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Maps, platas, charts, ate. may ba filmad at ditfarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ons sxposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Las cartas, planchas. tablaaux. ate. pauvant atrs filmOs A das taux da reduction diffOrants. Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour atra raproduit tn un saul clichO. il ast films A partir da I'angla supOriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita. at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nOcassaira. Las diagrammas suivsnts illustrant la mOthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICBOCOFY RISOIUTION TIST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) m ^ 1^ m t 1^ t US, 112.0 1.8 1.6 _J APPLIED IIVHGE '65i EasI Mo.n Sfreel f'ochester. f-j#* -,0^1, 14609 ^i^a (716; *82- 0300 -Phone f7'6) 288- 5989 - Fa. THHPR0VI\CH0F0U1:BHC, Its History, and Its People. A PAPER READ BEFORE THE Associate BoardofTrinity College, W'liKCKSTKK. Mass., Monday Kveniiiir. Dee. 14, li)03. BY GEORGE McALEER, I /7> JS 'J^ /f^. / ^ ,**^rf^ ^ rHCPR0Vl.\CI:OF()lliBliC. Its History, and Its I'coplc. A PAPER RFAD BEKORF TIiE ASSOCIATK BOAI.TOF TRINITY COLLKGE, W'okiic.sTKk. Mass.. Monday Kveninjr, Dec. 14, li)03. BY GEORGE McALnER, \Vi)Rri:siKR, M \'tory, the liSurs of llistoric-.i, Socio ties, h,inec, a country that i . a verital le lirr,i iii.oKHifa to the jjrcat niajoriiy ;hl)..r s to the south, the people of the t nited States. To the jjreat ority of these the name recalls only a very limited territory ere winte- reigns during; the -reater part of the year, devoid of interest, and peopled with an iinpro{;ressive if not a very infe- rior raci — a downtrodden p ople whose rijjhts are denied them hv an exacting; and op|)rcssive j;overnment beyond the seas. \ little time {jiven to a consideration of this portion of the tern hcmispiiere— its extent, physical characteristics, his- tory, and the everyd.iy life of the people -m.ay not be without interest and v.ihie while serviti^' to make neijjhbors better a((|n,iinted with each other and appreciated. A little reflection and tli<.u;;htful consideration will also teach lessons of tolera- tion and justice to the residents and lawniakinj; powers in the Tnited States, the hoasted land of -freedom, etpial rijjhts and justice," but where in many tl)in;js the<. hi{;h soundinjj and seductive claims are not so happily exemplified as in the less pretentious Country north of the forty-fifth parallel of latitude- Within the bo'nids of the Province of (Juebec is embraced a territory many times larger than all New Kngland, a territory rich and varied in scenic beauty and grandly picturesque. The Appalachian range of mountains extends into the eastern portion of the province, and the Laurentian chain stretches away for hundreds of miles in the northern part, contributing variety and grandeur to the whole country. Lakes and Rivers. Lakes are scattered in abundance throughout the Province. which gem the landscape and primeval forest, and which well reward the tourist, artist and sportsman by their beauty, extent and wealth of gamest fish. Lake St. John having an area of 260 square miles, is the largest. Temiscamingue is next with an area of 126 square miles, besides numerous others of smaller size and lesser importance. The mighty St. Lawrence, ranking with the largest rivers of the world, after leaving the (;reat Lakes and the awe-inspiring Niagara Falls, lends a charm to the Thousand Islands, and cuts in twain the southeastern portion of the country through which its mighty volume of waters tJow in a north-easterly direc- tion for hundreds of miles until lost in the ocean beyond. It has as principal tributaries the Ottawa, 600 hundred miles long; the Ste. M uirice, 400 miles long; the Richelieu which is the outlet of Lake Champlain ; the famed Saguenay, which per- forms a similar service for Lake St. John and the country beyond ; and many others of lesser note. Most of these rivers abound in scenery unsurpassed else- where, and in cascades and waterfalls that prove a revelation, surpri.se and delight to the beholder. The Falls of Shawinegan in the Ste. Maurice, 24 miles above Three Rivers, are 150 feet high ; the Falls of the Montmorency, 8 miles from Quebec, are 250 feet, and the rocky gorge through which the Saguenay pours its turbulent waters for a hundred miles, is startling in its almost perpendicular cliffs of rock -.hich kiss the clouds, and which in majesty, grandeur, and extent are without a rival in the world. In the more northern parts the extensiye forests, stretching away to the land of perpetual winter, furnish a home for an abundance of large game— bear, deer, caribou and moose— which is eagerly sought by sportsmen of this and foreign countries for the pleasure and benefit which reward «i,rh .a -nin, with nature, and also bythe runters":,"? '"' '''"'■ the Hudson IJav K„r n , """''^'^'' ^nd trappers of t'^e peltry wHi;/ il^Ts^JZ'/;!::: ^^^ " -^ ' ^- •sale in the fur markets of theLrld' l^y a,so futirh "f"' ment and remunerative wa-es tn v, / "^^ f'° ^"'^"'sh employ- successfu ly cu'tivated VVIfh • ^ ^^ngland States are passing of'the far etin n „ rri' 7"'"""' ^"' ^"^ of the Province farmin. h u '''''"' '^"'^^ P""'"" .- people o J ■.::;^-,;:r=r. ^;;i:: :::--"3 - plus h.,y, horse!^ caltt, buller, lu,„b« a„,J mh T l»"d »d fore,, ,-„„„„ a '^.^y .U^^tT^ZtZ'' exchange for ,ex,il„ go„d,, .„r,c„|,„„, i,„p|„,°,„^'''''V" n.an,,fac,«r.d ar.icl.,, u,„il ,l,e termination „,, he k!" upo„ „ercha„ai.e pa,,i„Tri"re'cot::;ir,:e":;r " Relations with their Neighbors. veryrrlrlrrre1t''''^r'5 ^""t "^ """"P^- ^ »f t'he t»o countrie:r:L' 1 ;::■:, r™ ■'= p-pi= was deep and wide spread • h„r I annexation newpolicywasadopt Sar de'eoo' I b Th™'"""" '" ''"^ ' and all this is now changed. ' ' ''' "'^P'^ "^ ^'--^^ The termination of the Reciororitu fr„,, and led up to the ConfedeXon 'of tre'p'r '''-"'-^'"^ Dominion of Canada, the estab ishment of f .r " T ''' of factories for the production of th. "'"^'''"''*' ""'I merchandise previou^ly^^ bL:^ ^ Zv:.!