES OF THE CHURCH. 
 
 ITn name of Pope, or Father, was for- 
 nerly given to all bishops. But since the 
 ilme of Gregory VII. it has been solely ap< 
 piled to the bishop of Rome. 
 Tbe temporal grandeur of the Roman 
 outlfl commenced In times very remote. 
 Jonitantine gave to the church of Loteran 
 bpwards of l.OOC marks in gold, and ibout 
 10,000 marks in silver, besides the assign- 
 sent of rents. Tbe popes, charged with 
 lending missionaries to the east and west, 
 Dd with providing for tbe poor,ob talned for 
 Jiese pious purposes, from the richer Chris- 
 bims, without much trouble, considerable 
 uffls. The emperors, and the kings of the 
 Afflbards gave to the Holy Father lands 
 1 Tarious parte ; and many others, by gift, 
 lid by will. Increased his patrimony. In 
 £e seventh centur}' we find the pontiff pos- 
 bsed of great riches in various countries, 
 nd exempted from tax or tribute. The 
 lopesformed tbe design of rendering them- 
 blvcB independent. Under the reign of 
 ^plD, father of Charlemagne, this revo- 
 ■tlou Gommeuced; and.it was completed 
 liider that of his sou. Adrian I. caused 
 Boaey to be coined with his name : and 
 le custom of Idssing the feet of the pope 
 Kgan about the close of the eighth cen- 
 Ery, when they assumed regal rinrhts, and 
 Eeir power and riches Increased rapidly in 
 ■e following ages. Gregory IV. rebuilt the 
 prt of Ostia ; and Leo IV. fortified Rome 
 J bis own expense. 
 
 |Tbe election of pope has beeu different 
 I the different ages of tbe church. The 
 ople and the clergy were tbe first elec- 
 rs; and the emperor had tbe power of 
 nflnnlDg the election, after the death of 
 |ipe SlmpliciuB, in 488. Odoacer, king of 
 I Heruli and of Italy, made a law which 
 uclc at the right of election, under pre- 
 Dce of remedying the divisions which 
 uetimes took place on the election of a 
 This law was abolished about twe!:t>~ 
 M after, in the fourteenth council of 
 ^me, held in 602, with the consent of 
 ! king Theodoric. But this prince, who 
 s an Arian, becoming cruel towards the 
 1 of his life, caused Pope John to h« laid 
 [prison, where he died In 626. He then 
 ped the right of creating a pope, and 
 ned to the pontifical chair Felix IV. 
 [be Gothic kings who succeeded him 
 lowed his example ; yet not entirely, for 
 ly contented themselves with confirming 
 I election which the clergy had made. 
 ktlnian, ^ho destroyed the empire of the 
 |hs in Italy, and after him the other 
 lerors, preserved this right ; and they 
 ged the new elected pope to pay a sum 
 noney for a confirmation of his elec- 
 . Constantino Pogonatus delivered the 
 Irch from this servitude and unworthy 
 ction, in 081. 
 
 Notwithstanding this apparent relln 
 quishment on tbe part of the emperors, 
 they always preserved some uuthorlty in 
 the election of pop-., until the time ol 
 Louis le Bebonnaire, in 824, and his suc- 
 cessors, Lothalre I. and Louis II., who or- 
 dained that tbe election of popes should 
 henceforward be free, and canonical ac< 
 cording to ancient usage. 
 
 Parties in favour of the different candi- 
 dates for the popedom had now arisen to 
 a great height, and wero the cause of the 
 schisms which followed in the church. The 
 emperors were obliged to take on them- 
 selves the right of election; but after the 
 schism of Peterand Victor I v. had been ex- 
 tinguished, all the cardinals were reunited 
 under the obedience of Innocent II. After 
 bis death, tbe cardinals wero tbe only eleo 
 tors of Cclcstino II. in 1143 ; since which 
 time they have been in full possession of 
 this privilege. Honorlus III. In 1216, or, 
 according to others, >iregory X. in 1274, or- 
 dained that the election should be made 
 in the conclave. 
 
 The conclave Is a part of the palace of 
 the Vatican, composed of many cells, where 
 the cardiualB were shut up for election, 
 which takes place on tbe morning of the 
 tenth day after the death of the pope. 
 
 The pope may be considered under four 
 different titles : first, as chief of the church; 
 second, as patriarch ; third as bishop of 
 Rome ; and fourth, as a tamporal prince. 
 >^ primate, he is the superior of all the 
 catholic churches. As patriarch, his rights 
 extend over the kingdoms and provinces 
 within the pale of the Romish church. As 
 bishop of Rome, he exercises in the diocese 
 of Rome the ordinary functions which he 
 has not aright to exercise in other dioceses. 
 As a temporal prince, he is sovereign of 
 Rome, and the states which have been ao> 
 quired by donation, or by proscription. 
 
 No throne upon earth has been filled 
 with men of more exalted genius, higher 
 ambition, or more depraved vice, than the 
 pontifical chair; but they are in general 
 old men, well versed in the knowledge of 
 men and the world. Their council Is com- 
 posed of men resembling themselves ; and 
 their orders for a lengtb of time embraced 
 almost tbe universe. 
 
 The government is wholly ecclesiastical, 
 no one being eligible to fill any civil ofllca 
 who has not attained the rank of abbot. 
 The pope enacts all laws, and nominates 
 to all clerical appointments. He is assisted, 
 however, by the high collp^e of cardinals, 
 comprising about seventy members ; and 
 the different branches of the government 
 are conducted each by congtogationa witb 
 a cardinal at its bead. 
 
 Oardlnal Brascbi (Pius VI.) was elected 
 in the early part of the year 1716$ on tlie 
 
782 
 
 €\)t Cvrntfurj} at Witiovnt ^r. 
 
 ilontli of tlio rrl(<l)ratc«l (GanRanolll) Olo- 
 iiioiit XVI, 11(1 orruitlea Mio iioiitinrnl 
 rimir until tlir lirtMtkliiKoxt of tlio rinicli 
 ixvolutloii ill 1780; or rntlirr (III nflcr tlio 
 pxccutloii of liOiiJH XVI., wlion he wnn hi- 
 iliiriHl to tnk<< n piirt tii tliu wnr cnrryliiK on 
 iiKiiliiHt Kranro, l)y the rmiioror mid otlirr 
 imtiMilatos. Tlio Froiicli aniilon liavliiK 
 ovorrim Italy, nolxotl upon Uonu'.niidiiiiulo 
 t ho voneralilo pontllT iirlmnicr In I7ii», from 
 whence liowagconvoycdlnlo I'mnco, whiTo 
 ho died at Vatenco, In AuKiiHt 171)0, at a 
 very advanced arto. lUirliiK tlilx iicrlod Iho 
 church domains went nlleiiated; liut the 
 comiionBatlon hIiico inado to their forni(>r 
 owiiera, and tho restoration of supiiregKiHl 
 churchoB and convents, h"vo coHtKOvern- 
 inent prodlKloUH gums, and are tho princiiml 
 caiiHCH of the wretched stiate of the llnanc(>H. 
 Within tho liniitH of the Tapal 8tnt.cH there 
 aro no fewer than eight aroliMslioiis', and 
 tirty-nino liinliopg' sees ; and it Ih oMllinatcd 
 that in Homo there is a clerKyinati for 
 every ten families. It Is neeilleas to ad<l 
 that this superatnindanceof priextH, iiixtciid 
 of promotlUK religion and morality. Is, In 
 fact, a principal cause of their low state in 
 tho city. Tho outward deportment of tho 
 papal court Is, however, at jirosent highly 
 decorous. Those times, so disastrous and 
 disgraceful, when tho popes hud so many 
 nephews, and those nephews Imilt so ninny 
 Rplondtd palaces and villas, called hy tho 
 Uomans, In derision, miracles of 8t. IVter, 
 are now almost as much forgotten In Rome, 
 as the time when horses were made connuls, 
 and eunuchs emperors. In 180(> a successor 
 to tho popedo'.n was elected at Venice, who 
 took the name of IMus VII. At his death 
 In 1833, Leo XIT. was elected, and was suc- 
 ceeded In 1889 hy rius VIII., who filled the 
 papal chair ou<r two years. He was buc- 
 eeei»od In 1831 i:y Gregory XVI., whose 
 relfn cnihraced a period of no ordinary 
 interest and difficulty In the history of 
 tho church, and In tho relation of tho 
 Vatican with tho temporal powers of Chris- 
 tendom. 
 
 On tho 1st of July 1846, Gregory XVI. 
 bt^athed his last. Ills death produced a 
 profound Impression In Italy, hccanse it 
 waa felt that it must lead to const'' r.ible 
 changes. Preparations were ImnKaiately 
 made for holding a conclave, with a view 
 to nominate a successor. Meniiwhllo tho 
 Roman people congregated In the streets, 
 demanding reforms. The authorities caused 
 the people to bo dispersed by force, but 
 order was not established till a sanguinary 
 collision had taken place between the citi- 
 lens and the military force. The ferment- 
 ation In Romagna and the Mnrclies In- 
 creased from day to day, and troubles 
 broke out at this juncture at Ancona. It 
 was In the midst of theso that the new 
 popo was elected on tho 16th of June, and 
 proclaimed on the 17th. The IndlvUUml on 
 whom the choice of tho college fell was 
 tho cardinal Mastal, a native of Blnlgo- 
 glia, then only fifty-four years of age. 
 The flrat acts of Plus IX. gave indications 
 of promise. In the middle of July an am- 
 nesty was published greatly to tho general 
 Mtlifaction. 
 
 Hut with all Ihlf), tho retroKimlr mriyj 
 showed a bold front, and iiitrlKiicd »i' 
 every side; and from the flrsl iiihiiiIm nfl 
 IHI7, the hopes wliicli tho Roiiiiiiim limi nl I 
 lowed to Kr4iw in their liosoms ill IH4(l,liiJKaii| 
 to wither and dimvithin them. Tho AiiHtri III I 
 inllueiico WHS very nearly ns pn-iiiiiiilcrnntj 
 as in the time of Gregory XVI.: tliu lun.j 
 vocation of any representatlvo iissi<niliirl 
 waseiuded ; patriotic meetings iitul iloiiiiin.f 
 stratlons were seen with an evil eye; i|,|,| 
 censorship existed In full force; nml Hi.f 
 secret action of the Jesuits wim sMli rvmlL 
 where traceable. These clrcuiiiHtiin™Hriii|.| 
 viiiced tho most favouralily dispoKiid |||||| 
 
 the changes so ardently desired WDiiiiinrvtrl 
 be made by the popo nor by tho cliiirrti. I 
 It was not till the cries of ' inmiii lol 
 the Austrlans r 'Death to lianibniMiliiiii:! 
 * Death to nernottll' had been ro|ioale<iM 
 heard on the riitKza dl Hpagna, and mi iiitl 
 rinx/.adi Venezla, where tho Austrliinaijl 
 bassador lived; it was not till l/ainl)nih('|iiii|l 
 and other reactionary cnrdlniilH \vu\ mJ 
 Home, with a view to escape pcrKonal vkl 
 lence, that the popo proclalmud lui cilifil 
 for a civio guard. On t'-." 8ili of.imJ 
 cardinal GIzssi, the secretary of stnlo, Fctil 
 ill his resignation, wliicli was arvciiicji 
 and cardinal KcrrettI, legato of iVnnf 
 and Urliiiio, was immediately appoliUHiJ 
 successor. Disquietude, novertliclcsii,c.J 
 tinned, nor was tranquillity restomliiritil 
 activity of tho city guard, which pniMNj 
 over-acted its part. Tho pope, limvfwj 
 was now prepared to go farther tliaiil 
 hadhltherto done. Ho dlsmlHsed MiiTird 
 nal governor of tho police, Gnii'scliiil, » 
 ordered him to quit Rome. ('()iiti'iii|ion| 
 ncously with theso events, the Aiistriii 
 entered Ferrara, an occupatloii nwli 
 which Forrcttl In vain protested. Iiit 
 mouth of August, tho pontllT dl^iuiiijil 
 some li'igh functionaries suspected n(( 
 nivanrc with the retrogrrado agltntnr? 
 more Higniflcant circumstance tliaii an;^ 
 these was the re^l8al of tho popo to im 
 at the church of Jesus, to celcliraie t 
 feast of St. Ignatius. This cirriini<:t]i 
 was generally regarded as an open rupi^ 
 with i,bo Jesuits. Tho latter, nevcrtlifW 
 turned away public wrath from their orti 
 by tho offering of money for the cloiliiiiil 
 the national guard. Austria, iiiennvuf 
 was becomitig day by day more nggrw 
 as to Ferrarii. Uut the RoniaiiH ronid 
 themselves with believing that an Kii^i 
 sqtiadron would soon bo anchored liiij 
 waters of Ancona, and force tho Aii^in 
 to retreat. On too 1st of Octolier, ilioi 
 prop'i'io of the popo was published on j 
 municipal organisation of Uc:iie. Itn 
 raised, undoubtedly, a great r(>furiii,f« 
 paper was drawn up In a liberal Rijlrii,i| 
 was (srenerally approved of. No distliiti 
 wasinade lictween noblo and citizen, ail) 
 always hitherto existed. Rome w;u< lia 
 forth to have a council composed oil 
 members, of which 64 were to be proa 
 tors, 32 savants, advocates, artists, basn 
 merchants, and 4 representatives of] 
 ecclesiastical body. The munidpalniif 
 tracy, to be called the Senate of ~ 
 was to consist of a senator and clgU^ 
 
9it»^ 
 
 hiM ilio r<'tr<iKi'!i<lt" VM\i 
 fiD It, Mill tntrlKuca on 
 from U»o fliHl mm\\\*,t 
 wliliMi tlio Uiim»ii« Iih'1 nl 
 U,..lrl>..H.i«i»l"»M«.''wn 
 iwlUilnlhoni.TlioAuHirhn 
 
 ,f\lv«ory XVI.: thu o,„,. 
 
 rlotlc">eet.lnKHnti«><l«i""n. 
 BH«n with nil ovll <'y: ' 
 ,twHn MUforro niMll, 
 f tlio.loKUU«wim»llll.vrr). 
 , TliPBCOlrcuiiiHtniioonroii. 
 it favourably d<»l>o»M;l U 
 
 til the crloa of • Dimili lol 
 !• 'noiith to r,atiil.nH(hliiirl 
 
 ■ it'w^B not till I-a«»).rusfWt(l 
 l.J^p„proeVa1.i.a,;nJ 
 
 nation, which waa a;*'.' Wj 
 Kmettl. legato of '.d 
 
 ■^T''r"'^*«„'^ Un,lH8r.ltli.-cai 
 
 C^e VH^tavti ot ^npnl liame. 
 
 78:j 
 
 r\^ the police, <lra;.sdM.l,«i 
 y to < ult Uonio. yoxxMrn 
 h these events, the Mm 
 rrarji^ an occupation m\- 
 
 real t circumstanco thiiu m 
 
 ;'^T«,mtiS8 This clrcum^t 
 iW^^^rSedaBanopenm., 
 ^BultB The latter, uca erilio 
 
 TnK day" y «'«y '""'" '"'?n. 
 r^l But the Romaiw com 
 h,;^thl>eUcvlngthatauK 
 
 ants, »Mlvocate8, artt8W,«aw 
 Is and 4 rcpreaentat \C9 ui 
 ri.ii.nrtv The munleliwiij 
 te Sd the senate o< 
 
 irvntnrB. It was now doturinlned lliat each 
 
 kIIhIoub order should pay ten per rent, of 
 
 Uh revenues for coverlnn the expetim'M of 
 
 10 atnta. Uut nntwIlliHtanditiK nil tlieno 
 
 lOiunrcA, the principal einployinentx were 
 
 Tii|)lc(l hy retroKBdlfts, and In the al>- 
 
 ■ncoot Furr''''' H'cy coniincnccd nltackH 
 
 n tlio prcsH. Ttit'Ho and other clrciim- 
 
 LinccB Induced Moriiiidl, Kovernorof Koine, 
 
 ) roulK"' H'" '*'*'' I't'Placed by ii prelate, 
 
 ivi'lll ; and the churKe of I'reHido dl llonia 
 
 Odiiinrra was conferred on a cardinal, 
 
 Inco Altierl— two appnlntinetitH ivlilcli 
 
 n'iitcd diBMaMHfactlon. on the 15tli of 
 
 Inrdi IXIH, little more than a forlnlKlit 
 
 Iter tli« ^all of liOiilM I'hillppj, the coimll- 
 
 lllim wnH proclaimed at Home. TliU wan 
 
 Krcat Htep In advanre, for one oC the 
 
 IM'K of It was a reprcHeiitallvo ByHlein 
 
 Ingamember for 80,000 HonlH. On the 
 
 t of May. the people of Ilmue were so 
 
 tclii'd by the events of liomhardy and the 
 
 iiloiigcU occupation of Kerrara, that they 
 
 ili'duii the pontiff to declare war aKaliml 
 
 litrlA. rius t'.Miiporiaod, and offered his 
 
 diatlon to the Iiouho of Austria, on the 
 
 iidltlou of completely almndoiiInK Italy. 
 
 Ilthlndid not satisfy the HonianH; the 
 
 itlffwns accused of duplicity, and <moiir<'N 
 
 ll( rlaco III the capital and towns. It Ih 
 
 licroour purpose to give a history of 
 
 iMaminiil ministry ; of the dllapld.itloii 
 
 ilio papal llnances; of the pope's adhesion 
 
 [thn rnusic of Italian IndepeiK'.ence; of 
 
 ] efforts made by tho llomaiis to send a 
 
 tingcnt to the common cause; or of 
 
 iwraknrgg, vacillation. If not culpable 
 
 )l)lc-diallutf, of Plus IX. To treat all 
 
 to stibjucts In detail would fai exceed 
 
 Jliiiitp. 
 
 SepitMnher, count llo»»l, wn.i had re- 
 
 *iitcd France at the papal court down 
 
 lie mil of February 1818, accepted the 
 
 of forming a ministry. His first nnxl- 
 
 wpru about the taxes and the army. 
 
 jugbt to meet tho wants of tho trea- 
 
 by convincing tho pope It was time 
 
 itain help from the clergy, and it the 
 
 by proposing Kucchi as minister of 
 
 He procured aid for tho treasury from 
 
 tlcrgy, by a provision of the popo, that 
 
 'ardiiial-vlcar should lay a tax of eighty 
 
 tchl for every hundred crowns rated 
 
 |l pccleslasticnl property, and that the 
 
 7 Itself, which had already granted a 
 
 ,;o of 2,000,000 crowns In return fur 
 
 [ury bonds, should hind Itself to make 
 
 a gift of 2,(HM>,(XX) more. A eommlsHlon 
 was alsti nominated for llHcal iirrangenient 
 and the organ iHalion of the army ; the re- 
 form of the monetary system, mid other 
 iiHefiil measures were adopted, lint several 
 functionaries, maglHl rates, and administni- 
 tors, whom Kossl adiiioiilHlicd and eon- 
 strained to activity, began to murmur, as 
 did the clergy whom he had taxed. 
 
 On tho 1 nth of November, tho e.liamberM 
 were to meet, and Kossl, iliouuh waniiil 
 from four dlfT(!rent sources that there was 
 a conspiracy against his life, proeeeded to 
 the pa'ace of the (,)ulrlnal, wlx^re tho sit- 
 tings wi I'e lu'ld. Advancing to llio peris- 
 tyle, ho found himself surrounded by a 
 menacing group, one Individual of which 
 piiMlied roughly against him. TiiriiliiH 
 sharply round, as If to reprove the riule- 
 ness of his assailant, he retu'ived from an- 
 other hand n poniard wound 111 the throat, 
 which was at oiieo pronounced mortal. No 
 eirortwasniiido liy the civic guard to arrest 
 the assassin, and In the chamber of depu- 
 ties, to which the news was hastily eoti" 
 veyed, no voice was raised to eover with 
 execration the cowardly assassin. Nino 
 days after the nsHasstnatton, the pope lied 
 from Itomo to (jaein, where an asylum 
 had been provided for him by tho king of 
 Naples. 
 
 Kvery effort was iiiado on tlio part of 
 Mamlaiil and othe.s to Induce the pope to 
 return : but in vain. In tho meanwhile, the 
 pope was deposed from his teni|ioral au- 
 thority, and a rcpubiic was proclaimed. A 
 triumvirate, of which Ma///.inl was one, was 
 establlslied ; and measures were at oiiro 
 t-aken to assemble a 'constituent' par- 
 liament to decide on tho great question 
 of Italian unity. Itut this was not to be. 
 Under pretext of maintaining their tnllii- 
 ciico In (Central Italy, a French army laid 
 siege to Uomo, and, after a long and heroic 
 resistance, succeeded In making themi^C'l ves 
 maaters of tho city. This victory was fol- 
 lowed by tho restoration of tho ,iope, who 
 returned to Uomo on April 12, is.W. Hlnco 
 that period tho pope has had his capital 
 garrisoned by French, and other portions 
 of Ills dominions by Austrian troops ; but ho 
 has reformed or remodelled nothing In tlio 
 manner of a wise sovereign, a luudeut 
 statesman, or even an astute politician. 
 
 Tho events of the last ten yeiu-H which 
 have immediately affiu-.ied the i'upacy, wiil 
 bo found related in liic Uiftwy v/Itu'u. 
 
 ST 
 
THE HISTORY OF NAPLES, 
 
 Of toe romoto nntlriulty of this country 
 there are but scanty documents. At a very 
 early period most part of tlio coasts of Na- 
 ples and Sicily were occupied by Greek co- 
 lonists, thefounders of some of the greatest 
 nnd most flourishing cities of the anck-nt 
 world. They rocelved, from this clrcum- 
 Btanco, the name of Ma»rna Gra3cla. But 
 rapidly as the Greek republics of Italy rose 
 to prosperity, It is certain that luxury and 
 corruption kept equal peace with their pros- 
 perity ; and in the time of Polyblns, the 
 very name of Itlagna Grascla was disused. 
 
 Continental Maples submitted tu the Ro- 
 mans at an early period of tho republic, 
 subsequent to which It underwent many 
 vicibsltudes. In tho flftb centuiy It became 
 n prey to the Goths. Belisarlus, general 
 of the cmpi ror Justinian, took Naples in 
 637. Destined to pass from master to mas- 
 ter, it was jonqucred by Totlla in 043. Tho 
 Lombards next got possession of it, and 
 kept it until Chnrlcmagno put nn end to 
 that kingdom. His successors divided it 
 ■with the Greek emperors, and the latter 
 Boon alter became its solo masters. In the 
 ninth and tenth centuries, tho Saracens 
 possessed Naples, and after them, tlie Nor- 
 man>i. Sicily also fell into tlic hands of 
 tlie French in 1058. 
 
 The French formed Naples into a monar- 
 chy, of which Roger was its first king. 
 Constance, last princess of tho blood of 
 Roger, and heiress of the two kingdoms of 
 Naples and Sicily, was married, In 1186, 
 to Henry, son of the emperor Barbarossa. 
 This marriage was the source of great miv 
 Xortunes. At length this family became 
 extinct in 126,'i, when Pope Clement IV. 
 gave tho Investiture of Naples and Sicily 
 to Charles, count of Anjou. Cliarles was 
 opposed by Conradin, nephew .•)f Manfred, 
 wlio had come from German;' to dispute 
 with him tho crown. Chai ^es d 3feated him 
 In battle, and having taken him prisoner, 
 with Frederick of Austria, cam ed them both 
 to bo executed in tho market place of Na- 
 ples In 1208. This execution made the king 
 detested by his new subjects ; and the 
 French in Naples were equally obnoxious 
 as in Sicily. A Frenchman had committed 
 In Sicily an atrocious act of violence on a 
 woman. On the morrow after Easter, 1282, 
 the people assembled together, and murder- 
 ed every Frenchman on the island, with 
 the exception of one gentleman, a native 
 of Provence. The innocent perished with 
 the guilty, and the blood of Conradin was 
 terribly avenged. 
 
 The descendants of Charles of Anjou pos- 
 Besred the crown until 1384, when Jane I. 
 adopted by her will Louis I., duke of An- 
 jou, son of king John. At the same time 
 Charles Duras, or Durazzo, a cousm of 
 
 queen Jnnc, established liiraself uiwn tbi 
 throne. This event occasioned a long^m 
 between tho two princes, and even bctwin 
 their successors. The posterity of .ilmrljl 
 Durazzo, however, maintained tlieir siiJ 
 tlon, while that of the count of An' jujii 
 bore the title of king of Naples. 
 
 Jane II., last sovereign of Naples, ofiij 
 house of Durazzo, appointed, by licr v. 
 Rone of Anjou as he successor, whloligii, 
 that family a double right to the kliiKdoi; 
 but Reno never possessed it. Alphon 
 king of Arragon, took possession of Ka;! 
 and the cro wn. 
 
 The kings of Arragon posgessed Kj; 
 until the time of Charles VIII., m 
 liouls Xir. conquered the kingdom, 
 great general Gonsalvo of Cordova di 
 out the French army. Notwithstaiidiiigi 
 treaty made between Louis XII. nml 
 dlnand, king of Spain, In favour of tlit 
 mer, tho successors of Ferdinand eiijoi 
 it until the death of Charles II., but 
 without frequent revolts on tho pan of 
 Neapolitans. 
 
 The revolt of 1647 was headed hyu 
 of tho name of Massanlello, a flsliei 
 who, during fifteen days, could ri 
 upwards of 100,000 men, over wlioni 
 held a most absolute sway. Ilcnry, 
 of Guise, a knight-errant of his day, n 
 the advantage of the troubles wliich 
 Naples asunder, procured himself toNi 
 dared king, when, after he had been 
 months In Naples, he was made pris 
 by the Spaniards; and his partisan) 
 only disavowed him, but Bubmlttcduj 
 conquerors. 
 
 After the death of Charles II., wtol 
 IcftPbUlp V. as the inheritor oflil 
 dom, the Neapolitans acknowledged 
 their king. Ferdinand IV., the late 
 of Naples, joined the grand confei 
 against Franco nt na early period ((| 
 war. He utterwards made his pcaMi 
 again joining In the war, tho Frenrb 
 themselves masters of Naples in Ji 
 1799, and the royal family were coej 
 to fly from that portion of the Ncii 
 dominions, and take refuge In Sleil 
 February it was divided into elcvi ii 
 ments, and the government new-ni 
 on tho French plan; J)Ut, within 
 weeks, admiral Nelson appearing uji 
 coast, the French capitulated, the 
 cratic system was overturned, tlie 
 narchy and government restored, 
 king welcomed back to his throne. 
 
 Tho kingdom of Naples was ai 
 ever, placed under French dom 
 Buonaparte, and its crown conici 
 his brother Joseph: the legltimalij 
 having again fled to Sicily, wliere 
 long supported by a British force 
 
 cut 
 'dc 
 IICuci 
 Ibert] 
 gave 
 Ioa8( 
 !foug 
 
 ildle 
 tlien 
 e to 
 
 tha 
 
 Ifuli 
 In till 
 thff 
 urc 
 ulvi 
 lets, 
 'eapo 
 ■end 
 lie at 
 Ivei 
 llye 
 ling] 
 leir ( 
 fol 
 oftf 
 'clliJ 
 ult] 
 oni 
 laplel 
 lAusf 
 u| 
 In si 
 lydC 
 
enje WHovn of j2iijplrif. 
 
 786 
 
 LES. 
 
 '^^''J^.inrcB and oven \)cUv,«l 
 
 "',"*,! inrlKUt to tllo klu«d«i.l 
 f^o^'n^tCTpoBBCBBlonol^P^ 
 
 tunc o« We^klngd..;, 
 
 «^""^"«Ialvo of Corrtova to 
 rftV GonsaUo 01^ ,„,3i 
 
 iigol Spain, in tavo^^_^^^^j^j 
 lUccoBBors ol reru ^^^^ 
 
 UeSfmoltB^utUo parte, 
 
 IP 
 
 ng. 
 
 n It^c^eTdS Wua 1 
 
 OBtabBolutoBwaj. ^^^^y,^ 
 a knl8M-e"»7,^ut.le8 wWclr 
 mnder. Proxcu, j^^ecns 
 ng. J'^'?"' "^f ' VaB maflc r^l^ 
 fvC4aCbutUmittcdJ 
 
 fvfe death «fC|jar|eBlT..g 
 
 Franco ^t' 'l" J^^y his rra«' 
 
 lining in the war^;"ple5 lnJ» 
 ives wf'^^f^f famliy Vcrc comi 
 id the royal I«;™^'»{ ^jje Kc»i< 
 rom that portion 01 tn^^g,^i. 
 
 ons. and ta^fjf mto clcv'ui 
 iry It was dlv^ea lu ^^ ^, 
 
 7nd the B"je™'^X^ltWn 
 
 Fren*T?& appearing"'' 
 *d'"^''L^h capitulated, tW 
 the French capuu^^j, 
 
 syBtem ^i^lfSt restored, 
 
 Llnd BO-^ernnient re ^^^^^, 
 
 eicomed hack to n ^^^ ^ 
 
 "'"^^''^nder French domL 
 placed Tin?er . r -^ jo^lei 
 
 ai 
 
 ohn Stewart. In the iprlng of 1808 Buo- 
 ijiiarto remoTCd Joseph to Spain, and 
 ilsed Murat to the tributary and usurped 
 irone of Naples, where ho remained with- 
 'ut belnKablo to annex 8lolly to his usurpa- 
 nn.mifUlie waaln turn hurled from the 
 rono ill li^lS. Early In May of that year, 
 c capital was surrendered to a Brltltth 
 lunilron ; RUd on the inh of June, Fcrdl- 
 ind IV, reentered It, amid loud and ap- 
 jently sincere plaudits of the multitude. 
 During the time of Murat's rcign cohbI- 
 Tablo changes took place, the good ef- 
 ts of which every Impartial person was 
 idy to allow. All branches of the public 
 linlnlstratlon were Invigorated and Im- 
 ved ; society In tho upper ranks was re- 
 3tructed upon the Parisian scale; tho 
 nrli code superseded the cumbrous and 
 :inu3 jurisprudence of ancient Naples; 
 the iiaticn, notwithstanding Its subor- 
 atlon to tho Imperial politics and Its 
 tlplpatlon In Napoleon's wars, appoared 
 1h> destined to take a higher rank than 
 'ore In tho scale of nations. 
 July 1820, a revolt, headed by general 
 i, broke out amongst tho troops; and 
 uiilrcrsnl cry was for a constitution, 
 .gU no person seemed to know exactly 
 t constitution to adopt, or how to frame 
 m one. At length It was det 'mined to 
 ate that of the '?panl8h cortos, and tho 
 ilsment was expressly summoned to mo- 
 und correct It. An episode to this rcvo- 
 nary movement was about tho same 
 exhibited In Sicily. No sooner had 
 citizens of Palermo licard what had 
 transacted at Naples, and that a par- 
 nt had been convoked there, than 
 determined to have a parliament and 
 Itutlon of their own. Of their taste 
 Iberty, as well as of their tltness for It, 
 gave an Immediate specimen, liy let- 
 loose from prison nearly a thousand 
 ilous malefactors. They assailed the 
 9 of the Neapolitan offlcers, and threw 
 Idlers Into dungeons. It was neces- 
 therefore, to send a large force from 
 I to put down the rebellion ; hut 
 that force approached Palermo, a 
 :ul scene of slaughter and cruelty on- 
 in that unhappy city. All who refused 
 this TOllltIa of criminals wore sharae- 
 urdered, then cut Into pieces, and 
 [ulverlng limbs exposed on pikes and 
 lets. In the meanwhile those who led 
 [eapoUtan troops permitted Palermo 
 ■ender on terms of capitulation. 
 lie at Naples they were thus amusing 
 Ives at constltutlon-mongcrlng, and 
 Jy every species of horrid barbarity 
 ling practised, the allied powers took 
 elr deliberation the change s which 
 forco had worked in the political 
 of the country ; and the king of the 
 cllieswas Invited to the congress, 
 ult was, that the Austrlans crossed 
 on the 2Sth of January, and march- 
 [aples. RIetl was Immediately taken 
 [Austrlans, and the Neapolitan army 
 K upon Aquila. The Austrlans ap' 
 In sight ; general Pepe was almost 
 'y deserted by his troops, and obliged 
 le as well as ho could. This dis- 
 
 perilon waa followed by that of the troopi 
 atMlgnana,who fired on their r^fflcers^and 
 then disbanded. The Austrl: is entered 
 Naples on the morning of tho 20th ; and 
 thus ended the Neapolitan revolution. 
 
 ilut though tho flanio of Insurrection 
 both in Sicily and Naples was thus extin- 
 guished, tlie elements of combustion were 
 not destroyed. Thousands of exiled Ita- 
 lians, witli Mazzini at their head, continued 
 in Marseilles, Geneva, and London, to dts- 
 scminato their views, and from time to 
 time Inundated the Neapolitan territories, 
 both insular and continental, with their 
 rovolutlnnary publications. Ilut tlio elec- 
 tion of Pais IX. to tho papal chair in 1848, 
 gavo tho first great Impetus to political 
 action. In 1847 Messina, Palermo, and 
 Catania were tho scene of popular com- 
 motions, which it required all tho enerKy 
 of tho government to suppress. At length, 
 in January 1848, tho great mass of the 
 people In Palermo rose In Insurrection, 
 overcame tlio Neapolitan garrisons, and 
 demanded a repeal of tho union between 
 Naples and Sicily. To all theso demandi 
 the king acceded ; but, in the meanwhile, 
 tho French revolution of July 84th had 
 given a fresh impulse to the political move- 
 ment; and tho provisional government, 
 which had been formed, declared king Fer- 
 dinand deposed, but offered tho crown of 
 Sicily to tho duke of Genoa, second son of 
 tho king ot Sardinia, by whom, however. 
 It was prudently declined. 
 
 Mef vhlle, grave events had taken place 
 at Na, ics. Simultaneously with tho con- 
 cessions made to the Sicilians, the king 
 had promulgated a constitution for his 
 continental dominions. On tho 14th of 
 May the first parliamentary sitting began ; 
 but some difflculties arose relating to tho 
 oath which the deputies were requested to 
 take; and as neither tho king tior tho 
 chamber would give way, disturbances Im- 
 mediately began. On the morning of the 
 16th, the streets were full of barricades ; 
 and, while negotiations were going on, the 
 more eager and impetuous among the con- 
 stitutional party, impatient of longer delay, 
 began an attack on tho military. A san- 
 guinary contest now ensued between the 
 national guards on ono side, and the troops 
 and the populace on tho other, which 
 lasted for eight hours, and terminated In 
 the complete defeat of the former. It is 
 easy to Imagine what scenes of horror en- 
 sued In a coi\,test when the very dregs of 
 the population of Naples were fightingr on 
 tho victorious side. At length, tho French 
 admiral Baudin, whose squadron lay In 
 the Bay of Naples, Interfered and threat- 
 ened to land his forces unless the outrages 
 ceased. Upon this the firing ceased : martial 
 law was proclaimed, the national guard 
 suppressed, and tho chamber of deputies 
 dissolved. 
 
 The king, being thni triumphant In 
 Naples, soon afterwards equipped a large 
 expedition for the reduction ot Sicily. 
 The first object of attack was Messinn, 
 which refused to surrender. On the 3na 
 ot September a timultaneous attack wat 
 made upon it from the fire ot the garrison. 
 
 / 
 
786 
 
 Crtie Crrxifurv of Witot}^, ^r. 
 
 tho If oapolltnn Hcut In the linrbnur, and a 
 largo fnruu wlildi liad prcvlouHly IniulPd. 
 The inhatillnntH fouKlit witli dcHiicrntion ; 
 but tliu n>iit(>Ht wiiH too uiieituiil ; and after 
 a bomliardiiiimt of four days, duriiiK which 
 a *'irgo portion of tho city was laid In 
 ruin*, they were coinpellod to Hurrciidi'r. 
 Hero, as at Maplrn, great atrocllioB marked 
 the conduct hoth of tho victors and tho 
 vaiiqnUtacd. Under the luedlatlun of tho 
 EnglUh and French naval comnmndem, un 
 trmlBtIco was agreed to; but tMewarwas 
 virtually at ait uud. It would servo no 
 
 purpose to detail tbo evontM thnt fniiutvtji 
 They who wIhIi to scr how far iiiiiuitlviiHl 
 tyrininy can itn In avngliig \U liiirntli.anl 
 wrongs, will find nni.io tfallHfxctlini Uu'f 
 rusing Mr. UladHtonu's unnnMWcrahN; ^.1 
 I>oHUre of tho N'eaiiolitan govcriiiiiciii J 
 few ycaru Inter that goveriiniciitcciiM.iil 
 exist. K^lncls II. haH piilil the ticnalty <tl 
 his fatl.cr's crimes and his own oiwdimJ 
 folly, .tut for an account of tlii! v\i%M 
 which iKu to and followed hl4 i'X|>uUii|| 
 from his kingdom, the reader UnicmiltJ 
 the nutory 0/ Italu- 
 
 SICILY. 
 
 -*^*- 
 
 SiciLT, the largest, most fertile, and best 
 peopled island in tho Mediterranean sea, 
 was Inhabited originally by a people called 
 Ricanians. Tho SIcuIl, Inhabitants of La- 
 tiuuii are said to bavo penetrated after- 
 wards into this island, and to have driven 
 the SIcanlans from the south <ind west partH. 
 
 Several colonies of Greeks n xt trans- 
 ported themselves into Sicily, and the an- 
 cient inhabitants were obliged to retire into 
 the Interior of the country. The Greeks 
 built several handsome cities, which are re- 
 maining to this day ; but tho most consi- 
 derablo was the Corinthian colony of Syra- 
 cuse. The colony next in importance was 
 that of Agrigentum, 
 
 About tho year 491 somo Syracusan fugi- 
 tives implored succour from Gclon, king 
 of Gela, a city of Sicily. Gelon conducted 
 himself with so much prudence, that tlio 
 Syracusans unanimously elected him to bo 
 their king. Ho fortified Syracuse, and 
 becamo afterwards so powerful as to bo 
 master of all Sicily. The Carthaginians 
 made several attempts upon this island, 
 but were always repulsed by Gelon. 
 
 Gelon died Ip tho year 470 n.o., leaving 
 behind him tho character of a great prince, 
 and regretted by all ranks of Sicilians. He 
 was succeeded by his brother Uieron, who 
 died 466 D.O., and left the throne to his 
 brother, Thrasybulus, wlio possessed all tho 
 vices of Hicron, without his good quail ' a. 
 He was driven out for his tyranny ; ai Si- 
 cily was a short time free. 
 
 Dlonysius rendered himself master of 
 Sicily in 405 b.o., and reigned thirty-seven 
 years. Ho was succeeded by Dionyslus tho 
 younger, who reigned twenty-flve years: be- 
 ing driven out by Timolcon, be took refuge 
 in Corinth, where he set up a school. Aga- 
 thocles brought the Sicilians under his yoke 
 317 B.C., and reigned twenty-six years. From 
 bis death, Sicily was a theatre of continual 
 war between the Carthaginians and the Ro- 
 mans, until Marcellus bee? mo master of it 
 in the year 208 b.o. 
 
 Sicily flourished under the Romans ; but 
 in tho decline, or rather towards the fall, 
 of that empire, it camo under the Vandals, 
 and afterwards the kings of Italy. The 
 Saracens were continual in their attacks 
 
 upon it; and In a.d. 82.1 tho cmiicrorH 
 tho Kast ceded It to liOiils In Dclidiinihi 
 emperor of tho West; from which tliiien 
 Saracens occupied a part of It (A.n. 1 
 until driven out by the Moniians la U^ii 
 
 Soon after tho expulsion ot tlio Sarafj 
 the feudal system was Introduced ; ui\ 
 1072, carl Roger, tlio Norman, nlso i 
 bllshcd a representative assembly, or p 
 llament, in which tlie nobles and cI'ThjIii 
 an overwhelming majority, and wliuiis 
 sisted, notwithstanding tho nmnychui^ 
 tho island has undergone, down tn rnir n 
 times. The Normans kept posBCflsidiid!]! 
 island till the eb^abllshmont of tlicSiiai 
 dynasty, in 1104. In 1265, CliarlcB cifAijj 
 became master of Sicily ; but the wan 
 planned by John of Proclda, known Mi 
 name of the 'Sicilian Vespers '(^lairiil 
 1282), put an end to the sway of tlicA 
 vines. It soon after becamo a dciiend^ 
 of Spain, and was governed by S|iaiil>li ti 
 roys. At tlio death of Charles 1 1, nf ift 
 his spoils became an object of lurlmistf 
 tention; and at 'he peace of l!trcclit,| 
 1711, it was ceded to Victor Aiiiaileusoff 
 voy, who not many years after wasloif 
 by the emperor Chailes VI. to relliKiulil 
 for Sardinia. The Spaniards, howcrer.j 
 having been inntruniental in eilecting| 
 dIsadvantageouB exchange, made a siij 
 attempt to recover Sicily, In wlilchl 
 failed, through tliev llanceottlicEnJ 
 admiral Byng, who destroyed thcirflwij 
 compelled them for that time to abi 
 tho enterprise. In 17.34 the Sp.inlsli 
 resumed their design with success. I 
 inxiut Don Carlos drove the GoniiaiiJ 
 and "vas crowned king of tliu Two Sif 
 at Palermo. When bo passed iiitoS 
 to take poseession of that crown, lioia 
 ferred the Sicilian diadem to his i-oiil 
 uand III. of Sicily, and IV. of NaiileiJ 
 
 In order that the thread of the nanr 
 may not be broken, we have liicorpo 
 the subsequent history of Sicily withj 
 of Naples, to which the reader 1 'fl 
 Tho final campaign, in which the \inm 
 delivered from the tyranny of the lioiT 
 by the heroism of Garibaldi, ia rilaKj 
 the History of Italy. 
 
11 tbo event* Umt lAVmiM 
 to see liow fM miniltlciuill 
 1 III av'igloK '*■' Ini'iiili.anI 
 d m».'«'«'^'*""'""",,""'• 
 
 nics una »>l« own iil>MlMi| 
 r an account *if tlio >v«il 
 
 Hnaor tlio Norma". I's"'*' 
 
 111 al In 1265, Cliarles (if ^ 
 
 *'"'^nf irr ecaTnd a depends 
 .TwaS governed by 8p;u.UI>n 
 
 na wa» »"'"; /-lunrlea 11. "tS 
 tuo death of Charusi^^l^^^^^ 
 
 became an oDJcci ^^^^^^ 
 
 land at.VAv ctor Amadeusol 
 
 TIIE niSlORY or iSARDINIA. 
 
 -•o«- 
 
 iKmifl''iii"'f "•''SarJIiilftii nionarrliywao 
 
 ivoy, wlilili wan Koverncd m early iih tlio 
 
 hitli criitiii7 liy Hh own counts, whono dc- 
 
 iiulaiitH ;ic(iulrcd Nice In VMm, and I'lcil- 
 
 Iniit In H18. Tlio BOverclKMs of Haviiy and 
 
 lodnuiiil. wore long cclntiratod for their 
 
 (llliyaml the skill with which thoy pro- 
 
 rviil and extended their limited doml- 
 
 jiiiH, nntwlthstandiriK tlio dintrulty of 
 
 Irirroaltlon la the Immediate vicinity of 
 
 V (treat Kuropemi powers. The territory 
 
 Is recnirntBed aH >t geparato kingdom by 
 
 trcnty of Utrecht la 1713, when Sicily 
 
 added to tho I'ledinontcHedomlnlonn, 
 
 jiigti, In 1720, It was cxcliaiiKed for tho 
 
 ind nt gnrdlnin, which It BtlU retains. 
 
 jlnirtlic wars that sprang out of the first 
 
 tnclirevolutli'M, tho I'ledinont territory 
 
 labsorbed into tho French republic. At 
 
 ipcAceof 1615 the kingdom of Sardinia 
 
 I restored; andOenoaand Monaco were 
 
 [cxcd to tho Sardinian crown. On tlielr 
 
 loratlou to the throne of their ancestors, 
 
 princes of Savoy, It was found, had 
 
 en no hint from misfortune, and exliN 
 
 I no consr.louBncss of tho altered state 
 
 ralrs. They brought back with them 
 
 exile all the old system in its clfeto 
 
 ianlsm. The people were anxious for 
 
 |al of their strength and speed in tho 
 
 of nations. But It was Bomethhig 
 
 than tho new social life common tu 
 
 iuropo that was developing itself In 
 
 Imont. The fever of Italian nationality, 
 
 til ran throughout the veins of unluiiipy 
 
 J, throbbed especially liere, at the heart 
 
 (temples. The coniparatlvo youth and 
 
 )nc88, tho wealth and proBpcrlty of tlio 
 
 Itry, gave Piedmont an earnestness and 
 
 llness of endeavour which might bo 
 
 td for In vain amidst tho more weary 
 
 rnrn-out communities of the eastern 
 
 iiitlicrn p.art of the peninsula. 
 
 ibio to stem this mighty tide of ad- 
 
 fment, the princes of Savoy strove, 
 
 isuccessfnlly, to turn it into different 
 
 leU. So far as their priests would let 
 
 .they were not averse to reform ; and 
 
 ^hlng like Importaut.interual progress 
 
 ideed observable in the old Institu- 
 
 Ipt the country ; but there was tliat in 
 
 fatlons to foreign potentates which 
 
 linly pointed to revolution. All other 
 
 [Itlea might bo smoothed down, all 
 
 differences adjourned ; but tho na- 
 
 |question enlisted the I'ledmontese in 
 
 ^ikiof Italian conspiracy, and as a 
 
 wy consequence, tlircw the princes 
 
 foy Into the arms of Austria. The 
 
 Jntese attempted a partial constitii- 
 
 outbreak In 1820. The event was 
 
 they had anticipated ; and tho re- 
 
 sult Immeasurably greater than the mere 
 event portended. It was clearly proved 
 th.'it Sardinia had ceased to be a free agent. 
 Tho princes gavo way before tho storm, 
 only to conio back In tho waku of Austrian 
 bayonets. It was felt that they could not 
 have rendered a more elTlclent service to 
 the country. AH local or partial disafloc- 
 tlon subsided In ono national yearning. 
 I'k'ilniont was idcntincd with Italy ; It 
 would no longer stand or oven triumph 
 alone. Tho contest was now between Pied- 
 mont and Austria, and the people bade their 
 rulers cliooso between them and their foe. 
 
 Tho choice was matter of long hesltat hm 
 and perplexity ; for on tho ono hand Aus- 
 tria offered, uiKiuestlonably, the most im- 
 mediate chances of safety ; and it was not 
 to bo expected of tho court of Turin that 
 It should at once rid itself of its priests, 
 who unceasingly rci)resented tho cause of 
 the foreigner ji.s that of heaven and Its own ; 
 and on the other hand those princes could 
 not free themselves from some compunc- 
 tious qualms: for something of tho old 
 generous spirit, and of tho far-reaching 
 ambition of the founders of tho House, still 
 lingered at the heart of their successors, and 
 tho foreign yoke was perhaps as galling to 
 themselves as to tho licst of their subjects : 
 they felt that— would they only run a grreat 
 risk — a great prlzo was possibly within 
 their reach. But tho kings of Sardinia he- 
 sitated and temporised, until in 1848 tho 
 sudden insurrection In ^u'Mti against the 
 Austrian government gave a dual blow to 
 tho wavering system, and Charles Albert 
 was foi ced, by the clamours of lila subjei' - s, 
 not only to send an army to the assistance 
 of the Insurgents, but lilmselt to take the 
 field, with what melancholy rcsiUts both to 
 his country and himself has been recorded 
 in the Uiatnry of Italy. 
 
 The sontliiicnts of tlie Plodmonteso had 
 long been In advance of their institutions. 
 Hence, when tlic revolutionary storm burst 
 over Europe in 1848, a constitution modelled 
 on that of Belgium was set up amid the 
 acclamations of riio people, and has since 
 operated with a regularity and vigour which 
 augur well for the cause of constitu- 
 tional government beyond the Alps. But 
 it would be vain to deny that Sardinia has 
 three powerful enemies to contend with in 
 France, Austria, and Komo ; each of the 
 former with large forces concentrated on 
 her frontiers ; while the la.9t has advanced 
 posts in the very heart of the country. The 
 history of Sardinia is, liowever, now merged 
 in that of Italy, to which the reader is re^ 
 ferrcd. 
 
788 
 
 ^t Crciiiturt) o( I^Mtorv, ^c. 
 
 THE ISLAND OF SARDINIA 
 
 in divlilod frnm Coralca by tho Htrult of 
 Bonlfacld. Wlitio It wa» in t)iu poMNCRRlnn 
 of tlio KomuiiH, It wait a placn of bnnlMli- 
 inont ; niid aficrwiinU tlio RaracciiH iioh- 
 BCHHt'il It iicnrly four centurlcH. Tliflr 
 oxpiilMlon could not bo effortcd by tlio 
 I'lnnnoHC, on whom Poiin Innocent III. hiid 
 nsMutnrd tho prorogatlvu of boatuwInK It 
 In tl3«'. Tho emperor Frederick paid no 
 llttin regrnrd to thin grant, that ho again 
 reunited It with tho empiro ; but tho I'l- 
 mineiie, taking advantago of tho long ln> 
 terrcRuuni, got poaaevHlon of It la 1307. 
 A dllTcrcnco ofccrwardii arittlug between 
 tbcni and the see of nomo, tho popo again 
 
 beitowcd the Iwlnnd, In 130B, oii Jauioiiil 
 of Arragon, wlioHt! hdu, Alplionno IV.,inv|J 
 hIniHi'lf master of It In i:i:>t. Kinm ii.J 
 time It roMtlMued undortlic'Tiiwunf sml 
 governed by a viceroy u|i;il I7>'>*, wliennJ 
 KnglUh making a conuueat of It fur Uiijr 
 Charleit III,, afterwarda einpemr liy i 
 title of Cliiirleii VI., It wait coiillrmnl 
 lilni by tho treaty of Utrecht, In i;i;^ 
 was recovered by tho Spaniards; mnij 
 1718, tho cmiicror exchanged It fur Slti 
 with tho duko of Havoy, who umh intij 
 actual iiosaoHBlun of It In 172U iiuii toolij 
 tltlu of king of Sardinia. 
 
 GENOA. 
 
 In the time of the Becond Punfc war, Genoa 
 wan a conalderablo city uiulor tho dominion 
 of Konie. Mago, a Cnrtliu^lnlan general, 
 in tho courHO of this war, attacked, took, 
 and destroyed It. The neiiate thereupon 
 ient the pro-consul Hpurlus, who In less 
 than two years raised It to Us former 
 splendour. It remained nndcr the Romans 
 until It submitted to tho (Joths. Tho Lom- 
 bards next possessed and almost ruined It. 
 Charlemagne annexed It to his empire. 
 Pepin, his son, giive the city of Genoa, and 
 Its deiwndenclea, to a Prank lord of tho 
 name of Adhesnar, under tho title of count. 
 Ills Ucscendantt. reigned until tho end of 
 tho eleventh century, when tho Genoese 
 revolted against their count, set thcmsel ves 
 at liberty, and chose magistrates from 
 among the nobles. In the next century the 
 city was taken by the Saracens, who put all 
 the men to the sword and sent tho women 
 and children as slaves Into Africa. 
 
 When again reestablished, the inhabit- 
 ants, availing themselves of their line situ- 
 ation, turned their attention to commerce, 
 enriched theroBelves, became powerful In 
 proportion to their riches, and erected their 
 country into a republic. Their enthusiasm 
 for liberty rendered this republic capable 
 of great things ; but tho jealousy and am- 
 bition of the citizens at length caused great 
 troubles ; the emperors, tho klngo of Naples, 
 the TIscontIs, the Sforzas, and France, suc- 
 cessi V'i7 called in by tho dUIereut parties, 
 divide he republic. 
 
 In 1- tb(» principal Genoese, fearful of 
 once moxv i^ucumlng the victims of Intes- 
 tine wWi cboae as their first magistrate a 
 
 stranger. In 1330, the state arpo.nrwlJ 
 somewhat more regular form, uml hit 
 quired trannuIlUty. Simon U(]c,iiif((n,| 
 man of an Illustrious family, w.u ileri 
 duke or doge, with a cotincll c'oiiiiiisfjj 
 the chiefs of tho principal famllli'H. Ir.i] 
 tho Oenoeso put themHelvcs uiulirilien 
 t'^ctlon of Charles VI,, king of Fniiico,» 
 tliey acknowledged as their snviTi'i«n, 
 1409, they massacred tho French, and p 
 their government to the nianiiiisntsd 
 ferrat. In 1468, Francis Sforza, duti| 
 Milan, was acknowledged Bovorclgnj 
 tcctor of the republic of Oenoii; hil 
 administration tending to de?pntlsni,il 
 set themselves at liberty. It vnsatJ 
 time that they offered the eoviTolRDM 
 their city to Louis XI, Louis, wdf 
 qualutcd with the disposition of tlitl 
 iioeso, unfit either to commamlordf 
 made this answer to their solicltntloiu:! 
 the Genoese glvo tlicmBclvcs to mo,I' 
 give them all to the devil.' 
 
 In 1538, Andrew Ooria had tholiappli 
 and address to unite and cniirillaul 
 refractory people, and established ani 
 tocratic government. This form coni>| 
 until the French republicans inadelf 
 rapid conqucsta in Italy. Gciuja vuI 
 scene of many hard fought bnttleil 
 length, in 1797, anew republic wasn 
 under the name of tho LIguriaii repdj 
 but which, like the rest of tlio m 
 French creations, was dissolved il| 
 downfall of Napoleon, in 1815, .lud a 
 formed to a dependent province otl 
 aiuia. 
 
ilaiul, In 1208. on ,T;mi..ii 
 
 IHI' Hdtl, Alllll'llll*') IV„|ii,|,l 
 
 (it It In i;i'.'«. •■'i""i ilJ 
 .(lun(lorilii"'''""ii"'^uJ 
 ^rl(•l•^lly "•''" W""."!""'!.! 
 r n coiniui.'»t lit It f'li lli.|l 
 ttcrwnrtla einixTur li.il' 
 « VI„ It wan conllrninl I 
 aty of Utreclit. In i;i;, 
 
 liy tUo Bpaiil!ir(U;«iiJf 
 iror oxchaimi'd It fur Sid, 
 ) ol Savoy, wlio wiin i.«ti 
 oil of It In 1720 una tooltf 
 : Bardlulo. 
 
 1339. the state arro.ufi'.J 
 irc regular form. m\ Wi 
 iillUty. Simon lldciiieiinj 
 lustrlouB family, ww .iwl 
 . with a couni'il coiiiiiiseill 
 the prlnelital famlll|'s. Ir.U 
 putthnra«i'lvcBumUrll:ej 
 iirle9VI.,klngof FrMnfo,»lii 
 liHlKt'd as their sovtTolini. 
 Hsarred the FrenplMimlp, 
 nentto the mnmuisofm 
 1458, Francis Sforza, dutij 
 ackiiowlcilgcd Boverelpi J 
 e rcpuhllc of Ocnon ; butl 
 ,m tending to dcsiKUlM.a 
 :e3 at llherty. U vmuL 
 ley offered the Bovwelrtl 
 o Louis XI. Louis, wJI 
 th the dlsiiosltton of ttal 
 
 cither to comuiaiulor* 
 iswer to their BollcUatlow; 
 
 glvo themselves to uit.K 
 II to the devil.' j 
 
 ndrew Dorlahad tholiaptil 
 , to unite and cmu'llaul 
 icople. and estahllBhed a I 
 erimtnt. ThlsfornKoutJ 
 'rench republicans mad iJ 
 icsts in Italy. Gcium \ ill 
 nany Hard fought lattlj 
 
 1707. a new reimbllc was* 
 lameof thoLlgunimred 
 
 like the rest of ilie 4 
 
 'atlons, was dlssnUedHJ 
 
 YNapoieon. la 1815, audi 
 
 a dependent province dl 
 
 THE MODERN HISTORY OF GREEOR 
 
 -•*♦- 
 
 cnAPTEn I. 
 
 U bivo icon (SCO p. 40) to what a itato of 
 
 Jitgroilatlun the nrecks were reduced in a 
 
 few cuuturlei after their iulijngatlonliy the 
 
 pomAM. Tlius It contluu'-d ns long as U 
 
 Itm either really or nominally a portion of 
 
 Jio Itoiiiun empire ; till at ' ngtli, like the 
 
 hiperlal n.Utress of the v rid hiTMclf, It 
 
 j«iic before the all-subduIng Alarlc the 
 
 Butb, A.D. 400, « and Bharcd In all the 
 
 Dliicrlei which were brought by tho nor- 
 
 bero barbarians who Bucccssl<'ely overran 
 
 nJ ravaged the south of Ei npe. Aft ■ 
 
 ho Latin conquest of Constantinople, .n 
 
 JJ04, Orocco was divided into feudal prln- 
 
 Slialltlci, and governed by a variety of 
 
 loriiian, Venetian, and Franklsli nobles ; 
 
 ut In 12(11, with tlio exception of Athens 
 
 lid NnupUa, It wnH reunited to the Or ''( 
 
 pi|)lro by Michael I'aliooloKUS. Dut It ^<i< 
 
 pi long remain unmolested ; for the Ti rks, 
 
 ken rising Into notice, aimed at oh Un- 
 
 Ig power In Kuropo : and Amurath II. 
 
 ^prirod the Greeks of all their cities and 
 
 Ktlea on the Kuxino sea, and along the 
 
 Ml of Tlvrace, Macedon, and Thesaaly ; 
 
 irr;ing his victorious arms. In sliort. Into 
 
 |c mlilat of the I'eloponnosus. The Gre- 
 
 ui emperors acknowledged him as their 
 
 Iperlor lord, and ho, in turn, affor'^cd 
 
 urn protection. This conquest, howcv or, 
 
 u not effected without a bravo roslst- 
 
 Ice, particularly from two heroic Chrls- 
 
 kns, John Ilunnlades, a celebrated Hun- 
 
 Vlaii general, and Qcorgo Castrlot, nn 
 
 knlan prince, better known in hUtory 
 
 [the name of Scandcrbeg. 
 
 T^hon Mohammed II., In 1451, ascended 
 
 B Ottoman throne, the fate of tho Greek 
 
 Ipire seemed to be decided. At tho head 
 
 Ian army of 300,000 ., r oupported by a 
 
 It of 300 sail, he IrV,' iir. j to Constantl- 
 
 ple, and encouragea t.i ■ ,;oops by spread- 
 
 ' reports of prophecies and prodigies 
 
 It portended the triumph of Islanilsm. 
 
 ptantlne, the last of the Greek emperors, 
 
 ■; tho storm with becoming resolution, 
 
 I maintained t.io city for llfty-three days, 
 
 lugh the fanr.tlclsm and fury of the be- 
 
 |er3 v.-?r( raised to the highest pitch. 
 
 Bength (May 29, 1453) the Turks stormed 
 
 1 walls, and the brave Constantino per- 
 
 Bd at tho head of his faithful troops. 
 
 piial conquest of Greece did not, how- 
 
 tako place till 1481. Neither were 
 
 conquerors long left in undisturbed 
 
 fecsslon of their newly acquired terrl- 
 
 t; and during tho 10th and 17th centu- 
 
 Grecrc was tho scene of obstinate 
 
 Is, till the treaty of Passarovitz, in 1718, 
 
 For the effecti which tho inTaiioni of Alarlc 
 
 I on the growth of the Papal power, ioo Mll- 
 
 I I Latin Chriitianiti/, book 11. ch. I. 
 
 conllrmod the Turks In their conqUMt ; and 
 for a century from that time tho inhabit- 
 ants of Ureecu groaned under tbclr des- 
 potic away. 
 
 At the time of the expedition of tho 
 French Into Egypt, tho Greeks, ttronglr 
 excited by tho events of tho war, which 
 was ::ins approaching them, waited for 
 them as liberators, with the firm resolution 
 jf going to meet them and conquering 
 their liberty ; but again their hopes wcro 
 disappointed, and the succours they ex- 
 pected from France were removed to a dis- 
 tance. I':^ ving V lilted In vain. In tho midst 
 of tho I i*.at events which in several re- 
 spects I fl changed the whole face of Eu- 
 rope In t Is century, tho Greeks, taking 
 coui i'l mly of their despair, and Indlg* 
 nant ut living always as helots on tho ruins 
 of Sparta and o^ .thons, when nations 
 but of yesterdaj •cro recovering their 
 rights and recognising their social rela- 
 ilons, rose against their despotic and cruel 
 masters, perhaps with greater boldness 
 than prudence. 
 
 Tho flrst decided movement took place 
 in tho year 1800, vhen tho Serviano, pro- 
 voked by the cruelty of their oppressors 
 the Turks, made a general insurrection, 
 which was headed by their famous chief 
 CzcrnI George, who had boon a sergeant In 
 tho Austrian service, and afterwards be- 
 came a bandit chief. IIo was possessed of 
 much energy of character and bravery; 
 and under him tho Servians obtained seve- 
 ral victories. Ho blockaded Belgrade ; and 
 one of tho gates being surrendered to him, 
 lie made his entry Into tho city and slaugh- 
 tered all the Turks that were found In It. 
 
 At this tlmo tho affairs of the Porto 
 wero In great disorder. It had but just 
 terminated Its war with Franco; and tho 
 efforts by which it had been endeavouring 
 to reduce Paswan Oglou, pacha of Wlddln, 
 had failed and ended In disgrace. At homo 
 tho janissaries wero dissatisfied, and Ilou- 
 mellawas in a disturbed state. The divan, 
 however, exerted themselves to quell tho 
 Servians, and they wero aided by the Bos- 
 nians, in consequence of which many san- 
 guinary combats took place. But relying 
 on tho promises of Uussia, and receiving 
 pecuniary succour from Ypsllanti, tho In- 
 surgents continued tho contest, issuing 
 from their fastnesses on every favourable 
 opportunity, and marking their progress 
 through the surrounding country by spread- 
 ing devastation In every direction. 
 
 In the meantime Russia openly declared 
 war against the Porte in 1807, and carried 
 on the war until 1812, when tho treaty of 
 Bucharest was negotiated; and though 
 some efforts wero made to obtain a conces- 
 sion In favour of their Servian allies, yet 
 one difficulty after another being started 
 
 
790 
 
 ^\it Evtniitrxi ot 1^(ji{t0ra), ^c. 
 
 by ths Porte, a peace was at length con- 
 cluded, as before, upon such terms as left 
 the Insurgents to their fate. At length it 
 was agreed, that Mllosh, brother-in-law to 
 Czernl George, a native, should be their 
 prince ; that the sum of 100,0002. should be 
 paid yearly to the Turks, whose garrisons 
 in the fortresses of the Danube were to 1)0 
 limited, and that the prince should main- 
 tain a few national forces, for the regula- 
 tion of the internal policy. 
 
 The period that Intervened between 1815 
 and 1820 was apparently tranquil : the Ot- 
 toman affairs seemed prosperous ; the sul- 
 tan Mahmoud, by his vigorous measures, 
 maintained peace with his neighbours, 
 quelled the spirit of tlie mutinous janis- 
 Baries, suppressed several revolts in the 
 eastern part of the empire, and gave more 
 weight to the Imperial firmans than thoy 
 had heretofore possessed. But under this 
 appearance of tranquillity, all those projects 
 were forming which produced what wo 
 term ' the Greek revolution.'* The Greeks 
 soon became more open In their plots 
 against their oppressors, and entertained 
 gome considerable hopes from the proba- 
 ble arrangements of the congress of Vien- 
 na ; but that congress closed without ef- 
 fecting any result favourable to theliberties 
 of Greece. This, however, did not damp 
 the ardour of its friends, nor induce them 
 to abandon the plans they had projected. 
 At length, in 1820, symptoms of a general 
 rising appeared : and all civilised nations 
 seemed disposed to aid the cause of the 
 oppressed. But that generous feeling In a 
 great measure subsided, as the petty dis- 
 sensions of party, or the despotic notions 
 of arbitrary power, severally displayed 
 themselves. 
 
 The Turks and Greeks never became one 
 nation; the relation of conquerors and 
 conquered never ceased. However abiect 
 a large part of the Greeks became by their 
 continued oppression, they never forgot 
 that they were a distinct nation ; and their 
 patriarch at Constantinople remained a 
 visible point of iiniou for their national 
 feelings. 
 
 On the 7th of March 1821, a proclama- 
 tion of Ypsllantl was placarded in Jassy, 
 under the eyes of tlie hospodar, Michael 
 Suzzo, which declared, that all tho Greeks 
 had on that day thrown off the Turkish 
 yoke ; that he would put himself at their 
 head, with hla countrymen ; that prince 
 Suzzo wished the happiness of the Greeks ; 
 and that nothing was to be feared, as a 
 great power was going to march against 
 Turkey. Several officers and members of 
 the Hetaireia had accompanied Ypsilautt 
 from Bessarabia and Jassy. Sorie Turks 
 were murdered, but Ypsllantl did all in his 
 power to prevent excesses, and was gene- 
 rally BUCcesBful. Ke wrote to the emperor 
 of Russia, Alexander, who was then at Lay- 
 bach, asking his protection for the Greek 
 cause, and the two principalities, Wallachia 
 and Moldavia ; but the revolutions in Spain 
 and piedmont bad just then broken out, and 
 
 « See ths admfnible Hiitury c/ tht Greek Re- 
 volution, by George Finlay. 
 
 that monarch considered the Greek insnr. 
 rection to be nothing but a political fcvef 
 caught from Spain and Itnly, which conlJ 
 not be checked too soon ; besides, Yml 
 lanti was actually in the service of Ru3si, ' 
 and therefore had undertaken this sieD 
 against the rules of military discipline' 
 Alexander publicly disavowed the measure' 
 YpsUantl's name was struck from tlie ariur 
 rolls, and ho was declared to be no longer) 
 subject of Russia. The Russian inliiijtM 
 and the Austrian Interinuicio at Cousm. 
 tlnople, also declared that their cahlneiii 
 would not take adv^antage of the Iiitoriiii 
 troubles of Turkey In any shape whatever 
 but would remain strictly neutral. M 
 the Porto continued suspicious, partlcnlarii 
 after the information of an Englislim)) 
 had led to the detection of some suppod 
 traces of the Greek conspiracy at ConstJiJ 
 tlnople. It therefore ordered tlic itussiS 
 vessels to be searched contrary to trciiij 
 The commerce of Odessa suffered from m 
 measure, which occasioned a serious m 
 respondence between baron 8troganofl,ii 
 Russian ambassador, and the rcis cSeoi 
 The most vigorous measures were tab 
 against all Greeks : their schools wcresi 
 pressed ; their arms seized ; suspicion 
 a sentence of death ; the flight of some 
 dered all guilty, and it was prohibited uii 
 sentence of death : in the divan, thetot 
 extinction of the Greek name v.-as pi 
 pcsed; Turkish troops marched into 
 principalities ; the hospodar Suz/.o vas 
 lawed; the patriarchs of Constantinoi 
 and Jerusalem excommunicated all Ins 
 gents (Miirch 21); and a hattl-sherll 
 March 31 called upon all Musaulinanj 
 arm against tho rebels for the protccii 
 of the Islams. No Greek was for soi 
 time safe in the streets of Constautinoii 
 women and children were throwu Into 
 sea ; the noblest females openly violil 
 and murdered or sold ; the populace to 
 into the house of Fonton, the l\m 
 counsellor of legation ; and prince Mm 
 was beheaded in the Seraglio. After 
 arrival of the new granJ vizier, BeiiJ 
 All Pacha, who conducted a disorderlyai 
 from Asia to the Bosphorus, the wil 
 fanaticism raged in Constantinople. 
 'Wallachia and Moldavia the bloody st 
 gle was brought to a close through 
 treachery, discord, and cowardice of 
 pandoors and Arnaouts, with the am 
 latlon of the valiant ' sacred baud ' o! 
 Hetaireia, in the battle of Drageshan iJi 
 19, 1821), and with Jordaki's heroic 
 in the monastery of Seek. 
 
 In Greece Proper, no cruelty 
 quench the fire of liberty ; the beys 
 Morea invited all bishops and tlie 
 blest Greeks to Tripollzza, under ptel 
 of consulting with them on the dellvc 
 of the people from their cruel oppres 
 Several fell Into the snare ; when tlieii 
 rived, they were thrown Into prison. ' 
 mauos, archbishop of Patras, alone 
 trated the intended treachery, and 
 measures with the others for fnistr 
 the designs of their oppressors. The 
 of the Mores then endeavoured to dli 
 tho separate tribes ; but it was too 
 
C^e I^Wtoru of Greece. 
 
 791 
 
 1 considered tlio Greek Insut. 
 nothing but a political lever.i 
 Spain and IttAy, which conid 
 ted too soon ; besides, Ypsl. 
 aally in the service of Russlj, 
 ■e had undertaken this step 
 rules ol military discipline,! 
 ibllcly disavowed the measure: 
 ame was struck from the arni; 
 was declared to be no longer i 
 lussla. The Kusslan mliiisiet 
 itrlan Internuncio at Const* 
 » declared that their cabineu, 
 ;ake advantage ol thelntcrmi 
 furkey In any shape whatevet, 
 remain strictly neutral. U 
 ntlnued suspicious, partlcniailj 
 iformatlon of an EiigUshma 
 she detection of some supposl 
 le Greek conspiracy at ConstaJ 
 therefore ordered the llussia 
 be searched contrary to traij 
 rce of Odessa suffered fromtW 
 rhlch occasioned a serious w 
 e between baron 8troganoii,tli 
 nbassador, and the rels cflem 
 vigorous measures were talt 
 Greeks : their schools were st 
 heir arms seized; suspicion 
 of death ; the flight of Bome., 
 allty, and it was prohibited uni 
 f death : In the divan, theloi 
 of the Greek name was ■ 
 rklsh troops marched Into 
 'les : the hospodar Suz/.o wasc. 
 ,e patriarchs of CoustantinoJ 
 alem excommunicated all taa 
 irch 21) ; and a hattl-sherlJ 
 
 called upon all Mussulmani 
 St the rebels for the protcctl 
 lams. No Greek was for soi 
 n the streets of Constautlnopj 
 id children were thrown Into 
 loblest females openly vlo hi 
 eredor sold ; the populace r 
 house of ronton, the Ite 
 rof legation; and prince M«i 
 ^ded in the Seraglio Af 
 ■^the new grand vizier. Bent 
 , who conducted a dlsordcrlj 
 n to the Bosphorus, the wli 
 a raKcd In Constantinople, 
 1, and Moldavia the bloody sii 
 brought to a close throu 
 discord, and cowardice ol 
 
 and Arnaouts. with the a.. 
 the valiant 'sacred baud o 
 . m the battle of DrageshnniJ 
 
 and with Jordakl'a heroic J« 
 )nastery of Seek, 
 eece Proper, no cruelt> 
 he flre of liberty ; the bejs 
 Qvlted all bishops and the 
 eeks to TrlpoUzza, under imi 
 
 ting with them on the deuv 
 
 'ipfe from their crue oppre 
 'ell Into the snare ; when tteij 
 ler were thrown into prison. 
 brchblshopof Patras, alone 
 
 he Intended treachery, and 
 
 , Vlth the others for fn^ 
 ■gns of their oppressors. Th 
 aorea then endeavoured to di. 
 Sate tribes; but It was tool 
 
 the Malnotes, always free, descended from 
 mount Taygetos, In obedience to Ypsl- 
 lantt's proclamation, and the heart of all 
 I Greece beat for liberty. 
 
 The revolution In the Mo.*ea began 
 
 March 23,1821, at Calavrlta, a Piiiall place 
 
 in Achats, where eighty Turks were made 
 
 prisoners. On the same day the Turkish 
 
 garrison of Patras fell upon the Greek In- 
 
 IhaWtants ; but they were soon relieved. In 
 
 I the ancient Laconia, Colocotronl and Peter 
 
 IMavromlchalls roused the people to arms. 
 
 IThe archbishop Germanos collected the 
 
 Ireasants of Achala. In Patras and the 
 
 lother places, the Turks retreated Into tlio 
 
 Ifortresses. As early as April 0, a Messe- 
 
 bilan senate assembled In Calam^.ta, and 
 
 Ithe bey of Malna, Peter Mavromlchaiis, as 
 
 commander-in-chief, proclaimed that the 
 
 lorea had shaken off the yoke of Turkey 
 
 save the Christian faith, and to restore 
 
 the ancient character of their country. 
 
 [From Europe, nothing Is wantod but 
 
 taoney, arms, and counsels.' From that 
 
 lime, the suffering Greeks found friends 
 
 |u Germany, France, Switzerland, Britain, 
 
 Ind the United States, who sympathised 
 
 flth them, and did all In their power to 
 
 Bslst them In their struggle. The cabi- 
 
 fets of Europe, on the contrary, threw 
 
 livery impediment In the way of the IIcI- 
 
 enlsts, until they were finally obliged, 
 
 gainst their inclination, to Interfere In 
 
 heir favour. 
 
 JussufSellm, pacha of Lepanto, having 
 ecelved Information of these events from 
 JiD diplomatic agent of a European power, 
 kscened to relievo the citadel of Patras, 
 V the town was left a heap of ruins. The 
 passicre of the inhabitants, April 15, was 
 be signal for a struggle of life and death. 
 llmost the whole war was thenceforward 
 isuccesslon of atrocities. It was not a war 
 tosecuted on any fixed plan, but merely 
 [series of devastations and murders. The 
 Iwof nations could not exist between the 
 arks and Greeks, as they were then 
 Ituated. The monk Gregorlos, soon after, 
 )cupied Corinth, at the head of a body of 
 reeks. The revolution spread over Attica, 
 eotla, PhoclB, .^tolla, and Acarnanla. 
 lie ancient names were revived. At the 
 le time, the Islanders declared them- 
 llves free. 
 
 ■In some Islands, the Turks were mas- 
 \cred In rev3nge for the murder of the 
 fceks nt Patras; and, in retaliation, the 
 treks were put to death at Smyrna, In 
 ^la Minor, and in those islands w^.lch 
 Id not yet shaken off the Turkish yoke. 
 |e exasperation was raised to its highest 
 }ch by the cruelties committed against 
 e Greeks in Constantinople after the end 
 March. On mere suspicion, and oiten 
 ^rcly to get possession of their property, 
 B divan caused the richest Greek mor- 
 ants and bankers to bo put to death, 
 le rago of the Mussulmans was partl- 
 farly directed against the Greek clergy. 
 ! patriarch of Constantinople was mur- 
 ed, with his bishops, in the metropolis. 
 Adrianople, the venerable patriarch 
 rlUus, who had letlred to solitude, 
 111 the archbishop of Adrianople, and 
 
 others, met the same fate. Several hun< 
 dred Greek churches were torn down, with- 
 out the divan paying any attention to the 
 remonstrances of tho Christian ambassa- 
 dors. The savage grand-vlzier. Indeed, lost 
 his place, and soon after his life ; but Mah- 
 moud and his favourite, Halet effendl, per- 
 sisted In the plan of ext i-mlnation. 
 
 The commerce of Russia, on the Black 
 Sea, was totally ruined by the blockade 
 of the Bosphorus, and the ultimatum of 
 tho ambassador was not answered. Baron 
 Stroganofl, therefore, broke off all diplo- 
 matic relations with the reis effendl, July 
 18, and on the 31st embarked for Odessa. 
 Ho had declared to the divan, that If the 
 I'orte did not change its system, Russia 
 would feel herself obliged to give ' the 
 Greeks refuge, protection, and assistance.' 
 The answer of the rels effendl to this de- 
 claration, given too late, was sent to Pe- 
 tersburg; but it was only after the most 
 atrocious excesses committed by the janis- 
 saries and the troops from Asia, that the 
 foreign ministers, particularly the British 
 minister, lord Strangford, succeeded in in- 
 ducing the grand-selgnlor to recall tha 
 command for the arming of all Mussulmans, 
 and to restore order. 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 Aiiii eyes were fixed on Tripollzza, which 
 was now In a state of close blockade, and 
 Its fall daily expected. The usual popula- 
 tion was about 15,000 souls ; It Is also com- 
 puted that the garrison, with all the Alba- 
 nians of the Klayah, amounted to 8,000 
 men ; there could not, therefore, have been 
 fewer than 20,000 persons within tho walls ; 
 yet they allowed themselves to be block- 
 aded by 5,000 undisciplined and ill-armed 
 Greeks, without artillery or cavalry. 'Whllo 
 the Turkish horse were In a state for ser- 
 vice, the Greeks did not attempt anything 
 In the i)laln ; but their forage soon failed, 
 and the only food they could get was vine 
 leaves. Provisions were become very scarce, 
 and the Greeks had cut the pipes, and thus 
 Intercepted the supply of water. YpsllantI, 
 however, was Impatient, and felt anxious to 
 begin a regular siege ; but he had neither 
 proper ordnance nor engineers. Some can- 
 non and mortars had indeed been brought 
 from Malvasia and Navarln, and were in- 
 trusted to the care of an Italian adven- 
 turer; but in the first essay he burst a 
 mortar, and was dismissed. Things were 
 in this state, when prince Mavracordato 
 arrived, bringing with him some French 
 and Italian oOlccrs. 
 
 In the beginning Of October the Turks 
 began to make i>ropo8ltlons for a capitu- 
 lation, and the treaty was proceeding, on 
 the 5th, when an accidental circumstance 
 rendered it of no avail, and hastened the 
 citastrophe. Some Greek soldiers having 
 approached one of the gates, began to con- 
 verse, and, as usual, to barter fruit with 
 the sentinels. The Turks Imprudently as- 
 sisted them in mounting the wall, but no 
 sooner had they gained the top when they 
 threw down the Infidels, opened the«ate, 
 and displayed the standard of the cross 
 
792 
 
 QT^r ZvtRiMtyi at W^tatu, ^r. 
 
 above It ; tbo OlirlBtlans Instantly rnshed 
 from all quarters to the nasault, and the 
 disorder became general. The Turks Im- 
 mediately opened a brisk Are of cannon 
 and smnll-shot ; but the gates were car- 
 ried ; the walls scaled : and a dcspcrnto 
 struggle was kept up in the streets and 
 hojses. Before the end of the day the 
 contest was over, and the citadel, which 
 held out till the next evening, surrendered 
 at discretion. About 0,000 Turks, It Is gnid, 
 porlslicd, some thousands wore made pri- 
 Boner9, and numbers tied to the moun- 
 tains. 
 
 While these transactions were occurring 
 at TrlpollzzB, four pachas proceeded In the 
 month of August from the frontiers of 
 Thessaly and Macedonia, to Zeitounl.wlth 
 the design of forcing the straits of Thor- 
 mopylOB, and, in conjunction with the Otto- 
 man troops at Thebes and Athens, reliev- 
 ing the besieged fortresses in the Morea. 
 Odysseus was stationed on a height above 
 the defllos at a place called Fontana. They 
 sent a body of aoo horse to reconnoitre his 
 position, but this detachment was cut to 
 pieces. Tlio next day they attacked lilm 
 with their whole force ; at flrst the Greeks 
 gave way, but a brave chief, named Gon- 
 raz, niadu a stimd and rallied tlie fugitives. 
 They returned to the charge, and tlieln- 
 fldelawcro routed with the loss of 1,200 
 men. One of the pachas was slain, and 
 vast quantities of baggage and ammuni- 
 tion taken. This was on the 31st of August, 
 and was a victory of immense importance 
 to the cause. About the same time the 
 bishop of Oarystns raised an insurrection 
 In Euboea, and endeavoured to intercept 
 the communication between Atliens and 
 that island. 
 
 An assembly was now called to meet at 
 Argos for the purpose of organlslJig a go- 
 vernment, and the jirlnce repaired thither 
 to attend it ; while deputies in the mean- 
 time arrived from dllferent parts to demand 
 succours from the administration of tlie 
 peninsula, and to report what was doing 
 in their districts. In Macedonia the monks 
 of mount Athos, provoked by the violent 
 proceedings of the Turks, were driven into 
 revolt. 
 
 The assemblage of a congress had been 
 regarded as a new and important era In 
 the Greek revolution ; the anxiety of the 
 nation for the organising of a government 
 was evident from the eagerness with whicli 
 tlio people elected the depntlcs. By the 
 middle of December not less than sixty 
 had arrived. Including ecclesiastics, land- 
 owners, merchants, and civilians, most of 
 whom had been liberally educated. They 
 flrst named a commission to draw up a 
 political code ; the rest were occupied In 
 examining the general state of the nation, 
 and laying plans for the next campaign. 
 On the 27th of January 1822, the inde- 
 pendence of the country was proclaimed, 
 and its code published amidst the joyful 
 acclamations of the deputies, the army, and 
 the people. The government was, for the 
 present, styled 'provisional,' while the 
 promulgation of the constitution was ac- 
 companied with an address, exhibiting the 
 
 reasons for shaking off the Turkish yolitL 
 Five members of the congress wero nomi. 
 nated as an executive, and prince Mrirro. 
 cordato was appointed president, Mlnli. 
 ters were appointed for the dillercnt dcpmt. 
 ments of war, tlnance, public InstruotioD 
 the Interior, and police ; and a conmilsjioj 
 named of three individuals to supcriutemi 
 the naval affairs. 
 
 The now government signallseil tlieir 
 liberality by a decree for the abolition o( 
 slavery, as well as the sale of any Turklsii 
 prisoners who might fall into thuir imndi 
 prohibiting it under tlie severest peiinltjei' 
 they also passed another edict for a coul 
 ponsatlon for military services, ami a pro. 
 vision for the widows and orphans of tiio« 
 who should fall In battle; and atlilrdrc. 
 gulating the Internal administration of iiit 
 provinces. The organisation of tlic arm; 
 was also commenced ; a corps called ihj 
 flrst regiment of the lino was formed anl 
 ofllcored from the volunteers of dllfereti 
 nations, and, as there were more of tliea 
 than were requisite for this service, a «. 
 cond was formed of the remainder, wliitli 
 took the name of Phllhellenes. I'atrasiiii 
 blockaded again by ,1,000 men, and aeiuaiiei 
 body under the French colonel Voutlerwii| 
 sent to Athens, to reduce the Arroiiolis; 
 the forces before Napol^ tvere augiiientii,, 
 and Modon and Ooron closely luvcsteil l;| 
 the armed peasantry around. 
 
 Au event, the most tenillc and atrncloiSi 
 that lilstory has ever recorded, marked lie 
 commencement of the second cani|>aim; 
 the destruction of Scio, and its mlserallt 
 Inhabitants. The Sciots had taken ni) m 
 in the movement of 1R21. In tlio hctui 
 ning of May, in that year, a small squadrti 
 of Ipsarlots appearing off the coast, M 
 nlshed the aga with a pretext for liU m 
 presslons, and ho began by seizing forj 
 of the elders and bishops, who wereiw 
 mured as liostages for the good couductdj 
 the people. 
 
 'On the 23rd of April* says MrJ: 
 qulere, 'a fleet of fifty sail, InchuUngili 
 of the line, anchored in the l>ay, and ii 
 mediately began to bombard the ton| 
 while several thousand troops wcro landi 
 under the guns of the citadel, wlitdi 
 opened a heavy Are on the Greeks. It 
 in vain for the islanders to make nnr 
 slstanco : deserted by the Sanilans, m: 
 of whom embarked and sailed awiiyivti 
 the Turkish fleet hove in sight, they w 
 easily overpowered and obliged to fly. Kr; 
 this moment, until the last direful ii 
 Sclo, lately so great an object of ailminiia 
 to strangers, presented onecontlnuodsw 
 of horror and dismay. Having niassan 
 every soul, whether men, women, orcl 
 dren, whom they found In the towii.il 
 Turks flrst plundered, and then set fire 
 It, and watched the flames untllnotalioi 
 was left, except those of the foreign 
 Buls. Three days had, however, been 
 fered to pass, before the ln"'lels venti 
 to penetrate into the interloi of the is 
 and even then their excesses were com 
 to the low grounds. While somo fi 
 occupied in plundering the villas of 
 merchants, and others setting lire to 
 
aklng off the Turkish TokJ 
 1 ot tho congresi wero nomi. 
 ixecutlvc, and prince Mavio.! 
 appointed president. Mlnli.] 
 iliited f or tlio dillerent dcpMt. ] 
 , llniiiico, public Instruciion, 
 ind police ; and a conmiUsloal 
 eo iudlvldualB to Buperlmenj 
 Irs. I 
 
 •overnmcnt BltmnHsed tlielrl 
 n decree for tlio iibolllloiiojl 
 MUb the Bftlo ot nnyTurklilil 
 ) might fall Into tholrlwiiil!,! 
 ; under the severest peiiiiUlei;F 
 3sed another edict for a coiii.L 
 • military Borvlccs, iiml iipro.1 
 1 widows and orphans of tiioitl 
 tall In battle; and alhlril^l 
 Internal administration ol tttl 
 I'ho organisation of the »nii|l 
 innienced ; a corps ciiUwl tlnl 
 it of the line was formed anil 
 n tho volunteers of dllterenl 
 as there were more o£ tlieijl 
 ^autslte for this Bervlcc,a»l 
 ■med of the remainder, \»lilth| 
 lie of PhllhellenoB. Patrnsvtal 
 tain by 3,000 men, and aBtiialldl 
 ;he French colonel Voutlprual 
 lens, to roduco the AcroiioUil 
 eforo Napoli wero auginentel,| 
 and Ooron closely luvtstedl 
 easantry around. ., , , . 
 the most terrlllc and ntrficloal 
 has ever recorded, marked tkl 
 lent of the second caniiialgi;! 
 tlon of Selo, and its miseralKl 
 Tho Sclots had taken ni psitl 
 oment of 1821. In the 1h*I 
 r. In that year, a small squadral 
 I appearing off the const, ft! 
 Bga with a pretext for liljcj 
 md he began by seizing fonjl 
 rs and bishops, who were iil 
 )BtageB for the good couducir 
 
 23rd of April' Bays Mr.B 
 leet of fifty sail. Including fi 
 iinchored In the bay, and is| 
 aegan to bombard the toij 
 al thousand troops were landiT 
 runs of tho citadel, which si 
 •avy Are on the Greeks. It» 
 tho Islanders to make nnyr. 
 oserted by the Samlann, ir.< 
 nibarkedand sailed awny wta^ 
 1 Meet hove in sight, theysa^ 
 )owered and obliged to fly. Ht 
 nt, until the last dinfu! 
 so great an object of adminiiii 
 8. presented one continued swt 
 lid dismay. Having mi\mi 
 , whether men, women, orcM 
 in they found in tho towii.il] 
 plundered, and then setmi 
 ched the names untllnotaliof 
 icept those of the foreign tf 
 •e days had, liowever, heen ! 
 IBS, before the ln"dels von ra 
 te Into the Interlo. of the Islffl 
 hen their excessea were r ontr 
 T ground*. While some i 
 In plundering the villas of t 
 and othera setting lire to i 
 
 ^e %ititavi) at Greece. 
 
 793 
 
 villages, the air was runt with the mingled 
 aroaus of "len, women, and children, who 
 werefnillngunder the Bwurds and daggers 
 of tlio luUdelB. Tho only exception made 
 during the massacre was In favourof young 
 women and boys, who were preserved to ho 
 afterwards sold as slaves. Many of the for- 
 mer, whoso husbands had been butcliurcd, 
 were running to and fro frantic, with torn 
 garments and dishevelled liair, pressing 
 tlu'lr trcnihllng Infants to their breasts, 
 and seeking death as a relief from tho still 
 greater calamities thatawaltcd theni. 
 
 ■ Above 40,000 of both sexes had already 
 either fallen victims to the sword, or been 
 selected for sale In tho bazaars, when It 
 occurred to the pacha, that no timo should 
 1)6 lost In persuading those who had fled to 
 tlio more Inaccessible parts of the Island 
 to lay down their arms and submit. It 
 being ImposBlblo to effect this by force, 
 they had recourse to a favourite expedient 
 Tvlth Mussulmans— that of proclaiming .an 
 amnesty. In order that no doubt should bo 
 entertained of their sincerity, tho foreign 
 consuls, more particularly those of Eng- 
 land, Franco, and Austria, were called upon 
 to guar.intee tho promises ot tho Turks : 
 they accordingly went forth and Invited 
 the unfortunate peasantry to give up their 
 Inrms and return. Notwithstanding their 
 long experience of Vurkish perlldy, the 
 solemn pledge given by the consuls at 
 length prevailed, and iiuiiy thousands, who 
 biilglit have Buccessfuliy resisted until suc- 
 [cours had arrived, were nacritlced : for no 
 looncrdld they descend from the heights, 
 ind give up their arms, tlrui the Inlldels, 
 totally unmindful of the pr )ffered pardon, 
 lut them to death without mercy.' The 
 inmher ot persons of every age and sex 
 rhu became the victims of this perlldlous 
 ict was estimated at 7,000. 
 'After having devoted ten days to the 
 fork ot slaughter, it was natural to sup- 
 insethat tho monsters who directed this 
 ightful tragedy would have been In some 
 legree satiated by the blood of so many 
 innocent victims; but It was when the 
 ixcesscs had begun to diminish, on the 
 •art of the soldiery, that fresh scenes of 
 lorror wero exhibited on board the fleet, 
 ind in the citadel. In addition, to tho 
 omen and children embarked for the pur- 
 ise ot being conveyed to the markets 
 if Constantinople and Smyrna, several 
 lundreds of the natives wero also seized, 
 nd, among these, all the gardeners of the 
 iland, who were supposed to know where 
 le treasures ot their employers had been 
 mcealed. There were no less than 500 ot 
 le persons thus collected hung on board 
 le different ships ; when these executions 
 immenced, they served as a signal to the 
 iinmandant of tho citadel, who Immedi- 
 :ely followed tho example, by suspending 
 le whole of the hostages, to the number 
 ' eeventy-Dlx, on gibbets erected for tiie 
 icasion. With respect to the numbers 
 (ho were either killed or consigned to 
 '*very, during tho three weeks that fol- 
 wcd the arrival of the capltan pacha, 
 T^re U no exaggeration in placing the 
 inner at 25,000 loulB. It has been a8Cer< 
 
 talned that above 30,ooo womon and chil- 
 dren were condemned to slavery, while the 
 fate of those who escaped was scarrcly less 
 calamitous. ThnuKh many contrived to 
 get olt In o\wii boats, or such other vcs- 
 selH as they could procure, thou.sand^, who 
 wero unuhlo to do so, wandrrcd about tlio 
 mnuntains, or conccali'd themHolves in 
 c/ives, without food or clothing, for many 
 days after the massacre had begun to suh- 
 sldo on tho plains. Among those who had 
 availed themselves of the pretended am- 
 nesty, many faniillea took refuge In tho 
 houses of the consuls, who wero Indeed 
 bound by every tie of honour and humanity 
 to afford thoin protection. It has, how- 
 ever, been asserted upon authority which 
 cannot well be doubted, that tho wretched 
 beings thus saved from MusHulnian ven- 
 geance, were obliged to pay largo ransoms 
 before they could leave tho Island. Nay, 
 more, numbers of those who escaped tho 
 massacre afflrm that It was extrcmelr 
 ditllcult to obtain even temporary protec- 
 tion under the Chrlstliui flags, without 
 flrsi; gratifying the avaricious demands of 
 those who conceived this appalling event 
 a legitimate object of mercantile Bi)ecu- 
 latlon.' 
 
 At tlie commencement of the campaign, 
 ColocotronI, with ;i00 men, was deapatchcMl 
 to Patras, where a part of the Turkish fleet 
 had landed a great body of men in the lat- 
 ter end of February. On IiIh approach tho 
 Turks went to meet him with aitnoHt all 
 their force. ColocotronI, not consildering 
 himself strong enough for them, retreated 
 to the inountaliis; but siuldcnly st'ipped, 
 addressed his men, and, wheeling about, 
 advanced towards tlie- enemy. Upon this 
 the Turks, struck with a panic, thinking 
 he had received notice of a reinforcement, 
 turned their backs and wero pursued by 
 tho Greeks up to the walls of the town; 
 500 of them wero slain in less than two 
 hours, and ColocotronI blockaded tho place. 
 Tho Ottoman fleet was pursued by the 
 Greeks under Miaull and Tombasi.aiid tho 
 admiral's frigate nearly fell into the bands 
 ot the Greeks. Marco Uozzaris and Uango 
 gained many advantages in Hpirus, and 
 took Arta, tho key of Alliaiiia; but, owing 
 to tho treachery of Tairabos, it was aban- 
 doned. Odysseus and his companloris en- 
 deavoured to check the enemy in hivadia 
 and Negropont ; but tho disaster of tho 
 Greeks at Cassandra so much strengthened 
 them, that they advanced again, and threw 
 some reinforcements Into Athens. 
 
 The fall of All Pacha had now so much 
 Increased tho resources of Choursld, that 
 ho concerted measures which would have 
 been tho destruction of the Greek cause, 
 had they been skillfully executed. Mavro- 
 cordato, in order to frustrate them, laid a 
 plan to undertake an expedition into Epl- 
 ruK, draw off the Turks from the Morea, 
 relievo the Sullotes, and carry tho war Into 
 the heart of Albania. He communicated 
 his plan to the executive, and it was de- 
 termined to place 6,000 men at the disposal 
 of the president, who was to lead the ex- 
 pedition in person. The only forces, how 
 ever, which could he mustered, wero the 
 
79^ 
 
 Wfte ^vtnimtt at f^Mtarj;, ^r. 
 
 corpB of tliRPhllhellenPH.nnil thoflrst roRl- 
 inent of the lino, neither of thciii coniplote, 
 with 700 men coinmnnded by general Nor- 
 innn and Kiriakoull, to relievo the SuH- 
 oto8. lie arrived at I'ntraB on the 12th of 
 .luno ; l)Ut Oolor.otronl lioro oppoHed many 
 (linicultlea to any of IiIh troops hehiK'de- 
 litchod, and he wim obliged to leave with- 
 out the expected assistance. Accordingly, 
 hu galled to Mlssolonghl with only a few 
 liundrcd men. A large force of the enemy 
 was In the menntlmo collected at linrlssa 
 and Zetounl; ColocotronI suddenly left 
 the blocVade of I'atras, and proceeded with 
 all hia army io Tripollzza, leaving an op- 
 portunity for the Turkish garrison cither 
 to enter the Morea, or cross the liepaTito. 
 Consternation prevailed In the IV'lopon- 
 iiesiis ; and Corinth was abandoned and 
 re-occuplod T - the enemy, not without tbo 
 suspicion of treachery. 
 
 The situation of Ypsllantl was at this 
 time very critical : ho had no money or pro- 
 visions, and Imrdly 1,300 men to oppose 
 30,000 ; bo thcref<ire. In crier to stop tho 
 enemy's progress, threw himself Into the 
 citadel of Argos, while ColocotronI took up 
 tho strong position of Lerno on tho west of 
 tho gulf. Tho flrst body of the Turks, con- 
 sisting of 7,000 cavalry and 4,000 foot, halted 
 near Argos, and part of It proceeded to Na- 
 poll ; soon after Mnrchmont Pacha arrived 
 with 10,000 more. The pacha, however, en- 
 tered Napoll, and continued several days 
 Inactive; when threatened with tho ex- 
 tre.nltiea of famine and drought, lie gavo 
 orders for tho return to Corinth, and his 
 army set out In tho greatest disorder. Co- 
 locotronI attacked and destroyed 5,000 of 
 them In a few hours ; tbo advanced guard 
 was attacked In the deflles by the Malnlotea 
 under Nlkltas, and 1,200 perished In the 
 first onset. These successes Iia' nod be- 
 tween the 4th and 7th of Ai.^ust. On 
 tho 18th the pacha attempted to dratv the 
 Oroeks into an ambuscade, but they got 
 Into Ills rear, and he was defeated with 
 great loaa ; tho next day, determining to re- 
 gain tho position they bad lost, the Turks 
 again attacked under Hadji All, who was 
 slain in the engagement, and nearly 2,000 
 of his men were lost, as well as a largo 
 quantity of baggage and several hundred 
 horses. Tho (ireeks, however, had no 
 means of following up their successes. 
 
 Ypsllantl advanced to Napoll to assist in 
 Its reduction, while the troops left under 
 the command of Coliopulo, not being sup- 
 plied with rations or pay, became so weary 
 of the service that the greater part with- 
 drew, leaving Colocotronl's eldest son with 
 200 or 800 men to continue the blockade 
 of Corinth. Soon after this, ColocotronI, 
 at the passes near the isthmus, stopped the 
 Turks who wished to bring succours to 
 Napoll; and they being driven to '..ue 
 greatest extremity of famine, and tho 
 citadel having been surprised, tbo garri- 
 son had no alternative left tbeui but to sur- 
 render. The Greeks took possession of 
 this important place on the 11th of January. 
 Tho Turkish commanders, on tho surrender 
 of Napoll, determined to proceed to Patras, 
 vhich the Greeks had lately negle'^'^^e.' 
 
 blockading, Hotting out In tli(> iiil<|i||i'„f| 
 January, they Imd roachod Akniia ni>»l 
 Vostitza, when a debichment from Mlsso.! 
 longht stopped one o* tho pmnvn, tiM 
 shortly after another body blocked un i||> I 
 other : so that the Turks were rediiwd to I 
 tho greatest straits, feeding upon lioivcs I 
 tho herbs on tho rocks, their saddloH, nnd' I 
 at last one another. For nearly tliroowioiijl 
 longer the place held out, when OdyssciuJ 
 arrived, and on one of tho boys lioliiuae.! 
 aualnted with him, a negotiation wnn n^.\ 
 
 menced, by which the garrison olitiiliiod I fr. I 
 mission to embark, and tho beys wcresml 
 prisoners to Napoll. The numberof ihocne.l 
 my that perished on this occasion, wiiiioml 
 firing a shot, amounted, it la said, to 2,r«i} I 
 Thus ended tho second campaign in HiJ 
 Morea, coating the Turks not foworiiml 
 25,000 men In the Peloponnesus Hione. 
 
 Tho operations In Bpirus, tliougli nnii 
 smaller scale, were little lesa Intercstliml 
 Mavrocordato put his forces in motloii.an 
 first making a feint as if he wl<<li('i| i 
 reach Salona, returned on tho villuK- „i| 
 Thcrasova, and entered Misaolonglil iimii,J 
 17th of October, where greater dllflcultlftl 
 than ever awaited him. Here he \Muilie.l 
 sieged by tho Turks until tho oili of u\ 
 vember, when the blockading wii'iulriinl 
 was chased away by six vesi.el.- IjoariaJ 
 the Oreek flag; and on tho Utii MiivroitJ 
 challs arrived with the long-expected wl 
 cours. A sortie was then made ; Ijiit ill 
 was Co little avail, and tho garrison w.issti 
 much weakened, that Omar Vrioni dcinJ 
 mined to attack the place. AccordiiiRlynJ 
 tho morning of Christmas-day, at 5 o'dnftl 
 800 men approached tho walls with sfiilin-! 
 ladders nnpercelved, and had even Hif, 
 somo, but they wero Instantly cut (Imni 
 tho conflict that followed was dcspmiil 
 and sanguinary, and the Turks were ()i)licFtl 
 to retire with the loss of 1,200 nioa acll 
 nine pieces of c^annon. Tho ri.sliic; mil 
 became general through the country, iiii(| 
 tho retreat of tho enemy waa Interccptdl 
 In all quarters; so that of the ■'vi-.oic fowl 
 brought Into the country, only three mnniliil 
 before, not half escaped. Mavrncordaj 
 arrived In the Peloponnesus in the «rjl 
 part of April 1823, after an absence of tol 
 months. I 
 
 The national congress met at Astro),il 
 small town In Argos, on the loth ot ^fill 
 1823, in a garden under the shade of unwl 
 trees; nearly 300 dcinitles were oociiiiJil 
 in tho debates, which began at Fiiiiml 
 Tho following oath 'vas taken at thaiif 
 meeting by each member : — ' I swi ar, j 
 the name of God and my country, to A 
 with a pure and unshaken patriotism, J 
 promote a sincere union, and abjure evFii 
 thought of personal interest in all the Ji-f 
 cussions which shall take place In tlil,<» 
 cond national congress.' Having Fiiiid 
 a number of important points, its lalioiiil 
 ended on the .30th. Tho third meetings 
 tho congress was deferred for two j-canl 
 aiid the executive and legislative bndyinf 
 transferred to Trlpollzza, where ine.ijiiM 
 wero immediately taken for opening i* 
 third campaign. I 
 
 The enemy was not idle as the eiiinaa 
 
 iJIk^'^ 
 
CD^e Witatu a( eveste. 
 
 796 
 
 cttlns oMt In lilt' inliliUdiit 
 lin'l rcncli'jrt AkriU;i nojj 
 1 n dei,acUincnt from Mlnso. 
 d Olio or tlio pannes, niiil 
 inoUipr tiody blocki'tl wy n,, 
 t the Turks were rodiiwd to 
 traits, fi'ctl III K upon lioivw, 
 tlio rooks, tlidr siiddlcK, unit 
 ithor. For nearly tliri-o wakj 
 ICO hold out, when Odysfw 
 m one of the lioys lioliime. 
 lilin, a negotiation was cnui. 
 ilch the garrison ohtaliioa w. 
 iliark, and the hcys wcrcBfin 
 Iiipoll. Tho nnmliorof lliofiifri 
 lied on this occasion, witlKnti 
 lunountcil.lt Is salil, to2,«o 
 Mio second cami>!iigii lii ilitj 
 g tho Turks not fewer ilm 
 the I'oloponncsus alone. | 
 Ions In Kplrus, thouwli my 
 were little less Intercstlim 
 ) put hlB forces In molloii.antl 
 a feint as If ho wlsliciiigi 
 returned on tho villnK'j i 
 id entered Mlssolouglil (in il( 
 her, where greater dimcultlei 
 valted him. Here ho v,ii8l* 
 le Turks until tho 9lh ol Xiv 
 ^n the blockading wiuiiiImii 
 away by six vesirls bcarim 
 ng ; and on tho Utii Miivroiwi 
 ■d with tho long-expected eiij 
 ortlo was then made; Imtit 
 avail, and the garrison wwst 
 •ned, that Omar Vrlnnl iliin- 
 ack the place. AccordlMRly.n 
 of Christmas-day, at 5 odnfi, 
 roached tho walls with sciilin''^ 
 ercelvcd, and had even llie«^ 
 ley were Instantly cut Ami 
 that followed was dcspmtt 
 ary, and the Turks were ohlltei 
 th tho loss of 1,200 moil ati 
 of cannon. Tho risliis w 
 eral through tho country, anil 
 of tho enemy was Intercept 
 rs ; so that of the 'vi-.ole low 
 the country, only three monilil 
 half escaped. Mavrocordji. 
 the rcloponnesus In the am 
 11 1823, after an absence ol ta 
 
 nal congress met at ABtros.i 
 In Argos, on tho lotli ol M 
 
 ,rden under tho sliade of oiaiiii 
 ly 800 deputies were oeevM 
 ites, whlfh began at piiiin«| 
 iig oath TTOS taken at tlio lli 
 each member : — * I «« ( ,ir, 
 f God and my country, to v 
 5 and unshaken patriotism,' 
 dncere union, and abjurcevi 
 personal interest In alltliet 
 ilch shall take place In this- 
 lal congress.' Having wn« 
 if Important points, Its lalioi 
 
 ~ie 30th. The third meeting 
 38 was deferred for two yfan: 
 cutlvo and legislative bndyw 
 to Tripollzza, where mcasm 
 dlately taken for opening i 
 ilgn. 
 ly was not Idle ap the siiiiia 
 
 Ldvanceil ; a fleet of soventccn frigates, and 
 Clxty smaller vessels, ylaa sent with stores 
 I! supply the remaining fortreMses in No- 
 kropoiit, Caiidla, and tho Morea ; and, after 
 Cfionipllalilng this object, tho capltan pa- 
 rlia arrived at Patras nliout tho middle of 
 June. Yiisuff I'aclia led on a largo body 
 lo Tliernionylii*, and Mustapha conducted 
 iiintlier to tho pass of Neopatra, near Zel- 
 te'iiil, the former, especially, laying waste 
 llicwliolc country, and committing all man- 
 icrof excoBSCS. Odysseus In the meantime 
 irrii'cd from Athens, and NIkltas from Trl- 
 wlizza, and a sort of guerilla warfaro wnn 
 iimmoiiced, which so harassed tho Turks 
 iiidor YuBuff that they retreated in tlio 
 treaiest disorder. Blustaplia was attacked, 
 [lid forced to take refuge in Nogropont, at 
 liirystos, wlicre ho was closely blockaded. 
 Marco Hoi/arls, who commanded the 
 ireclta at Orloncro, fell on the Turks, and 
 jltjier killed or captured two-thirds of tlu-ir 
 iumbcr. Tho same bravo leader under- 
 linic a forced march againat Mustapha, 
 hio had 14,000 men, whllo l;o had only 
 im. On assigning each man's part at 
 lidnlght on tho 10th, his last words vere, 
 It you lose sight of mo during tho com- 
 et, ecck mo in tlio pacha's tent.' On his 
 rrival at tho centre, lie sounded his bugle, 
 agreed upon, and tlio enemy, panic- 
 ruck, fled In all directions. In tho midst 
 tlic attack, which was now general, ho 
 IS twice wounded, and at last carried otf 
 om tlio Held expiring ; tho struggle, liow- 
 rcr, was maintained till daylight, when 
 kc Greeks were victorious on all points. 
 Id the loss of the enemy was not loss 
 in 3,000. Quo of tho flrst acts of the capltan 
 ilin, on his arrival with his lloct, had 
 »n to declare Missolonghl, and every 
 ,icr Greek port. In a state of blockade. 
 ko entrance of a few Greek gun-boats, 
 fwcTcr, was sufflclent to set the capltan 
 (tia at dctlance; having remained txac- 
 pefor above three months, and bL^it nearly 
 tliird of his crews by epidemics, ho at 
 igtli niado tho best of his Wi'y to the 
 "I'.lpelago. 
 
 It tho commencement of tho year 1821, 
 wlainatlon was Hsued by tho i>resldeut 
 1 senate of tho Linited States of the 
 ilan islands, declaring their ueutnility, 
 
 I tlielr llrm resolution not to take any 
 fl in the contest; also prohibiting any 
 ftigner, who should do so, from residing 
 Itlic islands. Amon;? the Greeks dlssen- 
 jns still prevailed, every faction following 
 
 own plans, and seeking to adv.inco its 
 
 II Influence. Mavrocordato, Coiocotroni, 
 \ Ypsllanti headed different factions, 
 sng tho members of which thcr6 was 
 Itlier unanimity of counsel, nor uuifor- 
 ly of action. 
 
 flif Turkish fleet sailed on the 23rd of 
 'U. Tho Greek senate summoned Co- 
 )troul to surrender himself, and to 
 Irer up Napoli and TrIpoUzza, but ho 
 bed; tho troops that were investing 
 iras iiuarrelled about the division of 
 (e of their booty, and were wltlnlrawn ; 
 [tlie meantime the Turks sailed from 
 banto with fourteen ships, and blockaded 
 iBolonghi. lu order to encourage the 
 
 Greeks, a loan of flOO.OOOf. was contracted 
 for In Tiondon. About this iierlod Ipsarii 
 was threatened by tho Turkish lleet, which 
 was now at Mityleiie. Tho Island of Caso 
 was attacked on tho etii of Juno by an 
 Egyptian siiuadron, and, after an obstlnatu 
 resistance, was taken on tho 0th. 
 
 Several naval actions occurred alxuit this 
 time, In which the Greeks generally liad 
 the advantage ; and had not tho long delay 
 In paying the loan In TiOiidon threatened 
 ruin to tho cause, the success of their arms 
 was such as to give great hopes of a speedy 
 deliverance from the Ottoman power. On 
 tho 18th of April, this year, lord Myron 
 di<'d at Missolonghl, of an Inflammatory 
 fever, after having zealously devoted him- 
 self to the causo of the Greeks from tho 
 time ho flrst landed. In August 182.'), up t(? 
 tho period of his death. His exertions hai) 
 been great and unremitting, but ho never 
 Henna to have been free from apprehension 
 iL'bb the jealouslas and divlsionH among tho 
 Greek leaders should ultimately prove de- 
 structive to all their patriotic eiforts. 
 
 Taking advantage of an insurrection that 
 broke out in tho Morea, at the head of 
 wiilch were Oolocrotoni and his sons, tho 
 troops of Mchemct Al' pacha of Kgypt, 
 were directed to land In great fo o tliere ; 
 and It now became evident that the neigh- 
 bourhood of Kavarlno was destined to bo 
 tho seat of war. 
 
 On tho 1st of May the Egyptian fleet, 
 from 65 to 70 nail, left the port of fluda, 
 where it had been watched by a Greek 
 squadron under Miaouiis, who now eallcd 
 to Navarlno. On the 8th, Mlaoulls'9 squa- 
 dron, amounting to 22 vessels, was near 
 Zanto ; tho Kgyptlan fleet, 46 in number, 
 being off Sphacterla. In about an hour 
 from 2,000 to 3,000 troops effected a debarka- 
 tion from the Kgyptlan fleet, on the island. 
 Tho garrison of old Navarlno capitulated 
 on tho loth, and the garrison of Navarlno 
 on tho 23rd. After the surrender of Sphac- 
 terla, a great part of the Kgyii.ian fleet was 
 followed by Miaoulls Into tho harbour of 
 Modon, and more than half of it destroyed 
 by flrc-shlps. 
 
 In tho end of May tho Turkish admiral 
 left the Dardanelles, and on tho 1st of Juno 
 was encountered by tho Ilydrloto Sakhturl, 
 who, by means of lily fire-ships, destroyed 
 three men of war and sonio transports. 
 Soon after the capltan i>acha entered Huda, 
 and joined tho Egyptian fleet from Nava- 
 rlno. Tho Greek fleet was dlspersijd by a 
 temiiest, and liaviiig no lire-ships, they re- 
 tired to Uydra, while the Turkish admiral 
 landed a reinforcement of 5,000 men at 
 Navarlno, and went to Missolonghl, with 
 seven frigates and many smaller vessels. 
 The siege was now vigorously presk. d ; the 
 lagoon was penetrated on tho 2l8t of July, 
 and Anatolica, an Island to tho iiortli, sur- 
 rendered to tho Turks. The supply of 
 water was now cut off, batteries had been 
 erected near tho main worko of tho place, 
 tho ramr/artB had been injured, and part of 
 tho ditches filled up ; at length a general 
 attack was ordered on the 1st of August, 
 and the town assailed in four places at 
 once. On the 3rd the Greek fleet, consisting 
 
700 
 
 CTje Crranurtf o( Vti^tatUt $e(. 
 
 of 35 l)rlK». utlai'kod and doslroycd two 
 Hiimll F!ili>4Hf ivMf iT'd (ill the boats in tho 
 liiKoon, I'l ll.'Vitd .iMIm.ujIuiikIiI, and obllvud 
 tlu) ("i liiy'rt (It't't r> icMro, <^n tlio loth 
 tlio '.;r k'kb' r, (("iiintoi'. Il't v>iillout HlUi- 
 ct'SH, I > 1.111,1 I u) i'urUiHli III "i. ill tlio Imr- 
 1)1 111 r ' I" A!( .:ii..lrln. oi tlio ..'imIp tlio ilcft 
 of tilt 'dot l^^, iilioiit 3<i Hall, ■•. -i: I'uulod by 
 Mliioiiit iMiifiiK'-'' ii'''l'i;krt'.. I \i>. '(Zaiito, 
 ()('|ili!il ,;'.i'i, iii;i' .!hli<>' ..'.II, Ml .' ■' I action 
 OIimiumI, ivlllrli lUrttcu Willi :!.!l;' .iiti-nnU- 
 hIoii tor ! vo dnyit and hIkIiIm. 'ill at loiiKtli 
 llio (liH'r a:, vvci'o obllKi'd to roti! ti. Oil tlio 
 :".iM< niioilior naval HctUm took iihii'o, iind 
 (.UlriiiNlu'H on tlio lio.\t two diijc, \Uioli tlio 
 OrockH rn.cfd lliu enemy to take Hliolter lii 
 tlioKiMf, 
 
 N('iiiiii(?of Impo' 'luirn '■.inpo« d during 
 til • yiir 18JI1 to Kivo 'iio tJi-ot'RH ciK'oii- 
 riiK^'iiioi.i . Af for a Icim' liii.'oil blockado of 
 A'lHuii'oiiKlii, l.i a' ','11 ivory oltort wan 
 v.i.ilo by tiio (iri'c; > ■: (Icfiiiil It, lliat lin- 
 lioriant foi:ti'.sfi \va,. iiiki'ii hy aMHHiilt and 
 Biick'id. Nnr Aurc tlio ov<'nt.>» of tlio early 
 imi^ of IM7 Bucli 118 to bold out bopoa of a 
 Hurct'osful Ustno of tlilH proloiiKod and bar- 
 b.'ii'oim coiitOHt. AtboiiH was taken lu May 
 by tlio Turku under Kliiiakl, not lou»r after 
 tliO arrival of tlio K»llaiit lord Coclirane 
 ill itM nolKlibourliood, with a couHldcrablo 
 imviil force. The Iohh of tlio tlrceka on tliU 
 oci'.iHion amounted to 700 iiitni killed, and 
 ;•'■• tiikeu iiri;toiierx, Incliidiii^r olgliti^en 
 riiillielleulaiis of (llll'ereiil countrleH. Klu- 
 U:ii\ HUPiiosliiK that liird Ooelirano and 
 KOiii nil I'iinrcb were aiiioiiK the KiiroiioaiiH, 
 litiil tiie prlHoiiei-H lirouKlit before liliii, and, 
 afti'r i>xaniliiiiiK tlieiii carefully, cauBod tho 
 elfjiiii '11 KuroiieaiiH to bo poniarded before 
 bis ej..*, and ordered 22a (Jrcoka to bo 
 niiissiii red. 
 
 The liiti'rfpronro of tho groat European 
 powers eoiilil no loiiRer well bo deferred ; 
 and HI! Iinporiant treaty between Urcat 
 Uritnlii, fiance, and UuHslawas concluded, 
 exprensly with a view to put an end to this 
 liorrld warfare, and, under certain tribu- 
 tary gtlpulatloiirt, to octabllsli tlio Indo- 
 peudenco of (Greece. The ainbasBadors of 
 tho tlirt'O pi)wer.», on the Kith of August, 
 luvsonted the said tri>aty to the I'orto, and 
 waited for an answer till tho ilist. Mean- 
 while the Greek government proclaimed an 
 armistice lu conformity with tho treaty of 
 London ; but tho rels elfendl rejected tho 
 intervention of tho three powers. The 
 (Greeks then commenced hostilities anew, 
 and on tho oth of September tho Turkish- 
 Kgyptlau lleot entered tho bay of Mavarino. 
 A Dritlsh SQUadron appeared In tho bay on 
 the 13th, under admiral Codrlngton. To this 
 a French squadroji, under admiral Rigny, 
 and a Russian, under count Hcyden, united 
 themselves on tho 22nd. They demanded 
 from Ibrahim Pacha a cessation of hostili- 
 ties ; this ho promised, and went out with 
 part of his fleet, but was forced to return 
 into tho bay. Ho, however, continued the 
 devastations In ttio Morca, and gave no 
 answer to the comj^ialnts of the admirals. 
 
 The combined squadrcms of England, 
 France, and RussLi now entered tho bay, 
 where the Turkish-Egyptian fleet was drawn 
 up ia order of battle. The first shots were 
 
 llrod from tho Turkish side, and klllcii two 
 Kngllshnion. This was tho sigiml for , 
 deadly contest. In tvlileh OodrliiKtini marly 
 destroyed tho TurklHli-lOgyptlan .inii.'id.ii'f 
 110 ships. Homo wore burned, otlierH driven 
 on shore, and the rest disabled. KiihikiiI 
 at tho battle of Navarlno, tlur 1'orl.u hi Ind 
 all tho ships of the Franks In CuiiHtiiuti. 
 nople, dolalnud them for some llnu!, nnd 
 stopped all communication with I liii al'l(.i| 
 powers, till liidomnlllcatlon should liii nmjg 
 fur tliodestructlonof tlietleet. At IIickuhc' 
 tliiio It prepared for war; and tlio wviril 
 ambassadors left Oonstantliiople, |i|,„, 
 tills tint I'orto affected to adopt coiicllluiiirT 
 measur.'S ; but It was evident llicy wrr) 
 liiHincore; for from all parts of tint v.^. 
 dom the rayah weru now called to ('iiiisinu 
 tliioplo; and all the Moslems, froiii llii:;ii(j 
 of nineteen to tlfty, were called on luiirin. 
 
 In tho meantime, the president nf iik 
 (iriHiks, Capo dTstrlas, establlHlieil n %y 
 national council at Napoll dl Koiiuuij); 
 took measures for Instituting a tvuh.ti 
 bank; and put tho military on a iiiiwtii. 
 Ing. Tho atleiiipts at paclllciitlun urn 
 friilUess, because tho I'orto rejiiclcil rviTf 
 proposal, and In Ib'itain t ho battle nf Nav^ 
 rino was looked on as an ' niitowanl rvuiii; 
 In tills state of indecision and unccrhlui;, 
 Uiraliim took the op;)ortunlty of Hi'iuiin) 
 a number of (Jreek captives as kIuvuhu 
 Kgyiit. In the mvantlmo, tho Freiii'li calil. 
 net, ill concurrenco with tho Itriilsli, n 
 carry into execution tho treaty of bniidng, 
 sent a body of troops to the MoroM, wliilii 
 '.dmiral Codrlngton concUuUtd a I rcityviDj 
 the viceroy of Egypt, at Alexaiulrlu i.in. 
 gust fl) tho terms of which were Unit llii» 
 him I'licha should evacuate the MnriMWiii 
 his troops, and set at liberty liU (irci k pit. 
 soners. Those (iroeks who had been f»| 
 rled into slavery in Egypt were to 'lo 
 or ransomed; l,200 men, however, woioitl 
 bo allowed to remain to garrison tliuM 
 tresses In tlio Morea. To force lliriihliiiu 
 comply with these terms, the Frenrli kci» 
 ral Malson arrived, on tlio JOth of tlioWl 
 lowing August, with 154 transpoit 
 In tho bay of Ooron. After an HiiilnUl 
 negotiation, Ibrahim left Navarino, ii\ 
 sailed (October 4) with about ai.iKW lu 
 whom ho carried with tho wreck of tl 
 fleet to Alexandria; but he left K.ml'' 
 in the Messcnian fortresses, anioiiiiiiii;i 
 'J.'i.OOO men. Malson occupied the tmvni 
 Navarlno without opposition ; and afict 
 mere show of resistance on the iiart 
 thoso who held tlie citadels of Mml 
 Coron, and I'atras, tho flags of tho 
 powers floated on tlioir walls. 
 
 Nothing hostile was unde: taken nsali 
 the Turk ) by tho French out of tho Moi 
 because ;ho sultan would In that cascliii 
 declared war against Franco ; aiul Brii 
 and France carefully avoided such n reii 
 that they might bo able to mediate bcf 
 the Porte and Russia. To defend tlic 
 roa, however, from new Invasions b; 
 Turks, the three powers agreed to send 
 manifesto to the Porte to this effect: ' 
 they should place the Morca and 
 Cycladcs under their protection till 
 time when a definite arrangement tk 
 
g»^^* 
 
 3 TuvklHli Blilo, ancJ kllloanfo 
 ThU wan till) BiBiml for il 
 It. In ArlilcliOoilrliiKlinimwlj 
 J TurklHli-HiKyplliiii ;inii:ul:iii('' 
 no woro Iniriiod, iillitTH ililvin 
 a iliu rtJHt illwililt'tl. HiniiKfii 
 of Navarino, till' I'orlu wUid , 
 I i)t Hio KraiiUH In CuiisUiiii. 
 lud tlieiu tor BDiiin lliiu!, mi 
 •omimiiilnillo" with Um ftlH 
 iiiloinnlllratloii »lioiiia Im iiiiuij 
 ui'lloiiot tliolliM't. Atllicwmie 
 iriHl for war ; ami 1 lio bi.vi ril 
 I loft OonHtanthniiilo. V[m^ 
 to iilToctod to adopt luiiicllliUuri 
 but It wan ovldi'iit liry \v,r( 
 „r from all I'artu of IJ;" kliig, 
 ■III! woro now oiillod to ( uiiHtmi 
 \ uiUlioMonloiim, from tlKiiiiJ 
 lolltty, worocalU'dontuiim, 
 icaiitlmo, tho iironldoiit .if luis 
 1,0 d'Utrkt*, C8tnl)l HlK'd IV liirt 
 lUilcU at Niiiwll dl lli'iniuiu; 
 iroH for liiHill«tln« a wniu 
 put tho iiilUtary una iimvto* 
 ulimnpts at imcUlcatlon wt. 
 [.(•HUSO tlio I'orlo ri'joi'tva I'ViTi 
 ,dlu»rltaliilliolml.l.lo«'fNavi. 
 okcd on a» an • nntowar.l .voi.C 
 ■0 of IndoclHlon and uncovlnliiij, 
 lok tho opiiortunlty of wnJini 
 of (ircek capllvos a« h1i.vu*ij 
 the )««aiitlino. tho KitMi;' i «k 
 iicurrenco with tho llri IhIi « 
 cxocutloii tho treaty of Umh 
 V of iroopa to tho Moro;i, wliiH 
 idrluKton concludod a I n;iiiy wl, 
 y of Kgypt, at Alexan.lilii ;.\», 
 A "ram of which woro n,Hil J 
 , should ovacuato tho Mur.nwiUI 
 miaHotatllhortyliUiimkut 
 ho«o (ircoka who had luri. w 
 ilavery In Kgypt woro to iio M 
 ,ed: 1,21)0 mou.howovor. mien 
 1 to nnnaln to Karrlsmi i\k k\ 
 tho Moroa. To foroo Ihrahliiilt 
 1th thosolorniB. tho From-. Ke» 
 nrrlved. on the JOth o£ llio 14 
 UKUst. with 154 tran»pi>it-slii|i 
 ,y of Coron. After an mnlcikk 
 n. Ihrnhlm left Navarhw, «bI 
 I bor 4) with about 2l.(H)0 iiw 
 cwrlcd with tho wreck (it ii 
 tlexandrla; hnt ho left hmu 
 ^^senlaufoVtrosses.a.uoumm? 
 In. Malnon occupied tho tin\n 
 ■^Without opposition; and at 
 »r of roslstanco on the imr 
 ,0 held the citadels of m> 
 id I'atras, tho llaKS of tho 
 Dated on tholr walls. 
 B hostile was undeitaken a? 
 "bythoFrenchout of thoM 
 ho sultan would m that caseto 
 
 war analnst Franco ; aixil mv- 
 
 ruefully avoided such a r(. 
 
 might bo able to mediate belw 
 
 ij and Russia. To «lefeud tlie 
 
 -ever, from new invasions by 
 
 'e three powers agreed to sen 
 
 .0 to the Porte to this effect W 
 
 ould place tho Morca and 
 
 under their protection til 
 
 en a dellnlto arrangement slioi 
 
 Cti( WitOKn at &vtett* 
 
 707 
 
 \ieii\ie tlio fat« of tho provlncon which tho 
 lUlot liii^ taken possession of, and that th«v 
 fihouiil consider tho entrance of any nillf- 
 '■ iry force Into this country »» im fiUm-if 
 iioii tliciiiselvos. They rerinl 
 
 IIIUII I 
 
 as an attack 
 red tho I'orto 
 
 looinu til an oxplanatloit with thnin cou- 
 
 ,.riiliig tho lliial pacllleutlon of (Ireecc* 
 
 TiiudreekH, In tho nieantlnio, continued 
 
 boiitllltieH ; and tho Turks relaxed not In 
 
 cbiiltttliig with hitter r(!nKoanco on all who 
 
 uuo wHhIn tholr power ; nor would Mah- 
 
 oiiit retail the edict of externilMatloii 
 
 lili'li ho had pronounced wIkmi ho coni- 
 
 jinded Dram All, a f<!W years hofori!, to 
 
 iriiiu hhii the ashes of Poloponiiosiis. Ii)ra- 
 
 ilm liail wantonly burned down tho ollvo- 
 
 irovcaas far as his Arabians spread, aiul the 
 
 Iroc'kswcro sunk In tho deepoMt misery. 
 
 It must not bo supposed that tho allied 
 
 iwiTH were wholly unmindful of (ho Kreat 
 
 licet, tlioy had undertaken: hut many 
 
 iriiius olaitacles tending to delay Its ac- 
 
 iiipllBlniient presented themselves at 
 
 cry »lop oi 'ho noKotlallon. Tho basis of 
 
 ijcttlumeiit was, however, at length agreed 
 
 iiiii; ilie principal points of which may 
 
 urn lirlelly stated :— Tho CJreoks to iiay 
 
 tlio I'urto an annual tribute: a Joint 
 
 mmlttslon of Turks and Greeks to de- 
 
 .mliio tho Indemnlllcatlon ot tho Turks 
 
 If tlio loas of property in liroeco : Oreeco 
 
 cnjny a ijualllled Independence, under 
 
 losiivort'lgnly of the I'orle: tho govern- 
 
 lit to 1)0 under an heredlliiry ("hrlstlaii 
 
 iico, not ot tho family of either of the 
 
 lull HDverelgiis: at every Huccosslon of 
 
 g licrodllary prince, an additional year's 
 
 Imto to b) paid : mutual amnesty to be 
 
 uiiriliaud all (Jreeka to bo alloW(^d a 
 
 r to Bcll their property and leave tho 
 
 iiilsli territories. 
 
 lio situation of Capo d'lstrlas, tho prcsl- 
 t,w/jB all this time most embarrassing, 
 was without means, In a land torn by 
 icnrd; yet his attention had been zeal- 
 ily directed towards the nuilntenanco of 
 ier, tlio suppression of piracy, and tho 
 matlon of a regular army ; the establish- 
 lit of courts of justice, and schools of 
 itunl Instruction: of means for collect- 
 the revenue, and providing for tho sub- 
 cuco ot tho wretched remnants of tho 
 lulntlon. He cdled together tho fourth 
 tonal assembly, at Argos, and In a long 
 ress (July 23, 1829), gave an account of 
 state of tho country and of his mca- 
 18, particularly directing the attention 
 tlic assembly to the orgaulsatlou of tho 
 3 and the revenue. 
 
 conferences between tho ministers 
 ho throe powers, at London, bad now 
 tbeir object to select a prince to wear 
 crown of Qreeco. It was llrst offered to 
 ce Leopold of Saxo Ooburg, Feb. ."J, 18;», 
 TAB accepted by him, as ' sovereign 
 re of Greece,' on the 20th. On further 
 ilderation, however, he resigned tho 
 our; alleging as his reasons— the uu- 
 ingnegs of the Greeks to receive hira, 
 theh- dissatisfaction at the settlement 
 e boundaries. Ha further observed, 
 the answer ot the president of Greece 
 is appointment, in his judgement, an- 
 iCed a forced oubmlSBion to the allied 
 
 powers, and oven tiiat forced submission 
 wan acco;npanied by roservatloiiH nf tlio 
 highext Importance. Much (llssiiilsracllon 
 was shown in Kimland, and various luotlveN 
 w<!ro assigned for tho (irlnce's refusal ; 
 but it Is iierhaps unu(M'essary to seeit for 
 any other motive tlian that whli;h wnuld 
 force Itself on the notice of any man of 
 correct foolings and good taste, namely, 
 tho irksomenesH of lining a regal station, 
 witli tlio consciousness tliat his unwilling 
 subjects regarded him as lui inlruiler and 
 a tyrant. After tho roslgnatioii of lionpold, 
 si.'vitnil prliiccH were proposed us caiidl- 
 <lal(!s for tho throiio ; and at length OMio, 
 a younger son of tlio king of Itavarla, ac- 
 ('(>pt(Ml liio trust, and was proeliUnii'ii at 
 Nmiiiila, Aug. ;iO, 18.'I2. During tliodlscoii- 
 tentsand Jealousii^s of the pn-vlous year, 
 count Oapo d'Istrlus, tliu president, had 
 been assassinated. 
 
 Hiich liavoo had the ravages of war mado 
 III Greece, and so iiijcossary was n^iioso to 
 fill classes (if it» inhabitants, lliat tlio llrst 
 years ot Utbo's rnlga passed away In a coiii- 
 |)aratlveiy tramiuli manner; altliough tho 
 siillim murmur of dlsconteiil was occasion- 
 ally lieard as, ono by one, Hks s((verai stiito 
 fippointinciits were lllled by the king's Ger- 
 man friends, to tho exclusion of natives. 
 At length In September IHI:!, tho people, 
 urged l)y distress and dISKatlsfaclion, rnso 
 against the constituted aiitiiorllies of the 
 kingdom, and accomiillslicd a revolution 
 wltliuut bloodshed or violence — witliout 
 endangering tlio personal safety, or Inllict- 
 iiig any humiliation on tlio king. Tho ml- 
 iiisttTsweio arrested at tiielr houses, but 
 were lIlnTiited in a fev/ Jioiirs, '.''ho popi:« 
 lace assembled in front of the palace, and 
 demanded a constitution. Tiie king assured 
 tlio people that ho would consider tlieir de- 
 mand, and tiiat of tlio army, after consult- 
 ing with Ills ministers, tho state couiicl!. 
 and foreign ambassadors, but was Inforined 
 that tho ministers were no longer recog- 
 nised, and tiiat tho council of state were 
 then deliberating on the best course to 
 pursue. An address from this body was 
 subseiiucnliy presented to the king, in 
 whicli the instant dismissal of tlio Bavarian 
 ministers was Insisted on, and a list of 
 those cliosen to succeed them In offleo was 
 presented. Wisely foreseeing tho result ot 
 resisting demands, which wero founded In 
 justice and reason, his majesty with a good 
 grace acceded to them, and the affair ter- 
 minated apparently to the satisfaction of 
 all parties. It Is, however, too Important 
 an event in tlie history of Greece to bo 
 dismissed with so slight a notice : we shall 
 therefore avail ourselves of tho following 
 extract from an account of this bloodless 
 revolution, as given in aGreck paper of the 
 15th of September 1843 :— 
 
 'A wise revolution, accomplished in one 
 day, amidst tho most perfect order, without 
 a single offensive cry being uttered, even 
 against tho Bavarians, has renewed the 
 claims ot Grccco to the esteem and sym- 
 pathy of nations and their governments. 
 Everybody knows the unfortunate situ*- 
 tlon in which Greece was placed. The 
 ^ Greeks bad exhausted every means in their 
 
;08 
 
 Qni)e Crraiftiry of Witorn, 9((. 
 
 power to Induvo lliu govcrninciit to ndopt n 
 truly nnlliiiKil ixillcy- Tlio imrllainciitH of 
 Frnni'u inul KiiKlniid, nnd tlio liondnti coii- 
 fcrt'iu'u, liiid vainly itokiiDWlcdKcd tliniiiiiiiy 
 grlovaiircHor llicdrcfk pcoiiln ; ihoKovurii- 
 Jiu'iit olmtlimti'ly luTHcvori'U In Its ovil 
 r()nrm\ Tho mil Ion had no other iiltcrnailvo 
 )iu( (0 ithniKo ItHelf Into the ahytiH opened 
 liy ten yearn' nilHtakeH and Inraimelty, or to 
 cxtrleato ItMelt tli)<refroni by a danKeroim 
 but tnevllahle effort. Kor Hoinu tinio lliu 
 iiiovenienl waw In proKress of preparation 
 on dllTerent polntit of the ronntry, thai It 
 inlKht lie elTected without any diHorder. 
 The hoHtlle attitude axHUined hy tluiKovern- 
 ineut nKalnnt thorn who moiiKht to enllKhten 
 It, tini i<xtraordlnary illM|ioHltloiiM adopted 
 wKliln the laxt few days witli a view to 
 nHHall the llherly and tho very llveH of the 
 citl/.enfl (II iDllllary triliunni had been eM- 
 tahllHhed) niottt devoted to tho national 
 lntere«t«, neeettHarlly tended to linHlen tho 
 nianlfestatluu of thu contuniplatud niovo- 
 nient. 
 
 * Last niKht, at two o'clock, a.m., a few 
 uuiaket-Hhots tired In tho air ann>)uneed 
 thu aMHomlillnK of tho pe(tpl(< In dllferont 
 quarters of Athens. Boon aftorwar U tho 
 inlmhitants, accompanied ))y tho entire 
 garrlHon, marched towavil.^ tho square of 
 tho nalaco cryiuK. "The conBtltutl(>n for 
 cverl" On reaching the place, tho ci;tlrc 
 garrison, tho artillery, cavalry, and Infan- 
 try, drew up under tho windows of tho 
 king, lit front of tho palace, and tho people, 
 liav'Mg stationed themselves In tho rear, 
 all u. ono voice demanded a constitution. 
 Tho king appeared at a low window, and 
 assured tho people tliat lio would take Into 
 consideration their demand and that of tho 
 army, after consulting with his ministers, 
 tho council of state, and th' representatives 
 of the foreign powers. Hut the command(>r, 
 M. Calorgl, liaving stopped forward, made 
 known to his majesty that tho ministry was 
 no longer recognised, and tliat tho council 
 of Btato was already deliberating on tho 
 best course to bo adopted under existing 
 clrcnriMi anc.es. A deputation of the council 
 shortly after waited on tho king with the 
 documents that had been rrepared for his 
 pent sal. 
 
 •Tho new ministry soo.i afterwards re- 
 paired to tho palace, w'lero they held a 
 long cvnsullatlon with his majesty, who 
 shortly appeared on tlu balcony surround- 
 ed by his ministers nad other personages, 
 and was received wl'Ax acclamations '>y tho 
 people. Tho cry of "Long live tho con- 
 Btltutloual king I" r jsounded, together with 
 that of " Tho constitution for ever I ' The 
 new ministers entered immediately ou the 
 dischru-ge of their functions.' 
 
 1853.— Tho struggle, wlildi, rising out of 
 tho <iucstion of the Holy Places, had in- 
 volved France and England in a deadly war 
 ■with llussia, for the alleged purpose of 
 maintaining tho integrity of the Ottoman 
 empire, excited, naturally, to tho highest 
 degree, tho political hopes and fears of the 
 Greek race, and especially of those who 
 were the subjects of king Otho. A boun- 
 dary line, arbitrarily fixed by the powers 
 who took on themselves to define tho limits 
 
 of thn Oreek kingdom, left as huIiJimIhjI 
 the Turks many who had as gomt it uili<tii| 
 bo considered fireeks as any wlm iivhI 
 within the borders of tho ni'w ItciiiniJ 
 kingdom. Hence every revohUlou i„||,,,,|l 
 the ambition of extending a kliiKiluiu ,„„ P 
 lined within such artificial biirrliTM, ^it 
 awakened a hope In those who l:iy nuixiii,. I 
 that at last they might Hhiiko oir IImi yniJ 
 of thelrTurklsh tyrants. WlU'niilirrcrori'f 
 Kngland and Krance declared war Hm\m\ 
 Knssia on behalf of Turkey, evni tlnw,,)! 
 the <ire(>kswho had IlK'greatvHtillsliki'ntJ 
 dread of llusulan UHii'Mdani-y yri fiii iii,J 
 In soMio sense, the <'Mi|ii'r< r Mi'Iiii|;h»^I 
 doing battle on behalf i lln'li' I'miiintl 
 faith, and that he was Hirivlng In imt,,! 
 end to a system by which a set of iiiiriiiiiqJ 
 MiUiomedans were enable<t to traiiiiilcnii 
 ('hrlstlan population some threo dr tim 
 times as large as their own. Wlicn pri,J 
 Menschikoit arrived at (]onsiantliiii!<',,jJ 
 it becanio evident that tho Turkn wuiiMniJ 
 grant tho protectorate demanded liy i\M 
 emperor of Ilussla, prayers were |iiii'ii{m|I 
 the churches th )ugliout free DrciivfJ 
 the success of the ttniperor and the ni',^u 
 downfall of tho sultan, and tho extlnriiJ 
 of his Kuropean dominion. A larKi'iircvil 
 forc(! was sent from Athens to wiilrli iiiT 
 Turkish frontier near l<amla, nnd 
 lirltlhli envoy at A.iiens reported tluti 
 Oreeks and 'Turlcs thus came Inin cmM 
 a stniggle of arms would be Incvliibltl 
 The Indignation of the (jreeks was puiij 
 by the interference of (Jhrlstlaii Ht,itc»} 
 behalf of Turkish tyranny ; their liniicjim 
 excited by visions not of llusslan proiiTiiij 
 but of a r(!Storatlon of the ancient ilja 
 tine empire. At tho same time tlicyfJ 
 that wlillo Prance and Knglaml Imd rnif 
 tented themselves with protest sawilnstik 
 ill-treatment of the Cln-lstians by I ImTiirti 
 ilussla had Interposed a more Kiilislagili 
 Interference, and that foranyimprovcmci 
 they were indebted not to the llrmiirajj 
 tho sultans but to dread of llusslan pni 
 Tho excitement at Athens grew contliiiu 
 stronger ; and in October IS.').'!, the Kplrolij 
 a Greek tribe whom tho three powcrsli 
 left to tho tender mercies of tliftTnii 
 issued a proclamation by which Micy Iko 
 tliemselves to light against tliclr iiifa 
 until they should obtain thi^ir fmdd 
 The Western Powers blamed king nilioi^ 
 hU government, who replied that tlicyili 
 not employ any severer modes of rcprew 
 than they had already dono ; and tho i 
 called forth retorts on tho gencr.il i 
 government of the country from tlict 
 when they put a Uavarlan to nianiiiieij 
 ailalrs of a country of which he wasii 
 foundly ignorant. Kariy in IBu-l, severall| 
 tricts of Thessaly, Kplrus, and Albanian 
 in arms against the Turks, and their clil' 
 gathered at Radobltzi, proclaimed the In 
 pendenco of all the Greek provinces. Iti^ 
 lemalncd to see what part would bcplii 
 by tho governments of Franco and Brlti| 
 They had guaranteed tho integrity ot I 
 key against foreign attacks ; it wasnoij 
 be decided whether they would put oil 
 engagement a wider Interpretation, lilnl[ 
 themselves to put down tho insunix 
 
Ctie Viiitavu o( Arrfce. 
 
 799 
 
 rictt OVlTy riiviiiui'iim run 
 
 )f (.xlonillnnakliiKilimioiiii 
 Hiirli urllHfliil Imrrlcru, iiiij 
 )iio 111 llniHii who liiy (im«Mo, 
 cy liilKlit Hlmki) olT llmjuii, 
 nh lyniiitH. WlU'ii.llirrctiitf, 
 Kriiiiiro (li'diirinl wiif m\\M 
 liiilf of Turkey, "vi'ii ilinwM.|| 
 lolmd ilicuri'iiU'Kl illMikcjiiji 
 iliin iiH.ciuliiiH-y yt't f';iiim 
 
 (. lllO Cllipi'i'' I- Nli'linliHin 
 
 <,'n iH'hiilf ' ""•''■ •'""»« 
 
 III llO Wft« HlllVlllK In Hllli 
 
 I'Mi by w»ii«i» '*'*'■'■ ""'""*' 
 wiTO tMiiil)U'<l tolnimiile 111 
 milalloii Homo tlircn or Im. 
 oaH their own. Wlini prw 
 arrlvo<l at (!onHta)illni>!''Miiil 
 lilciit tliat th« TiukH wouMm 
 
 rolcctorato deiimiiil<'<l liy m 
 IlusHlii. prayers woriMmiiiHi 
 It th )UKhout froo (Iri'i'Mil 
 of tho emperor amUhcKiiH^i 
 11,0 Biillaii, and tlu) exiliifM 
 nenn iloinlnlon. A \iirKc (.rtrtl 
 ,„t from Athena to wiilo 11 
 ,„tler near l.ainla. nml 1 
 „y nt A..;ienH reporletl lliiil, 
 TiirUs thuH eamo Inlofdiiisi 
 of arniH would 1>" >"''vli»« 
 Ulon of the (Ireekn win i* 
 rforeiico of {Jhrlwtlaii Htatc. 
 irkl^h tyranny; their hoi^m, 
 
 MHlon»nolotU"«''li"[l"'"',''"' 
 ktoratlon of tho undent llja 
 . At tho namo tlino tlic • li 
 ii-ranco and KnKlnml Imil " 
 iselves with protect HHl^iiM 
 tofthoCh.-l«tlanHl.ytl;eT«i 
 Interposed a nioro HiilisMI 
 0. and that for any liTii;n>vcnit« 
 Indebted not to tho llrmncB 
 
 mttodrendof UuHsliinp™ 
 nent at Athens KrowcntlM 
 nd m October IHKl. the Ki.iro 
 Ibo whom tho three imwori 
 ) tender mercies of the Tui 
 oclamatloubywhlchi.ey|. 
 
 to llBht against their iiiJ. 
 
 Bl ould obtain the_lr M 
 m Powers blamed king (111) 
 mcnt.who replied that ilicy 
 -any severer modes of rciM 
 had already done; and tlicn 
 h retorts on tbo nenm 
 ■It of the country from tlioti 
 
 put a Uavarlan to mainiKC 
 a country ot which he wasi 
 
 ^oran" ^^y^^'^'\'^, 
 hessaly, Kptrus. antl.^^ XI' 
 rainst the Turks, and the r 
 
 t Radobltisl.procialmed thcL 
 jfallthe Greek provliiccs. It 
 to see what part would ICP^ 
 remments of Franco and Bl 
 (tuaranteed tho integrity ol 
 ft foreign attacks; It wiisnj 
 [Whether they would put m 
 ntawlderlnterpretatl(m,W«l 
 ^- to put down tho insunet 
 
 tiinan who wern TiirklHli HiibJertH. 
 
 Vro liiiil been n growliiK dlitpoHltloii In 
 
 'iiirlAiid to adopt the policy of noiiliitei'ven- 
 
 liiiii In all iiuurrolH between rulers and 
 
 heir Kiilijects, and ho to allow cacli na- 
 
 Joiiitllty to exert lis own nxlHteiico am! Its 
 
 iwn rlKlitx, without let orlilndraiice, If only 
 
 hIiiiuIiI be able to do so. Hut tho tliiio 
 
 m not yet roine for llioeoiiHlHtent practice 
 
 iiidi II polli^y ; and It liecaiiie clear that 
 
 tliU war at leaHt It was the llxed <le- 
 
 innliintloo "f the allied powers to inaln- 
 
 hi ilifl Integrity of Turkey at all cOHts 
 
 jdcvc'iiaKaliiHt the Insurrection, If ho It 
 
 llKlit Ipo, of all Its HUbJe(!tH. Wliutc-ver 
 
 ilKlitlii'Mildnf the Justice or credit of Hiicli 
 
 rvHdliitlon, It led at once to prompt 
 
 'Hsiiros for repressing the openly ex- 
 
 'Kiivd wishes ot the (ireek subjects of tho 
 
 lllftii, Thus, when aptalii I'<h'I, who was 
 
 lit to prntect I'revusa, tloulited whether 
 
 iKliiml.wlien It cngagiul to Kimrd Turkey 
 
 ilimlt'iroign aggression, engaged also to 
 
 ml H ngiilnst its own sulijects, had his 
 
 liirtldtm at once overruled by tho iilgh 
 
 nmlHitl'ini'r of tho Ionian islands, who 
 
 ik u|Hiii lilmself to decide that this was 
 
 KCimliip Insurrection, but a mere dlver- 
 
 |ii raUHi'd by Uussliut agency, Nothing, 
 
 jsald, riinid be more Inopportune, or more 
 
 lliarriissliig to ouravowed policy : and no 
 
 '(U could bo more true, as long as tho 
 
 ;lcc of that policy remained uiKimmtlon- 
 
 Stlll the Orecks wont on. On tho &th 
 
 iFeliriinry urA, under Splrldlon Karats- 
 
 il.tlicy besieged Arta: In a day ur two 
 
 V took tho town and then assaulted tho 
 
 Jel. On tho 11th Splrldlon Issued n 
 
 liiinatlon, telling tho Greeks that their 
 
 /lug cry ought to bo ' tho Hellenic 
 
 lire or death.' Ho knew not, or perhaps 
 
 [did not caro to remember, that tho 
 
 !ror Nicholas had expressed himscli! 
 
 lovnlily dotormlncd against any such 
 
 iratlon. Tho Turkish envoy rnmon- 
 
 at Athens: the government replied 
 
 tlioy would not allow any free Greeks 
 
 iku part In the inovemcnt, over Turkish 
 
 lectH they could Iiavo no control. Hut 
 
 le tho Turkish minister complained of 
 
 Interference, and of attacks made by 
 
 idore Qrlvas on Arta, bo said nothing 
 
 itragCB Inflicted on Greeks by Albanians 
 
 !arklah pay, oy «f tho infamous and 
 
 lerable oppression which had excited 
 
 rcprcsRiblo loathing in tho minda of 
 
 Greek for everything Turkish. Lord 
 
 lord do Itedclllle interposed ills advice 
 
 imlngg I these were followed by new 
 
 IB ordering more equitable taxation 
 
 fairness in levying them: and tho 
 
 18 'were, as usual and of course, dis- 
 
 rded. It was not wonderful that the 
 
 I's Greek subjects should at least pray 
 
 10 success of the czar. 
 
 inwhlle tho game of recrimination 
 
 itort was being played out at Athens. 
 
 Insisted on his own inability to repress 
 
 ivement which was preeminently na- 
 
 and tho French minister accused 
 
 bis face of stirring up the excitc- 
 
 and conniving with Rusaia. But tho 
 
 beyond the frontiers went ou. Early 
 
 rcb the Turks attacked Theodore 
 
 GrlviiH In Koi/.ulloH near Jiinlna, and, after 
 stout ilglilliig, wero defeateil, and u llko 
 result followed .V'o>iulmei|iieiit attempts nt 
 I'etHiindl.utro. liul In April more Turkish 
 tr(»o|)s arrived ; a id general Tsavellas and 
 Theodore Grh (s 'vero In their turn com- 
 lilet(!ly defeatoil. All Gri.ek ships were now 
 watclKMl by ilio allied forces, and all ho|iea 
 of supplies and reinforcements for llie In- 
 surgents !'Ut oir. TlK! Greek cause, there- 
 fore, beci.'iui practically ho|M!less ; yet there 
 WHS no sign that the Greeks would give 
 In. Their trust was strong In Ilusslanhelp: 
 and llui-sladld not fall at the moment to 
 take up their eaiiso warmly. Gount Nesel- 
 rodo liiHlsleil on the Imiiosslbllily that 
 l<:iirr)pe would stand by and see the Greek 
 ('lirisilans exterminated by fanatical unbe- 
 lievers, aiKl Ills conviction that If thu 
 liiHurreclion became a war, no Christian 
 power could allow those populations to 
 bo placed again under Turkish oppres- 
 sion without doing violence to its con- 
 science. Itut Franco and Kngland wero 
 l>reparlng now to Interfere by land as well 
 IIS by sea. Tho Turkish embassy was with- 
 drawn from Athens ; and all Greek subjects 
 wero ordered to <tult Ottoman territory 
 within llft(!en days. Tho order caused 
 extreme misery to hundreds of poor persons 
 wlio could not evade It: and the res- 
 ponsibility for this as for everytlilng 
 else was considerately laid l)y Franco and 
 ICngland to tho charge of tho utterly In- 
 competent government of king Otho. 
 Towards the end of May, French and 
 Ungllsh troops landed at tlio ririous; and 
 a demand was made of Immediate com- 
 pliance with thereriulsltlonsof the Western 
 Powers. The Greek cabinet resigned ; and 
 the signature of Otho was taken as eiiuiva- 
 lent to that of the king and his ministry. 
 Tho new cabinet behaved prudently, and, 
 without condemning the insurrection, con- 
 tented themaclves with declaring that 
 under present circumstances its aucceas 
 could not be hoped for. Theodore (jrlvas 
 and other chleftaiinB ma<le their submission 
 to tho government, and the insurrection 
 was virtually ended. Meanwhile the English 
 government had indulged in tho hope of 
 obtaining by diplomacy some part ot what 
 tho Greeks had sought to wrest from the 
 Turks by force of arms. They hod repre- 
 sented to the Porte the absurd folly of 
 supposing that things could bo allowed to 
 go on aa they then were, that the Chrlatlans 
 muat be admitted to legal equality with the 
 Mohammedan subjects of the sultan, and 
 that in courts of justice their testimony 
 must be received as In every way equiva- 
 lent to that of a Mussulman. As before, 
 tho BUltan yielded, and lord Stratford de 
 Redcllffe announced in February 18M, that 
 he had obtained a flrman which distinctly 
 affirmed this legal equality of all Turkish 
 subjects without reference to their faith. 
 It is scarcely necessary to say that It waa 
 easier to affirm than to establish it, and 
 that the flrman was aa much and aa Uttla 
 regarded as many an earlier rescript by 
 which the aultan found it convenient to 
 humour demanda which he fMt to be utterly 
 impracticable. Lord Stratford de Iledclifle 
 

 800 
 
 r|)( €ttKiuv\ji of WttatVt ^'* 
 
 itttenipted with ov«n Ictw inrovii to Indurc 
 the Multiin to arm liiHUlirlitlnn Rutijenn aikI 
 let thorn flRht kIdiik with tho MuMiilmani 
 for th€» ilcfoncoof their common country. 
 
 Thn ycnr IM3 wltiienNCit two Inmirron- 
 tloiiH In flreeco nKilimt thn anthorlty of 
 klnv Otho. Tlio nrnt, which wnn ontlrrly 
 inllitArr, wnn iirompMjr rrnrt^iiM'd : thn dp- 
 nond WAR hloodlpiiyi, yet wholly MiKTomiriil. 
 Thn king loft his rniiltnl to vliilt thn IVIo- 
 ponnesuH, nnd on hln return found himiinlf 
 ■hut out from Athriin. Thud far the revolu- 
 tion hml lii<(>n dlNKrnond hy no Hlti»rlo criino. 
 Otho niul hlH Iliirnrlnim Imd hron oxpellnd : 
 n |»rovliilonnl ftovornmrnt rarrind on thn 
 admlntntrntlon of the oouiitrv ; nnd the nnl- 
 voriul rhoico of tho muntry Imd dcmnndcd 
 nrlnco Alfred, th(! neeoiul B<m of queen Vlc- 
 torlij,Rii their futum klntr. To thiN reiiuent 
 tho BrltlHh (foveriiMicnt returned n flrm re- 
 fusal, teniiiered, however, hy n |)romliio of 
 rellnuulRhlngtho protectorate of the Ionian 
 ItlnndR If tho Intter should wlHh for union 
 with the (}re(>k kingdom. Huch war tho 
 ktato of nffiilrR at the end of 18Aa, when tho 
 Greek! had their future entirely In their 
 own handR, and the great powera Hhowed 
 no dlRpoRltlon to interfere. It war a Kolden 
 opportunity ; hut It was enflter to point out 
 their wantR thnn to predict their actlonR. 
 They needed a B^ateRmnn rather than a 
 prince, a nnancler rAthcr than the momher 
 of a lieredltary dyuARty ; they needed one 
 Who would Rcu at once the rcaRona which 
 have arroRtcd or crushed the iiolltlcal and 
 commercliil growth of the country : and 
 tinlesB theRo evlla were promptly remored, 
 there coulU bo but little liope of any pre- 
 
 Rent Improrement In thn Ilnllnnic ii^wkj 
 Until Mil polltlcAloinmtitlonRfi'oni tlii!.» 
 trol of lawar(*nnrnRervedlyaholUiii<i|,t|.- 
 CAii lie no rcnl conRtltutloUAl freeilnni ; i|,| 
 tho munlcliml InMlltutlonN nre rr»iii| 
 there can ho no eireriiial clieck on (hcinuil 
 RtrouR nnd corrupt eenti-nllNiillnn «{|' 
 Otho foRtiired with ileR|H>ratedeieriiilii;iii,^ 
 Until Min hAratch, or tAX In kl.id i,n^ 
 farm produce, Iiah lieen done awHy t{|k 
 there CAU lie no Inducement to tlrcchj 
 forelKuorR to InvoRt th'Mr CApltiil IhIk 
 and tlio country niuRt conllnuo Inniii 
 of niniparntlvu poverty and Uwnm 
 With tho removal of thoR* evilx, iIioKl 
 dom would receive an ImnienHe Incrcwl 
 Rtreiigth and power, which would io|J 
 dlately nffect Ur poRltlon with refturt] 
 the corrupt and effete nniplrn of MiiiTiul 
 Tho UreekR at lennlli elected m i, 
 king, prince Oeorgeof Dotnnitrk, iiieg 
 of tho proRent DanlRh Rovcrt'lKn, i 
 hrother of the prlncoRR of Wilin, 
 thnt time tlioro Ir not much idimi 
 unleRR An exception U to ho iiimlu jii 
 CARO of tho OrctAU revolt AgAluHt. tlioTml 
 And tho Aid given to thum by llrIM 
 volnnteerR. ThiR InRurroctlon ImHdn 
 on ItR length for two ycArs, aiuI liiiHtlii 
 encd (1808) to bring on a Kuropcanitl 
 Greece refUReR to accept the iiltcnM 
 of Turkey, and withdraw all Cduiiieii 
 from the OretRnt. ThcmAttorwnAiJuj 
 IRRO) diRcuRRed, according to tijo i 
 recommendation of tho French cmpi 
 In aconferenc«; and all danger ut iii 
 between Qreeco and Turkey v,.\n k\ 
 premrat averted. 
 
,in«nt \n tho llfl]tc»l«' t*J 
 
 Hi |ll»lU«tl«>llH RIO n.id 
 
 corn.pt. .•.mt..«llH.,i.l.m .in 
 
 ,, liivopt tU.-lr cM'lt" IhH 
 
 tlvo V'verty an-l li«»H 
 
 Vocolvo an Jmn.oimo U.fnw] 
 
 „d lowor, wlilc\i woiiiainni 
 
 •t i jvmltlou win. rcgwJ] 
 
 'ki at I.M.Ktl« «'lect.-aMtti 
 
 r till' prlm'PM "* y ' ",' , 
 tl.oro In not """■*' ^".''Vj 
 exropt ion t« to l.o ...ij>^M 
 
 « (irctaii revolt aRali.H tli T^ 
 
 ;''^TIU naurnscllon .»»JrMi 
 SVhf rtwo years. amnm«H 
 « to br»i>« on a K.irop«|in»d 
 
 fV7,Ulthd.^v;allc-.m,>ie™ 
 nVeunB: The matter viwitd 
 
 'Grcl'^'^d Turkey ^^-tej 
 averted. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PERSIA. 
 
 -•o*- 
 
 tliA (IlKOoloMon nf thn Mnrmlonla). 
 hire, nfu^r the doalti of AlexHtiilcr liMH), 
 fsfleunldi" ruled over I'orNtn until 24U 
 
 They were auccceded hy tlm Arsa- 
 lwIio founded tho ompirn at the I'ltr- 
 ni, which exiitod until no a.i). Ard- 
 
 Babcfan (Artaxerxea) then obtained 
 J lOTcrelgntT nf Oontral A«la, and loft It 
 llili OMcondanta the Haaaanldto, who 
 Id 40T yean. With them hexInR, accord- 
 Ito Hammer, the romantic character of 
 Wtn chivalry ; and thoalx moat renown- 
 hilert of tlila dynaatr, anions whom arc 
 ramgiir, GhoRrooa, rarwlit, and NuMhIr- 
 \n the aubjecta of Persian romances. 
 Lhlr, inn of Raasnn, ruled from 918 to 
 I Tliewars which ho carried on with tho 
 kini were continued under his auc- 
 tr Bapor I., against Qordlan and Viv- 
 k (tho latter of whom foil Into tho 
 li of Bnpor, and was trrntcd In a most 
 (ting manner), and wore not tormlnated 
 1 the peace of king Narsos with Diode- 
 
 Ben Hapor the Great had become of full 
 Ithe empire again recovered strength. 
 ninlRhea tho Arabs for their incur- 
 Ltook the king of Yemen prisoner ; and 
 jided from the emperor of Oonstantl- 
 I the cession of all tho country to the 
 aon, as Ardshlr had onco done. Con- 
 Une the Oreat, Oonstantlne 11., and 
 k resisted his demands: but .Tovlan 
 iMed pence by a oetslon of tho Ave pro- 
 
 ! In qucHtlon and the fortress of Nl- 
 Sapor also extended hia conquests 
 
 'artary and India. War and peace suc- 
 (ely followed, without any Important 
 to, after tho death of Bapor. 
 icr Artaxerxea II., Sapor lit., and Vt- 
 flV. (until soo), the empire flourished. 
 L Ilims. and Turks Bucoesslrely »!>- 
 ^n the neld, m alUea or eoemlei ot 
 
 tegeti I., a friend of the Ohrlattaiis, 
 jpred Armenia 'n 41«. In the year 
 Isrsnes V. ascended the tbro»"i by the 
 Ithe Arabs. He was rlotortov.b <u;alnst 
 nslus II., defeated the Huua who In- 
 I his empire, and conquered the Jclnff- 
 ( Yemen. He was suceee<!ed by Vani- 
 f. and Honnlsdas III. In tho year 
 Hroz (Pherosea) ascended the throne 
 I asBlstance of the Hnns; but after- 
 [mado war against tl jm, and lost 
 1 In battle, in 489. Yalens, or BaUsh, 
 brlpped of a part of hla territories by 
 Job, and obliged to pay them a tribute 
 to years. The BassanldCB, however, 
 Vgalned their greatness and power. 
 JBaMued the Huns; and though he 
 
 I tUi wondwAiI rMUMltstion of the Per- 
 Dlre, u» mors at Iraftb Olbbon's Konwn 
 Ichsptct Till. 
 
 bad recovered his throne. In 4M, by their 
 nHHiHtanco, vet, at a Inter period, ho wiitred 
 a successful war against thorn and Justl- 
 nlnn I. 
 
 Ills youngest ton and sucressor, Oliosrou 
 Nushlrvan, was dlstlnRiilxlied for bis un- 
 common wisdom and vnlmir. Under him 
 the IVrolan empire extended from the Mo- 
 (lltorrnnean to the Indus, from the Inxartes 
 to Arabia and Mm coiiflrieH of Kffypt. lie 
 WAKed f<ii('('(>ii><riil wars with the Indiana 
 and Turks, with Justinian and Tiberius, and 
 with the AraliH, whom ho delivered from 
 tho oppression of petty tyrnnts ; he also 
 Btippressed tlinrebelllotis of bm brother and 
 lilM son. The lifizinns in Colcbls, W(!nried 
 with IbeGreekopiiroBBloii, submitted tbotn- 
 selves to lilm ; but when be attempted to 
 transfer them In.'o tlio Interior of IVrnla, 
 they again placed tlicmMclvea under tho 
 domlnbm of .liintlnlan, wbosn arms wern 
 now victorious. Niinbi"van died ot wrlef 
 during tho neRotlntlotiM for peace. War 
 continued under llnrniuz (Hormlsdas IV.) 
 until tho reign of Chottrou II., under whom 
 the Persian power reached Its highest pitch. 
 By successful wars ho cxten<ied his con 
 quests on the one side to Clialcedon (eio), 
 on the other over KKypt to Lybla and 
 Ethiopia, and finally to Yemen. But the 
 fortune of war was suddenly changed by 
 the victorious arms of tho emperor Hera* 
 cllus. Ohosrou lost all his conquests, and 
 his own son Blrhes made him prisoner, and 
 put him to death (828). 
 
 Tho decline of Persia was hastened by 
 continued domestic feuds. SIrhcs, or Ka- 
 bad Bhimjeh. was murdered In the same 
 year. His son Ardshlr (Artaxerxcs III.), 
 but seven years old, succeeded him, and 
 waa murdered, in 629, by his general Bor- 
 has (Bheherlar). The chief Persians pre- 
 vented Berbaa from ascending the throno ; 
 and after numerona revolutions succeeding 
 each other so rapidly that historians have 
 confounded the names, Yezdegerd III., a 
 nephew of Ohosrou, ascended the throne In 
 tan, at the age of aixteen. He was attached 
 by the caliph Omar, In 030, and Persia 
 beeamo a prey to the Arabs and Turks. 
 Yezdegerd lost his life IndSl. 
 
 With the conqnest of Persia by the caliphs 
 begins the history of the Modern Persian 
 empire. The dominion of tho Arabs lasted 
 585 years, from 038 to lS2a Aa some of 
 the Arab governors made themselves Inde- 
 pendent, and Persian and Turkish princes 
 possessed themselves of single provinces, 
 Persia continued to be divided Into nume- 
 rous petty states. Among the principal 
 dynasties were. In the north and north- 
 east, 1, Tho Turkish house of the Thahe- 
 rlds In Khorasan, from 820 to 872 ;— 2. The 
 Persian dynasty ot the Boffarldes, which 
 dethroned the one last named, and ruled 
 
 I ■^f'^^il.ia 
 
802 
 
 C^c €ttniwp at IRMtorvt l^r. 
 
 OTcr Khoriigiiii nnd Pnrilitan until ooa ;— 
 .1. Thi'Riiinniildedynaitt.y, wliirli cMtnbllHlied 
 ltd lrulo;i(!iKl('iice on Khoramtn In N7't, under 
 AliniPd, in tlio province MavamlnHr, and 
 iHotod to 000. Inhmaoi, Alimcd'a ion, do- 
 throncd tlio HofTaridu*, and boranio power- 
 ful; and under lilMdencondnntH orlKlnntcd— 
 4, ThoUnznavidoR, in 077, when 8t>liektorhln, 
 a Turklfili slave and Kovcrnor of tlio Samv 
 nidoH at Oiizna and KhoraMnn made him- 
 acif independent at Oazna. Ill* ion Mah- 
 mood RUhduud, In 009, KhoraHan, and in 
 loia, FursUtan, and thUB put an end to the 
 dominion of the HiimanldcR. He subse- 
 ((uently conquered Irak AgemI (1017) from 
 tlio Bouldoi, and ovcu extonUcd hia con- 
 guoBts into India. But hiit son Mngud wan 
 Btrliiped of Irak Ageinl and Kliorasan by 
 the Hcljookg (from 1037 to 1044) ; and tho 
 (jIaznavldcR, weakened by domeRlI'i dlvl- 
 Blons, became under Malek 8liah (1183), a 
 prey to the OourldeB;— 6. The Bultana of 
 (Jour ((JourldcM) bcranio powerful In 1160, 
 by nieana of Aladdin IIoHuIn, but lout their 
 aaccndnncy, after gevcnil inuiortant relgUH, 
 partly by the encroachmentg of tho princeB 
 of Khowaresm. and partly by donientic, dl«- 
 BoiiBlonB ;— fl. The dynasty of KliowaroBmlan 
 Sliaha (from 1097 to 12,10) was founded by 
 Aziz, governor of tho Heljookx In Kliowa- 
 resni, or Knrasm, where ho rendered hlin- 
 nelf independent. TaKash (1103) dCBtroyed 
 the ompiro of tho SeljookB, and toolc Kho- 
 ragan from tho Oourldea, His son Mo- 
 hammed conquered Mavaralnar, subdued 
 the Qourldcs and Gnzna, and occupied tho 
 greater part of Persia. Hut, in 1220, tho 
 great khan of tho Moiigulx, (iengliU-khan, 
 and hitt heroic Bon Oelalcddin Mankbern, 
 deprived him of hisdominiona ; and he died 
 in 1230. after a struggle of ten years. In a 
 lonely but in tho mountains of Kurdistan. 
 In western and north-eastern Persia reigned 
 — 7. Mardawig, a Persian warrior, wlio 
 founded a kingdom at Dilom, In 028. which 
 Hoon extended over Ispahan, but was de- 
 stroyed by the Bouldca ; — 8. The Bouldes 
 (Hona of Bouia, a poor fisherman, who de- 
 rived hia origin from the SaaaanldiD), by 
 their valour and prudence, extended their 
 cway over tlio greater part of Persia, and, 
 in 945, even over Bagdad. They were chiefly 
 diatingulahed for their virtuea and lovo of 
 science, nnd niiilntalned themselves until 
 lono, when Malek Rahjm waa obliged to 
 yield to the Seljooks; — 9. The Seljooks, a 
 Turkish dynasty, as la suppoacd, driven by 
 tho Chinese from Turkestan, first became 
 powerful In Khorasan, with theGaznarides. 
 Togrulbeg Mahmood, a bravo and prudent 
 warrior, drove out the son of Mahmood, the 
 Gaznavido sultnn. In 1037 ; extended hia do- 
 niinioii over Mavaralnar, Aderbijan, Arme- 
 nia, Farsistan, Irak Agemi, and Irak ArabI, 
 where he put an end to the rule of the 
 Bouldca at Bagdad, In 1055, and waa in- 
 vested with their dignity, as Emir el Omrah 
 by the caliphs. Some of his descendants 
 were distinguished for great activity and 
 bumanlty. The most powerful of them, 
 Melak Shah, conquered also Georgia, Syria, 
 and Natolta. But the empire gradually 
 declined, and waa divided into four king- 
 doms, which were destroj-od by the shalig , 
 
 of Khowaroim, tho atabokt of Aleppo a 
 tho Mnngiili, ' 
 
 Genghis-khan citabllihcd tho power « 
 tho Tartar! and Monvnis In PcrilaiiijoJ 
 HO,'!). Those Persian provlnceii wiiini y 
 been acquired byOenghli-khan fell tot] 
 younger son, TaulJ, in 1930, and tlicuiou 
 s(m of the latter, Hulaku, at Orit m ion 
 nors of tho Mongolian khani, KAjuk u 
 Maugii. Hulaku extended his (lomigk 
 over Syria, Natolla, and Irak AraM. m 
 Ills succeRior became Independent oft 
 great khan, and formed a separate nj 
 gollan dynasty in those countrlci.umi 
 on tho throne till tho death of Abiw 
 without heirs. In 1S4S. His BuccPMiiri,ii 
 descendants of Genghls-khan, Imd mm 
 tho title of khani at Persia. The cnn 
 was weak and divided. Then appn 
 (1.367) Tlmurlenk (Tamerlane) nt the h. 
 of a new hordu of Monguls, who conitiio 
 Persia, and flllcd the world, from Rinjj 
 tan to Smyrna, with terror. Bnt th«M 
 of tills famous conqueror was follnwMJ 
 tho downfall of the Mongul Uomlnlnil 
 Persia, of which tho Turkomnns theo( 
 innlned masters for a hundred yearn, 
 
 These nomadic tribes, who had pluDdi 
 Persia for two centuries, wri'stod, i 
 the reigns of Kara Jossut and bli m 
 Bors, the greatest part of Persia froii 
 Tlinurldei, were subdued by otiirr Tii 
 man tribes under Usong Hassan {imi 
 incorporated with thorn. Theysunldid 
 Ismail Bophl OSOS), who artfully nadti 
 of fanaticism for bis political purposn,! 
 whose dynasty lasted from 1605 to imj 
 
 Ismail SophI, whose anccttor, 8m 
 SophI, pretended to be descended froiaJ 
 took from the Turkomans of tlie n 
 ram, Aderbijan and part of Armenia, iJ 
 both their princes, and founded upoil 
 ruins of their empire, after hnrlngf 
 qucred Bhlrvan, DIarbekcr, Georgia, I 
 ke8tan,and Marvaralnar, an cmplren 
 comprised Aderbijan, Dlarbeker, Ink,! 
 alatan, and Kermaii. He assumed the ■ 
 of a shah, and introduced the Hectol| 
 Into the conquered countries. IIIssih 
 Born, Thamas, Ishmaet II., Mnhoni 
 Hamzeh, and Ishmael III. (from m 
 1687), carried on unsuccessful wars a 
 tho Turks and the UsbeckB. 
 
 But Shah Abbaa the Great (1587 toll 
 reeatabllBhed the empire by his conn 
 He took from the Turka Armcnl],[ 
 ArabI, Meaopotamla, the cities o(1 
 Bagdad, and Baasora; Khorasnn, froil 
 Usbecka ; Ormuz from the PortuguexT 
 Kandahar from the Monguls; andl| 
 bled Georgia, which had refused top 
 bute. He introduced absolute potrI 
 Persia, transferred his residence tif 
 lian. and Instituted the pilgrimage ttj 
 hid. in order to abolish that to r 
 among the Persians. 
 
 The following rulers. Shah Safll « 
 bas II. (from 1620 to 1606) had neil 
 with the Turka and Indians ; witlitlT 
 mer on account of Bagdad whlcU iv»| 
 and with the latter on account of I 
 har. which was reconquered In Ml 
 dcr Shah Solyman, however (IC60 tol 
 the empire declined, and entlrel;| 
 
m, the atabcki of Alepi.n.n 
 mn ciWblUhcd the powfr 
 n I'criUn proTlncPK wlil'h ii 
 
 , and formed » sopRrate m 
 ;ty in those countrlci and 
 one tm the death of K\m 
 ?• in 1846. HUaucccMorM 
 « of GenBhla-khan. M m^ 
 f khanaJrfrcrala. Thewti 
 R,d divided. ThcnfDpf" 
 -w /TMncrlanol at the 
 
 Cfif lUMtortf fl( PrriKin. 
 
 ur onk (Tamcrlanol at the 
 
 ,1 fliicd the world, from Hi 
 ?nV". with terror. But the 
 
 803 
 
 ... onnnuoror wan follnwrti 
 
 ^^1^ iubdued by otlier li 
 
 m the Turkomans of theil 
 "lu-J? Mid nart of Armenli, 
 
 P„*^ KBrmuf He aMumedtlw. 
 3, fnd ^^roduced the m 
 
 brledonu".ucce«8fulwar»r 
 i»Uurkaand^Indlan«.J^'^ 
 
 raccouut of Bagdad whcu. 
 ih the latter on atf""'?« 
 5lch was 'e»°Sve?5M" 
 •{trWdttrShS entires 
 
 ilcr hli ion Huiteln. The AlTithAni In 
 
 tmUbar reToltcd, In 1700, under MlrweJN ; 
 
 A III* ■')Ui Ml' Mahmud, conquered thu 
 
 iholD empire, In 1723. A state of aiinrrhy 
 
 i||owe<l. Mahmud havlnKhocnine Insane, 
 
 dethroned by Asharf In 1735 ; the latter 
 
 lubducd byThanmj Kull Khan, who, 
 
 ih tbo assistance of the Kusslans and 
 
 rkd, placed Thamas, sou of Hussein, on 
 
 ^throne In 1739. 
 
 Dut when the latter ceded Georgia and 
 menla to the Turks, Kull Khnn do- 
 roned him, and placed thu minor stm of 
 jtniss. Abbas III., on the throne. Horc- 
 irered, by conquest or treaties, tlio pro- 
 icei ceded to the Russians and Turks, and 
 ended the throne under the title of Natllr 
 iH, Abbas III. having died In 1736. He 
 itnred Persia to her former importance by 
 iceuful wars and a strong government. 
 1 booty carried off by Nadir has been 
 ilmtted at 70 millions sterling. The oni> 
 rsnd all the principal noblemen were 
 ilgcd to make up the sum dcninnded 
 li their jewels and richest furniture. 
 jnngat the most remarkable of the latter 
 llcleiwas the throne of the emperors of 
 , made In the shape of a peacork, and 
 iy ornamented with precious stones, 
 ter his return from India, Nadir sub- 
 1 the northern kingdoms of Khwarasm 
 Bokhara, and settled nt Menhed, which 
 made his rapital : entertaining suspl- 
 I of his eldest son, ho had his eyes put 
 and remorse for the crimo mado htm 
 iclous. Vast numbers of people, of 
 rank, fell victims to his rage, until 
 leof his officers conspired against, and 
 iilnated him, a.d. 1747. 
 e death of Nadir Shah was followed by 
 riod of confusion. Ahmed Shah, one of 
 Ocers, seized upon KhorasauandCubul, 
 established the kingdom of tlio Aft- 
 t, Mohammed Hussein Klian, a I'er- 
 cblcf, occupied the eastern shore of 
 Catplan ; and All, the nephew of Nadir, 
 for a short time king of Persia. 
 lur kingdoms were now formed; 1. 
 iraian and Seglstan ; 3. Kandahar, or 
 tern provinces ; 3. Farslstan, or tlio 
 rn provinces ; and, 4. Georgia, The 
 ir, for the most part, retained its own 
 XI, who, at length submitted to Rus- 
 Id Kandahar and the East, Ahmed 
 ih founded the empire of Altghan- 
 He was victorious at Pannlput, and 
 with absolute sway in India. His rc- 
 ice was Cabul. He was succeeded, In 
 by Tiraur ; the latter by Zcman. 
 the two other kingdoms, the Curd 
 Khan, who had served under Nadir, 
 as of low extraction, succeeded in es- 
 ibingtranquiUity.afterlongand bloody 
 by subduing Mohammed Khan, who 
 ind perished In Mazanderan. His wis- 
 justice, and warlike skill gained him 
 ire of his subjects and the esteem of 
 lelglibours. He did not call himself 
 but vekil (regent). He fixed his ro- 
 |ce at Sblraz, in 1765, and died in 1770. 
 ^ disturbances arose after his death. 
 Totbcrs attempted to get possession 
 throne to the exclusion of his sons, 
 ce of the blood. All Murat, occupied 
 
 it In 1784 ; but aeunnrh, Aga Mutianiniril, a 
 man of ancient family and uiieoiiiMinnalilll- 
 ties, had made himself liideiiciHlcnt In Ma- 
 /.anderan. All Murat, who miircluit aguliiKt 
 him, died In conscquonro of a fall from his 
 horse, and left the sceptre to his son Yiifar, 
 who was defeated by Aga Moliammrd at 
 •lezd Kast, and tied to Shtra/, wlicrn he pe- 
 rished in an insurrection, IIM son I.uthf 
 All mado several desperate efforts to n> 
 cover his throne ; but Aga Moliammed was 
 victorious, and appointed his nephew Daba 
 Khan his succesHor, who rclgiicduinlcr thu 
 name of Feth AU Sliah. Ho fixed lil.i reni- 
 deiico at Teheran, in order to bo nearer llio 
 IlusHlaiis, who threatened him in Georgia 
 and tho neighbouring provlncfH. 
 
 By the peace of 1812, tbo IVrslans wcro 
 nbllKcd tu cede to llu'tsia tho wlinle of 
 DagheHlnn, tho Khanats o( Kuba, 8liirvnii, 
 Ilaku, Haliaii, Tallshah, Kiiraarhh, and 
 DanOfthn, resigning all clalmti to SlnilnroRl, 
 Kartlill, Kacliethl.ImerltIa, (Juria, Mliigrc- 
 lla and Abcliasia, and were ubilgcd to admit 
 tho llusHlan fing on the Caspian sea. 
 
 Feth AlKlmrn In 17*18), a Turkoman of 
 tho trilio of Kadshar Rliah, was Induced by 
 tho helr-appnrent. Abbas MIrza, and IiIh fa- 
 vourite, Hussein Kull Khan, who believed 
 Russia to bo Involved In domestic troubles 
 to attack that power In 1820, Tho Persians 
 Invaded tho Russian territories without a 
 declaration of war, instigated part of tlio 
 Moliammedan population to Insurrection, 
 and advanced as far as Kllzabethpol ; but 
 they were defeated in several battles, and 
 the Russians under Paskcwltch conquered 
 tho country to tlie Araxes, which, by tho 
 treaty of Tourkmantchal, In 1820, was ceded 
 to Russia. 
 
 On thu death of Futteh AH Shah, in 1835, 
 his grandson, son of the prince-royal. Abbas 
 MIrza, succeeded to tho throne ; and, profit- 
 ing by the dear-bought experience of his 
 predecessors, considered it prudent to keep 
 on good terms with a neighbour who liml 
 It so much In his power to Injure him. Tlio 
 lato Abbas Mirza had, with the consent of 
 the Kast India Company, raised and disci- 
 plined a body of troops in Azerbtjan, with a 
 view of opposing tho Russians ; but on thu 
 commencement of the war with Turkey in 
 1822, as British officers could not servo 
 against a power on friendly terms with Great 
 Britain, they were dismissed; but the regu- 
 lar Persian army marched against the Rus- 
 sians, and were successful until they were 
 disabled by the cholera. Yet It is clear that 
 their army is still very Inefficient, compared 
 with what it formerly was ; for when, la 
 1837, Mohammed Mirza, made every effort to 
 bring a large force against Herfit, the be- 
 sieging army did not exceed 35,000 men of 
 every description, which was considerably 
 less than half the number of efficient troops 
 engaged with the Russians in tlie proviuus 
 war. 
 
 Towards tho close of 1855, a rebellion 
 broke out in Heriit ; Syud Mahommed, the 
 reigning prince, was killed, and Yuzoof 
 Khan became ruler of Herat. About this 
 timo.Dost Mahommed, king of Cabul, took 
 Candahar; and the Persians held that this 
 justified them iu besieging Her&t, which 
 
M>MlfJMi1l<mrMllrl 
 
 SO-i 
 
 €ftt Creajtfury of Wfttaxut ^c. 
 
 surrendered on the 35th of October 1856. 
 The British goTemment immediately de< 
 Glared war uu Persia on the ground that 
 the latter was pledged not to send troops to 
 Herflt, unless It should he Invaded by fo- 
 reign troops, and not to bold the city for 
 theinaelvcs after the Invasion had been re- 
 polled. On tlio 29th of November a British 
 squadron appeared off Bushlro, which was 
 taken after a bombardment of four hours, 
 and declared to be a military post under 
 British rule. The traffic in slaves was de- 
 clared to be abolished, and ne^ y Imported 
 negrocswere to be set free, (a the 27th of 
 January 18S7, sir James Outram reached 
 Busbire from Bombay. A few days after- 
 wards he defeated the Persian army at Bu- 
 razjoon, about forty miles from Bushire, and 
 again at Mahommerah, from which place he 
 expelled them by theaid of general Havelock. 
 But the further progress of the campaign 
 was arrested by the declaration of peace. 
 The shah gave up all claims to sovereignty 
 over Herat, and promised never to inter- 
 fere with the internal affairs of Aflghanls- 
 tan. The troops which had been employed 
 against him wore soon recalled to go 
 through sterner work in India. 
 
 The present government of Persia is an 
 absolute monarchy: but the right of sue- 
 ceaslon, as In ancient times, and as in all 
 Asiatic monarchies, is undefined, and ge- 
 nerally rests with the strongest, whence 
 u perpetual recurrence of bloodshed and 
 anarchy arises. The religion Is Moham- 
 medan, and the Pe:BlauB are zealous fol- 
 lowers of the Sheah persuasion, or those 
 who look upon All, the son-in-law of the 
 prophet, as his legitimate successor. The 
 
 people consist of four oUssos : the flntui 
 the native tribes, who live In tents, andul 
 migratory with the seasons— as the imt 
 Aflshar, and others ; the second areslmibl 
 tribes, of Mongol or Turlcoman origin, letl 
 tied in the country, of v.-hich tlie Kajar i»l 
 royal tribe, is one ; the third are the |»I 
 habitants of the towns, and those of tbJ 
 country who follow agriculture; and til 
 fourth are Arab tribes, who occupj i^l 
 country towards the Persian Gulf. P 
 When the Arabs overran Persia, tbej 
 the middle of the seventh conturjr, tht 
 languages were spoken in the couutr;,ui| 
 Parseo, Pehlvi, and Deri, cxcluiiive ol u 
 Zend, or language dedicated to religi^ 
 Tlie Persians make high claims to anclq 
 literature; but the greater part ofik 
 which escaped destruction in the tlmoij 
 Alexander, was destroyed under the i 
 llphs. Persian civilisation declined dm 
 the first period of the Arabian dnmlni 
 But learning revived in Persia iu the tj 
 of the Abassides, and learned men i 
 poets were encouraged by personal hm 
 and distinctions, till the time of Genji 
 Khan, in the thirteenth ceniury. um 
 Timur, in the fourteenth century, andt 
 Turks In the fifteenth, it contlnuaU;! 
 cllned, and in the sixteenth was almoit j 
 tlrely extinct. The oppressions and I 
 turbanoes to which Persia has since iL 
 continually subject, have prevented thtij 
 vival of learning. No oriental nation |i 
 sesses richer literary treasures of theg 
 Her periods, particularly in poets asdt 
 tory ; but their acauaintance with ud 
 science, or theflae arts, l» most cmdei 
 limited Indeed 
 
■t of four olUBOi : the Dm ml 
 ribei. vbo live iu tents, and ml 
 rlth the aeasons— as the Zemil 
 . others ; the Becond areBiniii«l 
 ongol or Turkoman origin, m' 
 lountry, of which the Eajar, g,, 
 
 iB one ; the third are the \A 
 t the towuB, and those ot tlii 
 follow agriculture; andtki 
 
 Arub tribes, ■who occup; 
 
 rarda the Persian Gulf. 
 
 e Arabs overran Persia, tbeJ 
 
 of the seventh century, thi 
 rere spoken In the couutrr.ti 
 ilvl, and Deri, exclusive oir 
 inguage dedicated to religit, 
 IS luako high claims to ancla 
 
 but the greater part ottu 
 pod destruction In the timejj 
 
 was destroyed under th« i 
 >ian civilisation declined duiL 
 erlod of the Arabian domlDlii 
 ig revived In Persia lu the t 
 assldes, and learned men \. 
 encouraged by personal fa™ 
 tlons, till the time «f Gtsil 
 ;he thirteenth century. Uil 
 ;he fourteenth century, andt 
 l;he fifteenth, it continual!; i 
 
 In the sixteenth was almoitg 
 act. The oppressions and I 
 to which Persia has filnulL 
 T Bubiect, have prevented tlud 
 iming. No oriental nation |r 
 er literary treasures ol the a 
 B, particularly in poets andt 
 ~their acauaintanoe with mil 
 r the flue arts, is most crude i 
 leed 
 
 THE HISTORY OF ARABIA. 
 
