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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre raproduit en un seul clichA, ii est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. f ,■.■■"-■.-'" i ■ 3 ; . 1' : L : t :, : 1 ':*, : ■ : * ■: i ■' «:.l i : »•• ': mm m '"'"^ ■ ♦' APPENDIX TO « :> THE CONGEESSIONAL GLOBE, FOR THE FIRST SESSION, TWENTY-NINTH CONGRESS: •■!■,'! .' ■ :•,;■ .#1 CONTAINING SPEECHES AND IMPORTANT STATE PAPERS. BY BLAIR AND RIVES. NEW SERIES ..1845-6. #' CITY OF WASHINGTON : PRINTED AT THE OFFICE PP BLAIR St, RIVES. lG4d. /S-^ffi-A^ ■Y INDEX ? \ TO THE APPENDIX OF THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE I A. Adams, J. d., a Representative from Massa- chusetts — remarks on the Oregon question, - - 463 extracts from his lariif report, - - 73(1, 7S5. 757, 1058 Adams's, John, views. (See Taiyff—JSIanu- facturts — Prolntion, ) Agriculturnl prortiicts, the prices of. (See Markets.) Alexandria, remarks in the House of Rep- resentatives on the bill for the retro- cession of— by Mr. Hunter, of Virginia, - - 894 Allen, William, Senator from Ohio — remarks on Mr. Cass's re.iolutioiis of In- 3uiry into the condition of the public efenrea, 61 on the Oregon question ond the rela- tions of tlic United States with Eng- land, ----- 62, 834 Annuities. (See Indian ^nnuiliea.) I Appointments to office. (Snc Clerks in the Public DepttrlnuHts.) ' General Jackson's opinion concerning, - 737 \ Appropriation bills. (Sec .Omii/ — Indians — Volunleers — Civil and Diplmnalic.) Archer, William, a Senator from Virginia — remarks on the Oregon question, - - 520 Army, annual report of the Secretary of Wnr . on the condition of the, - • - 13 speeches in the House of Representa- tives on the bill makingappropriatinns for the support of the, by — Mr. Davis, G., of Kentucky, - 916 Mr. Hudson, of Massachusetts, - 912 Mr. Hunt, W.. of New York, - 934 Mr. Sims,A.D.,of South Carolina, 932 Mr. Thurman, of Ohio, - - 928 correspondence of the War Department with Generals Gaines and Scott, con- cerning the prepcrations for a move- ment of the, 649 speech in relation to the pay of the, - 908 speeches concerning the. (See Rifle- men — Mounted Riflemen — Military Aca- demy — Sixers, Miners, and Pontoniert — Volunteers.) Ashley, Chester, a Senator from Arkansas — remarks on the Oregon question, - - 437 Ashmun, G., a Representative fr9m Massa- chusetts — remarks on the furtilicatinn bill, concern- ing Texas afliiirs and ,the war with Mexico, - - - ' - - - 809 I Atchison, D. R., a Senator from Missouri — i remarks on the Oregon question, - - 348 | Atkinson, A., a Representative from Vir- ginia— I remarks on the Oregon question, - - 261 ' Bagby, A. P., a Senator from Alabama — | remarks on the Oregon question, - - 261 I on tlie harbor bill, - - . - 974 Baker, E. D., a Representative from Illinois- remarks on the Oregon tiue-slion, - - 151 Banking system. For speeches incidentally discussing the, see Independent Treasury, Barringer, D. M., a Representative from N. Carolina — remarks on the tariff, - - - . 1051 ' Barrow, A., a Senator from Louisiana — [ remarks on the Oregon question, - - 588 Bayly, "T. H., a Representative from Vir- ginia — ! remarks on the Oregon question, - 133 on the harbor bill, - . . on the tariff, .... Bedinger, explonalion by, , H., a Re ginia — eprcsentativo fVom Vir- ,3.32 402 812 195 remarks concerning the naturalization laws and " nalivism," - on the Oregon question, - . . Bell, J. P., a Representative from Kentucky — remarks on the Oregon question, - Benton, T. H., n Senator from Missouri — remarks on the bill for the augmentation of the navy, . - . . - on the indi>pendent Treasury bill, on theniiirication of the Oregon treaty, on the French spolinlion bill, Benton, C. S., a Repicscnuilive from New York- remarks on the joint ruolution directing the manner of procuring tlie public printing, on the tariff, - - - . . Berrien, J. McP., a Senator from Georgia — remarks on the Oregon question, - Bills of credit, remarks on the power of the Slates, to emit, liy — Davie, of North Carolina, Iredell, of North Carolina, .Tackson, Andrew, - . . . Marlainc, of North Carolina, - Mndison, James, - . - . Marlin, Luther, of Maryland, - Mai«httll, Chief Justice, - - - Pfiirkney, Charles, of South Carolina, Story, Judge, Web.sler, Daniel, . - . . Blanchnrd, J., a Representative from Penn- sylvania — remarks on the tariff, - Boundary, Northeastern . (See Treaty of ff 'ask- ington—towa.) Towlin,!. B.jarepresentativclVon. Missouri, remarks concerning the naturalization laws and Native Americanism, on the Oregon question, - Breese, Sidney, a Senator from Illinois, Brinkerhoff, J.,a Representative from Ohio — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the tariff, Brodhead, Richard, a Representative (Voni Pennsylvania — reniarka on the tariff) - ■ - - 88 117 - 269 292 820 867 898 833 847 505 602 Cd'J 004 602 602 602 603 G02 603 603 - 1003 43 77 378 101 784 976 Brown, Milton, a Represcniativo from Ten- nessee — remark! on the Oregon question, on the bill to protect the rights of American citizens in Oregon, - - - - 693 Buchanan, James, letters as Secretory of Slate on the Oregon question, 24, 29, 33, 1172, 1173,7174, 1175,1176,1177,1178 his tariff views, - - - 1020,1141 Ballot box, speeches concerning frauds on the, 64 Burt, Armislead,a Representative from South Carolina — remarks on the Oregon question, - - 264 Cabell, E. C, Representative from Florida — remarks upon the contested election from Florida, 301 Calhoun, John C, letters as Secretory of Stale on the Oregon question, 23, 24, 28,29 remarks on the Oreson qucslioij, and the probabilities of a wu.'with Eiig- hmd, 471 on the tariff of 1842, - - - - 761 Cameron, S., n Senator from Pennsylvania — remarks on the tariff, - - - - 1130 Campbell, W. W., a Kepieacntutive from New Y'ork — remarks on ihe Oregon question, - - 157 on the bill to raise a regiment of mounted riflemen, concerning the proposition to limit the ciilistinent and appointment of oflicers and sol- diers to " Native Anu'riciins," - 619 Carroll, C. II., a Representative from New York — remarks on the tariff, - - - - 1044 Cass, Lewis, a Senator from Michigan — renuirka on the Oregon (lucalion, the de- feni:es, mid the probabilitiosa war wall Kiigluml, - - - - 422 . concerning ihe Oregon question, and thelrcaty of Ulreciil, in reply to Mr. lieiilon, 510 on the liiil providing for the prosecu- tion of the war with Mexico, - - 645 on protection, - - - - - 102U on tlur Oregon question, delivered in secret session ; received loo hue On- this volume— (See Appendix for ad session 2!)th Congress.) Chalmers, J. W., Seimlor from Mississipjii — remarks on the Oregon question, - - 556 Chapman, John G., a Represeiilative from Maryland — remarks on the tariff, - - - - 1155 Chapman, 11., a Representative from Ala- bama — remarks on the bill for the protection of American settlers in Oregon, - • 545 Chase, L. B., a Kcpresciitalive from Tcn- iies.icc — remarks concerning the naturalization lu-.va and 'nativism," - - - 66 INDEX. Ill 334 299 753 - 687 243 Chase, L. D., a Representative from Ten- neasee — remarks on the Oregon qucslinn, - on the Florida contested election, on tlio tnritr, - . - . . Choate, R., n Senator .. ^m Massachusetts — (Sec r«i-i/;' 0/1842.) Civil and diplomatic appropriation bill, speeches in the Houxe of Represent- atives on the, by — Mr. HouRton of Alabama, - Clarke, H. S., a Representative from North Ca'olina — remarks on the Oregon question, • on the tdrilfqucsuon, ... 1035 Clay's views on the compromise act and the tariff policy, 752, 755, 757, 758, 760, 995, 1058 Clayton, J. M., a Senator from Delaware — remarks on the Orej^on question, - 318, 319 on the spoliation bill, ... §55 on the President's veto of the spolia- tion bill, 1161 Clerks in the pul)lic departments in Wash- ington. Remarks in the House of Representatives on the bill requiring the appointment of officers and, to bo made from all the States, in proportion to their representation in Congress — • by Mr. Sawyer, of Ohio, Coal trade, Pennsylvania and foreign, statis- tics of the, - 709, 710, 1070, 1072, 1092, 1093, 1133, 1134, 1147, 1160, J161 Coal trade of Virginia, - - -710,1160 Cobb, H., a Representative from Georgia — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the bill to protect the rights of American citizens in Oregon, - on the bill making appropriation for the support of the volunteers, con- cerning the boundary of Texas and the Mexican war, .... Cocke, William M., a Representative from Tennessee — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the harbor bill .... CoUamer, Jacob, a Representative from Ver- mont — remarks on the tariff bill, ... Collin, John F., a Representative from New York— remarks on the postage bill, concirning the reduction of the tariff, - Colquitt, W. T., a Senator from Georgia-— remarks on the Oregon question , - Commercial Statistics 410, 452, 459, 461, 486, 700, 7,32. 733, 7,52, 795, ' 796, S15, 886, 388, 926, 943, 959, 973, 977, ! 1024, 1026, 1027, 1060, 1078, 1079, 1094, 'I 1098, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1157 l| Commissioner of the General Land Office. i iSce General Land Qlftce.) ll Indian Affairs. (See Inrfian ^/fnirs.) Ij Compromise act, and the tariff of 1842. (See '■ ! i^nir.) 1! Conquests by Great Britain, - - - 84 |' Connecticut resolutions; concerning slavery | and the admission of Texas into the Union, remarks thereon in the House 421 616 411 831 726 154 635 1101 93 444 960 821 219 - 144 - 168 721 .304 363 916 212 434 293 321 326 - 535 537 22 of Representatives — by Mr. Rockwell, of •bnuecticut. 59 i 404, 459, 499 1 1060 394 Corn trade, concerning the (See Trade icilh England.) Corn and wheat grown m the United States, Constable, A., a Representative from Mary- lanil — remarks on the harbor bill, - . . Constitiuionul treasury. (See Independent Treasury,) Contested election. (See E/cc(ions.) Conventions with Great Britain in 1818 and 1H27, - 103,117,126,266,496,609 Convention, Nootka, concerning the, - - 146, 415, 441, 495 Copper, statistics of, - - - - - 885 Cotliin, stplislics of, ..... 733^ 795, 8.50, 1027, 1034, 1079, 1080 Crittenden, J. J., a Senator from Kentucky — remarks on the Oregon question, - Culver, E. D., a Representative from N.Y. — remarks on the bill to eslr.blish post- routes in Texos, concerning Texas slavery, ami the Oregon question, explanation by, ..... - 842 194 19^ flumberland road, remarks in the House of Representatives on the bill making ap- propriation for the completion of tlie, Mr. Yancey, of Alabama, Mr. Tibbatts, of Kentucky - Cummins, J. D., Representative fVom Ohio- remarks on the Oregon question - Currency, for speeches concerning the, see IndenendenI Treasury — Bills of Credit. Mr. Walker's views of Mr. Benton's hard money notions, ... D. Daniel, J. R. J., a Representative from North Carolina — remarks on the tariff .... 1077 on the Independent Treasury bill, - 1124 Dargan, E. S., a Representative from Ala- bama — remarks on the Oregon question, Darragh,C., a Representative from Pennsyl- vania — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the tariff, and concerning the Ore- gon question, - - - - . Davis, Garrett, a Representative fl-om Ken- tucky — remarks upon the Florida contested elec- tion, - . - . - on the Oregon question, - on the bill for the support of the army, concerning the boundary of Texas and the Mexican war, . . - Davis, Jefferson, a Representative from Mis- sissippi — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the harbor bill, .... Davis, John, a Senator from Massachusetts, remarks on the tariff, . - - - 1107 Defences. (See .Vottotlii Defences — Xamj.) Dickinson, Daniel S., a Senator from New York- remarks concerning the naval defences, in reply to Mr. Benton, on the Oregon question, . . - concerning the McLeod case, - Mr. Webster's reply to, conccrniii^ the disbursementofthesucrei-servicemnd, and the McLcod case, remarks in reply to Mr. Webster's per sonni attack, and cimcerning the Ash- i>urton treaty and the McLeod case, Diplomatic correspondence on the Oregon question, ------ Dix, John A., a Senator from New York — remarks on the Oregon quention on the spoliation bill, ... 514 on the warehouse bill, . . 789, 792 Dixon, James, a Representative from Con- necticut — remarks concerning tho naturalization laws and Native Americanism, on the toriff, ... . . Dobbin, James C, a Representative from North C( olina — remarks on i.;e Oregon question, - on the graduation bill and concerning the tariff, 1094 Dodge, A. C, a Delegate from Iowa — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the bill to define the boundaries of Iowa, ------ Douglass, Stephen A., a Representative from Illinois — remarks on tho bill making appropria- 1 tion for the support of the army, con I cerning the war with Mexico, • I Dry docks, sectional floating. (See Floating I dry docks.) Duties, tiic principles upon which, should be i levicil, ...... ad valorem, concerning, - 754, 785, 780 minimum, concerning, - - 754, 775, 997 specific, concerning, . - - . 754 Henry Clay, concerning, ... 754 the effecLs of high duties and low duties [ upon commerce .... 1027 ! (See Tariff.) '. E. ; Election, the contested from Florida, remarks in the House of Representatives, by — Mr. Chase, L. B., of Tennessee, - - 299 Mr. Cabell, E. C, of Florida, - - 301 Election, the New Jersey contested, remarks in the House of Representatives con- cerning, by — Mr. Jenkins, of New York, England, the relations of the United States with, discussed, . . . . England. (See Traik.) Ewing, J. H., a Representative from Penn- sylvania — remarks on the tariff, - - . - Ewing, E. H., a Representative from Ten- nessee — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the harbor bill, . . . . on the tariff, - . - . . Evans, George, a Senator (torn Maine — remarks on the Oregon question, . Expenditures by the Federal Government for internal improvements 455 634 734 189 500 987 - 572 - 360. 