^:^:::^-' has proved so successfu. and advantageous for the plrpie. ?„'] has so fostered and stimulated a national spirit that now but \ery few if any will be found to fa\or, much less advocate union with the United States. In ajjricultural districts, particularly in the Kastern Town- ships, much attention is now given to the manufacture of cheese, of very superior quality, large ijuantities of which are exported and find a ready sale in the markets of F:ngland ami on the Continent. To properly understand r.nd appreciate the conditions, cus- toms, and practices which now obtain in rural communities in the older settled parts of the I'rovince where the descenda'its of the origioal settlers overwhelminj^ly predominate, which so savor of mediiivalism, and which appear so quaint and fascinating to the outside world, it will be desirable to go back to the early days of authentic history and sketch in outline some of the leading events connected with the exploration, colonization, and the establishment of government in this northern portion of the New World. Early History. In enterprise, daring, and success France led the way. .So far as available records gc they prove tha! the portion of Can- ada (by which name at one time all the liritish possessions in North America were designated), now known as the I'rovince of Quebec, was discovered during the early vears of the Six- teenth Century by Jaques (artier who sailed up the St. Law- rence River in A. 1). 1535, before Puritanism was known in the world, and nearly one hundred years before the J'uritans set foot upon the soil of America. He made other vovages the following and subsequent years w hen he devoted more time to exploiation and acquiring a knowledge of the countrv and its strange people. Dther French explorers subsequently visited these shores before the coming of Samuel de Champlain in A. D. tCoS, who established a colony at Stadacona where the City of (Quebec now is. The heart of France then thrilled with missionary zeal and many devoted priests accompanied these colonists to impart the blessings of religion, spiritual comfort, and guidance. Many missionaries of noble birth and highest attainments also left behind station and place in their nat've land and devoted their lives to the elevation of the red n. ,.i from the depths of paganism and idolatry to the heights of Christianity. These apostolic men, in obedience tr) the command of the Master, buried themselves in the wilderness and spent the rest of their lives amid scenes of squalor and tilth, in deprivation and suffer- ing, even heroically meetmg death in the discharge of their sacred duties. Words are not necessary to .idd to the pathos of such lives as are recorded in the "Jesuit Relations " by the pen of the Rev. Knnemond M.asse, .S. ].: '-This life is without order and without daily fare, without bread, without salt, and often without anything ; always moving on and changing : in the wind, in the air. and in bad weather ; for a roof, a wretched cabin ; for a couch, the earth; for rest and quiet, odors, cries and songs ; for medicine, hunger and hard work." They .sought not the plaudits of men, yet the pens of our greatest historians and poets have embalmed their memory in tiie minds and hearts of a grateful posterity, and recorded their heroic achievements forClod and civilization upon the brightest pages of history and literature. 'I'iie lieroic deeds, sacrifices and sufferings of Le Caron, Mrebouf, Daniel, I.alleniant, [ogues, Rasles. and unnumbered others of their companions, together with the devotion, privation and toil of the sainted women who sacririced all that the world holds dear to aid in the good work, are as a luminous cloud of inspiration, triumph and glory,' which will continue to reHect lustre upon their nationality, their religion, and their adopted country until the end of time.' The Habitans* The colonists brought with them deep religious conviction and love for the Church of their fathers, in which they were born and reared. To them a good life was more important than honors .and riches. In their every day life they exempli- fied the Christian virtues and squared their conduct by the Colden Rule. When differences arose between them they were usually settled by arbitration, or by their parish priest and spiritual guide, and such decision was cheerfullv accepted as 8 he.r lot they ever strove to make tlHirCluneh a.trrctive and ■ ;^v' ; ;'^": ''"""^^- ■'■"^^- ^'""'' '- ■"^-^ -^ ' statuar> for Us adornment, and- so casts frotn the works of li.e masters, of the Holy ,..„,,., ,„ .,^.,,,,. ,.„ sain ,r ot ehg.ous subjects, were procure.l to en.l.ellish it and m JI s each.n,s n.ore reahstic and lastin,. „..Hn, the winte easo anihc.al Mowers were sul.stituted for decoratin.^ the iltir \o tnc Church according to the Roman ritual as wvll i. ,k ;- c. the C.u.reh in motherland, and m^ttf:^!:.:;: uily observed by their descen.h.nts and sue essors to this v some of which will be noticed later. ' ' English Intolerance and Injustice. Jio^ rr :: r::L::?r ^.r tr '^ " '^-"- '" ->-- oMhe western Hem:;::r:i;:ie;;'':;;e"^;Zs;:'^::,!^^ and st.mulated to activity the national traits of ci a e a^rand.ement. and donunation. The people of E^rZi'; ;;;-.h jealousy bemuse :;^;:^-jTr:.r:t;a^ the.r hrst attempts in Maine, Massachusetts, and X'ir i ia w T' rank a.lures. The Knglish settlers seemed better ft t o the enl^-uenment. when so much incr::;tb::^:r:h;;:e of Anslo-Saxonism, this n,ay seen» to v,me a bold U ranted charge, but an appei, to the mZoI:!::^:^ amply verify its truthfulness "" .cal vessels ntted out in Knglnnd to prey upon the commerce of the wcrlfl. the brutality of the buccaneers of nhich Claude I'uval. Jack Cade, and ( aptain Kidd are types, and the Mood cur.limj; records of a Cooie. Child, Drake. Hawkins and RaJ- eij;h— some of whose piratical triumphs were .