9> ^^ 'V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .^J^ .«'A ^ /. Ki & ^ 1.0 1.1 1.25 23. 12.5 ■30 Hj/ u,y£ 12.2 £f ll£ 12.0 lit i; ^1^ 6" 7] ^.^*' ■> '/ Photogra{^c Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREIT WCBSTER.N.Y. 14SM (716)«72-4S03 ^^%\ %^^^ >* »«•■- u. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreprodiictions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquas Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographicaliy uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproduction, or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. D Colourad covars/ Couvartura da coulaur I — I Covars damagad/ D Couvartura cndommagte Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastaur6a at/ou palliculAa r~n Cover titia missing/ La titre da couvartura manqua □ Colourad maps/ Cartas g6ographiquas Bn coulaur D D Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encr«) da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ Planchas at/ou illustrations an coulaur D n( Bound with othar material/ Relit avac d'autras documents Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intArieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainos pages blanches ajouttes lors d'une restauration apparaissant dans le texte, mais. lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas it* filmtes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmantaires: Pulled from the Nova Scotian Institute of Science: Proceedings and Transactions. Vol. 3 Part 4, 1874 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a it^ possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont paut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibiiographique, qui pauvent modifier una image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithoda normaie de filmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagtos Pages restored and/oi Pages restauries et/ou peliicuites Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages dicolortes, tachet6es ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Qualit^ indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary matarii Comprend du material suppltmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible |~~| Pages damaged/ I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/ r~n Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ rzpr Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ r~~| Only edition available/ D Pages wholly or pertially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiailement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc., ont M fiimies A nouveau de fapon A obtanir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est f ilmi au taux de reduction indiqui ci«dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X / 12X 16X aox 24X 28X 32X ire details les du modifier ler une filmage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Univanity of Toronto Library The images appearing here are the best quaiity possible considering the condition and iegibility of the original copy and in Iceeping with the filming contract specifications. Originai ccpi«3 in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the bacic cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning ori the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. ies L'exemplaire filmA f ut reproduit grAce A la gAn^rositA de: Univanity of Toronto Library Les images suivantes ont At* reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire filmA, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont filmto en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires orfglnaux sont filmts en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", ie symbols V signifie "FIN". re Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. y errata Id to nt ne pelure, ipon A 12 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 OILPIN — CAKH0NIFER0U3 DISTRICT OF ST. OKOKGe's BAY. 35T AuT. III. — Sketch of the Caubomferous District of St. George's Bay, NEWFOU^M>LA^D. By Edwin Gilpin, M. A., F. G. S., Memher of the Newcastle Inetitute Mining Engineers. {Bead December 9, 1873.) The south shore of NewfountUaml, from Isle Aux Morts to Cape Kay, is composed of dark slates and quartzites, pitching at a heavy angle to the south, and much disturbed by veins and masses of coarse feltspathic granite. The metamorphism has been very great, and the action violent, the intrusive rock being often twisted into curious knots containing fragments of the resisting slates. I was unable to form any idea of the age of these strata, but they closely resemble our Lower Silurian rocks in the neighbourhood of their trap . Since my return, a small crystal was given to me as coming from Port au Basque. It is of a bluish colour, containing phos- phorous and a large proportion of iron ; it hardly answered the description of Vivianite as given by Dana, but seems to correspond ftiore closely with the mineral