IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / o {/ .<" m. s,-^ ^ •^.^ fe. .•J" ■^ / ' 1.0 f IIP« |||||2.5 - m 2.2 :F m 2.0 I.I mil 1 fl 1.25 ■ 1 1.4 <> i ^^' <^ "el ^a /^ ,.> /. pm. ' ^^^1 ^-^^^^ I OF First things in Canada. BY GEORGE JOHNSON. In such indexes * * * •><.***** there is seen The baby figure of the giant ipass Of things to come at large. — Shakeshere, ©ttawa : Printed by Mortimer «:^ ('o. 1889. i Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight huncired and eighty-ninc, by George Johnson, in tlie Ofilce of the Minister of Agri- culture. 'tm^if^0S:'m^m^^ -siL'; ^.^■::s^!j^ .o-.o-..vj..jcj;v:-K->f,;sui;:w':vi;a:,i:j,: INTRODUCTION. Having often found myself compelled to verify a date, or to search for the sources of a movement which in tlie course of years b.ad ix^come of im- portance, I 1;egan, some years a^i^o, to jot down any statement of first things in Canachx that I met in my readings. Many of these " iirst things" are of comparatively recent date, owing to the cliangcs following the Con- federation of tlic Provinces under the Union Act of 1S67. The more readily to find wliat I wanted, I arranged the collection in al|.)habetical order. . I anticipate that errors will be discovered, since in many cases different dates for the same event are assigned by different authors. Omissions will also l)e found. • No doul)t these errors and omissions will be pointed out to me by kind friends, in order that they may be rectified and su})[jlied in future editions. It is my hope that the collection will prove useful to newspaper writers, to pul.-lic men, and indeed in more or less degree to all Canadians, including '' Young Canada '' on the school bench. IV Introduction, Nothiii^r has been of ^rreater interest to myself than, in a spare hour now and then, to trace, by the help of this -Alphabet of First Things in Canada," the changes that suggest the rapid development of homogeneity throughout the Dominion, by means of which, from Cape Breton Island to Vancouver Island, we are being fashioned into one community, with identical interests and aspirations, supplied with the best features of the highest civilization. The little touches here, and the big changes there, by which the new overcoat of Confederation has been made an easy and comfortable fit, must always excite lively interest in the minds of those who are proud to wear it -the people of all the provinces of the Dominion of Canada. GEORGB: JOHNSON. Ottawa, Canada. r7iv'^l^rLrrc^=V.r^-3^r=*r!r^-^7-v^~ ALPHABET OF m^l THINGS IN GANADA. Academy of Arts, Royal Canadian, foundtxl by the Marquis of Lome, 1880. Acadia — A term of varying quantity, the narrowest Hmit of which inckided part of the coast of Nova Scotia only, and the widest comprised Nova Sco- tia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, part of Maine, both banks of the St. Lawrence River, the Labrador coast as far north as Ungava Bay at the entrance of Hudson's ^Straits, Anticosti, and other islands in the (iulf of St. Lawrence (except Cape Breton), and Newfoundlc.nd. Acadian French — First convention held at Mem- ramcook, N.B., July, 1881. Advertisements — The first railway advertisement appeared in the Montreal Gazette^ ^^^Zl' Ajjents, Commercial ; vote of money to enable the Government to employ such first appears in Esti- mates of 1884. Agricultural College — i'irst for Ontario founded at Guelph, 1874. Albani — Paid her first professional visit to Montreal, and received a deputation from Chraiibly, P.Q., her birth-place, in 1884. On one occasion, when Sir John Macdonald was in England, Albani was invited to meet him at an evening party. She was asked to sing, and said, though it was not customary to comply with such invitations, she would cheerfully sing for *' my chiet " (Sir John) — First T/iifigs in Canadn. sinjTJnjr, accord injTJy, "Canada, nmn pays, nics amours," and several other I'.ngli^.h and I'rtncli sonjTfs of Canada. Allai, Sir H. 'J'lie first time Sir TTir;h came to Montreal was in 1.S26. The ';ul)scrjiient ftnmder of the Allan line of steamships can\e out in the Jutvoiti'itc, which had to be judled up the St. Mary's cu-rent by a dozen pr > of oxen before ho coiild effect n lnndinL^ Allan Steamship Line- -T)ej;an operations 1854. Re.s'un of Can- ada," Kingston, 1824. Bouncy — Civen to encourage development of sea fish- eries and building of fishing vessels, 1882. Bridge — Victoria bridge, first railway bridge across the St. Lawrence River, formally opened for traffic by the Prince of Wales, i860. First pass- enger train crossed Dec. 19, 1859. The bridge cost $6,300,000 ; length 9,184 feet. Bridge — First stone of Lachine railway bridge laid March i8th, 1S86. British Association for Advancement of Science first met, in Canada, at Montreal, Aug. 27th, 1884. 8 Inrst Things in Canada. Building Societies — First established by law, 1846. Butterine — First prohibition of manufacture and sale of, in Canada, 1886. Burlington Bay Canal — Opened by Lieut. -Governor, 1st July, T826. It was the first public celebration to commemorate the opening of any public work in Upper Canada. Canada — Name, as applied to this country, first ap- pears in " Bref Recit de la Navigation faite en 1535-36," by Captain Jacques Cartier. In glos- sary of Indian terms given in " Discovrs du Voy- age Jacques Cartier, 1534,'' Cartier says the Indians call their town "Canada." The name was afterwards applied to the whole country. It is probable that the word Canada has its origin in the Indian custom of giving names to places on account of topographical peculiarities. Thus we find that the Indian name for Lake Cham- plain was Kanaderi-quarunte — "the lake that is the gate of the country." So, also, S. Kaniadara- da was the Indian name for that lake-environed region lying on the north of Lake Erie and north- west of Lake Ontario, and between Lakes On- tario and Huron. The Indians to this day call Ottawa Kanat-sio — "the kettle in the water," referring to the falls now called the Chaudiere. Kahionha is Indian for '' river ; " Kanonhan means "a full lake." Perhaps we may not be far wrong when we surmise that " Canada " has sprung from the root-word, which signified the "country of big lakes and rivers." Canadian Government Debentures — First allowed to be purchased in England by trustees of estates, by order of Chancery Court, Oct., 1 888. The order was revoked in November, the Court concluding it had not the power without further legislation. Canadian 3 per cent. Loan— Effected in London, England, 1888. First loan at this rate of any British Colony. First Things in Canada. 