-warded with the honors of k„i;;hthood-to realize a str.kin," picture of the times, and of the ethics -overninj; an.l animating- those seated in hi-h places of government, and even upo n the throne itself For the present we must be content with the testimony of an Fnij l.sh h.stonan who will not be accused uf bias or prejudice but who unlike too many of his successors who endeavor to apolo- gise for. explain away, or altogether omit the unpalatable truths of the times, has the h..nesty to admit them in all their repul- sive hideousness. Macaulay's Testimony. After going into the subject of pirates and piracy in England to very considerable length, the vast amounts realized there- from, and the adulation and honors heaped upon the successful marauders and murderers, Macaulay says : " Ihe Indian Ocean, meanwhile, swarmed with pirates of whose rapacity and cuielty frightful stories were told. Many of these men, it was said, came from the North American Col- onies, and carried back to these colonies the spoils gained by crime. Even the i'uritans of ^^ew England, who in sanctimo- nious austerity surpassed even their brethren in Scotland, were accused of conniving at the wickedness." Ihis quotation also throws an interesting side light upon the character of some of the .\ew England colonists now so Gener- ally praised and even apotheosized. " Jealous of the growth of the French colonies, and of the sue cess of the bKnck robe in converting the aborigines to Chris tianity, the lirit.sh colonists were ever on the alert to discover opportunity for plunder, whe. unprovoked ..ttack would be made. 1 he missionary bein, special object of their hatred was treated -iih great indignits and not infrequently slain, the people butchered, the settlement robbed, and what could not be carried away was given to the flames. ft is worthy of note ,l,at in ,|,e ,lrst con.lfct lH..,wee„ the f-n,I.,sh a,Ki iTonch on this continent .he Kn,-lish were ,h. a«Kressors In .6,, ,he marau.lin, freebooter, ^Ar^all^aied ron. X,r,.n.a ,o „,e ..,ast of Maine, uhere he a.ta k^l „ jestroye-l .he French ,se.,len,ent of S.e. Saveur. now foun ^uch booty as he could not carry away, Thus was shed the ».r.st bio.Hl that tlowed so copiously and crimsoned the soil hrou«h so many subse.,.enr years as a result of ,>i,..ted in . .ranee and nreasonin, hate. Later writers have encea el . o apoio„.e or if not con.ione the crin>e of Ar,ali b " ^ "' laws of the t.n.e, wuhout authority for the „>arau.lin, expe- thc^it? ^ "^ '^";""" """•' '^"' ''^' '^'^'^--'^ ''V those' in f. a Un , ° P^"^"-' '"f »'--^ '-t ^P<^^cial pleading, untru.h- u a in har.,>ony w„h the attempt very generally made dur- 2 all the y,.us s.nce to «,..ss over the noted short co.nin.^s and crnnes of the e..rly Kn,dish settlors in this country, we ha^e but to recall the facts that Ar^ail. in obedience to the or.lers o h s snp,, sooa .afterwards plundered and destroved ,l"e French settlements at Ste. Ooix. Port Rov.,1. a.„I other' places and that when he returned to Kn.land ..aer he was .v d-d by ben,, appomted I K.puty (Governor of Mr-nnia in .6,; s.c ceed.ng to the office of Gover.K.r soon after. A Foul Blot upon Massachusetts. Such brutality ..nd clev..s,ation was continued durin. manv generat,ons wtthout interruption or renvonstrance from Ze charged w,th the a. ..airs of governnx-nt, ard to<, often V n .nst,gated by them, but we must be con'tent wit^ t e i a one other tnstance, not only because of its hendish atrcLk L ^:^!::;:;?:;:n:^' ''- '-' P-i-i-ow so generally In A. D. 1646, .at the earnest solicitation of the Abnaki Ind .ans, ^atherG.abriell)ruiIlettes.S.^.w.assent bvM^ Jrom Sillery near Ouebec to establish :mSJ^^^::Z tvennebec. '"^ rner II Ho ,H, Mllcry AujjUM .■ ,. iO,6. for his .lestination. ami so far as k,>own to history he was the first white man who ever penetrale.l ,he unbroken wiUlerness from the St, Lawrence into "«-• w,Ms ol centra! Maine, lie jonrneye.l to his .lestination hv he same waterways traverse.l l,y IU.ne.lict Arnold and his ,|J tachmentof ( •ontinenla! soldn-rs to attack (Jnehec more than "'H' .u.ulre.l years afterwards, an.l which were then well known He lorate.l at Narants.n.k, now \orrid-ewock, wher.^ he erected his misMon cross and was soon surrounded l)v a lar-e .on-re- - ilion of peaceful converts and neophytes. This Mission was .oiuinued successfnilv for nearly ei-hty years when the Missionary then in charj,ro was hutrhea-d 'imd the Mission destroyed hy zealots from the Knj;l,sh Colonists n{ Massacliusetts. TI.e New Kn;;land ( ourant. Au-ust -• ,th. . 7..4, savs • -On .^atunlay last arrived Captain Johnson Harman from his evpe- 'I'l'on a;;ainst the Indians at \orri.l:;ewock. :,.,; honi-ht with l>nn 2,S scalp,, one of which is Father Rasles their priest." And in "Massachusetts Council Kecords." \„| s „ ,„e -, , inid •• Uesthrook |'.-,pers." p.v^v , s;. we read : "' -'.Vt a Council held at the Council Ch..ml..., in IJoston. on Saturday, Au-ust .■-. 17J4, Present : His Honor William Dummer, Ksq,. I.t V.ov. I'enn Townsend \rl.l, Davenport. Adam Winthrop, Nathan livhehl. Ksors lohn ( lark. Ks,,., Daniel Oliver, Kst,.. KIw. Hromd'eld. Thomas Fitch Captain Johnson Harman heinj; arrived from the Fastward with" ndian scalps, together with the scalp of .Sel.astian Ralle the Jesuit and Missionary amon^ the \orrid;;ewock Indians'and the S.an.lard of y' .Sd T' e of Indians, was directed ,0 attend m . ouncil. and there ■i - a short nirrative of his march to N..rridj;ewock .with four Companies of Soldiers under his com- mand) an■ 7-;'^ ^- ^7 y-'i- Pr^^^^^^^^^ ;-.;-o.eersands^lj.