Triphyline. Any of the phos- phates occurring here in sufficient qiumtity would be of great economic value, as the localitv is one of the most acccssiible in New- foundland. The long narrow reefs and islands that skirt the shore, forming the ports of Channel and Deadman's Harbour, have been worn out j by the action of the waves upon the beds whose strike is generally ^rallel to the line of the coast. About six miles inland from Port fu Basque is a high range of hills, forming a spur of the great bterior plateau of the island, and running parallel to the shore until it terminates in Cape Ray. The land rises gradually to their foot in small hills, many of which are composed of granite. The width of the hill range is about ten miles at this point, but it already |t9(hibits the distinctive features of the plateau, being covered w:'li [inraraps and spruce underwood draining into large ponds and lakes. . Ip»e rivers rising ir this water shed, flow in all directions toward the |ipi ; leaving the highlands in a series of cascades and rapids, their \ i 358 GILPIN — CARBONIFEROUS DISTRICT OF ST. GEORGe's BAY. windings among the boulder etrown valleys afford capital breeding ground for the salmon so abundant on this shore. At Cane Hay the lowland diminishes in width to three miles. And in front of the Cape supports three large conical hills called the Sugar loaves. Their bare granitic flanks, thrown into relief by the dark back- ground, form fitting portals to the great silurian plain of the St. Lawrence. Behind rises the precipitous front of Cape Ray, its dark elates relieved by the patches of perennial snow in the deep ravines. Between the highland and the most northerly of the Sugar loaves are traces of a great fault, which Professor Murray of the Geologi- cal Survey claims to have traced across the island. As we pass to the Cape we see the dark line of the plateau trending away inland to the eastwa;'«l, till its ecarpement grows dim and is lost to the eye beyond the head of Bay Si. George. The next highland that we notice is Cape Auguille, an enormous ridge of intrusive rock running obliquely toward the plateau, but sinking beneath the carboniferous strata before reaching the Codroy River. Between these two Capes is the carboniferous district of the Codroy Valley, triangular in shape, its base I'csting on the sea, and its apex pointing to the east. The measures on the shore dip inland, and consist of red sandstones and shales with at least two large deposits of gypsum. Were the dip of the measures undis- turbed we would expect to find the productive coal strata at no great distance from the shore, but the gradual approach of the boundary rocks continually brings up lower beds. This accounts for thf large development of Lower Carboniferous measures exposed in following the Codroy River to the eastward. - Two small seams of coal with beds of black shale are said to crop near its sour'. 2, but no systematic exploration has yet been made. From the facts observed on the Barasois Rivers, it is possi- ble however, that they may indicate the commencement of an area of productive measures. On rounding Cape Auguille we are at the mouth of St. George's B.-y, a magnificent sheet of .vater oO miles long, and 40 wide at its entrance. We again meet the carboniferous strata affording a beautiful section at their point of junction with the older rocks of the Cape. The uark slates pitching steeply to the north, are GILPI? overlaid by north-east, 1 contact are i further to th more with fi red and bro^ the upthrow stones, so th gores of blac From thi of tiie Lower general dip t to a parallelii 80 that oppofi still find bet counterparts the district ca pursues a gci mouth is a la and conglonK cut its way Although id( and interveni: same horizon again five mil ten miles eas Kippens Bro( River follows important kej pass beds of ( faults. In ce iron ore, plaii the older rock sandstone and Ae crop of a The next four many disloca ^> f 'S BAY. tal breeding; I!ane Kay the front of the lugar loaves. 3 (lark back- n of the St. Ray, its (lark deep ravines. Sugar loaves the Geologi- >f the plateau !nt grows dim arge. I, an enormous I plateau, but ig the Codroy district of tlic II the sea, and the shore dip at least two casures undis- strata at no )proach of the This aecounts asures exposed lale are said to 1 has yet been ■era, it is possi- nent of an area of St. Georges id 40 wide at ata affording a older rocks of the north, are GILPIX — CAnDONlFEROUS DISTRICT OF ST. OEUROe's BAY. 359 overlaid by the unconformable carboniferous, whose dip is to the north-east, but at an easy angle. In the cliff close to the point of contact are seen signs of an upheaval of unknown extent ; a little further to the north is another of about fifty feet, followed by three more with from twenty to forty feet of dislocation. The strata are red and brown sandstones with beds of black shale ; the force of the upthrow has carried