5) Canadian Pacific Railway — First sod turned May 2nd, 1881 ; the last spike was driven by Sir Donald Smith, in the Rockies, Nov. 6th, 1885. First Eastern bound train arrived at Montreal from Port Moody, July 12th, 1886 — "sharp on time. " Canadian Pacific Railway — Tenders first issued calling for three fast steamers to ply between Vancouver city and Yokohama and ]iong-Kong calling at Shanghai (British Goverrment giving an annual subsidy of ;[^45,ooo and Canadian Government one of ;f 15,000) October, 1888. Canadian Pacific Railway — First Engineer-in Chief of Surveys of, appointed March 4th, 1871, Mr. Sandford Fleming receiving the appointment. Canadian Pacific Railway — The first cabinet minis- ter to cross by the C. P. R. to the Pacific coast was Hon. Thos, WTiite, July, 1886. Sir John Macdonald followed shortly after, arriving at Port Moody on 23rd July, the same date on which, fifty years before, the first railway in Canada was opened. As he steamed into Victoria, intelligence was conveyed that the first tea ship from the East had just been sighted. Canal — The first Canal in Canada was the Sault Ste. Marie. Harmon, in his "Journal," says : "Sault Ste. Marie, May 30th, 1800. Here the North West Company have built locks to take up loaded canoes. " Canal — Rideau. The first stone of the Rideau Canal was laid by Captain Francklin, the celebrated Arctic explorer (afterwards Sir John), August 16, 1827. The Montreal Gazette, of October 23, 1827, quoting from the lS\ox\ixei^\ Herald, gives an extract from a letter written by a correspondent at the Rideau Canal, dated August 16 : "I have this evening to communicate to you one of the most important events that ever occurred in the Canadas — an event which will doul)tless form an era in the history of thij? country for ages to come, 10 First Things in Can ad a. It was no less tlian the depositing of the first stone of the locks of the Rideau (^anal. Yester- day evening, at a late hour, Captain Francklin, the celebrated traveller, arrived at the head- quarters of the detachment of the 71st Regiment, now doing duty here. Colonel l^y decided u]~ion welcoming this enterprising traveller to tlie reinons of liosi^italitv and civilization in a wav that would identify his return with a grand under- taking so liighly beneficial to the continent he had spent so long time and labor in exploring, viz., the laying tlie first stone of the locks of the Rideau Canal. . . This morning all was bustle to get ready. At 4 o'clock a.m., the stone, weighing above 1^4 tons, was brought to its bed, when the Captain gave the final knock to the stone in due form."' Karl Dalhousie laid the foundation stone of tlie lowest h^ck of the Rideau Canal 29th Sei^tember, 1827. Canal — Cornwall. First sod turned in 1S34. First steamer through, the ///^'•///(///^/tv, 1842. Canal — Calops. Opened Noveml)cr, 1846. Canal — Farren Point. Ojiened June, 1847. Canal — Poirit Iroriuois. Opened October, 1S47. Canal — Rapidc I'lat. Opened September, 1S47. Cantilever Bridg:e — over Niagara River, first of its kind in Canada, opened December 20th, 1883. Card-money — first circulated about 1700. On ist January it w^as necessary to pay the officers and men, and no money had come from France. A card was therefore issued, witli its value stated, the signature of the Treasurer, an imp-ression of the arms of France and (on sealing wax) tfiose of the Governor and Intendant. The place where the cards were prepared was po])ularly called the " card-nKmey factory." Bagot is stated t(^ have issued in three years, 1757-59, sixty million livres of this money. It became worthless. Cardinal — First Cardinal in Canada, Mgr. Taschereau on whom the baretta was conferred July, 1886. First Things; in Canada, II irst A Ited, K of e of here ibe lave res l-au Carnival— The first Winter Ice Palace Carnival iii Montreal, January, 18S3. Carfcicr — Kir.st landed in Canada at (las])e, Julv 24t]i, 1534- Cavalry — First oigani/ed body of, in Canada, Xo. i Trof)}) Montreal Cavalry, 1802. Census — First ojiicial census of Canada was taken iri 1665. It was not a forniidaiile undertaking, the ])opulatiun numbering only 3251. Census^First taken in 1*. E. Island, 1798. Popula- tion, 4372. Census — First complete census taken in X. Scotia, I0I7. Population, 81,351. Census — First complete census tal:en in X. I'runs- wick, 1824. Popukaticjn, 74,176. Church — Protestant. The first J'rotestant Churcii in British Xorth -^Vnierica was St. Paul's, lialifax, Xova Scotia, erected 1750 and still used. Church — The first Protestant Church built in Lower Canada was at Bertliier, l)y tlie vSeignieur Cuth- ])ert, in 1 786. Church — The first I^rotestant Churclt in Montreal was St. Cabriel's Presbyterian Churrh, the cen- tenary celebration of which took i)lace March 12, 1886. Church of England -First Congress was held in Hamilton, June 7th, 1883. Church Service — The first regular Protestant Church service performed in Lower Canada was in the Recollects Chapel, Mfjntreal, loaned by the Franciscan Friars to the Church of Fngland, and used every Sunday afternoon for 20 years. Sub- sequently the Church of Scotland used it, and when the congregation moved th.ey presented the Recollect Fathers with candles for the high altar and wine for the Mass. Civic Loan- The first colonial city to float a civic loan at y/2 per cent, was r^Tontreal, 18SS — Hon. J. J. C. Abl)ott, mayor. Coal— First recorded mention of, in Xova Scotia, 1654. r 12 first Things in Canada. \ Coal — First attempt at mining, in Nova Scotia, 1720. Coasting^ Trade — Provision made for reciprocity in coasting trade, 1870; Italy (1873), Germany (1874), the Netherlands (1874), Sweden and Norway (1874), Austria- Hungary (1876), Den- mark (1877), reciprocating, were for the first time admitted to the privileges of Canada's coast- ing trade in the years mentioned. Coin — First Canadian coin issued was in 1858. Colonial Representatives — First formal reception of representatives of the self-governing Colonies (Canada included) by Earl Derby, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, January, 1883. Sir A. T. Gait represented Canada as High Com- missioner. Commercial Travellers' Association first founded in Toronto, 1871. Included in the five Associa- tions in the Dominion are 5,000 members. Confederation of British North American Provinces was first suggested by a Nova Scotian, Mr. Uni- acke, in 1808. Controverted Elections, trial of, first transferred from House of Commons Elections Committee to Special Judges, by statute, 1 873 ; first trans- ferred to Judges of Superior Courts by Act of 1874. There have been (to December 31st, 1888) 159 trials under these Acts, 72 of which resulted in voiding the seats for corrupt practices. Copper — The first mention of a copper mine in Canada is by Lescarbot, who says, on arriving at Isle Percee, on i6th August, 1609, he met Sieur Prevert,of St. Malb, just come from a copper-mine. Council — First Provincial Council of R. C. Bishops, 1872. County — Nova Scotia was the first to establish ihe • old Norman division of counties. Court — wSupreme Court of Canada first established 1875. Sir W. B. Richards first Chief Justice. Criminal Statistics — Act for collection of, placed upon the Statute Book, 1876. naBMi'mriiiwMi I^irst Things in Caiiada, 13 Decimal System of Coinage first adopted, 1858. Decimal bystem of Currency liiiit adopted for public accounts, 1858. Department of Literior fust organized, with minis- terial Head, 1st July, 1873. Department of Railways and Canals first or- ganized, with ministerial head. May 20th, 1879. Deepwater Terminus ol intercolonial RaiUvny at iialilax completed February, 1880. Directory — The lirst Directory of JMontreal was issued 18 1 9. Distillery — The first n-'as Mauger's in Halifax, 1750. Dockyard — The iirst establislied was in lialiiax, 1758. The date on the gate is 1770, which refers to the wall. Dominion Live Stock Association, first annual meeting held in Toronto, February 12, 1886. Dominion — Canada first called a Dominion in 1774, in address of the American Colonies in assembly at Philadelphia. Dominion Day — ist July, 1867, Canada became, under authority of the (^ueen, a Dominion ; hence, ist July of each year is called Dominion Day. Dominion Notes Act extended through the whole Dominion, 1876. Dual Representation abolished, 1873. Earthquake — First recorded as happening in Canada, 1638. Education — Ladies' Society for promoting Education and Industry in Canada, founded 21st October, 1826, at Montreal, Countess Dalhousie patroness. Election — First for Elective Legislative Council of Province of Canada, 1856. Electric Light first used in Montreal, in 1877, 4' the Harbour Commissioners. Electric Motor — The first practical Electric Motor was first publicly used in Toronto, 1885. English Law introduced into Upper Canada, 1788. r mm 14' First Things in Canada. Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway—First rail- way on Vancouver Island. Opened by Sir John Macdonald, August, 1886. Evangelical Alliance— Dominion Evangelical Al- liance formed in Montreal, October, 1888. Its model is the British Evangelical Alliance, 1S46. Exhibition — First Provincial, held in Toronto, October, 1846. Expedition — First military expedition sent out by the Dominion, was under Garnet Wolseley, arriving at Fort Ciarry, September 24th, 1870. Exchange — Grain and Produce, of Winnipeg, formed November, 1887. Farmer — The first farmer in Canada was Louis Hebert, who came from Acadia to Quebec, in 161 7, with his family, maintaining himself and tliem by tilling the soil ; died 1626. Farms — Experimental farms first established for the Dominion by Hon. John Carling, Minister of Agriculture, 1886. Fenian Raid— First into Canada, May 31st, 1866. Fishery Commission, under Articles 22 and 23 of Washington Treaty, 187 1, first met in Halifax, June 15th, 1877. Forestry, Department of, established by Provincial Government of Ontario, 1884. Franchise, Electoral, first made uniform through- out the Dominion in 1885. Free Delivery of Postal Matter put in opera- tion in Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec, Halifax, Hamilton, and St. John, N. B., 1875. Frigate Coins — First launched in New Brunswick in 1843. Gardens — The first public garden was Adam's Garden in Halifax, 1753. Geological Survey— instituted in 1843, under Sir William Logan. Museum transferred to the Federal Capital in 1 881. SW?'S»!"T>yflaf»«?«t««! First Thin2s in Canada, »s Gernia^nS — First German immigration into Canada was in September, 1750, when 300 German Protestants from the Palatinate came to Nova Scotia. Gold — The first recorded discovery of gold was made in a stream flowing into the Chaudiere, in 1823, by a woman named Cjilbert. Gold was first discovered in Nova wScotia in 1858, by Captain Le strange while moose-hunting. Gold was first p-iblicly known to exist in the valley of the Columbia River in 1856, and of the P'raser River (B. Columbia) in 1859. Government, Responsible — introduced 1841. Canada had a military government until 1764 ; a mixed military and civil government to 1774; government by Governor and Council to 1791 ; government by Legislature composed of Governor, Legislative Council, and Assembly of Deputies elected by the people, besides the Executive Council, to 1 84 1. GovePnOP — The first Governor of Canada was Samuel do Champlain, whose term of office began October 15th, 161 2. The first English Governor- General was General Murray, 1763. The first Governor of Montreal Island was Maisonneuvre. The first Governor of P. E. Island was Walter Patterson, 1770. The first Governor of Nova Scotia was Colonel Vetch, 17 10. The first Governor-General of the Dominion was Lord Monck, 1867. The first Lieutenant-Governors after the Confederation were : For Quebec, Sir N. Belleau ; Ontario, Major-General Stisted ; Nova Scotia, Sir F. Williams ; New Brunswick, Major-General Doyle ; P. E. Island, Hon. W. Robinson ; Manitoba and the North-West, Hon. A. G. Archibald ; B. Columbia, Hon. J. W. Trutch. Grand Trunk Railway— First proposals to build, made by Mr. Peto to Hon. Francis Hincks, in IrfOndon, in 185 1, i6 First Things in Canada. * Grand Trunk— First united report of Grand Trunk and Client Western Railways made January, 1883. Graving" Dock, in Ksquimalt (B. C), finished June 18S6 — first on Pacific side of Canada. Grey Beards, Society of— Formed 1775, con- sisting of men who had been in Canada in 1760. HaUfaX — Founded in 1749 by Lord Cornwallis. High Commissioner for Canada -First ap- ])()inted, 1880. Sir A. T. Gait first to fill the office. Historical Society— P. E. island formed 1881 ; Nova Scotia, 1878 ; New Brunswick, 1874 ; Quebec, 1824; Manitoba, 1879. Horse — The first one arrived in Canada 20th June, 1647, and was presented to the Governor, M. de Montmagny. Horses — First lot of horses purchased in Canada by the British authorities as remounts for British cavnlry were shipixul September 27th, 1886. Hotel Dieu of Quebec, first hospital, estal)lished - 1639. The Motel Dieu in Montreal was estal")lislicd 1644. " Hudson Bay — First discovered, 1517, l^y Cabot, King Henry VII. 's Grand Pilot. Hudson Bay Territory transferred to Canada, 1870. Hudson Bay — First Expedition sent by Canadian Ciovernment, to examine the navigability of Hudson's Straits for ]~)urposes of commerce, left Halifax, 22nd July, 1884, in s.s. Alert ^ Lieut. Gordon, R.N., commanding. Hudson Bay Railway— First sod turned October 9th, 1886. Hudson Bay Company— The oldest incorporated business concern in the world, having had an existence of nearly 220 years. Icelanders, first colony of, settled in North- West territories, 1875. Imperial Federation— Plrst proposed in 1764 by Thomas I*ownall, Governor, Captain-General, s'^yi.-.sS»,^;;(;S*t,Ti"^f*f>. First Thini:;s in duiada. 17 [870. idian of [, left lieut. bber [ated an IVest by jral, Commander-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral of His Majesty's Provinces, MassacIuu.cUs Hay and wSouth Carolina, and J yieut. -Governor of New Jersey. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain may be no more considered as the King- dom of this Isle alone, with many appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other ex- traneous parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our jiossessions in the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." ImpePlal Treaties — Right to decide whether Canada should be inchuled i)i any treaty Cireat Britain may make first given to Canada by the mother country (Earl Carnarvon's despatch), 22nd January, 1878. Indians— First admitted to vote in Federal elections, 1885. Indian Lands, ownersliip of (in North-Wcstem Ontario) obtained by treaty, decided by Privy Council of iMigland to be vested in the Provincial Government and not in the Dominion Govern- ment, December, 1888. Intereolonial Railway — First opened bom Quebec to Halifax, 1876. First steamshi]), with ocean freight to be transported via l.C. R., arrived at Halifax, November, 1876. IntePOeeanie Railway— First proposed by Major Carmichael wSmyth in 1848. His map gives the route through tne Rockies exactly as, years after, the railway crossed that range. Lieutenant Synge, in 1848, proposed a coml)ination of rail- way and water from Halifax to the foot of the Rockies — an utilization of the water stretches on a vast scale. International Park — At Niagara Falls. United wStates side opened July, 1885. Canadian side opened 1888. Institute of Natural Science of Nova Scotia founded, 1862. i8 First Things in Canaaa. pi Insurance Companies— First required to make deposits with Government for the security of the Canadian people insuring, 1858. Iron — The first smehing of Iron in Canada took place at the St. Maurice Forges, P.Q., October, 1733. A blast furnace and a Walloon hearth were erected in 1743, and were in use in 1883, when the oldest blast furnace on this continent was finally closed, ore and fuel being exhausted. Jesuits — First Jesuit missionaries arrived in Acadia, 1611. Jesuit Relations — The annual reports, called the Jesuit Relations, began to be transmitted from Canada in regular succession in 1632. Jews, Russian— First colony to N. W. Canada came in 1882, and numbered 1375 