403, 421, 422, 450, 454, 563, 1023 Expenditures for fortifications, - . - 450 P. Fairfield, John, a Senator from Moino — remarks on the bill for an augmentation of the navy, and concerning the Ore- gon question, - - - - - 389 concerning the treaty of Washington in ! reply to Mr. Webster, - - - 621 i Foran, James J,, a Representative 7, 658, 660, 661, 662,'663, 664, 665, 666, 667 Gallatin's tariff views, - - .- . 849 General Land Office, annual] report from tho Commissioner of the, - - - 37 Gentry, M. P., a Representative from Ten- nessee 68' 1061 > 107 344 668 - 903 1 754 Mr. Davis, Garrett, of Kentucky, - 304 i remarks on the Oregon question, - 178 vr INDEX TO 80 72 - 430 641 830 9a» 109 712 115 341 84 598 123 647, Gentry, M. P.| a Reprcsentutive from Ten- nessee — remnrks nn the bill to raise two regi- ineniH of riflemen, .... 550 on the tnrifr, 1086 Graduation. (See Public iMtub.) Giles, Willinni F,, a Kcpresentalive from Maryland — remarks on the Ores"" (jntdtion, - Giddings, Tosliua R., a Reprcscnlative from Ohio- remarks on the Oregon question, and concerning Texas and slavery, on tlic appropriation for Indian annu ities, concerning fugitive slaves, on the bill to raise a regiment of sap- pers, miners, and poiitoniers, con- cerning the boundaries of Texas, and the annexation of that Slate to the United States, and the Mexican war, ...... on the treasury note l.ill, concerning the boundary of Texas, and the Mexican war, and slavery, - reply of Mr. Thurman to, - Goodyear, C, a Representative from New York — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the tariff, Gordon, S., a Representative from New York- remarks on the Oregon t,v.;stion, - on the harbor bill, .... Great Britain, provinces conquered by, Grider, H., a Representative from Kentucky, remarks on the Independent Treasury bill, ....... Grover, M., a Representative from New York- remarks on the Oregon qncstion , - concerning an appropriation for the construction of marine hospitals - H. Hannegan, Edward A., Senator from Indi- ana — remarks on the Oregon question, - 45, 46, 307, 319, 376 explanation bv, .... 45, 4g Haralson, Hugh A., a Representative from Georgia — remarks on the Oregon question, - on the bill making appropriation for the i-ayment of volunteers and other troops in the Mexican war, - on the bill to raiec two regiments of riflemen - - ... Harmanson, J. H., a Repre^^entative from Louisiana — remarks on the tariff, .... on the Independent Treasury, - Harbors and rivers. Remarks in the House of Representatives on the bill making appropriations fur certain, by — i>.. Mr. Bayly, of Virginia, - Mr. Cocke, of Tennessee, Mr. Constable, of MaryUnd, - Mr. Davip, of Mississippi, Mr. Bwing, of Tennes-sce, Mr. Faran, of Ohio, . - - Mr. Gordon, of New York, Mr. Houston, of Alabama, Mr. Hudson, of Massachusetts, , Mr. Jones, of Tennessee, - Mr. McClelland, of Michigan, - Mr. Puyne, of Alalmma, ... Mr, Rathbun, of New York, i^t Mr. Rlicit, of South Carolina, - Mr. Severance, of Maine, - Mr. Stanton, of Tennessee, Mr. Stewart, of Pennsylvania, H.'. ■ Mr. Thomasson, of Kentucky, Mr. Tbonipson, of Pennsylvanio, - Mr. Tibbatis, of Kentucky, Mr. Wentworth, of Illinois, Mr. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, - Mr. Woodward, of South Carolina, - 399 Mr. Yancey, of Alabama, - 355,403 •tatement of expenditures by the Gov- ernment for the improvement of, 360, 450, 454 speeches in the Senate on the bill making appropriations for, by — Mr. Bagby, of Alalmnip, ... 974 Mr. Speight, of Mississippi, . . lUOl 267 864 476 744 417 - 409 - 444 • 391 - 434 - 500 - 48(1 - 341 - (iSJ, 459, 7.'i.^ - 3(iU - 327 - 4.i7 - 343 - 447 - 489 - 47rt - 4!»7 - 3.")a - 4W7 - .'■>59 - 4,50 483 Haywood, W. H.ia Senator from North • * Carolina — rrinark.s nn the Oregon question, - 45, 369 his aildress 10 the people nf Norlh Caro- lina, givinii his views of the tarifl'bill, hikI the cause of his resignation, - 1178 his letter of acceptance of the election of Senator, 1184 Hilliard, H. W., a Representative from Ala- bama — remarks on the Oregon question, - . 119 Hogc, J. P.,n Representative from Illinois — remarks on the Oregon qucstiini, - . 205 Holmes, I. F,., a Representative from South Cnioliim — reniarks nn the Oregon question, . - 165 explnnaiion bv, .... 162, 200 Holmes, K. B., a Rcprcaentotive from New York— remarks on the hill reducing the duty on imnoria— .concerning the war with Mexico, 952 Home market, statistics, Ac., of the, 758, 759, 1057 Hospital.'*. (i - 112» Mr. Holmes, of South Carolina, • 165 VI INDEX TO OregODi tpeecliea in the Ilnuieof Ropreseiil- ativos on the aevernl propoaitinns for Ailjiiatnient of the, nnil for the protec- tion of Ainericnn Hcltlers in, by— - 8(i9 - 176 - 331 - 4(i4 a)9, 224 - 1»3 - 93 - 338 - 74 273, 67(1 - 146 ■ 697 - 141 - 241 - 495 - 120 - 126 - 297 83 11)4 22(i 22;» 253 256 671 3H7 131 201 162 159 633 ► 98 217 184 186 199, 695 85 Mr. Iloge, uf Ilinois, ■ '. . 905 Mr, Hnnt, ofNtwYork, - - 238 •Mr. Hiimlson, of QeorKin, - - 267 Mr. Hoiiiiloii,orAhiliannn, - 279,547 Mr. Inj,'er«oll, C. J., of Penn., - 284 Mr. Ingenoll, J. K., of Ponn., Mr. Joiicn, of Ocorjjia, - Mr. Johnitnn, nf Tcnncsaee, • Mr. King, of Ucorpn, - Mr. Kennedy, of Indinnn, Mr. Lenke, ofVlrifiniii, •Mr. Levin, of Pcnnajflvnnia, - Mr. Mnrtin, of TenncHHco, - Mr. M<-Dowcll,of01iio, Mr. McClernanil, of Illinois, - • Mr. Owen, of Indiana, - Mr. Payne, of Aliiliainn, • Mr. Pendleton, of Virginia, - Mr. P.Arrish, of Ohio, - Mr. Phclpa, of Misnouri, Mr, Pollock, of IVnnaylvnnia, • Mr. Uorkwell, of Connerticut, Mr. Reid, of North Carolina, ;Mr. Sims, of MIsHcniri, Mr. Smith, Calrli B., nf Indiana, • Mr. Sawyer, of Ohio, • Mr. Smith, of Illinois, - • Mr. SiniH, of South Carolina, Mr. Smith, of Conm-cticut, - • Mr. Scddon, of Virginia, Mr. Starkweather, of Ohio, - • 'Mr. Toomljs, of GeorRia, • Mr. Thompson, of Mississippi, • Mr. Thurman, of Ohig, Mr. Thompson, of Pennsylvania, Mr. Vinton, of Ohio, - • Mr. Winlhrop, of Massachusetts • Mr. Wood, of New York, - Mr. Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, Mr. Woodward, of South Carolina, Mr. Wick, of Indiana, - •Mr. Yancey, of Alabama, Mr. Yell, of Arkansas, - - - 205 • views in 1823 of Mr. Mallory, of Ver- mont, concerning, ... - 347 of Mr. Tracy, of New York, con- cerning, - . . . . Oregon question, correspondence between the Secretary of State and the Uritish Minister, concerning the - - 22,1170 the English and American propositions for the settlement of the - - - 610 Oregon treaty. President's niessa^e commu- nicating the, to the Senate, and pro- • cecdings thereon, . - . . 1J68 corr<'spondence of the two Governments, anipcedent to the, and the protocol and treaty, - . . . 1170,1171 • speeches in the Senate tn the ralificaiion of 'he, by — Mr. Rcnton,nf Missouri, • Mr. Cass. (See Cum.) Owen, Robert Dale, a Representative from Indiana — • remarks on the Oregon question, - on the bill to establish the Smithsonian Institution, • . ■ . ■ « P. Paper money, for speeches concerning, see Iiule])cn5 General Jackson and, 753, 1019, 1051, 1067, 1071,11.33,1180 Miidisnn, concerning -979, 1051, 1070, 1180 Washington, on - - - -11.3.3,1180 Polk, on - - 752, 800, 921, 1003, 1020 Mo.nnc,on - - 1051,1067,1070,1180 Ruchanan,on ..... 1020 Cnss, on 1020 Van Ruren, on - - - - 1020, 1070 Jefferson, on - - 1051, 1070, 1180 Crawford, on ..... 1181 Public lands, speeches in the House nf Rep- rrsentalivps on the bill to graduate and reduce the price of the, by Mr. Rfthbun, of J^cw York, - - 773 Mr. Thomp.son, of Mississippi, - - 777 Mr. Payne, of Alaliama, ... 806 Mr. Dobbin, of North Carolina, ■ -1094 Mr. Sipphcn.i, of Georgia, - - 1103 (See McCUmand.) Public lands. (See Michigan.) extracts from the President's message- concerning, ..... 1095 statistics of, - - - -799,1106,1107 R. Ramsay, Alexander, a Representative from Pennsylvania — remarks on tho3, 756, 7.'i7, 7.58, 8.50, 922, 925, 1079, 1158 of the killed and wounded in the battles on the Rio Grande, - . 676, 677 of cnnl trade, Pennsylvania and foreicn, 709, 710, 1071, 1072, 1092, 1093, 1133, 1134, 1147, 1160, 1161 of coal trade of Virginia, - - 710,1160 of copper, 685 of iron, - - 720,750,756,77.5,8.50, 924, 1071, 1092, i093, 1146, 1147, 11.58 ofsalt, 969 of Massachusetts, .... 731 of wool and woollens. - -923,1165,1166 of cotton, 733, 795, 850, 1027, 1034, 1079, 1080 of tobacco, 733, 1027 of duties remitted, - - - . 734 of imports free of duty, ... 734 of sugar and molasses, . 746,922,923 of the public lands, - 799,1106,1107 ofhome market, - - . 758,759,1057 22 984 946 1103 54 497 935 981 Staliatir* of the balance of trade, - 759, 1060 State Department, cori'eapondence of the, concerning the Oregon queation, Steam mail tranaportatinn, remarka in the Sen'alo concerning, by Mr. Nilea, Stephen!, Alex. H., a Repreaenlative from Georgia — remarks on thelndian appropriation bill, and concerning the Mexican war, - • nn tilt graduation bill, ... Stewart, A., a Repreaentative fVom Ponnayl. vania — remarks on the tariff, .... on internal improvements by the Fed- eral Government, and the tariff, in defence of the protective policy, Strohm, J., a Representative from Ponnayl- vania — remarks on the tariff, .... Strong, Stephen, a Repreaentative from New York— remarks on the tariff, .... 761 Suffrage, atatiatica of, - - • . - 751 Sugar ttnd nioloaaes, statiatica of, 746, 923, 923 T. Tariff, remarka in the House of Renreaent- ativea on the bill to redue^ the, and on the several communications and prnpoaitiuna concerning the, by — Mr. Barringer, of North Carolina, . Ifliil Mr. BInnchard, of Pennsylvania, - . 1003 Mr. Brodheud, of Pennsylvania, - - 976 Mr. Benton, of New York, - - - 847 Mr. Bayly, of Virginia, - - - 812 Mr. Brinkerhoff, of Ohio. . . - 784 Mr. Collin, of New York - - - 821 Mr. Chase, of Tennessee, ... 753 Mr. Collainer, of Vermont, ... Ofio Mr. Clarke, of North Carolina, - . 1035 Mr. Carroll, of New York, - - -1044 Mr. Chnimian, of Maryland, - - 11,5.5 Mr. Dobbin, of North Carolina, - -1094 Mr. Daniel, of North Carolina, - - 1077 Mr. Dixon, of Connecticut, - - . 1061 Mr. Darragh, of Pennsylvania, - . 721 Mr. Ewing, of Tennessee, ... 937 Mr. Ewing, of Pennsylvania, - . 724 Mr. Fickhn, of Illinois, - - . 10.51 Mr. Goodyear, of New York, -• . 712 Mr. Gentry, of Tennessee, ... logg Mr. Hudson, of Mnsaachusetts, - - 997 Mr. Hulmrd, of Virginia, ... 739 Mr. Hunt, of New York, - - . 964 Mr. Hungcrford, of New York, - -1023 Mr. Hunter, of Virginia, - . -1025 Mr. Hough, of New York, - - - 774 Mr. Holmes, of New York, - - 9.52 Mr. Hnrmansnn, of Louisiana, ■ - 744 Mr. Housion, of Delaware, - - -1081 Mr. Ingersoll, J. R., of Pennsylvania, - 1089 Mr. Jenkins, of New York, - - - 798 Mr. Johnson, of Tennessee, - - 54, .5.5 Mr. Kaufman, of Texas, - -■ - 803 Mr. Lewis, of New York, - . . 7go Mr. Marsh, of Vermont, - . .1009 Mr. Miller, of New York, . - -1075 Mr. McHenry, of Kentucky, - - 1014 Mr. McClcan, of Pennsylvania, - . 690 Mr. Norris, of New Hampthine, - - 920 Mr. Pollock, of Pennsylvania, - - 715 Mr. Perry, of Maryland, - - -1070 Mr. Root, of Ohio,' - - . . ]073 Mr. Ramsay, of Pennsylvania, - 708,7.53 Mr. Rockwell, of Connecticut, - . 743 Mr. Rathbun,ofNew York, - - 771 Mr. Stewart, of Pennsylvania, 54, 497, 9,15 Mr. Sawyer, of Ohio, - - . - 699 Mr. Severance, of Maine, ... 702 Mr. Seddon, of Virginia, . - - 735 Mr. Smith, of New York, - - -1048 Mr. Slrohm, of Pennsylvania, - - 981 Mr. Strong, of New York, - - - 761 Mr. Seaman, of New York, - - -1007 Mr.Thompscm, James, ofPennsylvania, 748 Mr. Tilden, ofOhio, - - - - 703 Mr. Tiblmtis, of Kentucky, - - -1018 Mr. Toombs, of Georgia, - - - 10,10 Mr. Towns, of Georgia, - - - 829 Mr. Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, - - 767 Mr. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, - 969 Mr. Wick, of Indiana, - - - 1040 Mr. Woodruff, of New York, - -1066 Mr. Young, of Kentucky, - - - 9.56 Mr. Yancey, of Alabama, - - - 993 ' Tariff, publio meetings concerning, 716, 717, 718 Mr. Pulk'a letter to Mr. Kane, of Penn- sylvania, concerning the - 752, 80U, MI, HMO, 1020 Mr. Clay's Raleigh apeech concerning • 753 viewa on the compromiae act, 757, 758, 760 Tariff, remurka in the Senate on tlio, by — Mr. Lewia, of Alabama, ... 7^5 Mr. Nilea, of Connecticut, - - 881,890 Mr. Davia, of Maaaachuaetta, - -1107 Mr. Jnhnaon, of Maryland, - - -1118 Mr. Huntington, of Connecticut, - - 1139 Mr. Cameron, of Pennsylvania, - -1130 Mr. Webster, of Maaaachuaetta, - . 1139 Mr. Jarnagin, of Teimeasee, - . 1153 Tariff, revenue. (See Ihititi.) Walker's report on the, complimented abroad, ..... 753 extrucMlVom, - - - - . 775, 850,925,997,1108,1113,1181 the higher the, the lower the gooda, or the price aa effected by the, extracta concerning, from— Mr. Clay's remarka, - - 755,1058 Mr. Adams 'a report, 730, 755, 756, 1058 Mr. Webaler'a remarka, - - 756 Mr. Gallatin, - - - - 849 extracts from the President'a Meaaage, concerning - . - - - 961, 1131 extracta from the " Union, "concerning 1131, 1139 of 1842, views of, by- Mr. Smith, of Connecticut, - . 761 Mr. Choate, 761 Mr. Wright, .... 761, 995 Mr. Woodbury, - - - - 760 Mr. Calhoun, - - - - . 761 Mr. Clay, 995 Mr. Buchanan, 1141 Mr. Dallas's views of the, of 1833, - 1137 Mr. Wright's views concerning the duty on wool, - 1073 of 1842, and the compromise act, Mr. Clay on the 760 Mr. Webster on free trade in 1830, - 7&1, 993, 10.58, 1059, 1060 his tariff views, - 758, 993, 994, 1055, 1058 Whig views and acts concerning tlie tariff policy, 757 Mr. Madison on free trade, - - 831, 979 Washington's views of the tariff policy, 691, 1131,1153, 1180,1181 viewa concerning a protective, by — Jefferson, . - - - 1051, 1070 Jackson, ...... 755, 1019, 1051, 1067, .1070, 1071, 1153, 1180 Buchanan, ..... 1020 Cass, 1020 Van Buren, 1030 Polk, 1020 Madison, .... 1051, 1070 Monroe, - - 1051, 1067, 1069, 1070 petition of the tradesmen of Baltimore, Maryland, concerning.the, - - 1119 ex-Senator J^Iay wood's address to the people of North Carolina, concerning the, 1178 resolutions of the Legislature of North Carolina, concerning the, ... 