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 Indian Affairs in the l\fi 
 
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 DELIVBRBD BY 
 
 HON. DR. SCHULTZ, M. P.. 
 
 - IN THH 
 
 House of Commons of Canada, 31st March. 1873. 
 
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 V. ! (From the ''Ottawa Times.") 
 
 Dr. Schultz moved, seconded by Mi*. Bowoll, that ftn humble 
 addroHS be presented to His Excellency the Governor General, for 
 copies of all correspondence from Indians and others in the Pro- 
 vince of Manitoba with the Government, on the subject of the dis- ' 
 Hatisfaction prevailing among the Chiefs, Headmen, and Indiana, 
 treated with in Manitoba and adjacent Territories in the year 1871. 
 
 Dr. Schultz, in moving this address, said: — 
 
 I have miulo this motion Mr. Speaker, mainly to enable mo ta ' 
 place before this Honorable House, some fuels in connection with th« 
 Indians of the North West, which I trust will l)e consideroil of 
 sufficient importance, at least to lead Honorable (i«ntlemon to,' 
 investigate for themselves, a subject which for the first time, hat 
 became a really important one in this country. 
 
 While everyone felt pionsod when the long negotiations i>«twoea 
 CaniKla and the Hudson Wny ('oinpany drew to a close, and pruud of 
 tli'e Im|)oiial Proclamation of Ifith July, 1870, which mlded :J,000,000 
 square miles, to the area of the Dominion ; few remcmlwred however 
 ut the time, that this territory had a jtopulation of (i8.0(H) Indiaim, 
 whose rights by the cotulilious of the transfer we w«»ro boinul to 
 recognises and U> whose care and pi'otection wo W(To firmly ploilged. 
 
 These Indians were as yet, loinls of the soil, their righl«, at 
 least in their own ('ountry, none disputcMl, and yet while piMiple 
 grumbltHl at the one million and a hiUf, which was paid by um 
 
 tioguiiiU the intangible title of the Hudson itey Company, and 
 4. regretted that this Corporation tthould have been allowed to relainj 
 
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 one-twentieth uf all the Ian d, together with large special reserves 
 arouiw their posts, few reflected that the money paid the IIudHon 
 Bay Company, was really thrown awa}', and that we must yet buy 
 from those who owneil antl possessed them, the very lands that w» 
 were so graciously giving this Company, the one-twentieth of 
 
 Still for better or for worse, the deed is dono, the l)argain con. 
 eluded, the money paid, and the rosponsi I )i lilies incurred, and Canada 
 appreciating the future which awaits her, has gra])plcd with the 
 question of tilling these newly a((iuiro<l valleys, with the teeming 
 ])oj)uIation of the old world ; we have projected Railways over them, 
 and Caiinis through thorn; we have talvcii steps to make tiio rocks 
 yield their rich and variinl contents, and the rivers their gohien sands. 
 Discussion after discussion, ha.s taken place in this House, from 
 ap|);n'cntly every ])(»ssil)Ie point of view in regard to tluMlevelo])nienl. 
 of this ivgioii, imt 1 totally fail to remember one single word, that 
 would indicate the. slightest consideration lor those who are now 
 happy and content on its hunting grounds, anil to whom the 
 carrying out of these projects means, unless a wise legislation intor- 
 fers, gradual l>ut inevitable destruction. Populiition and l{ailway 
 communication wc must have, but let us never lorget that the 
 cuttings of the [{aili-oail, will desecrate many an Indian burying 
 ground, and that the plough of the settlers along its line, will pass 
 tiii'ough many an Indian hearth, that is bright with lire today. 
 
 At this moment there is a condition of profound j)eaco among 
 the Indian tribes north of the intci-natioiial i>oundary. in any 
 j)ai't of this vast region the lit'c of a white man is safe; no lodge 
 would refuse him its shelter, and its food would bo shared without the 
 expectation of reward. They are absolute lords as yd of their 
 hunting grounds; the half-broeds, it is true, are allowetl to par- 
 ticipate as a right in common with themselves, but parties ot' 
 Kiiglishmen and others, hunting for pleasure, aro conipcllcil to pay 
 u royalty for tiie pri\ilego, to those masters of the soil. I mention 
 the fact. Sir, of (ho stale of jtcacc which exists among the British 
 fndiaiis iKH-nusc of its contrast to the state of affairs in the Indian 
 country (if the Unitcil States. There, flio most ordinary surveying 
 jtarty has to bo jirotected i»y a strong detachment of troops, and a 
 condition of thiiigH exist which would seem to show tliut all faith 
 between tlio contracting ])arties to treaties lias passed away, luul 
 that the cruel Ntrife will only end when the last Indian has uttered 
 Ids death cry. 
 