persons. Johnson, Sir John— First Canadian baronet, 1774. Judges — Excluded from sitting in Parliament, 181 1. Judges, County Court — Appointed for Nova Scotia, July, 1876. Justice, chief— First in Upper Canada, William Osgoode, 1792 ; in Quebec, William Gregory, 1764; in Nova Scotia, Jonathan Belcher, 1754; in P. E. Island, John Dupert, 1770; in New Brunswick, George Ludlow, 1784; in Manitoba, Alex. Morris, 1872 ; Vancouver Island, D. Cameron, 1853. Keewatin— District of, formed, 1876. King's College, Windsor, N. S., founded Nov., 1788. Kingston — Was first called Cataraqui, afterwards Fort Frontenac. Knights-Banneret of Nova Scotia, first created by Charles I., 1625. Knights Commander of St. Michael and St. George, first Canadian member. Sir F. Hincks, 1869. Knitting Machines— First set up in Belleville,. I8.S7. First Things in Canada, 19 Labour — First Royal Commission to enquire into the relations of Capital and Labour in Canada was appointed in 1887. It took evidence in the principal cities of Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia. Lachine Rapids — The first steamer to go down these rapids was the OntaiHoy Captain Milliard, 1840. Lachine was first settled in 1667. It was called St. Sulpice. Lachine Canal was begun in 1821. First vessel passed through in 1825. Lacrosse — is first mentioned in Sagard's "Voyages au pays des Hurons" (Paris, 1632). The first game between white players only took place in Montreal, 1859. The clubs were the Montreal and the Hochelaga. Ladies* Medical College— Two were inaugurated in 1883 ; one in Toronto, and the other in Kingston. Land — The first dry land on this continent was ihe Laurentian range. Land — The first sale of land on the Island of Mon- treal was made 4th January, 1648. The parcel was 40 acres, where the St. Anne's Market now stands. The deed was from Maisonneuvre to one Gadays, and the consideration was one quarter of a sou per acre annually. Land Question in P. E. Island, Commissioners to settle, appointed by Her Majesty in i860. Law — Criminal Laws, in the four provinces originally composing the Dominion, assimilated, 1869. Law Courts — First Courts of Law in Canada, 1663 ; in N. Scotia, 1747. Legislature— First meeting of, in N. Scotia, 1758 ; in P. E. Island, 1 773. Legislature — The first meeting of the Legislature of Quebec, in 1792, was held in a chapel. The first in Nova Scotia was held in a grammar school house. MM i 20 First Things in Canada, Library — The first Free Library in Ontario was opened in Gait, Feb., 1883; in Toronto, 1884; in Montreal (Fraser Institute), Oct., 1885 ; in Hali- fax, 1864; in Windsor (King's College), 1788. Macdonald — Sir John was first appointed a Cabinet Minister on nth May, 1847. McGill College — Founded 1821 ; re-organized, 1852. Manitoba — Created a province of the Dominion, July 15, 1870. Manufactures — Canadians first granted leave to en- gage in manufacturing, 1704. Map — The first map of Montreal (Hochelagd) is to be found in Rumosio — Edition, 1556. Mariners' Association — Formed in Halifax, for the benefit of trade, 1786. Marriage — The first marriage in Canada was that of Etienne Couillard and Anne Hebert, at Quebec, 1617. Marriage with Deceased Wife's Sister made legal in Canada, May, 1882. Masonic — First Masonic Lodge in Canada was established, and officers installed, 1700. It was St. Paul's Lodge, Montreal. A Masonic Temple was built in 1805, half in Canadian territory, and half in Vermont. The war in 18 12 destroyed the harmony. Masonic Lodges— First united under one jurisdic- tion, 14th July, 1858. Mass — First Mass celebrated in St. Lawrence River district was by Jauray and Le Caron, in River des Prairies, and by d'Olbeau and du Plessis, in Quebec, June, 161 5. These priests were Recol- lect Fathers, brought over by Champlain. Mechanics' Institute— First grant to, by Upper Canada Legislature, 1835. Merchant Vessels, first in Lake Ontario, 1793. ■ • Mennonites — First colony of Russian Mennonites came to North West Canada in 1874, and num- bered 1532. Hrst Things in Canada, 21 Methodists — First united into one body in Canada, Sci)teml)cr 5, 1883. Military Collegfe, Kinp:ston, first established, 1876. Military — The first Military Organization in Canada was in 1653. It was styled the fraternity of La Tres Sainte Vierge. Its strength was 63 men. Militia — ^System made uniform throughout the Dominion, 1868. Subsequent emendations were embodied in the Militia Act of 1883. Ministers of the Crown — First Ministers after Con- _ federation : Minister of Justice, Sir John Mac- donald ; of Militia and Defence, Sir George Cartier; Marine and Fisheries, Hon. P. Mkehell; .-• Public Works, Hon. W. Macdougall ; Customs, Sir Leonard Tilley ; Agriculture, Hon. C. J. Chapais ; Finance, Sir Alex. Gait ; Inland Revenue, Sir W. Howland ; Interior, Sir A. Campbell ; Railways and Canals, Sir Charles . Tupper ; Postmaster-General, Sir Alex. Camp- •. bell; President of Council, Hon. A. J. Blair; Receiver-General, wSir Edward Kenny; Secretary of State for Canada, Sir Hector Langevin ; •Secretary of State for the Provinces, Sir Adams Archibald. Mint — The first established in Canada was at New Westminster, B.C., in 1862. It was only a short time in operation. A few coins were minted, and they are now at a high premium, $100 ,,,, , having been offered and refused for a $20 gold "coin. Meteorological Bureau first established, on present basis, in Canada, 1872. Medical Association, Canadian, first formed, 1867. Missions — First Canadian Mission, established by Canadian churches, was the New Hebrides Mission, 1838, by Rev. Dr. Geddes, Presby- terian minister, Nova Scotia. Money — The first paper-money emitted in America was issued by Massachusetts, to defray cost of - conquest of Noyg Scotia, 22 First Things in Canada, Money Order — System established, in the several Provinces, 1855-63. Money Orders — Interchange of, between Canada and United States, carried into effect, 1875. Montreal was founded, May 17th, 1642, and incor- porated in 1832. Montreal — First Census was taken in 1666. Montreal — First made practically a free port (except pilotage), by the Dominion Government assuming the Lake St. Peter's Channel Debt, and by the removal of wharf dues on steamers and sailing vessels, 1888. Monopoly of Coal, in Nova Scotia, broken by efforts of Hons. J. W. Johnston and Adams (now Sir Adams) Archibald, acting as delegates from the Nova Scotia Legislature, 1857. Previously, the General Mining Association held a practical monopoly of mines and mineials in Nova Scotia, under lease granted by George IV. to the Duke of York, of all mines and minerals ungranted at date of lease. Mormons arrived in North- West territories, 1888. Municipal Government began in Upper and Lower Canada in 1841. All the provinces have adopted municipal institutions, except P. E. Island. National Policy adopted by Canada, 1879. Natural Products — Canada first, by legislation, pro- posed mutual free admission of natural products by United States and Canada, in 1846. The proposal, somewhat modified, was renewed in 1867. It was still further modified, by statute, in session of 1888. New Brunswick — :First English settlement in, 1762; first separated from Nova Scotia, 1 784 ; first legislature, January, 1786. Newspaper — The first published in British North America was the Halifax Gazette^ first issued 23rd March, 1752; in Quebec, the Quebec Gazette^ issued June 21st, 1764 ; in Upper Canada, the first Things in Canada. 