the latter through the lighter coloured stones, so that the lines of fault are marked on the cliff in narrow gores of black pidverized shale. From this point to the head of the Bay are frequent exposures of the Lower Carbonifei'ous, in many places disturbed, but with a general dip to tho south-east. As the strike of the beds approaches to a parallelism with the shore, measures are made slowly, so much so that opposite St. George's Town, a distance of fifty miles, we still find beds of conglomerate, whose warm color recalls their counterparts when of triassic age. A clear idea of the measures of the district can be obtained by ascending the Barasois River, which pursues a general south-east course towards the interior. At its mouth is a large cliff of red sandstone, succeeded by their limestones and conglomerates ; about three miles from salt-water the river has cut its way through an immense bed of gypsum and red marl. Although identification is rendered impossible owing to distance and intervening dislocations, it is probable these deposits are on the same horizon as those of the Codroy Valley. The gypsum crops again five miles to the westward and is exposed on Fissels River ten miles east of this point. A line drawn from the gypsum of Kippens Brook, north side of the Bay, to the mouth of the Codroy River follows closely the line of crop of these beds and furnishes an important key to the whole district. Still ascending the River we pass beds of Conglomerate, some of which appear to be repeated by faults. In certain of the beds are found large fragments of magnetic iron ore, plainly derivable from the great deposit of black oxide in the older rocks. Gradually they pass into finer grits with beds of sandstone and bluish fireclay. About eight mileo from the shore is the crop of a small coal seam in the vertical measures of a fault. The next four miles is through a series of anticlinals with signs of many dislocations, pursuing a general north-east and south-west 360 GILPIN — CARBONIFEROUS DISTRICT OF ST. GEORGE's BAY. course, and occnsional crops of very small coal seams from two to ten inches thick, with underclays bearing stigmaria. The first regular coal scam is now met, its thickness is two feet nine inches, with a band of ironstone balls in the roof, as it is between sand- stones there is not much probability of ar v inc 'case in thickncs.s. The measures are lying at a very heavy angle, with a strike approaching north and south. Higher up the measures become flatter with another seam three feet thick, then follow coarse gritty sandstones I'or about two miles. Beyond this point the current of the river slackens, *hc bunks become low and afford no exposures. Thickets of alder and lonj]; grass shelter the wild geese which at the time of my visit were breeding in great numbers. We are now at the foot of the plateau and find the river leaping in a cascade from the side of the Silurian mountains. Climbing the nearest hill we endeavour to trace the course of the river and imagine its source far up in the Table Land. As we gaze into the unknown interior, range after range of hills rise up before us ; their flanks, covered with spruce underwood, and bare storm swept summits looking down upon the little lakes, each set in a soft green swamp, over which the Carriboo can scarce pick his wsiy. The dark bitter waters unmoved by any wind, I'eflect only the wild fowl and clear cut hill tops. Such is the source of nearly all the Newfoundland rivers. In spring they pour from the snow fed swamps an impassable torrent, and dwindle away in summer to a mere thread. Retracing our steps to the sea coast wc find a similar section exposed on Fissel's River, ten miles to the eastward. Between this point and St. George town are large hills of drift, sometime? over one hundred feet l.igh, and pointing towards the gap in the hills through which the Main River flows. South of the town about six miles from the shore, is a spur of the older rocks containing an immense deposit of Magnetite, identical in appearance with the fragments mentioned as found in the conglomerate. The specimen of Magnetite in the Museum, given by Mr. Bishop, is from this locality. '- - ' * OILPIt The pre Bay causinn have deposit In many pU one to thirt} in localities Tl;3 orig line rocks, f The action c these sands, layers of bla tide. The locality, but oxide of iron less of gam cent, of blac! Indian H coal field of i Indian Brooj Murray, Chi are found th( but the coal Five mil( one of the n The brook fl( great clifT, fo soft white gy alabaster of locality to B( Following sura pitch to find ourselvei shifted to an( Stones and si side. After nected with t land extendii 'S BAY. GILPIN — CARBONIFEROUS DISTRICT OF ST. GEORGB'S BAY. 361 from two to I. The fir.