1183 (See Home market — Staliaiics — Manufac- tures — Protection.) Taylor, General, his detailed statement of the battles^ the Rio Grande, - - 675 remarks in tllHouse of Representatives on the resoration of thanks to, by^ Mr. Severance, of Maine, - - 683 Tennessee river, remarks in the House of Representatives concerning an appro- priation for the improvement of the, by- Mr. Houston, of Alabama, - - 667 Texas, speeches in the House of Representa- tives concerning the admission of, as a State into the Union, by — Mr. Giddings, ofOhio, - - - 826 Mr. Kaufman, of Texas, - - 803 Mr. Rockwell, of Massachusetts, - 50 Mr. Smith, of Indiana, - -1115 for speeches incidentally discussing the annexation of, see Mexico, correspondence concerning the annexa- tion of, and precautionary measures regarding the movements of Mexico towards - - - - - -649 VIII INDEX. T«XH, ipeerhra in the Hniite cnnc«rning the liounilarim mid niilitarjf iiccu|iniii)ii of, ■nil the wnr with Mexici), by — Mr. ('iilib, nl'Ueorgiii, - Mr. l)»vi«, of Kentucky, Mr. Doiifrliui, of lllinuia, Mr. Font, of VormonI, - Mr. Uidilnif^, ufOhio, - Mr. Kiiiil'inan, of Tcxn», Mr. Mollvaine, of I'eniiayWania, - Mr. Thurmiui,nf Ohio, Mr. Tililjntl«, of Kentucky, - ■ppei'h in the f loime on the bill to cainU liah (wat routca in Texna, concerning the admiuinn of, into thv Union; ala- very, &c., by — Mr. Culver, of New York, - declnrntinn nf indenendenco by Thomnaaon, Williiim i ., a llepreientative from Kentucky — rcinnrka nn the Oregon queation, - on the postage bill, - - - - Thompaon, Janiea, a Repreaentative ft-om Pennsylviinitt — remarka on the harbor bill, ... on the Oregon queiilion, ... , on the lariij", - - - • . Thompaon, Jacob, a Repreaentative from MiaHiasippi — remarka on the Oregon queation, - on the gmduntion bill, ... Thurman, A. O., a Repreacntnlive from Ohio- remarks on the Oregon question, - on the army appropriation bill, con- cerning the conduct of the Fcdeml- isla in the late war with England; and denunciatory 'of the Hpecch of Mr. Qiddingson shivery and servile insurrection, - . - . - Tibbatts, John W., a RcprcsentaUTe from Kentucky — remarka on the harbor bill, . on the Cumlierlimd road bill, concern- ing internal improvements by the Federal Ooveriiment, in relation to the pay of the army, the war with Mexico, and in defence of the President of the United Sliuea, on the larifTbill, - - . . on the treasury note bill, in reply to Mr. Wi.k, Tildcn, Daniel R., a Repreaentative from Ohio- remarks on the bill to raiie two regi- ments of riflemen, ■ . . - on the tariff bill, concerning the war with Mexico, .... Tobacco, statistics of ... 733, Tolls on the Louisville and Portland cnnal, . Toomba, R., a Representative from Georgia — remarks nn the Oregon question, - on the laritr, ..... Towns, Q. W.,a Repreaentative fromOeor. gia — . remarks on the bill to reduce the tariff, - Tracy, Mr., of New York, concerning Ore- gon, ....... Trade, concerning the balance of - 759, with England, the corn and wheat 4U4, 406, 459, 460, 4G1, 4fi", 499, 733, 788, 1027, 1060, 1061, 1068, 1084, with Indians, - ''Jh (See Coal — Iitm—CoUnnMtfbacco.) Treasury. (See Independent Trlasury.) Treasury notes, remarks in the House of Representatives on the bill to autho- rize the issue of, by — Mr. Giddings, ofOhio, - Mr. Tibbatts, of Kentucky, - Treaiury note bill, ^remarks in the Senate upon the, by — Mr. Miller, of New Jersey, - 1101 916 903 1(M)8 641 H03 679 938 908 194 803 353 1154 487 159 748 301 777 169 928 559 616 908 1018 1021 564 763 1027 355 131 1030 829 348 1060 405, 926, 1151 420 826 1021 - 1127 Treasury Department, annual report from the ■ - • 8 extracts (Vom the tariff report, ■ 705, 706 Treaty-making power, General Washing- ton's letter soncerninf ... 374 Treaty of Waahington, (or tha Aahburton treaty,) reiimrka in the Senate con. cerning the, by — Mr. Welmtur, of Maaaaehuaella, . 524 Mr. Uickiiiaon, ofNewYork, - 637 • Mr. Fairfield, of Maine, . • 621 the Oregon, (fiee Oregon.) Treaty with the Crceka and .^eminolea, con- cerning 430 Treaty of Utrecht, Mr. Caaa on the - - 511 Treaty between England, France, and Spain in 1763, oxtnicu from - - - 353 of Ghent, concerning - - 381,443,464 Traatiea, various ...... 3Hl V. Van Buren 'a tariff views, .... 1030 Vattel, on the rights of man, ... 364 on arbitraliun of disputes between na. tiona, ...... 4gs Veto of Ine Maysville road bill by President Jackson, concerning • ■ 479, 480, 563 Vinton, S. F.,a Representative ft-om Ohio — Kniarks on the Oregon queation, and tlio bill to protect the righu of Ameri- can citizens in Oregon, • - . 633 Volunteers, concerning the calls for, by Gen. eral Gaines. (See tiainrj.) and other troops, remarka in the Houaa of Repreaentiitivea on the bills for the payment and support of, by — Mr. Cobb, of Georgia, ... HOI Mr. Fool, of Vermont, - - 1098 Mr. Haralson, of Georgia, - . 864 Mr. Smith, of Indiana, . - .1115 W. Wages of labor. (See jiliili«lic>.) Walker, R. J., eximcis from his tariff re- port, 775, 85;), 925, 997, 1108, 1112, 1121 hia report complimented abroad, ■ . 753 War Departnicr.i, tiic annual report from the, showing the condition of the aimy and national defences, ... 13 letter from the, to i''e President, enclos- ing the corresp'- ^ence with Generals Gaines and Scott, concerning the pre- )>aratioii8 for u movement of troops iigainsi Mexico, .... 649 letter from the, to the President, commu- nicating the olHcial account of the bat- tles on liie Rio Grande, ... 675 letter from the, concerning the Califor. nia regiment, ..... 809 War, with England, for speeches in which the probabilities of a, are discussed inciucntally, see A'ava< dejincei — A'uvy — Oregon. extract! from sermons, orations, and newspaper writings, by Federalists,' against the, in 1812, 612, 613, 930, 931 extracts allowing the disaffected individ. uala and States towards the Govern- ment of the United States, pending and during the, .... 614, 615 with Mexico, for speeches incidentally remarking upon the, see Military Jieai- tmy — Mexico. what constitutes .... 645, 646 Warehousing system. Remarks in the Sen. atu on the bill establishing the, by — Mr. Uix, of New York, . - 789,i792 remarks in tlie House of Representatives on the above bill, by — Mr. Smith, of Connecticut, . .1164 Washington, General, his letter concerning the treaty-making power, ... 375 his Farewell Address, .... 375 views on tlie tariff policy, - . . 691, im, 1153, 1180, 1181 Webster, Daniel, and the McLeod caae, re- marks ciincerniiig, by — Mr. Ingei'Holl.C. J., of Pennsylvania, 39fl Mr. Dickinson, of Now York, - 326, 637 concerning hia disburaemcnt nf the ■eCret-service llind. (See Setret-ier- vice fund. ) on free trade in 1820 and 1833, - - 38, 76:1, 993, 994, 1055 tariff views, 758, 993, 994, 1055, 1059 Webster, Daniel, Senator from Massachu- setts — remarks in vindirjtiion of the treaty of Washington, and concerning the trial of McLeod, and in reply to Mr. C. J. Ingersoll and Mr. Dickinson, - - 694 on the tariff, 1139 Wentworth, John, a Representative flrom II. linois — remarks on the fortification bill, concern- ing improvements in rivers and har- bors, 450 card concerning Mr. Cocke's remarks, 101 explanations by, .... ijijl Whale fishery, 1^0 Wheat trade with England, concerning. (See Trade.) Wheat and corn grown in the United States, 1061 Wick, William W., a Representative from Indiana — ^markn on the Oregon question, . . 199 * on the bill to protect the rights of American citizens in Oregon, . . 695 extract:^ from his speech on the tariff, 1021 on lhi'|iiirtiiii'jilH. M'lin iiexi inimlwr will contain llin ll«jiorli' of llic oilier Hciiiln iif lliu DepartmiMils which ni'dmi piinird tlio Mpssni;fi (o C'i)iisrc«H. Tin; nunilicn) rvhiili lire to follow will contain nil tlin long speeches made in holh Uouscn of f'onjireKH, writ- ten out or revised liy the N|ieakerH tlienisclves. The (.'ongressional (ilolie \n printed in the same t'orni as thfl Appendix, and contains the daily pro- ceedings of the two Houses of C'oni^re.is, and the •peechcH of the nieinliera condensed. It is expected that each of these works will mnko near 1,0(11) roynl quarto pau;cs this session. The price is #1 50 for ojio copy of either; i^ for four copies of either, or part of both; jjli) for ei^'lit copies of cither; and jjO.) for twenty-live copies of either. After the first day of next month (.laii- tmry, 1816) the price will Ins S'J a copy for either, no matter how many copies are taken. The Conj;rcs,iionaI (ilobe and Appendix will both he stereotyped. We will furnish subscribers with lost or missing numbers without making any charge therefor. Messrs. KiTciiiE & IIkiss have transferred their subscribers for the " Congressional Union and Appendix" to us, and we will send to them the Congressional Globe and .Ajipendix. If any sub- scribirs for the "Congressional Union and Ap- pendix" shall dislike ibis arrangement, we will refund the money. We copy from the " Union" tlic following no- tice of the transfer of Messrs. Ritchie & IIeiss: TKANiSFEIl. Wo have irnniircrred our list of Buliscriberii to ilie Con- grcisinnnl Union iiuii Appcniliv to Mr»srn. Illair St Hives. Those persons who hiive »o kindly favorcil as Willi llieir nnuw» Hill rccoivH, in the pliicc of the Cuiiijrcssional fnion anil .Appcnilin, llie CoiiBrps.ional (Jliilii' niiil AppciKliv, pulj- lislleil, an liercloUire, liy x\\me gciitleniea. TliiH arrnnBciiient niU not interfere with our reports in llie I'nion. We inteiul to 0v.. full and aciumti^ proceedinga ofConnrcss, hut will not puhlish tlieni in any otiicr form (Man 111 our rejular piqiirH. The Semi ttvekltj I'liion, conlniliing the reports in full will he fiimislicci for the session on the Killowiiin terms : One copy ^ jy ^'''"•"P'" i:i()o 'J'wiive eopios q.j qq The Weekly will contain only a sjnopsis of the prooccrt- inits. """"W " $1 00 Twelve copies jq qq Twentyllve copies ay qq Ot?- Back nuiahers of the Bcini-weekly and Weekly will lie ftirniahed from Uio coniincnceiniMit oftlic session. niTClJlE & IlEISS. Mcstngr. of the Prcsulcnt. Nkw Sf.hics No. 1. MESSAGE op THE PRESIDENT OF THE UiNlTED ST\TEa f(//oie-t'i(ijftu oj'ihe Snuilr nnd House «/' J}i]trtse>ilatitrf ; It is to me a source nf uiiaHi'Cied Naiisfaelion to ineel llie Heprescnl.ilives of the Si,ite.< and the peo- ple in Congress aHseinbli'd, as ii will be lo ri'ieive the aid of their emiiliiiied wisdom in the Miliuiiiis- lialion of piililic allliii's. In perfoniiiiig, for the fust lime, the duly iiupii.ed on mo by the coiisti- imioii, of giving t" y "■ inl'ormalion ot' the slale of the Uiiiriii, 'lid reenih!,, iidiiig to your cnnside'ra- lioii siieli iiiensures as in i.i V jiideiiieni are iieees- biiry and expedient, 1 am happy that I can con- gr-Uiilale you on the cmiliiiiiiil prosperity of oiir cuiiiitry. Under the blessings of Divine I'nivi- di'iice and the benign inlli" I'ce of our fn e iiisiiui- lioiis, it sianils Ijcforo the world a K]itctaclc of na- tional happiness. With our unexampled advaneement In nil the elenieiils of nalioiial grealiiess, the alleelioii of tli« peojile is eonlirnied for the union of the .Stales, and fcr ihe doctrines iif piipuhir lilicrly, which lie at tlii^ fouiidalioii of our i:nverninenl. It liecdiiii s OS, in humility, Ui make our devout nckiiowledgments lo the Supreme Ruler of the Universe for the inestimable civil and religious blessings with which we are favored. In calling llie iitleiilion of Congress to our rela- tions with foicigii I'oweis, I amgratilicd to be able to slate, that though with some of llieiii there have existed since your last session serious causes of irritation and misuiidersiaiiding, yet no actual hos- tilities have taken place. Adopting the maxim in the conduct of our foreign allairs, to " ask noihing that is not right, and submit to noihing that is « rong," it has been my anxious desire to preserve peace with all nations ; but, at the same lime, to Iw. prepared to resist aggression, and lo maiuUiiu all our just rigliis. In pursuance of the joint resolution of Congress, "for nmicxing Texas to the United Suites," my predecessor, ini iln^ third day of March, 1H4j, elected to submit ihe fust and second sections of that resoluii(ni to the republic of Texas, us an overlure, on the part of ihe United Slates, for her adniissiiiii ns a Stale into our Union. This elec- liiiii I approved, and aecordiiigly the charge d'af- faires of the United States in Texas, under iiistrac- tiiins of the teiilb of .Marc'li, 1845, presented these sei-iious of llie residulion for the acceptance of that republic. The txeeulive goveninieijl, the Con- gress, and the people of Texas in convention, have successively complied wiili all the Krms and cini- dilions of the joint resolution. A constiiiiiion for the iriivernmei'it of tin Slate of Texas, fiirmed by a convention „C deputies, is herewilli laid before Coiiirrcss. It is well known, also, that the jieople of Texas at the polls lane accented the terms of annexation, and ratified the eonstilulion. I einnmiuiicatc to Congress the correspontlence betwien the Secrclary of Sintc and our charge d'all'aires in Texas; and also the correspondeiiee of the latter with the authorities of Texas ; together w;iih the ollicial dochiucuis transmitted by him to his own government. The terms of annexntion which were olfered by the United States having been accepted by Texas, the public faith of both parties is solemnly pledged to the coiii|iact of their union. Nothing reiumns I nisiimmate the event but tii,- passage of an act by Congress to admit the Stale of Texiia into the Union ujiod all* cqiinl ronlhig will' \Ue ori<(inal Stales. Strong reason exist why ihis «hoiilil lio done at an early period of tln.