23 Upper Canada Gazette ^ first issued April i8th, 1793, at Newark ; in the North West Territories, the Nor'* Wester^ published 29th December, 1859. Newspaper — The first published in French was the Montreal Gazette^ 1785. Its first volume was entirely in French. Newspaper — The first daily newspaper was the Montreal Advertiser^ 1833. Newspapers — Carried by Post Office Department, postage free, fi-om office of publication, 1882. Niagara rails — The first mention of these celebrated falls is in Lalement's Relation of 1 64 1 ; the first record of their running dry, 31st March, 1848. Non- Intercourse Act — First one was passed by United States, in 1814. It was entitled, Non- Intercourse with Canada. Another Act was passed, declaring non-intercourse with Canada, in 1828, the President issuing proclamation. North West Territories divided, for postal pur- poses, mto districts of Alberta, Athabasca, Sas- katchewan, and Assinaboia, May, 1882. North West Territories made a part of the Dominion, July 15th, 1870; erected into a government separate from Manitoba, October, 1876 ; first represented in the Dominion Parlia- ment, session of 1887 ; first secured representa- tion in the Cabinet, September, 1888, Hon. E. Dewdney becoming Minister of the Interior. North West Territories were governed, at first, under the administration of the Lieutenant- Governor of Manitoba ; secondly, by a Lieu- tenant-Governor and Council, nominated by the Dominion Government (Act of 1880) ; thirdly, by Lieutenant-Governor and Council, partly elected and partly nominated ; fourthly, in 1888, by Lieutenant-Governor and Elective Assembly, first Elective Assembly sitting in 1888. Nova Scotia — The name first appears in the Charter granted by James I. to Sir W. Alexander, 1 621. Nova Scotia — First Government was founded, 17 19, Si 24 First Things in Canada, % I Nova Scotia — In 1759, Committee of Council was appointed, to examine the various systems of law in force in the Old Colonies. It reported that the laws of Virginia were found to be most applicable. Numismatic Museum, of Laval University, founded 1859. Oats — First recorded statement to Department of Agriculture (1888), respecting yield of Oats in district around Calgary (N.W.T.), shows that on one farm the average of a ten-acre field was 97 bushels to the acre, with an average of 47 lbs. to the bushel. Oil Wells — The first were dug in 1854. L. A. Vaugn, in November, i860, struck oil, at a depth of 85 feet. This was the beginning of the town of Petrolia, Ontario. Ottawa was first settled by two persons named Berry and Frith. Ottawa — First Indian name for it was Kanat-sio. Ottawa River — P'irst discovered by Champlain, June, 1613. Ontario Artillery Association formed 20th Decem- ber, 1885. Ordnance Lands placed under control of Canadian Government, 1856. Pacific Ocean Coast Line^ — Russia claimed juris- diction, in 1822, over the coast of the American continent, on the Pacific Ocean side, as far down as 51° north latitude. England declared she could not submit to such usurpation. The United States made a vehement protest against the Russian claims. The result was that, in 1823, a treaty was signed at Washington by Great Britain, the United States, and Russia, under the provisions of which the latter retired north beyond 55°. Canada thus secured 6 degrees in width of sea coast, instead of the one or two ^^^^faw^^K' :««**>()i;'^,*„i^tiy^. a MEMORANDA. 'i I MEMORANDA. i I MEMORANDA. ^ MEMORANDA. MEMORANDA. first Things in Canada. 25 degrees which would have been her Pacific Ocean sea-front, had not the Russian claim been suc- cessfully resisted by the United ^States and Great Britain. The United States purchased Alaska from Russia, in 1867, for the sum of $7,200,000. Paper Mill — The first was erected at St. Andrew's, P.Q., 1803. Pamphlet — The first pamphlet, written in advocacy of the Interoceanic Railway, from Halifax to the Pacific Ocean, was published in February, 1849. The author. Major Carmichael wSmythe, dedicated it to Judge Haliburton, author of "Sam Slick." General Carmichael Smythe died in 1888, having seen his project of forty years before an accom- plished fact. Parcel Post established between Canada and United States, 1 2th January, 1888. Parishes were at first used in Quebec as ecclesiastical local divisions. Parishes — First established in New Brunswick, for civil purposes, 1786. They were called Parishes, after the example of Virginia and Maryland, from which U. E. Loyalists came to New Brunswick. Park, National (Rocky Mountains Park) at Banff. Area, 24 miles long and 9 wide, containing 100,000 acres. ~ Within its area are 15 miles of the Bow River, 6 miles of the Spray River, the Spray Falls, the Devil's Lake (12 miles long and 2 broad), the Vermilion Lakes, the Sulphur Hot Springs, &c. In a few years, when it has been opened out by roads and pathways, there will be few, if any, more delightful holiday resorts in the world than the National Park of the Dominion of Canada. First set apart for the purpose, by Act of Parliament, 1887, under the adminis- tration of Hon. Thos. White, Minister of the Interior. r. 26 Hrst Things in Canada, Parliament — First in Lower Canada assembled 17th December, 1792; first in Upper Canada, 17th September, 1792 ; first in Nova Scotia, 1758. Parliament — The first Parliament of the United Provinces of Canada met at Kingston, June 14th, 1 84 1, and was opened by Lord ^Sydenham. Parliament — The first meeting, in tne new building at Ottawa, was on June 8th, 1866. Parliament — The first Dominion Parliament, with representatives from the four original Provinces, assembled at Ottawa, 6th November, 1867. Parliamentary Annals, began in 1758, when the first Provincial Legislature, within the limits of the present Dominion, was opened in a school- house, at Halifax, by Governor Lawrence. The next Legislature to meet was that of Prince Edward Island, in 1773. New Brunswick, having been separated from Nova Scotia in 1784, obtained a Legislature of her own. Upper and Lower Canada opened their first Legislature in a church at Quebec, in 1 791. British Columbia's legislative history dates from 1859 as divided into the Island Province and the Mainland Province, and from 1866 as a United Province. Manitoba began to have a distinct legislative history in 187 1. The North West Territories were relieved from pupilage and obtained an Elective Assembly in 1888. The Provinces blossomed out into a Federal Parliament, with local Legislatures, in 1867, when Ontario and Quebec were given separate Legislatures. Cape Breton received quasi-representation in the Nova Scotian Legis- lature, in 1770, the members of Halifax County being specially designated to look after the Island's interests, as there were no legal voters in Cape Breton, the inhabitants having only licenses of occupation and not grants of land. From 1784, Cape Breton was governed by a Lieutenant-Governor and nominated Council, I'irst Things in Canada. *1 till 1820, when she was re-annexed to Nova Scotia. Patents granted to foreigners throughout the Dominion, without condition of residence, 1872. Peace — The first jproposals of peace, between New England and Canada, were made in a document, dated Quebec, October 20th, 1705, in which Vaudreuil (the first governor of the name) sug- gested that both sides should "hinder all acts of hostility on the part of the Indians." Penitentiaries of Canada placed under the direction of the Minister of justice, 1875, ^^ which date there were 808 convicts in the 4 penitentiaries. Penn, William — His first recorded attempt to trade with Canadians is in a letter written by himself, and addressed to "the Emperor of Canada," with date, '* London, 21st day of the fourth month called June, 