 -*9*- 
 
 rAHioca are the tribes that peopled this 
 country; from thruo of these tlie present 
 jlrsblaus are supposed to be descended— 
 ivo of tliem from the race of Ishmael, and 
 ■lie third from Oush, the son of Ham. Of 
 Jie early history of these wandering people, 
 t may truly be said. In tlio language of 
 fccripture, respecting Ishmael, ' be has been 
 E wild man ; his hand has been against 
 ■very man, and every man's hand against 
 llin; and he has dwelt in the presence of 
 111 his brethren.' In vain have the re- 
 fcectlve powers of the successive empires 
 |f the world attacked th Is wonderful people. 
 nie Egyptians, the Greeks, the Persians, 
 jie Romans, especially the conqueror of 
 ierusalem, have in turn failed in their gi- 
 |antlc efforts to subdue them. Their Bub- 
 jngatlon has never been effected ; they have 
 lever been led captive as a nation ; they 
 Tccupy the same seats, cultivate the same 
 kill, and retain very much the old habits 
 M customs of their patriarchal founders. 
 iThe religion of the early Arabs partook, 
 Jp a considerable extent, of that of the 
 lebrews, but so far from being strict ob- 
 fcrvers of the laws of Moses, they came 
 Elder the denomination of idolators, for, 
 Bthough they acknowledged oue supreme 
 led, they worshipped the sun, mcon, and 
 liars as subordinate deities. T.iia reli- 
 Hon has been called Sabtaniam, from Sabl, 
 [ Bupposed son of Seth. The Arabs also 
 lorshlpped Images, and had their tutelary 
 [uardlans for appointed times and seisons 
 ( the year. After the destruction of Jeru- 
 ilem by Titus, many of the Jews took re- 
 hge In Arabia, where they made no incon- 
 Iderablo number of proselytes ; so that, in 
 ■century or two, the Jewish Arabs became 
 Ivcry powerful section of the whole people. 
 B a similar way, converts to Christianity 
 lere made ; for in the persecution which 
 lefoUowers of Christ suffered in the third 
 ptury, many fled to Arabia, vhere they 
 reached their doctrines with such zeal 
 hd success, that in a short tlmo they had 
 lade great progress there. The faith of 
 le Persian Magi, of which Zoroaster was 
 ^e founder, had long before been embraced 
 J numerous Arab tribes ; sc that, in the 
 xth century, the population of Arabia was 
 Ivlded Into Sabians, Maglans, Jews, and 
 lirlstlaus. 
 
 I As the propagator of a new code of reli- 
 lon, falsely ascribed to divine revelation, 
 Ic celebrated Mahomet stands consplcu- 
 is in their annals. Amongst them he 
 lade many converts, and his successors 
 Ve for centuries maintained the ascen- 
 kncy he founded. In many respects this 
 fVf religion was but little more than the 
 (aptatlon of various parts of the religions 
 rcvlouslv existing in Arabia (If we except 
 
 the idolatrous worship of the Sablan) ; th 
 people in general, therefore, were in aorao 
 measure fitted to receive It; and, when the 
 sensual character of the Mohammedan para- 
 dise fa considered. Ha rapid promulgation 
 Is less surprising than would otherwise at 
 first sight appear. But, besides the de- 
 lights which were to attend upon all who 
 perished in battle in the cause of the ' true 
 faith,' he made It incumbent upon all his 
 followers to spread hla doctrines by the 
 sword, or to pay tribute for their unbeliet 
 The attractions of plunder had charms 
 which the Arabs could not witlistand, con- 
 sequently great numbers flocked tov hla 
 standard. No caravan dared approach the 
 place of his resort, without the danger of 
 being pillaged ; and by making a trade of 
 robbing, he learned insensibly how to con- 
 quer. Having now become a great general 
 and an eloquent preacher, he took Mecca ; 
 and the greater part of the strong places 
 and castles of Arabia fell under the power 
 of his arms. 
 
 Mahomet was assisted in hia wars by 
 Abubeker, his father-in-law: by All, hla 
 cousin and son-in-law; and by Omar and 
 Othman ; and in twenty-three years from 
 the commencement of his career, he found 
 ail Arabia had embraced his doctrine, and 
 Bubmltted to his government. 
 
 Mahomet intended All, who had married 
 hla daughter Fatima, as his successor ; but 
 Abubeker, on account of his age, and by 
 the interest of Omar and Othman, was 
 chosen. This election of Abubeker gave 
 birth to the schismB and civil wars which 
 followed. 
 
 The successors of Mahomet took the 
 title of caliphs, or vicars of the prophet. 
 Full of that Are or seal which generally ac- 
 companlesand inspires a new religion, they 
 spread into different countries their doc- 
 trine and their power. Persia and Greece 
 were among the first to suffer; Damascus, 
 Antioch, and ail Syria followed. They then 
 penetrated into Palestine, and took Jerusa- 
 lem. They destroyed entirely the monar- 
 chies of Persia, and the Medes of Eorosan, 
 of Dlarbekr, of Bactriana, and of Mesopo- 
 tamia : nor was their progress less success- 
 ful in Africa; they subdued all the coast 
 to the west of Egypt ; and Egypt itself 
 submitted to their government, together 
 with the islandi> ' >f Cyprus, Ilhodca, Can- 
 dia, Sicily, Malta, and many others. 
 
 It appears that in Asia and Africa, at dif- 
 ferent times, there were upwards of fifty 
 caliphs, successors of Mahomet, every oue 
 of whom pretended to be his descendants, 
 and the true Interpreters of the law. The 
 greater part of these caliphs, sunk Into lux- 
 ury and effeminacy, confided the manage- 
 ment of the gov emmeut to their emlra, and 
 
 1* 
 
 mH 
 
 1 
 
 |R 
 
 '(■v! 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 mt 
 
 m 
 
806 
 
 C^e Crtsflurs of W^tavs, ^c* 
 
 the principal officers of tho palace. The 
 caliph had at last little more to do than to 
 take cognisance of matters of religion, and 
 In all public prayers his name was first used. 
 Thus had tho enormous power of theso 
 rulers become weak by their indolence, so 
 that it degenerated into a mere title, and 
 ended in annihilation. 
 
 By imposture and fanaticism the Arabian 
 dominion suddenly rose into Importance, 
 and, like other gigantic empires, It fell by 
 its own iinwieldlness. Spain, Egypt, and 
 Africa were soon engaged in effecting their 
 independence. Ere long the caliphs found 
 It necessary to call to their aid those wild 
 hordes of Tartars and Turks who had par- 
 tially received the doctrines of the prophet, 
 and from them they chose a body of merce- 
 nary troops to guard their frontiers and 
 protect tliclr persons. For a few genera- 
 tions they by this means held together 
 their tottering power ; but their auxiliaries 
 coveted the possesgions of those whom they 
 assisted, and the overgrown empire gradu- 
 ally crumbled away, till a Tartar army, in 
 1258, captured Bagdad, and put an end to 
 the nominal existence of tlie caliphate. Tho 
 religion of Mahomet was untouched ; but 
 the power of the ' commander of tho faith- 
 ful' was transferred from the caliphs of 
 Bagdad to the Turkish sultans ; while the 
 heads of tho different tribes still continued 
 to govern their subjects as they bad go- 
 verned them before. 
 
 In the eighteenth century, a reformation 
 was commenced by a sheik, called Maho- 
 met Ibu Abdoulwahab, who converted to 
 his views the sheik of the Arabians, Ebn 
 Baaoud. The reformation was extended, 
 and its progress was marked by the demo- 
 lition of several towns, and the massacre 
 of thousands of people. The son of Ebn 
 Baaoud, Abdelazis, sent an expedition 
 against Mecca, which he completely de- 
 stroyed, excepting the sacred temple, lie 
 captured also Medina, where Mo was as- 
 sassinated— a deed which his m Saaoud 
 avenged by seizing the accurauiated trea- 
 sures of ages stored in that city, by means 
 of which ho made himself master of all 
 Arabia. 
 
 The Uise, Progress, and Establishment of 
 MAHOMETANISM. 
 
 A 8TJBJB0T SO curious and important as 
 the religion established by Mahomet, which 
 bas been professed for more than eleven 
 centuries by many millions of tho human 
 race, and which at present prevails from 
 the Gauges to Morocco, exclusive of a vast 
 number of very populous islands, and every 
 country where the tribes of Malays settle 
 in one direction, and from the southern 
 extremity of Arabia to the borders of Huii- 
 £ary, in another, deserves to be particularly 
 noticed in this place. 
 
 Mahomet, or more properly Mohammed, 
 the founder of this singular and spread- 
 ing faith, was born in the year 569 of tho 
 Christiaii era ; he belonged to the tribe of 
 Koraish, and the family of Hashem ; his 
 grandfather, uncles, and lineal ancestors 
 were princes ; his family possessed by he- 
 
 reditary right the custody of tho Ganhaul 
 Mecca, which was a place of won<li|ii»,| 
 sorted to by tho Arabians long before ih.l 
 time of Mahomet. KotwithstanUliig thil 
 respectability of his descent, being leftij 
 orphan when very young, and being ij 
 low circumstances, ho was recoinnicnatjl 
 to Kliadijah, a noble rich widow, for herl 
 factor, he having been bred to iiiercliai|.| 
 disc ; in which capacity he acquitted iiin.! 
 self so well, that he gained tho airectiggil 
 of his mistress, and by marrying her, 1*2 
 came as rich a merchant as any in Mcnil 
 his kindness, attachment, and strict uii 
 lity to his wife, who was much older iiiail 
 himself, are frequently alluded to by wriienl 
 as proofs of a susceptible heart andagecJ 
 rousand noble nature. His natural siren^J 
 of mind, and intrepidity of spirit, proiiipifil 
 him to form great designs when ) itiil 
 tunes Improved, although it is said tliatbJ 
 was so illiterato as not to bo caimliicij 
 reading or writing. Tills want of leariiiijl 
 was so far from proving an inipcdinieutul 
 him in effecting his designs, th:it It vrt;! 
 strongly promoted them ; for tlio craitJ 
 Aral), who must unquestionably Iiiivenietil 
 ly affected this gross Ignorance, InsisMl 
 that the writings which ho produced sil 
 revelations from God, were cleared ii( iiil 
 Imputation of bcln^f forgeries, forPucll(l^l 
 ganco of style and excellence of donriiJ 
 could not originate from a man iiicaiialiJ 
 alike of writing or reading: for tliisri'iuJ 
 his follov ;rs, instead of being asliaraed'*! 
 tlieir master's Ignorance, glory In it, a-ul 
 evident proof of his divino missUm, iiJ 
 scruple not to call hini, as ho Is calleiliJ 
 the Koran itself, ' tho illiterate proplieif 
 Sir Wllllani J ones relates a traditional sti' ' 
 concerning tho celebrated poet Leljid, lU 
 was contemporary with Mahomet, audi*.! 
 Ing an avowed enemy to his new Uoctriueiil 
 Its Urst promulgation, to express liisoJ 
 position to it, hung a poem on the gateti 
 the temple, as was then customary to H 
 done, which poem contained a strnnif iiii|H 
 ed contempt of the new religion. Tliisiiii*! 
 appeared so sublime that none of tlie ihuI 
 chose to attempt an answer to it, tillMa 
 hornet, who was likewise a poet, liaviw 
 composed a chapter of the Konin, rhtdl 
 the exordium of it by the side of WsM 
 po(- u ; who no sooner read it, than \i«im 
 cliired it to be something divine, cimfcssf 
 his own Inferiority, tore his verses froj 
 the gate, embraced tho religion lie liii| 
 stigmatised, and became afterwards cs-ei 
 tially serviceable in replying to tlie miib 
 of Amralkeis, who was unwearied in b 
 attacks upon the doctrine of Moliaiiinu^ I 
 Tho state of the world at that time wJ 
 highly favourable to the Introduction ofil 
 new religion : It had been the w ..1 of Hsrf 
 ven to permit the purity and simpliiityi| 
 the doctrines of Christ to be c.ontaiuiM;*! 
 and perverted by tlie artful wiles of iirisi 
 craft, which caused tho grossest imix* 
 tions to be practised upon an Igiiors 
 laity ; pomp, splendour, an unintellipiii 
 worship, wore substituted for the devoii:| 
 of liie heart, whilst *Uo prayers offerodq 
 to Imaginary and tlctltlous saints had* 
 faced ail just notions of tho attribuKi 
 
-^^•. 
 
 Wl^t Witotn at 9lvnhiH, 
 
 t the custody of tho Gaaliaul 
 l\ was a place of worshii) te.1 
 tho Arabians long before thel 
 loiiiet. Notwlthgtaiidiiif; tlii| 
 y of his descent, being kttiJ 
 1 very young, and being igl 
 itanccs, he was recoinmciiileil 
 , a noble rich widow, for m 
 *vlng been bred to luerchjiK 
 ch capacity he acquitted iiij,, 
 that ho gained tho airectii)j|l 
 ■ess, and by marrylns her, *D 
 li a merchant aa any in Mecol 
 a, attachment, and strict OiiJ 
 ife, who was much older ilml 
 [reauently alluded to by wrltenl 
 a susceptible heart andageufl 
 lie nature. His natural sirengul 
 I Intrepidity of spirit, iirompml 
 a great designs when ) iftl 
 red, although it Is said tliatttl 
 erato as not to bo caimbie (jl 
 vriting. This want of learniijl 
 rom proving an inipodliiieut«i| 
 ctlng his designs, that livfrjl 
 omoted them ; for the craftjl 
 lust unquestionably liavc metti 
 this gross Ignorance, insisMi 
 rltings which lio prodiiceilal 
 from God, were cleared of al 
 of being forgeries, forBuclinJ 
 yle and excellence of dociral 
 irigliiatc f ron» a man iiica|a!,J 
 ting or reading: for tbisreasJ 
 rs, Instead of being asliaraeiJ'fl 
 r's ignorance, glory In it, ai)il 
 lof of Ills divine mlssiun, m 
 to call him, as he is calWiil 
 itself, ' tho Illiterate iirorlieil 
 Jones relates a tradltlonaU*' 
 the celebrated poet Lebid, «,, 
 iporary with Mahomet, aiidltl 
 ed enemy tohlsnewdoctriiieiil 
 )mulgatlon, to express liiscJ 
 It, hung a poem on the gate* 
 , as was then customary to \m 
 I poem contained a stninKlnifM 
 tof tho new religion. Tliisiiiffll 
 sublime that none of tlic ihijI 
 tempt an answer to It,lillM 
 :) was likewise a poet, luviijl 
 I chapter of the Koran, plicdl 
 mi of it by the side of LcHiTiF 
 1 ?>o sooner read it, than lieM 
 be soinellilng divine, conUm 
 feriorlty, tore his verses W 
 smbraced tho religion lie luil 
 , and became afterwards cwsf 
 ;eable in replying to ilio paiiwl 
 is, who was unwearied in bill 
 n the doctrine of Mohaumii-i] 
 ! of the world at that time M 
 urable to the lutroductioi! o!il 
 : It had been the \\ ..'. of Hi* 
 lit the purity and simplieiijii 
 es of Christ to be contaniiiiM 
 ;eii by the artful wiles of |)rie9| 
 li caused tho grossest imm 
 ) practised upon an Igiioirf 
 p, splendour, an uninttlligiljJ 
 >re substituted for tUe Acxm 
 ,, whilst Mio prayers offercdl 
 ry and fictitious saints liadaj 
 ust notions of the attnlur 
 
 ' the Deity. Mohammed had made two 
 Curneys into Syria, where he had informed 
 Hmgell of the principles of Judaism, and 
 Keiargon which bore tho name of Christi- 
 Bity It la probable, Indeed, that his mind 
 imturally prone to religious enthu- 
 jsm and that he was a devotee before he 
 Cwiiiie an Impostor. HIsflrsc design seems 
 fclmvc extended no farther than to bring 
 be wilt', intractable, and ardent Arabs to 
 knowledge one God and one king; and 
 lis iirobftble that for a considerable time 
 J ambition extended no farther than to 
 iconio the spiritual and temporal sove- 
 ign of Arabia. He liegan his evcntfnl 
 ^ect by accusing ))oth Jews and Chrls- 
 jn8 of corrupting the revelations which 
 Id been made to them from heaven, and 
 Uiilaincd that both Moses. and Jesus 
 Irlst bad prophetically foretold tho com- 
 [cf a prophet from God, which was ac- 
 npllsbcd In himself, the last and greatest 
 jtlio prophets ; thus initiated, ho pro- 
 fedcd to deliver detached sentences, as 
 lircteuded to receive thcni from tho 
 Jiiiglity, by the hand of tho angel Ga- 
 jcl. These pretensions to a divine mis- 
 En drew on him a requisition from tho 
 fcabltants of Mecca that he would con- 
 jee them by working a miracle ; but he 
 filed, ' God refuses those signs and won- 
 (g that would depreciate the merit of 
 ]th, and aggravate the guilt of Infldellty.' 
 e unity of God was the grand and lead- 
 fartlclc lu the creed he taught, to which 
 B closely joined his own dlvino mission ; 
 M U ullah, Miihamcd resold Allah, is 
 llr preface to every act of devotion, and 
 iBcntence continually in their mouths : 
 (Ich l«, ' there Is but one God. and Mo- 
 nmcd is his prophet.' 
 
 Ilie Arabian tribes, who occupied the 
 Intry from Mecca to the Euphrates, were 
 Ithat time known by tho name of Sa- 
 lens; their religion was chiefly gross 
 Batf)-, Sabianlsm liaving spread almost 
 Irthe whole nation, ♦:! -ugh there were 
 |wlsc great numbers c? '! istians, Jews, 
 1 JIaglans iutersperscJ in those parts, 
 essence of that wc^ship principally 
 Is^isted lu adoring the plaacts and fixed 
 rs: augcls and Images they honoured as 
 krlor deities, whoEo intercessions with 
 fAlmlghty in their favour they ini;.'lored : 
 J believed in • c God ; in the future puu- 
 nent of the v, i. ked, for a long series of 
 b, though notfor ever; and constantly 
 W three t:nu!saday; namely, at mn- 
 |,at its declination, and at sunset : they 
 ed three ttim's a year, during thirty 
 |»,nine days, nr,d seven days; they of- 
 d many sacriUcos, but uto no part of 
 n, the whole being burnt ; they llke- 
 B turned their faces, when praying, to a 
 Jicular part of tho liorlzon : they per- 
 iled pilgrimages to the city of Harran 
 Mesopotamia, and had a great respect 
 [the temple of Mecca and tho pyrami('s 
 Egypt, imagining the latter to be cue 
 blchres of geth, also of Enoa and Sabi, 
 po sons, whom they considered as tho 
 Ddergof their religion. Besides the book 
 wins, they had other books which they 
 emed equally sacred, particularly one. 
 
 807 
 
 in tho Chaldeo tongue, which they called 
 ' the book of Beth.' They have been called 
 ' Christians of St. John the Baptist,' whoso 
 disciples also they pretend to be, using a 
 kind of baptism, which Is the greatest mark 
 they bear of Christianity : circumcision was 
 practised by the Arabs, although Sale is 
 silent on that practice, when describing 
 the religion of the Sablans ; they likewise 
 abstained from swine's flesh. So that in 
 this sect we may trace the essential articles 
 of tho creed of Mussulmans. 
 
 Mahomet was In tho 40th year of his age 
 when ho assumed the character of a pro- 
 phet ; he had been accustomed for several 
 years, during the month of Ilamadan, to 
 withdraw from the world, and to secrete 
 himself In acave, three miles distant from 
 Mecca ; * conversation,' says Mr. Gibbon, 
 ' enriches the understanding, but solitude 
 Is the school of genius.' During tho first 
 three years, he made only fourteen prose- 
 lytes, among which were his wife Khadi 
 jah ; his servant, or rather slave, Zeld All, 
 who afterwards married the prophet's fa- 
 vourite daughter Fatima, and was Burnamed 
 'the Hon of God:' Abubeker, a man dis- 
 tlugulahcd for his merit and his wealth ; 
 tho rest consisted of respectable citizens of 
 Mecca. The Koreishltes, although the tribe 
 to wlilch he belonged, were the most vio- 
 lent opposera of the new religion. In the 
 tenth year of his prophetic ofllce hia wife 
 died; and the next year, his enemies 
 formed a design to cut him off. Being 
 seasonably apprised, ho fled by night to 
 Medinaon the 16th of July 622,from which 
 event tho Heglra commenced : he was ac- 
 companied only by two or three followers, 
 but he made a public entry into that city, 
 and soon gained many proselytes, on which 
 he assumed the regal and sacerdotal cha- 
 racters. Aa ho Increased in power, that 
 moderation and humility, which had be- 
 fore distinguished his conduct, were gradu- 
 ally erased, and ho became flerce and san- 
 guinary ; he began to avow a design of 
 propagating his religion by the sword, to 
 destroy tlie monuments of Idolatry, and, 
 without regarding the sanctity of days or 
 months, to pursue the unbelieving nations 
 of the earth. The Koran inculcates. In tho 
 most absolute sense, tho tenets of faith 
 and predestination. The first companions 
 of Mahomet advanced to battle with a fear- 
 less confidence, their leader having fully 
 possessed their minds with tlie assurance 
 that paradise awaited those who diedflght- 
 Itig for the cause of their prophet, the 
 gratifications of which were held out to 
 bo such as best suited the amorous com- 
 plexions of the Arabians : black-eyed Hou- 
 rles, resplendentin beauty, blooming youth, 
 and virgin purity : every moment of plea- 
 sure was there to be prolonged to a thou- 
 sand years, and the powers of the man 
 were to be Increased a hundredfold to 
 render him capable of such felicity: to 
 those who survived, rich spoils and the pos- 
 session of their female captives were to 
 crown their conquests. Mahomet was pre- 
 sent at nine battles or sieges ; and fifty en- 
 terprises of war were achieved in ten years 
 by himself or bis lieutcuauts. Suveu years 
 
 "1 
 
 i 
 
 !> 
 
 i 
 
 mi 
 
8U8 
 
 EI)e €teniuKii at ^iitavu, ^r. 
 
 after his flight from Mecca he returned to 
 that city, where hems publicly recognised 
 as a prince aud a prophet : the idoiatrous 
 worslilp of the Caaba was Imir. dlately abo- 
 llahed and succeeded by the simplicity of 
 the Mahometan establishment. This Arab 
 lawgiver retained both his mental and 
 bodily powers unimpaired till he ro nehed his 
 OOtli year, when his health began ' ecline, 
 and he himself suspected that a slotv poison 
 h'J been administered to him by a Jewess, 
 under the effects of which ho languished ; 
 but his death was caused by a fever. In the 
 63rd year of his age, the 632nd of the Chris- 
 tian era, and loth of tlio Heglra, There 
 are some partlcu'ars told respecting Ma- 
 homet, which hotre gained general belief, 
 although void of all foundation : such lathe 
 story of the tame pigeon, which the people 
 were taught to believe Imparted religious 
 truths to the ear of the prophet ; the epi- 
 leptic fits, which have been said to cause 
 hlra to fall down as In a trance, he Is not 
 supposed to have been subject to ; and th 
 suspension of his Iron colfln at Mecca la a 
 most absurd falsehood, It being well known 
 that he was buried at Medina, in a stone 
 cofBn. 
 
 Of the chapters of the Koran, which are 
 114 in number, the Sieur du Ryer makes 
 ninety-four to have been received at Mecca, 
 and twenty at Medina ; but, according to 
 Mr. Sale, a much better authority, tlie com- 
 mentators on the Koran have not fixed the 
 Y'.ace where about twenty of these revela- 
 tions were imparted ; r.o that no Inference 
 can be drawn how far the prophet bad pro- 
 ceeded In his pretended Inspirations when 
 he fled from Mecca ; neither does the order 
 in which they stand point out the time when 
 they were written, for the 74th chapter Is 
 supposed to have been the first revealed, 
 and the 68t*i to have immediately followed 
 it. 
 
 The most marked feature of this religion 
 la its strict assertion of the Unity of God. 
 A general resurrection of the dead is an- 
 other article of belief reiterated in the 
 Koran. The pilgrimage to Mecca, praying 
 toward that place, and the ablutions which 
 are enjoined on the most ordinary acts and 
 occasions, together with the adoption of 
 that religious sophism predestination, in 
 its most extravagant extent, seem to com- 
 prehend the superstitious parts of this re- 
 ligion; but it has other characteristics 
 which betray Its spur' oucoilgla, and prove 
 its destructive tendency. 
 
 Besides the Koran, which is the wi-ltten 
 law to the Mabometans, alike as to the be- 
 lief and practice of religion and the admi- 
 nistration of public justice, there Is the 
 Bunnah, or oral law, which was selected, 
 two hundreds years after the deatb of Ma- 
 homet, from a vast number of precepts 
 and injunctions wliich had been banded 
 down from age to age, as bearing the 
 stamp of his authority. lu this work the 
 rite of circumcision is enjoined, concern- 
 ing which the Koran was silent ; uor was it 
 necessary to be there commanded, as the 
 Arabians adb ^red to it before tbe estab- 
 lishment of Hahometanlam. 
 
 Their children are not ciroomclued, like 
 
 tliose of the Jews, at eight days old hnti 
 at eleven or twelve, and sometimes at ff I 
 teen or fifteen yeai-s of age, when theruil 
 able to make a profession of their tmt 
 When any renegado Christian Ig clrcial 
 cised, two basins are usually carried aft»l 
 blm, to gather thv alms which the epecSI 
 tors /reel/ give. Those who are unclrciuil 
 clsed, whether Turkish children or Chrtil 
 tlans, are not allowed to be present attheJI 
 public prayers ; and If they are takca iil 
 their mosaues, they are liable to be liuDaltfl 
 or inirnt. "■ 
 
 The fast of Ramadan Is observed by tbi 
 Turks exactly in the same manners? 
 the Persians. The feast of Balram bejii 
 with the next new moon after that fa 
 and Is publish :!ci by firing of gum k 
 fires, and other rejo?cings. At this i%, 
 the houses aud Bboj)s are adorned 3 
 their finest hangings, tapestries, andeoW 
 In the streets are swings ornamented m 
 fjitoons. In which the people sit, andi 
 
 ?sed In the air, while they areattl 
 same time entertained with vocal and h 
 strumcntal music performed by perso 
 hired by the masters of the swings. TL 
 have also fireworks ; and during the tlw 
 days of this festival, many women, »i 
 are in a manner confined the rest of t| 
 year, have liberty to walk abroad. At 4 
 time they forgive their enemies, and L 
 come reconciled to them ; for they tbU 
 they have made a bad Balram, if therhj 
 hour the least malice in their hearts agiS 
 any person whatsoever. This Is termedi 
 Qre>'* Balram, to distinguish it from a 
 Little Balram, which they keep eerei 
 days after. They have also several otli 
 festivals, on all which the steeples o! iL 
 mosques are adorned with lamps placed! 
 various flgures. 
 
 They regularly pray three times a 4, 
 and are obliged to wash before their p3 
 ers, as well as before they presume to tit 
 the Koran. Aij they make great use ol 'I 
 Angers in eating, they are required ton 
 after every meal, and the more cleiil 
 among them do It before meals, ia 
 every kind of defilement, lu fact, iUm 
 is enjoined. 
 
 By the Mahometan law a man ma; I 
 Torce his wife twice, and if he afterwi 
 repents, ho may lawfully take her agt 
 but Mahomet, to prevent his followers ft 
 divorcing their wives upon every sllgbiJ 
 cnsiou: or merely from an 'nconstant li 
 mour, ordained, that if any man dlvorJ 
 his wife a third time, it is not lawful If 
 him to take her again, till she has m 
 married and bedded by another, anil 
 vorced from that husband. The m 
 allows no man to have more than J 
 wives and concubines, but the prophelj^ 
 his successors are laid under no restri'^ 
 
 Church government, by the Insututli 
 of Mahomet, appears to have centre'il 
 the mufti, aud the order of the moii 
 from which the mufti must be cbil 
 The mouiahs have been looked upoaj 
 ecclesiastics, and the mufti as their « 
 but the Turks consider the first raiiitrl 
 expounders of the law, and the lati»| 
 the great law ofllcer. Those who i 
 
tt> ^f- 
 
 ^t W^tuvn at ^vtthia. 
 
 809 
 
 Jews, at eight days old,bitl 
 twelve, and 8ometlmesat{oll^l 
 n years of age, when tbeyuil 
 a a protesBlon ot their falu 
 'enegado Chrlatian is clrcug,! 
 tains are usually carried a{t«| 
 ;r tbv alms wblch tbe epect^l 
 ve. Those who aro unclrc\mi| 
 er Turkish children or ChrlJ 
 t allowed to be present atfteil 
 'rs ; and if they are taken J 
 es, they aro liable to be lnipai()| 
 
 t Ramadan is observed liytii 
 tly in the same manner as t 
 1. The feast of Batram legli 
 Bxt new moiin after that fii 
 lish^d Ijy flrlng of guns, W 
 ther rejoicings. At thiala, 
 
 and shops are adoruea wij 
 hangings, tapestries, and eoIh 
 >t8 are swings ornamented wiij 
 
 which the people sit, and a 
 ;ho atr, while they are at n 
 entertained with vocal and l 
 
 music performed by pera 
 e masters of the swings, nd 
 Ireworks ; and during the thn 
 s festival, many women,!' 
 lanner confined tbe rest ot t 
 liberty to walk abroad. Ati. 
 forgive their enemies, and I 
 nciled to them ; for they tK 
 made a bad Balram, 11 theyl, 
 ast malice in their lieartsagaia 
 I whatsoever. This is termedJ 
 ram. to distinguish it fromil 
 ram, which they keep seTenl 
 They have also several oil 
 In all which the steeples oJ l 
 re adorned with lamps placedJ 
 
 '1IT6S* 
 
 gularly pray three times a i, 
 bilged to wash before their n 
 las before they presume to toa 
 A ; they make great use aV" 
 eating, they are retiuired to i 
 T meal, and the more cte 
 em do It before meals, it 
 I of defilement, In fact, abtoi 
 
 Mahometan law a man may J 
 •wife twice, and If he af terwf 
 lo may lawfully take her agu 
 net, to prevent hlBfollowepfiL 
 ■their wives upon every sUglii 
 merely from an nconstant* 
 alned, that if any man divotJ 
 ithirdtime.lt 18 not law^«lj 
 Ike her again, till she hasj- 
 md bedded by another, an! 
 om that husband. The W 
 man to have more than M 
 concubines, but the prophetj 
 isors are laid under no rcstrl'S 
 government, by the Insu u«, 
 net. appears to have centK« 
 1. imd the order of the mm 
 ch the mufti must be ch^ 
 ,ah8 have been looked up«»J 
 ics. and the mufti as their 4 
 Curks consider the first rat I 
 rs of the law. and the lanal 
 law ofllcer. Those who v« 
 
 i u divines are the Imanms. or i rish 
 
 irlestSi^^*' ofBclate In, and aro set aside 
 
 lor tbe service of the mosques. No church 
 
 ■ev'enues are apr"*opriated to the particu- 
 
 •r use of the moulabs ; the Imaums are 
 
 ie ecclesiastics in immediate pay. Their 
 
 jcbelks are the chiefs of tbolr dervises. 
 
 Kerrlsbes) or monks, and form I'ellglous 
 
 DDnnunities. or orders, established on so- 
 
 jemn vows ; they consecrate themselves 
 
 berely to religious oCQces, domestic devo- 
 
 Uon, and pubilo prayer and preaching : 
 
 here are four of these c^derSi the Bek- 
 
 bshi. Mevelevi. Eadrl. and Seyah, who 
 
 Cre very numerous throughout the empire. 
 
 [The monks of the first of those orders are 
 
 lermltted to marry, but are obliged to 
 
 [avei through the empire. The Mevelevi, 
 
 1 their acts ot devotion, turn round with 
 
 Eloclty for two or three hours Incessantly. 
 
 ie Kadrl express their devotion by lace- 
 
 (tlnfftbelr bodies; they walk the streets 
 
 no3t naked, with distracted and wild 
 
 loks. The Seyahs, like the Indian fakirs, 
 
 little better tliau mere vagabonds. 
 
 The Turks appropriate to tbemselres the 
 name of Moslemim. which has been cor- 
 rupted into Mussulman, signifying persons 
 professing the doctrine of Mahomet. They 
 also term themselves Sonnites, or obser- 
 vers o' the oral traditions of Mahomet 
 and his three successors : and likewise call 
 themselves true believers, in opposition 
 to the Persians and others, the adherents 
 of All, whom they call a wicked and abo- 
 minable sect. Their rule of faith and prac- 
 tice is the Koran. Some externals of their 
 religion, besides the '.escribed ablutions, 
 are prayers, which are to be said five times 
 every twenty-four hours, with the face 
 turned towards Mecca; and alms, which 
 are both enjoined and voluntary : the for 
 mer consists of paying two and a half per 
 cent, to charitable uses out of their whole 
 income. Their feasts have been already 
 spoken of ; and every Mahometan must, at 
 least, once in his lifetime, go in pilgrim- 
 age, either personally or by proxy, to the 
 Caaba, or house of God at Mecca. 
 
 ''si! 
 

 THE niSTORY OF 
 
 THE OTTOMAN OR TURKISH EMPIRE. 
 
 Thb Turks nro of Tnrtarlan or Scythian 
 extraction ; and thia appellation was first 
 given tlicm In tlio inlddio ngcs aa a proper 
 numo ; it beinfir a general title of honour to 
 all tho nations comprehended under the 
 two principal branches of Tartar and Mon- 
 gol, who therefore never use it as a proper 
 name of any particular nation. The Scy- 
 thian or Tartarian nation, to which tho 
 name of Turks has been perulliirly given, 
 dwelt betwixt the Black and Caspian seas, 
 and became first known in the seventh cen- 
 tury, when Hcraclius, emperor of the East, 
 took U;")ii into his service ; in which they 
 BO diEitl-.iguished themselves, by their fide- 
 lity and bravery in tho conquest of Persia, 
 t<i!it tho Arabian and Saracen caliphs had 
 not only select bodies of them for guards, 
 but their armies were composed of them. 
 Thus gradually getting the power into 
 their hands, they set up and dethroned 
 caliphs at pleasure. By this strict union 
 of the Turks with the Saracens or Arabs, 
 the former wore brought to embrace the 
 Mahometan religion, so that they arc now 
 become intermixed, and have jointly (en- 
 larged their conquests ; but as tho Turks 
 became superior to tho Saracens, they sub- 
 dued them. 
 
 The following account has been given of 
 the origin of the Ottoman empire. Gen- 
 ghla-khan, at the head of his horse. Issued 
 out of Great Tartary, and made himself 
 master of a vas* tract of la;;d near tho 
 Caspi.'in Sea, anu even of all I'ersla and 
 Asia Minor. Incited by his example and 
 success. Shah Sulyraan, prince of tlie town 
 of Nera, on the Caspian Sea, In the year 
 1214, passed Mount Caucasus with 50,000 
 men, and penetrated as far as the borders 
 of Syria ; and though his career was stop- 
 ped there by Genghis-khan, yet In the year 
 1219 he penetrated a second time Into Asia 
 Minor, as far as the Euphrates. Othman, 
 his grandson, made himself master of seve- 
 ral countries and places In Lesser Asia, be- 
 longing to the Grecian empire ; and having. 
 In the year 1300, assumed the title of em- 
 peror of tho Othmans, called his people after 
 his own name. 
 
 This prince, among many other towns, 
 took, in the year 1320, Prusa, in fiitbynla, 
 now called Bursa, which Orchan, his son 
 and successor, made the seat of his empire. 
 Orchan sent Solyman and Aniurath, his 
 two sons, on an expedition into Europe ; 
 the former of whom reduced the city of 
 Callipolls, and the latter took Tyrllos. Amu- 
 rath succeeded his father in the govern- 
 ment, in 1360; took Ancyra, Adrlanople, 
 and Phillppopolts; and, in 1362, overran 
 Bervla, and Invaded Macedonia and Albania. 
 
 Bajazet, his son and successor, was rml 
 successful both in Europe and AhIs, dji 
 feating the Christians near Niropoljs; iigJ 
 In 1401, ho was routed and taken iirlmi(tl 
 by Tamerlane. His sons disagreed; hiii| 
 Mahomet I. enjoyed tho soverelKiilv, aiiil 
 his son Amurath II. dlstingulshLd liiiii$ei|l 
 by several imiiortant enterprises, and pa^l 
 ticularly in the year 1444 gained a Aipijl 
 victory over tho Hungarians near Vnma. " 
 
 The Byzantine empire was already ci|| 
 off from the west, when Mahomet II., \\A 
 son of Amuratli, and his successor, at ibJ 
 ago of twenty-six, completed the wuik i{l 
 conquest. It is said that the ri'adliii<c|l 
 ancient historians had Inspired him ffiij 
 the ambition of equalling AlexaiiUor. Hi| 
 soon attacked Constantinople, wlilrli ^A 
 taken. May 20,1453; and the la!;t Pali^l 
 logus, Constantino XI., burled hlmseUoi).! 
 der tho ruins of bis throne. I 
 
 Mahomet now built tho castle o{ (A 
 Dardanelles, and organised the govoriiineiil 
 of the empire, taking for his model Nu*! 
 van's organisation of the Persian cm|)iril 
 In 1456, ho subdued tho Morca, and iJ 
 1461, led Cumnenus, emperor af Trcldzotil 
 prisoner to Constantinople. Plus 11. n\m 
 in vain upon tho nations of ChrLslciiiiogl 
 to take up arms. I 
 
 Mahomet conquered the remainder o|l 
 Bosnia In 1470, and Epirus In Mii.'i, !il(ft| 
 the death of Scauderberg. IIo took Nrart'l 
 pent and Lemnos from the VenetlanH.C'jIf 
 from the Geonese, and. In 1473, oMlKi'dtiiii 
 khan of the Crlm Tartars, of tlio fanilW 
 Goiigbts-kliaii, to do him homage. In ui 
 he bad already coiuiuered Otranto, in lU 
 kingdom of Naples, when ho died, liulii{ 
 midst of his great projects against Rm 
 and Persia. His grandson, Bellni l.,f% 
 »>".'i dtuhroned and murdered his hik 
 drove back the Persian power to the 1 
 ph rates and the Tigris, Ho defeated t 
 Mamelukes, and conquered, in l.'ii7, Egni 
 Syria, and Palestine. During I'.Uy /est. 
 tho arms of the Ottomans, by sea audi) 
 land, were the terror of Eur(>i)e and km 
 especially under Solyman II. the Jlarn^ 
 cent, also CAlled the Lawgiver, who rei™ 
 between 1519 and 156G. In ^r>:r2, lio li 
 Hliodea from tho knights of !St. Jcliu.si 
 by tho victory of Mohacz, In LOSO, subdiil 
 half of Hungary. Heexactod a trll)utc(ra 
 Moldavia, and was i.o successful agaiu 
 the Persians in Asia as to make Dagilil 
 Mesopotamia, and Georgia subject to hiij 
 He was already threatening to overrun w 
 many, and to plant the standard of Mai^ 
 met in the west, when ho was clicckidto 
 fore the walls of Vienna, In 1529. Mi 
 Hungary had placed its king, John ZaM 
 
QTtie Witavu at Curftey. 
 
 8n 
 
 lead! 
 
 II EMriRE. 
 
 )Bon and Buccossor, wnsTnyl 
 3th In Europe nnd Asia, M 
 ihrlBtlana near NIcopolls; kJ 
 as routed and taken I'rijonttl 
 le. Hl9 flons disagreed ; tnj 
 enjoyed tho sovorelijiily, ami 
 rath II. diBtingulBhed liiiiwlll 
 nportant enterprises, ana w\ 
 tUc year 1444 gained a Aiinull 
 tho IIungarlanB near Vnriu. I 
 itlnc einpiro was already fill 
 I west, when Mahomet II., tlnl 
 ■atli.and hla surcesHor, at nil 
 ity-Blx, completed tliewmkill 
 t 18 said that tho readlwoll 
 iorlans had Inspired liim wiiil 
 n of caualling Alexander. Bil 
 ed Constantinople, which iml 
 20, 14.'i3; and the last Pal3»| 
 tantluo XI., hurled hliuselliu[ 
 IB of blB throne. L 
 
 now hullt tho castio of thel 
 and organised the govommml 
 re. taking for his model Nii*l 
 ilsatlon of the Persian cmiiirj,! 
 I subdued tho Morca, aiiil ill 
 mnenuB, emperor at lr<;l'™J| 
 lOonstantinople. I'liisII. oaWl 
 m tho nations of ClirlstciiJoii| 
 
 conquered the remainder i 
 .170, and Epirus In lliir>, iilw 
 8cauderber«. Ho look Mm 
 mnos from the Venetians, UH 
 ,)ncse.and,lul47.% oldlKrJtlj 
 „ Crlm Tartars, of tho faniilyii 
 an to do him homage. In U» 
 cady coiuiuered Otranto in ti 
 f Naples, when ho died, liilH 
 lis great projects aga iist Roiii 
 Ills grandson, Sellm I., «« 
 med and murdered bin fatlr 
 the Persian power to tlw ! 
 the Tigris. Ho defeated i 
 and conquered, In Vj\1, hm 
 Palestine. During I'.fty m 
 ,f tho Ottomans, by sea mid( 
 the terror of Europe and H 
 under Solyman II. the Ma«j 
 ailed the liawglver. wlio rok-r^l 
 il9 and ir>66. In ■•.«, liet^til 
 )m the kulghts of (St. .TcliM 
 oryofMohacz,lnir,20sul,M 
 icary. He exacted a trilnitcM 
 and was i.o successful agaiM 
 ns In Asia as to make Bagdi 
 ila, and Georgia subjcet to m 
 »ady threatening to overrmiw 
 to plant the standard " M 
 west, when ho was c icckil 
 alls of Vienna, In 1529. mt 
 ad placed its king, Jolm 
 
 under the powerful protection of tho 
 lalisliah, and the successful corsair Bar- 
 barosaawas niasler of the Medlterran<?an, 
 had conquered Northern Africa, and i.ild 
 vasto Minorca, Blclly, Apulia, and Con'u, 
 tbe Bultan Solyman might havo conquered 
 Europe, had he known how to glvo llrni- 
 nm ncd conslBtcncy to his plans. Ho was 
 resisted at sea by tho VenctianH, and the 
 jOi'iiocso under Andrew Dorla, by the grand 
 master liavalette In Malta, and by Zrlny, 
 under tho walls of Zigetli. 
 Twelve sultans, all of thoni bravo and 
 trllke, and most of them continually vlc- 
 rious,had now, during a period of two 
 juturles and a half, raised tho power of 
 ■heCrcacent; but tho Internal .strength c>f 
 he Btate was yet undovelopc^d. Solyman, 
 jidced, by his laws, completed tho organ- 
 isation begun by Mohamnie<l II., and In 
 1538 united the priestly dignity of the eall- 
 liatc to tho Ottoman Porto ; but hu could 
 lot Incorporate Into a whole the coniiucred 
 jatlons. He also Imprisoned his suceessor 
 In tho seraglio. 
 
 From this time, the race of Osman dc- 
 
 lenerated, and the power of the Porte de- 
 
 llned. From Solynian's death, in 1500, to 
 
 lur own time, most of the Ottoman sove- 
 
 elgns havo ascejided the throne from a 
 
 irison, and lived In the seraglio until, as 
 
 not uufrequently happened, they again 
 
 changed a throne for a prison. Scvo- 
 
 ,1 grand vizier* have, at different periods, 
 
 one uphold the falling state, while the 
 
 Uiun coiitlnued to sink deeper Into the 
 
 rossest Ignorance and slavery ; and pachas, 
 
 ore rapacious and m jre arbitrary than the 
 
 iltaii and his divan, ruled In the provln- 
 
 8. In Its foreign relations, the Porte was 
 
 iie sport of European polltlclanB, and more 
 
 Ian once was embroiled by tho cabinet of 
 
 erssllies In a war with Austria and Russia. 
 
 lUc all Europe was making rapid pro- 
 
 68 In tho arts of peace and of war, the 
 
 ittomavi nation and government remained 
 
 lactlvcand stationary. Blindly attached 
 
 I their doctrines of absolute fate, and 
 
 lated by their former nilllcary glory, the 
 
 urks looked upon foreigners with con- 
 
 impt, as Infidels. Without any settled 
 
 Ian, but Incited by hatred and a thirst for 
 
 inquest, they carried on the war with Per- 
 
 1, Venice, Hungary, and Poland. Tho re- 
 
 ilts of the janlsiarles and of the governors 
 
 came dangerous. The susiilclons of the 
 
 spot, however, were generally quieted 
 
 Ith the dagger and tho bowstring; and 
 
 e ablest men of the divan were saclflced 
 
 the hatred of tho soldiery and of the 
 
 leraa. Tho successor to the throne fre- 
 
 .ently put to death all his brothers ; and 
 
 10 people looked with ItKlirterciieo upon 
 
 e murder of a hated sultan, or tho deposl- 
 
 an of a weak one, 
 
 MuBtapha I. was twice dethroned : Os- 
 
 »n II. and Ibrahim were strangled, the 
 
 irmer In 1622, the latter In 1648. Sellm 
 
 ', Indeed, conquered Cyprus In 1571, but 
 
 the Banie year, Don John of Austria de- 
 
 ited the Turkish fleet at Lepanto. A 
 
 tury after, under Mahomet IV., In 1009, 
 
 idia was taken, after a resistance of 
 
 irteeH years ; and tbe vizier Kara Mustar 
 
 phngave to tho Hungarians, who had been 
 oppressed by Austria, their general, count 
 Tekell, for a king. In 1682 ; but, tho very 
 next year, ho was driven back front Vienna, 
 which he had besieged, and, after tho do- 
 feat at MohaCK, In 1087, the Ottomans lost 
 most of tho strong places in Hungary. 
 The exasperated people threw their uultan 
 into prison ; but, in a short time, :ho grand 
 vizier, KInprlli Mustapha, restored order 
 and courage, and recalled victory to the 
 Turkish banners; but he was slain in tho 
 battle against the Ucrmans near Halan- 
 kenien. In 1601. At last, tho sultan Mus- 
 tapha II. himself took tho Held; but lio 
 was opposed by tho hero Eugene, the con- 
 queror at Zentha, In 1007 ; and, on the Don, 
 Peter the Great conquered Asoph. Ho 
 was obliged, therefore, by the treaty of 
 Carlowltz, in 1609, to renounce his claims 
 upon Transylvania and the country be- 
 tween the Danube and the Thelss, to glvo 
 up tho Morea to the Venetians, to restore 
 I'odolia and the Ukraine to Poland, and 
 to leave Asoph to the HuBBlans. 
 
 Thus commenced tho fall of tho Otto 
 man power. A revolt of tho janissaries, 
 who abandoning their ancient rigid disci- 
 l>lln(% wished to carry on commerce, and 
 live in houses, obliged tho sultan to abdi- 
 cate. His success!.'*-, tho Imbecile and vo- 
 luptuous Achmet 111., saw with IndlSo- 
 rencc tho troubles in Hungary, tho war of 
 the Spanish succession, and the groat 
 northern war. Charle.^ Xt!., whom he pro- 
 tected after his defeat a Pultowa, Anally 
 succeeded In Involving him In a war with 
 Peter ; but tho czar, although surrounded 
 with his whole army, easily obtained the 
 jieaco of the Pruth, by tho surrender of 
 Asoph, in 1711. In 1715, the grand vizier 
 attacr.ed Venice, and took tho Morea; bul 
 Austria assisted the republic, and Eugene's 
 victories at Peterwardeln and Belgrade In 
 1717, obliged tho Porte to give up, by the 
 treaty of Passarowltz, in 1718, Temeswar, 
 Belgrade with a part of Servia and Walla- 
 chla, but still It retained the Morea. 
 
 Equally unsuccessful were Achmct'sarms 
 In Persia ; In consequence of which an In- 
 surrection broke out, and he was thrown 
 into prison In 1730. In 17."16, the Russian 
 general MUnmtch humbled the pride of 
 the Ottomans; but Austria, tho ally of 
 Russia, was not successful, and the French 
 ambassador in Constantinople elfected the 
 treaty of Belgrade, by which tho Porte re- 
 gained Belgrade, with Servia and Waila- 
 chla. 
 
 Catherine, empress of Russl.a, soon after 
 her elevation, began to make It a favourite 
 object In her plan of politics to gain a dic- 
 tatorial ascendancy over the king and diet 
 of Polai?d. This she cHected partly by the 
 intrigues and persuasive bribes of her mi- 
 nister at the court of "Warsaw, and partly 
 by marching a powerful army into tliat 
 kingdom : but as soon as this hostile step 
 was taken, the Porte took tho alarm, and, 
 stimulated by jealousy of Us northern rival, 
 resolved to support the liberties and inde- 
 pendence of tlio Poles. 
 
 These resolutions being formed in the 
 divan of Constantinople, M. Obreskuw, the 
 
812 
 
 CTfje CrrAi^uru of ^.Mtoris ^c. 
 
 RngRltn resident tbere, was, n'^rordlng to 
 the conitSDt practice ot tlie Turka on such 
 occaglons, cominUtad a prisoner to the 
 cftstlo of the seven towers (Oct. 5, 1788). 
 Wnr was declared against the oinrross of 
 IlusBia, and the most vlf^orouH preparations 
 were made to collect tlm whole force of 
 the empire. The court of iluHsIa was far 
 from seeking a rupture with the I'orte, 
 being fully employed in Important objects 
 nearer homo; but behiK uniil)le to prevent 
 ft war, two armies, amoinitlng together to 
 180,000 men. were formed, at the head of 
 the largest of which prince GallltzIn crossed 
 the Dniester, and entered Moldavia, with a 
 view of becoming master of Ohoczln ; but 
 the prudent measures taken by the Tur- 
 kish vizier frustrated all his attempts, and 
 ol)llgod him to repass the river. The Im- 
 patience of the Tnrkrt to pursue these ad- 
 vuntagos, and to transfer the seat of war 
 Into Pudolla, excited a general disgust at 
 the cautious and circumspect conduct of 
 their leader; In consequence of which he 
 was removed, and Maldovanl, All Pacha, a 
 man precipitate and Inomitlous, appointed 
 In his stead ; who, by repeated attempts to 
 cross the Dniester in sight of the Ilusslan 
 army, lost in the short space of a fortnight 
 34,000 of his best troops. This spread 
 such general discontent through the army, 
 that, renouncing all subordination, the 
 troops retreated lumultuously towards the 
 Danube, and no less than 40,000 men are 
 said to have abandoned the standard of 
 Mahomet In this precipitate flight. The 
 Turkish provinces of Moldavia and Wal- 
 lachla were overrun by the Russians, and 
 most of the places of strength became 
 easy pivys to the conqueror. The cam- 
 paign, which opened so auspiciously for 
 the Ottomans, by the rashness and folly 
 ot their general ended in their disgrace 
 and ruin. The vizier was degraded and 
 banished. 
 
 The czarina, who almost from tho com- 
 mencement of b»r reign had endeavoured 
 to establish an efficient naval force, which, 
 luider the skilful superintendence of sir 
 Charles Knowles, had been successfully ef- 
 fected, now caused a large Beet of Russian 
 men-of-war, commanded by count Orlow, to 
 proceed from the Baltic to the Mediterra- 
 nean, to annoy the Turks on their extensive 
 coasts in the Levant. The unskilfulness of 
 the Russians in maritime affairs greatly re- 
 tarded the progress ot their fleet ; and it 
 vras not until the spring of 1770, that it ar- 
 rived at the scene of action, although many 
 experienced British officers were volunteers 
 In the expedition. The Turks, to whom 
 the sea has ever proved a fatal element, 
 for some time had no force capable of op- 
 posing the enemy, so that the Morea was 
 exposed to their ravages, and leveral places 
 of strength w^re taken ; the Greek inhabi- 
 tants everywhere joyfully received the In- 
 vaders I but at length an army ot Albanians 
 being collected, they drove ;he Russians to 
 their ships, and having recovered the whole 
 country, chastised the revolt it its Inhabi- 
 tants by the lawless vengeance of a licen- 
 tious soldiery. 
 
 The Russians, now drlrea from the Ho- 
 
 rea, had advanced In full force into titl 
 iVgoan sea, and, passing the straits whiSI 
 divide ttie island of Bcio from tlie couidl 
 Asia Minor, were met by a Turklnli HooSI 
 superior force. A furious engaRt>iii(<iit m.1 
 sued on the 5th of July, iu which tlin Umiinl 
 admiral Hplrltof encountered the rii|itta| 
 pncha, In the Bnltana of 90 guntt, yariluil 
 and yard-arm. The two ships runiiliiRrlwl 
 together, grappled each other. TIioHiivI 
 slans, by throwing hand grenadoti, tictihl 
 enemy's ship on Are, which rapidly srrml 
 and soon reached the Ilusslan ship, ul 
 dreadful spectacle suspended the action bil 
 twedn the two fleets, until both shipg binl 
 up. Only twenty-four Rugslans weronavrtl 
 among whom were tho adnilrnl, IiUkiI 
 and count Theodore Orlow; the elilpiigll 
 <-'ed SO luitss guns, and had on lioardj 
 ohesi, containing 600,000 roubles (ll],soiJ 
 sterling). I 
 
 Although each fleet was equally nlfecltj 
 by this event, yet It Infused a panic amogJ 
 the Turks, which the Russians did notptil 
 take of. During the remainder of thcdil 
 tho Turks maintained the action; butnl 
 tho approach of night, the capltnn ]iiitti| 
 contrary to the advice of his ufflreij 
 gave orders for each ship to cut Its abli 
 and run into a bay on the const m 
 a small town anciently called CyB.su8,ti 
 now known by the name of Chisme. H 
 sein bey, who had raised himself by him 
 lents for war to be second in roinmji 
 saved his ships by bravely forcini? liln 
 tlirough the enemy's fleet. Here tlie Hi 
 slan fleet soon after blocked them up,d 
 began a furious cannonade ; which \xm 
 found Ineffectual, a flre-slilp was sent in^ 
 midnight, on the 7th of July, which, b;it 
 intrepid behavonr ot lieutenant Dtigdit 
 grappled a Turkish man-of-war, nndu 
 wind at that moment being Teryhigb,il 
 whole Ottoman fleet was consnmecl, cm 
 one man-of-war and a few galleys vbl 
 were towed off by the Russians. The Bij 
 Bians the next morning entered thebM 
 hour, and bombarded the town and tsd 
 that protected it ; and a shot happcnlDglj 
 blow up the powder magazine, both ra 
 reduced to a heap ot rubbish, nn 
 through the fatal misconduct of a i 
 mander, there was scarce a vestigo lett.lj 
 a tew hours, ot a town, a castle, and sll 
 fleet, whiuh had all been In existcnreU 
 day before. It Is somewhat reraarlni 
 that this place was rendered tamnnib 
 great victory which the Romans gali 
 there over the fleet ot Antiochus, In tt 
 year before Christ ISI. 
 
 The Turkish fleet consisted of Hft 
 ships ot the line, from sixty tonlnety^r 
 beside a number ot xebecs and i^Uqj 
 amouuting in the whole to near tlilrt; i 
 The Russians had only ten ships of f 
 line, and five frigates. The Turkisb I 
 being thus annihilated, it might hareb 
 expected that the Russian admiral wc 
 have shaken the Ottoman empire toi 
 vorv foundations : that he would baTei^ 
 it to the proof how far the Dardasdl 
 were effectual tor the defence of tbel 
 lespont. Had he proved Buocessfulagili 
 those celebrated barriers, ConstaQtiiiiil 
 
ftfft fj^dttartf o( CuriKtt. 
 
 813 
 
 anccd In full force Into tb|l 
 md,pa»»lnB the straits whlj 
 ilanU of Bcio from the cawM 
 were met by aTurklBlifloettfl 
 !0. A f urloUR oiiKftKenuMit q,! 
 th of July, iu wlilchtlio Uuiiinl 
 •Itof encountered tlie fii|iui|| 
 B Sultana of 00 guns, yarrtiujl 
 1. Tho two ships runnlnnfimil 
 appled each other. Ttic ii«l 
 rowlHR hand KrenadoR, mM 
 p on Are, which rapidly 8pre^l 
 (ached tho Uusslan Rhip. Tba 
 ictncle sucpendnd the nation t»l 
 wo fleets, until hoth ships blnl 
 a>nty-four liusslanH wcromive^l 
 im were tho admiral, liUiml 
 rhoodore Orlow; tho ohlpwl 
 SB guns, and had on bosnij 
 lining 600,000 roubles (Uj,r" 
 
 each fleet wrs equally nffetu 
 It, yet It Infused a piuilc Rmoii 
 which the KuMlans dUl notp» 
 uring the remainder of thcW 
 nmintalned the action; bW(j 
 ch of night, tho capltan rudid 
 
 the advice of his offlfenl 
 
 1 for each Bhlp to *■"' Us wWr' 
 rito a bay on tho coast tt 
 im ancle"tly called Cyflsu9,li 
 
 1 by the name of Chlsme. Hi 
 rho had raised himself hyhlsi 
 rar to be seoond In commr 
 ihlps by bravely forcing lils 
 le enemy's fleet. Hero the Ei 
 loon after blocked tUcm up ij 
 irlons cannonade ; which M. 
 rectual, a flre-slilp was scntlni 
 )n the nh of July, which, by tl 
 itaavour of lieutenant DiigJi 
 , Turkish man-of-war, and t 
 at moment being very nlghj 
 iman fleet was consumea, est 
 f-war and a few galleys '{ 
 1 olt by tho RuBslans. The I 
 next morning entered the 
 bombarded the town and ct 
 )ted It ; and a shot happcnlnit 
 le powder magazine, hoth w 
 o 8 heap of rubbish. Tbi 
 lie fatal misconduct ot a ca 
 lere was scarce a vestlgo leftj 
 rs, of a town, a caatle, and «r 
 li had all been In existence 
 5. It IB Bomewhat reraarii 
 place was rendered famooBW 
 ^ry which the Romans galH 
 • the fleet of Antiochus, In' 
 e Christ 191. .,.„,., 
 •klsh fleet consisted of 111 
 le line, from sixty tonlnetyf 
 number of xebecs and g* 
 ' m the whole to near thirty i 
 ana had only ten ehlps ol 
 Ive frigates. The Turkish 
 g annihilated. It might hayel 
 that the Kusslan admiral it 
 :en the Ottoman empire to 
 datlona: that he would baT«i 
 proof how far the Dsrdat^ 
 ■stual tor the defence of the' 
 Had he proved successful agt 
 ibrated barrier», Constantino 
 
 •If the scat of empire, must have fallen 
 ^ iilB hands. It seems evident that tho 
 [*■ of Russia did not extend to tho cifoct- 
 iiuch a purpose; her fleet during the 
 Jialntlcr of the war, was only employed 
 [niakinK ilesconts on tho Turkish islands, 
 u with little or no suoceFs. 
 In that Hparo of tlmo the great Russian 
 t,. iinving pnsHed the Danube, found Its 
 Eijress In Iliilgnrla stopped by tho range 
 [mfluntnlns which Intersects that coun- 
 l whilst It was continually harassed by 
 lichmcnts from tho Turkish camp. The 
 icnsci of the war were severely felt by 
 b empire, and although that of Rua^la 
 J gained tho ascendancy, no boncflrlal 
 Eiequcnces hnd been realised. In this 
 t«of nlTairs, tho sultan, Mtutaphalll., 
 J January 21. 1774, In the flfty-elght^ year 
 (lis age, snd seventeenth of hlsrclRii ; he 
 nintad his brother Abdulhamet to suc- 
 A him on the throne. The war was con- 
 bed with spirit; but a large Turkish 
 ty, commanded hythorelseffenJI, being 
 htdlsgrnrcfully defeated by general Ka- 
 M, the I'orte, no IdUgerableto maln- 
 )ithowar,wa3 compell 'd to receive terms 
 ii the conqueror. A peace was signed 
 fthe 2lBt of July 1774, at Kalnardjl, 
 ktlfy which the nuifti Issued his fctfa, 
 Irdlnance, In which, to the great degra- 
 ■on of Ottoman pride. It was said, that, 
 ling our troops will no longer flght 
 I Russians, It Is necessary to cuncludo a 
 
 fc treaty of peace consisted of twenty- 
 It artlrles, by which, among other ad- 
 gen, the RusKlnns obtained afreenavi- 
 kin In all the Turkish seas, together 
 J the passage through the Dardanelles. 
 blan consuls were likewise to reside In 
 Inrkish seaports. 
 
 ■though peace was, upon these condl- 
 Y restored, yet It soon became appa- 
 I that the latent ambition of Catherine 
 : her to meditate the utter subver- 
 lof the Turkish empire, and to indulge 
 lie hope that she herself would effect 
 fTo bring forward this grand design 
 Imade a progress from Moscow to the 
 W with all the pageantry of imperial 
 ). Whilst on this journey she received 
 lit from the emperor of Germany, Jo- 
 [ll., and, as the visits of potentates are 
 ■ally fatal to the peace of the world, 
 was good ground to suppose that 
 ■was portentous to the Ottoman empire, 
 Ihad for its chief objects to settle the 
 Vet attacking it. and how it should be 
 led when conquered. Tho Porte took 
 ularm, and, determined not to await 
 patnratlon ot its enemy's councils and 
 f, pnbllHhed a manifesto, dated the 7th 
 pgnst 1787, and commenced hostilities 
 hst the empress of Russia. The enipe- 
 U Germany, soon after, led aformldablq 
 ragalnst the Turkish fastn jsses on tho 
 ners of Htmgary, not doubting but 
 leverythlng would fall before him with 
 Tspldlty which Oeesar exulted in ; but 
 brogress was opposed, and his mea- 
 1 froBtrated by the Burprtsing valour 
 londnct of the Turks. 
 I war with RuBsla was chiefly mari- 
 
 time, and tho seat of it tho Rlack sea ; but 
 here neither success nor glory aciTued to 
 tho Turkish armn. Tho llusslans beciime 
 masters of Ocsakow, and In every conltlut 
 at sea were declnl vely superior. 
 
 This unequal war was not looked upon 
 with Indifference by some other of the 
 great powers of Kurope. Tho subjugation 
 of tho Turkish empire, nnd tho vaHt In- 
 cresje of power which IiusHla would ac- 
 quire, by possessing tho most valuable^, be- 
 cause the moHt commercial pans of It, 
 were considered as revolutions In which 
 tho other powers ot Kurope were deeply 
 Interested. In eon«e<iupnco of which a 
 close alllanco was formed between (Ireat 
 Britain and Prussia, having for Its chief 
 object tho rescuing tho Turks from thnt 
 destruction v/hlch hung over them, by re- 
 storing peace to that part of Europe. Tho 
 losses and disgraces which tho emperor 
 BUHtalned, and tho death of Tiaudohn, tho 
 only general who had effected anything, 
 rendered that prince anxious to termi- 
 nate the war; and tho emprens of RuBsIa, 
 through tho mediation of theBrltlHh court, 
 at length acceded to terms of peace, by 
 tho conditions of which very Important 
 towns and districts were added to her 
 dominions; which, however, her arms had 
 previously obtained. 
 
 Buonaparte's campaign In Egypt Anally 
 raised the Indignation of the Porto, which, 
 on tho iBt of September 1708, declared war 
 for tho flrRt time against Trance. By Its 
 alllanco with Russia, In December 1798, 
 and with Kngland and Naples, In January 
 1799, it now fell under tho direction of tho 
 cabinets of St. Petersburg nnd St. James's. 
 A Russian fleet Balled through the Darda- 
 nelles, and a Turkish squadron. In coope- 
 ration with it, conquered tho Ionian is- 
 lands. Paul 1. and Sellm III., by a treaty 
 at Constantinople, formed the republic of 
 the Seven Islands, which, as well as Ra- 
 gusa, was to be under the protection of 
 tho Porte. In the following year, this 
 country restored Egypt to tho Porte ; but 
 the Mameluke beys and the Arnaouts Ail- 
 ed the land with tumult and bloodshed, 
 until, on the 1st of March 1811, the new 
 governor, Mohemet All Pacha, entirely ex- 
 terminated tho Mamelukes by treachery, 
 and after this ruled over Egypt almost 
 Independently. 
 
 The union with the European powers 
 had, however, mado Sellm and some of the 
 chiefs of the empire Bcnsible that, if tho 
 Porto would maintain Its power, it must 
 introduce into its armies the modem tac- 
 tics, and give to the divan a form more 
 suited to tho times. The NIzan Dshedid 
 laboured, therefore, to form a Turkish 
 army on the European model, which should 
 supersede tho janissaries. But after the 
 peace with Prance, in 1801, there were in 
 the r<ivan two parties, a Russian and Brit- 
 ish, and a French. The superiority of Rus- 
 sia pressed upon the Porte in the Ionian 
 islands and in Servia ; it was accordingly 
 Inclined to favour France. When, there- 
 fore, Russia, in 1806, occuptwl MoldaMa 
 and Wallacbia, the old hostility broke out 
 anew, and (Dec. 80, 1806>, the Porte, at 
 
§ 
 
 It14 
 
 (Tljr Crrnilurtf of %)ii(tori?, Set, 
 
 till* liiNllHitllDii of l<'i'iiiici<, (li'i-liiriMt wiir 
 nK'<*n«t KiimhIii, wlili'li wiiN iih'ctiily i'lifrntri'il 
 V' . i'orHlii unit Kritiinii. 'I'liti wcnkiutMN of 
 th<< i)( '.iiiinii I'liiplro wim now iivldcnt. An 
 V'u^it/.ii lli'i'l forciMl tlio inntmiHO <>f llir 
 uiirtliiiiolli'i*, niitl, on IIik'joMi of Vi<liruiii> 
 IH()7, n|i|i<'itri<(t Ix'fnro I'miiitnntliioiilo; hiii 
 llio Kri'iich K<'ii«rnl HKlimtMniil tllri<i<l.i<(l 
 
 with Nl'Ct'l'HN Hut IVMlMdlllCO of MlO lllVlill 
 
 mill of Mio iMiriiKi'il i<i<iii>lo. On Uw oilirr 
 liniiii, ilio Hiiititliiiiit iiimlo rniilil adviiiiccti. 
 Tlio |i(<o|>ln- iiiriiiiiriMl ; niiil Hollni III., on 
 ity IH07, WHM ili'poiiiMl liy lliii 
 iMliiiilia IV. will ol>llK<'it lo 
 
 'l« llllll'll ItllloVllllollN. Illll', 
 
 i'ki*i.> lli'ot liiiil lii'i'ii onllri'ly 
 
 thosotli 
 niiini, M 
 
 iftor ill) 
 
 liciitou liy >..!' KiiHt'liuiH lit lioninoH. Hi'IIiii'h 
 frlt'iul, Miiilii)ili» ititlriikliir, Ilio liriivo 
 imchit of KuMt-liiik, look iiilVHiititK<< of tlio 
 torror of ilio rHpUul to mil/.n It. Tim 
 iinliH|<|)y Hi'llni loNt IiIn lifo ; niiil lliilrnk- 
 tnr, In tlio iiIhi'k of Mio tIcitoHcd MiiMtiiplin 
 IV., rnlxcd lo tlio llirniio tlio riiIIiiii MiiIi- 
 inoud II. Ah Krimd vl/.l(<r of Miiliinoiid. 
 )io roHtorod tlio now inllllary MyHtciii, mid 
 •■oni'Indod n triiiv> with UuriiIa ; l>iil. tlio 
 fury of tlio Jiiiiliiiuirloit nKitln hroko out, 
 mid doitroycd lilni In tlio tatter oiiil of 
 lim. 
 
 Mnhmnnd now nioiio mipiMirtcd tint 
 throno ; for lio- whh, nIiico tlio doiilli of 
 MiiKtHphnlV;, thoonly prliiroof tlio fitnilly 
 of Ohiiihii, mid ho mion dUiiliiyod nil oxtrii- 
 ordiniiry doKroo of roiiriiKo and prudoiicit. 
 Uiio of liJH llrxt actM w»M to ronoludo |ich<'0 
 Willi Oroat lirllaln, III iwm; ho thon con- 
 tliiiii'd, with rodoubU'd viKour, tlio war 
 atraluHt thv ItUMHlanii, who alrondy tlircat- 
 piiod I ho iviMHOii of tlio Ilalkan. Twico 
 tho Uiiiiiilanii woro ohllfriM to rotreal lie- 
 valid tho Dniiuho ; novertlioloMH tlioir lui- 
 licy conquorod llio Kritnch party In tlio 
 illvnn. In vain did tho Vroncli oinporor, 
 In hlH troaty with Austrln, Miirch U, IHIU, 
 duclaro that ho would maintain thr In- 
 tORrlty of tho TnrklMli territory. Not- 
 wlthHtandluK tlilH, lu-foro the Kronch army 
 lind paHHOd tho NIomcn, tho NullAn liouKht 
 poaro with KiiHRla. at Itucharont, l>y codiiiK 
 Hint part of Moldavlaaud lioHHiirahla which 
 lloM boyond tho I'ruth, with tho norlhorii 
 forlroBHOa on tho DnloBtor and at tho 
 nioutliH of tho Diiiinho, and tho Bouthvrn 
 gates of tho ('nurnHua on tho Kur. 
 
 The Servians, loft to thoinaclvPH, again 
 liofHino subjected to Turkoy. They re- 
 tained, however, by tlielr treaty with tho 
 rorte, In November 18I&, the ndmlnlstrn- 
 tlou of tho government. 
 
 In 1817. Mahmoud was obliged to glvo 
 up tho principal mouth of the Daniibu to 
 llussla. Uut the Hreek Insurrortion again 
 disturbed tho relations of tho two powors, 
 and has produced Important changes In 
 tho sttual u II of tho Porte. Tho Purte be- 
 lieved that itUBBia secretly favoured tho 
 Insurrection and therefor? seized Moldavia 
 and Wallachia, and restricted Us marine 
 commerce. Doth were open violations of 
 the peaco of BucharoHt. After an inter- 
 chango of notes, the Ilussian ambassador 
 left Constantinople. The mediation of the 
 Buglish and Austrian courts, together with 
 the emperor Alexander's desire tor peace. 
 
 prevenliMl llin oiitbrenk of u wiir IhjiilJ 
 illvaii, niiiliT varloiiH prcleXH, i rii„,|? 
 Hiitlxfactloii to tint KiiNidnii ciiIiIih i, ,i|,||y 
 III liiNl, I lii< emperor NIcIuiImh ilii iii'miiJ 
 lluMNlannlMiiiatiini ; upon wlilrlith,'!',,. 
 In IN'JII, granted all tlio di'iiiiiiniH „f | 
 KuNBlan court, and proiiilHcd iii.ii, inO 
 davia and WiilliM'lila (wlierx, In ihnvyru 
 It bad rttUed !i7,o*Ni,oiio of pliiHiriH.wMJ 
 were employed In llio wiir iiKiilimi J 
 (Iriteks) everything t<lioiild be rc'|i|,ii>(.,{? 
 I(N formiir foniliig, and Netii coiiiiii|i.ai„|,j 
 In Ackeruinn. Here a niiiil trim wiimh 
 lUi'd for the declHliui of llin illviui,iiiiiu 
 Hie nth of ticlolier IH'JO, oIhIiIv ttvunnin, 
 of llio lltiMNlan iiMliiiiiliiiii Mcni nnqiia 
 Tho Porte Miirrendercd to tint ItiiHsiiinJ 
 Hio fortrefMies In Asia wlileli li iiiii||,|3 
 erto held back, anil uikiiowleilui'ii iiiiiil 
 vlleges granli'd by IliiMHla to Hcrvln, ii| 
 iliivlu, and Wallaclilik The Iri'iiiy wmj 
 rnii'dln IH'J7. 
 
 In the iiieanwhilo the IN rlc ImhI i 
 Its Internal reform, and It hum niiirij] 
 solved to exterminate Hio JniilMHurli'Mj 
 burnt tho suburb of Halata, briwci'iit 
 :iril and the Mh of .laniiiiry IH'Jti. AiuiJ 
 wax formed upon tho Kiiroin'iiii hy<i 
 uiiil In June iH'Jii, the JaiilHHiirlcH wirti 
 Hi roynl, after a bloody NtriiHgle. Tlici) 
 leiico oiiii>loyed In tho oxecutliin dti) 
 and other iiieasiireH, cauNod an iiiHum 
 Hon, In which O,iioo houses wercburuj 
 l!<iiiHtiintlnople. Instead of iiilllinryj 
 Hiiboi'dlniitlon, tho moHt rigid iii'iinryj 
 pollHiii began, which did mil. imrei 
 tlio iileina. At tho snmn time, ilio | 
 111 .lull)' 1R37, flrmly refused Mm nial 
 niedlatliui of llUHsla, Knglanil, iiiul Pn 
 In ItH war with thoHruoks; aiul iIiiiil 
 eall)td all Ills HUbJects (OhrlHtlaiiH liirinL 
 to ariiiH, to light, If necessary, iiK»hfll 
 Kiiropit. r 
 
 Kur tho events of tho period wlilrlilJ 
 veiled betwi'on this time and the imiii 
 of the war with llussla In IH.'i.'i, we ri'(ct| 
 reailer to tho In *.tor portloiiH i if our lilita 
 of Oreece, Russia, and Knglaiid. 
 
 In the year IHfiS It became iiiiircil 
 probablo that tho general idmicc, «■ 
 laMt)'il from IHIA. would bo dlHtiiriiiHlir 
 )iuarrel arising out of a rivalry futl 
 poHseBslon of tho holy placitH In Jitih 
 nnd Palestine. Into tho delailH of tlifd 
 lllctlng claims on tho part of the (imtl 
 liiitln Uhrlstlans, It Is not nccesHiiry loif 
 at any length. Mttlo Interest iiin i 
 t.o disputes, ox tended over centurii'ii,fg 
 privilege of holding or repnIrliiK cm 
 buildings or portions of bulMiiiKiil 
 only when, from special circumBtniirn,! 
 lu'aulro n political Importance that III 
 oimes nocoBsary tn examine thrmii| 
 In 1851 tho French government undoi 
 to withdraw the exclusive cinim ii 
 Latins, and to adopt the principle oti 
 occupation of tho disputed placci. Iw 
 tho RuBBlans wore rea)ly to aflHoiit.pnf 
 tho arrangement should bo applied tol| 
 places also of which tho Latins liil 
 elusive use. This was refused; 
 question was then referred by the i 
 to a special council of state, wliirh du 
 that tho Greeks, Latins, and Armor 
 
 I 
 
•». ^'f' 
 
 ilifiiiillirciih "f '»"'iir Ua\\t 
 ,>r viirlottx im'loiH, i lu-nii 
 
 I to lll« UllHltllkll I'lllillltl. Iltillll 
 I OinlHTIir Nll-|llllllMlll'<l:||<.||k 
 
 Iniiaiini; HiHiiiwIililiiii.i'H 
 
 UllltMt itll liM< •<<'■« <" "I > 
 
 nirl, »•>•> l>MtiilHcil lliMiliiM, 
 WulliH'liliHWln'f"! •» "lirtvyf«y 
 
 MmI l\7,tHH),IKH» of lllllHlll'n.Wi,^ 
 
 |oyi<i> 111 III" wiir iiHiilnut III 
 ri'rytliliiK hIiiiuIiI !'•' i'IiIihcJi- 
 
 f.HitlliK. i«li<> •"'»'■ r"ii""l"«l'ii> 
 nil llt<ri< li nxiil t<'*'"> W""'" 
 |i(( ilrflxl"'" "' "'" <"viiii,iuii|, 
 Hi'lolx'f IH'Jil, olHlily iwiiiirilfj 
 iHKliin tillliiiiiliim w.r'MiinM 
 , Hurronilcri'il lo t)ii< KiikhIiiihi 
 >iiMi<ii III AhIii wIiIcIi II linUiii 
 
 Imclc.Hiitl uifcimwInlHiil iIukI 
 rnnicA l>y UiihhIiv to KitvIh.Iii 
 1 Walliiclili*. Tliolrt'iiij wiiMii 
 
 H27 
 
 nioanwlillo tlio IMI.- I.yl l«„ 
 
 lilt ri'f'inii. i«ii<> ll wii« niiirlii, 
 
 .!Xll>rillllllll«' ••••' jHlllMHIlllCM 
 
 » niilmrlt or tliiliilii. Ii'ittciiiij 
 ho Mil of .liiiiiiiiry I**-"- '^"'n 
 iumI lllioii tlio Kiiroii.im ny.n 
 iiiio tH'Jrt. tho JiuiUHurlfH wird 
 aruT a l.looily HlriiKKU;. Hm 
 loloyod III llio «ixi>'-ull""' '" 
 ,.r inniHiin'H. cmikoiI mi lii««n 
 wIlU'll O.'xw liow""" W'T''!'"" 
 LllloDlO. IllHtKiHt of intllliiri, 
 „iMoii.tJnnii«>'»»;rlKia "'"'larjl 
 
 lOKUll wlilfli ill'l ""' i;""'" 
 
 I i. At Ui«Hftm«tliii(<.ili"l) 
 . J827. nmily rcruwM tii" .m 
 ,„ of UviHHlft, KiiKlaiiil. mi; K™ 
 
 II UlH Hiil>J«r.W (t)lirlHtliinH InoliL 
 , to nglit, it neroHBnry, iiKulin 
 
 lOCVcnUotUiopcrloiUvMcM 
 
 olwwiitlilKtlmoRiitl il"'"">^ 
 irvvltliUuHMalnlHf.:i.wo ncj 
 
 otlio 111 MeriiortloiiH of our Willi 
 
 ■e. miMla. and UiiHlmxt- 
 o year IBM Jt beniiiio luord 
 .< that tUo general \wuw, «, 
 SoiriHl". would 1.0 .llHt;.riHHll 
 
 arl»ln« out of a riviilry ft] 
 ion of tlio Uoly iiIacoH II J;W 
 csiliio. into tlio dotftim of ilif 
 ciumiontlioimrtotllu.(;mlj 
 hrlBtlaim, It Iti not noctwiir} lo^ 
 
 ..iKlli. l.ltilo lnteri'»t (;nn»L 
 .teaVoxtondea over centiir rs, j 
 
 KB or portions of l)""'! "««• j 
 ten from Bpoclal clrcuiiiHtn 'cei,! 
 '^Stlca'Ilmportaiicoi.at 
 iiocoBHary to oxamino them Jl 
 thS FroiU Bovornmeii una^ 
 hdraw the oxcIubIvo c am oI 
 and to adopt thoprlnclpooL 
 
 tlon of the disputed Pl'"'"' 'l 
 »iniiH were ready to assi iit.prol 
 ^'gementBlio^d l.o aPPUodto 
 
 illoof which thoLail in W 
 , use. This was refusid: «^| 
 
 n was then referred I'V the* 
 o"J?onncUolBtate.w.lchJ 
 ho Greeks, Latins, and Arina 
 
 Wht Wiiox'V of (ITiirlifn. 
 
 IctlllKili'llllii 
 
 l)l|MI|'tl'll I' 
 
 'I'lirli "" 
 t:il IHM 
 ■ (' •ilrn 
 
 JjlMV »■ 
 
 k|ilu nn 
 \rn fur t 
 
 lI'llllllllH 
 
 L.iiiiii I'ni'li h»vi< kcynof I lie Hiirn-il iiI/kth, 
 
 Villi' iIk' <'l"l"i "' ''"' '''■ilK'* l<> )'<!< IiinIvi' 
 
 j,,,,,.^,!. Ill (if llli' loiiilidf ilio VIrKliI WilH 
 
 Iriiiiiiiiiii'i'il liiiiiliiilxxllili'. Tim i|iii'Hlliiii 
 
 kiiitlliiw Miiiili' l<> lilrii nil till' rlKlit of llic 
 
 [„tliiatiiiilii'V to III!' rliiiri'li lit lli'Mili'lii-iii, 
 
 Lil tliiM'IfiHiN of Ilii* KiiNNlitii nivoy tvi'i'i' 
 
 ■iri'i'tcil I'l tli'< withilriiwiil nf IIiIn i>rlvll('Ki< 
 
 'nil till' liiillliM. At lliii HtiiiiK Minn llii< 
 
 hilH'riir i>f KiimkI.'i iiiitilo ii ilixiiiut I'lulni, 
 
 ivlrliii''irMii< li'i'iity of Kiiliiiiiiljl III 1771, 
 
 ki'irri'lMMi iiriitiM'.tiiniloitvcr itll lliKilrt'i'k 
 
 r(irlli<Hli>« <'l><'l>*ll'"i*< who iiiixlit lin Hiili 
 
 yiH iif llii' 'ii'iiii. Mi'iiiiwlillii llii' roll 
 
 r tlii'ili'i'i'kM mill liiitliiH, 
 
 viOy liy Mm ItiMHliiii iiiiil 
 
 I", I'liwnl Mm 'riii'liH III 
 
 ' '''it llll'lll IlllO II MI'rIi'M 
 
 '"' iMiil of li'i'liriiiirv 
 
 ■I lit ('llllHlllliti 
 
 I'roiii SI. I'ctcru 
 r iIii'<I|m|>iiIi', mill 
 
 i'M 1 liy II I'liiiiiKi- III Mil' 
 irl(l!iliiiiluiMlry,wlil< liliidiirril tim l<'ri'tii'li 
 riiliiriit III iiiiivi' n Iti'i't rrniii 'r<iiiliiii 
 ill Ilii- (IrtM'k wiilriM. ri'liiniMi'iiHi'lilluiir 
 ri'i'tli'il III iiriipiixo til tliii TiirkN a miti-i'I 
 ,t", KoiMirliiK III tIm ('iii|irriii nf KiimhIu 
 
 rlKlltiir Illtcrfl'I'lllH fur tlm lirnlcrMnll 
 
 tho (ilirlNllaii HiiliJi'i-iM of tliu Miiltmi. 
 liwiia rvhiHi'il, Imt tlm I'nrto cxprrHHi'il 
 wlllliiK>ii'i*w til ri'iuilr tliii riipiilik of Mm 
 rcliof Hio lliily Hi'|)iili;lirii,iin(t toroiiijily 
 li other (IriiiniKlM. on tlm r>tli of May, 
 reMeiiM'lilkiiiri<rcm<iiti'iliiii iilthiiatiiiii. 
 iniiilliiK nil niiHtvi'r In Mirrii iliiyH, iiiiil 
 IttliiH (Ml Hie Kiiiiriinli'i' of tlm iirotmv 
 lie. After Homo iii'Kotliii I' III, and ('FmiiKi'H 
 lio iiiltilMtry, tliu TiirklHli ciililnet ro- 
 i'(l nliiiiiHt iiiiniiliiioiiHly to ir|i'i',t tlm 
 mini, niid prltico Mi'imchlknir Irft (%iii- 
 tliiiiIile,liiil(lliiKoiit wiirnliiKM of ImrdiT 
 iireH (III tliu piirt of tho IIuhhIuii bo- 
 
 IIICIll. 
 
 wiwlilln It would HciMii tlmfc tlm cm- 
 
 Tof UuhhIii wiih not, or profcHHiMl not 
 
 ifiillviiwiiriMif tlm I'ciil iiitcntiiiMH of 
 
 IrlllHii Kiiverniiiont iw to itHdiity In tho 
 
 tut certain Ihhiioh KrowInK out of MiIh 
 
 iriHiucHlloii. TliiM-iiiirHo of tlm i|iiiirrrl 
 
 itliopiililleatloii In ICiiKliind of a ImiK 
 
 18 iidivKiitliilloiiM, which lifulheen koIiik 
 
 iiico 18H, in which yciir tlio cnipernr of 
 
 III spent Homo time In liondoii niid hud 
 
 eiit liitervli'WH with tho diikc of Wi'l- 
 
 i(iiiflniUiirdAlicrdeeii,(>ii tliu condltloii 
 
 10 Turkish (Mnpiro, and on tho lino of 
 
 III to lu! lulopted hy tho two ffovorn- 
 
 )» In tlio event of the diHHolntlon of 
 
 mpire, mid on his return to ItiiHHiiiliu 
 
 lip a momoriinduin which was tniiiH- 
 
 d to lioiiilDn, and depoHltc^l In tint 
 
 {vcsof tilt) foreign oIUcu. Karly in 185:1 
 
 DIwroriiKftlii entcTcd into ronvcr.sutloii 
 
 lelrll.Seyminir, 011 tliOHuliJectH treated 
 
 int memurniiduiii, and exproHiHid lils 
 
 Ictioii that tho TurklHli empire could 
 
 last Iniiff, and Ills anxiety that the 
 
 ih and UuhhIiui Koveriiincnta should 
 
 ■ecU ns to wlint ouKht to lio done in 
 
 t its diasolutton. Ho said that while 
 
 uld never nilow KiiKlaiid to occupy 
 
 ntlnople, he would also hind lilniself 
 
 to hold It except in deposit. If such a 
 
 81A 
 
 eiitirmi hlimilil Im ifiiili'ii'il iilinnliilrljr iiii- 
 I'l'NMiiry frmii iinfnri'iimi riri'iiiiininiM')<i«. 
 'I'hU I'linvi'iNiilliiii wiiN ri'p'Tleii liy ulr M. 
 Niyiiiiiiir; Mini Mm llrlilHli k ivi'riiiiiciil, In 
 ri'i.ly, Hiilil that im linily r.nild Im kf-pl 
 Ki'iTct fiiilil tlm oMht lOiiriipnill pnwerM, 
 mill that whlln Mii< Iniinlni'iit ruin of 'I'lirkiy 
 WIIH a liiiiltir of Kriiit ilmilit, initliliiK wiih 
 iiiore Hiire tn lirliiK alimit Unit riilii ttmii 
 eiiiiHtiiiil pri'illrMiiiiH of It. 'I'liey nddiil, 
 hnwover, lli'it Mm Hiill/tn Khuiilii Im lulvlited 
 to deal niiiri! <ii|iilialily with IiIh (lirlHiian 
 MiiliJi'ctH, mill. If he I'liiilil III! pF > ". 1 on in 
 
 (in Hii, there Wolllil Im no lifl'U ■: r ;..ii 'lllH* 
 hIiiii I'liipi-rnr In oxi'rrlNij .1 piiji " , ■fell 
 w.M ' priMerllii'ii hy iliily mi-i n,>li,'! ii||i( '! hy 
 Iri'iiiy.' 'riii'Hii liiHt woni. : 1 • III )») t-> till a 
 rceiixiiiMuii nf Mm ('inpiri. t eiiiiiu, ;<; i III- 
 vnlvril tlm i|iieNl|iiii III Kr> ater ill/ll'-ultv. 
 Hilt In II liiliT eniiycrHaMnii wIMi iilr II. 
 Hi'yinniir, Mm i'in|ii'riir Knt rid uf nimimrtof 
 ( Im perplex My hy Hiiy Iiik I Imt he wax nnxloiin 
 liMleteriiilne not HO iiiiii'h what Hlitnjii |m 
 ilniiii III niH' Mm 'I'lirklHli eiiiplre Hliniild 
 rnlliipHe, iih whiit hIiiiIIIiI nut he ilniic; mill 
 nil MiIh neuiiMvo Hide, Im aihleil that Im 
 wnlihl lint allnw Mm recniiHtriirtlnii nf a 
 lly/.mitliie eiiiplre, or any eiteiiHlnii which 
 ttniilil iiiakii (lieere a piiwerfiil Mlato ; or nf 
 Mil' hrealilliK up nf 'I'm key Into n ninnlKT 
 nl'llttliirepiililli'H. Inacniillilentlal ineiiior- 
 aiiililin, which he caiiseil mi Mm 7tli nf March 
 In hit placed In Dm haiiilH of Hir II. Heymoiir, 
 Im expreHHi'il IiIh HaU'rai'lliin with tlio enii- 
 eiirreiice nf Mm llrlllth Knvcriiiimnt in his 
 vleWH, while he Hpnkeof the preMHliro Wliifth 
 l''i'aiicoexerclHed nil Mml'nrte, hy Intriiilliig 
 aKlilp of tlm line within tlm DardanelleH, 
 aiiiiexprcHHed hlH hniiii tliat I'hiKland wniihl 
 III) IniiKer penult tlio exerclHu of any such 
 liilliieiice. 
 
 if In HiihH(.'i|iieiit iieKntlatloiiH the llrltlnli 
 KnveriiiiiL'iil Haw iin leaMim for adinlltiiiK 
 the prntectnrato of iliiHhIa an a riaht. It 
 ciiuhl lint lie denied that tho treatinitnt of 
 ihe ChrlHtianH hy tiiu 'I'urkH furiilHhed not 
 nnly Ki'Hve caiiHo nf cniii|ilaliit, hut an ap- 
 pm-ent Jimtlliciitlnii of IliiHMlaii policy. Tlm 
 I'IiikIIhIi ainhasHadnr hail already liad In 
 cniiiplaln repeatedly nf the cniiteiiipt witli 
 which tlm Hiiltaii'H reHcriplH on thin Hiihject 
 weru rcKarded liy IiIh MUHHulinnn suhJectH, 
 and to urKo tiiat a continuation of hucIi 
 atrncloim trc'iitinent would Htir up to revolt 
 a (/'hrlHtlan population whlcii in Kurnpe wiih 
 III tliu propiirtlon of niti^rly eight tu cno tu 
 itH Miiiioinetan cnmiuerorH. 
 
 I'l.'irly in July two diviHioiiH of RiiBRlan 
 trnnpH croHsed tim I'rutli, and took pohmch- 
 hIiiii of tlm Daliuhlaii priiielpalitloH of 
 Moldavia and Wallachla, iih a guarantee for 
 tho e.onccHHion of Mm JIubhIiui deinandH ; 
 mid thu act was construed as one of dulilie- 
 rato lioatility on tlio part nf tho czar. Tlio 
 news of tills fact cau,Hed great excitement 
 at (/'oiiHtnntlnople, and a protest was drawn 
 up hy the Turklnh government, which at 
 tliu Hiiiiio time expreHHcd Its readiness to 
 send nil envoy extraordinary to Kt. I'ctcrs- 
 hurg for tho arrangement of dilCerenccs. 
 ThiH occupation of the Danuhlan principal- 
 ities was cauBod, as thu KuHsians ailegctl, 
 hy tho entry of tho French and English 
 llucta into llcsika hay near tho Btralts of tha 
 ail 
 
 
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 I/. 
 
 r 
 
816 
 
 Q:^e ^vt&twvu of Witoxnt 9ft, 
 
 Oardauelleg. It was asserted, however, on 
 the other hand, that no orders were given to 
 the admlrala of the fleets until more than 
 ten days after count Nesselrode had notified 
 the intention of the Russian emperor to 
 oeeupy the principalities, and that, in any 
 case, the two movements were dictated by 
 a very different meaning and intention. 
 Tet in the hope of averting a war at thn 
 last moment, a conference of the four great 
 powers was held at Vienna, and a note was 
 drawn up, which acknowledged (among 
 other things) the solicitude of the Russian 
 emperor for the ' maintenance of the Immu- 
 nities and privileges of the orthodox Greek 
 church in the Ottoman empire.' To these 
 words the Turkish cabinet took exception, 
 while the note was eagerly accepted by the 
 czar. The refusal of the Forte was received 
 at first with strong feelings of disapproba- 
 tion by the four powers, but they soon saw 
 reason for coming to a different conclusion. 
 They had, however, placed theraselves at a 
 disadvantage ; for although their words had 
 been made to bear a meaning which was 
 never intended, and to justify the political 
 interference of the czar In the management 
 of the Ottoman empire, yet, as the czar had 
 accepted their note iu its integrity, they 
 appeared to withdraw from their own self- 
 chosen position when they afterwards ad- 
 vised the Turks to insist on the modlflcar 
 tions which they proposed. These modifi- 
 cations were peremptorily rejected by 
 Russia, and on the Sth of October the 
 Porte formally declared war, which was 
 soon followed by another from St. Peters- 
 burg. On the 14th the fleets of France and 
 England entered the Dardanelles at the 
 request of the sultan; and later in the 
 same month the Turks crossed the Danube 
 in four places. From Widdin they passed 
 on to KaUfat, which they occupied with a 
 large force, and several engagements took 
 place along the left bank of the river, in 
 which the Turks generally had the advan- 
 tage, under their leader Omar Pacha, a 
 Christian renegade whose original name 
 was Lattas. 
 
 But while the war was thus practically 
 begun, the four powers still kept up the 
 negotiations at Vienna, and some hope was 
 entertained that they might not be without 
 success, when news was received of the 
 destruction of the Turkish fleet within tue 
 harbour of Slnope, a town about halt way 
 between Constantinople and Trebizond on 
 the southern or Aslatie coast of the Black 
 sea. This fleet, consisting of eleven vessels, 
 was driven in by stress of weather, and 
 news of the fact was conveyed to the 
 Russian admiral at Sebastopol, who de- 
 spatched a force of six sail of the line and 
 three steamers. These vessels succeeded in 
 destroying the whole of the Turkish fleet 
 and thoir crews, consisting of about 4,000 
 men, with the exception of one steamer, 
 which contrived to make its escape and 
 conv^ed the news to Constantinople. 
 
 These tidings caused tho greatest indig- 
 nation throughout Europe, and by the 
 English and French governments it was 
 reewrded as a direct insult to themselves, 
 and a strong remonstrance was sent to the 
 
 czari 
 that 
 
 ; by lord Clarendon, who complalneil 
 ) ' the sultan's squadron was destrovdl 
 while at anchor in a Turkish harbour a^l 
 where, consequently, the EngliBh udl 
 French fleets, if they had been prcseDtl 
 would have protected it and have repeyl 
 the attack.' The war, thus bcffun un tbel 
 southern shore of the Black sea, was catiiei 
 on also in the mountains of Clrcassla audi 
 Georgia; but iu this part the loss of thtl 
 Russians was confined to that of the fort (iT 
 St. Nicholas, a small outpost neai- the tid 
 Kour. 
 
 It became now more and more eridn 
 that matters had drifted too far In u 
 direction of a general war to leave mm 
 chanco than peace would yet bo niaintat 
 by means of diplomacy. Tho opposed g 
 crnments were unable or unwllUngi 
 understand each other; and tho alien. 
 motlvei on either side were porhaiisBd 
 altogether those which really detcriiiiDil 
 their respective lines of conduct, ai 
 some ineffectual negotiations with the a 
 who endeavoured in vain to win the a 
 assistance of Austria and Prussia, a tn. 
 waa signed on the 12th of March isid 
 which the govemmcntsof Great Britainu 
 France bound themselves to send an l 
 to aid iu preserving the integrity oft 
 Ottoman empire. Lord Raglan, long i 
 known as lord Fitzroy Somerset.wasappol 
 ed the comniander-lu-chlef of the Eugi 
 forces, the four divisions of infantry b 
 commanded by sir George Brown, tbed 
 of Cambridge, sir De Lacy Evans, aail^ 
 Richard England, while the earl of Lu 
 commanded one division of cavalry. V 
 first detachment left England on the i 
 of February, and (after some stay at Hal 
 landed on tho 6lh of April at GalUpoUl 
 the entrance to the Propontis or ml 
 Marmora. The French expedition waauif 
 the command of marshal St. Arnandl 
 first division being commanded by «i 
 ral Canrobert, the second by general E 
 qnet. The character of the Turkish 
 diers, and their proved inferiority In i 
 field, determined the allied generalil 
 fortify the peninsula between Gallipoll| 
 the gulf of Saros on the western sidi 
 was expected that, if Russian troopsilu 
 cross the Balkan and march on Const* 
 nople, they would be deterred from t 
 any attack on that city by the allied i 
 which would thus be on their flank, 1 
 works were nearly finished by the i 
 armies, which were then moved on Itl 
 Bosphorus, where the British wercei^ 
 ed on the eastern side, and the 
 near Constantinople. 
 
 Meanwhile an active campaign badll 
 going on between the Turks andtliei 
 sians on tho banks of the Danube ( 
 great object of the former was to dlil 
 the Turks from their other posts, andf 
 to make a final effort against Kala' 
 victorious there, they would he i 
 drive the Turks across the river, 
 retain the principalities as a guarantt 
 the coucessiv^ns demanded from thelj 
 But the resistance of the Turks was ; 
 than the Russians had anticipated,! 
 results of some severe engagenicntil 
 
Cl)e Witotu of Cttritei}. 
 
 817 
 
 Uot decisive on either side. On the 23rd ol 
 Siucli the RugBlana crossed the Danube at 
 Bioall, Oslatz, and Machin, and soon occu- 
 pied *U the small forts on the Dohrudscha ; 
 lut the Russian commanders failed to 
 tirt out with vigour the plan of a cam- 
 •Ign which might have determined the 
 uue of the war at Constantinople, before 
 ihe forces of England and iTranco could be 
 btbefleld. 
 
 [But before the land forces were able to 
 kkeuiy active share In tlio war, the fleets 
 Eere engaged, lu retaliatlou for a Russian 
 HoUtloD of a flag of truco. In an attack on 
 Uetas, which ended In the destructlou of 
 ke batteries which defended that city, 
 fee bombardment caused terrible flrc» in 
 Ee town, and out of a population of about 
 Loco, it was supposed that nearly half 
 Jit everything that they poss38sed. 
 |Th6 Russian attack on Silistria, in June, 
 \i not so successful. The Turks were 
 bed in the siege by licut. Nasmytb and 
 Iptsin Butler, the latter of whom was the 
 Et English ofllcer v^hofell in this war. In 
 je middle of May a council of war was held 
 fthe generals of the allied armies at Varna, 
 Iwblcb it was decided to bring up all the 
 tposable forces to that place; and this re- 
 Ire ultimately determined the Russians 
 hbaudon the siege of Silistria. The tactics 
 ftho enemy were in fact changing from 
 ■rlctly defensive position to oi>erations 
 llcb were more and more offensive, while 
 } Rosslan army was paying a fearful 
 palty for its occupation of the pestilen- 
 I wastes of the Dobrudscha. As soon as 
 kelegeof Silistria was raised, the Turkish 
 upB recroBsed the Danube, and a battle 
 I fought at Oiurgevo, about forty-flvo 
 a from Bucharest, which was abandoii- 
 Kion afterwards by the Russians, and oc- 
 klcd by the Turks, until the Austrian 
 ■y came up and made it their headquar- 
 B. This step was taken in fulfilment of 
 IconTentiou entered into by the emperor 
 Austria with the allies ; and If it prevent- 
 Jiy further conflict between the Rus- 
 I and the Turks under Omar Pacha, it 
 Itbe former free to send vast reinforce- 
 iti from Bessarabia to the Crimea ; and 
 le of the troops so sent took part in the 
 lleof the Alma. 
 
 I the month of June, captain Hyde 
 ker of the Firebrand, assisted by the 
 f , destroyed the Russian batteries at 
 [Bullna month of the Danube, but he 
 1 himself killed in the moment of vie- 
 Not long after, the allied troops at 
 k began to suffer severely from the 
 ^te : cholera broke out on the 21st of 
 > and to the horrors of disease were 
 1 those of a terrible fire, which nearly 
 oyed the town on the llth of August. 
 Jdepression of the men was Increased 
 ■ forced Inactivity, which was broken 
 [by an ineffectual expedition of ca- 
 luider lord Cardigan, to dtscoTer the 
 ■on of the RtiSBiau army in the Do- 
 
 Mations still went on with the hope 
 Inging the war to an end, but to the 
 Tlan demand that the Rubsians should 
 evacuate the principalities, it was re- 
 
 plied that the late movements and opera- 
 tions of the allies made their occupation a 
 mere military position, and its abandon- 
 ment would deprive them of all hopes of 
 making any peace which would not be 
 humiliating and dlshouourablo. Tet the 
 Russian government agreed to certain con- 
 ditions which were considered satisfactory 
 both to Austria and Prussia ; their rejec- 
 tion was the act of the allies, who declared 
 that they could uo longer content them- 
 selves with permitting the restoration of 
 the »t<au8 quo ante bellum. There could 
 be little doubt in the minds of the Rus- 
 sians, that the allies bad determined to 
 transfer the seat of war to the Crimea, and 
 that the great effort would be made against 
 Sebastopol. Their expectations were soon 
 realised : but the progress and result of that 
 attempt belongs to the hisiory of Russia, 
 to which the reader is therefore referred. 
 
 Tlie campaign for this year on the south- 
 ern side of the Blitck sea, ended in utter 
 ignominy for the Turks, and but for the 
 advice of general Guyon, their forces 
 would probably have been destroyed. Early 
 in July it became known that the Russians 
 would advance towards Kars, and make an 
 attempt on Erzerouui, where an army of 
 Turks was gathered supposed to number 
 60,000 men. Their commanders had thought 
 of nothing but plundering their soldiers 
 and enriching themselves. Had they been 
 under the command of Guyon, the result 
 might have been different ; but, unlike 
 Omar Pacha, that ottlccn had refused to be- 
 come a renegade, and therefore he could, 
 according to Muhoniedau law, accompany 
 the army only as an adviser ; und in this 
 respect ho was completely set at nought 
 by the ignorant and self-conceited Zarif 
 Pacha, who suffered himself to be lured 
 into unfavourable ground by the Russians, 
 and defeated with a loss of 1,800 men. In 
 terror, ho sent for Guyon, who was known 
 by the name of Kurshld Pacha, and asked 
 his advice, which was to the effect that he 
 should try to surprise the 8,000 Russians 
 who were on their way to Erzeroum, but 
 that, if this was done at all, it must be done 
 at once. The attfick was, however, for 
 superstitious reasons, deferred for three 
 days, and the issuo was a wretched and 
 total defeat. The retreat was a UlKht of 
 the wildest confusion, and the walls of 
 Kars were lined, nut with men, but with 
 womeu, who, with unveiled faces, filled the 
 air with their shrieks. At this moment 
 the Russians might have taken Kars with- 
 out firing a single shot, but they could 
 place no reliance on the mountain tribes in 
 the neighbourhood, and they knew by ex- 
 perience that behind cover the Turkish sol- 
 diers were very different from what they 
 were in the field. These fears which the 
 Russians entertained of the wild Circassian 
 chief Schamyl enabled the Turks to gather 
 their forces and strengthen their position 
 about Kars, but it was apparently to little 
 purpose. Zarif Pacha had gone to Constan- 
 tinople to complain that the late disasters 
 were wholly caused by general Guyon, 
 whereas the only hope for the Turks In 
 this quarter was that they would do awar 
 
818 
 
 €'tt Crenifurti of Wfitavu* ^r. 
 
 with the old Mnssulinan exclusivcnoas and 
 give him the command. 
 
 In the following year the Turks received 
 even a better adviser in the English com- 
 missioner, general Williams. He had found 
 the Turlcish troops, at first at Erzeroum and 
 then at Kars, in a wretched condition, their 
 pay being in arrears for periods varying 
 from fifteen to nineteen months. General 
 Williams was urgent for reinforcements 
 and supplies, and complained bitterly of the 
 remissness of lord Stratford do Bedcllfle. 
 Meanwhile, the troops in Kars were be- 
 coming hard pressed by the Russian army 
 under general Mouravfefl ; and to relievo 
 the place it was determined that Omar 
 Pacha should take a body of Turlcish troops 
 to nedoute Kaleh, on the south-east shore 
 of the Black sea, and thence march on the 
 ■ar of the Russian army. Having reached 
 >' at place, ho gainel possession (after 
 several engagements) of the whole of the 
 left bank of the Ingour ; but the fate of 
 Kars was already decided. Towards the 
 close of September general Williams began 
 to fear that the stores of food must fail, and 
 by his advice the cavalry left the town at 
 night, and with but little loss succeeded in 
 forcing their way through the Russian 
 lines. On the 20th, the Russians made a 
 violent attack, but were bravely repulsed, 
 leaving near 6,000 dead on the Held. Still 
 they showed no intention of abandoning 
 the siege ; and they cut off all hopes of aid 
 from Erzeroum by throwing out a large 
 force to keep the garrison there in check ; 
 and they knew tliat in Kars famine must 
 very soon do its work. The besieged were 
 indeed reduced almost to the last extrem ity. 
 The remaining cavalry horses were killed, 
 as being too weak to carry their riders ; 
 while the women and children moaned v ith 
 the pains of hunger. It was clear that 
 the struggle could not be continue'.' ' 
 general Williams accordingly negot' 
 capitulation by which the Turks ngn. 
 give up the place with everything in . \..- 
 injured, and not to serve again liuring tlie 
 whole course of the war a^'ainst the emperor 
 of Russia. On the 28th o . November the 
 garrison marched out of ^'.ars witli military 
 honours, and general Monrwieff congratu- 
 lated his soldiers, that jhe whole army of 
 Anatolia, 30,000 strong, had thus vanished 
 like a shadow. General Williams, and the 
 other English offiv ers who had aided him 
 in the siege, w^ro ct>rried prisoners into 
 Russia, where they were treated with the 
 utmost kindness. 
 
 The fall of Kars was perhaps a fortunate 
 thing, as it enabled Russia to offer and 
 accept the proposals of peace which wore 
 made about tlils time, without any wound 
 to her own dignity and self-respect. 
 
 From this time Turkey sunk back into Ics 
 former security, and apparently into Its 
 former careless if not tyrannical misgovern- 
 ment ; and the Syrian massacres of Olirls- 
 tians In 1860 furnished a singular comment 
 on the oaths and protestations with which 
 the sultan swore to administer for all his 
 subjects e(]ual justice between man and 
 man without reference to his religion. In 
 the opinion of lord DuJIerln, who was ap- 
 
 pointed British commissioner in Hjnatiil 
 examine into the ?ause of these magMiml 
 it was the dellberdto Intention of t^l 
 Turkish government to prove that th. 
 scheme adopted by the g.'eat powers in iju 
 was Impossible, and that with this iiuriNwi 
 they exasperated the • .shronic nnlmnjiij 
 existing between the Maronitcs and ibS 
 Druses.* In May l^sc a monk was fomtil 
 murdered In a convent between Beyroni 
 and Deir-el-Kammar. Suspicion foil on th 
 Druses, and one was killed in rctalljtlsi 
 This led to reprisals; and on thezstlitu 
 Druses attacked some Maronito villagesii 
 the neighbourhood of Beyrout and boi 
 them. Hasbeya was next attacked ; but 
 Turkish commander, Othman Bck, toldi 
 Christians that if they would lay doi 
 their arins he would protect tlicin from 
 violence. They did so, and Otimian 
 went away, leaving the town open to 
 Druses, who rushed In and connneiiccd 
 indiscriminate massacre of the Cliristli 
 in fact, neither here nor elsewhere did 
 Turkish officers make the least cITdri 
 protect the victims. When Zalilch 
 threatened , the European consuls at Boj 
 went to Kurshid Pacha, and begged him 
 send troo|J3 to defend the town. Hei 
 mlsed to do so, and never sent thciii.vl 
 the troops which were there turned tl 
 artillery against the Christians. TlicDn 
 then burst again Into Deir-el-Kaminar 
 began a massacre far more fearful 
 that of Hasbeya. Early in July like 
 rages were commenced at Damascus. 
 a set-off against the Infamous cnnnlti 
 of the Turkish officers may bo incntli 
 the noble conduct of Abd-el-Kadcr, 
 sheltered not less than 1,500 Cliriii 
 from the fury of their enemies, n 
 these tidings were brought to Europe, 
 indiguatirin was roused. The Frencli 
 peror resolved at once to act promptly, 
 ho was fully borne out by the general 
 ing of the country. The suitan found 
 self in the meshes of a net, and the 
 way was to punish, where ho had 
 prevent. Fuad Pacha was sent out oi 
 errand, and, if shooting and hanging 
 prove It, he showed conclusively howi 
 anxious the sultan was that noliannil 
 be done to his Christian subjects. To 
 up for the murder of thousands, Fuad' 
 arrested some hundreds, and sent toti 
 bet or shot every one who was conde 
 The Turkish government could afford 
 some three or four hundred Muasi 
 who were convinced that their m 
 had secured their entrance into 
 and meanwhile they had the satisfi 
 remembering that anyhow the tlioi 
 of slaughtered Christiana could not 
 called to life. 
 
 During the next two years tlic lili 
 the Turkish empire exhibits the 
 course of reforms proposed and not 
 out, of laws passed and not odnilnl 
 while the operations of Russia in 
 point to fresh efforts to bring abouti 
 of the Turk before tlie growth oftliel 
 kingdom should bring a restoratioa 
 Byzantine ouplre wlthlu the com 
 possibility. 
 
 \TIUSlaUo/i 
 
 ."Itstanding 
 "Jjh.iwrislied 
 
 irent countrli 
 'alone ampl 
 ""«. and ma 
 
 Jiemselvls to 
 1 sciences, otli 
 "'••"'J' prActI 
 
alouer in Hynatol 
 ol these inaswtm,! 
 
 Intention of tbtl 
 o prove that ttjl 
 c.-eat powers In IMil 
 it with thU vmrnt 
 • jhronlc nntmoslijl 
 Maronltcs and ihtl 
 
 ft monk WRH toimdl 
 It between Bcywl 
 aueplclonlcilonlbel 
 killed in rctallirtl(«,| 
 
 Rnd on theMththil 
 ,Maronltovm»gc!j 
 
 [ Beyrout and k'tf 
 
 lextatuckcditafl 
 
 OthmanBcMoWtt 
 
 hey wouW lay m 
 wotect them tromji 
 «> and OllmianM 
 the town open tottj 
 «n and commcnMil 
 [SreofthoCl.rls>ta 
 nor elsewhere dWU 
 Ke least cffori i 
 , When Za\\lel\i 
 peanconsulsatBni 
 cha. and begged H 
 .nd the town. Hc^ 
 never sent them. v(rf 
 ,cre there turned i^ 
 'chrlBtlans. TlicDn 
 n?oDelr-cl-Kamm«« 
 far more fearful* 
 
 Earirm J«ly "^" 
 meed at Damascus, i 
 
 •^^J> may bo m\m 
 Tit &1-Kadcr.^ 
 '9 ttian l.WO»« 
 their enemies, w 
 » brought to Kurope,* 
 ■S. TheFrewM 
 once to act prompt 
 eontbythegcuenj 
 ■^ TheBUltanlouMi 
 1,9 Ola net, and tH 
 S where ho had falM 
 f^hftWM Bent out Mj 
 nn^fngandhanglngd 
 
 oVrou^ndsJua^ 
 
 t«rco* 
 
 ey had the 8. 
 t anyhow ti 
 itlBtianfl cov 
 
 thcWi 
 
 THE inSTOnY OF THE JEWS. 
 
 -•*•- 
 
 ..oA and not aaininiq 
 Sionlot Russia inj 
 
 Tt« Xatt of the Jewa since the DcBtrttction 
 of Jerusalem. 
 
 II Jews, obliged to quit their country, 
 
 ritsted and proyolced by the cruel trent- 
 
 xsA tbey liad received, meditated to 
 
 ^enge thcmaelveB of their enemies. They 
 
 igin to put their murderous designs Into 
 
 (ecution at the city of Cyreno, In Lybin, 
 
 Itn tbe island of Cyprus, where, since 
 
 !lr flight, they had increased consider- 
 
 Jy, Tbey were headed byan enterprising 
 
 It srtf al man, named Andrew, under whom 
 
 c; not only committed the greatest ex- 
 
 aea, but also gained some advantages 
 
 er the Egyptians, and even over the 
 
 mans. The emperor Trajan found himself 
 
 llged to march an army against them ; 
 
 t they were not reduced until after 
 
 Feral engagements, maintained with tiie 
 
 itest obstinacy ; they were at length 
 
 rcnmc, and were treated by the Romans 
 
 iicr as enemies of the human race, than 
 
 !bel8 against the power of Rome. Lybla 
 
 uno so far depopulated in tills conflict, 
 
 the Romans thought it nei^cnsary to 
 
 a colony to reiteopie the waste. 
 
 le Jews, notwithstanding their recent 
 
 fortunes in Palestine, again revolted. 
 
 Irian, the successor of Trajan, sent Ju- 
 
 Scverus against them. This general 
 
 )rding to Dion) killed 680,000 in dlf- 
 
 itliattles; and, he further asserts, they 
 
 not reckon those that perislied by 
 
 le or otherwise : bo that very few 
 
 escaped in this war. They razed (con- 
 
 » Dion) fifty fortified castles, pillaged 
 
 lumt 085 cities and towns, and made 
 
 a general massacre of the Inhabitants 
 
 igh the country, that all Judea was in 
 
 iner converted into a desert. Before 
 
 lassacre, the number of Jews, accord- 
 
 ) the calculations of the priest made 
 
 Nero, and estimating those destroyed 
 
 Titus, amounted to 2,540,000 persons. 
 
 irian, after having ruined and massu- 
 
 [the greatest part of the remaining 
 
 !r, prohibited, by a sciemn edict, 
 
 led in the senate, any of those that 
 
 leaped the sword, from returning into 
 
 own country; and from that time 
 
 fortimate pifsople have been entirely 
 
 irlthstanding the prodigious num- 
 
 (bich perislied in the successive over- 
 
 ■ of the Jewisli nation, it Is clear that 
 
 jonsiderable colonies of them settled 
 
 fcrent countries, as the travels of the 
 
 N alone amply testify. In Rome, 
 
 kdris, and many other places, there 
 
 lourishing communities. Some ds- 
 
 jtheroselves to the cultivation of the 
 
 1 sciences, others pursued handicraft 
 
 many practised as physicians but I 
 
 most of them turned their attention to 
 commercial speculations < nd soon became 
 notorious for their wcaUl ur"^ overreaching 
 cupidity. 
 
 In the fifth ce 'tury they were banished 
 from Alexandria, where tliey liad been es- 
 tablished from the time of Alexander. They 
 rendered themselves the ridicule of all na- 
 tions by their enthusiasm in favour of a 
 false Messiali, wlio appeared at that time in 
 Oandia. This impostor, who was named 
 Moses, and protended to be the nnrienl 
 legislator of tlie Jews, asserted that lie had 
 descended from heaven, in order to enable 
 tlie children of Abraham to enter the Land 
 of Promise. 
 
 A new revolt In Palestine, In the sixth 
 century, served to show the turbulent dis- 
 position of the Jewish race, and the In- 
 crease of the massacres ol that people. 
 
 While some of tlie scattered families ol 
 Jews resorted to Egypt, Babylon, and other 
 polished countries In the East, tliere were 
 others who settled In Arabia, penetrated to 
 Clilna, or wandered over the European con- 
 tinent. But many still reinalnca in Pales- 
 tine. After the conversion of the Roman 
 empire to Cliristlaiilty, Judea became an 
 object of religious veneration, and the em- 
 press Helena repaired hither In ptigrimago, 
 and built various splendid temples. A 
 crowd of pilgrims resorted thither subse- 
 quently from every part of the world ; the 
 most numerous arriving from tlie west, 
 over which the church of Rome had fully 
 established its domination. In the com- 
 mencement of the sixth century, however, 
 an entire change took place. Judea was 
 among the countries first exposed to the 
 fanatical followers of Mahomet, and soon 
 fell under their sway. Bnt when the Turl<s 
 poured In from the north, they no longer 
 observed the same courtesy. They pro- 
 faned the holy places, and the Intelligence 
 of their outrages being conveyed to Europe, 
 roused the religious spirit of the ago Into 
 those expeditions called the crusades. Ail 
 Europe seemed to pour itself upon Asia : 
 the Saracen armies were routed, Jerusalem 
 taken by storm, and its garrison put to the 
 sword. The leader of the first crusade, 
 Godfrey of Bouillon, was made king; and 
 a petty Christian sovereignty established, 
 which endured for above eighty years ; the 
 Holy Land continually streaming with the 
 blood of Christian and Saracen. The Maho- 
 metan states, wiiose resources were all at 
 liand, gradually, however, regained the as- 
 cendancy. In 1187 Judea was conquered 
 by Saladin ; on tlie decline of wiiose king- 
 dom it passed through various hands, till. 
 In tiio 16th century it was eventually swal- 
 lowed up in the Turkish empire. 
 Great calamities to the Jewa occurred 
 
820 
 
 QT^e ^tta^uvn of W^tartit $ct* 
 
 during the crusades. Wherever the fanati- 
 cal soldiers who were on their march to 
 Palestine passed, they pillaged and tnur-* 
 dered the scattered inhabitants of the once 
 happy land of Canaan, and the people of the 
 nations among whom they dwelt robbed 
 them of their valuables without remorse. 
 The persecution was general, their furious 
 enemies endeavouring, as it wore, to ex- 
 tirpate the very name of Israel. Tt should 
 bo observed, however, that both Maho- 
 metans and Jews being animated by a 
 like hatred of the Christians, we often And 
 them acting In concert, especially during 
 the Saracenic conquest of Africa and Spain. 
 Nay, under the rule of the Spanish Mos- 
 lems, the condition of the Jews not only 
 enjoyed coniploto toleration, but they cul- 
 tivated science, and wero intrusted with 
 tho highest oHlccs of the state. 
 
 In the twelfth century, Philip Augns- 
 tuB, king of France, banished them twice 
 from his kingdom ; and during the reign of 
 Philip lo Bel, they wero accused, and not 
 without justice, of cruel exactions and usu- 
 rious extortions. They were also charged 
 with having committed outrages against 
 the host, of having crucified children on 
 Good Friday, of having insulted the image 
 of Jesus Christ, &c. They wero put into 
 the hands of the judges ; and, although no 
 proof whatever was brought forward to 
 substantiate their guilt, they were deli- 
 vered over to the populace to be deolt with 
 according to their pleasure. Philip ba- 
 nished them entirely from France In 1308, 
 and confiscated all their effects. Louis X., 
 his successor, permitted them to reesta- 
 blish themselves in his kingdom, on condi- 
 tion of their paying him a largo sum of 
 money. In tho reign of Philip the Long, 
 brother and successor of Louis, they were 
 massacred and pillaged. In 1395, Charles 
 v. banished them, and confiscated all their 
 property. This was their fourth and last 
 t^^uishment. 
 
 Ir 1393 they experienced In Germany a 
 treatment similar to that which tliey had 
 received in France. In Casti'o they pur- 
 chased their peace at a high price ; but in 
 Catalonia, Arragon, and the other parts of 
 Spain, they were most horribly persecuted, 
 and nearly two hundred thousand of t!icm 
 were compelled to embrace the Christian 
 religion, or at least appear so to do. 
 
 At the beginning of tho sixteenth cen- 
 tury, the Jews established in Portugal 
 were treated with horrible injustice. In 
 1508, during tb^ce days successively, they 
 wero barbarout^ly murdered at Lisbon : 
 yet, as if not content with taking away 
 their lives, they took those among them 
 whom they had mutilated or mortally 
 ▼ounded, and burnt tbem by heaps in the 
 
 public squares. Two thousand porlshedii 
 this manner. Tho fathers nut Uarln; i 
 weep for their children, nor the chiidr. 
 for their fathers, they were mutually ot» 
 come by despair on aeoing each ottieriln 
 ged away to torment. 
 
 We are unable to state the precise i 
 riod of their arrival lu this country ibl 
 in tho eighth century we find them reck* 
 cd among tho property of the Anglo&ni 
 kings, who seem to have exercised absoiJ 
 power over both their lives and goodj i 
 this abject state tlioy remained under il, 
 Norniau princes and tho early Plantageon 
 who harassed them by tho most cruel « 
 actions, and often treated thein wlthgt 
 barbarity. In proof of this, wo ncedu. 
 refer to the reigns of Richard I.,j(ii 
 Henry III., and Edward I. If we pm 
 their history in other European couitik 
 wo shall find that, if wo except the Italk 
 republics, and Spain while under the l 
 minion of its Arab conquerors, the M 
 everywhere found themselves the objd 
 of persecution. On tho introductiou] 
 the Inquisition into Spain and Portq 
 that dread tribunal condemned tliousL 
 to the fiames, before It commenced itt^ 
 bolical proceedings against those CM 
 tians who differed from tho sec o{ Itoi 
 and it was not until tho Protestant tui 
 wore strong enough ro break asunder! 
 shackles of religious Intolerance, tliatf 
 Jew had any chanoe of insuring hlin 
 sonal safety. 
 
 Wo thus see chat In different agejij 
 Jews have suilered the most dreadful J 
 sccutions and massacres; but though i 
 annihilation of the race seemed to bel 
 evitable, tlieir numbers were still voir J 
 siderable, and they exercised then, aii 
 do at tho present time, no little IiiDb^ 
 in tho affairs of clviligod nations. Si 
 arts and learning have revived In EutJ 
 they have felt tho benefit of that Imii 
 enlightenment which has extended allij 
 the globe. Prance, Holland, Austrl»,i 
 most of the Qerman states, allow thenl 
 rights of citizenship ; England and Fn 
 tolerate and protect them; inmanyol| 
 British colonies they are among the p 
 pal merchants and traders ; and In 1 
 Spain, and Portugal they are at leatti 
 fercd to reside unmolested. The attaf 
 of the British nation has of late yeanlj 
 particularly directed towards the imni 
 ment of their political condition andil 
 conversion to Christianity. But nmi 
 latter topic, as well as the probablif 
 toratlon of tho Jews to the Inud of I 
 fathers, it Is unnecessary to oftt| 
 opinion ; both are concealed from i 
 ken by the impenetrable veil vblii| 
 wraps futurity. 
 
ley aTK »uiu"(5 •■■"''" 
 d traders; and In' 
 
 ARMENIA. 
 
 fst ancient taletory of this large and war- 
 Eke people Is connected with that of the 
 everal mighty nations who In turn Ulled 
 Je world with the terror of their names. 
 Itsllrst king appears to have been Scython, 
 Vncxt Biirzanes, after whoso death the 
 Biigdom was divided into several petty 
 llngdoms. The Medes nnfler Astyngos 
 nbsequcntly subdued Armenia, wlilch was 
 
 duced to a province under Persian go- 
 fenion. It was afterwards divided into 
 litjor and Minor by Artarlos and Zadri- 
 Ees, who having nnited their forces, osta- 
 flihea each himself in his respective pro- 
 fince. Independent of liis master ; the for- 
 ler possessing Arm«nia Major, the other 
 ■Inor. Assisted by the Roman alliance, 
 leee usurpers maintained their power in 
 
 Bplte of the several attacks of their for- 
 
 ler master, Antiochus. After tlieir death, 
 |e Armenians suffered considerabia loss in 
 
 nrar with the Parthians. Marc Antony put 
 jtarardes, the sovereign of Armenia, to 
 lath, to make room for Alexander his own 
 In by Cleopatra; others saythat he led him 
 
 DtlTC to Rome in golden chains. Trajan 
 
 reduced Armenia to n Roman provlneo ; but 
 in the reign of Constantlne the Great and 
 his successor, it had its own kings, depen- 
 dent Indeed on the emperor. St. Bartholo- 
 mew Is said to have introduced Christianity 
 into Armenia; but there can be no doubt 
 that it was Christian in the beginning of 
 the fourth century. Sapor, the Persian con- 
 queror, reduced it to apwiv'nce at the end 
 of the fourth century. The Saracens sub- 
 dued It In A.D. 687, who gave way to the 
 Turks about a century afterwards. It was 
 then called TurcomonliL 
 
 Armenia partially recovered its Indepen- 
 dence, but was again subdued by Octal, 
 son of Genghis, first khan of the Tartars. 
 A remnant of the royal family of Armenia 
 still remained ; and we find one of them. 
 Leo, came to England to solicit the aid of 
 Richard II. against the Turks, by whom 
 he had been expelled from bis throne. Ar- 
 menia was again made s province of tha 
 Persian empire, in 1473. Sellm II. reduced 
 it to a Turkish province in 1622 ; the greater 
 part of which still remains lubjeot to the 
 Orescent. 
 
 ALBANIA. 
 
 lumk was nominally a province of the 
 
 irklsh empire. Its history is diversified, 
 
 I mixed up with the various fortunes of 
 
 e surrounding nations. Looked upon as 
 
 Itbarous by the Greeks and Romans, be- 
 
 Bse very slightly explored by them, Alba- 
 
 1, better known to those celebrated peo- 
 
 f as Illyrlcnm and Epirus, still retains 
 
 nch of the slmpllc'ty of primitive habits, 
 
 I that it is emphatically called the Scy- 
 
 |a of the Turkish empire. The ancient 
 
 itnrlans describe the inhabitants of this 
 
 hntry as peculiarly fierce and nntract- 
 
 |e. The remoteness of its situation, and 
 
 nt of union amongst the several tribes 
 
 llch inhabited the country of Albania, 
 
 Idered the valour of its people of little 
 
 Bseauence to the general affairs of Greece, 
 
 I accordingly we find them but slightly 
 
 led up with Grecian politics. Under 
 
 1 conduct of Pyrrhus II., one of the 
 
 tt consummate generals of antiquity, 
 
 Ip waged a bloody war with the Romans 
 
 Italy, the Albanians, or Eplrotes, routed 
 
 itigonng, king of Macedonia, and held 
 
 It country in subjection ; but their ccn- 
 
 Ist ended with the death of their covn- 
 
 cdcr, and they In turn fell under the 
 
 |rer of the Macedonians. 
 
 oe Romans made some nettlements in 
 
 [ir country, and availed themselves of 
 
 J many line harbours to be found along 
 
 ■coast. At their decline, with other por- 
 
 ps of that once mighty empire, Albania 
 
 fell a prey to Alarlc and the Goths, although 
 somo of their descendants afterwards re- 
 tained possession of the northern district. 
 Slglsmund, one of its kings, was celebrated 
 for his alliance with Theodoric, the victor 
 of Clovis, and Odoacer, A.i>. 626. Albania 
 now became the prey of the Sclavonian na- 
 tions, till it was settled within its present 
 limits, under the Bulgarians, in 870. As 
 the Greek empire declined, the Albanians 
 again rose to distinction, and at last rees- 
 tablished their independence. In spite of 
 tlio most strenuous exertions of the Bnlga- 
 rians, who were masters of all the neigh- 
 bouring districts of Greeo«. 
 
 During the period of the crusades, there 
 were several settlements on their coasts by 
 the SicillanB, Franks, and other nations. 
 After the conquest of Oonstantinople, 1204, 
 Michael Angelus established an Indepen- 
 dent government In this district. 
 
 Albaniahas cut some figure in the annals 
 of the last forty years, chiefly through the 
 enterprising spirit and politic conduct ot 
 All Pacha, who raised himself to a degree 
 of power which long kept the Turks, who 
 were nominally his masters, In a state of 
 fear to attack him. After amassing Im- 
 mense treasures, and keeping up indepen- 
 dent alliances w'th the Buropean powers, 
 he was. In 1833, llnally cut off by tlie Tnrk- 
 ish oflScers. The modem name of Albania 
 Is Amaut. 
 
THE MODERN HISTORY OF EGYPT, 
 
 (WITH SYBIA.) 
 
 «o« 
 
 AooOBOiiro to M. Volney, tlie Mamelnkes 
 fame originally from Mount Caucasus, and 
 w^re distinguished by the flaxen colour of 
 ttaolr taair. The expedition of the Tartars, 
 In 1237, proved indirectly the means of in- 
 troducing them into Egypt. These merci- 
 less conquerors, liavlng slaughtered till 
 they were weary, brought along with them 
 an Immense number of slaves of both 
 sexes, with whom they filled all the markets 
 In Asia. The Turks pnrcliased about 13,000 
 young men, whom they bred up in the pro- 
 fession of arms, which they soon excelled 
 in ; but, becoming mutinous, they deposed 
 and murdered the sultan Malek, in 12GU. 
 The Mamelukes having thus got possession 
 of the government, and neither understand- 
 ing nor valuing anything but the art of 
 war, every species of learning decayed in 
 Egypt, and barbarism was introduced. 
 Neither was their empire of long duration, 
 notwithstanding their martial abilities : for 
 as they depended upon the Christian slaves, 
 chiefly brought from Clrcassia, whom they 
 bought for the purpose of training to war, 
 and thus filling up their ranks, theso now 
 Mamelukes, or Borgttes as they were at 
 first called, in time rose upon their mas- 
 ters, and transferred the government to 
 themselves, about a.d. 1383. 
 
 They became famous for ferocious vtilour ; 
 were almost perpetually engaged in wars 
 either foreign or domestic ; and their domi- 
 nion lasted till 1617, when they were In- 
 vaded by Selim I., the Turkish sultan. The 
 Mamelukes defended themselves with in- 
 credible bravery ; but overpowered by num- 
 bers, they were defeated in almost every 
 engagement. Cairo, their capital, was taken, 
 and a terrible slaughter made of its defend- 
 ers. The suHan, Tuman Bey, was forced to 
 fly ; and, having collected all his forces, he 
 ventured a decisive battle. The most ro- 
 mantic efforts of valour, however, were in- 
 sufflclcnt to cope with the Innumerable 
 multitude which composed the Turkish 
 army. Most of his men were cut in pieces, 
 and the unhappy prince was himself taken 
 and put to death. With him ended the 
 glory of the Mamelukes. 
 
 The sultan Selim commenced Iiis govern- 
 ment of Kgypt by an unexampled act of 
 wholesale butchery. Having ordered a 
 theatre to be erected on the banks of the 
 Nile, he caused all the prisoners (upwards 
 of 30,000) to be beheaded in his presence, 
 and their bodies thrown into the river. He 
 did not, however, attempt the total exter- 
 mination of the Mamelukes, but proposed 
 a new form of government, by which the 
 power, being distributed among tho dific- 1 
 
 rent members of the state, should pre 
 an equilibrium ; so that the dependence d 
 the whole should be upon himself, irij 
 this view, he chose from among those ) 
 melukes who bad escaped the general dl, 
 sacre, a divan, or council of rcgencjr, m 
 slstlngof the pacha and chiefs of the mi 
 military corps. The former was to noUM 
 to this council the orders of tho Porte,ii 
 send the tribute to Constantinople,) 
 provide for the safety of government i 
 external and Internal ; while, on the othi 
 hand, the members of the council had] 
 right to reject the orders of the M 
 or even to depose him, provided tliil 
 could assign sufficient reasons. All rltl 
 and political ordinances must also ho nil 
 fled by tl'^m. Besides this, ho formed ti 
 whole body into a kind of republic;!] 
 which purpose he Issued an edict, statitt 
 'Though, by the help of tho AInilghtv,? 
 have conquered the whole klngdrti'n . 
 Egypt with our invincible armies, ucvcrtW 
 less our benevolence Is willing to grantil 
 the twenty-four sanglacs of Egj-pt a repgi 
 llcan government,' iSec. Theconditlmiiu 
 regulations then follow, the mou 
 tant of which arc those which innkeltij 
 cumbent on tho republic to provide 12J<| 
 troops at Its own expense in time of jm 
 and as many as may be necessary for li 
 protection In time of war ; and also to » 
 to tho Sublime Porte a certain cuini 
 money annually as tribute, with m\i 
 measures of corn and 400,000 of liarlij 
 Upon theso conditions the Mamelukes wnl 
 to have a free government over all tlieli 
 habitants of Egypt, indei)endcnt of ti 
 Turkish lieutenant. 
 
 Thus the power of tho Mamelukes « 
 continued la a very considerable dcgt 
 and gradually increased so much aii| 
 threaten a total loss of dominion toil 
 Turks; hut singular as it may scera,i 
 withstanding a residence of nearly bIik 
 turles, they never became nnturalisedj 
 the country. They formed no allianccn 
 the females of Egypt, but had their itlii 
 brought from Georgia, Mingrelia, andil 
 adjacent couutrles; so that, accordin;! 
 Volncy, their offspring invariably Ua 
 extinct In the second generation: thcr* 
 therefore perpetuated by the same m 
 by which they were first established: tk 
 is, their ranks were recruited by M 
 brought from their original countr)-. If 
 deed, as many writers have remarked, i| 
 Circassian territories have at all times In 
 a nursery of slaves. 
 
 Towards the end of last century,' 
 they constituted tho wliole military {«| 
 
Clje ^iitatu at HBotipt, 
 
 823 
 
 (i of last ccutunr, 
 the whole inllltari' n 
 
 lindhud acquired tho entire government of 
 lEnPd the Mnmelukes, together with tho 
 'i?rredlje<> n kind of mounted doraeRtlcs, 
 lid not exc <ed 10,000 men. Some hundreds 
 It them were dlspcrBcd throughout tho 
 (ountry and In tho villagoa, to maintain 
 [ho authority of their corpi and collect 
 Irihute ; l)ut tlie main body constantly ro- 
 Mined at Cairo. Strangers to each other, 
 jonnd by no tics as parents or children, 
 biic«d amongst a people with whom they 
 kid nothing in common, dcgpigcd as ronc- 
 ndei by the Turks, Ignorant and superstl- 
 Ml from education, fcrorious, pRrfldlous, 
 Klltlous, and corrupted by every species 
 J debauchery, tho disorders and cruelties 
 iblcb accompanied their licentious rule 
 gay be more easily imagined than doscrlb- 
 i Sovereignty was to them to have tho 
 ■euis of possessing more women, toys, 
 (irses, and slaves, than others ; of manag- 
 ig tho coue^ of Constantinople, so as to 
 jade the trloute or the menaces of thesul- 
 kn: and of multiplying partisans, countcr- 
 klnlng plots, and destroying secret enemies 
 \ the dagger or poison. But with all this, 
 key were bravo In tho extreme. Their 
 in, and even tho common soldiers, dis- 
 IngulBhed themselves by the magnlQccnco 
 \i costliness of tliotr accoutrements, 
 mg\\ these were in general clumsy and 
 «y. Being trained from Infancy to the 
 i of nnns and horsemnuBhlp, they were 
 imimblo horsemen; and used the scimitar, 
 krblne, pUtnl, and lance with uliuost UU' 
 W'led skill and vigour. 
 Ibout tlio year 1748, Ibrahim, an offlcor 
 the juntssnrlc?, rendered himself in 
 illty master of Kgypt, having managed 
 liters 80 well, that of tho twenty-four 
 ffi, or snnglacs, eight were of bis house- 
 fid ; 80 that by this moans, as well as by 
 idling tho ofllcers and soldiers of his 
 ps to his interest, tho pacha became 
 igothor unable to oppose him, and tlic 
 ien of tho sultan were less respected 
 in those of Ibrahim. At his death, in 
 ^7, ills family continued to nilo In a 
 tpotic manner ; but waging wnr among 
 cb other. All Boy, who had been a prln- 
 lal actor in tho disturbances In 1706, 
 ercame the rest, and for some time ron- 
 red himself absolute master of Egypt. 
 Ill remarkable man was a Syrian by 
 )tli,and had been purchased when a youth 
 > the slave-market at Cairo ; but being 
 iseiscd of great talents and of a most 
 [bitlous turn of mind, he, after a variety 
 extraordinary adventures, was appointed 
 I of the twenty-four beys of Egypt, 
 lie Porto, being nt that timo on the eve 
 la dangerous war with Russia, had not 
 )ure to attend to the proceedings of All 
 ; 80 that ho had an opportunity of 
 Drou8ly prosecuting his designs. His 
 t expedition was against an Arabian 
 ice named Hammam ; against whom he 
 [t his favourite Mohammed Bey, under 
 ence that the former had concealed n 
 sure Intrusted with him by Ibrahim, 
 that he afforded protection to rebels, 
 ring destroyed this unfortunate prince, 
 lext began to put in execution a plan 
 >8cd to him by a young Venetian 
 
 merchant, of rendering Godda, the port of 
 Mecca, an emporium for all tho commerce 
 of India ; and he even Imagined he should 
 bo able to make tho Europeans abandon 
 the passage to the Indies by the Cape of 
 Good Hope. With this view, he fitted out 
 some vessels at Suez ; and. manning them 
 with Mamelukes, commanded tho bey Has- 
 san to sail with them to Ucdda, and seize 
 upon It, whilo a body of cavalry under Mo- 
 hammed Bey advanced against the town. 
 Both these commissions wero executed 
 according to his wish, and All becamequito 
 Intoxicated with his succtcS. Nothing but 
 Ideas of conquest now occupied his mind, 
 without considering the immense dispro- 
 portion between his own force and that of 
 tho grand seignior. Circumstances were 
 then Indeed very favourable to his schemes. 
 The sheik Daher was in rebellion against the 
 Porto in Syria, and the pacha of Damascus 
 had so exasperated the people by his extor- 
 tions, that they were ready for a revolt. 
 
 Having made the necessary preparations, 
 All Bey despatched about 600 Mamelukes 
 to take possession of Gaza, and thus se- 
 cure an entrance into Palestine. Osraan, 
 thopachaof Damascus, however, no sooner 
 heard of the invasion than he prepared for 
 war, whilo the troops of All Bey held them- 
 selves In readiness to fly on the llrst attack. 
 Sheik Daher hastened to their assistance, 
 while Osman fled without even offering to 
 make the least resistance ; thus leaving tho 
 enemy masters of Palestine. The com- 
 bined army of All Boy and sheik Daher 
 afterwards marched to Damascus ; whoro 
 the pachas waited for them, and on the 01 h 
 of Juno 1771, a decisive action took place : 
 the Mamelukes and Safadlans (the name of 
 Dahcr's subjects) rushed on the Turks with 
 such fury, that, terriUed at their courage, 
 tho latter Immediately fled ; and the allies 
 became masters of tho country, taking pos- 
 session of the city without opposition. Tho 
 castle alone resisted. Its ruinous u^rtiflca- 
 tlon had not a single cannon ; bv it was 
 surrounded by a muddy ditch, an ;: Mind 
 the ruins wero posted a few niusquil -era ; 
 and these alone wero sufficient to checi. this 
 army of cavalry. 
 
 As tho besieged, however, were already 
 conquered by their fears, they capitulated 
 on the third day, and the place was to be sur- 
 rendered next morning, when, at daybreak, 
 a most extraordinary revolution took place. 
 This was no less than the defection of Mo- 
 hammed Bey himself, whom Osman had 
 gained over In a conference during the 
 night. At the moment, therefore, that the 
 signal of surrender was expected, this trea- 
 cherous general sounded aretreat, and turn- 
 ed towards Egypt with all his cavalry, flying 
 with as great precipitation as if he had been 
 pursued by a superior army. Mohammed 
 continued his march with such celerity, 
 that the report of his arrival in Egypt 
 reached Cairo only six hours before him. 
 Thus All Bey foundhlmself at once deprived 
 of all his expectations of conquest, and, 
 what was Indeed galling, he found a traitor, 
 whom he durst not punish, at the liead of 
 Ills forces. A sudden reverse of fortuno 
 now took place. Scvcrul vessels laden witit 
 
824 
 
 QT^e Zvtniuvti at IftWtortf, ^r. 
 
 com for Rholk Datier were taken by a Ru8- 
 •Ian privateer: and Mohammed Bey, whom 
 he designed to have put to death, not only 
 made his escape, hut was so well attended 
 that ho could not be attacked. Hlsfnllowers 
 continuing daily to incroano In number, 
 Mohammed ooon became suniclently strong 
 to march towards Cairo : and, in April 177il, 
 having defeated the troops of All In a 
 rencontre, riitcrod the city sword in hand, 
 while the liittor hitd scarcely time to mnko 
 his eacapo with 800 Mamelukes. With dif- 
 ficulty ho was enabled to get to Syria by the 
 assistance of shclk Daher, whom lie imme- 
 diately joined with the troops he had with 
 lilm. The Turks under Osman wore at that 
 time besieging BIdon, but raised the siege 
 on the approach of the allied army, consist- 
 ing of about 7,000 cavalry. Though the 
 Turkish army was at least three times their 
 numl)er, the allies did not hesitate to attack 
 them, and gained a complete victory. 
 
 Their affairs now began to wear a more 
 favourable aspect; but the military opera- 
 tions were retarded by the siege of Yaffa 
 (the ancient Joppa), which had revolted, 
 and held out for eight months. In the be- 
 ginning of 1773 it capitulated, and All Bey 
 began to think of returning to Cairo. For 
 this purpose sheik Daher had promised 
 him succours, and the UuBsiani*, with whom 
 ho had now contracted an alliance, made 
 him a similar promise. All, however, ruined 
 everything by bis own Impatience. He 
 set out with his Mamelukes and 1,600 Bafl- 
 dians given him by Daher ; but he had no 
 sooner entered the desert which separates 
 flaza from Egypt, than he was attacked by 
 a body of 1,000 chosen Mamelukes, who 
 were lying in wait for his arrival. They 
 were commanded by a young I>ey, named 
 Mourad ; who, being enamoured of the wife 
 of All Bey, had obtained a promise of her 
 from Mohammed, In case ho could bring 
 him her husband's head. As soon as Mou- 
 rad perceived the dust by which the ap- 
 proach of All's army was announced, ho 
 rushed forward to the attack and took pri- 
 soner AH Bey himself, after wounding him 
 in the forehead with a sabre. Being con- 
 ducted to Mohammed Bey, tho latter pre* 
 tended to treat him with extraordinary re- 
 spect, and ordered a magnificent tent to bo 
 erected for him : but In three days ho was 
 found dead of his wounds, as was given 
 out ; though some, with equal probability, 
 alllrm that he was poisoned. 
 
 Upon the death of All Bey, Mohammed 
 took upon himself the supreme dignity. At 
 first he pretended to be only the defender 
 of the rights of the sultan, remitted the 
 usual tribute to Constantinople, and took 
 the customary oath of unlimited obedience ; 
 after which he solicited permission to make 
 war upon sheik Daher, against whom he 
 bad a personal pique. In February 1776, 
 he appeared in Syria with an army equal 
 to that which be had formerly commanded 
 under All Bey. Dataei'a forces despairing 
 of being able to cope with snch a formid- 
 able armament, abandoned Gaza, of which 
 Mohammed immediately took possession, 
 and then marched towards TaSa, which de- 
 fended Itself so long that Mohammed was 
 
 distracted with rage, anxiety, and dp*!*., 
 The besieged, however, whoso iiuiiiLiii 
 were diminished br tho repeated attarkil 
 became weary of the contest : anfl itwul 
 proponed to abandon tho place on ti» 
 Kgyptlans giving hostages. Condlth, 
 were agreed upon, and the treaty mights 
 considered as concluded, when in tliemidii 
 of tho secui-lly occasioned by tliU lifiM 
 Honic Manu'lukos entered tho town ; nnig. 
 Iiors of others followed their oxnmiiio mj 
 atteniptrd to plunder. Tho inlmijitiin« 
 defended tliemHcl ves and the attnpk mnZ 
 menced : the whole army then riiHlicij im, 
 tha town, which suffored all the liorn.riot 
 war J women and children, yonug nmi m 
 men, were all cut to pieces, and Molmmniod. 
 equally mean and barbarous, cau«i(Hliii>)n! 
 mid, formed of the heads of tlio m{J 
 tunate sufferers, to be raised as a nMn. 
 ment of his victory. By this dlsastini 
 greatest terror and consternation won> d 
 fused everywhere. Sheik Daher lilingmtnJI 
 and Moliammed soon biTume iimfitiTl 
 Acre also. Hero ho behaved Willi liu mJ 
 cruelty, and abandoned tho city to \k iin 
 dcred by his soldiers. But his cnrerrm 
 soon stnpiied, his death just at the lig 
 occurring through a malignant fever, std 
 two days' illness. 
 
 Soon after Mohammed's death a cnnit 
 arose among several of tho beys, ns to»l 
 should succeed him. But the chief gi™ 
 gle lay between Mourad and Ibrnlilm.wbti 
 having ultimately overcome the rost.njjn 
 In 1785, to share tho governmrnt Ih'Iv( 
 them, and continued to rule as joint iwl 
 for many years. Prom that time we h\ 
 no account of any remarkable tninsaciii 
 In Egypt, tin the French Invaded tl 
 country in 1709. 
 
 Wlieu Belim ITT. ascended tho Ottoiti 
 throne, the French revolution whs jm 
 breaking out ; but until Buonapartes n 
 morable invasion of Egypt and Syrl«,li 
 effects were not much felt In thnt qusm 
 of the globe. Tho two Mameluke be) 
 Mourad and Ibrahim, were at tlmt tinit 
 the head of the government. 
 
 The French landed near Alex.mdrli 
 the first of July 1798 ; and tlmt city 
 taken by assault on tho 6th, and i)Iun(ln 
 by the soldiery. They then miircW 
 Cairo, but were met by an army of 5iai 
 hikes in the plains near the pyratnids, «:, 
 the French gained a signal vlrtnr.v,«lii( 
 was followed by their occupation ofil 
 CApltal, and tho submission. In general, 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 The destruction of the French fleet, 
 the English under Nelson, In the bsf 
 Aboukir, was the next even t of imrnrtan 
 yet, notwithstanding this great cnlanK 
 Buonaparte was not deterred from pa 
 ing his original design, but set out at 
 head of 10,000 men to cross the di 
 which separates Egypt from Palestine. 
 his arrival In Syria he conquered sen 
 towns, one of which was Taffa, vrkri' 
 act of atrocity was committed by 
 which, notwithstanding all the sorhi 
 that has been employed to palliate it, 
 ever remain as a foul and Infamons blol 
 the French commander : this was tlic 
 
C^e Witotii oC aSQii^t, 
 
 825 
 
 mxlcty, anddpumifl 
 ir, wUoio nuiniK'nl 
 ho repeated Rttarku,! 
 contest: nnd itwul 
 , tho place on thtl 
 xtages. Conaitlniil 
 I the treaty nilglitlKl 
 3d, when Inthemlditl 
 lonod by tills lioiwl 
 !red tho town ; imigJ 
 >d their oxniniilp aujI 
 r. Tho tiiliHiiitaniJ 
 ind the nttnck XMnnM 
 rmy then vnslifil m 
 rod all the linrriirHl 
 Idren, youii« nml iiijl 
 leces, and Moliinnnini,! 
 bnrous, caused a i.yr»l 
 
 heads of tho uiilurl 
 be raised as n mnt 
 
 By this disasUril)*! 
 BnsternattonwarpiliiJ 
 lelkDaherhimsiiltlleiJ 
 n bucftino luwtir ifl 
 )ehaved Willi hlMKDtll 
 lod tho city to lie I'lunT 
 B. But his cnrofris 
 cath ]uet at the titu 
 malignant fever, alw 
 
 mcd'fl death a cnnl« 
 of tho beys, ns to win 
 , But tho clilol 8tr«(| 
 iradand Ibralilni.tbo 
 ercomothcrcst,ngr«4 
 I governnioiit Ih'Itoi 
 Ito micas joint rachi 
 rom that time we m 
 remarkable trnnsaciii^ 
 French Invaded tM 
 
 ascended tho Ottorai 
 I revolution wns j 
 until Buonapartc'i) 
 if Egypt and Sjm.lM 
 ich felt In thnt mm 
 i two Mameluke tej! 
 m, were at tliattlniei 
 ernment. 
 
 cd near AlPT.inilrUi 
 r98; and that cityn 
 
 tho 6th, and v\\m\n 
 rhey then miirehcil 
 t by an army of Msui 
 
 earthepyranilds.whf 
 
 a signal victory,™ 
 heir occupation of il 
 
 bmlSBlon, In gcucral,! 
 
 of tho French fleet, 
 Nelson, In the baji 
 rixt event of Imrortam 
 ng this great cnUfflii 
 )t deterred from par 
 Ign, but set out at 
 in to cross the m 
 ypt from Palestine. 
 a he conquered sefl 
 ch was Yafls. whorei 
 lb committed byM 
 -idlng all the mf 
 doyed to palliate 1, 
 lul and Infamous bill' 
 nder: this was the 
 
 ttrntc murder of n largo body of prisoners, 
 (bledy Alhanlnns, who had surrendered to 
 the Frviu'h, and for whoso sustenance. It 
 nx pleaded, the latter had nut sutRcicnt 
 InroTlaloim I 
 
 ' We ilinll not enter Into a detail of the 
 jiemorablo siege of Acre, undertaken by 
 juonspsrte, who. after putiiiig every engine 
 Into oiieratlou that skill could dictate, or 
 jliAlipolnted ambition suggest, was com- 
 n«llcd to retire, humbled and discomfited, 
 L vir Sidney Smith and his gallant fel- 
 liiws, who had been sent lo the Hyrlaii coii.it 
 lor tho express purpose of aflslHting to 
 tipel the French. In both our histories of 
 fEiiglai'tl' and ' France,' tho subject, down 
 I the expulsion of tho French from Kgypt, 
 III be found : be it sufllclent, therefore, In 
 [ills place to say, that tho noble defence of 
 kcrelii reality put an end to nil lils hopes 
 M rnnauest In tho East, and that tho 
 titliharmy, under tho bravo Aliercrombie, 
 jiniplcted. In 1801, that overthrow which 
 kul so well been begun by a handful of 
 Irltlah sailors. 
 
 The most remarkable person connected 
 rith Egypt after tho period of which wo 
 Hrelieeu speaking, was Mehenief All, tho 
 Turkish pacha of that country. This chief. 
 iho bos since become so prominent in 
 igyptlan and Syrian history, wasambitlouR 
 I making himself independent of the 
 Itoinan I'orto; but as this could not bo 
 iected while tho Mameluke bevs retained 
 belr power and Influence, ho determined 
 1 their extirpation by a cold-blooded act 
 I treachery. He accordingly Invited them 
 isgrand festival, to l)o given in honour 
 I his son Ibrahim, who had just been 
 milntcd commander-in-chief of an expe- 
 jtlon against the Wahabecs of Arabia, 
 rhnlly unsuspicious of tiio treacherous di> 
 jn of Mehenict All, tlie beys arrived at 
 ke castle on the appointed day (March 
 it, 1811), each attended by hi.s suite; Imt 
 key had no sooner entered than they were 
 Uied and beheaded. Tho execution of all 
 )o chief Mamelukes throughout the coun- 
 j- Immediately followed J and Mehemct 
 >w, though nominally a vassal of tho 
 irkish empire, exercised all the functions 
 privileges of an absolute Borerelyn 
 ince. 
 
 In the histories of ' Turkey ' and • Greece,' 
 
 111 be seen )iow largo a share Mchemct 
 
 li and Ibrahim had in fomenting and car- 
 
 [iiig on the war between those countries. 
 
 jwilt also bo seen in Its proper place in 
 
 history of ' England,' that Mehemet All 
 
 I provoked tho Insurrection in Syria, and 
 
 |t for the Interference of England and 
 
 ^ continental allies, would have wrested 
 
 fpt and Syria from the Turks. But the 
 
 led fleet, under the command of Sir R. 
 
 fitoiifiird and commodore Napier, bombard- 
 ed and captured the whole lino of fortifled 
 places along tho coast of Syria, ending their 
 oiicratlons with the destruction of St. Jean 
 d Acre. This place, so renowned of old for 
 Mcnes of desperate valour — scenes lu 
 wlilcli BrItUh heroism had been so strik- 
 ingly conspicuous — was doomed ngiilu to 
 witness the prowess of our arms. A heavy 
 cannonade for nearly three hours was kept 
 up, by which time tho guns of the forta 
 were silenced ; wlien, owing to one of the 
 bomli-shots falling on the enemy's powder- 
 magazine, an awful cxiiiosion took place, 
 and l,'20O human lielngs were blown into the 
 air. This decided tho fate of the war ; and 
 Mehomet All, after a long negotiation, in 
 which tho allied powers of Kuropo took 
 part, was reinstated in his viceroyslilp of 
 I'Igypt, the government of that country to 
 descend lit a direct hereditary lino. a.d. 
 1841. Mehemet All, from mental decay, 
 became incapable of government In June 
 1848, and hisson Ibrahim was invested with 
 the pashnilc of Kgypt by the Turkish sultan. 
 Ibrahim dying in tho November following, 
 ho was succeeded by Abbas I'lirlia, S(m of 
 Ttuissour. The celebrated Mehemet All, 
 whoso extraordinary career had rendered 
 Kjjypt and himself objects of European In- 
 terest, died July 2, 1849, aged 80. 
 
 Under Ablms I'acha the work of reform 
 was continued on a mitigated principle. 
 Mehemet All centred everything In himself, 
 but Abbas judiciously sought to lighten his 
 responsibilities by giving more freedom to 
 tho people. Thus tho fellahs have been re- 
 stored to the right from which tho military 
 system of tiie former ruler had degraded 
 them ; and the practice of disposing of that 
 part of the produce paid as rent has been al- 
 tered for tho benefit of the dealers. Under 
 tho old administration, tho produce of the 
 soli thus extorted by government was mo- 
 nopolised and distributed l)y favour at arbi- 
 trary prices. It. Is now disposed of fairly 
 by public sale, to the highest bidder, and 
 former causes of complaint with the foreign 
 merchant have been removed. Such libe- 
 ral policy has borne its natural fruit. The 
 exports of Egypt have greatly Increased. 
 That of cotton wool has risen from 200,000 
 to 400,000 cwt. ; that of flax has doubled ; 
 of wheat, more than double; and. In sum, 
 tho value of the entire exports has risen, 
 since Abbas Pacha's accession In 1848, from 
 one to upwards of two millions sterllnfa. 
 By the adoption of such measures, and by 
 rendering Egypt the safe and rapid high- 
 way of traffic between the East and the 
 We8t,tho career of prosperity on which tho 
 country has entered may be indeOuitely 
 augmented. 
 
ALEXANDHU. 
 
 I AMexA!(DniA, now ealtcd Scnndcrln, tlio 
 ancient capital of Lower Bvjrpt, orcuble* n 
 prominent poiltlon in tlie annali of lilstory 
 OTcn from ftii flrit foundation. Founded hy 
 the great Alexander, whose mind wnn roni- 
 prelieniive aa hlH valour wns unoaunllcd, 
 tiio very cauio of iti oxtitcnco wns noni- 
 nicrclnl, and ttaliiatory for J.ooo years sliowa 
 how well the Macedonians appreciated the 
 advantages of maritime resources. Amidst 
 the convulsions wlilch shook his empire to 
 piccesafter his death, Alexandria continued 
 to rise in grcatneggandmagniflcence under 
 the fostering protection of the enlightened 
 rtolomtes, the friends of commerce and 
 acionce. But the brutalltv of Ptoloniy 
 riiyscon made Alexandria nlinost n desert 
 about 130 years before ChrUt. A'l inlunnnn 
 massacre of nil the young men of the city 
 shortly afterwards took plncu, and Alex- 
 andria was for some time tho scene of com- 
 motion and anarchy. 
 
 In B.O. M the conauernr of tlin West 
 visited tho city of the victor of tho East, in 
 pursuit of his defeated rival, where lie arbi- 
 trated 1>etwccn Ptolemy XII. and Olcopa- 
 trn. His military conduct was no Icrs cun- 
 spicuouH hero than it had been previously 
 In Qaul, Britain, and the plains of Pharsalla. 
 IVith a small band of Romans, assisted by 
 some forces of tho Jewajjie defeated the 
 whole army of Ptolemy, whilst history re- 
 cords with exultation tho exploit of CoEtsar, 
 who swam across the Nile bearing his Coui- 
 mentarlca aloft safe from the waters, she 
 droops over the conflagration which acci- 
 dentally consumed the celebrated library, 
 which consisted of 400,000 volumes. For 
 it must bo remembered that tho city of 
 Alexandria was originally designed, nnd 
 actually proved, to be tho mart of philoso- 
 phy and science. 
 
 Tlie emperor Caligula had designed Alex- 
 andria aa tho scat of his empire, in tho 
 event of his massacring the chief senators 
 and knights of Rome. In tlie year a.d. 40, 
 the Jews, who, to the amount of a million, 
 hod for many years enjoyed a variety of 
 privileges, were, by an edict of Flaccus, now 
 declared strangers In Alexandria— and un- 
 derwent, OS one of the signs of the time of 
 their approaching destruction and complete 
 dispersion of their nation, grievous priva- 
 tions, losses, nnd cruelty. It was within a 
 few years after this, that tho gospel of 
 Jesus Christ wns promulgated in Alex- 
 andria, and received by many. The names 
 of PantsnuB, St. Clement, and Orlgen are 
 found as presidents of a Christian scnool of 
 considerable eminence founded In this city. 
 The admixture, however, of the philosophy 
 which distinguished Alexandria with the 
 tenets of. Christianity and the dogmas of 
 Judaism, tended materially to corrupt both 
 truth and wisdom ; and the eclectic philo- 
 sophy proved tho foundation of tho Jewish 
 cabbala and many corruptions of the Chris- 
 
 tian faith. Under Cl.iudlufi, Alei!\nJrli| 
 again reckoned the Jews nscitizMii. Utul 
 the flrst place which hailed Vctpnilnii ri»l 
 peror, a.d. 00; and here ho iibudo wliijitiiJ 
 generals and ariiilos weredccldinghliiciiwl 
 against .Vitolllus. Tho arrount wlilch hJ 
 drian, who visited the city a.d. 1.10, kImI 
 of it, is characteristic of the induttriuJ 
 enterpi'iso of commerce, as well m nf uj 
 worst and most pernicious eflocts r.rotitbl 
 Inhabitants who thrive under Hn rirhnl 
 Under the emperor Severus, AlixmiiirJ 
 obtained several Immunities nnd iirlvlleml 
 A.D. 303 ; a grateful senii-^ of wlilrli wsl 
 nmnlfosted by a monument erorted tn hlij 
 I)llIorent,howcv('r,wB>t their fortune unik 
 the despicable Carncniln, who rewariMl 
 their entertainment of him by a mKim 
 massacre of the Inhabitants, a.d. 2i:i; iJ 
 nbollHliIng the societies of IcnriioU naf 
 who were ninlntalncd in the nnisiumiy 
 tho plunder of temples nnd prlvnto hnuml 
 and by separating different partx of iJ 
 city from one anotlier by walla niul Umid 
 During tho reign of Galllenuj;, Alcxaniril 
 snfTercd most severely both by wur »] 
 postllonce. But history, here, rccurclH »iii 
 admiration the conduct of two ilirliiin 
 bishops, Euseblus and Anatollun, who, li 
 the good Samaritan, bound up Mm wnunfl 
 of tlie wretched, and, like tlieir licaveiM 
 Master, were unwearied In allcvlntlniiiy 
 dlstressoB of their sufTorlng fellowrnJ 
 turea. Thoir conduct sheds n lustre mJ 
 the annals of this city, far traiiBcuiidlniiiU 
 most brilliant exploits which ciiililaziniii 
 heraldry. Alexandria was nownliuu«til 
 populated. It, however, again rccora 
 somewhat of its former greatness, a^liij 
 feel tlie unsparing havoo of war nnd dliid 
 Blon, In the reign of Diocletian, wliohttU 
 captured it from Achilluus, the usuriKr^ 
 i'gypt, gave it up to indiscriminate plll< 
 and plunder A.D. 300. He made some m 
 button for this severity by cstahllihiij 
 certain salutary regulations, amongst wU 
 may be reckoned his OBtabllshmont forU 
 perpetual distribution of corn, for tbel^ 
 nefltof this city, A.D. 303, UnderComia 
 tine Alexandria ngnin flourlslied liyi 
 trade and commerce. A dreadful aiidij 
 most universal enrthijuake, July 21, j 
 shook this city to its very foundntlon,ii 
 swallowed up 60,000 of its Inhabitants. 
 though the second capital of tlio Iloi 
 empire, Alexandria was captured byd 
 Moslems, under Amrou, the general otil 
 caliph Omar, Dec. 33, a.d. 040. Illooilyi 
 obstinate was the siege: amply suiipll 
 with provisions, and devoted totliedefea 
 of tltelr dearest rights nnd honours,! 
 Inhabitants bravely withstood the astonl^ 
 ing efforts and unwearied bravery of ( 
 enemies; and had Hentcllus as promH 
 seconded their resolution, tho crcBcenll 
 Mahomet hnd not then reigned in Mof 
 supremacy over the Obristlnn cross. It^ 
 
Q:))( lOMtartf of egitjit. 
 
 uiilluH, Aleiitnilthl 
 
 HUftCilUMII, ItWIll 
 
 nllud VcipnRlan ml 
 liottlmdo wlillitblil 
 rodecldliiKliliiniMl 
 I acrount wliUli iivl 
 city A.n. i»o,Klral 
 of tlio iiuluntrrua 
 I'o, M wull as nt liJ 
 [oUHeRocttv.pontM 
 e undur Itx rlcbnl 
 goveniH, Ati'tiwiltitl 
 nltluBiuid|irivlIe(ti,l 
 ■en>i'> ot Mrlilrh wiil 
 nient crocted to hlnl 
 H their fortune urnM 
 ftltn, wlio rewarWl 
 if lilm liy n Rencnll 
 liltnnti), A.D. SI'i; li|| 
 Ic8 of lenrucU ran 
 i In the inu8eum;l>| 
 A and privnto lioumj 
 Ifforcnt \iurl* of tl 
 ■ liy walU and town 
 Oalllenus, Ale mihW 
 >ly both liy W!ir iM 
 iry, hero, red iril««iiy 
 uct of two Clirlsii ' 
 \ Anato\lu», wlio, II 
 boniid lU) Mio wnun^ 
 il, like their liiavnilj 
 ried In allevlntlngtlj 
 BuiTorIng fellowcre 
 t sheds n lustre mi 
 y, far traiiBCcndlnsW 
 ts whlcli cmMiwmi Ir 
 was now nliuosU 
 aver, ngnln vecovcp 
 ler greatness, aiplnij 
 .vocofwarnnddliKi 
 Diocletian, who liwU 
 ilUuns, the usurer d 
 indlBcrlinlnatoplllir 
 He made sonic M 
 rcrlty i>y cstaiiiuwij 
 latlons, amongst slitf 
 establishment for* 
 m of corn, for tbei 
 >, 803. Under ConiU 
 aln flourished \>[l 
 B. A dreadful wilj 
 .haunlte. July 21, r 
 g very foundation,!! 
 of its Inhabitants. I 
 capital of the m 
 was captured liy« 
 •ou, the general oH 
 !, A.D. 0-JO. nioodyi 
 siege: amply m\f 
 devoted to the (Icfn 
 ghts and honour*,] 
 ulthstoodtheastonB 
 — farled bravery of iM 
 HertclluB as proni« 
 lutloii, the crescenj 
 hen reigned In \m 
 Obrlstlan cross, li^ 
 
 llnviluitl'lt) to ncracllui. and Its loss was • 
 liiiurro of Kri'iit Inronvrnlenve to Byxan- 
 liluDii to which Ithiidbien the storohouKO. 
 (InrCi In the iihort Hpacoof live years, tlio 
 hMbuun nnd fortlllfatliinM of Alexandria 
 irrro ocriiplod by a fleet and army of 
 nmnitni, twieo did Iho valour of Its con- 
 liiirnir, Anirou, ex|>ol them ; but liU policy 
 lid iiccn to <ll8mantla soToral walls and 
 Eiwen, In pumuance of a vow ho had niailu 
 u nnilorhiH Alexandria ns accessible a<< 
 Tjicliomoof a prostitute. In the ycaro-ia 
 tio llbrnry of Alexandria was destroyed by 
 jftler of Ilia caliph Omar ; and so extensive 
 [ru It, that Its volumes of paper or parch- 
 Wnt infllccd to light the flrosof the 4,ooo 
 nthi which wore Tn the city, for more than 
 Hi months I 
 
 IHnwwied the splendour and glory of this 
 UftMj city. Tlio dominion of tliu Hnra- 
 lin) withered Us onergluB, and Alexandria 
 ulimlly sunk from Us high estate, so that 
 I Ike year 875 Us extent was contracted 
 ) litif Its former dimensions. Mournful, 
 ut itlll majestic in Us decline. It still re- 
 klued the I'haros, and part of Its public 
 Eiicci and monuments. In 030 its great 
 linrcb, called Oosurea, which hiid formerly 
 ten apngnn temple, erected by Cleopatra, 
 lliouuut' uf Slit urn, woa UuatruycU by Uro; 
 
 827 
 
 and two years after, ti.is second, or Arable 
 Alexandria, was taken »»y the Magreblans, 
 who, after various vicissitudes, at IcnKtli 
 Nnally lost It to the MosleniN, \.u. i»n, 
 when more than Jtw.noo of the wn'trhcj 
 Inhabitants iwrlshed. The discovery of Mm 
 Capo of Oood Hoi)o In HOT completed thu 
 ruin which hml, for some centuries, been 
 advancing under the Turkish dominion; 
 and Alexandria ceases from that time to 
 poMOSs any particular Interest for the his- 
 torinn, until the close of the last century. 
 Tho flrst consul of FraMco, whoso namo will 
 bo reckoned up with tho Macedonian Alex- 
 ander and tho Uoman Owsar, like these two 
 groat prototypes of his ambition, displayed 
 In Alexandria his skill and progress. It 
 fell to his army Jnly 4, 1708, after a defeat 
 of tlio Arabs and Mamelukes. Tho thun- 
 ders of tho llrltlsli imvy bonring defeat and 
 dlHComflturo through the ships of Kranoe, 
 at Alioukir, wore heard at Alexandria, and 
 tho HrltlHh onsign waved triumphant over 
 Its walls In tho year 1801, as again In 1800. 
 Amongst the iiamei* of various heroes con- 
 nected with this once mighty city, that of 
 Abercromble, who died here In tho arms 
 of victory, shall livo curuUod lu tho annals 
 ot history. 
 
 ANTIOOH. 
 
 |ii!i city wns loniideu ity Atiti6<<?.'r>», and 
 t liiin called Am i'^onla, a namo which it 
 Jon after changed for Autlochla, in ho- 
 lurof Antlochus. father of Scleucus. Tho 
 kt of empire for tho kings of Syria, and 
 |goTeminent for tho Roman offlcers, An- 
 «h was a place of cx>nBldera1)lo Import- 
 0. It contained four distinct cities, 
 1 was therefore called TotrapolU. An- 
 her city, built in its suburbs, called 
 nlmc, Buiicrsoded It In magnlflcenco and 
 inry so much that, not only did ' to live 
 (er the manner of Daphne* become pro- 
 rblal, but Autioch was termed Antloch 
 ar Daphne. 
 
 Its history Is conflned pretty much to 
 1 Tarions calamities ot war and pcsli- 
 |ce which, at different timcB, havo vl- 
 A and scourged tho city. Dy tho as- 
 Ancc of Jonathan, tho leader ot tlio 
 jccabecs, king Demetrius punished tho 
 Itumacy of his dlssatlsfled subjects by 
 Vlng 10,000 ot tbem, b.o. 143. A n cx- 
 brdinary earthquake laid it in ruins in 
 [ reign of Trajan, A.D. 116 ; the emperor 
 iself being with dlfflculty saved from 
 fraction. Antioch rose from its ashes 
 ler the auspices of Trajan, and was 
 m nearly consumed by flro in ]S5. It 
 1 restored by Antoninus Pius, but was 
 iB8CS8Cd, A.i>. 177, by a scvcro edict of 
 
 h\o, ctall Us ancient righti* and privileges, 
 aa n punishment for abetting tho faction 
 of Ovldlus CasBlus, governor of fiyrla, a 
 moasure.liowcver, which was soon niiiinllcd. 
 In 104 HeveruB, to punish tho part wlii>'h 
 Us natives took In tho faction between 
 him and Niger, passed a similar edict, and 
 subjected Antloch, reduced to tho level of 
 a village, to Laodlcea, but tho next year 
 ho revoked his sentence. In tho ineanwhllo 
 Antloch had l)een distlngulBhcd tor Bomo 
 events connected with tho spread ot Chrls- 
 tlHUlty, which, it is said, was establlBhed 
 here by St. Peter, in the year 38. It was 
 hero tho followers ot tho Redeemer were 
 flrst called Christians, and an assembly ot 
 the apoBtlos was held, in 50. There have 
 also been several councils convened In 
 Antloch at different periods. 
 
 From Us situation, it was necessarily ex- 
 posed to severe attacks during tho wars 
 between tho Persians and the Romans, 
 when the power ot the latter began to de- 
 cline. It was three times taken by the Per- 
 sian monarch. Sapor, who, after its last 
 capture, plundered it and laid all its publio 
 buildings prostrate. In 831 it was visited 
 by a severe famine. Sixteen years after- 
 wards its importance w.ns increased by 
 Oonstantlne II., who, at an Immense ex- 
 pense, formed the harbour of Bclcucla for 
 
828 
 
 E^s Crraifufi) o( %ii(iory, ^c. 
 
 Its convenience. During the residence of 
 the emperor Julian here, on his way to the 
 Persian empire, there occurred through- 
 out the Roman provinces a severe famine, 
 which visited Antioch more severely than 
 other places, from the establishment of 
 a corn-law by the emperor. In 381, two 
 great scourges appeared, plague and fa- 
 mine ; the former soon subsided, but on 
 the continuance of the latter, Llbanlus, 
 the bishop, entreated assistance from Ica- 
 rlus, prefect of the East, who answered the 
 entreaty with brutality and Insult. A com- 
 motion ensued, which, however, terminated 
 without bloodshed. Six years afterwards, 
 a tremendous tumult took place. In conse- 
 quence of a tax Imposed upon the people 
 by k/he emperor Theodosius, in comme- 
 moration of the tenth year of his own 
 reign, and the fifth of that of his son Area- 
 dins. The governor of the city with diffi- 
 culty escaped the frenzy of the populace ; 
 and great indignities were offered to the 
 emperor's statues by the people, who were 
 made to atone for this oSence by the most 
 cruel punishments. St. Chrysostom dis- 
 tinguished himself on this occasion by 
 preaching homilies to the people, which 
 tended very much to reform theirdissolute 
 and corrupt practices. Severe measures 
 were on the point of being executed against 
 Antioch by command of Theodosius, when 
 they were averted by the imited entreaties 
 of St. Chryaostom, some hermits, and Fla- 
 vlanus, bishop of Antioch. But there was 
 no defence to this lU-fated place In the year 
 698 against the awful visitation of an earth- 
 quake, which, on Sept. lO, laid desolate the 
 most beautiful quarter of the city. A simi- 
 
 lar visitation occurred in S25, in tlierekl 
 of Justin. ""P 
 
 Neither was the fury of man long with I 
 held from working utter destruction to Aii 
 tloch. In 640 It was captured by Cosrhoftl 
 king of Persia. The churches were ciil 
 laged, and, like another Nebuchadnezarl 
 he appropriated their gold and silver to iiij 
 own use. Antioch had not a dwelling left J 
 her people were scattered, slaiu, or carrldl 
 Into captivity. Once more, phanix-iike ij 
 rose from Its ruins, to experience anottel 
 earthquake in 680, which destroyed 30(u| 
 persons. ' I 
 
 A new enemy now appears un thonw! 
 of history. The Saracens took Autiochjil 
 the year C34, and retained possession ot J 
 tin 858, when again it was annexed to ibi 
 Roman empire. The Turks next becam 
 roasters of it; and they in turnlostitit 
 the Crusaders, who made a prlnclpalltjii 
 Antioch, in 1008, under Bohemond, prlnd 
 of Tarentuni. He was taken prlsoiiertiytij 
 Turks in 1101, but liberated In II03. Met 
 while Antioch had been governed I); li 
 cred, who died the year after his appoln 
 ment. The whole of the principality j 
 Antioch, excepting the city, was overq 
 by the sultan Noureddin in 1148, wliok 
 the year 1160 took Bohemond III. prisood 
 On his liberation in 1175, ho was creati 
 knight by Louis VI. of France, and died J 
 1201. The principality of Antioch wasl 
 solved in 1268 by the capture of the city!) 
 Blbars, sultan of Babylon. It then bew 
 a portion of the Turkish empire, wliicli) 
 has since continued, having cxperlcntfi 
 during that period two earthauakcs- 
 in l1i», aRfl tt'o other In lH2a. 
 
in S25, In the lelsil 
 
 A' 
 
 THE HISTORY OF INDIA. 
 
 -•««- 
 
 _j the Hindiig (or Hindoos) never Lad any 
 listorlcal writings, all the Informatlou to 
 leobtained respecting the original Inliabit- 
 pt9 of India Is gleaned from popular 
 nems or the accounts of foreigners. How 
 ime and unsatisfactory such accounts 
 Hwa)'9 are, and how mixed with fabulous 
 hTentloD, the result of all researches in 
 (ch labyrinths most abundantly proves : 
 B gliall, therefore, make but a brief ana- 
 jtisotlt. 
 
 ■Under the name of India the ancients 
 ■eluded no moi-e than the peninsula on 
 lis side the (>anges, and the peninsula 
 lyond It, having Uttlo or no knowledge 
 Itiie countries which lie farther eastward. 
 r whom these countries were originally 
 npled is a question which has given rise 
 ImuchBpeculatlon, but which, In all pro- 
 Ullity, win never be solved. Certain it is, 
 Ei( some works in these parts discover 
 u-ks of astonishing skill and power in the 
 abitants; such as the Images in the 
 liud of Elepbauta, the observatory at 
 sares, and many others. Whatever may 
 tie been the cause, the western nations 
 lew not even of the existence of India, 
 i by obscure report ; while the inhabi- 
 ^ts of the latter, ignorant of their own 
 gin, invented a thousand idle tales con- 
 ning the antiquity of their tribes. 
 Iccordiug to Hlndd tradition, and the 
 Eul.ir legends of their bards, their coun- 
 I was at Qrst divided between two prin- 
 ]al families ; called in oriental phrase- 
 gy, 'the families of the sun and moon.' 
 3 were both said to be descended from 
 lima originally, through the patriarchs 
 btia and Atrl, his sons. Vaiwaswat (the 
 I) had Daksha for his father ; and Soma 
 emoon) sprung from Atrl. 
 he first prince of the family of the sun 
 I named Ikshwaku, who was succeeded 
 bis grandson, named Kakutatha. But 
 ■most celebrated prince was Rama, the 
 lot Dasaratha, who was banished to the 
 KB by his father for fourteen years, and 
 laccompanled there by Sita, his wife, 
 ba having been carried off by Havana, 
 |tbe giant with ten heads), who was 
 J of Lanka, or Ceylon, Kama, assisted 
 pngriva and Hanuman (who are de- 
 ed as monkies), pursued him to bis 
 al, took It, put him to death, and 
 idhlBbrother Ylbhlshna on the throne. 
 I traditions of the south of India add, 
 [upon Rama's victory, colonists came 
 ■ Ayodhya, or Oude, cleared and tilled 
 Iground, and introduced the arts of 
 Ised life. Rama returned to Ayodhya, 
 Iwhlcb he ruled for many years; and 
 I succeeded by his son Knsa, whose 
 krlty inherited the throne after him. 
 lorarea, the son ot Budda, the son of 
 
 the moon, was the first prince of the lunar 
 dynasty. His capital was Pratishttadna, at 
 the confluence of the Ganges and Junina. 
 To him Is attributed the discovery of the 
 art of kindling fire. His oldest son, Ayus. 
 succeeded him. 
 
 Ayus had two sons, Nahusha, who suc- 
 ceeded him ; and Kshetravtiddha, who es- 
 tablished a separate principality at Kasi 
 or Benares. Nahusha's successor was Ya- 
 yati, who had five sons, the youngest of 
 whom, Puru, he named as his successor. 
 To the other four, whose names were Tadu, 
 Turvasu, Druhya, and Ann, he gave the 
 viceroysliip, under Puru, of certain pro- 
 vinces of the paternal kingdom. 
 
 One of the descendants of Druhya was 
 Oandhar, from whom the province now 
 called Candahar received its name. The 
 posterity of Anu established themselves 
 fvom the south of the province of Bebar 
 to tho upper part of the Coromandel coast. 
 In fact, it appears that the descendants ol 
 Yayati colonised and introduced civilisation 
 throughout the greater part of southern 
 and western India. 
 
 Among the descendants of Puru there 
 were several celebrated princes; one of 
 whom, named Bharata, the son of Bush- 
 y an ta, ruled over a very extensive territory, 
 so that India has been sometimes culled 
 after his name, Bharata Versha, the coun- 
 try of Bharata. The most materlaji. facts 
 that we next notice in these annals are, 
 that some centuries after Ibis, Hastl. a 
 descendant of Puru, removed the capital 
 further north, on the banks of the Gauges ; 
 which city was called after him, Hastlna- 
 pur : also that, four descents after Hasti, 
 the sovereign of Haatlnapur was Kuru, 
 from whom the country to the north-west 
 was called Kurukshetra, a name it still 
 retains. 
 
 From what we have already produced as 
 a specimen of the Hlndd annals. It vlU be 
 admitted that a further analysis of them, 
 unless w ' had space sufficient to make suit- 
 able comments as we proceeded, would be 
 both uninteresting and an unprofitable oc- 
 cupation of time. 
 
 ' The whole course of the political history 
 of ancient India,' as professor Wilson 
 observes, ' shows it to have been a country 
 divided amongst numerous petty rajahs, 
 constantly at variance with one another, 
 and Incapable of securing their subjects 
 from the Inroads of their neighbour?, or 
 the Invasions of foreign enemies. 
 
 ■ Tho early religion of the Hindds. as 
 represented in the Tedas, seems to have 
 been little more than the adoration of fire 
 and the elements. The attributes of a Su- 
 preme Being, as creator, preserver, and 
 destroyer, were afterwards personified, and 
 
830 
 
 QTfje CvrniEfuri} at ${{f(tari.s «Vr. 
 
 wonl lipped 48 tlio (IcIMoB Uraliiiin, ViHiinu, 
 and Hlva. riilloHophlcal iiotloim of matter 
 and Hplrit wcro noxt embodied ; and cole- 
 tirated individuals, like the dcmlffods of 
 Orcore, added to tlio I'aiitlicon : other mo- 
 dIflcationB, Bomo aa recent as four or nvo 
 contiirlOR, were Bubgcquently Introduced. 
 
 ' The division of tlie IIIndilH Into caHtcB 
 is a iHicullarity in their social condition 
 whtcli early attracted notice ; but bucIi an 
 arrangement was not uncommon in anti- 
 (|ulty, and it prevailed in rcrsla and Bgyiit. 
 In tlieso countries it gradually ceased ; but 
 in India It lins ))cun carried far beyond 
 the extent contemplated in the original 
 Bysteuj. 
 
 ' The original distinction was Into Brah- 
 man, religious tc or; Kslictruja, war- 
 rior ; Valsya,agrl(Millurl8t and trader ; and 
 8iidra, Bervile : but from the intermixture 
 of tlieso and tlieir descendants, aroso nu- 
 nicrouB otiier tribes or castes, of which 
 tiio HIndilB now chlclly consist ; the Drah- 
 nian being the only one of the four original 
 divisions remaining.' 
 
 The (lr»t amonjr the western nations who 
 dlstlngnlHlied thomselveB by their Hi)pllca- 
 tlon to navigation and commerce, and who 
 wore of conBequenco likely to discover 
 these distant nations, were the Egyptians 
 and I'licEninlang. The former, however, 
 soon lost their inclination for naval alfairs, 
 and licid all seafaring people in detesta- 
 tion ; though to the extensive conquostH of 
 KcBOBtris, if we rnn believe them, must this 
 feeling in a great measure bo attributed. 
 He is Bald to have fitted out a fleet of 400 
 sail in the Arabian gulf or Itod pca. which 
 ronqnered all the countries lying along tlio 
 lirythrcan sea to India; while the army, 
 led by himself, marched through Asia, and 
 subdued all the countries to the Ganges; 
 after whlcli ho crossed that river, and ad- 
 vanced to the Eastern ocean. Strabo re- 
 jected the account altogether, and ranks 
 the exploits of SeBOBtrls in India with the 
 fabulous ones of Bacchus and Hercules. 
 
 Soon after the destruction of the Baby- 
 lonian monarchy by the Persians, wo find 
 DariuB Hystaspes undertaking an expedi- 
 tion against the Indians. Herodotus in- 
 forms UB, that ho sent Scylax of Caryandn 
 to explore tlio river Indus; who sailed 
 from Caspatyrus, a town at Its source, and 
 near the territories of Pactya, eastward to 
 tho Boa; thence, turning westward, ho ar- 
 rived at tho place where tho Phceniclans 
 had formerly sailed round Africa, after 
 which DariUB subdued tho Indians, and 
 bccaino master of that coast. Ills con- 
 quests, however, were not extensive, as 
 they did not reach beyond the territory 
 watered by tho Indus ; yet tho acquisition 
 was very important, as the revenue derived 
 from the conquered territory, according to 
 Herodotus, was near a third of that of the 
 wholo Persian empire. 
 