^ session. It will bo observed that, by the eonstilulion cif Texas, iko cxislini; fovcrnnieiit in only conlimied teinjiorarily till CoiigrcHs call ai't; and that ihe ihird jMoiiday of the prcKeiit month is tin' day appointed for holding Ihe first general election. On lliat day a governor, a lieutenant governor, and both braiicnes of the legislature, will be chosen by the people. The I'lisideiil of Texas is i'ei|uired, uinnediately alii r ihenreipl nf ollicial iiilbrinalion that the new ' Sialic has been adinilled into our Union by Con- gress, to conveni the h'gislature ; and, upon im I meeting, the ixisliiig government will be HUjierso- ileil, anil llie Slale govenimeiil organized. Unes- ' lions deeply iiileresliiig to Texas, in eimnoon with the oilier Slates; the extension of our revenue laws and JMilii'ial system over her people ami territory, as well lis measures of a local elmracler, will claim tile early altenlion of CoiiL'ress ; and, therefore, lipriii every jirirtciple of republican government, she ou'jlit to be represented in that body without nn- lieees.iary delay. I cannot loo earnestly recoin- ineiiil prompt action on lids important subject. As soon as the act to admit Texiu as a State shall Ik^ passed, the union of the two republics will be consiiminaled by llieir own voluntary "onsent. ' This iiceessioii lo our territory has been i> lood- less acliievi ineiil. No arm of force has beiii raised te pi'odnee the result. The sword has had no part ill ihe victory. We have not sought to cxU'nd our territorial possessions by conquest, or our repub- lican iiisiiuitiims over a reluctant people. Ilwas the deliberate homage of each people lo the great principle of our federative union. If we consider the extent of urrilory involved in the ainiexution — its prosjx'ctive iiiHuincc on Amerlea — llie means by which it has been aeeoin- plished, springing purely frum the choice of llie people theinsehes lo share llie blessings of our i union, — the iiislory of the world may be chal- lenged lo furnish a parallel, 1 The jnrisdictiati of the United Slates, which at the formalion of the federal constitution Was \ bounded by the St. Mary's, on the Atlantic, has ' pas.sed the Capes of Khiri'da, and been peacefully extended lo the Del Norte. In coiiiemplating the grandeur of this even:, it is not to be forgotten that the result was achieved in despite of the diplo- iiiaiie interference of European monarchies. Even I'ranee — the country whieli had bem our ancient ally — the country which has a common interest with us in maintaining the freedom of the seas — ' the eounlrv which, by the cession of Louisiana, first opened lo us access to the Gulf of Mexico — the country with which we have been every year drawing more and more closely the bonds of snc- eessfiil coimnerec — most luiexpcetedly, and to our unfeigned regret, took pnrl in an ellbrt to prevent nnnexation, and to impose on Texas, as a condi- tion of the reeognilion of her iiidepenilence by .Mexico, thai she would never join herself to tho United States. We may rejoice that the tranquil : and pervading influence of the American principle I of self-go vernmeiil was sufficient to defeat the pur- poses of Uritish and I'Vencli interference, and that tlic almo.st unanimous voice of the people of Texas has given to that uiterferenee u peaceful and ell'ec- I live rebuke. From this example European gov- ernments may learn how vain diplomatic arts and intrigues must ever prove upon this eoiiliiieiit against lliat system of self-government which seeiiis natural to our soil, anti wliich will ever re- sist foreign interference « APPENDIX TO THE CONCRESSIONAT. GLOBE. [Dec. 8, 29th Cono 1st Sf.ss. 'Mesunge of the President. Senate and Ho. of Kefs. •1> If ■- Towards TcxBS, I (to not doiiht lluU n li\ii>rnl aiid gcncroua Bpirit will acluate Coiikii^s* in nil ' tlmt rniicerns licr iiiteicxts iiiiU prosjieiUv* und tlint she will never hnvn c«\i8e lo re^'i-et ifiiit she | liiis unilcd lier "Jouo star" to our glorious coiislel- latioii. I ri'Sjrel to infonii you that our relAlioiia with Mexico, since your Inst sce demanded his pasijlnrl*. He was | informed that the {lovcrnmcnt of the United Stales did not consider this joint resolution as a violation of any of the iiirhls of Mexico, or that it atVordcd . any just cause of olVence lo his f;ovcrmnart of our own couiitry as to make it oiu' duty to atlord such protection and defence. 1 iheiefore deemed it prt»i»er» asa precaulinttary measure, to order a sirons; Hqundron lo the cohnis of Mexico, niid lo coiicentrate an elli ient military force on the western fronlier of Texas. Our army was order- ed to lake position in the ciaiinry belween the Nuecei and the Del Norte, and to repel any inva- irion of the Texiaii lerrilory which nii;hl be at- t^pted by the Mexican loins.' Our wpiadron in thsgulf was ordered lo co-operale with iIk' army. Bui ihoiiLrli our army and navy were placed in a position to defend our own, and the ri;;hts of Texas, they were ordered to conmiit no act of hostility a^aiiLst Mexico, unless she dei'lared war, or was hersi'lf the aju'ressor liy strikini; the lirst blow. The result has been, that Mexiio has made no aggressive movement, and our miliiary nnd naval commanders have executed their orders with such discrelitni that the jteace of the two re- ; publics has not been disturbed. Texas had declared her independence, nnd main- tained it by her arms for more than niia- years. .She has had an ofjuiized !;ipvermnenl in success- ful operaiiiMi dnrin'^' that perioil. lli'r sejiamtc existence, as an ind(?pendent.Sl;Ue, had been recog- nised by the United Stales ami the prini'ipal Powers of liura|ie. Treaties of commerce and nnvigiiiion bad been conchided with her by ilift'ereni nations, and it had become manifest to llie whole wo, Id tlmt any further attempt oti the part of Mexico to eonipur her, or overthrow her I'ovirn- inent, would be vain. Kveii Mi'xico hersilf had become satislied of this fact ; and whilst the (pies- ; tion of annexation was pending before tin; pefiple • if Texas, during ilic jwst summer, the srovern- nient of Mexico, by a form il iict,arreed lo recog- nise the inilepi iair.:ioe of Texas, mi cmidiiion that she would not ann«x herself to any other Power. The airreinieiit lo acknowledge the independence uf 'i'exus, whether witli or witliout tins cunditiuii, is ccnclnsive ngainal Mexico. The independence of Texan is n fact (^needed by Mexico herself, nnd she bed no right or authority to prescribe re- Htnctiona as to the forin of governmi^nt which Texas might afterwards choose M oisnme. Uut thouL'h Mexico cannot coinplnin of the ; Uniuid Stales on account of tke annexntion of | Texas, it is to be regretted that serious causes of misunderstanding between the two countries con- tinue lo < si, firrowing out of unrcdrtsaed injuries inflicted by the Mexican authorities and people on ihc persons and property of citizens of the United States, ihrouixh a long series of years, j Mexico has ailmiilcd these injuries, but has ne- { glccted and refused to repair them. Such was llie | character of the wrongs, und such the insults re- ' pealedly olleied to American cili/.ens and the j American lint; by Mexico, in palpable violation of | the laws of natloiiH and the treaty between the two countries of the fiftli of April, IKJI, that they have lieen repealedly brought lo Ihi; nonce of Con- i gress by my ]in'decessors. As early as the ei;;hih of February, lt<37, the President of the United .Slates declared, in a mcsSage lo Congress, that '■■ "the length of lime since some of the injuries ; have been committed, the repeated and unavailing ' applications for redress, the wanton characler of .some of the outrages upon the persons and pro- i pertv of onr citizens, upon the oHicers and Hag of the L'niled Smles, independent of recent insults lo lliis government nnd people liy the lute Extraor- dinary .Mexican Mini.'-lcr, would justify in the eyes of all nations immediate war." lie did ii'it, however, reeoinmenil an immediate resort lo Ihis exlreme mea.';iiie, wliii'h, he declared, " should i not be used by just and generous nations, conli- ! dim: in their strength, for injuries connnilteil, if il j can be honorably avoided;" hut, in a sjiirii of for- I beamnce, ]iroposi'd that another demand be made I on iMcxico for that redress which had been >n ; long and niijnstly withheld. In these views, coin- mitlees of the two iloiises*of Coiurress, in reports ; made lo iheir resp(;ctive bodies, concurred. .Since these procceiiiii;,.-- more than eiiilit years have ; e!:ipse(l, (liiri;;r, which, in additioii to iIk; wrongs then complained of, others of an a'^'u'ravaled cha- ; racier have been commilled on the persiijis and I iiro)iertv of our cili/.ens. A s]iecial at^ent was i sent to Mexico in the summer of IKiH, wilh full authority lo make another and liiiel demand for I ri'dress. The demand was made; the Mexican i govrnment |iromised lo repair the wron;;s of | which we complained; and al'ier nioeh delay, arl I trealy of indemnily wilh that \iew Wi, concluded ! i between the two I'ouers on ihi; elevi nlh of .\pril, , lb39, and was duly ralilied by botli srovernmi nts. ! Hv this trealy a joint commission was erealed lo aijjndii'ale anil decide on the claims of American citizens on the government of .Mexico. The com- mission was organized at Wasliln;;ton on the iweniy-fil'ih day of An'::ust, l!^-l(l. Their lime was liniili (I to eighiecn months; at the exph'atioii of which, Ihey had adjudicated and dcciiled claims amountin'jr to two millions iwentv-six thousand om; hundred and tliinv-nine dollars ami sixty-eit'lu cents in favor of citizens of the I'liind Stales against llie .Mexican •rovernmenl, leavinu; a laru'C amount of claims undecided. Of ihe latter, the .Vmerii-aii connnissionei-'. had decided in la\or of our citizens claims amuuiiiin;!: to nine hundred and tweiity-eii.'lit Ihonsaiid six hundred and twen- ty-seven dollars and eiu'lity-ei'/lit eeiils, whii-li were h 11 unacti il in by the umpire authorized by the treaty. Slil orllier claims, anionntin'.' to be- tween three and four millions of dollars, were Mili- miiled lo ibe board loo late lo be considered, and were left undisposed of. The sum of two mil- lions twenty-six thousand one hnndp'd and thirty- niin; dollars and sixly-eii^ht cents, decided by the board, was a li'piiilated and asiert. lined delit due by Mexico to the claimanls, and there was no justifiable reason for delaying its payment accord- ing to till' terms of the treaty. It was not, how- ever, paid. .Mexico applii>d for further iiidnl- treiice; and, in thai spirit of lll>eralily nnd for- bearance which has ever m.arked the policy of the United .Slates towards that republic, the request was granted; and, on tho tlnrlielh of January, 184U, a new treaty was cotlclndnl. Hy this trealy it was jirovided, that the inlercsl due on llie awards m favor of claimants under the conven- tion u( the elevunlh of April, 1H3U, should be paid || on the thirtieth of April, 184.3; nnd that "tho {; principH^ of the sM nwnrds, and ii\e in:crest ji arising thereon, shml be pniii in five years, in ' equal instalments every three months; the said , term of live years lo commence on the thirtieth : day of .\piil, ]t*43, ns nforesaid." The interest Ii due on tho Ihirlieth day of April, 1S43, lUid 'ho three first of the Iwciily insialments, have been paid. .Seventeen of iliese insUilincnts remain un- paiil, seven of which nre now due. I The claims wliioh were left undecided hy the joint ciiniml.ssioii, amounting to more than three ii millions of dollars, together with other claims for spoliations on ihe projierty of onr citizens, were subsequently pre.ienteil lo the Mexican govern- ment I'or payment, and were so far recognised that a Ireatv, providing for their cxnmination ami sctllement liy a joint commission, was concluded and siij;neil ai Mexico on the twentieth dav of iNd- veniber, 1813. This treaty was ratified by the United .Stales, with certain aniei|d)ueiits, lo wliicli no just e.vception coiihl have liMn taken; bill it has not yei received the ralilicalion of ihe Mexi- can govermt^nt. In the meantime, our citizens who snU'ered great losseR, nnd some of wlioni Imve been reduced from nllluence to bankniplcy, are without remedy, unless iheir rights be en- forced by their government. Such a continued and unprovoked series of wroii-rs could never have bi'cn loleraled by the United Siales, had lliey been cominitlcd by one of the principal nations of hUi- rojie. Mexico was, however, a neighboring sister repulilic, which, following our example, hiul achieved hor inilependence, atid for whose success and prosperilv all our sympathies were early eii- lisieil. The United States were the first lo recog- nise her indepeialence, and to receive her hilo the fannly of nations, and have ever been desirous of cultivating with her a good undersianduig. AVo have, theR'fore, borne the repeaK d wrongs she has commitU'd, witli ii:i<'at patience, in the hope that a relnrning sense of justice would nltiniately i;niile. her councils, and ilia' we inijhl, if possible, hono- rably avoid any hostile collision wilh her. Without Ihe previous aiilhority of Congress, tho ICxecntive possessed no power lo adopt or enforco adequate remediis for llie injuries we had siiilered, or lo do more than be prepared to ri'pel the threat- ened atrtrression on the part of .Mexico. After onr army and navy had remained on the fronlier and coasis of Mexico for many weeks, without anV hostile movemcMl on her part, tlionirb her menaces were continued, I dreined it impormnt to put an end, if possible, to this siati; of ihings. With this view, 1 caused steps to be taken, in the month of Se|iiemlier last, to asiiTlain ilisiinctly, and in ni\ nnthiiiiic form, what the deisms of Ihe Mexican government were ; whether it was iheir iulenlioii to declare war, or invade 'I'exas, or wln^lhei; they were ilisposed to adjust and selile, in an amicablo manner, ihependin;; dilVerenciw lielv.een the Iwo coinilries. On the ninth of iSovember an oillcial answer was received, that llie Mexicnn govern- ment con.senled lo renew the dijilomalic relaiions which had been suspended in Alarch last, and for ihat purpose were willihg lo accredit a ininisler from ihe United States. With a sincere desire to preserve ]ieace, and reslore relaliom of good un- derstanding between the two repulilic's, I waived all ceremony as lo the manner of renewini; diplo- iiintic inter.'oin'se belween them ; and, assuming the initiative, on the lenlh of November n distin- guished citizen of Louisiana was appointed Knvoy Kxlraordiiiary and Minis.er I'lenipolenliary to .Mexico, cloihcd with full powers to adjust, and deliiiitively settle, all |iending iliirerences belween Ihe two coniilrie.;, iiichiding those. (# bouiiilary between .Mexico and llie Slate of Texas. The minisler avpoinied has sia out on his mission, and is probably by this time near the .Mexican capiial. He has been'mslmcled U> brinu' ihe nenoiialion wilh which he is clmrped to a conclnsion at the . earliest iiracticable period ; which, it is expected, will be 111 time lo enable nu' lo connnnnicale the result lo (.'onuress during the prudent session. Un- til thai result is known, 1 forbear lo recominend to CongresH such ulterior measures of redress lor the wroin,'S and injuries we have so Ion;,' borne, as it would have been proper to make had no such iif- goiiaiion been insiiuilcd. Congress approprialed, at llie last session, the sum of two hundred and seventy-live thuiisaml ^\ k* 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSTONAi. GLOBE. 