1682." Post — First Post established, 1 72 1, between Montreal and Quebec. Post Office, Management of, transferred to the Pro- vincial Authorities by Imperial Government, 6th April, 1 85 1. Post Office— The first Post Office, established in the North West Territories, was at Battleford, July 1st, 1876. On 1st November, 1888, there were 145 Post Offices in the North West Territories. Postag^e Rates first made uniform 3 cents, April i, 1868. Postage Stamps first issued in Canada, 1851. First used in England in 1840, and in the United States in 1847. Postal Cards first introduced in Canada, 187 1. Postal Union — Canada first admitted a member of the General Postal Union, July, 1878. Presbyterian — First Ordination of Presbyterian minister, in Nova Scotia, July, 1770. Presbjrterian — First Presbyterian Church in Toronto opened, February, 1822, 28 Hrst Things in Canada, 1^ II Presbyterian — Union of Free and United Presby- terian Churches in Canada, June 6th, i86i. Presbyterian — First General Assembly of Canadian Presbyterian Church, June, 1870. Presbyterian — Union of the four Presbyterian Churches, now called the Presbyterian Church in Canada, June 15th, 1875. Printed Book — First, in Canada, Catec/iisme du dio- ' ' cese de Sens, published in Quebec, 1765. Printing Press — The first was set up by Safnuel Green, in Halifax, 175 1. The first set up in Quebec Was in 1775. ^^ ^Tl^i Benjamin Franklin was authorized by the Congress of the United States to ofter to Canadians, among other inducements, a free press, if they would side with the seceding colonies. He brought Mesplet with him, reaching Montreal 29th April, 1 776, and by his aid had several lengthy addresses printed for circulation among Canadians. When Dn Frank- lin left Montreal, on 30th May, 1776, Mesplet seems to have concluded to cast in his lot with the not-to-be-seduced Canadians, and printed, in 1776, his first book, Le Cantiqtie de Marst^'Up"^ the first printed book of sacred song in MontreaL He commenced the publication of the Montreal .' ^ Gazette in 1785, afterwards got mixed up in '.treasonable proceedings, and went to prison for punishment. On his release, he started La Gazette Literaire, 1788. One of the two Carrolls, who accompanied Franklin, became the first R.C. ' Archbishop of the United States. Printing" — Dominion Bureau of Public Printing established, 1888. Privy Councillor— First Canadian appointed a mem- ber of the Imperial Privy Council, Sir John Macdonald, 1879. - Prohibition— The first attempt, in British North America, was made in 1633, in Newfoundland, '• when King Charles ordered " that no person do First Things in Canada. 29 in for La oils, set up any tavern, for selling of wine, beer, or strong waters, cyder, or tobacco, to entertain the fishermen, because it is found that by such means they are debauched and neglect their business." Public Accounts first published in Canada, in 1793. Public Accounts first kept in dollars and cents, 1858. Queen's College, Kingston, opened March loth, 1842. Quebec— First settlement of, in 1608. Quebec — First capture of, by the English, was made by Kertk, Champlain surrendering the fort, 9th August, 1629. Quebec Province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, in 179 1. Railway — Short line across Maine, to New Brunswick from Montreal, built by C. P.R., examined and ■ approved by State of Maine Commissioners, ^ October, 1888. Railways — The first Railway Company in Canada was the Company of the Proprietors of the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railway, which obtained its charter 25th February, 1832. The line was from La Prairie to St. John's. It was first opened for traffic, July 23rd, 1836, by Earl Gosford. The first railway trip made in Canada was on 24th July, 1836, over this road i^Vz miles long. The train was drawn by a loco- motive. '•- ''-',..-, : Railways — The first in New Brunswick was begun in 1837. It was intended to run from wSt. Andrew's to Quebec. But the "Ashburton Capitulation," as Macaulay called it (Treaty 1842), gave to the United States the territory over which, for more than half the whole distance, the road was pro- jected to run. Railways — The first measure carried through the Canadian Legislature, for affording government ^ 11 -.Hi 30 I*irst 7 kings in Canada, aid to railway enterprise, was proposed by Hon. F. Hincks, in 1849. Railways — First sod of Northern Railway turned, 1850 ; of Nova Scotia system, 1854. Railways — First regular through passenger train, from Montreal to Burrard Inlet, left Montreal, June 28th, 1886, and reached its destination the following Sunday, in 5 days and 19 hours. V Railways — The first Canadian Pacific Railway Bill, submitted to the Canadian Legislature, was in 1 85 1. The Committee reported on it adversely, but suggested that Great Britain, the United States, and Canada, by uniting their forces, might accomplish the work. Railways — Prince Edward Island opened, April, 1875. It is a Dominion Government work, and is a narrow gauge. Railways, incorporated by Provincial Government, were declared, by crossing or uniting with rail- ways under Dominion charter, to be brought under Dominion control. Act of 187Q. Railway Committee, of the Privy Council, to regu- late construction, crossing, running, &c., of rail* ways, provided for by Act of 1879. Railway, Red River Valley. The Supreme Court of . Canada, in answer to question submitted by the Canadian Government, gave unanimous opinion (confirming the policy of the Dominion Govern- ment since 1883), affirming validity of the Manitoban Statute conferring authority on Pro- vincial Railway Commissioner to construct a railway across the Canadian Pacific Railway ; the Commissioner first to obtain the approval of the Canadian Government respecting mode and place of crossing, before attempting to cross. Hon. E. Blake argued the case for the C. P. R., and Hon. . O. Mowatt for the Manitoban Government, Opinion given, December, 1888. ♦ . First Things in Canada. 31 Hon. t. Railway Statistics, first collected, 1875. Railway Subsidies Act, 1883— Eighty-three rail- ways, representing an estimated mileage of 2,767 miles, have been offered subsidies by the Dominion Government. Fifty-four have begun work under that and subsequent Acts. The sum of $12, 219,900 has been voted; $5,838,077 paid; $1,708,380 forfeited by lapse of time or other cause; and $2,312,700, representing subsidies offered to 29 companies with 585 miles, was, on 1st November, 1888, not pledged, the companies net having made any contract to build. Included in the amount paid, but not in the mileage, are the Esquimau and Nanaimo Railway ($700,000), and the North Shore Railway ($350,0 X)). The sum of $2,980,000 remains (November ist, 1888,) to be paid to the railway companies which have been building in accordance with the terms of the Subsidies Acts. Railway Transit, from United States, through Canada, to United States, first authorized by Order in Council, 1856. Rebellion — First armed Rebellion against the Federal power was Riel's, when Fort Garry (Manitoba) was seized by Riel, November 24th, 1869. Red River Valley Railway — The Canada Pacific Railway ('o. insist upon the Red River Valley Co. obtaining sanction of Federal Government before they will allow them to cross their line : Militia called out, October, 1888. - Regina — Named and made seat of Government for North West Territories, August 23rd, 1882. Representative Govenirnent established in Nova Scotia, 1758; in Upper and Lower Canada, 1791. Retrocession of the Waters of Lake Superior : first mentioned in Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages^ 1 788- 1 789. He says: "The waters at Grand Portage withdrew with great precipitancy, leaving 32 First Things in Canada, the ground dry that had never before been visible, the fall being equal to four perpendicular feet, and rushing back with great velocity above the com- mon mark. It continued thus, rising and falling, for several hours, gradually decreasing till it stopped at its usual height." Rideau Canal — This Canal was built by Colonel By, R. E. , after whom Ottawa City was for some years called By-town. 