 According to major Renncl, tlio space of 
 country thrnugh which Alexander Balled 
 on the Indus was not less than I.ooo miles, 
 and as, during the whole of that naviga- 
 tion, he obliged tho nations on tK)th Bides 
 of the rivor to submit to him, wo may be 
 certain that the country on each Bido was 
 
 explored to some diHtanco. An oxart Z,l 
 countu not only of Ills military optTaii™,! 
 but of everything worthy of notice rtintinil 
 to tho countries through which hn ilim I 
 was preserved In the journaU of his tlirtcl 
 oincers, Lagus, NearchuR,and Arimoiiuiu.f 
 and these journals Arrlan followed in (J 
 composition of his history. From HkJ 
 authors we learn that. In the tlniu ot am 
 aiider, tho western part of India woa pJ 
 sessod liy seven very powerful iimnarrlij 
 Tho territory of Porus, which Alexamj 
 first conquered and then restored to bli 
 Is Bald to liavo contained no fewer ili 
 3,000 towns ; and the king of tim \<fL 
 had assembled an anny of 20,(K)o favain' 
 2,000 armed chariots, and a great iiiinilH.'rol 
 olephantB, to oppose the Macedonian 
 iiiirch on tho banks of the OaiigeH. 
 
 The country on each side the Indui 
 found, in the time of Alexander, to be 
 no degree inferior In populatlnii to 
 kingdom of Porus. The climate, m\\, 
 productions of India, as well ns ilicnij 
 ncr.Hand customs of thelnhal)ltHiit!<,are( 
 actly described, and the descriiitlnngfogi 
 to correspond In a BurprlHing iiwuinerwii 
 modern accounts. The stated rliangc 
 seasons, now known by the iianio of m 
 Hoons, the periodical rains, the hwiIIIl 
 and InundatlonB of the rivers, with iiicq 
 penranco of tho country during tlic ili 
 they continue, are particularly nientloi 
 Tho descriptions of tho Inhahltantg 
 equally particular; their IIvIiik eiitli 
 upon vegetables ; their division intotrll 
 or castes, with many of the pari IciiW 
 of the modern Hindoos. The niilitiio' 
 rations, however, extended but a vcrjlli 
 way Into India properly so called ; not. 
 tlier. Indeed, than tho modern provInN 
 Lahore, and the countries on the liaiiki 
 tho Indus, from Mouitan to the sea. 
 
 On tho death of Alexander, tlic m\ 
 part of his dominions devolved nr^t 
 I'itho, tho son of Agenor, and after* 
 on Seieucus. The latter was scnslli!e 
 the advantages of keeping India in sul 
 tion. With tills view, he undertnoliiui' 
 pcdition into that country, partly toi 
 llrm his authority, and partly tn defcnili 
 Macedonian territories ngalnst Sam 
 tUH, king of the Prasll. The parllculani 
 his expedition are very little known, Ji 
 being the only author*who mentions t 
 Plutarch tells ub that Seieucus cnrrled 
 arms farther Into India than Alciaoi 
 and Pliny, whoso authority is of com 
 ably greater weight than cither. In thlij 
 stance, corroborates the tcBtiuiun; of 
 tarch. 
 
 The cjireer of Seieucus in the ml 
 stopped by Antigonus, who preimrcdul 
 vade the western part of his ('.oiiilil 
 Tho former was, therefore, obliged to 
 elude a treaty with Sandracottua ; tmtl 
 Robertson la of opinion, that during 
 lifetime of Seieucus, which contlnuedfi 
 two years after tho death of Alcxandi 
 diminution of the Macedonian tcrril 
 took place. "With a view of keeping 
 friendly intercourse with the Indian [ 
 Seieucus sent MegaHthenes, one of 
 auder's oQlccrB, to Palibotlira, capitaiifl 
 
^I)e ^ii^toi'Li of i\mn. 
 
 bin 
 
 very little known, Ji 
 norwho iHcnUoii3t 
 hat Seleucus c!\rtiMl 
 India thnn Alciir 
 authority Is ottM 
 It than either, lii tM 
 the tcBtlmonjoIl 
 
 kinolom of tho I'raMli. on tho hankH uf tlio 
 luinKCR. TI)lK (^Ity ix l>y I'l*. HohcrtHon 
 luiouglit to lio tho inofloni Alliilinhad, hut 
 Kniinr Kvniiet BuppoHcit It to ho IMtna. Ah 
 ((.((asllieiioH roHlUod in thiH city for a con- 
 lilcntblo time, hu made many ohsorvatlona 
 >latlvo to India in Rcncral, whicli he after- 
 -iirdH iiuhliHhud. liut ho niinKlcd with hlH 
 litluUB tho most extravagant fahlea ; bucIi 
 accounts of men with ears so large tliat 
 icy could wrap theniHclvert up In them ; of 
 IbeB with one ey<>, without moutha or 
 )KSi ^c, If tho extracts from this hoolc, 
 veil by Arrlan, Diodorus, and other an- 
 ient wrltcrH, can bo credited. After tho 
 nbusy of MvgaHtliencH to BandracottuB, 
 itittiRtof Ills son to AllitrochldaH, tlioBuc- 
 i|8urof SundracottUM, we hear no moro of 
 icsltalrBof India witli regard tothoMace- 
 iiilans until the time of Antiochus tho 
 tt who made a short IncurMlon into In- 
 about 107 years after tiie dcatii of Holeu- 
 Alttliat wa know of thif! expedition is, 
 it the Syrian monarch, after llnlBhing a 
 rhe carried against the two revolted iiro- 
 ia'8 of I'arthia and Uactria, obliged Bo- 
 igAwauB, Icing of tho country wlilch he 
 ivaded, to pay a sum of money, and give 
 It a number of elephants. It Is probable 
 ,( tlio BUcccBHors of Antloclius were ub- 
 cd, goon after IiIh death, to abandon all 
 Ir Indian territories. 
 
 tter tho lOBS of India by tho Syrians, an 
 rcourBO was kept up for some time be- 
 lt li nnd the Ureek kingdom of Uactria. 
 li last became an independent state 
 lut sixty-nine yt,'ars after tlio death of 
 nandcr ; and, according to tho few hints 
 have concerning It in ancient authors, 
 led on a great traffic with India. Nay, 
 Dactrlan monarclis aru said to have 
 luered more extensive tracts in that 
 on than Alexander himself had done. 
 princoB reigned over tills new kingdom 
 lucceBBlon ; some of whom, elated witii 
 conquegiH tiiey had made, assumed tho 
 of the great king, by which the Pcr- 
 monarclis were distinguished In their 
 jCBt Bplendour. Strabo informs us, that 
 Bactrian princes were deprived of their 
 torles by theBcythian nomadcs, known 
 le names of Asll, Paslani, Tacharl, and 
 jtxM This Is confirmed by tlio testi- 
 ly of tho Chinese historians, quoted by 
 le Ouignos. According to them, about 
 •ears before tlio Cliristian era, a power- 
 loido of l^rtars, pushed from their no- 
 seats on the confines of China, and 
 led to move farther to the west, poured 
 m Bactrla like an IrreslBtlbie torrent, 
 helmed that kingdom, and put an end 
 le dominion of the Greeks, after it bad 
 Inearly 130 years. 
 
 im this time to the close of the flf teentb 
 
 iry, all thoughts of establlBhing any 
 
 Ion in India were totally abandoned 
 
 le Europeans. The only object now 
 
 to promote a commercial intercourse 
 
 that country ; and Egypt was the 
 
 Inm by which that intercourse was to 
 
 omoted. Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, 
 
 raised the power and splendour of 
 
 idrla, by carrying on a trade with 
 
 Ul8 son Ptolemy PblladelpUus pro- 
 
 secuted the Hanio plan very vlKorously. In 
 ills tiiiio the Indian commerce once more 
 Ijcgan to r(!iitro In Tyre ; but, to nMnove It 
 effectually thence, ho attempted to form a 
 ranal lietwcon ArHliioo on the Ited sea, near 
 tho iilace where Hue% now Htands, and the 
 I'elusiac, or eastern branch of tho Mile. 
 This canal was about lou cubits broad, nnd 
 tliirty deep ; so that by means of it the 
 productions of Indlut might have been con- 
 veyed to Alexandria entirely liy water. 
 
 On tlio coiKiuestof Kgypt by the Ilomnns, 
 the Indian commoditleHcimtliiued, as usual, 
 to be imported to Alexandria in Kgypt, and 
 from thenr« to Rome : but the most ancient 
 communication betwixt tho east and west 
 parts of Asia seems never to have been 
 entirely given up. Hyrla and Palestine ate 
 separated from Mesopotamia by a desert; 
 but the passnge through it was much faci- 
 litated by its affording a station which 
 abounded in water. Uence the possession 
 of tills station became an object of sucii 
 conse(|ueiice, that Bolomon built upon it 
 tlie city called In Hyrian Tadmor, and in 
 Urcek Palmyra, lloth iheso names are 
 exprcHsiveof its situation in aspotadorned 
 with palm trees. Though Its situation for 
 trade may to us seem very unfavourable, 
 being sixty miles from the KuphrateH, by 
 which alone it could receive the Indian 
 commodities, and iiCXJ miles from tlie nearest 
 coast of tho Mediterranean, yet the value 
 and small bulk of the goods in (luestioii, 
 rendered the conveyance of them Ity a long 
 carriage overland not only practical>ie, but 
 lucrative and advantageous. Ilenco tho 
 Inliabltants became opulent and powerful, 
 and tills place long maintained its inde- 
 pendence after tlie Syrian empire became 
 sul>ject to Home. 
 
 Tiie excessive eagerness of ^iio llomans 
 for Asiatic luxuries of ail kinds, ke|)t up 
 an unceasing intercourse with India during 
 the whole time tliat the empire continued 
 in its power; and, even after tho destruc- 
 tion of the western par t, it was kept up l>e- 
 twccn Constantinople and tliose parts of 
 India whicli had been visited formerly by 
 merchants from tlio west. Long before 
 this period, however, a much better metliod 
 of sailing to India had been dloc/ovcred, it 
 is said, by the commander of an Indian 
 ship, who lived about eighty years after 
 Kgypt had been annexed to the lloman 
 empire. This man having observed tlie 
 periodical shifting of tho monsoons, and 
 liow steadily they blew from the east to 
 west during some months, ventured to 
 leave tiie coast, and sail boldly across the 
 Indian ocean, from tho mouth of the Ara- 
 bian gulf to Musirls, a port on the Malabar 
 coast. Pliny givesa very partlcularaceount 
 of the manner in which tlie Indian traffic 
 was now carried on, mentioning the parti- 
 cular stages and the distances between 
 them. 
 
 AVliile the Scleucldm continued to enjoy 
 the empire of Syria, the trade with India 
 continued to be carried on by land. Tho 
 Romans, having extended tlieir dominions 
 as far as the Euphrates, found this method 
 of conveyance still established, and the 
 , trade woa by them encouraged aud pn^ 
 3 I 
 
832 
 
 die Wxtniuvn at ^iitatv, ^t. 
 
 tected. Bnt the progreii of the caravans 
 being frequently Intermpted by the Par- 
 thlnna, particularly when they travelled 
 townrda tliogo countries where silk and 
 other of the most valuable manufactures 
 were procured, it become an object to the 
 Romans to conciliate the friendship of the 
 lovereiiDrns of those distant conntrlos. 
 
 Dr. Robertson takes notice, tlint, from 
 the evidence of an Arabian merchiint who 
 wrote in 852, it appean, that not only the 
 Saracens, but the Ciiiuese also, were desti- 
 tute of the marlner'N compass ; rontrnry 
 to a common opinion, tliat this instrument 
 was known in the oast lonv before its dis- 
 covery in Kuropo. Kotwithstandtngr this 
 disadvantage, they penetrated far beyond 
 Slam, which had set bonnds to the naviga- 
 tion of Kuropeans. They became acquaint- 
 ed with Sumatra and other Iiidinn Islands ; 
 extending their navigation as far as Can- 
 ton in China. A regular commerce was 
 now carried on from tlio Persian gulf to all 
 the countries lying betwixt It and China : 
 and even with China Itself. Many Saraccnn 
 settled In India, properly so called, as well 
 as in the countries beyond it. In the city 
 of Canton they were so numerous that the 
 emperor permitted them to have a cadi or 
 Judge of their own religion; the Arabian 
 language was understood and spoken in 
 every place of conseaucnco ; and ships from 
 China even are said to liavo visited the 
 Persian gulf. 
 
 According to the Arabian accounts of 
 those days, the peninsula of India was at 
 that time divided into four kingdoms. The 
 first was composed of the provinces situ- 
 ated on the Indus and its branches, the 
 capital of which was Moultan. The second 
 had the city of Canogc, which, from its r«- 
 maining ruins, appears to have been a very 
 large place. The Indian historians relate, 
 that it contained 30,000 shops in which 
 betel nut was sold, and 00,000 sets of mu- 
 siclans and singers who paid a tax to go- 
 vernment. The third kingdom was that of 
 Cachemire, first mentioned by Massoudi, 
 who gives a short description of it. The 
 fourth kingdom, Guzerat, is represented by 
 the same author as the most powerful of 
 the whole. Another Arab writer, who nou- 
 rished about the middle of the fourteenth 
 century, divides India into three parts : 
 the northern comprehending all the pro- 
 vinces on the Indus ; the middle extending 
 from Ouzerat to the Ganges ; and the south- 
 ern, which he denominates Comar, from 
 Cape Comorin. 
 
 From the relation of the Arabian mer- 
 chant above mentioned, explained by the 
 commentary of another Arabian who had 
 likewise visited the eastern parts of Asia, 
 we learn many particulars concerning the 
 inhabitants of these distant regions at that 
 time, which correspond with what is ol>- 
 served among them at this day. They take 
 notice of the general nse of silk among the 
 Chinese, and the manufacture of porcelain, 
 which they compare to glass. They also 
 describe the te»-p1ant, with the manner of 
 using its leaves : whence It appears, that 
 In the ninth century the nse of this plant 
 In China was as common aa It la at pre- 
 
 sent. Thoy mention likewise the irrn,i 
 progress which the Indians Imd madeiil 
 astronomy ; a circumstance which gmm ' 
 to have been unknown to the Greeks mji 
 Romans; they assert, that In tlilg iiranrd 
 of science they were lar superior to ty 
 most enlightened nations of the west oi 
 which account their sovereign was cim 
 the king of wisdom. 
 
 Tho superstitions, extravagnntpcnunn 
 &C-., known to cxixt at this day amoul 
 tho Indians, are also moiitlimctl liythM 
 writers : all which particulars niMltoii 
 that the Arabians had a knowledge of u 
 very far superior to that of tho Greeki j 
 Romans. 
 
 The Industry of the Molmnimodan! i 
 exploring the most distant reKiongnt'iM 
 east, was rivalled, however, by the cbid 
 tians of Persia, who sent nilsslnimriod 
 over India and the countries adjoining j 
 far as China Itself. But, while the wcgiJJi 
 Asiatics thus kept up a constant liitcrcoiuL 
 with these parts, tho Uuropeaiis hadlgl 
 manner lost all knowledge of them, i 
 port of Alexandria, from which therb 
 formerly been supplied with tho indij 
 goods, was now shut against tlicin ; anili 
 Arabs, satislled with supplying the / 
 mands of their own subjects, ncglectedl 
 send any by the usual channels toi 
 towns on the Mediterranean. The inbi 
 tants of Constantinople and sumo oili 
 great towns were supplied with Chin 
 commodities by the most tedious audi 
 cult passage imaginable. 
 
 In spite of every dlfflcnlty, howcvcr.tl 
 commerce flonrlshed, and Constnniliii 
 became a considerable mart for Kattl 
 dlan commodities; and f rom it all tben 
 of Europe was chleny supplied with t 
 for more than two centuries. The pcrpi 
 hostilities in which the Christians nndl 
 hamniedans were during this rerlodl 
 gaged, contributed still to incrtase tbel 
 Acuity ; but, the more it increased, thei 
 desirous Kuropeans seemed to bcof [ 
 Ing the luxuries of Asia. 
 
 About this time tho cities of AinalHd 
 Venice, with some others in Italy, hii| 
 acquired a great degree of indepcnda 
 began to exert themselves in promolj 
 domestic manufactures, and linportlDfi 
 productions of India. 
 
 About the end of the tenth centn 
 considerable revolution took placcinli 
 by the conquests of Mahmud Gr.ziil,^ 
 erected the empire of Gazna. And itij 
 this period that the authentic liisto 
 generally reckoned to commence. 
 
 Mahmnd's kingdom had arisen outatf 
 of the Saracens, who had extended I 
 conquests immensely, under the calld 
 Walid, both to the east and west. Hi| 
 sessed great part of the ancient ] 
 Gozna, near the source of the Indiu,| 
 Balkh, were his chief cities. Af tercoit 
 ing the rest of Bactria, he invaded I 
 tan A. D. 1000, and reduced the prorii 
 Moultan, which was inhabited by the I 
 and Rajpoot tribes (the Gather! andl 
 Alexander), who still retained theiru 
 bravery, and made a very formldabieij 
 ance. Mahmud being eqvially influei 
 
C^e Witavjn at SnTrin. 
 
 lovo of con(iue8t and a Buperstltlous 
 
 Ileal to extonninate tho Hindoo religion, a 
 
 lleigue was at last formed against lilm 
 
 limong nil the Indian princes, from the 
 
 iGiiigcs to the Nerbudda. Their allied troops 
 
 Ivcre, liowevcr, defeated ; and in 1008 tho 
 
 IbmouB temple of Nagracnt In the Punjab 
 
 Ivas destroyed. In 1011 Mahmud destroyed 
 
 Ithe city and temple of Tanafar, and re- 
 
 liaced Delhi. In 1018 ho took Oanoge, and 
 
 EemollsUcd the temples of that and several 
 
 Ctber cities ; but failed In his attempts on 
 
 Ujmrre. In his twelfth expedition, In 1024, 
 
 le reduced the whole peninsula of Guzcrat, 
 
 ind destroyed the famous temple of Sum- 
 
 laut, as well as those of nil the other cities 
 
 > conquered. At his death. In 1028, he pus- 
 
 >i8ed the east and largest part of Persia, 
 
 Eltli the Indian provinces from the west 
 
 Vt of the Ganges to Guzerat, and those 
 
 Etween the Indus and tho mountains of 
 
 umere. But In 1158 this extoKsive empire 
 
 Cgaii to fall to pieces. The west ind largest 
 
 krt was seized by the Gaurl, whl'e the east 
 
 Cntlguoiis to the Indus rcmnlnv'd In the 
 
 Hsesslon of Oosroe, whose capital was La- 
 
 kre. In 1184 his sons were expelleo by the 
 
 hurl, and in 1104 Mohammed Go:: pene- 
 
 Vted into Hindostan as far as Benares, 
 
 pimltting as great devastation as Mali- 
 
 Hd Gazni bad done. He also reduced the 
 
 nth part of Ajmerc, and tho territory 
 
 lath ot the Jumna, the fort of Guallor, &c. 
 
 Ills death (1205), the empire of Gazna 
 
 J again divided, and the Patan empire 
 
 B founded by Cattub, who had the Indian 
 
 jt, the Persian remaining to Eldoze. 
 
 Etub made Delhi his capital ; and in 1210 
 
 liuccessor, Altumtsh, reduced the grcat- 
 
 ] part of Hindostan Proper. One of his 
 
 |g obtained the government of Bengal, 
 
 from this period, one of the enipe- 
 
 K BODS had always that government. 
 
 ling bis reign, the bloody Jenghlz Khan 
 
 \ an end to the other branch of the Gaz- 
 
 I empire, but Hindostan was left undls- 
 
 •om this period the most dreadful con- 
 Ion and massacres followed almost to 
 [time that the British government corn- 
 Iced. Tho empire being subdivided 
 Ing a set of rapacious governors, the 
 Ble were reduced to the greatest degree 
 jAtevY. To add to their distress, tho 
 Us made such frequent and formidable 
 islons, that at last the cuiperor Feroso 
 Uowed them to settle in the country in 
 The emperor was Incited by Alia, 
 nor of Gurrah, to attempt the con- 
 ; of the Deecan ; and Alia being em- 
 1 in that business, wherein he amassed 
 tomense quantity of treasure, no sooner 
 nplished it, than he deposed and mur- 
 IFerose, and assumed the sovereignty 
 jodoBtan. 
 
 |1306 the conquest of the Deecan was 
 naken ; and In 1310 Alia carried his 
 Into Dowlatabad and the Carnatic. 
 llthis usurper's expeditions, and those 
 > general, Oafoor, seem to have been 
 more with a view ot plunder than 
 tmanent conquest. 
 
 Her Mohammed III., the inhabitants 
 n Deecan revolted, and drove tho Mo- 
 
 833 
 
 hammedans completely out of all their terri- 
 tories, except the city of Dowlatabad. 
 
 Ferose III., who succeeded Mohammed in 
 1361, was a wise prince, who preferred tho 
 Improvement of his empire by the arts of 
 peace to the extension of It by war and 
 conquest. In his reign, which lasted thirty- 
 seven years, agriculture, commerce, and 
 manufactures were encouraged. But upon 
 his death in 1388, a civil war broke out 
 which continued Ave years, till Mahmud 111. 
 succeeded, in 1308. Duringthis period Hin- 
 dostan exhibited tho uncommon phenome- 
 non of two emperors residing In the same 
 capital, yet at war with each other. In 
 this unfortunate situation of aifairB, Tamer- 
 lane, after subduing all the west of Tartary 
 and Asia, turned his arms against Hindos- 
 tan, and made an easy conquest of It. But 
 the cruel monster, not contented with his 
 victory, ordered a general massacre of the 
 inhabitants, in consequence of which. It is 
 said, that 100,000 of them were murdered in 
 one hour. In January 1300, he defeated 
 the Indian army with great slaughter, and 
 soon after took Delhi, which then consisted 
 of three cities, surrounded by walls. 
 
 Though no resistance was made, and of 
 course there was no pretence for blood- 
 shed, yet a quarrel was fomented within a 
 few days by his Tartar soldiers, who pil- 
 laged tho city, massacred most of tho peo- 
 ple, and sold the rest for slavey. The spoils, 
 in plate and jewels, were immense. After 
 this dreadful carnage, Tamerlane marched 
 through the other provinces of Hindos- 
 tan, defeating the Indians everywhere, and 
 slaughtering the worshippers of Are. On 
 the 25tb of March this insatiable conqueror 
 retired, leaving Mahmud in possession of 
 tho throne, and reserving only Punjab to 
 himself. 
 
 The death of Mahmud III., in 1413, put 
 an end to tho Patau dynasty. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Cbizer, a descendant of Maho- 
 met, and his posterity continued to reign 
 until 1450, when Alia II. abdicated the 
 throne, and Belloli. an Affgban, took pos- 
 session of It. UnC jr him a prince who re- 
 sided at Jlonpour became so forniid,a))le, 
 that he left him only tho shadow of autho- 
 rity. BelloH's son, however, recovered a 
 great part of the empire, about 1501, when 
 be made Agra his residence. In the reign of 
 Ibraham II. sultan Baber, a descendant of 
 Tamerlane, conquered a considerable part 
 of the empire. His first expedition was in 
 1518 ; and in 1525 he took Delhi. On the 
 death of Baber, who reigned only five years, 
 his son Humaioon was driven from the 
 throne, and obliged to take shelter among 
 the Rajpoot princes of Ajmere. The sove- 
 reignty was usurped by Sheer Klian, who 
 in 1545 was killed at the siege of Cheitou. 
 His territories extended from the Indus to 
 Bengal; bnt the government was so un- 
 settled, that no fewer than five sovereigns 
 succeeded within nine years after his (leath. 
 This induced a strong party to join in re- 
 calling Humaioon, who is said to have 
 been a prince of great virtue and abilities; 
 but he lived only one year after bis return. 
 Upon bis death. In 1665, his son Ackbar, one 
 of the greatest princes tbat ever reigned in 
 
834 
 
 CTTje dTrrniiturti of l^dftort), 9et. 
 
 HIndoslan, succeeded. Howns then only 
 fourteen years of age ; but, during lila long 
 reign of flfty-ono years, ho established the 
 empire on a more sure foundation tlian it 
 liad probably ever been before. 
 
 We are now come to a period when the 
 European powers began to be Interested 
 In the affairs of Hliido.^tan. The Capo of 
 Good Hope had been doubled In the reign 
 of John II., king of Portugal ; Emanuel, 
 hiB successor, equipped four ships, for the 
 discovery of the Indian coast, and gave the 
 command to Vasco de Oama ; who, having 
 weathered several storms in his cruise 
 along the eastern coast of Africa, landed 
 In Hindostan, after a voyage of thirteen 
 months. 
 
 This country, which has since been al- 
 most entirely reduced by war under a fo- 
 reign yoke, was, at the time of the arrival 
 of the Portuguese, divided between the 
 kings of Cambaya, Delhi, Bisnagur, Nar- 
 Bingua, and Calicut, each of which reck- 
 oned several sovereigns among their tribu- 
 taries. The last of these monarchs, who 
 is better known by the name of zamorin, 
 which signifles emperor, possessed the 
 most maritime states, and bis empire ex- 
 tended over all Malabar. 
 
 Vasco de Gama having Informed himself 
 of these particulars when he touched at 
 Melinda, hired an able pilot to conduct 
 him to that port, in which trade was the 
 most flourishing. Hero he fortunately met 
 with a Moor of Tunis, who understood the 
 Portuguese language, and he put himself 
 under his direction. He procured Gama 
 an audience of the zamorin, wlio proposed 
 an alliance and a treaty of commerce with 
 the king his master. This was upon the 
 point of being concluded, when the Mus- 
 Bulmen so far swayed the monarch from his 
 purpose, that he resolved to destroy the ad- 
 venturers, to wbom ho had just before 
 given so favourable a reception. 
 
 The samorin, who wanted neither power 
 nor inclination, wanted courage to put his 
 design Into execution ; and Gama was per- 
 mitted to return to bis fleet : he sailed for 
 Lisbon, which he reached in safety, and 
 was received with rapturous joy by the 
 people. The pope gave to Portugal all the 
 coasts they should discover in tlie east : 
 and a second expedition soon after took 
 place, under the command of Alvarez Ca- 
 bral, consisting of thirteen vessels. They 
 first visited Calicut, where flf ty Portuguese 
 were massacred by the inhabitants, through 
 the intrigues of the Moors. Cabral, in re- 
 venge, burnt all the Arabian vessels in the 
 harbour, cannonaded the town, and then 
 sailed to Cochin, and from thence to Ca- 
 nanor. The kings of both these towns 
 gave him spices, gold, and silver, and pro« 
 posed an alliance with him against the 
 zamorin, to whom they were tributaries. 
 Other kings followed their example ; and 
 this Infatuation became so general, that 
 the Portuguese gave the law to almost the 
 whole country of Malabar. 
 
 The port of Lisbon had now liccome the 
 grand mart of Indian commodities. To 
 secure and extend these advantages, it was 
 necessary to establish a system of power 
 
 and commerce. With a view to tlifgc(,i>| 
 jects, the court of Portugal wisely repowl 
 Its confidence in Alphonso AllniiiuiriiiJ 
 the most discerning of all the PurtufjueJl 
 that had been in India. The new vlcmrl 
 acquitted himself beyond expectation. aJ 
 fixed upon Qoa, where there was a goojl 
 harbour and wholesome air, as an e<t].l 
 bllshment, being situated in the inlddieiM 
 Malabar, belonging to the king of tlie DeJ 
 can, and wliich soon after became the nj 
 tropolis of all the Portuguese settlcmeiiiir 
 in India. ] 
 
 As the government soon changed Itj 
 schemes of trade Into projects of cunqurr 
 the nation, which bad never been guiiif 
 by the true commercial spirit, soon j 
 sumed that of rapine and phindcr. in i 
 ference to this we may observe, that of jj 
 the conquests made by the Portuguese j 
 India, they possess at present only Jiaol 
 D!u, and Goa: and the united inip(jrtai]J 
 of these three settlements In tlielr Intri 
 course with India and Portugal lavcrj!; 
 considerable. 
 
 Towards the close of the sixteenth ( 
 tury, Drake, Stephens, Cavendish, and son] 
 other English navigators, by doulilitigo 
 Horn, and the Cape of Good Hope, reacbi 
 India. Tlie success attending these M 
 voyages was sufficient to determine m 
 of the principal merchants In Londnnq 
 establish a company in 1600, wlilrh nM 
 ed an exclusive privilege of trading to tl 
 East Indies for fifteen years. 
 
 The funds of this company were Inil 
 beginning Inconsiderable. They flitedoj 
 four ships, which sailed in IGOI, ugj 
 Lancaster, an able man, who arrived i 
 them. In 1602, at the port of Aclien.atilj 
 time a celebrated mart. He was rereil] 
 by the king with the highest niariiso 
 pect, and had every favour shown hiniitj 
 could be wished for, to facilitate tlieei 
 llshnient of an advantageous cnnmnj 
 The English admiral was received at I 
 tarn In the same manner as at Aclienid 
 a ship, which he had despatched to j 
 Molucca islands, brought him a cons^ 
 able cargo of cloves and nutmegs; i 
 these valuables, and pepper, wlilcli liel^ 
 in at Java and Sumatra, ho returned ij 
 to England. 
 
 The company now determined tot 
 settlements, but not without the co^ 
 of the natives. They applied to }m 
 for assistance, but obtained none. 
 however, out of their small funds, ew 
 forts, and founded colonies, in tlie li 
 of Java, Poleron, Amboyna, and 
 They likewise shared the spice tradt^ 
 the Dutch, who soon became jealoi 
 their rising prosperity. They at fira I 
 ceeded by accusations, equally voldolf 
 and decency, to make the Knglisli o 
 to th« natives of the country; but U 
 expedients not meeting with surcesj,! 
 resolved to proceed to actsof violenRil 
 the Indian ocean became the scene il 
 most bloody engagements between f 
 maritime forces of the two nacloi 
 1619, the two companies signed a t 
 signifying that the Molucca islandi^l 
 boyna, and Banda should belong iif 
 
Cri^e Witax'li of JFittrtn. 
 
 836 
 
 I montoboth nations. Tho Dutch, however, 
 I not only soon found menus to render tho 
 I treaty ineffectual, but to drive the English 
 IffomAmboyna. This latc«r trnnsactlou was 
 Ireplete with so much cruelty, that it will 
 Ircinain a lasting stigma on tho Dutch na- 
 Itlnn Tlic English, harassed In every mart 
 Ihy tiie Dutch, who were bent on their des- 
 llrVtlon, were obliged to give way to their 
 Vjffer. India was totally forgotten ; and 
 Ibe company was greatly reduced at tho 
 Heoth of Charles I. 
 
 1 Cromwell, proud ot his success, and scn- 
 Lblcof his own strength, was piqued that 
 lie rcpulillc of tho United Provinces should 
 Vretend to the dominion of the sea, and de- 
 Uarcd war against the Dutch. Of all the 
 cirltimo wars which have been recorded 
 g history, none were conducted with mors 
 iiowledgo and bravery ; none have abound- 
 d vitb more obstinate and bloody engago- 
 icnts. The English gained the superiority, 
 hd peace ensued.— But to return : 
 IFiider Ackbar's successor, Jehan Guirc, 
 {lewar was faintly carried on, tho empire 
 king disturbed by his rebellious son Shnh 
 khao,and his councils distracted by tho iu- 
 feenco of his mistress Noor Jehan. In this 
 Tlmarch's reign air Thomas Iloe, tho first 
 HtUh ambassador to the court of Hlndos- 
 k arrived. Jehan Quire died in 1G27, and 
 b succeeded by his son Shall Jehan, who 
 blicd tho conquest of tho Deccan with 
 tour, but in so destructive a manner that 
 Est of the princes submitted. A war 
 M broke out with tho FortUKUcsc, whlcli 
 Bed In their expulsion from Hoogly. 
 Uiali Jehan was a debauched prince ; and 
 Irebellion against his father was reta- 
 rd by that of his son Auruiigzebe, who 
 iironed hitn, disguising his ambition 
 |cr the mask of religion, and comrait- 
 : the greatest crimes under that pre- 
 ice. He engaged in a war with his bro- 
 h Morad and Dara, whom ho d^-feat- 
 ind put to death, and then pretended 
 tment their misfortune. He, however, 
 ited his father with tenderness till his 
 III In 1660. Krom 1660, when Aurung- 
 t attained full possession of the throne, 
 pfi:8, a profound tranquillity prevailed 
 |ii(jtiout the empire ; but from a jea- 
 j of Sevagee, the founder of tho Mah- 
 i state, he undertook the conquest of 
 |Deccan;and having quelled a rebel- 
 lot the Patans beyond the Indus, he 
 Vented the Hindoos so severely, that 
 pjpoot tribes in Ajlmere commenced 
 r against him. 
 
 (his death in 1707, his empire extcnd- 
 
 pom 10° to 35'^ latitudes, and nearly 
 
 ny degrees in longitude. 'His re- 
 
 ,' says major Rennel, 'exceeded 
 
 l.ooot. sterling. In a country where 
 
 plonsare about four times as cheap 
 
 Kiigland. But so weighty a sceptre 
 
 1 bu ^vielded only by a hand like 
 
 Dgzcbe's; and, accordingly, in fifty 
 
 I after bis death, a succession of weak 
 
 Vs and wicked ministers reduced this 
 
 Hshlng empire to nothing.' 
 
 left four sons ; Mausum, Azera, Kaum- 
 
 land Ackbar. This lost had rebelled 
 
 tt Ills father, and been obliged to fly 
 
 to Persia thirty years before. A civil war 
 commenced between Hausum and Azcm; 
 and a decisive battle was fought, wherei.i 
 300,000 men were engaged on each side, 
 and Azera was defeated and killed. Mau- 
 sum then assumed the title of Bahader 
 Shah, and, during his short reign of five 
 years, gave proofs of considerable abilities. 
 He defeated and killed his brother Kaum- 
 Bush ; after which he reduced the Sikhs, a 
 new set of religionists, who, in tho reign of 
 Shah Jehan, had silently established them- 
 selves along the eastern mountains, and 
 Ind now taken up arms in Lahore, ra- 
 vaging the country tu the banks of tho 
 Jumuah. 
 
 About this time the English East India 
 Company obtained tho famous flruian, or 
 grauu, by which their goods of export and 
 import were exempted from duties. Fur- 
 roksere was depo&ed and murdered by tho 
 brothers Houssciu and Abdoollah, who sot 
 up another emperor, whom they also de- 
 posed and murdered in tho same year ; and 
 thus, in eleven years after Aurungzebe's 
 death, eleven ot his posterity, who had 
 either possessed or been competitors (or 
 tho throne, were exterminated ; and tho 
 government declined so ra.iidly that tho 
 empire seemed ready to fall to pieces. 
 
 In 1718 the two brothers raised to tho 
 throne Mohammed Shah, the grandson of 
 Bahader ; who, warned by tho fate of his 
 predecessors, soon rid himself of these two 
 powerful subjects, though at the cxpcnso 
 of a civil war. But new enemies started 
 up. Nizam Al Mulck, viceroy of tho Dec- 
 can, in 1722, had been offered the place of 
 vizier, or prime minister, but did not accept 
 It. Independence was his aim, and tho in- 
 creasing power of tho Mahrattas furnished 
 him with a pretence for augmenting his 
 army. Persuaded that he had a party at 
 court, he, in 1738, came thither, with a great 
 body of armed followers ; but, finding that 
 the interest of the emperor was still too 
 powerful for him, he invited tho famous 
 Persian usurper, Nadir Shab, or Kouli Kliau, 
 to invade Hlndostan. 
 
 This Invitation was readily accepted, and 
 Nadir entered the country without opposi- 
 tion ; yet, when far advanced into Hlndos- 
 tan, he considered the issue of matters to 
 bo so uncertain, that he offered to evacu- 
 ate tho country and retire for fifty lacs ot 
 rupees, about 600,000f. sterling. The in- 
 trigues of the Nizam and his party hin- 
 dered tlie emperor from complying with 
 this demand ; Instead of which bo threw 
 himself upon the usurper's mercy, who then 
 took possession ot Delhi, and demanded a 
 ransom ot 30,000,0002. sterling. After a 
 conference with the emperor, Nadir seized 
 upon 200 cannon, with some treasure and 
 jewels, whlch'he sent oft to Candahar. Ho 
 then marched back to Delhi, where a com- 
 motion arose about the price of corn. 
 While Nadir endeavoured to quell it, a 
 shot was fired at him, and narrowly missed 
 him ; upon which tho barbarian ordered a 
 general massacre of the Inhabitants, and 
 slaughtered 120,000, or, according to some, 
 150,000 persons. This was followed by a 
 seizure ot all the jewels, plate, &c.. wktcii 
 
836 
 
 Clje CifaKurs uC WitaxHt 9e(. 
 
 Iieiidca (ixactlDK tlio 
 wai duuo wltu tlio ut- 
 
 could Ijo /ouiid; 
 80,ooo.ooo(., wblcli 
 most rigour. 
 
 In the inldit of tlieu aconea Nadir cauRcd 
 the marriage of liU ton to lie celebrated 
 with agraud-dauKJilerof Auruiig/.ulx), mid 
 ilieii took leavo <>( iliu emperor with pro- 
 fcaaloiiH of frii'iidHhIii, on tliu uth of Miiy 
 1730. IIu iHHaid to liiivo carried oil goods 
 and trtiasuro to the value of I85,ooo,(MM)/. 
 ■torllng. Mohammed had alao ceded to liirn 
 all the proviuces of Uindoittan weat of the 
 Indus. 
 
 About the flitnio time the Rohllloa, a trlbo 
 from tlio mouiituiiiB between Inula and 
 Persia, erected hii iiido|ieiuleiit Rtnto on tlio 
 east of tlio(Jaiige8, eighty miles from Delhi. 
 The empire seemed now to bo running fast 
 to its dUsolutlon. Madir Bhali being mur- 
 dered, Abdallah, one of bla generals, seized 
 ou the east part of Persia, and the adjacent 
 Indian provinces which Moliiimmed Shall 
 bad ceded to Nadir, and formed tbcm Into 
 the kingdom of Kandoliar. 
 
 In 1730 MoliammeU Shah died, and vas 
 succeeded by bia son Ahmed ; during whoso 
 reign, whicb lasted only six years, tli< divi- 
 sion of the rcmulnder of the empire took 
 place : and nothing remained to the family 
 of Tnmerlanc but u small tract of territory 
 round Delhi. 
 
 In inn the Nizam Al Mulck died, at the 
 age of 104, and was succeeded by his son 
 Nazir Jung, to the prejudice of his elder 
 brother Goxi, vizier to thonomlnal emperor. 
 The contest that followed on this occaHion, 
 for the throne of the Deccan and the nabob- 
 Bbip of Arcot, flrst engaged the British and 
 French to act as auxiliaries ou opiiosito 
 aides. Immediately after the peace of Aix- 
 la-Ohapci:c, the French ciminmiulaut, M. 
 Duplelx, began to sow dissension among the 
 nabobs, 'A'ho had by this time usurped the 
 Bovcreignty of the country. 
 
 On this occasion Mr. (afterwards lord) 
 Clivc first appeared in a milltiiry capacity. 
 Ho had been employed Ijeforo aa ii writer, 
 but seemed very little qualitlcd for that de- 
 partment of civil life. He now marched 
 towards Arcot at the bead of 210 Euro- 
 peans and fiOO sepoys; and in his tirst ex- 
 pedition displayed the qualities of a great 
 commander. His movements were conduct- 
 ed with such secrecy and despatch, that ho 
 made himself master of the enemy's capital 
 before they knew of his march ; and gained 
 tlie aifectlons of the people by his genero- 
 Bi ty, in affording protection without ransom. 
 In a short time, however, he found himself 
 Invested in Fort St. David's by llajah Baib, 
 Bon to Ghunda Salt, an Indian chief, pre- 
 tender to the nabo))ship of Arcot, at the 
 head of a numerous army; the operations 
 of the siege being conducted by European 
 engineers. But Mr. Olive, having intelli- 
 gence of the intended attack, defended him- 
 self with Buch vigour, that the assailants 
 were everywhere repulsed with loss, and 
 obliged precipitately to raise the siege. He 
 then marched in quest of the encsiy ; and, 
 having overtaken them in the plains of 
 Arani, attacked and entirely defeated them. 
 This victory was followed by the surren- 
 der of the forts of Timery, Conjaveram, 
 
 and AranI; after which, ho rrtiinicd iJ 
 triumph to Fort St. Davld'a. In the )»l 
 ginning of 1753, ho marched townrda yJ 
 (Iras, where ho was reinforced by a dmI 
 body V f troojis from Bengal. Tliouglj ihJ 
 whole did not exceed iioo i!iUr(ip( aim, ),|,il 
 as many natives as wore sufllclenr toririT 
 the appearance of an nriny, lie boldly |,r,/ 
 ceeded to a place called Koverlpniik.'alKni. 
 fifteen miles from Arcot, where the enrit]] 
 lay to the number of 1,600 scpnys, i-j 
 horse, with )50 Kuropcans, and elKlitpie'J 
 of cannon. Victory was long douliitui.iijij 
 Mr. Ollvo having sent round a Uelaclmiril 
 to fall upon the rear of the enemy, iim 
 the Knglish attacked the entrcnchnicnttii 
 front with their bayonets, a gciiorni (ggj 
 fusion ensued, the enemy was routed »ii| 
 considerable slaughter, and only HuvcdfroJ 
 total destruction by the durkiicHa o{ tij 
 night. The French to a man threw don 
 their arms on this occasion, and uurrei 
 dcred themselves prisoners of wnr; iilijii 
 baggage and cannon falling at the ui] 
 time into the hands of the victors. 
 
 M. Duplelx, morlilled at tliis liail ig^ 
 cess, prof lalincd rajah Sail), son of thiiin] 
 Sail), nabob of Arcot ; and aft(>rwnrdii m 
 duced forged commissions from tliu Gm 
 Mogul, appointing him governor of all u 
 Carnatic from the Kristnab to tlii>f<oa, ) 
 carry ou this deception, a metiHi.'iigi'r [tl 
 tended to come from Delhi, and wun 
 cclved with all the pomp of an niiiliaiisiiii 
 from tho Groat Mogul. Duplelx, niiiugtij 
 on an elephant and preceded by iiiiiairn 
 dancing women, after the orieiitui fm>i 
 received his commission from tlio liandil 
 this impostor; after wlilch ho ntrmcdii 
 state of an easterii prince; kept liJHdiii^ 
 at court, appeared sitting crogslcmftl^ 
 n sofa, and received presents as sdvcrtli 
 of the country, from his own council a«« 
 from the natives. Thus tho forcosodl 
 Kngllsh and French Kast India (Jiiuipai 
 were engaged In a course of li(i!<tlll(lM,d 
 dcr the title of aiixlllarics to the crniKi 
 lug parties at a time when no wiir ci^ 
 between the two nations. 
 
 Next year both parties received coiisljj 
 able reinforcements; the EiikII»Ii tiyif 
 arrival of admiral AVaison with a siiujil 
 of ships of war, having on board a r 
 ment commanded by colonel Aldcrm 
 and the French by M. Oadelicu, cum 
 sary and governor-general of all tbcird 
 tiements, on whose arrival M. Diipleiil 
 parted for Europe ; and a provisiuualinf 
 and truce were concluded, on coiii 
 that neither of the two companies sU 
 for tho future interfere in any of thtl 
 ferencea that might take place lif 
 country. 
 
 Matters, however, did not long conSj 
 In a state of tranquillity. Plarly in 11 
 appeared that the French were cndcn™ 
 ing to get possession of all the UecrmJ 
 Bussy, tho Buccessor of Duplelx, ilei 
 cd the fortress of Qalconda from Si 
 Zing; and M. Leyrit encouraged tbij 
 vernor who rented Vein to take up r 
 against tho nabob. Ho even sent 300 Fn 
 and as many sepoys from Pondicliei^ 
 support this rebel, and oppose the J' 
 
C^t VHitavn oC iEitHia. 
 
 837 
 
 ich, lio rrUinicd iJ 
 navld'i. In llie )»! 
 urrlicd towiiras uJ 
 (<liif(>rcc(l tiy a Rtiiiiil 
 U-ngnl. Tlumnh tbil 
 ;ii)0 KumiM ;vii8, i»n| 
 jru BUfllcleiit. to i:iti| 
 Rniiy, lie boldly m 
 il K'lverlpnnk, ataiu 
 lot, whero the enmJ 
 »f 1,600 si'piiys, Ix 
 ^ftim, amlflKlitplim 
 i,Hi(>iiKaoul)ilMl,iiiiii 
 round a (luiiu'ljnieii 
 of tlio enemy, Kblljf 
 the entreni'hnicMjf 
 onetB, a Kcncnil cm 
 liuiy w>» rciuti'd vny 
 ■r.andonly wivi'iHroil 
 the durkiicBB ut U' 
 to a nmii threw dw, 
 occasion, anU Bunei 
 BonorBof wnr; iillH 
 I falling nt tho m 
 
 Df tho VlCtoM. , 
 
 1IU'<1 ut llliH l"^'l III 
 
 ih BailJi Hou ot ClmiJ' 
 t ; and aftcrwiirds \f 
 iBBloHB from Vlii! Grt 
 itm governor of alU 
 Lrlstnal-. to tli'' ecu 
 itlon, a nifsHi'iigirpH 
 nm UcUil. and \mf 
 [)onip of an MwhufiL 
 Kul. UupleU, nioumi 
 1 Vecedcd by inuBlciL 
 ter the onentul fasliid 
 Bsloii from llifl lianjij 
 r which ho niroriwli" 
 prince; kept his «. 
 Bitting croBsU'KBrii 
 
 I prcBcntB ns «««* 
 ihlB own council an 
 Thus the foict'SdIi 
 
 II East India <;"mr»l 
 course of ho><tllitios,i 
 [lliarlcB to the mw 
 10 when no war ciu 
 
 ulionB. , ,, 
 
 nrtlcB received coml 
 
 is; the KnKllslil'Jl 
 AVtttBou Willi il »W 
 having on hoiird a 
 hy colonel Aldertn 
 V M. Gadeheu, cnnL 
 general of all tlitiri 
 o^arrlvalM. miH 
 • andaprovisioualin' 
 "oncluUed, on cui* 
 ,c two companlea w 
 erfere In any of m 
 Ight take place Hj 
 
 er, did not long conf 
 lulUlty. Karly li 1. 
 I French were eiiilwt 
 lonofallthepewj 
 
 iBor of DupleU, " 
 J Galconda froin 
 .yrlt encouraged m 
 Bd Velu to take up « 
 . Ho even sent o(«n 
 loys from Vonf'''" 
 1, and oppose tiie 
 
 Lplojred by tho nabob to collect hU ruvu* 
 lueiifrom the tributary prIncoB. 
 \\llviTill Khan, an ablo and prudent sub- 
 Jidar wboliad for flftecn years l)eeii nabob 
 [i Bengal, Unhar, and UriBBH, liaviiig died 
 , irM, Burajiih Dowla Bucccedcd to tho 
 ibuloli'P- Hu was congratulated on )i>a 
 Ycciilun by Mr. Drake, tho RngllBli pro- 
 Ident at Calcutta, and readily proniised 
 )ttctlon to Ills countrymen ; but lio Boon 
 «rtouk offence nt the iniprlaonnient of 
 -alclnind, an eminent (icntoo merchant 
 m Imd lived several years under tho 
 [Dtcctlon of tho KngllBh ^rovcrnment. ()C 
 UclrcuniBtance, however, Hurajah did not 
 jrectly coniplatn ; but founded his pro- 
 jncoof WBrup'jn the conduct of the Kn- 
 [lili 111 repairing tho fortlflcaMonH of Cat- 
 W; which Indeed was iibBolutely neci^s- 
 iry, on account of tho great proliabllily 
 Jawiirwith the French. Tho nabob, how- 
 ler, threatened an attack if tho works 
 iro not Instantly deniollslied. With this 
 luUltluii tho president and council prc- 
 jidcd to comply ; but they iievertheleHS 
 Nit on with thom. Hurajah Dowla took 
 e aeld on tho aoth of May 17.^0, with 
 irmy of 40,000 foot, so.ooo horse, and 
 eleiibants; and on tho 3nd of June, 
 icbed 20,000 men to Invest tho fort at 
 lumbiuii, a largo town on an island 
 jncd by tho west briineh of tho Uange^i, 
 ii fort was regularly built, with sixty 
 (lion, and defended by ;)oo men, prlii- 
 Klly sepoys. Tho nabob pretending a 
 \\K to treat, Mr. Watts, the chief of tho 
 lory, was persuaded to put himself In 
 power ; which ho had no sooner dono 
 he was mado a closo prisoner, along 
 Mr. Uatson, a surgeon, wlio accom- 
 kled hlDi. The two prtsouers were trcat- 
 [vitb great Indignity, and threatened 
 b death ; but two of the council who 
 Ibeen gent for by tho tyrant's command 
 e Bcnt Imck again, with orders to per- 
 lo tbe people of tho factory to surren- 
 |at discretion. This proposal met with 
 It opposition ; but was nt last compiled 
 b.tliimgh very little to tlic advantage of 
 [prisoners; for they were not only de- 
 ^ed of everything they posBCSBCd, but 
 pped alinoBt naked, and sent to lloogly, 
 rethey were closely conllned. Tho na- 
 icucournged by this succesH, marched 
 ctly to Calcutta, which Lo invested on 
 15tb. 
 
 {wu impossible that tho garrison could 
 
 defeud themselveB against tho great 
 
 ) brought against It ; little or no at- 
 
 pt was therefore made at resistance : 
 
 fort was consequently soon taken, and 
 
 (fleets of the factory destroyed. Many 
 
 ^e English escaped in boats and ships 
 
 1 the river, but many were taken ; of 
 
 (, 146 were conflnod for tlio night in a 
 
 twenty feet square, named the Black 
 
 and which the English had made for 
 
 » of conflnoment. The dreadful heat 
 
 rant of air quickly deprived some of 
 
 ence ; others lost their reason, and ex- 
 
 invlngmad; their entreaties and of- 
 
 )f money to their guards to give tliem 
 
 ",orto remove them, were mocked at 
 
 regarded ; and when thn door of the 
 
 dungeon was oiioncd next morning, only 
 twenty-three were taken out allvu. Uavlntf 
 plundered tho town, Surajah Dowla do- 
 parted, leaving In It a garrison of 8,000 men. 
 
 Tho news ot this dlnaHter put an end to 
 the expedition projected against M. Uussy ; 
 and colonel Cllvo was Inxiantly duspatchod 
 to Bengal with 400 Kuropeans and 1,000 
 ricpoys, on board of tho iluet commanded 
 by admiral Watson. They did not nrrlvo 
 till tho ISth of December at a village called 
 Fultn, situated on a l>ranch of the UangcH, 
 where tho Inhabitants of Calcutta liad taken 
 refuge after their mlBforlunu. Their llrst 
 operations were against tho forts of Bus- 
 budgia, Tannii, I>'ort Williain, and Calcutta, 
 now In the hnndH of tho enemy. All these 
 were reduced almost as booh as they ap- 
 proaclicd them. Hoogly, tho place of ren- 
 dezvous for all nations who traded to Den- 
 gal (Its wnrehouHea and sliops being al- 
 ways filled with tho richest merchandise 
 of i.ho country), was likewise reduced and 
 destroyed, with tho granaries and store- 
 houses of salt on each sido of tho river. 
 This proved very detrimental to tho na- 
 bob, by depriving hint of tho means of suh- 
 slsteiice for Ills army. 
 
 Kurajiih Dowlii, enraged at tho succeHfl 
 of tho Knglisli, now Heomcd determined to 
 crush tliein nt onco by a general engago- 
 nient. From this, however, ho was intimi- 
 dated by a succesBful attack on his camp, 
 which Induced I Im to conclude a treaty, on 
 tho 0th of Febr.iary 17.57, on tho following 
 conditions:— 1. That the prlvlloges granted 
 to tho Kiiglish by the Mogul should not bo 
 disputed :— 3. That all goods with English 
 orders should pass by land or water, freo 
 of any tax:— 3. All the company's facto- 
 ries which had been seized by tho nabob 
 should bo restored ; and tho goods, money, 
 and effects accounted for :— 4. That the En- 
 glish should have liberty to fortify Calcutta: 
 and 6. To coin their own gold and silver. 
 
 As intelligence was now received of a 
 war between Franco and England, an at- 
 tack was meditated on Chandornagore. It 
 remained, therefore, only to obtain t*ie con- 
 sent of tlie nabob ; but, in ten days after 
 tho conclusion of the treaty, he sent a let- 
 ter to admiral Watson, complaining of his 
 intention, and Durmlslng that the Engllsii 
 designed to turn their arms against him 
 as soon as they made themselves mastcra 
 of Chandcrnagore. This was strenuously 
 denied by the admiral; and a number of 
 letters passed, in which the latter made 
 use of expressions which were supposed 
 to imply a tacit consent tliat Chandcrna- 
 gore should be attacked. An attack was 
 tlicrefore made, and it soon capitulated. 
 This intelligence, however, seemed to be 
 by no means agreeable to Surajah Dowla. 
 He pretended displeasure on account of 
 tho English infringing tho treaties, and 
 complained tliat they had ravaged fiome 
 parts of his dominions. This was denied 
 by the admiral ; but from this time both 
 parties mado preparations for war. The 
 nabob returned no answer till the ISth of 
 June, when he sent a declaration of war. 
 Tho English council at Calcutta now re- 
 solved on the deposition of the nabob; 
 
838 
 
 ^t CrrniTurii oC VkiitarUt ^t* 
 
 which at this time nppcarcd practlrnlilo, 
 by supnortlng tliu prctonatonB of Mcor Jaf- 
 flor All Klian, who had ontorcd into a cnn- 
 ■plrarjr agatnat him. Meer Jafflcr liad mar- 
 ried th« ilstor of Allvcrdi Khan, tho prcdc- 
 ceiRor of Surajah ; and waa now Bupportcd 
 In his pretonslons t)y the gonrrul of the 
 horao, and by Juggot Beet, tho nnbub'n 
 banker, tho richest merchant In nil India, 
 
 Colonel Cllve beKnn his march agalnat 
 Burajah Dowla on tho mth of Juno. Tho 
 declBlvo action at Plasaey followed (Juno 
 23), In which tho treachery of Meer Jaf- 
 flcr, who comninnded part of the nabob'H 
 troops, and stood neuter during tho en- 
 pavement, rendered the victory easy. At 
 daybreak tho nabob's army of l.'5,000 horse 
 and 15,000 foot advanced to attack the 
 English. ClIve'B troops wero posted in a 
 Rrovo defended by mud-banks. After can- 
 nonading tlicm till noon, thecnoniy retired 
 to their fortified camp ; and shortly after, 
 t'live stormed an angle of It, put them to 
 tho ront, and pursued them for a space of 
 Blx miles. Tho unfortunate nabob fled to 
 ills capital, but left It the following even- 
 ing disguised like a fakir, with only two 
 nttendants. By these lie appears to have 
 lieen abandoned and even robbed ; for on 
 tho 8rd of July ho was found wandering lor- 
 snkon and almost naked on the road to 
 I'atna. Next day ho was bronKlit back to 
 Muxadabad, and a few hours after privately 
 beheaded by Meer JalTler's eldest son. 
 
 Meer Jaftlcr and his Kngllsh allies now 
 took pofigesslon of tho capital in triumph. 
 On the 29th of June, colonel Cllvo wont to 
 tho palace, and, In presence of tho rajahs 
 and grandees of the court, solemnly handed 
 him to tho musnud (or carpet) and throne 
 of state, where ho was unanlinouslysaluted 
 subahdar, or nabob, and received the sub- 
 mission of all present. While these trans- 
 actions were going forward, the utmost ef- 
 forts wero used to oxpcl tho French en- 
 tirely from Bengal. It had all along, in- 
 deed, been tho opinion of Cllve that it was 
 Imiwsslble for the French and the English 
 to coexist In India. 
 
 Both parties now received considerable 
 reinforcements from Europe; admiral I'tn 
 cock being joined on tho 2ith of Marcrh by 
 commodore Stevens with a squadron of Ave 
 men-of-war and two frigates. The British 
 admiral went in quest of the French fleet, 
 and an engagement took place, in which 
 tho Frencli wero defeated with tho loss of 
 COO killed and a great nunil.>er wounded. 
 
 In the treaty concluded by Clivo with 
 the now aubahdar. It was stipulated that 
 one hundred lacs of rupees should be paid 
 to the Eaat India Company for their losses 
 and the expenses of the campaign, with 
 compensation to all tlie sufferers at the 
 t.iking of Calcutta : the company was also 
 to have the zcmlndary (or right of farming 
 the produce of the soil claimed by tlio 
 crown) of a tract of country to tlie south 
 of that city. The subahdar was also pro- 
 fuse in his donations to those t« whom ho 
 was indebted for his tlirone. His gifts to 
 Clivo amounted to 180,000^. ; and however 
 much the latter may have been censured 
 at tho time for receiving a reward from tlio 1 
 
 aubahdar, ho was justllled by the iiHiim,,)! 
 Asia, and there seems to be no Tv:{mi\ uii' I 
 he should refuse a gift from tlic iiri,,'! 
 whom ho had so greatly l)enelltei|, I 
 
 Tho remainder of t)io year irrio nrovMl 
 entirely favourable to the BrlllKh nm,! 
 D'Ache, tho French admiral, who had hnj 
 very roughly handled by admiral I'ncdcknJ 
 tho 3rd of August 1758, having rcilttoilliiil 
 fleet, and being reinforced l)y tliroo iiieiMfl 
 war at the islands of Mauritius nmi ninl 
 bon, now ventured once more to hc^ \ 
 antagonist. A tliird battlo ensued on ih>| 
 10th of September 1700, when tlio FrratkJ 
 notwithstanding their auperlorlty IniIi inl 
 number of ahips and weight of motai wiwl 
 obliged to retreat with considerable limT 
 having 1,500 men killed and wounded triiiij 
 those on board the English llcpt dU nJ 
 exceed 670. Ily the 17tli of Ortidior tU 
 British fleet was completely rrllttcd ■ anJ 
 admiral Pocock, having been joined iivl 
 reinforcement of four nicn-of-wnr, 8ooii|t| 
 ter returned to England. All tlils time (J 
 unfortunato general Lally had been iid 
 liloycd In Hn»ncce(*sful cndeavoiirs tm 
 trieve the affairs of his coiintrymen; 
 his fate was at last decided by layhiK sirn 
 to Wandewash, which had lately been iM 
 by colonel Coote. The ad vantage innuJ 
 her was entirely In favour of tlic Krcni 
 general ; tho British army conKlHtlnRoii!] 
 of 1,700 Europeans, including arllllern 
 cavalry, while the French aniduiitcdt 
 2,200 Europeans. The auxillarlra on M 
 English side were 3,000 black tmopi), v\m 
 Mioso of tho French amounted ti) \m 
 bl.ack troops and 300 Caffrcs; ndrwMiil 
 (liffcrenro less in proportion In tlicinl 
 lery, the Engllph bringing Into the 
 only fourteen pieces of cannon, imdi 
 howitzer, while the Frencli had twentylil 
 pieces In tho fleld and flve on tlieir hiiJ 
 ries against the fort. The battlo heiranJ 
 noon (Jan. 22, 1760), and In three hml 
 tho whole French army fled towards ibif 
 cjimp ; but quitted It on flnding thenisrln 
 pursued by tho Kngllsh, wlio took nil (IkJ 
 cannon except three small picrcs. TM 
 collected themselves under the wallM 
 Chelt.aput, about eighteen miles fmintli 
 fleld of hattle, and soon after rctlredl 
 Pondlclierry. [ 
 
 Colonel Coote now caused the founoj 
 to bo wasted to tho very gates of llilsh 
 tress, by way of retaliation for what a 
 French had done in the neighboiirlioodl 
 Miidras. He then set about the sicgef 
 Cheltaput, which surrendered in one d 
 a considerable detaclimcnt of tlic cm 
 was intercepted by captain Smith ;tliel[ 
 of TImmery was reduced by major Mond 
 and tho city of Arcot by captain wJ 
 This last conquest enabled the Drliiitl 
 restore the nabob to his dnminl<in.i,f 
 which he had been deprived by tlicKra 
 and it greatly weakened both the I'm 
 force and Interest in India. M. I.allr,| 
 the meantime, had recalled hisforcesd 
 Syrlngham, by which means he nvenm 
 his army with 600 Europeans. Tliesci 
 now shut up in Pondicherry, whlcii 
 become the last hope of tho Fri'ncliJ 
 India. To couiplcto their misfurtiiuei,! 
 
QTOe ^(iitavii of Sntrin. 
 
 839 
 
 lod by the usi»ms ri|l 
 to 1)0 no r<':iwiii Willi 
 1ft (rnin tliu tirliiJ 
 y bcnclltcil. I 
 
 ho year KM prnvciil 
 1) tlm BrllUh nrnul 
 mlral, whohadhciil 
 Dy admiral INicdckiJ 
 i, havliiK rrnttcdhiJ 
 reed by lliree nitn-otl 
 Mauritius nnd iViiiJ 
 iico inoro tu (ncu liij 
 battlo cnHUcdonthJ 
 50, when tliflFrcmhl 
 r Buperlorlty ImtliiJ 
 ivclghtof metal, Kricl 
 th consldcr.ililc InnJ 
 dand wouMilc(l,«liiii| 
 EuRllBh licet did iMJ( 
 inli of Ortiiticr th( 
 nplcti'ly rrlUU'd ; iii( 
 Ins been JDliiodliyL 
 r n>cn-of-wnr, booiiiiI 
 ,nd. All thiH time til 
 Lally liad liccn in 
 fill cndcnvotirn tu r 
 Ills eountrymcn ; m 
 eclded by laying «l« 
 h had lately bcpii law 
 he ndvantnRc Inmd 
 favour of ilic Krcntl 
 I army conHlstlngoiii 
 including anilU'ryM 
 French aoiouiitd l 
 'ho HUXlllarloH on tki 
 noo black triiiii's, m 
 ■\\ ainountcU to lOM 
 Caffres; norwiuihl 
 roportlon In the an] 
 rlnffhiff into tlio 
 n of cnnnoii, nml > 
 Krcncli ImdtwcniyI 
 md llvo on tliclr laia 
 The battle lieum^ 
 », and In tliri-o hmi 
 vmiy ned towards tli« 
 t on nndlng tlicniseln 
 fllah, who took nil IM 
 ■e small pieces. Tin 
 38 under the walls i 
 ightecn mllc8 fromil 
 soon after rctlreJl 
 
 iw caused tlio count 
 
 ) very gates of tlilst 
 
 Btallatlon for what! 
 
 n the nelghboiirliM 
 
 set about the slcgji 
 
 urrendered In oner 
 
 iclimcnt of tlie cm 
 
 captain Smith ;tliel 
 
 auced by major Moji 
 
 rcot by cnptnin m 
 
 enabled the llritiikl 
 
 , to his dnmlnl'iiiV 
 
 deprived by the Kp 
 
 ikencd both the I'l 
 
 In India. M. I.alll, 
 
 recalled his forces 
 
 rh means ho aiienn 
 
 Europeans. These 
 
 ['ondlcherry, which 
 
 hope of the Fiiurt 
 
 to their mlsfortuue!,! 
 
 inlnl CorniHh arrived at Madras with six 
 
 IL„mt.wiir: and, an the French had now 
 
 l.i, Uccv In these parts, tho admiral readily 
 
 Lpmgcil to cooi>erato with tho land forces. 
 
 I The conseiiuence was tho reduction of 
 
 Icarlcalt Chellambrum, and Verdachellum, 
 
 Ihr I strong detachment under major Mon- 
 
 lion: white colonel Coote reduced I'erinnroll, 
 
 lAinianivcrpa, and Waldour. Ho was thus 
 
 lit lut cnat>led to lay siege to I'ondlcherry 
 
 lltaelf ; sud tho place capitulated on the IStli 
 
 Itf Junuary 1781, by which an end was put 
 
 Ito tho power of tho French In this part uf 
 
 Itlic world. 
 
 While the British were thus employed, 
 
 locr JaUler, tho nabob of liengal, who had 
 
 locn rnlncd to that dignity by tho ruin of 
 
 gurajali Dowla, found himself In a vcrydls- 
 
 liirccsl>lii situation. The trensuro of tho 
 
 htcimi>ol> had been valued at sixty-four 
 
 Eri>ru(if rupees (about 8o,oix),ooo{. sterling), 
 
 liiid In 6X|icctatlon of this sum, Mccr Jaf- 
 
 ilr liiid submitted to the exarttons of tho 
 
 EnKllBh. On Ills accession to the govorn- 
 
 piiont, however, the treasure of which he 
 
 tame master fell so much short of expcc- 
 
 ■lion, that he could not fuini his engage- 
 
 tacnta to them, and was reduced to tho 
 
 htrcmlty of mortgaging his revenues. In 
 
 ]|ilt dilemma his grandees became factions 
 
 ii;d dlarontented, his nrniy mutinous for 
 
 nntof pay, and himself odious to his sul)- 
 
 Wts. To this It m.'iy be added, that Mr. Vnn- 
 
 lliart.llic successor of (;ilve, who knew lint 
 
 lltic of the merits of the reopcctl ve parties, 
 
 ■It willing to conclude a treaty with Cos- 
 
 |m All, tho naoob's son-in-law, for his 
 
 cthnmement; by which the provinces 
 
 Burdwan, MIdnapore, and Chlttagong 
 
 (ere to ho made over to tho compiniy, 
 
 nd large rewards given to tho members of 
 
 iDuncll. 
 
 IMccr OoBsIm was accordingly raised to 
 ke muanud ; and tho old nabob was hurried 
 Ituaboat with a few of his domestics and 
 cceasnrlcs, and sent away to Calcutta In a 
 junncr wholly unworthy of tho high rank 
 t so lately held. So unblushlngly. Indeed, 
 as tho whole of this affair conducted, that 
 kc servants of tho company, who were the 
 rnjcftorsof the revolution, made no secret 
 pi there was a present promised them 
 I twenty lacs of rupees from Cosslni, who 
 ns desirous of making the flrst net of his 
 bwcr the assassination of Jaffler ; and was 
 in nuirh displeased when he found that 
 K English Intended giving him protection 
 I Calcutta. 
 
 It could scarcely be supposed that Meer 
 lisim, raised to the nabobship in this 
 tnner, would bo more faithful to tho En- 
 Ish than Meer Jaffler had been. Nothing 
 l^antageous to tho Interests of the coni- 
 liiy could indeed bo reastmably expected 
 m such a revolution. No successor of 
 fcr Jafllcr could be moro entirely In sub- 
 ttioii than tho lato nabob, from his na- 
 hl ImbticUity, had been. This last con- 
 Icratlonhad induced many of tho council 
 [Brat to oppose the revolution ; and Indeed 
 only plausible pretence for it was, that 
 administration of Meer Jaffler was so 
 (y weak, that, unless he was aided and 
 in coutrollcd by some i^ersuns of ability, 
 
 ho himself mn^t loon bo ruined, and very 
 probably tho Interests of tho company alonif 
 with him. Meer Uossim, however, was u 
 man of a very different disposition from his 
 father-in-law. As he knew that he had not 
 been served by the English out of friend- 
 ship, so ho did not think of making any re- 
 turn out of griitiludo ; but. Instead of this, 
 C(m«idered only how ho could most easily 
 break with such troublesome allies. For 
 a while, however, it was necessary for him 
 to take all tho advantage ho could of his 
 alllnnco with them. Uy their aHslMtnnco 
 ho cleared his dominions of Invaders, and 
 strengthened his frontiers, and ho reduced 
 the rnJaliB who had rebelled against his 
 predecessor, obliging them to pay tho usual 
 tribute; by which means ho repaired lils 
 flmnices, and thereby secured tho HdoUty 
 of his troops. 
 
 Having thus, by tho aBslstance of thu 
 English, brought his government Into sub- 
 jection, ho took tho most effectual means 
 of securing himself against their power. 
 As the vlcTnily of his caiiltal Muxadabud 
 to Calcutta gave the English factory thero 
 an o]iportunlty of inspecting his actions, 
 and Interrupting his deHlgns when they 
 thought proper, ho took up Ills residence at 
 Mongheer, a place 200 miles farther up tho 
 Ganges, which ho fortlllcd in tho best and 
 most expeditious nmnner. Benslblo of tho 
 advantages of tho European dlsclpllno, ho 
 now resolved to new-model his army. For 
 this purpose ho collected all the Armenian, 
 I'ersian, Tartar, and other soldiers of for- 
 tune, whoso military iharacters mightservo 
 to rnlso tho spirits of his Indian forces, and 
 iiliate their natural timidity. He also col- 
 lected all the wandering Europeans who 
 Imd borne arms, and tho seiwys who had 
 been dismissed from tho English service, 
 and distributed them among his troops. 
 Ho changed the fashion of tho Indian match- 
 locks to muskets, and nmde many excellent 
 improvements In the discipline of bis army. 
 Hut It was soon discovered that all thepalna 
 taken by Meer Cosslm to dlsclpllno his 
 troops had not rendered them able to copo 
 with the Europeans. Several acts of trea- 
 cherous hostility on his part were followed 
 by a formal declaration of war ; and several 
 engagements took place, in all of which 
 the British army proved victorious, and 
 Cossim's army retreated. His active enemy 
 accordingly penetrated into the heart of his 
 territories, crossed the numerous branches 
 of the Ganges, and traversed morasses and 
 forests in search of the native foe. At 
 length tho two armies met on the banks of I 
 II river called Nnnas Nullas, Aug. 2, 170."?. 
 Cosslm had chosen his post with grent 
 judgement, and his forces had much of tho 
 appearance of a European army, not only 
 in their anns and accoutrements, but In 
 their division into brigades, and even in 
 their clothing. The battlo was moro ol>- 
 Btlnato than usual, being continued for fonr 
 hours : but though the Indian army con- 
 sisted of no fewer than 20,000 horse and 
 8,000 foot, tho English proved in the end 
 victorious, and the enemy were obliged tu 
 Quit the Held with the lossof all their cannon. 
 
 It is impossible fur us to pursue ttaii 
 
840 
 
 cri)e CTrrnMuri? o( DiHtortf, ^r. 
 
 hlHtnry of Aiigln-Iiitllaii witrfitro Into nil Itit 
 d«Ulli. Our ri'mliTii iiiiiitt, tlioreforc, Im' 
 content wIlli nipUl doitcrlptluii* or imNvluK 
 reroarkii, an imiy Imiiiivn, In tlio imrrntlou 
 of evcntii Hiiniclently Iniportnnt In tlii>ni- 
 ivivci to ri'i|iilro n Ifiigiliuiii'U notlt-o In 
 work* of inngnltudo wholly dovotcil to the 
 miltJiM't. Wu m»» on, tht-n, by oliacrvliiK 
 lliBl MuerOoKtlm wui HUbduttdiinUdi'iioivd ; 
 nnd Mint Mcrr Jnlller was oncu nioru Nvntctl 
 on thu niutnud. IIIm rvlgii wi\», howvvor, 
 vi^ry short ; nnd ou lila dcntli thu council o( 
 Ciilcutta rulKud to It hiit ion, Nujuin-ud- 
 l)owln, nmklMH hlin ray, ai u»uul, u largu 
 ■uni for hta elcvntlon, 
 
 Thu high rhnrncttT which lord Cllvn hnd 
 already gained in thu i-ont Juatly niiirkvd 
 hini out for tho govcrnnii-nt of India ; nnd 
 on Iho ard of May 17(i.'>, ho Inndud, with 
 full iiowcrn ns coiiinmndcr-ln-chii'f, prcttl- 
 (lent, and governor of liciigitl. Uoreinuined 
 In India nliout two yeura, during which 
 Iteriod he elTectod tho luoHtdcHlrahlu refor- 
 ntnllouii in both thu civil and military du- 
 IwrtnientH, 
 
 Hujah-nd-DowIn, Ruhululiir of Oude, and 
 tho nominal cmiH'ror of IH-llil, Hlinh Alein 
 II., having nHsUti'd Meer CoMoin), thu Kng- 
 llih marched ngniuMt them, Allahabad and 
 Lucknow were taken. Thu nnlioh was Kind 
 to inirchaKU peace by paying tho oxpunBOS 
 (if the war; and thu emperor conferred 
 upon thu EnglUh thurevcnueH nf Bengal, 
 Ilnhnr, and OrlsBn, nnd his hnperlal cinillr- 
 luatlon of all tho terrlioriea comiuered by 
 them within tho nominal extent of tho 
 Mogul empire. Tho Enst India Company 
 had now aciiuircd ti rritory c<iual In extent 
 to tho nioKt II hiihing kingdimi of Eu- 
 rope; and from M» date, A.u. 17U0, eom- 
 nicncea tho rr cognised sovereignty of tho 
 Knglish In Hindostun. It Is worthy of no- 
 tice that, ihougli actually independent, 
 the great subahuars continued to tho last 
 moment of tho empire to solicit imperial 
 flrmanu or pntentHfrom thu court of Uelhl, 
 ronllrming them in the power they already 
 possessed. 
 
 In tho south of India, besides tho real 
 authority In tho Carnatic, tho English bad 
 received thu uorthcrn circars In grant from 
 tho Nizam, on condition of furnishing a 
 body of troops In time of war. This alli- 
 ance Involved them in a series of contests 
 with Hydcr All, who had nmde himself 
 BUltnn of tho Hindfl state of Mysore. 
 
 Tho political Imt'ortaiii-o ac(iuirod by the 
 East India Cumpuny Induced thu govern- 
 ment of Great Britain to claim n share in 
 the administration of tho Indian tern 
 torles; and in 1773 it was determined ^ 
 parliament, that all civil and military cor- 
 respondence should be submitted to the 
 king's ministers ; that a supreme court of 
 judicature should he sent out from Eng- 
 land; and that the three presidencies 
 should bo subject to a governor-general 
 and council, the former to be approved of 
 bjr the king. 
 
 "Wtixrea Hastings, the first governor- 
 genfral, found the company's finances in 
 Ind'a much embarrassed, and a general 
 COD. cderation against the English in pro- 
 Bttiu amongst the native i> ' 'ers. Not- 
 
 wKlmtnndlng violent opposition in ^,.1 
 council, he Mir.ibir >'d thu KoviTriiniitl 
 throuHh Its (Mniculilei, 'upulmil i|y,||. I 
 humbled the Mri'irallaH, at d olitnlia'iltnjl 
 Ascf-ad-DowIn, t'lo lulmli.lar of OiiOo, tiial 
 xeinindnry of liennre*. .)n his riiuriiiql 
 Kiiglnnd, Warren llaNtln,'s was liiiiiiai'i,,.^! 
 by ihu house of commons for ciirriiiiiingl 
 and oppression, and Irletl before ilic \u,nA 
 oC lords. The trial, owing to freqinnt iinrf.f 
 rnptlons, wns protracted for seven ycgr,! 
 at I he end of which he wns honoiinthly iir!l 
 qulttud. TlioMU proceedings, howcvrr, inl 
 not necessary to bu here ilwcir nimn, ,|l 
 they belong more es|iecially totnoim' 
 mentnry history of Knglnnd. Die ii(|||.j 
 twelvu years' goveriiMienl In Inill.i iV.irrrgl 
 Hastings had raUed the revenin' ihiIhui.J 
 Its previous amount; but he Im i ,,,{j J 
 twelve millions and u hulj to tliu uci/iit! 
 the Company, I 
 
 Lord Cornwallls sncrc 'c ; i K'lVcrnorJ 
 general In WHO. T)i ' ilaiins lit't»ni| 
 thu Hrltish goveinnientniMl thoso (i{ Lurtl 
 now nnd Ilyili lalmd were revinni x^l 
 strengthened; nnd In n war witli Tl|.|w| 
 Hail), who bad succeeded Ilyilcr In tkJ 
 principality of Mysore, lord Coniwiiliijj.J 
 feated his arnilex, nnd l)esieged Ills ('ii|iii)|l 
 Herlngapatam. 'i ho sultan, to olitiilii mtJ 
 gave up conslilernblo territory tn tliciinf 
 tish. It wns under t|j<) adiiiin!ittriitl<>n4 
 lord Cornwailis, who wnp possejiHcd di hmJ 
 rate ijualities for this olllce, that l lie pnirj 
 pal juillciul and revenuo regulailmi.tuiti 
 enacted, particularly thu perpetual sdi^ 
 nient of tiio revenuo of Uungul with i 
 zeniindars. 
 
 In ntKI lord Cornwallls returncdtoEaj 
 land, and was succeeded by sir JnliiiHIml 
 but thepacltic system of policy followeillir 
 him forfeited that consideration whlrhik 
 liriilsh government held In his i>rt(lvcn| 
 sor'H time among thu native sliiti'^. |i 
 17IIH liu was succeeded by lord Muriiluutii 
 afterwards maruuls of Welicsley. 
 
 Tippoo had grentiy nugniented lilsimj 
 nnd many severe butties had been imf^ 
 between him and the Hrltish, luii wlili li 
 humbling his tone, or much (IhiiliiUM 
 his power. For several years. In fact, ill 
 nirnirs of India had continued in a stateij 
 diiulitful trnnqnillity. Tho jealously ot tU 
 Itritish wns at length justly nnniiit'illifl 
 proclamntlon of thu French govtrnor f 
 the Islo of Frnncp, In 1708, wlilcli opeiil| 
 nii-nt lolled an alManrc formed lictwrt 
 'iippi 1 iiii; tho French rei'Ubllc, for ' 
 ie^^l•M';ti(,M of the BriMyli power !;i u^ 
 r'.io ;. • . .-gcneru! ■ Jiis, deinanili 
 :i'! , i^^;,. .. lijuof him, which bcliiKevuli 
 and evidently intended to procrnstlnaieo^ 
 military operations, tho reduction »l % 
 fort of Beringapatam wna Immcdlatcl;:^ 
 solved on. 
 
 After having been repulsed, wltli i 
 slderablu loss, in an attack of the Hoinli 
 nriny under general Stuart, Tippoo SiiH^ 
 treated to Beringapatam, The iimliiim! 
 imdcr general Harris, consisted of 3i/i 
 men, besides the uizam's cavalry, all c 
 pletely equipped : that under general i 
 art was equally efficient. On tlieSni^ 
 April the array came within sight oil 
 
C^f i)Mtortf a( JEtiTrfn. 
 
 841 
 
 err 'i ; t KiiVCmnt-l 
 
 .' 1' iiii I'lirt lita«»|l 
 
 lit niiil tlloHO 111 Urt'l 
 
 1 worn revlHid wi 
 u a war wlili Tliipwl 
 oi'drU llyilrr In thJ 
 ro, liiril Coriiwiilli«i!.>l 
 
 ultaii, to (ilitiiln \ntt^ 
 3 territory tn tlitlln. 
 til') mliiilir.Ktratlunif 
 wns i)()i«(<rHi'('i\ ii\ Hm 
 lolllro, tliiittlioiTiiif 
 L'liuo ri>gulHtiiins«ii. 
 r tho jtcriH'tuiil m\t 
 lu ul Buiigul with ilii 
 
 piilllgrftunu'iUoEni 
 deil by »lr JciliiiBliottj 
 n of i)()llcy fiilliiwedbi 
 iiiHlduruttoii whldiiki 
 lielil In lilx l>ri'tlcci 
 liu imllvo Htiitcn. I 
 id by lord Muniiiigtj 
 if WclIcsU'y. , 
 
 y augiiioiited his arou 
 iltlfH bad liei'li tmM 
 le HrlllHli.liulwIilnf 
 ur iiiucli dlniliiltliliii 
 mil year«, In fnct.ilJ 
 coiitlmifd lu 11 stnieJ 
 ■. 'J'lio jealousy olM 
 til justly urouseill 
 3 Krencli govt'rnon 
 In 1708, wliicii upenli 
 unco formrd htim 
 uncli roi'Ublii-, for 
 Brli.U')' rower l:i l..- 
 ■ii' ' -lil8i dcraan* 
 m, wUlch beliigevt 
 led to iirocrastliimccj 
 , tho reduction ul * 
 m was IminuUiatdin 
 
 !U rcpulBod, with 
 1 attack of the HoidIi. 
 Stuart, TippooSiiM! 
 atani. The umlii unr 
 rlB, consisted of 3l,( 
 Izam'a cavalry, all »- 
 hat under general so 
 iclent. On the3rd( 
 ue wtthin sight oil 
 
 Miim|«tAm, took It* poiltinn on tho 5th, 
 ind (III tho «th tho |>rliirl|ial imtiiooi ■< wer« 
 ipiiiMUinn of the lirlilMli, fkivcr.ii t- 
 _in pwtod, and on tliu aoih general II 
 Hir«e«lTcd an overtiiru of peaco from 'l'i|i- 
 Ln.whlrh ho aiiHwrred, on tho iiSnd, with 
 iilriift (>( prelliiiliiarleM; but Ihu ternut 
 Itn tnn iiev(*ro for tho oiieiny to iiecept. 
 CiithellMil of May, therefore, tho llrltUh 
 VuTleit hegHii to open, and In tho coiirMo 
 [ the (lay • oreach waamadolnthofauHNO- 
 , witM; tho main rampart w.i* Hliiit- 
 ,i|; iin i, l<> complelo the mUfortuiio of 
 ' ,1 lU red, a Hlmt havliiK Hlruek their 
 , Inr <t blow up with a dreadful ex- 
 „, 't I brearh being tliotiKht pnuv 
 t.'ubli, ": t.honl)fhtof tho 4th of Miiy 4,ihio 
 MiwereK'nMoned In tho treiichoM before 
 Tiylireiik. 'I'ho aiiKniilt wan led on by 
 kiieral Dnlrd, and began at one o'elork, In 
 L minutr« I ho forlorn hope had reached 
 iDiumailt of tho breach, where tho llrl- 
 riilnnrs were instantly planted. In a 
 nilnulea, tho breach, which wait loo 
 jclwlilc, waH crowded with men. After a 
 \on roiilllct tho panio became general In 
 jfiirt; thoiiHandH iiulttcd It, and others 
 Id (town their arnii*. A Hag of truee wax 
 Inn nftor sent to tho palace of tho Hultiiii, 
 ferliig protertlon to lilni and his frleiuls 
 ^n Burreiidering iincoDdltlonally. Tlio 
 uDgprliiro surrendered to general Uaird, 
 d tho body of TIppoo was aiterwnnU 
 fnd In tho gateway of the fort, lyiii« 
 Kiighcvpsof slain, covered with wounds, 
 BU (loaiiuions were now partitioned 
 long Ills comauerors, and tho Mahratttax 
 Ire admitted to a share, from mollveM of 
 liry, though they had taken no part In 
 p war. A descendant of tho ancient ra- 
 il ct Mysore, about flvo years old, was 
 pifhtont and placed on tho throne with 
 «t ceremony, under certain conditions; 
 I tho Kons and relations of Tlpiioo were 
 liored to the Carnatic, Thus terminated 
 )nf tho most Important wars In which 
 I Anglo-Indians had been ever engaged ; 
 
 I for BOiuo time at least 11 secured tliem 
 tho rcappearanco of a formidable 
 
 |niy, A.D. 1700. 
 ; tho comjuests of TIppoo and Hyder 
 I rrtiiliied by tho lirltlsh, and a sub- 
 biry treaty liad been formed with tho 
 km, by which tho (t(.!fcnce of lila doml- 
 119 WAS undertake. 1 by them upon his 
 hrldlng for the expense, tho greater part 
 llic Deccan wan now, directly or ludl- 
 lly, BUhJcct to tiidir authority, 
 irangcments wi«ro now concluded with 
 iiialiob of Oude, by which tho lower 
 ^ofthoDDuab and other countries were 
 tu the nritish for the support of n 
 kidlarj' force. UnUer these transactions 
 bw(Hl a war with tho Mahratta chlef.i, 
 kdla.and Ilaisojt nhosla, rajah of Derar, 
 pearmlPB v«"9ie slefeated In tho south by 
 IrthurWelioKley, I other of the Kover- 
 Reneral.ana Itn the north by lord Lake ; 
 fthe uppir pari of tho Douab, with 
 
 II and Agra, wer tiikon possession of 
 ^e mirth; whIN; In tho south, Cuttack 
 
 ho eastern, an ' part of Qur.erat on the 
 leracoait, w< re annexed to »h*> nritish 
 'Dtoni, A war with Holknli, another 
 
 M.ihraitii prliire, followed. Ifo mndo a 
 raiihl initirdlon into tho Douali, and ciuii- 
 
 niltted I- ravagi'H ; but was piirMued by 
 
 lord Fiakd to lliii Hikli country, and all bis 
 terrltorlt s nccuplij l,j a lirltUh force. The 
 whole, hiiwevor, was reBtufeil to him at the 
 peace. 
 
 Hiich was the situation of Tirltuii Indl/i 
 at the period of the iiiarriuls of WclleMlcy'i 
 return to lOuropn, Ho had conducicil our 
 airiiirs In this quarter of Ihn globe with an 
 oriental magnincenco of (IcHiKn, and per- 
 haps of expenditure: but ho seeiiH fairly 
 to claim the merit of having crunhed In ii 
 most masterly manner thd alarming cotnbl- 
 nullons of Mahratta and l<'rencli eiimliy, 
 and entirely to have laid tho baMls of tliu 
 iiieasure.H wlilcli were successfully followed 
 out by lord (.'ornwallis. 
 
 Ill I80S lord Wellesley was succeeded hj 
 lord (Jornwallls, again ajipolnti-d governor- 
 general. Ills policy was of a paclllo charfci; 
 ter; and upon his death, soon after his 
 arrival in India, It was adopted by hin tem- 
 porary Hiiccessor, hir Ueorgo Uarlow. 
 
 Lord Miiito arrived In India In 18o7. 
 Ills attention was chlelly directed to the 
 subjugation of the remaining ponHesalons 
 of th(^ li'rciich In the ea.st; and tho Isle of 
 Franco and Mauritius, and tho largo Island 
 of Java, woro subdued by urniamenta Utted 
 out In India. 
 
 At the end of 181.1 tho marautii of Hast- 
 ings arrived as goveriKirgeneral. Tho do- 
 terminallon of hU predecessors to abstain 
 from Interference with tho native states bad 
 bceu attended with deplorable dIssenslon.H 
 nmongut thcinselveH, and had encouraged 
 thom to commit outrages on tho lirltlsh 
 domlnlons.tlio repression of which soon led 
 to active warfare. On the northern frontier 
 tho conduct of the tioorkha government of 
 Nepaul having provoked hostUli ■«, tho 
 Himalaya was traversed by tho aitisli 
 armies, and an extensive tract of mountain 
 country iiermancntly annoxed to tho state. 
 
 The aggressions of the I'lndarecs, a set 
 of freebooter.'*, secretly supported by tho 
 Mahratta princes, wero next punished by 
 tho aniilhilatlun of their hordus. In 18M 
 these bands comprised about 40,000 horxe, 
 wlio subsLsted wholly on plunder. In tho 
 course of tho operations against them, tho 
 polshwaatid tho rajah of Nagporo attempt- 
 ed, by treachery and murder, to rid tliem- 
 Bclvcs of Uritish control ; and hostilities 
 ensued, wlikh placed tho torrltories and 
 persons of both princes in tho lianda of 
 their enenjies, a.d. 1818. The Plndarces 
 were at llrtit bodies of mercenary horse, 
 Btrving different princes for hire during 
 i\ar, and lii tlino of peaco subsisting upon 
 llundcr. Lands along the Nerbuddah had 
 been assigned to some of their leaders by 
 the princes of Malwa j and from hence they 
 occasionally made Incursions into the Bri- 
 tish provinces, devastating tho country la 
 tho most ferocious manner, and disappear- 
 ing before a force could bo assembled 
 against them. It was resolved, however, la 
 the year 1817, to bunt them into their 
 native holds, and either to exterminate 
 them, or to drive them from the position 
 I which they occupied, in the very centre uf 
 
842 
 
 ETje QTrrnj^urt) af ^f)i(torit, ^c. 
 
 India. By the end of tho rainy wnann of 
 that year, a numerous army took the Hold 
 for this purpose. Tho plan was, that tlie 
 arraicH of the different presidencies should 
 advance southward, and gradually conver- 
 ging to a common centre, hem In, on every 
 Bide, tho territory of tho robbers. This 
 was at length effected ; the greater part of 
 them being destroyed, and tho rest hum- 
 bled to complete submission. 
 
 Upontherecstablishmentof peace. Puna, 
 and part of the Mahratta territories, wcro 
 retained and the rest restored to the rajah 
 of Satara. Appa Saib, the rajah of Nagporc, 
 who had escaped from confinement, was 
 deposed, and a grandson of the former rajah 
 elevated on the throne. Holkar, a youtli, 
 was taken under tho nrlti!>h protection, 
 which was also extended to the Rajput 
 princes. By these arrangements the whole 
 of Hindostan was brought under the power 
 or control of the British government. 
 
 In 183.3 the marquis of Hastings quitted 
 Ills government, leaving British India in a 
 proud and prosperous condition. At tho 
 end of tho same year lord Amherst arrived 
 from England. In 1824 war broke out with 
 tlie Burmese, who had for many years given 
 much trouble on the eastern frontier. An 
 expedition was sent to Rangoon, which, In 
 the second year of hostilities, advanced 
 nearly to Ava, the capital ; and theBurman 
 government was glad to purchase peace In 
 1820 by the cession of Assam, Araoan, and 
 the Tenasserim provinces. The beginning 
 of the same year was signalised by the cap- 
 ture of Bhurtporc, a strong fortress In 
 ujipor India. 
 
 The events which took place between 
 this time and the outbreak of the great 
 Indian mutiny of 1857 will befound recorded 
 in tho History of Enolaml. But tho narra- 
 tive of that memorable revolt cannot be 
 veil given except In tho history of th.-.t 
 country which it proposed to deliver from 
 British supremacy. 
 
 On tho 29th of February 1856 Lord Can- 
 ning arrived In Calcutta, to succeed lord 
 Balhousie as governor-general of India. 
 Almost his first act was to decree the 
 annexation of the kingdom of Oude to the 
 East Indian territories. This step was 
 justified by the continued failure or refusal 
 of the klr.g of Oude to introduce and main- 
 tain a fitting administration of justice 
 throughout th? country, which was de- 
 scribed as in a state of utter misery without 
 remedy or hope of relief. 
 
 Whether this annexation In any way 
 hastened tho outbrcik of that terrible 
 mutiny which all but overthrew British 
 doiHlnlon In India, it is not easy to say. 
 A number of causes combined to bring out 
 discontent and suspicions which had long 
 been smouldering ; but, although it gave 
 to the mutiny a more frightful appearance 
 at, the time. It was a fortunate thing X.^rtlie 
 British government that it was rather a 
 military than a civil movement. If the 
 people here and there took active part with 
 tho revolted sepoys, there was none of 
 that steady cooperation which shows that 
 a nation throws Us heart into an enterprise ; 
 and tho very absence of this feeling depriv- 
 
 ed the struggle of any redeeming feature,! 
 which generally soften tho warfare oi J 
 subject population against rulers whoul 
 yoke they are seeking to throw off. jikl 
 representation and falsehood wore tkif 
 great promoters of this movement, Xgl 
 Impression had gone forth, and nianytnoj 
 diligent care to keep It up, that the lintiiif 
 government Intended to force Olirlstiani'tJ 
 on all the Inhabitants of India, tlmt i 
 purposed studiously to Insult the rrejudiff, 
 of caste .and the traditions of JIalioinedjS 
 ism and Brahmlnism by enforcing tlictii 
 of cartridges greased with the fatnf piJ 
 and cows. But throughout the war It nil 
 evident that the fiercer antagonism qjl 
 from the Mahomedans, who drcaiiicii J 
 reviving once more tho worn-out ciiiiiJ 
 of the Great Jlogul. Whether or not iiifl 
 put faith In the absurd lies which mJ 
 spread abroad against the Engliah, thJ 
 can bo little doubt that the Hindu seivJ 
 really putno faith In them, and in manyili 
 stances reluctantly joined amovcmentfron 
 which it was scarcely in their pownii 
 keep themselves free. That the sepnyvhtif 
 once committed to resistance belled a 
 long-sustained reputation for gentlcneL 
 and loyalty, and showed himself vlndlriivi 
 and cruel, will cause no surprise to ttioj 
 who have made themselves well afquaiiil 
 ed with oriental character, and veil crj 
 sidered all the circumstances of liis miij 
 tion. Early In February 1857 it waslwif 
 tlmt great uneasiness prevailed in tM 
 minds of the sepoys at Barrackporc nntlj 
 subject of thecartrldges used for tlic EiiBa 
 rifles. On tiicCth, a sepoy divulged aflij 
 to burn the bungalows and to seize Ig 
 William, or, falling that, the treasury i 
 Calcutta. General Harvey allayed tliealaj 
 at Barrackpore for tho time ; but iioti 
 afterwards the troops at Berhamporer 
 fused to use the cartridges, and an ori 
 was Issued that tho regiment should bed! 
 banded; and this was carried outonii 
 last day of March. But two days liotorcilil 
 time a sepoy, drunk with bhang, liadatilj 
 same place fired at lieutenant Bauglii 
 shot his horse. The man was cauglit,tri(^ 
 and sentenced to death : but lin was nl 
 hanged till the 2Ist of April, as the sciilaJ 
 needed the confirmation of tho coinmamlit 
 In-chlef, who was at Simla. When broiij 
 out to execution, he confessed hisgulitu 
 warned his comrades against listeuln;!! 
 and being led astray by bad advice. Bm^ 
 further enquiry It was thought advlsabiti 
 disband the regiment to which he belunitj 
 During the month of March, muchatid 
 tion was roused by the tranpinlsslonj 
 ehupatties, or small unleavened cakes, vlit 
 with wonderful rapidity were sent atn 
 by the chowkeydara or native pollcciB 
 But as the same thing, when doncatif 
 years before, had been followed bji 
 serious consequences, it caused sonic (I 
 rious speculation, but no verj' great anilfl 
 Early In May, eighty-five troopers w 
 sentenced at Meerut (thlrtyelglit mi 
 distant from Delhi) to ten years' iniprlii 
 ment for refusing to fire with the EiiH 
 cartridges. All remained quiet tilli 
 evening of the following day, wlicail 
 
QTlje W^taru at Mtiin. 
 
 Si'A 
 
 liny redeeming feature! 
 if ten the warfare oj ) 
 against rulers whoJ 
 :lng to throw off. My 
 i falsehood were tit 
 if this movement, Anl 
 le forth, and many tn?i 
 3P It up, that the liritiii 
 led to force Cliristlanii), 
 tants of India, tht ii 
 y to insult the rrcjinllce 
 adltlons of Mahomcilaii 
 jm by enforcing tlie iii 
 ,sed with the fat of pig, 
 roughout the war It »i( 
 llin-ccr antagonism oatui 
 edans, who dreaiiicilo( 
 re the worn-out cmiiji 
 Hi. Whether or not tli( 
 absurd lies which ster 
 alnst the Knglisli, tl», 
 b that the Hindu scivifj 
 In them, and in many In' 
 y joined amovcmentfrou 
 ircely In their power n 
 ree. That the scpnywhci 
 J resistance belied alllij 
 iputatlon for pentlenff, 
 bowed himself vindlaiil 
 luse no surprise to tlioij 
 ihemselves well namm 
 character, and well tti, 
 ■cumstancea of liia craij 
 'ebruary 1857 itwasta 
 Lsiness prevailed in H 
 oys at Barrackpore on ii 
 ;ridges used for the Mi 
 ,1, a sepoy divuigcilarl 
 galows and to seize In 
 Ing that, the treasur,- 
 il Harvey allayed tlie all 
 ir the time ; but not li 
 roops at Berhanipore 
 cartridges, and an or 
 lie regiment should be ( 
 3 was carried out on 
 . But two days liefiirelbj 
 nkwlth bhang, had at' 
 at lieutenant Bauglii 
 The man was caught, trie 
 o death : but he was « 
 St of April, as the seiitena 
 matlon of the comniai* 
 at Simla. "When broni' 
 , he confessed his guilti 
 radcs against listenin?! 
 ray by bad advice. Bud 
 t was thought advisatilel 
 iientto which he belon?! 
 nth of March, mucluiii 
 ^ by the transralssioii 
 ill unleavened cakes, rtj 
 rapidity were sent »r 
 Jars or native pollcei 
 thing, when done a M 
 ^d been followed by 
 ences. It caused sonic 
 i,but no verj' great aniK 
 clghty-tlve troopers m 
 Icerut (thlrtyeiglit ml 
 llil) to ten years' hnpn* 
 ag to lire with the Eiii 
 remained quiet till 
 loUowiug diiy, wlic" 
 
 iiiilvc troops rose In mutiny, llred on their 
 uuccrs, and broke open the gaol. A crowd 
 iit iirisoiicrs were set free, and theao with 
 klie soldiers attacked every European, 
 Cud murdered all whom they could find, 
 Wietlior women or children. The English 
 tildiers were preparing for 'Church pa- 
 hde;' they iininediately marched to the 
 tm, when the mutineers fled and took the 
 mad to Delhi. The night was dark, the sta- 
 tion was blazing, and the English troops 
 lould not pursue them ; but their escape lit 
 (itlie flame of rebellion throughout India, 
 larlyon the following morning a party of 
 lorsemen were seen from the ramparts 
 Oelbl riding furiously towards the 
 m. They were the vanguard of the 
 «t army who flocked to Delhi, there to 
 Eateaatand against the dominion of the 
 Crcigner. Aa soon as they had entered 
 le Calcutta gate, they began to murder 
 Jrcrj European whom they met. On hear- 
 Ig the news, a native regiment was sent 
 bmi to oppose them. The troopers mur- 
 Ercd all the ofllcers, and then shook hands 
 jiili the sepoys. The residents then, so far 
 I they were able, escaped to the Flagstaff 
 bwer, still trusting in the fidelity of lae 
 [ilive troops ; but the hope was doouic-l to 
 ^appointment, and at length colonel 
 hves, the brigadier, advised all who 
 •tild to make their escape. Many Eu- 
 ■lieans found their way or were taken to 
 le Palace, but all were murdered, in the 
 bsenro of the klnq and his sons. A few 
 py, after facing Uicredible dangers and 
 Wslilps, escaped '.H-yond the reach of their 
 leinies. It was plainly hopeless to hold the 
 ktiflcations against the rebels, but it was 
 )(ilred that i hey tihould not become pos- 
 ised of the powder magazine ; and lleut. 
 Illuughby, with some others as heroic as 
 Ii8«lf, determined to sacrifice his own life 
 ]defeat the object of the mutineers. He was 
 ievercly Injured by the explosion that he 
 la few days afterwards; lleut. Forre-at 
 IRayner survived. General Anson, the 
 inmandcr-ln-chlef, was at this time at 
 bla for his health ; on hearing of the 
 Itiuy he hastened towards Delhi, but was 
 tried off by cholera at Kurnaul. His 
 Jcessor, general Heed, was far too ill to 
 lotted for the duties required of Ulm, but 
 Itlie 8th of June he reached the camp of 
 IHenry Bernard at Alleepore, which Is 
 t day's inarch from Delhi. Here he was 
 ped by general Wilson ; and the com- 
 id force carried the position of the 
 ny at Badulee Ke-Serai, where they 
 Bded and took two different roads, meet- 
 ] again at Hindoo lUo's house, nea;- the 
 ve gate of Delhi. Thus was c jmmcuced 
 hiege whose victorious close dealt the 
 Ith-blow to any hopes which the rebels 
 Iht have of reestablishing the old Mogul 
 Iremacy In India. It Is unnecessary to 
 In at any length on the details of the out- 
 VB as they occurred at different places ; 
 [injustice it should be mentioned that 
 eatrocltles were not universal. At more 
 1 half the stations of revolt no general 
 iacres were committed, and In some 
 nnces the sepoys, while joining In the 
 Miijfi esurted themselves strenuously 
 
 to secure the safety of their olllcers with 
 their families. At Allahabad almost all 
 the onicers were murdered, and women 
 and rhildren killed with horrid cruel- 
 ties; but colonel Nelll arrived on the llth 
 of June, and inflicted a severe chastisu- 
 ment on the rebels. Olllcers, women, and 
 children were Indlserlinliiately murdered 
 at Jhansi, in Bundelcund, to the south of 
 the river Jumna; and martial law was pro- 
 claimed In the districts of Meerut, Moozuf- 
 furnuggur, Buoluudshuhur, and the Delhi 
 territory cast of the Jumna. At Benares 
 an outbreak was promptly repressed, and 
 the place was not threatened again. All 
 popular attempts at insurrections were 
 sternly put down by colonel Neill. But the 
 mutiny spread at Shahjehanpoor, Bareilly, 
 and Mooradabad, and tho revolted regi- 
 ments hastened to juiu tho insurgents at 
 Delhi. 
 
 The first solid ground of hope for tho 
 British came from the country where it 
 might liave been thought that there would 
 be the least reason ft)r expecting it. Only 
 a few years before, the people of tho Pun- 
 jaub were our most determined enemies ; 
 ill tho present struggle they were our 
 most valuable allies, and fought through- 
 out with tho most implacable hostility 
 against the sepoys. Early in May, sir 
 John Lawrence, tho chief commissioner of 
 the Punjaub, found it prudent to disarm 
 the sepoy regiments at Lahore; and this 
 task was accomplished with consummate 
 tact and promptitude. The most efllcieiit 
 aid was also given by tho rajah of Puttee- 
 ala (whose territory bordered on tho dis- 
 trict of Uraballnh), as well as by the rajah 
 of Jheend. In Pesliawur colonel Edwardes 
 was strenuously aided by the native chiefs, 
 who sent powerful levies to join iu tho 
 siege of Delhi. 
 
 Still the mutiny of regiments went on at 
 Jhelum, at Il.iwul Pindee and other places. 
 At Sealkote, they broke out with great 
 barbarity, but they soon underwent a 
 terrible defeat at the liands of general 
 Nicholson. At Gwallor, the troops of tlio 
 Maharajah Sclndia joined the mutineers, 
 but the Maharajah himself opposed them 
 resolutely and could not be driven from his 
 resolution to protect the Europe.ins, and to 
 glvo them all aid in their attempts to 
 escape. To the reply that they were light- 
 ing for their dun, or faith, he retorted that 
 robbery and murder were no part of reli- 
 gion, and that he could not join men who 
 used such arms as these. But tho llamo 
 was spreading far and wide. At Saugor, at 
 Nusseerabad, at Neerauch, Agra and Dlna- 
 porc, the same scenes of mutiny wore re- 
 peated, and many acts of cruelty perpe- 
 trated. In Oudo the mutiny was general. 
 From Seetapore it spread to Shahjehanpoor 
 and Pyzabad At Lucknow the first at- 
 tempts at revolt yere promptly repressed 
 by sir Henry La..rence, who occupied him- 
 self busily in strengthening the fortifica- 
 tions to the utmost ; but within a few 
 weeks all tho native forces had mutinied, 
 and the Europeans were reduced to a state 
 of siege. 
 
 But more than all others, the town of 
 
 11 
 
 
844 
 
 QT^e Crtaitduji a( W^totUt ^r. 
 
 Cawnpore la associated with tho most 
 frightful memories of the Indian mutiny. 
 There the revolted sepoys joined the troops 
 of Nana SaJilb at Bithoor, who marched on 
 Oawnpore, plundered the treasury and 
 seized the mngnzinc, which had not beon 
 blown up. The Kuroreans were within the 
 entrenchments, which did not deserve the 
 name of defences or fortifications; and 
 their sufferings soon became intense. On 
 the 24th of June Nana Sahib promised to 
 allow them all to go in safety to Allahabad, 
 If thoy would give up all the treasure and 
 stores In the camp. This was finally agreed 
 to, and tho compact was ratiflcd with a 
 solemn oath by the Nana. On the 27th 
 conveyances were sent to carry the women 
 and children to the river side. When they 
 reached it, the officers found the boats 
 high up in the mud ; and while they pro- 
 ceeded to get them clear of the bank, the 
 sepoys opened Are, and very few indeed 
 escaped the massacre. Those who were 
 not killed were carried back to Cawnpore, 
 where the men were shot, and the women 
 and children were shut up in a building 
 which had been used as an assembly-room. 
 
 General Havelock had now returned from 
 tho war in Persia ; and he hastened with 
 all speed to Allahabad, to organise the 
 British force of 1,400 for the relief of Cawn- 
 pore. He encountered and defeated the 
 enemy at Pnttehpore ; but before he could 
 accomplish the purpose of his expedition, 
 the nana had executed the most horrible 
 atrocity which disgraced th!3 fearful war. 
 lie ordered all the women and children to 
 be murdered and their bodies thrown into 
 a well. General Havelock said that he spoke 
 without exaggeration in saying that the 
 blood of these victims rose above tho soles 
 of his boots as he made his way to the 
 scene of the butchery, Uo found Nana 
 Sahib Intrenched In a verj' strong posltlo!! 
 at Ahirwa, and utterly defeated his army. 
 The next morning Nana Sahib blew up the 
 magazine and evacuated Cawnpore. He did 
 not attempt to make any stand at Bithoor, 
 and thcEnglish took possession of his palace 
 with twenty guns which ho had left there. 
 Leaving colonel Nelli In command, general 
 Havelock advanced to the relief of Luck- 
 now. He engaged the enemy several times, 
 and always with the same signal success : 
 but with the forces at his disposal it was 
 hopeless to attempt to reach Lucknow, and 
 accordingly he awaited at Cawnpore the ar- 
 rival of reinforcements under sir J. Outram. 
 His troops were reduced to 700; and he 
 wrote, stating as much, to colonel IngUs, 
 who was commanding the garrison at Luck- 
 now, and advising him to cut his way out, 
 if possible. Colonel Inglls explained the 
 impossibility of doing this with a number 
 of helpless women and children, but said 
 that they had provisions to last them till 
 the 10th of September. 
 
 Meanvfalle, the siege of Delhi was pro- 
 secuted with unabated vigour. In every 
 sortie, the besieged were defeated, and 
 sometimes with fearful loss : but the for- 
 tifications resisted for many weeks the 
 efforts of the besiegers, without sustaining 
 much apparent injury. On the I7th of July, 
 
 general Reed, from 111 health, liatiUia ovu 
 the command to general Wilson, and 1 
 the 10th of August, brigadier-general \J 
 cholson arrived, bringing with lilm a forj 
 of 2,500 Europeans and Sikhs ; the nuralJ 
 of tho besiegers were thus raised to abo3 
 9,000, of whom one half were EuropcmJ 
 An attempt of the besieged to ntart cut J, 
 tho city and attack the camp In the re3 
 was frustrated, and early In September iM 
 position of the besiegers was material]; C 
 proved by tho arrival of a siege train ta 
 Meerut. On the Uth a terrilic ami incesMi 
 flro was commenced against the town 'SI 
 the most determined bravery a party j 
 officers and men blew open tlie Casbma 
 gate, almost at the muzzle of tlic cnenil 
 guns ; but some days yet passed txJ 
 the whole lino of outer defences wastuld 
 The gate of tho palace was at last bloi] 
 in, and It was occupied by our troops i 
 the 20th. On the day following, the u 
 kingof Delhi, who had made Ills escape I 
 brought back a prisoner. His two'iii 
 were taken In the tomb of the sultanlll 
 mayun, and shot by captain Hodgson, «l 
 affirmed that he did so, as thinking that! 
 attempt would be made to rescue thcpij 
 ces. Two other sons of the king wcresJ 
 sequently tried, condemned, and execiitJ 
 On the 16th of September, general o3 
 ram reached Cawnpore with tlie reinforj 
 mcnts for which general Havelock I 
 been obliged to wait, and three dajsaJ 
 wards the relieving force crossed thei 
 ges. They had to encounter a llercc om 
 sltlon under tho most disadvantageous! 
 cuiiistances before they could reach t 
 brave garrison who for so many week<y 
 kept a whole army at bay. During tliesl 
 sir Henry Lawrence had died from ilif| 
 fects of a wound inflicted by a shell »J 
 burst In the room where he was slitij 
 the buildings had been thoroughly rlil 
 with shot, the sick and wounded » 
 killed in the middle of rooms wliereiii 
 thought that no shot could touch ttj 
 Tlie garrison had to flght by night an 
 day, worn out with sickness and ivaitl 
 food, while the women and children i 
 utterly prostrate from the misery audi 
 ships which they were compelled touiiM 
 But with all this there was not ouljj 
 complaining, but an Indomitable resoli| 
 to take part in the defence, as far asil 
 powers might enable them. Still wtel 
 relieving force had made its way to lltl 
 sidency. It was found impossil)le to coif 
 the women and children to Cawnpon'V 
 out the greatest risk of being annilii 
 on the way : they determined theretij 
 wait till sir Colin Campbell eliouMi 
 with new troops from England. Tlnl 
 ship with troops left England on it(| 
 of July : but it was not till tlio 9th dl 
 vember that sir Colin Campbell wasil 
 march from Cawnpore to relieve thelj 
 at Lucknow. On the I6th this worku 
 length accomplished, but it yet i 
 great skill to remove the sick and wed 
 without exposing them to the encin;'! 
 and this was done by removing themiir 
 during the night, when by a furious! 
 front, the enemy had been led to i ' 
 
Clje W^tav^ ot Sntrfn. 
 
 845 
 
 health, Imndi'd (jvi 
 sral Wilson, and ni 
 brlgadler-Keneral Si 
 Ing 'With liim a Inn 
 I Bikhs ; the nunil«i 
 thus raised to aUi 
 mil were Europcam 
 sieged to start out 
 the camp In the n 
 irly In Septcniliei il 
 [ersvrasmatcrialljli 
 of a siege train fic 
 a terrillc ami iucesi 
 gainst the town ; »ii| 
 d hravery a parij 
 >w open the Caslmii 
 niuzzle of the enm] 
 lys yet paiiBcd beli 
 tcr dcfencei waaWi 
 aco was at last bta 
 pled l>y ""t" troops 
 ay foUowliig, tlie > 
 lad made his escape, 
 isoner. His twos. 
 tomh of the sultan B 
 . captain Hodgson, n' 
 I BO. as thinking that 
 Tiade to rescue the pi 
 nsof the king wetea 
 ndcmned, and execiiK 
 Sentcmlier, general ( 
 pore with tlie reiiiloi 
 general Havulock I 
 lit, and three day 
 ic force crossed the 
 encounter a fierce oi 
 noBt disadvantageoui 
 re they conld reach 
 10 for so many weekil 
 at hay. During tlM 
 ico had died from ike 
 inflicted hy a sliellrt 
 m where he was m 
 1 been thoroughly « 
 Blck and wounded 
 le of rooms wliereii' 
 shot could touch It 
 to flgVit by nigljt 
 1th sickness aiu \™j 
 eomen and children-^ 
 from the misery and 
 kvere compelled toBiK 
 
 5 there was not c* 
 an indomitable resolr- 
 
 e defence, as far as 
 able them. Still jvta 
 ladmadoltsway totW 
 ound Impossible to «»" 
 hlldrentoCawnpoto, 
 risk of being aniiihi 
 .y determined tliereif 
 in Campbell should 
 
 from KnBl'i"'^' J'^Li 
 « left England on i* 
 was not till the 9tM 
 Colin Campbell wMtf 
 nipore to relieve the 
 n the 16th this wort' 
 dshed, but It yet/, 
 move the sick and w 
 Tgthemtotheenem 
 
 tint an lininedlatc attack was intended. On 
 It e 22nd of November general Havelock 
 led of dysentery, after a • - -"erof unbroken 
 Wry. not less belov v the goodness 
 i his life than valueu i..i' iiis wisdom and 
 iravery as a leader. Before the month ended, 
 fneral Windliam received a severe check 
 ear Cftwnpore, and Indeed ran the nar- 
 west risk, not merely of being defeated. 
 jtof being cut to pieces by the enemy. 
 'ortunately sir Colin Campbell arrived in 
 iraetoprevent the catastroplie. He found 
 lOTpore completely In jjossesslon of the 
 emy, and lie liad first to provide for the 
 isago of Ills sick and wounded by the 
 Idgc, which was the only means of cross- 
 the Ganges, A constant fire was kept 
 n the rebels from the left bank till all 
 crossed, and at length on the 6tli of Dc- 
 ihcr, a battle began. In which the naval 
 gade, under captain Peel, contributed 
 itly to secure the victory. General Grant 
 then scut with orders to destroy tlie 
 dings belonging to Nana Sahib at Bl- 
 lor, and falling In with the enemy at 
 it.sferry across the Ganges, he defeated 
 m without losing a single man. 
 'ew things were more strange about this 
 ,tiny than the want of concert with 
 llchthe regiments of sepoys seem to have 
 Bd. Not a few of them revolted when 
 .rebellion was all but crushed, and when 
 itiny appeared the verj' height of childish 
 irdlty. Thus the 34tli N.I. at Clilttagong, 
 far from Calcutta, chose the 18th of 
 ember for Its outbreak. But the real 
 iger was now past. The civil measures, 
 n by the government, if not so severe 
 le military, were on the whole not 
 judicious. In June, the ex-klng of 
 I and bis vizier were arrested and ln>- 
 jned in fort William. The liberty of 
 Indian press was suspended for one 
 and on the 31st of July, an order was 
 regulating the punishment to be In- 
 _ on the mutineers. This order was 
 ely criticised. If not condemned as im- 
 Icable, by those who had to carry it 
 but the cogency of Us reasoning can- 
 be disputed. An extreme severity, 
 ir the requisite Impression has been 
 on the rebellious and disorderly,' 
 , it affirmed, only 'exasperate the 
 le, and would probably Induce tliem to 
 together In large numbers for the 
 tlon of their lives, and with a view 
 illation,' while • It would greatly add 
 dlfflcultles of settling the country 
 er." Against the adverse criticism so 
 forth, the governor-general eflectu- 
 lefended himself by referring to In- 
 islnwhlch the Indiscriminate burning 
 ages was producing the worst effects 
 agriculture of the country, and where 
 iresslon of this severity had been fol- 
 by the most encouraging results, 
 in a few months the great centre 
 rebellion had been destroyed, and 
 1 been effected before the arrival of 
 the troops who had been sent out 
 England, and solely by the forces 
 icd In the north-western parts of 
 The loss In revenue was estimated 
 fly Biz mlUlonB, that from the plunder 
 
 of stores and treasures at nearly three 
 millions, yet the area of cultivation was 
 probably nowhere diminished ; In Bengal 
 It had even Increased before the end of the 
 year. In the district between the Ganges 
 and Jumna, which Is known as the Doab, 
 tlie mutiny had been practically suppressed, 
 but lloliilciind on the north of the Ganges 
 WHS still In possession of the enemy, who 
 also held Calpce and cut off the communica- 
 tion between Agra and Allahabad. Tlioy 
 were also still formidable In Bundelcund ; 
 but the whole of Oude had been In effect 
 lost to us. All the defeated regiments 
 Mere flying to Lurknow, determined thero 
 to make the Inst stand against the Brltisli 
 power with nil the resources of a largo 
 city, and aided by a lighting population 
 who were animated by the strongesthatrcd 
 of Kngllsh rule. 
 
 In January 1858, the king of Delhi was 
 tried In the palace for his share In the 
 rebellion, found euilty, and sent to end 
 his days at Rangoon In nurmnli. The cam- 
 paign of this year consisted of an almost 
 unbroken scries of victories, and at one or 
 two places only was anytiiing like a really 
 formidable resistance encountered. After 
 the recovery of Neemuch and Indore, sir 
 Hugh Rose took the fort of Ralghur. ono 
 of the strongest in Central India; and 
 then advanced to Saugor, where a number 
 of English, with women and children, had 
 been besieged for many months. The place 
 was relieved on the 3rd of February; but 
 a more important work was the march on 
 Jhaiisi, the road to which was strongly 
 occupied by the rebels. Thero was a good 
 deal of hard fighting In which the enemy 
 was always defeated, and at length tho 
 troops reached Jhansl itself, which was 
 garrisoned by about 12,000 men, lieaded by 
 the Ranee, a woman of very determined 
 character. The place was very strong, and 
 it was evident that tho garrison were re- 
 ■^olved to defend It to the uttermost, for 
 with tho fall of Jhansl the cause of the 
 rebels In Central India must be Irretriev- 
 ably lost. But their efforts wereunavail 
 lug. After having lost some 5,000 men, 
 the Ranee with her troops abandoned tho 
 town. This was followed by the siege of 
 Awa and Calpee. which latter place had 
 been held by Tantia Topee, almost the only 
 rebel leader who h;id acquired any military 
 reputation during the war. This chieftain 
 made his way towards Gwallor, and with 
 others defeated Sdndla near his own capi- 
 tal. Scindiawas compelled to fly, and he 
 took refuge In the British cantonments at 
 Agra. Itao Sahil>, a nephew of Nana Sahib, 
 was placed on the throne of Gwallor, But 
 when sir Hugh Rose approached the city, 
 Tnntia Topee quitted Gwallor and left the 
 Rnnec of Jhansl to lead the sepoys and tlie 
 Gwallor contingent against the English. 
 On the 19th of June, the final battle took 
 place, and the Ranee died fighting hand to 
 hand with her enemies ; but her body was 
 never found, and It was probably burnt 
 after her death. 
 
 At Lucknow the rebel forces had made 
 many attempts to dislodge sir James Out- 
 ram from his poBitiou at the Alumbogh 
 
81G 
 
 €\)t CrrAtftiri? of Witovn* ^f* 
 
 bcforo tlio nrrlvnl of sir Colin Campbell, 
 but iiono of tlicBO rfforts wcro HUccosBfnl, 
 and on tho 9lli of Marnli bo attacked tlio 
 enemy and Helzcd their position. The flnal 
 nsBault took placo on tbo 2lHt, tlio city of 
 liiicknow wan taken, and tlio bead of tho 
 rebellion In Onde waa cruHhed. nut tho 
 settlement of the country involved n con- 
 troverHy which waa felt In England not 
 \es» than In India. When on tbo 3rd of 
 March, tlio governor-wencral Issued a pro- 
 clamation which contUcated tho lands of 
 all tho talookdars or landholders in Oude, 
 with tbo exception of llvo or sljt specially 
 named, sir James Outmm forcibly urged 
 tho injustice and imprudence of tho mea- 
 sure. IIo expressed his strong conviction 
 that the landholders on hearing this pro- 
 clamation would prepare for a desperate 
 resistance, that they liad been treated with 
 great injiiHtIco In tho previous settlement, 
 and tliat they ought to bo considered as 
 lionourablo enemies, rather t:.an rebels, 
 and that If tliey wcro not so treated, a 
 guerilla warfare would be the result, which 
 must )>o terribly disastrous to the European 
 troops engaged in it. In answer to this 
 remonstrance, tho governor-general modi- 
 fled his proclamation, so far as to say that 
 for all who came forward to submit tlicr.i- 
 selves to the government, their prompt 
 obedience would bo regarded as a strong 
 title for the restoration of their rights ; but 
 he added that to grant more would bo to 
 treat tliem not merely as honourable en- 
 emies, but as enemies who had been vic- 
 torious. Wlien this proclamation was re- 
 ceived in England lord Ellenborongh re- 
 plied immediately in strong terms of con- 
 denniation ; but tho results of his interfe- 
 rence liavo been already recounted in the 
 History of England. In its modified form the 
 proclamation waa publlslied, and at the 
 same time tho talookdars were summoned, 
 on pain of imprlsimment with tiogginif, to 
 surrender aM their arms within a given 
 time. Tho order was to all appearance 
 romplicd wltli, yet there was nothing but 
 their own assurance to iirove that weapons 
 and ammunition had not been buried or 
 otherwise concealed, to bo used if over a 
 favourable opportunity should again pre- 
 sent itself. Thus was tho great mutiny of 
 India ended, and no great criniinnl re- 
 mained at large except tho Infamous Nana 
 Saliib. 
 
 The danger was past. It remains that 
 t)io English nation should ponder well, and 
 act on the lesson and warning which it 
 enforces. The lesson is, that tlio policy of 
 annexation is foolisli as well as unjust ; 
 tlio warning Is, that wo should make repara- 
 
 tion, so fur as reparation is piissiMf n.^ 
 can 1)0 no doubt that Nana Sahib, li'iri|,,,j, 
 as he is, was grievously injured by lord N 
 liousle, who systematically set at iihiibiI 
 the universal Hindoo rule of iiadMim I 
 case of failure of male heirs, and iiii'n i,, 
 such failure as a reason fur .■iiiiiciati, 
 Doubtless the kingdom of Oiidu wasmii 
 rably governed ; yet at the ilme wf i 
 throned the king, we owed him uno tnlllii 
 sterling In money, and by way of rcnmi, 
 another million we had ceded to ijim 
 fertile but unhealthy district called Turn 
 which was of no groat use to oursein 
 But when lord Dalhousie deternilneil 
 annex Oude, he also scl/.ed upon this mi 
 whicli wo had given up to pay our del 
 and conllscated the million vliich 
 owing to him in cash. Ho again, If 
 rule is in many ways lieneliclnl, it oai 
 with it its own peculiar Imrdsliliia 
 disadvantages ; and an evldciirc of ii 
 is found in the fact, tliat when gorei 
 by native princes, most states have 
 surplus revenues ; with us, tliey cihi 
 an annual detlclt. It has been well said 
 the Indian mutiny that from it, ■ Wcbi 
 had a lesson, which, if dinicult to ac<]g| 
 it was dangerous to forget,— a Icsso'i 
 which the cost has been tremendous,! 
 which. If disregarded, will cause us toliii 
 an outlay ten times heavier still, inh 
 ing that lesson wo spent months of 
 utterable anxiety and anguish. Dm 
 these months we trembled lest our Ea 
 sceptre had passed away from us fur 
 were dismayed b/ reverses to our 
 alike unexpected and terrible, anilhi 
 without any elation of victories ton 
 cislve and Inglorious. Tho record (if that 
 S(m forms tho darkest and nioMtlaiiiilli 
 page in our contemporary annals, 
 trust it will never bo forgotten ; ni 
 until the very names of those wlio bni 
 died that wo might recover our bu|)i ^ 
 In India shall have been effaced fmu 
 remembrance of son-owing widows aid 
 reaved children ; never, while there 
 survivor who witnessed the sudden 
 break, who took part in Its siipiirei 
 and shuddered at tho bloody retrl 
 inflicted on tho rebels; never, until 
 joicing under a truly benpllcent sivir, 
 natives of Uritlsh India shall cease lod 
 on our former shortcomings, while 
 inhabitants of independent statet) !bi 
 equally unanimous In praying furEi 
 rule, as they now are in preferring 
 governed by their own priiices; 
 until then, let us act as if we had (<ii. 
 that an Indian rebellion is the Nenii 
 unjust annexation.' 
 
-**f*fv 
 
 Niiiui Hulill), liifaiiKiii 
 ly injured liy lord Ihi, 
 iKcftlly SI"! iH imiiiili 
 lO rulo of iMloiitliiii tf 
 
 liolrs, aiiiUliciiiiii. 
 ■aaou for .HUiicxaa,' 
 um <>f Uiiilc wan nil< 
 t at tlio time m i, 
 i owed him ono mllllg 
 Liul l>y way <if rcpajln 
 
 1 iiad ceiled to lilm 
 ydlHtrlct called Tuw, 
 rcat use tn ouruln 
 ahouslo dctermliieil ■ 
 ) gol'/'Cd Hium tliliin. 
 m up to imy inir fcii 
 io mllU'in vlilch r 
 cash, f" again, It 
 lya bonotlclnl, It rai 
 necuUar liardshlpa _ 
 id an ovldciiro of H 
 ict. that when Rover 
 
 iiioKt BtatCH have. 
 ' with w». tl'cy "WH 
 ' ithnsheen wcllsaMt 
 t that from It, ' Wc b> 
 •h If dinicult to acqjiii 
 
 ' to forKot.-» l?""": 
 as boon tveinciulous.b 
 •ded.wlll cause U9 tote 
 C8 heavier still. Inler 
 ivo spent months ol 
 V and anBUlHli. K"' 
 I trembled lest our 
 ed away from U8f»tei 
 by reverses to our «i 
 d and terrible, mill hi 
 tlon of victories Mi 
 loHB. The record of tw 
 rkest and most hmmiu" 
 >ntemporary annals. 
 •ver bo forgotten ;iii 
 imcB of those who bni 
 Kht recover our sujirei 
 tavo been effaced im\ 
 'sorrowing widows Ml 
 •never, while therein 
 rltnessed the sudtai 
 I part in Us 8Ui.i«« 
 
 at tho v»io»dy;^',^„i 
 
 , rebels; never, un^ 
 t truly bcnellcent »m 
 bh India shall ceasctoH 
 
 Bhortcomlngi". wWl 
 independent 8tatcj|U 
 
 Tons In prayliiK t'T '•" 
 ow aro l.> Prcforfins 
 heir own prlnrt's, i 
 mactnsltwelmilK 
 'rebeUloulsthcSeM 
 
 [luu.* 
 
 THE HISTORY OF CHINA. 
 
 OIlAPTEn '. 
 
 I jhincse writers pretend to trace back 
 
 \\, govcniment to a period anterior to 
 
 Klood; a ridiculous absurdity which wc 
 
 ittid not feel ourselves called upon to 
 
 ;IC6, but that European writers of no 
 
 n order have, without going to tho full 
 
 jnt of GhincBO extravagance, admitted 
 
 Ir existence as a nation considerably 
 
 fcthan two thousand years before (Mirlst. 
 
 early history, indeed, like that of most 
 
 'rnatlons of any considerable antiquity, 
 
 IIS to be an imaginative distortion of a 
 
 irutiis mixed up witli a vast number of 
 
 long. Their founder and first monarch 
 
 r amrni to liaTO been Fohl, who is 
 
 lumod by many writers to have been 
 
 tame with Moah. Tho eastern nioun- 
 
 is of Asia they tako to be tho Ara- 
 
 [of Scripture ; and they, assert that, as 
 
 waters subsided, Noah followed tlie 
 
 of tho rivers to tho south until 
 
 rrivcd at Cliina, where, being much 
 
 kwlth the beauty and fertility of tho 
 
 lie eventually settled. Tho astute 
 
 r of ' An Essay on tho Manners and 
 
 t of Nations' has shown a strong prc- 
 
 iou In favour of the high antiquity of 
 
 and brought forward many argu- 
 
 iu support of It. 'This state,' says 
 
 ai existed in splendour about 4,000 
 
 without cither its laws, manners, 
 
 ige, or even tho modo and fashion of 
 
 Laving undergone any material altcr- 
 
 Its history (which, in his opinion, 
 
 mtCBtlble) being tho only one founded 
 
 llestlal observations, Is traced by tho 
 
 accurate chronology, so high as an 
 
 calculated 2,155 years before our vul- 
 
 and verlfled by the missionaries,' &c. 
 
 [the Chinese, contrary to the practice 
 
 lost all nations, have rarely, if ever, 
 
 it to conquer other countries, their 
 
 for many ages furnish nothing re- 
 
 ible ;and although they date the origin 
 
 Ir tnipcrial dynasties (excluding those 
 
 fabulous times) two thousand years 
 
 tho Christian era, we And that tlio 
 
 r was long divided Into several states 
 
 rcndent sovereignties; the princes 
 
 ii of which were perpetually at war 
 
 ch other. Tliough It was in the very 
 
 of things that some ono prince 
 
 be more powerful than the others, 
 
 en bo possessed of a certain degree 
 
 ority over them, yet war between 
 
 d state was the chief condition of 
 
 Dynasty succeeded dynasty ; terrl- 
 
 mits were perpetually shifting with 
 
 )d or ill success of this or of that 
 
 [; and what Milton says of tbo early 
 
 n of the petty princes of Britain, may 
 
 iBtly be repeated here— that it would 
 
 ore useful or interesting to dilate 
 
 upon tlic early wars of the Chinese, than to 
 (U'scrlbu the Bkinulshes of tho kites and 
 crows. 
 
 Twenty-two dynasties of princes aro enu- 
 merated ns having governed China from 
 2:!07 n. o. to the present day, the reigning 
 emperor being tho flfth monarch of tho 
 twenty-second or Tal-Tsln dynasty. What 
 may bo termed tho authentic history of 
 China does not begin till the time of Con- 
 fucius, who liourlsliud about five centuries 
 before tho Clirlstlan era, and who must be 
 regarded as tho great reformer of China. 
 IIo endeavoured to unite in one great con- 
 federation the numerous states which ha- 
 rassed each other by mutual wars, and con- 
 structed a moral code for the government 
 of tho people, lie forbore to dive into the 
 impenetrable arcana of nature ; neither did 
 he bewilder himself In abstruse researches 
 on the essence and attributes of a Deity, 
 but confined himself to speaking with the 
 most profound reverence of the First I'rln- 
 clplo of all beings, whom he represented as 
 tho most pure and perfect Essence, tho 
 Author of all things, who is acquainted 
 with our most secret thoughts, and who 
 will never permit virtue to go unrccom- 
 penscd, nor vice unpunished. 
 
 It is not until B. 0.248 that Chinese his- 
 tory begins to be at all developed. Chc- 
 Hwang-te, the founder of the Tsin dynasty. 
 In that year succeeded to tho throne, and 
 the petty princes t>f China, as well as tho 
 Iluns who inhabited tlio immense plains 
 beyond the Oxus, speedily found that thejr 
 had a warrior to deal with. Whenever these 
 I>rlnces ventured to meet "ii;iii they were 
 always defeated, until he had completely 
 subdued all the states, and consolidated tho 
 empire. 
 
 Having provided for his power within the 
 empire, ho next turned his attention to its 
 regular and efllclent defence against foreign 
 invaders. The very desultorlness of the at- 
 tacks of the Huns made It difficult to subduo 
 them. Wlien he could meet with them, and 
 force them Into a pitched battle, he never 
 failed to give an excellent account of them ; 
 but they were no sooner dispersed than they 
 rallied ; no sooner chastised in one part of 
 the empire than they poured furiously down 
 to repeat their offences in some other. 
 
 Wliether the monarch himself, or his able 
 general, Mung-Teen, conceived the grand 
 idea of surrounding China— as it was then 
 limited- with a wall, it would now bo no 
 easy matter to ascertain ; certain it is that 
 the wall was erected under the superintend- 
 cnce of the general. 
 
 This perfectly stupendous monument of 
 human skill and Industry (which is 1,500 
 miles in length, 30 feet high, and 15 feet 
 thick on the top), could only have beea 
 completed by an absolute mouarcli. 
 3K 
 
84R 
 
 Cfjc Crfflrfuvu of WitovUt ^t. 
 
 Hy lliti Htorii oxonMao of liia uiiclicckcd 
 jKnvrr, the liiiiperor liiul tills mlKlity wall, 
 'witli embattled towers at (■.Diivcnlcnt iIIh- 
 tiinces on tlu; top, completed, mid tlio 
 towers garrlHoiiud, no a» to serve at once for 
 ■watrli towers find fortresHes I Ills warlike 
 Bplrit, liowcver commendable In Itsolf, 
 eoenia under somo cIrciiniHtances to Imvo 
 degenerated Into a siivaKe obduracy of clmr- 
 nrter. Thus wo find that tlio very man 
 who so cmdently exerted himself for the 
 jihyslcrtl protection of his subjects, was ho 
 utterly insensible to their moral and Intel- 
 lectual wants, that ho ordered the destruc- 
 tion of the whole body of Chinese literature, 
 111 the low and disgraceful hope of thus 
 destroying all traces of Chinese history 
 previous to tho commencement of his dy- 
 nasty I Tho mode In which tho wlah was 
 carried Into excrutlou wn» every way 
 worthy of tho motive that prompted it;— If 
 It is true, as It la recorded, that for refusing 
 to aid in this wholesale and worse than 
 barbarous destruction, upwards of llvchnn- 
 dled of the learned were brutally burled 
 alive I Tho works of Confucius were se- 
 creted by sonio man of noble and well- 
 directed mind, and were found, years after 
 the emperor's death, by somo workmen em- 
 ployed In repairing a house. 
 
 OnAPTBB II. 
 
 OS tho death of Cho-wliang-te, his son 
 ITrh-she, less politic or less powerful than 
 his father, found It impossible to prevent 
 new outbreaks among tho princes who had 
 been reduced to the position of mere nobles 
 and Heutenanta of tho emperor. Whether 
 leaguing against the commands of the em- 
 peror, or fiercely assailing e;uh other, they 
 filled tho whole land with strife, rapine, and 
 bloodshed ; where tho sword had shed hu- 
 man blood, tho torch In but too numerous 
 Instances consumed human habitations: 
 whole cities were In some cases destroyed 
 and made utterly desolate, and tho total 
 annihilation of tho empire seemed at hand, 
 when there arose in the land one of those 
 men of iron nerve and iron hand who fre- 
 quently appear at precisely that moment 
 when tho myriad evils of anarchy can only 
 bo put an end to by a man who possesses 
 the talents of tho soldier joined to tho un- 
 bending will of tho despot. 
 
 Lien Pang, tho man In question, was ori- 
 ginally the captain of a band of robbers, 
 and notorious In that character alike for 
 his boldness and his success. Tho dis- 
 tracted state of tho country opened the way 
 to his joining the profession of a leader of 
 free lances to that of a robber, and, at first 
 In alliance with somo of the princes, and 
 subsequently in opposition to all of them in 
 Euccesslon, he fought so ably and success- 
 fully, that he subdued the whole empire, 
 changed his name to that of Kaon-tc, and 
 ascended the throne, thus founding tho 
 Hang dynasty. Though thus successful 
 within, he was greatly annoyed by the 
 Huns; and so far was his usual success 
 from attending him In his endeavours to 
 free the empire from them, that he bought 
 their auietnesa with many and costly pre- 
 
 sents, which on his death and the su,^ 
 Hlon of Ills son was changed to aHtlimiiJ 
 annual tribute. ^ 
 
 Dnring several years there were nnpvfuJ 
 worth recording in the history of p|,|,I 
 but In the reign of Woo-tce, tlieciniiiror 
 assailed by a Huecesslon of mlsrortiniHr 
 calamities. Owing to a long (■(iiiii,iii,|d 
 of heavy rains the iroang-Ho river imrstij 
 banks, sweeping away overythimj imi 
 path, and causing a destruction iiotonij 
 property but also of human life, tlutll 
 trnly terrible. During llio sanio relm J 
 cultivated lands were left eoiiipl(!t('iy)iaf(| 
 thciiivaslonof a vastarmyof tlidnuiifjt- 
 tlvo creatures, locusts ; and a lire (irmnL 
 In the capital wlilch burned prDpprtyiJ 
 frightful extent, and was only exilnoiiisk 
 after it had consumed a great iKiriimi 
 the city, ln.;luding almost the wliDiediif 
 imperial palace. To ccniiiterliiilaiiocibd 
 great national calamltios tlilsiuiKiiiiaU 
 piece of national good fortune (if tiicliij 
 est consecjuencc : tlie lluna had iimdcill 
 appearance again in vast nuinliorj; il 
 were completely routed in a great iiHiilel 
 tho Chinese, under tlieir general, WdsJ 
 who took many thcmsands of prisniiml 
 gcthcr with tho whole of tho tents, MrJ 
 and baggage of these nomadic pluiiilorl 
 Ro thoroughly humbled were tlio lliiml 
 this occasion, that forvcry many ycanij 
 did not again make their appearnnro;ii 
 even iiald homage to tho cniiieriir.M 
 Te, against whom, however, tlieybrokti 
 as fiercely as ever towards the closo of| 
 reign. 
 
 In tho first year of tlio ChrlgtlniiJ 
 riiig-to ascended the imperial throne, \ 
 only reigned about five years, and beln 
 weak prince, was even during tliatpt 
 rather the nominal than the rcalciiiin. 
 for both ho and the empire were coiiipl(i| 
 ruled by Wang-mang, a prince of a 
 energy, who, on tho death of I'liigtf,^ 
 actual po.sse89lon of the throne, of i 
 he had long been the virtual owner. 1 
 princes espoused the cause of tht'displil 
 dynasty ; bu*^^ though tliey perpotiiallj:^ 
 war upon tho able usnrper, ho kcptroi 
 ston of tho throne during tliu rcuialidt 
 his life. 
 
 "Wang-mang died a.d. 2.7, ami ivjil 
 cccded by Hwae-yang-wang ; he diejl 
 A.D. 58, and was succeeded by Kwanjf 
 This reign Is chiefly remarkable onats 
 of the introduction into China, frci| 
 neighbouring country of Eastern M 
 the Buddhist religion. 
 
 In tho year 89, and the reign of Ho-til 
 Tartars, who as well as the Huns wif 
 Cochins were the perpetual pest of 
 again made their appearance. Tbeyi 
 worsted in several encounter?, anil 
 many thousands of them perished, I 
 were driven, broken and dispirited, B| 
 Caspian, and only then escapeil citl 
 the fear with which the mere prnspodj 
 long voyage Inspired the Chinese. 
 veral years after this event the all 
 China were in a very, pitiable statej 
 Tartars, returning again and agaln,r 
 by their ravages to the distress cam 
 bad seasons ; and just under those reii 
 
re. 
 
 ®t)e Wiitoxu at Cijiiin. 
 
 849 
 
 i (loath fini\ tli(' surfi^ 
 cliaiiBcil t," IV stlwla 
 
 'nr« tlioro wrrcnnpv« 
 II tlic )ilBt(iry of riiitj 
 Woo-ti'O, t.luM'iiiiilroi 
 fislonol lulHtortmuv 
 it to a l<iii« I'liiUhiiim 
 Iloimg-Uorlvcrlmrsii 
 away ovory thing ini 
 ftilostructloii.notunlij 
 of liumaii Uii'.tliMi 
 
 iirlHg H>o «''""' "''"t 
 ereU'ftfonipli'tt'lytartlj 
 .•nstarmyoftluiiiedMn 
 •lists; auila llronrcim 
 \c\\ l)urn<;il iirdroriytJ 
 
 and was <>"'>' "*'•'"*""*( 
 Bunicd a great imriiiiii 
 iK almost tliiMvluiledlir 
 
 To couiitcrbaliinecilH 
 InmltloBtlitaiuiKiiWii 
 
 Bood tortuiic (if tliclilj 
 • tlioIlunB liadnindcilii 
 n In vast nnniliori; ly 
 
 routed liiaKrciit)i;uil(l 
 l(>r their Bcn(-^ral,Wtliii 
 thousands of jirlsimcn,! 
 ■whole of the tents, «oif 
 
 these nomadic plunileri 
 lumhlcd were tlio IIumI 
 lat for very many yrarsi" 
 mkothcirain'eiiraiiro;! 
 ime to the cmiiordr.Seil 
 ,rn. however, they brokt 
 rer towards the closool I 
 
 year of the Clirlstta 
 [>d the Imperial tlime, 
 wutnve years, mill W 
 rascvcn during tint i« 
 Inal than the real ciiiiiei 
 the empire were coil* 
 maiig, ft prlnco ol i 
 the death of ring-tc, 
 ion of the throne, ot ■ 
 ,cn the virtual owmt. 
 ,edtheeau80oft'.io« 
 hough they pcrpetuy 
 iMe usurper, ho kcpp 
 one during the rcmalni 
 
 died A.D. 2.'!, and ™ 
 
 me-yang-wang ; nc m 
 
 ^flfluceecdodhylW 
 
 hlcflyremarkaliloonaM 
 
 eountry of Eastern Ii» 
 
 ;5"ffiV.crclgnofn... 
 rswellasthclUuisM^ 
 the perpetual pcst^o ™ 
 
 IS 
 
 iiclr appearance. 
 
 Ttej' 
 
 ^vcral encounters, ajdj 
 ids of them VcM\ 
 roken and dlsplntci J 
 only then escaped om 
 Xch the mere prnsposl 
 nsplrcd the Chinese, f* 
 rtVr this event the w 
 1 a very pitlahle statej 
 ?nlng again and agA* 
 MSB to the distress caul 
 Ind Just under those veil 
 
 imitanccs which made the rule of a vlgo- 
 
 Bj nnd al)lo man more tlian ever deslrihlo. 
 
 ilngulnrlyonoiigli, chanced that reign af- 
 
 rclgn fell to the lot of more children, In 
 
 ose names the kingdom wai of courso 
 
 rerned liy the c(mrt favourites of tlio 
 
 iting cmprcBs: the high trust of the 
 
 lourlto naturaily arising more from the 
 
 mti't favour than from his lltncsfl or 
 
 grlty. Drought, famine, plague, and 
 
 froqucut ('iirso of foreign Invasion, 
 
 Ic tliia pivrt of Chinese history truly la- 
 
 tal)lt!. 
 
 tiio year 220 the empire was divided 
 tiirce. with the usual effect of divided 
 in ncl«hl)our8 hotween whom nature 
 placed no houndary of sea, or rock, or 
 wticaWo desert. 
 
 tbo year 288, the emperor Woo-to buc- 
 
 led in Bgain uniting the states Into one 
 
 lire, no died about two years later, and 
 
 Bucccvdcd hy Hwuy-te, who reigned 
 
 ntcen years, hut was guilty of many 
 
 lltics,nnd consequently much disliked. 
 
 lilstory of no fewer than 113 years 
 
 linatlnff a.d. 420, may bo summed up 
 
 tree words — confusion, pillage, and 
 
 ihter. Hither native generals and na- 
 
 armics fought, or the nerco llun and 
 
 ller(«r Tartar carried death and dls- 
 
 tlironghout the empire. Tears of 
 
 Hhed and confusion at length inclined 
 
 lorc important among tho native com- 
 
 m to peace, and two empires were 
 
 l.thc northern and southern; — tho 
 
 id the Yuh-chow. 
 
 yn, or Woo-to, emperor of tho sonth- 
 implre. though ho was far superior in 
 ilthinesB of his share to the prince 
 north, was originally tho orphan of 
 its of low rank, who left him In cir- 
 anccs of such destitution, that hia 
 was supported by tho actual charity 
 old woman, who reared him as her 
 ion. As soon as ho was old enough 
 listed as a soldier, and subsequently 
 Is way to tho empire by a succession 
 lers upon members of the royal fa- 
 iciudlng the emperor Kung-to, who 
 le last of the Tsln dynasty. Lcw-yn, 
 o-te, compelled that unfortunate mo- 
 puWicIy to abdicate In his favour. 
 Ijon of deposed kings Is proverbially 
 0U8 with their grave. The case of 
 was no exception to tlie general 
 le was put to death by poison, 
 •tedieo In 422: his son, Ylng-Tang- 
 BTicceeded him ; but was speedily do- 
 In favour of Wan-to. This prince 
 an edict against the Buddhist doc- 
 All Buddhists wrro banished ; the 
 It burned, temrlrH and many priests 
 'eath or cruelly tortured aiid mutl- 
 
 Ite, learned himself, was a great 
 [nd promoter of learning. Several 
 1 were founded by him, and his 
 hs In this respect were the more 
 f, as they were imitated by the 
 K tho north. Wan-tc having sharply 
 This son Lew-Ohaou, for some mls- 
 
 .and threatened to disinherit him, 
 Ibrutally murdered him at the Insti- 
 
 tahonzeorprlest.who represented 
 
 that act as the only means of incventlng 
 tho father's threat from being carried Into 
 effect. Tho guilt of both tho prlnco and his 
 priestly instigator met with Its llttlng re- 
 ward. Low-senen, half-brother to tho prince, 
 ruL^ed a powerful army, and att.uiked Lew- 
 Ohaou, who with his wliolo family was be- 
 headed, and all his paluccd rased to tho 
 ground. 
 
 Pel-lo Klng-llo has been aptly enough 
 compared to tho Calus Caligula of Rome : 
 bloodshed appeared to bo liis grectest do- 
 light; to bo privileged to approach him was 
 at tho same tlino to bo In constant peril of 
 being butchered : and ho was no loss ob- 
 soeno than cruel;; an Immense and gor- 
 geously decorated hall being exciiislvely 
 devoted to tho most disgusting and frantic 
 orgies. Tlio reign of so foul a monster 
 .•ould not ho otherwise than short. The 
 very ofllecrs of his palace could not tolerate 
 his conduct, and In tho year following his 
 accession to tho throno ho was despatched 
 by one of the eunuclis of his palace. 
 
 Mlng-toTae-chc succeeded to the throne 
 A.D. 46fl. What ho might have proved if his 
 accession had been nnopposed we can but 
 guess ; but, being opposed, ho was aroused 
 to a rago perfectly ungovernable. Those of 
 Ills relatives who actually took up arms 
 against him were not more hateful than 
 those of them who did not, and many of the 
 latter were put to death by Jilm. His wholo 
 roign was passed In warfare vlth one or 
 more of tho princes of his family. This 
 state of things lasted for nearly six years, 
 and caused so much misery to tho people, 
 that there would speedily have been a gene- 
 ral risln.T for the purposj of dethroning him, 
 but for his opportune death. 
 
 Anarchy and war marked tho two follow- 
 ing reigns of Chwang-yu-wang and Shun- 
 to; tho former was despatched by an 
 eunuch employed by an aspiring general, 
 who also compelled Shun-to to abdicate in 
 his favour, and soon aitcrwards assaesln- 
 ated him. 
 
 In 479 the aspiring and reckless general 
 Scawu-Taduchlng ascended the throne, un- 
 der tho title of Kaou-te-now ; he reigned 
 but two years, and the succeeding princes 
 of this dynasty, Tsl, which terminated in 
 .'i02, were engaged In continual war with 
 the iirlnce of the north, but performed nei- 
 ther warlike nor peaceful services to merit 
 notice. 
 
 A new dynasty, the Lcang, was now com- 
 menced by Woo-te, who ascended tho 
 throne In 602. Under him the old wars 
 between tho northern and southern empires 
 were continued. Nevertheless, though war- 
 like and active at the commencement of his 
 reign, he showed himself a great admirer 
 and patron of learning. He revived some 
 learned cstabllshmeu .a that bad fallen into 
 decay, and founded some new ones; but 
 probably his most Important service was 
 that of publicly teaching In person. Wo 
 may fairly doubt whether such a prince 
 was not better skilled in tho arts of war, 
 as then practised, than in studious lire; 
 but his example tended to make learning 
 faBbionable, and he may therefore be said 
 to have afforded it the greatest encourage- 
 
850 
 
 Cfie €vsAi\it}i oC Wfttai'Vit &r> 
 
 mont. Whatever his actual attainments, 
 his lore of study seems to have been both 
 deep and sincere ; for while yet In the prime 
 of mental and bodily vigour, he abandoned 
 th6 pomp and power of the tlirone, and re- 
 tired to a monastery with tlio avowed in- 
 tention of devoting the remainder of Ills 
 1 ife to study. This, however, liad such mis- 
 chievous cltect upon public affairs, that the 
 principal mandarins compelled hlin to quit 
 his peaceful retirement and reascend the 
 throne ; but the rest . his life was passed 
 in strife and tumult, %. Uich eventually broke 
 his heart. His son and successor had 
 scarcely commenced his reign, when he was 
 I'ut to death, and succeeded by Yucii-te. 
 This emperor also was fond of retirement 
 and study, and greatly neglected the affairs 
 of his empire, which, distracted as it con- 
 stantly was by the violence and intrigues of 
 the princes of the empire, required a stern 
 and vigorous attention. 
 
 Shin-pan-seen, who was not only a prince 
 of the empire, but also prime minister to 
 the emperor, raised a rebellion against his 
 confiding and peaceful master, whose first 
 intimation of his danger was given to him 
 by the fierce shouts of the rebel force at tho 
 very gates of his palace. On hearing those 
 boding shouts, the emperor, awakened from 
 his delicious reveries, calmly closed the 
 book he bad been so intent upon, put on 
 hifj armour, and ascended the ramparts. A 
 single glance showed him that It was too 
 late for resistance ; he returned to his li- 
 br.wy, and, setting Are to It, resigned him- 
 scif to his fate. The library of this unfor- 
 tunate monarch, who would probably have 
 been both powerful and glorious had he 
 nled over a less divided and turbulent 
 people. Is said to have contained 140,000 vo- 
 lumes ; an immense number to have been 
 collected even by royalty at such a time and 
 among such a people. 
 
 Tho next emperor worthy of any mention, 
 however slight, is Wan-te, whoso short 
 reign was so vigorous, prudent, and suc- 
 cessful, that be must be considered to have 
 been the chief cause of the reunion which 
 occurred so soon after his death between 
 the northern and southern empires. Ho 
 died In 666, and was succeeded by his son, 
 Pe-tsung, who was speedily dethroned by 
 bis uncle and the empress dowager. 
 
 The throne was then filled by Suen-te. 
 During his short reign of leBs than three 
 years, be fought boldly and constantly 
 against his opponents, and did much to- 
 wards promoting thefast approaching union 
 of the two empires. 
 
 On the death of Suen-te, In the year 569, 
 ho w&s succeeded by How Chow, a mere 
 sensualist and idler, whose debauchery and 
 indolence disgusted and angered his people 
 more, probably, than hardier and more 
 active vices would, even though they had 
 been productive of a fiercer and more ob- 
 vious kind of tyranny. A powerful and war- 
 like noble. Tang-keen, put himself at the 
 head of the disaffected nobles and their fol- 
 lowers, and laid siege to tho imperial city. 
 The inhabitants, who, as might bo expected, 
 were oven more disgusted with the effeml- 
 Bacy and profligacy they had witnessed, 
 
 than the besiegers, threw open tlic l 
 almost without a strugglL. Tho imnirdiil 
 advisers of tho emperor and the nntoril 
 companions of his profligate revels wj 
 sternly put to death, and seurcli waj uj 
 made for the emperor. That towardifr 
 sualist had taken refuge with all \\\hm 
 in a dry well, whence ho was (Iraj-i^cdj 
 half dead with terror, and oxpecUn^noiJ 
 than instant death at the hands o{ tlK h 
 torlous rebel leader. Unt Yansf-kceniCliJ 
 in mercy, or with the politic view of pjJ 
 an tddltlonal obstacle to all other pret«gd 
 that might arise, spared both liliii ajujl 
 family. 1 
 
 On usurping tho throne, a.d. s;;, rj 
 keen's very first act was to consolidaiel 
 northern empire with tho soutlieral 
 this he found little difficulty. Wt<l,tiieJ 
 really great prince of the nortlicmonii 
 was both so well able to war, and m il 
 inclined lo do so without occasion, tbul 
 made his state at once feared witkoutT 
 peaceful and prosperous within. Hei 
 poisoned by his own mother, a v/om^ 
 high but cruel spirit, and of great t 
 but most restless Uispositioi). Botbl 
 while she acted as regent to lier gmi 
 and the latter when he had taken tlici^ 
 of government into his own hands, M 
 the state into all the venomous anil 
 chlevous wars of the Imperial iirliices;! 
 this fatal departure from tho peaceful;! 
 of the former ruler, and the aiiscnccifl 
 improvement in his military power, « 
 a blow at the safety and Intcgrliyol 
 northern empire, which, after a id 
 existence of upwards of a century amllil 
 was reannexed to tho soutlicn i 
 almost without an effort. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Tamo-kekn having been so sacca 
 obtaining the throne and consollditli 
 empire, turned his attention tn renii 
 the violence and rapine of the Tartar 1 
 His reputation for skill, valour, aiiiil 
 ncss, here did him good service, m 
 rapacious as the Tartars were, therl 
 too well aware of the character of tl 
 narch whom they had now to deali 
 hope that he would either overlook J 
 the advantages he possessed, or sea 
 use them. They professed tlieraseln 
 slrous rather of his friendship thajiil 
 mlty; and to show the sincerity m 
 they called their amity, but what I 
 have been far more correctly tenuM 
 terror, they went so far as to payli| 
 mage. With his usual shrewd iioiltrl 
 keen gave one of the imperial ptiil 
 in marriage to the principal Tari«| 
 Nor was ho ill rewarded for the facili) 
 which he permitted himself to siA 
 alliance for strife. During his i 
 people remained free from the Inciu 
 the Tartars, which had previously ij 
 frequent as the natural tempest.!,! 
 more destructive. 
 
 On the death of Yang-keen, In I 
 heir to the throne was strangWj 
 younger brother, Yang-te, whG.hatif 
 mitted the fratricide, and rcraoveil* 
 
c. 
 
 QTfje Witarn of CTjtiiA. 
 
 851 
 
 ), threw open ihc » 
 trugglt. ThclmnMij 
 peror and tbo noti)ii( 
 a profligate revcljwj 
 th, and search waubf 
 eror. That towardljn 
 refuge with all hlslu 
 ^nco ho was dracijcill 
 ror, andcxpfcUiignoy 
 hat the hauda ol thd 
 er. UntYaiia-kei'n.eltlJ 
 the politic view ot flu 
 ,aclo to all other rrctetjJ 
 spared huth lilm aoll 
 
 ho throne, a.d. 5:!,tJ 
 act was to conaolldaKi 
 3 with the Boutlicrii.1 
 tiodimculty. Viv\,m 
 c« ot the northern m 
 1 able to war, andsoiil 
 1 without occasion, tliiil 
 it onco feared wllhout,! 
 •oBperous within. UtI 
 ': own mother, a ffomii 
 Bplrlt, and ot great m 
 ess disposition. BoiM 
 
 as regent to her gn 
 «rhen ho had taken Itej 
 Into his own hands, rim 
 all the venomous audi 
 ol the imperial iivhim, 
 turo Irom the peaceful H 
 ruler, and the absence^ 
 ill his military power, m 
 
 safety and Integrity oil 
 ,lre, which, after a «rf 
 iwards of a century anJu 
 (d to the southern "^ 
 
 t an effort. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 lavlng been so succeKl 
 throne and consoUdail- 
 d his attention to resii 
 nd rapine of the Tartar 
 in for skill, valour, ajill 
 him good service. M 
 the Tartars were, the; 
 e of the character of 
 they had now to deal 
 would either overlook 
 es he possessed, ornei 
 hey professed thcraseli 
 of his friendship tlian 
 _o sliow the sincerity (( 
 their amity, but vW 
 r more correctly terni j 
 went so far as to piyli' 
 
 I his usual shrewd roliq, 
 no of the Imperial pn 
 
 to the principal Wji 
 
 II rewarded for the lacil" 
 rmltted himself to 8( 
 
 strife. During hiar 
 
 toed free from the inci 
 
 which hart previous? 
 
 the natural tempeBte, 
 
 ath of Yang-keen, in 
 throno was strangl^ 
 ,ther,Yang-te,who,haT" 
 ratriclde, and removed 
 
 iticlcifrom his path, ascended the throne 
 
 «oj. The means by which this prince 
 
 Mined the throne, common as such means 
 
 in detpotlo and but partially civilised 
 
 loni, deserve ill the detestation that we 
 
 beatowupon them ; but If lie obtained 
 
 throne shamefully, he filled it well. 
 
 lugh eminently a man of taste and plca- 
 
 f he vas no less a man of judgement, 
 
 ierprlse, and cnerg-y. In the early part 
 
 hl9 reign he formed extensive gardens, 
 
 Ichfor magnitude and ta-^tofulness were 
 
 rer before witnessed lu China; and In 
 
 le gardens it was his clilcf delight to 
 
 > attended by a retinue of a thousand 
 
 fc.gp) -dldly attired, who amused him 
 
 Tof nd instrumentp; music, and 
 
 danci-.r. and feats of grace and agility 
 
 iiorsebnck. This luxurious habit did 
 
 however :!vent him from paying 
 
 itattentlou the solid Improvements 
 
 hlcli China a . that time btood so much 
 
 leeil, It would bo idle to remark upon 
 
 Importance (to both the prosperity and 
 
 civilisation of a people) of good and 
 
 leroua means of communication be- 
 
 >M all the extremities of their land. 
 
 lyof his canals and bridges still exist, 
 
 roofs both of his zeal and judgement in 
 
 most Important department of cbcduty 
 
 ruler. 
 
 In talents, energy, and accomplishments 
 lot save him from the fato which wo 
 re, even when the worst of rulers 
 Its victims. He had been on a tour. 
 Improbably with a view to some new 
 ivement in the face of tho country, 
 lie was assassinated. This melan- 
 event, it seems very probable, arose 
 thesuccessfulartlflcesof Le-yuen : he 
 both powerful and disaffected ; had 
 ously slgimllsed himself by the most 
 us conduct, and Immediately after 
 ssasBlnatlon put himself forward to 
 KIng-te upon tho vacant throne. What 
 re Le-yuen had in making this nian 
 lere puppet of sovereignty for a brief 
 It la dlfllcuit to conjecture ; but it is 
 In that KIng-te had scarcely ascended 
 irone before Le-yuen caused him to 
 mgled, and assumed tho sovereign 
 himself. 
 
 ^ strange that ill-acquired power is 
 used at onco with the greatest wls- 
 id the greatest moderation , as though 
 straggle to obtain it all tho evil por- 
 ■ the possessor's nature had been ex- 
 Le-yuen, or rather Kaou-tsoo, 
 name he took on ascending the 
 I, was a remarkable instance of this, 
 g could be more sanguinary or un- 
 lous than the course by which he 
 le master of the empire ; nothlngcould 
 iver, more politic, or, as regarded his 
 il administration, milder, than Ills 
 tafter ho had obtained it. 
 some years previous to his usurpa- 
 ' 6 Tartars had returned to their old 
 of making Incursions Into the nor- 
 parts of China, on some portion of 
 [they had actually i>roceeded to settle 
 Irca. Kaou-tsoo attacked them with 
 iplrlt, and In many severe engage- 
 made such slaughter among them as 
 
 to impress them with a salutary fear of 
 pushing their encroachments farther. 
 
 Looking with a politic and prescient eyo 
 at tho state of other nations, Kaou-tsoo 
 was extremely anxious about that singular 
 and ferocious people tho Turks, who about 
 tho commencement of his reign began to be 
 very troublesome to Asia. 
 
 Dwelling between the Caspian sen and 
 tho river Hypanls, tho Turks were a hardy 
 people, living chlotly upon tho spoils of tbo 
 chace. Thus prepared by their way of llfo 
 for the hardships of war, and having their 
 cupidity excited by the rich booty of ca- 
 ravans, this people could not fail to be 
 otherwise tlian terrible when, under a bravo 
 and politic leader, they wont forth to tho 
 conquest of nations instead of tlin plllago 
 of a caravan, and appeared as a great mul- 
 titude instead of a mere isolated handfull 
 of robbers. To China they were especi- 
 ally hateful and mischievous; ti,r they 
 were perpetually at war with the Persians, 
 with whom, just at that time, far the most 
 valuable portion of Chinese coninicrco was 
 carried on. Tho Persians fell before tho 
 Turkish power, and that restless power 
 endeavoured to push Its conquests Into 
 China. It might probably have effected 
 this had a different man ruled tho empire ; 
 Imt tho emperor not merely repulsed them 
 from his own territory, but chastised tho 
 disaffected Thlbctlans who had aided them 
 and rushed forward Into China, whence he 
 expelled the Turks. 
 
 After a victorious and active reign of 
 twenty-two years and a few months, this 
 bravo and politic emperor died, and was 
 succeeded by Chun-tsung, whoso effemi- 
 nacy was tho more glaringly disgraceful 
 from contrast with the brave and active 
 character of his predecessor. The singlo 
 act for which his historians gave him any 
 credit, is that of having made It necessary 
 for the literati, who by this time exercised 
 pretty nearly as much Influence In both 
 private and public affairs in China as the 
 clergy did in Europe during the middle 
 ages, to sustain a rather severe public exa- 
 inlnation. 
 
 Of the next seventeen monarcbs of China 
 there is literally nothing recorded that is 
 worthy of transcript; nor during their 
 reigns did anything of moment occur to 
 China beyond the civil dissensions, which 
 wore frequent, and, indeed, inevitable in a 
 country where effeminate princes commit- 
 ted their power to Intriguing eunuchs, who 
 scarcely ever failed to prevent a resumption 
 of it, by the dagger, or the poisoned cup. 
 
 Chwang-tsung, son of a brave and skil- 
 ful general, founded the How Tang dynasty, 
 .and, at least at the outset of his reign, was 
 a bright contrast to his predecessors. He 
 had from mere boyhood shared the perils 
 and hardships of Ills father, whom he had 
 accompanied In many of his expeditions. 
 At the commencement of his reign he gave 
 every promise of being the greatest mo- 
 narch China ever saw. In his apparel and 
 diet he emulated the frugality of the mean- 
 est peasant and the plainest of his troopa. 
 Lest he should indulge in more sleep than 
 nature actually required, he was accustomed 
 
802 
 
 C^r Ct'fAriuvy o( V)iiltarv, ^r. 
 
 to liuvii no (itlivr boil than tlio luiro gruuiul, 
 nnil.aH KthlgluxiirloUB way of lying iiiIkIiI 
 ii'iiil lilni to wriBtu III Hlcop any cf tliiit pre- 
 <'loii« tlinu of wlilrli lio wiim a nioiit rluld l'i'o- 
 iioniUt, ho hnd, It Ih biiUI, nlull go fugtencd 
 to hill iirrxon, timt It, rniiK on IiIh uIIimii|i(1iik 
 lo turn round, ho loudly ah to iiwakcn lilni, 
 andnftor It (lldHO liu Ininiudliiti'ly roHi', to 
 rciioHo iionioro until hlo usuul hour on the 
 I'liHuliiK niKht, KxtriMiioa iiro |)rovc'rl>lnlly 
 HDld to meet ; hut cortalnly ono would never 
 havn Ruxpcrted that 8o Spartan a youth 
 would havo heralded a manhood of exceed- 
 ing luxury, and even '.ieentlouHiieHH. Uut 
 HO It was ; hlH companlona were ainontr Ihu 
 moHt dehauehed wanMallori lu hla uiniilre, 
 and he einnlated their conduct. Yet IIioukIi 
 he deiuirted from (he, perliapg, too riKid 
 Hcverliy of hlHinaniierM, ho wan, to the last, 
 R lirnvc and active man, and was Hiain at tho 
 hPiid of hlH troopo In a hattio foiiKht In ti'JO, 
 having. 111 Rpitu of aoino prmonal dofecti) 
 of chararter already noted, h«on on tliu 
 whole one of the mont roapectablo of all the 
 native Chlncao einperora. 
 
 Tho next emperor was MIng-tsung, wlio 
 reigned for only aeven year*. But It his 
 reign was short. It was both active and he- 
 nellccnt; and If thcro are many greater 
 names In tho Imperial annals, there Is not 
 one more belovcu. Ills i)eople looked upon 
 him as a parent, and his wholo reign seems, 
 III fact, to havo been tho expression iiiid 
 achievement of a truly kind and paliriml 
 feeling. lie died In OXI, with a character 
 which greater monarcha might envy. 
 
 MIn-to succeeded to tho throno In 033. 
 He only reigned ono year ; but In that very 
 brief space of timclio contrived t.. d<jservo. 
 If not to obtain, tho oxccratio, of thu 
 Chineao women, not oiJy of his ..wii timo 
 but up to tho present liour. Ho It was v/no 
 established tho truly barbarcua |)rnctlcn of 
 connnlngthc feet of femulu children of tho 
 higher classes In such a manner that tho 
 toca are bent completely under tho soica of 
 tho feet, which are, it la true, rendered very 
 diminutive In appearance by thia abomin- 
 able method, hut aru at tho same tlino ren- 
 dered almost useless. Tho loitering and awk- 
 ward gait of tho women would bo sufflclent 
 to make this practice deserving of all abhor- 
 rence aa a matter of tasto merely, but when 
 we consider thoozqulsito torture which tho 
 unhappy crcaturoa must have suffered In 
 girlhood, it la really wonderful that auch a 
 practice can so long havo exlatcd in any 
 nation poasesalng eveu tho first rudiineuta 
 of clvillaation. 
 
 MIn-to died In 034, in tho first year of his 
 reign, and was succeeded by Fei Tel, who 
 paid tho fearful price of fratricide for tlie 
 throne. Ho poasoaacd, it would aeein, a 
 great share of merely animal courage, and 
 like tho generality of persona w)i« do so, he 
 was distinguished for his exceeding bar- 
 barity. Even the Chinese, accuatomcd as 
 they were to deapotisin in all its varletiea 
 of migfule, could not endure theexceaa and 
 waDtonnesB of his cruelty. A formidable 
 revolt broke out ; and finding himself hard 
 pressed by his enemies, and abandoned at 
 every moment by his troopa, he collected 
 the whole of bis family together, and, like 
 
 another Hardanapaliia, set llm to hUi,^ 
 - his wealth, his family, unU hiiiiJit'if y 
 coiiHumvd 111 tho llamcH. * 
 
 Kiiou-tae now aucendod tho llirunc b 
 the lli'st of tho Uow-tsin dynnnly. I'lgj 
 more tho nominal than thu iciil njonu 
 Ills iiiliilHtcr, Kiing-taleu, UHiii'iiliigDigj 
 Mian Imperial power. The luliiUtcr.lnli] 
 la In every way inoro worthy of la^Q 
 th.'ui tlic mouarcli, for acconlliiK iq j 
 inoMt credible accounts Ihu liiventjoiil 
 printing from blocks was u hoon cimlern 
 by him upon China In the year u;i7. 
 Ilotli this reign and tliatot(!liiili-ii'n,«ii| 
 closed thia short-llveil dyiuiKly, whk, 
 pled 111 perpetual battling with tliiinity 
 Tartars, who for ugoa aeeiii toiiavuk 
 nil inatinctivo certainty of liavliiK.nigi 
 or later, tho rule of China as ihu ren, 
 of their determined and perlliiucioi'jj 
 roads. ] 
 
 In OOO. Kungte, a child of only eliJ 
 of ago, neiiitf upon tho throne, ilie|i« 
 ai-08>>a)«i demnndodhls abdlcution. oii 
 ternalii iJ eunuch nilsgoveninu'iitilirjj 
 talnly hnd for centuries past liail nlniiij 
 and very L.id expurieiice. How f.irtlicS 
 ceasxul aspirant to tho throne was ((jiirti] 
 In ro'iijlng their feara Into activity i 
 fervour docs not appear; but it isctrti 
 that the revolt against the liifiiiii im;^ 
 and the election of Chaou-qnaiiK ylu ui 
 Bucrcsaor, were events In wliicli tho pe 
 showed great unanimity of It.'cllng. 
 founder of tho Sung dynaaty did iiutii 
 mcncc his reign under tho most i>roiiiiii 
 clrcumataiicua ; for on tho cercii.onlaioii 
 acceptance of the throno, he actiullya 
 ed It in a titato of intoxication. 
 
 Nevertheless, this prince, who onliliJ 
 vathm to tho throno took the nainoolM 
 tsoo.was in reality one of the Ik m oil 
 Ghliieae monarcha, both aaa warrlnri 
 adomostic ruler. The Iinbccliityorli 
 of some 01 his predecessoi's, unci tliel 
 nlcioua liahit Into which others fell olJ 
 Ing tho actual administration of nflaliil 
 thu liands of eunuchs and other cuiif 
 favourites, had caused the court cxpL 
 as well aa tlie court rctlnuo to he iiij 
 to a shameful extent. Tho iiowiim 
 iniinedlaleiy after lila iicceeHlon, oiiiieil 
 must rigid enquiry to bo made intd tlxl 
 peuBOS of the slate ; and every iii'ek'.<8(( 
 was abolished, and every unfair cli| 
 sternly and promptly disallowed. In J 
 ing thia great and Important roforul 
 emperor deri/ed no amail advautagelf 
 having formerly been a private ixm 
 in that capacity he no doubt wouldj 
 the opportunity to note many abusciiT 
 could never be diacovorcd bytlieeBii 
 or any of tho imperial princes, fliil 
 gality aeema to bavo been as hnpartiill 
 was wise ; for though he raised his &i 
 for four generations, to tho ranltoll 
 perlal princes, lie at the same Wine luf 
 upon tholr being content with tli(| 
 moderate revenue that wasatallcoDiii 
 with their rauk. 
 
 Though the election of tho new eq 
 was nearly as unanimous as surhan^ 
 can reasonably bo expected to be, 111 
 not bo understood that hia cicvatloil 
 
^r. 
 
 C^r W^tarv at Cbtttn. 
 
 80M 
 
 imiliy, utiU liliiiMcit bd 
 iktnuH, I 
 
 ii-eiulodUiolliiuucM 
 )W-tiilit ilyiiiiHty. lief 
 I ilmii tliu iTiil iiKiiivii 
 iK-laWni, UHiiri'tiiKaioJ 
 or. 'riuMuliiUlcr.lnljl 
 iiioru wurltiy <>( tmm 
 h, fi)r arcDiilliiu t(i J 
 xouiitH llio Invi'iitloa] 
 )ck8 was u liooii coiifcn^ 
 III III llio your u;i7. 
 .n(ltliatot(!liiiU-U'n,«lii 
 ■\i\vi\ (lyiwiMly, wi:rii,fi 
 Imllltiilf vvlUi iliDri'd 
 r auua nww to Imvob 
 ^rtiiTiity ot liiivliiK.iiKji 
 u ot Clilnii iiH lliu tc* 
 luvd and inTllimciui'iil 
 
 0, a cUHtlof onlyBliji 
 iioii llio tliroiii', ilii'i« 
 ilodliUiilxllculiiiii, Oil 
 ;hiiiUB'>vi'ninii'Ulllu'ii 
 MiturlcH piiHt. Ii;ul iikiij 
 porloni-e. How fiirilioi 
 lotlioUiroiiowiwcdiifii 
 Ir feiira Into ucllvliy 
 )t appear; but it ism 
 igiiliiBt l\w Intiiiit (HiK. 
 
 I ot Uha()U-<l"iu>K>l" ul 
 events In wlilcli llio p 
 
 unanimity of IiM\liii(!. 
 HuiiK dynasty did Mi 
 
 II under tlio most inoiiiW 
 iforonthocen-'iniiiUliJ 
 10 throno, ln) ncliuUj -"' 
 of Intoxication. 
 , tills prlnco, who on lilii 
 irono took ttio nameoITi 
 allty one of tlio lust ol 
 clis.l'otli as a warrior-' 
 
 . Tliolnibccllity'irlu 
 
 nrcdeccsBors, aiiJ thj 
 
 ,to which othors fell nlL 
 
 administration <>£ nflnliy 
 
 uuiiuchs and oIIrt wr^ 
 
 caused the court eii 
 ourt rctlnuo to lie mi 
 t'xtent. Tho ncweiiiM 
 ter his accession, aii!t< 
 ulry to 1)0 niiido Into ibil 
 itaio ; and every usuter 
 il, and every unfair d 
 jniptly disallowed, hi 
 
 and Important rcionM 
 cd no small advantage r 
 ■ly been n private \wm 
 ty ho no doubt wouldl 
 i,y to note many abuscji 
 discovered by the enii 
 ) Imperial princes. Hii| 
 
 bavo been as linrartiill 
 though he raised liUM. 
 iratlons. to the ranHj 
 
 u he at the same Wmolw 
 elng content with tliei 
 inue that was at all com* 
 
 ik. 
 
 1 election of tho new ei 
 unanimous as such aa 
 
 ly be expected to dc,11 
 Stood that his elevation 
 
 Uhno npposiiloii, oven of an armed cha- 
 uwr. en tlio contrary, the Independent 
 riuct'i of Han and tliu uxtremu northern 
 K)pl«of tho empire ruse In armi tuuppusu 
 
 fwhonwo bear la mind tlin litiigand In- 
 
 UiUtfiil'li) endeavours of lliu Tartars to oh- 
 
 UiiitfoDtlnK In llio liiU'rIiirot llieCliineHO 
 
 kpiilri', and couplu that fact wllli tliiit of 
 
 Iclr now leaguing with tho Clilneso re- 
 
 kltcn ugaliiit tlin new vniiieror, wu shall 
 
 (i liu very preMUiuptuouu If woallinn llial 
 
 Liiipobltloii to him was In tiwl, llioiiuh 
 
 bt III Hiiiiearunco and name, far mmo fo- 
 
 [iKii thiiii native. 'I'lie emperor niado lin- 
 
 '1180 levies of men lliroiiKliout the pni- 
 
 i(f» that were falllifiil In liliii, ami 
 
 Irdicil 'iKnIiist his eneiiileH. Tlio Hiilmi;- 
 
 eiit coiilllcls wero dreadful; and llio 
 
 K^pgot lliu princu of llaii, well knowliiK 
 
 It they had Utllu mercy to hopo for If 
 
 icn iirisiinuri, fought with tlio fury 
 
 i ulwtliiacy of despair, and lliey were 
 
 1) tccunUed by tho Tartars. TliotisaiiilH 
 
 Jill ench cnKageinont; and though Hid 
 
 ipcrurwas a warrior, and a brave one, ho 
 
 [liild to have ofleii subHeituenlly hIiiiI 
 
 jrat tho mere ronieiiibraneo of tliu blood- 
 
 {tl ho witnessed during this War. Tlio 
 
 jrwliclining levies of Hie emperor, and, 
 
 fliaiw, that 'lower of strengtli'— tho 
 
 111 iiiiino— wlileli the adverse faction 
 
 itcd, iimdo hlin, but not till after n 
 
 iiorato struggle, completely successful. 
 
 faviuK put down thlsopposlllon,he next 
 
 ccuded iiijalnst tho prince of ly'lioo,wliiini 
 
 iplurod and deprived of his dominions. 
 
 jngtlio millioiiB of souls whom ho lliiis 
 
 (d to bis subjeola was an extremely 
 
 jcrous and well-appointed army. This 
 
 forthwith Incorporated with his own, 
 
 thus strengthened in force, marched 
 
 list Kyang Nan and southern Han. 
 
 ;re Hgulii ho was completely successful, 
 
 lio now turned his attention to thu 
 
 Itlncmviit of the Mongols of Leaon-tiing, 
 
 had jollied tho prince of linn In tliu 
 
 icrwar; uuttholssueof this expedition 
 
 [itill uncertain when thu oniper<>r illed. 
 
 |uugh engaged in war from the begln- 
 
 tu the very end of his reign, tills em- 
 
 r was extremely attentive to the Int(!r- 
 
 Itato ot his empire, and moree.spiH-ialiy 
 
 particular which previously had been 
 
 too much neglected— the Impartial 
 
 jniatration of justice. When ho was 
 
 ictually In tho tleld he was nt all times 
 
 lible ; to the humblest as to tho high- 
 
 10 gates of the imperial palace were 
 
 ^8 open, and in giving his decision ho 
 
 r no distinction between the mandarin 
 
 fhe poor labourer. Tliis conduct In his 
 
 try and civil affairs procured liim tho 
 
 ible character of being * tho terror of 
 
 leniles and the delight ot Ills subjects.' 
 
 e actively engaged in the prosecution 
 
 le war against tho Mongols, lie was 
 
 tl with an illnesa whicli terminated his 
 
 ble life, in the year 076. 
 
 Vttung, son of tho last-mcnt'oncd mo- 
 
 I, ascended the tlirouo at tlie deatli of 
 
 fther, whoso warlike measures ho pro- 
 
 1 to carry out, and whoso warlike clia- 
 
 andabllilicsho to a very great extent 
 
 Inherited. During his entire reign lio was 
 engaged In war ; now with thu MungolH, at 
 that lime thu most threatening of all the 
 enuinlea of lliu emiiire, and now with thia 
 or tliut ri^rruciory nnllvu princi'. It Is 
 strange Hint In nil tiie ages In which so 
 niucli bioodslKid and nilHery had bceti 
 cauncd by wars between the prlncfHaiitl thu 
 eiiiperors, the latter iii.'ver thought, so far 
 as wu can nurcelvo from lliu account now 
 extant of their prociM'iiiiiKs, of lliu obvloua 
 and enielent jiollcy of coiicentruUng their 
 forces ujion tliu poslllons of Iniliviiiual 
 princes, and on every (icclslvu ailvuniHgo 
 over an Individual prince thus iinfavoiir- 
 ably Kituated for reslsliince, dumandlng 
 such u conlribution as would effectually 
 linpoverlsh lilni; nt tliu same ilniudeinanu- 
 Ing as hostages from liliii, not only some ot 
 Hie more liniiortant of Ills own family, but 
 of all thu other great families connecled 
 Willi hini, These incaHiires, severe as tliuy 
 uiidoiibt<!dly would have be(^n upon Individ'- 
 iials, woiiia have hvv.n merciful Indeed at 
 regai'ilM the great mass of liotli the contend- 
 ing parties; moreover. Hie hostages might 
 have beuii so employed anil so treated at 
 the Imiicrlal court as greatly to reduce tho 
 Individual hnrdsliip. After twenty-one 
 years of almost perpetual warfare, with 
 many successes and comparatively few 
 defeats, Tae-tsung died in 0U7, leaving 
 behind him a character only loss honour- 
 alilu than that of liis predecessor, Inasmuch 
 as lio paid far less constant and niliiuto 
 attention to tho internal order rif tho empire 
 and the individual welfare of ills subjects. 
 
 Chiii-tsung now succeeded to the omiiire, 
 a prince whoso character and conduct 
 strangely contrasted with thosu of lils two 
 immediate predecessors. Tho bonzes or 
 priests wero tho only persons who liad 
 reason to like lilm; and even their liking, 
 excited though it was by personal advan- 
 tage, must liavo been mixed with no slight 
 feeling of contempt. There was no talo 
 that tliMy could tell him which was too ex- 
 travagant for ills Iniplicit belief ; no coiii- 
 muna too absurd for his niKiualilled obe- 
 dience. Kvery morning the imperial xany 
 was busy In relating his overnight dreams, 
 and it need Hcarccly bo said that the bonzes 
 look especial caru so to interpret those 
 dreams as to lend to conllrm tho weak- 
 minded and hypochondriac monarch in his 
 fatuous course, and to make that course as 
 proHtablo as possiblo to themselves indi- 
 vidually, and as favourable aa possible to 
 their order nt large. 
 
 Tho bonzes were not the only persona 
 who profiled by this emperor's fatuity : the 
 warlike, indefatigable, and slirewd Tartars 
 speedily perceived tho difference betwixt 
 an empcri/r who divided his time between 
 dreaming and listening to tho interpreta- 
 tions of lilsdrcams— leaving theempireand 
 its vast complicated interests to the care, or 
 carelessness, of eunuchs and tlmeservers— 
 and the warlike and clear-headed emperor 
 with whom they had to deal during the two 
 preceding reigna. They poured in upon 
 tho empire with a fury proportioned to 
 tlie ineffective resistance they anticipate^ 
 and their shrewd conjectures were Rinplv 
 
 m 
 
864 
 
 ^t QTrrniturtf or l^iittartf, 8(t. 
 
 jniitlfled by the event. UoiilntRnfe, Indeed, 
 wan mado to tliom on tliu frontiers; but 
 Initend of their boluK driven beyond the 
 frontiers with n nioHfiaffo of mourning to 
 thousands of Tartnr fiimlllcs, tlieir absence 
 waa purchased. Orent Ktoresof both money 
 and silk were paid to tliem by order of the 
 Chinese court, wliloli, like the Romans when 
 Rome had become utterly degenerate, wns 
 fnin to purchase the pence It dared not or 
 com 1 not battle for. 
 
 Yl i9-tiung,Hliln-tRunfr,andnwny-tHnng, 
 the three Immediate succesHorsof the wenk 
 prince of whose roign we have juHt Hixiken, 
 followed his Impolitic and shameful policy 
 of pnrchattHg peace. Wo cniphHtlrnlly say 
 ttnpoHtie, because common feonso tells us 
 that to yield tribute once. Is to encournge 
 the demand of It In future. And so It 
 proved In this rnBo. The tribute once de- 
 cured, the hardy and uiirrtucli)lcd Tartars 
 again returned to the clinrge, to bo agnt.i 
 bought, off, and to derive, of course, .enewed 
 assurance of booty wliPUHoover they should 
 again think proper to npply for It. 
 
 Hwuy-tsung, the third of the cmpcrorff 
 named .ibove, having a dire perception of 
 the error committed by himself and his 
 tiiree immediate predeccssorH, determined 
 to aJopt a now course, and, Instead of 
 bribing the 'barbarians' who so cruelly 
 annoyed him, to hire other barbarians to 
 expel them, thus adding to the folly of buy- 
 ing peace the still farther folly of giving the 
 clearest possible Insight Into the actuiil 
 weakncHH of Ills condition, to those who, 
 being his allies as long as they received his 
 wages, would Infallllily become liU enemies 
 the Instant be ceased to hire them. 
 