 Honorable gonthwucn will admit that the contrast is great, and 
 
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 I i*e8pcctfnlly submit that there is no public questioa of the day 
 more worUiy of the considei-atiou of this House than tlie deterniin- 
 ution of a policy which will ensure a continuance of the pence 
 wliich exists, and the avoidance of those Indians wars which are 
 always charact<}rizcd by brutal outrages, and enormous ex- 
 pense. Allow nio to cite one instance only, among the many 
 sucli which have occurred in the United States : West of the lied 
 River, and south of the boundary line is the country of the Sioux 
 Indians, coi responding to our Crce tribe, who occupy a similar 
 geographical position on our side of the boundary. These tribes 
 are about C(jnal in numbers •, both .'ire Indians of the prairie, 
 practiced horsemen and excellent shots. Ten years ago, this tril)e 
 of Sioux were in as profound a state <i' peace with the United 
 States as the C'l-ees are noAV with us ; but a grievance had been 
 growing; the conditions of their treaties had not l)ocn cai-ried out; 
 remonsti'ances to their agents had been jiigcon-holed in official 
 desk's ; warnings from half-biK?eds and traders who knew their 
 language had been pooh-poohoti by the apostles of rod tape, till, 
 8U(kleidy, the wail of the massacre of 'U;} echoed through the land. 
 Western Minnesota was red with the blood of the innocent, and 
 for hundreds of miles the prairie horizon was lit with burning 
 dwellings, in which the shriek of childless women had been 
 silencwl by the tomahawk of the savage, The military power 
 of the United States was of course culled into requisition; but the 
 movement of rognlar troojwi was slow, while that of the Indian was 
 like the "pestilence which stalks in darkness." Where least ex- 
 pected; where farthest removed from military intei-fercnce ; in the 
 dead of night, they aitpcai'cd, and the morning sun rose on the 
 ghastly faces of the doiid, an<l the charred remains of their once 
 hapjiy homes. 
 
 Trained siddiers, in the end, overcame the savage ; but not until 
 A country as large as Nova Scotia had been depopulated; not until 
 the tcn-oi- had diverted the stream of foreign immigration to more 
 Moutliei'ii fields, and not until thivo military e.xpeiidilions, on three 
 Huccessivo years, had traversed the Indian country, at an oxpendituie 
 to the United Slates Cbivennnont of t«'n nnllions of dollars, and 
 neccssitatod since that time the niniiilcMiince of ten military posts, 
 with permanent garrisons (;!' three llionsand nn>n. 
 
 It neetls, Sir, no argument to show that in Indian dilllciUties of 
 this sort, prevention Im hotter than cure. Americans lulmit that 
 this tribe of Sioux wore the Itost, when fairly treated, that the (Jov- 
 •ornmont had had dealings with, and confess that in very many ciwos 
 
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 the complftlnta of the Indians were only too well founded and it is for 
 U8 to profit by the bitter lessons in Indian matters which experience 
 has taught them. Fortunately for us, we commence our relations 
 with them in the best possible manner ; they have to us no heredi- 
 tary hatreds, no traditions passing from tribe to tribe of broken 
 faith and unfulfilled promises ; and it is only necessary for us 
 to determine a policy which will be fair to them, and to con- 
 vince them that our promises will be rigidly kept, to ensure to us u 
 continuance ol" the present state of peace which exists. 
 