-t nine inches, ctwoen aand- in thickness, vith a strike isures become coarse gritty ns, *he banks Ider and loiiff my visit were of the plateau »t the Silurian I the course ot jand. As wo ■ hills rise up Dod, and bare akes, each set jcarce pick his [1, reflect only urce of nearly Tom the snow in summer t<> similar section ird. Between •ift, soraetiniei- the gap in the i of the town cks containing ,rance with the The specimen ), is from this The prevailing indrafl of westerly wind, and the contour of the Bay causing a tide to flow in on one side and out on the other, have deposited huge sand banks at the mouth of the Main River. In many places these banks show beds of black sand, varj'ing from one to thirty inches ; doubtless researcL would expose thicker beds in localities not now subjected to the action of water. Tli3 origin of these iron sand ores is to be found in the crystal- line rocks, from the disintegration of which they have been derived. The action of the waves, by virtue of the greater specific gravity of these sands, effects a process of concentration, so that considerable layers of black sand are often found on shores exposed to wind and tide. The composition of these black sands vary according to locality, but as found on the St. Lawrence consists of magnetic oxide of iron, with a large mixture of titanic iron ore, and more or less of garnet. The purest specimens hold about foriy-five per cent, of black oxide. Indian Head is a mass of trap forming the south side of the coal field of thtst name. A visit to the measures exposed on the Indian Brook wne impracticable, but on the authority of Prof. A. Murray, Chief of the Geological Survey, undoubted coal measures are found there. A small seam is known to crop near the shore, but the coal is of very inferior quality, hard and full of stone. Five miles to the westwai"! at the mouth of Kippens Brook, is one of the most magnificent exposures of gypsum in the world. The brook flowing obliquely across the crop of the bed, has bared a great cliff, four hundred yards long and one hundred feet high, of soft white gypsum of the finest quality. Parts of the cliff contain alabaster of unusual clearness. The specimens sent from this locality to Boston and Philadelphia were much admire^^. Following the brook upwards, the measures which at the gyp- sum pitch to the east, gradually bend round to the south, and we find ourselves in tl e bed of a synclinal which has been frequently shifted to and fro by upheavals. The measures consisting of sand- stones and shales with beds of grit, rise towards the hills on each side. After a few miles the measures become level and are con- nected with those of Indian Brook. There is a large tract of level land extending for several miles beyond this point, as yet unexplor- 3618 GILPIN — CARBONIFEROUS DISTRICT OF ST. GEOROB's B\Y. GILPIN ed. Here search should be made for coal, as the measures already passed are evidently those of the horizon underlying the productive strata. The next object of interest is the peninsula of Port a Port, forming the north side of the bay. From Cape St. George to the Gravels the south shore presents an almost unbroken wall of limestone, dipping to the north at an easy angle in a series of lateral undulations, varying in length from a quarter to two-thirds of a mile. The profile of the shore on the south side is a perfect contrast to that of East and West Bays. Long continued action of waves on rocks dipping inland does not make a shelving beach, as the undermined cliff falls into the sea, and the outline of the shore becomes straight. ' Crossing to East Bay we find the limestones still dipping to the north, and the action of the sea against their pitch has made long beaches cut into numberless small coves. Part of the limestone has been worn awiy more slowly, and gives the shore a very strange appearance. At first one would imagine the massive ruins of some colossal building had been piled along the beach. At one point we see a number of detached pillars standing at intervals of almost mathematical regularity ; sometimes capped with a round ball of the same material, or square'l as if they were the lower part of some huge portal. Tiicn come great rounded blocks piled one above the other, forming a perforated mass through which a car- riage could be driven. The solid background of the cliff has been cut into circular semi-detached columns, marking a future row of these sculpturers of the sea. Such is the appearance of the shore for miles, every change of position bringing out fresh and stranger forms. In one place there are two large caves hollowed out just above the level of low water. We explored the larger of the two. After following a narrow low gallery of over two hundred feet, we found ourselves in a spacious vault, worn perfectly smooth by the water, and glistening in the light of our torches. Another gallery led further into the cliff but could not be followed more than a few yards, as the roof grew too low to allow our passage. The other cave is abou in a similar Close to beach. The its quality i The whole o calc spar, so only at one j vigorous ope land locked c rock. The i about fifteen of the plumb; mon sulphur I was inform sidcrablc. 