2{hJH CoNo 1st Sess. Message of the President. Senate and Ho. of Reps. ddllHRi tot the payment of tlic Ai»ri! and July iii- fliiilinrnts of the Jiloxicnn indemimics for the yeiir 1H44 : " Provided it ahull be Bscfrliiiiied to the NnliHfrtCticii of the American Kovcriimciit tlvit said instnlinrntH Imvc been paid by the Mexican pov- ernmrnt to the assent , ppointed by the United •Stales to receive the same, in such manner as to dischnrffe nil claim on the Mexican pivcrrmient, nnd said anient to l>c dclin(|ncnt in reniittini; the money to the Unilcd Suites." • The 'insetllcd stale oCour relations \vith Mexico lins \\, ilvet* tliis subject in much mystery. The first iiilo.T .ili III, !i! an nuthenlic form, from the nseiit ,if tho'Unilei' feiat«'«, appointed under the adininistn i.dii pf my predeccs: ' . , ui^s received at the 'jlaie l>ropos, lions of com- promise had been thrice made by two preccd- ui'T admini'ilraliinis, to adjust the (|ueslion on the |ianillel of forty-nine degrees, and ill two of ibein yieldiii'JT to Great Britniii the free iiavigatiini of ihe Cohimbia, and that the iieniliiig iiegmialion bad been commeiK :'d oil llie basis of eoin]ir(muse, |: 1 deemed il to be my duty not ala'n]itly to break {1 il oir. In consideration, too, that iiiulcr the cmi- !' vcnlions of lf<18aii(l lKi7, llie citizens and sub- ; jeds of the two Powers held a joint occupancy of the coiniiry, I was induced to make another etVorl to selth^ this loiig-pendim: controversy in the spirit of moderati«tn which had i^iven birl'i to the * renewed discussion. A proposition was accord- ■ insly made, which was rejected by the British I picu'ipolciitiiiry, who. without submitting any other propnsition, snil'ered the ncirolialiou on his part to drop, expressing' bis trust that the United States would offer what he saw fit to call '* s(une fiirlber proposal for the seltlemeni of the Oregon ipiesiioii, nnu'e consistent with fairness and eiinily, and with the rca.sonnble expectations of the British ; Government.^' The proposition thus ollered and They have had just cause lo complain of our long neglect in this particular, and have, in conse- qnence, been compelled, for their own security nnd ]irolection, to establish a jirovisioiud govern- ment tor themselves. Strong in their allegiance and ardent ill their attachment to the United Slates, lliey havelicen thus cast upon their own i-ea(mrces. They are anxi(ais that our laws should be extend- ed over them, and I recommend that this be dime by Coim'ress wiib as little delay as possible, in the full extent to which the British Parliament have proci^cded in ree'ard to British subjects in that ter- ritory, by llieir act of July the second, 1821, " for re'nilaliu!;' the fur-trade, and estoblishing a crimi- nal and civil jiirisdictimi within certain parts of North America." By this act Great Brilain ex- Icniled her laws and jurisdiction, civil and crimi- nal, ove; her subj(>cts engaged in the fur-trade ui that territory. By it, the courts of the province of Upper Caii;;da were empowered to take cogni- zance of causes civil and criminal. Justices of the jieacc and other judicial officers were autho- rized lo be appoinled in Oregon, with power lo execute all process issuing from the courts of ihnt province, nnd to " sit nnd hold courts of record lor the trial of criminal offences nnd misdemea- nors," not made thesubjiH'tof enpilal punishment, and also of civU cases, where the cause of action shall not " exceed in value the amount or sum of two hundred pounds." Siibsef|neiit to ihednte of tliis nctof Pnrlinnient, a i;riuit was made from tlie " Brit'sh crown" to the Hudson's Bny Company, of the exclusive APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAI. GLOBE. [Dec. 29th Cong 1st Sgss. Message of the Prtsident. Senate an0>Ho. of Keps. trade with the Indian tribes in the Oreson territo- ry, subject t<) arrsiervalioii th(V| it slinll not operate to the exclusion " of tlie siibiects of nny foreli;!! States who, under or by fono of nny convention for the linu) bciflg, bct\v(;en na and such forciijn ^ Slulesi rcHjicetively, may be entitled to, and sltuU ' be engaged ill, the said trade." it is miicli to be rcj»relted tlint, while under this | net British subjects have enjoyed the protection ] of British InwE and BritiHn judicial triliiniala i throughout the whole increasing iq that territory. 'I'hey have made n.> \ appeal to arms, but have peni-euiUy I'lMiified thcin- j selves in their new homes, lly the adoi)iioii of re- I publican institutions for themselves ; furniiiliin^ I another e|ciunple of the truth that srlf-e any other , mode better calculated to accomplish the same ob- ject, it shall meet witli my hearty o^ncuin'nce. At the end of the year's notice, should Congress ' think i; proper to make provision for giviiii; that notice, we shall have reached a perioiiwljeii dii' iiatioual rights in Oregon must eitlier be abandon- ^ cd or firmly maintained. That tliey c^innot be nbiuidoned vritliout a sacrifice of both national hontir and interest, is too clear to admit of doubt. Oregon is a part of the North American conti- nent, to which It is conlidenlly affirmed, the title of the United States is the bestliow in existenee. For tlio gnmnds on which that title rests, I refer you to the correspondence of the late and present Secretary of .Stale with llie British plenipoienliary during the negotialioiMt The British proposition of compromise, which would make the C'olnnibia the line south of forty-nine degrees, with a trilling addition of detachei! ierritory lo the United Slates, north of that liver, and would leave on the British side two-thirds of the whole Oregon territory, in- cluding the free navigation of the Cohiiiibiii and all the valuabli harbors on the Pacific, can never, for a moment 'e entertained, by the United Stales, without an abandonment of their just and clear ter- ritorial rights, their own Helf-respecl, and the national honor. For the information of Congress, 1 com- nninicale herewith the corresponilcnce which look pi ' between the two govermncnta during ilie late ncgiitiaiion. The rapid extension of our selllcmenis over our Icrrit'^ries heretofore inioccupied; the luhlition of new .Siaies lo our confederacy ; the expiuision of free principles, and licatinn on the North Ameriran continent, mid especially to the Unileil States. We must ever maintain thejirinciple, that the |M?ople (tf this continent alone have the riu:ht lo deride their own desiinv. Should any portion of theni, cn.istiliiting an imfeiienilent Slate, propose lo unite themselves Willi onr ccnifeileracy, lliis will bi^ a question for them and us to ilelerniine, without any foreign inter|iosition. We can never conseni thai European Powers shall interfere to prevent such a union because it might disturb tin? ** ba- ; l.tnce of pov,'er" which they may desire to main- 1 tjiin upon ibis eonlinent. Near a quarter tif a cen- ' tnry airo, the nrinciple was distineily announe.ed to the. world in liie annual mes.san-e of one of my pre- deecssios, ilial " ihe .Vmeriean conlinenls, by the free and indepenil'nl i'i>ndilion which ihey have assumed loul mainlain, are henceforth not to be considered as snitiecis fm- t'nuire colmuzaiitm by any Enn.pean Power." This prini'i|ile will apply | with greaily increased I'orce, Hhoiihl any Eiirojiean Power alliiiipt to establish iniy new eidony ni North .America. In the existing circumslances of the world, the present is deemeil a proper occasion to reiterate and reartirm the principle avowed by .Mr. Monroe, anil to slate my cordial conetirrence in its wisdom and sound nohey. The reasserlion of thin principle, eipeciaUy in rcfcrenuc to Morth Aiuericji, is at this day but the promulgation of n policy which no European Power should cherisli the disposition to resist. Existing rights of every European nation should be respected; bui it is duo alike to our safety and our interests, tlat the elli- cient proleciion pt our laws should l.e extended over our whole territorial limitH, and that it should be distinctly announced to the world as our settled |iolii'y, that no future European col ,ny or domin- ion shall, with our consent, be planted orctlabiish- ed on any part of the North Anierican continent. A question has lecenily ari.sen under Ihe tenth ortii le of the subsisting treaty between the United States and Prussia. By tliis article, the consuls of ihe two I'otuitJi'ies have the rigll to sit as judge* and ariiitralor!< " in such dillereiices as may arise belweeu the caplains and ( /ews of the vessels l;e- Innging lo the iiaticm whose interests arc committed to their charge, without the interferenie of the lo- cul authorities, unless the conduct of the crews or of the capuiiii should disturb the order or tran- quillity ©f the country ; or the said consuls should require iheir nssisuuice to cause their decisions ii> be carried into cHcct or supported." The I'rui.ian consul at T imiiortation into the Uni- ted Suites of America of any article the growth, produce, or manuliicture of the kingdom and pos- .'sessious of Piirtugal, than such as me or shall be fiiynble on the like nrtirle being the growth, pro- duce, or nianufi.cture of luiy other foreign coun- try." Accordingly, to give effect to the treaty, as well as to the intention of C!ongress, expressi'd in a proviso to the tarifl'act itsi It', that nothing therein emitaincd should be so coiistnird as to intcrfer.' with subsisting treaties with foreign nations, a treasury circular was issued on the sixteenth of July, 1S44, which, annnig other things, declared the duty on the Port wine of Portugal, in casks, under the existing laws and treaty, to be six cents liergalloi'i luid dirocied that the excess of duties whim had lifen collected on such wine should be refunded, liy virtue of another clause in the same aeeiion of the act, it is provided that all imitatioi]s of Port, or any other wiius, " shall be subject to the duly provided fbr the genuine article." Imi- tations of Port wine, the production of Prance, are imported to some extent into the United Sintesj and the government of that country now claims that, under a correct construction of the act, these imitations ought not to pay a higher duly than that iuipnsed upon the original Port u'iiie of Por- tu;;al. It appears to me to be unequal and unjust, that French iniitationCof Port wiiic should be sub- jected to a duly of fifteen cenis, while Ihe more valuable article from Porluiral should pay a duly of six cents only per gallon. 1 theret'pre recom- mend to Cons;re.ss such legislalion as may be ne- cessary to correct the inequality. The lale President, in his annual message of December last, rec'onunended an ap|iropriali(>n to satisfy lltit claims of iheTexiiui ^rovcrnment against I he United States, which had been previously ad- Justed, so fill- t\n the powers of the Executive ex- lend. These claims ariBa out of Ihe act of dis- arming a body of Texinn troops under the eom- )nm>d of .Major Snively, by an olficer in the service of Ihe United Slates, acliii;; under the orders of our f;overnment; and the liircible cnlry into Ihe cusMni-houseat liryarly's I.andinK, on Ited river, f by cdlJiin ■■ilizensOf iheUniled .States, and taking 41 a ivjiy therefrom the soods seized by the collector of ihe cuMonis as liirl'citcd under the laws of Tex- as. This was a liquidated debt, nscertained lo be due to lexaa when an independent stale, ller acceptance of Ihelcrmsof aimexalion )irriposed by llie United Slates does not disc harjje or invalidate iiie claim. I recommend that provision be made for its payment. The eoimnissioner appointed to China during Ihe special session of Ihe Senate in .March last shortly afterwards set out on his mission in the United .Slates sliip Columbus. On arriving' at Kio lie Janeiro on his p-,ssnge, the slate of his healih had become so rrilical, that, by the advice of his medical attciulanis, he returned to the United Slates eurly in the month of October last. Com- modore Biddle. commanding the East India squad- ron, proceeded on his voyage in the Columbus, and was charged by the cmnmissioner with the duty of exchanging with the proper" nullioritics the ratifications of the tr'.'aty lately concluded with the Emperor of China, Since the return of the commissioner to the United Stales, his health has been much improved, and he enlcrtaiiis the confi- dent belief that he will 80«n be nbic to proceed on his mission. Unfortunately, differences continue to exist among «ome of the nations of South America, wliiclH' following our example, have eslAblished their independence, while in othera internal dissen- sions j)rcvail. It is natural that our sympathies shoula be warmly enlisted for their welfare ; that we should desire that aP controversies between them should be amicably .djusted, and their go- vernments administered ma manner to protect the rights, and promote the prosperity of their people. It is cinitrary, however, to our settled policy, to i;itcrfere in their controversies, whether external or internal. I have thus adverted to all the subjects connect- ed with our foreign relations to which 1 deem it necessary lo adi your allenlion. Our policy is not only peace