 I am perfectly ^vell aware that a sort of stereotyped opinion 
 pre\ail« throughout the older Provinces that there is no danger of 
 difficult}' with the Western Indians, because we have had heretofore 
 no serious difficulty with them in the present settletl portions of 
 Canada. I know that the fact of these Indians, American as well 
 as Knglish, almost religiously preserving the medals given to their 
 forefathers in George the Third's time, will be cited as a proof of 
 their hereditary loyalty to the crown, and an argument against the 
 possibility of difficulties; and, while I am prepared to admit that 
 this sentiment among them will make it loss difficult to preserve 
 peace, still I Avnrn honorable gentlen>on against placing too 
 much reliance on that which is at Iwst but a very intangible idea of 
 the relations between the crown and tiicinselves, and that whenever 
 the" are are convinced that they have been unfairly dealt with, or, 
 .y themselves would express it, " the face of 'Okemaquu,' their 
 ^^. it mother, has been hid from them," that the feeling of injustice 
 will produce the same results north of the 49th parallel at* they have 
 to the south, notwithstanding the sentiment of loyalty to the British 
 Queen which undoubtedly exists. I have cital our C'reo nation in 
 connection with the American Sioux, because the lands of that tribe 
 will bo first requir<3d by the Dominion, and to draw attention to the 
 fact that difficulty with them would l)e attended with the same 
 appalling results, the same enormous expense as in the cjwe of the 
 war between the United States and the Sioux. 
 
 In the determination of an Indian policy. Sir, wo have unfortn- 
 nately very little to gain from past experience. The circumstances 
 under which the Indians of the older Provinces were froatwl with 
 are utterly ditVerent from those of the present day. Then, the 
 advancement of civilization was slow, and the Indian continued to 
 hunt over and enjoy, in many cases for fifty years after, the landn 
 that he was rec«;iving yearly payment for. The process of change 
 Wiw 80 slow that he scarcely felt it, and when he did, a change of 
 
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 location to a short distance remedied the evil. These were the days 
 whoii railroads were not, and when even colonization roads followed 
 instead of preceded the settler. In our day the case is diflerent, and 
 particularly so in a country where farms are made in one year 
 instead of the fifteen which was once necessary in older Canada. 
 Now, the embers of the treaty council tire will scarcely be cool till 
 the Kailway Engineer is locating his lino, and two years will scarcely 
 pass till the scream of the locomotive will echo where buffalo i'eed 
 to-day. Here will be no gradual, imperceptible change a« with the 
 Indians of the older Provinces ; we know that our occupation of 
 the Saskatchewan valley means the disappearance of the buffalo and 
 other prairie animals ; we know that to the prairie Indians these 
 animals are more than manna wivs to the wandering Israelite: Their 
 flesh feeds him, their skins clothe him, and their hides form the 
 house ho lives in. The question, then, to consider is: What are we 
 to give him in compensation for his hunting grounds? A railroad 
 we must have; settlers along its line is a natural consequence; and 
 the first step toward thiH end must be a treaty with the present 
 occupants. Now, Sir, I take it for granted that the Government 
 have as yet decided upon no special policy, that they are willing, 
 perhaps anxious, to hear an expression of the views of this House. 
 It is true that two treaties — those of 1871 — have already been maile, 
 very much on the same terms as the treaties of the last century; 
 but, Sir, the Papers which I hope to have brought down by the 
 moving of this Address will show that these treaties have not been 
 satisfactory to the Indians, who, through their Head Chief " Misko- 
 kanew," the Chiefs Les Cr rand Orei lies. Yellow Quill and others, have 
 protested against them, and in some cases have refused to receive 
 the stipulated annuity. Briefly stated, these treaties consist of the 
 surrender of HO,(IOO,000 acres of land on the one side, and the payment 
 of an annuity of throe dollars per capita, a reserve of land equal to 
 160 acics to a family of six, some gaudy clothing and a wagon to 
 the Chiefs, and a plough, harrow, and schoolmaster to each reserva- 
 tion. Now, Sir, the sum paid is inadequate to the commonest wanta 
 of an Indian I It will not buy him the tobacco he smokes, nor the 
 powder and shot he uses, much less the woolen clothing and covering 
 which the disappearance of the larger animals has necessitate<l his 
 using. 
 