 This prince engaged the warlike tribe of 
 Neuche Tartars In the defence of Ills ter- 
 ritory. They ably and faithfully performed 
 what they had engaged : but when they had 
 driven out tl"^ Nlen-clieng Tartars the; 
 flatly refused to quit the territory, and made 
 a taostllo descent upon the provinces of Po- 
 chelt and SlinnsI, which tlicy took posses- 
 sion of. At the same time the Mongols 
 were pouring furiously down upon the pro- 
 vinces of Shau-tong and Honaii ; and the 
 terrified and utterly unwarllkeeinperorsaw 
 no other means of saving his dominions 
 than by coming to liiiinedlatc terms with 
 Ills late allies and present foes— the victo- 
 rious and imperious Nint-cho Tartars. lie 
 accordingly went to their camp, attended 
 by a splendid retinue of liischlef ofllcers, to 
 negotiate not only for a peace, but also for 
 their active and prompt aid against the 
 Mongols. But the emperor h.id so long 
 left the affairs of the empire In tlic hands 
 of Intriguers and venal sycophants, that he 
 w(is not HufHelently acquainted with his ac- 
 tual position to take even ordinary precau- 
 tions ; bo was lltorully sold by his minis- 
 ters into the hands of his enemies ; and on 
 reaching the Tartar c,aiup,he found that ho 
 was no longer a powerful prince treating 
 for peace and alliance with an inferior 
 I>eople, but a powerless prisoner of war, In 
 the hands of his enemies, and abandoned 
 by his friends. And abandoned he indeed 
 was, by all save his son. That spirited 
 prince, faithful to his fallen father, and in- 
 
 dignant at the treachery that li.iii i 
 
 Sractlsed against hlni, put the iiilnltti>i^ 
 eath, and gathered an Immuiiw (,, 
 against the MongoU, who. In tlie nm 
 time, had been making the niontraiiij^ 
 terrlole advances, llnplno and Are hkkJ 
 tln'ir path whithersoever they wftit. 
 emperor's gallant and falthfiil mm i 
 admirable but useless efforts to nrprrL 
 them. Leaving devastation and iniaeri] 
 their rear, they rnnldiy drew miir the , 
 pital, laid siege to the Imperial imlnrrii*. 
 butchered thousands of the iiiiiaiiiunj 
 including some of the Imperial fniiiliy » 
 sent the rest into captivity. 
 
 CHAPTKll IV. 
 
 Kaoutsun'o II. at this pcrind rciirj 
 over the southern provinces. Wiim ( 
 barbarians overran the northern p:\ril 
 the empire ho made bold and nlile luiemj 
 at beating them off from his dominiJ 
 but they were fartoo warlikcandiiuiiKrJ 
 for his limited res(nirces. To the nortliJ 
 provinces and to the captive oniperrirl 
 wasuiwilile to ".fford any asslstiuiruiiffJ 
 of nriiis, nor could his humblest nmligJ 
 templing offers to the savaee (iiin imiil 
 them to llbornto a prisoner or ovacnn 
 rood of land. All that ho was abietjii 
 from thorn was permission to rctaiiil 
 own rule in peace, on iiaylngiui nniiuill 
 bute and acknowledging his suliJiTtlng.] 
 
 During two snrceeding reigns tlicchiJ 
 enjoyed the blessings of peace ; limnit] 
 prudcnco of NIng-tsung, untnui^ht IiH 
 perlenre of the danger of calling In ^ 
 rian aid, brought Into China a \m I 
 of Mongols— the f ^rcest and grcodk.tti 
 among the barbaious Tartar trilmi. 
 
 In 1194 the celebrated Uenghia KlmJ 
 at the head of the Mongol Tartar/), All 
 outset of this warrior's career liiiiiidipM 
 volted from lilm, excepting only aurff 
 families, on the ground of his liilntr,);] 
 death of his father, too youiix to r 
 numerous and extremely warlike 
 nut the youth displayed so niucii taleml 
 courage, and his earliest essays anf 
 rior were so entirely and strikingly suii^ 
 ful, that the tide of opinion Kperijiij tm 
 in his favour ; and an old and venet 
 Mongol chief having. In a public :is<( 
 of tho people, proiiheslcd that tlie yd 
 then known by his family name ofTend 
 would, if supiiorted as he deserved lol 
 prove to be tlie greatest of their klii 
 Uenghis Khan (the Mongol worcU furji 
 est king) was immediately madethcroi 
 name by acclamation, and the hM\ 
 barbarous and vacillating people nan 
 niimsiy submitted to him now, asfon 
 they had seceded from him. 
 
 It was to this chief, who had ali^ 
 made his name a name of terror farlj. 
 the banks of tho Sellnga, the iiatireii 
 of-his fierce race, that Niiig-tsuiiK,ilirl 
 emperor, apiilied for aid to drivo »utJ 
 Tartars, by whom, as well as by iiatlrti 
 contents, the nation was very 
 pressed at that period. 
 
 Genghis Khan, already Inum'i loj 
 quest and thirsting for extended doni 
 
€})t ViUtortf o( Cfiinn, 
 
 85S 
 
 It this perliul roljij 
 
 provliicea. Wlum 
 
 1 tlio nortliern rwi 
 
 l>nl(I and nblu lUtcmi 
 iff from hU (lomlnlfl 
 ;oo warlike and iiumei 
 DurcoB. To the nont 
 
 the captive cnipewr 
 rdftiiynsBlHfimi'oliyf. 
 a hl»huin1)ksimi(lii 
 I) the gavnKf foi'slnili 
 a prisoner ur tvacui 
 
 1 that he was able tu, 
 permission to retain 
 , on paying an aniimi 
 edging hiB subjirtlnn. 
 ceedlng reigns tlii'Ciiii 
 Inpsof peace; inittlK 
 ?-t8\ing, untaught hj 
 anger of calllntj In tai 
 t Into China a v.vt lit 
 
 Tccstandgrocilli^u 
 .ouB Tartar trll)o». 
 ibratcd tJenglils KIim 
 3 Mongol Tartars, At 
 rrlor'u career his !*# 
 excepting only a vin( 
 rround of his hi'lnff.si 
 ,hcr, too yr.uiitf to - 
 xtromcly warlike . 
 iplaycd so nuicli talent 
 earliest essays as v 
 rely and strikingly 811 
 of opinion ^pccailyti 
 md an old ami ven 
 vlng, In a public as) 
 iropheslcd that tlie y 
 Is family name ol Ten 
 ted as he deserveil to 
 greatest of tlielrtl 
 he Mongol words fur 
 mediately made they 
 nation, and the Mi 
 'aclUatlngpeoi'leasiii 
 edtohlni now, as tor 
 1 from him. 
 |8 chief, who had all 
 I name of terror far b- 
 Sellnga, the native 
 j.thatNlng-tsnng.tlit 
 a for aid to drive null 
 m, as well as by natlw 
 latlon was very 8oreli| 
 period. . . . 
 in, already Inurcii to 
 ,lng for extended dor 
 
 Ifucily compiled with the ImpolltIo rc<ine«t 
 lof Nlng-tK""«f- During the reign of that 
 linoiiucli, and of Li-HniKf, by whom ho was, 
 lulili death in 122:>, Kiitrceded, Iho Mongols 
 Mwd from trlinnpli o triumph, the nn- 
 IkumTiuitlTeB Buffer! I If nolesNfroni thohar- 
 rlaniwho werehli I I to defend thorn than 
 iin the other barbarians who avowedly en- 
 red the empire for purimseB of rapine and 
 jiMdthcd. Le-t«ung, a prIncowhoK' natu- 
 il Indolence was Incroased by his hui "rati- 
 lout attachment to the most suporstliinus 
 irlcati in his empire, was a voluntary prl- 
 iiiicrin bis palace, while the Mongols w<m-o 
 [flying from one province to another not 
 gercly the Intrtiding foe and foreigner, hut 
 jio tlio rightful and already suffering liilia- 
 iliant.TheatrocltiPB committed in what the 
 ;ong(ilR seemed to bo bent upon making 
 itctual war of extermination were dicad- 
 .1 ; the most authentic accounts, and those 
 iilcli «ecm most entirely free from cxag- 
 ratlun, speak of the slaughter among the 
 .ifortiinate people as amounting to some 
 liindreds of thousands, 
 (ienghls Khan dying, was succeeded by 
 grandson named Kubini ; and T<c-tsung 
 Ito dying, was succeeded by Too-tsung. 
 ill last-named prince was as debauched 
 bia prodecesBor had been superstitimm ; 
 d, wholly taken up with the gratlllcatiou 
 his shameful sensuality, ho saw, almost 
 iltliotit a care or struggle, the Mongols 
 iderKublal proceeding with their ravages, 
 id Kiiblal at length become master of the 
 irtliern provinces. 
 
 TliiiB far successful. It was not likely that 
 
 ic cDiiquering c!\iof should forbear from 
 
 jniliig his attention to the southern pro- 
 
 iiicos, which, as we learn from Marco Polo, 
 
 tre considered by far the most wealthy 
 
 jd aplendid of the kingdoms of the Kast. 
 
 Tiio very wealth of the Houthtvn empire, 
 
 ditsciiniparatlvoly long exempilon from 
 
 r.rcnderc'd It pretty certain that it would 
 
 lilybeovorrun by him who had conquered 
 
 !« hardier and more experienced warriors 
 
 the north. Province after i rovlnce and 
 
 y alter city was taken, with jut the expo- 
 
 nco on the part of the Mongols of nny- 
 
 Ing even approaching to a sovero check, 
 
 my of the most powerful nobles, who 
 
 jrc the most bound in honour and duty to 
 
 fve defended the couutry,rctually joining 
 
 enemy. 
 
 fith rapid and sure steps the enemy at 
 gth approached the city of Kinsal, the 
 iltal and royal residence, and wealthy to 
 extent not easily to be described. Tlio 
 in einncror. Kung-tsung, seems to have 
 paired of successful defence against a 
 BO lung and to such an extent victorious, 
 i to have supposed that his empress could 
 ire successfully appeal to a victor's mercy 
 III he could to the fortune of war. lie 
 lordlngly got together all the treasure 
 i could bo at all conveniently embarked 
 board bis fleet, gave the command of It 
 ills mr.st experienced naval commander, 
 ' put out to sea. 
 strange circumstance Is related of the 
 je ot this city, a circumstance, to say the 
 ith, which has so strong a family like- 
 to Incldcntg that are given to other 
 
 Sartles, both by authentic history and by 
 ctions, that wo give It with but little be- 
 lief in its truth, and only rnlato It, lest la 
 omitting so striking an Incident, which U 
 given by some very grave writers, we should 
 lay ourselves open to the charge of carel«>MS- 
 nesB In ovorlooking, or preiumption In re- 
 jecting It. 
 
 The fact of the defence of Kinsal being 
 committed to a beautiful woman, did not 
 prevent Kublal from ordering his generals 
 to usetho utmost exertloiiB In bringing the 
 siege to a speedy conclusion. Huch orders 
 ensured an activity which reduced the em- 
 press and her garrison to tlio most alarming 
 distresses ; but the empreas consoled her- 
 self under every now disaster by a prophecy 
 which had been made by a court astrologer 
 —a kind of cheat very popular with mostof 
 the Chinese inonarchs ot that time— that 
 Kinsal could only bo taken by a general 
 having a hundred eyes. As such aBpoclmcn 
 of natural history was by no means likely 
 to appear, the empress allowed nothing to 
 daunt her, until on rniiulring the name 
 of a general whom Kublal had entrusted to 
 make a new and vigorous assault on the 
 city, she was told that it was Chin $a.: ba yan 
 These words— wlilch mean the hunUred-eDeil 
 —seemed In such ominous agreement with 
 the ro(iulroment of the prophecy, that the 
 empress allowed her hitherto high couragn 
 tu give place to a superstitious horror, and 
 she Immediately surrendered the city, on 
 receiving from Kublal assurance, which ho 
 very honourably fuinilcd, of treatment and 
 an allowance in conformity with her rank. 
 8a-yan-fu. which was a far stronger city 
 thanthecapltal,andngalnst which no super- 
 stitious intlucnce was brought, held bravely 
 out against the utmost efforts of the Mon- 
 gols for upwards of three years. Marco Polo 
 and his brother Mlcolo, the Kalian travel- 
 lers and traders, anxious to Ingratiate them- 
 selves wfth the formidable and prosperous 
 Kublal, supplied him with besieging en- 
 gines which threw stone balls of the trc« 
 nicndous weight of 120 pounds. Such mis- 
 siles soon made prarttcablo breaches In the 
 hitherto impregnaolo walls. The town was 
 stormed, and Kulilai, enraged at Its long 
 and obstinate rosistiince, gave It up to tho 
 mercy of his troops. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Tub fugitive emperor found. In some dis- 
 tant and strongly fortlAed islets, a shelter 
 for his treasure, but not that s.ifety for 
 hlniaelf which ho had sought with so nnich 
 sacritlco of dignity and cliaractcr. He had 
 not long been at his post of ignoble se- 
 curity when ho was seized with an Illness 
 which speedily terminated his life. Tho 
 empress, who seems to have been alto- 
 gether as brave and adventurous as her 
 husband was timid, strengthened tho fleet 
 at Yae islands, under the command of the 
 emperor's favourite admiral, Low-sewfoo, 
 proclaimed Te-plug, her son, emperor, and 
 repaired with him on board tho fleet. The 
 Mongol fleet, after attacking Canton, hova 
 in sight of the Imperial fleet, when a tre- 
 mendous action commenced and coutluued 
 
 t i 
 
S56 
 
 C{)e €vctiiuv^ al W^tav^, ^c. 
 
 Xor an entire day. Ttao Mongols, though 
 even their loss was dr ^df ul, were vlcto- 
 rloug, and the uhlnese or Imperial fleet 
 was so much shattered that Low-sewfoo 
 found it impossible to get hi" crippled ves- 
 sels through the straits. Dreu'Ung the very 
 worst from the resentment wi>lch Kublai 
 was likely to feel at this new resistance on 
 the part of the empress, that brave but un- 
 fortunate woman committed suicide by 
 Jumping overboard. Her terrible example 
 was followed by several of her principal 
 attendants, iucluding the admiral, who 
 leaped overboard with the young emperor 
 In his arms. So disastrous a day as this 
 could not fall to be decisive ; all the com- 
 paratively small part of the south that had 
 hitherto held out was quickly overrun, 
 and the whole empire was now under a 
 Mongol emperor concentrated into one. 
 Under the title of Shl-tsu, Kublai ascended 
 the imperial throne in 1270, and in so doing 
 laid the foundation of the Yuen dynasty. 
 
 With the greediness and want of judge- 
 ment with which conquerors, in common 
 with more vulgar gamblers, appear to be 
 Incurably afflicted, Shi-tsu having obtained 
 the mighty and vast empire of China, now 
 determined to use Its resources in adding 
 Japan to his already unwieldy possession. 
 But this time he was fated to a fortune 
 very different from that which usually at- 
 tended him. The Japanese, instead of 
 shrinking at the approach of A forc« that 
 from Its previous successes might well have 
 made them pause as to tlie prudence of re- 
 sistance, fortifled their forts in the strong- 
 est manner time would admit. One being 
 at length taken, the resistance of the garri- 
 son was punished by the butchery of every 
 man without exception, eight of the num- 
 ber being beaten to death with clubs. The 
 real reason of this cruel distinction being 
 awarded to the eight unhappy persons was, 
 most likely, that they were distinguished 
 either in their rank or in the zeal and de- 
 termination , of their resistance. But the 
 fondness that exists for the marvelloushas 
 caused this occurrence to be attributed to 
 the somewhat inexplicable mechanical Im- 
 possibility of putting them to death by de- 
 capitation, on account of iron chains which 
 they wore round their necks. 
 
 The brutal cruelty displayed by Shi-tsu or 
 his officers to thegarrison of this single fort, 
 was productive of no advantage to his arms. 
 Before the terror which such barbarity 
 might possibly have carried into the hearts 
 of other garrisons had time to produce 
 weakness or treachery, a tremendous storm 
 arose by which a great portion of the Tartar, 
 or rather the Tartar-Chinese, fleet was 
 wrecked. The extent of injury so alarmed 
 the commanders, that tliey hastened home 
 with the remainder of their ships, abandon- 
 ing many thousand of their followers to the 
 vengeance of the Japanese. 
 
 Bbl-tsu died in 1295; and it was not until 
 hiB grandson, Tching-sung. ascended the 
 throne, and began to imitate the ambitious 
 and warlike conduct of his great predeces- 
 sor, that anything worthy of even casual 
 mention occurred in the history of the sub- 
 Ingated people of China. 
 
 Tchin-sung is better known in EaroM 
 as Tlmoor the Tartar, or Tamerlane, wliou 
 treatment of his opponent Bajazetbubeen 
 mado the subject of so many draniu uh 
 tales. His name of Tlmoor (the iron) sccni 
 to liavc been exactly suited to his energetic 
 untiring, and unsparingnature. Fixlngiin' 
 imperial residence at Samarcand, he ap. 
 pears to have formed the project of canr. 
 Ing on the work of subjugation to tlie ut- 
 most possible extent in all direction! 
 Persia. Georgia, and Delhi speeaily felt 
 and succumbed to his power ; he drove the 
 Indians quite to the Ganges, and uttcrlj 
 destroyed Astracan and other places in 
 that direction. Bajuet, the Ottoman mo 
 narch. seems to us to have had tlio moui 
 just cause imaginable to arrest the countl 
 of a man who was evidently dctcrmlnej 
 upon making Himself, if possible, the solt 
 monarch of the East. But the Ottomauwu' 
 far inferior to the Tartar in that strcDgth 
 which is as important to success as event 
 good cause itself. We are assured thit 
 while Bajazct had only 120,000 men, blij 
 opponent brought 700,000 into the Bel 
 Probably the force of Tamerlane has liei 
 very much exaggerated, though ovenallot. 
 Ing for great exaggeration there can tie m 
 doubt that, in numbers, the army of Baji 
 was greatly exceeded by that of lils up 
 nent. The day on which this trcmmJoi 
 battio was fought was sultry In theextrem 
 yet so obstinate were both parties, that 
 contest continued from the morning u 
 a late hour at night. Tlie comparatlri 
 small army of Bajazet was in the end ci 
 pletely routed, and the unfortunate 
 narch himself taken prisoner. The condi 
 of Tamerlane on this occasion was such 
 would cast disgrace on the most signal 
 rage and talents. Instead of allowing 
 sympathies of a brave man to soften lil 
 towards his alngularly brave thougli iml 
 tunate opponent, he had him put Into 
 iron cage and carried from place to rl 
 with him in all his excursions, cxhiliitl 
 him as one would a wild beast, and at 
 same time displaying on his ovm psit 
 temper far more like that of a wild 
 than a brave and successful warrior. 
 unfortunate Bajazet lived in this moit 
 able condition until the year 1403, whei 
 died, as tradition says, and as was 
 likely, of a broken heart. 
 
 Tamerlane during his various and e: 
 sive expeditions had committed the 
 nal government of his empire to cei 
 princes of his house— his granOaons 
 nephews. Tiielr authority and chai 
 being far less respected and feared tiiai' 
 own, several insurrections had taken ;! 
 and Tamerlane, or Tchin-sung, now 
 ed towards China with the avowed 4 
 mtnation of inflicting severe chastisemi 
 but as ho was advancing with (( 
 marches for that purpose, he was « 
 with an illness which terminated botli 
 enterprises and his life. In 1405. 
 
 After the death of the formidable ' 
 lane his descendants kept up a pei 
 scramble for the empire, in which tW 
 trived the utter ruin of the high chin 
 they owed to him. A series of rcvolui 
 
^e Witavu of €^im. 
 
 857 
 
 ;er known !n Earop» 
 ' or Tamerlane, whoso 
 nncntBajazettaubeeii 
 E BO many dramu m 
 'imoor (the iron) seemi 
 suited to Ills energeilc, 
 ■ingnature. Fixingfte 
 at Samartaud, he ap. 
 »d tlie project ol airrj- 
 ' subjugation to the ut- 
 ent In all direction 
 id Delhi speeaily Idi 
 lis power; he drove the 
 lie Ganges, and uitcrli 
 n and other places li! 
 iwet, the Ottoman in*l 
 i to have had the most 
 Die to arrest the comt 
 8 evidently determined 
 self, if possible, the solel 
 at ButtheOttomaimul 
 ) Tartar In that streugili 
 ;antto Buccessaserai 
 Wo are aasuved tint 
 i only 120,000 men y 
 t 700,000 into tho Bell 
 e ol Tamerlane has icei 
 ^rated, though cven^loi. 
 igeratlon there can km 
 inhers, the army nl Bam' 
 eded by that of his on 
 ,u which this tremendoi 
 ; was sultry intheextt™ 
 were both parties, thattt 
 .d from the morning a 
 ilKht. The comraratlve 
 jMetwaaintheendci 
 and the unfortunate 
 ken prisoner. TheconJi 
 this occasion was sutli 
 aceonthomostBignalcj 
 r Instead of allowing 
 brave man to soften bl 
 rularly brave thouglulIl^ 
 t he had him PUt Into 
 arrled from place to p 
 his excursions, cxWbtl 
 Id a wild beast, and «l 
 'laying on his oato rart 
 •e like that of aw Id *« 
 
 id successful wanlof' 
 azet lived in this most 
 
 S«l the year 1403,;ta 
 
 on says, and as was" 
 
 rlnB hiV various and ert 
 shaVcommlttedtheM 
 
 t of hlB empire to «i« 
 house-Ws ermCmt 
 ir authority and chan 
 •eBPected and feared thai 
 twrectlons had taken pi 
 or Tchin-Bung, nowm 
 inawlth the avowed 4 
 ictlngsevercchastse^ 
 a advancing with ' 
 at purpose, ho was 
 which terminated hottl 
 
 I his life, in 1*05. 
 .thofthoformldaWe 
 
 Sdants kept UP 8 P^ 
 16 empire, in which tW 
 r ruin of the high chw 
 im. ABerlcsofroYOltii 
 
 Intrlguos followed each other duriug tho 
 rule or the strifes of some succeeding em- 
 nerors and pretenders ; and the next event 
 S which we feel It necessary to give any 
 account is an embassy sent from Persia to 
 China In the rclgn of Yuuglo, also called 
 Ching-tsoo. 
 
 The account of this embassy is the more 
 Interesting, because it gives us consider- 
 able Insight into tho manners and stato 
 o{ society in China at that time, and men- 
 tions what Marco Polo does not— tea, to 
 irbleb, more than aught else, China owes 
 its Importance in tho eyes of the modern 
 Inhabitants of Europe. Kven at this early 
 period the Chinese seem to have all the 
 modern jealousy of the entrance of strau- 
 ters Into the so-called ' Celestial Empire.' 
 jeiore the embassy In question was allowed 
 ^n to set foot upon the boundaries of tho 
 impire, an exact list of all persons belong- 
 ig to the embassage was required, In- 
 [ludlng even the very humblest attendants, 
 lad the ambassadors-in-chief were called 
 ipou to swear to tho truth and exactness 
 |{ the list. Chinese jealousy being satisflcd 
 Ills far, the embassage commenced its 
 lilsome journey of one hundred days to- 
 fsrds the capital. It is only fair to add, 
 pwever, that after their flrst suspicion was 
 irmally and ofllclally silenced, there seems 
 I have been a most lll>enil hospitality 
 lown in the way of substantial good faro, 
 ;companled by an unstinted supply of cx- 
 Bllent wines. 
 
 The capital of China, Oambniu, now 
 
 lownfar better by the name of Pekln, is 
 
 olcen of as being even at that time a city 
 
 [great magnitude and opulence. It would 
 
 em not unlikely that tho silly absurdity 
 
 the Chinese, in speaking of such people 
 
 the English, Dutch, and other highly 
 
 riliaed Europeans, under the opprobrious 
 
 me of outside barbarians, is an absurdity 
 
 ilch others beside the Chinese are unfor- 
 
 itely guilty of. The way in which mo- 
 
 iWTlters allow themselves to speak of 
 
 Chinese is in many things to be equally 
 
 irobated. 
 
 the long intercourse with Jesuits, mis- 
 larles, and others specially sent there, 
 larefereuce to their science, judgement 
 aptitude for the dlfllcult business of 
 imunlcatlng, not merely knowledge it- 
 but also the desire for it, could scarcely 
 [eleft the Chinese so much behind the 
 of the world in invention and practice 
 le higher productions, even Imd no pro- 
 been previously made by them. But 
 so early as the 16th century wo hear 
 ich an achievement as the Turning 
 r,otwbich weare about to give a de- 
 Itlon, who will consent to believe that 
 re four centuries later they are the 
 wd and ignorant people they are 
 
 It really wonderful structure, the 
 
 Ing tower, is stated by shrewd and In- 
 
 lent observers to whom we owe our 
 
 'ledge of it, to be worthy of tho visit 
 
 refal examination of every smith and 
 
 iternpon the face of the earth. What, 
 
 :t, are we acquainted with of merely 
 
 conBtruction that can for an instant 
 
 bear comparison with atower fifteen stories 
 high, each story twel\ o cubits high, and 
 the whole edifice twenty cubits in circum- 
 ference ? What can surpass the ingenuity 
 of tho people who could make this large 
 structure, having a total height of 180 
 cubits, which turns round upon a metal axis; 
 and that with little more difficulty than If 
 it were merely a child's toy 1 Assuredly, the 
 people who even in whim could erect such a 
 structure as this at the period of more than 
 four centuries ago, cannot now be the in- 
 capable and unprovided race which many 
 late accounts would represent them. 
 
 The emperor's palace at Pekln is described 
 as being rich and spacious in the extreme. 
 While the ambassadors and their suite were 
 there, it was constantly surrounded by 
 about two thousand musicians, playing and 
 singing anthems to the praise of the em- 
 peror, whoso throne was of solid gold, as- 
 cended by a tlight of nine silver steps. On 
 the emperor ascending this extremely gor- 
 geous throne, the chlefsof the embassy were 
 introduced ; and after a brief and merely 
 formal audience, at which they did not pros- 
 trate themselves In the Chinese fashion, 
 but bowed In that of the Persians, they 
 were reconducted to the apartments pro- 
 vided for them, where a sheep, a goose, and 
 two fowls, with fruit, vegetables, and tea, 
 were daily served out to every six persons. 
 
 The evil deed, whether of man or nation, 
 very rarely proves to be other than an evil 
 seed. The iraprovoked aggression of the 
 Chinese-Tartars nnder Kubiai, was not only 
 productive of great injury to the Chinese 
 fleet at the time, but led to very many sub- 
 sequent losses and calamities. Favourably 
 situated as Japan was for tho maintenance 
 of a fleet, it was a power upon which sucli 
 a piratical attack as that of Kubiai could 
 not be made without incurring serious dan- 
 ger of heavy reprisals. 
 
 Tin-tsung, an extremely well-inclined 
 prince, found the attacks of tho Japanese 
 so frequent and so fearfully Injurious to 
 his people, and to the Imperial fleet, that 
 his earliest care was directed to that sub- 
 ject. The Japanese, an essentially sea- 
 faring people, had, according to tho least 
 exaggerated accounts, from six to seven 
 thousand vessels of various sizes, manned 
 with their most daring and unprincipled 
 people, not a few of them ready for piracy 
 and murder, as a part of their proper trade. 
 Running suddenly into the Chinese ports, 
 tho daring adventurers committed acts not 
 merely of rol)l)ery, but of the most wanton 
 destruction of property and life, firing whole 
 towns and villages, and retiring with im- 
 mense booty. During the eleven years of 
 his reign the emperor Tin-tsung was so 
 spirited and incessant in his opposition to 
 these daring rovers, that he would most 
 probably have permanently rid his country 
 of them, had his life not been so early ter- 
 minated. 
 
 Suen-tsung, who succeeded to the last- 
 named emperor, was but barely allowed to 
 ascend the throne when he was about to 
 be dethroned by some of the grandees of 
 the empire, among whom was his own 
 uncle. Fortunately for the emperor, tali 
 
 t 
 
8fi8 
 
 Cl^e tlLvtKimyi of l^idtory, iet. 
 
 army was more faithful to him than the 
 grrandeeg ; and after a roost obstinate en- 
 gagement between it and the force of the 
 Insurgents, the latter were completely over- 
 thrown. With a far greater lenity than 
 would have been sliown by some monarchs 
 after being so early and so deeply offended, 
 the emperor spared the lives of the ring- 
 leaders, though, as a sheer matter of self- 
 defence, he reduced some of them to tlio 
 ranic of commoners, and confiscated the es- 
 tates of otliers. 
 
 Though the commencement of his reign 
 was thus stormy, ho wns very little dlsturl)- 
 ed by revolts afterwards, to the time of his 
 death In 1436. Ho was succeeded by Ohln- 
 tung, a minor ; the empress-dowager being 
 liis guardian, and the real state authority 
 being divided between her and her chief 
 adviser, the eunuch Wan-chin. This latter 
 personage seems to have had nobler and 
 more spirited notions of government than 
 were commonly displayed by the effeminate 
 and venal court favourites. He not only 
 toolc prompt and active measures for re- 
 pressing the Tartr s, who annoyed tlie 
 Tartar-Chinese with as much impartiality 
 as though they had been still a purely 
 Chinese people and government, but also 
 took the field in person. Both he and the 
 youthful emperorwere talcen prisoners, and 
 matters began to loolc very prosperously for 
 the Tartars, who were not only more expert 
 in the use of the newly Introduced flre-arms, 
 but also invariably used them, which upon 
 certain solemn days the Chinese, from 
 superstitious notions, refused to do. As a 
 matter of course, tlie Tartars always sought 
 every chance of talcing them at so great a 
 disadvantage, and made fearful havoc when- 
 ever they contrived to do so. But the bold 
 spirit which Wan-chin had infused into the 
 councils of the imperial court soon turned 
 tlie scale. The imperial authority was as- 
 sumed by King-tae, wlio, however, subse- 
 quently showed that h3 had assumed sucli 
 authority in the truest spirit of a loyal 
 subject and most honourable man. He 
 advanced against the Tartars, and opposed 
 them with such skill, courage, and tenacity, 
 that he completely defeated them, com- 
 pelled them to restore theyoungCbing-tung 
 to liberty nnransomcd, and then imme- 
 diately descended from a dignity that has 
 so often been obtained by the commission 
 of the most detestable crimes, and placed 
 upon the throne the young sovereign whom 
 his valour and conduct hod already restored 
 to liberty. The remainder of the reign of 
 Cbing-tung, about ten years, was compara- 
 tively peaceful and prosperous. 
 
 The early part of the 10th century pro- 
 duced an event of which even yet tlie con- 
 fiequences are but partially and dimly seen 
 —the appearance of the Portuguese at 
 China. To India they had already made 
 their way by the Cape of Good Hope, and in 
 India they bad an extremely flourishing set- 
 tlement. The governor of the Portuguese 
 In India determined to send a somewhat 
 imposing embassy to China; accordingly, 
 Andrada and Perez, the two ambassadors, 
 ■ailed to Canton, their own vessel being 
 under a convoy of eight large ships, well 
 
 manned and armed. Perez and AndrnJa, 
 with two vessels, were allowed to procert 
 up the river on their embassy. Wliiie ;her I 
 did so the crews and merchants who were I 
 left with the other vessels in the Canton i 
 river, busied themselves in endeavourliigto I 
 trade with thenatives. As usual, wherever I 
 a turbulent body of seamen is conccrncO I 
 the laws of rnewmand tMitwiwercfrequcniirl 
 set at nought, and this one-sided system o(| 
 free-trading so greatly enraged theChliieso I 
 that the little fleet was surrounded by tbe'l 
 Chinese war junks, and only escaped ap-l 
 ture by the opportune occurrence of ase'l 
 vere storm. Perez, though far upthoconnJ 
 try, and personally innocent, was seized h»| 
 the Chinese as the scape-goat of his fellow.l 
 countrymen's offences. He was Lurrielll 
 back to Canton with the utmost ignominf I 
 loaded with irons, and put into a prison'! 
 from which he never again emerged UDiiil 
 death set him free. I 
 
 About this time a state of bloodshed agjl 
 horror existed in China, such ns probabijl 
 were never before equalled, even In tbitl 
 country of distraction, the annals of whlil 
 are so confused by usurpations, intennln;! 
 ling of dynasties, and alterations in tcni.! 
 torial extent and nomenclature, that tbel 
 historian who desires to convey truth J 
 not unfrequently obliged to allow his pesl 
 to pause until the current of the older blif 
 tories becomes less turbid and torreiM 
 like. 7 
 
 On the accession. In 1C27, of Hwae-tsuid 
 the Tartars, who, during the comparative 
 quiet seven years' reign of this emperofi 
 immediate predecessor, had been prepatlnf 
 themselves for war, broke out flerceiyai;/ 
 suddenly. The time was peculiarly favoii 
 able to their anticipated overthrow oltlJ 
 empire, which was overrun by two robw 
 whose armtea were not only more numeroj 
 than that of the emperor, but had alrei 
 so far beaten it as to have obtained p 
 session of some important provinces. CiJ 
 after city had fallen before these lienf 
 rebels, and the Imperial troops wcreins'ia 
 places reduced to such an extremity o(^ 
 mine, that the bodies of executed crimiDi 
 formed a portion of their disgusting fM 
 and human flesh was, without elianieil 
 remark, exposed for sale in the open roaril 
 The imperial general was at lengibi 
 pressed by the rebel troops, that being d 
 once in despair of successful resistance,)/ 
 determined not to surrender, he causedUJ 
 dykes to be cut through which restrabi 
 the river Hoang-ho from inundating 1 
 country in which he was encamped, aiiJI 
 one fell swoop he and the whole otj 
 troops and inhabitants, in all above SOO/j 
 were drowned. 
 
 If the affairs of the empire >vcrede,«iie 
 before, the loss of this force coiiiunuij 
 to complete the ruin. The rebels aiiJ«f 
 bers who had alone been Bofornildab!e,« 
 united with the wily MantchooTartarj,4 
 had so well known how to * bide thelrii 
 The unfortunate emperor, finding thatili 
 was no longer any hope or safety fori 
 even in his own palace, strangled hir 
 The last city that endeavoured ton 
 head against the victorious and ioriiililil 
 
^E^ 
 
 €ht W^toiU of Cljtiia. 
 
 859 
 
 'erez and Aiidradi,! 
 
 allowed to procofj I 
 ibassy. Wlilleihej; 
 [lerchanta who were 
 39el8 In the Cnntonl 
 slnendeavoiirhigtol 
 
 As usual, wherever I 
 'amen Is couccrncoj 
 OTtmwercfrequcmijf 
 I onc-sldcd system oil 
 enraged the Chliieso,! 
 B surrounded by the I 
 id only escaped cap- 1 
 B occurrence of itfe-l 
 ough far up the con* I 
 iiocent, wassekedliil 
 ipe-goat ot his fellovl 
 B8. He was hurrWl 
 the utmost Ignonilnr,! 
 nd put into a rrlsot,! 
 
 again emerged until 
 
 itateof hloodshcanll 
 ilna, such as probabljl 
 'quailed, even In tial 
 in, the annals olwhttl 
 Burpatlons, Intermit!.! 
 nd alterations In tert-l 
 omcnclature, thatihtl 
 •69 to convey truth 111 
 iliaed to allow his pal 
 dirent of the older hi J 
 3 turbid and tonentj 
 
 In 1C27, of Hwae-t3M(, 
 irlng the comparatlvd) 
 reign of this empetofl 
 3gor, had been prerarlit 
 . broke outnercelyii 
 .e was peculiarly favoij 
 Ipated overthrow ottW 
 overrun by two robhe 
 not only more numeioi 
 mperor, but had alref' 
 a to have obtained i. 
 portant provinces. (5 
 len before these llei 
 icrlal troops wereins.;' 
 8uch an extremity ol 
 les of executed crimir 
 of their disgusting li 
 was, without sliame 
 )r sale in the open raaiki 
 neral was at length 
 ?ll troops, that ton? 
 Buccessful resistance 
 .surrender, he caused 
 hrougb which restml 
 ho from Inundatins 
 be was encamped, a«l 
 e and the whole fj 
 tants, in all above M 
 
 the empire .veredcfpeij 
 )I thl9 force COU.U..01J 
 rnln The rebels anJ^ 
 ebeensofoniiidaDle,H 
 llyMantchooTartaM 
 rnhowto'bUletM 
 smperor.nndlngttam 
 y hope or safety J 'J 
 palace, strangled W4 
 at endeavoured t J 
 f victorious and iormw" 
 
 Tartars and robbers was Tae-yuen. The 
 Inhshttants, and a comparative handful of 
 Imperial troops, defended this with a stern 
 o))Stlnacy, which, under a different state of 
 things in the empire at large, would have 
 bc'n very likely to save It ; the Tartars were 
 repulsed again and again, until the very 
 number of their slain enabled them to fill 
 up the ditches and mount. losteac*. of ad- 
 miring the gallantry of their conquei cd op- 
 MuentB, and treating them with mercy, the 
 Tartars savagely put the inhabitants to the 
 efford, and then gave the devoted city to 
 tlic flames. 
 Woo San-quel, an able politician as well 
 )9 a brave general, did not, even now that 
 ttie emperor was slain, and the most pre- 
 rlous parts of the empire in the hands of 
 tlie Tartars or rebels, despair of retrieving 
 laSairs. By a lavish distribution of rich 
 presents he engaged the Mantchoo leaders 
 ko abandon tlie cause uf the rebels, and to 
 join with him against their chief. 
 ' Woo San-quci's policy succeeded in pro- 
 wing blm the alliance cf the Mantchoo 
 Tartars; and, aided by them, he vanquished 
 llieir former allies, the rebels, after a series 
 if achievements on both sides, that equal 
 uiytbing recounted in the wars of the most 
 llstiugulshed generals of ancient times. 
 But a new proof w as now exhibited of the 
 langer of purchased allies, who, like the 
 ilepliants used in Indian warfare, arc liable 
 become as formidable to their friends as 
 theirfoes. The Tartars having put dov/n 
 le rebels, took possession of Pekin (or 
 imbulu), which they expressed their deter- 
 ilnation to 'protect,'— a worcl to which 
 led protectors attach a moaning very 
 lerent from that assigned to it by the 
 itected. They proclaimed Shun-che, a 
 m ol their own monarch, emperor of the 
 irtheru provinces of China, the seat of his 
 ivemment being Pekin, while the princes 
 id mandarins of the southern provinces 
 iclaimed Ohoo-yew, the seat of whose 
 iTemment was at Nankin. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Bere being a northern and a southern 
 nplre, and the thrones being respectively 
 ped by a Tartar and a Chinese, it might 
 islly have been foreseen that war and 
 JDodshed would once more vex the unhappy 
 ople of both empires ; and the opposite 
 ^ures of the two emperors, far from de- 
 ling, increased this probability. Tlie 
 kperor cl the south was unworthy of his 
 ph station, and ill calcul&vod for its pecu- 
 r exigencies at that time, flis indolence 
 ' gross sensiiality added, no doubt, to 
 6 tyrannies of the subordiuates to whf m 
 I committed the cares of utate, while ho 
 indoned himself to bl3 Indulgences, 
 Ised a spirit o" re^'olt to show itself, 
 Bch the northeru emperor was not slow 
 ■vail himself of. Marching rapidly upon 
 I southern provinces, he rossessed hlm- 
 I of the capital. Nankin, and, after along 
 les of fiuccesEcs, became master of the 
 Tie empire, with the exception of some 
 ^ comparatively unimportant portiont ; 
 1 the princes of even these may be sal 1 
 
 to have been Lis tributaries rather than 
 independent rulers. 
 
 Shun-che was the first emperor of China 
 who came into direct hostile collision with 
 the Russians, who in his rclgn made their 
 way t" the great river Amur on the borders 
 of T.vtary. The llusslnns seized upon 
 Daurl, a fortified Tartar town of some 
 strength, and in several battles obtained 
 signal advantages. But subsequently the 
 Ch Inese recovered their ground, and a treaty 
 was entered into by which all the northern 
 bank of the Amur, together with the sole 
 navigation of that river, was assigned to 
 the Chinese, and Tobolsk was fixed as the 
 neutral trading ground of the two nations. 
 Busily and successfully as Shun-che was 
 engaged in war, ho seems to have been by 
 no means insensiblo to the importance of 
 the arts of peace. The Portuguese and 
 other missionaries and sdiolars who, in de 
 siUte of almost innumerable obstacles, 1 ad 
 by this time settled themselves in China 
 In considerable numbers,f ound at the hands 
 of this warlike monarch a degree of friend- 
 ship and patronage highly creditable to 
 him. Ho not only prevented them from 
 being subjected to any annoyance, but even 
 appointed one of them, Adam Scbaal, to the 
 post of superintendent of mathematics,— 
 a post that gave opportunity, of which 
 Schaal in the next reign very skilfully 
 availed himself, of obtaining the highest 
 Influence in the state. 
 
 Shun-che, though an energetic man, as 
 is evident by his warlike achievements, and 
 a sensible man, as we may judge both from 
 the favour he showed to learned foreigners, 
 and the readiness with which he accepted 
 theli Instruction in many branches of learn- 
 ing, was, at the same time, somewhat of a 
 sensualist. 
 
 Kang-he, who ascended the throne in 1661, 
 was a minor ; four princlral personages of 
 the empire forming the regency. The Ger- 
 man, Schaal, was appointed to the import- 
 ant post of principal tutor. Such was the 
 Influence Schaal acquired in this position, 
 that he was virtually for son., time prime 
 minister of China. 
 
 But the abilities of Schaal and the other 
 missionaries, though they could raise them 
 to power and influence, could not guard 
 them from envy. The Chinese literati, and 
 even the regents themselves, at length be- 
 came excited to anger by the very learning 
 they had availed themselves of, and by the 
 influei ce It had procured for the foreigners, 
 through Schaal ; for among the many ser- 
 vices he had rendered to the state, it is said 
 that on one occasion he actually preserved 
 Macao from destruction. But envy was 
 a-foot, the most absurd charges were made 
 against the missionaries, and they were at 
 length deprived of all employment, while 
 many of them were loaded with chains and 
 thrown Into prison. Schaal, who was now 
 far advanced in years and very infirm, sank 
 beneath his afflictions soon after their com- 
 mencement, and died at the age of seventy- 
 nine. It is much to the credit of the young 
 emperor that he had so well profited by the 
 Instructions of his foreign friends, that as 
 soon as he attained Ms majority he restored 
 
 ■ • I 
 
8(50 
 
 C^e HS^vetiHuKii af ^gU^tcrtS ^f> 
 
 them to their inflnence and nprolntmcnts, 
 the place of the deceased Sr luml being be- 
 stowed upon the missionary Vcrblest. Wo 
 must, perhaps, blatne rather the barbarous 
 cruelty of his time and country when wo 
 add, that on discovering that his four guar- 
 dians and regents of tho empire were the 
 chief Instigators of the disgrace and sulfer- 
 ing that had been Inflicted on the mission- 
 aries, he confirmed the horrid decree of tho 
 tribunal, which sentenced not only the of- 
 fenders, but also their unfortunate families, 
 to be cut Into a thousand pieces ! 
 
 "We have previously alluded to the skill 
 and courage evinced by the general "Woo- 
 mn-Quel, when tho Hantchoo Tartars and 
 the rebels caused so much misery to tho 
 '.' Tiplre. When the Mantchoo Tartars, after 
 itliing him In putting down tho rebels, had 
 lairly established the Mantchoo dynasty 
 npou the throne, the general was appointed 
 governor of Kwelchow and Tun-nan. His 
 position in the north-west of the empire, 
 dlsccntent with hid; commandidistlngntshcd 
 as It was, added, perhaps, to a natural rcst- 
 lessniss and love of warfare, caused him 
 now to levy war npon the neighbouring 
 places. His military skill and his great 
 resources speedily enabled him to make him- 
 self mai'ter of tho southern and western 
 provinces. His success was at once so great 
 and so lapld, that the emperor and hU 
 court weie thrown Into consternation, and 
 Verblest, who among hi? numerous abilities 
 Included tl at of a founder of great guns, 
 wasappUeo to to superintend the casting 
 of some. Prom some Inexplicable motives 
 he declined tompUance with the request, or 
 rather the or.ter, for as a high ofllcer of tho 
 empire such he must have felt It. To sup- 
 pose a religlot s scruple, in the case of men 
 so ambitious an the missionaries had shown 
 themselves, and so pliable as they had been 
 in far less justit'able courses on the part of 
 the court, Is dlfl'cult ; and yet on no other 
 ground can we nconc'.la Verblest's refusal 
 on this occasion with his canity. Certain 
 It Is, that he not only refused, but persisted 
 In so doing, until ^lignlflcant hints that his 
 refusal was attributed to collusion with the 
 rebels, showed him that his life would not 
 be safe did he not comply with iho empe- 
 ror's wishes. Cannoi were then cast, and 
 the speedy consequei ce was, that Woo San- 
 Quel, who, probably, \'ould In a brief space 
 nave been master of tho capital and the 
 throne, was beaten back within safe limits. 
 Woo San-quel, after aiother unsuccessful 
 endeavour at usurping the empire, died In 
 1679, and was succeedetl in what remained 
 of his power by his son, who shortly after 
 put an end to his own Ilfo. 
 
 In 1680 the Mongol Tartars assailed the 
 emperor, bnt the cannoE with which Eu- 
 ropean skill in the great game of manslaugh- 
 ter had furnished nlm, em bled him to beat 
 off these enemies with greater ease. He 
 bad the same success over the Elenths on 
 the north-western frontier cf the empire. 
 
 Successful in war by tho aid of the mis- 
 sionaries, he was no less so in commerce : 
 the ocar, Peter the Great, wc uld. In all pro- 
 bability, but for their medlatl on, ha ve been 
 prevented trom condudin; a peace wltli 
 
 Cliina; and ti.ough flie comraercUil advaul 
 tages which res u' ted from that peace were I 
 not Immediate, they were vast and certain i 
 As a whole, the reign of this emperor mail I 
 be considered by far the noblest of aiil 
 spoken of In his country's anna!;, AjJI 
 military sovereign he wUL bear comrarlsoJI 
 even with the daring and liardy KullaLi 
 while, like our own Elizabeth, he liadthil 
 rnro merit — scarcely inferior to gcnluil 
 Itself— of skill In discovering genius, aim 
 of steady support to ministers posses»iM 
 it, regardless of court intrigue and coniil 
 jealousies. Canton, in his reign, even wori 
 than It has ever been In our tlme.wasj 
 port open to all nations, and by eommorce 
 with all nations was China enrlclied ; and 
 his people had real cause for grief when lie 
 died, in the year 1722. 
 
 Tung-chlng,who now ascended the throne 
 began his reign by an act which held out 
 but little hopes that he would (llfJtinpijjh 
 himself by wisdom like that of his iircdecej. 
 sor. It has been seen that in tho rrecal. 
 ing reign tho missionaries had pcrfornioi 
 tho most important services. In doing m 
 and In enjoying the high imperial favour 
 which those services pecured to them, iii 
 was to be expected that they should Incur 
 many enmities ; and had the now emperor 
 been as wise as his predecessor, to sutji 
 enmities would he have attributed the iioit 
 of complaints which now assailed his ear! 
 But tho emperor was at least equal to aij 
 man in his vast dominions In fierce m 
 bigoted hatred of Christianity; and M 
 gladly received and Implicitly listened td 
 all complaints against tho missionaries ail 
 their native converts, who at this time pn 
 bably numbered about a quarter of a nilllio! 
 Orders were Issvicd for the expulsion of tl 
 whole of the missionaries, with the exce, 
 tion of a few whoso mathematical attali 
 ments rendered their services of the utmi 
 consequence to the court; and therewi 
 a few sheltered at the imminent risk 
 both parties by the more zealous of 
 pupils, and thus enabled to evade the eJii 
 and in some measure to preserve the Icadii, 
 truths of their teaching among the naiiii 
 converts. But it was a very inslgniflcai 
 number of these missionaries that remaii 
 ed In China, owlngto both these cause?, 
 the whole of their chapels and statloi 
 were either sacked and destroyed byt 
 clous mobs, converted into public olli 
 or perverted to Idolatrous worship, 
 excessive violence which this emperor 
 plsyed towards the catholic misslom 
 caused the king of Portugal in 1726 to 
 spatch an embassy to the emperor on tl 
 behalf. The ambassadors were receli 
 with distinction ; but, though general . 
 mises were given even with profusion, 
 converts to Ohrlstlanity derived not 
 slightest practical benefit from this lil 
 ference on their behalf. 
 
 Unhappily, in the year 1726, a new 
 more terrible persecutiontookplace. ) 
 torture and ImprlBonmcnt, the former 
 most cases terminating, after the i 
 frigThtful agonies, in the death of the 
 ferers. were now resorted to in every 
 ner of the land where a Christian 
 
r^ 
 
 C^e W^tov^ ol C^ina. 
 
 861 
 
 lis coraincrclul artvaivJ 
 , from that peace vfen I 
 were vast and certain. I 
 1 of this emperor may 1 
 ir the noblest ol all I 
 nintry'a nnim!9. Aail 
 e will bear comparlsoil 
 ng and hardy KutjlalJ 
 I Ellzatoeth, he liadtliel 
 ly Inferior to gcnlml 
 iacovcrlng gcclus, 
 
 ministers possesstogl 
 urt Intrlgno and conrtl 
 In his rclgn, even morel 
 cen In our time, was si 
 Ions, and by coinmcral 
 13 China enriched; anil 
 cause for grief when liel 
 
 82. I 
 
 low ascended the throne, 
 ' an act which held ont 
 [it ho would (llstlnpljli 
 like that of his prcilecei.' 
 icon that In the preceJ. 
 ilonnrlcs had performrt 
 t services. In doing so,! 
 ho high Imperial lavoai 
 ces secured to them, it 
 
 1 that they should Intiit 
 lid had the new cmpetot 
 3ls predecessor, to such 
 ) havo attributed the toit 
 ich now assailed his can, 
 was at least equal to anj 
 
 dominions In fierce an! 
 of Christianity; and h 
 ind implicitly listened to 
 ilnst the missionaries ail 
 Icrts, who at thlstimepir 
 bout a quarter of a raillloi 
 a for the expulsion ottf 
 slonarles, with the ex« 
 lose mathematical attaii 
 ielr services of the utmc 
 ho court; and there w 
 at the imminent risk 
 the more zealous of M 
 enabled to evade the eili 
 ure to preserve the leadii 
 Baching among the nativi 
 i was a very inslgniflctf 
 missionaries that reman 
 ig to both these cause»,ai 
 icir chapels and statjoi 
 :cd and destroyed hy fe- 
 verted into public offli 
 idolatrous worship. 
 e which this emperor 
 the catholic mlsslonaij 
 ol Portugal m 172610* 
 ,97 to the emperor ont 
 fchassadors were rec* 
 but, though general 
 , even with proluBlon, 
 -rlstianity derived no 
 al benefit from this inl 
 
 the*yeat 1726, a new 
 rsecution took place. 1 
 Tisonmcnt, the former 
 linating.^after ther 
 
 in the death ol the 
 ; resorted to In even 
 I where a Christian 
 
 ce 
 
 l)fl discovered. Deep policy, however, was 
 milted up with this vengeful spirit ; and to 
 •void the persecution it was only nccps- 
 mry to declare reconversion to Confucius 
 or Bnddha. It may easily be supposed 
 that, under such circumstances, the num- 
 ber of Christians was, nominally at least, 
 loon reduced to a mere handful. Ono of 
 to causes of this terrible persecution was 
 dreadful famine which occurred in the 
 iTious year, and whlcli was attributed to 
 sinol conversion to Christianity. With 
 usual inconsistency of fanaticism, it 
 ji quite overlooked, that of the hundreds 
 Jf thousands who perished, not one in a 
 ihousand had ever even heard ol Chrlst- 
 olty. 
 
 The year 1730 was marked by an event 
 flilch Tung-chlng's worst flatterers could 
 )t,alterhis two terrible persecutions ol 
 leChrlstlans, venture to attribute to any 
 idne encouragement ol the new faith, 
 e whole province ol Pechcli— In wlilch 
 tin Is situated —was shaken by an carth- 
 ike. The imperial city was lor the most 
 t 'aid in ruins ; and the emperor, who 
 at the time walking in the garden, 
 „ ylolently thrown to the ground. In 
 i\n alone upwards ol 10,000 souls perish- 
 by this lamentable occurrence, and at 
 t tbrlce that number in other parts of 
 province. Tlie emperor distributed up- 
 ds of a quarter of a million of money 
 the relief of the survivors. The bigotry 
 cruelly of this prince can scarcely bo 
 ised on the plea of his being ill-advlscd. 
 It is certain that he was personally 
 of the great benefits that the calum- 
 :ed and persecuted missionaries hod con- 
 id upon his people. 
 
 lebest that can be said ol his reign is. 
 It it was a peacelulonc; and the inter- 
 of peace would have been infinitely more 
 lable than it was, had the Christians 
 their foreign and highly intelligent in- 
 ctors been allowed to Improve it to tho 
 advantage. He died in tho year 1735. 
 
 CHAPTER ni. 
 
 I throne was now filled by Keen-lung ; 
 
 kse first act was to recall the princes 
 
 1 courtiers who had been banished by hip 
 
 This done, he put down some re- 
 
 I among the Blenths and other tribes 
 
 |he north-western frontiers. FiObably 
 
 i the vigour with which he executed 
 
 I latter measure that caused a deputa- 
 
 Itohe sent from Russiato settle the dis- 
 
 1 which were perpetn-^'ly breaking out 
 
 hhe trade between tLi" i.t?o countries. 
 
 uslnkl, who was at tue head ol the 
 
 lian embassy, acquitted him sell with 
 
 nch address, that he obtained a treaty 
 
 hlch a Russian caravan, not to exceed 
 
 hundred In number, was to visit China 
 
 lurpoBes ol trade once in every three 
 
 i; a church was to be erected ; and a 
 
 led number ol Russians were to take 
 
 fielr permanent abode in the Chinese 
 
 for the purpose of acquiring the 
 
 ee. 
 
 118 treaty, which Is called ' the treaty 
 llachta,' the Chinese anthontles, urged 
 
 no doubt by sound considerations ol mer- 
 cantile profit, conceded much, yet they 
 could not lorbenr from giving one charao- 
 terlhtlc specimen ol the extreme jealousy 
 ol tho national polity. Thus though a car*- 
 van was permitted to visit tho capital, it 
 was to halt upon the frontiers until the 
 arrival ol the proper officer to conduct It 
 through the emperor's people. 
 
 The next important event of this reign 
 was the expedition sent by the emperor in 
 1767 against the Burmese. This expedi- 
 tion seems to have originated wholly In the 
 most wanton lust ol war on the part ol tha 
 Chinese, who. In the sequel, were very rlo- 
 servedly punished. An army ol abjvo 
 100,000 men marched into Burmah ; but no 
 regular army appeared to oppose its pro- 
 gress. As it penetrated farther, however, 
 every loot ol country, and especially where 
 swamp or jungle rendered tde route natu- 
 rally mnro dlfilcult, had to bd traversed 
 with active and daring hordes ol guerillas 
 hovering upon Its rear and flanks, cutting 
 off stragglers, pouring suddenly down upon 
 weak detachments or divisions— such as the 
 very nature ol the country made inevitable ; 
 and, in short, acting with such cfflcient do- 
 Btructlveness, that the Chinese lost up- 
 wards ol 50,000 men without ever coming 
 to a general engagement I Incredible as it 
 would seem in European warlare, ol tlio 
 immense army ol 100,000 men, only 2,000 
 returned to China — the rest were all killed 
 or taken prisoners; and all in the latter 
 category were naturalised and settled In 
 Burmah. Even this horrible loss ol life did 
 not prevent the emperor Irom persisting in 
 his unjust scheme. Ho sent a still greater 
 lorce under his favourite general A-quel. 
 who was as lond ol war and as leroclous as 
 hlmsell. Choosing what ho thought a less 
 difficult line of march, A-quel had scarcely 
 entered the Burmese territory when he 
 lound that II he had lewer human enemies 
 to contend against than his predecessor, 
 he had a still more deadly and irresistible 
 enemy, the jungle fever. He saw his men 
 perish around him by thousands, and he 
 was glad to hasten Irom the deadly place 
 with even a diminished army, rather than 
 remain to see It wholly annihilated. And 
 the result ol ali this loss was, that China 
 was obliged to agree to a treaty which con- 
 fined her dominion within hernatural Iron- 
 tiers, thereby giving to Burmah rich gold 
 and silver mines which otherwise would 
 have remained undisputed in the posses- 
 sion ol China. 
 
 Keen-Lung was engaged in several minor 
 wars originating in endeavours ol the more 
 distant northern and western tribes to 
 throw off the yoke. 
 
 The Mahometan Tartars, a brave and 
 bigoted race, made an inroad into the pro- 
 vince ol Shen-si: A-quel, who was sent 
 against them, called upon them to surren- 
 der the city in which they had entrenched 
 themselves, and, on being relused, took It 
 by storm, and put every human being M 
 lound within the walls to the sword, save 
 a lew ol the chiefs whom he sent to court. 
 The emperor, whose bloodthirsty nature 
 was such that he was accustomed to have 
 
862 
 
 Clje Creai{iiri} o( l^iiitnrj;, ^-r. 
 
 crlmiiialB tortured in hta presence, ordered 
 these unhappy chiefs to bu tortured beforo 
 Ills assembled court, and then cut to pieces 
 and tlirown to the dogs I Not content with 
 this sanguinary act, the monster gave 
 orders to A-quci to march upon the Mnho- 
 iiietan Tartars, and imt all to the sword 
 who were above fifteen years of age. 
 
 JMmiy, very many, rebellions took place 
 during this reign ; among them was that 
 of the people of the Island of Formosa. 
 The mandarins who acted as viceroys in 
 this island were guilty of the most shame 
 ful exactions and cruelties. On one occa- 
 blon they put to death a mandarin who had 
 ill-treated them. The viceroy uf fuh-kecn, 
 being commissioned to avenge tb-^ death of 
 the mandarin, galled to the islana and sa- 
 criflced victims to his manes, without re- 
 gard to the guilt or innocence of those he 
 immolated. The Forraosans soon became 
 BO enraged that they rose en masse, butch- 
 ered every Chinese and Tartar In the island, 
 and were only at length Induced to return 
 to their yoke— after having bravely beaten 
 oil the imperial tlccC— on being indemnified 
 for their losses, and assured against the 
 recurrence of the tyranny of which they 
 complained. 
 
 As though fairly wearied out with the 
 strife and bloodalicd of sixty years of per- 
 petual warfares, Kccn-lung abdicated the 
 throne in favour of his son Kea-king. 
 Though ho never pr.sonally commanded 
 his armies, he caused more bloodshed than, 
 probably, any modern commander, with 
 the single exception of Napoleon. 
 
 Kea-king's first use of his power was to 
 renew those persecutions of the catholics 
 which in the last reign had seemed to be 
 failing into desuetude. Torture and death 
 were the fate of many ; still more were 
 sentenced to wear the cangou or wooden 
 collar during their lives, or were banished 
 to Tartary, which last was a singularly 
 impolitic punishment, as the Tartars needed 
 no discontented men to incite tUem to 
 revolt. 
 
 A rebellion of a very threatening nature, 
 inasmuch as some members of the imperial 
 family and other principal persons were con- 
 cerned In it,was planned a few years later. By 
 some fortunate accident, or, still more pro- 
 bably, through the treachery of some of the 
 confederates, the plot was discovered ere it 
 was ripe for execution. Many of the prin- 
 cipal conspirators were put to death, and 
 others only escaped death to suffer the con- 
 fiscation of their property, which was pecu- 
 liarly acceptable to thealmost utterly empty 
 treasury of the emperor. 
 
 In 1792 lord Macartney was sent as am- 
 bassador to China, to endeavour to estab- 
 lish our trade with tliat country upon a 
 better and surer footing, and more especi- 
 ally to obtain for the British factory a ces- 
 sation of the insolence and extortion of the 
 viceroy of Canton. The embassy was pro- 
 ductive of but little good effect. The '.uko- 
 lent and extortionate viceroy vn recall- 
 ed, it is true, but bis successor was not 
 long in oflBce ere he went far beyond him 
 in both of those bad qualities. The am- 
 tassadoi was blamed at home for having 
 
 been too i,'gh and unbending In hig j. I 
 meanour; but the truth is, that tliotlinal 
 hud not come for a proper undcrstaiuiini, I 
 to exist between the Chinese aiiUaiiyEu-r 
 ropean nation. I 
 
 When in 1808 It was feared that Hiiona.l 
 parte would aim at our eastern trade ad-l 
 miral Drury was ordered to Macao ; 'ijujl 
 after much wordy disputation between I'lel 
 Chinese authorities there and the ndiiiir« I 
 the latter retired after :. slight cnlluioniJ 
 which we lost one man. TheGlilnesopn.| 
 tended to liavo gained a great victory J 
 magniloquent account uf the sainowaatf'nJ 
 to Pckln, and a pagoda actually erected tol 
 commemorate it. ■ 
 
 In 1816 another ambassador, lord Am 
 hcrst, was sent to China, but his inUsloJ 
 was to the full as uusatUfactory astiiatoi 
 lord Macartney. T 
 
 It was abinit this time that tlic oplgj 
 speculation began to grow to sonictbinj 
 like a noUceablcextent— buton lliathcJ 
 wo shall have to speak at IcMigth iu J 
 next chapter. [ 
 
 After twenty-five years* rcIgn, marled tJ 
 more by despotic temper than by tjicij 
 lent necessary to render it cUcctlvc.Kj 
 king died in the year 1820. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 TiiR trade of England, as wcllasoti 
 other nations, with China has ever liei 
 subject to such restrictions, and lieeiiliilij 
 to so many interrujitlons, from the captL 
 of the Chinese and from the insolcnrcwii 
 which those caprices have been acted upo 
 that it has of necessity from tImctoiliL 
 very much partaken of the cliaracterl 
 smuggling— even as regards articles! 
 which no moral exception could liyp 
 billty be taken. 
 
 During the memorable ' opium ' dispiJ 
 this fact seems to have been much i 
 lected by many of the leading poljtii 
 writers of Engiard. They have IooW| 
 the question ratUer as a moral than apt 
 tlcal one, and nave blamed our politlij 
 resistance of national insult becauseil 
 resistance happened to be madeuponapi 
 in which a moral question was arL*:! 
 mixed up with It by the Cblncec. 
 
 No sane man will pretend to vindicatel 
 trading in opium otherv^isc tbanasaii 
 important article of m;iterla medics; i 
 one will say that It iso herwise thaiibijl| 
 desirable that the use of this 'in^ 
 drug as a means of intoxicatlun shouUl 
 prohibited. But, we repeat, tlwughf 
 collision with the Chinese Las chantttf 
 arlso upon the question of the import 
 of opium, the moral consideration ad to| 
 sale and use of that drug are really t 
 beside the question: had tlic artldtl 
 trade been Yorkshire cloths or Birrainil 
 hardware, the same collision mujt» 
 I or later have taken place. 
 
 Opium was imported into China asij 
 as the I7th century, and it was noU 
 towards the clo. i of the 18th centuijj 
 Kea-king prohibited It. We applauJ] 
 for doing this. It was high time t 
 Bomccbeck upon the use of it ; furilil 
 
dbe IftWtcrij (If €\)im. 
 
 h63 
 
 iicndlng in hla (le-l 
 th iB, that Uietimel 
 oper understanding I 
 JUlneBC and any EU' I 
 
 i feared tliJit BiiomJ 
 lit eastern trade, nd-r 
 .red to Macau; kll 
 iutatlon l)L'twecui'ieI 
 icro and tlic iidmlr.i,l 
 - : HUghtcnllliilonlnl 
 in' TUeClilneseprfrl 
 1(1 "a great victory, i| 
 t of the Bauie\v»8Mtil 
 da actually erected io| 
 
 .tnbassadnr, lord Am 
 !lilna, init his iiiUsloii 
 iBatUlactoryasthaloi 
 
 time that tlic oplJ 
 to grow to someiliinj 
 ;tent-l)«to»U'»'l'«', 
 ipeak at k-ngtU in oi^ 
 
 years' rclgn. If rtf'll 
 remiicr than liy tlieii^ 
 render It cttcctivc.lLci 
 ar 1820. 
 
 •TEU VIII. 
 
 Klnnd, as well as of i1 
 U, China has ever U 
 strlctlons, andlicenlu) 
 
 iii.tlons. f r"<" *'>^« ''!" 
 i"irtnthelnsolcncc.« 
 
 .PB have been acted np" 
 
 cfjty from lime toll 
 
 ken of the cliaractei 
 
 ^"l regards arUdc» 
 
 exception could lis 
 
 .morable' opium 'dispM 
 '^ have been much n 
 'of the leading PoW 
 Ird They have looM 
 Kerasanioraltlianaj^ 
 Uve blamed our poUi 
 Kftl insult because 
 'ledtobeniadeupoua, 
 
 •aV question was an 
 
 by the Chinese. 
 
 U pretend to vlndiciu 
 " otherv'lsethanasui 
 no ot materia medic. 
 "lltUoJierwlse >au 
 
 K InfoxlcaUo 4 
 It we repeat, tlwugt' 
 
 KeChlneBeLascUanci 
 
 question of the ImiwtM 
 
 |*or^l consideration asto 
 
 isWreclothsorUirmiu!^ 
 iMmo collision must 
 
 terffintoCUlua. 
 itun- and It was not 
 >ofthel8thcenun 
 
 irv..tod it wo ari'M 
 %f wak high tl-ue^ 
 
 , was ri'of''88<"l'y Important only as a ine- 
 llclnal drug, It was Imported to the extent 
 [ lOOO rhcsts per annum as early as 1770, 
 jid'tlie importation had been perpetually 
 iirrcnslng in amount up to 1700. Up to 
 lUtlmc, bo It remembered, the traffic was 
 rlrtly legal : It paid a duty of tlve mace 
 r ratty, and was for the most part dell- 
 red to and bonded by the government. 
 it is clear that from 1700 the trade In 
 lis drug was mere smuggling ; cquall" 
 i;\r that whether John Tomklns or 'The 
 impaiiV was the trader, that trader was 
 laiuggler. We will go farther. When 
 e East India Company, having the nio- 
 ipoly of the eastern trade, compelled the 
 Its of Patna to grow opium instead of 
 p, and compelled the ryots of divers 
 ler parts of the Anglo-Indian territory 
 do the same, the act was one which 
 English press ouglit loudly to have de- 
 inccd, and which the English senate 
 lilt to have put a stop to, on pain of the 
 ol the Company's charter. All this is 
 iras noon-day; but there is anothei 
 ilderatlon. The government of China is 
 ntlaliy paternal ; from the emperor to 
 lowest officer of hi" state Unit connects 
 , as from the fa'' r of a family to his 
 Dgest child or his meanest servant. The 
 Ic In opium was forbidden from time to 
 by edicts ; true : but the very officers 
 were charged with the duty of enfor- 
 tliose edicts were themselves the vli 
 Importers of opium I Had the Chinese 
 loritlrs at Canton and along the coast 
 connived at the trade for enormous 
 9, or, as was oven more frequently the 
 .been themselves actual traders In the 
 lie, the trade would have becnat an end 
 ago, and when only a comparatively 
 portion of British capital woa lu- 
 ■d in it. 
 
 ippears to us that the public prohlbl- 
 o{ u drug of which the consumption 
 lonrly Increasing, and the aid given to 
 iportatlon by the very persons ap- 
 'dtocaiTy that prohibition Into effect, 
 icrely ' part and parcel' of the settled 
 ise roUcy of lleecing barbarians to the 
 >t possible extent, on the one hand, 
 always having a convenient pretext 
 eh a stoppage in trade as clrcum- 
 18 might make convenient in the way 
 nporarlly or permanently making the 
 longer and finer ! It would bo an in- 
 ve lesson for some of our politicians 
 i-tlio difference of profit to China, 
 ntho 1,000 chests imported in 1776 at 
 duty of five mace tlie catty, and that 
 ;iie 40,000 chests smuggled in 1840- 
 cvcr profit the unscrupulous author- 
 mid extort ! 
 
 not until 1839 that anything In the 
 
 it a real determination to put down 
 
 lewas exhibited by the Chinese ; for 
 
 slonal stoppages of trade and blus- 
 
 anlfestoes, as already said, wo look 
 
 ere measures fcr making the fleece 
 
 d finer ! 
 
 peared at Canton, in that year, a 
 
 iommlssloner'— an officer possess- 
 
 |ost dictatorial powers, and one who 
 
 been more than thrice previously 
 
 appo.nted during the present dynasty. In 
 an edict he said, 'I, tho coinmlssloner, am 
 sworn to remove utterly t'lU root of misery ; 
 nor vviii I let the foreign vessels have any 
 offshoot left for the evil to bud forth again.' 
 Tho DritUh commissioner and between two 
 and three hundred British subjects were 
 then thrown into a state of close confine- 
 ment ; the guards placed over them heaped 
 every Insult upon them, and threatened 
 them with being deprived of provisions and 
 water. Captain Elliot, the British super- 
 intendent, under such circumstances, saw 
 no means of evading tho demands of the 
 Chinese ; and upwards of 20,000 chests of 
 opium, valued at 20,000,000 of dollars, were 
 delivered to commissioner Lin for destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 In 1840 war was declared by Bngland 
 against tho Chinese. The leading events 
 however, which followed being related in 
 the history of our own country, it would bo 
 superfluous to repeat them here. 
 
 All differences being finally adjusted, and 
 his celestial majesty being on terms of the 
 strictest amity with her Britannic majesty, 
 a ratification of the treaty between the two 
 countries was announced on the 27th of 
 July 1843. From that day the Hong mer- 
 chants' monopoly and Consoo charges were 
 to cease ; s*td the conditions upon which 
 trade was in future to be carried on, aii- 
 peart;! in a notice issued by sir Henry 
 Potting''r, the British plenipotentiary In 
 China; who published an export and im- 
 port tariff, and also a proclamation, in 
 which he trusts that the commercial treaty 
 will bo found. In practice, mutually advan< 
 tageous, beneflcial and just, as regards the 
 Interest, honour, and tho future augment- 
 ed prosperity of tho goverinnenta of the 
 two mighty contracting empires and their 
 subjects. 
 
 The proclamation issued by the imperial 
 commission contained a perfect amnesty, 
 and the remission of punishment for nil 
 who liad served the English soldiers with 
 supplies, &c. in days past, and concludes 
 by atatlng that, ' From henceforward amity 
 an J goodwill shall ever continue, and those 
 from afar, and t'.ioRa who are near, shall 
 perpetually rejoice together.' 
 
 But despite these fine promises, in 1847, 
 fresh outrages on the part of the people of 
 Canton led to another temporary capture 
 of the Boguo forts. The emperor Tao- 
 Kwaiig died in 18S0, after a reign of thirty 
 ye.irs, and was succeeded by Y-Chlng. But 
 the rule of the present Tartar dynasty, even 
 iu the lieart of its own dominions, is held 
 by a very uncertain tenure. The Teaou-tn 
 tribes In the south-west provinces of China, 
 and supposed to be their original inhabit- 
 ants:, have repeatedly risen in rebellion ; 
 secrei societies, the principal of wliiclt is 
 called 'The Triad,' and which has for its 
 object tho restoration of a native dynasty, 
 are said to bo rapidly extending ; and the 
 finances of the empire are believed to be in a 
 very unsatisfactory condition, in spite of a 
 revenue, officially stated to anount to about 
 63,934.1 7a{. annually. In 185:< a smouldei Ing 
 civil war had been making way In some of 
 the provinces during the two previous ;-oars, 
 
 _^_ 3 M 
 
 
 T L'if 'ill ■ "■ 
 
864 
 
 Cl^e (TrtAtftiri} of V^iiiavnt ^c. 
 
 mnliily, It Is iindcrKLOod, (llr(>ctr(1 nsnlnnt 
 tho reigning dynn«ty, and In February It 
 hnd mndo bucIi progrons thnt tlio Tnrtnr 
 general rnniniandliiNr tlio lnip''''ial troops 
 at Canton was aiiprclieiiRh'o of an attack 
 from tlio rebels. This rebellion uttll dra^s 
 Itself along, cauBlng fearful havoo and 
 misery from tlino to time, but not having 
 yet snecocded In completely paralysing tlio 
 ancient government. Dut other dnngers 
 and dimcultles were In Btoro for tho Chinese 
 emperor. 
 
 Tho year ISSflwns not to close wltbont 
 ieeing tho English iigalii practically at war 
 with China, (in tho 8th of October, a body 
 of Chinese officers boarded a lorcha named 
 tho Arrow, on tho ground that ono of tho 
 crew was a native pirate, who was to bo 
 tried for his crimes ; they then seized all 
 tho crow but two, and t .ik them away. It 
 seems that the Drltisii colours were tlying 
 at the timo. Mr. I'arkes, tho consul at 
 Canton, demanded that they should bo 
 brought to the British consulate for ex- 
 amination, and wrote a statement of the 
 matter to sir John nowring, tho pleni- 
 potentiary at nong Kong, who In his reply 
 said that the Arrow ' had no right to hoist 
 the British flag,' her license having expired 
 on tho 27th of September; but that, 'as 
 the Chinese had no knowledge of tho ex- 
 piry of tho license,' they had violated tho 
 treaty, and must mako an apology. In a 
 letter to commissioner Teh, ho stated that 
 the Arrow lawfully bore tho British flag 
 under a register granted by him ; but It 
 does not appear tliat lio explained this as 
 referring to time past, and not to the time 
 at which tho vessel was boarded. Repara- 
 tion was refused. Accordingly admiral 
 sir Michael Seymour was ordered to use 
 forci>, and he seized a war junk, which was 
 brought down to Whampoa. As this pro- 
 duced no effect, he took a number of forts 
 which defended the approaches to Canton, 
 and burnt many of the buildings. On the 
 2Sth of October the British seized the 
 Dutch Polly, a fort of fifty guns on an 
 li^land opposite Canton. Commissioner Teh 
 now offered to surrender ton out of the 
 twelTO men seized, but as ho mado no 
 apology, all his offers were declined ; and 
 Mr. farkes was Instructed to demand tho 
 same free access for all representatives of 
 foreign countries Into Canton, which they 
 enjoyed at tho other four ports. It was 
 true that this free Ingress had been stipu- 
 lated by several treaties, but It had not 
 been thought a''vlsable to urge Its execu- 
 tion; but it w .3 doubtful whether the 
 present time wad tho right ono for insist- 
 ing on the perforiiianco of the agreement, 
 while it was clear that it shifted tho 
 ground of quarrel, and introduced new and 
 very perplexing matters of dispute. The re- 
 fusal of the commissioner was followed by 
 two attacks on Canton, in which much 
 damage was done to government property. 
 The French Folly fort was also seized, and 
 tho whole of the Bogue forts were taken on 
 the refusal of the governor to surrender 
 them. Towards thvt end of 1856, some 
 Chinese soldiers boarded the Thlstlo, a mail 
 steamer, plying between Canton and Hong 
 
 Kong, and having massacred the Kumi,,,,, 
 crow, mado their escape. Knrly In ig;,; ij, 
 Dutch Folly and Whampoa wcni niimjni 
 ed, as tho lleet under sir Al. Hoyinniir^j 
 not strong enough to occupy all Hio t, 
 sitlons taken from tho Chlm-ne ; anda mi 
 clamation was Issued by the cdiiiiiiIshIoiki 
 Yeh olferlng graduated rcwinln In nii,J 
 for tho slaughter or capture of tliu n 
 haired dogs of barbarians. In .Mny, f,, 
 modoro Elliott and sir MIcliiicl Hvyn^ 
 succeeded In destroying tho licet of i, 
 iuTiks In the Canton waters. Kiirlylnj 
 loi'd Klgln arrived at Ilong \\m\it, 
 pomo of tho troops destined for Clilimin 
 already been diverted to India for the™ 
 presslon of tho mutiny, and lord M 
 himself followed them to Calcutt.i, not 
 turning till tho end of the nntiinin, [{ 
 December, ho wrote to Yeh, niinomirii 
 tho terms > n which tho Urltisli govei 
 ment was prepared to settle the cxisiii 
 differences. Yeh returned evnsivoanw 
 and tho result was, after fair iiDtiec, i! 
 bombardment of Canton, ami tlio caiiti' 
 of Its defences by tlio allied KiiKllsha 
 French force. Still no off>.>r of sulmils!! 
 was made, and after a week sonic iii)ldi( 
 were sent Into tho city, and IVli-kwcl.ii 
 governor of tho city, and Yeh were 
 taken. Tho latter was sent on \mri 
 Iiillcxible asastato prisoner, ami wajufi 
 wards sent to Calcutta. Acconliii(,'iot| 
 usual policy of China, his defeat wiista 
 dlately followed by his degradation, Ai| 
 Sparta, tho condemnation was notsoui 
 for Ills thieving as for being discovered] 
 theft. But tedious delays were still im 
 posed in th« way of a settlement, and 
 plenipotentiaries of England mid Pn 
 determined to go In person to I'ekln. 
 tho forts of tho Pelho they Imd to 
 mount an armed resistance, and th 
 they went on toTlen-tsIn, wheronnthei 
 of June two commissioners met tlicni,i 
 full powers, as they alleged, from thei 
 peror. After a lengthy Intcrvlmv.itti 
 out that these full powers wcro m 
 directions to refer the whole iiiatterto 
 emperor, and lord Elgin naturally (led 
 them to bo thoroughly unsatlstafl 
 After some further attempts at ov!L!|( 
 treaty of peace was signed towards Hei 
 of June, confirming the treaty of iStJ, 
 providing for the permanent est.ablislii 
 of a British minister at Pckln. 
 
 Tho minister, so appointed, ira 
 Bruce, brother of tho earl of ElfiE 
 was directed to supersede sir Jolinlio' 
 as governor at Hong Kong, and totn 
 the direction of affairs from tlint plii 
 the present to Shanghai, and only I 
 quire occasionally tho admission ol 
 British embassy at Pekin Itself. 
 was to insist on ratifying the treatyd] 
 capital, and not to listen to any argii 
 which the Chinese might urge to dli 
 him from so doing. Mr. Bruce 1 
 rtached Hong Kong in May, went 
 Shanghai, wliere, as had been cxpccti 
 Chinese begged that tho ratlllcatlow 
 be interchanged. When thi.s was K 
 they urged the ambassador to go WJ 
 to Pekin, a journey of two montliSi ' 
 
 Jsqluteiy 
 
 lie barbarlai 
 
 wanting ii 
 
 /orces star 
 
 lOUth Of t 
 
rije Wit' 11 0f Cljdtft. 
 
 805 
 
 lanflaorcd llicKnmiwi 
 par"- Kiirly In IWiiK 
 Iminpf"^ wri'o iiiiiiijiir 
 cr Hlr M, Hi'>iiin\irK! 
 to nc('\i|'>' I'll 'I'O I") 
 tlioCliliu-sc; inula pr 
 Ml by tlu> coiiiiiilsxliiiiii 
 fttcil ri'Wiirilrt 111 i\i(.M] 
 or ("ni>tur(? <>f Hio ri^ 
 rlmrlmis. In May, pi 
 irt plr Mlcli!>i'l ScyiiUi, 
 
 royliiK th" "'■''* "''' 
 n wilt era. KarlylnJuiii 
 vl nt llong Kciiiir, li 
 ^ (IrstliK'il f"!" Clilii^ki. 
 •ted to India tor the »«i 
 iiutlny, mill lord F.W 
 hciii to Cfili'iittii.not 
 end ol tlic aiit\iraii. Il 
 oto to Yfli, uMiiouiirii 
 ilch tho nrllisli Rowi 
 
 Rd to BOttlC tlK! cxisll' 
 
 Tturnccl evasivoanwi 
 ras. after fiilr "ntlcc.i! 
 Canton, and ilicni.ti 
 l,ytlio allliHl KiiKllsn 
 till lU) off'.T ol Bubinlsii 
 rtcr a week Buiiie edIiIIi 
 no city, mill IVlikwyi 
 clty.nnd Yeli xym » 
 or was sent on Imardt 
 ato prisoner, au.lwiui alt 
 ilnittn. Acxonliim od 
 1,lnn.ut8dcfe!itjv:i3y 
 bylilBdegradiitlmi. Ail 
 lemnatlonwaarwtsonj 
 aTforbclnBdlspoH 
 0U9 delays were EtlU lull 
 y of ft settlement, aM 
 ,a of EnBlmul and Jn 
 go m person to 1 cMn 
 c Pcllio tlicy imd to 
 cd resistance, and 1 
 ,Tlen-tsln. where ontte 
 nmissloncrsinettl«,i 
 tl.cyalleRed.frmn««i 
 irnKtl»ylntcrvlB\v,lttiii 
 full powers were m. 
 !fcr the whole mater W 
 ,rd Elgin natural ye* 
 
 thoroughly ""J'^"''^^' 
 ■thcr attempts at omui 
 was signed towardstte 
 
 ming tho treaty of W 
 'ho permanent eBtaDllsHJ 
 Ulster at Pekl". 
 pr 80 appointed, ™ 
 Tif tho ekrl of El^a 
 'supersede sir. 10 in » 
 Hong Kong, .iiid to L 
 ,f affairs from that 1 
 Shanghai, ami o«^l 
 lally tho admiss'lonoi 
 
 fcay at PeWnltff',f 
 'nratlfyl"B«.etrety 
 
 ■?? to listen to any arp 
 ineso tnight urge « 
 doing. Mr. urmii 
 B Kong in May, « 
 L^M had been e^pecti 
 fdthat horatincatloM 
 red. men this wn9 
 le ambassador to goj 
 iroeyol two months, 
 
 Bnifo (leterinlnnd to go up by tho river 
 Pciho; and at length, with M. do llom- 
 imuloii, tlio French iiinhassador, he arrived 
 off tho Island of Bha-lln-Me" In tlin Kultof 
 Pochlll. on tho 17th of .l.ine. Tho next 
 dayndmlral Hopo went on to tho month of 
 jtho I'elho, to announce the.r arrival and to 
 bsAinlno Into the state of the defences. 
 mo found most of thcHO reconatructnd, 
 thiloltwas evident that a largo niimlier 
 ifmmswero hidden behind the niatliiign 
 hloh masked tho embrasures, Tho river 
 obBtructod by chains and other ob- 
 _ lc8, These the Chinese repeatedly pro- 
 Jsod to remove, and a!4 of ten broUis their 
 iromlso. At last admiral Ilniio tottk lils ves- 
 iwltlilu the bar, and after notice given, 
 pared to force a passage. On advaiicing 
 imthe first to the second ])arrler n tre- 
 endotw fire was opened from tho masked 
 merles. Admiral Hope was severely 
 'onndfd, and was obliged to giro up tho 
 lore Immediate command of the sijuadrdii 
 captain Shadwell. One gunijoafc wa.s 
 ink, nno'.her rendered usoles!>, but at 
 ngth il.o firing of tho forts was silenced, 
 id no great liarm was done. Unfortii- 
 itelytlie admiral thought the fortM could 
 taken by a coup de main, by landing a 
 lyof men from tho vessels. Hut he was 
 lawnre of tho depth of tho water, and 
 lUraore of tho depth of the mud near 
 c shore. A landing was etTt'eted In the 
 [ening, but as nuon as tho first boat 
 iched the sliorc, a terrllle, flro of Bhot, 
 11, (jtlngel-balls, and rockets was opened 
 mthcm. Tho men leaped out Into water, 
 Into mud, which was up to their knees 
 "sometimes up to their waists. Hardly 
 could keep their rllles and ammunition 
 ■• Still they went on steadily, but all 
 scaling ladders but ono wero broken : 
 this ten men rushed forward, llvo of 
 imwcre Immediately killed, an<l tho re- 
 ider severely wounded. At last the order 
 Riven to retreat ; but tho loss liad been 
 'ul. About 64 officers and men liad 
 killed, and 252 wounded, besides 25 
 Id and 93 wounded in tho gunboats 
 n» the action. Tho squadron then rc- 
 led to Shanghai, and tho Cliineso did 
 fall to forward an account to the em- 
 ir, full of lies and exaggerations, 
 became necessary now to take jifompt 
 snres. Lord Elgin was again appointed 
 llsh plenipotentiary In China, and sir 
 fe Grant was made < hlef connnandcr. At 
 [head of tho French troops was general 
 itauban, baron Gros being tho plenlpo- 
 'ary. On tho 8th of March 186a, Mr, 
 ") had sent from Shanghai to the Chl- 
 govemment an ultimatum, to which 
 immanded an unconditional and im- 
 late assent. He required tliat an ample 
 igy should be made ; that tlic treaty of 
 tslng should bo ratified without delay 
 *in, and that 4,000,000 tae's sliould be 
 as compensation. This ultimatum 
 ibsolutely rejected, with the advice 
 m barbarians must not for thef uture 
 wanting in decorum. In June tlio 
 forces started from Chefow and the 
 I Tah-llen-hwan, and meeting near 
 "lonth of the Pelho river, went to 
 
 Pehtang, wbero they disembarked and rc< 
 maln.'d encamped till tho 12th of August. 
 A few ti!ivs afiiT, I ho garrison left at 
 Hhanglml liiid to Iieat off an attack from 
 tho Taeplngs, a body of rebels, who bad for 
 many years been at war witli tho Chinese 
 government. On moving from Pehtang 
 tho allies marched to Tangku, and fought 
 their way Into the town, where they »;> 
 tured forty-llvo guns. TboTaku forts wero 
 then taken, with 400 guns. Tho Chlneso 
 now made some at.empts at negotiation : 
 but when admiral Hopo went with Mr. 
 I'arkes to TIen-tsin, It was found that tlio 
 Chlneso commissioners Imd not sufTlclcnt 
 powers ; and to a request tliat Miey should 
 bo allowed to refer to Pekln, a peremptory 
 refusal was given by lord Elgin, who do- 
 dared his Intention of going wli'i )iln foreo 
 Immediately to TaJig-eliou. On tho 13th of 
 Heptember, some more satisfactory pro- 
 ponalfl wero nmde, and it was agreed that 
 the allies sliould halt nt Chang-tsia-wan, five 
 miles tiiort of Tang-chou, whither tho am- 
 bassadors, should go to sign tho conven- 
 tion. Mr. I'urkes, therefore, and Mr. Loch, 
 went on with an c.icort of Fane's horso 
 under lleut. Anderson. Hut on arriving 
 at tho Bpdt where it was Intended that tho 
 aliloH should encamp, it was found occupied 
 by a lnrK<! Chinese army which iiad thrown 
 up batteries to flank the proposed sides of 
 our camp. Mr. Parkes, therefore, went bank 
 to Tang-chou, to ask tlio moaning of this 
 step. Ho was accompanif.'d by Mr. Do Nor- 
 man, and Mr. Uowlby, correspondent of 'Tho 
 Times' newspaper, Mr. Loch and captain 
 iirabazon. These started witli a flag of 
 truce to Tang-chou. For some hours sir 
 Hopo Grant awaited their return in great 
 anxiety; until a commotion was visible in 
 the Cliinesc camp, and coloiel Walker's 
 party dashed out of the midi*' of their 
 ranks. Colonel Walker reported that while 
 they were waiting for Mr. Parkes, « French 
 olllcer was suddenly cut down by a Chlneso 
 soldier, while Ills own sword was snatched 
 from its scabbard, and an -effort was made 
 to throw lilia oil Itis horso. As it was an 
 evident attempt to murder all, they put 
 spurs to their horses and forced their way 
 out. It was useless therefore to wait longer. 
 Tho attack was ordered at once, and the 
 Chlneso army was completely defeated. 
 Meanwhile Jlr. Parkes and Mr. Loch iiad 
 been brought before San-ko-lin-sin, and by 
 him publicly insulted. The rest, viz. captain 
 Hraba7on, lleut. Anderson, Mr. Bowlby, an 
 Engllsl) dragoon, and eighteen sowars, were 
 carried Into the interior, tormented and 
 murdered, with tho exception of a few ot 
 tho sowars. Mr. Parkes and Mr. Loch wero 
 taken to Pekln, and placed in a prl..on be- 
 longing to tho board of punishments, where 
 they were kept lieavily chained. Prom Mr. 
 Parkes tlie Chinese sought to got informa- 
 tion, but to no purpose. His co.iflnenient 
 was afterwards made more light, and at 
 length ho was told that he should be set 
 free : but he refused to go without Mr. 
 Loch. On tho 29th they were both removed 
 to a temple, where they were well treated 
 until their i-eleaso. In the meantime, lord 
 Elgin had informed prince Rung, that ttm 
 
866 
 
 ^( €rtHH\\vu of WitarUt 9f(* 
 
 army wonid atlvaiiro to tbo Bisaiilt on 
 Pokln. iinlcBa wiililii tlircu daya tliu prlsnii- 
 era ciinuld bo roDturud, tlio convoiitloii 
 Higned nt Tanf?-rlinu, and the ratlMoitloni 
 cxchangL-d at IVklii. As only cvaitivu an- 
 swers wore returned, tho army moved on, 
 and took the emperor's sunnner palace at 
 Yueng-mln-zuen, which was coinplutoly gut- 
 ted of ItA contents, Iravo bein).r ^Iveii to 
 the soUllcrs t > plunder It to any extent. 
 Two days afterwards, Mr. Tarkes, with the 
 others who had liecn imprisoned at I'ekIn, 
 retunird to the camp. On the I2tli all was 
 ready fur tho bombardment of Pokln, and 
 tlie Chinese were toll that tho cannonado 
 would begin the next day, If the city were 
 not surrendered and one of Its gates placed 
 In our bands before noon. This was done ; 
 but the emperor had previously made his 
 cscare. At the time of ths surrender, lord 
 KIgIn did not know the way In which tho 
 English and French prisoners had been 
 treated, and prlncu Kung had declared that 
 they had suffered no mortal injury. When 
 their sufferings and death became known, 
 lie determined to Inflict some signal punish- 
 ment, and tlxed on tho destruction of tho 
 •ummcr palace. ILiron Grosdh^ented ; but 
 
 lord Elgin resoh'cd to ^orry It oiitotihiil 
 own roHponHlblllty. He wrote, ilu<r('r«ri>,iJ 
 princu Kung, telling hlin that iliu Mil/ 
 should bo burnt, and that pence couM m 
 bo made, until a sum of aoo.ooo taolgg'inui^ 
 bo paid down, for tho benellt of tliniieyrlil 
 liad suffered, and asa conipeusntlon MihJ 
 families of tho murdered men. liu reservJ 
 further to tho niiled forces tlio rlohi i 
 remaining at Tien-tnln until the wlmiroa 
 tho Indemnity provided for In tliecuinej 
 tlun had been paid. The Humnicrimlarewii 
 accordingly burnt down and totally 
 etroyed, and on tho 34th of Ociji^rL 
 convention was signed at Pekin, in wiiJ 
 the emperor made the desired npuiu({y u 
 gave the British ministers the riKlj'i ( 
 residing permanently or occasioiuiiiy l 
 Pekin, as tho (lueen of Great nritain nilgU 
 determine. Ho further threw u|ieii til 
 port of Tlen-tsln to trade, and ctdeilf 
 part of tho township of Cowloon, tu toM 
 as a dependency of the Urltlsh colony Hki 
 Kong. The ratlflcatlona of tlila trti 
 having been exchanged, the allitd tm 
 left Pekin on tho 6tli of Nuvemlieri 
 returned tu Tieu-laln. 
 
TIIE IIISTORY OF JAPAN. 
 
 IjiPAS l» » BoiiernI nnmo nlvrn, by Eurn- 
 
 iMiins, to a grriit nunil)cr of iHlandii, lying 
 
 Itctwecn tlio en8t>>rn cniist of AhIii and tlio 
 
 IvMtern coiwt of Amcrlcii, nnd whirli to- 
 
 litthcr cumposc a largo empire, oxtcndInK 
 
 l^oin tho 30th to tlio 41st degree of north 
 
 llitltudc, nnd from tlio lanth to tho I47tli 
 
 l^efrrce of cntit longitude. Tho Inhabitants 
 
 |c*ll this cmplro Niphov, which Is tho numo 
 
 bltho largest Ittland belonging to it. It 
 
 ku discovered by tho I'ortugucso about 
 
 ||u«ycnrI4r)2. 
 
 The JarnncKC nro divided Into Boverni 
 
 KCla.whollvo together In linrmony. Kvrry 
 
 irct liM Its own temples and priests. Tho 
 
 ijilrituHl emperor, or dnirl-aavia, is tho 
 
 lilcf of their religion. They acknowledge 
 
 iKlliniiourn Hiipreme Ueing; nnd tho teni- 
 
 ftit's nro open to every one, whatever his 
 
 Wd or country. 
 
 r ciirlstinni'v had onco mado n conslder- 
 |Mc i<rogrcc.4 In Japan, under tlio auspices 
 i the I'urtugueso and Spanish Jesuits, 
 iniong whom was tho famous St. Francis 
 IiwIit; but It cndsd tragically, owing to 
 |i lll-niiulucted con»plrncy of tho fathers 
 pliist tho state. This proceeding pro- 
 uced a iiersecution of forty years* dura- 
 Ion, and terminated by a moat horrible 
 liMcre, scarcely to bo paralleled in iiU- 
 Bry. After this, not only the rortugueac, 
 Bi Christians of every nation, were totally 
 ffeV the country, and tho most elTec- 
 lal means taken for preventing their ru- 
 Irn. 
 
 Iln 1811, tho llutch had tho liberty of n 
 
 Vc rniumcrco granted ihcni l.y the Impo- 
 
 kl letters patent, and established a fac- 
 
 Jry ni Flrando. They were then r.t war 
 
 Ith Spain, and Portugal was at that time 
 
 ■dor tlic Spanish government. Tho for- 
 
 pr, liy taking a Tiomeward-bc nnd For- 
 
 )rao5c ship, found n traitorous letter to 
 
 I' king by a captain Moro, chief of tho 
 
 ^luguesc In Japan. Tho Dutch inime- 
 
 Itcly forwarded this letter to their pro- 
 
 lior, the prince of PIrandn. This letter 
 
 n open the whole plot which the Ja- 
 
 kcie Christians, in conjunction with the 
 
 itiiKiiesc, had laid against the emperor's 
 
 I and throne. In consequence of this 
 
 fovery, in tho year 1637, an imperial 
 
 jcr was sent to tho governor of Naga- 
 
 |i,to admit no more Portuguese Into the 
 
 Wro. 
 
 lotwItbBtanding this proclamation, tho 
 
 Itugucso found means to carry on their 
 
 le two years longer, lioping to obtain 
 
 letUBtay in the island of Uesima, and 
 
 fe continue to trade ? but they found 
 
 naelves disappointed, for tho emperor 
 
 he assurance given him by the Dutch 
 
 I India Company, that they would sup- 
 
 m in future with ail tho articles hcro- 
 
 toforc supplied by the Portugncsp, declared 
 them, nnd tho Christians, rnomlcs of tho 
 empire ; and they were totally expelled tho 
 country In 1040. Their extirpation, and 
 with them tho Christian religion, waa so 
 complete, that not a vcstigo can now bo 
 discerned i f its having ever existed there. 
 
 Tho government of tho Japan empire 
 is an hereditary, absoluto monarchy, Tho 
 imperint dignity bad been enjoyed, for ii 
 c(mslderablc time before the year 1600 by 
 a regular succession of princes, under tho 
 titio of dairOt. Soon after thot epoch, a 
 civil war broko out, which lasted many 
 years. During tho destruction it OGca< 
 sloned, a common soldier, named Tayckoy, 
 found means to raiso hiniscif to tho im- 
 perial dignity, and the dairo was obliged 
 to submit to terms. This revolution took 
 place In 1617. Tayckoy reigned several 
 ycnro, during which ho mado excellent 
 laws, which still subsist. At his death ho 
 left the crown to his son, Tayckossama, 
 then a minor ; but tho treacherous princu 
 under whose gu.ardlanshlp ho was left, de- 
 prived him of his life before ho became of 
 ngo. By this murder tlie crown passed to 
 tho family of Jejussaina, in which it still 
 continues. 
 
 The Japanese must 1)0 placed rather among 
 tho pnlished nations than otherwise. Their 
 mode of government, their skill in agri- 
 culture, in manufacture, arts, and sciences 
 — tiielr politeness, good-nature, prudence, 
 frankness and courage— entitle them to this 
 distinction. They seem to possess nothing 
 of tho vanity of Asiatics and Africans ; but 
 arc careful only to i>rovido themselTCs, 
 from the productions of tlieir own country, 
 with thoso nccei^sarles and comforts of life, 
 BO desirable to enlightened human beings. 
 
 The language of the Japanese has sonio 
 aflluity to tho Chinese ; though it appears, 
 from its various dialects, to have been a 
 kind of compound of that and other lan- 
 guages, derived from the various nations 
 tliat first peopled these islands. Their man- 
 ner of writing, and their architecture, are 
 very similar to those of China. 
 
 Tlie Internal trade of Japan Is very ex- 
 tensive, and their industry will bear com- 
 parison with that of the Hindoos, or cvea 
 Chinese. Foreign commerce, however, is 
 vigorously opposed by th'j daimlos or nobles, 
 in consc<iucnco of the supposed Portuguese 
 treachery before mentioned, and tho at- 
 tempts of tho Jesuit missionaries to Obrls- 
 tianiso tho people. The number of Dutch 
 vessels allowed to come each year, and the 
 <iuantlty of each description of wares to be 
 sold, was strictly defined. The ships. Im- 
 mediately on their arrival, were Btrlctl:r 
 searched, and the crews kept, during ttaelr 
 stay iu port, completely secluded from the 
 
 'T 
 
808 
 
 €^t CrrnKurit of ^itatu, ^t. 
 
 uutlrei;whll(! nil till' biiMliicMit tniiiMiictloiiii 
 wore conUui'ti'd liy lint •lii|>iiiieiic, who alMu 
 unlnadcd and rolouded tliu vl'hmcN. 
 
 Tliu bflfflnninK of tlio year ii tin) timo nb- 
 ■crvod fur holhlnyi*, or dnyM of lulmiru and 
 eiijoyinout; niid nt tills tlino tliu coremoiiy 
 of tritiiiiiling on liiinKOM, rrproitt'iilUiK tliu 
 croiri, mid tlio virgin and clilld.wiiM porforiii- 
 ed. Tim ImoKos nru of copixr, about a foot 
 long. Tills renMnony wai» liitoiidud to Im- 
 iiruta every iiullvlduul wIlli liatrud of the 
 OlirlDtInn doctrine, and the Port iiKUoitu, who 
 altuinptcd to Introduce It ; andalito to dig- 
 cover whether any i'eninunt of It U l*>rt 
 among the Jniianeiio. It wni iicrfornicU In 
 the j)lun;8 wliiTo tho Clirlrttlaiu chlelly rc- 
 ■Ided. liiNaKHHnkllt liiHtL'd foiirdiiyit; tlieu 
 tlio Inmgcs were convoyed to the circum- 
 jacent pluceH, and nftcrwurda liild iialdo 
 till tho next year. Kvery per«()n, except 
 the Jnnancgo governor una his atti'iidaiitg, 
 even the anialleat child, was ublltfcd to Uu 
 lireaent. 
 
 Tho population of Jupaa Is supposed to 
 exceed fifty inllllons. Tho army In time 
 iif pence consists of 100,000 Infantry, nnd 
 20,000 cavalry : tho force duriim war being 
 increased by levies from the dllTi-rent pro- 
 vinces to 4(K),000 infantry, nnd 40,ooo cavalry. 
 Their artillery Is very tnconsldcralilo. 
 
 During the siimnur of 1858 Lord Klglii, 
 having obtained n satisfactory treaty of 
 peace from tho emperor of (^hiiin, deter- 
 mined ti. go to Japan, and seek to obtain 
 from the Japanese n treaty which should 
 give US tho sai.i ' coiunierdnl advcntngeg 
 whlcli tho Dutcli had long enjoyed. Under 
 tho pretext ot proseulini; u ateuiu yacit to 
 
 tho emperor, ho Mulled Into ihuliarljuura J 
 BiirlKjred cioso to the wails of .Iciliin ,>,P 
 ciipitHl. If tiKtiutemiitwus soiiii'wliutraiii. 
 Its oljjoct was achieved, nnd \w. w.m |im«ii.| 
 tnblr entertained on siiore for imrnMlin' ' 
 wecU. Tho treaty •ubseijucntly iikkI,, , ^ 
 vliled for the t ratio of tiio two iiaiiniii ,. 
 e(|ual tcrmx, and also tiie npiMiliiiniint^, 
 lirlllslidliiluinatic agent, who wud Inti-ii, 
 nt Jeddo. Uut In I8t)3 tiie govcriiui«rit .{ 
 tlie coiiiur]' again fell into tiie li uid.i i,( 
 party who siiowed their aTorslon to tmnn 
 ors, by tiie u^nal pracliuo of asMitAluadiii 
 harniiess travellers. 
 
 Per the outrages thus comnilttol, miuoi 
 Neale, the lirltlsli eluirge d'nffalrcH In Jain, 
 was ordered to demand f n in tlni xnvtn! 
 ment of the Tycoon the iiaymcnt of i(ii),iii«| 
 nnd an ninpio apology, and from i,iim 
 Satsumn, within whoso JurUdictimi tin 
 crimes were coinmltled, un Indiiiiniiy 
 I'S.OOOJ. Tlio former sum was piild; y 
 from Uatsuma iiu satisfaction ^Ml!| tut 
 obtained; and tho Kngllsii lieet uiidirAi 
 mirnl Ku per was ordered to Kagualiii,i,ti 
 cnpltal ol^ tills iiowerfnl Daliiilo. Asuti, 
 time was flxcd for making repariitliiii; m 
 when on its expiration the udtiilriil lein 
 on three screw sleaiiurs lielongliiK in 
 sniiia, nil the batteries of the lowiu;i.|ij, 
 Dpened on tlio siiuadron. The ncliiiliallidi 
 bnrded the place, wlilch caught tlre.nndiL, 
 houses were burnt for moro tliim Hiniieii 
 extent. Tiie next day tho buitirk'H w 
 ngala shelled, and the prince iiuw mt 
 to do what ho could to bring tho criiuiu 
 to justice, aud to pay tUo luduiuuity 
 numdcd. 
 
 TIIE EAST INDIA ISLANDS. 
 
 -->*- 
 
 CEYLON. 
 
 Obtlon is a largo island of tho Enst Indies, 
 separated from the continent by tlio gulf 
 of Manaar aud Palk's straits, near tho 
 southern extremity of Hiudostan. It is 250 
 miles in length from north to south, and 
 averages about 100 in breadth. Tiio con- 
 quest of this Island was the flist attempt of 
 Albuquerque, the celebrated Portuguoso 
 admiral. Ho found it well peopled, and In- 
 bablted by two different nations ; tho Bedaa 
 In the north, and tho Oinglaaaes, or Singa- 
 Use, in tho south. The former wero very 
 barbarous ; but tho latter in somo state of 
 civilisation. Those, however, derived great 
 advantages from the mines of precious 
 stones, and also from their pearl fishery, 
 tbo greatest in the East. 
 
 It is said that the proper name of tho 
 Island Is Slnghala, and that part of the po- 
 pulation called Slugalese bave a tradition 
 
 that their ancestors came thither froolj 
 eastward nearly Z.-tOO years ago; Ijutn 
 authors suppose them to i)o a coloDfJ 
 BInghs or Ilajpoots, who arrived aMf 
 years B.o. From tlio ruins of cUlt'3, 1 
 aqueducts, cannls, bridges, temples iA 
 Trincomaleo and otlier places, CVjIonlf 
 evidently l)ecn at somo remote pcridl 
 rlcii, populous, nnd comparatively civiii 
 country. The Portuguese not onljrg 
 quered,but tyrannised over them ton 
 a degree, that they assisted the CuUkJ 
 expelling them from the Island hi 1668,a 
 a bloody and obstinate war, by wbiclialll 
 Portuguese settlements fell into thet 
 of the Dutch East India Company. 
 
 The Wiirs with tho king of Caiidr,! 
 most potent, if not the sole soverelol 
 tlio island, were very detrimental tof 
 laud. In a saugutuary war, which i 
 
Ct)e eaitt intriA iiUxitiM, 
 
 »oo 
 
 (>(l Into lliuliarliuurii.<|| 
 
 nipt wan soim'wlmtrotkj 
 ;vi'il, ami lio win h iiii.p 
 III iilioro for uinriMliiin 
 iiilmi'iiui'utly iiiiiau Mi.| 
 
 I of tllO tWl) IlUllolii n 
 
 IRO tlioniUMiliilmcnth;! 
 uKfiit, will) wiia tnn-iiL 
 18IVJ tlic Kovi'rmiioTit 1 
 foil Into tlio li ukU 1,1 f 
 their uTomliiu to tnuiti. 
 [)raclluo ot uitiait«liiailiii 
 it 
 
 I tliui commlttcil, ruluDeL 
 I'liiirgi) (Vnffali'i'H In JaimJ 
 iiitikiul trtiii tlio uiiviriiJ 
 
 II tlioimyinciit'if Uiii,i««iJ 
 
 loloKV) n"J 'r"") l''i»(il 
 wIkiho ]urlHtll>'tl<iu tliJ 
 inlttLil, iiu liidriunlly 1 
 iKT tiuin wiw luilil; bui 
 I tiatlofaclluii \Mu tu ti 
 oEiigll»h Ikvt uiiilerAiy 
 [irilcri-d to Kii»uitm»,ty 
 iwcrful Dalnilo. AbtattL 
 riimkliiK rc|iariiilim;ul 
 riitliai ilio ttdmlral lelK* 
 eiinuru liuliiii«lii« to 84 
 i-rli'sof tlio tiiwiitiuilWi 
 imaroii. ThonUmlittllioj' 
 which caught tlre.iHiiliii 
 it for nioro tliiin aiiilleli 
 [t liny the UailiTles utij 
 id tho iirluco now ngre*' 
 )uld to bring the crlmluj' 
 to i>ay tho ludumult! i 
 
 r)Ki,tlio(^7lo>)"*u iiKiiian;)! wnit drlvvii 
 
 ,ii,ilili«<'aP"i'l>'>"^ ^'>(> Dutch iimdoa very 
 
 j,i„t»((eoii« treaty. Their iovoielKiity 
 
 hi »ckiiowh'd«cd over nil thono part* of 
 
 Lcoiintry iliey i)o»Hc»»ed heforetlio war, 
 
 y that piirt. of tliu coiuita held Ity tho 
 
 liiivi'i wi'!i cedi'd to them. They were 
 
 ,i»cd tu gather rliinatiioii in all the 
 
 Jiiiiit and tho court ntlpulated to mil 
 
 im tbo hcit lort, which la |>roduc«td In 
 
 L niuuntalui, at a very moderate price. 
 
 L goveriiniciit aUo oiiiragud to Imvu no 
 
 fcuDCcUou with any forolxn power, and 
 
 bcii '0 deliver up any Kuropeaim who 
 
 llijlt hnppen tu cumu Into the Uliiiid. In 
 
 iium for io many ronceHHloim tho kliiK 
 
 hi 10 rorelvo annually the raluo of the 
 
 Wucc of tho ceded roasts ; and from 
 
 liiiri) liisi Biibjerts were to ho furnlHhed, 
 
 tatlswith tM much Halt m they had ocra- 
 
 Vi for. Matter* were In this Rituatlon 
 
 Ion tliu KiiKllth attacked the Uuich In 
 
 M, iind contiuercd Trlncomalec, and all 
 
 k[t »ettleinenti4 In the Ulnnd ; and it 
 
 llerwiirilH liecaine a part of tho price of 
 
 f\xico of AuileiiH In favour of KiiKland. 
 
 Ilio EiiBlluh had no Booiier taken pog- 
 
 jslun, tlian they unhappily were Involved 
 
 |i war Willi the kinx of t'aiidy, owing to 
 
 juomUuuderBtandlng relative to certain 
 
 |lcle» of coinmerco ; and tho Uvea of 
 
 jiiy bravo men were sacrificed to it; ra- 
 
 Cr, liowover, hy the treachery and bad 
 
 Iboftho Oeyloncso king and hlH mlnl- 
 
 Jr, than by fair and honourable warfare. 
 
 k liupuiatiou ot Cvylou, iudopcudeutly 
 
 jtorB came thither fronj 
 
 y MOO yeara ago ; iiuttaL 
 
 JO them to bo a colonjl 
 
 oots, who arrived alwuij 
 
 mthorulusot cites, Uil 
 
 alg. bridges. temito.J'J 
 
 lid other plactss. to Ion | 
 
 at Bome remote pcnjM 
 
 Btid coroparatively c vlp 
 
 I'ortugueso not oniyt 
 
 rannlsed over them toL 
 
 they assisted the 1111141 
 
 I from tho island ill 16o«,JI 
 
 iBtinatewar.bywlicli^ 
 ttlementB fell into tlieW 
 Bast India Company, 
 ith tho king of Caiid J 
 t not the sole sovereljij 
 Ere very detrimuntiiUoP 
 wgulnary war, >YUicU t« 
 
 of the cnlniilNtit wlio liavo at rnrluuii tlniea 
 poMexxed thoinselvcH of the ooaotii, con»Ut 
 of— lut, tho natlvo Hlngaleito or Ceylonod*', 
 one branch occupying the Candyan terrl- 
 lortcH, and the other the coa«ts ; i>iid, tho 
 Veddahi, oraborlKlneH, who, in an nliiiont 
 Kavago stale, liihiililtud the moiiiitaiiioua 
 reglotiB and unej^tiioiiil faittneNKos; :ird, 
 the Moors, who are fouinl In all parU of 
 tho Island ; and 4lh, the Malabar and otlur 
 UliidooH, who dwell clilellv on the northern 
 and eastern coasts. Of all these races tho 
 Candyan Ceyloneao dllFcr least from Kiiro- 
 peaiis, inform, feature, mid iihyslcal power. 
 There are also some CalTreg and Javanese, 
 a few Chinese and I'arseo traders, and u 
 conslderablo number of Ungllsh, Uutcli,and 
 i'ortugucHO ; licsldes a hybrid population. 
 
 The ii|>per classes among tho Hlngalese 
 professChrlstlanlty, u 1(1 many arocmiverln 
 to Mohammedanism ; but the gein.-ral re- 
 ligion is IUulillilt*m. The government Is 
 ve.'ted In tlie hands of a Tlrltlsh governor, 
 assisted by a eouiicll of European elvll 
 servants ; but all laws, before being acted 
 upon, are publlslud In the olllclal ga/etie, 
 for their general dllCuslou and traiislatioii 
 into tlie native languages. In 181U an in- 
 surrection broke out, which, however, waa 
 sp(>edlly suppressed. It arose chlelly from 
 the mercantile Interest dliTerlng with tho 
 governor, Loru Torrlngton, as to Ida mode 
 of levying the tuxes. Lord Torrlngton wag 
 recalled ; and his conduct was tho themo 
 ot much discussion In parliament, which, 
 however, led to uo reiiult. 
 
 SUMATRA. 
 
 Hatha is a largo laiand In the Indian 
 
 jtii, being, next to Borneo, the largest 
 
 lie eastern Bcas. It Ib about 1,000 miles 
 
 It'iigth, from north-west to south-east ; 
 
 iKeneral.notmorcthan 150 In bread til. 
 
 i Ib tlio first of tho Islands which form 
 
 I grcnt East India Archljiclogo ; and Is 
 
 irated from tlie peninsula beyond the 
 
 get by tbo straits of Malacca ; which Is 
 
 liisual passage from tho bay of Bengal 
 
 1 the Coromandol coast to Borneo or 
 
 fa, and, conBcquently to tho gulf of 
 
 Cambodia, Cochin China, and tbo 
 
 lofTouquln. 
 
 lid dust is an article of conslderablo 
 
 1c, and is brought by merchants from 
 
 nnterlor to the sea-coast, where It Is 
 
 pred for Iron tools, and various kinds 
 
 lat Indian and European mauufacturo 
 
 k, cotton, broad cloths, &c. But the 
 
 i valuable and Important production 
 
 le island is pepper, tho average produce 
 
 iilch at this time is supposed to amount 
 
 to 30,000,000 lbs. a-year. Tiirmcrlc, cassia, 
 ginger, coffee, and many kinds ot scented 
 woods, are also produced here. After the 
 capture ot tho Moluccas by the British, In 
 171X1, tiio nutmeg and clove were introduced 
 at Bencooieu, but tliough largo quantities 
 wcro raised, the quality was inferior to 
 similar products obtained from Amboytia 
 and tho Banda isles. The Sumatran cam- 
 Iihor la in high estimation. Cocoa-nut, 
 betel, bamboo, sugar-cane, various palms, 
 and an abundance of tropical fruits, are 
 indigenous. 
 
 At Bcncoolen, on the west side of Sumatra, 
 Is tho English factory, belonging to tho 
 East India Company. Tlio factory was onca 
 entirely deserted, through the ficauent 
 quarrels and bickerings of the natiVM and 
 the English ; and had not tho forraerfound 
 that trade decreased in consequence ot the 
 absence of tho latter, they never would 
 have been invited to settle there again. 
 
 *2 
 
 'i'm 
 
 s.'fr 
 
870 
 
 Q^e Cr^aiiurji al^iitnttt ^t. 
 
 PRINCE OF WALES'S ISLAND. 
 
 Pbinob of Wales's Island, or Fulo Pcnang, 
 Is situated In the straits of Malacca, about 
 two miles from the west coast of tho Malay 
 peninsula. Tho India Company, In 1784, came 
 to tho resolution of establishing a settle- 
 ment hero. This Island is about seventeen 
 miles long, by ten broad : its northern ex- 
 tremity runs nearly parallel with the main 
 
 land, at a distance of about two miles J 
 which a fine channel is formed, where' ikJ 
 largest fleet may ride In perfect safety • Z 
 height of tho surrounding mountninsactin] 
 as a barrier against the force of tlio m 
 vailing winds. In fact, tho advantages i 
 tending this Island, both in a pulltlcal i 
 commercial view, are obvious. 
 
 JAVA. 
 
 Java is a large island, extending in length 
 nearly 700 miles, and averaging In breadth 
 about 90; and is separated from Sumatra by 
 the strait of Suuda. 
 
 Towards tho close of tho 16th century, 
 Cornelius Houtman, a Dutchman, conduct- 
 ed four vessels to Java by tho Cape of Good 
 Hope ; and his prudence procured him an 
 Interview with the principal king of tho 
 island ; but tho Portuguese created him 
 some enemies. Having got the better in 
 several skirmishes in which ho was en- 
 gaged, he returned with his small sauad- 
 ron to Holland, where, though he brought 
 but little wealth, he raised much expec- 
 tation. He brought away some negroes, 
 Cliinese, and inhabitants of Malabar, a na- 
 tive of Malacca, a Japanese, and Abdul, a 
 pilot of the Guzerat, a man of great abili- 
 ties, and perfectly acquainted with the 
 coasts of India. 
 
 The account given by Houtman encour- 
 aged the merchants of Amsterdam to fortu 
 the plan of a settlement at Java, which, 
 at the same time that it would throw the 
 pepper trade into their hands, would place 
 them also near the islands that produce 
 tho more valuable spices, and facilitate 
 their communication with China and Japan. 
 Admiral Van Neck was therefore sent on 
 this important expedition with eight ves- 
 sels, and arrived safe at Java, where he 
 found the inhabitants prejudiced against 
 his nation. They fought and negotiated 
 by turns. At length they wero permitted 
 to trade, and, in a short time, loaded four 
 vessels with spices and linens. The admi- 
 ral, with his fleet, sailed to the Moluccas, 
 where he learned that the natives of the 
 country bad forced tho Portuguese to aban- 
 
 don some of tho places in whidi tlicyl 
 settled, and that tlicy only waited furl 
 favourable opportunity of cxrclliiii,' tN 
 from the rest. Ho cstablislicd factmiJ 
 in several of these islands, entered liito| 
 treaty with some of tho king?, and return 
 to Europe laden with riches. 
 
 In 1602, tho States-general formed tlij 
 Dutch India Company. It was iurc!!el 
 with authority to make peace or warmil 
 the eastern princes, to erect forts, mail 
 tain garrisons, and to nominate offinrsfl 
 the conduct of the police and the adniini 
 tration of justice. 
 
 Tho company set out with great aJn 
 tages ; and, soon after its establl^liineo 
 tliey Htted out for India fourteen sliiiisii 
 sonic yachts, under the command of adnj 
 ral Warwick, whom the Hollanders 1 
 upon as the founder of their cumnici 
 and of their colonies, in the East. Hebi 
 a factory in this island, and secured itij 
 fortlflcations. He had frequent engi 
 mcnts with the Portuguese, in wlilchlj 
 generally came off victorious. A saagi 
 ary war was the consequence of tliescln 
 ' tilitics between the two nations, in nlii| 
 the Dutch were successful. 
 
 Batavla, which, from a small bcglnnig 
 has become the capital of all the D'lq 
 possessions in India, has one of tlie li 
 and safest harbours in the world. Tbel 
 habitants consist of Dutch, Frcucli, Porlf 
 guese, Javanese, Chinese, Malays, Neji 
 and many others ; and, aitogctlier, it n 
 be said to be one of tho most valui 
 colonies belonging to any European nalil 
 Tho island was taken by a BritLsh (oq 
 from India In 1811, and held till leio.n 
 it was restored to tho Dutch. 
 
QDte (Suit SuKta SiSflanlri^. 
 
 871 
 
 BOENEO. 
 
 OBKEO is one of the largest islands iii tlic 
 irorld, being 1.500 miles in circumference, 
 ht is seated under tlio equator, and occupies 
 hcarly tbe centre of ttie eastern arclilpc- 
 W Tlie west and north-east sides of it 
 Ere a desert, and the east is comparatively 
 (tllo ItnoWii. The inland parts are moun- 
 ainous; and the south-east, for many 
 gucs together, is an unwholesome mo- 
 
 .JS. 
 
 I Borneo was discovered by the Portuguese 
 \ 1521. The English and Portuguese se- 
 kcml times attempted to found establish- 
 licnts ou its coasts without success. The 
 Wrclgnty of tlie south coast was ceded to 
 jho Dutch by the sultan of Banjermassin 
 n 1787 ; but the most important event in the 
 ^ceiit history of Borneo is the enterprise 
 I sir Janicii Brooke, who first visited the 
 idiiud ill 1839, and has since been actively 
 ngagcdin the suppression of piracy, the 
 llusloiiof education, and the encourago- 
 lontof cuninicrcc and manufactures. 
 [The Dyaks are divided into numerous 
 IIIjcs, the chief being those of tlic Inte- 
 |or, or hill Dyaks, iind the Dyaks of tlic 
 ist, many of whom are daring pirates. 
 
 The Dyaks of the north coast have been 
 conquered by the Malays, who treat them 
 with great cruelty. The island is divided 
 into many separate states, governed by na- 
 tive chiefs; the best known of these is 
 Borneo Proper, which extends over tlie 
 level space on tbe north coast. On the 
 north coast, near the north-west part of 
 tho island, is the territory of Sarawak, 
 which is under tho rajahshlp of sir James 
 Brooke. This territory enjoys an excellent 
 climate, is rich in mineral and agricultural 
 products, and is admirably situated for 
 trade. Borneo is rich in minerals ; gold, 
 silver, tin, iron, and especially diamonds. 
 Kxcellent coal is worked in Borneo Proper 
 and Banjermassin, and rich iron mines were 
 discovered in tho south-east angle of the 
 isle in '848. The soil is very fertile. Tho 
 forestfi furnisli valuable timber, and, in 
 common with many other isles of tho 
 archipelago, the gutta percha, now so 
 extensively employed in manufactures. 
 Among vegetables are, maize, rice, yams, 
 batatas, cocoa-nut, betel, tobacco, cotton, 
 sugar-cane, pepper, and other spices and 
 fruits. 
 
 THE MOLUCCAS, OR SPICE ISLANDS. 
 
 ■ESE consist of Am1)oyna,Ternate, Fcdor, 
 
 Wr, Cilolo, and several other small is- 
 
 18. The Portuguese were the first 
 
 •opcans who possessed them, but were 
 
 ' to share their advantages with the 
 
 fliards, and at length to give up tlie trade 
 
 bost entirely to them. These two nations 
 
 tied to oppose the Dutch in their first 
 
 lempts to gain a settlement ; but the 
 
 Jtcli, assisted by tho natives of the coun- 
 
 , by degrees gained the superiority. The 
 
 jcieut conquerors were driven out about 
 
 year 1615, and tlielr place supplied 
 
 lothers equally avaricious, though less 
 
 Ibuleut. 
 
 lis soon as the Dutch had established 
 nselves in the Moluccas, they endea- 
 |ired to get the exclusive traae of spices 
 othelrown hands. They skilfully availed 
 nsclves of the forts they had taken, and 
 kc they had erected, to draw the kings 
 fernate and Tydor, who were masters of 
 1 archipelago. Into their schemes. These 
 pees, for a small sum of money, agreed 
 toot out all the clove and nutmeg trees 
 fhc Islands under their dominions ; and 
 prrlson of seven hundred men was ap- 
 nted to secure the pertormancc of the 
 
 It Amboyna they engrossed tho whole 
 livattou of cloves. The^ allotted to the 
 
 inhabitants four thousand parcels of land, 
 on each of which tliey were compelled to 
 plant one hundred and twenty-five trees, 
 amounting, in tho whole, to five hundred 
 thousand : and the collective produce ave- 
 rages about one million of pounds. 
 
 When tho Dutch dispossessed the Portu- 
 guese of Amboyna in 1615, they did not be- 
 come masters of the Island at once. Tho 
 Knglish had here five factories, under the 
 protection of the Dutch castle. Great dif- 
 ferences had arisen between the Engiisli 
 and Dutch colonists : at length a treaty was 
 concluded, In 1019, by which tho concerns 
 of both were regulated. Some short time 
 after, tho Dutch pretended that the En- 
 glish and Amboyanese had formed a con- 
 spiracy to dispossess tliein of one of their 
 forts. The plot, it was alleged, had been 
 discovered by a Japanese and To. iiugueso 
 In the English service, who wero most 
 Inhumanly tortured Into such confessions 
 as their cruel inquisitors thought proper. 
 Upon this evidence, they immediately ac- 
 cused the English factors of the pretended 
 conspiracy. Some of them they impri- 
 soned, and others they loaded with Irons 
 and sent on board their ships ; seizing at 
 the same time all tho English merchandise, 
 with their writings and books. 
 
 These ucts of violence were followed by 
 
872 
 
 C{)e CTrfatfui'ff at ^ii^farj), ^t* 
 
 a scene of horror unexampled In the pun- 
 ishment of the most atrocious offenders. 
 The tortures to which they put their inno- 
 cent Tictims are too shocking to relate ; 
 and those who did not die under them were 
 consigned to tho executioner. 
 
 The whole transaction affords the most 
 irrefragable testimony that the Hollanders 
 did it simply to monopolise the whole trade 
 
 of the Spice Islands. AtPoleron.abou' 
 same time, they put to the torture one ii'M 
 dred and sixty-two of the natives, who», J 
 they likewise charged with a preteniiedl 
 conspiracy. ""P 
 
 Until the French revolutionary war tw 
 Dutch retained these invaluable isia'ndJ 
 when Amboyna, and the other Moluci 
 submitted to the English, 
 
 THE BANDA, OE NUTMEG ISLES. 
 
 The Banda Isles is the general name of 
 twelve small islands in the East Indian 
 Archipelago. If vw except this valuable 
 Bplce, the islands of Banda are barren to a 
 dreadful degree. Tho land will not produce 
 auy kind of corn, and the pith of the sago 
 serves the natives of tho country instead 
 uf bread. 
 
 This is the only settlement in the East 
 Inut^n isles that ran be considered as a 
 European colony ; because it is tho only one 
 where the Europeans are proprietors of 
 lands, the Dutch Company having exter- 
 
 minated the natives, and procured i 
 from some of the neighbouring IsIandVij 
 cultivate the lands. The climate of r ^ 
 Is particularly unhealthy ; on which i 
 count the company attempted to traisL 
 tho culture of the nutmeg to Aiiibo;u| 
 but all the experiments that have k 
 made have proved unsuccessful. Tlicl. 
 da Islands vere discovered by the Port 
 guese in ISIO, and colonised In 1524; I 
 were taken by the Dutch in 1599. TheEj 
 gllsh possessed themselves of them in lyi 
 but restored them to tho Dutch iu isii 
 
 THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 Tbb Philippine Islands are a large group 
 In the eastern archipelago, the principal 
 of which is Luzon, a long, irregular, and 
 narrow island. They were discovered by 
 Magellan, in 1621, who called them tho archi- 
 lielago of St. Lazarus, as the discovery was 
 made on ihat saint's day. But they were 
 subjected, or rather part of them, to the 
 Spaniards, by Son Louis doVelasco, in 1564, 
 in the reign of Philip II. and derive their 
 present name from him. The natives are 
 supposed to be of Chinese extraction. 
 
 Manilla, tho capital of theishmdofl 
 zon, and of all the Philippines, is situatij 
 on the south-east part of the island, niJ 
 a large river falls into the sea, and fonul 
 noble bay, thirty leagues in compass. 
 
 On the 6th of October 1762, the Suglid 
 under general Draper and admiral ConiU 
 tuck Manilla by storm, after a siege j 
 twelve days; but, to save so flneaci 
 from destruction, they agreed to acni 
 a ransom, amounting to a million sterh 
 port of which, it is said, was never fail] 
 
THE BARBARY STATES. 
 
 ipltal of the Island oil 
 he Philippines, is situaM 
 part of the island, \sbal 
 into the sea, and forail 
 leagues In compass. I 
 October 1762, the Englij 
 ■aper and admiral Conir 
 Btorra, after a siege I 
 it, to save BO line a u 
 a. they agreed to ac« 
 jtlng to a million sletlii 
 Is said, was ncvorpi 
 
 -#♦•- 
 
 BABJ Is a vast territory of Africa, con- 
 jcing the states or kingdoms of Algiers, 
 orocco, Vex, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca, 
 stretches entirely across the northern 
 lores of Africa, from the Atlantic oceaii 
 jtlic webtern boundary of Egypt, taking 
 linost the whole range of the southern 
 ustcf the Medlterraaeau sea. 
 ^e Ilomans obtained possession of Bar- 
 r in the time of Julius Cassar, aud re- 
 ined masters of it till a.d. 428. At that 
 jeBonlfaclus, the Iloman governor, re- 
 llted, aud called in to his assistance Gen- 
 ie, king of the Vandals, who had been 
 je time settled in Spain. They agreed to 
 Ide the country between thcra : Gense- 
 vu to have two-thirus, and Bonifacius 
 third. Genserlo set sail in May tlie same 
 ,mti\ an army of 80,000 men, together 
 itlieir wives, children, and elf ects. Gen- 
 ie bad no sooner effected his landing, 
 "1 h part of the country, than he 
 ^ i"''.s against Bonifacius, dcfcat- 
 |l .: V ' jiiged him to shelter himself 
 , ■■• :ch place he benieged in May 
 M. Aos under tlio necessity of retir- 
 from famine. The Romans sent an 
 V into Africa, under the conduct of the 
 brated Aspar from Constantinople; a 
 idful battle ensued, and Genseric be- 
 le the victor. The Vandals were by this 
 :ory rendered masters of Africa. GIrtha 
 Cavtliage were the only strong places 
 ssed by the Uomaus. 
 435, peace was concluded between 
 Romans and the Vandals. However, iu 
 the Romans being enwaged in a war 
 the Qoths of Gaul, Genseric took this 
 intago to seize Carthage, by which he 
 ilucrably enlarged Lis African doml- 
 
 the taking of Carthage, Genseric 
 leiCtbe seat of his empire ; aud, in 440, 
 |e a descent on the island of Siiily, plun- 
 1 it and returned to AfrlciL As he had 
 ^become formidable to both empires, 
 pdosius, emperor of the East, resolved 
 blst Valentlnlan against so powerful 
 jeueuiy. Accordingly, lie fitted out a 
 I cuusistlng of 1,100 ships, tilled with 
 Sower of his army, under Arcovindus. 
 eric now pretending a desire to be at 
 e with both empires, amused the Roman 
 Iralwithpacillc proposals, till the sea- 
 ■or action was over. Theodosius being 
 ■cd to recall his forces to oppose the 
 f, Talentinian found it necessary to 
 Nude a peace with the Vandals, yielding 
 liulet poBsessiou of the countries they 
 beized. 
 
 nserlc was now become so powerful, 
 ither so low was the power of the 
 *n empire reduced, that, in 465, he took 
 m of Rome, and plundered it ; and 
 [his return to Africa, made himself 
 prnf all the remaining countries held 
 5 Boroans In that part of the world. 
 
 T!io kingdom of the Vandals In Africa 
 was now fully established; and Genserlo 
 made himself master of Blclly, as well as 
 all the other Inlands between Italy and 
 Africa, without opposition from the west- 
 ern emperors, who were now too feeble to 
 resist him, a.d. 476. Genseric made his 
 dominions a scene of blood, and died in 377, 
 after a reign of forty-seven years. He was 
 succeeded by his son Hunuerlc, who proved 
 a greater tyrant than his father, persecuting 
 the Christians with the utmost fury ; and 
 during his short reign of seven years aud a 
 half, he destroyed more of them than Gen* 
 seric hud done during his whole llfo. 
 
 The successors of Hunuerlc were Guta- 
 raund, Thrasamund, and Hllderlc, of whom 
 we know very little, except that the l&tter 
 was deposed In the seventh year of his reign, 
 by Gelimer, a prince of the blood royal, who 
 proved a greater tyrant thi<M any that had 
 gone before him, and was iield in abhor- 
 rence, when the emperor Justinian project- 
 ed an invasion of Africa. Accordingly, ha 
 sent a powerful fleet and army against 
 Gelimer, under the command of the cele- 
 brated Belisarlus. Gelimer committed tha 
 management of his army to his brothers, 
 Guudiiuer and Gelamund: they attacked 
 the Romans ; the engagement was long and 
 bloody, bui at length the Vandals were 
 defeated, and the two princes slain. Geli- 
 mer headed a fresh array, which was also 
 defeated, and the loss of Carthage followed. 
 Another defeat followed close upon the for- 
 mer. Gelimer fled Into Numidia, and an end 
 was put to the Vandal power in Barbary. 
 
 Gelimer v;as afterwards brought in gold 
 chains befc re Justinian, tvhom he besought, 
 in the mos' submissive manner, to spare 
 his life. This was readily granted by the 
 emperor ; and a handsome yearly pension 
 was also allowed him. 
 
 Barbary remained under the Roman 
 power until the caliphate of Omar, wlien 
 it was reduced by the Saracens. It con- 
 tinued subject to the caliph till the reign 
 of Harouu al Raschid, when Ebu Aglab, 
 the governor, assumed independence. The 
 house of Aglab was driven out by Al 
 Mohdi, the flrst Fatimite caliph. 
 
 Al Mohdi reigned twenty-four years, and 
 was succeeded by bis son, Abul Kasem, who 
 took the name of Al Kaycm Mohdi. During 
 this reign we read of nothing remarkable, 
 except the rebellion of Yesod. He was 
 succeeded by his son Ishraael, who took 
 upon himself the title of Al Mansur. 
 
 Al Mansur was succeeded by his son, Abu 
 Zammin Moad, who assumed the surname 
 of Al Mocz Ledenlllah. This caliph con- 
 quered Egypt, aud removed the caliphate 
 to that country. The other material event* 
 that have t.aken place In tho Barbary statei 
 will bo found la the historical notice ot 
 Algiers. 
 
ALGIERS. 
 
 -•♦•- 
 
 TiiR Algcrino kingdom formerly mado a 
 considerable part of the Mauritania Tingita- 
 nia, which Julius Caasar reduced to a Uoman 
 province. The Algerliics shared in the for- 
 tunes of Rome ; for, at tlio decline of Its 
 empire, they fell to the Vandals, who In 
 turn were expelled by the Saracens about 
 the middle of the 7th century. From 
 that period they were subject to the Arabs, 
 till the year 1061, whcu ANibeker ben 
 Omar, by the agency of his ma/nliouts or 
 saints, assembled a largo force of Malcon- 
 tents in Numidia and Lybla. His followers 
 were called Morabites, and tlio kingdom 
 which lie founded is distinguished by that 
 appellation. Rel iglous frenzy seems to have 
 imparted resolution and strength, the 
 Bincws of victory, to these combatants; 
 whilst a variety of favourable circumstan- 
 ces, arising from the absence of the most 
 powerful of the constituted authorities, 
 enabled Abubckcr to vanquish the several 
 Bhciks who opposed lilni, and at lungtli 
 reduce the whole of Tlngitunia under his 
 •way. 
 
 His successor Yuscf, or Joseph, founded 
 Morocco as the capital of the Moraljitisli 
 kingdom. In order to strengthen his new 
 dynasty, he sent ambassadors to a powerful 
 sect of the Mohammedans, called Zeneti, 
 clwelling in Tremecen. The Zeneti, whom 
 lio wished to bring back to what ho called 
 the true faith , not only murdered his emissa- 
 ries, but witli a large army invaded his king- 
 dom. Fearful and terrible was the rctril)u- 
 tion he exacted from them. He ravaged 
 their lands with Ore and sword ; and, assist- 
 ed by the Inhabitants of Fez, who refused 
 tlie Zeneti the succour they had expected 
 from them when they retreated ujion their 
 city, ho almost annihilated the whole tribe, 
 to the amount of nearly a million of souls, 
 including women and children. Their 
 desolated country was soon repeopled by 
 colonies from Fez ; and Joseph, forgetful of 
 the efficient support ho had received from 
 the Fezzans, attacked and subdued both 
 them and the remaining Arab sheiks, who, 
 relying upon their supposed Impregnable 
 fortresses, bad not yet submitted to his 
 authority. This dynasty of the Morabites, 
 founded by the Influencf of the marabouts, 
 fell before the power of Moj^avedln, a mara- 
 bout, in the middle of tlb 12th century, 
 ■whose priestly tribe was exp<.''pd by Abdu- 
 lar, governor of Fez. Thu>; J Id the conquered 
 become conquerors, only to tuii before the 
 renovated power of the descendants of 
 those very princes whom Abubeker in tlio 
 11th century had stripped of their power. 
 Tlieir descendants divided tlieir new con- 
 quests into several small kingdoms or 
 provinces, dividing the present kingdom of 
 Algiers Into Tremecen, Tenez, Algiers Pro- 
 I>vr, and Uujcyali. Tlio aliianco of these 
 
 four kingdoms was so veil cemcnird iii 
 mutual amity reigned amongst tlicni fl 
 nearly three centuries, "t was InterruniT 
 by the aggression of the king of Trcmc; 
 who was in consequence attacked and i 
 jected by the potentate of Teiiez, ^i] 
 Parez. He left his power divided aiiKinJ 
 his tlirco sons, which occasioned Aism 
 and afforded the Spaniards an opportuiJ 
 of attacking tliem. Ferdinand of Sn 
 having driven the Saracens frcm Euriij 
 followed them into Africa, and, in isoiJ 
 1509, took possession of Oraii, Bujd 
 Algiers, and other places. 1 
 
 The successes of the count of NanJ 
 struck such terror Into the Alfrcrlncs.til 
 they sought the protection of Selim Eiit J 
 an Arabian prince. Thisalllnnco, linweJ 
 though actively exerted, did not saveil/ 
 from l)econiiiig tributary to their Euroil 
 inviulers, wlio raised a strong fort nJ 
 small island opposite the city, in order] 
 deter the maraudings of tlie corsairs, if 
 doatli of Ferdinand, in l.'iio, gccinrdii 
 signal of their liberty ; for tlicy gnllriii 
 with larger offers, the succour of aJ 
 Barbarossa, whose valou*" and suoiOisJ 
 rendered him the most redoubtable rad 
 of that period. Barbarossa readily arswgj 
 their call, and marched with a lnri.v 
 powerful army to Algiers, Iiavhiif I 
 reduced and then treacherously iminli'l 
 Hassan, another celebrated corsair, itl/ 
 followers, consisting of Turks, he coDijij 
 ed to follow In his ranks. 
 
 The wliole populace of Algiers, wiilil 
 prince Selim Euteml at their iicail, rofeil 
 tills accomplished butcher with cvcrjl 
 monstnitlon of gratitude and lionol 
 which he repaid by causing the rriia 
 bo murdered, and himself to be i>alui(lj 
 his licentious followers with 'Longf 
 Barbarossa, the invincible king of Wii 
 the chosen of God to deliver tlic [ 
 from the oppression of tlie Clirlsii^ 
 This part of tho acclamation might \ 
 been acceptable enough to the Algerine 
 respect of the object for which tliejl 
 sought his friendship; but the conclil 
 words, * destruction to uil who eliall opjj 
 or refuse to own him as tiieir lawful! 
 reign,' struck sucli terror into tlieni,]| 
 they acknowledged his pretensioiisit' 
 eel ved him as their king. His treacbffl 
 Selim was followed by brutal insultsKl 
 phira, his widow, who, having valnn 
 tempted to stab the tyrant, poisoned haf 
 
 Tho reign of Barbarossa, begun in i 
 chcry and usurpation, was rontlnu(i| 
 havoc and bloodshed. An attempt, (u 
 ed by Selim, son of tho prince whoraj 
 barossa Ijad murdered, pr.)vod abor 
 although backed by 10,000 Spaniard! i 
 the command of D(m Diego de Vera,! 
 king of Tunis also, at the head of t 
 
CI)* Witarv at Slflterrf. 
 
 875 
 
 so well cemented, iL 
 ;ned amongst tlicnij 
 rles. ■'t was intcrrupi 
 at the king of Trcmt 
 uence attnckcdand.. 
 tcntato of Teiicz, t,\ 
 I power illvlded Rinom 
 ilch occasioned discor 
 Ipautards an opportui 
 ii. Ferdinand of Sn 
 ) Saracens from Eum 
 
 9 Africa, ana.lnlsWL 
 iBlon of Oran, Bujeji 
 • places. . 
 of the count of Nanil 
 rlnto tlio Al(jcriiic8,tl 
 •otectlon of SellmEiiHL 
 '. This alliance, linwetj 
 xerted, did not save tl 
 llmtary to their Europ. 
 ilsed a strong fort ni 
 islte the city, in order] 
 ings of the corsiilrs, 
 Mid, In 1510, eeenifd 
 ibcrty ; for tliey sulldt 
 rs, the succour of Ai 
 
 10 valour and succis 
 ! most redoubtable can 
 arharossa readily avswe 
 larched with a larim 
 to Algiers, Imvlii? 
 n treacherously imml( 
 celebrated corsair, nl 
 ting of Turks, lie coDii 
 s ranks. 
 
 ulaco of Algiers, with 
 eml at their liend, rccel 
 jd bntcher witb cveni 
 gratitude and liiw 
 , by causing the rtiifi, 
 X himself to be saloKiJ 
 oUowers with 'Long 
 invincible king of Al! 
 jiod to deliver tlie K 
 ;ssion of the Clirlfla 
 ) acclamation miglit 
 enough to the Algcrli 
 object for wlilcli tliei 
 id?hlp ; 'JUt tlic roncW 
 tlontoaUwliOsliaUopj 
 1 him as thelrlawMi 
 ach terror into them,] 
 ?ed his pretensions ar 
 lelrking. Histreaclii 
 wed by brutal insultiB 
 w, who, having vaM 
 the tyrant, poisoncdhic 
 Barbarossa, begun in 
 •patlon, was rontinuefl 
 shed. An attempt, W 
 a of the prince wlioiij 
 lurdcred, proved ar 
 1 by 10,noo Spaniardi 
 f Don Diego de Vera. 
 ulao, at the head ol 
 
 m was defeated by tlio Algerlne auto- 
 jitwitU only 1,000 Turklsli nuisquetecrs 
 y 900 Granada Moors, hid capital taken 
 Id villBged, himself deposed, and Barba- 
 ra made sovereign In his stead. This 
 Wory, which he owed to the use of drc- 
 119 wlilch bad now begun to lend their 
 rrible assistance to the deudiincBs of war, 
 followed by an embassy from Trcme- 
 In which place also ho was chosen 
 HU tyranny In Tremecen led to his 
 Etniction for the expelled royal family 
 ring obtained the assistance of the Spa- 
 rds, and being joined by the refugee 
 ■erlnes, under the guidance of prince 
 Em, pressed the monarch so closely, that 
 fills attempt to escape ho was ovortaken, 
 altera resistance distinguished by the 
 fit micompronilsing valour of his fol- 
 Jrcrs, slain by his pursuers, in the forty- 
 krtli y!:nr of his age, a.d. 1520. 
 Ilicdcntbof Barbarossa did not deliver 
 tAJgcrinesfrom the Turkish authority ; 
 fEayradin, his brother, was appointed 
 ig, To Strengthen his power he sought 
 fprotectlon of the Grand Seignior, from 
 m ii6 received a confirmation of his 
 I, and such reinforcements that he 
 compelled the acquiescence of tho 
 in and Arabs tc his sway, and was 
 Wed also greatly to annoy the Euro- 
 |ii9 by sea. Ho captured tlio Spanish 
 t of Calan, and by employing 30,000 
 jlstlan slaves on tho work without Intcr- 
 ision for three years, ho built a strong 
 lo, as a protection for his shipping. And 
 lonlydld he provide this defence for hlm- 
 Tiiut, by repairing and strengthening 
 I'capiii.-ed Spanish fort, he effectually 
 tout all foreign vessels. He strength- 
 by the assistance of the Ottoman 
 til, all the weak places of his kingdom, 
 I wag at length rewarded by l;ini with 
 dignity of bashaw of the empire ; whilst 
 |ers, now completely tributary to tho 
 received Hassan Aga, a Sardinian 
 lo, as the Turkish deputy. 
 m this period the history of Algiers 
 ^bout one hundred years Is one bloody 
 of piracy abroad and sanguinary 
 notions at home. Hassan gave tiie 
 ^lardB no respite. He ravaged not only 
 ' coasts, but even those of the Papal 
 fcs, and other parts of Italy. A most 
 lldable arniaraen t was fitted out agai n st 
 |l)y tho emneror Charles v., at the In- 
 Won of Paul III., the Pope of Home. 
 I expedition was, in some respects, like 
 aada which threatened England with 
 jiib bigotry In the reign of Elizabeth, 
 |wa8 attended with similar success, 
 dent in his numbers and equipments, 
 «3 pushed his projects with every pro- 
 pty of success, whilst Hassan, displrlt- 
 [ tbe weakness of his fortifications 
 be paucity of the garrison, was on tho 
 i of surrender, when the predictions 
 Imad prophet, named Yusef, encou- 
 ihim to a more desperate resistance, 
 iredictlons of the approaching ruin of 
 "anlards were soon verified. Tho war 
 Dents— storms of wind, hail, rain— a 
 al darkness— and violen , .arthquakt^s, 
 'ned to wreck the proud hopes of the 
 
 Spunlsh monarch. His amy, the finest, 
 perl.aps, Europe had seen for many an ago, 
 was scattered, destroyed, or taken captive ; 
 his navy In a few minutes was swallowed 
 up, and the great deep closed over the 
 riches, and arms, and human beings with 
 which it was amply furnished ; and ho him- 
 self with dllllculty escaped from the gene- 
 ral destruction which pursued his ill-fated 
 attempt. This extraordinary event oc- 
 curred on the 28tl> of October 1541. Tlio 
 Spaniards never recovered this loss, and 
 their attempts to annoy the Algerlnes were 
 henceforth Inconsiderable. 
 
 In 15.55, tho Algerlnes under Pelha-Rals, 
 the successor of Hassan, captured Bujeynh, 
 which had been in possession o the Spa- 
 niards for fifty years. A period n«/W occ-iu's 
 thickly clustered by names of those who 
 were bashaws for very brief periods, 
 amongst which we find Hassan Corso, who 
 was murdered to make room for jekeii, 
 who In turn was assassinated by Yusef Cala- 
 bros, and ho was bashaw for only six days. 
 Then came Hassan, the son of Hayradln, 
 who defeated another attempt of the Spa- 
 niards with the loss of 12,000 men. This 
 Hassan was deposed by the aga of tho 
 janissaries ; then reinstated ; again deposed 
 by Achmet ; and a third time made bashaw, 
 when ho undertook the siege of Marsal- 
 qiiiver, near Oran, with a powerful army, 
 but which he was compelled to raise on 
 tlie approach of tho celebrated Doria. Ho 
 was again recalled from his government, 
 and died at Constantinople, A.u. 1567. His 
 successor Mahomet showed prudence, and 
 by his wise regulations laid the foundation 
 of Algerlne Independence. He was deposed 
 by the notorious lenegado Ocliali, who 
 reduced Tunis to tlie suljjectlon of Algiers, 
 only that In a few years it might be mado 
 a pachalic of tho Porte, in LWO. In tho 
 preceding year, the enterprising spirit of 
 these pirates carried them through t,iio 
 straits of Gibraltar as far as tho Canary 
 islands, which they plundered. 
 
 In tho beginning of the following cen- 
 tury the Algerlnes effected one leading step 
 towards Independence, In obtaining from 
 tho Porte permission to appoint a dcy of 
 tTieir own ; but the sultan still retained a 
 bashaw whose offlcc was confined to watch- 
 ing that the Interests of his muster im not 
 suffer. Their power, augmented by an In- 
 flux of the Moors who were expelled from 
 Spain In I609, was now formidable ; and tho 
 states of Europe, with the exception of tho 
 Dutch, Quailed before them. Alliances were 
 formed against tlicm ; and to the honour of 
 France be It said, that her navy was tho 
 first which dared openly avenge the causo 
 of insulted Europe and suffering humanity. 
 In 1017 the arms of Gaul fell with violence 
 on the Insolence of the pirates. 
 
 In 162.3 Algiers declared Itself Indepen- 
 dent of tho Porte, and for tho next thirty 
 years idllagcd without distinction woat- 
 ever vessels of the Europeans fell In their 
 way ; then another collision took place be- 
 tween them and the French navy ; and soon 
 after a large fleet under Halt Plnchlnln, 
 after carrying off Immense booty from the 
 Italian coast, was defeated by tho Venetiaus 
 
870 
 
 (!ri)f Cimjfury nf 1ftW<o« .'. ^t' 
 
 under Onpcllo, with vory coiihUIciiiIiIo Inns, 
 which Riontly crliU'I'Ml thoir imwor. 'I'hU 
 rflnpdo w«» hilt for two yi'iirn; when, m 
 It wuro, rotiovnliMl hy tliii iiiUfortiiiic, 
 llioy BronriHl tho wholti xrnwlth a llrrt of 
 Hlxty-Ovo unit, nnd coiiiiioltcd tlio Diilrli, 
 tho Kroiich, nnd KhkIIhIi to court their 
 favour, fiould XIV. iit hint, In tho ynir 
 10HI, provokrd hy tioino outriiK<'H whirh 
 the pirntofi had cominlltcd on hU ciniHtH, 
 ordered a pnworful llcot and arnimiiont 
 to ho flttod out, with which ho dcnl niycd 
 Hi'vcrnl of their vi'MWh In tho Iwltmr Hclo. 
 In thu followluK ycnr hu houihiinlod Al- 
 ^lorn, nnd hut for a rtiiddcn chauKU of wind 
 would havo dcHtroyofI it. 'I'ho return of tho 
 year fiaw tho French admiral l)u (JIuohuo 
 aKaIn hcforo AIrIith, whodeHiHtcd not from 
 hU attack till ho had coniplotely lumhled 
 tho Algvrlno audacity, hy reduchiK their 
 city to a heap of ruhiH. They Hued for 
 peace, which wan granted, an(i all OlirlH- 
 tlan captives were Hctat llherty, TauKht 
 a leMon hy this liumlllatlon, tho AlKerlneH 
 paid fiomo rcHpect to other iiatlunH, and 
 tho KiifrllKh in particular wcro admitted 
 Into treaty with them ; who further en- 
 forced ronpect from tho pirates hy (ho cap- 
 turo of (llhraltar and Port Malum. Tho 
 eJKhteenth century proRenttt llttio that \n 
 IntereHtluff In lie hlHtoryof tliM piratical 
 state, eiic<<pt tho union of tlio olllce of tho 
 Alfferlnodey ami Turkixh viceroy, In 1710; 
 the captiM-e of Oran in 1708, and Itr* recap- 
 ture in 17117. 
 
 On the IHth of Anptust Igie, lord Vix- 
 mouth, with a fleet of four Rhips of war, 
 four frlKaten, and several vesHels, homhs, 
 ki\, appeired heforo AlKlers, to exact pim- 
 Ishment for tho I)arhan>ui4 niaxsao)' of a 
 nuniher of K-.iropeans at Homi, on May 2.'i, 
 hy 8,000 of tho Algerino infantry and ca- 
 valry. 1 tho 37th of August his lordHhlp 
 romraonrcd an attack, which waM com- 
 pletely successful. Tho wholo of tho Al- 
 gerino niivy was destroyed, and lialf the 
 town dca ollshed. liiko the defeat rec('lved 
 from Du Quesno IKt years heforo, this dis- 
 posed thdui to accept tho terms offered Uy 
 the lirlMdi admiral. Christian slavery watt 
 abolished, and full reparation mado ; and 
 on the 1st of September was beheld tho 
 proud and gratifying sight of tlm fuilll- 
 niont of tlie conditlouH. Algiers disgorged 
 Its Christian slaves, and a largo payment 
 of money was made for tho uso of tlie seve- 
 ral states which had suffered by its depre- 
 dations. This was one of the most honour- 
 able trlumphfi achieved by the Oritish flag. 
 Since that time the dcy has been embroiled 
 with the Austrian states; but its most sig- 
 nal chastisement was left for the French to 
 inflict. 
 
 During a conversation that took place 
 between the dey and the French consul at 
 Algiers, tho former had the Ill-mannered 
 temerity to offer tho Frenchman a per- 
 Bonal insnlt, and even struck hlni. lie- 
 
 dreris was, of courrte, dcmanilnl; \,m 
 far from complying with the ili'tiinini,!), 
 di'y illH|ilayed a hostllo feclliD^, nmi' 
 ni illHlied tho French poHt at l.u c; 
 ThiM being tantamount to a dichinitimii, 
 witr. Franco Immediately flttnl mil i, {„,^ 
 (M-fuI armamriit. Including a Iniiil tmn'i 
 :iH,(Mii) men, with a formidabie iriiln i,f| 
 tiliery, under tho command nf i^i'm,,, 
 llonrmoiit. On tho Hth of .Iiiiki \K\i),{\ 
 French troopM I'ffected alandiiiK,niiit,nlK 
 a feeble resiHtunce, AlglorH cii|i||iiinih| 
 the fith of .luiy. The French fuiinil in u, 
 tr<>aHiiry of tho dey, gold anil Hllvcrintii 
 amount of nearly Mfty nilllloiiH nf rrino 
 beHides an abundant Hnp|)iy uf KiiirD 
 vari(um khuU. Tho townx or Onm u 
 lionaNoon after RulDiiltted. Iliitilu'Pri'iij 
 HUbHeiiueiitly met with conHlilcnilili'm 
 anco from tho hey of Oran, wlio, limvovij 
 after aHerlcH of conteHts and nrKuilntinot 
 HUbmitled In Ih:i7, and agrecii id niinnijq 
 tho marltinu) partH of the pr(ivliii'o,niii|| 
 recognlHo tho supremacy of ilii! Kmiriii 
 Africa. Tho occupation of AiMficri* (rir,| 
 It is now generally termed. AmikiiiaiI 
 been a work of more dinii'iiliy ihan. 
 Uiiliic coni|iu'rf!rH anticipateil, mui |||^ 
 sandri of KuropiMins have aiinunlly jicrltln 
 by HlckncHH and the sword Hlnri' ilu'im 
 tory lum been wrested from ilic iicj 
 Arabs In whoso poHsession it liail m 
 remained unmolested. 
 
 Tho gov<'rnment Is at present mlnilii 
 tercd by tho commander iiiclilcf uf 
 French forces In AigierH, wlio lioliU 
 rank of governor-generid. It was , 
 vlously vested In a dey, or pacliii, wlmi 
 at tlio head of tho Turkish Hiijdlcry,! 
 who oxerciHed alisolute power. Tlie t 
 glon of tho state Is now Uonimi CmM 
 iind nui'iy mosques liavo been rmivrr 
 into Chriri'lan churches; but tliu 
 bulk of tho iK'opIo |)rofe»8 Alolwimiip 
 Ism ; and although the Freiuli li.nc i<| 
 bllslied Hcliools of InstructiDii In nil 
 principal towns, the Moors Miiuwiiiiileij 
 to read any other book llmu lliu Ron 
 The language Is mostly Aral)k', Init nlij 
 with Moorish and I'hocnlcinn wnrils. 
 
 What effect tho IntrodiicUiui uf 
 pean laws, arts, and sciences |i- ,, ihlsi 
 of Africa may have, timo ale ...; can 
 but If we consider how great wciv iwl 
 puiatlon and Influence in distant iim^ 
 how formidable it has slnco pnivcJ 
 tho dominion of a brutal honlu of |>I 
 we may fairly expect that the fruits i 
 superior civilisation will, ere l(in(f,api< 
 Much, indeed, as some politicians iivijll 
 glue that the African colony will am 
 disc our Gallic neighbour, tlio prolar 
 is that it must confer benedta on lliff 
 tian wond, in general, so real nnd sub 
 tial, as win bo amply sufllclcnt tooiiti 
 any preponderating Influcnco in tluti 
 ter of tho world which France canpo 
 derive from the acquisition. 
 
 'HU Amerlcnr 
 
 jrnoml name, 
 
 kii pnrtlally 
 
 InKJory of Its 
 
 VlnnKD to Oh 
 
 jnioii, hetter I 
 
 JdIiiiiiI)Iih, 'I'll 
 
 liny friiltleHR 
 
 Ire to ciinlilo 
 
 Etiifippciilatloi 
 
 IcIaliUKiof Ht. 
 
 |i rmrs after' 
 
 Inllncnt at tl 
 
 JuHllllt I, Mim. 
 
 ITIw diHcovery 
 
 ■irrlra helong 
 
 lt», who resldi 
 
 111 three sotis 
 
 Imiihtcd by t 
 
 met the pat roi 
 
 id, They disci 
 
 J««tpil tho wild 
 
 IrtJicrn contin 
 
 li< lionniir of i 
 
 Insfl illRi'overl( 
 
 ppiirci, a rior 
 
 pnzo flfl Ojedii i 
 
 Jlill«liC(i tho llr 
 
 ■ntrlcs; from 
 
 m diacnvered 
 
 m were orig 
 
 Fallows : 
 
 Virginia , , 
 U'ew York 
 
 (Inland) . 
 \Uauneht. 
 iillt. . . 
 llatnp. 
 tkirt . 
 Maaare . 
 
 •i 
 
 Maryland , 
 
 H^de Iiland 
 lorth Caro. I 
 
 HIM . . ,/ 
 
 mth Caro. 1 
 Una . , ./ 
 
 l^Jtrny 
 ftnniylva. 
 
 nia , 
 
 torgia 
 
 li 
 li 
 
 
 1^0 formed 
 ica and swayi 
 f early hlstor; 
 
n, (It'inlUiiliMl; Ijiii. - 
 with 11)" ili'iiiniiil.ihl 
 illto fi'i'lliiK, mill M 
 
 ;-|l |IOHb III. I;!l I'ali 
 .III, lo IV (Iri'lHl'iilliiiiii 
 iili'ly llllcil nut ii|ii|d 
 
 IlldltlK IV lllllil fiiiri'iJ 
 
 iiriiililivl'l*' ii'^lo "U 
 riiiiiiiiiKKl ii' Ki'iii'n. 
 Htli •>( •'><»" "^-fMIl 
 ;cH> a\amlliiK,iiiiil,n(i# 
 
 AlKltTM fllliltlllalnli) 
 
 KrciK'li riiiiiiiliiiiii 
 , K<>l<l ■)'"' Hllvrr liitll 
 iriy iiilllliir.H iif trniiJ 
 lit mu'l'ly iif "iiifi'W 
 o iiiwiiH iif •>i'i" n. 
 
 liilUcil. l»iiMlii'l''roiiJ 
 villi coiiHlili'nilili'ri'iM 
 
 of oriiii, who, liimi'vij 
 iilfHlH iiiu\ ncKiiilailfliil 
 iiilil ftKrt'i'il I" i^laiiill 
 
 of t!ni iirovliii'i'.iiiiill 
 ,<ii)iiry of lli(! I''n'iirlil 
 mtloii <if AI«ti'M(w,J 
 y tcrnird, Ai.iikuiaiIJ 
 iiioro (Unifiiiiy liiiuif 
 
 iinUc.li>fil.i'<l. "I'll H 
 iH liiivo aiiiiiiiilly \>nm 
 10 Hwonl Hliiri- ilii'tfrt 
 ■roHti'il fi'uMi 'I"' m 
 ,mm'RHloii II. liHil HO y 
 
 ili'd. , , J 
 
 It trt nt prrsont wlmM 
 
 iiniandi'V lii-<iil(;f »t » 
 
 AlKlt'rH. wlio liu'il'1 
 
 )r-KflKT!ll. !!■ WMH 
 
 a ilt'Yt '"■ r'K'li". "■'"" 
 lio TiirUlRli Bdltllcry.r 
 iHoluto I1OW01'. llici 
 ) tit now Uomim ( niM 
 icB liiivo lii-cu fimvertl 
 liurdioB-, lull, lilt) P 
 ,10 orofons MoliiirainM 
 <l» llie Kivtu'li liiivp c 
 of limtruclloii til :ii 
 llio Moors hIiow millet 
 IT liook Uiaii Ilie K»1 
 moHtly Ariililc, but mill 
 1 1'li(Ciil<-lnii worilK. I 
 lio tntroiUicUon "t F.i 
 ind Bclciicon !'• •' tnU r 
 nvo.tlino ftl(....;CnniiM 
 er how grout were iiil 
 uonoo In distant nwj 
 It hiiSBlnco provc'dn" 
 n brutalliordo of I'ln 
 tpcct that Uu) tnliii 
 ,t\onwm.oroloi*«ffl 
 
 1 some P«llt'''''"\'',a 
 trlcan colony will m 
 neighbour, tl.o vrm 
 onfer heiicnts onl\m 
 jncral, so ronl niul mm 
 n.plysumcleiittooulfl 
 ;lng Influence In tli«^ 
 which Franco can po« 
 
 acquisition. 
 
 Tin<: HISTORY OF AMiailCA. 
 
 n Aniprlrfin flontlnrtit, Icnnwn by tbiH 
 rnomi iiimio, Is by Homo hu|i|ioh('<I to liiivc 
 m pnrtlally Itiiowii to tlio itiir.liMitH ; Iml. 
 tnHlory of ItH dlHCoviTy In inodf^rn hiKtory 
 (InnK* t» ClirlHtoviil (.'olon, n imllvo of 
 (iinii, tiettpr known to im as OhrlHtoiilHT 
 jjumliiiH, Tliirt ciitcrprlHlng man, uftrr 
 Einy fnilMcHB atti-in|ilH to ol)lalii aHHlnt- 
 in to eiialilo hlin to proHoc.nto hlx I'liilio- 
 11(1 uppcnliitloim III K<'i>Ki'iMdiy, diHCovcrcd 
 kclslnnd of Ht. Halvador, (let. ID, Mnu; tiiid 
 \i yrafi aff.crwarilH ho rcarlicd tlio main 
 )iitiiiciit lit tlio mouth vt tho Orinoco, 
 klUtl, H1»H. 
 
 iTIio (llnciivcry of tho north pontinmit of 
 
 morlra lielongn to tho family of tlio <,'h- 
 
 p, who rcHldfrt In HrlHtol. Tlio fattier 
 
 [d tlircfl notiH Bot out In tlio year HOT, 
 
 ImrJntcd by Mio famo of (.'oIniiihiiB, and 
 
 iler tlio pal roimgo of Ili-nry VII. of Kiik- 
 
 id, They dlHCoviTcd Bovoral IslandB, and 
 
 mtcil tho wliolo of tlio main land of tho 
 
 rllicrn onntliH'nt down to tlm FlorldaB. 
 
 \f lionniir of Ktvtng a nnmn to tliOHO Im- 
 
 (nwi (tlflcovi'rli'B WHB giilricd by AimitIko 
 
 ipiicct, a riori'nllni', who accoinpanliMl 
 
 iii7.i)(lA()JndanB pilot, and on returning 
 
 bllnlied tlio llrBt account of this Bcvcral 
 
 intrlfn; from which clrcuniBtancoB tho 
 
 j\j dL^cnvcrcd world wan called Amorlcn. 
 
 Tlio nRA7ti,FAN pon«t wn« flfBt approach- 
 »'d by Atvarci', do (Jiitinil.a rortugiii!BUA(J< 
 iiilnil, ill iWNi; and Ki.oitinA by I'onco dr. 
 Iicon, nHpanlard, III IMS. In llio ciiHlorn 
 part of tlio pcnliiNiila, iiillcd Yuoatan, tl.o 
 natlvi'B wor(t round clotlii'd in cotton Kur- 
 incntB, and oxIilbltliKf other niarka of civl- 
 llHatloii, by llernande/, Cordavu, A. I). 1S17. 
 Tho expedition whiidi followed thiB dlBco- 
 very IimI to tlio i'oiii|neHt of MKXIC'O. 
 
 Tlio Hplrit of dlMcoveiy wan now active, 
 mid all tho frreiit Kiiropean courta omn- 
 lated oiiennotlier In alfordliiK faclllticH to 
 carry Into effect the enterprlHliiK effortB of 
 nnmcrouHaliliMindadvuntnroiiBnavlKatorH, 
 will/ HucccHHfiilly proBccntcd tlio iitl,nm|)t, 
 mid Immortalized thotrnamoH by tho biic- 
 ccHHcB which they Kalncd. Tho lilntory of 
 I ho principal colonlen and Btatcn which 
 aroHo from tlioHo diBcovcrlcH will bo given 
 111 diio conrHo, 
 
 America Ib divided lntoJVor</i and ffoitth. 
 In North America tho three prlindpal dlvl- 
 hIoiib were tho tcrrltorlcB of tho United 
 HiateB, tho lirltiBli poHHi^NBlonB, and tha 
 country of Mexico : but at the preient 
 I Imo iho United Rtates can scarcely bo Bald 
 any lonRer to exist, and t\n republic of 
 Mexico fleems likely to bo tra iBformed into 
 an cmiitre. 
 
 \ 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 mworo originally llilrtccn, colonised 
 
 lollowB : 
 
 When eolom'itit. liy whom, 
 Yirghja, . I(i07 Tho Briilili. 
 
 lAeio York 
 (lilanit) 
 
 fUaimchu- 
 iilti. . 
 
 [A'ra Ilamp 
 
 ikirt , 
 
 Dilatcare . 
 
 ■i 
 
 The Dutch. 
 1620 Engliih Puritani. 
 IC33 Dlttn. 
 
 ICaO Tho SwclPn. 
 
 inxT /Maaiiachusctt Eml- 
 
 ^"'•^ \ Krant.. 
 
 iflx^ i '-ord naltlmoro and no> 
 
 *""* 1 mnn Catliollc!!. 
 
 idTit iMaiinchuictt f'ml- 
 
 *"'•'" 1 granli. 
 
 1663 Virginian Settlera. 
 
 1670 Ditto. 
 
 1670 Dutch and Swcdci. 
 'niitylva- \,aat I William Pcnn and Qua- 
 »ia . . .f """ 1 kcm. 
 ''^rgia , , 1752 Oen. Oglethorpe. 
 
 ICtnnuli'cut . 
 Varyland . 
 
 phixU Mand 
 
 Vorlh Can- 
 .litia . . . 
 timlA Caro- 
 lina .. . 
 Feu Jtrtty 
 
 leno formed the original BtatoB, con- 
 |C(1 and Bwayod hy tho British ; atid 
 ' early history Is like that of other in- 
 
 fant countrlcfl, whllflt tho difhouUlcB they 
 liad at llrHt to encounter were aggravated 
 by tho Inveterate hoNtlllty of tlie natlvcH, 
 who found themBelve8dlHplaceO,andlordo4 
 over by men of dllT(!ront countrloB and dif- 
 ferent habits from themselveH. Many worS 
 tho leaKueB of tlio natives to crush tho 
 rlsliiK Htatefl, but all altk.( Ineffectual from 
 the ttmeof I'liiltp of Pokanohet to that of 
 TcTumesli. Kudo valour Is never an equal 
 match to the arts nf civilisation; a small 
 power well and Hkllfully directed easily 
 puts to flight largo masBes undisciplined 
 and without cultivation. Kvery age affords 
 numerous Instances of the truth of this. 
 Ihit (ilthough the Kuropean Bottlers were, 
 by tho superiority of their arts and dis- 
 cipline, rendered triumphant over their 
 riidc and savage opponents In general en- 
 counters, many a deed of death was re- 
 taliated upon them by sudden Incursions, 
 and many an Individual and family have 
 been immolated to the grim genius of 
 American brutality. Tho earliest colonists 
 suffered tho greatesthardshlps and encoun- 
 tered tho most bloody perils, from which 
 somo of the latter ones were exempted, as 
 
878 
 
 t\)e ^vsnixtvti at W^iovti* ^^ 
 
 well hy tlio ndvmiccmcnt and strength of 
 tlio ntliont, us l>y tliclr uwn inoro humuno 
 and judicious policy. 
 
 But the United Btnteo had tn coni1>at 
 not only with barhnrinn vncmtes, but with 
 Kuropcnii also. Tlio adjoining country of 
 Canada was a fortUo source of dlRi|ulc- 
 tudo and harasslngH. For not only did the 
 French Bt ttlcrs, in the wars between tlielr 
 mother siat.cs, assault and war with the Kn- 
 gllsh cnIonlatR,l>ut th^y stimulated against 
 them the wild war-cry of the native In- 
 diana. The barrier provinces of New York 
 and Now England felt most severely this 
 111 neighbourhood. Desolation and blood- 
 shed spread their ravages through these 
 devoted lands on occasion of every renewal 
 of war ; and many were the projects of a 
 combination of pi rer, aided by England, 
 to dispossess the French of Canada. In 
 1090 an attempt was made, but it was ren- 
 dered abortive by the tardiness of the Bri- 
 tish admiral ; and the years 1093 and 1000 
 witnessed similar scenes. 
 
 Thei .short period of repose enjoyed by 
 the colonies subsequent to this period was 
 Interrupted by the general war in Europe ; 
 and not only did New York and New Eng- 
 land experience the renewal of former bi^. 
 barities, but even Pennsylvania and Vir- 
 ginia, and South Carolina and (Georgia, es- 
 caped not the lash of European and In- 
 dian depredations. A brighter star now 
 began its dawning, which, though occa- 
 sionally obscured, at length attained its 
 zenith. In 1745, Louisbourg was gallantly- 
 taken by William Pepperell and a small 
 body of New Englanders. I'l 1765, the 
 English general Brnddock recoived a sig- 
 nal defeat ; but three years af tei vards Fort 
 Duquesne, now called Plttsbunr, was cap- 
 tured by the British and provincial troops. 
 Success followed success, till '.Juebcc and 
 the whole of Canada fell under the power 
 of Britain. In this exploit the name of 
 Wolfe is consecrated on the shrine of im- 
 mortality. Thus relieved from the incur- 
 sions and annoyances of their enemies, the 
 States were so rapidly impelled to wealth 
 and greatness, that in a few years the pa- 
 rent country looked towards them to bear 
 some share In the burden of taxation which 
 the war had imposed upon her. The stamp 
 act, in 170.5, elicited the first scinMUatiun 
 of that flame which was afterwards to blaze 
 BO brightly on the altar of Independence. 
 This was repealed, and tranquillity again 
 Beetled in the States, to be interrupted, 
 liowever, by another act of the English 
 legislation, levying duties upon certain ar- 
 ticles imported into the colonies. Tlio co- 
 lonists, having acquired some conscious- 
 ness of their own strength and importance 
 during the conflicts which terminated in 
 the expulsion of the French from Canada, 
 and having within them seeds of that Btub- 
 born Bpirit which characterised him whom 
 Qoldsmith has elegantly cAllcd 
 
 * True to imsgtned right boyond control, 
 
 felt indlguani at the attempt to exact from 
 them taxes in Bpite of themselves, and re- 
 solutely determined to resist the legisla- 
 tion. The British ministry partially yielded 
 
 to their resistance, reserving (inly tjuTTll 
 upon tea. This was met by llie coliWiT 
 with a compact amongst themst'lvcs nl 
 to Import or use this exclsablti ciiinnKj'dnll 
 and so keen was their spirit, uiidsoiiJ 
 cldcd their resolution, that the inoiiieT 
 Boston seized and threw into the m] 
 large quantity of it, which liiul Ij«'iij(.J 
 into their port. The legislature of nl 
 mother country retaliated upon tlu'ini, 
 passing an act to close the port of Uo^ioi 
 ar'. by other severe measures ngalnit J 
 charter of Massachusetts. This roiiwiiii] 
 indignation not of them only but of (vj 
 the provinces most remote from tluin aJ 
 most removed from the operation of li 
 obnoxious measures. T 
 
 In August 1774, a congress of (iciegaJ 
 assembled at Philadelphia. Tlio proceJ 
 ings in Massachusetts, where a iirovlncl 
 congress bad been constituted, were i 
 proved of— a resolution neither to Imtn 
 from, nor export to, Oreat Britain waspn 
 c(l, and an earnest rcmonstrniicc was i 
 dressed to the English parliaiiieiit. Troo 
 were sent against the colonies, aiiLlcoortJ 
 measures were adopted against all tlieSw 
 except North Carolina, New York, anJl 
 laware. This exemption was Intcndedl 
 be the apple of discord, but It falN,ll 
 these provinces refused the boon «ii| 
 had '. 3cn denied to their sister states, N'l 
 sourded the cry of preparation, tobeml 
 l)oratcd from the engines of war, »hll 
 opened their destructive Are, April 18, iJ 
 The flrst collision took place .it Leili 
 ton. The Americans had collected ml 
 warlike stores at Concord, wliltli aboiijl 
 800 English troops destroyed, and In J 
 exploit being assailed by a siiinll luriyl 
 militia to the amount of seventy, tlioyklllf 
 eight of them, and woundoil a great iiiJ 
 111 their turn they were nnuli mninyeiil 
 the natives, and though reinforced lyf 
 men under lord Percy, they lost hctomi 
 reached Boston 273 men in killed, voml 
 cd, and prisoners. The next action will 
 Bunker's Hill, where 1,500 of the Amerla 
 troops, partially protected by entril 
 nients,foralongtimemalntniiicilthe.r|>i| 
 againstdouble the numberof regulartroo 
 having three times repulsed tliclrnitii 
 and only yielding whc destitute otij 
 inunltion, with which t( return the 1 
 of the British from theit flcld i)lcccs,ij 
 the guns of their ships, which raked r 
 great effect their positlm. Their rcta 
 was effected in good ordt r, with theli)ii| 
 453, whilst the British los^ above l.OOOin 
 and general Warren. Tills eiigagcm 
 took place on the 17th June 1775. 
 
 Matters now assumed a warlike asp) 
 and the following year beheld troniisler 
 in the name of the United Colonies,^ 
 general Washington appointed coinraaiiJ 
 in-chief. The flrst attempt made by II 
 illustrious patriot was the siege of Bold 
 which commenced in July. In tliefoM 
 ing March the British evacuated tlieplj 
 and embarking aboard their fleet, sa 
 Halifax. In the meantime, an cxpi 
 undertaken by the Americans, In tnj 
 visions against Canada, failed witbn 
 ioss, and their eeueral Montgonieryj 
 
\ 
 
 Crte Witaru of America. 
 
 879 
 
 gcrvinsoKly ilx'iliiii 
 i met by till! colduij 
 ingst tliomsi'lvcs, iJ 
 t'xcl8al)U!C,t)mmiiilit;| 
 iclr Bplrlt, iind to del 
 )!i, that the peoiileJ 
 throw Into the m 1 
 which hiid been iegj 
 'ho IcglBlHtiirc ol tiJ 
 nllftted uiioii tliowlil 
 )8C the port (it liuiol 
 o iHcasurea ngnlmtill 
 iBCtta. This roused ilJ 
 them only but of (nJ 
 romoto from tliera.d 
 u tho operallim ut ta 
 
 \ congreBS ol ddcg! 
 idolphta. The pto« 
 L'ttB, where a provtad 
 n constltuteU, were 
 utton neither to Imi 
 ) OreatnrltiiluwMt 
 t' remonstraiice was 
 Ush imrllauieut. Tti 
 the colonies, ami cocrtli 
 DtedagalnstalltlieSU' 
 ..Una, Kew York, anJ 
 •mptlon was liitiMiW 
 ilscord, but It luUotl,!! 
 retused the Immi vihli 
 o their sister states. Si 
 if preparation, to be mi 
 Q engines of wiir, «bl 
 ructlvellre, April I8,i; 
 Ion took place at Leili 
 leans had collected ki 
 Concord, which a Wj 
 P8 destroyed, ami In I 
 sailed by « Bina m 
 mnt of seventy, tlioikll' 
 i,d wounded !i great 1111 
 cy were nuicli iimiojeO 
 
 ' though ri-i"f'>«;* ';i;i 
 
 ercy. they lost lictorcil 
 273 men in killed, w 
 a The next action to! 
 ihero 1,500 of the Ame* 
 ' protected by enlr-. 
 time maintained thcr 
 ,e number of regular fl- 
 ies repulsed their at 
 K wh'" destitute ol 
 which t( return the 
 Z thel! fleldplecM, 
 f Bhina. which rakcil 
 iir noBitl'tn. Their rci 
 P°oid\r.wlthtUel.H 
 rltlBh las'-, above l,000f- 
 ■arren. This engagei 
 nth June 1.75. 
 flsumed a warlike a ! 
 gyearbebeldtronrsl. 
 
 *the united Colonie 
 rton appointed coram 
 ■rst attempt made Ij 
 otwasthoBiegco M 
 edlnJuly. Intlm'o 
 irltish evacuated tW 
 /hoard their Ueet.B* 
 ,e meantime, an cwJi 
 
 the Americans, m "» 
 
 Canada, failed with 
 
 gtueraV Montgoraet! 
 
 killed, and general Arnold wounded before 
 Qnetwc. 
 
 On July <. l?"*. the solemn act of do- 
 (liring tho colonies free and independent, 
 with a constituted government of their 
 lown, was publlohed, after a sultuble address 
 to the king, parliament, and people of Urcat 
 Iritaln. Strong measures wero now re- 
 irted to. Tlio war bad become general, 
 id all hopes of bringing It to a speedy Issue 
 milstcd in promptitude and large nuni- 
 rs. Accordingly, in August following, 
 i,ooo BrItlBh troops, under sir William 
 owe, landed on Long Island, about nine 
 illcs from New Yoric, where the A inerican 
 Dcral held his liendquarters wilh about 
 ,000 troops. Four days after thoj r arrivol 
 le British gained a partial victory; and 
 1 the Mth of September, Washington 
 acuated tho Island, of which the British 
 lit immediate poi-sesslou— and Nov. 12, 
 ley cjiptured fort Washington, with its 
 irrlson of nearly 3,000 men. This was 
 illowed by the capture also of fort Lee, on 
 |e Jersey shore. The tide of sticcess 
 med to set in for the British. Washing- 
 's army was dispirited, and very much 
 ilnlshcd by the departure of several of 
 troops whose term of service had cx- 
 d, Nothing but the most determined 
 irltof freedom could have sustained both 
 congress and army to persevere in 
 ilrnow almost hopeless contest. 
 Int tlio spark of liberty once expanded 
 a blaze Is not to be extinguished by re- 
 sc8-anu true patriotism will generally 
 ;nict even from depression the means of 
 iraph. Accordingly Washington strove 
 dispel the gloom which brooded over 
 horizon of the new state heavily and 
 rlly, by some brilliant exploits, which, 
 list they thinned tho ranks of his op- 
 mU, shed a lustre upon his name, and 
 ised fresh spirit into his troops. His 
 :c!8(ul attacks upon the British posts at 
 iiton and Princeton compelled them to 
 luate the greater part of New Jersey. 
 [or were their exploits at the conclusion 
 " e year 1776 less Injurious to the British 
 the skI:i and address of the American 
 ral In the following spring, with a 
 it inferiority of force, wero superior to 
 plans and operations of the British 
 iral.who, baffled in his attempt upon 
 idelphla by land, ciirmged his system 
 resolved to nttack it from the south. 
 counteract this attack, Washington 
 ed forward, but having sustained a 
 It with the loss of 1,200 men, andflnd- 
 he attempt vain, he abandoned Phlla- 
 la to its fate. Sept. 26, sir W. Howe 
 the city, having stationed the prin- 
 part of his army at Germantown, about 
 lies distant. An attack made upon 
 St by the Americans failed, and they 
 great number of men. 
 their losses In this quarter were 
 than compensated by their successes 
 e northern states. After capturing 
 ideroga with a garrisou of 3,000 men, 
 rmounting all obstacles which the 
 could throw in his way, so that he 
 most reached the object of bia ex- 
 loD, which was the capture of Albany 
 
 fa measure which would have been greatly 
 Injurious to the colonies), general Bur- 
 goyne was compelled, on the 17th of Octo- 
 ber, to surrender his whole army prisoners 
 of war at Saratoga. This triumph was not 
 less glorious to tho American arms than 
 usefiU in rekindling their courage, re> 
 plenishing their stores, and conciliating to 
 their side tho favour of tho European 
 povi'ers, especially the French government, 
 from whom they received tho assistance or 
 a lleet and an army. Neither did Washing- 
 ton suffer his troops to remain inactive, or 
 tlio British to bo unmolested ; for on 
 tho retreat of tho latter to New Tork, he 
 attacked and harassed their march, and 
 though lie avoided a general engagement, 
 in an action at Monmouth ho came oft vie* 
 torious. The only otherezploitin this year 
 was tho unsuccessful attack of tho American 
 general Sullivan on Rhode Island. 
 
 Although the British carried on tho ope- 
 rations with activity in the southern states, 
 the year 1779 does not present, us with 
 many striking events. Tliey captured Sa- 
 vannah, but were repulsed in an attack 
 upon Ciiarleston : whilst in the north the 
 American general Wayne, with a small body 
 of troops, carried ))y assault tho Etrong po- 
 Bition of Stoney Point. 
 
 In the following year ctive operations 
 were continued by the British In the south- 
 ern states : they captured Charleston, and 
 thereby wiped away the disgrace of their 
 defeat in the preceding year ; and Carolina 
 was almost entirely overrun by them. Ge- 
 neral Gates, who was sent against them, 
 sustained a complete defeat by lord Com- 
 wallis at Camden. General Greene, who 
 superseded him, rallied his scattered troops, 
 and by great activity and skill was enabled 
 to Btem the torrent of British valour. 
 Treachery now showed itself in the Ameri- 
 can camp, but Iiappily for the colonies it 
 was rendered abortive by a timely dis- 
 covery. The name of Arnold is branded 
 with infamy, and tlie English major Andr6 
 was executed by the Americans as a spy. 
 
 Very early in the following year an infe- 
 rior body of American militia, under gene- 
 ral Morgan, defeated some British troops 
 at Cowpens : whilst at Guildford the colo- 
 nlsts sustained some loss. Various now 
 was the fortune of war. Greene, after a 
 partial defeat at Camden, gained a decisive 
 advantage at Entnu Springs. The crisis 
 now approached. Comwallis having receiv* 
 ed reinforcements, entrenched himself at 
 York Town, in Virginia, when he was 
 blockaded and besieged by a French army 
 in conjunction with Washington. After 
 sustaining their combined attacks for near- 
 ly three weeks, lord Comwaiiis was reduced 
 tothe humiliating necessity of surrendering 
 his army prisoners of war, to the amount 
 of 17,000 men. 
 
 From this blow the Britisii never reco- 
 vered. The loss of two armies by surren< 
 der convinced the English government, at 
 last, that they were lavishing their re< 
 sources and wasting their power in a vain 
 contest ; and though they made some par- 
 tial attacks subsequently, the surrender 
 I of Comwallis's army may be considered as 
 •M 8 
 

 880 
 
 Cl^e CrrA^ury of I^Mtarv, ^u 
 
 the eoneltuton of thit destructlrti and In- 
 gloriou war. The independenct ot tlio 
 ooloulei WAH acknowledged by the lirltlsh 
 governmeiu, by a treaty ilgned September 
 n, 1783. wo in«7 here remark that the 
 Mditance yielded by Franco cnntrlbiii^^cd 
 to aid the triumph of North American i - 
 dependence, and thereby Indicted a Hovoro 
 blow upon the British poggcgalons atxl 
 liower. But It recoiled with a fearful cou- 
 vuUlon upon herielf. The lesHons of Ame- 
 rican freedom wore wafted acroHfl the At- 
 lantic to the plains of Gaul, nnd fomented 
 that terrible explosion of puMlo prlnclpleii 
 in France, which deniolUhoa the throne 
 and altar, and ntrowed the wrecks of iti' 
 explosion over all the countries of Europe, 
 
 Noble and spirited aa were the cflorta 
 made by the colonics, and glorious as was 
 the termination of the struggle, they soon 
 found that their condition of Independence 
 was not In itself tho boon of prosperity. 
 During the war, a scries of danger, and the 
 necessity of union and unceasing actions, 
 bad kept their attention devoted to one 
 object; that object attained, they found 
 leisure to survey their condition. The sa- 
 crifices they had made now began to be felt. 
 A heavy debt had been Incurred, and they 
 were a prey to r.!'- those evils which war 
 over bears In its train. Public moralswere 
 at a low ebb— public credit deranged— the 
 acts of tho congress ' more honoured In tho 
 breach than tho observance.' The arrival 
 of peace, Uko the sudden calm ati era storm, 
 bad nearly wrecked the fortunes of the 
 youthful states. 
 