1 beautiful shcl fossils, and n tinct fragmen On the pt abundant ind rock, and can has yet been In this CO Petroleum m series of thin green color. Chemung an< known in O bitumin«)us si called in New Uack slate, considers that from this rese I have gli the Bay, thej miner. Alm( B*S B\Y. iBurcs already do productive Port a Port, »hore presents e north at an n length from ! shore on the i West Bays, land does not into the sea, dipping to the las made long the limestone shore a very massive ruins le beach. At ig at intervals I with a round the lower part ocks piled one h which a car- ! cliff" has been future row of B of the shore h and stranger out just above 16 two. After feet, we found I by the water, her gallery led ore than a few ye. The other GILPIN — CARBONIFEROUS DISTRICT OF ST. OEOROB's BAY. SfiS cave is about thirty yards long, very low in places, and terminating in a similar vault. Close to the cave a large deposit of barytes is exposed on the beach. The vein is several feet wide, running north and south ; its quality is excellent, being compact and free from impurity. The whole of this district is crossed by small veins of crystallised calc spar, sometimes contaming galena ; they are of workable size only at one place, in East Bay, where a mine has been opened and vigorous operations pushed forward. The vein is exposed in a land locked cove, worn out by the action of the sea on the soft bed rock. The foot wall of the richest p( tion of the vein, yielding about fifteen per cent of lead, has been ''' od. The total width of the plumbiferous rock is over twenty The ore is the com- mon sulphuret of lead, with copper pyriu , calc and fluorspar. I was informed that the per centage of silver present was incon- siderable. The limestones on the east side of the cove contain a beautiful shell bed, affording the characteristic Lower Carboniferous fossils, and near this is an argillaceous sandstone filled with indis- tinct fragments of broken plants. On the point of land separating East and West Bays are found abundant indications of petroleum ; it oozes from crevices in the rock, and can be secured in considerable quantities. Ko attempt has yet been made to trace it to its source. In this connection, a notice of the position of the Pennsylvania Petroleum may be interesting. Beneath the conglomerate are a series of thin bedded sandstones and shales, the latter often an olive green color. These may be readily recognized as belonging to the Chemung and Portage groups of the New York Geologists, and known in Ohio as the Waverley series. Under this is a bed of bituminous shale from two hundred to three hundred feet thick, called in New York the Hamilton shale, and known in Ohio as the Mack slate. Much oil is found in this bed. Dr. J. S. Newberry considers that the indications of oil in higher n.easures are derived from this reservoir by percolation through the more porous strata. I have glanced over the more prominent geological features (f the Bay, they are of unusual interest both to the geologist and miner. Almost the whole series of the carboniferous measures are 364 LAWSON — ON CANADIAN SPECIES OF Kl'UI. exposed, and cnn be studied under every conditioti of disturbance. The lowest of the measures pnssed over are thoxc of Long Point, then c<»inc the East Bay limestones. The ex|Misurc8 from Cape Auguille to the Harasois llivers fill the interval between the Gravels and Kippcns Brook. The gypsums of Codioy, Barasoia and Kippens form an important horizon. Above this (H»mc the sections of the rivers and Mr. Murray's coal fields of Indian Brook, which may be represented by the imperfect exposures of coal measuref* fourteen miles from the mouth of the Barasois River. Althougli the deposits of coal have not yet er|ii!iiled the expect- ations of investigators, the presence of iron and k-ad in unusually large deposits, together with the indications of other minerals, marks this Bay as the future scene of extensive miniri;f operations. The summer is clear of fog, and the Avinter ice lasts only from January to April, so that St. George's Bay has a material advantage over | many places lying further to the south. Art. IV. — On Canadian Specie8 op Rubi and their Geo- graphical Distribution. By Georije Lawson, Ph. | i . D., LL. D., Dalhousie College. * ' ' (Hcarf January 12, 1874.) ' ' (ABSTRACT.) RuBUS was der^ribed as a genus of plants belonging to the I natural order ItosacecB, an order which embraces about a thousand species and a countless number of varieties of artificial origin. An unusually large number of these plants are natives of temperate countries in the northern hemisphere. Mosacem has furnished our gardens with numerous ornamental plants, such as the hawthorns, pyrus, roses, sweet briars, almonds, spiraeas, potentillas, amelan- chier, geums,