---^^ ^c:.rwafr:f'^:::Lf ti- the head of the Indians Zul % ' T""' '''"' '''PP'-''-'^"' -' w<.unclin.sevenot,- ',;"'"'■''■ '^'"^''^^' "^^" f"^'^"- or take quartet ^^''■'*' ^*"'' ^-°'"'^'y rcfusi„,Mo give Pursuant theief()r»> 1,. , , i passed at their;;: z.^.::::^;:;,;;- ''-t'-' ^'--"''y in the words foilouin. V^ '''' "''" '-^"^ "' ■'"'>■' '7-'o. "This Court being credibly inforuied that Mans k.II ,. Jesuit resic;mg amon-r the Flastern fnHi. ''^^' "• ' eral occasions of late alW , r^M^^ i::;""""'^' °" ^^^^ this Province but h is Vs.. v . '^''^•"'-^'y ^ (.overpr t of jPpreh^H ,,.s<, Uu":, ::;;;'■;:->■ !-»r •"" •^•^" pav u„,„ J. .s,| t„|, j„|,„j^^ jj^^^_^^^ _^^ ^^^^^ «3 Sd sum of „„e hundred pounds f„r his service in the destruction of y-S.I Sebastian kalle. y* Sd sum to l,e divided auionj; the othcers and soldiers, as is directed in the Act for encura-in- the persecution of the Ir(han enemy, etc " " " Such was the experience. ..nd too' often such was the f ue o' the devoted missi.,nary. f.red with religious /eai. who left kith an.l km and sacritke.l all the allurements of the world to |-,rinL' Ihe hjiht of t: ,- Kospel and the blessings of civilization to the savages m the wilderness -and such is a picture of tht hi^otry and intolerance of the times, the malevolence of the people, and an diustration of the perversion of history. The Fostering; Care of France. Trance mea.nvhile pushed the w„rk of exploration, evan-el- i/at,on. an.l coloni/.ation-her conquests of peace. ChristianUy and c.vdi/ation extended westward to the Mississippi, south to the i.ulf of Mexico, an.l in the far .,„rth as far .,s Hu.ison Hav whither the Rev Charles Albanel. S. J., another of the heroic ban.l of devote.I missionaries, accompanied hy two companions and SIX Indians, made a tour of exploration ind ..bservation h A. I>. i6r'-.'. f^oinj; overland throu-h an unbroken wiideiness from (Quebec, to learn th-.- n.iture of the country, the number of the abon-ines, their habits, disposition and nee.ls. Si- -h enter pnse and success stimulated the worst passions of the Kn-lish people, who continued to meet this conquest of peace "and Christianity with determined opposition, persecution, uul open warfare, which were persisted in from their earliest settlement in the country until victory crowned their efforts by the over- throw of France upon this continent in A.I). 17^9 on the plairs of .\braham. which was ratified and confirmed by the Treaty of I'aiis in A. I). 1763. ^ English Aggression and Diplomacy. Meanwhile the persecuting people of the British colonies were in turn made to feel the iron heel of despotisu. of the Mother Country, but less for religious hate and animositv than tor revenue, aggrandizement and dominion, and this led to re bellion and bloodshed a few years later in .775. At this June 'I "l'I"-e,l. and ,|enif,l ,„ , .„|,.,li,.s - evrn H ,1... . ■ friendship a ,1 all., if, , '"''""' "■-'-""-" .heir the renewed nu.break of hi,.,,,, ^S", T' '^"^' ^""' -vohed colonists ^i^r^ou.^. u^',Z^'^^ ;^'^' -""'' «- of the Quebec Act and whirl. >''"'' P^'"n"'K.Tion ^-.u.hou. /he ::J^L"^ ;;: ni ^"' '^-^"^ «^'"--«^ '--ce. hi,otr, and l.atJr::^^:- ^ -^ jjo^ ! li i !•' •5 in m.iny ..f the clunicn where it was a pen.l ..(Tence for a < .itl.ulic prifsi to enter, ami evt-.i a ,•.,,,„ ,| ortc.Kx- if I,.- per- formed an> of his satrcci functions. Crantir,;; their ti-hls to tlu- people of < .n.Mla by Knjiland by the '...lebec Act i-.t^nsilie.! this feeling' an.l led to violent oppoNit.on and protest on ih- |M-I ol the colotii,ts. whose bi;;otry. intoleran.e. an.l in..|nitous laws a-ainst Calholirs were well known in Canada. Many sl.i • It-nts of History now rero^ni/.e the enactment and proimilxa- ti-n o. this Ac: as the chief . ause, if not th.. only cause in the last analysis, whi. h pre -.pitatefl the .ontest and resort to .rms on the pan of the c.lonists .i^ainst the motli.T country, an.l a» Ihe astute measure which secured Canada and all the vast terrl- tory end)raced un.kr this name to the Driiish crown. Bigotry of the British Colonists. The records of this blind, unreasoning bi-otrv and hate which now in a more enlij;htened and tolerant .i-e seem so out of place, and which cost the revolted colonists the lovs <,f a valu- able ally, lar-e .|uantities of much neede.l n.ilitarv stores and vast territory, re not now often allowed to see tlie'li.r(u ;-f d.iy and they will hav.- to be sought with dithcultv hiddcm awayin' the archives of the distant past. In the SutTolk County (Mass ) resolve- sent to the ( ontinen- tal Conj;ress which asembled in I'hiladelphi.i in ,774, we rt-ad : " I'hat the establishment of the Roman Catholic reiij,'ioM and French law in Canada is dan-erous in the extreme to the Protestant religion and the civil rights and liberties of all Amer ica. Cherefore we are oblig. .1 to take a.l proper measures lor our securily." And this congress when it assembled in I'hiladelphia appoint- ed a committee consisting of I,ee. Livingston, and Jay to frame an address to the people of Kngland staling their po'siti<,n and grievances and demanding a remedy. The notorious bigot John Jay. whose descendants inherit and manifest his bigotry and intolerance whenever opportunity offers even down to this day, was made chairman of this committee, and to him wis assigned the work of drafting the address. He could not let tf, ,uch a Kood ,.pp..rtuni.y p»h. without incorporating it. «..H jiv- i„K e«prc,.ion ,o the general out.ry a;:a.ns, the < .u..1h..c , r . wLr«as v. in harmonv with hi. i,n..ranc:e. l.i»;o.ry an.l malcv oknce. which he .li.l in the fullnw,n« l..np...i:c- : - Nor can we ^uppre*. our a,t....i.hment that a Ih.t.sh I ..r a „,ent Hho..Ul ever consent to establish .n "-at country a H.Kuo That has dcluRea your island .n I.Ick..! and d.spers.l In.pe . Bigotry. I'ersecuti. M. Murder an.l KeWlu.n through every part "'^:!