 The real friends of the country now saw 
 the dancer, and a remedy was provided, 
 which, happily for them, proved cftoctlvo. 
 At Annapolis commissioners from llvo 
 ■tatos assembled in 178S, and the result of 
 their deliberation was a proposition to con- 
 vene delegates frcm all the states, in order 
 to consider the best means of revising their 
 union and alliance. Tho result was the 
 ooi««tItutlon ot Thb Umitbd States. 
 This measure tended greatly to consolidate 
 their power, and reduced their executive 
 to order and authority ; and although tlicre 
 aros«two parties, and some delay took place 
 before its general adoption, it became eifec- 
 tive in the year 1789; and under the pa- 
 triotic guidance ot Washington, as presi- 
 dent, and John Adams vice-president, to use 
 the words of Mr. Canning in reference to 
 our own constitution, it was found 'to 
 
 Their wisdom led them, la opposition to 
 great numbers ot their countrymen, to re- 
 main neutral In the shock which convulsed 
 onbappy Franco, and caused every state 
 in Europe to reel with a violence which 
 gapped the foundations of them all. They 
 bad, however, a war of four years with tho 
 Indians, which, though attended with loss 
 and defeat at the beginning, terminated 
 ■uccessfully under the auspices of general 
 Wayne (a.d. 1704), who had previously dis- 
 tinguished himself in the capture of Stoney 
 Point from the British in a most gallant 
 manner. Wasnlngton, after being twice 
 elected preslden^t, declined the office a third 
 time, and was succeeded by John Adams. 
 
 Tho nKgrosslvo and insulting conauctoll 
 the French towards thu United Htatciail 
 length aroused them to hostllltlca. auI 
 army of regular troops was eBtabllsiici f 
 tho command of which was given to Wmii! 
 Ington, who died, universally liinirnicd L 
 Dun. 14, 1799. TheAnierlcans now liirreiu(|(l 
 their navy ; but tho war was ot Hhort cdi.l 
 tlnuance, and conQned to oiiuortwDaoiiiinJ 
 on the ocean. In which tho supt<rliirlt;o|l 
 the youthful state over the French luariuJ 
 was clearly established. 
 
 In tho collision of tho two partlo.lnt 
 year 1801, tho democratic or rciiuhiicaal 
 party succeeded, In opposition to AdamJ 
 In raising Jefferson to tho office of ;irei|!f 
 dent, and under him. It must bo coufesteiii 
 prosperity shcme upon the republic. liai»< 
 now to considerable consequonco, the r i| 
 tics of America began to have snino Ihiil 
 once upon those of Kurope; whll.^ttlieitl 
 fairs of the Old World necessarily imii] 
 cated In some measure tho proceedliidj / 
 the United States. Tho measures of nl 
 tnllatlou and blockade, pursui'd by iJ 
 British nnd French governmontH for idigT 
 years after tho renewal of war In \m 
 affected not only the whole of Kur(jro,liiI 
 also the transatlantic world. Afturavirlrj 
 of events, especially relatl".g to commerti 
 which had been niucli Interrupted, war»i| 
 declared against Oreat Britain Juno 18, m 
 
 Although in the previous year tho Am 
 rlcans, with a body of regular troops i 
 some mlUtla, had defeated a large asw. 
 blage of Indians, their army atthcbeji 
 ning of tho war was in a very Ineltcii 
 state, and their efforts wore accordlniilri] 
 tended with signal defeats. Ocncnl III 
 with an army with which he had lnv«L 
 Canada, was captured by peneral BroitJ 
 an easy rate; whilst another army ot aba 
 ;i,000 men, under general Van llcusMli 
 Dhared the same fate, but not withoiil 
 manly struggle. 
 
 On the ocean they were more fortui 
 ):n several well-fought cnKagenicnti I 
 tween frigates and smaller vessilsJ 
 Americans displayed great skill andlj 
 very : whilst, to balance their dufcat;,! 
 English have to boast of the capture oil 
 Chesapeake by the Shannon, cajXaluBnf 
 lu the most gallant and spirited man 
 ,ind of the Argus, sloop of war, liythel 
 Ish ship Pelican. On lake Erie ' lijl 
 flotilla surrendered, after a lor 
 fought action, to an Americiui oneoll 
 ferior force, under commodore Perry. I 
 military character of tho United \ 
 recovered its tarnished glory ; rnrloml 
 bloody) .were tho struggles between! 
 belligerents on the north-west frontier,! 
 in Canada ; and great loss wns eustJ 
 by both sides, with alternate dcfeaul 
 victories. f 
 
 In tho meanwhile tho Atlantic fruq 
 which had previously enjoyed tranqii 
 became the scene o.' bloodshed anill» 
 movements. The British were coniiili 
 defeated in an attack upon Craneyl 
 but they took and sacked the email ij 
 ot Hampton. An expedition fitted « 
 the republic against Montreal faiHl 
 was attended with very conslderablil 
 
Clbe VlMtorj} at America* 
 
 881 
 
 in»u\tlnB fonauct ot 
 tho United Hiatcs ai 
 1 to bostlUtk'H. All 
 iop» vraB cBtatilUlicil, 
 •h Wfts given to Wmh- 
 inlveriiaUy \mnH 
 erlcans now liicrciuoil 
 war wan ol rihorl ci^ 
 sdto (uioortwiiRettat 
 ilch tlio BUpiTliirlijol 
 ivcr the French matlm] 
 
 ' tUotwoparllci.lntW 
 locratlc or mmm\ 
 I opposition to Ailaim 
 n to the offleo i.f pte^jJ 
 n Jt must 1)0 confess' 
 p"on tUo republic M. 
 le couBCHUonco. the r* 
 .Ban to have sotno Inn* 
 't Europe; ^»l.llfiM 
 World iicccBRarlly liniU 
 •asuro tho proceeilliig* ' 
 8 Tho measures o! 
 ickade, pursuoil tiy 
 cUgoverumontHfot* 
 
 renewal of war lu \> 
 tho whole of KuriiK. I 
 ntlc world. AfieravMlei 
 "lly relating to comraew 
 nuchlnterruptPrt.mtii 
 Sreat Britain June 18, Wl 
 he previous year tho ksf 
 °dy of regular troops' 
 ^defeated a lar«e aji 
 9. tholrarmyal lickei 
 r was lu a very inefflcu 
 rem>rt9weroacc()raiui!l!: 
 nal defeats. OencralF 
 M, which ho had Invi 
 iued by general Brow 
 hllst another army otjta 
 r oeneral Van Ueusieli 
 e faie. but not ^itUo.i| 
 
 they were more fortui 
 flUought cngagcmenti 
 L and smaller \m;9siI. 
 
 rnlaved great skill mi 
 Kumco their deteau. 
 fo boast of the capturoo 
 
 allant and spirited m 
 us sloop of war. by the 
 an Ou lake Erie ' ^ni 
 rtnred. after a loi 
 Tto an American onec 
 
 J) wSi alternate Mm 
 
 nwhlle tho Atlantic {r»i 
 ^Tbusly enjoyed traj 
 Icene of bloodshed ana 
 TThe British were comp 
 IJ attack upon Craney 
 Ik and sacked the flrf 
 * in expedition fltte<^o 
 awlnst Montrca laiM 
 IdwltbveryconslderaWil 
 
 (0 the Americans, at t lio close of tho year 
 I8IS. A similar ultompt mot with a siml- 
 Ur fate lu tho br--'nnlug of tho following 
 year; hut gcnera> lirown maintained tho 
 blgh rhnrantcr of tho American arms at 
 Purt Krio nrid Chippewa, both of which ho 
 fflpturc'J irom tho Uritlsh ; who wore also 
 foiled ;« tlifir attempt to retake the former 
 bIim. Nor were they unsuccessful only by 
 Ian I. Defeated on lake Erie, their SQuadroa 
 on Ih!:" Ohamplalu yielded, after a sovcro 
 eont«at, to an Inferior force of tho Ame- 
 rlraiia; whilst nii expedition, under ko- 
 Tcnior Prevost, ugnlust I'lutsburg was also 
 ibortlve. 
 
 But now liberated from Spain and Por- 
 tugal, Orc.it Urltalu sent some of her veto- 
 nn warriors to ('igpiny that prowess In tho 
 iKcw, which hab been so distinguished In 
 (be Old World. An attack was imido by a 
 lodyof 4,000 or 5,000 men upon Washington, 
 hicb proved successful ; but this triumph 
 ru counterbalanced by tho defeat and 
 leath of general Uoss at n«ltimore,and tho 
 luroofa largo army of British troop In 
 attack upon New Orleana. Uoth parties 
 low seemed weary of a contest, in which 
 icro was llttio to gain from victory but 
 pry renown ; and accordingly peace was 
 iiduded between them at Ghent, Dec. 24, 
 
 .li 
 
 Tho guns of the American navy were first 
 
 Mil In tho Mediterranean, In tho capture 
 
 sfrigate and sloop of war, by commodore 
 
 !catur, from tlieAlgerlnes,wlio were com- 
 
 Hed to renounce by treaty, for over, the 
 
 ticouf holding American prisoners In 
 
 lyery. This was In tho year 1816; and four 
 
 tru afterwards a treaty was concluded 
 
 Itli Spain for the cession of Florida to 
 
 I United States, which did not actually 
 
 ;e place till the year 1821, wJien tho Anie- 
 
 ntroops took possession of the territory. 
 
 tbc following year an almost unanimous 
 
 ite ot tho congress acknowledged the in- 
 
 ndcnco of the Hpanlsh provinces In 
 
 ith America. 
 
 he two most Important events that bavo 
 
 occurred In the history of tho United 
 
 itcsare, tho annexation of Texas, which 
 
 ill place in 1844, and tho war with Mexico, 
 
 ch broke out In 1846, and ended In tho 
 
 [ulsltion of California. We shall conclude 
 
 sketch with a brief a -ount of this new 
 
 and the causes > £ Us unexampled 
 
 ess. By tho treaty of 1843, California 
 
 formally ceded to tho United States ; 
 
 In tbe nionth of May of the same year, 
 
 inexpcctcJ career suddenly opened for 
 
 iisw state of tho Union by the chance 
 
 ivory of grains of gold on tho bank of 
 
 Sacramento, a short distance from the 
 
 of San Francisco. This prompted a 
 
 carefuland extensive exploration, and 
 
 result was the revelation of an auri- 
 
 srefflon of vast extent and extraor- 
 
 productiveness. According *'^ the 
 
 tof Mr. King, the American coni..ils- 
 
 r sent to enquire into the capabilities 
 
 le gold districts, they were found to 
 
 TOhend an area 600 miles long, by 40 to 
 
 breadth. The news of the discovery 
 
 cbness ot the deposits spread rapidly, 
 
 ^ore the end of the first season ot 
 
 1848 tho enterprising adventurers liad l)Oen 
 rewanU'd by tho acquisition of gold of iho 
 value of i.iHHi.oooj, In 1H40 Immigrantshad 
 (locked to tho Hiicramento and its atllueiits 
 from all (luarters, Europe, America, Mexico, 
 (Jhiiia, Chili, and Australia. Han Kratu'lso, 
 whicli,ln the early part ot 1848, consisted of 
 ft few rude cabins, at the end of the ensuing 
 year hud an exchange, a theatre, churches, 
 several gaming houses, aud numerona du- 
 rable dwellings, some of stone, but nmHtly 
 of sun-dried bricks, with a countless out- 
 lying throng of tenln and booths. 
 
 Tlio miracles wrought by tho transform- 
 luK power of gold were moral as well nt 
 pliyslctil. On the tirst itiilux of immigrants 
 thero were few inhabitants, and no govern- 
 nictit or police In the country; and the 
 new settlers were unaninalnted with the 
 previously existing 8i)anish laws for tlio 
 security of persons and property. From 
 tlio diniculty of deciding whether slavery 
 should or not form a C(uistituent of tho 
 society, tho congress of tho United Htates 
 was unabio to decide on the admission of 
 California Into the Union, either as a stato 
 or ft ten itory. This dllenimfl, however, was 
 promptly mastered under the judicious gui- 
 dance of the American portion of tho popu- 
 lation. In Junel849, r('|)resentatlves were 
 chosen In all parts to meet for tho purpose 
 of framing a constitution. They speedily 
 completed their purpose, and to their cre- 
 dit unanimously resolved that the non-ex- 
 Istenco of slavery should bo a fundamental 
 article of tho constltutioti. As a conse- 
 quence tho chief obstacle was obviated to 
 Incoiporatlon into the Union. Tho Aiiierl- 
 ran government had indeed already sent 
 to the province a military governor, wlio, 
 with the temporary toleratice of Lynch law, 
 from necessity In the absence of regular tri- 
 bunals, succeeded in maintaining a certain 
 degree of order among the many unruly and 
 desperate characters that had crowded to 
 tho diggings. Under these extraordinary 
 circumstances the population of California 
 has suddenly swelled from a few thousands 
 to nearly halt a lullllon. Of tiic addition 
 made to the amount of the precious metals 
 from this sources no very consistent esti- 
 mate has appeared ; but from the application 
 of greater experience, capital, science, and 
 mechanical power, there la no reason to 
 Infer that up to 1852 the ratio of production 
 had declined. The quantity of gold trans- 
 mitted to tho United States and Europo 
 from the commencement of tho diggings 
 to the middle of 1852, appears to have 
 amounted to upwards of 30,000,0002. 
 
 Before the first half of the 19th century 
 had come to an end, thero were thlf ty-one 
 states, besides the district of Columbia, and 
 the territories of Mimesota, Oregon, New 
 Mexico, and Utah. The names of the statea 
 are— 1. Maine; 2. New Hampshire ; 3, Vet- 
 mont ; 4. Massachusetts ; 6. Rhode Island ; 
 0. Connecticut ; 7. New York ; 8. New Jer- 
 sey; 9. Pennsylvania; 10. Delaware; 11. 
 Maryland ; 12. Virginia ; 13. North Carolina ; 
 14. South Carolina ; 15. Georgia ; 16. Alar 
 bama ;-17. Florida ; 18. Mississippi ; 19. Louis- 
 iana ; 20. Arkansas ; 21. Tennessee ; 39. 
 Kentucky ; 33. Ohio ; 34. Michigan ; 25. In< 
 
 h w 
 
 r\m 
 
 
 
 i:..«i ii 
 
882 
 
 C^e €vtni\tv\i at )E)itftartf, ^r. 
 
 dinim; 30. Itlliioln; 27. MlMouri; 3a lown; 
 tv. WUcoiulii ; 3U. Tvxiu; niiU, :il, Call- 
 furnlii. 
 
 On tlio 4th of Mnrcli 1«93, gonoritl Plerco 
 riiturcU nil tlio onico of |)rcHl<lent of tlio 
 United fltatci. In hli (pcRch he dlDHVowod 
 any fmrs which aroio (rntn tho Hiippotrd 
 evils involved in torrltnrlal cxpnndlon, nnd 
 ■poko of Boino cxpiinilon ai being nliRo- 
 lutcly noocHiary. lint whilo ho regarded 
 the maintenance of t ho exliting Union in Its 
 full intoffrlty m indlMpensablo not only to 
 tlio grcatncHg, but even to tho life of the 
 niitlon, ho Insiitcd iis atrnngly on tho lib- 
 erty of each Rtnto to nialntain Ita own do- 
 meatlo Inatltutlonff, nnd spoko of slnvory, 
 (or, ai ho termed it, Involuntary Rorvltudo,) 
 as a right admitted by the constitution 
 like any other right ; nnd that tho runipro- 
 mlso racasurcs of ISSO, with every other 
 which related to th« subject, wcro to lio 
 carried out, not 'with a relurtnnco encou- 
 raged by al)8trnrt fccllngH as to their pro- 
 priety,' but readily and cheerfully. Ills ivl- 
 drcsson the opening of tho thirty-third con- 
 gress of tho United States on tho oth, drew 
 out his policy in more minute detail, and 
 referred to disputes with England on tho 
 fiuhjcct of tho flshcrles, as well as of Central 
 America; for all of which be expected a 
 friendly settlement. Of tho resources of 
 tho country ho gave an encouraging ac- 
 count, while tho population was Increasing 
 at tho rate of a duplication every quarter 
 century. 
 
 In tho year 1855 the Russian war pro- 
 duced some BUhjecta of altercation between 
 the United States government and that of 
 Oreat Britain. It wasallcged by tho former 
 that In compliance with tho foreign enlist- 
 ment act Boldlera wcro recruited for tho 
 Drltlsh army in the United States, In viola- 
 tion of the strict neutrality which the latter 
 had Imposed upon Itself. Such a course 
 had Indeed boon contemplated ; but the Urit- 
 Ish government had, owing to practical dif- 
 ficulties in the working of the plan, deter- 
 mined to abandon it before any complaints 
 were received In England, and on tho 22nd 
 of Juno orders were sent out to this effect. 
 BtlU In July Mr. Buchanan, the American 
 minister in London, made a formal com- 
 plaint ; persons charged with enlisting 
 American subjects were Indicted and tried 
 in the United States, and language of great 
 violence was held by law ofHcers against tho 
 British government. But the subject of 
 slavery Involved a more pressing danger, 
 although an exaggerated belief In the per- 
 manence of the existing union led the pre- 
 sident as well as the people to think lightly 
 of it. Tet it was slgniflcant that the presi- 
 dent, whilo eulogising the moderation of 
 tho South, spoke of tho action of tho North 
 as Involving what would be cause of war If 
 coming from a foreign power, and that It 
 only failed to be such because it was per- 
 petrated under cover of the Union. Ho 
 congratulated tho nation that 'the true 
 principle of leaving each state and terri- 
 tory to regulate its own laws of labour ac- 
 cording to its own sense of right and ex- 
 pediency had acquired fast hold of the 
 public Judgment,' and expressed bis surprise 
 
 that any should t)0 found to pnrmtn 'n r.^ ' 
 natlcal devotion to tho suppoHrd Intcrutit 
 of tho relatively few Africans In tlii> Uiiiff^ 
 States.' 
 
 The year is.vj was marked by n (ll^puii) 
 wltliEnglnnilnhoutContral AmcrlPii.aiTiiiiii 
 applied to tlio stafen of (liiatcnmln, (Vm,, j 
 Itlra, NIcnrngnn, Hitlvador, and llondiimi I 
 wlilcli had formerly been coniprlntd in the I 
 Hpanluli vlceroyalty of (liintemala. In hjii I 
 by what is known as tlio UulwiT.('ia)t„||l 
 treaty, Orrat Britain and tho United Htnioil 
 entered Into an agreement respertlnctA thinl 
 canal between the Atlantic and IVIdc lif 
 way of the river Han Juan tin Nicaragua I 
 and bound themselves to cxerrhc nn n.\ 
 elusive control over it, or to Imlliiaiiy M 
 tldrations or otiierwido Interfcro in inl 
 management ; and an effort wnsafrrrwarijil 
 niadn to arrange tiio modo in wlilrh thtl 
 KiiglJHh protection might be rxtrmMl 
 to the Jlosqultos, who had enjoyed it f r| 
 nearly two centuries. This inv<ilvc(i » iId 
 puto about Hreytown, whicli wnn diiimt'JI 
 both by Nicaragua nnd Costa Klia, igJ 
 which tho Drltlsli government Hlflnmiliol 
 belong to tho Mosquito territory, v\m 
 the United States took tho pr»n of iJ 
 NicitniguanM. Tlio Hrltisli took forriliij 
 possession of the iilaro In January \H»,tiii 
 from that tliiio It had been held i>y iJ 
 Mosaultos under our protection. It tj 
 further urged tlmt protection In no i 
 implied any attempt to hold tlic roiinl^ 
 such as wimid contravene tlio teriiu tf 
 the Bulwer-Clayton treaty, while It wmM 
 tinctly asserted Hint Great Hrltnin wniii 
 never allow Oreytown to bo seized by irf 
 NIcaraguans in a way wlilcli inu»t loij 
 to the perseriiilou nnd desl ruction udlj 
 Mosquito people. ] 
 
 Another (llHpiitc nroso on tho fniliJwtJ 
 the colony of tlic liny of Islands, >\lilcliM 
 been recently establishod by tlie (luwii.iJ 
 for establishing which our settleiiiontj 
 Belize off the coast of Hondurns vii.< m 
 to f urnli*h sufnclent reason. Hut at M 
 formal step tho United Stales took i 
 offence, and declared that the Islnndaolil 
 colony belonged to tho republ Ic of llondiif 
 and therefore formed part of Central m 
 rica : henco the establishment of tlie mlii 
 violated the llulwcr-Clayton treaty. Toil| 
 it was answered that tho term, 'Ceiu 
 America,' one of modern inveiitlnu, ( 
 onlyapply to those states which, At uiieil 
 united under the name of tho CentraU 
 rican Bepubllc, now existed as llvesoini 
 republics ; and that tho treaty wa» noil 
 tended to Interfere with the Urltish tdl 
 nient of Belize. These questions wttl 
 tho end settled by a convention Wir 
 Great Britain and the republic of Hondi 
 
 But such disputes were as nothing tol 
 growing dangers arising out of am 
 The quarrel this year had rcifcreiioe inl 
 territory of Kansas, which had not yetll 
 adopted into the Union. By tlie tcmil 
 the Missouri compromise, which limlt^ 
 area of slavery to the south of a dtir 
 boundary line, Kansas ought to beil 
 state ; the struggle was to rlAlm III 
 slavery : theresult was a horrible cnniir 
 of violence and anarchy. Tho ordliiti7| 
 
 th 
 
€ht Witorv at gimrrfw. 
 
 883 
 
 nroFC on the Mil. of > 
 "y of Islni"!".^^ '''"'" 
 ,il»hed »>y ll'" l"'^*'"''' 
 ilch our Bcttlenicn 
 It of Hondurns w \ 
 
 nlted States look gn, 
 cd that the Jslftif'; 
 thercpubllooflm* 
 led part of CiMiml A 
 aWUhmcnt..tthcr* 
 cr^lJlaytou treivty. To 
 that the term, 't« 
 modern invent on « 
 e BtatcB which, Rt one 
 
 ,ftt the treaty wp 1;^^ 
 re with the Urltbl. J* 
 These questions «'« 
 hy a convention l.e« 
 tLrepnhUoofHonJ 
 teBwercasnotUingW 
 
 « urislng out ot * 
 ?earh"dr«ferenoo.«, 
 Jib which had not yell 
 
 rnlon. By the H 
 to the Bouth of »1rf^ 
 
 .If'waaThorrlblecJ 
 inarcby. Theordin* 
 
 lion of contrrcMM ended iiboiit the middle of 
 AuffiMt;niullt WK« niM'OHttnry to vote Ix-foro 
 tlmt time fur the payment und mnlntenanco 
 ofthe military citablUhmcnts of the Union ; 
 liiittlioliouieof reprcMOMtutlvi'iknow that, 
 ItKitiiiini were not dcrltired a froo itate, 
 the cKCcutlvo wonhl hand It over to tliti 
 privalavery party ; and thev appended thcro- 
 (oreto tlio npproprlatlo'.i liiil n provUo that 
 DO force Hliduld bu v^od to carry nut the 
 tnactmenti of the iu-r^tlled loKlnlatlvo na- 
 Kiiibly of the territory of KanHnx, until tlio 
 coMirri'a* hud dett.'rmlncd whether It wan or 
 «u not a valid leKlvlatlvc asiienibly, Thlx 
 icUuio wni struck out bv the senate, but 
 K»torcd by the liouio of rcpresentatlveH; 
 111(1 10 the contest went on, until flnally 
 tlicioslon ended, without the vote having 
 tk'on imsicd, and leaving the executive go- 
 Tcrnmcnt with no means of paying the 
 uniiy of tho Federation. The president 
 hereupon summoned an extraordinary meut- 
 |d( of congress for thu 21st, and In that 
 BWtlnK he urged the evils which must cn> 
 lue It this provision were not made, and 
 tlie rrprescntatlvei at length passed tho 
 bill ffUhout this cluuso by a small majority 
 0(4. 
 
 The country was now taken up with the 
 
 (lertlnuof a new president, and It soon bo- 
 
 Line clear that the tthances were greatly In 
 
 (tvoiir of Mr. Duchanan, who had been the 
 
 lAincrlcan minister In London. In hU ad- 
 
 liKM, Mr. Duchanan, as tho organ of tho 
 
 Ipro-itlAvery party, spoke of the question as 
 
 |'sii|'roHchlng a flnallty,' and nnilntalncd 
 
 Itbe Bsmu doctrino as that which waa set 
 
 jurtti by general IMerce, who applauded In 
 
 kU mcisnge tho wisdom and tho energy 
 
 rliloli had been shown In carrying out the 
 
 ivs which put hindrances in tho way of es- 
 
 m for ' persona held to labour,' and pro- 
 
 ridod for their restoration to their owners 
 
 tlicy were caught. 
 
 In tlie recent conference at Paris ending 
 bu Crimean war, three Important changes 
 rore laid down in tlio marltinio law ot 
 |Htlon>: (1) that privateering should bo 
 Msbed ; (2) that the neutral ling should 
 )vrr enemy's goods with tho exception of 
 intraband of war ; (3) that neutral goods, 
 flili the exception of contraband of war, 
 mid not bo liable to capture under the 
 Demy's flag; and (4) that blockades to bo 
 Dillng must be effective. I.e. that they must 
 maintained by a force strung enough to 
 ^event access to tho coast of the enemy. 
 ) the flrst of these propositions objection 
 umade by the government of the United 
 ates, on tho ground of the Inequality of 
 |elr navy, which, in the event of war, 
 Diild, without the aid of privateers, leave 
 mn at a fatal disadvantage in a struggle 
 jth a strong marltinio power ; but they 
 jprcssed their willingness to accede if the 
 Diiosltlon should be niodided as follows : 
 !lmt the private property of the subjects 
 [citizens of a belligerent on the high seas 
 111 be exempted from seizure by public 
 Bed vessels of the other belligerent, cx- 
 ^ It be contraband.' 
 
 16 flrst message of president nuchannn 
 
 remarkable chiefly as indicating the 
 
 ino of future events, and for the as- 
 
 surance with which it rt«aided,a« Htttltd, 
 poliitHof tlio grcateHt dimculty In the go- 
 veriimcnt of thu Uiiltid Ntates. lie hailed 
 It as a ' happy concepthin ' that the principle 
 (if government by majorities khould !>« 
 anplled to tho cxcliiHlon or admission of 
 slavery in the constitution of thu now state 
 of KaiiHas. ](u congratulated thu country 
 on Us present (Iniiiu'lal condition as oiio 
 without a parallel in history. 'No nation 
 has ever before been einbarrasMed from 
 tiMi largu a surplus In Its treasury.' The 
 lapse of a few years has summarily and for 
 ever removed tills ground of exultation. 
 With reference to tho terrible commercial 
 crisis, which had for Its result In Kngland 
 tho temporary BUi>. onslon of the bank 
 charier act, he sUt:^osted that no bank 
 ought ever to bo chartered except ui,dcr a 
 giriranteo to keep In Its vaults a sulllclent 
 amount of gold and silver to insi re tho 
 ciiiivertablllty of thoir notes into t.oln at 
 all times and under a'' circumstr'^cH, »n(l 
 that only thus could th(>se recurrhiK panics 
 bo avoided. His message for the following 
 year (1831)1 dwelt in great part on tho sam*^ 
 toplcH, wltlKiut adding much to call f ( r 
 notice. ]Io again expressed his convlutlon 
 that the slavery queittlon had be : happily 
 settled, by ('Htal>ll8hing tlu) rlg.it>: every 
 citi/.eii to take Ids property o' any kind, 
 Including slaves, into tho an mon lerri- 
 torles belonging equally to all tho states of 
 tlio confederacy, and to liave It there pro- 
 tected under tho Federal coiiatltution: and 
 at thu same time, while he condemned the 
 African slave trade In the strongest terms, 
 hu drew a lilghly-coloured picture of tho 
 contentment, happiness, and civilisation 
 wlilch tho slaves in America hnd reached 
 under tho paternal supervlslou of their 
 matters. 
 
 Dnt as the close of Mr. Buchonnn's term 
 of otilcc drew near, it became evident that 
 tho settlement of which ho had snokon as 
 permanent would not last a year, .uid hla 
 last message was an elaborate discussion 
 of tho rights of secession. The great ques- 
 tion was Cuming to Its issue. The MisHourl 
 compromise had solved It nioro in appear- 
 ance than in n ..;(<'. In 1820 tho congress 
 had determine'" 'hn' in the territory ceded 
 by France und; i O.o name of lioulsianu, 
 which lies north of 30° 30' N.L., slavery 
 should be abolished for ever. But as the 
 stato of Mispouri, lying wholly north of 
 this line, V as excluded from this act, it 
 was adm.ucd Into tho Union as a slave 
 state. Pit as population spreiul westwards, 
 it 'JC' .imo necessary to deterinlno whether 
 tho principle of the Missouri compromise 
 should be extended to the new st.ites which 
 might demand admittance Into the Union. 
 North and South were uUkc opposed to it : 
 tho former, because it would tend to sanc< 
 thm slavery In every state south of the 
 line of demarcation, tho latter because U 
 prevented slavery from extending north- 
 wards. To remove this diniculty, Mr. 
 Douglas, in 1854, Introduced the Nebraska 
 bill, In the Interests of tho slave states, 
 establishing the principle of ' squatter so- 
 vereignty,' by which each community df>- 
 cldcd for itself wlicthcr it was to bo slave 
 
 « 
 
 *f 
 
 I 
 
 li'^^ 
 
8S4 
 
 QT^e €vtKiuv^ of Witaxnt ^r. 
 
 or free soil. But when, at a later date, an 
 attempt yraa made to introduce Kansas 
 into the Union as a slave state, Mr. Douglas 
 opposed the bill, saying that his own bill 
 had made the introduction of slavery into 
 Kansas legal, but that he would not force 
 slavery upon them, as the Kansas bill was 
 designed to do. This Kansas bill Mr. 
 Buchanan was accused of promoting by 
 bribery, and hostile resolutions against him 
 were passed by the house of representatives. 
 Mr. Buchanan Issued, on the 20th of March 
 1860, a strong protest. But the attention 
 of tho country was absorbed In the presi- 
 dential election ; and the excitement in 
 the South was great when It became known 
 that the new nresldeut was Mr. Abraham 
 Lincoln, a man well known In his own 
 country as a determined opponent of the 
 extension of slavery. In his last message 
 Mr. Buchanan delivered himself of his own 
 sentiments on the subject, and was pleased 
 to say that ' the long-continued and intem- 
 perate interference oi the northern people 
 with the question of slavery In the Southern 
 states has at length produced its natural 
 effects.' The worst of It was that this 
 northern agitation ' had produced its ma- 
 lign influence on the slaves,' and actually 
 'Inspired them with vague hopes of free- 
 dom.' He spoke pathetically about family 
 altars from which peace had been banished, 
 and grew sentimental over Southern ma- 
 trons who retired at night In dread of 
 what might befall themselves and their 
 children before morning. It was all sad 
 enough, if true; but the picture was not 
 altogether consistent with Mr. Buchanan's 
 glowing descriptions of the wonderful hap- 
 piness and satisfaction of the slaves in a 
 state in which they could not of course 
 be silly enough to wish for any change. 
 However, from this insecurity resulting 
 from the aspirations of happy and contented 
 slaves Mr. Buchanan inferred the destruc- 
 tion of the Union. When tho policy of 
 one part rendered life unsafe In the other, 
 sooner or later the bonds of such a union 
 must be severed. It was indeed a pity 
 that Washington, Hamilton, and Madison 
 bad not seen as clearly as Mr. Buchanan, 
 that oil and vinegar will never mingle. 
 But if It was not <»asy to act, it was easy to 
 apostrophise, and In the fervour of his 
 heart Mr. Buchanan exclaimed, ' How easy 
 would It be for the American people to 
 settle '^hi slavery question for ever and to 
 restore iieace and harmony to this dls- 
 tractet country I' Simple indeed was the 
 remedy and obvious. The slave states 
 wished only to be let alone ; and the Korth 
 had no more to do with the institutions of 
 the former than with those of Ilussia and 
 Brazil. To use the Greek proverb, tho North 
 should put the big ox on Its tongue, and 
 keep silence from all words good or bad. 
 BtlU he thought there was no real reason 
 for secession. He even ventured to think 
 that the South were not really placed at a 
 disadvantage with regard to their state 
 rights. No act of congress had ever been 
 passed, none, he believed, ever would be 
 passed, to exclude slavery from their terri- 
 tories while all the courts, both state and I 
 
 national, had from tho beginning declared 
 the Fugitive Slave Lawto be constitutional 
 Nevertheless this law had been violated or 
 evaded by many state legislatures, and the 
 South had a right to demand its execution 
 and if this were refused, * it would be juitifiei 
 in revolutionary reaiatance to the government 
 of the Union.' But he was careful to adj 
 that this resistance was a right, not re- ' 
 cognised by those who drew up tho con- 1 
 stltution, but existing independently of all J 
 constitutions and embodied strongly in the] 
 American Declaration of Independence. li } 
 short, secession might or might notl)el 
 justifiable : but it was no inherent consti- f 
 tutional right: It was simply revolutlun. I 
 But the question remained whether the I 
 government of the Union had power to I 
 coerce any seceding member ; and this he I 
 answered, rightly as It would seem, In the I 
 negative. Their government, after suhju-l 
 gation, involved insuperable dUScultiesJ 
 the Union rested 'on public opinion, audi 
 can never be cemented by the blood of iul 
 citizens shed in civil war.' I 
 
 A last attempt at compromise was made I 
 in congress, in December 1860. Accordingtol 
 this measure, slavery was to bo proliibUsil 
 north of lat. 36° 30', but allowed in all terril 
 tories to the south of that line, and thati 
 any future state admitted into the UnionI 
 should decide Its own status as to slarerfl 
 previously to such admission. But it was tool 
 late. Tho Southern states. In their hatredl 
 of the North, had committed themselveil 
 irretrievably to secession. On theaotholl 
 December, South Carolina declared tbatl 
 • the Union now subsisting between SouthJ 
 Carolina to the States, under the name of 
 the United States of America, is licrebn 
 dissolved;' and before the end of May,tlit| 
 states of MlBBlssippI, Alabama, Florida, Ge']f{ 
 gla, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansd 
 Tennessee,' and North Carolina followed hsi 
 example. The first act of the seccUers m 
 to seize the arsenals, forts, and other proj 
 perty belonging to the Union in their tenil 
 tories. The fort Pulaski, and the arsemf 
 at Augusta were seized in Georgia, and m 
 navy yard at Pensacola in Florida. Tlii 
 first shot was fired on the 0th of Januarrl 
 when a vessel belonging to the Unite 
 States government was fired Into by a M 
 tery, when off Morris Island, in Charlestoj 
 harbour, as she was on her way with troon 
 to reinforce fort Sumpter, which was heldlj 
 major Anderson. Some commissioners t 
 from the seceding states demanded i 
 withdrawal of this garrison, as a prelim 
 ary step to negotiation. The president,^ 
 would nut recognise them as commlssiond 
 and received them simply ' as dlstlngulsiiil 
 citizens of the United States from 6oiii| 
 Carolina,' refused this request, and declai 
 his intention of executing the laws * 
 defending the property of the United Stat* 
 But the secretary at war told the commr 
 sioners that the status quo would be rail 
 talned pending the. negotiations. W 
 however, major Aqd^arson, thinkingitniij 
 prudent to abandt^ the other forts, contr 
 trated all his force in fort Sumpter J 
 commissioners declared it abreachoffil] 
 Mr. Buchanan refused to disavow then 
 
€|&e W^toxp at ^metUx, 
 
 889 
 
 beginning declared 
 'tote const itutloaal. 
 sad been violated or 
 legislatures, and tlie 
 emand Its execution, 
 [,*itwouldhejuitiH(i 
 nee to the govemmnl 
 
 was careful to atW 
 jvaa a rlglit, not re- 
 ho drew up the con- 
 f independently ol all 
 jodied strongly in the 
 
 01 Independence. In 
 ht or might not be 
 9 no Inherent constl- 
 13 simply revolution. 
 ■mained whether the 
 Union had power to , 
 member; and this he 
 
 it would Bcem, In the 
 'emment, after sulp-! 
 superable difficulties; , 
 m public opinion, and 
 ;ed by the blood ol Iti 
 
 ■war-' . J 
 
 compromise was maae 
 
 nberl860. Accordtngto 
 •y was to bo proliiljlteil| 
 but allowed in all terri- 
 
 of that line, and thai 
 mitted into the Union 
 wn status as to slavery 
 dmlsslon.Butitwastoo 
 I states, in their hatted 
 
 committed themseKei 
 session. On the20iho 
 Carolina declared ths 
 .bslstmg between Soutil 
 ites, under the name ol| 
 rof America, is hereto 
 
 lore the end of May,t^ 
 i. Alabama, Florlda,Geo^ 
 Tua Virginia, Arkansa 
 tKollnalollowedhl 
 ,actot theseccUeraw 
 lis forts, and other pn 
 the union in their tenij 
 
 'ulaskl, and the arseu" 
 ;ized In Georgia, and t 
 sacola in Florida. Tl 
 dontheQthof JaMMd 
 longing to the VmV* 
 twS fired into hyatj 
 U island, in Char* 
 8 on her way with trw 
 rnipter, which was hel« 
 lome commissioners Ki 
 g states demanded t 
 I garrison, as a pre to" 
 ition. The president,! 
 sethemascorainissione 
 I simply 'aadlstingu* 
 nlted States Iroin Sm 
 this request, and dec!» 
 
 executing the laws 
 letty of the United stJt 
 at war told the comB^ 
 Itatus quo would be rai" 
 
 •SysXttngi^. 
 iffilhe other forts, coii« 
 
 J^ m fort Sumpter^. 
 related it BtreachotWJ 
 fused to disavow tieu 
 
 ot major Anderson, and the secretary at 
 var resigned; and the. commissioners left 
 Wasblngton early in February, having sent 
 1 telegraphic message ordering the United 
 States frigate Brooklyn to be fired upon 
 If she entered Charleston harbour to collect 
 rerenue. In the same month Mr. Jefilerson 
 Darls was elected president of the Confe- 
 derate States ; and in his address he pro- 
 pounded the converse of Mr. Buchanan's 
 doctrine on the subject of secession. Ac- 
 cording to him, It was no revolution, but a 
 'right solemnly proclaimed at the birth 
 of the states, and reaffirmed on the bills of 
 rights of the states subsequently admitted 
 into the Union of 1789.' 
 A few days after this, Mr. Lincoln entered 
 formally on the duties of his office as presi- 
 dent of the United States, and declared, in 
 Itenus which he had often used before, ' I 
 hiTS no purpose, directly or indirectly, to 
 iterfere with the Institution of slavery 
 the states where it exists. I believe I 
 iTe no lawful right to do so, and I have 
 10 Inclination to do so.' On secession his 
 lews were even stronger than those of Mr. 
 ichanan. He could not believe that any 
 loremment proper ever had a provision 
 its organic law for its own termination, 
 fhile he doubted whether the seceding 
 teg could ever develope a principle of 
 on which should prevent renewed seces- 
 lon. In his opinion, the central Idea of 
 ssion was plainly the essence of an- 
 ;hy. 
 
 In the middle of April, major Anderson 
 lund himself compelled to surrender fort 
 mpter to the Confederates. The United 
 it«9 government had sent several vessels 
 ith troops and stores to reinforce it ; but 
 lefhad been dispersed by a storm, and only 
 le ship had reached the place at the ap- 
 linted time. Before the rest could arrive, 
 breach was made in the walls, and the 
 leers' quarters were set on flre by the guns 
 the Confederates, whoso fiag, on the sur- 
 ider of the garrison, fioated above the 
 tress. On the 16th, Mr. Llncohi called 
 It the Union militia to the number of 
 ,(K» men, to put down ' certain combina- 
 ins too powerful to be suppressed by the 
 "nary course of judicial proceedings ;' he 
 ordered the persons composing the said 
 iblnations to disperse within twenty 
 B and retire peaceably to their homes. 
 '.Davis replied on the 17th, with a counter- 
 idamatlon, authorising the issne of let- 
 of marque and reprisal ; and before the 
 9of the month, Mr. Lincoln had declared 
 ports of North and South Carolina, Vlr- 
 >, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, 
 ilBslppi and Texas, to be under blockade, 
 message Issued at this time, Mr. Davis, 
 'ifyiug the secesBon and assigning Its 
 les, spoke with great force against the 
 lietency of the Korth in their action on 
 subject of slavery. He pointed out that 
 the formation of the Union, slavery 
 ited in twelve out of the thirteen states : 
 that, when It was found that slave 
 ur was not profitable in the North, these 
 es Bold all their slave property to South- 
 owners, and then abolished slavery in 
 'owatetrltorleB. TheNortbemBtates* 
 
 therefore, were ' Inhibited not only by want 
 of constitutional authority but by gooa 
 faith as vendors, from disquieting a title 
 emanating from themselves.' The truth Is 
 that the matter ran into considerations 
 which underlie all law. The reply of the 
 North might be that the children were not 
 bound by the promises of parents to observe 
 a compact which was in itself ImmoraL 
 The answer Is in one sense both Irrelevant 
 and invalid. It would furnish sufficient 
 reason for reconsidering the terms of Union; 
 it could furnish none for hunting down 
 practices which the constitution fully sanc- 
 tioned by laws which only the whole Union 
 could repeal. If the Federal Union of in- 
 dependent states is perhaps the Iilghest 
 Ideal of human government, it Is indis- 
 pensably necessary for the stability of such 
 a federation, that it should not be formed 
 between states which have any interests 
 sure in the issue to clash against each other. 
 At the formation of the Union there was ho 
 such apparent opposition. All but one were 
 slave states ; the prospect was rather that 
 all might become so, and probably all woiU9 
 have become so, had they found it to be to 
 their Interest. When, however, they had 
 leaint by experience that slave labour was 
 not profitable in the North, they should 
 have seen the necessity of a new combina- 
 tion. Probably Christianity might hav^ 
 dictated some more disinterested policy 
 than that of selling to Southern masters 
 the slaves who only caused losses In the 
 North; but common sense should have 
 shown all, and perhaps did snow some, that 
 the change had Introduced a radical diverg- 
 ence of interest— that the first push had 
 been given to a wedge which, when driven 
 in further, would inevitably split the Union. 
 The effort to maintain the original Union at 
 all costs has Issued in one of the most 
 barbarous, disgusting, and useless contests 
 that the world has ever witnessed. From 
 the tone of apology with which the Southerp 
 states defended their adherence to what 
 had been an involuntary heritage, they have 
 advanced to frantic eulogies of the ' institu- 
 tion' as the panacea for almost every earthly 
 evil, and thro wn dust into the eyes of Christ- 
 endom by monstrous assertions that the 
 slaves live the happiest of lives, ' supplied 
 not only with bodily comf.oxts, but.caief^ 
 religious instruction.' 
 
 In this contest, Kentucky dedared its 
 neutrality, and no attempt was made to 
 treat this as treason, which it w.is, if the 
 Southern states were simply In a state of 
 rebellion. It was, however, merely one out 
 of the many inconsistencies in the conduct 
 of the Northern states throughout the war. 
 The Federal army was strongly posted near 
 Washington under general Scott, and on 
 the retirement of the Confederate' forces 
 took possession of Harper's Ferrr. On the 
 20th of July the first battle took place oh 
 the banks of a stream called the Bull's Rup 
 between Centreville and the Manassas junc- 
 tion ; and its result was by no means auspid- 
 ous for the Federal cause. The troops of the 
 Union, when once broken, fled in disorder, 
 and the disorder Increased to a panic rout. 
 But the disgrace was in some measwe 
 
886 
 
 Wtft ^ttniuxti at W^taxyit ^r. 
 
 retrieved by tlie aucceagea of general M'Clel- 
 lan In Weatem Virginia. Ttaia officer now 
 roae rapidly Into notice, and on the retire- 
 ment of general Scott, he was appointed 
 commander-ln-cbicf of the whole array. 
 But for some time aftci the battle of 
 Bull's Run no Important operations were 
 undertaken until general Sbernian ef- 
 fected a landing on the coast of south 
 Carolina, In Port Royal bay, where he 
 took the forts and captured 40 pieces of 
 heavy ordnance. 
 
 In November occurred the affair of the 
 Trent, in which the Confederate com- 
 lulssioners on their way to France and 
 England were seized by captain Wilkes 
 of the San Jacinto. But It is unne- 
 cessary to repeat liero a narrative which 
 has been already given in the Uiatory of 
 Xfm/land. 
 
 It was thought at the commencement of 
 1802 that before the year reached Its clcae 
 the great struggle would bo decided by the 
 victory whether of the North or South ; and 
 .BO far as present appearancea would war- 
 rant a judgrment, there was every reason 
 for thinking that that victory would belong 
 to the North. But the year closed, and the 
 war dragged on with less prospect of com- 
 ing to a close than ever. 1 1 seemed evident 
 that neither side was able to secure any 
 decided advantage over the other. At 
 the beginning of the year, the Northern 
 gun-boats were fast reducing the fortresses 
 of the Southern states. Fort Donnelson, 
 Nashville, Memphis, New Orleans, and other 
 places were occupied by the Federal troops, 
 while the armies of the North were closing 
 In upon Richmond, the capital of the 
 Southern Confederacy. The Confederates 
 tried the experiment of iron-clad vessels : 
 the Mcrrlmac and the Arkansas each did 
 some serious mischief, but soon were de- 
 stroyed from some unknown causes which 
 were not connected with the operations of 
 the enemy. But with the advance of gene- 
 ral M'Olellan upon Richmond the fortunes 
 of the war were changed, and the higher 
 generalship of the Southern commanders 
 was indisputably proved. The Federal 
 forces encountered a series of frightful 
 reverses. General Banks was defeated at 
 Winchester: general M'Olellan was com- 
 pelled to retreat, and the advance of the 
 Southern troops ended in the conquest of 
 Harper's Ferry. On tlie other hand, the 
 attempt of the Confederates to secure 
 Maryland to the Confederacy proved 
 abortive ; and the Federal ai-mles were 
 victorious at Sharpsburg, Fcrryvllle, and 
 Corinth. 
 
 On the 1st of January 1863, president 
 Lincoln issued the proclamation which, 
 according to the threat previously held out 
 to the Southern states, waste destroy their 
 Institution of slavery. It applied to the 
 states of Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mls- 
 Bissippi, Alabama, Florida, South Caro- 
 lina, North Carolina, and Virginia, and 
 declared that in them all persons held as 
 Blaves were from that day free. It further 
 atated that such persons of suitable condi- 
 tion would be received into the armed 
 iervlce of the United States. Early in 
 
 February a bill for arming nojfroes passedl 
 the house of representatives by a maloritrl 
 of 83 to 64, with the provlsu that no fgiavejl 
 of loyal owners should be thns einplnyedf 
 About this time, and again in AiirlUnefil 
 fectuai attempts were made to attacti 
 Charleston by sea; but commodoro Karri'l 
 gut succeeded in April in forcing h\s njjl 
 up the MlBsisslppi past the port IludsonI 
 batteries, and thus advancing to tlieattacJ 
 of Vlcksburg from the south : buttlii'moiil 
 important event of this campaign was iiuf 
 series of battles fought at ChanccUoisviilel 
 to the north of lUcbmond, early iiiMarf 
 The result was the discomtlturc of tl'i 
 Federals under general Hooker ; hut it w 
 secured at a heavy cost to the Coiifedcriitei 
 who liero lost general Stonewall Jaflisnn' 
 the most brilliant, and with the cxcci.tii ' 
 of general Leo, the most able of their coi 
 manders. He fell, however, not by tiii 
 shots of the enemy but by those of gomeoi 
 his own men, who in the davkneHs iiii$iivi| 
 lilm for a Federal officer. The loss of iin 
 Federals in these engagements was !8,0(i 
 men. In June, the Confederates, under Li 
 made a brilliant but impruaent niove 
 crossing tho Potomac, and advancing 
 wards Washington. This step not onli 
 broke In upon their natural imlicyof iii 
 fence, but It Implied that they gaveiii 
 all hope of detaching Maryland from 
 North. General Meade had siiofcedi 
 Hooker in the conmiand of the Fodei 
 forces, and the two annles met at Gett) 
 burg. During the Hrst two days ilic li 
 vantage lay wholly with the Coiifei 
 rates ; but their opponents held out, 
 Anally General Lee was forced to reiii 
 and rocross the Potomac. Fifty tlious 
 men were slaughtered or wounded 
 the horrible struggle of these three fearli 
 days. 
 
 Meanwhile general Grant lind cloRrl; 
 vested Vlcksburg In the rear, whilea lloi 
 under admiral Porter bombarded it 
 front. After a siege of forty-oJKlit dajjj 
 capitulated on the 4th of Jul;. Gi 
 complaints were made of the harbsrii 
 of the Federal coniinanderb in slielll 
 a town full of women and rlilldi 
 but in the absence of full cvidoncr, 
 is better to suspend judgincnc on 
 such accusations, whether proceeding fi 
 one side or the other. It is cnongli toi 
 that by the fall of Vlcksburg thirty tit 
 sand soldiers were lost to tlie Coiifi 
 rate forces, being dismissed under 
 that they would take no further lart 
 the war. 
 
 The arming of negro recruits by tlie.V 
 so Irritated the South that they refused 
 consider them as soldiers entitled, in a 
 of capture, to be treated as prisoiien 
 war. To counteract this, president Lini 
 proclaimed on the 30th of July, tbat 
 every soldier of the United States lil 
 in violation of the laws of war a re: 
 soldier should be executed, and for ei 
 one sold into slavery, a rebel boUI 
 should be placed at hard labour on 
 public works. 
 
 In the course of the summer a tl 
 attack was made upon Charlcetoa nil 
 
^t Witovu at ^merits. 
 
 887 
 
 lug uoKroeB iwssedl 
 Lttve8l>y a majorltyl 
 )Vl8o that noBlavMi 
 Lbe tbua emplnyed,! 
 ngain in Ai>rll, Inet.f 
 e made to attack I 
 t coinmoilore Fawl 
 I In forcliiK his wajl 
 ist tlie port Hudsnnl 
 ranclng to llic iittacJ 
 i8outh: butthvmotti 
 is campaign was thel 
 it at OliancellorsvilleJ 
 imoiid, early InMajJ 
 dtscomflturo o{ thi^ 
 Rl Hooker; Imtitvtsi 
 It to theConledcrate 
 a stonewall Jackson] 
 d with the exct'iiiioij 
 lOBt able of their eon 
 however, not l)y thJ 
 ut by thoBOolBomeol 
 , the darkness mist™! 
 Beer. The loss oJ ilii 
 igagements was lifli 
 mfederates, under Lm 
 t Imprudent move bl 
 lac, and advaneiugU 
 This step not onl| 
 r natural policy ol ( 
 ed that they gavcui 
 ng Maryland from itif 
 ileade had sucoetdtl 
 nmand ol the FeM 
 ) annlea met ut Gettjj 
 llrat two days tlici 
 ly with the Coiitea 
 pponentB huhi out, 
 e was forced to retii 
 tomac. Fifty tliQusmj 
 Uercd or wounded 1 
 lo ot these three leart^ 
 
 . Grant had closely 
 . the rear, whllealloiil 
 rter bombarded it 
 ot forty-elKlit dajM 
 4th of .Inly. Gi , 
 made of the linrtai!^ 
 ommanderb In 
 women and clilldi 
 ICO of full cvMciice, 
 pend judguienc or 
 vhethcr proceeding ft 
 ler. Itlsenonphto! 
 Vlcksburn thirty tiiJ 
 lOBt to the Cone 
 dismissed under pie 
 take no further iwi 
 
 gro recruits by the Xoi 
 uth that they refusei 
 soldiers entitled, in 
 
 treated as prlsonen 
 rt this, president Uiif 
 e SOih of July, tlisi 
 the United States kia 
 he laws ol war a R. 
 
 executed, and or V 
 lavery, a rebel 
 
 at hard labour on 
 
 ol the Bummer at] 
 upon CUarlcBton wl'' 
 
 liny 
 
 Immediate results. In September, 
 
 iresldcnt Lincoln suspended the writ ol 
 Meat eorpits; and president Davis re- 
 plied Mr. Mason the Confederate comrola- 
 missloDcr In England, on the ground that 
 hi) continued stay was not consistent with 
 Itto dignity of the Conlederate states, 
 ilicn it bad been made clear that the 
 irltlsh government had no intention ol 
 cognising that ot the Southern Cou- 
 
 But some frightful battles were yet to be 
 
 [ought before the close of the year. On 
 
 lbe 19th of September began the battle ol 
 
 talckaniaufa. In which the Federals lost 
 
 looo, tlie Confederates 6,000 men : this 
 
 iVtntai^ewas practically balanced by the 
 
 lore evenly drawn battle ol Chattanooga 
 
 November; or, to speak more exactly, 
 
 ery failure to win victory on the 
 
 irt of the Confederates was equal to 
 
 defeat, for the drain was becoming 
 
 great on their resources not so much 
 
 money as ol men. This was a fact 
 
 far greater signlflcanco than the 
 
 lormous debt which the North was In- 
 
 jrrlng, and the costly sacrlllces of men 
 
 Iblcb It was making. The message of the 
 
 lutliern president, at the end of the 
 
 r, expressed a deep dissatisfaction at 
 
 , course pursued by the government 
 
 France, and more especially by that of 
 
 «t Britain. 
 
 be campaigns of 18A-1 began with tlio 
 
 iture of fort Pillow by the Confederate 
 
 jeral Forrest, and ol Plymouth by the 
 
 iDfederate general Hoke. But nil other 
 
 iTenients now became secondary to those 
 
 Grant, who had been appointed the 
 
 leral lieutenant-general, the president 
 
 igthe general-ln-chiel ol all the armies 
 
 the Union. General Grant had now en- 
 
 '.i on the campaign which was to end In 
 
 fall of Richmond ; and to this purpose 
 
 operations at Petersburg and elsewhere 
 
 i strictly subsidiary. He had seen 
 
 ly that the strength of the Confederacy 
 
 In Its army, and that until this army 
 
 crushed no good would be attained by 
 
 conquest of particular towns or lor- 
 
 ses. Ucnce everything was by him so 
 
 ned as to ensure that the conquest ol 
 
 tmond should involve the complete 
 
 omilture ol all the Confederate forces. 
 
 t crossed the rapids on the night ol 
 
 3rd of May, and a fearful conflict ensued 
 
 een his lorces and those ol general 
 
 After several moves and much ter- 
 
 llghtlng. Grant resolved to transfer 
 
 whole army to the south side ol the 
 
 IC8 river, and to attack Petersburg. 
 
 ling to take the place by storm, he 
 
 iDcbed himself, at the distance of a 
 
 and a half, and regularly besieged 
 
 fleuoral Sheridan had in the meantime 
 
 sent to operate on the Shenandoah 
 
 le tidings ol the destruc'fon of the 
 una gave encouragement to the North. 
 Confederate cruiser had been obliged 
 It Into the French port ol Cherbourg 
 repairs. On Issuing from it she was 
 ked by the Federal ship Kearsagc, and 
 A second invasion ot Maryland by 
 
 the Confederates in July was a step nut so 
 imprudent as the lormer had been. They 
 had now nothing to lose by it, and they 
 might gain something; and at the least 
 they did return with a vast amount ot 
 plunder almost Irom the gates ol Washing- 
 ton itsell. President Lincoln now Issued 
 a proclamation calling for 500,000 men ; 
 and an attempt to stop the war, on the part 
 of some self-constituted commissioners 
 from the South, ended In necessary failure. 
 When questioned, they were obliged to 
 admit that they had no power from the 
 authority which had control over tlie 
 Confederate or rebel forces. 
 
 Early in September, general Sherman 
 succeeded in gaining possession of At- 
 lanta, the capital ol Georgia, after stra- 
 tegical movements of great skill. On 
 entering the place, ho ordered all non- 
 combatants to leave, offering to give every 
 facility lor their removal southwards. 
 On the 18th Sheridan attacked Early In 
 the Shenandoah valley, and won an Im- 
 portant baftle at Cedars Creek, near 
 WIncliester. 
 
 The presidential election was now np- 
 proachlng. The candidate supposed lo bo 
 more favourable 'o the South was general 
 M'Clellan ; but the military events of the 
 season were rather In the way ol his 
 success, and a letter from general Grant, In 
 which he said that .'ho Confederates had 
 ' robbed the cradle ai\d the grave equally 
 to get their present force,' had much 
 weight in determining the Issue. Mean- 
 white, the difflculty o.' holding Atlan- 
 ta without supplies had led general Sher- 
 man to venture upon the most brilliant 
 movement ol the campaign. This was 
 to lorce his way from Atlanta to Sa- 
 vannah, and to make his exit on the 
 coast, having made the country support 
 bis army t)y the way, and thus breaking 
 the neck ot the Confederacy by leaving 
 its richest and most magnldcent terri- 
 tory an utter wilderness. Terrible as the 
 measure must appear, It was justilled 
 Ijy the result, so far as such things 
 can be justmcd ; and the capture ol Sa- 
 vannah, with l&O guns and 25,000 bales 
 ol cotton, caused great exultation in the 
 North. 
 
 Having remained a month at Savannah, 
 general Sherman began a nortliward march 
 as decisive as that which ho had just ac- 
 complished. Having evaded a large force 
 of Confederates, who supposed that the 
 object ol his march was Charleston, Sher- 
 man advanced towards Columbia, which 
 was surrendered to him, and on the 21gt ot 
 March occupied Goldsborough. The tide 
 had now completely turned against the 
 seceding states. Wilmington and Charles- 
 ton had already fallen ; an overwhelm- 
 ing force under Grant was blockading 
 Richmond ; and on the 3rd ot April the 
 capital itsell was surrendered. Grant 
 immediately started in pursuit ol Lee; 
 but on the 7th he addressed to Lee a 
 letter, in which he pointed out the hope- 
 le»*8ncsB of further resistance, and prayed 
 him, in order to stop further effusion ot 
 blood* to surrender bis army ot Nor- 
 
883 
 
 ^t CreaHttrp of iltttaq;, fct. 
 
 tbem Virginia. General Lee and bis 
 troops accordingly laid down their arms 
 on the Bth of AprU, just five days before 
 
 SresiCent Lincoln, who on the 4th of 
 ra:-b bad taken the oaths of ofBce on 
 hui re-election, was murdered in Ford's 
 Theatre k>y an assasslo, who made bis 
 (!;..C'.pa. 
 
 Tb!s rigl'tful crime, which bad no effect 
 i!\i tl issue of the war, ended the life of 
 vae of the most single-minded and earnest 
 men who have ever directed the affairs of 
 a free people. It Is idle to look for antici- 
 pations of coming events in the last words 
 of the dead ; they were not to be found in 
 those of Abraham Lincoln, but bis Inangn- 
 ration speech summed up with great clear- 
 ness the nature of the struggle and the 
 motives which bad guided him throughout 
 It. ' One-eighth of the whole population of 
 the United States were coloured slaves, 
 not distributed generally over the Union, 
 bnt located in the aoutbem part. These 
 slaves contributed a peculiar and powerful 
 interest. All knew the Interest would 
 somehow cause war. To strengthen, per- 
 petuate, eit<;nd this Interest, was the 
 object for which the insurgents would 
 rend the Union by war, while the go- 
 vernment claimed no rlgi.<; to do more 
 than restrict the territorial ^enlargement 
 ef it.' 
 
 The murderer of the president was an 
 actor named Wilkes Booth. This man, on 
 refusing to surrender, was shot in a bam 
 to which be bad been tracked. While be 
 was doing his work on the president, some 
 accomplices forced their way Into che room 
 of Mr. Seward, the secretary of state, whom 
 they left for dead, but who afterwards re- 
 covered. These men were taken, and, after 
 trial and conviction, were executed. As 
 some grounds had, it is said, been given 
 for regarding these persons as Insti- 
 gated by the government of the Southern 
 states, president Johnson issued a pru- 
 claraation, offering large rewards for the 
 apprehension of Jefferson Davis, Clement 
 Olay, George Sanders and others. Mr. 
 Davis was captured at Lowensvllle- in 
 Georgia, while trying to make bis es- 
 cape, and lodged in fortress Monroe. Efs 
 case was, however, never to come to trial. 
 It was postponed from term to term, 
 antil at last Mr. Davis was allowed to 
 leave the United States, and at length 
 pardoned 0806) by one of the last acts of 
 president Johnson. 
 
 The military struggle, though fast draw- 
 ing to a close, still went on. On the 26th 
 of April general Sherman executed' a con- 
 vention with the Confederate general 
 Johnston, according to which the several 
 •tate governments were to be recog- 
 nised by the executive of the United 
 States on their oiBcers and legislatures 
 taking the oath prescribed by the constl- 
 tntlon of the United States ; the Federal 
 courts in the several states were to bo 
 re-established, and a general amnesty 
 was to follow. This agreement the go- 
 vernment refoaed to ratify, and orders 
 Were sent for tbe Immediate resumption 
 It hoBtllltles. TTpoa this, the whole 
 
 Confederate array was uncondltlonauii 
 surrendered. 
 
 The object at which general Johnatt 
 aimed, by one of the terms of the mi 
 vention, was defeated by the test oitbJ 
 framed by congress to be taken by eTM 
 member of that body. This oath M 
 dared that the person taking it y 
 never voluntarily borne arms againil 
 the government of the United 8tat« 
 since he became a citizen thereof, n, 
 given aid of any kind to persons engage] 
 fa armed hostility thereto, or volJ 
 tarlly renounced his allegiance to tu 
 United States. 1 
 
 From this point the history of the Unitej 
 States becomes a history of the varied 
 planes nroposed or carried out for enforclj 
 the L jintenance of the Union in the si 
 ceding states. The question ot the ncgi 
 population, now freed, the paralysis l 
 southern trade, the ruin of the old elavj 
 holders. Involved subjects of iucalcuIaJ 
 difficulty ; and most unhappily the deal 
 of president Lincoln had placed at tU 
 head of the state a man who, whate;] 
 may be his motives, was never intenlJ 
 for that ofiBce, and who soon fbow] 
 that bis tenure of office would u iit| 
 more than a long struggle with congi 
 Thus president Johnson vetoed in A^ 
 1866 a bill passed by congress lor i 
 purpose of placing the newly-freed 
 on the same footing with the m 
 population as regarded all civil rlgbj 
 But congress was resolved that t:,. i 
 should become law, and in the mi\ 
 majorities needed for overriding 
 president's veto were obtained in I 
 houses. 
 
 £arly in IM Mr. Asblev the nienitierl 
 Ohio, impeached tbe r ^ident before] 
 house of representatives, which carrledj 
 resolution by 107 against 30 votes, r 
 question was referred to the judldi 
 committee, which, by a majority of nrtl 
 four, decided not to recommend tlie I 
 peachment, but, by a majority of scnnl 
 two, resolved that he should be censor 
 Thus the struggle was continued iij 
 same temper on both sides. The conn 
 passed a bill conferring negro sul 
 on the district of Columbia, as wci; i| 
 reconstruction bill for the governi 
 of the South. The president vetoed li 
 as unnecessary and unconBtltutloDalJ 
 each case the congreiis re-passed the f 
 by the majorities required to orei 
 the presidential veto. The same tor 
 was followed In the case ot the^ 
 plementary reconstruction bill passt 
 July. The registration of voters Id | 
 Southern states in the autumn i 
 a vast majority of negro 7oters,l 
 negro majority in Loaislana being T 
 than 38,000. I 
 
 In July the president called oi| 
 Stanton, the secretary of war, tor 
 'on public considerations of ahlglil 
 racter.' On his refusal, the presldeii 
 pended him ; and Mr. Stanton sulDf 
 under protest. In the autumn Mr. Joir 
 pnbUshed an amnesty to a' Suathto 
 with the ezcdptlon of Mr. Oarla ul 
 
 m 
 
uncondltlomllii 
 
 toryottheUitd 
 •y of the vatlM 
 out for enlorclBJ 
 ■Dnlon in the a 
 ■tlon ot the ««gi 
 the paralysis l 
 I of the old sIstI 
 cts of incalcuUliI 
 ihapplly the deal 
 lad placed at tij 
 an who, whaleil 
 ms never IntcnlJ 
 The Boon sliowl 
 ice would lie m 
 jgle ■with cougTii 
 3U vetoed In Ail 
 r congress lor tlT 
 I newly-Ireed lilifl 
 a with the m 
 id all clvU m 
 solved that tl, J 
 md In the enafl 
 'or overriding 
 B obtained in ' 
 
 Cl^e Iftdltart; of America, 
 
 886« 
 
 hcrmembera of hta government, and 
 Ivbo «ere concerned directly or Indl- 
 Mrln the murder of president Lincoln. 
 i itate elections of October and No- 
 Liier which went greatly against the 
 Cbllcan or radical party, were welcomed 
 I president Johnson with great satis- 
 
 t length a committee, appointed by 
 lioBM of reprewntatlvesi recom- 
 
 mended by a majority of Ave to four ttaat 
 the house should pass a resolution ttaat 
 the president be Impeached for high 
 crimes and misdemeanors. This mo- 
 tion was however defeated, by 108 against 
 S7 votes. 
 
 Of the events of 1868 it would be prema- 
 ture to say more than that at the presi- 
 dential election general Grant was chosen 
 as the Bocoessor of Mr. Jobnion. 
 
^tfcSsL ^ 
 
 886» 
 
 CTI^e tCvzKiixivti at W^tavtit Set, 
 
 HEX SCO. 
 
 Tuts rich and liitcrstlnff cmsntrj' my ia 
 regarded na a!! igetlor a fepniilsli ciioiiy, 
 tlmugli It Is no iomri I dej)en(i*nit on Hiviln. 
 hav'npr beconio n foderal ro!i;»'>llc. I) •> 
 coven'U by FeriiaiMo Cortez, a.d. ISIO, i- 
 was 1< V i.tin tnkmi iio:, c.^slon of In I ii" nanio 
 o£ the .'iianlsli giiv<'i;mient. The exploits 
 by tvhii-h lie made htinself master of tli!< 
 Oiiuntry seem ratlicr to Uelinnr to roin.-xiux' 
 tlian Listoiy ; buttlio iirciuu. !an(i'8<'jc tlie 
 age, and ■- lio nature ,',mJ cln»'iict;'C of tlic 
 (il>poslng powers, throw an i;! • ot imlversul 
 Interest over operations so niulf'fnriii and 
 diversifled, as the conquest ' C aK!»ataud 
 powerful Htato by a body ot uieii hitherto 
 uni-'cn iiy them, 'poBsessIng a>l the advaii- 
 tiiK"8 of skill and experience In war, and 
 ros ilutlon and enterprise in action. 
 
 The flrst conquest made by Cortez was 
 nn the river Tabasco ; after which, landing 
 at St. Juan de UUoa, he erect Lti a fort, 
 where he received two ambassadors sent 
 by the emperor of Mexico with offers of 
 assistance. A haughty answer was the re- 
 ply of Cortez ; and gifts of the nnv-i. costly 
 character were heaped upon hln; by the 
 natives, in the hope of concillatrrig' peace 
 and preventing his further advance, Dan- 
 gers, however, encoinimssed his step'. Se- 
 dition broke out In his camp, which In had 
 the address not only to quell, but tui-u to 
 his own advantage. A new town was 
 founded, called La Villa Rica do la Vera 
 Cruz. A still more alarming mutiny showed 
 Itself, which he again converted Into the 
 means of executing a measure fraught with 
 imminent risk, but calculated to superin- 
 duce the deadly courage of despair. This 
 measure was the destruction ot the fleet. 
 Boon after titis, being joined by one of the 
 native caciques, with a force of little more 
 than 1,000 men, fifteen horses, and six can- 
 non, he entered the state of the Tlascalnns, 
 whom, after a desperate resistance of four- 
 teen days, he subdued, and converted Into 
 allies. At Cholula ho massacred 0,000 of 
 the natives in revenge for their treachery. 
 Success now wafted his nanner.", and the 
 capital of the empire lay before him. Re- 
 ceived by the emperor Mcmtezuma at the 
 head of his nobles, Cortez was conducted to 
 a house In tho city, which ho Instantly 
 forlilled In the strongest manner possible. 
 It appears tliero was a prediction amongst 
 tlie Mexicans, that a strange people should 
 come to cliastise them for their sins— a 
 piece of superstition ot which Cortez availed 
 himself. By treachery he obtained posses- 
 sion of tlie person of Montezuma, whom lie 
 kept a prisoner for six months. /.Worn out 
 at length, the Mexican emperor acknow- 
 ledged himself a vassal of the Spanish 
 throne. In the meanwhile Cortez lost no 
 opportunity of strengthening his power, by 
 surveys of tho country, and dividing the 
 spoils amongst his followers. 
 
 JH^e was aaain on the point ot losing the 
 
 trnV. ',£ U- oxcrMrn^ ^r Vclnsqno? J 
 C'liiiiiifin'Tfii thctvi , v (lonfroiinvliidlj 
 tezhad been dcFii^tcmed froincnli.i.lieail 
 of his success, sent out a lai-Kc {.jrioj 
 Narvaez, to seize him, and take imsjei 
 of Mexico. This formJilabloUaiiuor Col 
 frustrated, as well by bribes ns ly tlicrj 
 Uy of his movemctit?, almost wiilioutbl 
 fclied. Put this leobS' •ved gave freshsl 
 to the iMexii-niiS, wh.i attacked him og[ 
 return, and wounded him in I1I3 (urii 
 Til? w etched Montezunia, who liadb 
 jiiai'oi.' ■ tho Yin to deter the assslL 
 from in'i' 3cuting ^helr attacks, wasffol 
 ( 1, and ulcd of a broken heart. Corteil 
 trnipelled to evacuate tho pl.tce sccr 
 but only to return with a larger bwL 
 forces at the expiration of sii moiitlis, 1 
 shortly afterwards And his hcadquarteJ 
 Tczcuco, where, with tho assistance oj 
 Indians, ho built a flotilla of 13 shlpjl 
 liiforced with 200 men, eight horseil 
 sonio military stores, he renewed the J 
 IJallantly was the capital defended bfl 
 tlmozin tlie new emperor, and Cortal 
 once taken prisoner, but rescued at ibf 
 pense ot a severe wound. SeTentJI 
 days did the city hold out, althoutdf 
 ranks ot Cortez were augmented b; 11 
 Indians. August 12, 1512, beheld Guiif 
 zin a prisoner, and his capital inthei 
 of tho merciless invaders— niercilessM 
 they weroy^or Cortez stained thelud 
 his glory oy putting the brave but ilJ 
 monarch to the torture. But there bl 
 in this world a retributive justice;! 
 worldly minds, however sublimed tjl 
 rage and enterprise, generally encoJ 
 reverses similar in character to tlielrl 
 conduct. Success had excited cur;! 
 Cortez was doomed to flnd that 110 cm 
 and enterprise can bo altogetiier lm\ 
 reverses. Created captaln-generaUlI 
 Spain (the naino which he had girl 
 his conquest), even after an order li.iil| 
 issued, but not executed, fur his am 
 established in high favoui uiid huuogi| 
 the emperor, his native master,-ei 
 with a grant of large possesslmislnili^ 
 ■World,— lie had the mortllleation 1 
 himself pociscssing only military com 
 The political government was vcstrf 
 royal ordinance. His enterprising I 
 led hini to the discovery of tho grail 
 f orniun gulf, but bis glory was on iliel 
 irritated and disappointed, he rctunf 
 Europe to appeal against the proceed 
 tho royal ordinance, but without r 
 and he who had barbarously tortu 
 gallant emperor ot Mexico, died Hi 
 afterwards of a' broken heart, A.D.r 
 the C2nd year ot his age. 
 
 Abstracting the interest which iljj 
 the discovery and flrst conquest of I 
 or New Spain, tho historian flndiil 
 succession of events, which claim bij 
 vague notice. From the year 1535 If 
 
^t !6ttt0r» at Mnito* 
 
 887* 
 
 Iff (on' iot Volnsqiior, 
 ic'fi't'i^loiifromwliith 
 s)K^c^ iisd from Ciilia.hea. 
 bciii oat n \Mini f.irccui 
 zo hlin. Mill tiiko iiossci, 
 ta formidable UiiimerCoi 
 rellbybrlbcHasl'yilicrj 
 nr lit?) almost wlthoutU 
 1 ao'jB' vedgavoJrcshii 
 i3, -wli.i attacked hliii o 
 r,unde<l liim in Ills lor 
 Montezuma, who liad 
 van to Ueter tlie assi., 
 Idk ^lielr attacks, wasTOi 
 ' a trokeu heart. Cortei 
 evBCuato the vlace se 
 3turn wltli a larger t* 
 xplratlon of six moiitte 
 ftrda nnd Ills heiuUiuattei 
 •e, with the asslstanceof 
 LitU a flotilla of 13 slilp!, 
 I 200 men, clglit horset 
 stores, ho renewed the d 
 the capital defended ly, 
 lew cuipcror, and Cortci 
 •Isoner.but rescued atthi 
 jovcro wound. Seventji 
 city hold out, althougl 
 jezwero augmented by li 
 gust 12, 1512, beheld Gi- 
 r nnd his capital In the. 
 •88 invaUerg— mercllessU 
 r Cortcz stained the lusli 
 mtting the brave but iM 
 ho torture. But there li' 
 d a retributive justice; 
 Is, however sublimed ij 
 torprlse, generally em 
 liar In character to their 
 iccess had excited envi 
 oomcd to find that no coi 
 se can be altogether ftee 
 eated captain-general ol 
 lamo which he had gin 
 ) even after an order Id 
 lot executed, for his arr 
 n high favoui and huiioii 
 .his native master.-etf 
 of large poasesslonslnif 
 had the mortlllcation 
 esBlng only military coi 
 I government was vcsti 
 ince. His enterrrising 
 he discovery of the gra 
 .but his glory was on* 
 d disappointed, he rctu- 
 ipeal against the proce* 
 •dlnanco, but without 
 
 had barbarously totti 
 ,eror of Mexico, died » 
 
 of a' broken heart, a.d, 
 
 ar of his age. 
 
 ng the Interest which* 
 
 ry and first conquest ol. 
 
 iln, the historian nnds] 
 jf events, which claim hi 
 ce. From the year 13*1' 
 
 jero wM * snccosslon of flfty viceroys, 
 
 tee alone an American by birth. At the 
 
 ilt«r period, a spirit broke forth, elicited 
 
 centuries of oppression and exclusive 
 
 (tour to Kuroponns, which led the Mexl- 
 
 ini to niter resistance to Rpaln. The dis- 
 
 jiunists wore headed by Hidalgo, an en- 
 
 tiulastlc patriot, who was proclaimed ge- 
 
 tnl!88lmoSept. 17,1810. He unfortunately 
 
 jledhi his advance towards tlio capital, 
 
 Elrh gave the royalists Mine to rally ; and a 
 
 U niiinths afterwards ho was put to death. 
 
 [g( with him the spirit of liidepcndenco 
 
 iiUhed not. Moreloa, a priest, assumed 
 
 comniaml, and several princes were 
 
 ..ipletely en.surcd t:) the side of liberty. 
 
 congress of forty meinbera was called, 
 
 |t liter the death and execution of Mo- 
 
 j.ltwas dissolved by general Teran, 
 
 tosucceedcd hlin. After languishing for 
 
 letlme, the revolt was entirely quelled 
 
 11819. 
 
 le change of system introduced into 
 iln by tlu) cortca alarmed the ecclcsl- 
 Icjln Mexico, who, for their defence, 
 [led Iturblde, under whom a bloodless 
 relation was effected, and Mexico main- 
 led In all its rights, independent of 
 iSpanish dominion, a.d. 1322. After an 
 itlon of the title of emperor for little 
 'than one year, Iturblde was compelled 
 jay down his usurpation, and he retired 
 jghori). 
 
 federal government was now formed 
 livornto, Feb. 24, 1826. Still comino- 
 II arose, in one of which Iturblde, who 
 been Induced to return, lost his life. 
 routd bo of no use to enter into any 
 ills respecting the suli.sequent history 
 lexlco. In 1830 It lost Texas (now 
 irporated with the United States), after 
 iguinary engagement at San Jacin- 
 jaiid In 1818, it was coinpolled to aur- 
 lerlts provinces of New California and 
 Mexiuoto the United States, after a 
 of (WO years' duratloi.. But Mexico, 
 one of the noblest territories in tlio 
 |d, exists in little but a name. It 
 lot construct, organise, or maintain 
 Iconstltntlon or government. Its sub- 
 pal anarchy is only mitigated by the 
 inebs and Indolence of Us population, 
 no frontiers excep!: on the map : the 
 Indians invade It at all points with 
 inlty, and an enemy more formidable 
 the Indl.ans Is waiting for the Inevi- 
 consummatlon. Some account of the 
 ice between France, England, and 
 I, which led to the French expedition 
 ^exico In 1802, will be found iu the 
 tries cf France and Spain. 
 [isalll mce was to bo confined entirely 
 V enforcement of demands of repara- 
 lori'ijurles inflicted on citizens of tlie 
 ■ nations or their property. But when 
 igst those who accompanied the French 
 tound a Mexican named Almonte, who 
 lexpressed a wish to substitute a 
 rcby for the republic, the Mexican 
 nment refused to threat with the allied 
 ilBsloncrs, so long as he remained with 
 On this, M. de Sallgny, the French 
 itsetoner, plainly expressed hia doubts 
 )er any satiBfaction would ever be 
 
 attained except by marching upon Mexico; 
 and the seeming approval thua given to 
 tlio designs of Almonte so lmpre.«sed the 
 other commissioners, that they refused to 
 co-operate further, and the Spanish nnd 
 English governments withdrew their con- 
 tingonta. The French general Loruncea 
 waa now left to carry on the enterprise 
 alone, and he openly declared war on the 
 government, as distinguished from the 
 people of Jlexlco. The Mexican troops, 
 commanded by general Zaragoza. retired 
 from Orizaba, which waa occupied by the 
 French In April. By the 6tli of May, tho 
 latter arrived at I'uebl.a, in front of which 
 they were met by the forces of Zarago/.a. 
 The result of a scvcreengagement. In which 
 ho failed to take possession of the town. In- 
 duced Loreucez to retreat to Orizaba, which 
 ho reached on the ISthot May. having been 
 re-lnt.'rced by a Mexican officer named 
 Maniuez with 2.500 men. opposed to the 
 goveinmcnt of .Juarez, The check made It 
 evident to tho French people that they had 
 mistaken tho temper of the Mexicans : but 
 strong relnforccmenta were sent to enable 
 liorencez to march on the capital. When 
 they reached Vera Cruz towards the closo 
 of tho year, tho French army in Mexico 
 amounted to not leas than 30,000 men. But 
 tho French emperor still declared that, 
 while he Insisted on the redress of wrongs, 
 ho had no Intention of forcing upon the 
 Mexicans any particular form of govern- 
 ment. Pucbia was again attacked and 
 besieged, and, after a long resistance, cap- 
 tured on tho 18th of May, 1803. Tho army 
 under general Forey then marched on to 
 Mexico, which they entered on the loth of 
 June. Juarez and his colleagues had already 
 withdrawn to San Luis Potosi; and au 
 assembly of notables, 215 In number, re- 
 solved that Mexico should be an empire, 
 and that the crown should be offered to the 
 Austrian archduke Maximilian. On tho 28th 
 of May, 1804, the archduke published at 
 Vera Cruz his first proclamation as em- 
 peror. 
 
 Three years passed away, each yesur 
 making it more .nnd more evident that the 
 archduke had undertaken a hopeless task. 
 He had pledged himself to introduce order 
 and law among a people who were lovers 
 of lawlessness and disorder. He had also 
 intruded himself unwittingly within tho 
 charmed circle of the dominion or influeiico 
 of tho United St.itea. By the doctrine of 
 American politiclana. North American soil 
 was not to bo profaned by any empire or 
 monarchy : and president Johnson had not 
 only spoken of tho Mexican empire as a 
 thlngunseemlyin Itself, but had Insisted on 
 the withdrawal of the French emperor from 
 the adventure. His order was obeyed, and 
 tho French troops were withdrawn. But 
 Maximilian was a man of too scrupulous a 
 conscience to recede where he thought that 
 he was pledged to remain. He could not 
 see that his engagement with the Mexicans 
 was annulled by tho withdrawal of the 
 French; and with a somewhat Quixotic 
 chivalry, he determined to stand at his 
 post. He had aacrlflced a brilliant position 
 to come to Mexico : he was now to die for 
 
 ♦■«• 
 
888* 
 
 W^t €ttniutti ot l^iitavti, ^c. 
 
 bli fldelltv to those who had snmmoned 
 btm, when he might hare returned to 
 Burupe, to enjoy nit that he had given up. 
 Early In 1M7. Maximilian left the city of 
 Mexico, and inarching northwards with his 
 troops occupied Queretaro, where he was 
 repeatedly attacked by g-eneral Bscobedo. 
 In April, the Juarists took Pnebla, and 
 soon afterwards they besieged Mexico. On 
 the isth of May, Bscobedo forced hia way 
 Into Queretaro, and the emperor was sur- 
 
 rounded and taken prlaoncr witiriiul 
 stair. It is useless to lengthen the atofT 
 His captors knew perfectly well that If 3 
 were allowed to depart, be would nerJ 
 trouble them again ; but thoy had detJ 
 mined that be should be slain, and on 3 
 19th of May, they put to death a Binmd 
 ly gallant, high-minded, and pureharM 
 gentleman, who had been Induced hyothd 
 to engage In an enterprise which they jhorf 
 have known was hopclesg. ^ 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 This is the most Important province voe- 
 sessed by Great Britain in North America. 
 Its history is closely interwoven with that 
 of the United States, with the people of 
 which it has been, both under Its original 
 and prescr t masters, in almost constant 
 collision. Founded by the French in 1608, 
 the colon' jts were for many years in danger 
 of being overwhelmed by the native In- 
 dians, with whom at length they entered 
 into treaties, which enabled them to annoy 
 very materially the neighbouring states 
 under the British lurlsdiction. Twenty 
 years after the founding of Quebec, the right 
 of trading with Canada was granted cxc'-.i- 
 slvely to a company of French merchants, 
 who, in the following years, wero dispos- 
 sessed of Quebec by sir Oavid Keith. This 
 conquest remained in the hands of the 
 British till it was ceded at the treaty of St. 
 Oermains. 
 
 In 1663 the West India Company obtained 
 the exclusive right of commerce for forty 
 years, and Canada for thirty years enjoyed 
 tranquillity, and its concomitant, prospe- 
 rity ; which were interrupted by a bold but 
 unsuccessful expeditiou of the people of 
 New England, consisting of 1,200 or 1,300 
 men under the command of sir William 
 Ftalpps. This attempt was repeated about 
 seventeen years afterwards (1711) on a 
 larger scale, but shared the same result, 
 although 4,000 veteran British troops were 
 employed. 
 
 Little occurs in the affairs of Canada de- 
 serving notice, till the breaking out of the 
 continental war in 1766, when Canada be- 
 came the theatre of military uoenes, which 
 
 ended, three years afterwards, in the t 
 quest of it by the British. The En^jl 
 general Wolfe, though defeated Inlilat 
 operations by the French, at length, a 
 an action sustained by cqwu] gallantrrl 
 both sides, obtained possession of (juebf 
 In this exploit the opposing g'nerals.Moj 
 culm and Wolfe, are equally rcnnwnedl 
 spirit and courage ; one did not survke] 
 mortification of defeat — the other i 
 lived to hear the shouts of victory, 
 conquest was ratified to the English b;! 
 treaty of 1763. Since that period it iJ 
 enjoyed comparative peace: for wltbj 
 exception of one unsuccessful expedia 
 sent against it during the rcvoliitloiil 
 war, under general Montgomery, who < 
 killed, Canada was exempt from ml!i 
 operations till the last American war,i 
 it became the theatre of several bloj 
 frays, but resisted, ly means of theBril 
 troops, the repeated attacks of the Ami 
 cans. Canada has been long rising Ini 
 portance. The facility of commerce} 
 been of late infinitely increased, andlt:( 
 be hoped that this colony will long i 
 valuable acquisition to the British croij 
 
 We make no mention in this flsti 
 the internal insurrections and rlfnticill 
 vasions of Canada li che years 18,38 findir 
 but refer the reade to the History o/J 
 land, p. 490. et aeq. 1 
 
 The other Brlt'sh Possessions In.V| 
 America arc Nev fouu dlakd, New Bu 
 WICK, Nova S jotia, Capb Bretos, \ 
 Pbinch Edward's Island; but thei 
 of space pre' ents us from entering oil 
 history of auy of these. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 -•o«- 
 
 PERU. 
 
 Thb PeniTlan8haT0 strange traditions that 
 their progenitors were Instructed in the 
 arts of government and society by a man and 
 woman, named Manco Capac and Mama 
 
 Oello, from an Island In a lake south oil 
 Under their instructions their m 
 was established, the royal f am ily Instj] 
 and success and power heaped uponf 
 
Cl^e Wiltav^ at ^mttitti* 
 
 889 
 
 J Bbont the I3th century ; and pre- 
 kn|"to the arrival of tho Spaniards in 
 »L there bad been fourteen succcaalvo 
 nurchi or Incas. On tho arrival of the 
 'OpetnR, Huana Oapac was the reigning 
 > who was taken prisoner and put to 
 jith by PIzarro, the discoverer of the 
 Cgntry, although he had paid as much 
 kldiorbU ransom as fllled tho place of 
 taconllnement. PIzarro likewise defeated 
 ji luccessor, and was created marquis of 
 BlbelloSi with large possessions in his con- 
 lest. His associate, Al' .igro, was also 
 M\j rewarded. 
 
 Illieclty of Lima was founded by PIzarro 
 11533, but the Peruvians again took up 
 B! under their Inca, Manco Capac, and 
 lalaed some successes. A division took 
 ice between PIzarro and Alinagro the 
 terof whom having sustained a defeat, 
 J Uken prisoner and beheaded by his 
 fcqueror, who two years afterwards was 
 lUBlnatcd by one of Almagro's party. 
 Hou8 Insurrectl- ns ensued with various 
 iwises, In which were conspicuous Vasco 
 liastro, Blasco Vela, Gonzalez PIzarro, 
 1 Pedro de la Gasca, a priest. The royal 
 Wlty of the Spaniards was at length 
 ibllshed by the surrender and execution 
 Itlie last Inca, Tupac Amaru, by Toledo 
 Viceroy' at Ouzco, a.d. 1562. Peru re- 
 Wd In a state of uninterrupted vaisal- 
 Ito the Spanish crown, till the j »ar 
 LVhen a descendant of tho last Inca, 
 being refused a title which had been 
 kted his ancestor, Sayu Tupac, reared 
 ntandard of Independence, round which 
 lintlves rallied with spirit and In great 
 Yi(n. For two years the war continued 
 1 alternate eucccss. At last Joso Ga- 
 
 briel Oondorcanqul was defeated, and with 
 the rest of his family, excepting bis brother 
 Diego, put to death. The surviving bro- 
 ther shortly afterwards shared the same 
 fate, on suspicion of being engaged lu a 
 revolt tt Quito. 
 
 Peru escaped for awhile tho rising spirit 
 of Insubordination, which convniscd tho 
 other colonies; but In 1809 commotions 
 ensued, and juntas were established In the 
 cities of Quito and La Paz, but were mip- 
 pressed. In 1813 the lndc|)cndents of Olilll 
 were subjugated, but their efforts were 
 triumphant In 1817, under general San 
 Martin, and Chill was not only evacuated 
 by the Peruvian army, but sent an army to 
 retaliate upon '"era. Lima capitulated on 
 July 6, 1521, and Sau Martin held levees In 
 the viceregal palace. The Independence 
 of Peru was solemnly proclaimed on the 
 28th of the same month, and San Martin 
 was proclaimed protector. This ofllce he 
 laid down, after calling together a con- 
 stituent and sovereign congress, on the 
 20th of September 1822. 
 
 Disinterested as was this abdication. 
 It was not followed by prosperity to tho 
 country. Tho Inadequacy of tho junta ap- 
 pointed by the congress soon became ma- 
 nifest; the patriots were defeated early In 
 1823 ; tho congress now dissolved, anarchy 
 predominated, and Lima surrendered to the 
 Spanish troops In July of the same year 
 They were partially dispossessed by nollvni 
 and tho Chilians shortly afterwards; and 
 Peru, though safe from Spanish subjuga- 
 tion, has ever since been like a vessel 
 tossed by every casual wave, unsafe, and 
 exposed to conflicting dangers. 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 [country WM subjugated in 1450 by 
 
 hruvians, wlio retained possession of 
 
 I they were driven out by the Spaniards 
 
 pAlmagro, In 1535. Tho Spaniards 
 
 i driven out by a general rising of the 
 
 les three years afterwards. PIzarro 
 
 ppted to colonise the country In 1540, 
 
 hough opposed by the natives of Qo- 
 
 i.lie succeeded In conquering several 
 
 ices, andfounded tlie city of Santiago, 
 
 luary 1541. In attempting to extend 
 
 jonquest he exposed his settlement for 
 
 iars to the strong and repeated attacks 
 
 ! Mapochians, in whose district San- 
 
 I was. His lieutenant, Pedro do Val- 
 
 to whom tbiB extension was in- 
 
 d.made the Fromancians his allies, 
 
 lunnounting various attacks and op- 
 
 lona from the natives, founded the 
 
 lot Oonoeptlon, Imperial, and Valdi- 
 
 |He was shortly afterwards defeated 
 
 I old enemies the Araucanians, who 
 
 >lm prisoner, and be was at lengtb 
 
 lohed by an c (d chief with the blow 
 
 m 
 
 Araueuilans kept the new colo- 
 
 nies for several years In a continual state 
 of alarm and distress ; and so far succeeded 
 in avenging their former defeats, as In 
 1598 to capture Vallanca, Valdlvia, Impe- 
 rial, and other towns. Nor were these the 
 only losses sustained by the Spaniards, 
 The Dutch plundered Chlloe, and massa- 
 cred the garrison. The feuds between the 
 Araucanians and Spaniards were settled liy 
 a treaty of peace In 1641, which lasted for 
 fourteen years ; then came a war of ten 
 years, and another peace. In 1722 a con- 
 spiracy for the extirpation of the whites 
 was happily frustrated. The colonists were 
 gathered into towns, the country divided 
 Into provinces, and several now citlef found- 
 ed by the governor Don Josef Man to, 1742 
 A similar attempt by Don Antonio Gon- 
 zago, in respect of the Araucanians, re- 
 lighted the torch of war, which blazed 
 three years, when harmony was restored. 
 Nor does anything of particular moment 
 occur in the history of Chili, till 1809, when 
 a successful revolutionary movement took 
 place, and for tour or five years fortune fa- 
 voured the cause of independence; but in 
 
890 
 
 Cf)e Crrniturv o( KMtari;, Set. 
 
 1814 a royallHt tinny from I'eru nearly ex- 
 tlngulMlteil the llnino ot lUicrty. Bucceai 
 (In 1817) returned with aenernl Ban Mar- 
 tin, who brought them irceiloni. D. Bor- 
 nauo O'nigKina waH nmOo director of tho 
 Junta; and a fatal blow wn^ struck at tho 
 power of the royalists on the 5th of April 
 1818, when a largo tract of coast was de- 
 clared in a statu of Mockudo by tho Chilian 
 navy under lord CochraiiP. In 1820, as 
 Stated In tho history of I'cru, tho Chilian 
 
 army under Hun Martin liberated vd 
 from tho Spanifli thraldom, ami Han vj 
 tin retired into the ranks of private lift.! 
 Chill. HlB example was followed l<y ohiJ 
 gins, who resigned tho dictatorslilp J«n J 
 182.1, and was succeeded by general FrcH 
 the commander-in-chief. Tho rnyaiiit (J 
 which was hoisted in September, near III 
 citsr of Conception, was pulled down afti 
 a short period, and a free conitltiitlom 
 pointed, with a popular guveriuniiit. 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 Thb honour of discovering this country 
 is contested between Martin Ochom and 
 Pedro Alvarez Cabral, at tho close of tho 
 ISth century. It was originally called Santa 
 Cruz by Cabral, but afterwards Brazil, from 
 tho name of a wood produced there. It 
 was flrst colonised by some refugee Jews, 
 In 1548, banished from Portugal, and was 
 fostered by tho able guidance of governor 
 do Sonzu, and tho blandishments of the 
 .lesults. In 1024, Bnn Salvador was taken 
 possession of by tho Dutch, who wore In 
 turn defeated by an armament of Spaniards 
 under Frederick do Toledo. 
 
 Tho Dutch, In 1030, succeeded in making 
 theinsclves masters of Tomerara, Paralba, 
 and Rio Grande. Maurice of Nassau ad- 
 ded Scarn, Sfreglppce, and tho greater 
 part of Buliia ; and the whole of llrnzil 
 was on tho point of yielding to thoir arms, 
 when tho revolution which drove Philip IV. 
 f'oin tho Portuguese throne, afforded an 
 opportunity to both tho Dutch and Portu- 
 Rueso to expel tho Spaniards from Brazil. 
 Uy an agreement between them, the coun- 
 try received a plural title, being called Bra- 
 zils from tho circumstance that both tho 
 Dutch and Portuguese possessed almost 
 an equal share of it. By conquest and treaty 
 the whole at length fell to Portugal. 
 
 In 1806 tlio royal family of Portugal, 
 driven from ISurope by the Invasion of tho 
 French, migrated to Brazil, which from 
 that period has risen rapidly in import- 
 
 ance. Independence, and strenRtli, in \± 
 a revolution broke out in rerimiubul 
 which failed. A free constitution i 
 passed, and the king returned tn l.isbi 
 8ubsec|uently tho prince-regent, (in 
 birthday, Oct. 12, 1883, was prncUini 
 constitutional emperor of Brazil, iii^ 
 pendent of the Portuguese thronc-inJ 
 sure which has slnco been furmatljr red 
 nlsed by tho guvoruuient of tlio par 
 country. 
 
 From Its central position In reference! 
 tho commercial countries of the gbbtl 
 Its extensive lino of coast, Brazil Isni 
 favourably situated for trade. But Itiij 
 ])rogress iu this and other respects ini 
 clilelly ascribed to the narrow poilefl 
 tho parent state, Portugal, which lettl 
 her colonies little save examples nlpif 
 indolence, and superstition. Tlic Inmill 
 tlon of free settlers was discouraged^ 
 c^intiie intercourse with forclgnerit vd 
 terdicted, and no instrinneiitnlity eiil 
 for tlio diffusion of general Intoillge] 
 Prior to 1808, not a printing press rill 
 In Brazil. But latterly the country liai^ 
 more ail vo to its true interests, and loll 
 gence has rapidly spread. ByltsrlghM 
 and liberal treatment, too, of tlictoloi 
 races It has neutralised the worst eleii 
 of political evil, and the sincerity vlilti] 
 now evincing In tho abolition uf tbeiT 
 trade Is evidence both of sound poiit;! 
 administrative power. 
 
 THE REPUBLIC OF LA PLATA, OR UNITED PROVIXC 
 
 I Thb title of the United Provinces Is of 
 modern date, as tho following brief outline 
 of the history of this part of the New World 
 will exhibit. Juan Diaz do Soils, a Spaniard, 
 is said to have been the first adventurer 
 who explored tho country, and took pos- 
 session of it, A.u. 1513. Sebastian Cabot, 
 in 1526, In tho La Plata, discovered the 
 isl.'ind St. Gabriel, the river St. Salvador, 
 and the Paraguay 
 
 Buenos Ayres was founded In 1535, by 
 Don Pedro do Mendoza. It did not flour- 
 
 ish much, on account of the ro!iil| 
 state of commerce, which wa?, lion 
 gradually relaxed, and In 1748 the t 
 Hota made its last voyage. A frcell 
 with several American ports began laj 
 and an extension to the Spanish iwiti 
 granted In 1778. Under a Tlcerorj 
 augmented, and commercial prosperii 
 sued. Buenos Ayres was captutedli 
 by general Beresford, with a British^ 
 which was In turn compelled to snnr 
 a few weeks afterwards to general r 
 
€\)t ^iitavu at <Slmtvicx, 
 
 801 
 
 oRttion 111 rc(cren« 
 ntrlcB of the gloK,< 
 )f coast, Brazil Isr 
 (or trade. But Us i 
 aotlicrregiicctsii 
 
 the narrow iwUtil 
 Portugal, which left] 
 gave fXHiniilcs of ptT 
 trstltlon. Till! liiinili 
 a wnn (llBCoungeil,! 
 with forelgiieri) n 
 InBtrumciitftlUy m 
 if general iiitoUlM 
 n printing vressHtf 
 rly the country ni«« 
 uo Interests, and ttl 
 ipread. ByltsrlgbM 
 ent, too,of tliccoloj 
 illsedthe worst eltt 
 i the sincerity wtiltij 
 (10 abolition of the a 
 l>oth of aouud poutj) 
 vcr. 
 
 CED PROVKC 
 
 •count of the mi 
 ce, which waK, lio^ 
 ,.ind m 1748 the" 
 Bt voyage. A if«l 
 Tlcan ports HcganliJ 
 to the SpanlslutoJJ 
 Under a vleernjl 
 ;ommerclal prospertfl 
 yrc8 was captuw* 
 iford.wlthaDrltlsiJ 
 
 rwarda to general u 
 
 Prenrli ofllror, nt the head of a hndy of 
 lllilA, Sir lloiuit I'opliam, withs.ouo men, 
 .fing raptured Fort Malilonodo, attacked 
 ionta Video, without ■ucccss ; hut, reln- 
 irK(t b; lir Samuel Aurhinuty, at length 
 fried tlio town by stonn. The operations 
 ro cxiondod under general Wliltolocko 
 jd (TiiK-ral Crawford, who with 12,000 
 len renewed tho attaelc upon nuenos 
 ;ro!i, but wero defeated and raptured by 
 ( nitivo mllltla. Llnlcrs, who had ron- 
 lliuted 10 largely to this defeat, was 
 bfedliy the people to tho vlceroyalty, 
 [Tiie United Provinces escaped not tho 
 lirll of that storm which the French In- 
 ulon Btlrrod up In Hpaln. After various 
 krlguei mid plots, Ferdinand VII. was at 
 nmth pr(H-lainicd In Iluenos Ayrea by tho 
 Urea) nf Don Josef do Uoyeneche. A 
 ilnf; of tho people (August 1800) was 
 IcproHcd by Llnlers, who was shortly 
 jti deposed and sent Into exile. Rapid 
 Cru the convulsions which now nhoolc 
 111 unhappy c<)untry ; till, on May 20, 
 IO,tlio people rose, expelled tho viceroy, 
 
 lappointod a provisional junta of nine 
 
 ions. This Is the era of their Indo- 
 kdcnce. 
 
 But petty dissensions and Intriguer, In- 
 Mt totlioclTortsof rising IndeiK'Udunce, 
 [crruiitod the progress of success neccs- 
 
 ' fur the consolidation of a new state. 
 [joiie de San Martin cut a distinguished 
 iiro in this part of the history, having 
 Ice defeated the Indepondenls at Kntro 
 
 , in ISU ; but his efforts failed, and 
 j Independence of tho provinces of Ilio 
 |la I'lata was shortly after scaled. Ar- 
 k driven by the Portuguese across tho 
 
 Parnwuiiy, was aiiprelionded by the dirtktor 
 Fraiicin, and In it^lu I'ui'yrHi'iloii tho die* 
 tntor lied to Monte Video, ntiil thus dis- 
 solved the confused mass of tho union of 
 conllicting and discordant provinces. After 
 a variety of events and political changes, 
 n. Martin llodrlKuez was established go- 
 vernor, Oct. 0, 1«20; and In the following 
 year the Independonco of Iluenos Ayres 
 was recognised by tho Portuguese govern- 
 ment. Bubseauent to the estiiblislinient of 
 Its Independence, It has been Hubject to 
 many political vicissitudes, of which tho 
 most remarkable has been tho dlctatorshlii 
 of tho Bpanlard Ilosas. This adventurer 
 evinced some abilities In the management 
 of an unsettled population, and his govern- 
 ment, though tyrannical, was better proli- 
 ably than tho Incessant revolutions and 
 anarchy that had previously existed la 
 most of tho South American stales on tho 
 Plato. But his rule was not only oppressi vo 
 and capricious over tho Buenos AyreaiiM, 
 It was also exerciised most despotically for 
 tho ruin of Monte Video, and to tho an- 
 noyance and Injury of adjacent commu- 
 nities. In conse(|uencc a formidable co.i- 
 lltion was cemented for his overthrow, 
 consisting of Brazil, tho Banda Oriental, 
 Kntrerios, Corrientes, and Santa Vi. Tho 
 united forces of these states under general 
 Urquiza, having mot the army of the dic- 
 tator, Feb. s, 1853, on the plain of Banta 
 TiUgares, a few miles from tho capital, a 
 sharp battle followed. In which Ilosas was 
 entirely defeated, tho usurper himself 
 being compelled to take refuge on board 
 an English vessel. In which ho soon afCe^ 
 wards suiled for England. 
 
 COLOMBIA. 
 
 h \i a new state, formed at the close of 
 1 year IHIO from tiie states of Untuadas 
 IVcuezucla or Uaraccas. It will, there- 
 l, tie necessary to sketch the distinct 
 lory of these two original states. 
 
 iiada, or as it Is cnlleil. New (Iranada, 
 
 Idiicovered by Columbus in his fourth 
 
 «e, and taken possession of for the 
 
 ii\ih government. Hut tho first re- 
 
 ' colonists were Ojcda, and NIca Essn, 
 
 the former founded tho district 
 
 I New Andalusia, but with no great 
 
 the latter, Golden Castile, and 
 
 ilio perished. Theso two districts 
 
 united (1514) In one, called Terra 
 
 , under AvIla, who successfully ex- 
 
 tbe discoveries, and founded tho 
 
 I of Panama. Other additions were 
 
 quently made, and the kingdom of 
 
 Uranada was established under a 
 
 tiageneral. In 1547. As It had been 
 
 lilslicd, so did it continue for more 
 
 1190 years, when in 1718 it became a 
 
 wKlty, which form of government 
 
 1 but for six years, when it was sup- 
 
 '' by the original one, which was 
 
 I superseded in 1740 by the ijcubus 
 
 e vlceroyalty. Thus did it continue, 
 
 he weaknesB of the mother countnr, 
 
 fronj the Invasion of the French, iiffordcd 
 an opportunity to raise the Htiiudard of 
 Independence. Many and varhnis have 
 been the events attendant upon the strug 
 glo for mastery ; but a severe blow was In- 
 tiictcd by their old masters In 18'.0, who, 
 under Morlllo, defeated tho colon: sts with 
 tremendous loss. Three years of renewed 
 subjection followed, when tho success of 
 Bolivar, and the union of Uiniiada with 
 Venezuela, caused a brlghtx i>tiirto arise. 
 
 Vknkzukla.— This district wns discover- 
 ed somewhat earlier than Granada, by 
 (!oIumbu8, In 1498. After several fruitless 
 attempts to colonise It, the Spanish govern- 
 ment disposed of tho partially subdued na- 
 tives to the Weltsers, a German company 
 of merchants. Their inlsmanHgement led 
 to a change in 1550, when Venezuela, Uko 
 Granada three years before, became a su- 
 preme government under a captain-general. 
 From that period to 1806 Venezuela was a 
 torpid vassal under the Spanish crown, 
 when a futile attempt for independence 
 was made under general Mlrando, a uatlvo. 
 Together with Granada, Venezuela rallied 
 for liberty when the mother country was 
 prostrate before the ascendancy of France 
 In 1810. In the following year a formal 
 3N 
 
802 
 
 e^t CrfHitfurtf o( mCtftory, $cu 
 
 Jrorlniimtloii nf Itutepondvnro wam inndn 
 uly n, mill iiioroiiii N(-i>nii'(l to ntrmul tliu 
 rauHn, Tlicii oniiin lhi< ilnMiiUiil oiirtlniuake. 
 BiilioritlltlDii ro-iiorvtitl iIki iiriii of rrccdiiiii, 
 anil tliu royallHt KuiiurnI, Miiiitcvcnlo, (IIh- 
 Cdiiinit'il Mlraiido, and again ovorraii tliu 
 |)riivliu'o. In I8i:i llollvar callocl Indupitn- 
 diiiicii aKKin Into acllmi, and hiircuhh at- 
 tondi'd lilni for tlircu yiNirM, wliun anotlKir 
 dufcal waa miMtaliu'd, which waa rollnwi-d 
 liy auothtT III the folldWiiiK yt'ar, and thou 
 liy a victory. ItcvcrHon aKaIn rucurrliiif, 
 coinpellod thu cuiitft't'Dii to ai>|>ulnt Uolivar 
 
 dictator; and In Ulo tho iniinii „r Vini 
 itucia with (Iranadu wan oircciid imdrr nl 
 name of Ooliiinlila. 
 
 (!oloiiit)iii may tlioroforo dalu lti« |||,t„n 
 an u nation from tlilH union, wlilih ^i 
 aHrced upon Doc. 17, IHIU; and t|i(. |,|,|J 
 liillon of thu unltvil i-oiiKrcHx took liij 
 May 0, IN31 ; which wan (ollowcd <iti .luJ 
 21, by a victory obtained liy llm |>ri'Mil>o! 
 Holivar over tlio R|iarilarilH, m i|j,. fJ 
 iiratiul battio of daralioiio, In wliliii |h, 
 royallHt army lout aliovo a.uou iirm, \:nm 
 thulr urllllory and bagKago, * 
 
 IJOLIVIA. 
 
 TiiM liUtory of thia rorontly formod Rtato, 
 known boforo as Ui'pkii I'Kiin, |>ai'lal<(m of 
 tho natiiroof an (<|ilHodo In tho ltd) of thu 
 llliiatrious liollvar, In whoMU hunoiir ita 
 |)ro8eiit iiainu waa kI vcn, and to whoflo wIko 
 counaelH It la ao much Indcbtod. PrcvloiiHly 
 to tho battio of Ayachiico, In 1S34, It form- 
 ed n part ut tho Hpanltili vicoroyalty of fiuc- 
 M08 AyroA ; but ffcnoral Sucro, at tlio head 
 of thn ropulilUviiiH, liavliiK then defeated 
 tho royalUt trooim, thu Indopendencu of 
 tho country v/im effected ; and In tho fol- 
 lowing year, at tho rcQUUHt of tho pnoplu, 
 liollvar drew up a cuuatltuttnn for Itii go- 
 vernance. 
 
 On referring to onr • B'lgraphlcal Trea- 
 sury' tho reader will Und In tho life of 
 Boi.iVAU tho followln? paHHago, which U 
 Bu applicable to our preaunt purpose, that 
 in thU limited apaco, wo caiinut perhaps 
 do better than to transcribe It. • His re- 
 nown was now at Its lielKlit, and every act 
 of hia government showed iiow Kealouxly 
 allvo ho was to tho Iniproveincnt of tho na- 
 tional institutions and tlie moral elevation 
 of tho people over whom ho ruled. In 1823 
 lie went to tho assistance of tho Peruvians, 
 and having Bucc(!eded in settling their in- 
 ternal divisions, and establishing their In- 
 deiiendenco, lie was proclaimed liberator of 
 Peru, and Invested with supremo authority. 
 
 In \MS ho visited Upper Pen- whifhjj 
 tached itself from tho Koverniiiciit (jf nil 
 nos Ayres, and was formed Iriin n |,J 
 repul)lic, named nnliula, Itx liDiiuiir ot (J 
 liberator ; but doniestlc'factloiiHH|iriiiii(u| 
 tlio purity of his motives vim laii,,! f 
 i|iiestlon, and he was cliargeil wiih uliniJ 
 at a perpetual dictatorship ; he nrmtikiH 
 declari'd Ills deternilnatlon to ichIkiiIi 
 power as soon as his iiuiiiciiiiih cin'mi 
 were overcome, and to repel Hio liii|,i|J 
 tliiiisof aml)ltion cast upon liliii, li)'m| 
 lug to seciuHlon upon his patiinKJninii 
 tates. Tho vice-president, Saiiiiiihler.urri 
 him. In reply, to resume his Htiitidiinnl 
 stitutlonal president ; and IIioiikIi lien 
 beset by tho jealousy and dlstnist ol riJ 
 factions, ho continued toexerclHetU'rlJ 
 authority in Colombia till May ikio, nrii| 
 dlssatisfled with tho aspect of Inicrir 
 lUTalrs, ho resigned the presidency, i 
 expressed his determination to Icavoil 
 ccnintry. Tiie people ere long ln'onneii 
 sible of their Injustlco to his iiicrlt, i 
 were soliciting him to resume tliiKnnl 
 nient, when his death, which )ih|i|ioiuii1 
 December 1830, prevented tho accuiii|<llJ 
 nient of their wishes.' The govenimeDtl 
 Bolivia is in the hands of a preDlJeDt,! 
 which offlco general Santa Oruz -vu el« 
 in 1820. 
 
 (flOMBTiMB 
 
 J Went Indloi ex 
 — indD In the centra 
 ItnJIiig from thn tr 
 kril, tu tho coast 
 ■Hlco ; the prinulpi 
 
 llfo, Trinidad, Ht. oh 
 W Bt. Kiifs,) / 
 
 .J, tho lorgest an 
 Jil In the West fndit 
 klumbus In Hoa; ni 
 ■an, In honour of i 
 ridlnand and Isabel 
 uillns; then San ting 
 ftrenco to tho patror 
 jVlr«ln. Tho nam 
 llch It was culled by 
 peofitidlicovory. 
 [length, and about i 
 Wlirds made no aeti 
 ■I, when Ulugo do Ve 
 jrililps, and landed i 
 Jhlsdiatrlot waa und 
 fcintiveof St. Donilfl 
 Iter to avoid the il/i 
 Wtrynicn were cond 
 JM escape the tyrant 
 ^followed him In his 
 pe Spaniards soon 
 >ii8. The cacique was 
 J condemned to be 
 f ™teDt)d to tho stak 
 the kindling of th! 
 m towards him. an 
 pony of baptism as a 
 
 GUIANA. 
 
 GnTANA Is an extensive region of South 
 America, lying between the Amazon and 
 Orinoco rtvern, and sulidividedlntoUrltish, 
 Dutcli, and French Uiilana. The Uritish 
 possessions comprise the several districts 
 of Dorblce, Essequibo, Deinerara, and Suri- 
 nam. It is asserted by some that Colum- 
 bus saw this coast in 1458, and by others 
 that It was discovered by Vasco Nunez in 
 1504. It l)ecame, however, linown to Europe 
 in 1.505, when llalcigh sailed up to Orinoco 
 in his chimerical search of El Dorado, aclty 
 supposed to be paved wltli gold. The coast 
 of Uuianu then became the resort of buc- 
 caneers; and la 1634 a mixed company of 
 these freebooters, English and French, 
 termed the settlement of Surinam for tlie 
 cultivation of tobacco. They were, after 
 
 twenty years of great hardship andi 
 culty, taken under the protcctluii o(( 
 Brltlsii, who appointed lord Wlllou 
 Parham governor, 1602. Tho Uutrbd 
 tured tho settlement in 1067, and tlie| 
 session of it was conflrined by the trci 
 Westminster, England recelvluK tlieci 
 of New York In exchange. In r,a,\ 
 Dutch settlements on tbeKsHeiiulbu,f 
 had been captured by the UritUhlij 
 American war, were restored to theS 
 general. In 1700, both Oerblco niiJ I 
 rara fell to tho English, as also Sui 
 in 1700 ; but again reverted to Ilollai 
 the peace of Amiens, in I802 ; fell Ml 
 Eiigiish arms in 1813, and were ttnallrl 
 Armed b^ the treaty of Paris, U14|tor 
 Britain. 
 
 l«2, and is, next to 
 ^oWcst India Islan 
 Ji» miles in length, i 
 r«vera«e8 more tha 
 *'"?'*kenpo88e88ioi 
 ■Mta, Columbus fou 
 l"''f"a on the nort 
 r??'""'nnderhlsb 
 i 15" anient of the 
 I World. It was In h 
 
 Pli diminished with I 
 ■ountry, T7hom they 
 
 ^'*.^<»"'lnthemln( 
 
 'lost when those 
 
 ino more. The cm 
 
 Ps almost exceed bi 
 
 "•that considerably 
 
THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 
 
 (BOMBTIMBB OALLBD THE ABOHIFELAQO OF TUB WB8T.) 
 
 >«o*- 
 
 j Went IiidloH roniUt of a nuinl)or of 
 iiilit In tlio rentral imrt of Anu-rlcii, ox- 
 Eiuilng from tho troiilo of Oaiiri^ Boiitli- 
 hnl, to thu coiiHt of Tnrra Plrmii nnU 
 Itiico; tho principal of whicli iiru Ouha, 
 ll;tl nr Ht. DoinliiRo, .lanialcii, Porto 
 [{((i.Trlnldnd, Hf.. Ohriatophur, (uoiiinioiily 
 lUed Bt. Klit'ii,) AntlKua, UuaUoloupe, 
 
 Marttntauo, Darbadnoi, St. Luclk,Ht. Via 
 cent, Oronaila, nnil ToImwo ; for the moil 
 part (llMrovitroil hj OuluuibuM near the cloM 
 uf tho lAtli cniitury. 
 
 Tho iHlnndH uro In pniMMlon of varl> 
 oiiH powura, whom we ihall notlea u we 
 proceed in tbo dvacrlptiou, boglmilng wUb 
 
 CUBA. 
 
 tho largofit and most wuntcrly in- 
 
 Eld In tliu WcHt InUU^H, wan diHcoverud by 
 
 liumbuB In 140'J; and wuh llrnt cnllud 
 
 ma, In honour of princu John, Don of 
 
 tllnand and Iiabclla; aftorwardii Kcr- 
 
 IDdlna; then San tlngo and Avo Maria, In 
 
 Itrence to thu patron Buint of Spfttn and 
 
 Virgin. Tho namu of Cuba 1h tliat 
 
 jilch It waH called by tho natlvuH at tho 
 
 Be of Its discovery. UIh alioutsoouillus 
 
 flength, and about 125 In breadth. Tho 
 
 jilarda made no settlement upon It till 
 
 tl.wtacn UleKo do Velaaquoi'. arrived with 
 
 |r ships, and landed on theeaHtcrn point, 
 
 liU dlatrlct was under thn Kovernnient 
 
 Inatlveof St. DominKo, wlio had retired 
 
 Iher to avoid the slaverj to which his 
 
 pntryincn wore condenmcd. TIioho who 
 
 pid escape tho tyranny of tlio Spaniards 
 
 Kollowed him In his retreat. 
 
 fhe Bpanlards soon overcame tlio In- 
 
 pa, The caclauo was taken In tho woods, 
 
 Icondomnod to be burned. When ho 
 
 ■ futcDod to tho stake, and waited only 
 
 [the kindling of tbo fire, a priest ad- 
 
 I towards him, and proposed tho ce- 
 
 kony of baptism as a means of entering 
 
 erted to HoW 
 in 1802; fell Ml 
 
 and were ttiiallr! 
 Paris, 1814, w*" 
 
 tbo Christian paradlsr. 'Are there,' said 
 tho naclijue, ' any Spaniards in that happy 
 place f • Yes; replied tho priest. 'I will 
 not; returned If atney. ' go to a place where I 
 ahouUt be in Uangcr uf rneeting one of them. 
 Talk to me no more of your riligion, but leave 
 Ni« to die; 
 
 There aro somo traces of cultivation at 
 St. Jago, and at Alatun/.a ; tho flrst planta- 
 tions aro all confined to tbo beautiful 
 plains of the Ilnvannah. 
 
 The Havaiiiiah, tho capital of Cuba, Is a 
 flno city, and thtt harbour ono of tho safest 
 In tho world. Tho English took It In the 
 year 1702, and It was restored at the peace 
 of i7G:i. Of late years many Americans hare 
 settled In tho inland, somo for health, but 
 most as merchantis and planters, and form 
 a most active and enterprising portion of 
 tho inhabitants. In tho course of 18S0 and 
 1851 two attempts woro mado to revolu- 
 tionise the government by marauding expe- 
 ditions from the United States. But both of 
 them signally failed, and in the last their 
 leader Lopez, and many of bis followorB, 
 wcro captured, and executed aa pirate*. 
 
 HAYTI, OR ST. DOMINGO. 
 
 I laland was discovered by Columbus 
 1492, and is, next to Cuba, tho largest 
 ihoWcat India islands. It is upwards 
 
 ) miles in length, from east to west, 
 I averages more than 100 in breadth, 
 ring taken possession of it in tho name 
 IlialD, Columbus founded the town of 
 laabella on the north coast, and esto- 
 pedlnlt, under bis brother Diego, the 
 liettlement of the Spaniards in tho 
 I World. It was in high estimation for 
 kuantlty of gold It supplied ; but thU 
 Ith diminished with the inhabitants of 
 fountry, whom they compelled to per- 
 
 1 labour in the mines ; and it was cn- 
 
 lo8t when those wretched victims 
 I no more. Tbe cruelties of the Spa- 
 |ls almost exceed belief. It is com- 
 
 ithat considerably more than a mil- 
 
 lion of natives (tbo number at tbe time of 
 its discovery) perished in tho space of fifty 
 years, by tho bands or tbrougb tbo meatts 
 of the conquerors. 
 
 Tho gold mines bave failed for want of 
 bands to dig them. The Spaniards thougbt 
 of procuring slaves from Africa, to reopen 
 them, and numbers were imported ; but tbe 
 mines on tho continent having been begun 
 to be worked with good effect, those of St. 
 Domingo were no longer of importance. 
 The settlers then turned their thoughts 
 to agriculture, which was cultivated with 
 success. Sugar, tobacco, cocoa, cassia, gin- 
 ger and cotton, were among their produc- 
 tions at tho close of the sixteenth century. 
 
 The immense fortunes raised in Hoxlco 
 and other parts Induced the Inhabitants of 
 St. Domingo to deaplw their settlementa; 
 
 .1^1 
 
 ;f 
 
894 
 
 ^ 
 
 and they quitted the Island In numbers, 
 in search of those regions of wealth. This 
 conduct ruined St. Domingo. It had no 
 Intercourse with the mother country, but 
 by a single ship, of no great bun^en, rerelved 
 from thence every third y lar ; and the 
 whole country, in 1717, consisted of only 
 18,410, including Spaniards, Mestees, mu- 
 lattoes and negroes. 
 
 The Spaniards retained posf^esslon of the 
 whole island till 1605. wlien the French 
 obtained a footing on its we.ster.'i coast, 
 and laid the foundation of that colony, 
 which afterwards became so flourishing. 
 The French settlers Increased very fast ; 
 and sugar-worlcs were erected In great num- 
 bers. Coffee, cotton, ginger, and other 
 products, were put Into cultivation; the 
 planters became rich, and the negroes nu- 
 merous, until the fatal measure of giving 
 liberty to the slaves was adopted, without 
 preparatory means, by the French national 
 convention. 
 
 At that period the negroes in the French 
 part of St. Domingo were estimated at 
 about 500,000 ; and while the revolutionary 
 terrorists in France wei j hourly exhibiting 
 scenes of brutal barbarity, and recommend- 
 ing their actions as worthy of Imitation by 
 alt other nations, the inhabitants of St. 
 Domingo were precisely in that unsettled 
 situation which seemed to favour the com- 
 mission of similar atrocities, under the pre- 
 text of avenging past injuries and redress- 
 ing present grievances. The laws of St. 
 Domingo were, indeed, according to the 
 account given by Mr. Bryan Edwards in 
 his 'Historical Survey," dreadfully une- 
 qual ; mulattoes were in a situation more 
 degrading and wretched than that of the 
 enslaved negroes in any part of the West 
 Tndles. No law allowed the privileges of 
 a white person to any descendant of an 
 African, however remote. In such a situa- 
 tion it is not to be wondered at, that they 
 should have listened with pleasure to the 
 news of the French revolution, and to the 
 acts of the assembly, which aboiisbed sla- 
 very, and established equality of rights. 
 The island was in u political flame. The 
 pride of power, the rage of reformation, the 
 contentions of party, and the conflict of op- 
 posing Interests, now produced a tempest 
 that swept everything before it. In Oc- 
 tober 1790, James Oge, a free mulatto, who 
 bad been at Paris, and who is described as 
 an enthusiast for liberty, but mild and hu- 
 mane, returned from France, and put him- 
 aelf at the head of the insurgent negroes 
 and people of colour ; but being defeated. 
 In Aforch 1791, was betrayed by the Span- 
 iards, to whom he had fled for refuge, and, 
 with Marie Chavane his lieutenant, broken 
 alive on the wheel. 
 
 At this time 8,000 troops arrived from 
 France; and Maudlt, the new governor, 
 was murdered by his own soldiers, with cir- 
 cumstances of horrible barbarity. By a de- 
 cree of the national assembly, of the I5th 
 of May 1791, people of colour were declared 
 eligible to seats in the colonial assembly. 
 And on the llth of September, a concordat, 
 or truce, was signed between the whites and 
 luulattoes. But the operation of tttis truce 
 
 was destroyed by an absurd decreo of ihi 
 national assembly, repealing the decree o 
 the 15th of May. Open war in all Its horroi 
 was now renewed. It was no longer a coi 
 test for victory, but a diabolical cmulatli 
 to outvie each other in barbarous atroritii 
 On the 23rd of August 1791 cape Franco! 
 was burnt; and it was computed that 
 the space of two months, upwards of m, 
 white persons perished by these liorriii 
 massacres, while not fewer than 10,0% 
 the mulattoes and negri > died by famji 
 and the sword, besides nunibcrs that fn 
 fered by the executioner. Meantime thr( 
 commissioners arrived from Francc,accoi 
 panled by 6,000 of the national guards; ai 
 citizen Ualbaud was appointed goreroi 
 Their attempts, however, to stop these cm 
 mities proved fruitless, though they m 
 claimed the total abolition of slavci?, 
 a general indemnity. 
 
 In October 1793, a body of British fori 
 under colonel Whitelock, landed, and to 
 possession of Tiburon, Treves, Jertmi 
 Leogane, cape Nicholas Mole, and upwrn 
 of ninety miles of the eastern coast, ti 
 little opposition. It was, however, , id 
 astrous acquisition to the Knglish, for 
 less than sixmonthsafter their arrival, 
 less than 6,000, of whom 150 were ofllci 
 fell victims to disease. Leogane was m 
 after retaken by the negroes, who 
 amounted to above 100,000, under tl 
 general Toussaint L'Oiiverture ; and Tii 
 ron was taken by tlie French under gem 
 Rigaud. To remedy these disasters, anoti 
 expedition was undertaken by the Briti 
 but was attended with vast expense 
 the ioss of many brave troops. Coloi 
 Brisbane and Marktaam were killed; 
 at length, in 1798, the Britisli hariiiii 
 rendered Port an Prince and cape Mcli 
 Mole to general Hedonville, the Island 
 totally abandoned by them. At this li 
 the name of Port au Prince was ehangf 
 Port Republican ; and the Spanish pari 
 the island was taken possession of 
 L'Ouverture, a man of suiierior talents 
 character, whose uriremltting esoni 
 were directed to the laudable olijectl 
 healing the wounds and Improving tlie 
 ditlon of every class in tlie Island. 
 beneficial effects of such an ndminUtni 
 were soon visible. The wasted wl 
 began to revive ; the plantations were 
 brought into a fertile state; the. 
 were opened to foreign vessels ; aiKl,i 
 withstanding the ravages of a ten 
 war, the commerce of St. Domingo 
 rapidly recovering ; while the iiopl 
 also increased with astonishing rap 
 
 In 1798, when the British force s ei 
 ated the island, the military cstahlisi 
 of St. Domingo did not exceed 40,000;, 
 in two years it was more than douMe 
 number. Toussaint was regarded! 
 extraordinary being by his soldieB,] 
 no European army was ever suhjeti 
 more rigorous discipline. Every ofttcerj 
 manded, pistol in hand ; and had the 
 of life and death over the sulialtemr 
 thousand men were frequently ii' 
 and exercised together ; on which oci 
 2,000 oflicers were seen in the field, a 
 
 VDis, from the gen 
 
 titli the utmost 1 
 
 [without the smallc 
 
 llnatlon. In these 
 
 Ji, Toussaint ap; 
 
 ■rson, and became 
 
 lie blacks who listi 
 
 lo make himself bel 
 
 laently addressed 
 
 iften made use of 
 
 vessel fun of , 
 
 ic would mix a few 
 
 H my to those •» 
 
 Tou are Oio Mack n 
 
 jdcslrousof enslai 
 
 Izc.' He would tl 
 
 tJiircsentlng it to 
 
 :cl,iim, 'See the wl 
 
 other words, ' See 
 
 irt In comparison 
 
 leainofprosperity,li 
 
 Ifrom his wise adm 
 
 loit continuance. 
 
 The Independence 
 
 forlaiined on the Is 
 
 m the inhabitant' 
 
 lipc of future happin 
 
 lering, which burst 
 
 •DUlated f ury. Scan 
 
 lens concluded, wJ 
 
 iient of twenty-sis 
 
 [Hipped by order of tl 
 
 ? determination of 1 
 
 colony of St. Domii 
 
 'twere embarked 2j 
 
 iply furnished with a 
 
 "tary slaughter; and 
 
 .{"".Med to genera 
 
 ir-n-lawofBuouapai 
 
 ■ hostilities, liow 
 
 to various perfldio 
 
 made to sow did 
 
 people of St. Domin 
 
 letters, expressed . 
 
 r T^ !''e fepublicj 
 
 "• The chiefs of 
 
 ranee, and the twd 
 
 self, who liad sent t] 
 
 iction, were pressed r 
 
 expedition. 
 
 e French forces 
 
 >■ yet so little did '„ 
 '«any enemy to comi 
 time making a tourl 
 ■ M the island, and if 
 
 "flstancoin^aaoo, 
 "cli troops had diseri 
 ) to commencing o3 
 »r or the cour*-y 1 
 
 r to try what ..%([ 
 sons, and a speciou 
 
 8'JouldhaveupQ 
 
 to from *^'*"'' ^'^''"1 
 
 n irom France, and 
 "confidential agenl 
 
 with instructions I 
 '"; i-oturn to the c. 
 "le children In c1 
 
 ren"er;nli^l?f,„4 
 
 'not return /romf 
 Ml; day, the wily il 
 '■'"f"! tills delay to J 
 
€fit W^toi'Vi at t^e mitit ^tsiti. 
 
 895 
 
 limis, from the general to the ensign, yet 
 
 Ifitli the utmost attention to rank, and 
 
 Ifitbout the smallest symptom of insubor- 
 
 lllnatlon. In tbeso reviews, says M. de la 
 
 ^\i, Toussaint appeared like an Inspired 
 
 Mrsoii, and became the fetiche or Idol of 
 
 M blacks who listened to him. In order 
 
 ii make himself better understood, he Ire- 
 
 Inently nddresscd them in parables, and 
 
 lltea made use of the following :— In a 
 
 llafs vessel full of grains of black mai/.c, 
 
 |c would mix a few grains of white maize, 
 
 M say to those who surrounded him, 
 
 ITouare the black maize ; the whites, who 
 
 (desirous of enslaving you, are the white 
 
 mIzc' He would then shake the vessel, 
 
 Gil presenting It to their fascinated eyes, 
 
 hclaim, ' See the white here and there 1 ' 
 
 boilicr words, ' See how far the white are 
 
 krt in comparison of yourselves.' Tlie 
 
 |eam of prosperity, liowever, which result- 
 
 ifrom his wise administration was but of 
 
 iort continuance. 
 
 fne independence of f?t. Domingo was 
 nic'laimcd on the 1st of July 18U1; and 
 Me tlie inhabitants were indulging the 
 fcpe of future happiness, a storm was pa- 
 lering, which burst upon them with ac- 
 mulated fury. Scarcely was the peace of 
 Diiens concluded, when a formidable ar- 
 (inient of twenty-six ships of war was 
 pipped by order of the first consul, witlj 
 le determination of reducing tlie revolt- 
 j colony of St. Domingo. On board this 
 jet were embarked 25,000 chosen troops, 
 ■ply furnlslicd with all the apparatus of 
 litary slaughter ; and the chief command 
 Isconflded to general Le Clerc, the bro- 
 pr-ln-law of Buonaparte. Before proceed- 
 I to hostilities, however, recourse was 
 1 to various perfidious acts. Attempts 
 I made to sow disunion among the 
 t people of St. Domi ngo. Froclamatlons 
 I letters, expressed In all the delusive 
 bn of the republic, were widely circu- 
 jki. The chiefs of both colours then 
 ■France, and the two souiJ of Toussaint 
 liself, who had sent them thither for In- 
 pctlon, were pressed into tlie service of 
 1 expedition. 
 
 lie French forces arrived in January 
 
 1; yet so little did Toussaint expect to 
 
 ■cany enemy to combat, that he was at 
 
 )tinic making a tour round the eastern 
 
 t of the island, and had given no orders 
 
 Ircslstance in case of attack. After the 
 
 uch troops had disembarked, and previ- 
 
 Kr to commencing operations in the in- 
 
 pr of the cour*-y, Lc Clcrc thought 
 
 ber to try what ^Sect the sight of his 
 
 ) sons, and a specious letter from Buo- 
 
 irtc, would have upon Toussaint, Cols- 
 
 their tutor, who had accompanied 
 
 1 from France, and was one of the 
 
 If cunttdential agents in this cxpedl- 
 
 Iwas accordingly deputed on this cr- 
 
 i with instructions to press Toussaiiit's 
 
 |int return to the Cape, and to liring 
 
 : the ohildren in case he should not 
 
 «d. On arriving at Toussalnt's coun- 
 
 fesldence, and learning that its owner 
 
 (d not return from his excursion till 
 
 Jiext day, the wily Frenchman availed 
 
 WI of this delay to work upon the feel- 
 
 ings of their mother, whoso tears, and the 
 solicitations of the children, when their 
 father returned, for a while shook his reso- 
 lutions. But being at length conflrracd In 
 his suspicion of the snare that was laid 
 for him, by the conduct and language of 
 Coisnon, Toussaint suddenly composed his 
 agitated countenance; and gently disen- 
 gaging himself from the embraces of his 
 wife and children, he took their preceptor 
 into another apartment and gave him this 
 dignified decision :—' Take back my chil- 
 dren ; since it must be so, I will be faithful 
 to my brethren and my God.' Unwilling 
 to prolong this painful scene, Toussaint 
 mounted his horse, and rode to the camp : 
 and although a correspondence was after- 
 wards opened between him and Le Clerc, It 
 failed to produce his submission. 
 
 Hostilities now commenced. After se- 
 veral obstinate conflicts in the open field, 
 and the burning of several towns, the blacks 
 found themselves overpowered, and were 
 compelled to retire into tlie Inaccessible 
 fortresses of the Interior, whence they car- 
 ried on, under their bravo chieftain, Tous- 
 saint, a desultory, but destructive warfare 
 against detached parties of their enemies. 
 At length, however, the negroes and culti- 
 vators were either subdued by the terror of 
 the French army or cajoled by the deceit- 
 ful promises of the French general, who 
 had published in his own }iame, and in 
 that of the first consul, repeated solemn 
 declarations that the freedom of all the in- 
 habitants of St. Domingo, of all colours, 
 should be preserved inviolate. But no 
 sooner did Le Clerc find that his plan suc- 
 ceeded than he threw aside h s mask, and 
 issued an order rostoriug to the proprie- 
 tors, or their attorneys, all tueir ancient 
 authority over the negroes upon their es- 
 tates. This order at once opened the eyes 
 of the negro population; Toussaint and 
 Christophe united their forces ; and such 
 was the fierce and active nature of their 
 attacks, that Le Clerc was obliged to aban- 
 don most of his former conquests, and seek 
 refuge In the town of Cape Francois ; where 
 he again issued a proclamation couched in 
 such specious terms, that the blacks and 
 their lcader<i accepted the conditions of lila 
 proffered amnesty. 
 
 This masterpiece of deception having 
 thus fully succeeded, and the French now 
 having the dominion of the whole Island, 
 they began to put into execution their medi- 
 tated system of slavery and destruction; 
 and as a preliminary step towards this oo- 
 ject, Lo Clerc caused Toussaint to be pri- 
 vately seized in the dead of the night, to- 
 gether with his family, and, putting him 
 on board a fast-sailing frigate, he was con- 
 veyed to Franco, as a prisoner (May 1802). 
 There, under a charge of exciting the ne- 
 groes to rebel, he was committed to close 
 custody, and was no more heard of by his 
 sorrowing countrymen, till his death was 
 announced in the following year as having 
 taken place in the fortress of Joux. 
 
 Aroused by the base treachery of Le 
 Clerc, the black chieftains, Dessallnes, 
 Christophe, and Clervau X, again raised their 
 standards, and were soon f fiuiid .at the head 
 
 M 
 
896 
 
 ^f^t ^xtniuvp of WfitavjSi, ^t» 
 
 of consldenble bodies of troops, ready to 
 renew the struggle for liberty, and detev- 
 mlned to succeed or perish In the attempt. 
 Many and desperate were the contests 
 which ensued; Le Clerc died, and was 
 succeeded In the command of the Prendi 
 army by Rochambaud ; but the losses they 
 sustained by disease as well as by this ha- 
 rassing warfare rendered any escape from 
 Haytl preferable to a continuance there: 
 and, as the war had then recommenced 
 between Great Britain and France, the 
 French gladly surrendered themselves pri- 
 soners of war to a British squa'^-on, and 
 were conveyed to England. The indepen- 
 dence of Haytl, which had been first pro- 
 claimed In 1800, was thus consolidated, and 
 Dessallnes erected the west or French part 
 of the island into an empire, of which he 
 became emperor, wltli the title of Jacques I. 
 (Jan, 1, 1804). But his reign was of short 
 duration: the cruelties he perpetrated caused 
 a conspiracy to be formed against him; 
 and, two years after his coronation, ho was 
 surrounded by the conspirators at his head- 
 quarters, and struggling to escape, re- 
 ceived his death-blow. 
 
 The assassination of Dessallnes caused 
 another division of the island, and another 
 civil war. In the north, Christophe as- 
 sumed the government, with the modest 
 designation of chief of the government 
 of Haytl ; while P6tlon, a mulatto, asserted 
 his claim to sovereign power. For several 
 years these rival chieftains carried on a 
 sanguinary contest, with various success, 
 until the year 1810, when ho8tlli*^^les were 
 suspended ; and, though no formal treaty 
 was concluded, the country long enjoyed 
 the blessings of peace. Christophe was 
 crowned king of Haytl in March 1811, by 
 the title of Henry I. : and P6tion, as pre- 
 sident of the republic of Haytl, governed 
 the southern part until 1818, when he died, 
 and was succeeded by general Boyer, whom 
 he was allowed to r.omlnate his successor. 
 Both governments evinced a praiseworthy 
 solicitude for the encouragement of agri- 
 culture, as the basis of their national pros- 
 perity ; and both were persevering in their 
 endeavou/s to promote the Intellectual in- 
 struction of the rising generation. Chris- 
 tophe, In imitation of other monarchs, 
 created various orders of nobility together 
 with numerous officers of state, &c. His 
 dynasty, however, was, like his predeces- 
 sor's, short-lived. In 1820 a successful con- 
 spiracy was formed against him ; and, find- 
 ing himself surrounded by an overwhelming 
 force, he committed suicide. Boyer now 
 took possession of his dominions ; and, the 
 Spanish portion of the island having. In 
 1821, voluntarily placed Itself under his 
 government, he beco:iie master of the whole 
 of Haytl. 
 
 In 1825, Boyer concluded a treaty viti> 
 France, by the provisions of which the in. 
 dependence of Haytl was fully recognised 
 and its ports thrown open to all natlongl 
 but with certain exclusive advantages w 
 the French. The Haytians also agreed to 
 pay 150 millions of francs to France, luiivJ 
 annual payments, as an indemnity for the! 
 losses of the colonists during the revolJ 
 tlon. The first Instalment of 30 inlliioni 
 was paid in 1836 ; but it being evident that 
 the annual exaction was beyond the abnn 
 of Haytl to repeat, it was agreed, in is. 
 to reduce the original sum to 60 mlllioL 
 francs, to be paid in six Instalments by isf] 
 
 Down to 1844, the entire island was unW 
 the Haytlan government as one republic 
 but in the latter year, owing to the vioiatloi 
 by the Haytians of the terms on which tbl 
 annexation of Dominica had taken placd 
 and their refusal to permit the ImmlgratioJ 
 of white nolonlsts into any part of the islani 
 the Dominicans were driven to declai 
 their Int^ependcnce, which independen( 
 was recognised by Great Britain in ig; 
 Since that time, Haytl has been transforuL 
 by a coup d!6tat of Soulouque, from a repal 
 lie into a monarchy, and It was the ince 
 sant object of this black potentate, wl 
 was crowned emperor in 1851, under t 
 title of Faustin I., to subjugate tlie Doml 
 icans, and to regain possession of theentl 
 island. In this, however, ho was sigm 
 frustrated, his army raised for the purp 
 having, in the first instance, been entit 
 dispersed and beaten, while bis subsi'iim 
 tlireata of renewing the attack were cljei 
 ed by the joint Interference of Englaij 
 France, and the United States. The 
 diatlon of these powers, however, did 
 produce an actual peace, and all that ih^ 
 accomplished was a provisional tnice, ivM 
 was agreed upon in 1851, and which w 
 to expire in October lo.-2. The positli 
 of Dominica, as regards t > probahle rom 
 of the future commerce ot the world, Is 
 Important, as to render it desirable thati 
 Increased knowledge should be cultivat 
 of the various advantages it presents. 1 
 republic comprises about two-thirds of i 
 island of Haytl, and forms that partol| 
 which is nearest to this country, theft 
 em side, or Haytl Proper, being uiiJeri 
 despotic authority of the black cmpa 
 But although the Dominican rcputUo 
 much larger than Haytl, its population 
 only about 200,000, While that of Haytl] 
 estimated at 700,000. Xue DonilnlcaM 
 of Spanish origin, and consist of aboiiti 
 third Whites, and p, small proportion 
 blacks, the remainder being a niljedn 
 The Haytians belonged to a French coll 
 and are all black, no white persons bi 
 allowed to hold land or property ol 
 kind In the country 
 
 PORTO-RICO. 
 
 I Ponce de Leon, to 
 lifterwards cost th( 
 I Amljltlon, reven 
 Iprompted the Spai 
 I dons outrages. T 
 liijts brave and fon< 
 Ijooked up to the I 
 Iinperior order of b( 
 Jtheyat first volunt 
 liot lonpr, howrver, 
 libalce off the intolei 
 Itliey groaned. Afti 
 Irosoon all sides npt 
 Imassftcred upwards ( 
 I Under the old cc 
 ■In 1788, the populi 
 Ittan 80,000 ; wherea 
 Bo 357,000, and it wn 
 Bearer 400,000, of wli 
 frrevlously to 1815, F 
 led from aU direct 
 
 BiBBADOES la the ir 
 le West Indies. It 
 Jragth from north to 
 Ireadth from east to i 
 iThetim of Its dis 
 lorl)ywhom;biit it I 
 I the Portuguese, in 
 lowever, the English 
 fcd, landing some me 
 pt permanent settli 
 pi of Pembroke obt] 
 Ilaiid in trust for t 
 ikrunvn to the carl 
 'fore obtained a grat 
 lands from James 
 ere gentlemen of 
 111, principally of 
 .iriy. 
 
 ITheconntryboreno 
 
 •having ever been p 
 
 ndofbeastofpasturi 
 
 !rb, or root fit for tl 
 
 fe; but the soil was i_ 
 
 :ubnilt to cultivat 
 
 iscd through a vai 
 
 K the civil wars of 
 
 Biously thereto; Ba 
 
 h years from Its first 
 
 " upwards of 50,000 
 
 Iter number of 
 
 POBTO-Rioo waa dlseovered by Columbus | north to south. The Bpanlarda negin 
 in 14BS; It IB about one hundred miles in it till 1600, when thirst of gold hn 
 length from east to west, and forty from I them thither from St, Domingo, 
 
 ST. 
 
 ii8 Island, whlfch b( 
 In, Wis discovered, ii 
 fo gave it the nam 
 F mother country of 
 pch settlements li 
 pa nations arrived 
 Tin 1625; they share 
 p; signed a perpei 
 ifred into a mutual ( 
 
 ,li 
 
€1)0 W^tarn of tTje WHSis^t InlrCf^. 
 
 897 
 
 I fence de Leon, to make a conquest, which 
 lifterwards cost them dear. 
 I Amotion, revenge, and tlio love of gold 
 I prompted the Spaniards to t)ie most atro- 
 Idons outrages. They found the inhabit- 
 Ivits brave and fond of liberty ; and as they 
 llooked up to the European visitants as a 
 linperior order of beings, to their authority 
 Itheyat first voluntarily submitted. It was 
 Inot long, howrver, before tliey wisho i to 
 libalce off the intolerable yoke underwiilch 
 Ithey groaned. After a short Interval, tliey 
 Irosoon all sides npon their oppressors, and 
 ImaBSftcred upwards of one hundred of them. 
 I Under the old colonial system of Spain 
 lin 1788, the population was little more 
 jiliaii 80,000; whereas it amounted, in 18.30, 
 Ho 357,000, and It was supposed to contain 
 Jrearer 400,000, of whom an eighth are slaves. 
 Irrevlously to 1815, Porto-Rico heiiig exclu- 
 Icdfrom all direct intercourse with other 
 
 countries excepting Spain, was but slowly 
 progressive. At tliat period, however, a 
 royal decree appeared, whicii exempted the 
 trade between Spain and the Spanish colo- 
 nies and Porto-Uico from all dalles for 
 fifteen years; and sho was then also per- 
 mitted to carry on a free trade, under 
 reasonable duties, with other countries, 
 These wise and liberal measures have 
 wonderfully contril)uted to tlic prosperity 
 of the Island ; and their colTei-, sugar, anil 
 tobacco plantations are now in a thriving 
 condition. 
 
 In the latter part of the 17th century, 
 Porto-Rlco was taken possession of by the 
 English ; but they did not long retam it, 
 owing to the prevalence of dysentery among 
 the troops. The government, laws, and 
 institutions are nearly similar to those 
 established In the other transatlantic colo- 
 nies of Spain. 
 
 BAEBADOES. 
 
 PiiiBADOES Is the most easterly Island of 
 
 Bie West Indies. It is twenty-two miles in 
 
 fciigth from north to south, and fifteen in 
 
 readth from east to west. 
 
 iThetlm of its discovery Is not certain, 
 
 lorliy whom ; but it Is generally attributed 
 
 1 the Portuguese, In their way toBi-azlI. 
 
 lowever, the English touched there In lGlf>, 
 
 Bd, landing some men in 1625, made thoir 
 
 jrst permanent settlement. In 1627, the 
 
 irlof Pembroke obtained a grant of the 
 
 llaiid in trust for sir William Courteen, 
 
 Bknown to the earl of Carlisle, who had 
 
 pore obtained a grant of all the Carlbbec 
 
 laiiJs from James I. The first planters 
 
 [ere gentlemen of Devonshire and Corn- 
 
 prlnclpally of the parliamentarian 
 
 jrty. 
 
 [The country bore not the least appearance 
 
 paring ever been peopled : there was no 
 
 Mof beast of pasture or of prey ; no fruif, 
 
 |rb, or root fit for the suppo.-t of human 
 
 e; but the soil was good, and soon;began 
 
 .:ubmlt to cultivation. Population in- 
 
 ucd through a variety of adventurers. 
 
 Id the civil wars of England added pro- 
 
 (lously thereto; Barbadocs, In twenty- 
 
 fs years from its first settlement, contaln- 
 
 ! upwards of 50,000 whites, and a much 
 
 atcr number of negroes and Iniiian 
 
 slaves. The former of these they bougnt, 
 and the latter they seized upon without, 
 any pretence. In 1676, the population and 
 trade were at their highest pitch ; four 
 hundred ships, averaging about 150 tons 
 each, were employed; since which the 
 island has been much on the decline. 
 
 Barbadoes has been frequently visited by 
 hurricanes, of which those of August 10, 
 1674, October 10, 1780, and August 11, 1831, 
 have been the most destructive in their 
 effects ; but the fury and violence of the 
 last hurricane far exceeded that of either of 
 the former; in It S/jOO persons were killed, 
 and the loss of property amounted to two 
 miliums and a half sterling. Ily tho muni- 
 ficent aid of tlu \:rtish parllanirnt, and 
 thelnduscryof th. :., ial)itant?;, the planters 
 have now happily recovrrcd from these 
 heavy losses. Th.; population, as in the 
 •■idjoining islands, nnjy properly be divided 
 into four classes : Creole or native whites ; 
 European wliites ; Creoles of mixed blood ; 
 and native blacks. Barbadoes has all along 
 remaine' i .lossession of tho English. It 
 is the re.«idL*nce of the bishop of Bpvbadoes 
 and the Leeward Islands ; and the clerical 
 estabiislnnent Is on a very respectable and 
 effective scale. 
 
 ST. CHEISTOPHER'S, OE ST. KITT'S. 
 
 lis island, whlifch belongs to Great Brl- 
 
 |D, WIS discovered, in 1693, by Columbus, 
 
 to gave It the name it bears. It was 
 
 P mother country of all the English and 
 
 fench aettlementg in tho West Indies. 
 
 jth nations arrived there on the same 
 
 fin 1625 ; they shared the Island between 
 
 i; signed a perpetual neutrality; and 
 
 «red into a mutual engagement to assist 
 
 each other against their comm^ju enemy, 
 the Spaniards. 
 
 War began between England and France 
 In 1660, and St. Christopher's becaine a scene 
 of carnago for nearly half a centur> , termi- 
 nating only with the total expulsion of the 
 French in 1702. It is about fifteen miles 
 long, by four broad. Tlicre is no harbour in 
 the country, nor tho appearance of one. 
 
898 
 
 Cl^e Evmixtxi) of W^tavn, ^*c. 
 
 ANTIGUA. 
 
 ANTintTA.aWcst Indian island, belonging 
 to Great Hrltain, la one of those denomina- 
 ted the Windward Islands. It was called 
 by the natives Xayinaca, but Columbus gave 
 It the name of Santa Maria de la Antigua. 
 Tlie Island Is about twenty miles long, by 
 eighteen broad. Columbus discovered It In 
 1492, but It was found totally uninhabited 
 by those few Frenchmen who tied Miithcr 
 In 1629, upon l)elng drl'-en from St. Christo- 
 pher's by the Spaniards. The want of fresh 
 water induced these fugitives to return as 
 Boon as they could gain their former i)iacc8 
 of residence. 
 
 It appears that in 1640 there were about 
 thi.ty Enpriish families settled in this Island; 
 ana the number was not much increased 
 
 when Charles II. granted the proiirrtv tol 
 lord Wilioughby of Parham. i'ls liii(isi,ipl 
 sent over a considerable num cr of InlialiiJ 
 tants in 16G6 j but from that time till lesol 
 It grcAV nothing but Indigo and tobnofol 
 when the island being restored again toty 
 state, colonel Codrlngton introduced m 
 culture of sugar. j 
 
 Tlieharl)()U'*8 of this liland, partlpularlJ 
 tliat ciilled I'ngiish Harbour, are tlie bfsl 
 belonging to the British government iij 
 these seas ; and the whole Is so iiiucii enl 
 compassed with rocks and slioals, tlmt || 
 is very dangerous for those uiiarrnininipii 
 with its navigation to effect a landini?, FuJ 
 tills cause it has remained nnmolestOi{ i 
 the French in all the late wars. 
 
 JAMAICA. 
 
 Jamaica, the largest and most valuable of 
 the British West India Islands, was dis- 
 covered by Columbus In his second voyrife, 
 in 149-1. It Is about one hundred and si; ty- 
 flve miles In length from east to west, and 
 Its average breadth about forty miles, bear- 
 ing a resemblance to a long oval. In 1603, 
 Columbus was driven upon the island by 
 a storm, and having lost his ships, he im- 
 plored the bumanlty of the natives, who 
 gave him all the assistance that natural 
 pity suggests. They soon, however, grew 
 tired of supporting strangers, and Insen- 
 8il)Iy withdrew from their neighbourhood. 
 The Spaniards, who had already treated the 
 Indians ungenerously, now took up arms 
 against ont) of their chiefs, wboni they ac- 
 cused of severity towards them. Columbus, 
 forced to yield to the threats of his people, 
 in order to extricate himself from so peril- 
 ous a situation, availed himself of one of 
 those natural phenomena, in v/blch a man 
 of genius may sometimes llnd a resource. 
 
 From the knowledge ho had acquired of 
 astronomy, he knew that an eclipse of the 
 moon was fast at iroaching. He took ad- 
 vantage of this circunistanee, and summon- 
 ed all the caciques in the neiglibourhood to 
 come and hear something that concerned 
 them, and was essential to their preserva- 
 tion. He then stood up in the jnldst of 
 them, and having upbraided them with 
 their cruelty, in suffering him and his 
 distressed companionr almost to perish, he 
 thus emphatically addressed them : * To 
 punish youfor this, tlie God wliom I worship 
 Is going to strike you witii li Is most terrible 
 judgements. This very evening you will 
 see the moon turn red, then grow dark, and 
 withhold its light from you. This will be 
 only f- prelude to your calamities, if you 
 obstinately persist in refusing to give us 
 food.' He had scarcely done speaking, whea 
 bis vrop^ieclcs were fulfllicd. The Indians 
 
 were terrified beyond measure ; tlicybetfoJ 
 for mercy, and promised to do anytliiil 
 that he should desire. He tlicn told iIm 
 that Heaven, moved with their rcpeiiiaiic| 
 was appeased, and that nature was goioT 
 to resume her natural course. Prom'tliii 
 moment provisions were sent In fronii 
 quartcis ; and the Spaniards were iieveril 
 want of anything during tho time tlij 
 remained there. 
 
 It was Don Diego Columbus, son vt (A 
 discoverer, who first fixed the SpanlarJsil 
 Jamaica. In 1509, he sent thither mm 
 robbers from St. Domingo, under tiiofoii 
 mand of John do Esquimel; and ntbJ 
 soon followed. These wretches went oti 
 apparently for no other purpose but to m 
 human blood ; in fact, they never u\)\ni 
 have sheathed tlicir swords while tliercJ 
 an inhabitant left. The murdcrcra ralJ 
 several settlements upon tho .isheaoli] 
 natives ; but that of St. Jago dc la Ti{ 
 was the only one that could support It-S 
 Tho inhabitants of that town contditl 
 themselves witb Uvlng upon the produce! 
 some few plantations, v ad the overplus tl 
 sold to the ships that passed by tliclrcoii| 
 The whole population of tho colon."-, 
 tcred in the little spot that fed tliUnKl 
 destroyers, consisted of aliout 1,500 wua 
 and as many slaves, when tlic EngllslitiJ 
 and attacked the town, took it, nud Eetlll 
 there. In 10,5,^ 
 
 The Knglish brought the fatal sourc«| 
 'llscord along with them. At first tkJi 
 colony was only Inhabited bys.oooofti 
 fanatical army which had fought andfj 
 quered under the standards of tiierop:! 
 can party. These were soon fnllowfdtj 
 multltuJe of royalists. ThcdlviBlonswIiil 
 had prevailed for so loug a time, andi 
 so much violence, between tho two| 
 in Europe, followed them beyom' tlieif 
 One party triumphed In tho protcctloil 
 
 rromffell; the ot 
 
 vernor of the Islai 
 
 secret, a loyalist. 
 
 Wiicn Cliarles I 
 
 frown, a form of 
 
 tjtabllslicd at Jama 
 
 of flie other Islands 
 
 tlicr country. The 
 
 ilieklng; the counc 
 
 doptiUcs from each 
 
 "•fry parish, constli 
 
 jjWStlie code of lav 
 
 has so long existed. 
 
 I Jnnialra soon afl 
 
 depot of the buccan 
 
 who plundered tho 
 
 foasts of Amtrlca. 
 
 kesico and Peru nn 
 
 |tloiii and hero ' extri 
 
 ;ry held their court, 
 
 arc liccame ex tine 
 
 Icouscijucnce of tlie i 
 
 "Icrstliey committed. 
 
 Tlie illicit trade 
 
 faiiiaica and tho Sj 
 
 „. 1739, according 
 
 lions, brought Into t 
 
 lj,ooo,000i. sterling. 
 
 "ijuglit to put a stoj 
 
 je admission of fo 
 
 Ipaiilsh harbours, oi 
 
 Tcr, But the people 
 
 ieiDselves in this trfi 
 
 Inn of the English m< 
 
 'lef.'ptalnflvopercc 
 
 ;«.iiflilioauthorisei 
 
 After the establlshi 
 
 r Spain, this trade g 
 
 id 8onie time prcvloi 
 
 13 reduced to abou 
 
 te British ministry t 
 
 restore or recover th 
 
 lat the best expedfen 
 
 ' Jamaica wa.s ioniak 
 
 inriNiQUK, one of 
 fiimbus, and the prii 
 Vibbee islands, is a 
 Kih,8ndteninavej 
 It settled by M. Dos 
 *i, in the year 103,5, 
 Ini St. Christopher's. 
 pe it peopled from 
 |ope; as ho foresaw 
 t'atljfueofalongvo 
 [perish, after their' 
 inimate, or the hi 
 |9t emigrations. Tl 
 It settlement withou 
 lives, Intimidated by 
 Ipromlscs, gave up 
 ptcrn and the south 
 If, and retired to th 
 F'y was of short du 
 fntheysaw those en 
 |y Increasing, were I 
 "i: they therefore i 
 
Cl)e ^iitavi ai tfyt WSltit SiiHir^. 
 
 899 
 
 imbus, son of M 
 
 rrorawell; the other trustad to the go- 
 vernor of the Island, Dudley, who waa, In 
 secret, a royalist. 
 
 Wlicn Charles II. was restored to the 
 crown, a form of ;lvU government was 
 i:iat)ll3l>cd at Jamaica, modelled, like those 
 (,"( the other Islands, upon that of the mo- 
 tlicr country. The governor represented 
 ilie king: the council, the peers ; and three 
 dcpiitlca from each town, with two from 
 M-ery iiarish, constituted the commons. In 
 1682 the code of laws was drawn up which 
 lias so long existed. 
 
 I Jamaica soon after hccamo the grand 
 jcpOt of the buccaneers, a set of pirates 
 itlio plundered the seas, and ravajtiMl tlic 
 Lasts of Amtrlca. Hero the spoils of 
 Mexico and Peru met with a ready recep- 
 tion; and hero 'extra^■aganceanddcl)auch- 
 ■ry held their court,' till this destnirtlvo 
 [ace liccame extinct, or annihilated, i i 
 [ousciiuence of the frequency of the mu 
 lers tUey committed. 
 
 The illicit trade carried on between 
 laiiiaica and the Spanish colonies liad, 
 In 1"39, according to the best cilcrla- 
 liMii', brought into the former upwards ot 
 ,000,0001. sterling. The court of Madrid 
 I'ouglit to put a stop to It by prohil)iting 
 je admission of foreign ships into the 
 Ipanish harbours, on any pretence what- 
 ;cr, But the people of Jamaica supported 
 leinselves In this trade under the protec- 
 ion of the English men-of-war, by allowing 
 lersptain flvo per cent, upon every article 
 Iwuicli ho authorised the smuggling. 
 After the establishing of register ships 
 Spain, this trade gradually diminished ; 
 \i 601116 time previous to the year 1768, it 
 18 reduced to about 67,0001. per annum. 
 le British ministry at that time wishing 
 (restore or recover the profit of it, thought 
 wttlie best expedient to repair tl.e losses 
 JaniHlcawas i.o make it afree port. This 
 
 was no sooner done than tho Spanish 
 American sLlps flocked thither from all 
 parts, to exchange their (;o!d and silver, and 
 other commodities, for tl.o manufactures 
 of England. 
 
 St. Jago, or Spanish Town, Is the capital, 
 but Kingston by far exceeds It In size and 
 opulence. The town of I'ort Royal stood 
 on a point of land runnin,< far out Into the 
 sea, and ships of Too tonsi could come up 
 close to tho wharfs. "When the eartliquake 
 happened on tho 7th of Juno 1092, this 
 town contained 2,000 houses, all of which 
 were destroyed, and vast numbers of per- 
 sons perished. The earthquake was follow- 
 ed by an epidemic disease, which carried off 
 .1,000 more. I'ort lloyal was soon rebuilt ; 
 but in January 170,1, it experienced another 
 great calamity, a Are nearly reducing It to 
 ashes. Many people now removed to King- 
 ston. It was, however, built a third time, 
 and v/as rlsl'-g towards Its former grandeur, 
 wher-. It was overwhelmed by tho sea, on 
 the 2Stli of August 1722. 
 
 Klng;»ton, although not ostccmcd as the 
 capital of Jamaica, is the commercial capi- 
 tal : it was built in 1692, from a plan of 
 colonel Lilly's, after the earthquake which 
 destroyed Port lloyal. it is a beaut1f.il 
 city, laid out in squares, with streets wide 
 and regular, crossed by others at right 
 angles. The harbour Is spacious, and 
 capable of admitting 1,000 ships, or more, in 
 safety. 
 
 The Internal quiet of tho Island has been 
 fully established since the expulsion of the 
 nift oon or mountain negroes, during the 
 latter part of the 18th century. Jamaica is 
 divided Into three counties; Middlesex In 
 the centre, Surrey In the east, and Cornwall 
 In the -vest. .These are subdivided Into 21 
 parishes. For tho negro outbreak In 1805, 
 see Jlistory of England for that year. 
 
 \ ^'1 
 
 ■ #1 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 n ^ 
 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 MARTINIQUE. 
 
 ImiTiNiQPE, one of the discoveries of 
 
 llinnlus, and the principal of the French 
 
 TrlMiee Islands, is about fo.ty miles In 
 
 ■gih, and ten In average breadth. It was 
 
 ft settled by M. Desnambouc, a French- 
 
 , In the year loa5, with only 100 men 
 
 Im St. Christopher's. Ho chose rather to 
 
 Ivc It peopled from thenco than from 
 
 tope; as he foresaw that men tired with 
 
 kfatlguc of a long voyage, would be likely 
 
 {perish, after their arrival, elthei- from 
 
 I climate, or the hardships incident to 
 
 Bt emigrations. They completed their 
 
 it settlement without any difhculty. The 
 
 lives, Intlm'dated by flre-arni3, or seduced 
 
 [pronilses, gave up to tho French the 
 
 prn and the southern parts of tho Is- 
 
 6,mi retired to the other. This tran- 
 
 Blltywasof short duration. TheCarlbs, 
 
 fcntbcy saw those enterprising strangers 
 
 |y Increasing, were resolved to extirpate 
 
 ; they therefore called in the natives 
 
 of the neighbouring Isles to their assist- 
 ance, and suddenly attacked a little foit 
 that had been newly erected. They were, 
 however, rep' Ised, leaving upwards of 700 
 of their best .varrlors dead upon tho spot. 
 After this check, they disajipeared for a 
 long time; and when thoy did appear. It 
 was with presents in their hands to their 
 conquerors. 
 
 The Indiana, whose manner of lifo re- 
 quires a vasb extent of land, finding them- 
 bcIvlj dally more straitened, waylaid the 
 French who frequented the woods, and 
 destroyed tlicm. Twenty niou had been 
 killed, before anyone was able to account 
 for their disappearance. No sooner was it 
 discovered, than the aggressors were pur- 
 sued, their houses burnt, their wives and 
 children massacred ; and those few that 
 escaped the carnage, fled from Martinique, 
 and never appeared there any more. 
 
 The French, by tins retreat, becamo sole 
 
 i M 
 
 I tl 
 
900 
 
 C^e Crfatfurs of ^Mtory* 9ct» 
 
 masters of the Island. They were divided 
 Into two classes : the first consisted of such 
 aa bad paid their passage to the island, and 
 those were called Inhabitants. Thegovcrn- 
 ment distributed lands to them, which be- 
 came their absolute property upon payUig 
 • yearly tribute. These had under their 
 ooromand a rnunber of disorderly people, 
 sent from Europe, at their expense, whom 
 they called tngagts, or bondsmen. This 
 engagement was a kind of slaviry for three 
 years, and when It expired, they becamef ree. 
 The first cultivation was confined to to- 
 bncco, cotton, annatto, and indigo. That 
 of sugar was introduced In 1650. Benjamin 
 Da Costa, tan years after, planted cocoa. 
 In 1718, all the cocoa-trees were destroyed 
 by the season, and the coffee- tree Immedi- 
 ately took Ita phwe. 
 
 Early in the 18th century Martinique ho-l 
 came the mart for all the windward Frenrhl 
 settlements i and Port Royal becnine tbel 
 magazine for all matters of exchanKc be.! 
 tween the colonies and the mother countrr I 
 The prosperity of this island was very groatl 
 until the war of 1744, when a stop was jutj 
 in a great measure, to the contraband tradal 
 with the Spanish colonies, by the tntrodue. 
 tlon of registered ships. 
 
 Martinique was taken by the EnfiliiiJ 
 In the beginning of the year 1702, ntiil rel 
 turned to France in July 1763. It wasagaij 
 taken by the Bnglish in 1800, but restorci 
 to France by the peace of Amiens, tm 
 empress Josephine, and her first husbanil 
 the viscount Beanharnois, were natives o] 
 this island. 
 
 GUADALOUPE. 
 
 GOASALOUPa, a Taloable ishmd colony be- 
 longing to the French, was one of the dis- 
 coveries of Columbus. It la of an irregu- 
 lar foim, about twenty-five miles long, and 
 thirteen broad. It is divided into two un- 
 equal parts by a small arm of the sea, nearly 
 six miles long, and varying from 100 to 300 
 feet In breadth. This canal, known by the 
 name ai the Biviere-salee, or Salt River, is 
 uavigab;e for vessels of fifty tons burthen. 
 
 The part of the island which gives Its 
 name to the whole colony is, towards the 
 centre, ftiU of craggy rocks. Among these 
 rocks Is a mountain, called La Soufriire, 
 or the Brimstone Mountain, which rises to 
 an Immense height, and exhales, through 
 varlor openings, a thick and black smoke, 
 Interm.xed with sparks tliat are visible by 
 night. From these hills flow numberless 
 streams, which fertilise the plains balow. 
 Such is that part oi vhe island properly 
 called Guadaloupe, or Basse-terro. That 
 part which Is commonly called Grande-terre 
 has been less favoured by nature. 
 
 In 1635, the first settlement was made 
 on this island by two gentlemen from Di- 
 eppe, named Lollne and Duplessis, with 
 about 500 followers. Through Imprudence, 
 all *': Ir provisions were exhausted In 
 two months: famine stared them in the 
 face, when they resolved to plunder the 
 natives. This, he ver, did not avert 
 the dreadful alternative. How far tho ac- 
 counts of their horrible sufleringb are to 
 be credited we know not, but It Is asserted 
 that the colonists were reduced to graze in 
 the field, anJ to dig up dead bodies for 
 their snbaistencel Many who iiad been 
 slaves in Algiers deplored the fata that had 
 broken their fetters; and all of them cursed 
 
 their existence. It was in this maniicrtbi 
 they atoned for their crime of inva8ioD,ii| 
 the government of Aubert brougl.t aboii 
 a peace with the nattvcB, A.o. ig40. 
 
 The few inhabitants that had car.'iiici 
 calamities they had brought upon tlj^g 
 selves, were soon joined by some iliicoi 
 tented colonists from St. CiirUtniiiier') 
 and by Europeans fond of novelty. 
 still tho prosperity of Quadaloupe wmig 
 peded by obstacles arising from its sits 
 tiou. Martinique engrrossed every spwij 
 of traffic, from its convenient harlwiirsi. 
 roads. It was in consequence of thl3pi( 
 ference, that the population of Oiiadaloiip 
 in 1700, amounted only to about 4,000 wUk 
 and 7,000 s'aves, m.'xny c* whom were i 
 ribs ; while ihe proouce of the island i 
 proportlonably small. Its future progn 
 was, however, aa rapid as the tlrst attemn 
 had been slow. 
 
 At tho end of 1755, the colony coniaiiij 
 near 10,000 whites, and between 40,000! 
 50,000 slaves; and such was tho stutei 
 Guadaloupe when conquered by tiic Eiiii!!i 
 in 1759, after a siege of three moiithi,! 
 which time the island suffered so nmchj 
 to be nearly ruined. The conquernr?, Iio 
 ever, delivered the inhabitants from tli 
 fears: they overstocked the inaiki'i, 
 thereby reduced the price of all Kurop 
 commodities. The colonists bought tli 
 at a low price, and in consequence oi 
 plenty, obtained long delays for pajnu 
 The colony was restored to France byi 
 peace of Paris, in 1763. 
 
 During the French republican war, 
 daloupe was taken by the. English, am 
 taken by the French, in whose handsitn 
 remains. 
 
 Iflr. LiroiA was ( 
 
 luid iB about thi 
 jtwlTO In bread tl 
 IfeMlon of it in tl 
 to, without oppc 
 Ipeaceably about i 
 Itliey were massan 
 
 In 1650, about fo 
 junder Ilousselan, 
 
 itiveg, and was b( 
 Itour years after, 
 fere murdered by 
 
 «d the colony wai 
 
 ken hy the Engl 
 ^ted It in 1666. 
 
 Tlicy hod scarce ; 
 Appeared aprain on tl 
 liter, tho Kngllsh 
 1ie English again 
 |(ii;:h remained wt 
 In 1718, marshal 
 
 the 
 
 til 
 
 [3 island was dl 
 iterprising navigal 
 me time, as the otl 
 itu-hood. It la abo 
 Id eight broad. Fi 
 icovery, itwasthe 
 le Red Caribs, tho 
 le western archipel 
 In 1660, when th 
 Ireed that Domii 
 ionid be left to 
 ty, some of these 
 f)eendisperded,r( 
 It the greater part 
 Ipulationwas soon 
 'e of Africans, wli 
 !ltl7e)yascertainei 
 ( •n.TC slaves intt 
 •tets, and wreckei 
 wnatever chance 
 lught into the Ish 
 ^nce. The nativ 
 mc^s, and niinp-li 
 fe; from whence I 
 lei Caribs. 
 
 [n 1719, many Inhal 
 loved to St. Vine 
 le there settled 
 jn tho consent, 
 ^the Red Caribs. 
 wrs to follow theli 
 liner from jealoui 
 .taught these Ca 
 , that they could i 
 jwledgo induced t 
 l)ouud;irles;andj;r 
 » banished from th 
 m Black Caribs 
 •« which the Eur 
 IS they inhabited, 
 ■c with the Redd 
 
 bi 
 
 ^VL. 
 
Zfit Witovn at t^e VKXtit JMOUi* 
 
 001 
 
 ST. LUCIA. 
 
 In LvoiA was dlBcovered by Oolnmbus, 
 luid is about thirty milea In length, by 
 ItvelTO in breadth. The JSngUsh toolc pos- 
 |(»!ion of It In the becluning of the year 
 11639, wltliQut oppoauloii. They lived there 
 Ipeacealily about a yoar and a half, when 
 Ithey were massacred by the natives. 
 I In 1650, about forty French arrived there 
 linder Bousselan, who married one of the 
 lutlveB, and was beloved by tliem. Ho died 
 four years after. Three of his successors 
 VremurUered by the diHContented Onribs ; 
 indtlie colony was declining, when It was 
 taken by the English In 1604, who evacu- 
 fctfd It in 1666. 
 
 iTlicy had scarce left It, when the French 
 Ippcared again on the island. Twenty years 
 liter, the Knglleh drove out the French. 
 Ibc English again quitted it; nnd it at 
 kgth remained wholly without culture. 
 flu 1718, marshal d'Bstr^cs obtained a 
 
 grant of St. Lucia, and sent over a comman- 
 dant, troops, and inhabitants. This gave 
 umbrage to the court of London, which had 
 a prior claim ; therefore, the French minis- 
 try ordered that things should bo put Into 
 the same state aa they wore before the 
 grant. 
 
 In 1722, the duke of Montague bad a grant 
 of St. Lucia from the British ministry. 
 This gave uneasiness to France ; nnd it was 
 at length agreed. In 1736, that neither na- 
 tion should occupy It, but that both should 
 'wood and water' there. However, the 
 peace of 170.1 gave to France this long-con- 
 tested territory. 
 
 During the American war, 1778, It was 
 taken by the English. Tt was afterwards 
 given up to France ; then again captured 
 by the English in 1803, with whom It now 
 remains, Imving been deflnitlvely assigned 
 to us by the treaty of Paris. 
 
 ST. VINCENT. 
 
 
 Jbis island was discovered by the same 
 ^tcrprising navigator, and nearly at the 
 m time, as the other Islands in Its nolgh- 
 korhood. It is about sixteen miles long, 
 kd eight broad. For some time after its 
 Bcovery, it was the general rendezvous of 
 |e Red Carlbs, the original possessors of 
 le western archipelago. 
 [in 1660, when the English and French 
 jreed that Dominica and St. Vincent 
 lonld be left to the Caribs as their pro- 
 rty, some of these natives, who till then 
 iheeu dispersed, retired into the former ; 
 It the greater part into the latter. This 
 Ipulation was soon after increased by a 
 le nl Africans, whose origin was never 
 ]6ltlvely ascertained, it Is supposed that 
 nere slaves intended for die Spanish 
 ifkets, and wrecked upon the coas t. Hut 
 tsver chance these stiunpers were 
 kught into the island, is now oi no ini- 
 rtance. The natives treated them with 
 Bdue.<s, aud mingled with them In mar- 
 ge; from whence sprung the race called 
 ■[ Carlbs. 
 
 1 1719, many iRliabltants of Mai tinique 
 (loved to St. Vincent. The first who 
 be there settled peaceably, not only 
 1 the consent, but by the assistance, 
 tie Red Carlbs. This success induced 
 TBto follow their examplf ; but these, 
 etlier from jealousy or some other mo- 
 le, taught these Carlbs a fatal secret : it 
 , that they could sell their Innds. This 
 Jowiedge induced them to measure, and 
 Ibouudarles ; and from that instant peace 
 ! banished from the Island, 
 Ihe Black Onribs no sooner knew the 
 Ve which the Europeans set upon the 
 p they inhabited, than they claimed a 
 ee with the Bed Oaribs, and ako a share 
 
 In all future sales. Trovoked at being de- 
 nied a part of these proflts, they formed 
 themselves Into a separate tribe, swore 
 never more to associate with the Red Ca- 
 rlbs, chose a chief of their own, nnd de- 
 clared war. In this war they were suc- 
 cessful, marte themselves masters of all the 
 leeward coast, aud required of the Euro- 
 peans ti'it they should .ipain buy the lands 
 they had already purchosed. A Frenchman 
 attempted to show the deed of his purchase 
 of some lands which he had bought of a 
 lli'd Carib ; ' I know not," said the Black 
 C.'irib, 'what thy iiaper says; but read 
 what Is written on my arrow. There you 
 may see, in characters which do not lie, 
 that if you do not give ine what I doinaiid, 
 I will go and burn your house this night.' 
 
 Time, which brings on a change of mo.v 
 surcs with a change of interest, put an end 
 to these disturbances. The French be- 
 came. In their turn, the strongest. In less 
 tlian tweuty years the population amounted 
 to 800 whites and 3,000 blacks. lu this si- 
 tuation was the Island when it fell into the 
 hands of the English, to whom It was se- 
 cured by tho peace of 1763. In 1779 It 
 way recaptured by the French; but it re- 
 verted to Great Britain in 1783, 
 
 The English had n» sooner got posses- 
 sion, than they issued an order to deprive 
 the cultivators of the lands of their pro- 
 perty unless redeemed. The settlers re- 
 monstrated against a proceeding so unjust, 
 but were disregarded ; and the lands were 
 ordered by the English ministry to bo 
 sold indiscriminately. This severity made 
 tliem disperse. Some went to St. Martin, 
 Mtirgalante, Guadaloupe, and Martinique ; 
 but the greater part to St. Lucia. 
 
 Tho Carlbs still occupied the winuward 
 
902 
 
 CT^e ^ttatnvtii at l^iitatu, ^c. 
 
 Bido of tlio Island, which contained fine 
 plains; but havinsr refused to evacuate 
 tlicm when ordered so to do by the Eng- 
 lish, tho latter took to arms to compel 
 tlicm. TI1C8U unfortunate people defend- 
 ed themselves with extraordinary courage 
 
 during several years, but were at icnath 
 obliged to submit. The greater part I'ad 
 been exterminated during the war, and the 
 remainder either fled, or were sent off Hio 
 Island. 
 
 DOMINICA. 
 
 Dominica, discovered by Columbus In 1493, 
 is about thirty miles long, and sixteen 
 broad. This Island was for many years 
 afterwards Inhabited only by its natives. 
 In 1733, nine hundred and thirty-eight 
 Carlbs were found there, dispersed in thirty- 
 two carbets, or huts; and three hundred 
 and forty-nine French lived In a district by 
 the seii-slde. At tho peace of 1763, when It 
 became an English colony. It was found to 
 contain nix hundred whites, and two thou- 
 
 sand blacks. Tho Island was captured k I 
 the French in 1778, but restored at the peace I 
 of 178.3. I 
 
 The great advantage of this island to the ! 
 English Is Its situation. It Is nearly c(|iu- 1 
 distant from Gaudaloupe and Martinique I 
 and at a small distance from either ; andlijl 
 safe and commodious roads and bays enable I 
 their privateers and squadrons to liitercei't I 
 without risk, tlio navigation of Frniice iu'l 
 her colonies 
 
 GRENADA. 
 
 GnEXADA, one of tho West India Islands 
 belonging to Great Britain, is a'wut thirty 
 miles long, and twelve miles bivad, Tho 
 French formed a project for settling there 
 as early as tlio year 1638, yet they never 
 carried it into execution Mil I66I. At their 
 arrival, they gave a few hatchets, some 
 knives, and a barrel of brandy to tho chief 
 of the natives they found there; and lina 
 gining they had purchased the island with 
 tliese trifles, assumed tho sovereignty, and 
 soon acteei as tyrants. The Carlbs, unable 
 to contend with them by open force, took 
 the usual method which weakness Inspires 
 to repel oppression : they murdered nil 
 whom they found alone and defenceless. 
 
 Tho troops that were sent to support tM 
 Infant colony destroyed all the natives tliej) 
 found. The remainder of these inlseralid 
 people took refuge upon a steep rock; prJ 
 ferring rather to throw themselves domi 
 alive from the top of It, than to fall IniS 
 the hands of an implacable enemy. M 
 French called this rock Le Monte deskit 
 teura (the lllll of the Leapers), which nam! 
 it still rct.'\lns. 
 
 The French held this Island till 176?, wkt^ 
 it was captured by the British, to whorail 
 was conflnved by the treaty of 1763. Th| 
 French, however, retook It in 1779 : Iratn 
 stored It In 1783, agreeably to the trcatjo 
 peace. 
 
 TRINIDAD. 
 
 Trisidad Is the most southerly of the 
 Windward Islands, and, next to Jamaica, 
 the largest and most valuable of the West 
 India islands belonging to Great Britain. 
 It lies Immediately off the north-east coast 
 of Colombia, being only separated from It 
 by a narrow strait. It was first visited by 
 Columbus in 1498, at the time he discovered 
 the river Orinoco. Tts favourable situation 
 tor carrying on trade with the main, as well 
 as the neighbouring Islands, Its extent, 
 fmltfulness, and the convenience of its har- 
 bours, make it an object of considerable im 
 portance ; Indeed, so fertile is the soil, that 
 
 not more than a thirtieth of Us 8ur(an| 
 Incapable of cultivation. 
 
 Although discovered In 1498, Trinldi 
 was not taken possession of by the $j 
 niards until 1588, when a slmiUr «rcne( 
 extermination of the natives orcumxlj 
 marked most of the other territories in 
 New Wv -Id which fell under their i>o 
 Ilaleigh visited it In 1695 ; and the Kml 
 took it !n 1G96, and ?':>oii after resturediif 
 the Spaniards, who heliJ it Mil It was t; 
 by the English in 1797, and ceded to tin 
 by the peace of Amiens. 
 
 ITOBAOO, oneof th 
 I longing to Great 
 llvoinllesln lengtl 
 |liii(i32, twohundr( 
 lluded there to Is 
 I Dutch colony; upo 
 1 10; Indians Joined 
 ■oppose an estahlh 
 Ibwe to both. Wli< 
 Jllielr fury were mui 
 Itrs; and the few 
 fwoods soon deserte* 
 
 In 1654, the Dutch 
 jTuliago, which was 
 Itlie English. The 
 [trived of this conqu 
 ^tulsXIV., satlsfled 
 
 I !t, restored it to 
 trn 1677, a French t 
 hipon Tobago, fell ii 
 Hut out to oppose I 
 jtugaged in the road < 
 Murage displayed or 
 lliat every ship was - 
 Wtle cease till twen 
 Hie French lost the 
 lutch kept posaessloi 
 
 hesE islands, the f, 
 [sfovered In Amerlc? 
 N in number, and be^ 
 f. Salvador, one of] 
 Bu discovered by Crf 
 I October 1492. Tl 
 pie more than rocl 
 ™n first discovered 
 (labited, and their n 
 »e Spaniards, to per 
 t Domingo. Not i 
 ugle inhabitant In id 
 Hided a few men on 1 
 Itlencc, who were a 
 pulards seven or eii 
 iKister did not detel 
 ?iii settling there 
 lilt about 160 house 
 
e^t Wiiov^ at t\)t mitit intiitsi. 
 
 903 
 
 TOBAGO. 
 
 Itobaqo, one of the Went India islands be- 
 I longing to Great Britain, l8a1)out tlilrty- 
 ItvoinllL'a in length, and twelve in t>ronilth. 
 I In 1632, two hundred men, from Flushing, 
 IliDded there to lay the foundation of a 
 iDutcli colony; upon which the neighbour- 
 ling Indians joined with the Spaniards to 
 loppose an establishment that gave uni- 
 Itinige to both. Whoever attempted to stop 
 llli«lr fury were murdered or talccn prison- 
 Itrs; and the few who escaped into the 
 IfoodB soon deserted the island. 
 I In 16M, the Dutch sent a fresh colony to 
 iTubagn, which was driven out, in 1006, by 
 Ibc English. The English were soon do- 
 Iwived of this conquest by the Frencli ; but 
 louts XIV., satisfied with having conquer- 
 I It, restored it to the Dutch. In Fcbru- 
 ■K 1677, a French fleet, destined to seize 
 luiion Tobago, fell in with the Dutch fleet 
 jitnt ont to oppose this expedition. They 
 kiigaged in the road of the island ; and the 
 rourage displayed on both sides was such, 
 lliit every ship was <ii8ma8ted, nor did the 
 Mitle cease till tweive vessels were burnt. 
 nie French lost the fewest men ; but tlie 
 bmcli kept possession of the island. 
 
 th of its Biirtacej 
 
 In 149S, Trlni 
 
 on of by tlie si 
 
 a slmllsr mm 
 
 latlvcs ocnirr«lJ 
 
 ertcrrltorifsiii' 
 
 under their K 
 
 K, ; and th.' FmJ 
 
 stter restored ij 
 
 it Mil It was t^ 
 
 !\nd ceded to im 
 
 D'Estrites wns determined tn talto it, and 
 landed there the same year, in tlio month 
 of December, .at a time when there wua no 
 fleet to obstruct his progress. A bomb, 
 thrown from his camp, blew up their pow- 
 der magazine, which proved a decislvo 
 stroke; and the Dutch, unable to rcHlst, 
 surrendered at discretion. The conciuorora 
 availed themselves to the utmost of the 
 rights of war; not contented with rnzing 
 the fortiflcatlons, they burnt the planta- 
 tions, seized upon all the 8hl( 4 In the har- 
 bour, and transported the Inhabitants. Tliia 
 conquest was secured to France by the peace 
 that soon followed. 
 
 The French, however, neglected this im- 
 portant island ; not a single man was sent 
 thither for many years, and it fell into a 
 very low condition. The English claimed 
 a right to Tobago; their arms conflrmed 
 their pretensions ; and it was ceded to Eng- 
 land by the peace of 1703. It was taken by 
 the French in 1781, and ceded to them by 
 the peace of 1783. The English again took 
 it in the French republican war (1793), and 
 It now remains with them. 
 
 THE BAIIA^IAS. 
 
 lnE8E Islands, the first which Columbus 
 
 fscovcred in America, are about Ave hun- 
 
 >d la number, and belong to Great Britain . 
 
 , Salvador, one of them, was tlie first 
 
 imj discovered by Columbus, on the I2th 
 
 t October 1492. They are, iu general, 
 
 Itle more tlian rocks just above water. 
 