vvilli all, but good will towards all the Powers of the earth. While we an^ just to all, wc require that all shall be just to us. E.x- cepting the dill'eiences wilh Mexico and Great "rilain, our rclaliinis with all civilized nation.s are of the most satisfactia-y character. Il is hoped that in this enliKhtencd age, these difTerenees may be amicably ndjuslcd. The Secretary of the Treasury, in his annual report to Congress, will cmnmunicate a full state- ment of the condition of our finances. The iin- Siorts for the fi.scal year ending on the thirtieth of lune last, were of the value of one hundred and seventeen millions two hundred and filty-four thousand five; hundred and sixty-four dollars, of which the amount exported was iifieen millions three hundred and forty-six thousand eight hun- dred and thirty dollar.s — leavinsn balance of one hundred and one millions nine hundred and^ seven thousand seven hundred and thirty-four dollars for domesiic consumption. The exports for the same j'ear vvcre of the value of one hundred and fourteen millicms six hundred and forty-six thou- sand six hundred and six dollars;c)f which, the amount of domestic articles was ninety-nine mil- lions two hundred and ninety-nine llanLsand seven hundred and seventy-six dollars. The receipts into the treasury durnig Ihe .same year were twen- ty-nine millions seven Innulrcd and sixty-nine iliousand one liunilred and tliiily-three dollars and fifty-six cenlsj of which, there were derived from cusioms, twenty-seven millions five hundred and twenty-ci);hl thousand one hundred nod twelve dollars and seventy cents; from sales of jiublic lands, two millions .scventy-.seven thousand and tweniy-two dollars and ihirly cents; and from in- cidental and miscellaneous sources, one hundred and sixty-three thousand nhie hunilrcd and ninety- eiiiht dollars and fil\y-six cents. The cxpenili- tures for the same period were twenty-nine mil- lions nine hundred and sixiy-ei-rht thousand two hundred and six dollars and nineiy-ci^'ht cents; of which, eight millions five hundred and eiirhly-eiglit llKuisand one hundred and fifty-.scven dollars and sixty-two cents were applied to the payment of Ihe public debt. The balance in the Inasurv on the first of July last, was seven millions six liun- died and fifly-i.'ight thmisand three hvnidied and six dollars aiid twenty-lwo cents. The amount of the |uil>lie debt remaining un paid oil the first of October last, was seventeen millions Bevenly-five ihou.sand four hundred and fiu'ty-five dollars and fifly-lwo cents. Purther pay'menls of tlic publi'' debt would have been made, ill anlii'ipaliini of the period of its reim- bursement under tin' antluniiy conl'errcd upon Ihe SeiTclarv of the Treasury by Ihe acts of July tweiitv-lirst, 1841, and of April fifieenth, 1842, and Alarch third, 184.'), had not the unseltled state of our relatioi' wilh .Mexico nienaccd hostile col- lision wilh that power. In view of such a con- linuieiicy, it was deemed prudent to retain in the tri'asiiry an amount unusually largo for ordinary purposes. A few years ajo, our whole national debt, grow- ing out of the Revolution and Uic war of 1812 wilh Great Britain) was extinguished, and we pre- sented to the world the rare and noble spectacle of a great and growing people who had fully dis- charged every obligation. Since that time> tiie ex- isting debt has been contracted ; and small as it is, in eomjmrison with the similar burdens of most other nations, it should be extinguished at the earliest practicable period. Should tlic state pf tho country permit, unu, especially, if our foreign re- httions interpose no obstacle, it is contemplated to apply nil the moneys in the treasury as they ac- crue beyond whot is required for ifie appropria- tions by Congress, to its liquidation. 1 cherish the hojie of soott, being able to congratulate the country on its recovering once more the lo(\y po- sition which it so recently occupied. Our country, which exhibits to the world the benefits of self- government, in develophig nil the sources of na- tional pros|)erily, owes to mankind the permanent exam]ile of a nation fVco from tlic blighting inflii- enci! of a public debt. The attention of Congress is invited to the im- portance of making suitable modifications and re- ductions of the rates of duly imposed by our pre- sent tariff laws. Tho object of imposing duties on imports should be to raise revenue to pay thu necessary expenses of goveviiment. Congress may undoubtedly, in the exercise of a sound discre- tion, discriminate in arranging the laKs of duty on different articles ; but the discriminations should be within the revenue sUindard, and be made wilh j tlic view to raise money for tlie support of govern- I nienl. I It becomes imoortant to understand distinctly what is me.uit by n revenue siandard, the maxi- I mum of which sliouhl not be exceeded in the rales ! of duly imposed. It is conceded, and experience I proves, that dulies may be laid so high as to di- i minisli, or prohibit altogether, the importation of j any given arti<:le, and {hereby lessen or destroy ! the revenue which, at lower rates, would be de- i rived from its importation. Such duties exceed ! the revenue rales, and arc not imposed lo raise j money for the swpport of government. If Con- j grcss levy a duty, for revenue, of one per cent, on ' a given article, it will produce a given amount of ': money to the treasury, and will incidentally and I necessarily afliird protection, or advantage, to the ' amount of one per cent, to the home manufactu- rer of a similar or like article over the imjiortcr. If the duly be raised to ten per cent., it will pro- duce a greater amount of money, and afibrd greaur proteelioii. If it be still raised to twenty, twenty-five, or thirty per cent., and if, as it is raised, the revenue derived from it is found to be increased, the protection or advantage will also be increased ; but if it be raised lo tliirly-one per cent., and it is found that the revenue produced at that rale is less then at thirty per eenl., it ceases to be a rcvcmie duly. The precise point in the ascending scale of duties at which it is ascertained from experience that the revenue is greatest, is tho maximum rate of duty which ctin be laid for the bona fide purpose of collecting money for the sup- port of govcrnmeiil. To raise the dulies higher than that point, and thereby diminish the amount collected, is to levy them for protection merely, and not for revenue. \s long, then, as Congress may gradually increase the rate of duty on a given article, and tlie revenue is increased by such in- crease of duty, they are w iiliin Ihe revenue stand- ard. When they go In yiuid that point, and, as they increa.se the duties, the revenue is diminished or (leslroyed, the act ceases lo have for its object the raising of money to support government, out is fi)r piofeclion merely. It does not follow that Congress should levy 'fee lilghesi duly on all articles of import whicli they will bear within the revenue standard; for such rales would jniibably produce a much larger amount than the economical administration of the government would require. Nor does it follow thai the dulies on all articles should bo at ihe same, or a horizontal rate. Some articles will bear a imicli higher revenue duty than others. Rclow the maximum of the revenue standard (.'onin ss may and ought to diseriniiimle in the rales imposed, taking larc so to luljust them on dilli'rcnt articles as lo produce in the aggregate the aiuount which, when added to the jnocccds of sales of public iands, may be needed to pay llie economical expenses of the govcrmuent MfHtii, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. 2, i29TH Cong 1st Sesa. A'essage of the Presidcni, Srnatb and Ho. or Urps. I In levying a lurifl'iil' duties, Conji;re8H excreino \ the taxin;; |W)Wor, niitl'roi- iHir|Ki»is t ceruiiii arlicica alidgcilier, anil |ii;niiu their iniporUition IVte uf duly. On chIioih ihi y may iuipoKc low iluiicM. In ihoso ul.isscd (jlioiii.i ' 1)0 eniliraied such ailii'loj) of niicssily lib ure in jiieral use, and e.speciiiUy siioh aa an: iim.snnird y the Uilinier luiit the poor, as well us liy ilie ■wealthy citizen. Care biiould lie taken thai all I the j;rcat interests of the country, inihiilini; niaiiu- fuctiires, agriculture, eoinnrivc, ii:ivi;;aiioii, and the mei'liaiiic arts, sln)\tld, as I'ar as may lie |inii:- ticitble, derive eiiual udvaiitas:es iVom lln' iiuuieii- tal protection which a just syslffltt of ivviinie ilu- ' ties may aflc)rd. Taxatiim, direct or iialiiccl, is n burden, and it should lie so iiU|niscd us to Ojic- j rate as equally as may he, an all classes, in the ] proportion of their aliiliiy to \nv.\i it. To make \ tlic taxiiijT power un acuial liiia lit to one da.s.i, necessarily increases the liniden of the oiln-is l;e- yond their pniporiion, and would lie iimnifesily unjust. The arms "prolc.-iion to doniestic, in- dustry," arc of popijlar import; hut lliey should apply under a just system to fill the vRrions branches of industry u> "U'" eoiuitrj'. The farm- er or planleTwho \p\U yemlV in his fields, is en- {:a;;ed in "(loipcslic industry,^' and is as nun h en- titled to have his labor "pioiecied," as ihe manu- facturer, the. mart pf^connnercc, the na\ ie;alor, or the ineclimnic, who ore cnija^'ed also in "domeslic industry," in tlieir difl'«rcnt iiursiiits. The joint laliors of all tliese da.sscs cnnsliliiie the ng:;iT^'aIe •f the "domestic iinUisiry" fils, it docs not benefit ihe operatives or laborers in his eniployineni, whose wa^a have not been increa.sed by it. Anicles of prime necessity or of coar.se ipialiiy ami low price, used by the masses of the pi uple, arc, in many instances, Niibjpcled by if to heavy iaxes, while articles of finer quality and higher price, or of luxury, which can be used only by the opulent, arc hfjhtly taxed. It imposes In avy and unjust burdens on the farmer, ihe plainer, ihe cgnnner- eiid man, and those of all other pmsuils exce|it the cnpitahst who bus made his iiiveslnienis in manufactures. All the ^reiil inieifsis of ihe coun- try are not, ns nearly as may be practicable, equally protected by il. The governmint In iheory knows no ilisilriction of persons or cla.«scs, and should ml bi slow upon some favors and jirivileijeH wliicli all oihers may not enjoy. It was the purpose of its ilhislrions founders to base the insiiiullons whii'h ihey reared \i|M)n the fjreat and unchaii^'iim principlm of jus- tice and eipiitv, conscious that if ad islered in the spirit hi which liny were conceived, ihey would be felt only by the IjeneriUs which they dilfuaed. . and would secure for themselves n defence in Ihe hearts of the neoj'le, more powert\il than slandinj ''H'l'.' . to sustain governments luanded in mjustice und than Biaiiuing armies, and all the means and a^ipliunces inveiiteil sustain j ujijiression. The well-known fact that ihe tiirilT act of 1842 was ]ia.sMd by a majority of cme vote hi tlie Se- nate, and two in the House of lleprcBenlatives, and that some of thos« who felt ihemselves con- sirainetl, under the iiccniiarcircunistani-es exisiiiif^ ai ihe time, to vole in iis favor, |irocl. limed ils de- fects, and c.\pi'es.seil their determiiialion to aid in ils niodilication on the lirst opporiiiniiy, jidords siroiig and conclusive evidence that it wawfliot in- tended to be ]>ermair.:n^ and of the expediency and necessity of iis ihorou;;h revision. In reoomniendiii^' to Coniire.ss a reduction of "the present rales of duty, and a revision and modi- ticntion of the act of li^^, 1 am tar from entcr- tainin:; opitfh)ns .iiifrieudly to the mannfaeturers. t'n the contrary, I desire to see them prosperous, as far as they can be so, williont iinposini; unc- fjiiat liurilens on other interesls. The ail\antn!J^e tinder any system of indinct taxation, even with- in tin' revenue slandard, must be in favor uf the maniilaenirin;; iiiKiest; and of this n* other in- terest w il! eoinplaiii. 1 riconiinemi to Con','res8 the abolition of the miiiimum jiriiiciple, or assumed, inbitniry, and fahe \ahies,aiid of specilic duties, and the snb.sti- tuiion in llicir place rif ad valonin ilutics, as the fairest ami most equitable indirect lax which can be imposed. I!y the ml nlomii jiriiiciple, all ar- ticle.., are taxed aeioidin:; to iheir cosi or value, and those which are of- inlcrior quality, or of small cost, bear only the just ])ro]iortion of the la.xwilh those which are of superior qnalily or i;realer cost. The articles coii.sumed by all nre taxed at the same rate. A systeni ot'in/ ri/^orfin revenue duties, with proper discriminatioiis and proper (funrds ai;aiiist frauds in I'ollectiin; llieni,^t IS not doubled, will all'ord ample incidenlal adviin- tatri-s to the mannlacturers, and enable them to derive as i^reat prolits as ran be deri\i-d iVom n\iy oiher rci^iilar business. It is believed ihat such a system, slricily within the revenue standard, will |ila" ihe manuDicturiiig; iiitere.-:ls on a stable fooi- iii:,', iiid inure to their pennanent advanta;:e ; while it will, as nearly as may be practicable, ev'eiid to all the i;real inleresis ofthecounlry the incidental prolcctiini which can be ail'oi-ilcd by our icvcnne laws. ."Such a system, when oncw-firmly estab- lished, would be pernianent, and not be subject to the consuuit complainrs, m^itations, and i hainr-t-s which must ever occur when duties arc not laid for reveniii', but for the " jirolection merely" of a lavored interest. in the deliberations of Conjrress on this .'