 Let us consider the matter fairly and see whether we would be 
 doing justice to the Indians, in making these treaties the nuxlels for 
 all subsequent ones. East of the liocky MonntainH, we have 
 acquired an Indian Territory of three millions square miles; on it 
 
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 there is a population of sixty-eight thousand Indians ; the indi- 
 vidual Indian, then in an average treaty, cedes to the Governmont 
 forty square miles of Country ; this forty square miles of Coimtry 
 at present supplies him with his food, his clothing and his house, 
 the smaller fur bearing animals on it, give him the means of acquiring 
 what he need of European manufactm*e. The moment he concludes 
 a treaty for lands desirable for agricultural or l?ail?'oad purposes, 
 but two courses are open to him, either to remain'and starve, whore 
 once he revelled in plenty, or to totally change his habits and adopt 
 these of the incoming race in wresting from the soil a sul)sistance. 
 The idea that he can do the latter on a payment of three dollars 
 annually is of course an absui-dity, the^glaring nature of which is 
 all the more apparent, when we reflect that when we have brought 
 him within the pale of civilization, wo compel him to pay about 
 six dollars annually to the State, on the Tobacco he smokes ; the Tea 
 that he drinks, and the blankets and clothes that he weaves. The pro- 
 position is an absurdity ; wo take from him his heritage, in tho 
 Saskatchewan Valley — say forty square miles; to each; we com- 
 pel him to contribute six dollars yearly towards the State, anc' 
 we magnanimously propose to pay him three dollars a year for life. 
 Our laws declare him a minor and yet we drive as hard a bargain with 
 him as though he werQ a land-jobber, and when other arguments have 
 failed to make him accept the terms, we plainly give him to 
 understanil in a spirit of civilized barbarity that might is right, and 
 that wo will have his lands. Any qualms of conscience on our parts 
 are apt to be satisfied by platitudes about the march of civilization 
 and the domination of the Anglo-Saxon race, judiciously forgetting 
 that it is not so many hundreds of 3'ears ago that our livitish ances- 
 tors bore about tho same relations to their Jioman Invaders that tho 
 Indian boars to us, and that wo think quite proper, nay, even 
 heroic, their having opjjosed their naked and tattoed breasts to 
 tho advance of the well-armed Ilojnans. 
 
 You can trace a melancholy similarity in tho reasons which 
 Indian orators give as the cause of their wars and conseciuent mis- 
 fortunes. With " Brant " and « HIackhawk," " Pontiac," " Logan," 
 " Powatan," "Tocumseh," and the " I'rophot," the cause assigned 
 is the same. It is tho same story of the encroachment of the whites; 
 the failing of the game; the iiuulequate c()m))cnsalion. "Tocum- 
 seh'' characterizes his luvlion as "once a haj>py race jnade mis- 
 sorable by the white people always encroaching." " Hlack Hawk" 
 tells us that '' he wont to tho Great Father, and he ga\ e us fair words 
 and great promises, but no saatifaction ; there wore no deer in the 
 
forest'; tho opossum and tho beav' had fled, and o'lir squaws and 
 papoose.' starved," and '< Eed Jji 'Icet," a Seneca Chief sums up the 
 argument in one of his great speeches, as follows : " Brothers listen 
 to what I have to sa\' : there was a time when our forefathers owned 
 this Island ; their seats extended from the rising to the setting sun : 
 the groat spirit made it for the use of the Indians, but an evil day came 
 upon us when the white man crossed the Great Waters, ho told ua 
 that he was flying from wicked men and wanted a small seat in our 
 country ; in ])ity for them wo granted their request and gave thorn 
 corn and meat while thej' gave us poison in return ; at length their 
 numbers increased, they wanted more land, they wanted our whole 
 country, and at last our eyes were opened." 
 
 The Indians treated with in 1811 are dissatified with the 
 the treaty. Unaccustomed in tho interior (o the use of money, they 
 formed a verj' incorrect idea of tho value of the bank bills in which 
 they were ])aid. In the case of the tirst payment at Fort Francis, 
 on Eainy Lake, they hurried to tho Hudson Bay Company's trad- 
 ing ostaliliHiiment at that place to test the value of those strange 
 papers. Soon they found that three dollars only represented three 
 pounds of Tobacco, or two-and-a-half poun Is of tea, or five yards of 
 print Dissatisfaction was the result, and an Indian Chief, in 
 handing back the three dollars he had received, said, '' I do not 
 want it; it will take me tive yeai-s to buy a coat." They found that 
 they could only procure with the nioney what tn^'y could get for a 
 single mink skin, and this band have since refused to treat with tho 
 Crovernment, 
 
 To me it seems, Sir, that there is only ono coui-se open: we 
 must civilize the Indian by weaning him from the chase to the culti- 
 vation of the soil- I know that the Americans, after immense 
 apj)i'opriationH of money to that end, have come to the conchision 
 that this is impossible; but. Sir, I am proud to say that wo have a 
 direct contradiction of their projiosition in the numerous settlements 
 of Christian Indians about our missions, whore the Indian nature 
 has so far changed as to make nim in point of industry, of truthful- 
 ness and of obodicnco, the equal if not tho sujierictr of the average 
 white num. 
 