^af!he r..«res.wh.ch approved and -hori.ed ^e ,ranvni.«inn of *uch sentiments and bra.on alsehoo.!!.. held less culpable or hlatneworthy . and yet. .n the.r hour of tna ana d.stress. these same men and their con.patru.t. were r,o ,1,,. to*er>d Franklin and the < atholic Carroll to seek the au o .atholic France, without which they and th- -'Usc tnus have surtered iunomlnious defeat, and there would now be no I'nited States to emJ»ollish the map <>f the world. |..^cinK such hostile speech and sentiment, .s ,t any wonder that the people of fanad: fused to hearken to the appeal of F^nklin ChL. and Carr.-ll. who were sen. to them as a com- L .tee to secure their friendly cooper.ation > .s .t any wonder II thev refused t<. take up arms for a people who were so openly and avowedly hostile to them an.l tht.r rehjr.on . The Duplicrty of Human Nature. I, is true thai sor.n after the promuluaiion of the y the e.\i;;ences then confroiit- inj; the country all opposition wa^ without avail and it passed that body June 1 ^, 1774. received the rojal assent June 22 fol- lowing;, and is known in law as 14 Ceo. mi, Cap. S3. It was to f;o and went into effect in Canada May 1, 1775. .\ few ultra-Iiritish writers of our (jwn time. Minded by pre- judice and who live in the distant past, strive in vain to prove that Kn<;land was then actuated solely by a desire to fulfil treat)- obligations, that the mutferinj;s of insubordination, disctmtent, and threats of the neij;hborin;j; ('(jlonies — which soon after resulted in open warfare and independence — were not an ini pellinj; motive, that the tjovernment of Kiigland — King, Lords and Conniions — were imbeciles, and tiiat the enactment anil promul^atitm of the .\ct was a fjreat mistake from which Eiv^- land has never recovered. Recalling the many violated treaties recorded against Kngland in the pages (jf history, which with otlier things have earned for her the uncomplimentary title of |x.'rtidious Albion — her iniipii. tons, brutal and brutalizing |ienal laws in force elsewhere in her dominions against the co-religioni.sts of the Canadians, the need she liad for a friendly people in this distant land and a friendly harbor to land her arnjy and military stores, and the concensus of history bearing upon the subject, we may di.smiss this as only another testimony to the intense morbid intokrence and prejudice, long since crystallized into a national tiait. which warps the judgment and renders an impartial and judicial con- sideiation of the facts of history iu>possible, and no\v such at- tempt to prove that Kngland was then governed by (ools, needs no other answer than " there is none so blind as those who will not see," and none so ignorant as those who refuse to learn. «9 English Settlers in Canadai Soon after the conquest, French emiijration having practically ceased. Knglancl made great efforts to supplant the French pop- ulation by liberally subsidizing emigration and sending over large numbers of British emigrants, but they being intolerant and full of bitterness toward the religion of 'the inhabitants, as many, very many pf their descendants continue to the present time, as is too painfully evident, they would not locate amongst not near the French settlers in the older portions of the country along the St. Lawrence River, but betook themselves to that portion of the country now known as the Province of Ontario. .After the close of the war of the Revolution a considerable number of the Dutch settlers of \ew .Amsterdam and other adventurous Colonists who swelled their numliers, emigrated to Canada, where they sought and obtained generous bounty— upwards of 535-oo°-ooo.oo, vast areas of land, and political preferment— as a panacea for their loyalty. These latter soon after organized under the name of the Cnited Kmpire Loyalists, which organization their descendants still find it profitable to perpetuate. Such a people could not long remain in contentment under existing laws, and being turbulent and restive, they so pestered and annoyed the home government with complaint and impor- tunity for a separate government and different laws that they bro.ight about the division of Canada in 17.,. into two parts', which were then named Lower Canada and I'pper Canada, and a .separate parliament was constituted in the latter when the Hritish code became their law. the people of Lower Canada remaining under their then existing form of government. .Agitation and discontent succeeded agitation and discontent in Ipper Canada, and envious of the success of the people of the older Province, they succeeded with the aid of the com- plaisant home government in effecting a union of governments in 1.S41 when they became known as Canada East and Canada West, and so remained until merged by the confederation of the various provinces in 1867 into the Dominion of Canada, when they were named the Province of Quebec and the Pro- vitice of Ontario. Here now is seen the anomaly of two provinces as unlike \n origin, religion, tastes, and practices as can well l)e imajj;ini'fl, yet livinji in peace and friendly rivalry heside each other, and owin;; allej^iance to a common Hag to which they are devotedly loyal . liut the early intolerance and antipathy, founded on race and ieli<:;iQus prejudice, has been and is an important if not the dctermininf; factor in keepinj; alive much of the aiir/rn r(Ximf in the I'rovince of (^»uel)ec. Loyal to old Customs. In many of the rural districts of this I'roviuce old customs and (luaint practices are nearly as well defined and as unique today as in the days when tlrst introduced centuries aj,'o under