 Then first discovered some were densely 
 
 iabited, and their natives were sent, bv 
 
 ^e Spaniards, to perish in the mines of 
 
 Domingo. Not one of them had a 
 
 i Inhabitant in 1672, when the English 
 
 inded a few men on tiiat called New Pro- 
 
 pence, who were all destroyed by the 
 
 laniards seven or eight years after. This 
 
 Isiistcr did not deter other Englishmen 
 
 71m settling there in 1690. They had 
 
 UK about 160 bouses, when the French 
 
 and Spaniards jointly attacked them In 
 1703, destroyed their plantations, and car- 
 ried off their negroes. The pirates next 
 got possession, and insulted every flng, till 
 1719, when England fitted out a sufllclent 
 force to subdue them. The greater part of 
 them accepted tite pardon held out upon 
 submission, and served to increase the co- 
 lony, which Woods Rogers brought with 
 him from Britain. 
 
 There areother islands in the West Indies, 
 belonging to the English, Danes, Swedes, 
 and Dutch, but of so little consideration, 
 that to 'give details of them would aff;>rd 
 but little interest or real iuformatiou to 
 our readers. 
 
 m 
 
 1*1 I'm 
 ■' ^1 
 
 ',4- 
 
 1 
 
THE HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESU. 
 
 -*»^ 
 
 Uhtit, tliolast century It was believed tliat 
 a great contiiioiit exlHted In tlio Suulherii 
 ocofin, to which the name of Terra Avh'.'a- 
 Us was given ; It was Inferred that the il.'- 
 fcrciit points of land discovered to tht 
 Bonch of the Islands of Java and Celebes, 
 and of the Cape of Good Hope, afforded 
 ample proof of such a theory. The discove- 
 ries of modern BeogrnphcTH, however, go to 
 Invalidate the hypothesis that there U any 
 continent south of America. 
 Under the names of Australia (or Austra- 
 
 lasia) pr " Polynesia It oomprehendod a nJ 
 rltlmo 'slon uf the globe, In contndli-l 
 tlncti the older terrene dlvislnni k 
 
 Euro /it. Africa, and America; beloil 
 
 altogb i-auli-'tslflcatlouof Ulandft.includJ 
 Ing no oue continent ander ageneral name] 
 like the other divisions of the world, 
 which various kingdoms are rircuimirrlhtu 
 by <>no shore ; and so far It Is an annmalfli 
 geographical classification. Wo shall Unl 
 Bpealc of the more Important division, coif 
 known as 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 TniH Includes the soml-eontlnctj<al mass 
 of land hitherto known Rt> New Holland, 
 and the Islands of New Zealand, New Ca- 
 ledonia, New Hebrides, Queen Charlotte's 
 Islands, Solomon's Archipelago, Now Bri- 
 tain, New Ireland, New Hanover, Admi- 
 ralty Isles, and Papua or New Guinea. 
 
 In no part of the globe can greater ex- 
 tremes of barrenness and fertility occur 
 than In the various Islands comprehended 
 In Australia. On the shores of New Hol- 
 land, its most prominent feature, we find 
 fruitful plains covered with verdure east- 
 ward, and on the south and south-western 
 roast nothing but naked hillocks of sand. 
 This island, if such Indeed it is to bo called, 
 almost equal In size to the whole of con- 
 tinental Europe, presents of itself an un- 
 equalled and almost unexplored field for 
 geological enquiry. 
 
 The natives of Australia are, for the ma- 
 jor part, of a negro character ; and nowhere 
 is human nature found in a more depraved 
 
 state. An enormous head, flat conntd 
 ance, and long, slender extremities, mu 
 their physical conformation, together wlij 
 an acuteness of sight and hearing. Capu 
 Cook's description of this race has 
 verified by every succeeding obstrrej 
 ' The skin,' says he, ' is the colour of w 
 soot, or what is usually called cliocoltJ 
 colour. Their features are far fromdlj 
 agreeable : their noses are not flat, «or a 
 their lips thick ; their teeth are white a 
 even, and their hair naturally Iohr i 
 black; it is, however, cropped short.' 
 seems that a decidedly Inferior variety^ 
 the human race is found in Australia,) 
 has spread itself to a considerable dlstanj 
 north and east among the islands of Foil 
 nesia and the eastern archipelago, 
 Australian Is puny and weak compared wtf 
 the African negro ; and his intellect] 
 attainments are quite ou as low a scale | 
 bis physical powers. 
 
 NEW HOLLAND. 
 
 The Portuguese and Spaniards appear to 
 have visited thisregion in the 16th century, 
 but it w,i8 the Dutch who first made it 
 known to Europe. In 1605 they coasted it 
 along the weHtcrn shore as far as 13^ 45' 
 of south latitude; the farthest point of 
 land in their map being called Cape Kcer 
 Weer, or Turn-again. In 1616 the west 
 coasts were discovered by Dirk Hartog, 
 commander of an outward-bound vessel 
 from Holland to India; and in the year 
 1801 there was found, by some of the navi- 
 gators by whom that coast was visited, a 
 plate of tin, with an Inscription and dates, 
 in which' it was mentioned that it had been 
 left by lilm. 
 
 In 1618, another part of the coast was 
 discovered by Zeachen, wno gave It the 
 
 name of Arnhelm and Dieman ; thioill 
 different part from what afterwards rear 
 ed the name of Van DIeman's Land i 
 Tasman. In 1619, Jan Van Edels Ranlj 
 name 'o a southern part of New Holla 
 and ai. other part received the namcolL 
 wen's Land. Peter Van Nuytz gaTel| 
 name, in 1627, to the coast that coa 
 nicates with Leuwen ; and another i 
 bore the name of De Witt's Laud. Inll 
 Peter Carpenter, a Dutchman, discoiiif 
 the great Gulpb of Carpentaria. lull 
 Damplcr, an Englishman, sailed froiof 
 mor and coasted the western part of 3 
 Holland. In 1699, he left England, r 
 a design to explore this countrj-, ajj 
 Dutch suppressed whatever discoverteij 
 been made by them. &e sailed aIoii;| 
 
C^e W*tovtt at 9imtvtHiu, 
 
 90ff 
 
 oomprehendcd a mvl 
 I globe, In contradli-l 
 terrene dlvlaloin of 
 and America; belo;, 
 ilonot IglandH.incluilJ 
 mder a general nameJ 
 )nB of the world, '-^ 
 imB are clrcumacrlt* 
 farltlsRuanmnalyll 
 jatton. WoBliaUflnl 
 iportant division, not 
 
 18 head, fl't counU 
 idor extremities, ras., 
 rmatlon, together Witt 
 it and hearing. Captt" 
 of thlB race has b6_ 
 succeeding ohserTt 
 < la the colour ol woo. 
 Bually called cliocoliij 
 urcB are far Iromdi: 
 1868 are not flrtt.BoruL 
 ;elr teeth are wliltc ail 
 air naturally loni? i- 
 krer, cropped Bliort. . 
 edly Inferior variety L 
 found In Au»trnlla,a4 
 a conBtderablo distajd 
 jng the islands ot Potf 
 Item archipelago, a 
 and weak compared*! 
 ; and his intellect^ 
 lite on as low a scale 
 
 and Dleman ; Vnm 
 mi what afterwards Mf* 
 Pan Dleman'B Laiidi 
 , Jan Van Edels pave 
 m part of New Ho H 
 received the name of 
 "ter Van Nuytz gave 
 ■0 tlie coast that coi" 
 iwen; and »notlier . 
 "lie ■Witt's Land, inli 
 a Dutchman, dlscofl 
 of Carpentaria, lu ' 
 zllBhman, sailed Ironi 
 the western part ci 
 0, he left England, 
 ,lore this country, « 
 1 whatever dlBcpvertai 
 em. fle sailed M 
 
 9, 
 
 fMtem floMt of It, from is to 88 degrees 
 of latitude. Ha then returned to Timor ; 
 (rom wbenee he sailed again ; examined tbe 
 lileiof Papua; coasted NewGuiuoa; dis- 
 eorered the psssage that bears his name, 
 ind also New Britain ; and sailed back to 
 Timor along New Guinea. This is the same 
 Dampler who, between the years 1683 and 
 1)91, sailed roond tho world, by changing 
 till ships. Notwithstanding the attempts 
 ot all these navlgatorH, the eastern part of 
 tills vast couutrjr was totally unknown till 
 nptain Oook made hia voyngea, and, by 
 full; exploring that part of the coast, gave 
 lis country an undoul)fod title to the pos- 
 leulon ot It ; which it accordingly took 
 mder tbe name at Niw Bouth WaIjIcs, in 
 m. 
 
 Captain Conk having given a favourable 
 
 Kcnunt of thl8 country, an .ct was pasgiki 
 
 Its parliament. In 1779, nndertheausplcosof 
 
 idgc Binckstone, lord Auckland, and Mr. 
 
 nffard, to cstabllsli a colony in it, where 
 
 ibccrlmiuals condemned to bo transported 
 
 lould bo sent to pass their time of servl- 
 
 jiidc. Some dlfllcuUies, however, prevented 
 
 sbcing put into execution till December 
 
 M, when orders were issued, by tho king 
 
 council, for making asettlcnient In New 
 
 ;olland. The squadron appointed for put- 
 
 Ingthc design in exeimtlon, assembled at 
 
 le Mollierbank on the 16th of May 1787. 
 
 consisted of the Slrlns frigate, captain 
 
 |chn lliintor; the Supply armed tender, 
 
 uteuaiit H. L. Ball ; three storci^hlps, tho 
 
 ilden Grove, PIshbum, and Dorrowdale, 
 
 If carrying provisions and stores for two 
 
 's; aud, lastly, six transports; these 
 
 re to carry tho convicts, with a detach- 
 
 lent of marines In each, proportioned to 
 
 iii nature of the service. On tho arrl- 
 
 of governor Philip at the station, lie 
 
 Uted his flag on board the Sirlus, as 
 
 inmodore of the squadron. On tho 13th 
 
 May they weighed anchor. Tho num- 
 
 ol convicts was 778, of which 558 were 
 
 n, On the Srd of January 1788, tho 
 
 ipply armed tender came within sight of 
 
 w Holland ; but the winds becoming 
 
 labia, and a strong current impeding 
 
 ilr course, prevented them from reach- 
 
 llotany Bay beforo the I8tib day of the 
 
 e mouth. 
 
 lovernor Philip had no sooner landed 
 he set about an examination of the 
 try surrounding Botany Bay, which 
 been so strongly recommended by cap- 
 Cook as tho most eligible place for a 
 lement. He found that neither tbe bay, 
 the land about it, appeared favourable 
 a colony ; being In some places entirely 
 ipy ; In others, quite destitute of water, 
 governor, finding the difficulties that 
 lad to surmount, determined to examine 
 lands further on, and accordingly went, 
 ' several officers, in three boats, to Port 
 sou, about three leagues distant from 
 >ny Bay. Hero they had the satlsfac- 
 to And one of tho finest harbours in 
 world, where a thousand sail of the 
 might ride in perfect safety. A cove, 
 !h he called Sydney Cove, in honour of 
 Sydney, and the country around it, he 
 'ledXor the settlement: orders were 
 
 therefore Ininiedlatelr given for the re- 
 moval uf the fleet to Port Jackion. 
 
 Tho convicts, and others, destined to re- 
 main in New South Wales, rcacbcrt Port 
 Jackson on theasth of January. Nu time 
 was lost In beginning to clear tbe ground 
 for an encampment, storrhouscB, &o. Tbe 
 work, however, went on hut Blowly ; partly 
 owing to the natural difficulties they had 
 to encounter, and partly owing to the ha- 
 bitual l"'''>leuco of the convicts, as well aa 
 to a w.' t carpenters ; only twelve con- 
 vict of that trade, several of whom 
 w- ■ '1 no more than sixteen could 
 ht all tbe ships. But on the 
 71 ro^ularform of goveru- 
 m' d in tho colony. 
 
 'J began to rage with vlo- 
 
 leii >y tho beginning of May, 
 
 two .iiiutd 1 oplo were rendered incapa- 
 ble (if work ; and no more than eight or 
 ten acres of barley, or wheat, had been 
 sown, besides what individuals had sown 
 for themselves. Tho natives now began to 
 show an hostile disposition, which they 
 bad not hitherto done, and several con- 
 victs, who had strolled Into the woods, 
 wore murdered. All possible enquiry was 
 made after the natives who had been guilty 
 of the murder, but without efllect. 
 
 Cook's survey of the east coast did more 
 for Australian discovery than the iwited la- 
 bours of all who preceded him ; nor should 
 it be forgotten th.-it captain Bligh, after 
 the mutiny of the liounty, lu 1789, though 
 In an open boat, and devoid of almost every 
 necessary, carried a series of observations 
 that added much to the information before 
 obtained. By this time, however, many En- 
 glish colonists bad arrived, and liome and 
 coloulal uxpedllUins were actively set on 
 foot. But the greatest discoverers, towards 
 tho end of last century, wore Bass and 
 Flinders. In 1798 they sailed through the 
 strait between Van Dleman's liand (now 
 called Tasmania) and New Holland ; these 
 two being marked in Cook's chart as con- 
 tinuous, and the fact ot their being other- 
 wise not having before been proved. Fur- 
 ther discoveries have since been made ; but 
 it iB to Oook and Flinders that we are in- 
 debted for the most valuable information. 
 
 The eastern coast, or New South Wales, 
 commences at Cape York, in 10° 80' S. lat., 
 and terminates at Wilson's promontory in 
 Bass's strait, in 30° C, Including an extent 
 of 700 leagues. A chain of mountains ai>- 
 pears to run parallel to this coast, through 
 its whole length, whose bases are from 10 
 to 30 leagues from the sea. Until of late 
 years all attempts to pass this natural bar- 
 rier have been unsuccessful. It has, how- 
 ever, at last been overcome ; and. Instead 
 of the sandy deserts or the Inland seas with 
 which conjecturerhad occupied the Interior, 
 the discovery of beautiful meadows, water- 
 ed by considerable rivers and by chains of 
 ponds, has given to the colonists new 
 prospects of extension and riches. Tne 
 coasts towards the south are in general 
 elevated and covered with lofty trees. To- 
 wards the north they are lower, bordered 
 with mangrove swamps, and lined with a 
 labyrinth of islets and coral reefs. The 
 
■.% 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 ^0 
 
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 I.I 
 
 ^ us, 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 ifi. 
 
 11.25 i 1.4 
 
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 7: 
 
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 /A 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)872-4303 
 
 "^"V^ 
 
 "^ 
 
906 
 
 Cl^e CTreatfurj} af Huftors, ^r. 
 
 Bine Mountnliifl, which rise behind the sent 
 of the colony, are a mixture of primitive and 
 Becondary rocks. 
 
 Only the south-east part, with compara- 
 tively small sections in the west and south, 
 and an inconsiderable tract in the north 
 near Port Essington, have been thoroughly 
 explored. Some useful expeditions have 
 been conducted by Mr. Byre, governor Qrey, 
 Dr.Leichardt.and air T. Mitchell; but much 
 of the interior la still unknown, and some 
 features of its best known regions can 
 only be sketched. The following are the 
 present settlements, with the date of their 
 establishment : — Tlio British settlement 
 of New South Wales, of which Sydney la 
 the capital, was made in 1788. Western 
 Australia, or Swan River, in 1829; South 
 Australia, of which Adelaide is the capital, 
 In 1834. Australia Felix, or Port Philip, 
 chief town Melbourne, established in 1837, 
 1 s a dependency of New South Wales. North 
 Australia was colonised in 1838. Australind 
 on the western coast, about eighty miles 
 south of Swan River, was established in 1841. 
 
 The government, after passing through 
 the usual phases, is now by a recent act of 
 parliament expandsd in all the settlsmenta 
 into a constitution. 
 
 The wealth of Australia consists mainly 
 In its flocks, which produce the finest wool 
 in the world ; and pasture is so abundant, 
 that sheep may be reared by all who take 
 the trouble to attend to them. The fish- 
 eries too, though heretofore neglected, 
 seem to bold out strong inducements to in- 
 dustry, and coal and other minerals neces- 
 sary to the prosperity of man arc found In 
 abundance. The animal and vegetable pro- 
 ductions of the island are the very oppo- 
 Bitea of those to be found in Europe. Yet 
 the soil la ao good, and the climate so sa- 
 lubrioua, that whatever plants or living 
 creatures the settlers import thrive and 
 multiply. The wretched natives are fast 
 disappearing. It appears that they are 
 little capable of improvenicnt, and that in- 
 termarriagcB between them and the whites 
 seldom prove productive. For many yeara 
 Australia had been a favourite land of emi- 
 gration for the British population ; but an 
 extraordinary impetus baa been given to 
 emigration thither by the recent discovery 
 of the gold beds, which rau!>t greatly influ- 
 ence the future character of Australian in- 
 dustry and the local distribution of its in- 
 habitants. We subjoin a brief account of 
 this interesting discovery. 
 
 On the 2ud of May 1851, the citizens of 
 Sydney were startled with the announce- 
 ment that gold had been discovered in a 
 native state within the colonial territory. 
 Mr. Hargreaves, a resident of Brisbane 
 Water, who had recently returned from 
 CAlifomia, atruck with the aimllarity of the 
 gi:ological formation, felt persuaded that 
 there must be gold in several districts of 
 the colony, and on instituting a search bis 
 expectationa were realised. The locality in 
 which the first discovery of gold was made 
 by Ur. HargreaTes. was in the neighbour- 
 
 hood of Summerhlll creek, thirty miles from 
 Bathurst (or about 140 from Syilneyj. a I 
 spot on the banks of SummeiliiU creek I 
 soon acquired, and has retained, the attracl 
 tive name of Ophir. But the Ophlr dig. I 
 gings wer J shortly surpassed in amount nil 
 produce by those of Turon, a river which I 
 flows into the right bank of the Macquarie.l 
 Meroo creek, further northward, anotlicrl 
 of the altea of auriferous wealth, belougsl 
 to the basin of the same river, tlio wliolel 
 valley of which, from the neighbourliuiHll 
 of Bathurst downwards, appears to pdi^srs J 
 on either hand abundant supplies of tljol 
 glittering treasure. 
 
 The discoveries to which we have Iwnl 
 referring, as well as others that shorilyf 
 ensued, were made in localities within tliol 
 limits of the New South Wales territorvj 
 But it was soon ascertained thnt tlic aur'lf 
 ferous deposits of the Australian soil were 
 not limited to that colony. Gold floliiJ 
 that surpassed those of New South Walcsli 
 richness of yield, were found to exist ij 
 the neighbouring provinces of Victnrli 
 and in places more accessible from thj 
 maritime districts. Early in the inoutli o 
 September, gold was found at a place oalloil 
 Ballarat, forty miles distant from GeelonJ 
 (on Port Philip), and within a few diy] 
 after at Mount Alexander, seventy i 
 distant from Melbourne. The latter local] 
 ty has proved by far the richest of ibT 
 Australian gold fields hitherto worthed, ul 
 has attracted by much the greater numix 
 of diggers. The workings at Ballarat a 
 Mount Alexander rapidly proved su sdJ 
 cessf ul as completely to throw into sliadelH 
 diggings that had already been commencej 
 at Anderson's creek, and other places ncai 
 to Melbourne. Within a year from ili| 
 date of that announcement, gold tol 
 value exceeding four millions sterling hil 
 been shipped to England, from tlie Aof 
 trallan coloniea; and upwards of 
 thousand diggers were eagerly employedl 
 the search after the precious metal InJ 
 single locality of the widely extended gof 
 fields belonging to these portions of U 
 southern hemisphere. 
 
 It is impossible to predict what coni 
 quences may result from this innmut 
 discovery, but a glance at what has W 
 done during the last twenty years iJ 
 serve to indicate the future progress of if 
 country. Within this short period tlicii 
 of New Holland has gradually been i!{ 
 up; the bays and headlands of tue!t 
 board have been auccessi vely settled ; liif 
 after river has received enterprising cu 
 vators on its banka; ateam navigation ll 
 united the briatling points of 2,000 mllet| 
 coast, whilst an average of 200 miles i 
 that coast baa been subdued to pastun 
 the plough. The marts of trade Iiave ii 
 supplied with wool, tallow, horns, 
 ornamental and hard woods, trenallU 
 copper ; ao that England, the emporign 
 trade, in both clothed, adorned, aud if 
 fled with the produce ot tbia once des^if 
 territory. 
 
Cfje Witovu of ^aX^ntim* 
 
 907 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 pirr Zealand, a group of islands in tlio 
 
 liiuth I'aciflc ocean, was discovered by 
 
 isman In 1()42. Uc traversed the eastern 
 
 ist, from latitude 34^ to 43° soutli, and 
 
 nicred a strait ; but being attacked by tlic 
 
 Hllres soon after lie caraa to anchor, in 
 
 jbc place to which ho gave the nunie rif 
 
 igrdcrcr's bay, he lid not go on shore. Uo 
 
 Ulcilthc country Staten Land, in honour 
 
 i tlio states-general ; though it has been 
 
 kncrally distinguished, in maps and charts, 
 
 btlie name of New Zealand. 
 
 fill 1770, It was circumnavigated by captain 
 
 M.who found it to consist of two large 
 
 iknds, the coast of wliich was indented 
 
 lull deep bays, affording excellent shelter 
 
 IrEhlpping. From that period the coasts 
 
 W occasionally visited by whalers, and 
 
 bjio communication was held with the 
 
 btircB : but until 1815, when a mi!>sir/nnry 
 
 kion was established there, no permanent 
 
 ktlement appears to have been made by 
 
 kpeople. At the general peace the right 
 
 fGreat Britain to these islands was recog- 
 
 ted; but no constituted authority was 
 
 iced over Kew Zealand till 18.33, when a 
 
 lb-governor from Now South Wales was 
 
 V to reside there. Meantime the shores 
 
 1 become infested by marauding traders 
 
 I adventurers of the worst class, who 
 
 knipted to obtain from the natives large 
 
 Ms of land by most fraudulent means. 
 
 [order to remedy tliis evil as far as 
 
 jisllile, and to put a stop to such practices 
 
 ItutDre, New Zealand was, in 1840, consti- 
 
 Icd a colony dependent on New South 
 
 hies, and a governor appointed : a com- 
 
 Ksion was also appointed to enquire into 
 
 I validity of all claims to land, &c. 
 
 Ilie highest hopes were entertained rc- 
 
 Ictlng the issues of this adventure, and 
 
 'New Zealand company enjoyed a large 
 
 fre of the public favour. It andertook 
 
 to transplant English society in all itsraml- 
 flcations to the furtlier sido of the globe ; 
 and sent out in the same expcditlcn, judges, 
 a bishop, clergy, pcrso-is who by purchase 
 had become landed proprietors, artisans, 
 peasants, medical men, and printers. But 
 cither because due precautions were not 
 taken in the selection of colonists, or that 
 the colonists themselves went out with ex- 
 aggerated ideas of the advantages secured 
 to them, the result fell short of general ex- 
 pectation. Quarrels between tho settlers 
 and the natives broke out, and the system 
 of local government, when put to th . tost, 
 was found not to fuKll the purposes for 
 which it had been concocted. The griev- 
 ances of the natives at length stimulated 
 them into a formidable insurrection, under 
 their chief Heki ; but since Its suppression 
 in 1848, tranquillity was undisturbed till tlio 
 commencement of tho war in 186.1. 
 
 In spite of allhindrances,however, society 
 has by degrees widened its basis in New 
 Zealand. The flrst body of emigrants, who 
 arrived there in 1830, founded tho settle- 
 ments of Wellington and Nelson on opposite 
 shores of Cook's straits. They have been 
 followed by different swarms at different 
 times, two of which make religious princi- 
 ples, and tho right in civil affairs of self- 
 government, the basis of their social organ- 
 isation. At a place called Otago, about 400 
 miles from Wellington, a settlement of 
 Scotchmen, members of the Free Church of 
 Scotland, has struck root. And further 
 north, at Canterbury, the Church of Eng- 
 land has set up her standard under tho 
 auspices of the Canterbury association, of 
 which the arclibishop of Canterbury is 
 ex officio the presidcn t. In 1852 New Zealand 
 received from the British government a 
 constitution modelled on that of tho Austrv 
 Han settlements. 
 
 n? 
 
 POLYNESIA. 
 
 -*^*~ 
 
 Is name, as we have already observed, is 
 
 p by modern geographers to various 
 
 Jips of islands in the great PacIIlc ocean, 
 
 Igeast of the Asiatic islands and Aus- 
 
 la, and on both sides tho equator; 
 
 Itcblng through an extent of about 
 
 1 miles from north to south, and 3,000 
 
 1 eaat to west. Everj'thlng bespeaks 
 
 r submarine creation, and in many there 
 
 Iposltlve evidences of volcanic agency. 
 
 7 are sometimes divided into Northern 
 
 ) Southern Tolynesia, and classed in 
 
 I following groups : — Telew Islands; 
 
 Carolines; Ladroncs; Sandwich islands; 
 Friendly islands; Gallapagos; Admiralty 
 isles ; New Ireland ; New Britain ; and New 
 Hanover ; Solomon's Islands ; New Hebrides 
 and New Calet^onia; Queen Charlotte's Is- 
 lands; Navigators' islands ; Society islands ; 
 Marquesas; Pitcairn island, &c. Of these 
 we shall only mention a few, as they can 
 hardly be said to come within the scope of 
 a work professedly historical ; though their 
 entire omission might be regarded aa • 
 defect. 
 
 3 o 
 
908 
 
 QD^e CttA^urs o( HMtors, ^c 
 
 LADEONES, OR MAEIANNE ISLANDS. 
 
 Thk Ladronea are a clustef of Islands bo- 
 lonxluK to Spain, lying In the North Pacific 
 ocean, between the 13th and 2Ist degreea of 
 north Intlttidc, and about the 145th degree 
 of east longitude. They were discovered 
 by Magellan, who gave thein the name of 
 Ladrone Mands, or the Islands of Thieves, 
 from the thievish disposition of the inhabi- 
 tants. At the time of this discovery the 
 natives were totally ignorant of any other 
 country than their own, and, as It la said, 
 were actually unacquainted with the cle- 
 ment of Are, till Magellan, provoked by their 
 repented thefts, burned one of their villages. 
 At the latter end of the 17th century they 
 obtained the name of the Marianne Islands, 
 from the queen of Spain, Mary Ann uf 
 Austria, mother of Charles II.* at whose 
 
 expense missionaries were sent thither t 
 propagate the Christian faith. 
 
 Commodore Anson visited the Lndroneii 
 in 1743, and describes Tirrlan, one ot tbi 
 group, as abounding with everything neccjl 
 sary to liuinan subsistence, and prcsciuinJ 
 at the same time a pleasant and dcllghtfj 
 appearance, where htU and valley, rlcl 
 verdure, and spreading trees formed 
 happy intermixture. Subsequent naTlgt 
 tors, however, found the Island to have 1^1 
 deserted, and become an unliihabltabJ 
 wilderness. The natives of the Ladrood 
 are tall, robust, and active, managing the] 
 canoes with admirable adroitness. Guajir 
 Is the largest Island In the group, and thl 
 population consists of settlers from Ueiie] 
 and the Philippine islands. 
 
 FRIENDLY ISLANDS. 
 
 Tub Friendly Islands are a group or cluster 
 of Islands said to bo upwards of one hundred 
 in number. In the Southern Pacific ocean. 
 They received their name from the cele- 
 brated captain James Cook, In the year 
 1773, In consideration of the friendship 
 which appeared to subsist among the in- 
 habitants, and from their courteous beha- 
 viour to strangers. The chief islands are 
 Anamooka, Tongataboo, Lefooga, and Euoa. 
 Abel Jansen Tasman, an eminent Dutch 
 navigator, first touched here In 1043, and 
 gave names to the principal islands. Cap- 
 tain Cook laboriously explored the whole 
 cluster, which he found to consist of up- 
 wards of sixty. The three islands which 
 Taaman saw, he named Amsterdam, Rot- 
 terdam, and MIddleburg. Tongataboo is 
 the residence of the sovereign and the 
 chiefs. These Islands are fertile, and In 
 general highly cultivated. Eooa is des- 
 cribed as a beautiful spot ; the land, rising 
 gently to a considerable height, presents 
 the eyo with an extensive view. Captain 
 
 Cook and some of his olHcers walked npl 
 the highest point of the island. *WIiile| 
 was surveying this delightful prosjH 
 says the captain, ' I could not hrlpflittj 
 Ing myself with the pleasing idea, tU 
 some future navigator may, from tlie sail 
 station, behold these mead<)w.s stocij 
 with cattle, brought to these islands byi 
 ships of Englaua ; and that the coniiiletlJ 
 of this single benevolent purpoisc, iiidef< 
 dent of all other considerations, wniiiJsij 
 flclently mark to posterity, that our voyaj 
 had not been useless to the general lni| 
 rests of humanity.' 
 
 Of the nature of their government i 
 more Is known than the general oiiiiiil 
 The power of the king is unlimited, 
 the life and property of the subjects arel 
 his disposal ; and instances cnnu(<h tJ 
 seen to prove, that the lower order of p 
 pie have no property, nor safety for \ 
 persons, but at the will of the cbiefil 
 whom they respectively belong. 
 
 SOCIETY ISLANDS. 
 
 Tub Society islands, in the Pacftic ocean, 
 are eight in number ; viz., Otahelte, Hua- 
 belne, Ulltea, Otaha, Bolabola, Maurowa, 
 Toobaee, and Tabooyamanoo. They are 
 situated between the latitude of 16'^ 10' 
 and 16° 55' south, and between the longi- 
 tude of 150° 67' and 153° west. The peo- 
 ple, religion, language, customs and man- 
 ners, soil, and productions, are nearly the 
 same as at Otalieite, of wtaicb we shall 
 ■peak. 
 
 Otahelte was discovered by captain l 
 lis in 1767, who called It King Georgel| 
 Third's island. Bougainville, a Fm 
 circumnavigatur, next arrived at it inll 
 and staid ten days. Captain Cook, In j 
 Endeavour, next visited It In 1769, in d 
 pany with Mr. Banks (afterwards ilrl 
 septa Banks), Dr. SoUmder, and otheric 
 ed men, to observe the transit of Ti^ 
 and staid three montbs : and it vraa t 
 by captain Cook In taia two succt 
 
C{)e W^toxs of |9aT2)t»iSfff. 
 
 909 
 
 rorsges ; ■Inco which time the Spaniards, 
 ind other Europeans, have called there. It 
 conalBts of two peninsulas, great part of 
 which Is covered with woods, consisting 
 of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nuts, and 
 111 tropical TCgetation. The people of this 
 
 and the neighbouring islands are the mnit 
 honest and otvillBcd of any of the Paclflo 
 ocean ; but It appears certain that the In* 
 habitants have degenerated rather thaa Im- 
 proved since Oook'B time. 
 
 SAM)WICH ISLANDS. 
 
 I TBI Sandv^ib Islands, In the North Pa- 
 Idllcocenu, •'.or^tst of eleven In number. 
 Ilhef are ca '^d by the natives, Owbyhee, 
 I'' nee, Ranai, Morotol, Taboorowa, Woa- 
 I too, Atooi, Neeheehcow, Orehowa, Moro- 
 Itlnne, and Takonra; all inhabited, except 
 Itlie two last. Tlioy were discovered by 
 Icaptaln Cook in 1777 and 1778. 
 I (joatg and European seeds were left by 
 Itbe English at their departure the first 
 Itke; but the possession of the goats soon 
 Igafo rise to a contest between two dls- 
 Itrlcts, in which the breed was entirely de- 
 litroyed. The inhabitants are undoubtedly 
 lot tlie same race as those that possess the 
 IlilHuds south of the equator ; and in their 
 Ipersnns and manner approach nearer to 
 Ithe New Zealanders than to their less dls- 
 Itint neiglibours, either of the Society or 
 ■Friendly islands. Tattooing the body Is 
 jractlscd by the wliole of them. 
 A3 these islands are not united under 
 me government, wars are frequent among 
 Ibem. The same system of subordinntion 
 irevalls here as at the other isluuds, the 
 nesbsoluto authority on the part of the 
 kUefs, and the same unresisting submls- 
 ■ou on the part of the people. The go- 
 keronient Is monarchical and hereditary. 
 1 Owbyhee, the easternmost and largest of 
 pse islands, was discovered by captain 
 took on the 30th of November 1778, on 
 |l8 return from his voyage northward. 
 paving circumnavigated the island, and 
 uchored in a bay, called Karakiikooa, he 
 IpuDd great alteration in tlic conduct of 
 ne natives, and a general disposition to 
 keft; and It appeared evident that the 
 fcmmon people were encouraged by their 
 pief9, who shared the booty with them. 
 kill, however, no hostilities were com- 
 penced. The greatest honours were paid 
 the commander; and, on his going 
 wore, ho was received with ceremonies 
 ptle short of adoration. A vast quantity 
 ; liogs, and other provisions, were pro- 
 hrcd for the ships ; and on the 4th of Pe- 
 ruary 1799, they left the Island, not wlth- 
 kt most magnificent presents from the 
 fciefs, and such as they had never received 
 k any part of the world. Unluckily, they 
 kcountered a storm on the 0th and 7th of 
 le same month, during which the Resolu- 
 m sprung the head of her fore-mast In 
 Ich a manner that they were obliged to 
 iturn to Karokakooa bay to have It re- 
 ared. On the 13th, one of the natives 
 jing detected In stealing the tongs from 
 earmom-ei's forge In the Discovery, was 
 ■""'Bsed with a pretty severe flogging: 
 
 this had but little effect; for, In the af- 
 ternoon of the same day, another having 
 snatched up the tongs and a chisel, jumped 
 overboard with them, and swam for the 
 shore, and having got on board a canoe, 
 escaped. These tools were soon after re- 
 turned, through tho means of Pareah, a 
 chief. But captain Oook was not satisfied 
 with the recovery of the stolen goods only ; 
 he insisted upon having tho thief, or the 
 canoe which carried him, by way of reprisaL 
 As the officer was preparing to launch the 
 canoe Into the water, he was interrupted by 
 Pareah, who Insisted that It was bis prop- 
 erty, and he should not take it away. This 
 brought onhostllities. The Indians attacked 
 tiie sailors with stones, and soon drove 
 them to their boats. They then began to 
 break in pieces the pinnace, after having 
 taken everything out of her that was loose. 
 Before tlie English reached the ship, Pareah 
 overtook them in a canoe, and delivered the 
 midshipman's cap, which had been taken 
 from him In the scuffle. He joined noses 
 with them In token of friendship ; and de- 
 sired to know whether captain Cook would 
 kill him on accomit of what had happened. 
 They assured him he would not ; and made 
 signs of reconciliation on their part. On 
 this he left them, and paddled over to the 
 town of Kavaroah, and that was tho last 
 time he was seen by tho English. 
 
 Next day it was found that the large cut- 
 ter of tho Discovery had been carried off 
 In the night time ; on which captain Cook 
 ordered the launch, and small cutter, to 
 go under the command of tht second lieu- 
 tenant, and to lie oS the east point of the 
 bay. In order to Intercept all the canoes 
 that might attempt to get out, and. If ne- 
 cessary, to fire upon them. The third lieu- 
 tenant of the Resolution was despatched to 
 the western part of the bay on the same 
 service. Captain Cook now formed the re- 
 solution of going in person to. seize the 
 king himsolf in his capital of Kavaroah : 
 with this view he left the ship about seven 
 o'clock on the morning of Sunday, the 14th 
 of February, attended by the lieutenant of 
 marines, a sergeant, a corporal, and seven 
 privates. The crew of the pinnace, under 
 the command of Mr. Roberts, were also 
 armed ; and as they rowed ashore, the cap- 
 tain ordered the launch to leave her station 
 at tho opposite point of the bay, in order 
 to assist his own boat. Having landed 
 with the marines at ihe upper end of the 
 town, the Indians fiocked round him, and 
 prostrated themselves before him. The 
 king's sons waited on the captain as soon 
 
 ';rr^-v. 
 
910 
 
 €f^t Crtatftim lit fgitftorv, ^r. 
 
 u be sent fur tncni, and by their means ho 
 wu Introduced to tho kintr, who readily 
 consented to go on board ; but in a little 
 time the natives began to arm thomsclvca 
 with long spears, clubs, and daggers. An 
 old priest now appeared with a cocoa-nut 
 In bis hand, which lie held out as a present 
 to captain Cook, singing all the while, with 
 a view to divert the attention of the cap- 
 tain and his iieopio from ot)sorvlng the 
 motions of the Indians, who were now 
 everywhere putting on ihclr thick mats 
 whidi they use as defensive armour. Cap- 
 tain Cook beginning to think his situa- 
 tion dangerous, ordered the lieutenant of 
 marines to march tov/ards the shore, as ho 
 liimselt did, having all tlie while liold of 
 the king's hand, who very readily accompa- 
 nied him, attended by his wife, two sons, 
 and several chiefs. The Indians made a 
 laac for them to pass ; and the distance 
 they had to go was only about tifty or sixty 
 yards, white the boats lay at no more than 
 five or six yaids from the land. The king's 
 youngest son., Kcowa, went on board the 
 pinnace without hesitation ; and Tarraboo, 
 the king, was about to follow, when his 
 wife threw her arms about his neck, and, 
 with the assistance of two chiefs, forced 
 him to sit down. The captain finding that 
 he could not take the king along with him 
 without a great deal of bloodshed, was on 
 the point of giving orders for his people to 
 reembark, v hen one of the Indians threw 
 a stone at< him. This insult was returned 
 by the rnptaln, who bad a double-barrelled 
 gun, by a discharge of small shot from one 
 of the barrels. This bad little effect, as the 
 man bad a thick mat before blm ; and as 
 he now brandished his spear, the captain 
 knocked him down with his musket. The 
 king's son still remained in the pinnace ; 
 and the detention of him would have be^n 
 a great check upon the Indians ; but Mr. 
 
 Roberts, who had the command uf the pin. 
 naco, set blm on shore, at )ils request, soon 
 after the first Are. Anotlicr IndUnbolna 
 observed by the captain to bo iTaiidlsiiin?. 
 his spear at blm, ho flrcd at him, but nilsg. 
 ing. killed one close by his side; iipnn 
 which the sergeant, observing timt he iimi 
 missed the man he aimed at, rceuivoddr- 
 ders to Are also, which he did, and klllcti 
 lilm on the spot. Caiitain Cook now riilliil 
 to the people In the boats to come nennr 
 to receive tlio marines. This order vnu 
 obeyed by Mr. llobcrts ; but the licutenaiii 
 who commanded tho launch, lri!<te!id of 
 coming nearer, put off to a groaier iu. 
 tance, and by his conduct deprived tlic 
 captain of the only clianco he had for hia 
 life. Captain Cook was now observed mak- 
 ing for tho pinnace. An Indian was seen 
 to follow him, who struck him on tho baoli 
 of tho head with a club. The captain sIri;. 
 gcred a few paces, and then fell on hij 
 hand and one knee, and dropped hid nm- 
 ket. Before ho could recover himself, ami. 
 ther Indian stabbed him with a dagger In 
 the neck, and he fell Into the water ; when 
 a savage struck him with a club, which iirii- 
 bably put an end to his life. They hauled Insj 
 body on the rocks, and used It In tlic mun 
 barbarous manner. Tho chief who flrst 
 struck him with the club was named Kvi 
 mana Ilaha ; and he wlio stabbed him with 
 the dagger was called Nooah. 
 
 Owing to tho barbarous digposltionnt 
 Ind'Ans, it was found impossible to rcrorerl 
 captain Cook's body: however, by dint nl 
 threats and negotiation, some parts were 
 procured, by which means the r.,iviRat«ri^ 
 were enabled to perform the last offlcosiol 
 their munh-respected commander. Tiiti^ 
 being put into a cofDn, and the service rci 
 over them, were committed to tlic dcff, 
 with the usual honours, on the SlUt oIl:\i 
 ruary 1770. 
 
 JIOILAITD Lijaiarg 
 \mtt of the Atloj 
 urd and the 07th I 
 uidlNitwcen tho 
 I wc«l longitude fro 
 Irregular shai.c, a 
 liiliabltants. 
 At what timo tl 
 flrst peopled is ii 
 clironlclusgo not 
 I rival of tho Norw 
 \m, when Naddod 
 Ion tlio coast. In i 
 Sivede, encouraget 
 Jliy Naddodr, went 
 Iroandlt, and gave 
 lliolnicr, or Garder 
 Inaiiicd In Iceland 
 Iri'turiied in tho sp 
 llie described the nt 
 14 pleasant, woU-wor 
 Idled a desire in PI 
 |l>uled the best nav 
 ■undertake a voyagi 
 lllie whole winter In 
 p found great quan 
 Meuorth side, he c 
 wie It has ever sin 
 III 874, Ingolfr, ai 
 ablisheda colony; 
 >liole Island was In 
 If Harold, king of N 
 I little to the popnl 
 llJes the Norwegian 
 Torn different natloi 
 .III 928 Uiey chose a 
 me Inconsiderable 
 KSiui to Wiigo war 
 m remained, how 
 »ieii yoke till i2«i 
 ol'ject to the Noi 
 fflmid, together \\ 
 mm to Denmark. 
 i Iwland Is famous 
 plch It alwunds, 
 pe its existence . 
 pfHfy.and to have 
 rjais from the bott 
 Xiava traverse the 
 pctlon; besides i 
 f"»il3 with other 
 Itlie uf an Ignoon 
 Ismountalns, so dr 
 Jlioni begin to th 
 rl'iff warning, a 
 fccdes the eruptloj 
 ■roaring and crackl 
 l/fa the Are is 
 »c immediate sign j, 
 r,n,°^ 'ce, or snc 
 funtaln, with a t 
 I'M then issue for 
 ^l-arc thrown out t( 
 
 Ik«Vh *1" relates, 
 l^ttle-gia, in 1755, 
 
 
 \[ 
 
ICELAND. 
 
 -♦o«- 
 
 toitiAHD ts n largo iBinna In tlio northern 
 part ot the Atlantic ocvan, between the 
 tanl and the 07th duKrccH at north latitude, 
 uidliotwcen tlio lotii and 23rd dcf.eoB of 
 veal longitude from London, It 1h of a very 
 Irregular 8hai>c, and contains about 50,ooo 
 Inhabitants. 
 
 At wliat tlino the island of Iceland was 
 Orst peopled is uncertain. Tlio Iceland 
 clironiclcs go no furllier baclc tliun tlie ar- 
 rival of the Norwegians, about the year 
 eoi, when Naddodr, a pirate, was driven 
 oil the coast. In 804, Gardor Suafurson, u 
 Sirede, encouraged by the account given 
 by Naddodr, went in scarcli of it, sailed 
 round it, and gave it the name of Garders- 
 liolnicr, or Garder's Island. Having re- 
 mnlncd in Iceland during the winter, ho 
 ri'turiicd in tiio spring to Norway, wlicro 
 iif) (Icacribed the now-dlscovored island ns 
 ipleasant, well-wooded country. This cx- 
 clicila desire in Floke, anotiier Swede, rc- 
 Iputed tlie best navigator of his time, to 
 undertake a voyage tliither. Floko staid 
 |tlic wliole winter in the island, and because 
 ic found great quantities of floating ice on 
 hcuorth side, ho called it Iceland, which 
 lime it has ever since retained. 
 Ill 874, Ingolfr, and his friend Llefr, es- 
 iblUhed a colony ; and in sixty years tlie 
 hole island was Inhabited. The tyranny 
 itHnrold, king of Norway, contributed not 
 illttle to the population of Iceland. Be- 
 lUca the Norwegians, new colonies arrived 
 ■ora different nations. 
 
 Ill 928 ihey chose a chief ; but his powers 
 crc inconsiderable, and the Icelanders 
 mui to wage war against eacli other. 
 ley remained, liowever, free from a fo- 
 igii yoke till 1201, wlicn they became 
 iliject to the Norwegians. Afterwards 
 elnud, together with Norway, became 
 iiiject to Denmark. 
 
 Itcland is famous for the volcanoes with 
 fhlch it aliouuds, appearing, indeed, to 
 re its existence to submarine volcanic 
 cncy, and to have been upheaved at in- 
 Tvals from the bottom of the sea. Tracts 
 lava traverse the island almost In every 
 Irectlon; besides which the country a- 
 muds with other mineral masses indl- 
 itlve of an Igneous origin. Tho burn- 
 ig mountains, so dreadful in their effect, 
 ikloni begin to throw out flro without 
 Iving warning. A subterraneous noise 
 !«'cdes the eruption for several days, v/ith 
 Daring and cracking In tho place from 
 ima the flro is about to burst forth. 
 ic immediate sign is the bursting of the 
 83 ot ice, or snow, which covers the 
 untaln, with a dreadful noise. The 
 oes then issue forth, and stones, ashes, 
 >arc thrown out to vast distances. Eg- 
 c Olassun relates, that, in the eruption 
 l^ttle-gia, In 1755, a stone weighing 290 
 
 Uis. was thrown to tho distance ot twonl/ 
 four Kngtisii miles. 
 
 Desides more than thirty volcanic moun- 
 taliiH, there exists an Immense number 
 of small cones and craters, from which 
 streams of melted substances have been 
 poured forth over tho surrounding regions. 
 Twciity-tiireo eruptions of Hvcia are re- 
 corded since tlie occupation of tlie Island 
 ))y Europeans ; tho Hrst of which occurred 
 111 1U04. It will lie sufflcicnt to give an 
 account of that which liappencd in 1783, 
 and which, from its violence, seems to have 
 been unparalleled in liistory. 
 
 Its first signs were ol>served on tho 1st 
 of June, by a trniiibllng of tlie earth in tlio 
 western part of tlio province of Hkapter- 
 flall ; it Increased gradually till tho lltli, 
 and liecamc at last so great, that the inha- 
 blLants quitted tliulr houses, and lay at 
 ni^lit in tents on tlie ground. A continual 
 smoke, or steam, was perceived rising out 
 of the earth in the norihern and unin- 
 liubited parts of tho country. Tliree flre- 
 spouts, as they were called, broko out in 
 different places ; one in Ulfarsdat, a llttio 
 to tlie east of the river Skapta ; the other 
 two were a little to the westward of tho 
 river IlircrnsHlot. The three flre-spouts, 
 or streams of lava, united in one, after 
 liiiving risen a consldurabio height in the 
 air, arrived at last at sucli an amazing alti- 
 tude as to be seen nt the distance of up- 
 wards of 200 miles; tho whole country, 
 for double that distance, being enveloped 
 in the densest smoke and steam, while tho 
 atmosphere was lllicd with sand, brimstone, 
 and ashes, in such a manner as to occasion 
 continual darkness. Considerable damage 
 was done by the inimice stone, which. fell 
 red-hot in great quantities. Along with 
 these, a tenacious substance, like pitch, fell 
 in abundance. This shower having conti- 
 nued for tlireo days, tho flro became very 
 visible, and at last arrived at the amazing 
 height already mentioned. Sometimes it 
 appeared in a continual stream, at others 
 in flashes, with a perpetual noise like thun- 
 der, wliich lasted the whole summer. The 
 obscurity occasioned by this extraordinary 
 eruption seems to have reached as far as 
 Great Britain : for, durlnff the whole sum- 
 mer of 1783, ii haze or dulluess appeared to 
 darken the tmosphcre. 
 
 The whole extent of ground covered by 
 the lava was computed to be ninety miles 
 long, by forty-two in breadth ; the depth 
 of the lava being from si-^iteen to twenty 
 fathoms. Twelve rivers were dried up, 
 twenty-one villages were deiitroyed, and 
 224 persons lost their lives. 
 
 After this eruption, two new islands were 
 
 (thrown up in thesba; one of about three 
 miles in circumference, and about a mile in 
 height, at the distance of 100 miles soatb- 
 
012 
 
 €fie ^tttiinvii at l^iHtarj;, ^r. 
 
 weit from Iceland, In loo fathoms' water. 
 The other lay to the north-west, between 
 Iceland and Qreenland. Both these islandp 
 subsequently disappeared. 
 
 Iceland abounds also with hot and boil- 
 ing springs, called geyaers, some of which 
 throw the water into the air to the sur- 
 prising height of from 200 to SOO feet. 
 These are, indeed, the most romiirkable 
 phenomena in Iceland. The great geyser, 
 or principal fountain of this kind, rises 
 from a tube or funnel, seventy-eight feet 
 In-perpendicular depth, and from eight to 
 ten feet in diameter at the bottom, but 
 gmdually widening till it terminates in a 
 capacious basin. The jets take place at 
 intervals of about six hours ; and when the 
 water, in a violent state of ebullition, be- 
 gins to rise in the plpo or funnel, and to 
 ill the basin, subterraneous noises may be 
 heard like the distant roar of cannon, the 
 earth is slightly shaken, and the agitation 
 increases, till at length a column of water 
 is suddenly thrown up, to a vast height, as 
 before stated. After playlngforatlme like 
 an Immense artlflclal fountain, a column of 
 steam rushes up with great violence, and 
 a thundering noise terminates the erup- 
 tion. All the hot waters hiive an Incrust- 
 iag quality: in some places they taste of 
 
 sulphur, in others not ; but when drank ai 
 soon as cold, they taste like common boiled I 
 water. This island Is committed to n ro- 
 Temor who resides at Bassa-stndr : lie |j,i) 
 under him a bailiff, two laymen, a Klinrlff I 
 and twenty-one sysselmen, or niiigintratci' I 
 who superintend small distrlits ; nnd di'l 
 most everything IsdccidcdacRordlniftotlje 
 laws of Denmark, to whom It beloiiKs. 
 
 At a period when most parts of onnti. 
 nental Europe were in a state of rude ignn- 
 rnnce, the Inhabitants of this remote laland I 
 were well acquainted with poetry and his I 
 tory. The most flourishing period of I(<^l 
 landlo literature appears to have been from I 
 the lath to the end of the 13th ccnturrl 
 but even during the last three ccnturk't'l 
 Iceland has produced several emlnrntl;| 
 learned men. At the present day there lil 
 no want of disposition on the partof thel 
 people to apply to literature, but tliey wlselrl 
 attend more to solid branches of learnln;! 
 than to the lays and legends of tliclr anclcntl 
 sages. Domestic education is universal;! 
 and there nre very few among tlicm wliol 
 cannot read and write, and many amonJ 
 the better class would be dlstinKulslied hit 
 their taste and learning in the moat cultl-f 
 vated society in Europe. 
 
 GREENLAND. 
 
 -•<>*- 
 
 TJiTDaB the name ot Greenland is denoted 
 the most easterly parts of America, stretch- 
 ing towards the North Polo, and likewise 
 some islands to the northward of the con- 
 tinent of Europe, lying in very high lati- 
 tudes. This country is divided into West 
 and East Greenland. West Greenland had 
 long been considered to be a part of the 
 continent of America, but recent geogra- 
 
 Staers seem to think it i] an island. It Is 
 ounded on the west by ^nffin's bay, on 
 the south by Davis's stniii^ and on the 
 east by the Northern Atlantic ocean. 
 
 This country was first peopled by Euro- 
 peans from Iceland, headed by Eric Kande, 
 In the eighth century ; and a regular inter- 
 course was maintained between Norway 
 and Greenland till the year 1406 ; from that 
 time all correspondence was cut oft, and all 
 knowledge of Qreenland burled in oblivion. 
 It is supposed that a nation called Schrel- 
 lings, whose descendants still Inhabit the 
 western part, got the better of the settlers, 
 and exterminated them. All that can be 
 learned from the most authentic records 
 Is, that Greenland was divided into two dis- 
 tricts, called West Bygd.and East Bygd; 
 that the western division contained four 
 
 S Irishes and 100 Tillages : and the eastern 
 strict was still more flourishing. This 
 eolony. In andent times, certainly compre- 
 
 hended twelve extensive parishes, 190 \ 
 lages, a bishop's see, and two monasterlei 
 Many attempts have been made to rcKliil 
 cover the east country, without effect, bj 
 the Danes and the English. The land hi 
 been seen, but the Ice has always prereDt« 
 any approach to the shore. 
 
 The Greenland Company at BergonJ 
 Norway, transported a colony to tlicM 
 coast ; and in 1712, the Rev. Hans EgediJ 
 and others, endeavoured to reach the m 
 em district by coasting, but vere obllgi 
 to return, owing to continual storms. 
 
 That part of West Greenland which i| 
 now settled by the Danes and Norwcgiu 
 lies between the 64th and 68th Aegrm^ 
 north latitude ; and thus far, it Is said,! 
 climate is temperate. To the northn 
 of the 68th degree, the cold is prodlglons 
 Intense ; and towards the end of Ann 
 all the coast is covered with ice, wbiif 
 never thaws till April or May, and soq 
 times June. Thunder nnd lightning rar 
 happen ; but the aurora borealls U raj 
 frequent and splendidly luminous. 
 
 The Greenlanders are constantly mM 
 ed either in fishing or hunting ; at sea^ 
 pursue the whales, morses, seals, flsli.i 
 sea fowl ; and on shore they huut the r" 
 deer. 
 
 IBD-EL KADER. t 
 
 r^ rcndcn to l4imo 
 
 to Cbriillani in Dai 
 
 ibdmhmsD, throwa 
 
 rj|«ln,6«4ibuUd»U 
 
 ' UidfiMnduitL664 
 
 Ihreromby, ilr Halt 
 
 rHolltnd, 451 , hii < 
 
 bitlle of Abonklr 
 
 deith, 454 
 
 totrdetn, esri of. form 
 
 Ibouklr, battle of, gain 
 
 ■bnbim, hii mlgratioi 
 
 Vt. queen of Adelfric 
 
 W»in League, formal 
 
 Im, ilcm of. by Kiel 
 
 J Pbilip II. of Franco, 
 
 INwdbyBuonapar 
 
 Itbefngliili, AuitrTan 
 
 fclnnirtan, InTuion ■ 
 
 ./l"/'"* ">e gov* 
 lJM,498;eitabllthmJ 
 P.7'°t'«.^88; dUartroif 
 ■"•fi 805 ; capture of 4 
 
 K''?"' »n«prHonl 
 JWc, bjihoii, depoiedl 
 
 mola, hold, the gov] 
 '•U'offthePlctfMdl 
 
 , jenlomtakenbTthJ 
 ►J«-Chapflle, peace ol 
 
 F>wn of the counter 
 iwtonqneror, nj ' 
 
 ^j°>Uiigof thaOotb 
 
 ji^WitoiToraai 
 
 alike drained, 69 i 
 
 j^alnthe reign J 
 
 ««lytethepowOToa 
 ')I>Udestb,^13 1 
 
INDEX. 
 
 -*o*- 
 
 ABD 
 
 iBD-ELKADER, bafflei ths FrMah, MS ; iur. 
 A rcnderi to LMnorieitro, 645 \ liU generonlty 
 I to Chrlitlani in Dmumcim, 818 
 kbdinthman, throwi off toe Csliph'i yoke in 
 fhidii, 654 1 buildi tho moique of CordoTo, 654 ; 
 
 kuddcendMti, 654 
 
 kereromby, itr Ralph, hli expedition agalnit 
 r Eoltand, 451 ; hli expedition to Egypt, 454 ; 
 
 bitllg of Abouklr and Alexandria, 454 i bit 
 
 dnth, 454 
 UintNn, earl of. formi a minlitry, 633 
 [boukir, battle of, gained by Nelion, 454 
 [bnbun, bli migration into Canaan, 44 
 W queen of Adelfrld, 80 
 kikiui League, formation of the, 60 
 {in, liege of, by Richard I. of England and 
 fpiinip 11. of France, 103j it* (urrender, 163 ; 
 I McMd by Buonaparte, 451 1 taken in 1841, by 
 llbeEDgliin, Auitrlani, and Turki, 603 
 
 linm, battle of, 64 
 
 limi, Daniel, arreited for treuon, 445 
 
 Idlngton'a minlitry, 463 
 
 IdlMD, lUGceedi Bollngbroka u iccretary of 
 liUte, 410 
 
 lleli, (laughter of William the Conqneror, mar> 
 Iritd to Stephen Count of Bloii, 138 1 her two 
 Innt Henry and Stephen, 138 
 klMd, king of Northumberland, 70 ; hli war 
 liith Redwald, king of the Eait Anglet, 70 ; de- 
 ItetttdbyEdwin, 80 
 Tbtlm, arcbblihop of Oa/<*e> bury, 00 
 
 'ilinople, tnaty of, 737 
 Itn, the emperor, hlitL :, vf hii reign, 65 
 , the Mortnumbrlan, aeitstcd by the Danei, 
 
 ^hanlitin, intaiion of, by the Anglo-Indian 
 mv during the goTernorahtp of Lord Auck- 
 uid, 498 ; eitabliinment of Shdh Soojah on the 
 krone, 498; diiaatroui retreat of lir Robert 
 lie, 505 ; capture of Obuanee and Caboul, and 
 KOTery of the pritonen, 606 
 ibrie, biibop, depoied and Impriioned, 131 
 ^¥ire, biihop, depoied and impriioned, 131 
 wRomanui, tne.ol 
 locourt, battle of, 330 
 "lUn dlipatei in anelent Rome, 66, 67 
 
 K>l«, boldi the goTemonhip of Britain, 73 ; 
 
 "i off the Ficti and Scoti by » chain of forti, 
 
 jentum taken by the Tonnger Solplo, 61 
 Mutrui,45 
 l-li-Chapelle, peace of, 428 
 p, ion of the count of Brittany, awIitaWlUIam 
 fct Conqneror, 112 
 re, king of th« Gotht, bta tnTSiion of Italy, 
 
 ila,Uitonrof,831 
 1 lake drained, 60 
 
 ""idokeof, uiurps the kingly anthertty In 
 ind in the reign of Robert III., 335 ; com- 
 My in the power of Henry IV. of England, 
 i|htadeath,^43 ' 
 
 AXV 
 Albemarle, carl of, hie diiorderly condnct In the 
 roign of Henry III., 150 ; excommunicated by 
 Pandolf, ISO < iuet for pardon. 160 
 Alberoni, cardinal, miniitar of Fbillp T., bit 
 
 ambitioui deiigni, 667 
 Albert, prince of (Jaxe Cobonrg and Ootha,hii 
 marriage with queen Victoria, 500 ; parliamen- 
 tary diiruiiion on hii allowance, 600 1 bit mar. 
 riage, 500 
 Albuera, battle of, 467 
 Aider!, William de. hi> rebeUlon agalort William 
 
 Rufui, 138 1 hli fate, 128 
 Aldred, archblihop of York, crowns William the 
 Conqueror at Weitminiter, 114 ; hit death, 121 
 Alencon, hli rtcicrtlon of the cauie of John for 
 
 that of Philip II., 171 
 Alexander the Great, hii conqncit of Egypt, 43 ; 
 and of the Portian empire, 43 1 in Greece, 60 ; 
 in India, 830 
 Alexander Jannann, king of the Jewi, hii reign, 
 
 46 
 Alexander Sererai, emperor of Rome, hli reign, 
 
 66 
 Alexander, emperor of Ruiila, reign of, 732 ; hl> 
 treaties with Napoleon, 732, 733; hli alliance 
 with Prtiiaia and Auitria, agalnit Napoleon, 
 733; visit to England, 473; attacki the Turks, 
 736 ; acquirei MoldaTla ai far ai the Frnth, 
 Bosiarabia, and the chief montbi of the Danube 
 by the treaty of Buchareit, 736 ; hii acquiiitloni 
 by the treaty of Tiaii, 736; annezei Poland, 
 736 ; his death, 737 
 Alexander II., emperor of Ruiils, hit emancipa- 
 tion of the lerfs, 742 
 Alexander II., Pope, mediator between William 
 of Normandy i\nd. Harold II. of England, 112 ; 
 tupportt William in hii InTaiion of England, 
 120 : tendi oyer a legate, 130 
 Alexander III. luecessfully medlatei between 
 Henry II. and LoiUi X., 144; annuls the con- 
 ttltutloniof Clarendon, 147; dupei Henry II. 
 in the appointment of a legatine commiiiion, 
 147; hit cool behaviour to Henry't embaiiy, 
 160 
 Alexander III. of Scotland, natntaini the Indo. 
 pendenco of the Scottish church agalnit the cn« 
 croachmenti of the Pope, 607 
 Alexandria, battle of, 454 ; blitory of, 43 
 Alfgar, ion of Alfric, duke of Hercia, UItreat< 
 
 ment of, by Ethelred the Unready, 101 
 Alflred the Great, hit early pilgrimage to Rome, 
 85 ; his early battles 'with the Danes in the rclRn 
 of Ethelred, 86; succeeds Ethelred on the 
 throne, 86 ; story of him and the burnt cakes, 
 87 ; Us retreat in the Isle of Athelney, 88 ; 
 ttory of him disguising himself as a harper, 
 88 ; completely defeats the Danes, 80 ; incorpo* 
 rates the Danes with the Saxons, 80 ; his labours 
 during the peace, 89 ; hii final oTerthrow of the 
 Danei, 00 ; restores law and order, 91 { diTldet 
 the connt^ into eountles, hundredi, mhings, 
 and corporations, 9a, 125 ; modes of juitlce 
 
 ll .'IT 
 
 ;i', 
 
014 
 
 itaty. 
 
 ALV 
 
 ABU 
 
 MUbllilird by him, 03 1 initltuin trUl bv Jury, 
 0!i( hit character, 0!t i hli dcatli, 9'i 
 
 Alfred, ion of Elhelrvd Mid Kmiii*, hit death 
 conipaiii'd by llarnld Ilarofout and carl Uod- 
 win, 100] alM, lUO; Iniulti tnUlctcd on bli 
 body by UardloMiutr, 107 
 
 Ainrvd, • 8axon nobleman, itory of hli awhil 
 death, 03 
 
 Alfrlc, duke of Merela, hli treainn, 101 ; bar. 
 baruui mnltreatmoiit uf hii ion by Ktlitlrcit liio 
 Unready, 101 « liU doatli, lO'J 
 
 Alttar, lilt rivalry with Harold ion of earl God- 
 win, lOU t hli dealli, lUO 
 
 AUierii, cliuatUed by Ulako, S07 ; conqucit of by 
 tlio Freiicli, UJO « lilitory of, H7 1 
 
 Alluo, iUler of I'lilllii It. of Krance, her iirnjected 
 marriage with HIcnard Cceiir do i.luii, ir>T; her 
 amour with Ktchard'i fatlitr, Henry 11,, 163 ( 
 Kk'hard refuici to marry her, 103 ; offered to 
 iirlnco John, 164 
 
 Alice, daughter of Conitance and CuydoThouari, 
 choicD by the Uretoni a* thtir iovvrvign lu tho 
 room of prinee Arthur, 170 
 
 Allen bill, poiilng of, 444 
 
 Allwal, battle of; 617 
 
 Allen, John, Judge of the legallne court opened by 
 Woliey, 800 : lili convlctlou, UOJ 
 
 AIllA, battle of tho, 00 
 
 AIIU'il iuverelgni, their vltit to England, 473 
 
 Alma, battle uf the, 738 
 
 AUiwlck cottlo bcileged by Malcolm II, of Scot- 
 land, 138 
 
 Alphegi', arclibUliop of Canterbury, murdered by 
 tbu Uaiici, 103 
 
 Alta, duke of, appointed by Thllip If. to the go- 
 vernment of the NetherlandA, 003 ; lil> bloody 
 deipollim, 003; revolt under William of 
 Orange. 710 
 
 Amaion. loii of the •hip, 533 
 
 A muonio, lilitory of, 893 
 
 America, diiputei between Enxland and America 
 on the Foreign Eiiliitment Act, 5 15 ; diirovcred 
 byColumbui, 067| hlitory of.877. hecUNll'£U 
 STATES 
 
 Anihcrit, general, takei LouUbourg, 43') 
 
 Amieui, treaty of, 454 
 
 Ammonitoi, their comiucit of Iirael, 45 
 
 Amphlctyonle Council, luiportouce of the, lo the 
 Orecki,40 
 
 Amund, the Danlih chieftain, 87 
 
 Auaxagorai, 41 
 
 Ancui Marclui, hii itiir with the Latlni, 53 
 
 AnglcSaxoni. See SaxoSH 
 
 AnguuUmc, duko of, hii armed Intervention In 
 Hpain, 071 
 
 Angoulime, ilego of, by Fblllp IV. of France, 
 314 » „ -r 
 
 Aiijou, duke of, hli oflVri of marrlago to queen 
 Cliiabeih,S53; Eliiabcth'i acquteaucuce, 354 ; 
 (he match broken off, 354 ; hit deutli, 354 
 
 Anjou, battle of, 241 
 
 Anjou, Fulke, count of, jolni the revolt In Maine, 
 131i 133 ; compelled to reliuquiih hit elulm to 
 Maine, 1-J3 
 
 Anlafi the Dane, 04 ; auistcd by Constantino king 
 of Scotland, 04; defeated by Athclituuc, 04; 
 itory of hit dliguitc at a mlnttrrl, 04 
 
 Aiilaf, brother ot the preceding, 04 
 
 Annas, king of Kail AngUo, ilain by Pcnda, king 
 of Merela, 81 
 
 Anne, iccond daughter of Jamet II., dciorti to tho 
 caute of William III., 413; married to prince 
 George of Denmark, 415 i iuccecdi William 
 III., 415; makei war with France, 415; taking 
 of Gibraltar, 415 ; lupiiorli the claim of Charlet 
 of Austria to the crown of Spain againtt Philip 
 v., 410 ; unltei the parliamenti of England uud 
 Scotland, 410; deterti Marlborough and the 
 whigf, 417 ; brlngi Sacheverel to trial, 417 ; 
 cicvatci the toriet under Ilarlcy and St. John, 
 418 1 makci negotlatlont for peace with France, 
 418 ; iigni the treaty of Utrecht, 418 ; her death, 
 418 
 
 Anne, queen of Richard II., her Intercculon rJ 
 
 ilr HImon Hurley. 335 ~ 
 
 Anne of Clovri, applied for In marrlnffe liv llcnn 
 
 VIII., 313; diMippolnti hli «l|ieclitiluut, ]|/, 
 
 contenti to a divorce. 3liO | 
 
 Antelm, appointed by William Rufui to iht irehj 
 biihoprfo of Canterbury In the room of Unfranr] 
 130 ; acknowledge! the authority of |iou> I'rbJ 
 aaalnit Clement, 130 1 quarrelt witli Willlul 
 HufUi, 130 1 ealled u|ion to tupply feudal Kr] 
 vlgt^ 130; llici to Itome, ISO; iiivlinl by llmrJ 
 Beauolere to return to England, 13'^ i rctunl 
 to hii dignity without being cumiwllcd to o| 
 homage, 133 ; marrlet Henry to Mitllda ilJ 
 Baton, 133; auiiimrti the cauie of llcnn i|pi|i,J 
 the party of Robert Coiirtlmae, IS.'S ; cKtu > rtt 
 conciliation between Henry and Itohcrl, 1^; 
 eierettei hli Influence ngnliiit the rarl 
 Slirewibury, 134; refuaci to coniicratc iM 
 Mahopi inveited by Henry, 135 ; Icavei tijulmuj 
 135 
 
 Anaon, hli expedition ogalnat ChUI and Peru, 1 
 
 Antediluvian world, lilatory of tho, 1 
 
 Antigua, Island of, 808 
 
 Antloch, history of, 830 
 
 Antlochui Epipnanei, hli cruelty lo the Jo«i,46l 
 
 Anitoehui, king of Syria, dcthiri's war OKnluitilJ 
 Itomani, 01 ; compelled to iiinko peuei', ti't 
 
 Antoniuui Plui, the cmiierur, hlstury uf hit i,|j 
 65 
 
 Antony, Marc, hit oratinn over the body ofCirJ 
 03 ; becomet one of the second lrluiiivlrat(',iii 
 hli connection with Cleoiiatra, 01; (Idrw] 
 at Actlum, 04 ; hit death, 04 T 
 
 Applui Claudlui, propoiet a commlitec of ion L 
 draw upa code of lawt, 57 ; his career, accutdJ 
 to Uvy and Dionyslut, 57| 58 ■ 
 
 Arabia, history of, 805 
 
 Ararat, mount, 3 
 
 Arbela, battle of, 43 
 
 Areola, battle of, 418 
 
 Areteveldt. Jamet, the brewer of Ghent, 213 i 
 
 Argyle,dukeol', hit connection witli the Itvc-lioiJ 
 plot, 400 ; Joint in the rcbelUuo of iMu'iuiiu 
 408; hit execution, 4u8 
 
 Arlitobului, king of the Jcwi, 40 
 
 Arlington, lord, 400 
 
 Armada, Spanlih, prepared by PlilllpIl.or$| 
 for tho conqueit of England, 558 ; lu iiM 
 tlon, 350 
 
 Armenia, hittory of, 831 
 
 Armortca, emigration of Britont Into, 7S 
 
 Arnold, colonel, killed at Quebec, 'I3.'i 
 
 Arrat, treaty at, between Charlet V 11. of Fru 
 and the EngUth, 353 
 
 Arrow, the Chlnete lorcha, question uf thp,iJTl 
 
 Artaxerzci (Miiemon), king of l'ertiii,45 
 
 Artemiiium, battle of, 40 
 
 Arthur, prince, hit hei<.>l<m exaggerated li]ii 
 mance, 75 | 
 
 Arthur, prinee, ion of Geoffrey of Br ltlio;,ll 
 hit claim to the thronu of England id uldtl 
 Richard I. in favour of John, lOS ; lllei i 
 tiie court of Fhilip II. of France to the proM 
 of John, 100; returnt to Philip, liiOiiiurg 
 Mary tho daughter of Philip, 109 ; Inveiledif 
 lirittany. Anion, and Maine, lOU; succoiU 
 asiistcd by tho French army in lupportofl 
 claim on England, 100 ; attcmpta to hIu I 
 grandmother, queen Eleanor, 170; taken f 
 toner by John, 170; different itorici couw' 
 with hit death, 170 
 
 Arthur, prince, ton of Heniy VII., 283; i 
 to Catherine daughter of Ferdinand of Arr 
 303; hit death, 303 
 
 Arts, line, cultivation of, in ancient Urcm,4iJ 
 
 Arundel, earl of, warnt queen Mary of N'ortn 
 berland'i detigni, 334 ; ttiri up the c«r 
 ngainat Northumberland, 335 ; arrtiii >ii( 
 uinberlnnd, 330 ; atpirei to tho baud of m 
 Elizabeth, 343 I 
 
 Arundel, Humphrey, hit rebellion in the rtifll 
 Edward VI., 331 ; defeated and exeouhil,' 
 
 AMlon, taken by R| 
 
 ;liU Minor, reiluced 
 
 Aike, lilt inturrectli 
 
 tlw fuunoileriei by 
 
 riocullonof hit lu 
 
 llAilitw, Anne, cruell 
 
 I IlHiry Vlli., 313 
 
 lAMulnt, under the i 
 
 Iht Mountain, 1(1 
 
 Honirerrat, 104; t 
 
 I liiaye, battle of, 4,'iti 
 
 I liiliiKlon, Kilmund 
 
 I Dtnet at, lO-l 
 
 I Ailuii, defeat of the D 
 
 I Aihclhclm, governor 
 
 Danca at rurtamoul 
 
 llllielitun, ton of Ktl 
 
 Ki, and Eaaex, 81 1 
 
 wich, 8-1 ; diet, 85 
 
 I Allieltun, natural ton 
 
 cerdt hit father to 
 
 lilt power ttrengtlii 
 
 Alfred tho f>«xon m 
 
 tine king of Scotia 
 
 Duio, 65 ; diet, 05 
 
 Illlii'liMn, the Danlth 
 
 I ilio nimo of, 80 
 
 lliliclvrold, earl, ttory o 
 
 I 111) ; murdered by kl 
 
 ■liacni, rite of, 40 ; itt 
 
 lliirrbury, Dr., tho tup 
 
 J Hmioii, 418 
 
 lAliilii,kliigof thnlXuni 
 
 lliiftuilin prcaelici Ch 
 
 I tppolnted arcbblilioi 
 
 |AuKuilut CBtar (tee 
 
 luuridation of the Itoi 
 
 hli reign, 04 ; his chi 
 
 lliirrliui, emiMirur of I 
 
 I i;7 
 
 lliirdiut Cnrua, enipero 
 ■Auiterlili, battle of, 4.'i( 
 lluiirtlia, Weatern, dit 
 
 Conimont on tho uuei 
 
 535 
 lluiirallan eolonlet, dl 
 1 hiitnry of, yOl 
 *uilr|j. .See GKItUAy 
 piirla, war between F) 
 
 Hi, 555. See OKUU 
 
 DADEL, lower of, 3 
 ," llaklngton, Anthon 
 murder of EUiubctli 
 queen of Scott, 355 ; 
 I nun, 355 
 
 Tabjlon, conquered by 
 aeon, lord, found guilt 
 I relni of Jamet I., 373 
 JUot, taken bv Weill 
 .idleimoreL lord, hit in 
 I Edward II., 301 ; pu 
 I tried and executed ft 
 
 (■hamu lalandt, 003 
 pinham, Jamca, conde 
 I itake, by tir Thomat 
 I orthe reformed doctrl 
 p blniu, emjieror of Ro 
 Juilock, chancellor in I 
 I Ml unhappy death, 3( 
 paUwto, earl of Flondc 
 I Godwin, 100 
 Jtjilwln, earl of Flande 
 I William, ton of Rol 
 1 ileath, 136 
 
 Jtliol, John, hit dispute 
 I Jf Scotland, 190; nrl 
 I mi favour, loo ; doet 
 I enraged by Edwnrd'i 
 Itllianee with Philip 
 Ifujcitocomply with 
 
Mr InterccnloD I 
 
 ica exaggerated iH 
 
 _. ancient Orcfco,« I 
 
 leen Mary of Nortiil 
 
 ; itirt up the CM* 
 
 id, 3Jo; arrouH 
 
 to tbo Imuiloin 
 
 Sn)rrv. 
 
 916 
 
 ASO 
 
 jtKtlan, teken by Riclikrd Caur d« Lion, lOS 
 AiU Minor, rwlucml by Cyrui, 45 
 hit. 111' Iniurreotlon kffBlnit the luitprcMtun of 
 lh« munMlcrki by Henry VIII., 309 | wlioletulo 
 fieeutlon of liU Iblloweri, 300 
 Aikt'i Anna, cruelly martyred in tht reign of 
 
 Henry VI 1 1., 313 
 AmuIo'i under the sutdanee nf tho Old Man of 
 tilt Mountain, lUl ; tiny Conrad, nianiuit of 
 Montforral, 104 ( tliiir cunfviilon, 1U4 
 tuare, battle nf, 4.'>tt 
 liiiiiKion, Kduiuud Ironiida defeated by tho 
 
 Duiei at, lot 
 tiiuii, defeat uf the Danei at, 80 
 Ailiclliclm, ROTcrnor of Dorictiliiro, dcfcali the 
 Dane! at I'urtimoutii, 81 
 Ithtlttan, ion of F.tlivlwulf, recelvci Kent, Siit- 
 Ki, and Eiaei, 8 1 ; defvati the Uanvt at HatuU 
 wich, 84 1 dlM, 8 j 
 AUiclitan, natural ion of Edwnrd tlio F.ldor, itic. 
 cmli iili fatlicr to the tlirono of EiiRlnnil, 1)3 ; 
 iili power itrengthenrd bjr tiio awful death nl' 
 Alfred the Saxon nobli', (•.>; i'uni|urri Cnnitnii- 
 lliio king nf Scotland, U4 ; defoati Aiilaf the 
 Dtiic, 9o I diet, 9i 
 llilirliun, the Danlib chief Outhrum bai)llicd by 
 I tliontmeof, 80 
 
 lliklwoid, earl, itoryofhlitnnrrlairo with Elfrldo, 
 I Ul) s murdered by king Eduar, UK 
 Lilicni,rlM of, 49 ; lli ipleiiduur ami power, 40 
 lliirrbury, Dr., tho luppoied author of Sachcvercl't 
 I leniion, 418 
 
 llltlk, king of thn Hum, tho Scourge of anil, 7 1 
 lluguitln prcaelici Chrittianity In llerlln, 77 ; 
 I inpolntedarchblihopof (.'antcrburr, 78 
 liiiKuitui Catiar (leo UCTAVIIS C.K.'jAIt), hit 
 luuiidation uf tlio Itoman cm))lrr, 04; ctenti of 
 I hitrcign, 04 \ iili character. 04 
 lliirdltn, em|ivror of Kouie, uiitury of hit rclgn, 
 
 I ''7 
 
 lAurdlat Carua, cmporor of Rome, hii reign, 07 
 
 lAiulerllli, battle oi; 4.'i9 
 
 lAuilralio, M'ettrrn, dltcuiaton In tho IIouso of 
 
 Conimoui on the (luotlon of tran<iiorlatlou to. 
 
 , 5J5 
 
 Utiutralian eolonlei, dlicovcry of gold In, 533) 
 
 hiitnryof, 001 
 
 Uuilrla. See GKKUA.Vt' 
 
 Uuitria, war between Franca and Austria In 1850, 
 
 Uj, iii. See GCUM.\K V 
 
 DABEL, tower of, 3 
 
 ^ llabliigton, Anthony, hli coniptracy for the 
 
 muriler uf ElUitlietli, and acvtision uf Mary, 
 I quegn of Svoti, 3D5 ; dincovercd by Walihing- 
 ^ bun, 355 
 
 ibjlon, conquered by Cyrui, 43 
 
 icon, lord, found guilty of taking bribes In tho 
 
 [tclguof Jamei I., 373; hli punUhmcnt, 373 
 
 Ooi, taken by Wellington, 468 
 
 llcimcn^ lord, hli Iniult to Isabella, quern of 
 
 I Edward 11., SOt ; punished by Edward, '.'04 ; 
 
 I tried and executed fur desoi'tuig to tho Scots, 
 
 hhtmai inlands, 903 
 
 blnliani, James, condrmned to the torture and 
 I itakf, by sir Thomas More, for his propagation 
 I of the reformed doctiiiiun, 300 
 pIbiDus, emi)eror of Roiur, his reign, GO 
 Hillock, chancellor in tlio reign of Edward II., 
 I hii uuliappy death, 200 
 
 hldwin, carl of Flanders, his alliance with carl 
 [Godwin, 109 
 
 Vidwin, earl of Flanders, espouses the cause of 
 IViUlani, ton of Itobert Courthosc, 130; his 
 (death, 136 
 
 iliol, John, his dispute with Bruce for tho crown 
 I of Scotland, lOO ; arbitration of Edward I. In 
 IhUfarour, 100; does homage to Edward, 1 (K) ; 
 I enraged by Edward's treatment, 101 ; formal un 
 I alliance with Philip IV. of France, 191; re- 
 I fuici to comply with the demands of Edward, 
 
 II EC 
 
 10? ; solemnly renounces his homage and delle* 
 Edward. 103 ; tends In hl» full submlttinn, lO'J | 
 eonllned In the Tower of Ixindun, IU3 i retires to 
 France for the remainder of hit life, tii'J 
 Bailul, Edward, son of John Dallul, licadt a eon- 
 frdeiacy of Kngliah Imruns against Scuilaiid, 
 SIO; encnuraged by Edward III., 'ilO; de- 
 feats the Scot*, <J10; crowned at 8cun<', 'Jilt 
 defeated In llic alitencu of ilie Engliih, and 
 driven from Scotland, '^11 ; again elniHtl from 
 England, 311; furmally rciigni hit pretensions 
 to the throne to Edworu III., fur a iiensinn of 
 3,000/., 317 
 
 Dallard, >lohn, hli conspliacy agalnit queen Ellas* 
 beth, 355 
 
 Italmcrlno, lord, his trial and execution, 433 
 
 llanda, or Nutmeg Itlniids, H7'J 
 
 Uangor. munks of, murdered by Advlfred, king o 
 Norlliumberland, 70; tlio monastery deslruyeil 
 by hlra, 70 
 
 Bank Charter Act, ius|ientlon of tho oiieratton of 
 the, .MO 
 
 Bank of England, charter of, 401 ; banking mcA> 
 tures of sir Hubert I'eel, .M'J 
 
 Bannock burn, liattle of, 2U3 
 
 llarbadoes, islniid of, 8U7- 
 
 Barlnrnssa, tlie Algcriiie pirate, defeated by 
 Charles V., 000 
 
 llarlpury States, history of, 873 
 
 Biirebuiiri parlliinu'iit, ennvenod by CroraweII| 
 otiO ; dittolvid by furce, JOO 
 
 B.iriiot, buttle of, 370 
 
 Bnrossa, battle uf, 407 
 
 llurtnn, Eiizabetii, the holy maid of Kent, her Im* 
 positions in tho reign <if lleiity VIII., SOfi; her 
 ravings against tbo roformed doctrines and tha 
 king's divorce, 307 ; her cxeciitiun, 307 
 
 Ruling, occupied by the Danes, bO ; battle of, 80 
 
 Ba>tlle, storming of, 637 
 
 Battle Abbey, foundation of, 114 
 
 Bavaria, history of, 704 
 
 Bayard, the ciievalier, defeats Cliarles V., 058 
 
 Beaton, cardinal, his opposition to tiie progress of 
 tlie Kcformation In Scotland, 310 ; (oiidemn* 
 Wlskart to tlie stake, 310; his Indecent tri- 
 umph, 310; Wlshart's prophecy, 317 ; assassin- 
 ation, 013 
 
 Bvde, the Venerable, hia history, GO 
 
 Beauchamp, Hugli, his defence of Verneull against 
 Louis VII. of France, 153 
 
 Beaufort, Henry, bisliop of Winchester, appointed 
 by parliament guardian to tho infaut klni 
 llcniy VI., 343 ; his quarrel with the duke oj 
 iiloucester, 345 ; renewed, 353 ; ktroiigly ad- 
 vocates a iicaco with France, 363; propitiates 
 Margaret of Anjou and attempts tlie ruin ot 
 Uloucester, 354 
 
 Beaulieu, marshal, defeated by Buonaparte at 
 Dego and Lodi, 447 ; recalled, 448 
 
 Beauvalx, bishop of, taken prisoner of war by 
 
 . Richard I., 107 
 
 Becket, Thomas ^ his birth and education, 144 ; 
 obtains the favour nf arciibUhou Theobald, 144 ; 
 rccommcudcd to the notice ol Henry II,, 144 
 his rapid rise and luxurious living, 144; mad* 
 archbishop of Canterbury, 145 ; assumes a rigid 
 austerity to gain tlieadiiilratlon of the laity, 145 ( 
 wins tiio favour of tho clergy, 145 ; asserts the 
 claims of the church In opposition to the will ot 
 Henry II., 145 ; requires the carl of Clare to 
 surrender the barony of Tunbridgc, 145; In- 
 fringes tlie rights of William D'Eynsford, 145 ; 
 excommunicates D'Eynsford, but abiolvea him 
 by the command of Ilenry II., 145 ; resists the 
 rlforts of Henry to render tlie clergy amenable 
 to the civil power, 145 ; assents with the utmost 
 reluctance to tlic conatitutions of Clarendon, 147; 
 absolved by the pope, 147 ; efforts of Henry II. 
 to ruin him, 147 ; summoned before tlie great 
 council of barons and bithops at Norlhamuton, 
 148 ; his speech, 148 ; pronounced guilty of con- 
 tempt of tlio king's court andof neglect of fealty, 
 148 ; couliscatioii of his goods, 148 ; his flresh 
 
 ^ 
 
 hti 
 
916 
 
 in9c|r. 
 
 BBO 
 
 eppMltlon to the dMnudi of Ilcnrj II., 149 1 
 •PPmIi to lb* pop*, Ue I tNapm to Fran**, Utt I 
 wtrmly mtlvad b/ Louli Vll., 140 1 eontlnufi 
 to «nno7 lUnrjr II., U9 i •tcommunlottei tA\ 
 who obey th< eondliuilnni of CUnndon, 1M)| 
 hii irtttv with Htnry II., ISO | rtturnt to Enf- 
 land, 1501 bl> frtiU arrogancr. 1ft 1 1 Miaaiin- 
 atod In CanMrbury Catnnlral, lAl i eurloui 
 trial nf. In tha rolitn of Henrjr Vlll., Sll t dt- 
 molltlon of hIi ihrln*, SI 1 
 Backford, lord mayor, liU aniwcr to Oaorga III., 
 
 Bedford, diika of, a|i|>otntod r*irent of Frana* by 
 Henry V., 94 1 ( made proUvtor of the Infant 
 Henry VI. I>y parliament, 341 1 formi a polilK 
 eat and pertonal allianca with the duka* of 
 Burgundy and Brittany, 343 1 raleaict Jamei 
 of dcotlaiid and plasei hlni on th* throne, 343 1 
 aontlnui't tli* war acalnit Charlei Vil. ot 
 Prance, 343 1 gatni a Tlctory at Vameull, 343 ; 
 return! to EnRland to madlata between the 
 dukei of Buraunrty and Oloueeitor, 344 1 fore** 
 th* duko of Brittany to lubmliilon, 345 1 ei> 
 hiblti a calm and reioluta flroni amid dliaiten, 
 349 1 take* Joan of Are prleoner, 350 1 and 
 •ruelly bumi her allre, 351 1 bit death, 353 
 
 BcdtngSeld, lir II., hli dlireipectful oonduct to 
 queen Elliabetb before her aacoiilon, 330 1 
 pardoned, 330 
 
 Bedloe, William, hli connection with Oatct, 403 1 
 rndcaroun to connect the quren with tbo mur' 
 der nf ilr Edmnndbury Godfrey, 403 
 
 Bclfflum, Iti eitabUihmont ai an Independent itat*, 
 
 Bella III*, battl* of, 438 
 
 Belllngham, hli aiiaiilnatlon of P*re«Tal, 468 
 
 Bern, general, hli conqueit of Traniylranla, 697 1 
 
 hli death, 608 
 Bi'iiedtctlne monki Introduced Into England bj 
 
 Uunitan, 06 
 BenoTolence tax, Irtlcd by Henry VII., 986 i 
 
 le*led br Henry VIII., 303 ; by Jamei I., 373 1 
 
 by Charfei I., 377 
 Berengarin, daughter of the king of Nararre, nur- 
 
 ricdto Richard Caur d« Lion, 163 
 Bereiford, general, accompnnlpi Wellington In the 
 
 pcnlniula, 4M4 ; ilofcati .Soult at Albuera, 467 ; 
 
 adrancei to Bordeaui, 473 
 Berffcn-op-Zoom, ilege of, by the French, 438 
 Berltn, reroluclon at, 703 
 Bcrnuif, king of Mercia, itrugglee with Egbert 
 
 for the lupremacy, 83 1 defeated and ilain, 83 
 Bertha, th* Chriitlan quean of Kent, 76 
 Berwick, defended by ilr William Keith ugolnit 
 
 Edward III., 311; ceded In perpetuity to the 
 
 Engllih,311 
 Beiiui, the Pcrilan traitor, 44 
 Blood, Robert, earl of Norfolk, hie oppoiltlon to 
 
 Henry III., 184 1 remonitranc* to Edward I., 
 
 104 
 Birkenhead, Ion of the thlp, 533 
 Bllney, Thomai, burned allr* In th* reign of 
 
 Hen^ VIII. for preaching tb* doctrine of the 
 
 reformation, 306 
 Birmingham, riots at agalnit th* dluenten, 443 ; 
 
 deitructlon of the mcetlog-bouM and dwelling of 
 
 Dr. Prieitley.443 
 Rlihopi, trial of. In the reign of Jamei II,, 411 
 Black Prince. 8e« Edward 
 Blako, admiral, hli rlctoriei orcr the Dutch, 395 ; 
 
 hli gallant conduct, 307 ; hli cEpeditlon up the 
 
 Mediterranean, 3071 defeati tn* Spaniard!, 
 
 308 ; hii death, 308 
 Blakeney, general, 439 
 Blanche or Caitlie, nieea of John of England, 
 
 married to Louli, ion of Philip II. of France, 
 
 169 
 Bloihelm, battl* oi; 415 
 Bloli, count of. Se* STKPRItr 
 Blood, colonel, hli desperate attempt to lelz* th* 
 
 regaUa, 407 t pardoned by Charles II., 408 
 Blount, hi* eondnet In th* Sonth 8«a Kbemc, 
 
 431 
 
 BRI 
 
 Blueher, general, 471 1 battl* of Lelpiio. 471 , 
 *n«*n Fran**, 479 1 iitknUi at Ufn,' 474 ' . 
 join* Wellington at Waterloo, 475 1 nitrcbM u I 
 Parli, 475 " ' 
 
 UoBilloca, queen of th* leenl, and her dsugiitrn 
 outraged by the Romani, 73 | her reTtnii. Ti', 
 anal ly defeated by Huelonlui, 73 ' ' ' 
 
 Bog oak of Ireland, 131 
 
 Bohun. earl of Hereford, lili nppnildnn In ci 
 ward I., 104 1 praienti a reronniitrnnca to I'hil 
 king, on the •** of bli embarcatlon fur Irun^ I 
 
 BoleTn, Anne, Henry VIII. falls In love vlthhtr I 
 803 I privately married to Henry, 801 1 iIih I 
 birth to Elliab«tb, SOI 1 the marrhge cnnOrm«d I 
 by the homes of conToeatton and by act of I 
 parliament, 305 1 her unwomanly eiuliailon on I 
 the death of Catherine of Arrngnn, 3<M| |„, I 
 Jealouiy of .Tano Seymour, 30«( her »|iinrcMi I 
 Intrigne with ilr llcnry Norrli, SON 1 condcM I 
 of InSdellty br a cummUiInn of twcnij-iiil 
 peerb 300 1 publicly btVeaded on the Tuitr.| 
 
 Bollngbroke, lord.' 8** 8T. Jonir 
 
 Bolura, hiitory of, 893 
 
 Boniface VIII., pope, his bull agalnst'the piTn»|l 
 of taxes byth* clergy, 193 1 medlalts IxtiKnl 
 Edward I. ofKnglandand Philip IV. of Fnn» | 
 105 1 failure of his afforu to sar* Scotliad ftom'l 
 Edward I., 107 ' 
 
 Bonner, his opposition to the Rcfomiittlon, In 1I1, 
 rcign of Edward VI,, 316 1 Imprltoucil t.,, 
 maintaining the doctrine of the real \\rninct 
 83il| restored to hli we by quocn Msrjt, iic'- 
 hli coarse and unrelenting barbarity In the int.' 
 Kcutlon under queen Mary, 335 1 hli iniolat 
 brutality toward! Cranmer, 337, 338 ; dtiiutu 
 quocn Elizabeth, 330 
 
 Bonoiui, defeat of, 67 
 
 Borneo, nlitory of, 871 
 
 Boroughbrtdgo, battle of, 204 
 
 BoiGobol wood, Charlei il.'i eicap* there, 8M 
 
 Boston, closing of Its port, 434 ; beilcgod by Wub, 
 Ington, 435 
 
 Bothwell, carl of. taken Into tho conflijcnct ol 
 Mary queen or Mcoti. 317 ; luipectcil of tliij 
 murder of Darnlcy, 347 ; hli trlnl, 3 17 i carrio 
 off Mary, 348 { marrlui her, 348 ; cicajKii lo ibe 
 Orkney!, 348 | bis miserable death in DenmiTk, 
 
 • MB 
 
 Bi'ulogne, Buonaparte's preparations tlicroforibi 
 Inraslon of England, 455 ' 
 
 Boxloy, miraculons crucifix found there Ij thi 
 eommlisloneri of Henry VIIL, 310 
 
 Royne, battle of the, 413 
 
 Brackenbury, sir Robert, his refusal to murder 
 the two young nrincei in the Tower, 276 
 
 Braddnck, general, defeat of hli expedition, 4i9 
 
 Bradibaw, preildent of th* court (or the triiU 
 Cbarl** 1., 80Ot dlilntorment of hli bod;, 400 
 
 Brandywine, battl* of, 436 1 
 
 BraruM, William, raftues to obey the Ininliliii 
 demands of John, 176 ; starred to death li 
 Franc*, 175 
 
 Braill, blitory of, 890 
 
 Breads, treaty oft 401 
 
 Brembre, sir Nlcliolaa, obarsed with high trciioi 
 In the reign of RIcnKrd II., 224 ; coDdemni^ 
 and executed, 334 
 
 Brctcuil, De, goTornor of Winchester, ISl ;«» 
 ▼ours to keep the royal treainres at Wincbi 
 from Henry Bcauclcro, 131 
 
 Brian Borohme, king of Muniter, SSOidefr 
 Malaclil king of Mcath, 560; bencflcisi 
 of his supremacy in Ireland, 560 : lili 
 671 
 
 Brian, son of the count of Brittany, defctu 
 Irish Inraders In DeTonihlre, 118 
 
 Bridport, admiral, defeats tbo French fled 
 li'Orient, 446 ; bli menage to the rontiieeni 
 Splthead, 440 
 
 Brightric, (TOTemor of Herds, deftatcd b; 
 
lEnlrtir. 
 
 •17 
 
 UBI 
 
 laratlofii thcro for ibil 
 
 r>d with high trciKil 
 I., 834 ; condeiMril 
 
 I Mitol it'^H 400 
 
 I Huln, revltw of tha tn\f hlitory of, 00 1 th« 
 C'lliU trlb«t of Briuin knd of othtr parti of 
 CumiWi 70 1 chkrtctvritlloi of tha Brttona, 70 1 
 iiipmne |)0«»r In Iha liandi of Ilia Dnildt, 70 1 
 Ikf flrtt InvMlnn of JullutC»»r,70 i hli Hcniiil 
 Iii'mIuii, 71 I vletnrlMof Oiar tcrmlnatliiv In 
 I m>re nominal eonqurit, 7I| maii t'X|ir(trtlan 
 of Ctllyul*) 71 1 iiu'ct'iiful ln«a>l<>ni In Ilio 
 rtlfn or Claudlui, 71 1 lm|irli»nmenl ofCarao. 
 Ucui, 71 1 dntrucllnn of tlie Uriildi bjr Hiiv. 
 lonliUi 71 1 ttrrlbia rliinf iindar Doadlcca, 71 1 
 Apleola Mtabllthet tha Roman lupramaoT, and 
 (illiotr ttis FIcti and Reoti br » chain of forli, 
 j'Jl lubicquent il(<|)artur« of ilia Romani anil 
 Iniulnni of Iho I'IcU and Henli, 7^ \ Groant q/ 
 Hi BriloHi, 73 1 Briloiii anpaal In Iha flaioni,74 1 
 (omiiioit nf til* Gounlry bjr HenRlit and llorta, 
 U\ niabllihmcnl of Iho lUptarchj, 70 1 In- 
 troduellnn of ChrlittanllT, 76, i InTailon of, by 
 Ctitr, 03 ; reduced by (ho araporor Claudluii 
 U. »•« SAXONS and Enolani). 
 ■irithi'lDi, c^pellad Itom tha arohblihoprlo of 
 Cinwrbury, 09 
 
 IHihrie, duko of Eiiaa, ilain by tha Dana*. 101 
 jilio, Richard, ona of tha murdoran of Thomai 
 lB«ektt,130 
 Ihloni. See BRtTAlIf 
 
 jriiunr, duke of, won orer' to Iha eanni' nf Iho 
 
 Enillih In tho relm of Henry VI. by V ford, 
 
 Hi 1 detached by Itlchrinnnt fyom the KnKlldi 
 
 HQip, iii i comiiollrd by Hedford to ai'.hiTo lo 
 
 ihc treaty of 1 royn, 2 15 ( attacked by «lr 
 
 Fnncii Nurienne, 3M | compeniatlon demanded 
 
 [from KnKland by Charlci VII., 3A5 
 
 boko, captain, hit capture of the Cheiapeako, 47.3 
 
 iniifhim, couniel for queen Caroline, 480 1 hli 
 
 I (ipotltlon of the abuMi and Imperfactloni of Iho 
 
 IUw,485 
 
 Iruci', Robert, hii dliputa with Ballot for tlip 
 
 I nii«n of Scotland, lOO ; arbitration of Edward 
 
 I. uiinit him, 100 ; aecrctly cneourwoei William 
 
 Wallace, 100 t hli Interview with Wallaee after 
 
 the battlo of Falkirk, 107 | eieapei from Enfr- 
 
 lind, 198 : aTowa before theanembty of ScottUh 
 
 loblci St Diimfrlci, hit determination of follow. 
 
 Iiiir up the cITortt of Wallace, 100; ilayi Cum. 
 
 niij 'he traitor, 100 i crowned kind at Scone, 
 
 W; riitiled liy the Eiigllib, 900; ralltci hit 
 
 Ifurceton the acceiiion of Edward II., 300; 
 
 I drliei the Engllih out of Scotland, 201 ; hli 
 
 I ipltndid victory ovvr tho Enellih at Bannock. 
 
 I bum, 303 ; cronei tbu EnglUh border, Sn3 ; 
 
 I dnnltory war at the comroeno ment of the rclatn 
 
 I of Edward III,, 307 ; iMace with England, 30H ; 
 
 I bU death, 310 ; hli Inrailon of Ireland, 680 
 
 pwt, Da«ld, ion of Robert Bruce, betrothed to 
 
 [Jino, ititer of Edward III., 306; luceeedi to 
 
 I tb( throne of Scotland, 310; fliei to Franca 
 
 ■ from Edward Ballol, 311 ; recalled to Scotland, 
 1 216; Inradei England during tho abience of 
 
 ■ Edward III, In France, 316; defeated by queen 
 |Plilllppa,316; lodged In the Tower of London. 
 IS16;reiloredto Scotland on payment of 100,000 
 Imirki, 318 
 
 icr, Edward, bli InTailon of Ireland. A80 
 .wyi, commander of tho French ueet In the 
 Ibitlleofthe Nile, 451 
 ^nuburgh, battle of, 04 
 
 loiwick, thehonieof, 410 
 iwli, revolution at, 717 
 
 ntu), Luclui Junlui, itory of, B5 
 
 WuiihliaiiaiilnatlonorCsiar, 63t ht* iubie> 
 
 ■lent career, 63 
 
 wtB, earl of, titular conitabla of France in the 
 
 Ngn of Charlei VII,, defMtad by Bedford at 
 
 Trrmenll, 343 
 
 khitMt, treaty of, 757 
 
 kkiniham, duko ofL hcadi the partv oppoicd to 
 
 Pnbcth, wife of Edward IV., 373 ; lanctloni 
 
 p murder of the tarl of Riven by Richard 
 
 iuke of OloucMter, 374 1 agreei to aufit Richard 
 
 DCO 
 
 In obtaining tha arown, 974 ; hli aiartlnni, 9701 
 preiiei the crown upon Hiclmnl, 'J7tl i lil'clalmi 
 on the lUreford pro|i«rty uj)|Hit('il by Richard, 
 377 1 Kimutei the uauM iif llvury. earl of Rich, 
 mond, 97i I r.'VoUi In Walei, li78 ; taken |>r|. 
 •onvr and exerulvd, 378 
 
 Buckingham, duke of, condemnrd ami executed in 
 the ri'lan of llrnry VIII., 3U(> 
 
 Buckingham, Ueorge VUllxri duke nf, hli raiild 
 rlia In the favour of Jamci l.,.3iif)i ntrnclniii 
 oonduclof hli brother ilr Edward Vllllun In 
 axcrcliing hli monopoly of making void and 
 lilver lace, 373 ; aceompanlei nrliice Clinrlei on 
 a rnmantlo vltlt to the court of Spain, 37.% ; hli 
 iniullliig conduct, 37.%; the match broken nlT, 
 870; ndrliei the exppdillun In aid of Fn-ilorU-k 
 the elector palatine, 570; enlruited by Cliarlci 
 I, with Iho expodlllun to Hoohelle, 377 ; III 
 failure, .^77 ; preparei a lecond expedition, 378 ; 
 aiianlnated at Forltmouth, 378 
 
 BucklnBhnm, duka of, in tha Cabal minhtry of 
 Charlii II., 401 ' 
 
 Bunkers hill, battle of, 43S 
 
 Bull'i lliin, battle of, 883 
 
 Buonaimrti', Nniiole.int takri Toulon, 444; hli 
 camiwlgn In Itnly, 447; defeat! Iho Auitrlnni 
 at l,odl, 447 ; granii an arnilitlce to the pope, 
 448 i defeat! the Anitrlani at Areola, 448 i lakni 
 Manluii, 448 ; Invadci Auilria, 448 i treiity with 
 Aii«lrln, 448 ; hit PX|it>dltton to P.|ry|)t, 44!) ; >lu. 
 feat of the French fleet In tho battle of the Nile, 
 4.M ; Invade! I'aleitlne, 4.M ; compelled lo rnUo 
 the liege of Aero, 4.VJ ; dcfcati the Turk! at Iha 
 ryranilda, 4.'>3 ; relurni to France, diiiolvei tha 
 national aiioinltly and makei himielf flr«t con- 
 lul, 453; hli overtnrvi to F.ii({Iaiid I'ur iicact. rv. 
 Jected by Urenvllle, 45'^; Aiidrlan cunipalgn, 
 453; battle! of MonlebeUo and Maren^ru, 4.'i.'; 
 
 ' treaty at Lunevlllo, 4.'i3 ; pciico of Aniteni, 4.'il ; 
 
 . become! flritconiiil for life, 4.54; liiitltutei the 
 legion of honour, 451 ; flr«t ngKre- .loni and inio. 
 lence toward! England, 455 ; iniiulti the Kngliih 
 ambaiiador, 455 ; detain! all Iho Engliah rei|, 
 dent! HI prlioneri of war, 455 ; Invailon of Han 
 over, 455; prepare* an armament at Boulogne 
 for the invaiinn of England, 455 ; execution of 
 tho duko D'Enghlen, 456 ; crowned emperor 
 of France, 456 ; aiiumei the lllleof king of Italy, 
 456 ; unltei the French and Kpaniih fleet!, 457 ; 
 expedition to tho Weit lnMle», 457 1 fleet under 
 Viileneuve and Oravlna cliuicd by Nelion, 457 ; 
 action oft' Ferrol, 457 ; blockaded in Cadiz, 457| 
 battle of Trafalgar, 457 ; Austrian Invailon or 
 Bavaria, 458 ; junction of the Auitrian and Hui. 
 ilan armlea, 458 ; battle of Auitcrlilx, 458 1 
 treaty at Preiburgh, 450 ; Joieph Buonaparte 
 made king of Naplvi, 450 ; beatowi Holland on 
 hli brother Louli, 450 ; defeat! the Pruiiiani at 
 Jena, 401 ; battlci of Morliigen and Kylau, 
 401 ; takingof Dantzic, 463 ; battle of Friedland, 
 403 ; treaty of Tilsit, 403 ; declare! tho Brltiali 
 Iilandi in a itatoof blockade, 463 ; acndi Junot 
 into Portugal, 403 ; conferi the throne of Spain 
 on Joieph Buonaparte, 463 ; peace between Spain 
 and England, 463 ; invadei Spain, and ontcn 
 Madrid, 464 1 Auitria again goei over to the 
 allici, 464; Vienna taken, 464; battle of Wa- 
 gram, 464; the treaty at Schonbrun, 404; dl. 
 vorcei Joiephlne and marrlea the archducheii 
 Maria Louiia, 466 : invadci Ruiaia, 468 ; burn- 
 ing of Moicow, 460; diaaatroui retreat, 460; 
 conipiraoy of Mallet agalnit him, 470 ; battle of 
 Liitzen, 470: recall of20,000 troops from Spain, 
 470; campaign In Bohemia, 471; battle of 
 Lelpiic, 471 ; hli contiucntal lyitcm broken 
 up, 471 1 retreat to Parii, 473 ; Invasion of the 
 alllei, 473; conference! at Chatillon, 473 ; hli 
 abdication, 473 ; retirement to Elba, 473 : re. 
 turni to France, 474; campaign in the Nether- 
 land!, 474; defeated at Waterloo, 475: retuma 
 to Parii, and abdicate! bii throne, 475 1 lur. 
 render! to Captain HaiUand, 476 ; reildaa at Sfc 
 
 fcjl 
 
gi8 
 
 5tnvtp, 
 
 BUO 
 Helen*, 476 ; hit de»tb, 481 ; reraorul of bit 
 reiDkini to Psrii, 503 
 
 Buonaparte, Joseph, kins of Naplei, 459; abdi- 
 cate! the throne of Naiuet in favour of Murat 
 and becomet lilns of Spain, 403; defeated at 
 Vittoria, 470 ; defeated hj the alllci, 473 
 
 Buonaparte, Louii, kinv of Holland, 459, 714; 
 abdicate! In favour of hii !on, 400 
 
 Buonaparte, Louii Napoleon, faUuro 6f hi! expedi- 
 tion to Boulofpie, 501 ; condemned to perpetual 
 inipriionmcn^ 501 ; elected to the ofllce of pre- 
 !ident, 649 ; hi! coup d'etat, 050 ; elected em. 
 iwror of the French, 051 ; hit marriaRo \ritlt the 
 countoM-duclics! Eugenia, 651 ; hia part in the 
 Crimean war, 651 ; attemuti to as!aiiinato him, 
 051 ; hi! ihar«inthe Italian war of liberation, 
 051, 767 ; the lu'ztcan cxiiedltion, 052 
 
 Burdctt, !ir Francin, chosen member fur Weit- 
 miniter, 401; committed to the Tower, 465; 
 released, 460 
 
 Burfther Danei, the Five, 89, 03, OS 
 
 Burglary in the open street! during daylight In the 
 reiKnofllenry II., 158 
 
 Iturgoyne, !urrenden to the American forces, 436 
 
 Burgundy, duke of, hi! deiertion of lUchard Cu!ur 
 dc IJou in Palestine, 105 
 
 Burgundy, duke of, his war with tho French court 
 in the reign of Chariot VI., 238, '240 ; murdered 
 by CImrlei the dauphin, 210 ; Philip, tlic new 
 duke, allic! with Henry V. of England, to drive 
 out the dauphin, 240; refutes tho regency of 
 Franco offered by Bedford, 223 ; quarreli with 
 the duke of Gloucester, 324 ; reconciled by Bed- 
 ford, but cool! towards the Engliih cause in 
 France, 225; quarrclt with Bedford, 252; 
 transfert hit support to Charlc! VII., 233 ; com- 
 mence! the !iege of Calais, but retreati, 253 ; 
 rausoms the duke of Orleans, 253 
 
 Burke, Edmund, his impeachment of Warren 
 Hastings, 441 ; bU quarrel witli Fox, 441 
 
 Burke, the murderer, trial and execution of, 486 
 
 Burleigh, lord. Seo CKCIL 
 
 Burlcy, lir Simon, executed for high treason in 
 the reign of Richard 11., 224 ; liii great popula- 
 rity, 225 
 
 Biirmah, war between England and, 535, 530 
 
 Hiirmah, war in, of 1821, 842 
 
 Kurncs, !ir Alexander, murdered at Caboul, 505 
 
 Burnett, biihop, ai!isti William III. in funding, 
 415 
 
 Burning for hcreiy, firit awarded by Henry IV., 
 232 
 
 Burthred, hi! shameful treaty with tlio Dane! 
 punished by their perftdy, 80 
 
 Bute, earl of, obtains olilce, 4^1 ; nrKolialet a 
 peace with France and Spain, 432 ; resigns ulUce, 
 424 
 
 Buzaco, battle of, 400 
 
 Uj'ug, admiral, tried by court martial for not re- 
 lieving Minorca, 42U ; hit execution, 429 
 
 CABAL ministry In the reign of Charles II., 401 
 Caboul. See A|.'F(IIIA.M,STAN 
 
 Cade, Jack, hi! insurrection in the reign of Henry 
 VI., 258 ; declares himieifto be tlic son of lir 
 John Mortimer, 258; defeats tir llinnplirey 
 Stafford at Seven Oaks, 258 ; defeated by the 
 Londoners, 258 ; killed by Arden, 268 
 
 Cadiz, taken by lord Howard and the carl of Essex, 
 300 
 
 Coedwalla, king of the Welsh Britoni, 80 
 
 Caen, taken by Edward III., 214 
 
 Ca'sar, Julius, becomes one of tho triumvirs, 03 ; 
 his rivalry with Pompey, 63 ; his conquests in 
 Germany, Gaul, and Britain, 03 ; becomes iht- 
 petual dictator, 03; defeats Pompey at tlie but- 
 tle of Pharsalla, 63; assassinatetl in the senate, 
 63; his conquest of Gaul, 70 ; his first invasion 
 of Britain, 09, 70 ; his second invasion, 71 
 
 Caifrc war, the, 531 ; conclusion of, 538 
 
 Cairns, sir Hugh, his Lauded Estate! Titlei Bill, 
 653 
 
 CAR 
 
 Calui Cniar, or Callguto, the emperor, liii nv 
 04 * 
 
 Calaii,'it«ge of, by Edward IIL. 210 ; its surrraJwi 
 216; pardon of the six patriotic cititiiu 2ici 
 the city occupied by English coloiiiiu •nJ 
 nearly lost by treachery, 217; lost to tho Eii»l 
 lish In tho reign of Mary. 339 'I 
 
 Calcutta, taken by Suraja Dowla, 430 ; black iioU 
 oi, 450 n 
 
 Calder, sir Robert, his action with the Frencli idJ 
 Spanish fleet off Ferrol, 457 ; sentenced by i 
 court-martial to be reprimanded, 457 
 
 California, discovery of gold in, 522 
 
 Caligula, the emperor, reign of, 64 
 
 Cambray, peace of, 000 
 
 Cambridge, earl, his conspiracy against IlcnnV 
 In favour of the earl of March, 258 ; hUcouiic 
 tion and ez>.-cution, 238 
 
 Oambyset, reign of, 43 
 
 Camillus, takes Veil, 50 ; his exile, CO ; his tol 
 turn and defeat of the Gauls, CO 
 
 Cam|icrdown, battle of, 440 
 
 Canaan, land of, 44. See JEW.S 
 
 Canada, discontent in, fomented by the nM Frdiil 
 party, 496 ; earl of Durham a;)puinti'a|.'uti'iiiui 
 general, 496 ; contests with the insuri,'rii(, i^ 
 1838, 490; passing of tho Indemnity Aii,497| 
 renewal of tiio rehclllon, 407 ; sir ,1iihu ('o| 
 borne apiiointcd governor-general, 49i : IjuioiT 
 of, 888 
 
 Caniia;, battle of, 01 
 
 Canning, accepts tho foreiirn serretaryihiiij;;! 
 forms a ministry, 484 ; iiis death, -thj T 
 
 Canning, lord, governor-general of Imliu, hii prj 
 clnmution, 551 
 
 Canterbury, New Zealand, 907 
 
 Canton, bombardment and capture of, 8G I 
 
 Canute, son of Swcyn, hU !ucccites in EnKliuiJ 
 104 ; oppoiied by Edmund, 104 ; shares thckiui 
 dom with Edmund, 104 ; becomes sole iki 
 105 ; measure! for securing his power, Im 
 marries Emma, sister of Ethelred, IU5 ; rcptoTi 
 his courtiers for flattery, 100 ; invades Scotlu] 
 100 ; dies, 106 1 
 
 CaiM>l, sir William, hti payment of cuorDioutilDJ 
 to Henry VII., 289 ' 
 
 Capets, dynasty uf, 623 
 
 Cappadocia, ravaged by Mithrldates, kingofPoJ 
 tus, 02 
 
 Capua, Hannibal at, 01 ; taken from the Canlu 
 ginians by the Younger iicipio, Ul 
 
 Caracalla, emperor of Home, liUtory of lilircln 
 60 1 
 
 Caractacui, hit itruggle against tho Ronuil 
 60 
 
 Carauitu!, takes the purple, 07 
 
 Cari'W, tir Peter, hit premature rising In himi 
 Wyutt'! rebellion, 350 
 
 Carinut; emperor, hit reign, 07 
 
 Carlitlc, bishop of, hit defence of RieliarillJ 
 agalntl the charge! of Henry of L-ifxa-^cr, ii^ 
 
 Carlitts, insurrection of, in the reicn ui "rrlinu 
 VII,, 671; contest with tlie ChrUtino), i;;;! 
 
 Carlos, Don, his claim to the throne of Siuin o| 
 tho death of Ferdinand VIL lupportcd bj' t 
 absolutists, 671 
 
 Carlovlngians, establishment of the dynasty i.t,lj 
 Ciiarlcs Martel, 622 
 
 Carlsbad, congress of minittcri at, 689 
 
 Caroline of Bruniwick, married to Georg^ r>fij 
 of Walet, 440 ; soparatei from her Iiiii!.in 
 448 ; her trial, 480 ; refuted the right of Uiij 
 crowned, 480 ; her deatli, 4S0 
 
 Carre, Robert, obtains the favour of Jamul,; 
 created carl of Rochester, 308 ; oblaiiii il 
 friendship of sir Thomas Overbury, SiJUiH 
 guilty intrigue with the countess of l':ssti.3^ 
 obtains the committal of Overbury to the To>a 
 500 ; marries the divorced countess, .'1G0 ; era* 
 carl of Somerset, 360; poisoning of Ovcrlmir 
 300 ; loses tho favour of James I„ 3r>!)i l«» 
 guilty of the murder of Overburv, Z'Olf 
 doned, 370 ; lilt miserable death, 370 
 
Snlre):* 
 
 919 
 
 CAB 
 
 cmpi'TAr, lili Tdgi 
 
 [.,810;iUiun('iiJtr| 
 triotic cititini, 21G| 
 
 'in ; luit to the Eiiil 
 ;59 f 
 
 >wla,450; lilacki\oU 
 
 1 with the Frencli ui| 
 457 ; «ciUpii«(ii1 by ( 
 landed, 467 
 
 In, b'i-i 
 
 of, CI 
 
 'acv af;nUitt IlcnryV 
 urcii, Vfot) i liU comigj 
 
 hii exile, GO; Ml iJ 
 nil, CO 
 
 lEWS ^ 
 
 ntcdbythcnllFttiirl 
 m ai>i>ointi'(l |:uvoi iioi] 
 ritli the insiiri;( iiti ii 
 10 Indemnity All, Wl 
 I, 497 ; sir Jolui ('o| 
 r'gcneral, 497 ; liitiui 
 
 en iccretarytliiiUSil 
 lia di'tttli, 'Ihj 
 neral of liiilia, liii iiri 
 
 007 
 I eaptuTCof, 80 1 
 
 Bucccues in KiigUnl 
 id, 104 i>li»rei tilt kiuj 
 )4 ; become* lolc iLiiuj 
 ?urinK hi« power, lOa 
 iEtheired,105;rcproti 
 
 100 ; invailci Scotlui^ 
 
 >meDt of cnormouiil 
 
 IthrUates, kingofPo^ 
 
 taVcn from tlic Cinki 
 bci|iio, til 
 lie, liibtoryoflilircijr 
 
 againit the Romu 
 
 aturc TiiinR in favouij 
 
 n (V7 
 
 lefcnce of RlcIurJIj 
 
 eiiry of Lai'^a-'tr,;; 
 1 tlie rcit'n oi "Mini 
 
 tlic Clivistinos, I'ii 
 
 thu tlii-onc of Siiiin 
 
 VIL lUlHiortcd bj 
 
 But of the dynasty <.'il 
 
 itcri at, 689 
 
 arrlcdtoGeorgp.vni 
 itc* from her liuto 
 uscdtlio riglilotte 
 li,4S0 „ , 
 favour of Jamcji, 
 Iter, 508; oWmi 
 lai 0»crbury, 3w; 
 _ GOuntcBi of EsifJ. 
 fOvorburytotliclo'i 
 idcountc«8, 509)cr»i 
 
 riiioning of (Kcrti' 
 Jame. I„ 3i'!>i '" 
 of OTcrburv, 5i0; 
 ,blo death, 370 
 
 ImIiii^, trraty of tho Romnni with, S?, 54, 50 ; 
 dntroyed by Publlu« Coriieliui Suipio, (i3 
 linliifiniAnt, expedition of, into Sicily, SO ; their 
 liMRof Meiiina, 01; eauit-i of tho flrM Punic 
 nr, 01 ; and of tlie iccond, 01 ; defeated at the 
 Intilo of Zama, 01 ; their war with Maiiniiia, 
 
 62 
 
 tirr, Lucius lord Falliland, bla death and ch»- 
 
 r ticter, 381 
 
 uttI, ie:ent of Jamci II. to Rome, 407 
 
 >iil)claunus kinf; of ttic Trinobautei, defeated 
 iiid deiHued by Juliui Cffitar, 71 
 
 ^llilll, liit career, 03 
 
 hiilemain, carl of, hit million to Itomo In the 
 rrigiiof Jamct II., 410 
 
 ^lina, Ludui Serglui, tali conipiracy, 02 ; his 
 
 I dMili, 65 
 
 bieiby, orlginatci tho Gunpowder Plot, 504; 
 
 [joined by t'lcrcy, Guido Vauz, and ntlicri, 305 ; 
 diicoterjr of the plot, 300 ; liii death, 500 
 [Uhirlne of Franco, married to Henry V. of Eng- 
 luvl, 240; iccond marriage with lir Owen 
 
 I Tudor, 242 
 
 ubcati, general, liU victorlca orcr the CalTrci, 
 
 to 
 
 Merine, daughter of Ferdinand of Arragon, 
 [niiricd to Arthur, son of Henry VII., 295; licr 
 ■Kond marriage with prince llonry, brotiicr of 
 Arihur, and afterwards Henry VIII., 293 ; con- 
 lummation of the marriage, 21^5; objections 
 niinl against It, 502; her affecting appeal to 
 Htury, 236; annulment of tho niarriugo by 
 Cnomer and the court at Dunstable, 5u4 ; rc- 
 (umtoglTe up tier title of queen of England, 
 l304i refused permisilon to tee her daugliter 
 liluv, 508 : her death, 308 
 kherlneof Portugal, her marriage with Charles 
 III, of England, 400 ; charged by Bedloo with 
 
 nnlTlngat the murder of Godfrey, 40:i 
 
 hetine 1. of Kuiila, her wan with the Turks, 
 |(U 
 
 Khciine II. of Rusiis, reign of, 752 ; her dcatgn 
 ifnpflling the Turks from Europe. 750 
 iiliolic emancipation, Savillo't bill followed by 
 llhc Cordon riots, 457 ; promiied bv Pitt to cii- 
 Inre the Irish union, 455 ; passes botli houses, 
 Ibul rcruicd the royal assent, 401 ; opposed by 
 p'cUington and Peel's miniitry, 485; intra- 
 Idacrd by Peel and passed, 480 
 
 njiiidcathat Utica, 03 
 
 Mtr.**, conspiracy, 479 
 
 lipuc, general, suiipreiaoi the insurrection of 
 
 heSSrdof June, 049; hitconteit for the pro- 
 
 idnitiliip, 019 
 
 liour, count, 706, 767 ; hit death, 773 
 
 Vnpore, maiiacre of, 844 
 
 film, a powerfiil king of the West Saxona, do. 
 
 ainl by the confederate forcct of the Hcptarcliy 
 
 aderL'tiiclbert,70 
 
 I, lord Burleigh, sent to the Tower in the reign 
 Edward VI., 322; minister of Elizabeth, 
 
 47; ills conduct towards Mary queen of Scots, 
 
 'lO; tdvisettiolcut meaturci, 351; hit death, 
 
 pi and hii colony, legend! of, 42 
 
 ine v., po|ic, refuiet to abaniro Philip IT, 
 
 n hit oatu not to attack England In tho ab- 
 
 Dceof llichardl., 103 
 
 hMitoiy of the, 70 
 
 ttfi, king of Mcrcia, 81 
 
 tile, goternor of Dcvoniblro, defeats tho Danci 
 
 IWlgsnburgli, 84 
 
 die ind Kenric, the Saxoni, their InTaiion of 
 
 liiain, 75 ; found tho kingdom of tho Wett 
 
 •toiii, or Wessex, 76 
 
 liui, Ills liege of JcrtiMtlcm, 47 
 
 ion, lilitory of, 868 
 
 Branca, battle of, 50 
 
 lloni, battle of, 67 ; little battle of, 183 
 
 tui, cutle of, bettegpd by Richanl I., 167 
 
 flemsKne, hit frlendthip fur Offa, king of 
 
 wit, 81 
 
 ileoiigae, emperor, periecutlun of the [-as in 
 
 CITA 
 
 Saxont of Germany, 83 ; reign of, 6S3 ; cmpiro 
 of, 084 
 
 Charlcrol, battle of, 445 
 
 Charlei I aon of Jamea I., proposals for liia mar- 
 riage with tho aiiter of Pliilip I V. of Spain, ,'(73 ; 
 neceiaity for a diipentatiun from Rome, 374 ; 
 makea a romantic visit to tho court of Spain, 
 375 ; cordially received by Phlliii, 57.'> ; dis|ien- 
 tation refused by iiopo Urban VIll.,375 ; insult, 
 ing conduct of liucklngiiam, 570 ; the maieli 
 broken off, 370 ; tuei for the- liand of Henrietta 
 of France, .^70 ; succeeds to tlic tlirone of Eng- 
 land, 370 ; hit extravagant notions of the royal 
 prerogative, 377 ; exacts a benevolence tax, 577 ; 
 tummont a parliament and endeavouri to ex- 
 clude the oppotltion membcri, 577 ; tells dit- 
 pensationi to Catholict, borrowt of tho nobility, 
 and leviet thip-money, 377 ; tondt Buckingham 
 agninit Itoebelle, 377 ; hit rupture with the 
 parliament on tho tonnage and poundage quci- 
 linn, 378 ; and Impriionment of^membert, 378 ; 
 prcparct for a tecond expedition againit Ro- 
 cliclle, 378 ,' concludet a peace, 379 ; entruitt 
 tho government to Wentworth and Laud, 570 ; 
 continuation of abuiei, 579 ; extension of tho 
 Star Chamber, 379 ; the levying of thip-money 
 by him oppoicd by John IJampden, o80 ; hit 
 uu>vi3a ctfortt to introduce epiicopacy into 
 Scotland, 380 ; hit distress for money, 380 ; par- 
 liament refuses to grant him tuppliea, 581 ; hit 
 impeachment of Wentworth, now earl of Straf. 
 ford, 381 ; hit High Commltsion Court and Star 
 Cliambcr aboliihcd by act of parliament, 381 ; 
 rebellion in Ireland, 381 ; vote of the commoni 
 that no biiliop ihould have a teat in parliament, 
 382 ; hit attempts to arrest Ave members In 
 their place in parliament, 382 ; univeraal opjie- 
 tition, 383 ; bit apology to parliament, 382 ; the 
 parliament demand the delivering up of the 
 i'ortrestei and forces of tho kingdom into its 
 own oiBccri, 385 ; his refusal, 583 ; commence- 
 ment of the civil war, 38.'? ; preparations on 
 each tide, 383 ; da.vbtful battle of Edgehiil, 583 ; 
 tucceiica of the rovaliits, 384 ; holds a parlia. 
 ment at Oxford, 381 ; terrible character of tho 
 war, 584 ; petition! for peace, 384 ; his defeat at 
 Marston Moor, 38S ; and at Nateby, 387 ; con- 
 tinued aucccases of the parliamentary party, 
 387 ; fliea to Scotland, 387 ; delivered up by 
 tho Scota, 388 ; disputes amongst the parliament 
 party, 388 ; military parliament formed, 388 ; 
 arrested at Holmby Castle b}- Joyce, 588 ; con. 
 fined at Hampton Court, 389 ; escapes to tho 
 Isle of Wight, 590 ; again taken prisoner, ."^90 ; 
 citabliihraent of tlie ' rump * parliament, 390 ; 
 removed to London, 390 ; his altered appear- 
 ance, 390 ; preparations for his trial on a 
 charge of treason, 390 ; the trial In Wettminster 
 Hall, 391 ; tentenced to death, ,'fOl ; hit treat- 
 ment by the populace. 391; hit interview with 
 hit children, .'191 ; hit vacillation and inain- 
 cerity, 391 ; diicovcry of hit correapondenco 
 with tho queen by Cromwell and Ircton, 391 ; 
 Ilia heroic conduct at bit execution, 393 ; hit 
 last momenta, 393 
 
 Charlei II., offera a carte blanche to parliament 
 for tho redemption of hia father'a life, 391 ; in- 
 vited to Scotland, 393; aniioyancei from the 
 Scota, 595 ; makes a bnid entrance Into Eng- 
 land, 393 ; defeated at Worcester, 593 ; eacapet 
 from the field, and is concealed by tho Pende. 
 rcUa, 594 ; ttory of the roval oak, 594 ; rcachei 
 Normandy, 394; lendt tir John Granvlllo to 
 general Monk, 399 ; his letter to parliament, 
 400 ; bit restoration, 400 ; act of Indemnity, 
 400 ; punishment of the regicidet, 400 ; hit over- 
 weening love of pleasure, 400 ; marrlet Cathe. 
 rine the infanta of Portugal, 400 ; war with tho 
 Dutch, 401 ; impeachment and exile of Ciaren* 
 don, 401 ; the Cabal ministry, 401 ; discontent 
 of the people, 401 ; pretended -ploti of Kirby 
 and Tongc, 401 ; appearance of Titui Oatet, 
 401 ; hit depoiition before tir Edmondbury 
 
 
 '! 
 
 fuM 
 
 ■ 
 
 n 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 1 H 
 
 i 
 
 i'Pi 
 
 
920 
 
 itt^StV* 
 
 CEA 
 
 Oodflrey, 403 ; murder of Godfrey, 403 ; ffeunti 
 alarm and agitation, 402; pension bestowed 
 on Gates, 402; appearance of Bedlje, 403; 
 scandalous charfco against the queen, 403; 
 successive executions of tiio papists, 403; con- 
 demnation and execution of Strafford, 404 ; 
 passing of the Habeas Corpus Act, 404 ; appear, 
 ance of Dangerfleid as a plot discoverer, 404 ; 
 the mcal-tub plot, 404 ; failure of the attempt 
 to pass the exclusion bill, 401; increase of in- 
 formers and libellers, 404 ; conduct of Fitiharris, 
 405 ; Charles dissolves parliament and deter- 
 mines to reign without one, 405 ; his tyrannical 
 proceedings, 405 ; persecution of the Presby- 
 terians, 405; trial and execution of Stephen 
 College, 405 ; the Rye-house plot, 400 1 its dii. 
 covery, 40B ; execution of Kussell and Sidney, 
 406 ; his death and character, 407 
 
 Charles Edward, the young pretender, son of the 
 chevalier, and grandson of James II., 436 ; lands 
 in the Hebrides, 436 ; proclaimed king at Edin- 
 burgh, 437 ; defeats. sir John Copo at Preston 
 Fans, 437 ; advances to Derby, but then returns 
 to Scotland, 427 ; captures Stirling, 427 ; de- 
 feated by the Duke of Cumberland at Culloden, 
 427 ; escapes to France, 437 
 
 Charles Martel, reign of, 633 
 
 Charles IV. of Franco cndearourt to obtain 
 Guicnno from Edward II., 305 ; mediation of 
 quocn Isabella, 205 ; assists Isabella in her oppo- 
 sition to Edward and the Spenscrs, 205 
 
 Charles V. of France, at the battle of Poitiers, 
 317 ; rules tho kingdom during the English 
 imprisonment of his father John, 319 ; opposed 
 by the frantic demagogues of Paris, 310 ; refuses 
 to sign the treaty between John and Edward III., 
 219 ; succeeds to the throne of Franco, 319 ; 
 war with Klchard II. of England, 321 
 
 Charles VI. of France, unable to Invade England 
 in the reign of Henry IV., 232 ; distracted state 
 of France, 258 ; Invasion of Henry V., 338 ; battle 
 of Aginouurt, 239; second invasion of Henry V., 
 239 i diKgraceful treaty with Henry, 340 
 
 Charles Vfl. of Franco (tho dauphin), murders 
 tho duke of Burgundy, 240 ; opposes Henry V., 
 310; battle of Anjou, 340; driven beyond the 
 Loire by Henry, '.'41 ; assumes tho title of king 
 of France, on the accession of Henry VI., 243 ; 
 crowned at Poitiers, 243 ; suffers continued 
 disasters from the arms of Bedford, 343 ; defeat 
 of his army at Verneuil under the carl of Bu- 
 clian, 245 ; siege of Orleans by tho English, 
 245; appearance of Joan of Arc, 247; who raises 
 the siege of Orleans, 348 ; accompanies Joaa to 
 Rheims, 249 ; crowned king, 250 ; ^continued 
 successes, 250; Juan taken prisoner and cx- 
 ceuied, 251; failure of the negotiations for 
 peace at Arras, 353 : obtains the support of the 
 (luk<< of Burgundy, 253 ; demands compensation 
 from England for Hurienne's attack on liie duke 
 of Brittany, 355; recommences the war with 
 success, 356 
 
 Charles VIII. of France, outgenerals Henry VII. 
 of England, 285 ; Henry invades France, 286 ; 
 treaty uf peace, 380 ; entertains Pcrkin War- 
 beck, 288; dismisses Warbcck Irom his court, 
 388 
 
 Charles IX. of France, his deceitful enmity to. 
 wards the Catholics, 353 ; massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, 352 ; his apology to Klizabetb, 353 ; 
 Elizabeth's reply, 353 ; his reign, 635 
 
 Charles X. of France, his reign, 638 : ministry of 
 VlUile, 638 ; disbanding of the national guard, 
 638; ministry of Polignac, 639: its unpopu- 
 larity, 639 ; couquest of Algiers, 639 ; suspension 
 of the liberty of the press and other ordinances 
 lubversivo of tho charter, 640; the military 
 command of Paris entrusted to Marmont, 640 ; 
 resistance to the ordinances, 041 ; skirmishes 
 between the cititeus and soldiers, 641 ; deputa- 
 tion to Marmont, 64 1 ; successes of the inittrgenti, 
 643 ; the king's abdication, 043 
 
 Charles T. empeior, hii attempt! to conciliate 
 
 OUR 
 
 Woliey, S09 ; promises Wolssy the papacy, 500 
 betrothed to Mary daughter of Henrr viii 
 and Catherine of Arragon, 300; niarriu 
 broken off, 303 ; demands the hand of Marv 
 his son Philip, 338 ; his accession to ti.e tbr 
 
 of Spain, 657 ; obtains the imperial croirn, 057 
 appoints the diet at Worms, 657 ; insurrcctioi 
 In Spain, 658 ; French invasion of Krancii U 
 658 ; defeat of Charles by the clicvalliT BajjrHl 
 658 ; Charles's visit to the court of Heorv Y|||J 
 658 ; Francis I. invades Milan, 658 ; compeUe 
 by the army of Charles to raise the siege of PatL 
 650 ; carried prisoner to Mailri<l, U59 ; lini 
 the treaty called the peace of Madrid, C69 
 storming of Rome by the forces of Charlen, 6i9i 
 peace of Cambray, 060 ; expedition of Charld 
 against tho Algerino pirate Burbarusia, 60O 
 renewal of the war with Francis I., GUI ; trcii 
 of Crespy, 661 ; abdicates his throne, (iClj 
 death and character, 661 
 
 Charles, archduke of Austria, his claim to th| 
 throne of Spain supported by queen Auiie,4ii 
 666 
 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, reign of, 720 
 
 Charles XV., king of Sweden, his atcesjion, 723 
 
 Charles IV. of Spain, reign of, 403, 007 ; admlnii 
 tration of Godoy, 667 ; connection with Napoltoi 
 Buonaparte, 607 ; quarrels of the rojal faiuili 
 667 ; aMicates, 667 
 
 Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, takes the fitli 
 against (Austria, 764 ; retires before Radeiiki 
 765 ; abdicates bis throne, 700 ; his deiil 
 706 
 
 Charlotte of Slecklcnburgh Strelitz married 
 George III., 431 ; her death, 478 
 
 Charlotte, princess, birth of, 448 ; married 
 prince Leopold, 477 ; her death, 478 
 
 Charmouth, battle of, 83 
 
 Charter, granted by Henry Bcauclerc in favour 
 the clergy and feudal nobles, 131 
 
 Chartist riots, 409 ; attcmi)t of John Frost «« 
 others to seize Newport, 499 ; trial and Iranspoi 
 tation of the ringleaders, 499 ; insurrcctiouii 
 attempt on the town of Shcilleld, 5U0; licnioi 
 stration of the 10th April, 520 ; tho monsn 
 petition, 530 
 
 Chatham, eavi of Sec PiXT 
 
 Chatham, carl of, commander in tho diiOitici 
 Walchercn expedition, 405 
 
 Chatlilon, convention nt, 473 
 
 Chcnab, battle of tho Ford of, 533 
 
 Chesapeake, captured by Captain Broke of tl 
 Shannon, 47o 
 
 Chester, fortified by Edward the elder, 93 
 
 Chichely, archbishop of Canterbury, cn| 
 Henry in a war with France, 237 
 
 Chill, history of, 889 
 
 Chillianwallah, battle of, 525 
 
 China, history of, 847 ; commencement of 
 English war, 50'i ; treaty between Kislicu 
 captain Elliot re]>udiated by the eni|jcror,5« 
 renewal of the war, 503; operation! a;: 
 Canton, 503; capture of Anioy and Chg 
 504 ; conclusion of tho war, 507 ; tlie aSaiii 
 the Arrow lorcba, 547, 804; bonibardmenti 
 capture of Canton, 804; treaty of Ticn.li 
 558, 864 ; tho action at tho mouth of tlicrd 
 805 ; Lord Elgin awointed iiieiii|iotcmii 
 805; capture of tho Taku forts, 8t'5; m 
 of Europeans, 805 ; occupation of I'diin, 
 866; treaty of Pekin, 860 
 
 Chippenham occupied by tho Dnius, 87 
 
 Cholera, its visits to Great Britain, 41)0, 
 ravages in 1849, 630 ; return of the, In li 
 540 
 
 Christiana, sister of Edward Athelinj;, 118 
 
 Christina, queen, queen regent of Spain di 
 the minority of Isabella, 672 ; retires from 
 regency, 674 ; her return to Madrid, G75| 
 ries Munoz, 675 
 
 Christina, queen dowager of Spain, bet 
 with h«r ministers, 677 
 
 Christina of Sweden, 720 
 
 Chriitiani^ flourl 
 
 ltsntb]^ 68 1 inti 
 
 CburcbUI, lord, d 
 
 forthatofWlllU 
 
 BOROUOU 
 
 Cicero, his death, 6 
 
 (Imbri, the, defeat) 
 
 Ciolra, courention 
 
 Clare, earl of, dispt 
 
 cerulng the baroi 
 
 Clarence, duke of. d 
 
 marriage with lac 
 
 her family, 266; 
 
 powerful confedi 
 
 reildence at Cala 
 
 Warwick, 368 ; aj 
 
 connection with 
 
 Warwick at the ba 
 
 bv Edward IV., 
 
 Malmsey wine, 35 
 
 Clareudou, constltut 
 
 Clarendon, lord, 40 
 
 the treaty of Bred 
 
 Clirle, iUrs. Mary 
 
 concerning, 405 
 
 Claudius, the emperi 
 
 Claudius II., empei 
 
 reign, 67 
 
 Clijpol<^> Mrs.,faTou 
 
 well, 593 
 flcnicnt VIL, pope, 1 
 power for life, 30 
 Vlll. a divorce fir 
 M3; nullifies the ( 
 lUble and the ma 
 Boleyn, 304 ; faUu 
 Ition, 305 
 Cleopatra, procIalmp( 
 connection with M 
 C4 
 
 :iitgj, English, attac 
 mads by Henry U. 
 fresh attempts to 
 temporal power of 
 John, 173; clergi 
 oierwhclming ln',i 
 of Henry II f, 185 
 demanded by Edwj 
 protection from tl« 
 to make payment, 
 Henry V entreated 
 the ecclesiastical re 
 clerfty, 237 ; their 
 mastery in tho re 
 abridgment of theii 
 the reign of Henry 
 of the clergy expel' 
 reign of Jfary, 339 
 in the reign of Elii 
 I license, 340 
 Jllirord, sir Thomas, 4 
 IIIto, lord, his victory ( 
 1430; restrains the 
 1 company's agents, 4; 
 Roaca Maxima, at Ilo 
 BodiuiAlbinus, defcai 
 
 lorii, his conversion t 
 lobbett, WilUam, 494 
 mm, lord, the emi 
 I ofthe attempt of Hei 
 llie Romish church, 
 dcmned to the staki 
 Tower, 237, organls. 
 ofthe revolt by Hem 
 Uuged, 237 
 
 Jjhrane, lord, chosen 
 
 nS'PRMwelypunlsl 
 IWibyEdwardl.. : 
 K,^«»il«ltor for the 
 lttalofCharlesL,39( 
 PweiterforUfiedbyt 
 
I'liriiM 
 
 ■ Dcauclerc infiTouiJ 
 iblCB, 131 „ L 
 
 ipt of John Iron mi 
 rl09; trial iiiidiri«i*polf 
 I, 'lyO ; insurrcctiouitj 
 Slicffleld.SUO; ilcmoil 
 prll, 620; tko mm\i 
 
 indcr in tUo dUaitrcJ 
 105 
 72 
 
 1 of, 523 ^ , , 
 Captain Broke of I 
 
 525 
 
 commcnccmciil ot I 
 
 r between KUIicul 
 
 1 by the cmiicror.Sia 
 
 03 ; oiieratioui ajai"' 
 
 of Amoy und ChuL 
 
 •war, 5U7 ; the affaitl 
 
 864; bombiirdmentiir 
 
 4; treaty of TiciMiil 
 
 the mouth of tliefeilj 
 
 olnted pleniliolenlirf 
 
 aku forts, BWjnmr' 
 
 cupatlon of l'ckln,i 
 
 tho Danoi, 87 
 
 It Britain, -WO, 401; I 
 retmn of tlic, In IS" 
 
 ard AthcUntr, 118 
 reijent of Spam Hut 
 a, 672 J rclircs fronl 
 rn to Madrid, 675; 
 
 ter of Spain, let t 
 
 Snttt):. 
 
 921 
 
 OHB 
 
 Cbriillanity flourlihM under the empnor C<m> 
 itantine, 68 1 introduetlon of, Into Enclsnd, 76 
 
 Cburcblll, lord, deterti tho cause of Jamei II. 
 for that of WUlUm of Orange, 411. See BLUII.- 
 
 BOROUOU 
 Cicero, liii death, 63 
 limbrl, the, defeated bv Mariui, 63 
 (iDtn, conTentlon of, 463 
 
 Clare, earl of, diipute with Thomsi i Becket con- 
 cerning the barony of Tunbridge, 145 
 Cltrence, duke of, deeply offended at Edward I V.'i 
 marriage with ladjr Grey, and at the cupidity of 
 her family, 260; joUia Warwick in forming a 
 powerful confederacy against the king, 26G; 
 reiidence at Calaia, 267 ; mcdltatci deaerting 
 Warwick, 208 ; appointed regent of England in 
 (oonection with Warwick, 269 ; deserts from 
 Warwick atthe battle of Barnet, 251; arrested 
 It Edward IV., 273 ; drowned in a butt of 
 Malmsey wine, 254 
 I Clarendon, conititutiona of, summary of, 146 
 I Clarendon, lord, 400; impeached on account of 
 I the treaty of Breda, 401 ; goes into exile, 401 
 I Clarke, Mri. Mary Ann, parliamentary enquiry 
 I conceruing, 405 
 
 I Claudius, tho emperor, hia reign, 64 
 Iciaudius II., emperor of Uomc, history of lilt 
 I tcign, 07 
 
 IClaTpol<^> 'I"-i faTouritc daughter of Oliver Crom- 
 
 ' well, 598 
 
 Cltnicnt VII., pope, grants to Wolscy the Icgatine 
 
 niwer for life, 302 ; hcsitatea to grant Henry 
 
 VlII. a dirorce fironi Catherine of Arragon, 
 
 303; nulliflet the decision of the court of Dun- 
 
 lUble and tlie marriage cf Henry with Anne 
 
 Boleyn, 304 ; failure of attempts at a rcconclli- 
 
 aiion, 305 
 
 IClcopatra, proclaimed queen of Egypt, 03 ; her 
 
 cooacction with Maro Antony, Ul ; her death, 
 
 taergy, English, attacked by Stephen, 140 ; cflbrta 
 made by Henry II. to restrain their power, 142 ; 
 fresh Bttempta to extend and consolidate tho 
 temporal power of tho clergy in the reign of 
 John, 173; clergy oppressed by John, 175; 
 oicrwhelming in^uenceof Rome in tho reign 
 of Henry III., 182 ; refused to pay the taxes 
 demanded by Edward I., 103 ; deprirod of all 
 protection from tho ciTil power and compelled 
 to make payment, 193. Seo Hefokmation. 
 Uenry V entreated by bis parliament to seize 
 tlie ecclesiastical reTenuci, 237 ; alarm of the 
 
 I clerny, 237 ; their learning and intellectual 
 mastery in tho reign of Henry VII., 282 ; 
 abridgment of their priTileges by parliament in 
 the reign of Henry VIII., 304 ; threcfourtha 
 
 I of the clergy expelled from their llTlngs in the 
 reign of Mary, 529 ; no one allowed to preach 
 In the reign of Klizubcth excepting by special 
 
 1 llcenic, 340 
 
 Mord, sir Thomas, 401 
 
 llire, lord. Ills victory over Suraja Dowla at Plassy, 
 430; restraint the rapacity of the East India 
 company's agcnta, 433 
 loica Maxima, at Home, 53 
 lodiui Alblnui, defeated by the emperor Sercrut, 
 66 
 
 Ml, his conversion to Christianity, 623 
 ibbett, William, 494 
 
 ibbam, lord, the eminent Lollard, 236 ; failure 
 of the attempt of Henry V. to bring him back to 
 the Romish church, 236 : indicted and con. 
 ilcmned to the stake, 237; escapes from tho 
 Tower, 237 ; organises a revolt, 237 ; tupnrcssion 
 of the revolt by Henry, 237 ; Cobham taken and 
 banged, 237 
 
 Mhnue, lord, cboien member for Wettmlntter, 
 461 
 
 Inc, Mverely puniihed by Henry L of England, 
 137 1 bv Edward I., 189 
 
 ,1^ lolicitor for the people of England at the 
 triilofCbarIetI.,390 
 UNter fortified by the Danet, 93 
 
 COX 
 
 Coleman, Edward, leeretary to Jamei duke of 
 York, hit execution, 403 
 
 College, Stephen, the protettant joiner, 405 
 
 Collier, the midwife, her connection with the 
 meaUtub plot, 404 
 
 Collingbourne, executed by Richard III. for hit 
 coupiet on Cateabv, RatcUffe, and Lovel, 278 
 
 Colombia, history of, 891 
 
 Columbus, his discovery of America, 657 
 
 Commodui, the emperor, history of hit reign, 
 65 
 
 Comjm, Robert de, defeated at Durham, 118 
 
 Conan, the Rouen cititen, his fate, 127 
 
 Conan, coimt of Brittany, hit opposition to Wil- 
 liam of Normandy, 113 
 
 Concordat entered into between the emperor of 
 Austria and the pope, 093 ; its effects, 693 
 
 Condi, prince of, assisted by queen Elizabeth, 
 342 ; hit breach of faith, 312 
 
 Conrad, son of Frederic liarbarossa, joins in the 
 third crusade, 161 
 
 Conrad, marquis Montferrat, his claims to the 
 tovereignty of Jerusalem supported by Philip 
 II. of France, 162 ; slain by tho Old Man of tho 
 Mountain, 164 
 
 Constaus, emperor, his reign, 68 
 
 Constantine the Great, history of his reign, 67 
 
 Constantino II., emperor, lils reign, 68 
 
 Constantine king of Scotland, conquered by Athel. 
 atan, 605 
 
 Constantine, grand duke, brother of Alexander I., 
 his tyranny in Poland, 748 
 
 Constantinople, foundation of, as tlie teat oi 
 government, 68 ; taken by the Turks, 810 
 
 Constantiut Chlorus, emperor of Rome, hit 
 reign, 67 
 
 Constantius, emperor, hit reign, 68 
 
 Constitutions of Clarendon, summary of, 14G; 
 forced on the bishops by Henry II., 140 ; con- 
 demned and annulled by the pope, 147 
 
 Convocation, houses oti in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 declare that tho pope has no ^iuristliction in 
 England, 305 ; discuss tho question of transiib. 
 stantiation in the reign of Mary, 329 
 
 Conyers, sir John, leader of tho rebellion in tho 
 reign of Edward IV.. 206 
 
 Coote, sir Eyre, hit victoriet over Uyder Ally, 
 439 
 
 Cope, sir John, defeated by Charlct Edward at 
 Preston Pans, 427 
 
 Copenhagen, battlo of, 453 
 
 Corfe castle, 101 
 
 Corinth, capture of, 50; destruction of, by tho 
 Romans, 03 
 
 Corioianus, story ofl 50 
 
 Cornish, general, 432 
 
 Corn laws, discussions on, by Cobden and the free 
 traders, 513, 513 ; repeal of, 518 
 
 Cornwalli!, lord, his capitulation to the Amcri- 
 cans, 438 
 
 Cornwall overrun by the Unncs, 103 
 
 Cornwall, Richard earl of, his campaign in France 
 in tho reign of Henry III., 181; evil conse- 
 quences of ilia dispute with the king, 183 
 
 Corporations, first estublishinent of, by Alfred, 03 
 
 Corunna, retreat of sir Jolin Moore at, 464 
 
 Cospatric submits to William tho Conqueror, 119 
 
 Cottington, sir Francis, his opposition to prince 
 Charlet'i romantic visit to the court of Spain, 
 378 
 
 Cotton supply, question of, 563 
 
 Counties, diviiion ot England Into, by Alfred, 
 91 
 
 Courtney, ton of tho marquia of Exeter, released 
 from the Tower by queen Mary, 328 ; made earl 
 of Devonahiro, 328 ; makes an impression on the 
 heart of queen Mary, 328 ; neglects Mary and 
 
 fnya hit addresses to Elizabeth, 328; aent to 
 btheringay castle after the rebellion of Wyatt, 
 331; released by the intervention of Plulip, 
 334 ; poisoned at Padua, 354 
 Coxo, carl, tendert hit tubmission to William the 
 Conqueror, 114 ; put to death bj iUt terft, 110 
 
d22 
 
 Snlfe>*. 
 
 CBA 
 
 Crsnmor, Thomat, fellow of Jcim College, C«m- 
 hrtdge, lil< sucgotlon rcipceting the nettlement 
 of Honry Viri.'i miirrlage vllh Catherine of 
 Arragon, 301 ; •umrooncd to court, 301 ; inado 
 arcbbtahop of Cniitcrbury, 304 ; holda a court 
 at Duiiitable, which annuU the marriaco with 
 Catherine, 3U4 ; pronouncci sentonco againit the 
 validity of Henry's marriage with Anne Bolej-n, 
 309 ; hit conduct at the trial of Lambert, 312 ; 
 ciiargei Catherino Howard with unchaitlty, 515 ; 
 ailvancei the Heformation in tlio reign of 
 Kdward VI., 315 ; obtaina tlie execution of Joan 
 Uoclier for hereajr, 820 ; hla acrricca forgotten 
 by queen Mary, 327 ; his ncal for the reformed 
 religion, 327; hia nianifcato ngainit the rc- 
 etoratiun of the maaa, 328 ; committed to cloio 
 cuatody, 328; conreyed to Oxford, 329; de- 
 graded from hla office, 337; Inaolent brutality 
 of lionncr, 337, 338 ; aubacribei to the doctrinea 
 of the real preaenco and papal aupremacy, 338 ; 
 rcnenta hia recantation, 338; hia martyrdom, 
 338 
 
 Craaaua, bccomca one of the triumviri, 03 ; killed, 
 05 
 
 Creacy, battle of, 215 
 
 Creapy, treaty of, 661 
 
 Creaalngham, hia oppreaaion in Scotland, 196 ; 
 roialeada Warennc, 11)6; hia death, 196 
 
 Crimean war, cventa which led to it, 555 ; the 
 maaaacrc of Sinopc, 630; the fall of Scbaatop<>l, 
 541; the Vienna conference, 542; conclusion 
 of iieace, 544 ; part taken by Franco in the, 
 651 ; and bv Prussia, 705 ; lilatory of the Cri- 
 mean war, 739,816 
 
 Criapin, the Norman, wounds Henry Beauclcrc, 
 136 
 
 Crceaua, conquered by Cyrua, 43 
 
 Cromartie, earl of, tried for hia participation In 
 the rebellion of 1745, but pardoned, 428 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, liia appearance in Parliament, 
 385 ; hia character, 380; raisea a trnop, 380; 
 defeats Rupert at the battle of Marston Moor, 
 380 ; defeata the royalista at Naaeby, 387 ; aeizea 
 the person of Charlea I., 388; obtains the an- 
 preme command of the army, 388: fixes hia 
 ncad>quarters at llampatead-neath, 389 ; etta- 
 bliahea the power of th^- army, 381) ; hia active 
 capionagc over Charlea I., 389 ; defeata the par- 
 liamentary desire for an accommodation with 
 Charles, 390 ; eatabliahes the ' rump * parlia- 
 ment, 390 ; api>oints a court for the trial of 
 Charles I., 390 ; duped by Charlea, 391 ; dia- 
 covars his correa|wndence with the queen, 391 ; 
 execution of Charlea, 302 ; invades Ireland, 393; 
 marchea against the Scots, 393 ; his tactics, 393 ; 
 gains the battle of Worcester, 394; hia tri> 
 umpbant entry into London, 394 ; eatablishment 
 of the commonwealth, 394 ; obtaina the supremo 
 powen 394 ; high character of his administra- 
 tion, 395 ; dectarea war againat Holland, 395 ; 
 dissolves the rump, 396; convenes Barebones 
 parliament, 390 ; dispenses with parliaments 
 and establishes a pure military government, 396; 
 declared protector of the commonwealth, 390; 
 plots against his life, 397 ; faithfulness of his 
 spies, 397 ; favourable peace with Holland, 397 ; 
 suGceaaful negotiations with France, 397; glo- 
 rious war against Spain, 397 ; his un|iopularity 
 amongat republicana and royalista, 397 ; liia 
 declining health, 397 ; publication of * Killing 
 no Murder,' 398 ; his norvouaneaa and melan- 
 choly, 398 1 his death, 598 ; disinterment of his 
 body, 400 ; liia invasion of Ireland, 597 
 
 Cromwell, Richard, named by Oliver Cromwell to 
 be hlssucceaaor, 308 ; resigns hia authority, 599 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, his defence of Wolsey, 303 ; 
 his dialogue with sir Tliomas More, 307 ; assists 
 Henry VIII. in the suppression of the monas- 
 teries, 309 ; passes sentence of death on Lam- 
 bert, 312 ; persuades Henry to apply for the 
 band of Anne of Oleves, 312 ; charged with high 
 treason, 312; his execution, 312 
 
 Crusades, the first, 138 ; Jerusalem taken, l3l 
 
 DAV 
 
 Crystal Palace, the, 530 
 
 Cuba, island of, 893 ; Lopez's expedition to, 077 
 
 Cueata, general, 464 
 
 Ciudad Rodrigo, taken by Vt'oUingtou, 4(i» 
 
 Culioden, battle of, 427 
 
 Cumberland, wrested from the Welsh nrltomimi I 
 
 bvstowed as a military fief on Scotlaii<|, gj ' 
 Cumberland, duke of, defeated at Fontpimy jm. 
 
 marchea ogainat Clinrlcs Edwnrd, 4-'7 : ,Lr„,'. 
 
 him at Culioden, 427 . <'"iaii 
 
 Cumberland, Erneat, duke of, myatcrloui attrmm I 
 
 to asaaaainatc him, 466 ' ' 
 
 Cushan, king of Mesopotamia, conquers tlic Jnrj. 
 45 ^ 
 
 Cuthrcd, crowned king of Kent, 81 
 Cyprus taken bj Cambyscs, 43 
 Cyrus, reign of, 43 
 Cyrus II., killed, '3 
 
 DAIRIIA, horribU massacre in tho citcs cfl 
 644, 045 'P 
 
 Danby, the lord treaav i-er of Charles II.,liiicoo. 
 duct during the popNh plot, 401 I 
 
 Danrgelt, Scots refuse to pay it in tlio reipni ofl 
 Ethelred and Canute, 106 ; rebellion a|;»iiisi igl 
 in the reign of llardicanute, 107; reini|po!pdbyl 
 William tho Conqueror, 116; promised 10 ul 
 abolished by Stephen, 138 I 
 
 Danes, elforts made by Charlemagne to force thtml 
 to adopt Christianity, 83 ; early invationi oil 
 England, 83 ; sack a monastery in Norllinmb«r.l 
 land, 83 ; descent upon tlie ialo of Shr|i|iov, (jT 
 defeated by Egbert at Charmouth, 83 ; ally wiill 
 the Brltoiia of Cornwall, but again defeated brf 
 Egbert, 83 ; auccessivc defeats induce tliem lol 
 avoid pitched battles and swK only )ilnnd(r m] 
 captives, 84 ; intense hatred of ChrlstianiiT,8jl 
 invasions become annual and incrn.tsc insudJ 
 city, 84 ; defeated at Okcly, 84 ; aucccHci iindflf 
 Ilubba and Illngnar, 86 ; contests with kio^ 
 Alfred, 87 ; their perfidy, 87 ; their tcrriblenl 
 premacy, 87; defeated by Alfred, 89 1 ooif 
 verted to Christianity, 89 ; incorporated wfi 
 the Saxons, 89 ; fresii invaaiona under Haitisf 
 90 ; cumidetely aubdued by Alfred, 90; join i 
 the wnr between Edward the elder and Elbtll 
 wald, 92 ; defeated by Edward the elder, <til 
 
 7ai 
 
 rebclliona under Anfaf, 94 ; rebcllioni In ilii 
 rcigna of Edmund and Edred, 04, 95 ; jiirDim 
 in the reign of Etbelred the Unreadv, 101 ; n 
 vagea of Sweyn and Olave, 101 ; luxuriouihtblJ 
 of the Danes, 102 ; general massacre, IO'>;fh(d 
 revenge, 103 ; bribed by Etbelred the Unmdjl 
 103; sudden death of Sweyn, 104; tucccHtr 
 Canute, 104; division of England between Cij 
 imtc and Edmund, 104 ; Canute olitaini tb4 
 whole kingdom, 105 ; crown reverts to the Sjuoo 
 under Edward the Confessor, 107 ; auiit tl 
 8axona in their revolt against tho Nonnu 
 1 18 ; bought off by William the Conqueror, llSl 
 return to Denmark, 111) 
 Dangcrfleld, his meal-tub plot, 404 
 Dantzic, surrender to the French, 4(j3 
 Darius Codomannus, king of Persia, 45 ; defeittj 
 
 by Alexander the Great, 43 ; hia drntli, 14 
 Darius Ilystaspea, oonqueats of, 43 ; his couqaM 
 
 in India, 830 
 
 Darius 11. (Ochus), king of Persia, 43 
 
 Darnley, lord, chosen for a hiitband ti; Mai 
 
 queen of Scots, 344 ; forbidden the niarrii(t(l| 
 
 Elizabeth, 344; accompliahca the mtrriin 
 
 S15; insulted by the reformed prcachcri, !li| 
 
 hia weakneas of intellect, and fickle and violn 
 
 character, 346 ; his jealousy of Riziio, ^6; n 
 
 sentment of Mary againat him, 546 ; liiitU) 
 
 ordinary murder, 347 
 
 David, king of Israel, his reign, 45 
 
„ — ^w^ ■■■■..— —^ 
 
 xpeditlon to, t77 
 
 llngtou, 4b» 
 
 Welsh nrltoni mj | 
 I Scotlnnd, Oj 
 at FontPiioy, 4?(>; 
 ,wnrd, 4'J7; drtcaiil 
 
 tny«tcrlous attcmrl I 
 
 led nt the battle oil 
 ; of Scotlanil, IJBjI 
 In, I'JS; submiti to I 
 ruce, I'JO; slain l; I 
 
 , con<iucr>UicJ(iti,| 
 3 
 
 Snire):. 
 
 923 
 
 ro in tlio caTcs (f,l 
 
 Charles ll.,hlici)n. 
 t.401 , , ^ 
 » it in the rflfiH o(l 
 [ rebellion nRaiiDi iil 
 e, 107 ; relmiiMPd Ijl 
 116 i promiicd to Ul 
 
 Icmltgno '° *■"'' """J 
 r ; early invntioni off 
 istcry in NorthumbtrJ 
 eisloof SliciiW.K; 
 irmouth, 85; ally with 
 but aKain defeated bj 
 ofeata iiiiiuce them Id 
 Bi-eKonly vlunderinl 
 edof CUrl»tianily,8U 
 and IncroaicinaudjJ 
 ,y, 84 ; iucccdei iindtil 
 • contetW with liiiid 
 87 J their terrible lul 
 by Alfreil, 89; ccif 
 id; incori>orated »itH 
 aaions under Haitiam 
 by Alfred, 90; join iiJ 
 i the elder and EthtU 
 Idward the elder, 931 
 94 ; rebcllloni in till 
 Ired, 04, 95 ; invuioii( 
 tho Unready, 101 ; n 
 , 101; luxur'o"''"'"'' 
 al massacre, 10'.';thilL 
 Ethclred the Unreidri 
 ,weyn, 104; succcjui 
 England between CJ 
 _{ Canute obtain! tli< 
 wnreTertstothcSaiio 
 fesaor, 107 ; awUI I 
 Mrainst tho Nonn*„, 
 »m the Conqueror, 11S| 
 
 plot, 401 
 tench, 4(i2 
 of I'crsla, 45 ; detrtta 
 43; hii death, U 
 :s of, 45 ; his conqurt 
 
 Persia, 45 
 . a husband bj W[. 
 bidden the marriipj 
 jpllshci the mwrl* 
 .formed prcachcri,JI« 
 1, and fickle and wm 
 i.uayof Kiiiio.Wii 
 LttUim, 346; lma» 
 
 reign, 4>> 
 
 t, 
 
 DAV 
 
 liviT'dikinff of Scotland, inrades England In lup. 
 I port of Slatilda'a clalmi againit those of Stephen, 
 
 UO, C07; defeated in the battle of the 
 , itandard, 140 
 iDttid, the Welsh prince, joins Edward T. In hli 
 
 inrailon of Wales, 1S3 ; Joins Llewellyn in his 
 
 oupoittion to Edward, 100 ; taken prisoner and 
 
 eu'cuted a> a traitor, 190 
 IdkIi, Mr. JelToraon, elected president of the Con. 
 I federate States, 886 
 Ijliiiion, punished by queen Elizabeth for his con. 
 
 nection with tho execution of Mary queen of 
 , Stoti, 358 
 
 llkborah and Barak, rclgni of, in Israel, 45 
 IpKeinTlrs, appointineut of tho, 57 ; their oror 
 I tlirow, 58 
 
 IHkIiii, emiieror of Rome, iiistory of his reign, CO 
 Ipe I'ourcy, bis iirtty and mischievous war in 
 
 I'liter, 578 ; obtains the government of Ireland, 
 
 5il1 ; refuses to acknowledge king John, 571) 
 IDi l.acy, Richard, guardian of England during 
 I ilie abtenoo of Henry II., 154 ; defeats tho 
 Ilerolnga, 154 
 
 )e Lacy, llogcr, his gallant defence of the chateau 
 
 Gaillard, 171 
 
 Whi, ili^e ofi S " 
 
 tell^U, temple of, importance of, to the Croekl, 
 
 I 4'j 
 
 [le.uge, the, 1 
 
 jimbcntus of Abdera, 41 
 
 Nniark. history of, 724-727 , , „. 
 
 inby, carl of, his lands wasted by prinee Ed- 
 
 fiam iu the reign of Edward III. fur his ad. 
 hnionto the party of Leicester, 180: accused 
 ud Gominittca by the iiarliamuut of Leicester, 
 
 \w 
 
 trbr,«arl of, hit conquest! In Gulcnne In the 
 t(i|uof£dwardIII., !il4 
 
 trby, earl of, forma a ministry on the resignation 
 ollordJohn Russell, 530; defeat of hii miuis. 
 irr. In 1852, 533 
 
 witntwater, carl of, rises In favour of tho Frc- 
 tender, 421 ; his execution. 421 
 Hinond, earl of, his resistance to tho Eng'.ith 
 rule in Ireland, 587 
 
 aurd, colonel, his conspiracy agalutt George 
 111., 454 ; his execution, 455 
 t Vere, Aubrey, sent by Stephen to plead bia 
 cauu against tne bishops, 140 
 I Vere, Robert, earl of Oxford, favourite of 
 Richard II., 223 ; made marquis of Uubiiu, 223 ; 
 tailed to the dukedom of Ireland and bccomci 
 lirt'ialkhig of the country, 223 
 n. .ihire, earl of, defeats tho Danes under 
 Unbba, their chief, 88 
 Tonihire overrun by tho Danes, 102 
 domenianus, emperor of Rome, his reign, CO 
 liui Julianus, emperor of Rome, his reign, 06 
 ibitich, his march to Adrianoplo, 738 
 ;by,earl of Bristol, sent by James I, to Madrid 
 |to negotiate the marriage between prince Charlea 
 ud the sister of Philip IV., 374 ; his exertiona 
 defeated by Buckingham, 374 ; committed to 
 the Tower, 370 ; released, but banished from 
 [eourt, 576 
 ;br, sir John, 583 
 
 KlctiaD, em|)erorof Rome, history of liis reign, 
 !6i 
 
 liben, his charges in parliament against Sache . 
 lertl, 417 
 
 il, liego of the castlo of, by William the Con- 
 lucror, 123 
 
 nciday book, compiled by William the Con- 
 ineror, 125 
 
 dnica, island of, 903 
 
 ilian, the emperor, history of hla reign, C5 
 ant, migration of the, 49 
 iilaus. Dr., Cromwell's envoy to Holland, put 
 death by a royalist, 305 
 ttihlre overrun by the Danes, 102 
 ^'las, sir James, supports tho cause of Itobcrt 
 iruce, 202 i bis cavalry charge at Bauuockburn, 
 
 EDt} 
 
 Douglas, lord, his Invasion of England in the reign 
 of Edward III., 207 
 
 Douglas, sir Archibald, completely defeated by 
 Edward III., 211 
 
 Douglas, lord, general of the forces of Robert llf. 
 or Scotland, 232 ; defeated by the Pcrcles at 
 Holmedon, 232 ; joins the Percies and Owen 
 Olendwyr against Henry IV., 233; defeated 
 and taken prisoner at Shrewsbury, 234 
 
 Douglas, George, aidi Mary queen of Scots in es. 
 caping from Lochleven, 349 
 
 Drake, sir Francis, his voyage round the world, 
 353 ; his expedition rgainst Spanish America, 
 S54 1 viovadmlral of the Enguih fleet against 
 the Spanish Armada, 358 
 
 Draper, general, 432 
 
 Druids, tiie supreme power In tho hands of the, 
 7" ; destruction of tho, by Suetonius Paulinas, 
 71,72; crimes of the, 72 
 
 Duc'ey, the informer in the reign of Henry VII., 
 2b9 ; committed to tho Tower by Henry VIII., 
 204 ; his execution, 201 
 
 Dudley, lord Robert, asj'ircs to the hand of queen 
 Elizabeth, 342. See LElCESTKlt, carl of 
 
 Dudley, earl of Warwick, son of Dudley the min- 
 ister of Henry VII., 519; his treacherous advice 
 to loid Seymour, 310 ; puts down the rebellion 
 of Kct tho tanner, 320 ; his active hostility tu 
 Somerset, 322 ; obtains Somerset's dismissal 
 from the protectorate, 322 ; at the head of the 
 government, 322; contracts Edward VI. to 
 Klizabelh daushter of Henry II. of France, 322 ; 
 imnlshment of Catholics, 522 ; obtains the duke, 
 dom of Northuml)crland, 323 ; arrest and cxo. 
 eution of Somerset, 323 ; marries his fourth son 
 Guildford Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, 324 ; per- 
 Buadcs Edward VI. to settle the crown on Lady 
 Jane Grey, 324 ; endeavours to arrest tho prin. 
 cesses Mary and Ellitabeth on the death ol 
 Edward VL, 324 ; deserted by his Sect, 525 ; 
 marches against Mary, 325 ; submits to Mary, 
 320 ; arrested by Arund^i, 326 ; tried and esc 
 euted for high treason, 326 
 Dudley, lord Guildford, married to Lady Jane 
 Grey, 324; confined In the Tower by Mary, 
 320; condemned, 326 ; executed after the ro< 
 hellion of Wyatt,320 
 Duraouriez, invades Holland with the army of the 
 French republic, 444; negotiates with the 
 allies, 444 ; escapes to the Austrian camp, 444 
 Duncan, king of Scotland, murdered by Macbeth, 
 
 006 
 Duncan, admiral, defeats the Dutch fleet off Cam. 
 
 pcrdown, 449 
 Diini'A, battle of, 397 
 Dunkirk, given by tho French to Oliver Cromwoll, 
 
 397 
 Dunnina, her monastery in the Isle of Ely, 78 
 Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, the tavourlte 
 of Edred, 96 ; introduces the Benedictines into 
 England, 96 ; his. despotic influence and am. 
 bitious policy, 90 ; opposition to the marriage 
 of Edwy and Elglva, 97 ; his insolence to the 
 king, 07 ; exiled, 97 ; returns to England and 
 supports Edgai against Edwy, 98 ; success of 
 his ctl'orts to advance the monks at the expense 
 of the secular clergy, 98 ; made archbishop of 
 Canterbury, 98; crowns Edward itho Martyr 
 100 ; miracle in favour of his policy, 100 
 Durham taken from the Normans by the Nor. 
 thumbriaus, 118 
 
 EADBALD, king of Kent, his apostacy and re. 
 conversion, 78 
 Ealhcr, governor of Kent, 85 
 EarpwoUl, king of tho East Angles, 80 
 East India Company, charter; of, 491 : renewal of 
 
 the charter of the, 534 ; history ot the, 835 
 East India islands, history of, 868 
 Fast Angles, kingdom of. See HEPTAKCItT 
 East Saxons, kingdom of the. See HkptAKCUT 
 Edgar, younger brother of Edwy, placed on tb« 
 31* 
 
924 
 
 ittlfti:. 
 
 EDa 
 
 EDW 
 
 throne by Dunitan and the monki, 98; hti 
 pliant and politic iubierTioncy to the monki, 98 1 
 nil outrage ui«n Editha tho nun, 98 ; itory of 
 hii love for Elfrida, 98 ; hit ipcech againit tho 
 dliiolute llTct of the lecular clergy, 99 ; monktih 
 diKipllne forced on the lecular clergy, 100 ; 
 extirpation of wolrei, 100 ; peaceful reign, 100 ; 
 hli death, 100 
 Edgar Athellng, grandion of Edmund Ironaldo, 
 105 ; bis unfltneti to lucceed Edmund the. Con> 
 foMor, 110 ; hii claimi set aiide by Harold, the 
 ion of earl Godwin, 111 ; proclaimed king, 114 { 
 tender! hia lubmitaion to William of Normandv, 
 114 ; conflrincd in tho earldom of Oxford, 114 ; 
 accompanies William on hia return to Nor- 
 mandy, 115; flies to Scotland, 118; joint the 
 northern riaiug, 119; returns to Scotland, 119; 
 pensioned by William tho Conqueror, 121 ; hit 
 niece Matilda taken prisoner by Henry Beau- 
 rierc, 133 ; taken prisoner with Robert of Nor. 
 mandy by Henry, 135 ; pardoned and penaioncd, 
 13ft 
 Edge-hill, battle of, 583 
 Editha, sister of Athvlstan, married to Sithric tbe 
 
 Dane, 94 
 Editha the nun, raviahed by king Edgar, 98 
 Editha, daughter of earl Godwin, married to Ed- 
 ward the Confessor, 107 ; neglected by her hus- 
 band, 108 ; imprisoned in a oonrent at Wherwcll, 
 109 
 Edmond, ton of Harold, 118 
 Edmund, prince of the East Anglei, murdered by 
 
 tbe Danes, 86 
 Edmund, eldest ion of Alfred tho Great, bis 
 
 death, 92 
 Edmund, succeeds his half brother Athclstan to 
 the throne of England, 95 ; rebellion of tho 
 Northumbrian Danes, 9( ; assassinated by Leolf 
 the robber, 95 
 Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred tho Unready, 
 marriei the widow of Sigefert, 104 ; hit coura- 
 oeoui and energetic opposition to Canute the 
 Dane, 104 ; shares the kingdom with Canute, 
 104 ; murdered by Edric, 105 
 Edred, tucceedt hit brother Edmund to the 
 Engiiih throne, 95 ; chastises the Danei of Nor- 
 thumberland, 05 ; his superstition fostered by 
 Dunttan, 96 ; gi'eat and increasing power of the 
 monkt,96; dies, 90 
 Edric, king of Kent, 78 
 Edric, earl of Wilts, caniei the murder of the 
 
 princess Gurailila, 102 
 
 E<lric, duke of Mercia, quarrels with Wolfnoth, 
 
 103; his cruelty, 104; deserts to Canute and 
 
 the Danes, 104 ; murders Edmund, 105 ; put to 
 
 death by Canute, 105 
 
 Edric the Forester, tenders his tubmiaaion to 
 
 William the Conqueror, 114; joint in the Saxon 
 
 rerult, 116, 119 ; pardoned by William, 119 
 
 Education, lord John Ruasell'i bill on national, 545 
 
 Edward tho Elder, tucceedt hit father Alfred the 
 
 Great, 92 ; war with hia cousin Ethelwold for 
 
 the kingdom, 92; protracted war with the 
 
 Danet, 92 ; diea, 93 
 
 Edward the Martyr, tucceedt hit father Edgar to 
 
 the Englith throne, 100 ; opposition of Elfrida, 
 
 100 ; crowned by Dunstan, 100 ; assasiinatcd by 
 
 hit itep-mother Elfrida, 101 
 
 Edward the Confetsor, ton of Ethelred and Emma, 
 
 fllei to Flandert from Harold Harcfoot and earl 
 
 Godwin, 107 ; accusca earl Godwin of the murder 
 
 of prince Alfred, 107 ; aucceeds Hardicanute, 
 
 107 ; conciliates earl Godwin by marrying his 
 
 daughter Editha, 107 ; illtreats his mother Em. 
 
 ma, 108 ; favours the Normans, 108 ; excites the 
 
 hostility of Godwin, 108 ; flight of Godwin to 
 
 Flanders 108; Godwin's invasion of England 
 
 terminated by a treaty with tho king, 109 ; in- 
 
 creaaing power of Harold son of Godwin, 110; 
 
 attempts to make William of Normandy heir to 
 
 tbe throne, 110; his death, 110 
 
 Edward I,, ton of Henry III. and Eleanor of 
 
 rrorence, assists hit father in opposing the 
 
 tyranny of the reforming comroisilon of humi, I 
 184; repulses an irruution of the Welili, i$5*l 
 taken prisoner at Oxford by the niltiorcntio^l 
 Leicester, 185; released by treaty, ltj6; renciif 
 tho war, 186; defeats of the royalinta, Ig?- j^l 
 prisoned in Dover castle, 187 ; obtains a canipletgl 
 victory over Leicester at Evesham, 187 ; dciianil 
 for the crusades, 187 ; returns to England oqI 
 the death of Henry III., 188 ; dues liomi^re tol 
 Philip III. of France, 188; crowned at Wen.! 
 minster, 188 ; reforms the adminiatratlon of jupl 
 ticc, 188; coramcnceaacruel pcraeculionolthgl 
 Jcwt, 189 ; issues a commiasion for enquiry intol 
 encroachments on the roynl demesnea, iij9; ig.r 
 Hides Wales and forces lilcwelljn to full mbX 
 mission, 18G i establishes the Englith law jgl 
 Wales and confers the principality on liis clilHtT 
 ton Edward, 190; interferei in the warbctwrtgl 
 Philip IV. of France and Alphonto of ArrainJ 
 for the kingdom of Sicily, 100; ar' iiratei i? 
 Scotland between Baliol and Bruce, lliO; dnideL 
 in favour of Baliol and receivoa lils fealtr, litll 
 haraaaea Baliol, 101; war with Phlllp'lV. ol 
 France, 191 ; invadet Scotland, V.i'i ; hli ripiJ 
 tucceitca, 192 ; conflnea Baliol in the Tovtrrl 
 192 ; entruats tho government of Scotland toniT 
 Warrenne, 192 ; projects a confederacy againil 
 Philip IV. of France, 193; taxes tlicekrpy.lti!] 
 
 > raises taxes without tho consent of iiarliamentT 
 193; discontent of the barona, 194; adoptif 
 conciliatory policy towards the clergy, 194 ; mL 
 lemnly conflrmiand twears to the cliartcri, 1M| 
 efl'ccts a peace with Philip IV. by the arbitritioJ 
 of the pope, 195 ; returns fVom Vranco, 190 ; iJ 
 vadcs Scotland, 197 ; defeats the Scots at I'lUlra 
 197 ; futile attemi)t of poiw Boniface VIII. t] 
 restrain him, 197 ; fresh Invasion of Scoilani 
 198 ; bchcada Wallace, who was betrayed inii 
 his bands, 198; prepares for another intaiici 
 of Scotland, 199; dies in Cumberland, 200 
 character, 200 
 
 Edward II. ton of Edward I. of England, inrnti 
 with tlio principality of Wales, 1»0 ; betrothi 
 to Itauella, daughter of Philip IV, of Fraiicj 
 195 ; succeeds Edward I. on the throne, Siiil 
 diigustt bit subjects by retreating from Scotlaol 
 and disbanding his army, 2U0t his weakdepdJ 
 dence upon favourites, 200 ; arouses the indigaJ 
 tion of his barons b/ his favours lavishntf 
 Piers Gaveston, 200 ; Is obliged to baniih higj 
 201 ; conciliates the barons, and obtain) lU 
 recall of Gaveston, '.{02 ; confederacy of baiiii| 
 under Lancaster declare against him, 202 ; p 
 between him and the barona, 202 ; invadeiifto 
 land with im immcnte army, 202 ; dclealcd b 
 Bruce at Bannockburn, 203 ; aelects Kpciiser i 
 favourite in the room of Gaveston, 20.^ ; baron 
 declare war against him, 203 ; punishci Btil 
 lesmere for insulting the queen, and rccallstll 
 Spensert, 204 ; defeats the barona, 2U4 ; mikJ 
 a truce with Scotland for thirteen ycar!,2Ml 
 quarrels with Charles IV. of France, 205;ibf 
 invades England, 206; accused by Isabella b 
 fore parliament, 206 ; deposed, and barbaioiu 
 murdered, 207 
 
 Edward iIII., tent to do homage for his I 
 Edward II. to Charles IV. of France, 204; 
 trothed to Philippa of Hainault, 200 ; madeti 
 gent, 206; pronounced to be king on the dips 
 sitioa of his father, under a council of repni 
 206 ; marches to resist the invasion of the $coi 
 207 ; stung by the iuaults and restraint ofMod 
 timer, 209; obtaina tho royal jiowcr, 2IM 
 aids the cauae of Edward Baliol againittbitr 
 David Bruce, 210; defeaU the adherenH d 
 Bruce. 211 ; annexet Berwick to England,3lll 
 hia claims upon France through his mother Ii 
 bella, 211 ; makes war with Philip of Valoli,JI 
 hia conceasions to parliament, 212 ; totally t. 
 feats the French off Sluys, 212 ; dilBcultiej,2a 
 makes a truce and returns to England, 213; ^ 
 rels with archbishop Stratford concemiojl 
 taxes, 813; renews tbe war with Fiauce,31iil 
 
iiitrt):. 
 
 926 
 
 EDW 
 
 ,ip 1. 
 .. on tne throne, 2wl 
 ctrcating from Scollul 
 ■,200! Tils wenkdipenf 
 ; arouses tlie indigni 
 lii farours lavUhw t 
 obliged to banhhhid 
 ironi, and obtain! ihl 
 , confederacy of baioij 
 »galn8thini,202;pei 
 •oin,202; iiivadeiSti 
 irmy, 202 ; defeated I, 
 203 5 selects Sijiiiier i 
 Gayeston.aO.^i baroi< 
 I, 203} punishes 1 
 _, queen, and ncallsibl 
 10 barons, 2U4 ; naltd 
 br thirteen yean, 2041 
 V. of France, 205; »bf 
 iccuscd by haljolla I 
 iposcd, and barbuoai 
 
 homage for hU I 
 V. of Franco, 204; I 
 lalnault, 20J i maderii 
 to be king on tlio iifi 
 er a council of legtW 
 he invasion of the Sto 
 ts and restraint of Hoi 
 10 royal imwcr. Ml 
 dBallolagainitthUj 
 feat* the adherenli i 
 jTwlck to England, SUI 
 through his roolhetlsr 
 Uh Philip of Valoii,l« 
 iment,212; totally* 
 ■8,212 ;dlfflcume«,!13 
 istoEngland,213;i> 
 tratford concerning « 
 irar with France, Slii I 
 
 iteond trace, 214 ; prtparei a great 'espedttlon 
 (gatnit France, 314 1 ta\ei Caer, 314 ( marchei 
 toward! Parii, 315 1 battle of Oreacy, 315 ; hit 
 Iwrlre montbi' ilegeof Calati,316 ; takes Calais 
 ind pardons the six oltiiens, 316 i makesa truce 
 with France, 316; esublishea the order of the 
 Oirter, 317i sends an army into France under 
 bit son the Black Prince, 217 ; rarages Scotland, 
 317; battle of Poiotiers, gained by the Black 
 Prince, 218 1 John, king of France, carried to 
 London, 318 ; makes peace with France, 319 ; 
 death of his son, the Black Prince, 320; the 
 lilng's death and eharaoter, 330 
 
 Edward IV., succeeds to the title and pretensions 
 of his father Richard duke of fork, 362 ; defeats 
 the earl of Pembroke at Mortimer's cross, 363 ; 
 eaten London in triumph and obtains the 
 throne, 363; his violent and sanguinary con- 
 duct, 264 ; completely defeats the Lancastrians 
 al Towton, 264; imprisons Henry VI. in the 
 Tower, 265 ; despatches Warwick to treat for the 
 hand of Bona of Savoy, 265 ; falls in lore with 
 and secretly marries lady Elisabeth Qrey, UQi ; 
 quarrels with Warwick, 360 ; unpopularity of 
 his new queen, 366; confederacy formed by 
 Warwick and ('larence against him, 267 ; de- 
 feated at Nottingham and escapes to Holland, 
 368 ; assisted by Burgundy and returns to Eng. 
 land, 269 ; reaches London, imprisons Henry VI. 
 and regains the throne, 269 ; defeats Warwick 
 at Barnet, 270 ; Margaret and her son Edward 
 It Tewkesbury 340 ; prepares for an invasion of 
 France, 371 ; bistieaty with Louis XI., 371 ; his 
 death, 273 
 
 Edvard V., son of Edward IV. and lady Elisabeth 
 Grey, succeeds his father on the throne,37^ ; the 
 court divided into two factions— the party of the 
 
 Sueen dowager, and the l>arty of nobles under 
 lucklngham, 373; RichMrd duke of Gloucester 
 named regent, 373 ; the earl of Rivers, brother 
 of the queen dowager, guardian of Edward V,, 
 372; Rivers arrested by Gloucester and im- 
 
 Srisoned in Pontef^act castle, 273 ; murder of 
 tlTers, 274 ; beheading of Hastings, 374 ; con- 
 demnationof Jane Shore, 274; the young king 
 and his brother the duke of York pronounced 
 illegitimate, 275; Buckingham urges tliv 
 claims of Gloucester to the throne,' 275 ; acces. 
 lion of Richard IIL and murder of the two 
 young princes, 376 
 Ednnl VL son of Henry VIII., and Jane Sey- 
 mour, S13; succeeds his father at the age of 
 nine years, S14 ; his government vested in six- 
 teen executors, 314 ; the earl of Hereford chosen 
 by the executors to act as protector, 315 ; his 
 coronation, 315; Hereford made duke of 
 Somerset, 315: his condemnation of South- 
 ampton, 315 ; invasion of Scotland to enforce 
 the mafriage of Edward with Mary the voung 
 queen of Scots, 316: defeat of the Scots in the 
 battle of Plnkey, 317 ; Somerset compelled by 
 intrigues to return to England, 318 ; repeals the 
 laws against Lollardy and heresy, 318 ; rivalry 
 between lord Seymour and Somerset, 318 ; Sey- 
 mour's prefects for c'ltainlng the crown, 318; 
 bill of atufnder passed against Seymour, 319 ; 
 his execution, 319 ; punishment of Catholics, 
 S20 ; distress of the people, 320 ; insurrection of 
 Ket,320; insurrection under Humphrey Arun- 
 del, 321; defeat of the rebels, 331 ; unpopu- 
 larity of Somerset, 323; fall of Somerset, 322; 
 ntemment vested in the earl of Warwick, 322 ; 
 Edward contracted to Elisabeth daughter of 
 Henry II. of France, 323 ; punishment of Ca- 
 thollM, 833; imprisonment of Gardiner, 323; 
 Mem resistance of the princess Mary, 323 ; Wa-. - 
 vick makes himself duke of I'lorthumberland, 
 S23 ; Somerset arrested and executed on Tower 
 Hill, 323 ; Northumberland marries his son lord 
 Guildford Dudley to lady Jane Grey, 324 ; pre- 
 vails on Edward VI. to pass over his sisters and 
 wttla the succession on lady Jane Grey, 324; 
 death of Edward, 324 
 
 EL£ 
 
 Edward, son of Edmund Ironside, 105 ; sent to 
 Sweden by Canute, 105 ; marries Agatha, sistar. 
 in-law of the king of Hungary, 105 ; the father 
 of Edgar Athvlliig, Margaret and Christiana, 
 105; recalled by Edward the Confessor, 110 1 
 dies, 110 
 
 Edward, the Black Prince, his departure with Ed- 
 ward III. for Franco, 214; gains the battle of 
 Ocscy, 215; second invasion of Franco in tho 
 reign of John, 317 ; overtaken by John near 
 Polctiers, 217; battle of Poictlcrs, 217; Ills 
 heroism and admirable conduct, 318 ; John 
 taken prisoner and carried to England, 318; 
 ruin of^ the health of the Black Prince in tho 
 Spanish war, 219 ; his death, 330 
 
 Edward, prince, son of Henry VI. and Margaret 
 of Anjnu, married to Aune, daughter of the carl 
 of Warwick, 265 ; put to death after the baltio 
 of Tewkesbury, 270 
 
 Edwardcs, lleut, his spirited conduct during the 
 war against the Sikhs, 533 
 
 Edwin, king of Northumberland, 79; defeats 
 Ailelfrld, tho usurper, 80; marries Ethelburga, 
 daughter of Etbclbert and Uerllia, 80; con. 
 verted to Christianity by Paulinus, 80 
 
 Edwin, duke, supports Edgar Atbeling, 114 ; ten- 
 ders his submission to William the Conqueror, 
 114; accompanies William on his return to 
 Normandy, 114 ; joins the Saxon revolt, but 
 pardoned, 117 ; his subsequent death, 121 
 
 Edwin, son of Edmund Ironside, exiled to Sweden 
 by Canute, 105 1 sent to Hunpary, 105 ; marries 
 the daughter of the king of Hungary, lil5 
 
 Edwy, succeeds his uncle Edred to the EnglUh 
 tlironc, 96 ; his marriage with Elgiva arouses 
 tho enmity of the monks, 97 ; outrageously in- 
 sulted by Dunstan, 97 : banishment of Dunstan, 
 97 ; his queen Elgiva horribly tortured by Odo, 
 97 ; return of Dunstan, 98 ; dies, 98 
 
 Egbert, king of the West Saxons, 82 ; struggles 
 with Bcrnulf, king of Mercia for the supremacy, 
 82 ; reduces the whole of the Heptarchy, and 
 becomes the first king of England, 82 ; invasion 
 of the Danes, 83 ; victory at Elandum, 83 ; and 
 at Charmouth, 83 ; dies, 83 
 
 Egelwin, bishop nf Durham, escapes from the 
 vengeance of William the Conqueror, 121 ; his 
 death iu prison, 121 
 
 F«frith, king of Mercia, 81 
 
 Egion, king of Hoab, conquers the Jews, 45 
 
 Egmont, count, execution of, 664 
 
 Egric, king of East Anglia, slain by Penda,*king 
 of Mercia, 81 
 
 Egypt, ancient history of 41 ; recent researches, 
 41 ; Greek traditions, 41 : learning of tho 
 Egyptians in the time of Herodotus, 42 ; the 
 capitals of Memphis and Thebes, 42 ; Egyp- 
 tian caravan trade with the East, 43 ; aggres- 
 sions of Salmaneter and Sennacherib, 42 ; reign 
 of Psammetious, 43 ; conquests of Necho, 43 ; 
 the Persian invasion, 43, 43 : the Macedonian 
 conquest, 43 ; the reign of the Ptolemies, 43 ; 
 the Roman conquest, 42 ; and that of the Mo- 
 hammedan caliphs, 43 ; Cleopatra proclaimed 
 queen of, 63 
 
 Egyptian mythology, 1 
 
 Ehud, reign of, in Israel, 45 
 
 Elandum, battle of, 83 
 
 Elba, Napoleon's residence at, 473 
 
 Eleanor, the divorced wife of Louis VII. of 
 France, married to Henry II, of Englao'*., 142 ; 
 her jealousy, 152; encourages her sons in their 
 opposition to their father, 152; put into con- 
 finement by her husband, 153 ; released on tho 
 accession of her son llichard Coeur de Lion, 159 ; 
 pruvents her son John firom invading the French 
 territories of Richard, 164 ; her spirited appeals 
 to the pope for the release of Richard flrom his 
 Austrian captivity, 165 ; pays the ransom money 
 for her son Richard to the emperor of Germany, 
 167; obtains from Richard tha forgiveness of 
 John, 167 ; attempt oi prlnea Arthur to take 
 ber prifoner, 170 
 
 ^ J 
 
926 
 
 JEnTrejr. 
 