-•uliject, it is liopcd tliat a spirit of mutual concession and com|ironiise lietweeii confliciini; interests may pre- vail, and that the result of their labors may be crowned wilii the happiest coiisequeni'cs. Uy the conslilntion of the United .Stales, it is provided that '* no money shall be drawn (Vom the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law." A public treasury was undoubt- edly <'oineinpl:ili-d and inlended to be created, in which ihe public money should be keitt from the Iieriod of collection until nei-ded for public uses, n the colleclion and dislnirseineiil of the public money no HL^cncies have ever been enniloyed by law, excepi such as were appoinli'd by itie ^'overn- nienl, directly responsible to il, and under ils con- Irol. Tliesai'c-kee|iini,-oflhe |Miblie money should be confided to a puldie treasury crealeil by law, and under like responsibility and control. It is not to be iniai:;ined that the franiers of the eoosti- lution could have intended lhat a treasury should be created as a place of deposilc and sale-keepin;; of the public monev which was irresponsible to |! the irovernment. The first Con-rrcvs under the cnn.sUlnlion, by ilic act of the second .Scplember, PW, " to I'slablish the Treasury Deparlmen'," provided for the appointment of a treasurer, and made it his duly " In receive and keep the moneys of Ihe United Slotes," and " at all limes to submit to the Secretary of the Treasury and ihe Comp- i troller, or either of them, the inspection of the moneys in his hands." That banks, IS'aiiinial or Slate, cnnid not have been inlended to be used as a suli.-ililule for ihe - treasury spoken of in the cunstitulion, as keepers I of the public money, is manil'fsi from the fact thai j at tint thiic there was no Xional bank, und but j three or finir 8iate banks of limited capital exisled I ill Ihe eonnlry. Their employment as deposito- ries was at first rcs a foreiiiii war, that hiconvenieiiee and loss woiilil have been much grealer, and nni;lit have resulled ill extreme public *ibiinily. Tiie public money should nftt be minirled with the private l\mds of lanks or individuals, or be used for private piirpo' s(-s. When it is placed in banks for Hi:fe keep- in:;, it is in ed'ect loaned to them without in- leiesl, and is loaned by them upon interest to the borrowers from Ihem. The -publio- money is converted into banking copital, and iji used and loaned out for the private prolit of banU'-ftockludd- ers; anil when called for, (as was the case in IKt",) it may be in the pockets of the borrowers ; from the baiiks, instend of beiiig in the publio trea- sury cnutemjilaled bv the constitution. The fra- mers of the eonstiiulion could never have intended that the money paid into the treasury should be thus converted to private use, and placed beyond I the control ftf the goverimienl. ' Hanks which hold ibe public mimey ore*ftcn Icmpled, by a desire of gain, to extend their loniis, ': increase th'i-ir circulation, and thus slinnilale, if not produce a spirit of speculation and exlravagun^e, which sooner or later must result in ruin to thou- .saiids. If the iiiiblic money be nntpermiltcd lo be i thus u.seil, but lie kept in llie treasury and paid out i lo ihe piibhc crediiors in ;i;old and silver, the lemp- i talion all'orded by ils deposiie with banks to an undue expansion of their bushiess would l.eclieck- I ed, while iheamoui.l of the constitutional currency left in circiilalion would be enlarged, by iis em- I plovment in the luiblic colfcctions and disburse- ments, and ihe banks them.selves would, in conse-f quence, be found in u safer und sounder condilion. !; At pi-cseiit,'Slate bunks are employe* ns ilepo- sitories, but without adequate regulation of law, ' whereby the I'lillic money can be secured against the 'ca.siialtiea and excesses, revulsions, siispen- 1 sions.and defalcalions,to which, iVoin over-issui s, [ overtradim;, an inordinate desire for gain, or other can.ses, they are conslanily exiio.scd. Tnc Secre- Uiry of Ihe Treasury has in all fjises, when it was '■■ praciicable, taken co'lluleruj security for the amount ',' which they hold, by the pledge of Btocks*of the ' United Slates, or such of the Stales as were in good creilii. ynme of the deposite^bunks have j given this de.scripliim of security, arW others have y ilecliiietl to do so. !i Kiiierliiiiiiiig the opinion that'*' the separation of ]■ the moneys of the govermnenl from banking ihsli- ■ tutions is indispensable for llic safely of the funds '! of Ihc governmcnl and the rights of Uie people," I \ recommend li>()ongres(,lhul provision be iiiade by n law for such separation, und that a consliluliouul ! trea.snry be crealed for the safe-keeping of the pub- |i lie money. The coii»til«lioiial lieasury recom- niendcd i.s designed as a secure dc-posilory for the I public money, without any power to make loans !' or discounis, or lo issue any paper whalever an a j currency or eirciilalion. 1 cannot doubt lhat such a treasury as was conlcmplaled by the consiiiu- I lion should be Ifldepciiilent of all hanking corpora- - lions. 'I'lie nioney of the iieople should be kept ill the treasury of the people created by law, und '• be ill the custody of ugenw of the peojile chosen .tf' 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGKESSIONAL GLOBE. 29tu Cono 1st Sess. Mesnage of tlie tresuktU, Senate and Ho. or Reps. rU 10 bo paid nut irmp- (i> an ■licok- •urrcney "i.s cm- ^luir.sf- inae- luliliiin. il' law, ai;ainrtt SUBpi'll- >lla'r Spcrf- ii wna lunotiiit ili« were ill Imve jis liMve atidii of i iiiBli- •■ ruiiri* ,pl.,'M ■ liuin liy IlllilllUll l\r pul)- it'coni- I'nr ibe !P limnH vcr »n a tat HKc'K IIIISlllU- iirpora- lif kept iw, anil cliuscii by llicnistlvca, according to the fiiriiuj o( llio con- j Hlilulion; ageiils wlio arc directly rfspoiisil.k! to i the ^ovcrimicnt, who arc vuidcr adpf[unte bonils and oalltN, and wlio arc suttject to .severe ptitiinli- ! iiieiiis tor any enihezzliiiieni, private use, or mis- i npplieatioii ol the pul))ie fiiiids, and for any I'uihire ^ III other rcspcetH to pert'orni llieir diiliett. To say I that the people or Ineir government are incomjie- lent, or not to Im trusted wiili llie custody of ilieir i own money, in tlieir own treasury, provided by I themselves, but must rely on \\\v. presidents, ejish- i iois, and stockholders of bankiiej corporations not appointed by tlieni, nor responsible to lliein, would be to conccne that tbcy lU'c incoin))ctcnt for sclf- govenniienU ! In reciuuinendins the ealablishnient of a rnnsli- ' tutional treasury, in which the puldic money shall be kept, ! desire that adeqiiale provision be made ( by law ibr its safety, and tliiit all cxeuuivc discre- i tion or control over it shall be removed, except nueh as may be necessary in directinu: its disburse- \ nieiit in pursuance of appropriations made bv law. Under our present land system, liinitim; the min- imum price at wliicli llic p'ibbc lands can be enii'r- ed to one dollnr and twcnly-five cents per acre, iar^e (juantitie.s of lands of inferior (juality remain unsold, because they will not commanil tliat price. From the rei inds of the Ueneral Land Oliice it iippears, t!uit of liie public lands remainin:; iiiisoid in the sev.ral States and Territories in which they are situated, ihirly-nine inillions one hundred and five thousand live hundred and sevcnty-.seven all those who have settled, or may hereafter settle, on the public lands, whether surveyed or unsur- veyctl, lo which the Indian title may have been ex- tin;;uislied at the time of sctllcment. It has been fiiuiid by experieni'e, that in consequence of com- binalioiis of purchasers and other causes, a very Miiall i|iiantily of the public, lands, when sold at Jiublic auction, commands a higher price than the mininmm rate established by law. The settlers mi the public lands arc, however, but rare ly able to wecurc their homes and iinprovcmeiits iit'the pub- lic Hales at that rate ; becattse thesis combinatic made I ' for the ])ayment of tliesc troops, as well as a small nuiniierot'Texian volunteers, whoi: 'heeommand- ■ I iiig general thiaight it necessary to|cceivcor mus- ter into our service. iJiiriiig the kust summer, the first regiment of ! dragoons made extensive excursions through the ' Indiiui couiilry on our borders, a part of them ad- vancing nearly lo ihe pos.sessions id'theHudsoir.s Day Company in the North, and a part as far as the .South I'a.ss of the Uocky mountains, and llie head waters of the tributary streams of the Colo- rado of the West. The exhibition of this mili- tary force among the Indian tribes in tho.se distant n u'ions, and tia; councils held wilh them by the commanders of the expeditions, it is believed, will have a sahiUiry inllueiice in restraiiiuig them iVoin hostilities among themselves, and mainlaininK friendly relations between them and the United Stales. An intiMTsting account of one of thesu excursions accompanies the report of the Secre- tary of War. Under the directions of the War Deparlment, Brevet Captain Fremont, of the corps of topo'.;rapliical en^'ineera, ha.s been employed .vern- nicnt, until, it is believed, we are now second to but one Power in the world, and at no distant day we shall probably be inferii)r to none. Kxposed as iJiey nmst be, u has been a wise [(flicy to aiford lo tlie:se important interests prote« lion wiih our ships of war, disirilmied in tlie ^reai liiijhways of tnide (hroui^hout the world. For more tiian uiirty years appropriations have been made, and aimu- ally expended, for the i;radual increase of our naval forces. In peace, our navy perfurnis the important duty of protecting (uu* connnerce; and, in the event of war, will be, as it has beeji, a most cHicient means of defence. The fliieei'.-slul ti.-r ot" ittcnin navigiuinn on \\\c oct-nii litis been rollov\'ril h\ lliir nitroilui'tntn m' iviir nteiuiier.H in i*ri'iil Biid iiicreaMiiK iiuiul>orH iino iln* luivic.i oi Uic |»riiiei|i.'U nmr- Uiiiie Power.'* (it'tlu! world. A tliu'n-gurU to (nir uwn wui.iy uiidiuiiii rlttcii-utprntt'cUuii to nurVir-*eiUiii iiK'n'u--iii4i'.>'piiiiiliiio; incrt'Bve on uiir (iiirt. i\ti cuuiilry tiiis> im'nttT larilili' ;4 litr tlic euii-^lructiuii nt vi>:i.>t ditVncc-. In pi.irttuai)cr our navy, larKu ^lUppht!^ of live oiik tiinttiT, un*> Miiur inaimiil^ iumhip tiiiildiiig, have tH^-ii col kc ltd, uikI .ut now iiiuli r hhoiter and inn shite of gotid pre.-crvulion, whiU> imn sti-ani- iTK ean lit: huilt vvuh gruat ilieility in various part.s tn the I'liion. The usi'of jrontuininaterial, fs|M-riaily ui llie con- plructinn of .<ait ty inanv i>f ihu hjirhurs aton^f our coast now iii:Lr('c.-.'>ilife to vi's^il^ tn grcattT draught, inid the pnicticahilit) of con^trurniiu Ihciii in the inti'rior, Klroii>.!ly rr<-oiiiniciMl» that hltfrul appriipna- tioTi!) f(h()iihl Ix! niail<: tor ih)-> inijiortaiit oliji-ct. \\ iii..i;vcr may hnve hccii utir policy in tlic earlier t>tagc!) ot tin- gov- ernnu'iit, when the natiun was in its Utfancy, our ■>liii)}iini{ iiitere^is and connnerce coniiwrativcly small, our rrti.im '^ limited, our iHipnIatinn re and tcaict-ly exttitdin^' bt- yond Uu: tiinitH of liio nrie cMcntially diHVn-iit luiw thai we have Krown froiii three to inon^ than twenty nnlliouii of pi>oph-,-~lhut our roinmerce, carried in our own fhip.-^, is fonnd in every Kea, and that onr territorial hcitndiiriert and .'etni-nienit> have '%f|M||-kp greatly cxpainleil. j\'( iMier our 'oiuniercu, nor lair l&f'iibic Iff cutb«t on Uie uceini and on ikie hikc-^, can t.; ' •wScMflilly (letl-ndt.-d nsaiitsi foreign ai^grciisioii hy ni<-aii.'> offtnifications idone, Thett; aie essential at inipotiant connnereiiil and uiilitiry |Hiint>, but our chief retiiuice for tln» object iiiuat be on a wolloraain7.od, etticieni navy. 'J'he benctit.s rc^iultiiig from Eueh a navy are nul eonlined to tlie Aliantie .States. Tiie productioiH of the iiifrior which seek a market abroad, are directly dep/ndcnl on th*- rafety and freedoni of tmr couimen-e. 'I'hi; occuiwiliou of the ha- lize below N'hw tfrieantt hy a hostile h>rce would eini>arr:u>r', if nnt 6Uu;nate, the whoh'* e.\|Kirt tmdo of the .Mi'->i-'.-ippi, and affect thi^ v;iUt<> rif the a;{ricnltuntl produet-o of the en- tire valley of tlial nnghty river and \\k tnhularie><. It han never tH^eu our pohcy to niafntnin large standhig '' arades ui time of pence. They are t'ontrary to the (itihuH otwa Utm liiiitttution!>, would iutpO:« a deiaih-d stiiteriient u\' the opemtioiiH of hilt de|Ktrlment dunns the |ia»t vcnr. It will Ih> seen that Uic income from {Kist'iaes will tbil xhort of the e^peiidinires for the year th'tween one and two niillion^< of dollars. This defieiency hait lieen caused by the rcduchon of the rates of fMisiag"', which was mnile b) the act of tlic third of March x^-X. \o proiclph' has been inort! generally aeipiiewi'd in by the iieople than that this deparlineiit should Mtsbiin iti^elf by limiting tiK e\)H>nrliiuri'ii to its inr'onic. Congress hrts never ftoughf to make it a^ource of revenue (hr general pur- iKMCf, except lor a short jienod during the hft war with ; Great Mritain, nor should it ever )Hf the third ot Man'li last lu to ini- ; prove It-* revenues. The extension of the mail Hcrvjee, and i the .■t4tdlti adhislment of the tariff of iKistages ttie inienvtH of the pi'opTt> dciiiniid, I that the lowcot nitcH Im> adopted which will protluee the iiC'^ \ cessnry revenue to meet tlie expemliliirert oi' the de|Nirtineiit. 1 invite tlie attention of Congress to ttie HUgnest* ms of the I ij ^o^nIlash■r (^neral on this subject, iindiT the belief that j riucli a moditlcatioii of tlic late law nuiy be inndc w* will ; yield siilticient revenue without further calls on llie treasury, | I and with ver>- little changi>iti the present rites fif ihistage. ; I Proper iiienKUres have been taken, in ]inrHUtuicu oi tlio { l| act ot Ute third of March last, for the establi.<.hineiit of lines ' , i of mail stetuners t>rtwccn tJiis miit foreign countries. 'I'he ! ' importance of this service eommnuU itttclf (Strongly to Hivor- I I able consideration. 1 II Willi the growth of our country, the pi.bllc busjiioM I I which devolves on the heads of lite several Kxecntive De- ; I p.'>rtinciit.i has greatly increased. In foine rcsix-ct.", the dis- | \ irihulion of ilutles among them i^ecms to be In congruous, | : and many of liioe might bi' transferred tVoin o.ie lo nnoUier i Willi advaiiiage to the public lu'ereists. A more nui«picious ; tiini' tor the cimpiderathui of this itubjcct by I'ongross, witli , n view to >ystem in tlii; organization of the several de|mrt< I ineiils, and a more appropriate division of the public busi- ness, will not probably occur. Till' mo^t itn|K>rtaiit duties of the Htnte Oepartmeni re- late lo our li)r( i^n atliilrs. Ily the great enlargement of the tainily of nations, tlio increni'e of our cnmmeriu-, and the corresponding e.