'Tis said that Colonel By pre- pared his plans, went to Quebec, to lay them before the Governor-General, who said, "Come to dinner to-night. By ; bring the plans, and we will discuss them after dinner." When the guests had left, the Governor-General said, "Now, By, bring out your plans." " Excuse me," said By, " the plans are private, and there is still a gentle- man in the room besides ourselves." "Oh," said His Excellency, "he's an officer and a gentleman; that's all right." The plans were produced and discussed. Next morning, the "officer and gentleman" posted off to By-town, and bought the Flats — now called, after him, the Le Breton Flats — through which, by the original plans. By proposed the Canal should run into the , . river, just below the Chaudiere P'alls. Colonel By, on discovering the treachery, swore a great soldier-like oath that Le Breton should not make -J a stiver out of his purchase, and accordingly f turned the course of the Canal in an opposite direction, taking it through the "Deep Cut," to the Ottawa River, on the lower side of Parliament Bluff. Rifle Association, Dominion, first formed in 1867. Representatives from all the Provinces first met, September 1st, 1886. The gathering was in Ottawa, and British Columbia was, for the first time, represented by a body of rifiemen. River St. Lawrence first opened, for use of all nations, in 1849. ^ 9 Mrst Things in Canada. 33 3> Roads — First Highways opened in Upper Canada in 1794. Rocky Mountains — First journey to discover these was made by Verendeye, who started in 1731, spent twelve years examininfr the rejCjion of the • ' North West Territories, and founded Fort Garry. He died, and his son and his brother prosecuted the work, and discovered the Rockies in 1743. Royal Society of Canada founded, December 30th, 1881 ; first volume of Transactions published, 1883. » » Salt — The first Works for the manufacture of Salt were established by Governor Simcoe, in the township of Louth, Upper Canada, 1793. San Juan Boundary, decided against Canada, 21st October, 1872. Sault St. Marie Bridge — First freight train of 19 cars of floar passed over this bridge, into Canada, January 9th, 1888. SavingfS Banks — Postal Savings Banks were estab- lished, in 81 places, in Ontario and Quebec, 1st April, 1868, the necessary legislation having been passed in the November session of 1867. Schools — First School in Canada was opened in Quebec, 1636. Its first pupils were a negro and an Indian boy. The next year there were twenty pupils. The first school teacher was Rev. Pere Le Jeune. This school was the foundation of the Jesuits College. Schools — First wSchool opened in Upper Canada was by Rev. John Stuart, D.D., at Cataraqui (Kingston), in 1785. The first effort in Nova Scotia, Sbr Schools, was rade in 1780, when a grant of $600, to be raised by lottery, was autliorised by the Tegislature. Schools, Grammar. The first movement in favor of, in Upper Canada, was by Governor Simcoe, in . 1785- T 34 First Things in Canada, |r|':l .1 ■' Schools — Legislature of Canada first turned its attention to Education by striking the first Committee on the subject, in 1787. School — First Industrial School was founded in Halifax, by Walter Bromley, 181 3. School — Free School System adopted in Nova Scotia in 1864 5 i" ^^^w Brunswick and Mani- toba in 187 1 ; in British Columbia in 1872 ; and in P. E. Island in 1877. School — First Grammar School House erected in Halifax, 1765. School — First Orphan, opened, near St. Catherines, 1799. Salvation Army first made their appearance in Canada in September, 1882. The invading force consisted of one sergeant and 40 sojdiers. They have now (Dec. 1888) 438 corps and outposts scattered throughout the Dominion. School Annals of Ontario — The first School opened was a Classical School, in Kingston, by Rev. Dr. Stuart, 1785. Between that date and 1805, Private Schools were established in Fredericks- burg (1786), Newark (1794), Toronto (1798), Belleville (1805). In 181 6, the first Common School was established. In 1822 a Board of Education was constituted. In 1832 the Cobourg Academy was founded, and in 1835 it was opened, ; , Rev. Dr. Ryerson having procured a Royal Charter. In 1840-41 Victoria and Queen's Colleges were incorporated as Universities, and the Friends (Quakers) established a Seminary near Picton. In 1843 Toronto University was opened. In 1844 Knox College went into ,, operation, and in 1848 St. Joseph College, Ottawa, was started. In 1841 the principle of Separate Schools was first recognized. In 1844 • Rev. Dr. Ryerson was appointed Superintendent of Education. His Bill was adopted by the Legislature in 1846. In 1849 ^^ Legislature First Things in Canada. 35 passed a Bill repealing all former Acts. In 1850 Dr. Ryerson submitted to the Government a new B^ll, which became law in the same year. In 1852 the University of Trinity College was opened, and St. Michael's College established. In 1853 important improvements were made in the details of the Common School system. In 187 1 the Grammar and Common School laws * were revised, the former being from that date called High wSchoolsandthe latter. Public Schools. In 1876 a Minister of Education was appointed. Public attention has been directed of late years to the subject of University Consolidation, which has not yet become an accomplished fact. Seig^nories — First established in Canada by Richelieu, in 1627. Ship — First Canadian-built ship to cross the ocean, 1713- Ship — First ship built in Montreal, 1806. Ship — First four-masted sailing vessel built in Canada, at Great Village, Nova wScotia, 1885. Ship Channel, between Montreal and Quebec : first agitation for, began in 1825. Work was begun on the "Straight Channel," in 1850. In December, 1885, the total quantity of dredged matter was 1 5^230,000 cubic yards, and the channel had been deepened from 10 feet in 1 851 to 25 feet. The formal opening of the 27^ feet channel took place November 7th, 1888. Ship Railway— First attempt to build a Ship Rail- way in Canada — the Chignecto Isthmus Ship Railway — to connect the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy, began in September, 1888. The weight of steel needed for its con- struction is calculated at 10,000 tons. Simultaneous Polling-, in Dominion Cieneral Elec- tions, first incorporated in Elections Act, 1871, and then applied only to provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Extended to all the provinces, ex- 36 First Things in Canada, cepting Manitoba and British Columbia, Act of 1874. By Act of 1888 all the constituencies in the Dominion elect representatives on the same day in general elections, except Algoma in Ontario, and Cariboo in British Columbia. Slavery — The lirst Slave Sale recorded in Canada was at Quebec — of a negro boy from Madagascar, , by Kertk, 1628 ; price, 50 half-crowns. Slavery — First abolished in Upper Canada, 1793. Slavery — Abolished in Lower Canada in 1803, Chief Justice Osgoode deciding that it was incompatible with the laws of Lower Canada. St. John, New Brunswick, is the oldest incorporated town in the Dominion, having received its charter as Parr-town, from Sir Guy Carleton, i8th May, 1785- St. Lawrence Canals opened for navigation, 1848. Stages — Stage Coaches first established, between Montreal and Quebec, 1713 ; first used in Upper Canada, 1 798. Standard Time, adopted in Canada, Nov. 19, 1883. Statutes, of Dominion Parliament, first revised and codified, 1886. Spirituous Liquors, the Sale of, was first limited, in Nova Scotia, by Proclamation against retailing ■ ■; without license, in 1750. The penalty for a first * offence was sitting in the stocks for an hour ; for the second offence, twenty lashes, in addition to a fine of 20s. All retailers were forbidden to enter- ■ tain any company after nine o'clock in the evening. Steam Eng'ine, first imported into Nova Scotia, by the General Mining Association, 1827. Steamers — The first Passenger Steamer on the wSt. Lawrence was in 1809. She was named the Accommodation. The newspaper reporter who described her had to struggle hard with the English language to convey to his readers an idea of the mode of her propulsion. « 11 Mrst Things in Canada. 