the fostering care of the tl,ur ,ie lis of l-'rai- . While innovation and change are apparent in the cities and larper centres of populati(M). doubtless stimulated by travel, observation, and iuterchang« ideas, by a mixed population with differei^t customs and practices, and in deference to modern demands, yet in rural communities the primitive ways, quaint customs and practices of early tin>es still obtain— and this is more particularly true and striking in the Church, in church management, observances, and practices. The early colonists being well instructed in their religion and very obedient to its requirements and customs, brought with them a knowledge of the wealth and beauty of the ceremonies of the Church: and the clergy and missionaries being well schooled in and accustcnned to the grandeur, beauty, and appro- p.iateness of the Roman ritual, ever sought to give added mean- ing, beauty, and signiticance to every (.'luirch function by full adherence to and observance of its every requirement — to give outward expression and emph.asis to the interior meanin'^. The Lay Element in the Church. As in the older countries wh"re the Church is governed by canon law the lay element in the I'rovince of ()uebec is recon-- nized and accorded its proper voice in the secidar affairs of the Church. On the formal establishment of a parish bv the Ifishon the con-rc-ation elects three members who are known as .VrW,V,.' or Mar:^u,llnrs (church wardens) who with the pastor consti- tute the l-ahn,,„c^ a corporation in (he eve of the law a board of management of the temporalities of the Church which may sue and be sued. ( )ne of these members at the outset is elected for one year, one for t.vo, and one f.,r tiiree vcars ; one retires each year when at the annual meetinj; of 'ti,e parish a new member is elected always leaving two men with experience to continue m othce. [n lonj; years of experience in and knowl- edge of the workings of this system, not a single case of friction or unpleasantness is recalled, and the knowled-e of business brought to bear in the matter of building, rep.i'irin.r and the care and management of churches, convents, schools and the like, has been of inestimable benelit and value and a great lessening of the burdens borne by the priests' in the I nited States. The parishioners who are elected to this board are reco-- nued as the lay head of the parish. a>ul corresponding honJr IS paid to them. For their use a special pew is erecte.l upon an e evated banc or platform apart from the pews and at the side of the the church near the sanctuarv railing. It is Generally more elaborately constructed than tiie other pews, is surmounted by a canopy or Crucili.x, or both, and is provided with a li-hted candle at each end during .Mass The member in his ''third year of service is the chairman and sits at the head of the pew and ala 1. s takes precedence over the other members Aftei ihe singers and acolytes, who are seated within the sanctuary, they receive the Asp.r.^es before it is bestowed upon the people: on Palm Sunday they receive the palms from the hands of the priest at the Sanctuary rail, and they take preced- ence at all functions of the thurch wherein the laity have part such as formal gatherings, in the Fete Dieu procession and other church functions, escorting the Bishop to and from the railway station on the occasion of his visits, and the like. The Services of the Church. In the services of the Church in rural communities only the Crcfjorian it.usic is sunj; by male voices, unle>s upon exceptional occasions. The sinfjers. <;owned in white surplices, sit within the sanctuary and sinjr the alternate parts. I'heir work is not that of the modern shrieking soprano, whoso disedifyin^ and lrillin<,' etiorts seem much better suited to divert the mind and attention of the hearers than to inspire devotion and praise, not that of the paid tenor who is content with nothinj; less than modern operatic airs, but it is from the heart — sturdy, unaf- fected, devotional. DuriUfj the month of May. f6te days, and on special occasions females may be admitted to the or<;an loft in the gallery and allowed to take part in the singujg. In the churches of the cities reg.ilar choirs of mixed voices now sing, and f.gured music of the less (iorid type = not infrecpiently performed. The bell, called the " tongu^ of the Church," sounds out the Aii^cliis morning, noon, ar,.i night, at the elevation, at all Masses, baptisms and weddings ; at a death it tolls the age of the deceased, and as soon as the funeral cortege comes within sight of the church its solemn knell adds another to the mourn ful solemniiies of the occasion. When the .\ngelus bell sounds the faithful who are working in the fields turn toward the church, uncover their heads, and recite the prescril>ed prayers. This is well illustrated by the celebrated painting by .\Iillais. The Ax'n/'tt; a custom introduced in .\postolic times, is still observed. .A basket and napkins, provided by the Juit»i,/i,<\ or parish, are taken home by some member who returns them the following Sunday morning with a sufficient number of loaves of bread which, when cut into .small cubes or pieces, will be suflicient for all members of the congregation to receive one. These loaves are placed upon a small table in the sanctuary before the altar where the priest blesses them before Mass. The loaves are then removed to the sacristy by the sacristan, sexton, or beadle, where they are cut into small pieces and dis- tributed to the congregation during Mass— to the Syndics tirst and then to the rest of the congregation. Every person receiv- 23 ing a portion devoutly makes the sign of the cross with it and then consumes it. After \fass the basket and napkins are taken away by the person who brought them and the