 £LB 
 
 Eleanor, iliter of prince Arthur, imprlioned by 
 
 John, 170 
 Eleanor of Prnireiico, married to Ilenrjr III, of 
 Englanil, 170; loditiTimlnate bountlui of 
 Henry to her counlrymcn, 185; •ttnckcd by tlie 
 London mob, 1H3; invadei £ii){land on Iwlialf 
 of her huibandaffalnit Lciccitor andthobaruni. 
 Its? ; fiiMuro of the vi|)editlon, 1H7 
 EIriiziir, hiKh prieit, |iut to death, 40 
 Ell'rida, dauKhter of the carl of Dvvonihlrc, itory 
 of her marrlaRe, flrit with oarl Athelwuld and 
 then with king Edgar, 1^8 ; endearourt to act up 
 her >on Ethelred in oppoiitton to tier ttep-ton 
 Edward the Martyr, luo ; Miaiilnatos Edward 
 the Martyr, 101 
 Elgin, earl of, in China, 80 1-8G0 
 Elfrira, her marriage with Kdwy oppoicd by Dnn- 
 •riin, 1)7 ; branded with hot Iroui by Udo, 07 i 
 her terrible drill li, 1*8 
 Ell. judge of lirael, 45 
 
 Ellznbeili, dniigliter of Henry VIU. and Anno 
 Itoleyn, 30t s her lllegilimucy pronounced by 
 t'raiimcr, 3()9 ; rcceivoi tho addrcmci of lord 
 tieyniour, 31 U; mceti queen Mary on her 
 entry Into Ixindon, S'iH; receive! thu attcniioni 
 of Courtney, earl of Uevonihlre, i'iU ; placed 
 under great reittictinna, 3'28 ; >ent to Woodstock 
 after tlie rebellion of Wyatt, 331 ; releaicd by 
 tho intcrccsilun of I'hliin, 334; proclaimed 
 queen amidst general enthuala«m, 939 ; prj- 
 ceedi from Hatlield to the Tower, 35U ; annouiicci 
 her liiter Hary'i deuth to the foreign courtt, 359; 
 oft'erof marriage from Philip II. of Spain, 33<J; 
 tho iiope't oiipoiition to her aece>tion, 340 ; re- 
 call! her ambauador i'l im Home, 340 ; rcleasct 
 nil wlio had been iroiirinoned for their religion, 
 rcitorei the Kngliihiflturgy, and forbid! the ele- 
 vation of the boit, 340 ; lorbid* all preaching: 
 without (peclal licenio, 340 ; reatorei the lawi of 
 Edward VI., 340 ; declare! her intention to par- 
 liament of living unmarried, 340 ; conclude! 
 ■ peace with France, 341 ; clninii of Mary queen 
 of Scot! and her huaband Francii II. of France 
 to her throne, 341; cncournget the arti, com- 
 merce, navy, and artillery, 31'i ; rcfuic! varlou! 
 !ultor!,34'^ ; her hatred of I'lilllp in Spain, 342; 
 her aiilitance to tho lluguenoti of France, 343 ; 
 teinirarlie! about declaring a !uccc!!or, 3-13; 
 her levero lawi agninit CathoUci, 343 ; make! 
 peace with France, 343 ; her correspondence with 
 Mary queen of Scots, 343 ; object! to Mary'iiul- 
 tor!, 34.5 ; finally approve! of Dudley, earl of 
 Leicester, but wilbdruws her approbation, 344 ; 
 mission of !ir James Melvil from Mary to her, 
 341 ; her jealousy, 344 ; her duplicity andvncli- 
 latlon, 344 ; her continued reluctance either to 
 marry or to name her !Ucce!ior, 340 ; remon- 
 strates with Mary on her infatuation for Both- 
 well, 349 ; Mary defeated by the regent Murray, 
 throws herself on her protection, 349 ; refused 
 an interview, 349 ; is detained as apri!oncr, 3-19 ; 
 bull Issued by pope Pius V. agaln!t her, 551 ; 
 reslrictioni laid on the Catholic!, 351 ; Charlc! 
 I X. of Franco !endi her an apology for the mas- 
 sacre of St Bartholomew, 352 ; stringent lawi 
 passed against tho Jcsuiti, 353 ; accept! an olTcr 
 of marriage from the duke of Anjou, So^ ; break! 
 otr the match, 353 ; conspiracies in England in 
 favour of Mary queen of Scot!, 353 ;her increased 
 animosity against the Catholics, 554; conspiracy 
 of Parry and Nevil against her life, 354 ; expedi- 
 tion of !lr Francl! DrHkc, 35<t ; uusucce!sful pro- 
 ceedings of the earl of Leicester in Holland 
 again!t Spain, 355 ; treaty with Jamei VI. of Scot- 
 land, 355 ; violent hatred of the Catholic! to her, 
 355 i con!piracy of Ballard and Savage for the 
 murder of ElUabctli and proclamation of Mary, 
 355 ; dUcovered by the !ple! of Wal!ln(cfaam, 
 355 ; sentence of death pai!cd agaln!t Mary, 
 350 ; her reluctance to sign the warrant, 350 ; ex- 
 tenuation of the deed, 358 ; Elizabeth prepare! 
 fur defonoo agaln!t the Spanhh Armada, 359 ; 
 Eues succeed! Leleeitex t» Iter favourite, 959 
 
 ESS 
 
 unialisfaciar* eipedition against Spain, ,1co, 
 Kalcigh and Essex take CadU, 3U0 ; her liaimliit 
 conduct toward! uarllament, 3U0 ; coniiniii 
 M'entworth and otner members to tho y\fJ 
 300; quarrels with Eisex, IMt rebeliimi In j,. : 
 lund, 301 ; Essex's suspicions truce wlihTvroiip' 
 SOI; confined to his bouse, 30'.'; cciiinir ,' 
 against Eliiabeth, 302 ; cunimUtedtutlie'lu*,. 
 and executed, 302 ; proceedings of iJiirllaiumi 
 rei|)eeling the lliianclal slate of ilm couiitrv and 
 the trade monopolies, 302 ; passing of ili'iKiur 
 law, 302 ; Spanish Invasion of Ireliiiicl (Icfim,,! 
 by Mounljoy, 303; banishment of the Jciuiii 
 3i'3 ; her regret! for Essex, 903 ; her Uuth ajui 
 churactcr, 303 
 ElUubeth, daughter of Edward IV. and Itdy 
 Klliabctli ljrey,j)romlsed in marrlngc to lleurj 
 
 ElUabctli, daughter of Joinos I. of England, in. 
 tentlon of tlie Uunpowder-plut consiiirateri to 
 
 place her on the throne, 305 ; married tu t'rede 
 rick tlie elector palatine, 308 
 Eilenborough, lord, surceeds lord AiicVlanrI u I 
 
 ffovcrnor.g<'ncral of India, 500 ; reciilicd, in 
 l»t, general, hi! gallant defencu of Clibrultir 
 4.VJ ' 
 
 Elliot, captain, his conduct in the Cliliicic «ir 
 501 ; his expedition up the Canton river, 6yl ' 
 Eniillanus, em|ieror of Home, his reign, 00 
 Emma, plater <>f Ulchard duke of N ormumlr, n, 
 pouaed by Kthclred tho Unready, loi ; niurricj I 
 to Canute, 105 ; her son Ilardicitnutc ubtuini ihi 
 tlirone of Norway, 100 ; takes possetiioii of iii, 
 north of England in tho name of llunlicanulr 
 100; flics to Flanders, 107 ; shamefully ili-ticiud 
 by Edward tho Coufeiaor, 108 
 Eminett, Hubert, rebellion of, in Ireland, .155 
 Empion, tho inloriner in the reign of Henry VII., 
 289; committed to tho Tower by Henry VIII., 
 294 ; hi! able defence, 294 ; hii execuiioo, ' 
 
 Enghieo, duke of, execution cf, by KapoleoD, 
 450 
 
 England, Its ancient state. See BkitaiN, Sa.xoss, I 
 Uakks. Origin of tho name England, li; h. 
 tablishmentof the Norman dynasty, 114;retl(f 
 of the gcnealogiral right of the nioui\r>'li> tub. 
 sequent to William tho Conqueror to the tliruce I 
 of England, 120; the Plantagenets, M'.>;iLo| 
 liouso of Lanca!ter, 230; the liouso of Voik, 
 204; tho Tudura, 280; tho Stuarts, 303;ll>t 
 house of Brunswick, 419 
 
 Ercomberl, king of Kent, 73 
 
 Ernieufroy, tlio llrst paiiul legato sent to £ii|jluJ, | 
 
 Eacus, son of Hcnglst, 70 
 
 Eapurtcro, ceueral, his services in the waraeainit I 
 the ('arllats, 074; elected to tho reneiiiy, dji; I 
 forced by un insurrection tu tly tu tiiglud, I 
 076 I 
 
 Essex, Henry de, his cowardly conduct in WiH I 
 143 ; vanquished by Hubert do MoiitlurJ lu 1 1 
 trial by combut, 145 I 
 
 Esaex, carl of, succeeds Leicester in the favour if I 
 queen Elizabeth, 359 ; commands the luul. f 
 furces at tho taking of Cadiz, 359 ; his UiireipAl I 
 to Elizabeth, 30O ; obtains the lord-lieuu-iiuiij I 
 of Ireland, 301; his susplciou! truce withilitl 
 Irish rebel Tyrone, 301 ; contined as a [iriMnti I 
 to his own bouse, 301 ; his treasonable conr. I 
 spondence with James VI. of Scotland, 3t2| I 
 committed to the Tower, 302 ; beheaded, 3tii I 
 Elizabeth's regrets, 305. See also pages H I 
 590 I 
 
 Essex, countess of, her guilty Intrigue villi lis I 
 carl of Koehester, 309 ; obtains a divorce fra I 
 tho earl of Essex, 309 ; poisoning sir Tbomsl 
 Overbury,309 ; found guilty, butpardoucd,ii(l| 
 ber miserable end, 370 
 
 btrt, earl of, ee 
 
 nientary force 
 
 Edgehlll, 383 
 
 Essex, lord, his 
 
 riot, 400; ci>n 
 
 Elhelbald, king < 
 
 Etiiolbild, son of 
 
 *l Okely, 84 ; 
 
 obtains the bes 
 
 riobauchory an 
 
 85 
 
 Ellielbert, king 
 
 daugliler of (' 
 
 llaiilty by Aug 
 
 Eihelbert, ton of 
 
 ihsreof thckin 
 
 t*j: invasions o 
 
 Ellirlbert, made 
 
 Great, 89 
 
 Ethclburga, 80 
 
 Kihclfleda, sister { 
 
 Fllic'Ireil, kingof 
 
 £llielrc<l, suceccdi 
 
 ludnes the Danei 
 
 SUjIilsextraord 
 
 anilelles, 80 ; d 
 
 Elliclred, the Unn 
 
 lOlj aseends tb< 
 
 lination of Edwn 
 
 101 1 bribes tho ] 
 
 nets and barbarl 
 
 fcySweynandOl 
 
 llie Danes, 103 ; 
 
 chcd policy of I 
 
 from before Swej 
 
 liii Ihroiio, 104 ; 
 
 rthchwiiha, wife ol 
 I Elhclwold, son ol 
 coualn Edward tli 
 land, 02; Invites 
 dies, 93 
 Elliclirold, obtains i 
 J chcsler, 98 
 I Ellielwolf, son and 
 l«My divides his k 
 85; defeat! the 
 Srlmago to Bomi 
 iliarcs his klngdoi 
 , i;ruili the tllhci t 
 1 Jlrujcans, dynasty < 
 I Ell, ceded to Willfai 
 I Ell, count d', his re 
 J Ii8; Ills cruel fat 
 I Eugenia dc Montljt 
 I married to tho cm 
 I Euphrates, battle of 
 I tuitace, count of B 
 retainers at Dover 
 Idward tho Conf 
 , joins in the Saxon 
 I Evaiii, colonel, comr 
 in Spain, on behol 
 |,<»ryof ihc«ar, o; 
 Jpcriird, nssiats Fitiil 
 llreiham, battle of, ] 
 ■tjcijo scheme, first 
 I commons, 424 
 ■Exeter, seized brth 
 ■ admit a Norman 
 I, '.".^n'" «o William 
 ■MKibltlon, the Grea 
 ■yinu, battle of, 401 
 ■E);ii»!ord, William ( 
 fliomas 4 Beckiti 
 wkct, but absolvi 
 
 FABIAN r.ENS, se 
 
 f'irfax, commander, 
 forces in tho civil i 
 
fttnit Spain, M; 
 5U0 ) her haughty 
 I, 3U0 1 coniiiiiM 
 ben to tho Fleti, 
 U ; rebellion In Ire. ' 
 UUCP with 'i'yroiiF, I 
 IP, iC'i ; coui|iIm 
 nltti'iltolli(!iu«ir 
 iiiK> "{ luirliununi 
 ut thu cuuntry and 
 iiaailiiK ol' the |iour \ 
 if Irelimil ilcfiolid ' 
 cnt of the Jt'iuilt, i 
 103 ( her Uiath ami { 
 
 iril IV. and laily 
 ninrrlnKo to lUiirjt 
 
 iiciitly \iroiniiril lo 
 
 irrUgo with Henry 
 hvr hutbaiiil, Wi; 
 
 :i«rcorunutlon,'iltli { 
 
 I, of Knglanil, la. 
 plot conimratun to I 
 I i marrtcu tu I'teit. 
 
 lord AiicVIanil h | 
 lOtl ; rccalliil, ill 
 ufviicu of Uibrulttr, I 
 
 in tho Chincic war, { 
 Canton river, 'M 
 , hU rdgii, OU 
 .0 of Norinani\y,ri. 
 ready, loi ; tnarricj I 
 rillcanutc ubtaiiii llii 
 kkei potiriilon o( Hit 
 kmo of Hurilicinute, 
 iliamcfully lU-itciicd 
 
 ', tn Irclanu, ioi 
 reign of Henry VII,, 
 iwor by Henry Vlll., 
 2t)4 I hii ciecullon, | 
 
 n cf, ty Napoleon, 
 
 ..BRlTAIS,SAXcn| 
 jno EiiglaiiJ. "i)<* 1 
 
 ilynaity, lUjrevief 
 f the niouart'lii lub- 1 
 iiqueror to the tliruiit I 
 aiitogcnets, Wi ; ilit 
 
 the houio of York, I 
 ho Stuuru, 503; til 
 
 gato tent to EnijIM I 
 
 ;c» in the war ngainit I 
 to the reneniy, Olil I 
 n lo By to tiiglsMi 
 
 ly conduct In WaH I 
 !rt do Monlloril iu 1 1 
 
 cater Iu the favour ol I 
 commnnUt tho m- 1 
 lU.5&9;hUai(rei[Hll 
 1 the lord-UeuttiiiuKI 1 
 piclout truce with <" I 
 Gonfiocd aiai>nion«| 
 ill trcaionablc coiwl 
 "I. of Scotland, Kji I 
 303; beheaded. Mil 
 See oliiO V^'i^ ^"'i I 
 
 llty Intrigue wlibil«| 
 btaint a divorwfi"! 
 
 Bioiioniug »lr TboiMl 
 ty.buHiar'iou"'"""! 
 
 Esa 
 
 giirt, rarl of, commander-in-chief of the pitrlla> 
 meolary forcea againit Ch»rlct I., 383 ; b*ttle of 
 Edffehlfl, 383 
 Eiw>>, lorn, hit cnnnecllon with tho Kye-houie 
 
 plot, 4()6; onmntitt tulclde, 407 
 Elhelbald, liing of Men la, 81 
 Etiiclbatd, ton of Ethrlvrolf, lieutenant of hit father 
 at (Ikoly, 84 « rovoltt ngaintt hit father, 85 ; 
 obtalni the bvit iharo of tho kinK<lnni, H5 ; hit 
 debauchery mid Incvituoui marriage, 8& ; diet, 
 8& 
 Etlielbert, kinfr of Kent, 76 1 marrlci Ilrrtha, 
 dauKhirr of Caribert, 70; converted to Chrlt- 
 tliiimy by AuKiittliie, 77 
 Eihclbert, roii of Kthelwnlf, tuccpcdt t» hit fnlher'a 
 iharc of the kingdom, 8.'> ; heeoinei the >n|u king, 
 tij; tnvailont of tho Diincn, Hit; diet, 8t> 
 Ethrlbcrt, made carl of Mvrclu by Alfred tho 
 (ircat, 80 
 
 Elliclburga, 80 
 
 Kiliclileda, titter of F.dwnrd the Elder, 03 
 
 Elliclrwl, king of Mcrcin, HI 
 
 Ellii'lrcd, luccci'dt hit brother Etlielbert, 86 | dii- 
 Mgn tho Danet from Nottingham and Heading, 
 80) hit extraordinary auiierttllion, 80 1 Increated 
 tniletleii, 80 ; diet, 80 
 
 Elhclrod, tho Unreaily, ton of Edgar and Elfrldn, 
 101; aseendt the KiiRlinh throne after the attai- 
 linatlon of Edwnrd, lUl ; iuTailon of the Danet, 
 101 ; bribci tho Danet to di t>art, 101 ; hit wpitk. 
 ncM and barbarity towardi Alfric, 101 ; doleated 
 by Streyn and Oiarc, 101; general masta-iro cf 
 the Danc^ 103 ; terrible retribution, 10} ; wret- 
 ched iiollcy of bribing the invaders, 105; fliot 
 from before Sweyn to Normandy, 103 ; recovert 
 llii tbrono, 101 ; hit vrar with Canute, 104 ; diet, 
 lus 
 
 rihehwiiha, wife of Alfred tho Great, 03 
 
 Elhelwold, ton of Etlielbert, dlni'utet with hit 
 couiln Edward tho Elder for the ernwn of Eng- 
 land, 03 ; iuvitct tho Danet to j»lu him, 03 ; 
 dici, 93 
 
 Ethclwold, obtain! from Dunttan the tee of Wln- 
 cheitcr, 08 
 
 EtliPlwolf, ton and luccctior of Egbert, 83 ; fool, 
 ithly dlvldct hit kingdom with hit ton Alholtt.iii, 
 83; defeats the Danes at Okely, 81; hit |iil- 
 grimagc to Home, 85 ; glftt to the Pore, H.'i ; 
 iliarei his kingdom witfi lilt ton Etbelbnlil, 8J ; 
 i;rtntt the tithct to the clergy, S5 ; diet, 6 j 
 
 flruKani, dynasty of, at Home, ^3 
 
 Ell, coded t<- William Rufut, I'.'S 
 
 En, count d', his rcbcP'on in favour of Stephen, 
 m\ hit cruel fate, 128 
 
 Eugenia do Montljo, couiitPts.diicVcis of Ztba, 
 married to tho em|icrnr I.oul« Nap^'leon, C&l 
 
 Euphrates, battle of the, 03 
 
 lustacc, count of noiilogiie, ill treatment of hit 
 retainers at Dover, causes the iiuarrel between 
 I'dward the Confetsor and carl iiodwln, 108; 
 joint in the Saxon revolt, 1 10 
 
 Eitnj, colonel, commander of the Ilritlih T.eglon 
 In Jipnin, on behalf of queen Isabella, 073; his- 
 tory of the war, 073 
 
 Ererard, nsilttt Fltxlinrrit In n libel, 405 
 
 tmham, battle of, 187 
 
 Eicljc sclieme, firat introduced in the nouto of 
 commons, 434 
 
 Exeter, telicd by the Danet, 87, 103 ; refines to 
 admit a Norman garriton, 110; compelled to 
 •ubmlt to William th<> Coiniueror, 117 
 
 Eihlbltlon, the Great, of 1803, 003 
 
 Kylau, battle of, 401 
 
 Eyn»!ord, William of, his riglitt Infringed Iiy 
 Thomas ii Becket, 145 ; oxcommiinleiited by 
 Rocket, but absolved by commuud of Henry II., 
 115 
 
 fABIAN GENS, teccition of the, 56 
 ' Fabulout agcf, 3 
 
 FnlrtiW, commandcr-ln-chlef nf the ,;'"'liamentary 
 forces in tho civil war, 387 ; declinei tlio coni- 
 
 mand of the army tent agAlnit Chnrlet II. and 
 tho Scott, 303; feaguca wHIi Mailer agalutt 
 Cromwell, 308 
 
 Fallero, eoniptrocy of, 770 
 
 Falkirk, battle of, 107 
 
 Farmer, Dr., recommended by Janice II. to th« 
 nretldency of Mngdalrn coilegp, 410 
 
 Felton, attatilnates tho duke of Uuek Ingbam, S78 ; 
 hit execution, 370 
 
 Ferdinand of Arragnn, hit daiigliler Catberlna 
 married to ]>rlnce Arthur, 305 ; married again 
 to Henry Vlll., 305; aisliit Henry agaliut 
 France, 305 ; tellliih nature of his detlgiK, 305 ; 
 hit |>caco with France, 307 ; hit death, 3i:il 
 
 Ferdinand and Itabella, reign of, C50 
 
 Ferdlnnnd ,11, of Spain, hit aecettion, 600 ; lot! 
 of tho American colonies, 000 ; Iniurrectioni 
 In favour of the conitlttitlon, 000 ; tweart to ac- 
 cept theconitltutlon of 1813 and to lummon tho 
 Cortet, 07O; threatened struggle between abio- 
 Intlsm and revolution, 07 1 ; nrined intervention 
 iif the French under tlie diiko of Angoul6me, 
 071 1 establishment of a regency, 071 ; perio- 
 cutlon of the partixans of lliu cuiniitutlnn, 07 1 j 
 insnrrectiunt of the Carlistt, 073 ; hit death, 
 073. 8eo al>o pagct 403, 4^3 
 
 Feroiethah, battle of, 510 
 
 Ferrer, bltlion of St. Davld'i, hit martyrdom in 
 tho reign of JIary, 336 
 
 Feudal law of Franco and Normandy apiillcd tn 
 England by William tho Comtuernr, 130 ; tho 
 Church comiwlled by William tho Conqueror to 
 give feudal tcrvlce In tho flehl, 1 30, 1 30 ; A ntelm't 
 ontwer to tho summons of William Itufua, 130; 
 modified by the charter of Henry I. lieauclrrr, 
 l.'^3 ; barons obtain from Stephen the right of 
 fortifying their castles, 130; dismantling of the 
 castles by Henry II., 143; proTltlont of tho 
 feudal law for the rantom of kingt, 107 ; prettlga 
 of the feudal monarchy worn out by the wrak- 
 nestand misconduct of John, 173; the barnnt 
 claim from ,'ohn the charter of Henry I., 178 ; 
 obtain tho Magna Charta, 170 ; refusal of tho 
 buroni to give up their eastlet In tho reign of 
 Henry III., 181 ; powerful confederacy of baront 
 formed againit Henry III., 181, 183; lolemn 
 ratlflcation of tho great charter by Henry, 183 ; 
 establishment of tho reforming cominiislon of 
 twenty-four barons, 185; degradation of tlio 
 royal power In tho reign of Edwnrd II., 301 ; 
 feudal tyranny of tho nobles for ever stricken 
 down in tho reign of Henry VII ,303; itt oyu 
 pretsive character in France, 635 
 
 Flnlsterre, Cape, battle of, 437 
 
 risher, bishop, committed to tho Tower by Henry 
 Vlll., 305; believes Iu the Holy Maid of Kent, 
 507 ; indicted and bcheadeil, 307 
 
 Fill- Adelin, luccccdi Strongliow In the government 
 of Ireland, 578 
 
 Fitz- Arnulf, Conttantine, ringleader of the riolt in 
 London in the reign of Henry III., ISl 
 
 Fitzgerald, lord Edward, astisti in planning the 
 Irish rebellion, 450 
 
 Fitzgerald, lord Thomas, 585 
 
 Fitzliarris, charged with libel, 405 ; his pretended 
 iwplsh plot, 405 ; condemne<l and executed, 403 
 
 Fitzcsberl, surnamed Longbeard, blsextraordiuary 
 power in the reign of llichard I., 108 
 
 FItzosborno, Willinm, left by Willioni tho Con- 
 queror to govern England, 115 
 
 Fitzpatrick, liU murder of Cummin, the ipy of 
 Edward I., 100 
 
 Fiiz-Rlchard, Ilobert, governor of York, ilain by 
 the revolted Saxons, 118 
 
 Fitz-Kichard, supports in London the cntisc of 
 Leicester andtlie barons n-tainat Henry HI., 1*^5 
 
 Filzniy, tlic natural sou of Henry YIIL, his death, 
 509 
 
 Fitznrse, Reginald, one of the m urdcreri of Thotnaa 
 a Itcckct, 139 
 
 Flanibard, Ralph, bishop of Durham, the tyran- 
 nical minister of William Rufua, 133; di<miated 
 and impriioned by Ucnr^ Bcauclerc, lo'i 
 
 
 1 
 
028 
 
 imtttf. 
 
 VUmmoek, th« dcniMogue, hasdi • nbclllon In 
 Cornwall In the rttgn or Ilcurjr VII., 381 ; dt' 
 fcatcd «nd •seouted, 393 
 
 Fleetwood, >f naral, 300 
 
 Fleetwood, Alri., eldttt dkughter of Oliver Crom« 
 well, 398 
 
 Fletcher of Saltoun, 408 
 
 Fludden Field, battle of, 397 
 
 Flurence, revolution In, 7UH 
 
 Florlan, emiwror of Homo, lili reign, 67 
 
 Foil, Uuton de, hti brief, bravo, and glorloui 
 oarecr, 395 
 
 Fontonoy, battle of, 430 
 
 Foreign LnlUiment AGl,rtiiputei between England 
 and America on the, bti 
 
 Fornit, Now, formation uf the, 135 
 
 Foreit lawi of William the Conqueror, 13S 
 
 Foiitor, 'I'homai, rliei In favour of the Pretender, 
 431 ; hUeiccutlon, 431 
 
 Fox, blihon of Wlnchciter, introducei Woliey to 
 Heur* VIII.. 398 i warm Uenry of WoUejr'e 
 ambition, 398 
 
 Fox, Cbarlet Jamei, hli coalition with lord North, 
 439 t hii two btUt for the better government 
 of India, 440; dlimlued by lieorge III., 440; 
 ouarrt It with Burke, 441 ; hli bill for the aboil. 
 tion of the alave trade, 40O; bit death and 
 character, 460 
 
 France, anciently called Oallla, or Qaul, dlvliloni 
 of. In the time of the Itomani, 031 ; CMtar'i dc> 
 •crlptlon of the Uaula, 631 ; (ho Roman Conqueit, 
 631; Invation of the Kranki, 631; the Slero- 
 vlni^an dynaity or flrit race, 633; relgni of 
 Pharamond and hia aucceaaora,ti33; converalon 
 of Clovla, 633 ; eatabllihment of the Carlovlnglan 
 dynaaty or accond race, by Cliarlra Martvl, 633 ; 
 relgnt of Pepin and Charlemagne, 633 ; cita- 
 bllahment of the Capetlne dynaaty or third race, 
 633 ; tyranny of the feudal ayatem, 633 ; accea> 
 tl'.n of the nouae of Valola, 634 ; the houaoof 
 Valola-Orleana, 634; the houae of Valola-An- 
 goultme, 634 1 the houae of Bourbon, 635 ; rcign 
 of Loula XIV., 635; reign of Loula XV., 636; 
 reign of Loula XVI., 637 ; breaking out of tho 
 French revolution, 637 ; atorming ot tho Baatllc, 
 637 1 attempt of Loula to oacape from France, 
 638 ; hli execution, 638 ; eaUbllahment of the 
 republican government, 638; death of Mario 
 Antoinette, 639; Inaurrection of La Vcndte, 
 639 1 the reign of terror, 630 ; execution of 
 Hobeapierrc, 639; appearance of Mapolcon 
 Buonaparte, 639 ; hla prodlgloua aucceaaei, 630 ; 
 expedition to Egypt, 630 ; dlaaolvca the conati- 
 tutlon of the republic, 030; aaaumea the govern- 
 ment under the name of conaul, 03 1 ; croaaca the 
 Alpa, 631 ; battlea of Marengo and Ilohcnllnden, 
 631; peace of Amiena, 631 ; Napoleon crowned 
 Em|ieror, 633 (aee BuoNAPAIlTE) ; abdication 
 of Napoleon, 637 : reatoration of the monarchy 
 under Loula XVIII., 637 ; the new charter, 
 637 ; returu of Napoleon from Elba, 637 ; battle 
 of Waterloo and exile to St. Helena, 638 ; accond 
 reatoration of Louia XVIII., 638; acceaalon of 
 Charlea X., 638; mlnlatry of Vlilele, 638 ; dia- 
 banding of tho national guard, 638 ; mlnlatry of 
 Polignac, 639 ; iu unpopularity, 659 ; conqueat 
 of Alglera, 630 ; auapenalon of tho liberty of the 
 preta and other ordinancea aubvcralve of the 
 charter, 640; the military command of Parla 
 entruated to Marmont, 640; realatance to the 
 ordinancea, 641 1 tkirmiahei between the citizena 
 and aoldiera, 641 : deputation to Marmont, 641 ; 
 iucceaaea of the inaurgenta, 641 ; proclamation 
 of Loula Philippe, 643 ; abdication of Charlea X., 
 643 ; Louia Philippe becomet king of the French, 
 643; trial oftheex-minlatera, 643; inaurrectiuu 
 at Lyona, 643 ; fortillcation of Paria, 644 ; war 
 ■gainat the emperor of Morocco, 644 ; atorming 
 of Tangieri by prince Jolnvlile, 644; horrible 
 mattacre in ttaecaves of the Dairha, 644 ; alliance 
 with England, 646; the Spaniah marrlagci, 
 645 ; murder of the duchev of PraiUn by tier 
 biurand, 045 ; corraption amongat government 
 
 WVL 
 
 ofleiali, 04S; napopular tneeeh of Loula PhillDD. 
 on the reform agitation, 646 ; oppoalilon to ib, 
 reform banquet, 640 ; cummencemvnt of ik! 
 revolution, 646 ; abdication of Loula I'lilllinr 
 647 I hia dlghl to Knglaod, 647 i dablUhmTl 
 uf the provlilonal government, e-lH i illiliioni 
 In the government, 648 ; falabllibnirnt of 
 national workibopa, 048 ; national auimi,!, 
 choaen by unlveraal aiiHrage, O'lM ; outl)r™|i oV 
 tho 15th of May, 648 ; inaurrection of thu 'j,-,,, 
 of .lull)', OIU; election of Loula Nii|ii>lcon lo Hit 
 offlcc of prealdent, 649; dlaorderly tliaracutof 
 the aaaembly, 04U i the coup d'elat, tiiu: war I 
 between France and Auatria in I8J1», 55',', yy^, 
 part taken by France in the Crimean war, i;m ! 
 and in the Italian war of liberation, 061, 7ti7 ' 
 Francia I. of France, cndcavoura to aecuro the 
 friendahip of Henry VIII. againat Spain, i^^. 
 acrvileSatlery of lilaambaaaadortoMulicv ^lii' 
 Interview with Henry VIII. in the Fliia of ik^ 
 Cloth of Gold, 300 ; war with England, 300 
 war with Chariot V., 658 1 Invadea Ulltn, tliti' 
 compelled by the army of Cbarlei V. to mlieiht 
 alege of Pavfa, 650 ; carried prlaontr to Midrld. 
 659 ; algna the treaty called tne peace of Madrid 
 C50 ; peace of Cambray, 660 ; renewal of thi 
 war, 660; .treaty of Creapy, 600; hit dtiib, 
 
 Francii U. of France, huaband of Mary queen of I 
 8cota, hit claimi to the throne of EnirUudon r 
 the death of Mary, 341 ; hla death, 34 1 
 
 Francia II., king of Napica, driven from liii thronr 
 770^ 786 ; taket refugo In Uaeta, 773 ; rcilrn u 
 Kome,773 
 
 Francia, father, refuted admittance to the tan. 
 bridge unlverilty In tho reign of Janici II, 
 410 
 
 Francia, John, hit treaionoui attempt to thootilu 
 queen, 507 
 
 Frankfort, diet at, 688 ; meeting of the Grrniu 
 parliament at, 690; Intttrrectlon agiilmi ihr 
 armlatloe of Malmo, 691 
 
 Franka, their Invaaion of Uaul, 031 
 
 Frederic Barbaroaaa, emperor of Orrmauy, Joioi 
 in the cruaade, 161 ; hia death, 161 
 
 Frederic, the elector palatine, married to Ellu. 
 bcth, daughter of Jamea L, 308 ; elected to 
 tho crown of Bohemia, 373 ; Jamea 1. rofuso lo 
 acknowledge hla title, 373 ; Frederic dcfcuinlbT 
 Frrdinandll., 373 ; expelled tVom hla iialatiiian, 
 373 ; aided by Jamea'a money but injurnl bj hii 
 ncgotiationa, 375 ; failure ortbe English ci|iedi. 
 tlou aent to aid him, 376 ; attcmpta of C'liarin 
 I. to aaaiat him,377 
 
 Frederic, prince of Walet, hla quarrcla with hli 
 father George II., 434; hla death, 131 
 
 Frederic the Great, reign of, 710 
 
 Frederic William IV., klngof Prutaia, 703; an. 
 lutlon at Berlin, 703 ; the Frutaian conitltutioD, 
 703 
 
 Free church of Srotland, formation of, 510 
 
 Free trade, adoption of the policy uf, in Grtit 
 Britain, 533 
 
 Frena, the traitor, 101 
 
 Friedland, battle of, 463 
 
 Friendly itlandi, 908 
 
 Frlthcglat, the traitor, 101 
 
 Froat, John, the chartltt, hit trial and tranipoil^ 
 tion, 499 
 
 Fulke, count of Aivjou, joint the revolt agiioil 
 William, 131, 133; relinquithct hia pri'tcniloDi 
 to the county of Maine, 133 ; takea W illlam,Mi 
 of Robert Cuurthoae, under hia prutectioii, 13$; 
 abandonahla cause fromthc marriage of hiion 
 daughter to William ton of Henry licaucltn) 
 130 ; adopta it again from the marriage of liii 
 daughter to WUUam, aon of Robert Couilboi^ 
 157. See PLAKTAOENET 
 
 Fulke of Neullly, hit bold and zealout aermon ta 
 fore Richard Coaur de Lion, 160 
 
 Fulke de Breauti, tupporti the carl of Albenvli 
 In bit oppoeitlon to Umjj IIL, 180 ; puoliWl 
 byconSKatlon andbanltlunent, 181 
 
H^^^kAaHiaM 
 
 attempt to ihuotthil 
 
 trial And tranipoitt- 1 
 
 G' AETA, lief* of, 773 
 Ovft RoTernor of MaiiaohuHtti liajr, 435 i 
 
 I rK»lTi''l, 435 
 
 I ciiiurri, the chBtraii, tlrgt of, 171 
 
 1 liilrriii'i oiii|icror ut Konic, hU r«ian, 67 
 
 (lilllrnui, i'ni|HTor of Uoido, IiIi ruign, 00 
 1 i;«llui, liiUHTor of Konip, (iO 
 1 calway, loril, ilcifmtctl at AlmMiia, 410 
 
 liiimo Uwi of Wllllum thu Conqueror, their ioto- 
 
 ritT, l'^5 
 
 I Ctrilincr, blihop of Wliichotter, oppoiei tho pro. 
 in'Mi of the Reformation In the rtiKn of Kilwnrd 
 Yl.,315| coniiiilltvil to tho FUet, 31i!j main. 
 mini tho iloctrinu uf llio real prcucncr, 3'^0; ile- 
 jirlved of hia blthoprlck and vnmmittvil to iMoau 
 cuitod.v, 3'43 1 rvatured to hit lea by qiii-en 
 M«ry, 31J0 1 lnterforp« In favour of I'etcr Bliir. 
 Ijr, W7 I adviwi in (uvmir of Mary'i mirrlaeo 
 with Philip, but npainit further Innovation* in 
 rcllKlon, 3'.>l); hi» bloody portcvution of thopro- 
 Inlantt, 33o | hii deatli, 337 
 
 I Gurtbalili, hli part In thu war of liberation of Italy, 
 7tW; and In Naplei, 770, 771 ; retlrei to I'a- 
 vntttlTi i defeated and wounded at Atpromontc, 
 
 ■ iT' 
 
 I Cimrt, the Jcautt, Jolni In the Gunpowder Plot, 
 
 ;(I.S; taken and executed, 305 ; treated in Spain 
 
 ti a martyr, 3UU 
 
 I Girtor, order of the, cilabltihed by Edward III., 
 
 I 'Jl? 
 
 iGiKoyne, lord chief juilico in thoToign of Henry 
 IV., 210; impriioni Ucnry priuca of Walei, 
 
 . 210 
 
 IGiuI, conqueiti of Oieaar in, 03, 70 
 
 I Gault, defeat tho Komani on tho banki of the 
 AlUa, VO; lack and burn Konie, liU ; defeated 
 b; the Konians under Camillui, Ot> ; C'leiar'i 
 deicrintinn of the, ii'ii 
 
 I Gaunt, John of. See I.ANOASTRR 
 
 I Gaunt, Mri., her execution for aheltering a fugt- 
 
 I live from Sedgemoor, 409 
 
 ICavcilon, Piera, tho favourito of F.dward II., 
 '.'UO: obtalna the earldom of Cornwall, UOO ; hIa 
 Iniolenco and folly, 200 ; cxcltea tho enmity of 
 queen Iiabella, 'iol ; confinleracy of baroni 
 lormcd aifninst hint, 201 ; aent into exile, 201 : 
 made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 2U1; recalled 
 to court, 201 ; repeata hia insolence, 201 ; hia 
 Kcond banlahmcnt, 201 ; again recalled by Ed- 
 ward, 202 ; taken uud executed by tho carl of 
 Pembroke, 202 
 
 |fifni>Ta, hiitory of, 788 
 
 ICtolTrcy, brother of Henry II., of England, aeizea 
 Maine and Anjon, M3; reduced to aubmiaaion 
 by Henry, 143 ; hit death, 143 
 
 iGcolfrey, Hon of Henry II., married to the daugh- 
 ler of Conan, earl of Uritanny, 115, KW; liia 
 o|ipo9ition to hia father, 1 J2 ; declarea war, 150 ; 
 hii death, 150 ; hia aon Arthur, 150 
 
 iGcoffrcy, archdeacon of Norwich, quita the court 
 on tho excommuDloatlon of Jolin, 175 ; tortured 
 by John, 170 
 Grarge I,, proclaimed king on tho death of queen 
 Anne, 419; diagrace of Bollngboke, 410; ex- 
 treme partinlity for tho Whiga, 411) ; impeach- 
 ment of Bollngbroke and Oxford, 420 ; rebellion 
 of Mar, 420; rebellion of Uerwcntwater, 421 ; 
 fruitless landing of tho Pretender, 421 ; the 
 South Sea bubble, 421 ; fresh conspiracy in fa- 
 Tour of tha Pretender, 422 ; eonvlction of the 
 earl of Macclesfleld of selling places in chancery, 
 422 ; death of George, 423 
 pcorite II., auGceeda hit father George I., 4ZZ ; 
 general peace, 423 ; reporta of debates in iiar- 
 liament regarded aa a breach of privilege, 423 ; 
 
 commercial prosperity, 423 ; frauda of the mana- 
 ger! of tho cnaritabie corporation, 434 ; failure 
 of the attempt to introduce the exciae aoheme, 
 434; niisunderatandinga between the king and 
 lirince of Walea, 424 ; war with Spain, 42 1 j cap- 
 ture of Porto Bello, 425 ; motion for the dia- 
 miiial of Walpole negatived, 425; cxiieditions 
 agoiutt Spauian America, 435 ; lubaidy granted 
 
 GEO 
 
 by parliament to Maria Thereaa, 435 1 rttir*. 
 ment of Walpole, 425 ; extonsion of tho war, 
 485 ; Oeorgo 1 1, defeats tho French In person, 
 420 t the duke of Cumberland defeated at Fon- 
 lenoy, 420 ; landing of Charlea Edward In tho 
 Hebrides 4211; proclaimed king, 427; dcfeata 
 the foreea under Cope at Preston i'aiis, 427 ; de- 
 feated by thu duke of Cunilierlumi ou Culloden 
 moor, 427 ; escape of Charles Edward, 427 ; exe- 
 cution of tho rebels, 124; coiitiiiUHtioii nf tho 
 war with France, 42M i taking of liergen-oii- 
 Koom by tho French, 428 ; vtetorlis of the Eng. 
 Ilsh tlcot off Capo FinUtirro and llellu Isle, 42H ; 
 iicaeo of Aix-ia-Chapelle, 42H ; colonising of Nova 
 .Scotia, 42(1; introduction of the now style, 420 ; 
 hostilities with tho French in North America, 
 420; declaration of war against France, 420; 
 losa of Minorca an<i trial and execution of Byng, 
 430; Suraja Dowla advancea on Calcutta, 4oO; 
 throwa thu uarrlsun into the Hlack Hole, 430; 
 defeateil by t'livo at Plassy, .|.V) ; I'll* brought 
 into (ifllee,43i I; successes ot Amhcrit, Wolfe, and 
 F'orbes in North America, 430 ; capture of Que- 
 bec by Wolfe, 430; French influence In the East 
 Indies deslroyed by tho victory of Wandowash, 
 431 ; unponulai'ity of tho German war, 431 ; 
 death and cliaracter of Georuo 1 1., 431 ; progreai 
 in literature and the arta, 431 
 Georgo III., aon of Frederic |>rinceof Waica, tuc- 
 ceeds hisKrandfathir George II., 431 ; hia iiopn- 
 lurity, 131 ; marries Churlotto of Meclileii. 
 burgh .<ttreliti, 431 ; union of Franco and Spain, 
 432 ; Pitt resigns and is iuccecde<l by Bute, 452 ; 
 Buccessful war against Spain, 4.12; treaty with 
 France and Spain, 432 ; England's maritime aii. 
 premaey, 432 ; Bute resigns and Is succeeded 
 bv Grenvllle, 432 ; trial ot Wilkes, 432 ; paaaing 
 of tho American Stamp Act, 433 ; ministerial 
 changes, 433; address of Beckford, tho lord 
 mayor, to tho king, 433 ; prosecution of Wood- 
 fall, thoimhilshcr of * Juniut,* 433 ; commence- 
 ment 01 tho publication of parliamentary 
 reiiorts, 434; lord North'a ministry, 434; re- 
 aistanco of tho Americana to paying the duty on 
 tea, 434 ; acts for closing tho port of Boston and 
 for altering tlic constitution of Maasachuaetta, 
 434 ; petition of tho American congresa rejected, 
 434 ; preparntiona of tho United Colonlea of 
 America for war, 434 ; battle of Uunker'a lllll, 
 435 ; declaration of independence, io!> ; llowe 
 defeata Washington at Branilywine, 435; Bur- 
 goync'a aurrender, 430 ; suecesisl'ul progress of 
 the American revolution, 430 ; death of Pitt, 
 lord Chatham, 430 ; wur witli France and 
 Spain, 430; the 'no popery' riots, 437; ccn 
 duct of lord George Gordun, 457 ; continuation 
 of the war, 438; the armed neutrality, 43S; 
 declaration of war against tlie Dutch, 43« ; capi- 
 tulatlon of lord Cornwalllii, 438 ; resignation of 
 loni North, 439 ; unaucceasful siego ot Gibraltar 
 by Franco and Spain, 430 ; the coalition ministry 
 of North and Fox, 430; general peace, 439; 
 acknowledgment of the indeiHindenco of America, 
 410 ; dismissal of tho coalition ministry, 440 ; 
 Pitt forma a ministry, 410; iiassing of tiie East 
 India bill, 440; I'itl'a ainking fund, 440; AU 
 tempt of Margaret Nicholson to assassinate the 
 king, 440 : trial of Warren Hastings, 441 ; agi- 
 tation against tho alave trade, 441 ; mental dia- 
 order ot tho king, 441; eatablishment of a 
 modified regency in favour of the prince of 
 Wales, 441 ; breaking |out of tho French revo- 
 iiition, 442 ; riots in Birmingham, 442 ; tpread 
 of infidelity and sedition, <143 ; execution of the 
 king af France, 443 ; prcparationa for a war 
 with France, 444 ; general continental alUancct, 
 444 ; defeat of the duke of York, 444 ; re-cap- 
 ture of Toulon by general Buonaparte, 444; 
 ■ucceaaea of France againat the alliea, 445 ; 
 domestio affuira in England, 445; arreat ot 
 Homo Tooke, Thelwall and others for treason, 
 445 ; naval victorici of Jervia and Howe, 445 ; 
 victorloui career of the French in tho Nctbcr- 
 
030 
 
 intttr. 
 
 OEO 
 
 Unilt •nit on Ih » nhliiv. 445 1 dliiutrnoi retreat 
 of the Kiiirllih under Inr duko if York, 440 1 
 •Pilltlntiii rii>l> In Loailan, 440| autrkRo on tho 
 ktnK, 4 17 t WMJait of new p«n»l ittliitM, 447 i 
 •ucceiiri of NmoVmii Buontparte In ll*W, 447 ; 
 bmilo of Loill, 447 1 batllo of Areola, 44H t 
 f«lluro of Lord Malmciburjr'i miMinn to 
 I'arU with oTerturtiof peace, 418 t tletory olT 
 01, Vincent, 4'iU I mutinUi at Kpttlixait nnd the 
 More, 411)1 Dundti defuali the Unii'h o" CaM- 
 
 Iionlown, 4IIM Nelion'i iiniuo'Ptitiil ati 'ok i>n 
 l»iu«C'ru«, 4IOicont(mpl«ti>it I u'lu'ii lnvmlon 
 of Knglaud, 440 t Irlth rrii< 111 ..ii m.i li i •up> 
 iireiilon, 4&U I KrenolirtpcdlOoiutg^imnt i .-/iJt, 
 4bO\ Nelion'ipuriult lit the Fri-neh ili . : 4;>0| 
 th« battle of tfia tii\u, |j|| focond eoalttlon 
 formed affainit France, t%l t ii> r< it of li|i|ioo 
 Salb at 8erlnir>t'atani, -r I i ' ' re of thu ex- 
 pcditlr.i for ilii roitoratlnii « tho |>rlnco of 
 Orangi to ll"l' ' i' 4A1; Iliioiiai>artf Inrndr* 
 Palritlnr, 4 '' ; >' 'ii|)ollod by lir Mdncy 8inilh 
 to ruUo iliu tl' K< <>i Acrp,4i3;iMailo flritcuniiil, 
 45^ ( reti-ctloii of Ills oTcrtiiri't Tt |ieacp, 4'>'! ; 
 UMunol' RnRland and In i»i> I, 4.>j t llaiflrld'n 
 •Itompt nKal»>t tho klnft'a llu, 453; hHttlei of 
 Montohello, Mnrvngo, and Iloncniliidvn, 4'>'j ; 
 Buonaparte makei peace with Auitria liy tin- 
 treaty of Lunetlllo, 4&5; r<'ilKnatiiin or I'ltt 
 and rarmatlon of the AddinKl'in niliiittry, 463; 
 armed neutrality rcTlred by the northern iKiwom, 
 453; expedition of Parker and Ncfion to 
 Copenhairf)!, 4M; dliiolutlon of tho uurlhcrn 
 confederacy, 454; expedition nf Aborcronibiv 
 InKgypt, 454; battle of Aboiikir and Alexan- 
 dria, 434; peace of Amieiit, 451; conaplrary uf 
 colonel Ucipard, 4j4; auRreiiioni of Ituonn 
 parte, 455 1 in^ulti lord Wliltworth, tho EnRliah 
 ambaiiador, 455 ; French inrailnii of Hanover, 
 455 ; preparation! for a French liifaiion <if 
 England, 455; inturrection in Ireland, 455; 
 Engltiih luccciiet In tho Knit and Wcit Indica, 
 45tr| Pitt formi a nilnUtry, 450; Na|M)lcoii 
 crowned emperor of tho French, 450 ; uidon of 
 the French and Kpanlih fleet), 457 ; chase of 
 Nelion. 457 ; battle of Trafalgar, 457 ; death of 
 Nelion, 457; coalition of F.nRland, Ituiila, 
 Austria, and 8wr<lcn sgainit Uuiinapnrtc, 458 ; 
 battle of Auiterlltc, 45U ; peace at i'ri'iburg 
 between Franco and Austria, 458 ; KhkIIsIi ex- 
 pedlllon to Sicily, 459 ; battle of Mnldii, 450 ; 
 conquest of tho Capo of Uood IIo|>e by the 
 Knsllsh, 450; death of Pitt, 450; ministry of 
 OroiiTllle and Fox, 46(.) ; abolition of tho slavo 
 trade, 460 ; death of Fox, 400 ; I'ruasin joins 
 the allies, 400 ; defeated by Bunimparte nt Jenn, 
 401 ; refusal of the king to sign the Catholic 
 emancipation bill, 461; failure of Whilelock'a 
 cxiMidltlon against Buenos Ay res, 401; trial of 
 Wbitelock, 401; peace of Tilsit, between 
 France, Russia, and Prussia, 401 1 English ex- 
 pedition against Denmark, 403 ; uombardnieiit 
 of CopenhaKcn, 403; Napoleon deularoa tho 
 British lOiiiiiS ro be in u slaiu of blockade, 40a i 
 England ' i .a'Son the jtorts of France and 
 her allies, 102 ; Napoleon sends an army inlo 
 Portugal under Junot, and ]ilaccsJose|>li Huunn- 
 
 Jiarto on tho throne of Spain, 403 ; Insurrection 
 n Spain favoured by EngL-md, 403; Insurrec- 
 tion in Portugal, 403; Wellealcy laiuls nc 
 Oporto, 403; defeats Junot at Viinlern, 403 ; 
 convention at Olntra, 405; Buonaparto'a invik- 
 ilon of Spain, 403 ; sir John Moore's retreat > 
 Gorunna, 404; Wclleslcy enters Spiilii, 4t"l; 
 galni the victory at Tulavcro, 404; Austria 
 attempts to assert her independence, 404 ; Na- 
 poleon takes Vienna and defeats the Auatriaiis 
 at Wagram, 464 ; failure of the Walcheren ex- 
 pedltion, 405 ; parliamentary enquiry into the 
 conduct of the duke of York and Mrs. Clarke, 
 405; committal of sir Francis Burdcit to tln' 
 Tower, 465 1 attempt to assassinate tho duke of 
 Cumberland, 465 ; Wellcsley defeats Mass<>na at 
 Busaco and encamps on Torres Vcdras, 400 ; 
 
 OBR 
 
 prinea of Walea appoint! ii ,(grn», 4«<li „„ i 
 cesses In the peninsula, 407 ; w«r with Amcririt 
 I.iiddlle riots, 467 ; assasal nation of M r. I'. ,„,.^f 
 407; Wellington lakes Cludad llo,|,i^„ , :L 
 llarlajos, and defeats the French at .Siii,iiii.t.,. I 
 408; llussia treats with Naiwleon, |r,i , y',^' 
 Icon Invades Kusala, 401) ; burning uf iii',l'l 
 and disastrous retreat of the Knurh, ii ,. 
 Prussia Joins Urrat Britain and liir alllii, .\-.i'. 
 Iilltle of l.utsen, 470; WellinKlnii ilil'caii il, ' 
 French at Vittorla, 470; retreat nf tiii' Kn'niii 
 beyond the I'vrences, 471; Aiiitrin jnin, ii,,,! 
 allies, 471; NaiNileon defeated at l.eliiili',.);|. 
 the allies enter F'rance, 471 ; Na|Hile<iii nfuM ■ to s 
 come to terini, 471 1 the allies enter I'ari,, 17 . I 
 abdication of Na|Hileon, 473 ; icstiirail<>ii„f,|],| 
 French monarchy under l.nuls XViil,, .\-< I 
 Napoleon removes to KIba, 473 ; luit lin.ilii'i,r;l 
 in the Peninsula, 473; congratiiliiiciry \iiit „i| 
 the allle<l sovereigns to England, 173 ; uroKmJ 
 and conclusion of the American war, t,.'>;r,n. I 
 
 ?rcss at Vienna, 474; Na|>oleoii'a nturn lr,til| 
 :iba, 474 1 NaiM)lron advances Into tlir NmIkt 
 lands against the Engiiih and I'ruiilaii), i:|. 
 battles of Qiiatre Ilras and Watcrlu), .\;\'. 
 the allies advance to Paris, 475 ; rcstnrsilim «t 
 Louis, 475 ; Napoleon banished to St, lliimt 
 470 ; seconit congress at Vienna, 470 ; (llimr v 
 anccs in England, 470; bombardnieiilor Alunn 
 477; riots In London, 477; riiila in l^irnlnnl 
 477; unpopularity of the prince regent, 4;;'! 
 death of princess Charlotte, 477; doaili pjl 
 queen Charlotte, 477 ; Manclieater rcfcirm rnii.l 
 Ing at St. Petersfleld, 478 1 death of Ucurgd 
 
 George IV., birth of, 433 ; payment of lili ,1 
 by parliament, 441 ; invested wltli a nmliMl 
 regency, 441; married to Caroline of llruuti 
 wick, 440; separation frnm Caroline, 448; tc. I 
 strictlons removed from thu regency, 4>i7 icimil 
 tains the allied sovereigns, 473; loMilteil li;il 
 mob, 477 1 ascends the throne on tlie draih n|l 
 George III., 479; the Thlstlewood coniijlricT.r 
 4711 ; trial of queen Caroline, 470; coroimii»n'l| 
 George IV., 480; his visit to Ireland ami llnJ 
 over , 480 ; agricultural districts, 481; wliiir ImJ 
 in Ireland, 481; relief of the dlatnawil IniKl 
 481; royal visit to Scotland, 481 ; rrjoction o(l 
 the Catholle relief bill, 483 ; the great I'lnit,! 
 483 ; Canning's ministry, 484 ; battle nf Nm.! 
 rlno, 485 t passing of the Ciitholic einanciiaiiir 
 
 bill, 480 ; illness of f 
 
 487 
 
 ' tho king, 480 ; hit duib,! 
 
 George, prince of Denmark, married to AdiiiI 
 daughter of James 1 1., 415 I 
 
 George, prlnco uf Denmark, elected king of ibil 
 Greeks, 800 t 
 
 Germans, make irruptions into Gaul and Iul',1 
 (IT 'I 
 
 Germany, conquests of Ciesar In, C3 ; liUtnrjr of,l 
 Vv-li ; state of the |>roplo prior to tlu' llvuiiil 
 conquest, 684; establlaliment of llic emiiire 
 Clinrlemagne, 684; dlrlaiun of the empire ' 
 tween the four sons of Louis Ic DiIjoiiiu r>,| 
 081 ; history of thecm|H'rors uf liinuani, 
 contests with the pupea, 085 ; progrcaiuI'LuiLc;.! 
 aiiiain, 085 ; the angelic uiiidii ut tho I'miiti-ll 
 princes, an(i tho Ciithollc league, 080 ; tin irin;| 
 of Westphalia, C80 ; successes of NaiKiUuii iiiul 
 naparte, C88 ; formation of the coiiredoraiivaill 
 the Kblnc under the protc'ctorahl|i of thcdrif.! 
 riir Napoleon, 088; its disaoUitlon, Oii'.iiiliil 
 fkt German cnnt'cdcratlun holding itssil(in;iii| 
 i'jaiikfort on-the-Malno, 080; tlie eonprMdl 
 ministers, naaembled nt t'nrlabad iinilcr tk il 
 rn'liiins of Metteriiich, 08!) ; tffcct of tlicKrtBr*! 
 levolutiou uf 1848, O'JO; guneril inturrnliunl 
 COO ; cmpcriM' of Austria and king of i'limM 
 promiac reOirin inatilutlona, 600; inccliui;ill 
 tl" self-coii'illiileil assembly of political nf»l 
 mors ot llff *- »*crg. 000 i nneetipg of a Omail 
 parllainmi *• l-'rankltirl, 000; ilntion ifiStl 
 arciiduke Jokat to bu Uvutvuant-aUiuliii>iii:,i| 
 
intrrv* 
 
 931 
 
 OBT 
 
 il iCfrnl. 46«i i„e.| 
 
 ; w«r •llli Ararrim,! 
 Kllnnof Mr. i'' ric<il,l 
 'luiUil K'l.lriKu ,ii',|l 
 'rpiicli at S;imiiiiiiiri,l 
 ■iwli'iin, li'iMi Nj|,i, 
 
 burilllia iif Mnir',» 
 ' thn l-ri'iirh, .|r,j;l 
 1 anil liir allli'i, 4;>i; 
 I'lllliKtDi) ilrrrjii II,. 
 rt'tri'Ht of the Kri.n.li 
 I I Auitrln Jiilni ili.. 
 i-ntnl M l.i'l|i>li', t;i 
 1 ; NaiHiU'iiii rifuMiiii 
 llri mtiT I'arl), 4;; 
 Til icitiiri\tl<iii<j(ih> 
 
 l.niil» XVlll., IT; 
 , 'iTi ; lait lii»iliiu»| 
 DiiKrululntiiry tiiii ..(l 
 Klanil, ■\'^^ iiroKTciil 
 irrlcan ttar, Ii.^;mi.I 
 i|ioli'<>ii't ri'turii Irnml 
 tiicPi Into tlio Siilifr. f 
 I anil rniiilani, .|;i: 
 
 kikI Walcrloo, 4T|; 
 I, IT.'i ; rciiormiun o|| 
 iilihrit lo M, lIc'lfM,! 
 VIpiiiiAi I'i) ; illitiir.i.| 
 mbarilnu'iitiif .M|ii(ti,r 
 77 ; rlnt» In l/pnami,[ 
 o (irliico rcgcni, 4;: 
 lottr, 477 ( doiili i'f| 
 inclio«tpr rcfurin mi'. 
 ) death ofUcorui'lll.J 
 
 payment of lili ii ' 
 I'strit with a nmliiiill 
 to Carulinu uf llruiii.1 
 nm I'aroUlH', <4«i re. I 
 lu rt'K^ncT, 4<ii ;ciil(t 1 
 If, 475 s liiMiUi'd b; il 
 lirone on tliu draili nil 
 hlttlewood coni|iiritT. [ 
 iii<>, 479;cnroiii»i<>n'l| 
 t tn Irrlaml amllliii.l 
 ■tricli, 441 ; white kill 
 if thci dltlrtKCil IriiliJ 
 and, 4M I ; rejoviiim ( 
 483 ; the grcil vimX 
 , 481 i battle of Na>tl 
 Ciithollc cinnnciiaii'ol 
 king, 160 ; llli iluilij 
 
 rk, married to Asntl 
 15 I 
 
 k, clcctrd king uf tbtl 
 
 into tiaul and lulj,! 
 
 lar In.Cji lilsioryofj 
 c |irlur to lUi; ItuuiiJ 
 nuiit of tlio cnijirt cP 
 jliiii of the tm|.irc ' 
 
 l.oulf lo Dilioiiiu r. 
 ror»of lliriuaiu,'-:'! 
 y,') ; iiroijrciJufLuil.i:. 
 uiiiiiii ol tbi? rri'iiiuiil 
 ^Icnifuc, G80;tli(irMijI 
 CU5-l'S of Nttjioluuu lii».| 
 
 uf the coiifcdLTaiionill 
 tcctomhlii of thcra^^l 
 dUtulutlun, Oij'.nilxl 
 onlioiahigltmiltinKHll 
 , G»9\ I bo conprtsi'fl 
 Ciulslmd umlor ik *I 
 
 S!) ; tffcct uf tlicKiro^ 
 
 ; guner»l insurmiitiJ 
 la and klnu uf I'mtt 
 Ions, 000 ; inccliin' ill 
 nbly of iioUliial r(f*| 
 
 : ■uwlinu «' " (J'""! 
 
 (, ti'JU; ilLiti"" i'fi*l 
 liL-utcuanl-itdiuiuiiiriii'l 
 
 gftlitrmplrt, 090 | firamlnir of • eonitlluilnn, 
 (gu, (hi; <;erman party In tho duclilri of MIri- 
 wiR-Hulitt'lH throw off Ihnlr allfRlancc to Di'n. 
 mark, AOl ! alilcdliv the parllainvni at rrank. 
 fort.flOl I armlitlcc 'nt .Mdimll between Urnnmik 
 anil I'ruiila, tlOl ; Imurrrctlon at Frankforl, 
 1)91 1 refiiaal of the klnR of Pruaila to accept tlio 
 Imperial crown from the parllamenl, Olil | do 
 
 (laratlon of Aiiatria that the parllanicnl had 
 tuteiird Ita puwin, (JIM ; end of |ho iiarlla- 
 lent, UUI t ilruRKlH between Auilrla and Prutila 
 
 fur the iuproniary, (Wi ; violation of thu eon 
 tiliullon of lioiio Csiiel by tho olcf tor, (Hi'j i 
 Ihrcilenrd war between I' riiitia, ai the aiipiiorlcr 
 oMIieeonitliutloii, and Aiiitrlaaa thoiupjiurttr 
 of the elector, tiU'.t I icttlenient of the illninito iit 
 Oliulitt, owl I rritoratlnri of the old diet at 
 Frankfurt, C'.l'l | populatloM of the tcrcral alatet 
 In the (ierman confederation, tlu5 1 the eoncnr. 
 ilat entereil Into by tho emiirror of Auitria with 
 Ihv |io|ie, 0U3 1 political ri'tiirnii'ri of 18(j(), liii,') ; 
 iliiiatUfactlon of llunKnry, U'J3 ; luvailon of 
 Ucnmnrk by Auitrlami una I'mniiann, Vil \ tliv 
 wir between the allied French and Nitrdlnlani 
 iml the Auitrlana In IH.'il), 707. Seo alio llu.y. 
 
 I u.uir, I'Ku.s.siA. U.WAiiiA, and ll.t.Novi::ii 
 
 I Cria, rm|N-ror of Konie, liUtory <if bU relcn, 00 
 
 I (illiraltar, capture of, by ilr (leorRo Hooke, 41.'«; 
 ili'ito of by tho French and SpanUli thcti, 
 
 , 4.'1» 
 Cll!liiRham, the Dane* dcfk^ated by Kdiuund Iron' 
 
 lido at, 104 
 Giinri, fartreaa of, 141 
 
 I (illhs, inotbrr of }iarold, joini in the Sainn rerolt 
 ai^lnit William thu conqueror, ItO i eica|iea to 
 Fltnderi, 117 
 
 I Cbii'llle, the lawyer, hit aplendid victory nrrr 
 
 I William of Meotlaiid, l.Vi; chief .jiittieiary of 
 Richard I, commiiiioncd to punlib the autliora 
 of tho maiiacro of tho Jcwi, lOO 
 
 I rilriicue, maaaacrc of, UIO 
 
 I lilrndwyr, Owain, Invailea EnRland In the rclfrn 
 of Ifenry IV., Wi; lakei the earl of Mareh 
 and ilr bdmund Mortimer prUoners, 'jyi ; .ioina 
 the Scota and I'crciei n^ainut Henry IV., ^^^^\ 
 dcroatcd by the priiire vVuIca alter the battle 
 
 I (ifShrewibiiry. 234 ; li lealh, '^35 
 
 I Glnucriter, duke of, Kuanliikn of KIchard II., Q30; 
 hii uliargi't uKainut Michael de la I'olc, 3?.) ; bin 
 iioliilcal iMiwcr, '.^'23 ; obtalna the conviutUm of 
 Treiihiu and other judfref of hiRh treaaon, i'i I ; 
 di'feata the kinn'a favourite Itnbertde Vrre, U'ii ; 
 ri'mnvcd from the council of fourteen, 3'}5 ; hia 
 irtl'ul o|i|ioiiiii>n to the policy of HIchard, 330; 
 iliargcd wltli IiIkU treaaon, '2M ; hia auddcn 
 ikaih, '."i? 
 
 I (il'iuct'iiler, duke of, appointed rpfreot of England, 
 liy Henry V., 241; contrncta a marriage with 
 J.U'i|uellno countcaa of ilainault, 344 ; i|iinrrela 
 with the duke of Kurxundy, 344 ; annulment 
 of the marrlag)^ by the po|ic, 345 ; i|n<irrel with 
 tlir cardinal of Wlncheater, concerning the ran- 
 )iiininp[ nf the duke of Urleau*, 3 o3 ; advocatea 
 tlic cuntiiiiiation of the wnr with France, 365; 
 inallKnity of the caidioal, 3ri(; hia ducheaa 
 found guilty of witchcraft and executed, 351 ; 
 liii death, 354 
 
 IGloucciter, duke of. Sec RiCIIAIID III. 
 Godefriii, the Dane, 04 
 Coilerlcli, minlatry, 4ti.'> 
 
 Calfrcy of lloulogne, elected king of Jcruialcm, 
 l.il 
 
 dfrey, air Edmondbury, Tiiua Oaloa'a depoaition 
 bfforo him, 403 ; hia murder, 4('5 
 Bodnjt, minlaler of Ciiarlca IV. of tipaln, COT 
 widvtin, the traitor, 101 
 
 'ioiloiu, carl, marrlea the daughter of Canute, 
 l06;aupportaHatdlcanutOBgalnit Harold Hare- 
 fool, loti; tranafeta hia aupport to Harold, 
 100; compaaaea tho death of Alfred tho ton 
 of F.thclfred and Emma, 100: conciliatin Harili- 
 Canute, 107 ; auppreaaea tho robclllon agalniittho 
 Daiiegolt,107i feud wilb Edward tho Coiifcsaur 
 
 concerning tlio death of Alfreil, 107 ; marrlea hli 
 
 daughter kdltlia to Kdward thn Coiifeaaor, 107 i 
 
 olfendeil by F.dwaril'a parliality for the Nor. 
 
 mana, lod; ii|icii rupture with tho king, lOH; 
 
 fliea to FInnilera, lUUi hia alllanrn with llaldwiii 
 
 earl of Flamlera, loi); Invaiiei F.iiKlanil, In:); 
 
 civil war avertcil by a treaty, iti'J ; liit luddcii 
 
 death, lUU 
 Oodwin, ton of Harold, 119 
 OooJernI, battle of, .'i30 
 Oonllan, enipemr of Home, *ua reign, 00 
 Oordlan II., «ni|ieriir of Itunie, Ills relttn, 00 
 Uordou, Indy Catherine, married liy .laniua IV. of 
 
 Scotland to I'erklu Warbeek, r.H); pardoned 
 
 and appointed to a poat at cuui !'y Henry VII., 
 
 31»3 
 Gorilun, lord George, hia opiioaition tn the bill for 
 
 tl'o relief of ealhiilica, 4>i7 ; the Gordon riola, 
 
 4.'i8 ; committeii to tho Tower, but avi|utttcd, 
 
 43H I dlea In Newgate, 430 
 Ooryle, general of tlio Hungarian army, defbala 
 
 \\ iniilicbgrntr, 0'.l7 t hia oppmiilon loliin lluii. 
 
 gnrlan diet, UU7; noniliiiiteil illctutor of lliin- 
 
 f;ary, 007 ; aurrciulera to tlio Itunalaiia at Vil- 
 agoa, Oim 
 
 Goal^urd, hiril, dsfeata the Irlali rcbcln, 450 
 
 (ioaben, VB leja of, l.'i 
 
 Oolhn, totally defeated by tho emperor Claudiua 
 II., 07 
 
 Ooiigh, air Hugh (aflorwarda lord), commander In- 
 chief of tho Indian army, dofeata tho Sikhi at 
 Moodkee and Fcroieahah, 510 ; at .'<i>brni<n, 
 617; attaeka Shero Sing at Hamnugger, .'ii7 ; 
 tho murdcroua battle of ('hllianwailah, 531; 
 galna tho victory of Goojcrat, 530 1 hia recall, 
 530 
 
 Gourdon, Rcrtrand de, kllla Richard I. Coar dn 
 l.inti at the aiege of Chalua, 108; hia bold apecvh 
 tn the king, 108; hia crnci death, 108 
 
 Gournny, lili murder of F.dward II., 307 
 
 Grain|iound, dlifrancbiaement nf, 4.V) 
 
 Oraiiby, marquia of, hia aervluea In Germany, 
 433 
 
 Granlcua, battle of the, 43 
 
 Uranvllle, air .lohn, hia meaiago from CharIca II, 
 to Monk and the parliament, 300 
 
 Granville, cardinal, hi* government of Flandcra, 
 003; recalled by Philip II., 003 
 
 Graiae, count de, taken prlioncr by Rodne;', 430 
 
 Uraleanil, Iluuli de, tlie Norman, rcturua home, 
 118 
 
 Gratian, emperor of Rome, his reign, 08 
 
 Uravltia, admiral of tho Spaniih fleet, 457 ;Jolna 
 Villeneuve, 457; dcfeotcd at Trafalgar, 45i 
 
 Gray, lord, hia cowardly conduct at tho balt'.c of 
 Suilgmoor, 408 
 
 Great F:ahlbitlon of the induatry of all natloua, 
 538 
 
 Greece, ancient hiatory of, 48 ; mythology of, 48, 
 40 ; early hiatory of, 40 ; the Homeric )ierlod, 
 40 ; plan of planting out coloniea, 40 ; rite of 
 Athena and Sparta, 49 ; clviliaation of Greece at 
 the timo of the Pertian war, 40; cultivation of 
 tho flno arta, 40 ; atruggica with, and victoriea 
 over, tho Pcraiana, 49 ; the Pelonounciian w ar, 
 40 ; tlio Macedonian comiucat, 50 ; the Laminn 
 war, 50 ; formation of the Acbman League, 5U ; 
 the Roman cnnqucat, 50; character of thu 
 Greckain the 4th century, 50; incuraionaof tho 
 barbariana, 50; victoriea of tho Roiuana in, 
 03 
 
 Greece, modern history . f, 789 ; conquered by the 
 Turka, 780 ; wnr ot the «ircek revolution, < 01 ; 
 irterl'crence of tlic great Kurn|)ean powers, 700 ; 
 battle of Navnrino, 700 ; eatubli»bmeiit of an 
 independent kingdom under Otho, 707 ; cha- 
 racter of tho ancient and modern Greek*, 708 ; 
 tho Epirotea, 708; dlaturbancca of IbSi, 708; 
 the two insurrectlona of lRt>3, 800; tlight of 
 king Otho, 800; election of prince Gcurgo of 
 Denin,irk as king of the Greeks, 800 
 
 Greenland, history of, 913 
 
 Gregory VII., pope, deiuauda Peter's pence ot 
 
 I 
 
 r'? 
 
 W' 
 
932 
 
 Sntrer* 
 
 OBB 
 
 William the Conqmror, 134 ; denied homage by 
 
 William, 124 
 Gregory the Great, pope, acnda Christtan misilon- 
 
 arios to Britain, 76 ; appointa Augugtin to tlie 
 
 arclibithopric of Canterbury, 77 
 Grenadn, island of, 002 
 Gronvillc, Mr. George, afterwards Ion!, lucceeds 
 
 Kiite, 43.J ; rejects Uuonnparto's overtures for 
 
 Iience, 452 ; forms a ministry on the dcatli of 
 •itt, 460 
 
 Grey, lady Elizabeth, her marriage with Edward 
 iV., 265 ; titles and wealth heaped ui>on her 
 family, 265 ; excites the anger of the earl of 
 Warwick, 206 ) her fi'ars respecting Richard 
 duke of Gloucester, 272 ; her children pro- 
 nounced illegitimate by Richard 1 1 1., 275; pro- 
 mises her daughter Elizabeth to Hcniy, carl of 
 Itichmond, 277 ; recalls her word and promises 
 Elizabeth tu Richard HI., 278; suspected of 
 aiding tlio imposture of Lambert Simr^I, 283 ; 
 confined by llcury VII. in the nunnery of Bcr- 
 mondscy, 283 
 
 Grey, lady Jane, married (o lord Guildford Dud- 
 ley, 324 ; the crown settled on her by Edward 
 VI., 324 ; escorted to the Tower on the death 
 of Edward VI. and proclaimed queen in Lon- 
 don, 325 ; protestant preaching in her favour, 
 325; conclusion of her ten days' reign, 325; 
 confined in the Tower by Mary, 386; con- 
 demned, 326; suspicions of Mary aroused by 
 the rebellion of Wyatt, 331 ; her execution, 
 331 
 
 Grey, lady Catherine, sister of lady Jane, offends 
 Elizabeth hjr lier marriage, 342 ; confined in the 
 Tower lor nine years, 342 
 
 Grey, sir Cliarles, fiis expedition to tho West Indies, 
 445 
 
 Grey, carl, presses for a reform bill during the'ad. 
 ministration of Wellington, 487 ; o))po8ed by 
 Wellington, 487 ; forms a ministry, 488; passes 
 tho reform bill (see RliFOltM) ; his resignation, 
 ami final retirement from offlcial life, 4!I2 
 
 Grillitli, prince of Wales, beheaded by his own 
 countrymen, 1 1 1 
 
 Grove, the Jesuit, 401 ; his execution, 403 
 
 Guadaloupe, island of, 900 
 
 Gualo, the papal legate in England, his punish- 
 ment of clerical rebels in the reign of Henry HI., 
 180 
 
 Guiana, history of, 892 
 
 Uuido Vaux, joins iu tbeGunpowdcr Plot, 365 ; his 
 arrest, 365 
 
 Gunilda, princess, murdered in tho massacre of 
 the Danes, 102 
 
 Gunpowder Plot, history of, 363 
 
 Gurth, son of earl Godwin, dissuades his brother 
 Harold from engaging with William of Nor. 
 mandy, 113 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, his death at Lutzcn, 720 
 
 Gustavus III., his reign and assassination, 722 
 
 Gustavus IV., deposed, 723 
 
 Gustavus Vasa, reign of, 719 
 
 (luthred, the Dane, 90 
 
 Guthrum, tho Danish chieftain, 87 ; his tent on- 
 tered by Alfred in the disguise of a harper, 89 ; 
 capitulates to Alfred, 89 ; baptised under tho 
 name of Athelstan, 89 ; dies, 90 
 
 Guy, count of Pontliem, imprisons Harold son of 
 earl Godwin, 110; releases him by command of 
 William of Normandy, 110 
 
 HABEAS CORPUS, act of, passed in tho reign 
 ofCharlesn.,403 
 Hales, sir Robert, treasurer in tho reign of 
 Richard II., slain by the followers of Wat Tyler, 
 090 
 
 Hales, judge, miserably imprisoned by Mary, 326 ; 
 
 commits suicide, 327 
 Hales, sir Edward, hit fidelity to James II., 413 
 Ilam, sons of, 2 
 Hamilton, duke of, his pathetic parting with 
 
 Charles I., 390 
 
 HEL 
 
 Hampden, John, his refusal to pay theitaiu-moncf 
 379 i the question carried Into tho exchcouw I 
 court, 379 ; decided against him, 380 ; liis dpsih 
 381 ' 
 
 Ilampsbirc, overrun by the Danes, 102 
 
 Hannibal, his victories over the Romans, 61 ' it 
 the battle of Zama, 61 ; his death, 61 
 
 Ilanovcr, history of, 706 
 
 Ilnrclay, sir Andrew, liisdcfeat of tliecarl of Ltn 
 caster at Horoughbridgc, 204 ; raised to tkl 
 earldom of Carlisle, 204 
 
 Ilardicanute, son of Cauuto and Emma, siicctedi 
 to the throne of Denmark, 106 ; su|i)inric(l in 
 his attemjits on England by earl Godwin, loir 
 obtains all the country south of the Thamw, lij(j ! 
 succeeds to tho entire kingdom on the death of 
 Harold llarcfoot, 1U7 ; renews the Daiucelt lu7' I 
 dies of intoxication, 107 '■•"'. 
 
 Hardinge, sir Henry, appointed governor-Kcnoral I 
 of India, 512; his gallant conduct at I'croie. I 
 shah, 516 [ 
 
 Hardy, sir Charles, commander of tlic diaunel 
 licet, 437 
 
 Hardy, Thomas, arrested for treason, 446 
 
 Harfleur, siege of, by Henry V., v.'38 
 
 Uarley, his successful intrigues against tho w1ii» I 
 417 ; his quarrel witli St. John, 4lU ; iiu|i('»clini I 
 by lord Coningsby. 420; committed to the I 
 lower, 420 ; obtains his liberty, 4H 
 
 Harold Ilarefoot, son of Canute and Alfwcn, sue I 
 cceds to the throne of England, Idti; divide) I 
 tile kingdom witli Ilardicanute, 106 : tamgHri I 
 with earl Godwin and becomes sole kiuc, M 
 dies, 107 
 
 Harold, son of earl God-«in, 109 ; succccii! Iiii i 
 father as steward in the household of Ed»«rJ I 
 the Confessor, 109 ; death of his first rival Alear, I 
 109; death of his second rival Siward, llu;'liiil 
 designs on tho throne, 110; visit to Noriiisnjv, f 
 111; solemnly swears to support Duke Williain] L 
 111; decides against his brother Tosti, iUi| 
 openly prefers his claim to the throne, 11|;| 
 crowned king on the death of Edward the (on. I 
 fcssor, 111 ; his accession opiwscd by Tosii indl 
 William of Normandy, 111; his reply toWil.l 
 Ham's summons. 111 ; preparations of William I 
 for an invasion, 112; defeat of Tosli in ihel 
 north, 112; landing of M'illiam, 113; battleofi 
 Hastings, 113; death of Harold, 113 
 
 Harold llalfager, king of Norway, assists Tosil ig 
 the invasion of England, 1 12 
 
 Harrison, colonel, conducts Charles I. to Windier, 
 390 
 
 Harry Hotspur See PEIlcy 
 
 Hasdrubal, defeated by the Younger Seipio, CI 
 
 Haslcrig, sir Arthur, 382 
 
 Hastings, the Danish chieftain, defeated b; AMtd, I 
 90 ; obliged to leave the country, 90 I 
 
 Hastings, Richard do, English grand prioroflbel 
 Knights Templars, induces lliomas i Itcckellol 
 sign tile constitutions of Clarendon, 147 I 
 
 Hastings, lord, opposed to tho party of thequHi j 
 dowager in the reign of Edward v., 272 1 siiic. I 
 tions the murder of the earl of Rivers by Uiclianl, I 
 duke of Gloucester, :?73 ; refuses to nid In ibtl 
 transfer of tho ^I'own to Richard, 274 i chargall 
 by Gloucester with treason, 274 ; bcluadtd in | 
 the courtyard of tlio Tower, 276 
 
 Hastings, Warren, in India, 840; trial of, 441 
 
 Hastings, battle of, 113 
 
 Hatfield, James, his attempt to shoot George III ^ 
 at Drury Lane theatre, 452 
 
 Haveiock, sir Henry, in India, 844 
 
 Havre, defence of, by the carl of Warwick In lbi| 
 reign of Elizabeth, 343 ; its capitulation, 313 
 
 Hawke, admiral, his victory off Bclleisle, 428 
 
 Hawley, general, defeated by the rebels at iitirlliiel 
 427 . P 
 
 Haynau, general, his campaign in Hungar;, ii.'i I 
 
 Hayti, island of, its history, 893 
 
 Hebrews, history of, 873 , 
 
 Helie de St. Laen, marries the natural immt 
 of Robert Courthose, 135 ) appointed by UeiiTl 
 
 Btaoelero cnstod 
 
 135 1 refuses to d 
 
 fm him to the gi 
 
 AdJou, 130 
 
 Belie, lord of La F! 
 
 Rufus, 130 : imp 
 
 lieged by Willian 
 
 Eelionbalus, emue 
 
 Henglit, Invades Br 
 
 of Kent, 74, 76 
 Brnrietta of Franc 
 Charles, 375 ; n 
 376; assists him t 
 Henry I., Beauclerc, 
 137; bis fidelity 
 house, 127 ; besiei 
 William, 123 ; set 
 luro on the dei 
 crowned by Man 
 bit policy, 131 ; g 
 tothoch'...ch and 
 and imprisonmcr 
 invites Ansclm I 
 nmrries Matilda, 
 132; invasion of 
 desertion of Henri 
 about by Anselii 
 break the power < 
 Mrlof Shrewshurj 
 diireffardcd, 134;" 
 (lege of Tinchebi 
 (ouer, 135 ; Henry 
 Normandy, 135; 
 disputes with tho 
 utical invoititure, 
 policy in Normand 
 Ic Gros of France 
 comes to terms witi 
 William with the 
 exclusion of Willii 
 death of Willlani, ' 
 ing, 137 ; violent g 
 of His daughter to 
 William, the son of 
 157; fresh dispute 
 pope concerning t 
 legate, 137 ; death 
 |II(nry 11., son of 1 
 la)!enct, invades Et 
 »ilh Stephen, 142 
 England, 142 ; his 
 marriage with El< 
 Louis VII., 142; h 
 Iht foreign mercei 
 mantles the fortrea 
 down tho disaffectic 
 U5; reduces the 
 belroths his son He 
 143; enforces his 
 war with Louis, 14 
 aniier IIL, 144: < 
 Canterbury on Tho 
 withBecket, 145; 
 prelates and obligei 
 lutlons of Clorenc 
 condemned and anr 
 147; renewed opi 
 lummons Bcckct b( 
 biihops at Northam 
 the goods and chatt 
 ^^ands on Becket, 
 ; jpe and leaves Ei 
 rcccDtion of Henry' 
 open quarrel with t 
 the bringing in of 
 Vance of them high 
 emperor Frederic B 
 cation of Becket, li 
 tiation but fails, li 
 Frsncj, 150; aucei 
 with the pope, 150; 
 to England, and H 
 perlous and arrogi 
 
Sntfev. 
 
 933 
 
 HEL 
 
 iider of tlic diaunel 
 
 Betnelero cuitodUn of William son of Robert, 
 I3i 1 refutes to dellTer up Iiii ward, 133 ; trans- 
 fcrihim to tlieguardiansliip of Fullie, count of 
 Anjou, 130 
 gelle, lord of La Fleclie, roTOlts against William 
 Rafui, 130 ; imprisoned but released, 130 ; be- 
 liegtd by William in Ma^ol, 130 
 Bellonbafus, emperor of Rome, his reign, 66 
 EcDinsI, invades Britain, 74 ; founds tho kinedom 
 of Kent, 74, 76 
 Eonrietta of France, attracts the admiration of 
 Charles, 375; negotiations for tho marriage, 
 576; assists him during the civil war, 384 
 Henry I., Bcauclcrc, son of William the Con<iucror, 
 127; his fidelity to his brother Uobert Court- 
 house, 127 ; besieged in llouen by Kobert and 
 WlUiam, 128 ; seUes the crown and royal trea- 
 luro on tho death of William Kufus, 131 ; 
 crowned by Maurice bishop of liondon, 131 ; 
 Ui policy, 131 ; grants a charter of concessions 
 lotnech'...ch anu feudal nobles, 131 ; dismissal 
 and imprisonment of Ralph Klambard, 132; 
 Invites Anselm to return to England, 132 ; 
 mnrries Matilda, nioco of Edgar Atheling, 
 153; invasion of Robert of Normandy, 133; 
 desertion of Henry's fleet, 133 ; treaty brought 
 shout by Anselm, 133 ; eflforts of Henry to 
 break the power of his nobles, 13-1 ; ruins tho 
 Mrl of Shrewsbury, 134 ; reproaches of Robert 
 diircgarded, 134; invasions of Normandy, 134; 
 (iege of Tinchebray, 135 ; Robert taken pri- 
 (ouer, 135 ; Henry acts as lord paramount in 
 Normandy, 135; quarrels with Anselm, 135 ; 
 diiputcs with tho pope on tlio right of ccclesi- 
 utlcal investiture, 130 ; reconciliation, 136 ; 
 policy in Normandy, 136 ; out-man(euvres Louis 
 Ic Gros of France, 136 ; defeats Louis, 136 ; 
 comes to terms with Louis, 136 ; invests ills son 
 William with the duchy of Normandy to the 
 cicluilon of William tho son of Robert, 136 ; 
 death of William, tho son of Henry, by drown. 
 in;, 137 ; violent grief of Henry, 137 ; marriage 
 of His daughter to Geoffrey I'lantagenet, 137 ; 
 William, the son of Robert, Increases in strength, 
 157; fresh disputes between Henry and the 
 pope concerning tho appointment of a papal 
 legate, 137 ; death and character of Henry, 137 
 Urnrjr II., son of Matilda and Geoffrey Plan> 
 taitenct, invades England, 142 ; comes to terms 
 vith Stephen, 142; succeeds to the throne of 
 England, 142 ; ills possessions in France, 142 ; 
 marriage with Eleanor, the divorced wife of 
 Louis VII., 142 ; his popularity, 143 ; dlabands 
 the foreign mercenarie.< of Stephen, 143 ; dis- 
 mantles the fortresses of the barcns, 145 ; puts 
 down the disaffection in liis French territories, 
 113; reduces the Welsh to submission, 143; 
 betroths his son Henry to Margaret of France, 
 145; enforces his claims on Toulouse, 144; 
 varvltli Louis, 144; mediation of Pope Alex- 
 ander III., 144; confers the archbishopric of 
 Canterbury on Thomas il Becket, 144 ; disputes 
 with Becket, 145 ; convenes an assembly of the 
 prelates and obliges them to swear to the consti- 
 tutions of Clarendon, 140; the constitutions 
 condemned and annulled by popo Alexander 111., 
 147; renewed opposition from Becket, 147 ; 
 iummons Becket before a council of barons and 
 biihops at Northampton, 148 ; coiiascation of all 
 
 — the goods and chattels of Becket, 148 ; fresh de- 
 iiands on Becket, 148 ; Becket appeals to tho 
 - jpe and leaves England for France, 149 ; cool 
 
 — reccDtion of Henry's embassy by the pope, 149 ; 
 open quarrel with the pope, 149 ; Henry makes 
 the bringing in of all interdicts and the obscr- 
 Tanceof them high treason, 150; allies with tho 
 emperor Frederic Barbaroisa, 150 ; excommuni- 
 cation of Bepket, 150 ; Henry attempts a nego. 
 tiationbut fails, 150; unsatisfactory war with 
 France, 150; auceestful issue of negotiation 
 
 ^^ with the pope, 150 ; Beokct's triumphant return 
 the natural dauiliK^H to England, and Henry'i lubmittion, 150 ; im- 
 •ppoiutcd by litvi^l perioui and Arrogant conduct of Becket, 151 ; 
 
 IToungcr Sciplo, CI 
 
 HEN 
 
 Henry'i Indignation, 151; assasstnation of 
 Becket at Canterbury, 151 : Henry's alarm, 
 152 ; sends an embassy to the pope, 152 ; molli- 
 fies tho pope's anger, 152 ; unfilial conduct of 
 his son Henry, 152 ; jealous intrigues of hit 
 queen Eleanor, 152 ; tlirows her into coiittne- 
 ment, 152 ; unnatural coalition of his sons 
 Henry, Geoflrcy, and Richard, supported by 
 France, 152 ; Henry appeals to tho ))oi>e, but 
 without avail, 153; api>eals to arras, 163; dis- 
 affection of his barons, 153 ; liircs mercenaries, 
 153 ; war against France and his three sons, 
 153 ; defeat of tho Flemings, 154 ; Henry per- 
 forms a pilgrimage to tho shrine of Thomas 4 
 Becket, 151 ; defeat of tho Scots and capture of 
 their king, William, 154 ; siege of Rouen by 
 Louis VII,, 155; peace with France, 155; 
 Henry's wise legislation, 155; divides England 
 into four circuits, 156 ; fresh conspiracies of 
 Ills sons, 150; death of prince Henry, 156; 
 reconciliation with Richard, 150 ; death of 
 Geoffrey, 150 ; breaking out of the crusades, 
 150; war with Philip II. of France, 157; 
 alliance of Philip with Richard, 157 ; inter- 
 fcrenco of tho pope's legate, 157 ; terma of 
 peace concluded on, 158 ; unfilial conduct of 
 prince John, 158; death of Henry from grief 
 nt the ingratitude of ills sons, 158; his cha- 
 racter, 158 ; obtains tho permission of poiw 
 Adrian III. to invade Ireland, 573; Dcrmot 
 Mucmorrogh petitions Henry to restore him to 
 his kingdom of Lcinster, 574 ; Stroogbow'a 
 invasion of Ireland, 575; tenders his submiS' 
 r-ion to Henry, 576 ; Henry lands at Water- 
 ford, and receives the homage of tho Irish chiefs, 
 576 
 Henry IIL, eldest son of John, ascends the throne 
 of England under the guardianship of tho earl 
 of Pembroke, 179 ; crowned king, 179 ; swears 
 fealty to the pope, 179 ; grants a new charter, 
 179 ; barons desert from prince Louis, 180 ; do- 
 parture of Louis, 180 ; death of Pembroke and 
 succession of Hugh de Burgh to tho protec- 
 turate, 180 ; defeat and pardon of tho rarl of 
 Albemarle, 180; defeat and punishment of 
 Fulko de Breaute, 180 ; riots in London, 181 ; 
 
 i)apal bull pronouncing Henry of age to govern, 
 81 ; refusal of the barons to yield up their 
 castles, 181 ; armed meeting at Wnltham, 181 ; 
 armed meeting at Leicester, 181 ; threat of the 
 bishops to excommunicate the refractory barons, 
 181 ; yielding up of tiic castles, 181 ; war with 
 Louis VIII. of France concerning the restitution 
 of Normandy, 181 ; weakness or Incapacity of 
 Henry, 182; bestows the ofllccs of state upon 
 I'oletcvins, 182; indignation of the barons at 
 tho foreign favourite, 182; formidable con- 
 federacy of barons, broken up by Peter des 
 Roches, 182; alarm of the clergy, 132; dis- 
 missal of Peter des Roches, 183 ; marriage of 
 Henry with Eleanor of Provence, 183 ; his in. 
 discriminate bounties to the Provenqab and 
 Savoyards, 183; unwillingnesiof parliament to 
 
 frant supplies, 183 ; his general extravagance, 
 83 ; obtains a grant on solemnly ratifying tho 
 great charter, 183 ; intrigues of Simon de 
 Montfort, earl of Leicester, 184 ; unlimited re- 
 forming power, placed in the hands of twenty- 
 four barons, 184 ; arrogance of the commission, 
 185 ; Henry reassumes his authority, 185 ; 
 revolts under Leicester, 185 ; Henry sues fur 
 peace, 185 ; dispute between him and his barons 
 referred to Louis IX. of Franco, 187; civil 
 war, 187; auccesses of Leicester, 187; thorough 
 defeat of Leicester at Evesham, 187 ; death of 
 Henry, 188 
 Henry IV. duke of Lancaster, tyrannically treated 
 by Richard IL, 227 ; his great popularity, 327 ; 
 invades England ostensibly only to recover hit 
 duchy, 227 ; desertion of Kichard'a army, 328 ; 
 carries Richard prisoner to London, 328 ; obtain* 
 the deposition of Richard, 228 ; claims the crown 
 for himself, 329 ; in possession of no hereditary 
 
 4? 
 
 I.. 
 
934 
 
 inlrcr. 
 
 HEX 
 
 riftht, 230 ; turbulence of his barons, 331 ; for. 
 mldablo conipiracyof pccri fur Ills deposition, 
 231 ; discovery and execution of tlie conspirators, 
 331 ; endeavours to conciliate tlic clergy by tlio 
 persecution of tlic Lollards and cstabllslimcnt of 
 a civil law agninst heresy, 331; weakness of 
 France, 333 ; attaclimcnt of Owain Glcndwyr to 
 the cause of lUchard, 333 ; war with tlic Scots, 
 233 i quarrel between Henry and the rcrcics of 
 Northumberland concerning the ransoming of 
 tlio Scottish prisoners, 3r>3 ; formidable confe- 
 deracy of the Welsli uiidor Clcndnyr, the Scots 
 imdcr lord Douglas, anil the forces of the Percies, 
 253 ; stingiiif^ manifesto of young Hotspur, 333 ; 
 defeat of H(>tsi)Hr at Shrewsbury, 333; com. 
 pletion of Henry's successes over the revolu- 
 tionary party, 23 1 ; his stringent power over 
 Albany, ref.Tent of Scotland, 355 ; his outward 
 prosperity iknd mental sutTerings, 355 ; his 
 death, 333 
 
 Henry V., son of Henry IV., * fleshed his maiden 
 sword ' nt Shrewsbury, 253 ; is successful 
 against Owain Glendwyr, 23 1 ; (>opular from hii 
 courage and fantastic generosity, 233 ; follies 
 of his youth, 235 ; succeeds his father, 336 ; 
 favours the lord chief-justice Gascoigne, 23t>; 
 graciously receives his father's advisers and dis- 
 misses his previous companions, 236 ; repairs the 
 wrongs committed by his father, 350 ; restores 
 the Percy family, 236 ; increase of the Lollards, 
 23U ; endeavours to bring back lord Cobliam to 
 the Roman church, 236 ; suppresses Cobham's 
 revolt, 237 ; persecution of the Lollards, 237 ; 
 preparations for a war with France, 338 ; con- 
 spiracy of the earl of Cambridge detected and 
 punislied, 338 ; Henry invades France, 25H ; 
 takes Harfleur, 258; weakness of his army, 
 oblige! him to meditate a retreat to Knglaiid, 
 25!» ; battle of Ag'.ncourt, 239 ; truco for two 
 years, 359 ; distractions in France induce him 
 to undertake a second invasion, 339 ; his suc- 
 cesses, 339; allies with the duke of Burgundy, 
 210 ; treaty with France, Henry to bo regent of 
 France to succeed Charles VI. on the throne, 
 240 ; war with the dauphin, 241 ; English do. 
 fcatcd at Anjou by tlie Scottish brigade in the 
 service of the dauphin, 211 ; the dauphin com- 
 pletely defeated, 341; death of Henry from a 
 tistula, 311 ; his character, 342 
 
 Henry VI. son of Henry V. and Catherine of 
 France, 343 ; ascends the throne at the ago of 
 nine months, 342; duke of Bedford made pro- 
 tector of the kingdom, and Henry Beaufort, 
 liisliop of Winchester, the guardian of the 
 young king, 342 ; Bedford forms an alliance 
 with tlie dukes of Burgundy and Brittany, 345 ; 
 releases James of Scotland and places him on 
 the Scottish throne, 315 ; continues the war 
 against Charles VII. of France, 343 ; gains a 
 victory at Vcrneuil, 243; loss of the duke of 
 Brittany to the English cause in France, 345 ; 
 •lege of Orleans, 'Mb ; appearance of Joan of 
 Arc, 247 ; English forced to raise the siege, 248 ; 
 iubsequent ilisasters, 248 : Charles VII. crowned 
 Bt ilhcims, 2 19 ; cool and rcsohitc resistance of 
 Bedford, 340; Henry VI. crowned king of 
 France at Paris, 25i); .loan of Arc taken 
 prisoner, 250; cruelly imprisoned and burnt 
 alive by Bedforil, 351 ; Burgundy cools towards 
 the English, 351 ; failure of negotiations at 
 Arras, 333 ; death of Bedford, 353 ; disastrous 
 factions of the cardinal of Winchester and duku 
 of Gloucester, 252 ; Paris lost to the Englisli, 
 252 ; live years of desultory war, 255 ; success- 
 ful efforts of the cardinal of Winchester to 
 effect a peace with France, In opposition to the 
 warlike counsels of the duke of Gloucester, 
 253; peace of Tours, 253 ; marriage of Henry 
 VI. with Margaret of Anjon, 3.54; ruin of the 
 party of the duke of Gloucester, 354 ; his death, 
 254 ; unpopularity of Margaret on account of 
 the cession of Maine, 255 ; renewal of tlie w.ir 
 with Franco, 255; Rouen taken by Charles Vll., | 
 
 HEN 
 
 256 ; uiB. i.ten of tho English in France, }y, J 
 disorders at home, 250 ; pretcnsi(/ns i>f lliclin,J 
 duke of York, 250 ; cliargcs brought againil ilil 
 duke of Suffolk, the favourite minister of MaJ 
 garct, 357 ; his death, 357 ; rebellion of CjilJ 
 258 ; proceedings of tho duke of Kork in mS 
 position to Henry VI., 258; parliamentary o J 
 position to the minister, 359 ; Iticliard dukp oi 
 York appointed lord-licutenant of tho kinRdomJ 
 259; the apimiiitment annulled, 259; Imiilc n| 
 St. Albans between the Yorkists uiulor IticliAni 
 and tho Lancastrians under Henry VI., Jiji 
 victory of the Yorkists, Henry taken iirljoi:ci 
 200 ; war of tho roses, 200 ; York restored igi 
 the lord-lieutenancy of England, but again rcj 
 nioveil, 300; Henry regains tlie roiiil iiowit] 
 20O ; hollow peace between tho Y'orliijt, J 
 I.aneaslrians, 2i!0 ; fresh hostilities, 201 ; WckkIjI 
 victory of the Yorkists at Norrliainiuon, ','tii J 
 Ilenry carried jirisoner to London, 301 ; mwiJ 
 ing of parliament, 201 ; Richard oiKiilyimririf 
 his claims to the throne, 203 ; decided that \2 
 should act as regent until the death of llcnrrl 
 and then succeed him on tlio throne, 'jiill 
 Hiehard summons Margaret to London, ■i'i-'.M 
 Richard defeate<l and slain by tlie army of Jlar.l 
 garet in the battle of Wakelleld, 203 ; bartamnil 
 ciHiduct of Margaret after the battle, 2^.';l 
 Yorkists under Edward son of Iticliard \ii.'| 
 torious in the battle of Mortimer's Cros<, liuJ 
 defeated by Margaret nt the battle of St. A11jm<,| 
 205 ; Edward enters London in triiimidi, J.yJ 
 
 Iiroclaimed king under tho name of Edvarill 
 v., 304 ; Henry taken prisoner and comniilieil| 
 to the Tower, 305; released and aRain |ro.l 
 claimed king, 209; again imprisoned by Kd.l 
 ward IV., 209 ; his death, 270 I 
 
 Henry VII., earl of Richmond, his prclcnsiom i J 
 tlic throne in the reign of Kichard 111., 'l";l 
 supimrtcd by Morton bishop of Ely, ami tl«| 
 duke of Buckingham, 277 ; proposals fur Ijiil 
 marriage with Elizabeth eldest daughter of Ki.l 
 ward IV., 278; Uiehard III. attempts to oliuiiJ 
 Eliz.%beth, 278 ; failure of his lirst inva<icm iM 
 England, 379 ; aided by Charles Vll I. of frintl 
 and lands in Wales, 379 ; Rieliard drfoatoj ud| 
 slain ill the battle of Bosworth Field, 2 
 Henry crowned kinp on the fielil of Imlile,2 
 tliaraeter of his claims to the throne, '.'su ; liiii 
 suspicious temper, 380 ; prooeeds to Loiiilon,! 
 380 ; crowned by the arclibisliop of Canterburr,! 
 281; parliament settles the crown upon hiiiil 
 and his issue, 381; acoiillrming liill olitaiiiiill 
 from pope Innocent VIII., 281 ; bills of aiiiin.l 
 ilers, 381; his marriage with the |>riimi| 
 Elizabeth, 283 ; his northern progress 2*; 
 suppresses the revoi'i of Stafford and Uiil 
 283 ; birth of his son prince Arthur, '282; Jikl 
 contents of tho Yorkists, 385; rebelliiiii oil 
 Simon and Lambert Simnel, 385 ; rigorous lriil.| 
 ineiit of Elizabeth, tho queen ilowager, 2v,l 
 defeat of rebels at Stoke, 384 ; levy of hraijl 
 lines, 285 ; Henry concludes a peace with hml 
 111. of Si'Otlanil, 285; tlirc.^tens to niakenarojl 
 Charles VIII. of France, 385 ; raises a benci'-l 
 Unce tax, 380 ; sunmions a parliaTnenl an>lob.| 
 tains grants for a\rar\titli France, iSts tolil 
 in France, 380 ; negotiates a peace, JSd ; rcwlil 
 under Perkin Warbeck, 387 ; Warbeck oliiiiml 
 tho support of tlic duchess of Burpiind; '.•'■M 
 
 t>roof of his imposture brought forvvaril Ijl 
 lenry, 338 ; Henry l)anislies all l'leiiiiiifr>fNil 
 England and recalls his subjects from theli'l 
 Countries, 3H9 ; arrests tile English con!|rir,il nl 
 289 ; trial and execution of Stanley the l»rl| 
 chamberlain, 289; extortion of Iliiiry, 2-.' 
 Warbeck driven from the coast of Kent, !\' 
 who proceeds to Ireland, hut obtains no su|ii>it| 
 290; proceeds to Scotland and enterlaiiicil Ijl 
 James IV., 29il; invades England with a Jwl 
 tish army, 290; popular discontent in DnpIiHl 
 with the collection of the taxes, 2'.)1 : re\"lia| 
 Cornwall, 291; defeat and punishineul ol |iil 
 
Tl 
 
 HEN 
 
 tcboi'i 292 ; treaty with Scotland, 202 ; War. 
 iit'ck fliea to Irehind, 203 ; Warlirck invailei 
 England under tlic title of Ululiard IV., 203 ; 
 retire! to the lanctuary of BcauUcu, 203 ; 
 throws hlmiclf on tho mercy of Henry, 203 ; 
 hli confeislon and execution, 203 ; marriage of 
 Ilcnrj's son Arthur with Catherine of Arrugon, 
 293 J death of Arthur and marriage of Cuthc. 
 rliie with iirinco Henry, 203 ; avarice of tlie 
 king, 293 ; liis jealousy of iii^ son Henry, 294 ; 
 liii death, 294 ; cliaraetcr of his reign, 204 
 He.irv VUI., marries Catherine of Arragon, the 
 widow of his brother Artliur, 293 J his aversion 
 to tlie match, 293 ; jealousy of liis fatlicr, Henry 
 VII., 293; his popularity on his accession to the 
 throne, 294 ; punishes Dutlloy, Empson, and 
 other informers of his late fatlicr, 204; con- 
 lummates his marringe witli Catherine, 205 ; 
 allies with pope Julius II,, the emperor Maxi- 
 milian, and Ferdinand of Arragon, against 
 Venice, 295; war with Louis XII. of Franco, 
 2!i5; accession of pope Leo X., 290; Henry 
 vr'. invades Franco in person, 29t3 ; battlu of 
 the Spurs, 290 ; invasion of England by James 
 IV. of Scotland, 290 ; battle of Flodden Field, 
 21)7; peace with France, 297; rise of Cardinal 
 Woisey, 297 ; obtains tho favour of Henry VUI., 
 2<j7 ; liis great power and ambition, 298 ; Francis 
 I. of France endeavours to secure tlie friendship 
 of England against Spain, 29S ; Wolsey obtains 
 the iegatine power, 29S ; opens the legatine 
 lourt, 290 ; grand meeting betwcen'Hcnry VIII. 
 ind Francis 1. in the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 
 290; efforts of Charles V. to conciliate Henry 
 Vlil. and Wolsey, 300; daiigerous treaty be- 
 tween Henry VUI. and Charles V., 300; Martin 
 Luther preaches against indulgences, 300 ; 
 teaches the doctrines of the reformation,. 300 ; 
 llcnry VIII. writes a boolc against Luther, 300 ; 
 obtains the title of Defender of the Faith, 500 ; 
 «ar with Prance, 300 ; troubles in Scotland, 301 ; 
 Ileury VIII.'s pressing demands for money, 301; 
 Wolsey disappointed of the papacy, turns from 
 the emperor Charles V. and advocates an alli> 
 anco with Franco, 302 : Francis I. taken prU 
 loner at Favia, ransomed by his mother, 302 ; 
 Henry levies a benevolence tax, 302 ; objections 
 railed by France and Castile against the legiti- 
 macTot his daughter by Catherine, 303; the 
 English bishops declare his marriage with Ca- 
 therine to be null, 302; his love for Anne 
 Boleyn, 503 ; applies t» poiic Clement VII. fur 
 a divorce, 302 ; Clement's vacillation, 303 ; 
 commission of Cam] egHio and Wolsey, 303 ; 
 Catherine's appeal to llenry, 303 ; tho cause 
 evolied to Korae, 303 ; Henry's anger against 
 Wolsey, 303 ; deprives him of the great seal, 303; 
 arrests liim on a charge tit high treason, 303 ; par- 
 liamentary measures against the papal siyire- 
 niney, 304 ; takes Cranmer into favour, 304 ; 
 marries Anne Boleyn, 304 ; Cranmer archbishop 
 of Canterbury holds a court which annuls his 
 marriage witn Catherine, 504 ; Clement nul- 
 liflei his marriage with Anne Boleyn, 305 ; at. 
 tempts at. a reconciliation betwten him and 
 Clement, 305 ; final breach with Home, 305 ; his 
 liroceedlngs against the papal supremacy, 305 ; 
 liarllament confirms the validity of his marriage 
 »ith Anne Boleyn, 305 ; gives him tho title of 
 Supreme Head of tlie Church, 305 ; is opimsea lo 
 the discipline of Home as a king, aiid to the doc- 
 trines of Luther as a theologian, 305 ; his pcr- 
 •pcution of the Reformers, 300 ; execution of 
 thf holy maid of Kent and her priestly abettors, 
 500 ; suppression of three monasteries belonging 
 to the qtservantlne friars, 307 ; execution of 
 I'iiher, 507 ; execution of sir Thomas More, 307; 
 death of Catherine of Arragon, 308 ; unfeeling 
 conduct of I Anne Boleyn, 308; his new passion 
 for ,'inp Seymour, 308 ; arrest of Anne Boleyn 
 for Infidelity, 308; found guilty by a commission 
 of twenty-iix peers, 300 ; Cranmer pronounces 
 KDtence against '.be vaUdity of her marriagc,300; 
 
 HEP 
 
 her execution, 309 ; his marriage with Jane Sey- 
 mour, 309 ; suppression of the lesser monaste- 
 rieS; 300; formidable insurrection suppressed 
 by the duke of Suffolk, 300 ; insurrection under 
 Aske, called the Pilgrimage of Grace, 309 ; delo. 
 gates sent to the king, 300 ; rebels defeated by 
 the duke of Norfolk, 310; wholesalij execution 
 of the ringleaders, 310; act of parliament passed 
 for the suppression of the remaining monaste- 
 ries, 310; commii'sioners appointed to visit tlio 
 monasteries, 310 ; extraordinary relics found by 
 the commissioners, 310; curious trial of tiie 
 defunct Thomas il Becket, 310; demolition o( 
 his shrine and confiscation of the offerings, 311 ; 
 allowances to the dispossessed monks, 311 ; en- 
 dowment of new bishoprics, 311; execution ol 
 the relations of cardinal Pole, 311 ; act of par. 
 liament in support of transubstantiation, th« 
 celibacy of the clergy, the observance of vowi 
 of chastity, private masses, and auricular con- 
 fession, 311; publicly tries Lambert In West, 
 minster Hall, 311; death of Jane Seymour, 312 • 
 marries Anne of Cloves, 313 ; disappointed in 
 his bride, 313; Cromwell accused of high 
 trcasomand executed, 312 ; separated from Anne 
 of Cleves, 312 ; execution of Catholics who de- 
 nied his supremacy, 312; marries Catherine 
 Howard, 313; cliarges brought by Cranmer 
 against Jier chastity, 313; her confession and 
 execiitiuii, 315 ; publisher ' the Institution of a 
 Christian .Man,* anil ' the Erudition of • 
 Christian Man,' 313; marries Catherine Parr, 
 313; torture andcxecutionof Anne Askew, 313; 
 his declining healtli and ill temper, 314 ; danger 
 of his queen, 314; his inordinate vanity, 314; 
 condemns the duke of Norfolk and earl of 
 Surrey, 314 ; his death and character, 314 ; bit 
 interment, 314 
 Henry IV. of France, reign of, 624 
 Henry VI. of Germany, approves of tho arrest of 
 Itichard Cccur do I.ion, 105 ; brings a list of 
 charges against I{ich.ard at the diet at Worms, 
 ItiC ; releases lUchard on jiayment of 150,000 
 marks, 1G7 ; treacherously attempts to re-arrest 
 him, 1C7 
 Henry, brother of king Stc|>hen, made abbot of 
 Glastonbury and bishop of Winchester, 138 ; 
 upholds the cause of Stephen, 138 ; assembles a 
 nynod at Westminster in opposition to Stephen, 
 140; won over to the party of Matilda, 141 ; de. 
 serts the cause and again upholds Stephen, 141 ; 
 Ills advice to Thomas 4 Beckct, 148 
 III iiry, prince, ton of Ileury II. and Eleanor, be- 
 trothed to Margaret, daughter of l40uis VII. of 
 France, 144 ; receives the unction from Roger, 
 archbishop of York, 151 ; his ambition and 
 haughtiness, 152 ; crowned and anointed by tlie 
 archbisliop of Rouen, in the lifetime of hit 
 father, 153 ; claims apart of Henry's dominions, 
 152 ; supported by Louis VII. or France, 153; 
 defeat of the Flemings, 154; renews his dc. 
 . mand of Normandy, 15(3 ; his death, 150 
 Henry, prince, son of James I., his early death, 
 ■ 308 
 
 Heptarchy, establishment of the seven kingdom), 
 viz., Kent, Northumberland, Fast Anglea, 
 Mereia, East Saxons, South Saxons, West 
 Saxons, 74; Ki:M', founded by Uengist, 175 ; 
 reigns of Escus, Octa, and Ynirick, 7C ; accci 
 tion of Ethelbcrt, 76; his Christian queen 
 Bertha, 70 ; mission of Augustin, 70 ; c.>nver. 
 sion of Ethelbcrt, 77 ; vicious reign of Eadbald, 
 78 ; npostacy and reconversion ot tlie king and 
 
 iieople, 78; reigns of Ercombert, Egbert, 
 >otliaire, Edric, and Windred, 78. Nortiium- 
 IiGltLANU, reign of Adelfrid, 79 ; his disrespect 
 for the clergy, 70 ; overthrown by Edwin, 79 ; 
 kingdom converted to Christianity 'by Paulinas, 
 80 ; reign of Oswald, 80. EAST ANGLES, 
 founded by UfTa, 80 ; kingdom annexed to that 
 of Mereia, 80. Meucia, the central and most 
 powerful kingdom of the Heptarchy, 81 ; relgnt 
 of Penda, Offs, &c. EAsx Saxons and Socia 
 
 .1 
 
 * 1: 
 
 
036 
 
 ixOStp* 
 
 SAXONS, imall and Inilgnificant kingdom, 75; 
 West Saxons, founded by Cerdio and Kenric, 
 83 : acceifion of Egbort, 83 ( itruggle between 
 Ecbcrt, king of the West Saxoni, and Bcmulf, 
 kuiff of Mercia, for the aupreme power, termi- 
 nating in the subjection of the whole of the 
 Heptarchy to Egbert, 83 
 
 Herbert, count of Maine, wills his county to Wil- 
 liam of Normandy, 121 
 
 Herbert, lord, of Chcrbury, commands 'he English 
 forces in France in the reign of Henry VIII,, 
 290 
 
 Hereford, duke of, his quarrel with the duke of 
 Norfolk in the reign of Richard II., 327 ; ba- 
 nished for life, 327 
 
 Hereford, Roger, earl of. See RoOEIt 
 
 Heresy, first punished by turning, 332 
 
 Hereward, the East Anglian, his raids against the 
 Normans, 119; reftises to submit to William, 
 119; joins Morcar against the Normans, 121; 
 takes to the sea, 121 ; restored by William, 131 
 
 Herod, king of the Jews, 46 
 
 Herodotus,3 
 
 Hertford, earl of, protector of the kingdom In the 
 reign of Edward VI., 315 ; made duke of Somer- 
 set. See Somerset 
 
 Hesse Castel, vioialion of its constitution by the 
 elector, 265 
 
 Hexham, battle of, 36.5; singi'lar adventure of 
 Margaret of Anjou after the battle, 265 
 
 Hialas, the Spanish ambassador, mediates between 
 Henry VII. of England and James IV. of Scot- 
 land in the aifair of Perkin Warbeck, 392 
 
 Hiero, king of Syracuse, 61 
 
 Hindoo mvthology, I 
 
 Hindus, their traditions respecting India, 829; 
 their religion, 839 
 
 Hinguar, thj Danish chief, 86 
 
 Hoel, count of Brittany, assists William of Nor- 
 mandy, 112 
 
 Hohenlinden, battle of, 453 
 
 Holland, war with England, 395 ; peace, S97 ; 
 rerolutionised by France, 446 ; escape of the 
 prince of Orange, 446 ; failure of the English ex- 
 pedition for bis restoration, 451 ; his return, 
 
 _471. See NETHEELANDS 
 
 Hollis, 382 
 
 Holmedon, battle of, 333 
 
 Holwell, confined in the black hole of Calcutta, 
 430 
 
 Homeric period of Greek history, 49 
 
 Hone, Wflllam, trial of, 478 
 
 Hood, lord, takes Toulon, 440 
 
 Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, thrown into prison 
 by Mary, 326 ; his martyrdom, 355 
 
 Hophnl and Phincas their wickedness, 45 
 
 Horace, period in which he flourished, 64 
 
 Horatii and Curatii, combat of the, S3 
 
 Horatius Codes story of, 54 
 
 Horn, count, execution of, 664 
 
 Horsa, invades Britain, 74; slain at Aylesford, 
 75 
 
 Hotham, sir John, S83 
 
 Howard, sir Edward, commander of tho English 
 fleet against France in the reign of Henry VIII., 
 396 
 
 Howard, Catherine, her marriage with Henry 
 VIII., 312; charged by Cranmcr witli unchas- 
 tit.v, 313; her confession and execution, 313 
 
 Howard, lord, admiral of the English flcot against 
 the Spanish armada, 345 ; his expedition against 
 Cadli,360 t~ -o 
 
 Howard, lord, his connection with the Rye-house 
 Plot, 406 ; his treachery, 406 
 
 Howe, evacuates Boston, 435 ; takes Long Island 
 and New York, 435; defeats Washington at 
 Brandywlne and takes Philadelphia, 436 
 
 Howe, lord, his defeat of the Brest fleet, 445 
 
 Uubba, the Danish chieftain, 86: defeated and 
 (lain by the earl of Devonshire, 88 
 
 Hubert de Bnrgh, his deception respecting the 
 death of prince Arthur, 170 ; his obstinate dc- 
 ftnca of Dover, 180 ; succeedi tho carl of Fern. 
 
 IND 
 
 broke as guardian to Henry III., 180 ; «r(uu 
 castle of Rockingham belonging to the «itt| , 
 
 Albemarle, 1 80 ; procures a papal bull decitrio3 
 
 Henry III. to be of full age, 181 ; oppoiitionfl 
 
 "-T barons in tho reign of Henry 111. rcipecilDj 
 
 ! yielding up of tlieir castles, 181 ; armJ 
 
 -•'-^s, 18"- — "— ■- ■ - "^ 
 
 181; unjustly treated by JIc, 
 
 th«l 
 the 
 
 meetings, 
 182 
 
 Iluda, governor of Surrey, 85 
 
 Hugh, carl, his misconduct at Exeter aninit ihJ 
 Danes, 103, 105 1 
 
 Hugh, bishop of Durham, joined with LonechimJ 
 in the administration of England during the tM 
 sence of Richard I., 160 ; thrown into nrisoJ 
 by Longchamp, 163 1 
 
 Huldcme, Robert, heads the rebellion eoncenlnJ 
 St. Leonard's hospital in the reign of Ednrf 
 IV., 266 , 
 
 Humbert, general, invades Ireland in 1793, with 1 
 French force, 450 ; surrenders to General UkJ 
 450 1 
 
 Hundreds, division of counties Into, by Alfrcd,'!)il 
 
 Hungary, its history, 694; ancirnt state of,(;!i4l 
 conversion of king Stephen to Chri8tlanity,694 
 the crown elective but subsequently declared ij 
 be hereditary, 695 ; arbitrary measures of Aul 
 stria, G95; oiiposition of the Hungarian pirtrl 
 605; influence of Kossuth, C9G ; formation efl 
 Hiuigarian ministry, 696 ; rrbeUion of the Serb! 
 and Croats encouraged by Austria, 096 ; dupul 
 city of tho Austrian cabinet with respect to Jti] 
 lachicb, 626 ; Jellachich defeated by the Hunf 
 garian volunteers, 696 ; invasion of liungarjbl 
 Windischgratz, 696 ; conquett of Tranijivanii 
 by Bom, 097 ; defeat of Windiichgratj by Gorl 
 gei, 697 ; declaration of Hungarian indeiiend] 
 ence, 097 ; Kossuth appointed governor, (9'! 
 opposition of Gorgd to the diet, 697 ; invasiol 
 of the Russians, 697 ; engagements between llirl 
 nau and Gorgei, 697 ; removal of Gorgel, 69il 
 Gorgel nominated dictator of Hungary, ini 
 lurrcnders to the Russians at Villages, 6:'jl 
 flight of Kossuth and others to Turkey, 6?3| 
 release of Kossuth, 698 ; dissatisfartion of t|J 
 Hungarians at the constitution promulgated bl 
 the emperor in 1860, 693, 698 ; determinatiol 
 of the Hungarian diet on the subject, C99; ibi 
 people compelled to pay taxes by Austris, 699 f 
 
 Huns, ancient state of, 694 ; Invasion of Atiili 
 694 
 
 Hunt, Henry, 494 
 
 Hyder All, 840 
 
 Hyrcanus, king of the Jews, 46 
 
 TCELAND, history of, 911 
 
 .•■ Income tax, 555, 560 
 
 India, renewal of the charter of the Eait lodii 
 Company, 534 ; bill introduced into parllamtif 
 respecting the infliction of torture in Indiif 
 546 ; the great Indian mutiny, 543 ; the ; 
 Ternment of India transferred to the crown, Uil 
 Lord Stanley's speech on the finances of IndiJ 
 553 ; sir C. Wood on the finances, 555 ; sppoinll 
 mcntof Mr. Wilson as finance minister, 55j| 
 recall of sir C. Trevelyan, 558 ; bill for tb« vT 
 organisation of the Indian army, 559; dcatbd 
 Hr. Wilson, and appointment of Sir. Liiid 
 561 ; aflairs of India in 1861, 561 ; histor/il 
 India, 829; Hind<i traditions, 829; aucis^ 
 political history, 829 ; early religion ot il 
 Hindus, 829; conquests of Darius IlyEtaspi 
 830 ; and of Alexander the Great, 830 ; Seltua 
 830 ; embassy of Mcgasthenes to Sandraeoim 
 830, 831 ; ancient comniunicatloni betna 
 India and Europe, 831 ; tlie Maliommedui II 
 India, 832; visits of Europeans to Indli,8!ll 
 foundation of the East India Company, SSil 
 Lord Cllvc, 836 ; Warren Hastings, 840; «' 
 sequent governors-general, 840 ; Tlppoo i 
 Hyder AU, 840; aggressions of the Pindit 
 841 : the Bannew war of 1824, 842; Hup 
 mutiny of 1857| 843 
 
 ■ MMaas, emperor 
 
 Ijotennan, battle oi 
 
 Iboocent III., pop 
 
 { the archbishop c 
 
 John, 173 ; his li 
 
 I fourfold rings to 
 
 on England, 174 
 
 ibiolvcs the sut^< 
 
 ince, 176; proml 
 
 loPhilinll. of F 
 
 duing John, 176 
 
 from John, and n 
 
 I spiritual vassal, 
 
 barons opposMl to 
 
 llDouisition, origin ( 
 
 " bv Philip II., 66 
 
 r'crilinand VII., 6 
 
 Jinn and Turan, qui 
 
 glnlind, history of, S 
 
 the five kingdoms 
 
 Connaught, and I 
 
 MJerelgnty, 565; 
 
 continual wars, 5C 
 
 the bards, 565 ; in 
 
 St. Patrick, 566 
 
 labours, 566 ; hui 
 
 tianlty weakened t 
 
 rest number of r 
 
 ine Danes or N< 
 
 Danes by Malachi 
 
 of Malachi by Brii 
 
 (feet of the supren 
 
 , fresh invasions ( 
 
 of Brian Borohmc 
 
 chief sovereignty, S 
 
 between rival clalr 
 
 cession of Turlougl 
 
 572; contests betw< 
 
 572; Roderic O'C 
 
 becomes titular kin 
 
 of England obtai; 
 
 Arlsn III. to invadi 
 
 J murrougb, king of : 
 
 I for his immorality 
 
 Henry II, to restore 
 
 Strongbow, 574 ; ii 
 
 J lo the chief sovcrci 
 
 of Roderic O'Conn 
 
 bow, 575 ; death 
 
 Strongbow sue<^ped 
 
 I Iter, 575 ; deliiits ] 
 
 5'5;Fitzstei)liende 
 
 le of Waterfon 
 
 people 
 Henry 
 
 lenry II., 576 ; St 
 
 ud tenders his sul 
 
 cMter,576; permit 
 
 juesis as fiefs of 
 
 Henry II. lands at 
 
 homage of all the 
 
 fierce animosities b 
 
 %lish, 577 ; insnl 
 
 of Strongbow, 577 ; 
 
 i!S„ Raymond lo 
 
 I O'Connor, 678; O 
 
 Incepting the Enj 
 
 llngland, 578; di 
 
 ■fOTeruorship of Fit 
 
 Ipetty and mischie' 
 
 ■prince John, son ca 
 
 Ireljnd,679;hislr 
 
 I Iriih chiefs, 579; r 
 
 J Mil of John and an 
 
 ■the governorship, 5^ 
 
 IwrcstofDaCouroy 
 
 Itte Irish people and 
 
 JMO; lord-lieutenai 
 lClsrence,581: pus 
 |Mny Sji, ,i,»7^ 
 
 telP'P''' 681 ; 
 Pichsnf revenges th 
 "•Tcli,582; wUd 
 
^viUtV* 
 
 937 
 
 ,t Esctcr Bgklnit thJ 
 
 IXO 
 
 MMuaii emperor of Rome, killed, 07 
 
 Sktrman, battle of, 739 
 
 Ihiioccnt III., pope, olaima tlio appointmtnt of 
 
 li the archbishop of Canterbury in the rei^n of 
 John, 173 ; hi» letter of conceits and proient of 
 fourfold rings to John, 179 ; lays an interdict 
 on England, 174 ; eicommunicatci John, 17.'> ; 
 ibiolvei the sutjcets of John from their allegi. 
 toce, 176 ; promises the sovcrciRnty of England 
 to Philip II. of France, on condition of his sub- 
 duing John, 176 ; obtains complete submission 
 from John, and malics liim a temporal as well as 
 iiplritual vassal, 177 ; issues a bull agulnst the 
 birons opposed to John, 178 
 
 I iDQuliition, origin of, in Spain, 056; established 
 
 " by Philip I1-, 662 1 abolislied in th<> reign of 
 rirdinand VII., 670 
 
 linn and Turan, quarrels of, 43 
 
 llielsnd, liistory of, 564 ; the country divided into 
 the Ave Itingdoms of Meath, Leinster, Munster, 
 Connaugiit, and Ulster, 564 ; Meath the chief 
 KTereignty, 565; rude state of society, 5(35; 
 continual wars, 665 ; the tamists or chi<$s, 5U5 ; 
 the bards, 565 ; introduction of Christianity by 
 St i'alrick, 566 ; success of his missionary 
 libouri, 566 ; humanising influence of Chris- 
 tiinlty weakened by the plurality of kings and 
 crest number of monasteries, 567 ; invasion of 
 the Danes or Northmen, 568; defeat of the 
 Danes by Malachi king of Meath, 569 ; defeat 
 of Malachi by Brian Borohme, 569 ; beneficial 
 effect of the supremacy of Brian Borohme, 570 ; 
 fftih invasions of the Danes, 570; death 
 of Brian Borohme, 571; Malachi obtains the 
 chief aovcrcignty, 571 ; his death, 571 ; struggles 
 betveen rival claimants terminate in the suc- 
 cession of Turlougli, 572 ; character of his reign 
 57'2; contests between liis sons after his death, 
 573; Roderic O'Connor king of Connaught 
 becomes titular king of Ireland, 572 ; Henry II. 
 oi' England obtains the permission of pope 
 Ariim III. to invade Ireland, 573; Oermot Mac- 
 murrough, king of Leinster, driven from Ireland 
 for his immorality and tyranny, 573 ; applies to 
 I Henry II. to restore him, 574 ; joined by Hichard 
 Strongbow, 574; invades. Ireland, 574; aspires 
 I to the chief novereignty of Ireland in the room 
 of Roderic O'Connor, 575 ; invasion of Strong- 
 bow, 575 ; death of Macmurrough, 575 ; 
 Strongbow surx.eeds to the kingdom of Lein- 
 ster, 575 ; dci'c:;4(s Roderic O'Connor at Dublin, 
 
 I 575 ; Fitzstephen deceived and imprisoned by the 
 
 eople of Waterford, 576 ; projected invasion of 
 . enry II., 576 ; Strongbow returns to England 
 
 ind tenders his submission to Henry at Glou. 
 tester, 576 ; permitted to retain his Irish con- 
 quests as fiefs of the English crown, 576 ; 
 Henry II. lands at Waterford and receives the 
 homage of all the Irish kings and chiefs, 577 ; 
 I ierce animosities between the natives and the 
 I Enillsh, 577 ; insubordination of the followers 
 I of Strongbow, 577 ; quarrel and reconciliation 
 I with Raymond lo Gros, 678 ; treaty with 
 IffConnor, 678; O'Connor holds all Ireland 
 Inceptiag the English pale, at the vassal of 
 gland, 578 ; death of Strongbow, 578 ; 
 IgOTcruorship of Fitc-Adelm, 578 ; De Courcy's 
 
 ■ petty and mischievous war in Ulster, 578 ; 
 Iprlnce John, son of Henry II., made lord of 
 
 ■ Ireland, 579 ; his insulting conduct towards the 
 llrish chiefs, 679; revolt of the Irish, 579; re. 
 I call of John and appointment of De Courcy to 
 Ithe governorship, 579 ; death of O'Connor, 679 ; 
 larrtst of De Courcy by king John, 579 ; visit of 
 ■John to Ireland, 679 ; constant wars between 
 Ithe Irish people and their English rulers, 579 ; 
 ^niaiion of Edward Bruce, 680 ; his death, 
 JMO; lord-lieutenancy of Lionel, duke . of 
 |Clarencc,581: paising of the statute of Kil. 
 
 fenny, 681 ; the Irish people treated as a con- 
 Wuered people, 681 ; Tislt of Richard II., 582 ; 
 VtcliHd revenges the murder of Roger, earl of 
 "* 1 582 ; wild dlwrder and wretchedness of 
 
 ISA 
 
 Ireland down to the accession of Henry VII., 
 682; Thomas, carl of Kildare, and the Irish 
 support the claim of Lambert Siinnel, 582; 
 pardoned by Henry, 583 ; fresh wars, 584 ; dis- 
 missal of Kildare from the lord-lieutenancy, 
 584 ; abolishment of the Irish right of sanctuary 
 and introduction of Poyning's law, 584 ; revolt 
 of lord Thomas Fitzgerald, 585 ; taken prisoner 
 and executed, 585 ; suppressinii of the Irisli 
 monasteries by Henry Vlll., 586 ; opposition ot 
 Desmond to the English, 587 ; failure of Pliilip 
 II.'s expedition in the reign of Elizabeth, 587 ; 
 Introduction of potatoes by sir Walter lla':'l(?h, 
 .•587; rebellion of Hugh ()*NeiI, earl of Ty. -one, 
 587; owed his long impunity to the parsimony 
 of Elizabeth, 687 ; his successes, 583 ; the lord, 
 lieutenancy of Ireland given to the favourite, 
 the carl of Essex, 689; offends Elizabeth by 
 giving a command to the earl of Soutliamptoii, 
 589 ; his ill-advised expedition to Munster, 590 ( 
 his unauthorised truce with Tyrone, 590; his 
 disgrace, 590 ; lord Mountjoy succeeds to the 
 command, 590; submission of Tyrone, 591; 
 wise policy of .lames I. towards Ireland, 591 ; 
 settlement of English commercial colonies, 591 ; 
 progressive civilisation of tho country, 592; 
 opposition of tho protestanta of Ireland to 
 Charles L, 592 ; rebellion of the Irisli Catholics 
 organised by Hoger Moore, 593 ; massacre of 
 the English, 594 ; Dublin saved Dy the confes. 
 sion of O'l^onnell, 595 ; iVaud of O'Nril, 596 ; 
 treaty between the Irish rebels and the royal 
 authorities at Dublin, 596 ; arrival of a nuncio 
 from the pope, 596 ; tho marquis of Ormond 
 takes the command of tho royalists in Ireland 
 on behalf of Charles II., 597 ; his successes, 
 697 ; advances to the siege of Dublin, 597 ; in- 
 vasion of Cromwell and Ircton, 597 ; cruelties 
 towards English royalists and Irish rebels, 598 ; 
 
 Jiroceedings of Ircton as lord-lieutenant> of Ire- 
 and, 598 ; execution of O'Neil, 598 ; death of 
 Ircton, 598 ; gradual improvement of tha 
 country, 599 ; lord-lieutonancy of Ormond 
 during the reign of CharUs II., 599 ; conduct of 
 James 'I., 599 ; dismisses all protestants from tho 
 parliament and debases tlie coinage, 599; opposi- 
 tion of Derry and Inniskillen, 600 ; defeated at the 
 Boyne, 600 ; treaty of Limerick, 600 ; improve, 
 mcnt in trade and commerce, 600 ; opposition 
 to the tithe system, 601 ; insurrection of tho 
 United Irishmen, 602 ; O'Conneil's agitation 
 for repeal, 6t>2'; ' 'lure of the potato crop, 518 ; 
 relief from En, nd, 519 ; attempted rebel, 
 lion of Smith Ovvien, Mitchell, and Meagher, 
 520 
 
 Ireton, son-in-law of Cromwcll,|387 ; disintermeet 
 of his body, 400 
 
 Irish church bill, 492 
 
 Irish invasion nf England, 118 
 
 Isaac, despot of Cyprus, throws the wrecked crew 
 of the crusaders into prison, 162; punished by 
 Richard Coeur do Lion, 162 ; his stiver fetters, 
 162 ; amour of his daughter with Richard, 162 ; 
 
 Isabella, countess de la Marche, married to John 
 of England, 169 ; returns to her lawful husband, 
 169 ; ner four sons unjustly favoured by Henry 
 III., 169 
 
 Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. of France, he- 
 trothed to prince Edward of England, 195 ; 
 married, 200; her hatred against Piers Ga- 
 vestdii, 201 ; insulted by lord Badlesmere, 204 ; 
 mediates between Edward and Charles IV. of 
 France, 205 ; strenuously aims at tho banishment 
 of the two Spensers, 205 ; carries on a criminal 
 intrigue with Roger Mortimer, 205; invadei 
 England, 205 ; triumph of her iMirty, 206 ; sura- 
 mous a parliament at Westminster, and present! 
 her charges against the king, 206 ; her shamelesi 
 adultery, 206 ; execution of her paramour, 206 ; 
 imprisoned for life, 210 
 
 Isabella II., her claim to the throne of Spain on 
 the death of Ferdinand VII., lupported by the 
 liberal!, 672 ; her public entry into Maaildi 
 
 
 11 
 
 i. 
 
 :i 
 
 
 !fi| 
 
 
 
 W'' ■■ 
 
 ■ ii 
 
 ! 
 
 wl^ 
 
938 
 
 Snirrr* 
 
 ISR 
 
 075 : hrr mnrrinffo witli her cnimln the duke of 
 Ciutll, 076 ; attempt upon her life, U78 
 
 I»rae1, kingdom of, 'lU: captivity of, In NinoTch, 
 under Salmaneirr, 40 
 
 Iiroelltci, hUlory of, 873. See JEWS 
 
 I»U9, battle of, 43 
 
 Italy, history of, 750 ; itj dlvliionii, 756 ; Ostrogo. 
 iliic conmicit of, 756 ; is formed into n new \i\ng- 
 (lorn by ChnrlomaKnc, 757 ; diimembercil, 758 j 
 rite and progrcii of the papal irawcr in, 758 — 
 701 ; overrun by tlic French, 701 ; recent revo. 
 Intlont in, 703 j war In Italy in 1859, 55.i, 
 555 ; question of Italian unity, 55:1 j the emperor 
 Napoleon'a ihare in the war of libcrution of 
 Italy, 051. See alio ROUE, VENICE, SAKl>i>'U, 
 Naples, &c. 
 
 JABIN, kini; of Tnnnan, conqucri laract, 15 
 Jacob, )ii»tury u(, 15 
 
 Jacquclinp, counted of IIollani<, married to John 
 duke of Brabant, 211 ; appliea to the pope for a 
 divorce, 2H ; Ikt contract of marriage with the 
 duke of Glouccitcr, 31 1 ; the marriage annulled, 
 244 
 
 Jamaica, conqucat of, by the Eiig'ish, 593 ; history 
 of, 893 
 
 James I. of Scotland, «on of llohert lit,, taken 
 prisoner by Henry I V, of England, 2.15 ; re- 
 leased by Ik'dfor'l in the reign of Henry VI. ami 
 cbta'ni the throne of Scotland, 343; Ills reign, 
 009 
 
 James II. of Scotland, reign of, 009 
 
 James III. of Scotland, his peacewith Hciiry VII., 
 285 ; his reign, 010 
 
 James IV. of Scotland, espouses the cause of Per. 
 kin Warbeck, 300 ; gives him the lady Catherine 
 Gordon in marriage, 300; invades Kngland with 
 AV'arbeck, 301 ; refuses to give U|) Warbeck, but 
 dismisses him from the country, 393; peace with 
 Henry VII., 393; invades England in the reign 
 of licory VIII., 390 ; defeated and slain in the 
 liattle ol Flodden Field, 'J07 ; history of his reign, 
 «ll 
 
 James V. of Scotland, projected marriage with 
 Mary daughter of Henry VIII. broken off by 
 France, 301 ; history of his reign, 01 1 
 
 James I. of England, VI. of Scotland, son of Mary 
 queen of Scots, 340 ; crowned king of Scotland, 
 349; Hurray appointed regent, 349; Morton 
 regent, 353; James formally assumes the go- 
 vernment, 353 ; alliance with Elizabeth, 355 ; 
 intercedes for the life of Mary queen of Scots, 
 350 ; succeeds to the throne of England on the 
 death of Elizabctli, 563 ; extraordinary liberality 
 In the bestowal of knighthoods and peerages, 
 564; conspiracy in favour of Arabella Stuart, 
 504 ; sides against the Puritans, 364 ; the Gun- 
 powder Plot, 365 ; apprehension and execution 
 of the conspirators, 366 ; efforts to merge Eng- 
 land and Scotland into one nationality, 367; 
 opposition of the parliament, 367 ; obtains the 
 banishment of Vorsiius the Armenian, 368 ; 
 death of Henry prince of Wales, 308 ; his jmr. 
 tiality for Carre, 308 ; the poisoning of sir 
 Thomas Overbury, 369 ; grows weary of Carre, 
 now earl of Somerset, and takes Villiers into his 
 favour, 369; trial and punishment of the 
 Somersets, 369 ; Villiers made duke of Bucking- 
 ham, 370 ; surrenders the cautionary towns in 
 Holland, 370; endeavours to force episcopacy 
 upon his Scottish subjects, 370; alTronts the 
 English puritans by the publication of the Book 
 of Snorts, 371 : Ualeigh sails to America in 
 search of a gold mine, 371 ; failure of the ex- 
 pedition, 371 ; condemnation and execution of 
 Raleigh, 373; disasters of his son-ln-Iaw, 
 Frederic, elector palatine, 372 ; parliamentary 
 enquiry into the abuses of monopolies, 373 ; en- 
 quiry into the conduct of lord Bacon, 573 ; dis. 
 ])Utes between the king and bis parliament, 373 ; 
 D«nt u|>on n>Arrying bit son Charles to the sister 
 9f PbUlpIV. of Spato, 373 ; bis hopes ruined by 
 
 JKW 
 
 Buckingham, .174 ; negotiations for the hand ut 
 the princess Henrietta of France for (^lurlwl 
 376; his deatli and character, 370; hii ^lI' 
 policy In Ireland. .591 • "'• «!>• 
 
 James II., his accession dreaded on accnunt of Mil 
 religion, 401 ; his connection with tlie nrcipiuiHi I 
 popish plot of Ontes, 403 ; condemnation andl 
 execution of his secretary Coleman, 403. i,|,I 
 general unpopularity, 404; the eiciusloi bl I 
 thrown out, 404; snccoeds Cliarioi H. W;! 
 apologises to the pope for the long lip'rcivnfl 
 England, 407 ; rebuked by the poiw, 107. ,«.! 
 bclllon of Monmouth, 407 ; def.-at of the rcWiil 
 408: the bloody assUca of Jeffreys, 4a'). ., I 
 eculton of Monmouth, 409; his real for the riL'l 
 establishment of ponery, 410; suspension of Dr 
 Shar|>e and of the bishop of London, no- in 
 deavours to introduce i)aplsls into the'uni 
 vcrsities, 410 ; refusal of ilio bishops to read lii. 
 declaration, 410; trial md acquittal of ih» 
 bishops,4l 1 ; enthusiastic i:ivitatlons to William 
 of Orange, 411; escapes to France, 413; liiim 
 declared jllegltlmote, 413; lands In Irchnil 
 412; defeated In the battle of the noyne, .'113! 
 raises another army and commits it to tlieiriiiJ 
 ralthip of St. Ruth, 413 ; retreats from AuKhrim 
 413; siege of Limerick; treaty of Llinericil 
 414; returns to France, 414; pensioned h' 
 I-ouis XIV., 414 ; his death, 414 ; his policj J 
 Ireland, 599, COO ' ' 
 
 James, son ofJamos II., ridiculous slorlesooncrm 
 Ing his birth, 413; declared to be illc,{lt|i„aJ 
 413 ; his fruitless invasion of England, 't.'l iwl 
 cutlon of Mar, Ucrweiitwater, and otiier» 'i'l'M 
 Ills tun Charles Edward, 436 ' f 
 
 Jane, sister of Edward III., betrothed to Dii I 
 Bruce, 208 ■ 
 
 Japan, Iiistory of, 807 ; recent cTcnts In, 80S 
 Japhet, children of, 3 
 Java, history of, 870 
 Jeffreys, judge, bit bloody sentences after ihj 
 battlo of Sedgemoor, 409 " 
 
 Jekyl, tlr Joseph, 438 
 Jellachich, ban of Croatia, Incites the Scrbi mj 
 Croats to rebel against the Magyars tiSii): i»J 
 vados Hungary, C90 ; defeated by the lIunKti 
 volunteers, 690 
 Jena, battle of, 460 
 Jenkins, captain, his examination before tliclioi 
 
 of commons, 434 
 Jerusalem, conquered by Necho, king of Efjrt 
 43 ; rebuilding of, after the llaliyloiilu 
 captivity, 40 ; siege of, under Cestius, 17; ami 
 under Vespasian and his son Titus, 47 ; tiiti 
 by storm by the crusaders, 131 ; Godfrey of W 
 lognc made king, 131. See also JEWS 
 Jervis, sir John, hi« expedition to the West TndiiL 
 445 ; defeats the Spanish tloet off St. YiuctnJ 
 449 * 
 
 Jesus Christ, birth of, 64 ; his death, 04 
 Jews, general massacre of, tliroughout England il 
 the coronation of Richard Cceur dc Lion, loil 
 attacked by the rabble in tlie reign of IltDiJ 
 III.. 185; cruid persecution of, by EdwardlJ 
 189 ; their injurloui influence in Spain, lioil 
 their expulsion, 055; general history of, ilif 
 their state after the destruction of Jpruialto 
 819; history of the, 44 ; tiielr descent, 44 ; mip 
 tion of Abraham Into Canaan, 44 ; hUlotji ol 
 Jacob and hit tons, 45 ; rolgn of joalius, lol 
 anarchy after hit death, 45 ; reigns of til 
 judges, 45; Iiistory of Saul and David, 4J| 
 separation of Palestine into Judah and hnd 
 40 ; captivity of the ten tribes of lirnci in M» 
 veh, 40; and of the tribe of Judah iu Bab;I<« 
 40 ; return of Judah, and rebuilding of Jerad 
 lem, 46 ; siege of Jerusalem under Ptolml 
 Soter, 46 ; completion of tlie canon of the Olf 
 Testament, 46 ; rise of tlie sect of tiie Saddumu 
 46 ; the Septuaglnt, 46 ; history of the Jtii 
 under the Syrlant, 40 ; recovery of their inil* 
 pendence, 46 ; conquered by the Romani wM 
 Fompey the Great, 40 ; Herod and his ioiii,<il 
 
£ittr()r. 
 
 939 
 
 JOA. 
 
 ttloni for the hand ull 
 
 Franco fur dliarlM, I 
 
 ractcr, 370; lili «iitl 
 
 (led on (iccniint of hli I 
 Ion with tlio proteiiildll 
 ! ; condemnation audi 
 y Coleman, 405; hlJ 
 4; tho excluilun lilll 
 mU Charlo II., 407;' 
 •or tho lonjj liprciyoil 
 by tho poiH', 107; ro.1 
 J • dctVat of tho rcbrli, I 
 of Jeffreys, 40y; ci.l 
 )0; hli zenl for the r».l 
 410; •uipenslonofDr.f 
 pof Loudon, 410; in I 
 |ini>l>ts into the uui I 
 tho hlihopt to roatl Viil 
 and acquittal ot thol 
 1 ,;\Tllatlon« to Williaml 
 to Franop, 412; liii mI 
 12; lands in IrcUndJ 
 ittlo of the Uoync, 113;| 
 commits It to the iii iihl 
 rctrcatifrom AufilirimT 
 ; ; treaty of Limerick,! 
 e, 414 ; pcnilonoj bjl 
 iuth, 414; hli poUcjrial 
 
 dicnluui itnrles concert.! 
 ;lared to he UlcRillmittJ 
 >n of England, 4 v! 1 ; ntM 
 water, and oiIkti, 4.:i;l 
 ,420 I 
 
 II,, betrothed to Di\:l| 
 
 ■cent cTcntJ in, 808 
 
 idy ientcncri attet M 
 9 
 
 In, Incites the Scrbi mil 
 t the Magyarj, liiiO ; is.! 
 Dfcated by the lluiifai 
 
 ninatlon before thdwi 
 
 Nocho, klnit of Efv^ 
 
 after tho ll»l)jlomu 
 
 under Cestlus, 17ianJ 
 
 lis ion Titus, 47 ; Uid 
 
 crs, 131; Godfrey of lidd 
 
 See alio JKWS 
 lltlon to the West Indin, 
 ilih fleet otf St. YiiictBlJ 
 
 ; his death, G4 
 r, throughout EnglmJiL 
 lardCttur do Lion,lj9J 
 e In the reign of Hninl 
 BUtion of, by F.J»adll 
 influence in Spain, w)l 
 Bcncral history of, SIJ 
 Icstrucllon of Oerualm 
 their descent, 44 ; mip 
 i Canaan, 44 ; hUtorju 
 ^5; rciRii of J<i"hufc«l 
 ath, 45; reigiis of « 
 rf Saul and DaviJ, «J 
 J Into Judah and W 
 ntribci of Israel in NiM 
 •Ibeof JudahinBabjlM. 
 and rebuilding of Jwa* 
 cruialem under I'lowJ 
 of tho canon of the VW 
 IheiectoftheSatlilmW 
 46; history of tlie J« 
 ; recotery of their io4 
 redbythoRomamun*- 
 Uerod and hit iodi,«I 
 
 Hie Jew* under the pro-consult of Syria, 40 ; tho 
 ■lege of Jerusalem under Tltut, 47 ; admlsiion 
 of Jews into parliament, 548, 549, SS2 
 Joan of Arc, her flrst appearance, 247 ; marchei 
 to Orleans, 248 ; sends a letter to tho duke of 
 Bedford, 248 ; raises the siege-, 248 ; conducts 
 Charles VII. to Rhelms, 24D ; taken prisoner by 
 John of Luxembourg, 2.'iU; delivered up to 
 Bedford, 281 ; •■.'•ntenced to ncrpe* ;al imprison- 
 roent for practUIng sorcery, 25 1 ; ti .n ptcd to array 
 herself in martial attire, 261 ; burnt alive at 
 Rouen, 251 
 Joan nocher, burnt for bcreiy to the reign of 
 
 Edward VI., 320 
 John llyrcamis, king of the Jews, 46 
 John, son of Henry 11., made lord of Ireland, 
 ty his father llenry II., 570; insults the 
 Irish chiefs, 579 ; recalled, 579 ; visits Ireland, 
 779; his ingratitude to hU father, 153; al- 
 rontnd by Longchamp during Uichard I.'s ab. 
 lence in the crusades, ltt3; cites Longchamp 
 before a tribunal of prelates and nobles at Read- 
 ing, 103; Fhlllp II. tempts him in Invade tho 
 French domlnloni of Richard, 164; prevent- 
 ed by his mother Eleanor, 164 ; consents to 
 Tlclil up a part of Normandy to Philip, 165 ; at. 
 tempts to obtain the crcwn of England In the 
 absence of Richard, 166 ; opposed by the barons, 
 andflie'ito the court of Philip, 167 ; conflsca- 
 lion of his properfy by the barons, 1 67 ; pardoned 
 (it Richard, 167 ; Inherits the kingdom by right 
 ot Richard's will and in siiite of the claims of Ills 
 nephew Arthur the son ofGeoffrey, 168 : receive* 
 the homage of the principal barons, 168 ; makes 
 a treaty with Philip II., 108; gives his nleco 
 Blanche in marriage to Louis, the eldest son of 
 fhiiip, 169 ; divorces his wife and marries Isa- 
 bella of Angoaldme, 160 ; puts down a rebellion 
 In Normandy, 160 ; excites tho anger of his 
 barons, 160; compelled to submit to the nutho> 
 rity of Philip, 160 ; who espouses the cause of 
 prfnpe Arthur, 160; takes Arthur prisoner, 
 170; causes the deafh of Arthur, 170; sum. 
 moned hy Philip as his superior lord, 170 ; sen- 
 lenced to forfeit all seignory and flcf In France, 
 170; besieges Alcn^on, 171; Philip appeals to 
 the nobles at the commandment of Morct 
 and obliges him to raise the siege, 171 ; the pope 
 commands Philip to make peace, but is dis- 
 obeyed, 171 ; siege of the chateau Ualllard, 171 ; 
 Ml neglect and incapacity, ITS ; returns to Eng. 
 land, 172 ; foolish tyranny and extortion to- 
 wards his barons, 172 ; his disgraceful cowar. 
 dice, 172 ; prestige of the feudal monarchy worn 
 out, 173; Intel fcrcnce of pojie Innocent III. in 
 theappointment of the archbishopof Canterbury, 
 173 ; sends a letter of conceits and four rings to 
 him, 173; his opposition, 174 ; the kingdom laid 
 under an Interdict, 174 ; quarrels with the clergy 
 and irritates the laity, 174 ; excommunication, 
 174 ; desertion amongst the prelates, 176 ; com- 
 mences negotiations, but is unablo to come 
 t'j terms, 176 ; Innocent absolves his subjects 
 fromiheir allegiance and dcnounpes excommuni- 
 cation on all who hold intercourse with him, 176 ; 
 prepares for war, 176 ; engagea to give the most 
 entire submission to the pope, 177 ; renounce* 
 England and Ireland to Innocent and ht» succes- 
 lorj, 177 ; does homage to Pandolf the ]iapal 
 legate, 177 ; gradual removal of the papal inflic- 
 I tions, 177 ; war with Philip, 177 ; claims of the 
 I hsrons for a renewal of the charter of Henry I., 
 178; endeavours to conciliate the church by 
 relinquishing the right of Investing the bishops 
 'Id by joining the crusades, 178 ; papal buF. 
 tgainit the barons, 178 ; its failure. 178 ; grant- 
 I ing of Magna Cbarta, 179 ; ftetti trranniea, 
 1179; the barons offer the crown to Louts of 
 I France, 179: French invaiion, 179; hit death, 
 1 179 
 
 Jin of France, ineceedi Philip IV. , 21 7 ; invaslou 
 I of Edward the Black Prince, 317; battle of 
 I roietieri, 217 ; taken priioner and carried to 
 
 
 KIN 
 
 England, 318 ; dlsturbancet In hit absence, 318 ; 
 peace wltli England, 210 ; his death, 219 
 
 John VI. of Portugal, reign of, 680 
 
 John Sobleslil, his wart against tho Turks, 744 
 
 John of Oxford, hit advice to Henry II., 150 
 
 John of daunt. Sco Lanca.stki{ 
 
 Jotnvllle, prince, his storming of Tanglert, 630 
 
 Joseph, history of, 45 
 
 Joieuh the demagogue, heads a rebellion in Corn. 
 vi'SIl In the reign of Uenry VII., 201 { defeated 
 ind executed, 201 
 
 Josephine, tho emprett, 466 
 
 Joshua, history of, 45 
 
 Jourdaln, his campaign in the Netherlands, 445 t 
 his ill success against tho Austrian*, 448; lilt 
 campaign In Suabia, 451 ; retreats into Switzer- 
 land, 451 ; defeated at Vlttoria, 47i) 
 
 Jovian, emperor of Home, his reign, 68 
 
 Joyce, cornet, hit arrest of Charles I., 388 
 
 Joyce, rev. Jeremiah, arrested for treason, 445 
 
 Judah, kingdom of, 40 ; captivity of, lu llabylon, 
 under Nebuchadnezzar, 46 
 
 Judith, second wifo of Ethelwolf, her unlawful 
 marriage with Ethelwold, 85 
 
 Judith, niece of William the Conqueror, marries 
 Waltheof, the Saxon carl of Northumberland, 
 122 ; makes known her husband's conspiracy to 
 William, 123 ; her miserable end, I'i^ 
 
 Jugurtha, king of Numldla, hit defeat and death, 
 02 
 
 Julian, emperor of Rome, his reign, 66 
 
 Julian the Apostate, emperor of Rome, hit reign, 
 68 
 
 Julius II., pope, hit intrigue with Bcnry Vlll.t 
 
 Junius, lettert of, 453 
 
 Junot invadct Portugal, 461 * 
 
 Jury, trial by, establitlied by Alfred, 02 
 Juxon, bishop of London, attends Charlei I. during 
 bit last hours, 301 
 
 TT^SOQulnctius, .17 
 
 J^ Kars, fall of, 544 ; siege and fall of 817, 81 8 
 
 Keiling, his revelations concerning the Rye-houte 
 
 plot, 406 
 Keniyss, captain, joint the expedition in search of 
 
 a gold mine, 371 ; commits tuicide, 371 
 Kondrid, king of Mercla, 81 
 Kenneth HI. of Scotland, rows the barge of king 
 
 Edgar, 100; introducet extcntlve reformi into 
 
 Scotland, 605 
 Kenric, assists Cerdic Jn establishing the king. 
 
 dom of the West Saxons, 74, 82 
 Kent, earl of, deceived by Roger Mortimer, 208 ; 
 
 condemned and executed, 200 ; bit cstatei pau 
 
 to Geoffrey, son of Mortimer, 209 
 Kent, overrun by the Danes, 102 
 Kent, rcbeli againtt the authority of William the 
 
 Conqueror, 116 
 Kent, ducheti of, her death, 560 
 Kent, kingdom of. See HEl'TARmT 
 Kennlph King of Mercio, 81 ; his death, 82 
 Keppcl, admiral, bisection olT Brest, 436; tried 
 
 on the charge of Palllser ami acquitted, 436 
 Ket, the tanner, revolt of in the reign of Edward 
 
 VI„ 330 ; hanged at Norwich castle, 320 
 Kijdare, Thomas Fitzgerald, earl of, lord-lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland, supports the cause of Lambert 
 
 Simnel, 583 ; pardoned by Henry VII., 584 ; 
 
 dismissed from his office for negligence and in. 
 
 coni|)etency, 584 ; carried pritouer to Englaud 
 
 by Poyning, 585 
 Kilkenny, statute of, 581 
 
 Kilmarnock, carl of, hit trial and execution, 438 
 Kllwarden, lord, murdered ttf the Irith rebeli, 
 
 456 
 KlmboltOA, lord, 383 
 Kinbum, capture of, 741 
 King't evil, origin of the practice of touching for, 
 
 Kinwith cattle, betteged by the Dane*, 88 
 Kirby, wami Charles 1 1, of the popish plot, 401 
 
 sg 
 
 I! 
 
940 
 
 3Enfffr. 
 
 Km 
 
 Ktrk, eolnnpl, lili eruoltlci, 400 
 
 Klebor, grncral, commantter of the Frrneh pxpnll- 
 tlon ill EK7pi after the departure of UuoiiapartP, 
 453; aMaulnat«-il, 154 
 
 Kiinx, .Inhn, Ilia rpproof (o narnlcy, 344 
 
 KoKiiiako, licatli the I'nilsli jiiaiirrcctlon, 745 ; 
 defeated and rxllol to 8!bvrtn, 747 : roleaicd l>y 
 tlio oinperor Paul, 747 { hli tutvrTlew with Na- 
 poleon, 748 
 
 KoMulh, Lonii, hli Influencn with tho Iliinpirlnn 
 libcmlt, U07 ; appointed governor of IIunRnry, 
 697 i removes oorKoi from tho commaiKl, (>',)7 ; 
 noniiiiatci Oorcoi dictator of IJunftnry, <I08; 
 Mcapoa 10 Turkey, 01i9{ Titit* Englaui id 
 AmeTica. 698 
 
 3' ACKV, nogor do, hit rcboIUon In farour 
 -' Stephen, 128 
 
 I.adronci'or Mnrinnne lilandi, 003 
 
 La Hoirue, battle of, 414 
 
 Lalie, <li'fi'i|ti tliq Irinh rebela at Vinei;ar 11111,450 1 
 •urrendcr bl general Humbert, 4 JO 
 
 Lambcf)?, count, murdered by tho populaev at 
 Preiburp, TOO 
 
 Lambert, cited before Cranmer and Latimer for 
 hit op|xi>ition to tho doctrine of transubstan- 
 tlatlon, 311 ; tried before Il-nry VI 11. at Weit- 
 niiniter, 31 1 ; executed with tlio mott brutal 
 torturct, 313 
 
 Lambeth, council at, on the mnrrla^ of Henry 
 Beauclcrc with Matilda the tiaxon, 133 
 
 Lamlan war, 5q 
 
 Lancailiirc, diatrei* in, conaequont oa the Ame- 
 rican war, 503 
 
 Lancaster, Thomat, earl of, heada the confederacy 
 agalnat I'icrs Uarealon and Edward 11., SOU; 
 made hereditary high ateward, 201 ; demands 
 tho delegation of the royal nuthority to a cum- 
 miaalon of barona and prelatea, 302 ; rcnewa hia 
 demand after the defeat of Edward at Bannoclt- 
 burn, 203; aunwcted of holding a iccret cor- 
 rcapondenco with Hruce, 203; openly Ji>lna 
 the 8cota, 203 ; defeated at liorouglibridgo, 
 801; taken iiriaoncr and beheaded aa a traitor, 
 204 
 
 LancJiaCer, earl of, guar-lian of Edward III., 207 ; 
 ■ubmlu to Mortimer, 20U ; impriaoncd by Mor- 
 timer, ?0Q 
 
 Lancaatef, house of, 230 
 
 Lancaster, duke of, guardian of Richard II„ 
 220; his claim on the crown of Caatile, 223 ; 
 returns to England and becomes extremely use- 
 ful to Klchard, 326 ; his death, 327 ; his son 
 llenry IV., 22'J 
 
 Lanfrane, arclibishop of Canterbury, 123 ; incul- 
 catea a reverence fur the papal authority, 124 ; 
 crowns William Itufua, 12tii hated by tile Nor- 
 man nobles, 127 ; hit death, 127 
 
 Langdale, air Maro^adulie, 3U7 
 
 Langtou, cari{iiii}l,'electcd archbiahop of Canter- 
 bury, by the direct interference uf po)K! Inno- 
 cent 111., 173; 'his residence at Ponteguy, 170; 
 negotiations with John, l7t$; supports tho 
 claims of the barons for the iphartcr uf Henry, 
 178; refuaes to publish the poiw's bull against 
 the barona, 170 
 
 Latimer, thrown into priaon by Mary, 32C ; con- 
 veyed to Oxford, 320 ; bit martyrdom at Uxford, 
 336 
 
 Latin war, 61 
 
 Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, minister of 
 Charles I., 379 ; extends the i)owcri> of the Star 
 Chamber, 379 ; conBno<l to the Tower, 386 ; con- 
 demned and executed, 386 
 
 Lauderdale, duke of, 401 
 
 I,aureutlus, hit tuccesaful attempt to reconvert 
 Eadbaid, 76 
 
 La Vendie, Insurrection of, G29 
 
 Lefevrc, Mr. Shaw, resigns the speakership, and 
 created a peer, 647 
 
 Legates, dispute between Henry Beauderc and 
 Uio jfoyb concerning the riglit of hav'.ng a rcsi- 
 
 LOX 
 
 dent legato In England, 137; srttlpil |,. iw, I 
 legiUlito power beliiu conferred on tlio ttrclibULos 
 of Cantirbury, iri7 ' 
 
 teijutiiie court, ettabllshed by Wolaey, 209 
 ciceater, earl uf, hla bravo flefcnco of Rnnn 
 Rgainat Philip 11. of France, lt;5 °™ | 
 
 Leiuitter, Simon do Montfort, carl of, pUcra him. 
 self at the head of tho baronial anil cliiirdi 
 larty in oppoaltion to llenry III,, I8(. ,.,1^ 
 
 1)1 
 
 )liahea the reforming cominl»»ion of twcniy.four 
 barons, 184 ; tyrannical exerclie of its iiowcrj 
 185; arrays hiiqielf against Jlenry ami iirlrm 
 Edward, 185 ; aupported by the nibble of tht 
 largo towns 185 ; takes prince Eilward prlioncr 
 186; relca* /I him by treaty, 18U; renewal of I 
 tho war, IJO; defeats the rnyallaU, 180; Im. f 
 priaont prince Edward in Dover cnitle, 187' 
 ■ummona a parliament, 187 ; eatabllihci th| 
 council of nine, 187 ; aets tho papal court at 
 dcllancp, 187 ; quarrela with the earl of Ucrbv 
 and Ulouceater, 187 ; defeated and alala lu tho 
 battle of Evesham, 187 
 Leicester, earl of, sues for the hand of qurpn rij. 
 xabeth, 342 ; named by Elizabeth at a Imslun.l 
 fur Mary queen of Scots, o4i ; his obicction lo I 
 the match, 544; accepted hy Mary,'3llj £ii. I 
 xabeth withdraiws her apprubation, 51 1 ; |i|| I 
 opposition to Ellzabctli's marriage, .^.'iS ; liiiilll 
 success in Holland against Spain, 3M; nii. I 
 
 f minted generalissimo of the army at TUburr I 
 art, 368 ; his death, 369 ■ 
 
 I.cipslc, battle of, 471 
 Lenthai, tho sjwakcr, 383, 399 
 Leo X., pope, increaiei the popularity of the rapjl I 
 cause in Englcnd, 2il0 ; conteri upon lliurTi 
 VI 11. tho title of Defender of the Fttlili.jijo I 
 Lcofric, duko of Mercla, asslHts in quelliuc <><• I 
 revolt agulnst the Dancgolt, lu7 ; lilt dcaili, I 
 
 Lculf the robber, his assassination of kiniEii.1 
 mund, 96 I 
 
 Leopold, duko of Auitria, throws Richard Caur | 
 dc Liun into prison, I tJ5 I 
 
 Leopold, prince, married to prlnceH CliarlclKil 
 477 ; chosen king of the Kelgliiiis, 7 18 I 
 
 Lepidua, one of tho second Ituuiun triumviult^ I 
 t)3 ; his career, 63, C4 
 
 Levi, tribe of, 45 
 
 I.iclniua, emperor of Rome, C8 
 
 Ligny, battle o^ 474 ■ 
 
 Unieni, siege ol', by William IIL, 413 ; trwf 0(1 
 414 I 
 
 Lincoln, siege of, by the rarl of Pembroke in tlitl 
 reign of Henry 111., 180 f 
 
 Llewellyn, Ihp Welsh prince, his invasion of En L 
 gland in the reign of llenry III., Iv.'q\ rrfiual 
 to do homage to Edward I., 18i); invniiontfl 
 Edward, 181i : terms of submlsyioii, \M; ii,\ 
 feated and killcil by Mortimer, lUU 
 
 Lodi, battle of, 417 
 
 Loilarda, disciples pf John WicklifTe, 33a SnI 
 Refoiimatip'.v 
 
 Lolllua, elected emperor by .hit troops, G7 
 
 Lombarily, revolution In, 764 
 
 London, during the Koman occupation, ;3;| 
 sacked by the Danes, 84 ; besieged liy tlio I)imI 
 under Sweyn and Olave, 1U2 ; sums IcTit'd u|vii,l 
 by King Canute, 105 ; conciliated by WiliUal 
 tlie Conqueror, 114; wardmutea, coniinon-hillitl 
 a court of h|iBtings, the liberty of liuniin;iil 
 Middlesex and Surrey, ihc right to elect itioni 
 sherilT and justiciary, and to bold pini f* 
 the crown, trials by combat, and ludjtlngofiti 
 king's retinue, granted to the city by llrnt;!,! 
 138 ; Londoners partial to Stephen, 141 ; oi.| 
 tains the right of ch6osing its niavor iil| 
 councllmen in the reign of John, 179 ; drip 
 riot in the reign of Henry 111., 181 ; supiioruii 
 cause of Leicester, 185 ; terrible insurroctiMiil 
 the reign of Eilward II., 206; rebellion of M 
 Tyler lu the reign of Hichard 11., 22lir 
 purts the cause of Henry of Lioti 
 against Richard XL, 228 ; supports the ciimt 
 
 Edward IV. < 
 
 tutor, 405 ; ^ 
 
 iW; Its rests 
 
 I/incInn bridge, 
 
 londonilerry, si 
 
 Lonibeard, his 
 
 of Hichard I. 
 
 mirsclet wori 
 
 lon(fch«mp, bis 
 
 Knftland dnrli 
 
 rhsnecllor of I 
 
 hi) (lomtnceri 
 
 letsuo Hugh, 
 
 103 i refuaes t 
 
 Hugh, 103; af 
 
 Jolin to appeal 
 
 Kfka refuge I 
 
 (loapca to Krar 
 
 rhillp 11., 104 
 
 ■till exerriara t 
 
 I lojiei, his expedl 
 
 1 Havannah, 070 
 
 I I'Orlenl, action c 
 
 I Lothaire, king of 
 
 I Uiils duke of O 
 
 I Portuml, 683 
 
 I Uuii VI. le Grot 
 
 William son of 
 
 lo tlio pope on 
 
 Henry Ite.tuelei 
 
 ""iry. 137 ; In 
 
 , "fFIsndera, 1,^7 
 
 I Ml VII, of Era 
 
 vlfe Eleanor to 1 
 
 lilts Henry's elal 
 
 Toulouse, 144 ; i 
 
 Becket, 149; wa 
 
 ports prince Hen 
 
 , Henry II., 153; 
 
 llcuii VIU. of Era 
 
 married to Blanc 
 
 xm; defeats Ji 
 
 I'll; accession o4 
 
 by the earl of P< 
 
 land, 180; atta< 
 
 Rocholle in the n 
 
 lloulj IX. of Fran: 
 
 III. or England a 
 
 rejeclod by tho ( 
 
 tieaiior queen of 
 
 , F.iifflanrt, 187 
 
 /iiiiXI. of France 
 
 Ijie Lancastrians 
 
 i'lrkUta, 204; si 
 
 •nil troops for th 
 
 ,»«rwUh Edward 
 
 I lomi Margaret of 
 
 Hi XH. of Frai 
 
 29^! battle of t! 
 
 princoia Mary, t|» 
 
 H'XIII.ofEran. 
 
 m» XIV of Fro, 
 
 ■bis' "'''"''*'"* "8 
 
 «!« XV.. reign of, 
 ■"i"' XVI., feign , 
 liIS"''.''"'^o'<"<<»n, 
 Ijf'i his attempt 
 l«li execution, 403, 
 h' Xyill. recall' 
 l</2, 437 ; grants 
 IFranceon Napolet 
 *i« iPcond rcatorati 
 >;• Philippe, esci 
 lAurtrlan camp, 4. 
 *}am,t theen.pcr« 
 5' '''« xlliance wl 
 »"« In the SpanI 
 ffpular speech on 
 lu opposition to '•■ 
 wdlcstlon, 647 s 
 ^1" death, 648 
 "••Napoleon. 8e< 
 
 t! 
 
 tl 
 
3E!itfr)r. 
 
 94] 
 
 I.OX 
 
 J Wolipy, 200 
 (0 ilcrciico of Ronen 1 
 o, U',5 
 
 , carl of, plftcfj Wm. , 
 laroiilnl ami chiircli 
 cnry 111., IBt; nu. I 
 iilnionof twinly.(oiif 
 xcrclae of Iti iiowers, . 
 nit (Icnry aiul inlnco 
 by the rablile of thi 
 iiico Kilward prliontr, 
 •aty, 180; renewal of 
 ,0 royaliiti, 180 ; Im. 
 n DoTcr catllo, 137 ; 
 187 i ritabllihc) the 
 ts ttio paiuil court u 
 rlth tlioi'arlof Dcrbj 
 iBtcd and ilaln in tlio | 
 
 he hand pf qupcn Til. 
 ;iUabi.'tli ai n hu>biii.| I 
 
 541 ; hl« objiciioii 10 I 
 cd by Mary, 51'.; Eli. I 
 tii|<robatt«iij 5'llilili| 
 
 biarrlaKe, .v>3 ; hiiill I 
 tln>t i<|iuin, 3M; a|>. | 
 r the aruiy at iUtiur; 
 
 309 
 
 .popularity of the Mpjl I 
 
 ; conti'rs upon llcntjl 
 ler of the Fuiili, o'.iO I 
 asslHti In qui'lliui; thi I 
 egelt, 107 1 I'll (Icaili, I 
 
 aitinatlon of king U, I 
 
 , throw! Uiebard Cua I 
 
 to prlnccjs Cliaital«,| 
 • BolKliins, V IS I 
 
 ud Uouiun triiimviiale^ I 
 
 ic, C8 
 
 am III.. 413; trcliyotj 
 
 arl of Pembroke In till 
 
 i> . ... f 
 
 nee, ht« Invasion of En I 
 llrnry III., I'^i^i "fi""! 
 ard 1., 181I; iiiva>iono(| 
 f 8ubmU»i"ii, I'JO; il*| 
 jrtlmer, I'JO 
 
 hn Wlckllffc, 230. Sh| 
 
 byhli troops, C7 
 
 , Ttt'l ., ,,,| 
 
 Homan occupation, iJ, 
 4 ; bcilcgcd by tlic \m\ 
 C.102 ;8um9livii'dun)«,l 
 : conciliated by \Wliiial 
 ardmotcj, coniinon-bilHI 
 ihe liberty of hunlinpiil 
 the right to elect 111 onl 
 and to bold r'f"," 
 ;mbat,and loilglnRofil 
 U to the clly by 1'™'!';, 
 lal to Stcpbeu, 141; i»l 
 Bh«o.lng lt«„ni»,J«"^ 
 TOof John,n9id"l«, 
 riryIll..l81i"'Pl»n'' 
 5 1 terrible iniurroctiMj 
 II 205 : rebellion o(n 
 f ■•lUcbard II., 221;- 
 of Henry ol Unn 
 J28i iupportitUccaii*" 
 
 Frtward IV, of Tork nualnnt Henry VI. of Lan- 
 taitor, 'lOS i dcprlTed of Itt charter by Charlet, 
 4m i iti rettoratlon, 40n 
 I/inilon hriilgp, built by William nufiii, 130 
 
 Londnniterry, ilego of, br Jamci II., 413 
 l^onihe.ird, hlicitraordlnary power in the rolffn 
 ofHIchard I., ItiB; taken and executed, 108; 
 
 mlr«ele« worked by hli gibbet, 168 
 
 Lonftchamp, bluhopof Kly, hli admlnUtratlo.i of 
 England during tlio absence of Kiclinrd I., lUl | 
 fhsneellor of the kingdom and papal legate, 1(!I; 
 Mi domineering conduct, 165 ; throws his col. 
 ieuuo Hugh, bishop of Durham, Into prison, 
 lUJ; rcfuici to obey RIchard'i order to release 
 HuKh, 163 ; afTronti prince John, 163 ; cited by 
 John to appear before a council at Heading, W\\ 
 Keki refuge in the Tower of London, 164; 
 (icapei to France, ajid It cordially received by 
 rhlllp II., 164 ; deprived of hli civil offlcea, but 
 ■till excrcliei the Ugfitino power, KVI 
 loiiet, his expedition to Cuba, C70 ; garottcd at 
 
 llitannah, 676 
 1,'Orlonl, action off, 'Hfl 
 Uhaifp, king of Kent, 78 
 Louli, duke of Oporto, lucccedi to the throno of 
 Portugal, 683 
 
 I Louli VI. Ic Groi of France, espouses the cause of 
 William son of Robert Courtlinse, 156; appeals 
 to the pope on bis behalf, 136 ; defeated by 
 Henry lieauclerc, 136; makes a treaty wltli 
 Henry, 137 ; invest* William with the earldom 
 
 I of Flanders, 1.^7 
 
 I Louli VII. of France, marrlago of hli dtvorecd 
 wife Eleanor to Henry II. of F.ngland, 148 ; re- 
 lift! Henry's claim to Toulonie, 144 ; siege of 
 Toulouse, 144 ; espouies the cause of 'Thomas i 
 Bi'cket, 140; war with Henry II., 1,'jO; sup> 
 
 Eirti prince Henry In his opposUlon to hit father 
 tnry II., 153 ; peace of "Tours, 155 
 llouli vllf. of France, eldest son of Philip 11. ; 
 married to Blanche, niece of John of England, 
 16!); defeats John, 178; (nvadci Knghand, 
 I'D; acceulon of Henry, 179 ; his cause ruined 
 by the earl of Pembroke, 170 ; fliet from FiUg 
 hnd, 180; attack on Polctou and siego of 
 Hochelle In the reign of Henry III., 181. 
 Ilouls IX. of France, arbitrates between H'-nry 
 111. of F.ngland and his barons, 185 ; l,ii award 
 Toiccted by the earl of Leicester, 185 ; assists 
 Eleanor queen of Henry III. in th« invasiou of 
 EnRlimd, 187 . . 
 
 Louii XI. of Franco assists Margaret or Anjou and 
 tlie Lancastrians against Edward IV. Jind the 
 Yorkists, 264; supplies Warwick with money 
 tnii troops for the invasion of England, 268 ; 
 
 j *«rwith Edward IV., 271; treaty, 271; ran- 
 
 I lomi Margaret of Anjou, 27 1 
 
 Icuii XH. of France, war with Henry VIII., 
 295; battle of the Spurs, 206; marries the 
 princen Mary, sister of Henry VlII., 297 
 
 V>"ii XIII. of France, reign of. 625 
 
 louli XIV of France, war with William III., 
 
 1 414 ; defeated off La Uogue, 414 ; reign of, 
 
 \m 
 
 wliXV., reign of, 62C 
 jDuii XVI., reign of, 626; break'ng out of the 
 Iryench revolution, 627 ; storming of the Bastile, 
 1627; his attempt to escaixi from France, 628 ; 
 Ibli execution, 4U.3, 628 
 
 Puis XVIII. recalled to the throne of Prance, 
 ■472, 457 ; grants a charter, 657 ; escapes from 
 iFrance on Napoleon's return from Elba, 474 ; 
 
 pli second restoration, 474 
 
 bu'ii Philippe, escapes with Dumonrlez to the 
 |Auitrian camp, 444 ; his reign, 640 ; his war 
 
 rlnit the cniperor of Mor.iceo, 650 ; character 
 Idi alliance with England, 650 ; his con- 
 duct In the Spanish marriages, 645 ; his un- 
 (opular speech on the reform agitation, 646 ; 
 kb oppoittion to the reform banquet, 646 ; his 
 ibdlMtion, 647; hit escapo to England and 
 Ml death, 648 
 Bit .Napoleon. See BUOXAPARTB 
 
 MAW 
 
 Lnutsbnnrff, rapture of, 4.^0 
 
 Liivftt, lord Simon, his treachery, 420 ; hti exeeti. 
 
 tlon, 4'J8 
 Lovel, vUeount, hit rebellion In thorclgn of Henry 
 
 VII., 282 •' 
 
 Lucius Verui, the emperor, history of liti roign, 
 
 Luticnow, relief of, 84 ; tlcge of, 8 J6 
 
 l.ucretin, ttory of, 54 
 
 Luciilius, tho consul, drlvei Mlthrldatei Into 
 
 Arricnia, 6'i 
 Luddltc riots, 467 
 
 I.iidlcan, king of Merrta, hit del%<at ond death, 89 
 Lunevllle, treaty at, ^h^ 
 Luilgnan, Guy dp, Ms eln.ms to tho lOverelgntTof 
 
 Jerusalem supported by llichard Cceur du Lion. 
 