37 Steamers — First on the Ottawa River, 1819. Steamer — First Lake Ontario wSteamer was the Frontenac^ built in 1816. She was 72 feet long, 32 feet wide, 720 tons burden, and drew 8 feet of water. Steamer — First regular steamer to Montreal was the Geneva^ entered May nth, 1853. First screw steamer on the great lakes, 184 1. First screw steamer from Liverpool to the St. Lawrence, 1854. Steamer — The first steamer from Canada to cross the ocean was the Royal William, which sailed from Quebec 1 8th Aug., 1833, Capt. John Mac- dougall. She coaled at Pictou, Nova Scotia, and arrived at Gravesend on 12th Sept. She was built in Canada ; her machinery was built in Montreal. She was undoubtedly the first steam - driven vessel that ever crossed the Atlantic. Steel Steamer — First wholly constructed in Canada, at Deseronto, 1886. Stone Inscription — The oldest stone inscription in the Dominion is one dated 1606, found in an old wall in the French fort at Annapolis Royal, N.S., ;' by Lieut. Robinson, a retired officer of the British army, who gave it to the late Judge Haliburton, author of "Sam Slick," by whom is was trans- • ferred to his son, Mr. R. G. Haliburton. The latter loaned it to Mr. vSandford Fleming, C. M.G. , who deposited it in the Museum of the Canadian Institute, Toronto. Street Lights — Halifax was first lighted at the pub- lic expense in 1768. Street Lighting — Montreal was first lighted, Nov. 1 818, with oil lamps ; with gas in 1834. Street Railway — First used in Montreal and To- ronto, 1 86 1. Sunday School — First one opened was in Quebec. It was a free school, established by Prince J 38 /7>y/ ThiH'^': in Canada. Edward, on Scjttcnil cr 141)1. 1 793. Secular suhjcrts were also lauy;lil. Sunday School — The rii?;t Sunday School, according to ihc present acceptation of the term, was opened in Halifax, by ^^'alter I'romley, in icSij, in coimection w'th the Lancastrian School founded by him. Survey - A new Survey of (leoi-^ian l^ay and North Chamiel was licgun bv the (Government of Canada, in 1883. Suspension Bridge across the Niagara River first opened for railway trafik, 8th March, 1855. It is recorded that lion. W. II. Merritt's attention was fir.^t directed to the idea of a suspension bridge across Niagara River by reading, at a pic- nic on its banks, a letter from his sons, travellers in Switzerland. Reference was there made to a suspension bridge spanning the River Sarren. Mrs. Merritt, listening to her husband reading, remarked, " I wonder if a suspension b-ridge could not be made to span this river." Tariff — Canadian Legislature first alh)wetl to regulate its own Customs TarilT, 1846. Tea — First sailing ship, with teas consigned to the C. P. R., was the ship, IV. B. Flint., which arrived at Port Moody, 27th July, 1886. Telegraph— The first telegraph wire slung in the Dominion was put \\\s by the Toronto, Hamilton, Niagara, and St. Catherine's Telegraph Co., in 1847. It was a simple uninsulated wire. Telegraph — The first in Province of Quebec was from Montreal to Quebec. 1847. Telegraph — The first in Nova Scotia and New PJrunswick was in 1848. Telephones — First used in Montreal, 1877. Temperance — The first Temperance Meeting in Canada was held in Picton (Ont.), January, 1828. On June 9th, 1828, one w^as held in St. Peter's Street I'irst T/iiN^s in Canada. 39 Churcli, Montreal, wlicn 30 jktsoiis took the l)leclge. The Halifax Temperance Society was formed March 5th, 1 83 1. Temperance — First J'^lecti{)n.s under Canada Tem- ))erance Act (Scott Act) were held : Fredericton N.H., 31st October, 1878; Prince Co., P.K. Islan>\. lot for sliipment to England, vi.i Halifax, arrived in Halifax, 12th January, 1878. Wheat, first Exportation of, from Manitoba to luirope, October, 1877. Wheat — First train (16 cars) of Wheat, from Mani- toba, for Montreal, left Portage la Prairie, December, 1885. Wimbleton Team — Canadian Rifle Association sent representatives first time to Wimbleton, 187 1. Woollen Manufactures— The first mill was started in L'Acadie, P.Q., 1826. Frrst TJiiu'^s in Canada. 43 Woman -First White Woman Settler in Canada was Mr . Ile'oert, wlio landed in Nova Scotia in 1606. Her husband subsequently became first farmer in Quei)ec, and her dauq;hter was the first woman whose marria^L^e was registered in Canada. Women of Ontario - First vote in Municipal I'dections, [anuary, i8cS6. Winnipeg--First Throui;]i Train, by C.P. R., left Montreal, for Winnipeg, 2nd November, 1885. Young- Men's Christian Associr^tion— First Meeting for formation of, in Canada, held at Montreal, Decern] )cr, 1S51. Young- Man's Prohibition Chib formed in Toronto, October, 1886. ^s MEMORANDA, MEMORANDA. IVIErVIORANDA. MEMORANDA. F MEMORANDA, 6' \.. ,c 1559 ./ 8 M T w T F S fifttn* • I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 «3 H 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 '^ • • • • ^ , * • • • • • ^ , JFeh. , « • • • • • , , ■ • I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO XI 12 13 H IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 • • Mar, , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I 2 , 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ' 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 x8 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 AprU. 3* • • • ■ I • • 3 • • 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 /" X4 IS 16 17 18 19 20 / 21 28 22 29 23 30 24 • • 25 26 27 * • May. . • • • • • • , , I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 IX 12 13 M »5 16 »7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 • • June * « • • • • • • • • • • • • • « • • • • • • X 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 »s 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 • • • • • • « • • • Aug, Sept, Oct, July • Nov* . l>e<% . M I 7 8 M 15 21 22 28 29 4 5 XI 12 18 19 25 26 I 8 IS 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 X 8 IS 22 29 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 4 II 18 25 9 16 23 30 9 16 23 30 W 3 10 17 24 31 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 I 8 15 21, 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 3« 7 14 21 28 4 II 18 25 rt 6 13 20 27 4 XI x8 25 T 4 II 18 25 I 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 7 M 21 28 5 12 19 26 5 12 19 26 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 18 25 6 »3 20 27 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 38 5 12 19 26 X 8 IS 22 29 • • 6 13 20 27 23 30 • • 7 14 21 28 r" \\