bread, and delivered to his nearest neighbor, who performs a similar service the following Sunday, who returns basket and napkins to his neighbor, and so the work g„es continually on throughout the entire parish without interruption. The origin of this custom has received various explanations Some writers contend that it had its origin in the brotherly gatherings and feasts of the early Christians ( i. Cor. XI) some as typifying the charity with which Christians should feed the poor, others the miraculous multiplication of the loaves and hshes, which typify the Hlessed Eucharist, etc. I{e this as it may. the pah, Innit is a living reality in the church of the habttans, and its abandonment would be to them a sad innovation and omission from the ceremonial of the Church. At the Asperf^es-, the priest, preceded by the cross-bearer acolytes, and accompanied by an assists. ries the holy water, makes the circuit of the church, w.iicu ves an added importance, impressiveness and solemnity to the ceremony over the more abridged and perfunctory blessing from within the sanctuary. A parish .Mass is offered by the parish priest in the spring- time to invoke the blessing of God upon the seeds about to be cast into the earth, and it is no infrequent occurrence to hear the announcement from the pulpit that some member of the parish, sometimes named and sometimes nameless, has arranged for a similar .Vlass-and it sometimes happens that several are provided for and announced at the same time. Again, Masses are offered for an abundant harvest, for rain for fair weather, relief from war, epidemics, sickness, for mem- bers of a family, for God's blessing upon the Parish, and the like. (Jreat solemnity is given to all the feasts and festivals of the Church, but to none more than to the fete Dku, or Corpus t hristi. For days and weeks previous old and young vie with each other in planting evergreen trees along the route of the profession, often forming their tops into arches and decoratinj; them with mottoes and banners. Special attention is bestowed upon the reiK)sitory, and the l)est that the parishioners can brni^' IS none too },'ood to add to its beauty and attractivene>s. Its masses of evergreen and wealth of ilowcrs, rendered more beautiful by score- of lighted candles, make an imp)sing mid- summer spectacle. Preceding the canopy, which is usually borne by four of the patriarchs of the parish, little girls dressed m white and crowned with garlands strew wild Mowers in the pathway from baskets suspended from their necks bv brilliant colored ribbons, ihe scene is imix>sii>g and the devoutness of all very impressive and edilving. Midnight Mass is always celebrated on Christmas eve, for which great preparations are also made to render the occasioi* worthy of the l-east of the Nativity. The church is always tilled to overHowing with .levout worshippers, some of whon» come many miles, and all enter with zest into the spirit of the joyful season. The priest makes an annual visit to every family in his par- ish, accompanied by one or nwre of the Sy>;iia, when he takes an official census, inquires after their spiritual condition, and other matters of importance in acc.)rdance with a prescribed form sent out by the Hishop. This serves to more closely unite pastor and people and furbishes reliable statistics of his pa- rishioners and parish. ^ In rural communities the priest receives for his principa! com- pensation regular tithes which the law imposes upon every hus- . bandman, the p.iyment of which can be enforced bv process of / law when necessary as other ta.xes may be collected. With few exceptions, such as corn and potatoes, every farmer must pay into the granaiy of Afonsieur /, Ciin- every twenty- sixth bushel of the crops with which he may be blessed. This lithe or tax is cheerfully and generously paid as a just and rea- .sonable contribution to the maintenance and decency of wor- ship of the God who thus blesses with bountiful harvests. In extensive farming communities it will readily be surmised that the priesfs granary is the largest and best filled of all. Under Fiench Law all who a.e baptized into the Catholic Church, but -'5 1 rofestant church, must pay such tithes to the parish Driest abjure the fa.th accorcl.nK to the ritual prescribe.l by the Church for such abjuration and apostasy ^ In former times, before the advent of the newspaper and •e'e^raph. the news of ,he parish and such outside news as dispersal of the conjrregation after Mass. and until verv recent t.mes the old custom survived that no laws e u ed bv a ned (called hon.ologa.ed, from the parish church door after .;;. Mass on a Sun.lay or Holy day of obligation bv the 2r .ff of the county or other dulv deputed omce^ Another custom in strange contrast with the observance of h. Puruan Sabbath is the sale of farm products, grain Iss , seed. fru. . vegetables, lambs, pigs, fowls, honey and the iik ,t auction afte. Mass, at the church door ' An explanation of this custom is found in the lon-^ distances many of the parishioners live away from the church i^ a ." .^ t.ons-s,x, eight, ten, and even in some cases twentv mi es when others living in an opposi.e direction might be in ,ee oi sue things without knowing where to obtain ttem, b i eT ,v the nllar l.,r„,„ which they worshiuL, °„ ,'?, " "'"" »'""" ticipate in the offices of the Church Th^ r.'.; . ^ by the cross bearer, thurifer. ai;:;to,y,lsl!