 Luther, Martin, preachci first against the IVimlnl. 
 
 cans and then against the doctrine an<l diicipllnr 
 
 of Home, .'^OO; attacked by Henry VIII., 500; 
 
 his reply, 300, Kee UKFOKMATIO.V 
 Lutten, battles of, 470, 7'20 
 Luxembourg, John of, takes Joan of Arc prisoner, 
 
 'J.'JO ; sells her to the duke of Bedford, 251 
 Lycurgns and his laws, 49 
 Lyons, insurrection at, 643 
 
 TVTACBr.TII, tho innrper of 5coHonrt, defeated 
 •^"- nndslnln by .Slwurd, 110; reign of, 60t} 
 Maccabees, ileath of the, 46 
 Macclesfield, earl of; convicted of selling placet la 
 chancery, 4*^2 ; fined thirty thousand pounds, 
 
 4 w 
 Mackrel, prior, his Insurrection against tho tup. 
 
 presslon of the monosterieii by Henry VIM, 309 
 Macmorrogh, Dermot, applies to Henry II, to re. 
 
 store him to his kingdom of Ix'inster, 574; 
 
 lolned b» Richard Stronghow, 574 ; Invades Ire. 
 
 lond, hli ; aspires to the chief sovereignty of 
 
 Ireland, 575 ; gives his daiigliter Eva in mar. 
 
 riago to Strongbow, 575 ; his death, 575 
 Maenagbten, lir William, murder of at Caboul, 
 
 Macrinns, emperor of Rome, hit reign, 66 
 
 Magi'ntsi, battle of, 768 
 
 Magna Charta, wrested from John hr the barons, 
 
 178; loleinnly ratified by Ilcnry III., 212 ; lu 
 
 ▼lolatioii denounced by Simon de Montford and 
 
 tho barons, 213 
 Magnus, ton of Harold, 118 
 Mahometanitm, rise, progress, and establitliment 
 
 of, 806 
 Malda, battle of, 459 
 Maine, province of, revolts against William the 
 
 Conqueror, 121; resubdntil, 121 
 Majol, besieged by William Kul'us, 130 ; William 
 
 wounded there, l."0 
 Malach'l, king of Meath, 569; defeated hv Brian 
 
 Borohrae, 570 ; obtains the chief sovereignty in 
 
 Ireland, 571 
 Malcolm I., king of Scotland, eomix^lled to do 
 
 homage to the king of England, 96 
 Malcolm II. of Scotland, rcruses to do homage to 
 
 Canute, 106; restored to the throne of Scotland, 
 
 by Slward, 110; ,|olns in the revolt against 
 
 William the Conqueror, makes pence with 
 
 William, 117; marries Margaret, sister of 
 
 Edgar Athellng, 117; subsequent tanline i in 
 
 aiding the northern Saxons, 118; invades Eng. 
 
 land in the reign of William, 128 ; his death, 
 
 128 
 Mallet, William, hit gallant defence of Tork 
 
 against the Saxon revolt, 118 
 Malmesbury, lord sent to make overtures of peace 
 
 to the French republic, 448 ; failitre of hit mil. 
 
 tlon, 448 
 MaimO, armittiee at between Denmark and Prut* 
 
 sia, 701 
 Malplaquct, battle of, 415 
 Maltravert, his barbarous murder of Edward Il<« 
 
 207 
 Manchester, reform meeting, rtot at, 478 
 
 d 
 
 
 i 
 
942 
 
 Siilrrr* 
 
 MAN 
 
 MMdubntlni, m»d« king of the TrInobaniM by 
 Jullut Cffiutr, 71 
 
 Mam, town of, tnkrn hy Ilellr, lord of La Flcchp, 
 13u i ilvKK of the citadel of, 13U 
 
 Mantftililt, count do, hii unfortunate riiiodltlon 
 for the aMiitanca of Fredcrio the elector pala- 
 tine, 576 
 
 MantPt, »lp>n of, I3S 
 
 Mantua, taken by Ilunnapartc, 419 
 
 Mar, carl of, rlioi lu favour of the Pretender, 
 4'ii) 
 
 Marathon, battle of, 40 
 
 Marcel, ringleader of the Partilan rabble In the 
 reltfn of John, 310 
 
 Marclie, cour.t do la, outraged by John of England, 
 100 I eicltce commotion* In Plctou In Nor- 
 mandy, laO; ap|>ea1i to Philip II., U)0 
 
 Harcho, carl of, taken priioncr by (twain Ulpn> 
 dwyr, 232 ; iot at liliorty by Henry V., 258 i 
 eoniplraey of the earl of Cnmbrnli^o lu hti iaYour, 
 23a ; pardoned by llonry V., 2.^)S 
 
 yarcut Aurellui, the eiD|)eror, hlitorrofhli reign, 
 Sb 
 
 Korcnffo, battle of, 453 
 
 t-iirKftfot of Anjou, married to Henry VI, of Eng- 
 liiiiil, 251 ; her un|>opularity after tho death of 
 Ulouccttcr Increased by the ceadon of Mnino, 
 355; popular clamour agalnit her and SufTnlk, 
 ;257 1 nor trcachcrou) attempt againit lUclmrd, 
 duke of York, 2.'>0 ; lummoned by Richard to 
 Ijondon, 2ti2 ; defeat and death of Richard at 
 the battle of Wakefield, Wi; her barbarniii 
 conduct aftor the battle, 203; marches aKiiinit 
 tho carl of Warwick and sends the carl of Pem- 
 broke against Edward son of Richard, 2U3 ; de- 
 feau Warwick at 8t Albans, 263; Edward IV. 
 obtains the throne, 264; defeated by Edward 
 IV. and Warwick In the i^ttlo of Towton, 204 1 
 (iieapes to Scotland, 204 ; suarlngly assisted by 
 Louis XI. of France, 265 ; defeated at Hedgeley 
 and Ileaham, 265 ; sdrentaro after tho battle 
 of Hexham, 265 ; reconciled to Warwick, 268 ; 
 marriage of her son Edward with Anne tho 
 daoRhtvr of Warwick, 368 ; defeated at the battle 
 of Towkcflbury, 270 ; imprianned in the Tower, 
 U/0', ransomed by Louis XL, 271; her death, 
 371 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Louis VII. of France, be. 
 tr.ithed to prince Henry, son of Uenry II., 144 ; 
 crowned at Rouen, 151 
 
 Margaret, sister of Philip IV. of France, married 
 to Edward I. of England, 105 
 
 Margaret, uueen of 8cotland, 118 
 
 Maria da Gloria, appointed to the throne of Portu- 
 gal by her father Don Pedro, 681 : usurjJAtion 
 of Don HIguel, 682 ; deposltior of Don Slif^uel, 
 and establishment of Donna Maria on the tbroqe, 
 682; her death, 683 
 
 Maria Theresa, tupiiorted by Hungary and the 
 English, 425 
 
 Marie Antoinette, her oieeution, n30 
 
 Marius, his victories, 02; bis Intrigues against 
 Sylla, 62 ; his death, 62 { elected Roman em- 
 ppror In Gaul, 67 
 
 Marlborough, Churehill, duke of, deserts James II. 
 for William of Orange, 411 ; battloi of, 415 ; his 
 fall, 418 
 
 Marlborough, dueheti of, her Influence over quoen 
 Anne, 417 ; decline of her InUucncc, 417 
 
 Marston Moor, battle of, 386 
 
 Martinique, Island of, 899 
 
 Martyr, Peter, leaves England In the reign of Mary 
 by the interference of Gardiner, 327 
 
 Mary I., daughter of Henry VIII. and Catherine 
 of Arragon betrothed to tho emperor Charles V., 
 800; projected marriage with James V. of 
 Scotland, broken off by France, 302 ; her ille- 
 gitimacy declared by Spain and France, 305; 
 her unflinching adhesion to Roman Catholicism, 
 823 ; her claims to the throno on the death of 
 I dward VI., 5'i4 ; escapes tho dutches of North- 
 unihertand, 324 ; increases her popularity In 8uf- 
 lolk, a3o; desertions to her cause, 525 ; Morth> 
 
 MAR 
 
 umberland submits to her, 336 1 her trlumiihini 
 entry into London, 326; arrests and exiruiri 
 Northumberland, 320 ; rcloaies and rciUitr, 
 Gardiner, Bonner, and Tonital, 3'M; hir ut\ 
 for the Catholic religion, 33il ; Cruiviipr ipn, 
 tenced to death on a charge of |i|);|| tr(>ai,n 
 ugalnat, 327 ; re|>eals all the statutei uf Kdwani 
 V I. referring to leilglon, 328; her iinrequlici 
 altaelimcnt to Courtney, 3'J8 ; her t'livuuri ig 
 Cardinal I'nic, 338: propnaali of (:harlr> V, for 
 her marriage to his son Philip, 3'JO ; (llallkpia 
 her murrligR openly oxpretsed by parllnniont, 
 S'^O; rebellion of Wyatt, 330; nremiitunrlilii* 
 of Carew, 33U| arreat of 8uffulk,33ui Wjnti'! 
 inarch on London, 330; defeat and eKcutlon 
 of Wyatt, 330; execution of lord tliilMforj 
 Dudley and lA<ly Jniie Grey, 331 ; mr'nuirn if 
 parliament rca|K'ttlng her marriage with I'liilip 
 832 ; celcbrotlon of her marriage at Ulnchoitfr 
 83.^ ; cardinal Pole. tlu< papal loKate, Kivn aliio^ 
 lutlon (o the parllanient and pi'0|>le, S.'j.l; in, 
 ability of Pole to obtain f^nm her tho roiciriilon 
 of the church proiic.-ty, 333 ; refuial of parllj. 
 ment to mako Phlllpher heir prcaumiitlfi,,';). 
 her suppoacd pregnancy, 331s her lioiriljli'iicr.' 
 socutlon of the proleatanta, 331 ; martvrdoriKof 
 Itogers, lIoo|K'r, ^ande^s, I'liilpot, fm., JJ,)| 
 barbarity of Ilunner, 535 ; commisaiun fur thg 
 puiilaliment of spiritual crimes, 33IJ ; the mn 
 confers the klu^dom of Ireland on her, 5],| 
 oiipoaltlon of parliament to her govirnmcni, 
 337) she raises money by forced luariii, ,55? i 
 her bitter grief at tho neglect of her liutlimd, 
 557; recantation and execution of Crsnnifr, 
 838 ; declares war against France, S.Ihj lodgf 
 Calais, 338 ; her deatli and character, '.W 
 Mary, queen of Scots, only chllil of Jamcj m\ 
 Mary of Gulae, i>rn|>o«als for her ni.'irriiii;" wiili 
 Edward VI. of England, 317; betrothcil to tlwl 
 dauphin of France, 318; claims of h'Tieiriiil 
 of her husband Irancis II. of Franco to ikJ 
 throno of England, 341 ; death of Kraucli, ,^11; 
 refuses to abandon her claim, 3't I ; pr»cor<lifrain 
 France to Scotland, 341 1 refuaed a sale condiicu 
 through England, 341 ; escapes the crulfrriotl 
 Eiliabeth, 341 ; her favourable riccpiion in' 
 Scotland, 341 ; national antipathy tohcrrellirloi 
 and celebration of Catholic riten, .'511; her cor. 
 respondeneo with Elizabeth, 513; detirti 
 second husband, 343 ; opponltion of Kllzibtil, 
 543 ; Elizabeth approves of the earl of U'imKrJ 
 but withdraws her approbation. 313; kwIi 
 ilr James Melvll on a mission to Klizahitli.Mi 
 chooses lord Darnley for a liuabaml, 311 ; KliUi 
 beth'a caprlclons and tyrannical intrrlcrenvi 
 844; Mary unpopular from her zealou) cub 
 llclam, 345 ; her imprudent letters to tho coudi 
 of Trent, 345 ; opposition of the .ScotlUh pra 
 tants, 345; rialiig of tho Scottlah nolilri, 3li{ 
 defeat of the rebel*, 345 ; her exlrnoriliniiri Ik 
 TOurs to Rlzzio, 345 ; jcalonsT of Uaniliy.itii 
 asauaaination of Rizzio, 34U; her liatwl I 
 Parnlcy, 346; gives birth to Janie.<, .vlT ; tili 
 Bothweii into her confidence, 347; extraonliti 
 death of Darnley, 347 ; suapected of tho raiinli 
 547 ; disgraceful trial of Bothweii, ,117 i cam 
 off by Bothweii, 3-18 ; marrloa hlin, ,'iS; m 
 of the nobles, 348 ; carried to Edinburith, Mi 
 imprisoned In tho caatle of LochlcTcii, m 
 remonstrance of Elizabeth, 349 ; rcjipii i" 
 crown to her son James under tlic ropiicT 
 Murray, 549 ; escapes from Loeiilcven, 5fl| 
 defeat of her adherents by Murray, 3 IK ; e 
 to England and throws herself on tlicprol 
 of Elizabeth, 349 ; denied an intervlew,3l9 
 quiry Into her guilt and intention, 350;li(r 
 prlsonment, 350 ; proposals of niarrlsfie^ S 
 amour with the du\e of Norfolk, 3.'>U; rm 
 to Coventry, 850 ; Insurrection in the mr ' 
 counties subdued by Elizabeth, 350 ; public 
 of the papal bull against England, 361 ; » 
 the co-operatton of Philip II. of SpslOt 
 fresh conspiracies In her favour, S&3i ip 
 
 <f the eonsnii 
 
 Ihcplotby \Va 
 
 SJil; tier exec 
 
 Vsrr, elileit da 
 
 William of On 
 
 , lellled on her i 
 
 I Vsihsni, Mrs., Ii 
 
 I Corlea, 117 
 
 ItilniHS, king 
 
 thagiiilnni, li'i 
 
 KsMona, cuts off 
 
 " 4SI I defeated 
 
 I rolrosta tlirougl 
 Jbitori, Itichard 
 
 J; poaltlnris of tin 
 II neculion, 307 
 
 II Isllltis, queen, fi 
 Conqueror to E 
 cheater, 117; i 
 
 . Courthoie, 135 1 
 Ktlllila, daughter 
 I msrrlc'd lu .StepI 
 Millltin, ilaughtei 
 widow of Hour 
 CoofTrey Planlii 
 iwliilcil auceeaao 
 ami llciiry, l^H ; 
 l.VSi invades Ki 
 CloucMler, 140; 
 Iho crown, 1 1| ; ■ 
 her bail |>oliey, : 
 Dewai of tlio civ 
 I (onloat, 141 
 I Matilda, niece of E 
 nunnery at Kama 
 powi iiiarrlaRe, 1 
 , married (o Ileiirj 
 I Maurice, bishop of 
 I clcrc, 131 
 iMatotjllua, theemp 
 I Nailrnin, emperor 
 J death, «« 
 I Hailniliiua, eraper 
 I reign, ISO | 
 
 I Mailmua, emperor 
 Maynooth entlowme 
 Haiarlne, his llaltci 
 Meanhcr, Thomas, I 
 cite a rebellion Ir 
 vlct«l,523; tram 
 Hral-tub plot. In tli 
 , Medea united to tho 
 Menaitheiiea, his em 
 Melbourne, lord, foi 
 ment of earl Gr 
 493; agiln prem 
 Hobert I'eel, 49 
 offlcc, •198; passei 
 I Ilia reaignation, 5C 
 Hclril, air James, sc 
 smiiaion to queer 
 Meltllie, James, 
 
 501 
 
 Menenlus Agrippa, i 
 
 Belly and LImba, 
 
 JMercla Invaded by ( 
 
 lUercia, the monks i 
 
 I houses in, 100 
 
 Ijmla, kingdom of. 
 
 Ijcrovlngiana, dyna 
 
 Ijcuina, aiege oi; by 
 
 "Iei>allna, the empr 
 
 leiico, exiKHiitlon < 
 
 B'?; hiatory of, 8 
 
 Wianilea, their con 
 
 iimml T\n« t ._ 
 
 I'wel, Don, appoic 
 Pedro during th 
 682; aaaumes th 
 Hon, 682 
 
 ilan, revolution In, 
 Jillon, seized by th 
 linorca, reduction 
 douiBcut of, by 
 
SiiQrr. 
 
 943 
 
 MAR 
 
 «r iha eoninlrkcv of Uitlilni^tnn, fiHH t illn-nvrri 
 thppint by WaililnKtnn, .'toa ; iviitunct'tl to Ui'tlli, 
 85t); liT expciillnii, 3&7 
 jlirr, rUU'it iliiiifflitiT iif Jnmpi II., niiirrl(<<l to 
 WiillitmurOruiiKP, 411 ; lliv crown of Eii|{laiid 
 Hltloil on her and her hii«hancl, 41'^ 
 Kuhnni, Mra,, inclliiui quoeu Anno towar^li tlio 
 
 tnrlM, U7 
 luliilMt. klnv of Numldia, hii war with the Csr- 
 
 ihtxinlnni, tl'i 
 liMona, cutt off the Runfilnni unilpr Ruwarrnw, 
 451 1 (tpfeatnl by Wclllnatnn on lluzuco, 40U| 
 retreat! through Portufriil. 107 
 
 I Jutrri, Hlchiinl, hl> cnciMiruirnmrnt of thp Im- 
 poiiiloiii of tlio holy muia of Kunt, 3uO; hit 
 eirrutloii, 307 
 XtiilUa, nHcpn, follow! her hunhand William the 
 Conqueror to England, 117; crowned at Win- 
 chMter, 117 1 reconclini Willlain to Uobert 
 Courthoir, 135 ; lier death, Vii 
 
 I Xttllila, (laughter of Ktiitace cniint of Boulogne, 
 
 I murrlc'd to Stephen of llloln, 138 
 Hitililai daughter of Henry I, of England and 
 widow of Henry V. of (jirmnny, married to 
 Ceoffrey Plantanenel, earl of Anjoti, 137 ; ai>- 
 polnlc'd luceexorto Henry I., 137 ; birth of her 
 ion llt'iiry, 13H; lip-lnyiitty of .Stephen of Uluti, 
 1,^^ i Invades Kn«lund attended by the earl of 
 Clouce'ter, 1 tO j capture! Stephen, 141 ; obtain! 
 thocrnwn, 141 i refimunto liberate Stephen, MO; 
 her bad policy, 1 II ; fllKht to Oxford, 141 ; re- 
 newal ol the civil war, 141; retire! from the 
 (onleit, 141 
 
 I Malllila, niece of F.dijar Athellnfir, educated In the 
 nunnery at Uaniiey, 13'i ; Henry Beaiiclerc i>ro. 
 pom niarriiiKe, \^i; council at Lambert, 133; 
 married to Henry by Annclni, 133 
 
 I Mmirice, Mthop of London, crowii! Henry Ucau- 
 
 I clcrc, 151 
 
 I Maxeiiilui, the emperor, hU rciRn, 07 
 
 I Mtil'ilOi emperor of Uonie, hi! reign, 7 ; hli 
 
 I death, 08 
 
 I Mailniinus emperor of Rome, hiitory of hli 
 
 I relijn, 08 
 
 I Mailmu", emperor of Rome, hl« rel(?n, 06 
 
 iMaynnoth eiidowmrnt bill, pasainf^ of, ,'>1,5 
 
 iHatarine, hii llnttery toward* Cromwell, .'^07 
 
 I HtiKlier, Thoma!, hli trcaionoui attempt! to ex- 
 cite a rebellion In Ireland, 5'jl; tried and con- 
 victed, ilt ; tranaimrteil, .')2'2 
 
 iHeal-tub plot. In thu relitii of Charles II., 401 
 
 iMnlei united to the Peralans, 43 
 
 ■ Memithenei, hUembasay to India, 831 
 
 |Uelbourno, lord, formi u miniatrv after the retire- 
 ment of earl Ciroy, 402; anudenly dlamlnsedt 
 493; «gdn premier on the retirement of sir 
 Hobert I'ecl, 493 ; resign!, 4!^ ; retnrn! to 
 office, 498 ; i)aaie« the pcimy postage bill, 408 ; 
 hli rciignatlon, 504 ; hi! death, 5'.>3 
 
 iHclvil, air Jamci, !cnt by Mary miecn of Scot! on 
 
 I 1 million to queen Elitabeth, 344 
 
 IXelvlUe, Jamc!, aiiaaalnatei cardinal Beaton, 
 
 I SOI 
 
 iKrneniua Agrlppa, hta celebrated apologue of the 
 
 I Uelly and Limba, 55 
 
 iHercia invaded by the Dane!, 86 
 
 lUercIa, tlic monk! expelled from all the religioiu 
 
 I house* in, 100 
 
 lllercla, kini^dom of. See HbpTARCUT 
 
 iMcrovingiana, dynasty of, C'2'2 
 
 |Meiiina, siexe of, by the C^rtliaarinian!, 61 
 
 Tieiiallna, the emprcia, her liccntlouai\eas, 65 
 Knico, exiHHlitiou of the alUei to, iu 1803, 652, 
 
 6:7; history of, 887 
 Kidianltca, their conqueit of Iirael, 45 
 Hipiel, Don, appointed regent of Portugal by Don 
 Pedro during the minority of Donna Muria, 
 68!2 ; assumes tiio royal title, 682 ; hit deposi- 
 tion, 682 
 Hilan, revolution in, 764 
 Milton, seized by the Danei, 86 
 tinorca, reduction of, by the French, 439; aban. 
 do&mcut of, by admiral Byng, 439 
 
 MOTl 
 
 Mitchell, aitmlral, his upedltlon agaUiit Itullaml, 
 
 I'll 
 Mitchell. John, hla trcaioiiou! article! in Iho 
 
 United Irishman, 520 ; tried and truniported to 
 
 llerinuda, 521 
 Hithrldatia, king of Pontui, hli wan with tba 
 
 Uomaiis, tl2 ; hli defeat and dea. i, 03 
 Molucca!, ur 8i>ico Iilandi, 871 
 Hona, destruetloii of the seat of the ruUglon of 
 
 thu Druid! In the iiland of, 71 
 Monk, general, left b» Cromwell >.n Scotland, 
 
 394 ; till pruilent and Impartial conduct, 394 ; 
 
 marchc! toward! London after the dliiidutloii 
 
 of the rump, 4uO ; inaiiilalni a iirolnund lileiiee, 
 
 400; etfect! the roituratlon of Cliarlc! II., 4U0 
 Monki, their imwcr In the 10th centuiy, 08,99; 
 
 expelled from all the religious houses m Mercia, 
 
 100 
 Monmouth, duke of, son of Lucy Waters, 404 ; 
 
 hi! connection with the llye-houie plot, 400 ; 
 
 nardoned by Charie! II., .|U7 ; hli invaalon of 
 
 Knglaiid In the reign of Jamei II , 108 ; defeated 
 
 at Sedgemonr, 408 ; taken In dliguiie, 4O0 ; 
 
 hegi for hi* life, 400 ; hli Interview with Jamct 
 
 Il.,4(>9i hi! execution, 400 
 Monopolies, trade, In the reign of queen Elliabrth, 
 
 3U2 1 ahuaei In, cxauilucd by the parliament of 
 
 Jamei I., 373 
 Montcalm, marquii do, governor of Canada, 420 ( 
 
 hla death at tho caiiture of Quebec, 4.''>0 
 Hunteagle, receive! the letter fromacouiplrator In 
 
 tho (luniKiwder Plot, 304 
 Monteltli, lir John, trcaclicrouilj bvtrayi William 
 
 Wallace to Kdwurd I., 198 
 Moiitobello, battle of, 708 
 Montemolin, count of, hU attempt on the throne of 
 
 S|Miin, 077 
 Montgomery, Roger de, at the battle of Hailing*, 
 
 Montgomery, general, killed at Quebec, 435 
 
 Montobello, battle of, 4.^3 
 
 Muntierrat, Island of, 898 
 
 Moodkee, battle of, 510 
 
 Moore, lir John, hli retreat to Corunna, 464 
 
 Mouri, their domlidon iu 8pain, 054 
 
 Morcur, murdered by F.driu diiko of Mercia, 104 
 
 Morcar, duku of Nurthumberland, appeal! to 
 Harold, ion of earl Uudwin, ajtaiiist the tyranny 
 of Tosti, 111 ; marriage of his lister to Harold, 
 111 ; lupport! I'dgar Atheling against WllUani 
 of Normandy, 111; accompanies William on 
 111! return to Normandy, 115 ; join! the 8axon 
 revolt, but pardoned, 117 ; again revolt!, and 
 thrown Into priion, 121 ; rolcaied, 120 
 
 Here, ilr Thomas, obtalni the 'great leal on the 
 degradation of Wolsey, 303 ; reilgni on account 
 of his attachment to the pa|ial authority, 504; 
 committed to tho Tower, 306 ; hU previous se- 
 verity against the KeformerK, 300 ; orderi tho 
 torture and execution of Kalnham, 300 ; his 
 dialogue with Cromwell, 307 ; bis execution, 
 307 
 
 Moreau, hta 111 success against the Austrians, 448 ; 
 defeats archduke Jolin at Uohcnllndcn, 453; 
 killed at Dresden, 471' 
 
 Moret, tournament at, 171 
 
 Morcvllle, Hugh do, one of tho murderers of Tho. 
 mas H Becket, 151 
 
 Morocco, emperor of, war against, by Louis 
 Phiiipjie, 644 ; storming of Tanglers by prince 
 Jolnvillc, 644 ; war declared by 8]ialn against, 
 677 
 
 Morrlce, the confidant of general Monk, 399 
 
 Murtier, his Invasion of Iianovcr, 445 
 
 Mortimer, Kogcr, his criminal intrigue with Iia. 
 bella, queen of Kdward II., 205, 207 ; hii dea. 
 potic autliurity and iniolcnce, 208 ; wounds the 
 
 Sride of the nation by concluding a peace witli 
 obert Bruce, 208 ; opiwacd by the three prin- 
 ces, Kent, Norfolk, and Lancaster, 208 ; aub- 
 mlaaion of Lancaster, 200 ; deceitfully obtains 
 the condemnation and execution of tho carl of 
 Keut, 209 : throws the earl of Laucsster Into 
 
 f 
 } 
 
 ul 
 
 i 
 
 ill 
 
9i* 
 
 hitifT, 
 
 Mua 
 
 prlioii, 300 1 ■)*•■ 111* nUtM of Ki<nl to tilt 
 own loll limnrcy, 30U I •rrvtlnl by lunl Man- 
 l>cut», 'JDO 1 eoiivlclcii by |i*rllaiuviit ut uaiir- 
 iiallon, 'JIM) I iouttnooil to Ibo glbbtrt tiitl 
 furriiltiirc, 'loa 
 
 Mortliiicr'i Vtuu, btlll* of, 305 
 
 Uurtoii, biihnp of Ely, lm|irlinnpil by nichard 
 111., 37 t; uriret tho clalnii uf Henry of l(kb> 
 monil, U17 t ftut|M't froiii KhkIiiihI, 37H | re. 
 iturtHi tu lili blibnprlo by llvtiry VII,, UOS i bi> 
 iwniarki on lUu luvyliig uf ibw iMm«vuluuo« tui, 
 880 
 
 Hortun, purl nf, rpRpnt nf Rrallniul, ili'llvi-ri up 
 III)' rnri uf NiiriliiiiiiliiTliiiKl ■<■ I'.ll>iil>i)tb| 3iU ) 
 i>bllK<il to mlKii, i:t^ ! bobcaileU, Sii 
 
 Moriiii){<'ii, bttlilu or, 4)11 
 
 Moiuuw, bitriiliiK uf by th« Ruiilani, 400 ; K*po. 
 It'oii't rvlreitt froiii, 401) 
 
 Moubray, Hobort Uv, t>srt of Norlhumbprltnd, hli 
 rrbc'lliou lu favour of SUuhtu, tUd t bit f»tr, 
 
 Muultan, ilpRe of, S33 
 
 Uountjoy, lord, •uccpodi th« Mrl nf Eiies In the 
 
 luril-Ucuivimncv of Irolaiid, &UU ; dcfakt* Ty- 
 
 roiio and tlio reui>l«, .M)l 
 Vowbray, lliibiTt de, bit coniuirocloi todplhrnno 
 
 William Uufui, 137, 13a ( Imvrliousd fur lifv, 
 
 138 
 tfuiilclpal refbrm bill, 474 , 
 
 Munoit, niarrint tu qiiceii Chrlillna of Spain, 077 
 Murat, kind uf Naplei, 403 t hit death, 470 
 Uiirdoc, loii uf the duke uf Albany, luccvpdi htl 
 
 father in Ihu rcKcucy uf bcotloud, 3 13 ; hit In- 
 capacity, 3 13 
 Hurray, earl uf, hit ln«a«lon of Rngland In tho 
 
 Telga of Kdward III., U'JI i regent of Scullaiid, 
 
 31Ui bit death. 310 
 Murray, earl of, roKent of Scotland for Jnmei VI , 
 
 34U i opiwiltion of tlio party uf Mary uueon uf 
 
 Scou, 3-"4; dofeati the adiicrcnti of Mary at 
 
 Lanj^oidi , 340 t accuivl her before Eliiabeth, 
 
 S40 ; hit death, 35U 
 Murray, tir John, hit landing at TarraRano, 470 ; 
 
 abandont hit artillery on tlie niiyruacU of hucbet, 
 
 470; tried at Wincbctter, 47U 
 Mutiny In India, the great, &itl 
 My cale, battle of, 4U 
 
 -^ANA SAHIB, 844 
 
 ^^ Naiiler, commodore, hli conduct of thft war 
 
 in Syria asainit Mahomet All, 503 
 Napier, admiral fir Cliarloi, hli Ualtle eipcdltion, 
 
 S31 ; in the Baltic, 740 
 Napier, lir Cbarlci, lilt eonqueet of Selnde, &08 ; 
 
 roceiTOT tlie Ihanki of both houioi of parlia 
 
 ment, 611 i apputnted conimander.in-cliief of 
 tho AnKlu-lndlou amiT in the room of lord 
 Gough, 530 
 
 tho AnKlu-Indiou array 
 Gough, 530 
 Naulci, revolution In, In 1861t 661 1 biitory of. 
 
 Napoleon, See BuoN'ArARTR 
 
 NaiHileou III., becomci emperor of tho French, 
 
 533 ; attempt of Uriliil tu attaiiinato liira, 660; 
 
 deolarei war asainit Auitria, 663, 665 ; auiiexei 
 
 Savoy and Nice, 655 
 Nartet, defeated by Diocletian and Maximin, 07 
 ^ atan t«od, the UritUU eblv^ bij defeat aud death, 
 
 75 
 Narvaex, general, hit mlnlitry, 075 ; promguet 
 
 tlio Cortci, 070; quarrelt with Knglaiid, 070; 
 
 reitorei tbeconiUtullon, 670« rolirvi from the 
 
 government, 670 
 NaiebT, battle of, 387 
 Navarino, battle of, 485, 706 
 Navy, Engllih, flrit vtUblithed by Alfred the 
 
 Great, againit the Oanei. 90 
 Nebucbadnctzar, king of Babylon, takes tho Jews 
 
 into captivity into Babylon, 40 
 Necho, king of Egypt, 43 
 Nelion, engaged under Jervii in the battle off St 
 
 Vincent, 440 ; hit untuccetiful attack on Santa 
 
 Criu, 440 i follovrt Itaa freneli fleet to Egypt, 
 
 xon 
 
 4ftO I bwltle of the Nile, 4.M | battle of roiim. I 
 hageii 4M| fuiluwi the Jrciicli lint t„ H?! I 
 W..M iiiillot, 447 ; battle of Tralklgar, lij , iHJ | 
 
 Neru, tlie einpprnr, lili rolgn, 0.) 
 Nerva, the iniiiei >r, lilat.ry uf hit relgii, R.I ■ 
 
 Nelherlaiiiii, the lilitury i f, 7U4 ; liitroilui.tlnn of I 
 thritllaiilty, 700 ; pro..*rHy of tin, Kk.,,,;,!, I 
 burghert, 700; Uelglun.- paitet iindor th, | 
 dyiiatty nf Auttria, 7oti ; detcviidt tu Cliarln V 
 and fhillp II. uf Spain, 710; terrlblo i,.rw' 
 cutloiii under the guvernortlilp of AI»a,;io, 
 iiiccuitful revolt under William prhm J 
 Orange, 710; iiKlepenileneonf tile lliilleil N,i|jit 
 landi ui'kiiowleclgiHl liy Spain, 710; mintiicnij 
 
 into a kingdom under Loult iluuniiiniric, 7||. I 
 reilnratlnii uf William princo uf Oranvi., 71;! ' 
 battle of Watorluu, 715 ; revolution at llrii«( ■' 
 717; eitabllihiuuutuf Belgium at an luilmn 
 dent ilute, 71ti 
 
 Nrufchltel, given up by Pruitla to Swlturlaml 
 76H ; annexed to France, 666 ' 
 
 Nevilpluttagnlnit the lllv uf <iuopn Klltnlicili,:'; I 
 
 Neville, Kir lleiiry, leader uf tlio rebillinn mi!,, I 
 reign of Kdward IV., 300 i takeu prliuuvrinj 
 executed, 307 
 
 Nvvii, iilund of, 807 
 
 Newbury, battle of, 381 
 
 New Holland, hltlury uf, 004 
 
 Newtiiaper itainp dulv, rejieal of, 405 
 
 New York, ceded to Kiiglaiid by the Dutch, 40Ii I 
 taken by Iluwe, 436 ' 
 
 New Zealand, hiitury uf, 307 
 
 Ney, marthal, at Waterloo, 474; hit txccuUoOb I 
 
 Nice, captured by tho CruKaileri, 131 
 
 Nichula*, emperor of lluiila, hit acctiilon, 737; , 
 Inturrectlun at St, Petcraburgli, 737 ; war villi I 
 Pertia, 737; war with Turkey, 7,-,7 j iii,ij«l 
 Bulgaria and capture* Varna, 737 ; liii lucmt. [ 
 ful campaign III the Cauuuaui, 7.''j7 ; Ailiiiel 
 campaign uf hltgei."rnl I'aikiewitch, 7.''>'l ; tilri I 
 Silltlrla, 738 ; make* the treaty of Ailriaiio|.>, I 
 738 ; tlie war in the Ciimva, U61, 7u3, 'JlIjIiuI 
 death, 740 I 
 
 NlchuUun, Marr,'aret, her attempt to aiiuiiuuil 
 Ocorgo III., (40 ■ 
 
 Nile, battle ol, 461 
 
 Noaillci, marthal, defeated by George II., 4"li 
 
 Nore, the, mutluy at, 440 
 
 Norfolk, duko of, bit quarrel with thp dukoo 
 Ilerolord in tb* reign of Richard II,, ;:.:; 
 banithcd f'>r ten yeart, 337 
 
 Norfolk, duke of, condemned to death tiyllcnrrl 
 VIII., ,114 ; reprieved by Edirard VI„ 314; r«.l 
 leated by queen Mary, 330 I 
 
 Norfulk, duke of, hit amour with Mary i|>iccng(l 
 Scott, 360; committed to the Tuwer, 3:iU; cvi.1 
 tlnuet the corr>!ti)ondence, 351 ; fuuud guillfil 
 treatou, 351; beheaded, 361 
 
 Norfolk, eorl of. See IlALril l)E GI'ahcr 
 
 Norniaut, favour iliown them by Kd»»ril tlirCc).! 
 fctiort 100} tnvation of England under Wililiu,! 
 
 Norrit, ilr. Henry, hU appatent Intriguo villi 
 Anne Bolcyn, 0O8 I 
 
 North, lord, attemptt to enforce the Anirrinil 
 •tamp act, 434 ; hit plan for tlio aniiliiir^iiuiiil| 
 Ireland, 437 ; reiignt, 437 ; hit coalitiou villi 
 Fox, 439; ditmiited by George HI., 440 
 
 Northampton, battle of, 301 
 
 Nortliunibcrlaiul, earl of, defeatt tho Scotlll 
 Uolniedon, 233 ; commanded by Henry IV.ul 
 to ixintum bit prlionert, 333 ; juiiia GkMnI 
 and the Scott, 333 ; dotVal of lilt ion U117I 
 Hotipur at Shrcwaburr, 333; pardoned 1)1 
 Henry, 334 ; endeavours to form a freib ol 
 federacy, wliich is bruken up, 334 i eiai>«*l 
 Scotland, 334 i bit deatb, Uiit 
 
hitttx. 
 
 046 
 
 u, 474 1 lili execution, I 
 
 attempt to aiKuiiuiil 
 
 I by George II., 416 
 
 irrel with thp duk'ttl 
 of Richard II,, 
 
 J87 
 od 
 Edirard Vl„ 
 
 kppaient Intrlguo «iiil 
 
 von 
 
 Nnrlhiimborttnil, niKllpjr, ilnkk of, In Iho rtilKii of 
 
 Kilaiiri) VI, SCO Di'til.Kir 
 diiriliiinilifrliiiKl, rnrlor, rcrcilt, liifavournr Mary 
 
 <|Ui'Oii lit MoiiK, 3'><) I brhi'Acli'it at Vi>rli, .'1.%'i 
 NorlliMinhrrlaiiii, oviTrun hy Iho Ditiwf, ttO| laid 
 
 «»la by Matcdiiii II, of NucitUiiil, \IH 
 Narthiimfiorlaticl, klutfilom of. bi'u llhl'TAItciir 
 Norway, hlilory i>f. 111 
 Mult, K<'<<°ral, hit rcua|itiiri< nrnhiir.nni>, MVI 
 NiiitliiKliam ca*t1i>, K»rrUuiiud by Nuriiiaiii under 
 
 William IVrtrll, 117 
 NiiltliiKliani, oci'Uiilnl by tho Pane*, 80 
 Nu>a Si-iitia, rolotilcttlixi uf, 1'J8 
 
 Nuirc'io, (li'i'cutt iliti Irlili rvbvli Dear Ballyna- 
 
 hliicli, -l.-iO 
 Hunm, ri>l({ii of, SI 
 Kumurlau, iiiiipurur, hit roign, 07 
 
 
 
 ATF.S, TITUS, hU early Ilfr, 40? i hit pre. 
 triidril illicorrry of a |>o|il>li |ilut, 401 1 dcpu- 
 llllniK before ilr Kdmuiidbiiry Unill'roy, '103 | 
 IKMi-lonnl and rewarded, 4U2| hit iiuiuvruut 
 charni'i, 40S 
 
 OitiM "f allettianoe, tiinrpmary, ami adjuration, 
 lonl John Humi'll ■ bill roiicctlnir. '•'!'■>, !>!i'i 
 
 O'llrli'O, Nnilth, hit (ri'n'<i>n<iu« ntu-iniitri to rxrlto 
 k rc'bi'lllon In Irclami, AJO ; nttacki'd by a boily 
 of |»>llcumen, S'i'i | ooavlctud and tranajwiiuJ, 
 iii 
 
 Ocliu*, klnff of Ponla, 43 
 
 O'C'unni'll. uanlel, hU a<(llatlnn In Ireland, 4 !):f| 
 ri'Curiicd for Clare, 4sa I hU nii>n«t«T ntrit.illin 
 fur roiiTKl, 910; triud and IniprUoiiid tor cun. 
 lulracy, 611; hit death, ;>'iO 
 
 O'CuiiiKir, UodtTlc, lii'tonifi tllnlnr kinir nf fro. 
 land, :>^^^, dcfeatwl by Strnii)/l."\T at Dublin, 
 o75i hold* all Iri'laiid, rxi-i'iiiitix Iho KoKllth 
 nalc, ai vuiialu of KiiKland, '>7H 
 
 n'i'uniior, Fi'rvua. cnnvlctluu of, for libel, 500 
 
 (K'la, kln^ oftbo Kait Saxont, 7i 
 
 Octii, kliiKof Kvnt, his rt'lKU, 7U 
 
 Ucia>lu> Cie«ar, hU Intrlxuca, t)3 ; bceomoi one rif 
 Ihttci'ond triuiuvlratr, 03 ; di'fcati Antony at 
 Actluni, (14; founds tho Itoman empire, and 
 ltiumi'9 tli« name of Auiruatuii, III 
 
 Odo, arrlibUliop of C'antcriiury, Joint Dnmtan In 
 hli oppixUlon to kliift Kdwy, U7 ; crni'lly tor- 
 liiri'ii P.lKiva, U7 ; occailoni her drntli, 08 
 
 Odo.bUlioporUayenx, U'ft by Wllltitni tbo Ton- 
 qiiernr to Kovvrn KnKland, 11,'j; crnilioi tho re- 
 volt under the duke of Norfolk, 123; lila In- 
 fratitude to William, 1'.'5 ; arreitod anil ImprU 
 •oiinl by William, r23 ; Joint tlio conaplritcy 
 to dotbrone William Itut'ua, Vi7 ; banlihvd 
 from Kngland, 1127 
 
 fliri, klHKuf Mcrcla,81 1 hia treachery to Ttliid- 
 birt, kloR of the Eatt AnRlea, Kl ; lilt old uki', 
 81; hit eitnbllahment of VctcrV peucc, HI ; bin 
 monaatcry at St. Albant, til ; hit t'rlondaliip 
 «lth Cbarlcmasne, 81 
 
 Okely, battle of, 84 
 
 O'aui, king of Norway, expelled by Canute, lOS 
 
 Olavr, kins of Norway, Invadct England In tho 
 rrlft" of Ktbelred tlin Unri'ady, 101; bribed to 
 depart, 10'2 ; hit canonlaatlun, 102 
 
 Oldvaatlo, air John. See CoUILVM 
 
 Oljmplada, 2, 3 
 
 Olympic (itamoa, Inatltutlon of the, 40 
 
 Omar Facha, hli lUCGeaivi OKaihat tho Ruiatana, 
 810,817 
 
 Oregon territory, diaputo concerning, between 
 1 ngland and the United States, 51U. 
 
 Orloaiia, tiege of, by the Entrllah in the rclj^n of 
 Henry VI., 24'> ; appearance of Joau of Arc, 
 247 ; alcKO raiaed, 248 
 
 Orleana, duke of, taken priaoner at Aglncourt, 
 252; rantomed by the duke of Bureumly, 2J2 
 
 Ormetby, hIa oppreaalon in Scotland, li)o ; filet 
 before William Wallace, 196 
 
 Ormonil, marnult of, hia campaign in Ireland on 
 behalf of Charlea II., 59(1; lord- livutcnaut in 
 the leiga of Charlei, 599 
 
 TAU 
 
 ()rmnnd, duke of, hli atti'mpt In England In rttv>.ur 
 
 of the I'ri'tendiT, I Ml 
 Oralnl, liU '<tii'mpt on •he life of the •miiernr Na< 
 
 ipoli'iin III , 0.11 
 fiihnrno, bri)ilii'r of the king nf r>i-nmark, Invailei 
 
 England, 1 14 i bought ulf by William the Cou. 
 
 fjurror, IIU 
 Otbrlcht, defeated by the Danea, M 
 Dacar, king of 8weilun, hit avceaalon and death, 
 
 Oillal, the Danlah ebleflnln. Hi 
 
 Oaloriut .Soapula, hit viciurlut oVaF the TIrltonf. 
 
 71 
 Oswald, king of Northnmberland, 80 | tiain by 
 
 IVnilii, kluKof McTclit, H() 
 Oawald. obtalni from Uunttan tho tee of Worcet. 
 
 tur, |iH 
 Oawy, king Of Norlhuraberlandi hli war with 
 
 I'cnda, HI 
 Olago, New Zealand, 007 
 Olluilol, bi'conii'a Juil ^^ 
 
 Othii, klugofUret^ ' tro i A(h*D(, 
 
 800 
 Otho, thoemperi<r, i i> • '■ i !i| 
 
 
 •.■1,8»0 
 il by the earl of 
 
 Ottoman Kmjdri' r 
 Oudo, relicllliin In, 
 Ondenarde, baillo 
 Ontram, air Janiea. 
 O»orbury, air Th 
 
 SoiniTai't and cnunuaa iif Kaai'X, .^CO 
 
 8«ld, perliHl In wlikli ho tlourlahi'd, ( I 
 xfiird, parllann'nt at. In thurt'ljtn i.f Charlet I., 
 3H 1 ; the king rctrcuta bi'lore Faln'ax, 387 
 Oxford, lord. .Sen IlAlli.Kr 
 Oxford, Kdwnrd, lilt treatimoui attempt to thoot 
 
 the ijnei'n, .'lOl 
 Oxfiir.l, loni Jidin Ilutiell'i bill for reforming the 
 unlvcralty of. 64u 
 
 PAINTING, eultlTatton of. In ancient Greece, 
 41) 
 
 Palatine hill, the Pomuirtum of tho original city of 
 Home on the, 51 
 
 Pali'stlne, hlatnry of, 4 1. Reo JkW.S 
 
 I'ulliacr, tir Hugh, bit charge agalnat admiral 
 Kcpjiel, 430 
 
 Pulineratnii, lord, forelpn lecretary In lord ,Tohn 
 KuatoU's miiilatry, bla dcmundt on Clret'O', 537 1 
 hIa jioworful defence, 527 ; ditiulatcd from the 
 foreign aecretaryihlp, 530 
 
 Pandolr, the papal legate, hit conference with 
 John, 177 t reci'Irca the bnmngo of John with 
 contempt, 177 ; excuininnnleale* the earl uf Al- 
 bemarle, In the reign of Henry III., IW) 
 
 Papal Itonie, or Statea of the chureli, hiatory of, 
 781 ; atornilng of Koine by the foreet of Cliiirlet 
 v., 050; loat of lumo of the ttatut In ISbO, 
 771 
 
 Paria, fortification of, by I,oiils Pblllppe, 613 
 
 Parker, admiral, 4.'ill ; lila vletoriea, .t.'i8 ; battio 
 otr tiie UogRcrt Uank, 430 ; expi'dltiun to Co- 
 
 penhagen, 453 
 arker. Iti 
 
 Parker, Ttlcliard, the ringleader of the mutiny at 
 
 tho Nore, 4 10 ; his etccution, 440 
 Parliament, burning of tlie houses of, 403 
 Parma, duke of, coniinander of the Spanish land 
 
 forces against (lueen Kllziibetli, 3.'>S 
 Parr, Catherine, her marriage with Henry YIII. 
 
 513; her prudent conduct, 313; martyrdom of 
 
 her favourite Anne Askew, 313; averts tho dan- 
 
 geroua anger of Henry, 3l4 ; her marriage with 
 
 lord Seymour, 318 
 Parry, plou agalnat the life of queen EUxabcth, 
 
 3.'i4; Ills execution, 3.'i4 
 Patkivwitch, bla A.siiitic campaign, 737 
 Patrick, saint, hiatory of, 505 ; introducei Chrlttt- 
 
 anity Into Ireland, 5UU ; tucceit uf liii miation- 
 
 aiy lubourt, 500 
 Paul, emperor, reign of, 732 ; hit aitastlnatlon, 
 
 Y,32 
 Paullnua, eonverta the kingdom of Northumb«» 
 
 land, 80 
 
PAV 
 
 PatU, battle of, S03, 6r>S 
 
 I'lHlro, Dun, vinpenir of Brnzll, dpclsrpi for tho 
 conttitutinn ot PnrtiiKn1> ft»<l tlio (r|mratlon of 
 llrazil, OMl ; iibdlcuton tl)<> tlirniio in fiivniir of 
 Ilia liauKlitpr Donna Mnrla, (iHI ; a|i|iointii Don 
 Miguel rpgcnl, (iHI; Don MI^iipI iiiisnni<>ii tlui 
 royal titip, OH'i ; ilc|io«illoii of Don MiRurl nml 
 citablltlmipnt of Doniia Maria on tiio tlirono of 
 PorliiKnl, 082 
 
 Pedro v., succc-pds to tho throne of PortURal, 683 
 
 Peel, Kolicrt, joini tho duko of Weilinnton'ii niln- 
 litry, '185 ; paaning of hia catholic reiirf bill, 
 480: his inotro|H)lilnn police bill, 480: forma a 
 miniatry in 18.15, but dufcnted on thu Irish 
 church bill, 4il3 ; forma a miniatry, 505 ; Ills 
 bill for rrKulntinff thn Knnk of Kngland and for 
 tho adniinistnitlon of banks in K<'»cntl, 51? : 
 miniattTial crisia connectpil with tho reiH'al of 
 the corn luwt, '>I5 ; rpiicula tho corn laws, 518 i 
 resigns, 518 ; his death, 5'28 
 
 Peiho, action at the month of the, 80S 
 
 Pckin, oecuiiled by tho Eiigiiah and French, 806 i 
 the emperor's sumiuvr puiocu burnt, tiUO ; treaty 
 ofPekln, 800 
 
 Pollisalpr, genorni, atiiles eight hundred Arabs in 
 the caves of Dalrlia, 01 1 
 
 Petomnncaian ^»nr, tlie, 49 
 
 I'embroke, earl of, falinro of nl> attempt to re- 
 lieve the chateau Uaillard, 171; guardian of 
 Henry III, sonof Jolm, 171); his precautionary 
 mcaaurei on behalf of Henry, 170; wins over 
 tho barons from the cause ot Iiouia of France, 
 179 ; flight of Louis, 180 ; death of Pembroke, 
 180 
 
 Pembroke, earl of, besieges Piers Gaveslon In the 
 castle of Scarborough, 202; beheads Qaveiton 
 contrary to treaty, IjO'i 
 
 Pembroke, earl of, taken prisoner and executed by 
 the rebels in the reign of Kdward IV., 207 
 
 Penda I., king of Mcrcia, his war with Edwin, 
 king of Nnrttiumberlund, 80; and witli Oswald, 
 king of Nortiiumberlaud, 80, 81 ; slalu iu battle 
 with Oswj% 81 
 
 Pcnda II., king of Mcrcia, his reign, 81 ; converted 
 to Christianity, 81 
 
 Penderella, assist Charles IT. iu his escape after 
 tile battle of Worcester, 31)3 
 
 Penn, udiuirnl, his expedition against Ilispaniola, 
 SUB ; takes Jamaica, 31)8 
 
 Fcnn, his petition to ticorge III. from the Ame- 
 rican congress, 43d 
 
 Pepe, general, 705 
 
 Pepin of France, reign of, 623 
 
 Perceval, assassinated b^ llellingham, 408 
 
 Percy, Harry Uots|)Ur, joins tlic Scots and Glen, 
 dwyr against Ilonry IV., 233; defeated and 
 slain at Shrewsbury, 23-1 
 
 Perseimlis, plundcreil by Alexander the Great, 43 
 
 Perseus, his war with Home, 01 
 
 PcrsiA, ancient history of, 43 ; ancient limits of 
 43; reign of Cyrus, 43; his son Cambyses, 4.\; 
 Smerdis, 43 ; conquests of Darius llystaspea, 45 ; 
 reign of Xcrxos, 43: Artaxerxes l.ongimanus, 
 43; insurrection of Megabyzua, 43; defeat of 
 Cyrus and his Greek allies, 43 ; Xenophon 
 and the Greek mercenaries, 43 ; Artaxerxes 
 (Mnemon), 43; Darius Codomannus, 43; con. 
 quest of Alexander tho Great, 43 ; war between 
 England and, in 1855-6, S40, 547 
 
 Persian conquest of Egypt, 42 
 
 Pertlnax, the emperor, bis reign, (iO 
 
 Peru, histor/ of, 888 
 
 Pescenniui Niger, defeated and killed, 66 
 
 Peter the Great, reign of, 730 
 
 Peter do la Marc, clioseD speaker of the Honto of 
 Commoni in the reigo of KIchard 11., 220 
 
 Peter of Pomfrct, his prophecy concerning king 
 John, 177 ; his execution, 177 
 
 Peter dei Roches, bishop of Winchester, guardian 
 of Henry III., 180; hit violent ciiaraeter, 182 ; 
 breaks up the confederacy of tho barons, 182 ; 
 hit Iniolence, 183 1 bit diimlital from court, 
 183 
 
 PHI 
 
 Peterborough, earl of, his capture of Bnrcrlnni 
 410; Ills recall, 410: obtalnt a veto of ihanki 
 iVom tlio Commons. 418 
 
 Peter's pence, establishment of, 81 ; dcmniiilni 
 from William I. by Gregory VII., l^il ; rcfuiij 
 by Williani, 124 ' •' . mu 
 
 Pliarnaces, king of I'ontui, defeated by Cinar. 63 
 
 I'Imrsalia, battle of, 03 
 
 I'iiillp, king of Macedonia, conquers Greece. 50i 
 his wiir with Home, 01 ' 
 
 Pliilip II.,om|)oror of Kome, his reign, GO. Sie il 
 Italy ' 
 
 Pliilip II. of France, engages in the third crumdo 
 I5(>; quarrels with Henry II. of Fnglund, l.'jii' 
 intrigues with prince Richard. 150; war wiili 
 Henry II., 150; terms of peace, 150; review ol tho 
 army of Cru«iidera in tlie plains of Vereluy, liil' 
 quurri'la with Itieliurd at Messina, 101 ; lU'cciJ 
 tton of Tancrcd the usurper of Sicily, 101 ; fur. 
 innlly requires Richard to miirry llie iiriiicin 
 Alice, 102 ; reasonable grouiuls fcr lliihiinri 
 refusal, 102 ; siego of Acre, 102 ; fre»li iiiiiirrdi 
 concerning tho sovereignty of Jerusalem, ii;','| 
 surrender of Acre, 1 02 ; returns to I'.uroi*' II 
 103 ; swears to mako no attempt on tlio Kni;. 
 lisli dominions in the absence of Rlelianl, liij; 
 
 {lojie Celestino V. refuaes to absolve liini from j| 
 lis oath, 103 ; gives a cordial reception to 1,01^. 
 champ, 104 ; prepares to invailo tlio Fnncli 
 dominions of Richard 1., but his noliirs refuse 
 to aaalat him, 104 ; intrigues with prliire John, 
 but his schemes are defeated by queen Klcnimr, 
 104 ; Intrigues with tlieem|ieror of Geriimnvfor 
 tho continued imprisonment of Hichanl, iii5; 
 fresh intrigues with prince John, 1(>5 ; iiivailci 
 llormanily, 105; bravn resistance of the earl ot 
 Leicester at Rouen, 105 ; return of Richard to 
 England, and commencement of hoatilities, U'J; 
 espouses the cause of Arthur of Hrittniiy to the 
 throne of England In opposition to John, lis; 
 treaty witli Jolm, 109; summons John tor hii 
 violence to iirinco Arthur, 170; seiitencr:! John 
 to forfeit all selgnory and flef in Friiiioe, ITOi 
 obtains the support of his nobles again.st Jolm, 
 170; commaiKled bylhejiopo to make iicw, 
 but disobeys, 170 ; takes tho chateau (iaillani, 
 172; takes Rouen, 172; promived by |ioi« 
 Innocent III. tho sovereignty of Eiiptaml on 
 condition of subduing John, 170; ilisoovcri 
 himself to have been <iu|H'd by the )io|io, 177; 
 Invasion of Jolm, 178; invasion of KriKlundb; 
 his son Louis, 179 
 
 Philip III. of France receives the homage of 
 Edward I. of England, 188 
 
 Philip IV. of France, wars with Edward I. of Kni;. 
 land, 191; tricks him out of the provinooot 
 Uuienne, 101 ; joins an alliance with linliol kin/; 
 of.Scotlaud, 191 ; retreats from before E<i\v:iri:i., 
 105; peace ctfectitl between Franco and Km- 
 land by pope Honifnce VIII., 195; war wiili 
 Edward III. of England, 211; charaitcT of 
 Edward's claim to France, 211; defeat of tlie 
 French fleet off Sluys, 212; great preparalioni 
 for the war, 213 ; defeated at Creasy, 21 1 ; slc 
 ceeded by John, 217 
 
 Philip II. of (ipain, son of Charles V., propns.ili 
 for his marriage to Mary queen of IjiKlamli 
 329 ; accei)ted by Mary, 329 ; his unpopulariir, 
 350 ; refused by parliament all share of rr/al 
 authority, 352 ; bit delay in reaching Encliml, 
 332 ; suleinnisation of tlio marriage, 353 ; in- 
 troduction at court of Spaniali formalitict, 57^3; 
 obtains the releaae of the princcsa Eiizabdh, 
 554 ; efforts of Mary to meet his demand) ftr 
 money, 339 ; lucceedi to tlie dominions of l.ii 
 father, 339 ; luea for the hand of Elitabetli, 5o:>i 
 displays bit violent hatred to Elizabeth, 341| 
 aids the revolt in Ireland, 358 ; prepare) the 
 
 freat armada, 358 ; destruction of the armaila, 
 59 ; his campaign iu Flanders, 359 ; capiurt 
 of St. Quentin, 603 ; his bigotry, 003 ; «ti- 
 bllshes the Inquisition, 663 ; insurrectioni in 
 Flaudcri, 663 ; WiUiam of Orange cooiplni 
 
Icfcatcd by Cinor, 63 
 conqucn Greece, SO; i 
 c, htt Tcign, CO. Sie 
 
 rni 
 
 with Eftmnnt and Horn, uRslniit him, 0(i^; ro- 
 
 ealU cardinal Oranvello from tho norernment 
 
 of Flandr IS, and itpjiointa Alvn, 0(14 ; lucccmirul 
 
 I nrolt In tin- Nctherlnndn, Utll ; nlitninii tlie 
 
 i klHRilom of Portnual, Iiti5 ; iicndii thv ariniula 
 
 wro'iiit England, Wib ; liU death and character, 
 
 I «fi5 
 
 Philip III. of Spain, TPl(?n of, fi05 
 
 Plilllp IV. of Simln, reinn of, OtiS 
 1 Vlilllp V. of Spiiln, Krand^on of LoiiU XIV., hli 
 claimt to tlio throne of Spain couteited by tho 
 ' trchduko Clmrlva, -ilO, <tU(l 
 
 Philip, duke of lUiraundy. Sec BtinnUNDy 
 
 fhilljipa of Ilaln.'uilt, betrothed to Kilwnrd III.) 
 205 j her njiliitnd ri'iUtiuieo to tho Scots In the 
 tbienco of her hunband, 210: taken David 
 Bruce prlnoner and 1oi1({p« lilni In tho Tower, 
 SIG ; carrlea tho news to Edward at Calali, '2 1 It ; 
 obtniiii pardon for tho lis iiatrlotlo cltlzeut, 81U 
 
 PhlllppI, battle of, 03 
 
 rblllpplno lilandu, 872 
 
 PhlllppopoUi, In Arabia, fonndatton of, 60 
 {! Plilliatlnes, their con'|uejt of Israel, 45 
 
 Philosophy, cultivation of, In ancient (Jreecc, if) 
 
 Phll|)ot, archdeacon of Winchester, his niartyr- 
 dum, 3.3.^ 
 
 Piche({ru,hi8 c.impr«l«ti In the Nelhcrliinds, MS ; 
 defeats the idlles, 4 Ifi 
 
 Pickerinif the .f.suit, .10!( i hl» cTeruilon, 405 
 
 Pirton, sir Thomas, hisdealh .it Wnlerloo, 171 
 
 licts, invade Krilnin, 73; defeated by the S.ixuns, 
 73; history of, CII4 
 
 Pierce, Alice, mistress of Kdw.ird III., 2'^0 
 
 Piercy \m\n Catesby In the gunpowder plot, 3C4 ; 
 his death, 3fiG 
 
 Piers, (iavcston. See {^AvBSTri^f 
 
 hiul.irees, their a);i:ics!>lon!) in India, 841 
 
 I'inkev, bitlleof. 317 
 
 Flit, William, obtains offlcr, 4.30 ; TigoroUs pro- 
 secution of the war in North America, 4.3U; 
 principal secretary of state on the accession of 
 (ieorge III., 431 ; proposes to seiie the Plate 
 fleet, 43'i; retil^ns, 13*2; pensioned, 43'2; 
 created Karl of Chatham, 433 ; obtains the privy 
 leal, 433; resiuns, 431; his pronosal for a re- 
 conciliition with the Americ.in colonies rejected, 
 ^35 ; his lijintt speech aeainst the recall of the 
 Enulish forces fioni the United States, 136 
 
 Pitt, William, son of I^ord (Jhatham, obtains oflflre, 
 43'J; appointed first lord of the treasury after 
 the dissolution or the coalition miiiistry, 440 ; 
 Ms India bill, 440; his sinking; fund, 410; re- 
 signs on the Catholic emancipation bill, 4!>^ ; 
 bi'comes premier, 4 S6; his death and character, 
 «» 
 
 Plus v., pope, issues a bull against queen Elizabeth, 
 .151 
 
 Pius IX., pope, his reforms, 764; his flight from 
 lloine and subsequent restoration, 7S3 
 
 PI niL-iKenet, (teottVev. earl of Aniou, marries 
 Matilda, d.iUghtpr of Henry I. of England atui 
 widow of Henry V. of Germany, 1.17 ; comes to 
 teriiu with Stephen, 13U ; the line of Flanta- 
 Kenets, 142 
 
 Platisa, battle of, 49 
 
 Plassy, battle of, 430 
 
 Plata, la, republic of, 800 
 
 Plautius, his victories over the Arltons, 71 
 
 Pucock, admiral, takes Havnnnah, 432 
 
 Pcietrj, cultivation of, iu ancient (ireece, 49 
 
 Polctcvins, favoured by Henry III. of England, 
 ISI ; the baroiu demand theii dismi!>sal from 
 court,Ig2 
 
 Poland, history of, 743; the ctown elective, 743 ; 
 wars of John Kobieski against the Turkst 744 j 
 contests for the crown, the candidates supported 
 by foreign powers, 744 ; dismemberment of 
 roland, 74£: framing of a constitution, 746; 
 annulment ot the constitution and second par- 
 titioning of the kingdom, 746 ; insurrection 
 under Kosciusko, 746 ; successes against Kussia, 
 746 ; defeat of tlie Poles and exile of Kosciusko 
 to Siberia, 717 1 release of the Polish exiles by 
 
 pni 
 
 the emperor Paul, 747 ; Napoleon's visit to 
 KosiHusko, 718; cst.iblishment of the duchy of 
 Warsaw by the treaty of Tilsit, 7 IS ; fresh divl. 
 ► ion of Poland by the congress of Vienna, 7 IS ; 
 Knssian tyraimy, 7 IH ; insurrection at Warsaw 
 against the grand duke Cimstanllne, 74H ; the 
 war of independence, 748; conquest of Poland 
 by Russia, J.'iO ; massacre of unarmed ]ieoplr, 
 7.0O; opposition of count Zamoyski, 7io, 
 general revolt against Russia, 750 
 
 Pole, cardinal, his attacks on Henry VIII., 311 ; 
 arrest and execution of his mother and brothers, 
 311 ; attracts Ihu regard of queen Mary, .128 ; 
 sent to Pope.Tulius 111. to reconcile Kngland to 
 the uapnl see, .128 ; arrives In England as tho 
 jiopes legate and receives the parliament and his 
 ppo|>le into the communion of Rome, 3.13 ; the 
 milder policy set aside by (Janilner, 3.T4 ; sue- 
 ceeds Crnnmer as archbishop of Canterbury, 3.18 
 
 Pole; Michael de la, earl of Sull'o'k and chancellor 
 of England in the rclKn of Kiclurd II., im- 
 peached and banished, 223 
 
 Police, established by Alfred the (Ireat, 91 
 
 Polignac, prince; ministry of, 039; tried and 
 condemned to perfwtual imprisonment, 613 
 
 Poll-tax levied in the reign of Richard U., 221 ; 
 revolt of Wat Tyler, 221 
 
 Pollock, general, his recapture of Caboul, .906 
 
 Polynesia, history of, 907 
 
 Pompcy the great, conquers the .Tews, 46 
 
 Pompey the great, defeat .MIthridates on the hanks 
 of the Euphrates, 62 ; bet^omes one of tho 
 triumvirs, ()3 ; his rivalry with Cinsar, 63 ; de- 
 feated at Pharsalia, 63 ; his death, 63 
 
 Poor-laws, passed in tlie reign of queen Elizabeth, 
 362 ; poor-law amendment act, 492 
 
 Porseima, Lucumo of Clusium, his war with 
 Rome, 54 
 
 Portland, duke of, his coalition ministry, 439 
 
 Porto Hello, ca^iture of, by Vernon, 425 
 
 Porto Rico, island of, 89'i 
 
 Portsmouth, Danes ilefeated at, 59 
 
 Portugal, history of, 679 ; anciently called TiUsi- 
 tania, 679 ; valuable foreign discoveries and pos. 
 sessions, 679 ; rei;in of .Inscph I. and adminis- 
 tration of the marquis of Ponibal, 680 ; reign of 
 M.aria Francisca Isalwlia, 6S0; regency of 
 Juan Maria .Toseph prince of Urazil, 680 ; inva- 
 sion of the French under Junot, 6K0 ; reign of 
 .Tohn VI., 680; revolution of 1820, 680; Don 
 Pedro declares for the separation of Portugal 
 from Brazil, 680; Don Miguel) declares against 
 the constitution, 681 ; treaty recognising the 
 independence of lirazll, 681 ; Don Pedro em- 
 peror of Urazil, 681 ; death of .luhn VI., 681 ; 
 Don Pedro alidicates the throne of Portugal, 
 681 ; insurrection in favour of Don Miguel put 
 down by the English, 682 ; Don Miguel ap- 
 pointed to the regency by Don Pedro, 682; aims 
 at absolute power) 6N2 ; declared king, 682 ; Don 
 Pedro returns to Europe, 6S2 ; deposition of Don 
 Miguel and establishment of Donna Maria, 
 daugliter of Don Pedro, on the throne of Por- 
 tug.'ii, 682 ; death of the queen. Donna .Maria, 
 683 ; accession of Pedro Vt 683 ; and of Louis 
 duke of Oporto, 683. 
 
 Posen, treaty at, 470 
 
 Post, penny, passed during the Melbourne min- 
 istry, 496 
 
 Posthumus usurps the empire in Gaul, 67 
 
 Postumius, story of the son of, 59 
 
 Potatoes introduced into Ireland by sir Walter 
 Raleigh, 587 
 
 Poyning s law, 585 
 
 Prietorian guards, the, of Rome, 6i 
 
 Pragmatic sanction, the 425 
 
 Praslin, duke of, murders his duchess, 613 
 
 Preston Pans, battle of, 42/ 
 
 Prichard, Mr., imprisoned by the French governor 
 at Tahiti, 513 ; receives compensation from the 
 French government, 513 
 
 Pride, colonel, purges the parliament by the com* 
 mand of Cromwell, 389 
 
 nl fi 
 
948 
 
 iulTf):* 
 
 PRI 
 
 Priestley, Vr., hU meetin^-house and dwelling 
 ilestroyed by the Birmingham riotrrs, 442 
 
 Priniogenit re, unsettled state of the law in Anslo- 
 taxoD times, 9'2 
 
 Prince of WaliVs island, 870 
 
 Prior, his mission to France, 41f); rommitted to 
 custody on the accession of Ueor|{e I., i'iO 
 
 Probus. emperor of Rome, his rciftn, G7 
 
 Proculus, defeat of, 67 
 
 Prnvencals, unjustly faTOured by Henry III. of 
 Engl nd, IHJ 
 
 Prussia, history of, 700; reign of Frederic the 
 Ureat,70l ; war against Napoleon, 7U1 ; reign 
 of the present king Frederic William, JD'i; 
 reTolution at Berlin, 70!i ; the Prussian con- 
 stitution, 703; position assumed by Prussia in 
 the Kussian war of 1854 66, 703; death of 
 Frederick William IV., 70.1; political contest 
 betweei.< the king and the parliament, 70.1 ; inva- 
 lion of l>enmark by Austria anil Prussia, Ti7 ; 
 treaty between Prussia and Switzerland respecting 
 Neulch&tel, 75.5. See also Gkhmanv 
 
 Frynne, punished by the Star Chamber in the 
 reign of Charles I., 379 
 
 Psammeticus, 42 
 
 Ptolemies, the, 43 
 
 Ptolemy Soter, his siege of Jerusalem, 4B 
 
 Ptolemy Philadeliihus, enters into aii aiUiince with 
 tl<e liomans, 61 
 
 Publilius Valero, law of, S6 
 
 Pultusk, battle of, 4G0 
 
 Punic war, causes of the iirst, 61 ; end of it, 61 ; 
 causes of the second Punic war, 61; the third 
 Punic war, 62 
 
 Funiaub, unsettieil sta'e of, after the lonquest of 
 Scinde, 514; Sikh inTasioii of British India, 
 516; battles of Moodkeeand Ferozeshah, .516 ; 
 battles of Aliwal and Subraon, 517 ; submission 
 of the Sikh government, 518 ; murder of Agnew 
 and Anderson at Mo Itan, 5'22 ; siege of Alool 
 tan, 523 ; desertion of Shere .Singh, S'iS ; cavalry 
 attack on a ford ol° the Chenab at Kamnugger, 
 52.3; taking of Aloollan by Wish, .'i24; mur- 
 derous battle of ChilLinwallah. 525 ; glorious 
 battle of Uoojerat, 526] annexation of the 
 Punjaub, 526 
 
 Pym, .182 
 
 Pyramids, battle of the, 452 
 
 Pyrrhus, his war with thfe Komaris, 61 
 
 QUATRE BRAS, battle of, 474 
 Quebec, capture of, by Wolfe, 43U ; besieged 
 by Alontgomery and Arnold, 4.'fQ 
 Quintillus, emperor, his reign, 67 
 
 RADETSKY, his campaign In Itiily,765 
 Railway mania in Kngland, 515 
 
 Kaleigh, sir Walter, his gdllant conduct at Cadiz, 
 360 ; his services in Ireland, 587 ; Introduies 
 the )>otato, 587 ; his speech inj>arliainent on the 
 financial state of the countrv, 362 ; rnncerned in 
 the conspiracy in favour of Araliella Siuart, .'^61 ; 
 his thirteen years imprisonment in the Tower, 
 37 i ; his expedition ill search of a gold mine in 
 Uui ma, 371 ; lis failure, .VI ; executed for his 
 previous particiiiation in tlie setting up of 
 Arabella .Stuart, 372 
 
 Ralph du (iuader, earl of Norfolk, his rebellion, 
 122; defeated by Udo, brotlier of William the 
 Conqueror, 12.1; ercapes to Brittany, 123; 
 besieged in the .-astlt of Dbl by William the 
 Coninieror, 123; nialfes his pi»ice with Wil- 
 li m, 124 
 
 Kamilies, battle of, 415 
 
 Heading oicupied by the Danes, 86 ; besieged by 
 king Ethuired, 86 
 
 Reafen, the mystic raven of the DAnish standard, 
 88 
 
 Rfbecca riots, 509 
 
 Redwald, King of the East-Angles, 79. HO 
 
 Rifurnii |>arUamentaiy, eagerly demanded by the 
 
 BIO 
 people after the war with France, 476; (jj,. 
 frHnchiseinent 6f the borough of (irainiuiuinl 
 4S0; urged by carl (irey during the Wt-llim-toiJ 
 admlnstration, 4S7 ; opposition of Wellinciun 
 487 ; earl Urev forms a minisiry, 188; first He.' 
 form Kill of lord John Russell's thrown out in 
 the commons, 4S9; dissolution of parliament 
 489 ; second Reform Bill carried throual he 
 commons, but thrown out liy the lords, (su- 
 third Reform Bill )>asses the commons, 4\ij! 
 lord Lyndhursi's motion carried against minu! 
 ters, 4SU ; ministers ask for a new crealiiin of 
 peers, 4S9 ; refusal of William IV. and resiCT.i. 
 tion of ministers, 489; Peel refuses to join \Ve|. 
 liniiton in a reform ministry, 4'Jil; earl (ury 
 recalled, 490 ; passing nf tl^e Rcfnim Hill, luu' 
 its results, 490 ; lord Derby's reform liill of ln.i!)' 
 553; the question agaiii raised in lh{;o, iii- 
 lord John Russell's measure of 1854, .'i.^S ' 
 
 Reformation, commencid in Knglanil liy John 
 Wicklille, 239 ; uerseiHition of Lollards lij llenrj 
 IV., 231 ; establishment of civil laws ai;;iinst 
 heresy, 231 ; martyrdom of William .Sauire.iiM; 
 increase of tlie Lollards, 2.'ifi ; revolt of Colihara, 
 *A16 ; Lollardism punished l>y death and for- 
 feiture, 237 ; teachings of AL-irtin Lullier, 3(jiij 
 opposition of Henry VUI. and his court to the 
 papal authority, but not to tlie Roman Catholic 
 doctrines, SOO ; persecution of reformers in the 
 reign of Henry VIII., 3U() ; martjrilom of l.am. 
 bert, 312; martyrdtHn of Anne Askiw, .'l.v 
 Irtrogress of the tcforination in the reiKii of Eill 
 ward VI., 316; opposition of (iardhur and 
 Bonner, 316; its iirogress in Siotiaiul, .lid; 
 assassination of caruinai Beaton, 317 i roptalof I 
 the laws against Loilardy and heresy in the 
 reign of Edward VI., 317 ; act allowing \n\e-,H 
 to niiirry; Ace, 319 ; depression of the prl)le^t,1ntl 
 by Mary, 326 : commencement of pursiruiinii, 
 327 : repeal of all the statutes of Eiiwanl \I. 
 connected with religion, 32.'i ; re-estalilislmient 
 of mass, 329 ; three ^urths of the clirijv ihivcn 
 from their livings, :^2y ; re-enactment of all the 
 old laws against heresy, .^SS ; the terriMu |iers<. 
 cution under bloody ^iieen Mary, 331 ; cuimiiis. 
 sion appointed for the punishment of s|iirituil 
 crimes, 3.16 ; restoration by Elizabe h uf tlie 
 lawsof Edward Vl.,310 
 
 RcgilluH, Luke, battle of, .'i5 
 
 Reginald, sub-prior of Christchurch, elci-twl Ij I 
 the junior monks to the archhisliopiic uf I'aii' 
 terbury, 1 73 ; his appointment annulled bj |n:|« 
 Innocent III., 173 
 
 Regulus, defeated and made prisoner, Gl; liii 
 death in Carthage, 61 
 
 Rehoboam, king of Israel, his reign, 45 
 
 Repton occupied bv the Danes, 87 
 
 Rex sacrificulus, oluce of, in Rome, 55 
 
 Rhine, tonfedcration of the, 688 ; its dissolution, 
 6S9 
 
 Richard I., Ctsur de Mo^, eon of Henry II. and 
 Eleanor, his opposition to his fatiier, 1 i\ 
 reconciled, 156; engages in the third tnisadr, 
 157 ; the dtipe of I'hlliii II. of Kraiice, IC; 
 war against his father, lienry II., I57!triaij 
 of peace, 157; projected m.-irriage with Mwf,\ 
 sisier of Philiii, 15; ; repents over the d.'ail to!) 
 of his talher, 158 ; ascends the throne of KnclanJ, I 
 15tf ; ret. ins the faithful ministers of his l',itliit, I 
 159; his coronation^ 159; fearful niiissairc cf I 
 the Jewsi 15 J; commissions (ilanville to punish [ 
 IUinstig,itors, 160; prepares for an expedition 'o I 
 Palestine, '.60 ; extraordinary eti'orts to rai* I 
 money, 160; sale ot ofH'.es, IfiO; releases Wfr ( 
 Ham of Scotland fVom vassalage for 'noncy, lull I 
 wearies his subjects for loans and gifts, ifi'i; h.i I 
 lletce va'iity, l"60 ; review of the army of I'ru-i' | 
 ders in tne plains of Vezelav, 161 ; qiiarrelstiA I 
 Philip at Messina, 161 ; deception of Taiicted, I 
 the usMrpei of Sicily, 161 ; formally re quired Ij I 
 Philip to marry his sister Alice, 162; refuses caj 
 the ground of her unchastlty, 162; niaitii(il 
 witti Beiengaria of Naratre. 162: uuu Iwil 
 
 prince ot Cyp 
 with Isaac's \ 
 fresh quarrel 
 lovereignly c 
 Acre, 163 ; I 
 oiaints from 
 Longchamp, 
 his colie.igue, 
 disoiieyed, 16 
 which is afra 
 II. with the n 
 ferrat, 161; d 
 165; advance 
 smongst the a 
 Saladin, 165 { 
 165; arrested 
 of .iustria, 1( 
 diet at Worn 
 HenrvVI., 16( 
 his release by t 
 returns to En 
 Main^i Philii 
 iTohn, 167; t 
 loner, 167; hi 
 inand for the 1 
 csstleofChalu 
 Irand de Uoun 
 im ; his will, 
 Richard II., soi 
 Edward III. u 
 : royal uncles, tl 
 Gloucester, 22 
 iirenie council 
 m; war wit 
 I poll-tax, 221; 
 ; inlluence of Ji 
 I S2l;relielIioni 
 I tition of thepol 
 j Ihe rebels olita 
 i Tyler, 222 ; jui 
 i 'i'i'i , the chart 
 Scots and Fren 
 pleasure, 223 ;| 
 favourite, 223 
 lieachinent of h 
 iiVJ; retires 
 threats of )iarl 
 charges againsi 
 oiflce, and est2 
 teen, 2'.!3 ; apf 
 lislance, 224 ; 
 cesterand the 
 the favourite, i 
 feaied and exil 
 parliament, 22 
 judges, 225; i 
 places his friem 
 favourite, 225 
 and Scotland, 
 put down bv R 
 vagance and dl 
 favouritism I 
 Huntingdon, 
 •ith France, . 
 (he duke of OL 
 Ihe nobles, 22 
 Henry duke ol^ 
 i'tT i desertion 
 prisoner and c 
 !!S ; accused 1 
 •Ition, and acce 
 of Henry IV., 
 , _ fract castle, 22 
 |Blchardin.,du 
 dukeofClarem 
 •luring the mli 
 the earl of Rivi 
 orders them 1< 
 caitle, 274, ob 
 Buckingham, 2 
 »nd orders his 
 elires the sons _ 
 *w>rence to be 
 
im 
 
 JEntrrv. 
 
 949 
 
 RIC 
 
 ode prUoner, fil ; hii 
 
 1, eon of Henry II. and 
 I to his father, 1 i; 
 ■H in the thlril oumiVi 
 hii II. of Fninoe, liT; i 
 Henry II., I.')7iirail 
 
 ROB 
 
 prince ot Cyprus In silver fetters, 162; amours 
 with Isaac's daujihler, lt>'2; siege of Acre, 16'.2 ; 
 fresh quarrels with Philip II. concerning the 
 (overeiynlj of Jerusalem, IS'i; surrender of 
 Acre, 16.'^ ; I'hilip returns to Europe, 163 ; com- 
 plaints from Kngland of the misconduct of 
 Longchamp, 163; orders Lonechamp to release 
 his colleague, Hu^h bii>ho|i of Durham, but is 
 (lisol>eyed, 16.3; appoints a council of nobles, 
 which is afraid to act, 163; charged by Philip 
 II, with the murder of Conrad marquis of Mont- 
 ferrat,l6l; defeats Saladin, 163; takes Ascalon, 
 163; advances on >Terusalem, Ki/i; dissensions 
 amongst the army of Crusaders, 163; truce with 
 Saladln, 16.5; prepares to return to England, 
 163; arrested and imprisoned by Leopold duke 
 of .Austria, 165; brought before the imperial 
 diet at Worms and accused by the emperor 
 HenrvVI., 166 ; his eloquent reply, 166; obtains 
 his release by tlie payment of 1.')U,(1UI) marks, 166 ; 
 returns to England, 167; commences hostilities 
 a£ain>i Philip II-, 167 ; pardons his brother 
 John, 167; takes the bishop of Beauvais pri- 
 soner, 167: his satirical reply to the pope's de- 
 mand for the bishop's release, 167 ; besieges the 
 castle of Chalus, 167; shot bv the arrow of Her- 
 trand de Gouidon, 16S ; his death and character, 
 168; his will, 168 
 Richard II., son of the Black Prince, succeeds 
 Edward III. under the giiardianship of his three 
 roval uncles, the dukes of Lancaster, York, and 
 Gloucester, 2'2U ; parliament petitions for a su- 
 preme council of nine, V20; further demands, 
 'M\ war with France and imposition of the 
 poll-tax, '221 ; spread of democratic ideas, 'i'il ; 
 influence of John Hall, the demauogue priest, 
 i'i\ ; reliellion of Wat 'Oler, caused by the imuo- 
 tition of the poll-tax, 'i'il ; riots in London, 'i'il ; 
 ihe rebels obtain a charter, 'iti ; death of Wat 
 'Tyler, 'i'i'i ; .judicious conduct of the young king, 
 'i'i't , the charter revoked, 'iii ; invasions of the 
 Scots and French, 'i'i'i ; his frivolity and love of 
 pleasure, 2*23 ; adojits Koliert de Vere as his 
 rnvourite, 'i'i:i; general discontent, 'i'iS; im- 
 peachment of his chancellor Michael de la Pole, 
 m; retires to Eltham, but compelled by the 
 threats of parliament to leturn to London, 223 ; 
 charges against Pole, 223 ; Pole deprived of his 
 office, and establishment of the council of four- 
 teen, 2'.:3 ; appeals to Ihe Judges, who advise re- 
 sistance, 'i'il ; his advisers challenged bv (ilou- 
 cester and the op])osition, 'i'H ; Robert de Vere, 
 the favourite, raises an army for him, biit is de- 
 feated and exiled, 224 ; compelled to summon a 
 parliament, 221 ; trial and condemnAtibn of the 
 judges, 22.'J ; regains his regal autlioritvj 'i'i5 ; 
 
 filaces his frienu. in office, but does not irecall his 
 arourile, 225; his desultory war with Kirance 
 and Scotland, 225; insurrections of the Irish 
 put down by Richard in person, 226; hisextra- 
 vaKsnce and dissolute conduct, 226 ; his ofl'ensive 
 farouritism towards the earls of Kent and 
 Huntingdon, 'i'ifi ; unpopularity of the peace 
 with France, 226; arrest and impeachment of 
 Ihe duke of Gloucester, 226 ; disputes amongst 
 the noble«, 227 ; his t^rdnhy, 227 ; banishes 
 Henry duke of Lanrastei-, 2'^7 ; visits Ireland, 
 i'H ; desertion of the iroyill army, ^27 ; is taken 
 prisoner and conveyed to Ixindon by Lancaster, 
 iiS; accused tieforc parliaineni, 228; his dei.3- 
 lition, and accession of Lancaster under the name 
 of Henry IV., 229 ; his confinement in Pome- 
 fract castle, 229 ; his death, 229 
 Richard III., duke of Gloucester, his hatred of the 
 duke of Clarence, 27 1 ; named ntient > f England 
 during the minority of Edward V., 272 ; arrests 
 the earl of Rivers, guardian of Edward V., 273 ; 
 orders them to be put to death in Ponteiract 
 cattle, 274 , obtains the assistance of the duke of 
 Buckingham, 274 ; charges Hastings with treason 
 and orders his lieheadal in the Tower, 274 ; de- 
 clares the sons of Edward IV. and of the dake ot 
 Uarence to be illegitimate, 276 : UucVingham's 
 
 ) 
 
 efforts to gain the crown for him, 275 ; public 
 invitation to him to become king, 276 ; murder 
 of the two young princes, 276 ; his accession to 
 the throne, 276 ; oU'ends the duke of Bucking- 
 ham, 277 ; who revolts, but is taken prisoner and 
 executed, 278 ; convokes a parliament, 278 ; 
 attempts to obtain the hand of his niece Eliza- 
 beth, 278 ; defeated and slain in the battle of 
 Bosworth Field, 279 
 
 Richard, son of William the Conqueror, 12C : hit 
 death, 126 
 
 Richard, duke of York, his pretensions to the 
 throne in the reign of Henry VI., 556; sus« 
 
 Jiected of being coimected with the tiial of Suf- 
 iilk, and insurrection of Cade, 258 ; endeavour* 
 to obtain his ends by means of parliament, 258 ; 
 appointed lord-lieutenant of England, but his 
 appointment annulled, 259; siimmons his forces, 
 260 ; obtains a victory over Henry VI. and the 
 Lancastrians at St. Albans, 260; takes Henrj 
 iirisoner, 2C0 ; restored to the iolrd-lieutenancyi 
 but again removed, 260 ; makes a hollow peaca 
 with Henry and the I.ancastrians, 261 ; defeated 
 and retires to Ireland, 261 ; openly claims the 
 crown, 261 ; decided in parliament that he 
 should act as regent until the death of Henry, 
 and then succeed nim on the throne.< '..'61 ; sum- 
 mons Margaret to I^ondon, 26! ; defeated and 
 slain by Margaret in the battle of Wakefield, 
 262; succeeded in his title and pretensions by 
 Edward III., 863 
 Richard, the young duke of York, son of Edward 
 IV., inurdered in the Tower, 276; personated 
 by Lambert Simnel, 283 ; by Perkin Warucck, 
 287 
 Rirhemont, couiit of^ conciliated, by the duke oi 
 
 Bedford- 242 1 made constable of France, 245 
 Richmond, earl of. Siee Hunry VII. 
 Ridley, preaches in favour of lady Jane Grey, 
 325; thrown into prison by Mary, ,326; con- 
 veyed to Oxford, 329 ; hii martyrdom at Oxford, 
 336 
 Rivers, earl of, son of lady Elizabeth, queen of 
 Edward IV., appoinie<l guardian of Edward V., 
 272; arrested by Uichara dukeof Gloucester and 
 Imprisoned in Pontefract castle, 273; put to death 
 in Pontefract castle, 274 
 Rivers, earl of, father of lady Elizabeth Grey, 266; 
 executed by the rebels in the reign of Edward 
 IV, 267 
 Rizziu, David, made French aecretarjr to Mary 
 queen of Scots^ 345 ; excites the jealousy of 
 Darnley, 346 ; his assassination, 346 
 Robert Courthose, son of William the Conqueror, 
 124 ; nominated to the duchy of Normandy, 124; 
 quarrehwith his brothers, 124 ; undutil'iil con- 
 duct to his father, 124; narrowly escapes slaying 
 him, 125; reconciled to William by his mother 
 Matilda, 135; inherits Normandy and Maine on 
 the death of his father, 126 ; powerful conspi- 
 racv of Norman nobles in support of his claim 
 to England, 127; Imprisons his brother Henry, 
 127; loyalty of Henrv, 127; invasion of Nor- 
 mandy by William Rufus, 127 ; allies with 
 William, 128; 'oesiei'"" "-".••;• :., -ivou..., .'tC, 
 his carelessntw miiU generosity, 12S; invadea 
 Scotland and compels Malcolm to do homage to 
 William, 128; joins in the tirst ciusade, 129; 
 mortgages his duchy to William, 129; falls in 
 love with Sibylla, 131 ; the throne and treasures 
 of England seized by Henry lioauclcre, 131 : 
 prppares to invade kngland, 1*33 ; treaty with 
 Henry effected by Anselm, 133; iiersecution of 
 his adherents by Henrv, 133; his disorderly 
 rule in Normandy, 13-1 ; invasions of Henrv, 
 1.34; taken prisoner with Edgar Atheling, 135; 
 imprisoned fur life at Carditf', 135; his ton 
 William, 1.35 
 Roliert. earl of Gloucester, supports Matilda against 
 St.nihen^ 139 ; reservations in his o^ith of alie- 
 glance, 1.39; renews hi». fealty, 140; br'.ngi 
 Matilda to England, 140; taken prisoner and 
 cxchsuiged fur Stephen, 141 ; his death. Hi 
 
 I 
 
950 
 
 illTfcr. 
 
 £0B 
 
 Robert, earl of Afortaigne, Joins the conspiracy to 
 dethrone William Rufus, I'il ; banished, 127 
 
 Robert III. of Scotland, summoned by Henry IV. 
 of England to do homage, '^52 ; his force^i under 
 lord Douglas defeated at Holmednn by tlie 
 Percies, uHi; the Percies commanded l>y Henry 
 IV. not to ransom their prisoners, 'iZi; Joins 
 the Percies and Owa in Glendwyr, '^3^: defeated 
 at Shrewsbury, ^31 ; his power usurped by the 
 duke of Albany, 'i^b ; liis death, 'iMi 
 
 Robespierre establishes the reign of terror, C29 ; 
 his execution, 629 
 
 Robinson, his fraud in the charitable corporation, 
 424 
 
 Rochester, defeat of the inhabitants of Kent by 
 the Danes at, 102 
 
 Rochester, earl of, his guilty intrigue with the 
 countess of Essex, 36S. See Cahhb 
 
 Rockingham ministry, 433, 439 
 
 Rockingham, synod of, convened, 139 
 
 Koderic, king of the (ioths, 654 
 
 Rodney, admiral, captures Martinico, 432 ; cap. 
 tures Eustatia, 439 ; defeate the French off Do- 
 minica, 439 
 
 Roger, earl of Hereford, forms a conspiracy against 
 William the Conqueror, 122; its suppression, 
 122; condemned to perpetual imprisonment, 
 
 Rogers, prebendary of St. Faul'i, his martyrdom 
 at Smithfleld, 320 
 
 'Xomc, ancient history of, 51 ; site of the city at 
 the earliest period, 51 ; the asserted rule of the 
 EtTuscdnii in Rome, 52 ; history of Romulus, 52 ; 
 rape of the Sabines, 52 ; reign of Numa, 52 ; 
 the Horatil and Curatii, ,53; Hostilius and 
 Ancus Marcius, .53; Tarquinius Prisons, 53; 
 reign of Servius Tullius, 53 ; Sextus 'I'arquinius, 
 64 ; story of Lucretia, 64 ; geographicil liistory 
 of the kingly period in Rome, 54 ; the alleged 
 change from a kingly to a republican form of 
 Kovernment, 64 ; story of Horatius Codes, .'>4 ; 
 battle of Lake Hegillus and end of the Tar- 
 quinian dynasty, ,'j5 ; strugules between the 
 Patricians and the Plebeians, 5' , stonr of Lucius 
 Junius Rrutus, 66; and of Corinfanus, 56; 
 agrarian disputes, 56, 57 ; secession of the Faliian 
 gins, 56 ; law of Publilius Valero, 56 ; desire for 
 a code of written laws, 57 ; exile of Kuso Quinc- 
 tius, 537 ; capture of the capitol by Qurnus Her- 
 donius, 57 ; stoiy of L. Siccius Uentatus, 57 1 
 appointment of the decemvirs, 57 ; career of 
 Appius Ciauditis, 57i 58 ; story of Virginia, 58, 
 69 ; intrigues and death of Spurius Melius, 59 ; 
 siege and fall of Veil) 59; deieat of the Romans 
 at the Allia, 6U ; Hume sacked and burnt l)y the 
 Oauls, 60 ; the Gallis destroyed by Camillus, 60 ; 
 the Samnite and Latin wars, 61 ; campaign 
 aeainst Pyrrhus, 61 ; enters into an alliance witli 
 Ptolemy Phiiadelphui., 61 ; luxury lirsl intro> 
 duced into Rome, 61 ; causes of the first Punic 
 war, 61 ; defeat of Kegulus, 61 ; end of the first 
 Funic war, 61 ; causes of the second Punic 
 war, 61 ; victories of Hannibal, 61 ; and of 
 the younger Scipio, 61 ; the war with Philip 
 <u..l A .rseii^, C;-; '* *-<ction of Carthage by 
 the Romani under Scipio, o^ ', their '.ctories 
 in Greece and Spain, 62 ; capture of Jugurtha, 
 62 ; Insurrection of Italy against Rome, 62 ; the 
 wars with Mithridateg, king of Pontus, 62; 
 servile insurrection under Spartacus, 62; con- 
 spiracy of Catalina, 62 ; the tirst triumvirate, 
 63 ; career of Julius Caesar. 63 ; his assassination 
 in the senate, 63 ; Octavius Cesar, ii3 ; formation 
 of the second triumvirate, 63 ; the consequent 
 horrors in Rome, 63 ; Octavius, sole master rf 
 Rome, 64 ; ccramencement of the Roman 
 empire, 64 ; history of the empire, 64 
 
 Romulus, history of, 52 
 
 Rooke, sir George, his capture of Gibraltar, 415 ; 
 refusid a vote of thanks and dismissed fVom his 
 iMimmand, 416 
 
 Rosamond, fair, daughter of Lord ClifTord, 159. 
 
 Roses, war of the, 259 
 
 SAO 
 Roslin, battle of, 108 
 Rossi, count, assassination of, 'M 
 Rouen, siege of by Philip 11. of France, 172 
 House, siieaker of Rarebones' parliament, 3j6 
 Royal Exchange, burning of, 4'J6 I 
 
 Koyal George, loss of, 439 j 
 
 Rump parliament, established by Cromwell, Son- ' 
 digest a charge of high treason against dharlcj 
 I., .TJO ; name a high court of Justice for ih.. 
 trial, 390 ; attempt to weaken the power nf itig 
 army, 395 ; thi ow out a petilion of the army fur I 
 redress of grievances and payment of arrears, ' 
 396 ; extreme animosity between it and tlie ' 
 army, 396 ; dissolved by Cromwell, 3'Jfi ; in- 
 vited to reinstate itself by the cabal of W'al. 
 lingford, 399 ; dissolved by Lambirt, ,'w9 • 
 rpasseinbleg, 399 ; hails the restoration of Ctiailu 
 II., 399 
 Rurik, founder of the Russian empire, 72S 
 Russell, lord William, his connection with the Rve. 
 
 house plot, 406 ; his execution, 4li6 
 Russell, lord John, takes ofHce in earl (ircy's re^ 
 form ministry, 488 ; passing of his rtl'or'm bill 
 (see Kepobm) ; forms a whig ministrv, ,')I8; 
 deliateon the foreign iHilicy of his government, 
 627 ; his letter to tlie bishop of Durham on ilie 
 papal aggression, 528; ministerial crisis, O'i'Jj 
 dismissal of lord Fdlmerston from the foreign 
 secretaryship, 530; defeat on the militia liill, 
 53(1; resignation, 5.30; his reform ineasuve of 
 1854,5,38; his oaths' bill, 539,55.2; his liill for 
 reform ng the univer.-ity of Oxford, 5lUj sent to 
 Vienna> 542 ; his reform measure of IbCO, 
 557 
 Russia, history of, 728; its ancient inhaliitanis, 
 728 ; reign of Hurik, 728 ; introduction of Chris. 
 tiaiiity in the leign of Vladimir, 728 ; wars with 
 the Poles and Tartars, 729 ; progress of civiii. 
 sation, 7.30; reign of Peter the Great, T.'D; 
 reign of Catherine II., 732; war with ilie 
 French, 732 ; assassination of Paul, 732 ; rtiiin 
 of the emperor Alexander, 732; Irtatii's with 
 N-;poleon Buonaparte, 732 ; Napoleon's inva. 
 slon of Russia, 734; march to Moscow, 7jij 
 biirning of Moscow, 734 ; retreat of the FrenJi, 
 734 ; alliance between Russia, Prussia, and 
 Austrik, against Napoleon, 735 ; battle of Leipjic, 
 735; alHiication of Napoleon, 736; llussian de- 
 sign of expelling the Turks from Europe, 736i 
 acquisitio.i of Moldavia as far as the Pruih; 
 tiecsarabla, and the chief mouths of the Danute 
 by the treaty of Bucharest, 736; acquisiiioni 
 east of the Black Sea, and the exclusive navii;a- 
 tlon of the Caspian, by the treaty of Tiflis, "jti; 
 aimexation of Poland, 736; accession of the em- 
 peror Nicholas, 737 ; Insurrection at St. Peters- 
 burg, 737 ; war with Persia, 737 ; war with 
 Turkey, 737 ; invasion of Bulgaria and c?.;iture 
 of Varna, 737; successful 'campaign in the Cau- 
 casus, 737 ; Asiatic campaign of Pasklewitch, 
 737 ; Diebitsch takes Silistna, crosses the iial- 
 kan, and reaches Adrianople, 738 ; treaty of 
 Adrianople, 738 ; the Crimean war, 5.16, ill, 
 542, 544 ; growth uf Sebastopol, 738 ; outliteak 
 of the Criinean war, 758, 815; invasion of the 
 Crimea, 738 ; diversioil made by the allies inihe 
 Baltic, 740 ; the bombardment of Swcaborj, 
 740; death of the emiieror Nicholas, 740; cap- 
 ture < t .- '.'hastopol, 7 tl ; and of Kinliurn, 741; 
 conclus. :i: of peace, 742 ; the emancipation of 
 the seifs by Alexander II., 742; revolt of the 
 Pmesinl863, 750 
 RuthVenj John Alexander, conspiracy of, ttgaiii'l 
 
 the life tif James VI. of Scotland, 616 
 Rutlandt earl of, his mean and treaclterous con* { 
 
 duct in the reign of Henry IV., 231 
 Rye- house plot, 406 
 Ryswick, ueaty of, 415 
 
 C A BI N E<< , rape of the, 53 < 
 
 *^ Sacheverel, his violent sermon, 417 ; hli 014 
 417 ' » I 
 
 Savoy annexed t 
 
■ermon,417iIii>ttlilil 
 
 Sadducees, rise of the sect of the, 46 
 
 SI. Allmns, hattle of, Ml), V(i3 
 
 St. liartholomew, massacre of, 352 
 
 St. Christopher's island, 897 
 
 St, Domingo, island of, its history, 893 
 
 St. Kustatius, island of, 87.^ 
 
 St. Helena, Napo ion's residence there, 47(5 
 
 St. John, lord lto!inf;broke, intrigues against the 
 whigs, 417; made secretary of stale. 118; his 
 mission to France, 418 ; his qu.irrel with Harley, 
 419; deprived of office on the accession of 
 GeorRe I., 419; impeached by Walpole, iW; 
 flies to the continent, 4iiO ; his death, 4'i9 
 
 St, Leonard's hospital, rebellion concerning, in the 
 relRn of Kdward IV., 266 
 
 St I.iicia, island of, 901 
 
 St. PetPT's field, riot at, 478 
 
 St. Ruth, commander of the tbrces of James II. 
 at Aughrim, 413 
 
 St. Vincent, battle of, 449 ; island of, 901 
 
 Sflsuntum, siege and conquest of, fil 
 
 Salailin, captures Jerusalem and expels the Chris- 
 tians from Palestine, 1.^6 ; breaking out of the 
 third crusade, 156; defeated by Richard Ooeur 
 de Lion, 165; fanciful treaty with Kichard, 
 lU; his death, 165 { proclamation over his 
 winding-sheet, 165 
 
 Salamanca, battle of, 4RS 
 
 Salamis, battle of, 43, 49 
 
 Saldanha, duke de, overthrows the ministry of 
 count de Tbcmar in Portugal, CS 
 
 8a'e, sir Bobert, his disastrous retreat from Ca- 
 Imul, fj05', killed at the battle of Moodkee. 
 ,61« 
 
 gtlmaneser, king of Assyria, takes the Jews captive 
 into Nineveh, 46 
 
 Samnite war, 6 1 
 ! Samson, iudge of Israel, 45 
 i Samuel, chosen iudce of Israel, 45 
 
 Sandwich islands, !K)9 
 
 Samlwlch, the Danes defeated bv Athelstan at, 84 
 
 Sanrtvs, defeat of his motion for the dismissal of 
 I Walpole, 425 
 I Sannr, king of Fzrsia, wars of the Romans with, 
 
 : Ssiagossa, taken by the French, 464 
 
 Sanlinia, accedes to the Anglo-French alliance, 
 Jtti; agitation of count Cavour, 766; count 
 VValewski'g speech in the conference of iS'ifi, 
 76G ; alliance between Fr.ance and Sardinia, 767 ; 
 the war with Austria in 1859, 767-769; forma- 
 tion of the kingdom of Italy, 770-772 ; Joins 
 in the revolutionary movement against Austria, 
 764 ; history of, 787 ; island of, 788 
 
 Satuininus, defeat of, 67 
 
 Saul, king of Israel, his reign, 45 
 
 Sautre, William, his martyrdom in the reign of 
 Henry IV., 231 
 
 Savage, John, plots against the life of queen Eli- 
 lalielh, 355 
 
 Ssfille, his bill for the repeal of the catholic dis- 
 abilities, 437 
 
 Satoy annexed to France, 5.'>5 
 
 Savoyards, unjustly favoured by Henry III. of 
 Eugland, 1^3 
 
 Saxons, invade Britain under Hengist and Horsa, 
 74 J tstablishment of the Heptarchy, 76 ; his- 
 tory of the seven kingdoms. See Hbptarchv. 
 Introduction of Christianity, 76 ; subjection of 
 the Heptarchy to Egbert, 82: their condition 
 after the dissolution of the Heptarchv, 82 ; in- 
 vasions of the Danes, 82 ; kingdom cfivided by 
 Ethelwolf, 84 ; granting of tythes to the clergy, 
 S5 J re-union of the kingdom under Ethelbert, 
 S.'>; reign of Alfired the Great, 86; establish- 
 ment of a Danish dynasty, lilt, 105; crown 
 reverts to the 8axons under Edward the Con- 
 fessor, 107; Norman invasion, 113, See Enu- 
 
 lAKD 
 
 Saxe, marshal, defeated the English at Fontenoy, 
 
 4?6 
 Sc^ipula, takes Caractarus prisoner, 45 - 
 Schonbrun, t;Batj at, 464 
 
 Scinde, war against the Ameers, 508 ; capture of 
 Hyderabad, .'lOH ; annexation of Scinde to the 
 
 Anglo-Indian empire, 50S 
 
 Schiio the Voungcr, his great victory at Zama,61 « 
 defeated by llannlbal, til ; his destruction of 
 Carthage, 62 
 
 Scoerton, Edmund Ironside defeated by the Danes 
 at, 101 
 
 Scotland, hl.itory of, 603 ; origin of the Scots, 603 ; 
 pass over into Ireland and obtain the name of 
 Scuyts or wanderers, 603 ; return to Caledonia, 
 603 ; associated with the Picts in >he war against 
 the Koman province of South Britain, 603 ; 
 union of the Picts and Romans against the 
 Scots, 603; Scots and Picts invade England 
 after the retirement of the Romans, 604 ; sub- 
 sequent wars between the Picts and Scots, 604 ; 
 Invasions of the Danes, 606 ; reforms of Kenneth 
 III., 605; war between Malcolm and Sweyn, 
 606 ; murder of Duncan and usurpation of 
 Macbeth, 606; defeat of Maclwth by Malcolm 
 III., 606; Malcolm III. compelled to do homage 
 to William the Conqueror, 606; treaty with 
 William Hufus, 607 ; David espouses the cause 
 of Maud against Stephen, 607; Alexander III. 
 defeats Haco, king of Norway, 607 ; contentions 
 ofHruceand Baliol for the crown, 608 ; inter- 
 ■vention of Edward 1. of England, 608 ; appear- 
 ance of sir William Wallace, 608; rival claims 
 of Robtrt Bru . and Edward I. to the Scottish 
 crown, 608 ; accession of Hobert II., the first of 
 the Stuatts, 608 ; imprisonment of James I. in 
 England, 609 ; reign of James I., 609 ; ag- 
 grandises the crown at the expense of the 
 nobles, 609 ; reinn of James II., 609 ; renewed 
 ettbrts to humble the nobility, 609 ; murder of 
 William earl of Douglas, and ruin of his family, 
 610; reign of James III., 610; disgusts hU 
 nobles by his favourites, 610; James IV. heads 
 a rebellion against his father and r^ >tains the 
 throne, 611; slain in the battle of Flodden 
 Field, 611 ; accession of James V. and regency of 
 the duke of Albany, 611 ; contentions with the 
 nobility aggravated by a war with Henry VIII., 
 612; accession of the infant queen Mary, 612; 
 negotiations for the marriaue of Marv with 
 Edward, son of Henry VIII., 6i2, e preed to by 
 the regent Arran, but opposed by cardinal 
 Beaton, 612; Invasion of Scotland by the En- 
 Blish, 612 ; murder of cardinal Beaton by 
 Norman lycslie, 613 ; defeat of the Scots at 
 Pinkey, 613; proposed marriage between queen 
 Mary and Francis the dauphin, 613; Mary sent 
 to Prance, 613; preaching of Knox, 613; Mary 
 the queen dowager obtains the regency, 613; 
 marriage of Marv the young queen with Francis, 
 
 613 ; Marv and Francis assume the title of queen 
 and king o'f England in opposition to Elizabeth, 
 
 614 ; insurrection of the Protestants in Scotland 
 against the <iueen regent, 611; death of Francis, 
 614; Mary returns to Scotland, 614; marries 
 Damlev, 615; murder of her favourite Rizzio, 
 615; murder of Darnley, 615; marriage with 
 Bothwell, 615; resigns the crown to her son, 
 James Vl. under the regency of the earl of 
 Murrav, 615 ; escapes to hngland, 615 ; regen- 
 cies of Lenox, Mar, and Morton, 616; imprison- 
 ment and execution of Mary in England, 616; 
 coiispir.icv of Ruthven against the lives of James, 
 617 ; accession of James to the throne of Eng- 
 land, 618 ; its effects on the political and social 
 state of Scotland, 618; events from the reign of 
 Cliarles I. to the death of William III., 618; 
 the union of the two kingdoms, 619 
 
 Sculpture, cultivation of, in ancient Greece, 49 
 Search, right of, disputes with the United States 
 
 respecting the, 552 , 
 
 Sebastopol, growth of, 738 ; siege of, 541, 739-74U 
 
 capture of, 541, 739 
 Sedgmoor, battle of, 631 
 Segrace, John de, defeated by the Scots at Hoslint 
 
 198 
 Seleucia taken by the Romans, G5 
 
 li-f 
 
952 
 
 Iiitiv):. 
 
 SEI. 
 
 8elllii, h\% tupposed Mtvmpl to uuuinate the duke 
 of CumlierUnd, 4l>() 
 
 Sennacherib, king o( Aisyrln, 42 
 
 Septungint translation of the Old Tntnmcnt, 4li 
 
 Serfjius Ualba, the emperor, hitter; of the reiffn of, 
 6> 
 
 Serinnapatam, taken l>; the Enftllth, 451 
 
 Scrriant, the, under 'l'iirki>h rule, M14 
 
 Hervile innurrection in IU>ine, G'i 
 
 Servlut Tulllui, re'^n of, 63 ; his alleged legislative 
 lalmurs, A3 
 
 Sesoslriii, 4 1 
 
 Severua, emperor of Rome, hittor; of hi> reiRn, 
 (>G 
 
 Sevmour, Jane, attracts the admiration of Hentr 
 VlII.,."liSi married to Henry, WJ ; givea birth 
 toKdward Vl.,3l2i her death, 31'^ 
 
 Seymour, lord, marries Cnthcnne I'arr, the widow 
 uf Henry VIII., .'^IH; rivalrv with Somerset, 
 31H; tampers with Edward VI., 319; on the 
 death of his wife surf for the hand of the 
 princess Klizabeth, 319; his treasonous attempts 
 ibr obtaining 'the erown, 319 ; committed to the 
 Tower, 319 ; condemned and executed, 3'^l) 
 i Shaftesbury, earl of, 401 ; his connection with the 
 I Kye-house plot, 406 ; flies to Holland, 40ti 
 I Sharpe, Dr., suspended h/' James II., 4 10 
 I Shaw, Dr., his sermon in aid of Kichoid III., S75 
 I Shem, children of, 2 
 
 Sheppi.>y, isle uf, descent of the Danes, S.t; fortified 
 by the Danes, 81 ; occupied as winter quarters, 
 81 
 
 Sheridan, his speech on the prosecution of Warren 
 Hastings, 411 
 
 Ship-money levied by Charles I., 377; opposed by 
 llampdeii, .'^79 
 
 Shore, Jane, mistress of Edward IV., 'i75 ; charged 
 with sorcery and does nenance, 'Hi 
 
 Shovel, sir CInudesley, 416 
 
 Shrewsbury, battle o'f, V53 
 
 Shrewsbury castle, besieged by Edric the forester, 
 119 
 
 Shrewsbury, earl of, supports Robert Courthose In 
 opposition to Henry lleaiiclerc, 1.35; rontiscation 
 of his estates, 131; goes into exile, 131 
 
 Sibylla, daughter of the count of ConvenanBt mar- 
 ried to Hobert Courthose, 131 
 
 Siccius Dentatus, L., story of, 57 
 
 Sicily, expedition of Carthaginians into, 59 ; history 
 of, 7«6 
 
 Sidney, Algernon, his connection with the Rye- 
 house plot, 406 ; his execution, 406 
 
 Sidney, sir ' hilip, his death at the siege of Zut- 
 phen, 3.'o 
 
 Sigebert, king of East Anglia, tiain by Penda, king 
 of Mercia, 81 
 
 Sigefert, murdered by Edric duke of Mercia, 104 ; 
 marriage of his widow to Kdmund, 101 
 
 Sigefort, the Dane, his superior ships, ill 
 
 Sikhs. See Punjauh 
 
 Silistria, siege of, 817 
 
 Simnel, bambert, i istructed by Richard Simon 
 the priest to pf:sonate first Richard duke of 
 York and then tLe earl of Wntwick, it83 ; com- 
 mences his public career in Ireland, SH'i : pr'c 
 duction of the real earl of Warwick by Menr; 
 VII., '284; supplied with troops by ib- duchess 
 of Burgundy, V8 1 ; defeateil and taken prisoner 
 by Henry, tt84 iVmade a scullion in the royal 
 kitchen, '284 
 
 Simon, Richard, brings forward Lambert Simnel to 
 iiersonate Richard duke of York, VS3 ; teaches 
 fiim to personate the young earl of Warwick, 
 884 ; defeated and taken prisoner at Stoke, '284 
 
 Simon the .lust, high priest, his reign, 46 
 
 Simon de Montford. See Lbickstkr 
 
 Sinope, destruction of the Turkish fleet at, 538, 
 816 
 
 Sithric the D>uie, made king of Northumberland, 
 94 
 
 Siward, duke of Northnmberland, suppresses the 
 revolt of Worcester against the Danegelt, 107 i 
 Ills rivalry with Harold, son of earl (iodwin, 110; 
 
 SPA 
 
 his sticccmcs in Scotland over Macl)cih the I 
 usur;icr, I in I 
 
 Slave trade, agitation concerning, 411 ; debate 1 
 upon, 41'2; abolished, 4t>ll; final uL ,lition of I 
 slavery in the West Indies, 4!)l ' 
 
 Aleswig Hnlslcin, war concerning, 70 
 
 Smerdls, 43 ^ 
 
 Siniih, sir Harry, defeats the Sikhs nt Allwal, 
 517; governor of the Cape in the CalFre war 
 631 I 
 
 Smith, sir Sidney, evacuates Toulon, 441 ; u\en 
 prisoner and tent to Paris, 418; succcufuji, 
 defends Acre against lluonaparte, 461 
 
 Sobicski, John, his wars against tlie Turks, 71( 
 
 Sobraon, battle of, 517 
 
 ScriPty islands, 908 
 
 Sogdianus, king of Persia, 43 
 
 Solferino, battle of, 769 
 
 Solyman, emperor of the Turks, defeated tv ihi 
 tint Crusaders, iM ' 
 
 Solomon, king of Israel, his reign, 45 
 
 Somerset, duke of, protector of Englatid In the 
 retgj; of Edward VI., S49 ; opposition of 
 Wriotteslejr, earl of Southampton, '24!» ; advan- 
 ces the reformation, .'^IG; opposition of Bonner 
 and Gardiner, 31U ; inv.ides Sroilaiiil, 517; 
 gains the battle of Pinkey, 318; returns lo 
 England, 318 ; repeals the laws against i-ollatdi 
 and hernsy, 318 ; rivalry of lord Seymour, 
 .'IIS t condemnation and execution of iieymour, 
 31!)- Issues a commission to enquire into the 
 » .of the rural people, .'iiiO ; his unpopulariti 
 vtith the mt.'jility, .'>'21 ; active hostility of 
 Warwick and Southampton, .T22 ; dismiaed 
 from the protectorate, ^Ti ; sent to the 'I'owir, 
 3'2tt ; restored to lilierty and re-admitted to tht 
 council, 3ti'2 ; condemned and vxecoled, ^'n 
 
 Somerset, earl of, the poise er (tf sjr 'i'honni 
 Overbury, .1fi9. See Carrr 
 
 Soult, marshal, his engagement with sir John I 
 Moore at Corunna, 4St ; enters Portugal, but I 
 retreats before Wellcsley and Ueresford, 4(i4; 
 defeated at Talavera,4(i4 ; defeated bv Keri'ifuid 
 at Alhiiera, 466 ; retreats beyond the ryteiieo, 
 471 ; useless battle near Toulouse, 473 
 
 Sound dues, the, abolished, 5)9 
 
 Southampton, WTlotte<ley, earl of, his opposition lo 
 Somerset, protector of Edward VI., 3Ui r^ 
 moved from the council, 316; restored to the 
 council by Somerset, 3'21 ; his active ho<itilitvta 
 Somerset, 3'21 ; descent of the Danes upon, I'UI 
 
 South Saxons, kingdom of the. See Hbptahch( 
 
 Soultwsea scheme, history of, 42 1 
 
 Spall., history of, 663; originally peopled by thi 
 Celts and Iberians 6.'i3 ; ancient trade with the 
 Phccnicians and Carthaginian:, 6.'>3 ; anneied 
 to the Roman republic under 'he name orijii- 
 pania, fi.'i.l ; war against Viriathus in i.usilanii 
 or Portugal, 653 ; final conquest by Kripio 
 ^mllianus, 653 ; revolt of Sertorius repretsed 
 by Pompey, 654 ; Roman supremacy, fiAt : ei- 
 tablishment of the kingdom of the Visijpihi, 
 66 1 ; Inva-ion of the Saracens or Moon, C.M| 
 defeat of Roderic, 664; Moorish supremaev,(;54; 
 invasion of Charlemagne, 654 ; establistirocni 
 of Christian principalities, 656 ; overthrow oflht 
 Moorish supremacy, 665 ; injurious Influence of 
 the Jews in Spain,665 ; their banishn;enl,6Mi 
 the Cortes, 666 ; interference Of England villi 
 the affairs of Spain in the reign of Kdward HI., 
 656 ; reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, dhti ; ori. 
 Bin of the Inquisition, 666; expulsion of the I 
 Moors, 666 ; discovery of A me. a by Columbus, j 
 657 ; accession of Charles V., 6 7 ; obt.tins the | 
 imperial crown, 667; appoints the diet at Worim, } 
 667 ; insurrection in Spain, 667 ; French in. 
 ▼asion of Francis I., 668 ; defeat of Charles b] | 
 the chevalier Bayard, 668 ; his visit to the coun ] 
 of Henry VIII., 668 ; Francis I. invades ilim, 1 
 668 ,- compelled by the army of Charles V. u ( 
 raise the siege of Paria, 668 | carried iirisoneru j 
 Madrid, 659 ; signs the treafr called t'le peiceif I 
 Madrid, 659 ; storming of Home by the fiircal 
 
r 
 
 intfcr. 
 
 953 
 
 OTer Macl)cth th«| 
 
 irkii defeated b; tht 
 
 SPA 
 
 STR 
 
 rfCharle* V^fiMi peace of Cambrajr,6fin ; de- 
 |irp<latinn<i of Barhnrnssa, the A\nerine |>irnic, 
 m; Kloricus exppditlon of Charles V. BjiainM 
 I)arl)arossa, fiCd; riiliire of (he liecond expedi- 
 tion, GfiO; renewal (if the war with Francis I., 
 fifil; trealjof (^respy, fi61 ; atidlcates hit throne, 
 fifil ; his death and chararter, 661 ; accession of 
 Philip II., (i6l : his marriiiKe with Mary queen 
 of Knftland, 6fl^ ; campaiRn in Flanders, iitj'i i 
 capture of St. Qi)entin, fi62 ; bigotry and per- 
 Kcutinn of Fhili)) II., 66'i ; establishment of the 
 Inauisltion, fifi.T ; insurrection in Flanders, (ifi.t ; 
 William of OranKe conspires with Eeniont and 
 Horn, fifi3 ; Philip recalls cardinal (iranTelle 
 from the RovemmenI of Flanders and au)>oints 
 A'va, fi63 ; b|qody despotism of Alva, 6Gi ; ex- 
 ecu;' jn of EKniont and Horn, G61 ; successful 
 revolt in the Netherlands under William of 
 Oranite, 664 ; Phi|i|i II. obtains the kinRdom of 
 FortUKal, 661 ; tends the i;reat armada against 
 England, 665 ; his death and character, 665 s 
 leipn of Philin III. and Philip IV., 665 j con- 
 test between I'liillp V. and the archduke Charlrs 
 for the crown, 66'. ; ambitious projects of cardi. 
 nal Alteroni, 666 ; war with England, 666 : 
 rcim of Chi)rles IV., 667 : wiministratinn of 
 OoUoy, 6'57 ; connection with N.»poleon Huona- 
 p,irte, 667 ; quarrels c' the royal family, 667 ; 
 lypointment of •Toseph Duonanarte to the 
 wverclRntv, 667; final retreat ot the French, 
 66»; accessionof Ferdinand VII., 663; general 
 dissatisfaction with the xovemmcnt, 6';9 ; loss of 
 the American colonies, 669 ; insurrections in 
 favour of the constitution, 669 ; Ferdinand 
 lirears to accept the consiitution of 18114 and to 
 inmmon the Cortes, 670; tlireatened struggle 
 between absolutism and revolution, 670; armed 
 intervention of the French under the duke of 
 .'Vngoultmc, 671 ; establishment of a regency, 
 fill ; persecution of the partisans of the const!- 
 lution, 671; insurrections of the Carlisis, 672; 
 death of Ferdinand VII., 672 ; rival claims of 
 Hon Carlos and Isabella II. to the throne, 672; 
 barbarous character of the contest, 672 ; British 
 legion in aid of Isabella, 678; history of the 
 Curllst and Christina warfare, 67.'^ ; final triumph 
 o»er the (Jarlisfs, '674 i retirement of the queen 
 regent Christina, 675 ; Espartero appointed sole 
 regent during tl)e minority of Isabella, 675 ; 
 forced by an insurrection to escape to England, 
 675 ; return of Christina, 675 ; her marriage to 
 Munoz, 675 ; the marriages of queen Isabella 
 and the infanta, 676 ; indignation of England, 
 676; arbitrary conduct of the goremment of 
 N'arvaez, 676 ; remonstrance of the English 
 government, 676 ; recall of the several ambas- 
 sadci, 676 ; reconciliation through the media- 
 i;. ii of the Ung of the Belgians, 676 ; retirement 
 of Narvaez, 676; American expedition to Cuba, 
 lu failure, 676 ; .he revolt of 1854, 677; flight 
 of qfieen Christina and her ministers, 677 ; pro- 
 motion of general O'Donnell, 677 ; Madrid 
 declared in a state of siege, 677 : the war with 
 Morocco, 677; attempt of the count of Monte- 
 molln on the throne of Sp.iin, 677 ; part taken 
 by Spain in the expedition to Mexico, 677 ; vic- 
 tories of the Romans in, 62 
 Spanish marriapea, 6>5 
 
 *parta, devastates Greece and enslaves Athens, 
 49; conquered by Epaminondas and Felopldas, 
 49 ; body of laws of, 49 ; rise of, 49 
 ppartacua, revolt of, 62 
 
 Ppenser, Hugh de, favourite of Edward II., 203 ; 
 I r.is insolence and cupidity, 20.1 ; obtains the 
 barony of John de Mowbray, 203; open war 
 declared by the barons, 203 s sentenced to con- 
 nsration of goods and (lerpetual exile, 804 ; re- 
 called \n fadward, 201 ; obtains the lion's share 
 or the forfeitures after the battle of Borough- 
 bridge, 204 ; barbarous death of the two Spen- 
 
 jpitaiatldi' , riots in, 486 
 ppilhead, loutiny at, 4 19 
 
 Ppiirlus Casslus, his treaty with Carthanr, 52, 54 
 Spurius Miulius, intrigues and death uf, 69 
 Sjiurs, battle of the, 296 
 Stacev, tried anil executed for sorcery in the nfgn 
 
 of Edward IV., 272 
 Stallnnl, earl of, condemned and executed on the 
 
 infurmatlon of 'I'ltus ( )atcs, 403 
 Stafibrd, sir Humphrey, his rebellion in the reign 
 
 of Henry VII., 282 
 St. Albans, foundation of the monastery of, by 
 
 Offa, king of Mercia, 81 
 St. Michael's Motjnt, Normandy, Henry (after. 
 
 wards Henry I. of England) besieged In, 128 
 Stamp Act, the Ainefican, 4.53 
 Standard, battle of the, 140 
 Stanley, Iprd chaml)crlaln, in the reign of Henry 
 VII., 289; accused of high treason it. favouring 
 the designs of Perkin Warbeck ; his execution, 
 289 
 Star Chamber, Its power extended by J>«d In the 
 reign of Charles I., 379; abolirhed by act of 
 parliament, .'181 
 Stephen, count of Aumalc, formidable conspiracy 
 in his favour, in the reign of William Kufus, 
 128 ; broken up by William, 128 
 Steohen, count of Blois, marries Adela, daughter 
 ot William the Conqueror^ 138 ; his two sons 
 Henry and Stephen, lr)8 
 Stephen, son of hteplien count of Blois and Adela 
 daughter of William the Conqueror, 1.18 ; 
 married Matilda, daughter of Eustace coimt of 
 Boulogne. 138; hi^'ily favoured by Henry I. of 
 England, l.'^S; schemes for the throne on the 
 death of Henry, 138 ; crowned by William arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, LIS ; publishes a charter 
 and obtains a bull from the pope, 138 ; comes to 
 terms with (leofFrey Plantageiiet, the husliand 
 of Matilda, l.W ; adhesion of Kobert duke of 
 U louce>ter to the cause of M atilda, 1 39 ; ominous 
 demands of the barons, 139 ; inva<ion of David 
 of Scotland, the uncle of Matilda, 140; defeat 
 of David in the bdttle of the Standard, 140; 
 attacks of Stephen on the right of the lords 
 spiritual to fortify tlieir castle^, UOj arraigned 
 by 'he synod at Westminster, 1 40 ; Invasion of 
 Matilda, 140; civil war between Stephen and 
 Matilda, 140 ; Stephen taken prisoner, 141 ; at- 
 tachment of the Londoners to his cause, 141 ; 
 released by his partisans, 141 ; renewal of the 
 civil war, 141; retirement of Matilda, 111; Ste- 
 phen regains the throne, but excites fresh dis- 
 contents, 142 ; invasion of Henry, son of Matilda, 
 142; treaty between Stephen and Henry, 142; 
 death of Stephen. 142 
 Stephen, king of Hungary, his conversion to Chris- 
 
 tianitv, 704 
 Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, supports Ed. 
 gar Atheling, 114: lenders his submission to 
 William of Normandy, 114; not permitted to 
 crown William, 114; accompanies William on 
 his return to Normandy, 1 15 ; his ruin effected, 
 120 
 Stirling, siege of, by Charles Edward, 427 
 Stoke, defeat of the rebellion of Lambert Sironel 
 
 at, 281 
 Stopford, admiral, bombardment of Acre, 502 
 Strachan, sir Richard, commander in the Wal> 
 
 cheren expedition, 465 
 Strafford, earl of, minister of Charles I., 379 ; im- 
 peached of high treason. 381 ; A 'ndoncd by 
 Charles, 381 ; executed, 381 
 Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, excites the 
 anger of Eldward III. by delay in realising the 
 taxes, 213 i general sentence of excommunica- 
 tion against all who attacked or accused the 
 clergy, 213; his letter to Edward III., 214; 
 demands admission to parliament without having 
 received a summons, 214 
 Strongl>ow, Richard, espouse* the cause of Dermot 
 Macmurrough, 574 ; obtains Henry ll.'s per- 
 mission to Invade Ireland, 575 ; marries Eva, 
 the daughter of Macmurrough, 575 ; succeeds to 
 the kinfdom of Leinster, 575 ; defeats Roderie 
 
 «■ ! 
 
054 
 
 Snlre):. 
 
 8TU 
 
 O'Connor at Dublin, ftlH; retomi to Englnnd 
 and tendera his lubmiMinn to Henry II,, C7K ; 
 maim his Irish acqulslll< ii^ ns fiefs uf the £n- 
 Rllsh crown, 676 j InsuUordinAtion of his fiit- 
 lowers, A77 ; quarrel and reconcillatinn with 
 Rnytnnnd Lc Uro«, S77 | treaty with Q'tJonnor, 
 A7H; his death, A78 
 
 Btunrt, Araliella, conspiracy for placing her oq the 
 throne, ^d t 
 
 Rluarti, the line of, ^Gl 
 
 Succession, law of. Its unsettled state in the An,;lo- 
 Salon period, 9.3 
 
 Sudbury, Slmnn, archbishop of Canterburyi slain 
 by the followers of Wat Tyler, Ti'i 
 
 Suetonius, destroys the Druids, 71 1 defeats the 
 armv of Boadlce*, Ti 
 
 Suffbli, carl of, besieges Orleans, 215; compelled 
 to retire by Joan of Arc, VIH; attempts to 
 negotiate a peace at Toum, 'iS^ ; nesotiates the 
 marriage lietween Henry VI. ^iid Margaret of 
 AnJoH, 'iHi ; Inserts the secret article respiY-.tlng 
 the cession of Maine, '2.51 ; his ex'.r.'me unponu- 
 ^rity, 857; his defence In piirli&ment, StJ7 ; 
 cl.argea brought against him, tt57 t hi* death, 
 
 Humatra, history of, 869 
 
 Surienne, sir Francis, reAises to give up Main" 
 to Charles of Anjou, 'i55; attacks the dv'teof 
 Krittany, !I55 ; compensation demand d by 
 Charles VII., 255 
 
 Surrey, earl, condemned and executed by Henry 
 VI 11., .114 
 
 Sutton, sir Robert, his fV'aud In the charitable cor- 
 poration, 421 
 
 Suwarrow, destruction of his army by Massens, 
 451 
 
 Sweaborg, bombardment of, 740 
 
 Sweating sickness in England, 280 
 
 bwedeii, history of, 719 ; unile<l with Denmark,7l9; 
 shaices oft' the Danish yoke, 719 ; elects Oustavus, 
 Vasa king, 719; great improvements in his 
 reign, 720; embraces Protestantism, 720; reign 
 of Uustavui Adolphus, 720 ; of Christina, 720 ; 
 attains the height of glory undor Charles XII., 
 721 ; change of goTemment in 1751, 721 ; reign 
 of Gustavus III., 722; his assassination, 722; 
 deposition of GusUtus IV., 722; election of 
 Bernadotte as crown prince, and his accession 
 to the throne, 725 ; union of Norway with Swe- 
 den, 723 ; forms of BOTemment, 72.* ; accession 
 of kingOsnar, 723; death of Oscar und accession 
 of Charles XV., 723 
 
 Sweyn, son of Canute and Alfven, tuceeeds to 
 the throne of Norwav, 106 
 
 Sweyn, son of earl Godwin, 882 
 
 Sweyn, king of Denmark, inrades England In the 
 reign of Etheired the Unready, 101; bribed to 
 depart, 102 ; second invasion to arenge the mas- 
 sacre of the Danes, lO.'f ; obtains the allegiance 
 of many of the English nobles, 104 ; his sudden 
 death, 104 
 
 Swinford, Catherine, wife of the duke of Lancas- 
 ter, 225 
 
 Swithin, bishop of Winchester, 85 
 
 Switzerland, history of, 751-755 
 
 Sylla, his intrigues against Marius, 62 
 
 Syracuse, taken hf the Homans, 61 
 
 Syria, massacre or Christians in, in 1860, S59, 818 ; 
 French troopi lent to, 559 ; history of, 821 
 
 rpAClTUS, emperor of Rome, his reign, 67 
 
 ''■ Tahiti, French aggressions In, 513; settlement 
 of the dispute, 513 
 
 Taku forts, capture of the, 865 
 
 Talarera, battle of, 464 
 
 Tamerlane, conqueUi of, 856 
 
 Tancred, the usurper of Sicily, failure of his 
 attempt to sow diicard between Richard II. of 
 England and Philip II. of France, 161 
 
 Tangiers, storming or, by prince JoinTilie, 644 
 
 Tarquinitu Friscus, reign cf, 53 
 
 TBE 
 
 Tarqulnlus Beitus, reign of, .^4 
 
 Ttliul, Humphrey de, the Norman, returns home I 
 
 1 l9 I 
 
 'rerentilllan rogation, the, 57, 5!) I 
 
 TeHtament, Ol , completion of the canon of the I 
 4fi 'I 
 
 Tetenhall, defeat of the Danes by KdwarU ihel 
 Killer at, 9.3 I 
 
 Tetrlius, lloman emperor, his reign, 67 ; (leffatejl 
 at the bntile of Clialon«, (i7 ■ 
 
 Teuiones, victory of Marigs over the, CV 
 
 Tewkesbury, battle of, 270 
 
 Thames tunnel, completion of, 509 
 
 Thanet, isle of, occupied by tite Danes, 86 j defeaJ 
 of the haxnns there. Hi 
 
 Thelwull, arrested for treason, 465 
 
 Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 144 
 
 Theodosius, emperor of Home, his f«ign, 68 
 
 ThermopyliB, battle of, 49 
 
 Thlntlewood, his conspiracy for the asiasdnalint I 
 of the ministers of George IV., 47U ; his tie I 
 cution, 479 I 
 
 Thoners, Uuv de, second husband of Coniianrc,! 
 170; guardian of his daughter Allrv in th,| 
 sovereignty of Brittany, 170 j Joins John auairuil 
 Phlhpll. of France, f72 * I 
 
 Thomas, the Norman archbishop of York, hjl 
 rivalry with Lanfranc, 124 
 
 Thrasymenus, lake, battle of, 61 
 
 Thurkiil, duke of Katt Anglia, 105; exiled bJ 
 ("anute, 105 
 
 Thymbra, battle of, 43 
 
 Tiberius, the emperor, reign of, 64 
 
 Tientsin, treaty of, 5,')8, 864 
 
 Tifiis, treaty of', 7.^6 
 
 Tilsit, treaty of, 462 
 
 Tinchebray, siezeof, 1,14; Dobcrt Courlho» andl 
 Edgar Atlieling taken prisoners by Henry lieu. f 
 clerc, 135 I 
 
 Tlndal, the reformer, his circulation of trarti ami I 
 a trnnsli<tlon of the Bible in the reign of Hainl 
 Vlll..7,06 I 
 
 Tippoo Sail>. son of Hyder Ally, 439; war wiilil 
 England, '■42; concludes a peace with lordrom.l 
 wailis, 443; his secret correiqipndence with ihtl 
 French Vepublic, 4.'>1 ; killed at SeriimaiiatamT 
 451 ; and iheslegeof Seringapatam, Hlii [ 
 
 Tithes, origin of, 45; first granted to the cler|!,| 
 
 Tithings, division of, bT Alfred, 91 
 
 Titus, colonel, his pamphlet ' Killing no Murdet/I 
 
 398 I 
 
 Titus, emperor of Rome, his siege of Jenmleu,! 
 
 47; his reign, 65 
 Tobago, Island of, 903 ; 
 
 Tone, Wolfe, organises the United Irishmen, 450 
 Tonge, Dr. , the tool of Titus Oates, 40 1 I 
 
 Tannage and poundage duties, levied byCh3ilg| 
 
 I., 378 ; condemned by act of parllami'nt,3'4 
 Tonstal, bishop of Durham, deprived of his seeii 
 
 the reign of Edward VI., 324 ; restored to hiii«| 
 
 by queen Mary, S**? 
 Tooke, John Home, arrested for treason, 415 
 Tosti, son of earl Godwin, marries the dauKhletgil 
 
 Baldwin earl of Flanders, 109; his tyrann;iil 
 
 .'s'orthiimherland. 111; fliei to Flanders, lllil 
 
 Joins William of Normandy against Harold, illil 
 
 enters the Uumber, 112; defeated and iUii,l 
 
 112 
 Toulon, taken by Napoleon, 444 
 Toulouse, siege of, by Henry II. of England,lll 
 Tower of l^ndon, burning of, 5i)5 
 Townshend, lord, quarrels with Walpole, W 
 Towton, battle of, 264 
 Tracey, William de, one of the murderen '| 
 
 Thomas k Becket, 151 
 Trafalgar, battle of, 457 
 Tr^an, einperor of Rome, history of his relijn, SS I 
 Transportation, discussion In the House of Ctal 
 
 mona respecting, to Western Australia, S3J 
 Treble, battle uf, 61 
 Trebonianut Gallus, emperor of Rome/hii i 
 
 66 
 
: or man, returns home,! 
 
 tanei by Kdward tliel 
 
 hit tlege of Jcruulen,! 
 
 of tht murderen» 
 
 TBB 
 
 Ifrenti R^Thtr of the, br>'l 
 
 lTre>lli»". sir Roliort, chief Jiirtlce In the rel(fn of 
 Richard II., t'i< ; declares that the council of 
 fiiurtren Is I'Irgnl, TH; accused bT the <!uke 
 pf Uloucetttr, '^'^t | arreiited end executed, 
 
 , tH 
 
 ■Trinidad, iainnd of, 90S 
 
 ITrluniTlraie.theHrattln Rome, 6.1. Thewcond, 63 
 
 ■Trojan war, the, 49 
 
 Irrotn. treaty at, between Heniv V. of England 
 
 I ind Charles VIII. of France, :^a 
 
 iTador, sir Owen, his marrlaue wiih Tathorlne, the 
 
 I lidow of Henry V., Ul'i i beheaded, I'fiS 
 
 iTudorj, the line of, •i19 
 
 ITiiIIui Hardoniua, surprises and takes the tapltol, 
 
 I " 
 
 l]iillus llostilius, Vlnp of Romp, relffn of, f>^ 
 
 iTnrketul, chancellor of KfiK""*"'!, bin Talour, !)< 
 
 liarkev, history of, 810 j ori){ln of the Ottoman 
 (mirire, 810; taking of Constantinople, 810 i 
 lenlth Ci the power of Turkey, 810 ; decline of 
 theempire, 811 ; wars lietwcen the Russians and 
 Turiis. 813; the Oreek Insurrection, Sit; de- 
 itruction of the Janlss.irles, 814 ; the question of 
 Iheholy places in .Tervisalein and Palestine, HI t ; 
 Iherriith cr(>s«e<l by the Ilussians, Hl.'>; ilestruc- 
 lionof the Turkish fleet In theharlmurof Sinope, 
 I KI6; the siege of Silistrla, 817; the siexe and 
 I fall of Kars, 817> 81S ; causes of the Kyrian 
 
 J ma~«acres, RIS 
 
 iTurlauih, succeeds Malnchi In the chief sovereignty 
 
 1 of '"■'»"''. •'''» 
 
 Tunis dey of. chrutjsed by Blake, 398 
 mvmy . duke of, obliged by Ulake to make repara- 
 nion to Kngland, .3!(8 
 
 Jiler, Wat, the blaiksmlth, his daughter Insulted 
 lijtne ;ioll'tax collector in the reign of lllchanl 
 I!., i'il ; becomes the rini^leadev of a mob of 
 rebels, Vii : procc<>dingf) of the rebels, 'i'il ; char- 
 I ler Kranted by Richard, i'i'i ; interview with 
 Ricliaid, 'iTii klll.'d by William Walworth, 
 liii; revocation of the charter, 'Hi 
 ■jrconnel, his reception of James 11., 41!) 
 lire, siege of, by Neliuchadnezzar, 4'i ; conquered 
 I bj Csmbyses, 43 
 
 Imne, Hugh O'Neill, earl of, his cordiality to the 
 lihipwrecked Spaniards of the armada,. ^hT ; his 
 I rebellion, 588 ; his success, ,'189 ; his triire with 
 llheearlof Essex, 591 ; surrenders to lordMount- 
 |>T, 591 1 escapes to Italy. 591 ; see also pages 
 |.WI,36.3 
 tirrel, Walter, unwittingly kills William Rufus, 
 
 ITFPA, founded the kingdom of the East Angles, 
 
 nirormity, act of, bicentenary of the expulsion of 
 Mi>senting ministers consequent on the, 5G3 
 kion, the parliamentary, of Kngland and Scotland, 
 MI6; nf Great Britain and Ireland, 45'i 
 hited Provinces, republic of I.:\ I'lata, 890 
 ■ited States, u|)pose the stamp act, 134 ; rejection 
 ■of their petition to the English parliament, 431 ; 
 Commence open war, 435; declare their inde- 
 lendence, 435; acknowledged by France and 
 l<pain, 436 ; acknowledged by Oreat Uritain, 
 pin; declare war against England, 467; un- 
 jjiccessful negotiations for peace, 470 ; capture 
 p tlie Chesapeake, 473; peace with England, 
 174; dispute with England concerning the 
 Ttregon territory, 518 ; its settlement, 518 ; settlc- 
 pfnt of the dispute concerning the Newfound- 
 hnd fisheries, £31 ; secession of the Southern 
 Rates from the Union, 561 ; cotton supply, 5r,ii ; 
 pe Trent affair, 06'^; expedition to Cuba, 676; 
 lUlory of, 877 ; Cisputes with Great Britain 
 TBpecting the fisheries and the Central American 
 pestion, 88'2; and respecting enlistments in 
 Itnerica for the war with Russia, 882 i the Bui- 
 |er.Cla>ton treaty, 882 ; dangers arising from 
 >rery, 882 i the question of privateering, 883 ; 
 
 VIC 
 
 secession of the Smithern States, and consequent 
 events, MH4 ; discontent of the Northern ueoiile, 
 88fi 
 Utrecht, peace of, 418 
 
 ■y.VLENS, emperor of Rome, his reign, 68 
 ' Valentinian, emperor of Rome, his reign, 
 68 
 
 Valerian, emperor of Rome, his reign, 66 
 
 Valois, house of, 6'^4 
 
 Vane, sir Harry, opposes Cromwell's dissolution of 
 the rump, 3!)6 
 
 V'anncs, siege of, by Edward lit., 215 
 
 Venaliles, admiral. Ids expedition against HIspa- 
 niola, .398 | takes .Tamaita, 3'J8 
 
 Venice, history of, 773; orii;ln of the Venetians, 
 773 ; their condition in the time of the Romans, 
 773 ; ar A.xed to Rome. 773 ; inv<ision of Alaric, 
 king of the Onths, 773 ; invaxion of Attlla, king 
 of the Huns, 775; the Venetians seek refuge in 
 the Kialto and other islands, 776; increases in 
 riches, 776; defeats the UnlinHtian pirates, 777 ; 
 invasion of the l.om>iards, 777; government of 
 Venice, 778; history of the doges, 778; con- 
 spiracies of Fallero and Ilc<lamar, 77!); story of 
 Antonio Vemier, 780 ; connection of Venice with 
 the revolutionary movements in Ita'y, 7G2, 
 763 
 
 Vermenll, battle of, 244 
 
 Vernon, admiral, his capture of Porto Beitu, 425 
 
 \'erona, congress at, 'S'i 
 
 Vespasian, the emperor, his siege of Jerusalem, 47 1 
 his reign, 65 
 
 Veil, siege and fall of, 59 
 
 Victor Emmanurl, kiiigof Sardinla.his part in the 
 Italian w.ir of liberation, 76'; salute<l king of 
 Italy, 771 ; declared king of Italy by the Italian 
 parliament, 772 
 
 Victoria, daughter of the duke of Kent, 479 ; suc- 
 ceeds William IV. on the throne, 495; rebel- 
 lion in Canada, 496 ; burning of the Royal Ex- 
 change, 496 ; coronation of the queen, 4l>6 ; 
 fresh rebellion In Canada, 496; resignation of 
 lord niellioume on the Jamaica bill, 498 ; the 
 Melbourne ministry return to office, 498; pass, 
 ing of the penny post ige bill, 49H ; invasion of 
 Affghanistan, 498; chartist riots, 499; rising 
 under John Frost in South Wales, 499; trial 
 and conviction of the ringleaders, 499 ; char- 
 tist conspiracy in Sheffleld, 500 ; marriage 
 of the queen with prince Albert, .500 j com- 
 mencement of the war with China, 501 ( 
 Oxford's attempt to shoot the queen, 601 ; 
 Louis Napoleon's attempt on Eouiogne, ,5UI ; 
 removal of Napoleon Buonaparte's remains 
 from St. Helena to Paris, 50'^; birth of the 
 princess Victoria Adelaide, 50'^ ; war in Syria, 
 502 ; taking of Acre, .50'^ ; submission of Mehe- 
 met All, 5(^2; renewal of the war with C^h'na, 
 502 ; the Melbourne ministry defeated on the 
 sugar bill, 51)4 ; vote of want of confidence car- 
 ried, 505 ; sir Robert Peel forms a Tory minis- 
 trr, 505 ; burning of the Tower of London, .W5 ; 
 birth of the prince of Wales, 505; disasters in 
 Atfghanistan, 505 ; capture of Gbuznee and 
 Caboul, 506 ; restoration of the British prison- 
 ers, 506 ; attempt of Francis to shoot the queen, 
 506; Peels bill for the better punishment of 
 sucli offenders, 507 ; the queen visits Scotland, 
 507 ; conclusion of the war with China, 507 ; 
 war with the Ameers of Srinde, 508 ; con- 
 quest of Scinde and Reloochlstan, 509 : com- 
 pletion of the Thames Tunnel, 509 ; Rebecca 
 riots in Wales, 509 ; re-e.iactment of the Irish 
 arms bill, 509; queen's visit to Louis. Philippe's 
 palace of Eu, 510; secession f^om the Scottish 
 church, 510; monster meetings in Ireland in 
 favour of repeal, 510; arrest and trial of the 
 leading agitators, 511 ; banking bills of sir 
 Robert Peel, 512; occupation of Tahiti by the 
 French, and outrage on Mr. Friichard, >I3 ; 
 3 11 
 
956 
 
 JnTffV. 
 
 vio 
 
 Loulit-Phlllptw'ii Tioll to Knqlanil, Al.f I opening 
 of the Ilojrnl Kxnhanup, .M.ii reilurlinn In the 
 t«rittV/)IA| pawliiK of ihe Mnytinoth rnilnwinrnt 
 bill, .MA ; railway mania, AlAi minliitrrlal rrl^iii 
 connecletl with tlie repeal nf the rnrn laws, AIA ; 
 Hlkh invailnKH nf llritiih Inilla, AIA ; li.ittli'« nf 
 Moodkee anil Kero/iHh.ih, AWi ; liatllea of Allwal 
 ■nd Hobraon, AI7 i >iihnil«slon of the Mkh ko- 
 Tcrninent, AIH i pkHniniiof the antl-onrn-iaw lilll, 
 SIR t reiiKn:itlon of the I'eel mlnUtryi Als i loril 
 John Ruiisall forini a Whiff minlhtry. AIH i fa- 
 mine In Irrlinil, Al<)| dispute with the Unlle<l 
 Hialei roiicemlnK the i irt>Kon territory, APJi 
 great chartUt (lemniiHlratioii on the lllth of 
 April, AW i attemiitiKl r«l«ll>on of Smith O'llrlcn 
 and Mituliell In Ireland, A'^lll koUI ilUrovcrlrs 
 in California, AV8 j murder of AKm-w and An- 
 derson at Mnultan, .Vi'l ; tUge of Mnulinn, A'^1 ; 
 desertion of Hhere NInuh. 'I'i^ i cavalry attack on 
 a fort of the Chpnali at llamnuxKur, 'i'25 ; taking 
 of Mooltan hy W'hihh, ti'H ; murderuUH battle of 
 Chllllanwallah, 'I'^A ; fflorlnUH battle of (ionjeral, 
 6'iS; annexation of the Punjaub, fi'ifi ( cholera 
 vlaitationof IHIU, A2l>i the queen's vi>it to Ire 
 land) A!ifi ; afTairn of Greece and recall of the 
 French ainba!iaadur,A'^7; Important debate on the 
 foreign policy of Kofernmetit, A'^7 ; death of sir 
 Hobert Peel, A2H ; papal aaare^ision In connection 
 with cardinal Wiseman, SuH ) ministerial crisis, 
 AV9 ; the ecclesiastical titles bill, b'i'J i the Great 
 Enhlbilion, A'29; dismissal of lord Palmerston 
 from the foreign secretaryship, A^O; resignation 
 of lord John Kussell on the militia bill, A.'V)- for- 
 mation of the I)ert)y ministry. A.'!); Uur.tese 
 war, A.I 1; CaflVe war, A.'^l ; Rold discoverii.-. In 
 Australia, A3'.< ; disjiutc with the United htaies 
 concerninu the Newfoundland fislieries, t>^'i ; 
 death of the duke of Wellington, A.V^; defiatof 
 the ministry of the earl of Rerby, A.l.'f ; liinj 
 Aberdeen forms a ministry, A."3j war with 
 Hurmah, A.f 3 ; thn Canadian clergy reserves, 
 A.34 i renewal of the charter of the E.ist India 
 Company, A.'^4 ; event which led to t'lie Crimean 
 war, .WT; pioceedinns in parliament in I.SA) , A.I!); 
 lord John Kussell's oaths bill, .'i.V.) ; his bill for 
 reforming the university nf Oxford, A<ll j return 
 of the cholera, A40 ; fall of ^Scbastol. , All ; re- 
 construction of the ministry on the Crimean 
 enquiry. All; accession of Sardinia tu the An|{!o- 
 Krencn alliance, Al'2 ; conclusion of iwace with 
 Russia, A44 | disputes with the United States 
 respectinK the foreign enlisttncnt act, A lA ; lord 
 John Kussell's hill on national education, 54.') ; 
 discussion on torture in India, Afi ; war with 
 Chins in 1SA7, A46, A47 i war with I'ersla, A in, 
 847 1 marrlnse of the princess royal with prince 
 Frederick William of Prussia, AlS; adinUsion 
 of Jews into parliament, A4K, At9; the Indian 
 mutiny, A4A; eniboilinient of the militih, AtH; 
 the teatameniarjr, matrimonial, and divorce 
 courts, AtH ( aliolitlon of the Sound dues, A4U ; 
 ■us|i«nsion of the operation of the bank charter 
 act, A49; feelings of the Knelish respecting the 
 attempt of Or»inl on the life of the emperor 
 Napoleon, AAO ; lord Palmtrslon's bill, and re- 
 lignation rf his ministry, AAO ; formation of a 
 ministry by lord Derby, 5A1 ; the governnient of 
 Indi.' transferred to the crown, AA'^; disputes 
 with the United States respecting the right of 
 searcl , AAV ; state of the finances of India, A,53 ; 
 enroir.ient of the British volunteer con>s, AA4 ; 
 annexation of Savoy and Nice by the em|ieror 
 of the French , AAA ; the question of the national 
 defences, AA7 ; the Chinese question and the 
 treaty of Tientsin, AAH ; reorganisation of the 
 Indian army, AA9 ; death of the duchess of 
 Kent, A6Ui affliirsof India in 1K61, Afil ; seces- 
 sion of the Southern States from the American 
 Union, SOI ; the Trent airalr, 5li'i ; state of Ire- 
 land in 1862, Af)3; thc^ Great International Ex- 
 hibition of 1862, AS3 ; the distress in Lancashire, 
 A63 
 Victoria Adelaide, princess royal of England, her 
 
 WAL 
 
 lilrtb, M)1 I her marriage with prince FrcilnlJ 
 
 William of Prussia. AIH ' 
 
 Virtorlnus, empeior of Kome, his riign, r,7 
 \'l<liiinar, vlscoimt of Minnges, rvl'iise< to dtllrj 
 
 up a iri'.tn'.ire trove to Ulch.ird I,, Hi? I 
 
 Vienna, conitress at, illsturleil by .V'apnicnn't rJ 
 
 turn from Kllia, 171 1 second congress betww 
 
 France and the allied powers, 17ti 
 VIenne, John de, his gallant defence of Caial 
 
 against Kdward III.. VI6 
 Vil aCtanca, treaty of, 769 
 Villeneuvo, admiral of the French fleet, fnllowti 
 
 liy Nelson to the West Indies, 4A7 i nnldnuitl 
 
 sir Knberl Calder ntt' Kirrol, );i7 ; lilm k.nlfd " 
 
 Cadi/, 4'>7 , defeated and taken ptiwincr 
 
 Tralalgar. I.'i7 
 VilK're Miinislry of. 6.'^8 
 Villiers, sir Kdw.trd, abuses hk mnnnpol, 
 
 making gold and silver lare, 373; sent aim 
 
 on a mission, ,'^73 
 Villiers, George, obtains the favour of J.impt |J 
 
 3n'it rrcati'd duke of Uutkiiigliain, y,ii. aj 
 
 UrcKiMiiiAM 
 Vlmlera, battle of, 4f.'' 
 Vinegar Hill, b.iltle of, 4.V) 
 Virgil, |ierlod in whU'li he flourished, fit 
 Virginia, story of, AH ; its Improbaliilii)', ,'j9 
 Vlslgoihs, kingdom of, in Spain, O.'il 
 VilelUus, the emperor, history of tho rei^ii ol| 
 
 6A 
 Vittoria, battle nf, 470 
 Vladimir, of, Russia, reign of. 72S 
 Volunteer corj,s, raised throughout Knglind In il 
 
 reign of George III.. 4I9| enrolment of, 
 
 (iieat llrlti\in,in IH.Ay, A')4 
 Volnsianus, ein|>cror of Kotne, his reign, flii 
 Vurstius, the Armenian, opposes the HrKUnicnK n 
 
 Jamci 1. nf Kngl.iiul, 3'i7 ; remnvisl from b.| 
 professor's chair and banLshed, ."IIS 
 Vortigem, invites Saxon aid against the riclt i 
 
 Scots, 74 
 Voriiincr, deposition of, 7A 
 
 WAGRAM.b.ittlcof, 4fi» 
 Waketield, lialtle of, '.if>2 
 Wakefield, sir George, 401 ; accused by Oalp, ti| 
 
 honourably acquitted, 403 
 Walcheren, disastrous expi ditlon to, 4U ; ru'ii 
 
 iiieniary enquiry concerning, lOA 
 Wales, overrun by the Danes, lii2 ; inradnli 
 
 conquered by Henry II., 143; Invaded bit 
 
 ward I., 1M9; completely sulxlued, l'.li); mi. 
 
 ment of prince F.iward witli thcprlnciiialllT,IM 
 Wallace, Willlari, Ills early life, 19 j ; attemiiliii 
 
 deliver Scotlr.nd from tlieKiigllsh yoke, I'J^ilii 
 
 successes, lEG; secretly encouraged h; Knjt(| 
 
 196 i brilliant victory over Warenne, I'Jtii hjW 
 as the deliverer of Scotland. 196; tirnetntnii 
 Durham, I9fi ; excites the jealousy ofthe Scoiia 
 nobility, 197 i terrible defeat of the Scols nil* 
 battle of Falkirk, 197; interview with BructJ 
 
 197 ; taken prisoner by treachery and behn 
 on Tower Hill, 198 
 
 ^Valler, sir William, ^H.-i ; leagues with Kai 
 against Cromwell, .'H9 
 
 VVallingford, cabal of, 399; invites the nimp) 
 reinstate itself, 399 l 
 
 Waliwle, his impeachment of Bolinuhrokf, (9J 
 his sneer at Jekyi, 420; continues at thehodr 
 the administration on the accession of (iiy 
 II., 423 ; defeat of Sandy's mutinn for Nil 
 missal, 42A ; his retirement from ofHre, 4U|li 
 death, 426 
 
 Walslngham, discovers t^e conspiracy of 1 
 ton against queon Elixabeth, 3.AA 
 
 Waltheof, the Saxon earl of Norlhumbt 
 f bmits to William the Conqueror, I li) i n 
 •.udlth the king's niece, 122; conspires i 
 William, 122; treachery of his wife, IMJ 
 tardy repentance, 123; tried and e«r^ 
 123 
 
Sntrrr 
 
 0fi7 
 
 WAt 
 
 »lth prince FridniJ 
 
 French flf«t,fn|lo,l 
 ■illcs MiJ ; HI ilim «it| 
 •■"I, «'i7; hliKkadrti 
 Ind taken pritontt 
 
 nuri«hi-(1, (it 
 iilir(ibal>illty,,'j9 
 |IHI|1, fi.M 
 
 Mory of the rei^-n ol 
 
 I'lltnrth, Witllnm, mitvor of Luiidoni hiilierolo 
 iiiji'k I'n Wilt Tyler, Uii 
 |'|j»l«wn»li, ImUIIh ot, l.'ll 
 
 fir, liiviintlun of Ihu curcinonlal of ttvclarinK, 
 31 
 
 I faibeck, Perkin, ncrnnniile^ Ulih.iril the inn of 
 Edward IV., V87 i liin iiret«n»lon» •up|iorliil 
 bf tht ducliPH^ of liuruuiulv, VN7 t rnti'rt.iiiiiil 
 b; Chuin VIII. of FrHiii-e, WH i caoliicHi of 
 rhirin, ijHfl I arlful coiuluct of llie duclie>« of 
 Biirgundy, VNH I iiolir.jr onii!nrr,'i<K<J; attsmiiti 
 > landing in Kmt, but fnilt, TM) \ proceed* to 
 Inland and Ihenrv lo Scotlaiiil, 'i'M ; •nierlalned 
 b; Jamn IV., VUOt marrie* lady Catherin* 
 (JordoniVgOi invadea KnuLind with a Scolllah 
 Mn\j,VJ\ I treaty lutweoii .liiiiieH IV. iind Henry 
 VII., V'J'ti olillKed to IvavB Scotliiiid, '^'J'^ | 
 liniU In Onmwall and iinunies Iho title of Huh 
 ard IV., 'i'J'ii obtaint iiumHrniii mipportera, 
 'mi fliea to the liiMctunry of Henulliu, 'i'J^ i 
 Ihrowi hiinwlf on the royal mercy, '^'J3 | hli 
 ronfeuicn and death, '^93 
 
 It'nrliurlon, Kllot, his death, M^ 
 
 IVaieham, Edward the martyr burled at, 101 ; 
 occupied by tlie D.inea, K7 
 
 IVarenhe, hi, o|>pi»itioii to the denianila of Kd- 
 I. of KnKland, 19l>> defcaia the Scoti, 
 
 *.ird 
 
 i'JSi entrutted b« Kdward 1. willi thu uovern. 
 ment of Scotland, l'J«j leaver Seoli.ind, lu:, • 
 marchei Into NcotlamI aealnst William Wallace, 
 l<J6 1 completely dei'vated, and compelled to re- 
 turn to KiiKland, I'jn ; declares agahiht Edward 
 II. and Pien UaTcaton, Wi 
 
 U'nrham, archl)l>hop of (^antprliury, yields up tlie 
 chancellonliip toc.irilinal WoUey, '^'J.S ; liia bit 
 lerri'iiiark aK.iiiist Wnlsey, Vll'J 
 
 Warwick, e^irl of, sup)ior(> the cnu«e of Richard 
 dulie of York against llenrv VI. and the Lan- 
 castrians, 'JGI ; defeats tlie l..in>'nstriaiis at 
 Northampton, '^ri ; takci Henry prisoner and 
 carileihim to London, 'U>\ ; defealict by Mar- 
 Karet at St. Aliians, '.2fi3 ; i,ent by Edward IV. 
 to treat for tlie hand of Uona of Savoy, i65 ; 
 I quarrels with Kdward concerning his marriage 
 with lady Ellzalielh Grey, '^05; exas|icrnted at 
 the cupldiiy of the new queen's family, Vififij 
 joins till' duke of Clarence In forininK a powerliil 
 confederacy against the kins. 1tl>7 ; residence in 
 Calais, 367; applies to Louis XI.,'.i6Si reconciltnl 
 to AIari(aret and the Lancaslrians, v68 ; mariiaite 
 sf bis daughter Anne with Kdward, son of .Mar- 
 
 Saret and Henrv VI., VfiH; assisted liy Louis 
 :l, invadet England, i6H t.loined hy theinarquis 
 of Montaitue, 46.S ; rcstorej Henry VI. to the 
 throne, and becomis rcuent, V>'.) ; his Imprudent 
 attack on the dulic of liurKiiiidy, WJ ; defeated 
 and slain at the battle of Hariiet. l^'O 
 
 Warwick castle K»>Tison'^d by Nurm.in* under 
 Henry de Ueaumont, 1 1 7 
 
 Warwick, earl of, son of the duke of Clarence, Im 
 prisoned by Rich ird III. and Henry VII., «H0; 
 nrouKht forward liy Henry VII. to confute the 
 pretensions of LaniCicrt Mimnel, 'iM i furiuB wi(h 
 mkin Warbeck a scheme for escape, 2'J'i ; his 
 execution, 'i9^ 
 
 Warwick, earl of, In the reifni of Edward VI, Sec 
 
 DUOLBV 
 
 Warwick, sir Philip, his attendance on Charles I., 
 391 
 
 WashinKton, George. Iiesiefjes noslon, iMi; takes 
 the city, 435; evacuates New York, 435 
 
 Wat Tyler. See Tvi.Ba 
 
 Waterloo, battle of, 475 
 
 We'les, sir Robert, rebellion of, in the reign of 
 Kdward IV., 'i67 
 
 Welleslev, Arthur, gains the battle of Assays, 4.06 ; 
 lands in the peninsula, 4li(; defeats the French 
 at Vimiera, 4>i > { enters Spain and forms a Junc- 
 tion with Cuesta, 464 ; gains the battle of 
 Talavera, 464 ; created viscount Wellington, 
 See Wbllington 
 
 Wellington, his victories as Arthur Wellesley. 
 See Wbi-luuii ; defeati Massena in iiusaco. 
 
 WIL 
 
 41(11 encamps on 'I'lirres Vcdras, 467 1 take* 
 Ciudnd Rndhgo and liadajm, 4liH , b,ittl« of 
 Suiainanca, Kill; l>altlu<i' Vitliiria, 47(1 i defcitt 
 Satilt ne.ir Urthes, 47'^ | battle near Tuulouw, 
 17.1 1 his canipaiKM In the .Netherlands on 
 Na|K>lt'Oi>'i return frnm Kllia, 47 »| battle of 
 Watcrluo, 17.'! J man lies lo I'aris, I7.')| forms* 
 tnlnitry with I'lel after the r« Ignalion of lord 
 (Inderich, 4H5t oppotvi the cathoilo relief hill, 
 4S5| supports Peel's catholic relief bill, 4NA| 
 expresses a strong oppo.ltiun to a reform bill, 
 4N7i his uniiopuiurily, 4N7| resigns, 447 i hit 
 death and pulilic funeral, ■'>^•i 
 
 Wentworth, Toter, his parllamentarv opposition 
 to queen Kiiz.ibetli, 347 J commilted'tu the Fleet, 
 .Kid 
 
 Wentworlh, sir Tbomai, ininUtcr of Charle* I., 
 379. tire HtavkoRi) 
 
 Wessex, fiiund.ition of the kingdom of, 73 
 
 West India Island-., histnry of, H'.)3 
 
 Westminster Abliey, William the Conqueror 
 iruwned In, II t 
 
 Wesliniiutet Hall, built by ^\'illiani llufui. 
 
 Westiihalia, treaty of, 45^ 
 
 WcxIord, taken liy the Irish reheli, 4-10 
 
 West iSaxons, kliiKilom of the. See Hkptarciiv 
 
 Whish, general, his siege of Mouitaii, 5'il 
 
 Whiteboys in Ireland, 4S1 
 
 Wliitelocke, his expedition to Buenot Ayres, 461 t 
 
 convicted by court martial, 4CI 
 Whilwnrlh, lord, insulted by liuonaparle, 45^ 
 Wicklilt'tf, Jolm, commences the reform ilinn in 
 Kngland, '-^."(1 ; protected by the duke of 
 Lancaster, !<3U; hU iiilluwcn called Lollards, 
 
 Widri-d, king of Kent. 7H 
 
 W iKanlnirtfli, defeat of the Danes at, 84 
 
 Wiplaf, king of Mereia, Ht 
 
 Willierfurce, William, Ills agitation concerning 
 the slave trade. 111 
 
 Wilkes, John, committed to the Tower for a libel 
 in the North Ilriton, -13'^; expelled the house 
 fur his ' Kssav on Woman,* 43^; chosen ment* 
 ber for Middlesex, 133 
 
 William 1., dnke of Nurmamly, gains the good 
 opinion of Edward th • Confessor, lit); his art- 
 ful policy towards Harold, son of earl Uodwin, 
 110; obliges Harold lo pledge hla allegiance, 
 110; summont Harold to keep his oath, 111; 
 Harold's reply, 111 ; great preparations for an 
 Invasion of Kngland. 1 IW ; lands in Sussex, 113; 
 battle of Hastings, 113 ; continued successes, 113; 
 hypocritical scruples, 114; crowned king of Eng- 
 land at Westminster, 111) holds a court at 
 Harl(iiig, 114; Itis policy tow.ards Normans and 
 Saxons, tti; g.irrisons the kingdom, 114; re- 
 turns to Normandy with the most powert'iil of 
 the Saxon nobles, 115; Saxon revolt, 116; larg* 
 coiiHscation of e>lati-s, 116; reimposes the Dane- 
 gelt, 116; second revolt, 116; coronation of 
 queen Matilda, 117; revolt under E<lwin and 
 niorcar, 117; violent suppression, 117; fresh 
 rebellions speedily subdued, I IN ; wasting of the 
 country lietween the llumlier and the Tees, 1 19; 
 apiilies the feudal law of France to En^dand, 
 I'M; exercises a supreniacy over the chur<-h, 
 I'-^O; degrades the Saxon bishops, I'iOi pensions 
 Edgar Atheling, 1'2I ; resubdues the province of 
 Maine, Vil ; his discovery and suppression of a 
 Norman conspiracy, lU'i ; pays Peter's pence to 
 Gregory VII., Iiut refuses to do homage at 
 Rome 1; his domestic troubles, l'^4 ; war 
 with in Robert Courthose, 1*^4 ; narrowly 
 
 escapt. .ath, li't; surveys the land of Eng- 
 land, l'i5; the Domesd.ay book, 1125; severe 
 game laws, \'i5; death of queen Matilda, li<5 ; 
 arrests Odo bishop of Bayeuz, ltt5j war with 
 France, l'i6; his death, IVG. 
 
 William II. Hufus, son of William the Conqueror, 
 I'iSi ascends the throne to the exclusion uf his 
 elder brother Robert Courthose. 1'.j6; crowned 
 by Lanfranc, I'id; bleaks up a foriniiiable con- 
 
058 
 
 Sntrrr' 
 
 WIL 
 
 ■piruy formtd by Iht partlwnii of Robert, 1 XT ( 
 wti up uKi anil altbryt to o|i«n Mlt>> iUl \ In- 
 «iuin Nurinand;, Vif; iiinkn ■ trenty with 
 Hobnta I'lHi rnUIn In Nurmandy, IVXi rt- 
 turiu to KtiKlanil mid lirenkn U|i a conaplrncy 
 formwl In favour of titai'hen, I'^Hi braaklnit out 
 of lh« Ant cruiadt, iW^ buyi Ilia duchy of Nur- 
 mandj of Robarl, I W i hit Im-llKlon, I'^U i kIvci 
 tha arohbUlioprloof ranturliury lo Annclin, ItJ'J j 
 conTiiMt the lynod of IlotklnKlmm, I'iU i quar- 
 r«l( with Amalm, IVU i calliil to Normdndy by 
 tha turhulenra of Ibu Norman beronii, \M',i hit 
 death In the New Koreat, I3ii| builder of Lon- 
 don Urldiie and Wetiinlimivr Hall, \M 
 
 William in. of OranKCi mnrrliil to Mary, dauKh- 
 tvr of James M., 41 1 i hU Inviisioti of hnKland, 
 4 1 1 I apathy of the people, 1 1 1 i general rvvulu- 
 llon in hilt favour, II I i dlflkulllm In dfcldInK 
 upon hii lenal •lu'ceminn to Jamen, 4IK| the 
 crown ieltli'd uimn William and Miiry, 41 V i 
 toleration to diwentert, 41'^ i defvalu Jamet 1 1, 
 •I lh« battle of the iloyne, 41 i ( (le.ice with the 
 Irlth leaden at Limerick, 114 j hia war with 
 L<iuU XIV., 414) vktory of U Houue, 414 j 
 creation of the national debt, 4IA| trcniv with 
 France at Hy wick, 4ia| hli death and cha- 
 racter, 4 1 a 
 
 Wltilam IV. lurceetU to the throne of Enftland, 
 i>s1 1 jiopiilar dem.indH for purllnmantnry reform, 
 4H7 I fi>rm« the reform minlntry of earl (Jrey, 
 4Hrl I Incendiary tirvs, 4Hh | lortl John Huiitell'ii 
 firit reform bill thrown out, IH'J) ditaolutlon of 
 
 imrli.imvnt, 4HD | piiwiInK uf tho seiiiiid reform 
 lill In the (^oininonii, iH'J; brou|{hl licfure the 
 House of Lordi by earl (irey iind thrown out, 4HU ; 
 third reform bill pasiivii ihu Commons, 4H'j ; oupo- 
 ■lllon of Jiyndhurst in thu tlouiie of l.ordi, in'J ; 
 reslxnatlon uf ininistirs. 4H!I( recall of earl (irey, 
 4UU; pauhiK of the bill through the House of 
 Lordi, 4<.)U t Ilriilol riota, 4UU; chanKea ell'fcted 
 by the reform bill, lUD ; vUltatiun of the cholera, 
 4!>1 1 aholltionofilavery In the Wcatlndlr-i, 4UI i 
 renewals of the charter of the Kost India <:om- 
 pany, 491 1 renewal of the charier of the liunk 
 of England, 4'J'2 ; resi^atlon of earl Orey, 4Uii ; 
 seconu reform nilniHtry under lord Meibourne, 
 4'Jt ; burning of the housea of parliami nt, lU.'l | 
 realKnatlon or Melbourne, l'J.1; kir Uobert I'eel 
 forms a ministry, A'J^ ; beaten on the Irish church 
 bill and resiipis, 4U.1 ; Melbourne again premier, 
 493 1 pasting ot lord John Husseil's bill of muni- 
 cipal Teform«49t( rt'ducU«n of the stamp duty 
 on newspapers, 494 ; paiviing of ihe inarrlaKe and 
 nglstraiion acts, 49.') i liliicssof the king, 496 } his 
 death and character, 495 
 
 Williair . son of Robert Courthose, taken prisoner 
 at Falaite by Henry Beauclerc, 134 ; committed 
 10 the custody of Helie de Ht. Laen, 135 ; excites 
 the Jealousy of Henry, 1,16 ; transferred by Helie 
 to tne guardianship of Fulke, count of Aiijou, 
 136 1 Louis le Uros of France appeals to Kome 
 In his behalf, I, '6 ; succissful intrigues of Henry 
 at the council of Kheims, 136 ; William marries 
 the daughter of Fulke, 137 t strengthening of 
 hi* cause, l.*7 ; invested by Louis le tiros with 
 the earldom of Flanders, 137 ; killed In a skir- 
 mish with the landgrave of Alsace, 137 
 
 William, son of Henry Beauclerc, married to the 
 daughter of Fulke, count of Ai\]ou, 137 ; 
 melancholy account of his death by drowning, 
 137 
 
 William, son of king Stephen, 143 
 
 William of Scotland, supports the sons of Henry II. 
 in their opposition to their father, 1.53 ; Invades 
 England, 1A4 1 utterly defeated by til mville and 
 taken prisoner, 154 ; released on doing liomage 
 and giving up five fortresses, 155 
 
 William, archbishop of Tyre, appeals to Philip II. 
 of France and Henry 11. of England for aid In 
 the third crusade, 157 
 
 William of Orange, his successful revolt in the 
 Netherlands against Philip II., 6C3; assatsl- 
 Dated, (i64 
 
 TOB 
 
 William, duke of Polctlers, Joins In the flrki J 
 
 sade, 1.10 f 
 
 Wllllani of Wykaham, made chancellor of KiiiiU 
 
 by Klehard II., -m ^ 
 
 William of Vprvs, commander of the inercvii 
 
 of Htephen, dlmiiUieil by llvnry II., 1-13 ■ 
 William, aichblshop uf Canterbury ,ciowns NtnJ 
 
 ot'lilois, l.lfi ' 
 
 Wlillains, general, hia surrender of Knrs, 531 
 Wliiiliorne, occupied, by Ethelwold, naphcfl 
 
 Allreil,9iJ 
 Wiiicheater, ravaged by the Panes, 86 
 WiiiillAcligraiXi prince, bis inva>ion of Hur 
 
 6<I7 ; defeated hv (iorgei. C'I7 
 Wiseman, cardinal, matte archlilshttp of Weslil 
 
 ter by |>o|'e Piua IX., .'t'iH ; escllement cauaif 
 
 the aggression, 5vH i Ills defence, 5V8 | 
 
 WIsharl, ihe Hcottlth reformer, 316 i condnn 
 
 to the slake by cardinal Ueatoti, 316| bis ill 
 
 W|irophecy, 310 1 
 
 olfe, general, his capture of Quebec, 431) |l 
 
 de III), 4.'10 
 Wolf hijre, king of Mercia, 81 
 M'olfliere, governar of Ham|ishire« defeats 
 
 Dane* at Soulhainplon, HI 
 Woll'iioth, his ilesertion to the Danes, 103 
 Wulsey, '1 homas, obtains Ihe bibhopric of Mn 
 
 V9; ! his Hie and rise, 897 I inlrotluceil to II 
 
 VIII. by Fol, bialuip of Winchealer, 1197 I 
 
 Iilants Fox and Surrey In the king's favour, 
 ii4 pride and anibitltm, lj9H i m,itiearchbl 
 ot York, V9H j obtains a cardinal's hat and i 
 at Ihe papal chair, 'i'.)H ; obtains the chance! 
 ship, 'i'JH i becomes sulenilniatiT of Henry V 
 U'M i nbl.tiiis Ihe legatine power, '/9Hi esiablij 
 the li'gailiie court, U'J'J i proiniaed Ihe papm 
 Charles V., V99 | disappointed by tho acci- 
 of Adrian, ,30(1; again jiiuaed over by the nil 
 slon of Clement VII.,.3(U | obiHinsfromCleif 
 Ihe legatine power for life, MH ; Joined with I 
 dinal CaiiiiieKHlu in a commission to try I 
 legality of Henry V'lII.'s marriage with C'.il 
 rineof Arragon, 303 1 ailjoiirnnient of the cl 
 In Home, 303; anger of lluiiry, 3U3; rl 
 flill of WoUvy, 311^ t airesled on a clil 
 of high treason. 303 ; dies in Leicester alf 
 3(14 
 Wolves, extirpation ot, by Edgar, 100 
 Wooilfali, prosecuted fur the ' Letters of Juiil 
 4.'53 ' 
 
 Worcester, battle of, 393 
 Worcester refuses to pay the Dancgelt, 107 ; I 
 siroycd by order of iiardlcanute, 1117 | 
 
 Worms, diet at, appointetl by Charles V., 6.^8 
 Wriottesley, earl of Southampton. Sea Soil 
 
 AMPrON 
 
 Wy.itt,sir Thomas, tils rebellion in the relitJ 
 Mary, .3.30; marches to Souihwark, and! 
 mnnds that the queen should marry an Enull 
 man, 3.3U t desertion of his fuUowen, 33U ; laf 
 and executed, 331 
 
 VANTHIPPU8, the Lacedemonian, defeats 
 
 ^^ makes Kcgulus prisoner, 61 
 
 Xenophon, his account of Ihe retreat of the I 
 
 thousand, 43 I 
 
 Xerxes II., king of Persia, 43 ; his defeat at S^ 
 
 ml*, 43 
 
 YEH, commissioner of Canton, 864 ; taken* 
 soner, 864 
 Ymrick, king of the East Kaxons, 75, 76 
 York, in the hands of the Norraans, 118; 
 Norman governor, Kobett Fitx-KlchM 
 ilaln by the Saxons, 118; the castle defeni 
 by William Mallet, 118; the city destroif 
 by fire, 118 ; falls into the hands of the Sai« 
 118 ^ 
 
 York, duke of, guardian of Richard II., 
 
SiiQrr. 
 
 909 
 
 roB 
 
 l«rt, Joint In th* flrkt 
 
 pads cliMiccllor of Knult 
 
 nandiT of the inrrcvi m 
 \<y limry II., M3 
 L'knl«rbuo,ciuwiu Hl«{j 
 
 kirrtniler of Kan. 6^ I 
 It} Kthulwulili na|ih« 
 
 the I)«nn, 86 
 
 lilt ln«a>lon of lluii« 
 
 Jrael. C'»7 
 
 Idt) iirchlilHhop of Wntr 
 ,.V^H; fxc'iltiincnt cauiiii 
 
 Jrefuriiicr, ,1l(i ( comlrii 
 Inal Uratou, 316 | hit il 
 
 ■pture of Quotiee, 430 | 
 
 Ircln. 81 
 
 if llniniwhlre. deftali 
 on, 8 1 
 
 <n In the Dann, 101 
 
 Int Ihe bli>ho|iric of Mno 
 
 •, iti>7 I Inlrwluced toil 
 
 ip of Wlnchenter, tt97 I 
 
 ey In Ihe klnK'< favour, 1 
 
 ition, VHH I mnde archbl 
 
 n* a cardinal'* hat and i 
 
 V'JH ; obtains the chanre 
 
 tole minintir of Henry V 
 
 (atlne power, VOH j wtabli 
 
 U'JO i promlwtd the papai 
 
 iiappointed by the accc 
 
 (ain iiniiscil over l>y the lu ioi*, 
 
 I.,.VI.'i obtHliisfromCler 
 
 for life, .Vl'^ ; Joined with 
 
 In a cotninisiilon to try 
 
 'III.'h inarriaite with Ca 
 
 03 j adjuurnnient of Ihe c 
 
 anuer 'uf Henry, 303; 
 
 30.) I aire»ted on a ch 
 
 103 1 diei in Lelceiler al 
 
 ot, by Edgar, 100 
 
 d fur the * Letteri of Jun| 
 
 393 
 
 TOB 
 (mardlan of the reilm during Rlchanl'a alnenre 
 m Ireland, 'i'iH \ hit weaknet* in uiipuilnii Henry 
 III Lancatter, I'iH 
 
 iirli, duke nl', commander of llin allied armlet 
 Mainit tlie army iif the French re|iulill(!, 
 4ll| defenled by I'lrlii'^ru, tHil failure of 
 Ml ei|M»llllun aKilnit lli'lland, lAl i p.irlla- 
 nimtary enijuiry cuncerniMK, 106) lilt dvdtlli 
 
 ork, lelcod by the Donet, 80 
 
 ZUT 
 
 VrlR, duke of Nuithunibeilandi lOJ i tilled bf 
 Canute, Wi 
 
 7AM A, battle of, «1 
 
 and the Bnttlant In Poland, 
 
 /eiiulila defe.ited and taken ptiionef by th« nupf 
 ror Aurellan, (,' 
 
 7.V) 
 
 Ifltuti 
 
 Zutplien, tii'gu ufi 3^ i 
 
 ADDITIONAL INDEX. 
 
 DY88INIA, dcbatot In parliament rr>pcctlnir 
 lioniri In, &&3*, 5U1*, bii'i* \ lililury ul ilie 
 illipule witii, eW* t (lieluration iil' war wlili, 
 Si.'i* ; iefeut and dcatli uf kin^ 'riu'iiilure, MT>*, 
 rii'iiltural gauR lyiteni abollahed lu Kugiand, 
 iiil*. 
 
 abama, deitructlon of llic, H»7. 
 iH'rf. Kdward, prince of W'alei, hit marrlago 
 »lth tlie princefi Aivxaniirn, 55','*, 
 lerica. United Smtci of, civil war in, 8SCi dlf- 
 Jcultiek eauted by the war, 'Mi*, i,').'*. 
 my, punitiiment ul' UuK^ing lu tliu Uritith, 
 
 lairla, chanftet In, In IHCO ntid IHii7, 009; war 
 with Pruiila, 70'^'" ; and wiiii Italy, 771*. 
 
 ILI.OT, rejection of tliu annual mollou fur the, 
 
 )j3». 
 
 jiniirk, M., hii conduct, 70'.'». 
 
 urbunii, eapuUlon of, from Spain, 078. 
 
 ■•wlng-iiceiiao liaticd, in England, bM*. 
 
 NADA, vote of parlianunt for lliu difi'ncc of, 
 53* i uidon of ti>o iiroviiiecs of Nova Scolia 
 .nd New Bruniwick witli, 'Mi*. 
 Iiulici, Homan, tucanui'ct uf parliament re- 
 Ijecting, 561*. 
 
 ile-plaguo, in England, 554* ; nioaiuret of 
 larllament, 555* ; abaienient of the, 558». 
 Iter, attempt of the t'eniani on, 503*. 
 U'ra in London, 56tj*. 
 
 rcli. ratci, motioni for the abolition of. In 
 :nglaiid, &52* : rejection of Mr. Uurdca>tle't 
 iill.5ai». 
 
 rgymen, Mr. Bouvcrle't motion for relieving 
 lioio ti'ocding from tlic cimroli of England, 
 ".2«. 
 
 den, Mr., death of, 554*. 
 ;on, iupiily of, from variout eounlrlet, !>S'i». 
 :on-famiue, moatures fur alleviniing the 
 iitreii consequent on the, lu England, 5j3*. 
 If, Iniurrection in, 5U1*. 
 
 ST, national, of England, reduction of the, 
 
 S(j,50l», 
 
 mark, war of, with Pruails, 703*, 1i5*, 
 
 by, earl of, bccouiei prime nilnlitcr, 556 ; 
 
 !ii(?ni, 562». 
 
 aeli, Mr., becomet chancellor of the ex- 
 
 lequer, 558*; hit reform mcanuriv 558*; 
 
 Komci premier, 5ti2* ; resigns, 503. 
 
 ilUNDS, Mr., caie of, .554*. 
 ler of Canton, 864 1 taken | cation, natloual. In England, parliamentary 
 -ant to, 551*; effect of the grant upon tralu- 
 gcoUeget, 551*. 
 
 > pay the Dnncgelt, 107 ; I 
 niardlcanute, 107 
 Dinted by Charles V., 6A8 
 ' Southampton. 8m Soil 
 
 , hit rebellion in the relitJ 
 chet to Soulhwark, and I 
 leen should marry an Knull 
 on of bis foUowen, 33U ; taf 
 
 he Lacedemonian, defeats 
 
 I prisoner, CI 
 
 int of Ihe retreat of Ihe 
 
 Ferula, 43 ; his defeat at Si 
 
 Eait Saxont, 75, 76 
 » of the Normans, US 
 lor, Hobeit Fits ■ Kichi 
 ;ons, 118; the castle defen 
 let, 118; the city de^troi 
 
 into the hands of the Sua 
 
 irdian of Richard II., ^ 
 
 HANS, their conipiraey, 554* ; their attempt 
 I Chetter, 5(13* ; their conduct at Manchester 
 idCterkenwell, 563*. 
 Insurance duties leuonod, 553*. 
 
 Franchise, dl>cuf«ioni In parliament as to the et- 
 teiulon uf till', !h'>j', 5^4*1 proposals for 
 Bitirliig the, .',50*, 5J7*, 
 
 OAKtBAI.DI at Monte nollo, 771* ; arrei>te<I and 
 "lit to Capreru, 771* | defeated at Mvnluna, 
 
 77'J'. 
 
 Iior.s, repeal of the duty on, 55a*. 
 Hyde park riott, 55tj*. 
 
 INCO.MK-TAX, failure of Mr. Hubbard's motloa 
 respfctlng the, O.VJ» ; niiti({Utiuiis of tlic, ill 
 IM'l.'i. 5,Vi*; In 1S(J.», 55.T" ; in 1805, 5,'.,-i«. 
 
 Ionian iilandi, proponed ceiiiun of the, 55'i*. 
 
 Ireland, outbreak of the tenian ciini|ilracy la, 
 5.''>4* ; luipension of the habeas corpus act in, 
 55.')*, 5(J1* I diicuiiions In |>arilanient ns to 
 measures respecting the condition of, 555*. 
 
 Irish church, Mr. Ullwyn't muiioii respeoling 
 tile, 5j3* t nppolntnirntof a royal comndisiun, 
 5(11* ; Mr. Ulad>iuni''> reaoiulioiis, 56'J*. 
 
 Italy, union of Veuetia with, 7U3| war with 
 Austria, 771*. 
 
 JAMAICA, negro outbreak in, 555*; linjuiry re. 
 
 spi'Uting It, !>b(i*, 
 Johnson, president, hit acta, 888. 
 
 LANDED PROPERTY, registration Mt far 
 
 titles to, passed, 553*. 
 Lincoln, president, murder of, 888. 
 Lima, battle of 77 P. 
 Luxemburg question, icttloment of the, 561*. 
 
 MARTIAL LAM', expotttlon of the lord elsief 
 
 Justice reapccling, 503. 
 HAxmllian, emperur of Mexico, takes the crown 
 
 of Mexico, 887* ; murdered, 501*, 888*. 
 Mexico, occupied by the French, 887 * ; bceoniut 
 
 an empire, 837 • ; and again a republic, 888*. 
 
 NAPOLEON III., hit proposal for a Europriin 
 congreaf, 053 ; atteniiit on his life, 65C ; Wis 
 request for a strip of laud refused by Pruaala, 
 C5'j ; hit visit to the emiwror of Austria, 053. 
 
 PACES, M. Gamier, tilalof. 05?. 
 
 Falmeraton, lord, reaoluiions amounting to a Tote 
 
 of censure of his government, 553 * ; bit death, 
 
 554*. 
 Panic, financial collapse and, of 1866, 558*. 
 Parks, diacussion in parliament as to the aiet of, 
 
 608«. 
 Parliament, ')aths of membcri of, 555*. 
 Parliamentary reform, discussions respectiag, 
 
 550*, 557* ; Mr. Uiaraeli's measures, 55S*. 
 Poland, recommendations of England, France, 
 
 and Austria reaiwcting, 553*. 
 Poor-law; Mr. VUIieri'i bill reipectiag lettle- 
 
 nient, 554*. 
 
^f 
 
 ll 
 
 960 
 
 ^IraOnuiI JivHstr* 
 
 Prague, treaty of, 703. 
 
 Pritoiien, condltlnn ot, ameliorated, 552*. 
 
 Pruula, evenU In, In 1864, 1UU5, 701*, 703* ; 
 war with Denmark, 702 * ; convention witli 
 Anitria, 702*; parliamentary discuitioni, 
 702 •: war witi> Aiutria, 702 «; and with 
 Denmark, 725* . 
 
 RAILWAYS, deliutTe flnancial iTitom of iome 
 
 EngUih, 562*. 
 Kevenue of Great Britain In 1863, 553 * ; In 1864, 
 
 553* tin 1867, 560>. 
 Bume, the Frenoli sarrif on at, 652 ; cTentt in, i:< 
 
 1867, 771*. 
 KuiirU, earl, become! premier, 554 1 reiigni, 
 
 558*. 
 
 SCIILESWIC-HOLSTEIN quoition, 702*, TW*. 
 Seward, Mr., attempt on lib lite, ^88. 
 SUtrery aboliilied In tlie United SUte«. 894> 
 
 Spain, exptililon of tlie Bourbont from, 078. 
 Stephenii, the Fenian, 554*. 
 Sugar duty leuened, 553'*. 
 
 TEA, duty on, lowered, 552*, 558*. 
 
 Testf, Oxford, Mr. Dodion'i bill for the abolttfl 
 of the. 51)3* ; Mr. Gowhen'i bill, 564* ; Ml 
 Coleridge'! bill, 56 i*. I 
 
 Trades unioDi, commiuion to inquire into, S62| 
 
 VENETU united to Italy, 703, 771*. 
 
 'iVALPOLR, Mr., iMcomea home lecretary, SSsI 
 reaigni, 562*. 
 
 ' ■■ " " reit(tn»tneir , . 
 
 I modification of tht] 
 502*. 
 
 ZF \L,AND, VSW, war In. in 1865. 663*. 
 
 Wcitbury, lord, reilgn* the great leal, 554*. 
 M'ine-dutiei, Mr. oladitone^imod" 
 
 Cj^' 
 
 
aurboni from, 078. 
 
 1552*, 553*. 
 
 In'ibill for theabolitiil 
 
 owhen') bill, 554* ; 
 
 on to inquire into, S62| 
 
 ly, 703, 771*. 
 
 IM home Mcretary, £58| 
 
 the great teal, 554*. 
 lone^i modlflcation of th J 
 
 in. In 1865, 653*. 
 
 •N •