 Wo are boun<l by the transfer to protect the Indians of tho 
 North West ; they are consequently at this moment the wards of tho 
 Covernmcnt. While it will be the easiest thing in the world l)y 
 the adoption of an unwise jH)licy to sow the seeds of an evoi'lasling 
 enmity, yet I hold that it is e([ually possible by wise measures to 
 retain their friendship even while we are purchasing their lands; that 
 in fact we can economizo him, it' I may be aUowed the expression, 
 while we are protecting him. To do this, 1 hold that treaties must 
 be made with them on a far more liberal basis than those of 1871. 
 Instead of a perpetiud annuity, 1 would suggest a much larger sum 
 ann.u\lly, for a sti])idatod jicriod, say 21 years ; instead of a payment 
 in money, I would be in favor ot giving him indispensible articles of 
 
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 BHiropean mantlfacture or growth, and of stipulating that a very 
 large proportion devoted to each band on a reservation, should be 
 applied to the purchase of agricultural implements and oxen, and 
 the payment of native farmers competent to instruct them in culti- •* 
 vating the soil ; instead of the present reserve of IGO acres among a 
 family of »ix, I would suggest at lojist 160 acres to each individual, 
 and stipulate that the reservation should be situated near some well- 
 known fishing ground, and be fai* removed as possible from centres 
 of white population and much travelled highways, and lastly, I 
 Would expressly stipulate that the most ample provision be made 
 for his education in our language. If Honorable Gentlemen feel 
 that to do this would entail too great a tivx on the finances of the 
 country, I would respectfully suggest that a reservation of one sec- 
 tion out of each surveyed Township, as in the case of school lands, 
 would by its sale at a time when its value had been enhanced by 
 <5ontiguou8 settlement, provide a fund which would materially lessen 
 the amount necessary to be appi-opriated for the Indian Department. 
 A change from the policy which dictated the treaties of 1871 I 
 hold to be actually necessary. I would regret much to be considered 
 an alarmist, yet I declare from my place in this House my con- 
 viction, based on knowledge of the feelings of the Indians, that no 
 more treaties can be made with them on those terms, and it is a ques- 
 tion whether, till the existing dissatisfaction of the bands already 
 treated with, be dissipated, they will make a treaty at all. 
 
 I have heard it rumored with a very great deal ot satisfaction,* 
 that the Government propose to manage the Indian affairs of the 
 North West mainly in Manitoba, and that instead of one Commis- 
 Bioner, there will be a board of three, one of whom will be the Gov- 
 ernor of Manitoba and the North West Territories; if so, this is a 
 step in the right direction, and I would earnestly suggest that this 
 Board take early steps to enquire into existing causes of dissatisfac- 
 tion among the Indians who made the treaties of 1871. 
 
 In conclusion I would remark that the Indian has had 
 few friends; history hjis done little else for him than record the 
 deeds which he has done in anger and when smarting under a sense 
 of injustice. Poetry and romance have combined to throw a false 
 glamour ai-ound his daily life, and it is only when wo can be brought 
 to consider that ho is only now what our ancestors were not so very 
 long ago, that he is swayed by t' > same impulses, governed by the 
 8amo necessities as om-selves, th . we are likely to accord to him the 
 justice which is his duo. As political economists we are bound to 
 endeavor to prevent his either becoming a scourge or a pauper, and 
 to make of him, if we oan, a grain or stock-producing law-abiding 
 citi/ien of the state; and should we, Sir, by the adoption ot a sound 
 Indian policy achieve such a result, I cannot but feel, that when 
 Canada has taken taat place among the nations, which her extent, 
 her resources, and her position, will one day entitle her to, we can 
 look back with pride and pleasure to measures which at least have 
 accorded justice, possibly even produced lasting benefit, to a rut'O 
 who upon this continent are now fast passing into History. t ■».»;. 
 
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t a very 
 
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 centres 
 
 lastlj', I 
 
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 men feel 
 
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 lanced by 
 
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 of 1871 I 
 
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 my con- 
 
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 tisfaction,' 
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 •ecord the 
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 1