^rhC:S receives the corpse upon the b,er at the church doo whe , he blesses It and then escorts it chanting the Miserere or hi ,7 Profundus to its place at the sanctuary rail bXth, tar" when the Requiem Mass is sung and the funeral obsec les ' ' .ormed with such pomp and circumstance as the taste fr . ..ay dictate and their means afford, from the pi, t^':^ to the most elaborate known to the ritual of tL Churdrindu- ffing the draping of the entire church and windows in sombre blaclc. rravellers meeting a funeral procession usually turn around and fare in the direction which it is going, and while it is pass- ing bare their heads ii the season jHTmits, and when the de- ceased was a prominent person the remains are escorted a short distance before the j..urney is resumed. Devotions and pious customs and practices are not limited to Sundays ,ind Holy days. Ihey are woven into and bea)me a part of the every day life of the people. They are not so eager for riches as to live well. I he members of the family are gath- ered in prayer every night when the rosary is said and other prayers ; i farm is Iwught and M. le Cure is .sent for to come and bless it ; a hou.se is buill, and it may be but a log cabin on the frontier, but before n»oving in JA le Cure comes again and blesses the new home. When settlements are made in outlying places where parishes have not l>een organized Calv.tircs are erected by the road side upon the first land cleared, and here gather the faithful on Sun- days and Holy days to join in public prayers. I^irge crosses and Ca/vaires are erected on other farms as they are taken up and reclaimed from the wilderness, and later when a parish is organize 1 and the people have more means, they are made more elaborate by the erection of a shrine and placing therein a group representing the Holy Family, an Apostle, the patron saint of the parish, the emblems of the Crucifi.xion— the cross hammer and nails. Filial devotion and respect is a very marked characteristic in the homes of the people as becomes the Christian family. New Vear's day. >'///- t/erAn. is a day of special rejoicing and family reunion when every member of the family from those in the days of earliest childhood to those who have grown to manhood and womanhood, and even those whose heads are crowned with the snows of years, return to the home of their childhood and on bended knees supplicate and receive the aged parents' blessing. Their sense of justice does not rest upon a human founda- tion—the vote of a majority— nor does it permit them to violate -'7 the God given right, of conscience becau^c (hey are in the major.ty and can impose their will upon a helples! n,inori,v. I nder the laws of their making the I'rotes,.,n. minority are permitted to maintain schools of their own. paying all their school taxes thereto, an.l if there are not I'rotestants enough i,' any school district to maintain a school tii.y are pormitte.l to join wuh other school .iistric.s to Strange as it may seem, in other Provinces of the Dominion ^.htre I rotestantism dominates, and where the freedom. liberal- uyand equal rights of Protestantism is volubly an.l vaun.in.dy proclaimed, the rights of Roman Catlu.lics in 'educational i,rat- ters are trampled under foot, and the justice they ren.ler unto others where they are in the majority is .lenied to ihem by ,heir fellow citizens where they are in the minority A convent and school is generally locate.l near the parochial resi.lence and church, and here the young are taught the correct prmc-p es of living -the moral faculties are cultivated and de- veloped as well as the intellectual. Character is mol.led and formed upon true Christian lines, the individual aided and {^uuled to re.a i.e the rights of God and his .luties toward man- the true end for which he was creat.-d_ and not turned loose upon society a mere intellectual machine without moral devel opment. balance, symmetry or ballast Such an e.lucation makes a people who put eternity above time, heaven above earth, the spiritual above the temporal, principle above e.xnedi- ency, and an upright life before riches. Linng where they do and as they do, buttressed and sup- ported by their religion, they can be nothing else but Catholics in their religious belief, but at the threshold of the Twentieth century, with the spirit of uneasiness and unrest let loose ind spreading over the land, with thousands upon thousands leaving p. >ll llu'se salutary props and supports U-hind. with proselytism backt'd by abundant means st.ilkinjj throuxh the land, it may be fairlv <|uestioncd if the time has not arrived for them to make re-arrang.ment o( studies and give more attention to the df.-per truths of their reliKiori, the polemic al, and to the sciences. It is true that it in highest wisdom as well as the teaching of the Scriptures to fully reali/e that "the Kingdom ot Heaven surtLTcth violence and only the violent bear it away," and " What profiteth it if a man {jains the whole world and lose his srul." but it is .ilso true, and has the authority of the Scrip- turf* as well, that when (;:.er,ple are alw.ays ready to assist each other, to extend cliaritv to aid any worthy cause, and to allevi- ate affliction and sutferi^-. No parish is too poor to aid the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, and their contributions put to shame their more pretentious and wealthy neighbors in the United States. Nearly every parish has also a Society of the Holy ChildhootI whose contributions have maintained many missionaries in heathen lands and saved many precious souls to heaven. .\ daily round of duties well and faithfully performed, reason- able competency and peace of mind, are prized beyond super- fluous wealth obtained at the expense of worry, anxiety, disap- pointments and ruined health. I'lif 5un rises dear and the clav is fair .k / * and «ivc., .hank, ; „.„r„in« c..„ e w „ t^ , t'^'" '?"'^''^ praise, a.u, is re.onci.^ ^Z ^ ! ""'" " ?"' «'-" worn i.hwavs of ,„„ t """'• '"" ""^'"" '"^- -"- witl. a „uai„ (tr isti n e ."" T'"'' ''""'"" "' ''"'«■•'-' life of the ,;;„ ie h Irv w, T ■"'"""'• ^""*"'- "'-'^'^'"« el«wherc. '"'* ^'"^'' '^ '" '*"^'' P'-'i"f"l evidence rsrrrm '^mwu^sn