\lcnFion oi' our consular system, the busi- ness oi'thi;4 de|iartment has been frreally inrn'nsed. In its i present organi/.alion, many duties **n domestic nature, n,id ! e(insiftin;[ of details, arc dcvtdveduii the Secretary of mate, I , whicli (In not appropriately behnigto the foreisn ile|Kirlinent oi'ihe government, and may pro[H'rly h4> transterred to sonie > ; other department, dm' of* these grows out of the present \ i'lato of the law conrerning the raieul l Mlicc, which, a tew ■ yearn ^inec, wa* a suhonlinate clerkship, but -has become a di.-tinct bureau of great im|>ortancc. With an excclicnl in- [ t'taal organization, it in still connected with the Htatc l)e- I parnnent. In the tmnsaetion of it^ businci's, (picstiuiiH of '• nincli importanee to inventon', and lo thi! community. lYe- | 'piemly arise, which, by existing laws', are referren for I tlecisinn to n board, of which tAi; Sccietar) of Htati' is a i nu'inlier. < 'i'hese r|ueIaihson in- ' viird atl>'ntion to u projH-r provision for the Atl'irney tVi^n- i eral as iin •* important improvenienl in the cxeeutivi- esijib- h-liini'iil.'' This rcciunmcndation was repeated by some of his successors. 'I'he olhcial duties ol' the Attorney \ ti'iipnil have been iniicli increased within a (> w years, and ' I hi.- ollice hte^ bccuiiH^ one of ureal importanee. Ilis duties . I may be still further inereiv-'ed wnh aJvanlaL'c to Ihe public ' I intere>ts. As an cxceulive otiicer, his re-Hlem-e and eon- .-tant atlention at Ihe hciit of government are rcfpiired. ! Lee;:! ipii'siion-^ involving iinixirtant principles, and large j amounts of piibhc momv, are ccuistantly relerred hi him hy \ tlic Tresid'-iit and executive departments for his exatnina- j lion and decision. The public business under his ottii-ial , management beinrc the j»iliciary his been so angnietited by liie extension of oiir li'rritor>', and the aets of Congress an- tliMri/iiig suitii against the I'nitcd Slates liir large iMidics of vahialile piiblii' lands, as ereatly to increase his hittors and , rc-ponsiltihiies. I therefore recommend that Ihe Attorney : (i'lieral lur placed on the same rtmiing with the ln-ails of the , oIIht exeenlive ilepiirimciits, with such milioidinaieoiheers, proviih it b> law liir his dipartinent, 'x* may he reiiuinrt to iil>etiar'je the additional duties which have been or may be devolved upon him. ' Congress |Hi!>sesH the power of exclusive legi.aliition over the Di.trict of Columbia ; and I comnieiMl the interests of its itihnliitanLs to y.inr lavoralde consideratio'i. The pco()(e , niiliis Ih-triet Ita've no hhli.'hitive luNly of their own, and ; iiiii-j confute ih"ir local as well its their general int-'rest.- to r( jirt'setiiatives in whose election they have ii»i vojc)', and over whine otiieial conihiet they have no control. Ivich member of the iN'ationid ised to i-how a proper regard for their wishes ; and, \\'ithin consUtnlionnl i liinii.«. slmlt at all times clieer;ully co-operate wiih you for ; the ailvanceincnt of their welfiirc' \ I •! («t it may not be deemed inappropriate to the ocea- sinii tor inc to dwell for a moment on the meniory of tiie ino-it eminent eiti/.cn of our countrv, wl"«, during tln' sum- , riier that is gone by, has descendi-if to tin' t^unb. The en- joyment of contcm[)lating, at lh(> advanced age nnlitl'tcring confidence in the virtue and capacity of the people, and In the [HTniHiiencc of that free government winch he had largely contributed to establish and defend. ', Ilis great deciU had •"Tured to him the aH'c ooim of his | lellow ciiizens, and it Wiis his liap(tinc«s I > witness the ! irrowili and ghiry of his country which he .ovcd so well. [ Mc departed amidst the benedietion?4of mdlions of iVeemen. |, The nation |Hiid its tribute to his men ''y at his tomb, j Coming uenenitioiiM will learn frtnn his exumpli! the love of i'ouniry and the rights of man. In his huiiiuag>' on a Nimi- lar (HTaliui lo On' pn''*''iit. "I now eomini'ml \2 IN> From iniseellaiieouMitourceB 16.'),99H 56 Total receipbt i»n,7*iU,i:« .VJ Add balance in Uic treasury Ist July, 1344 ':,H.'i7,:{79 ti4 Total means 37,tiaO,51J ao The oxpemlitures during the name fiscal year amounted to the tt ipiarter einhiig the :iiMli Hepi., IK-I.'i, amounted to the hum of. .^3,463,093 41 As appears in detail by necom- piniying sUUement 11. The estimati-d e.\peiidi tares tbr the public servic • during Ihe fftliiT three quarters, from 1st October, 1'^!.% lo :)i}th June, It'.lt), iure o^ fol- lows, viz: Civil li>t, loreimi intercourse, and inisccllaiieou.s pur[H>ses....(t,730,QII OG Army pro)K'r *J,.>94,735 Od Fortiiications, ordnance, arm- ing niihna, «ic 2,340,778 W Indian dcparnnent l.(t-IP,79I 94 ren*iona l,a'ifi,;Vjt3 03 Interest on public debt and treasury notec 8.'i6,9 48 Hedemption of the residue of the loan of 18-11 29,300 00 Treasury notes which are yet nntstandiiig and payalde when pri'>ent--il (187.764 18 Naval cstabliahment 4,90'2,h4o 93 •29,fi07,051 PO Which, deilucted from the total 4 39 Hut this hnlance is subject to be decrcnsed by such nddiiionnl nppropriiitions ns Congress shnll make, to be expended durino; the fiscal vear ending the 30th June, IS4(i, and to be nitered by tlie sums which may be presented for payment of the ohi funded and unfunded debt, and old treasury notes. The cfititiinted receipts, inenns, nnd expendi- Inres, for the fiscal \ef\r commencing 1st .Inly, IH4(i, nnd ending the .SOih June, lf547, are ns fol- lows, viz: RECKIPTS. From cusiomM Dir the four (piaru rs ,*a2,.')00,000 00 Fnim f«alc« of public landH 2,100,(KW 00 From miifcullancouH and incidental Bourccs IOO,t>00 00 TomI revenue a5,000,000 00 * The sum of ;fl,.'>4H,y97 tlir supplying deficiency of reve- nue for jxi-'bige, and also j§'3U(l,000 for poittagcs of CimirreM and of cx'cuiive olHccs, ore included in tlie above aum of S99,6'i7,05l 90. 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. S9th Cong I st Sess. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. Senate and Uu. or Reps. Add estimated bolnnce to be in Uio treasury un Ulu lat July, 1845 4,8al,!!S4 39 :rrnBe(l ongresa ml vcar rcil by niont of reiisury Total iiit-'nni fhr tlir servipo of tlie fiscal year cndliiK Uio 3aUi June, ltM7 39,8S1,3M 33 EXPENDITtJRES. The expenditures duriiij; the suiiie period, OS estimated by the several Uepiirtinents or Stale, Treasury, War, Navy, and Postmas- ter General, viis : Ttie bidanees ol' former appropriations which will be required to be expijlided in this year 1,441,457 10 Permanent I! iid indefinite u|>- proprlaUons 9,997,915 79 S)>ecifie appropriations asked lor UUa year 91,079,440 43 Total estimated expenditures... .S5,.'ili<,m3 25 This sum is composed of Uie following par- ticulars: For civil list, loreinn inter- course, and miscellaneous *5,9a*S,Q92 69 For antiy|m>|>cr 3,364,458 99 For lurtillcutinns, ordniuice, arinniii militia, &.c 4,331,809 93 For iwiiMous 9,-,07,100 00 For Indian department 9,dl4,918 18 For naval eswblishinent 6,339,300 W For interest on public debt 835,844 Ti I 95,518,P'3 95 Which, deducted IVoin the toMI of means hel'ore stated, {{ives an estimated balance on Uie Ist July, 1847, of. 4,332,441 07 The receipts for the first quarter of this year are less, by ^,011, Has 90, than the receipts of Ihc Biiiiiu ([imiter hist year. Among tlie causee of de- crease is the progressive diminution of the impor- tation of many highly-proiei'.icd artides, and the Bubsiitutiun of rival domestic products, t'or the nine months ending June 30, ISA'S, since the pre- sent tariir, the average of duties upon dutiable ini- poits was cciiinl to 37.84 1-10 jier cent.; for the year ending June 30, 1845, 33. tJj 'J-IO [icr cent.; and for ihe year ending June 30, 1845, "JU-'JO per cent. — showing a great dimiiiulioii in tlie average fier centngp, owing in part to increased importa- tio.i of 8o;ne articles bearing Ihe ligluer duties, and decreased importation of others bearing the higher duty. The revenue from nd-valoreni du- • lies lust year exceeded that realized from a|)ccitic duties, although the average of the ad-vulorem duties was only ii3..57 pcr-ceut., and the average of Ihe specific duties 41.30 — jiresemiiig another strong jiroof that lower duties increase the re- venue. An.ong the causes lending to augment the revenue, are increased emigration, and the an- nexation of Texas. The estimates for the ex- penditures of 184G are based chielly upon appro- priations made by Congress, The esinnated ex- penditures of 1847 are founded upon data furnish- ed by the several departments, (Uid arc less by S4,108,"J38 05 than iIkk-^c of the jircceding year. J'hc'ie cstimatps are submitted, in the full convic- tion ilint, whenever Cmigress, guided by an en- lightened economy, can diminish the expenditures ■without injury to the pulilic inleresi, such re- trenchment will be. made, so as to lighlen ilie bur- den of taxation, anil hasten the extinguishment of the public debt, reduced on the 1st of October last to <^17,075,445 5-2. In suggesting improvements in the revenue laws, the following principles have been adopted: ist. That no more money should be collected than is necessary for iciicy ill tlie revciiiii' fnmi |ii).^tii:!i:, and .^35U,UUU liir ' postages for ('onfiress and executive depiinineiits, are inclu- ; ded ill the fbrcgolng Hum of $5,995,999 69. { : (jth. That the duties should be so imposed aa I to operate as ci|uully as possible throiighoul the i Union, discriminating neither for nor against any 1 class or section. I No horizontal scale of duties is recommended; because such ii scale would be a rcfusiJ to dis- j criminate for revenue, and might sink that revenue , below the wants of the Uovernmcnt, Some arti- j cles will yield the largest revenue at duties that would be wholly or partiidly prohiliitory in other ! cases. Luxuries, as a general rule, will bear the liighest revenue duties; but even some very coftly luxuries, easily smuggled, will bear but a light duly for revenue, whilst other articles, of great bulk and weight, will bear a higher duty for reve- nue. There is no instance within the knowledge of this department of any horizontal tnrill' ever having been enacted by any one of the nutions of J the world. There must be discrimination for rcv- ! enue, or the burden of taxation must be augmented [ in oriler to bring the same amount of money into I the treasury, ft is diHicull, also, to adopt any ar- bitrary maximum, to which an inllcxiiilc adherence must he demanded in all cases. Thus, u]ion brandy and spirits, a specific duty, varying as an etpiiva- leiit ail vahiren from one hundred and eighty to two hundred and I'Xty-one per cent., yields a large revenue; yet no one would propose either of these rates as a maximum. These duties are too high for revenue, from the eni'ourngement they present for smuggling these baneful luxuries; yet a duly I of twenty ))er cent, upon brandy and s)iirils would be IVir below the revem.e siniidard, would greatly diminish the income on these imports, require in- creased burdens upon the necessaries of life, and ^vould revolt the moral sense of the whole commu- nity. Tliere are many other luxuries which will bear a much higher duly for revenue than twenty ])er cent.; and the only true maximum is that which exiierience tlemonsirates will liring, in each case, the largest revenue at the lowest rale of duty. iS'or should maximum revenue duties be imposed ■ ujion all articles, for this would yield loo large an income, and would ]iievent all discrimination within the revenue st:uidar(l, and require nece.^^sa- , ries to be taxed as high as luxuries, Uut, whilst it is impossible to adopt any liurizont:d scale of du- ; ties, or even any arbitrary maximum, experience proves that, as a genernl rule, a duty of twenty per cent, ad valorem will yield the largest revenue. There are, however, a lew exceptions above, as well as niiiny below, lliis slandanl. Thus, whilst : the lowest revenue duly on most luxuries exceeds twenty per cent., there are many cosily m'ticies, of small bulk and c.isily smuggled, which would bring, jierlnq s, no revenue at a duly as high as twenty per cent., anil, even at the present rale of .seven and a iialf per cent., they will yield, in most cases, a sm:dl revenue, whilst coal, iron, sugar, and molasses, articles of great bulk and weight, yielded lust year six millions of revenue, at an average rale of duly CAeeeding sixty per cent, ad valorem. These iliiiies are far too high for reve- nue U]ii'ii nil these articles, and ought to be reduced to the ' 'venue slandarii; ijiit if Congress desire lo obtaii lie largest revenue from duties on these ar- ticles, .hose diiiies, at the lowest rale f 'r reveaue, woiilu exceed Iweiily per cent, ad valorem. There are appended to this report tables, pre- pared with fjreai care and labor, showing the rates of duly each year on each of these four articles, and tlie equivalent ad valorem, from the organiza- tion of the (jovernmeni down lo the present pe- riod, with the reve.itie collected every year upon each, from which tables Congress will be enabled to jf.dge how tar the present rales exceed the low- est revenue duties, and how much they must be reduced so as to yield a revenue equal to that now obtained from these articles. It is believed that sulHcient meiuis can be ob- tained, at the lowest revenue duties, on the arti- cles now subjeeled to duty; but if Congress desire a larger revenue, it slioutd be procured by taxing the free arlieles, ralber than Iranscend, in any case, the lowest revenue duties. It is ihoughl, however, that, without exceeding ihe limit in any ca.se, an adetpiale revenue will still be iiroducetf, and per- mit the addition to the free list of salt and guano. In one of his annual messages, Mr. Jellerson re- commended to Congress " the suppression of the ' duties upon salt." A large portion of this duty is i exhausted in heavy cxpciises of measuring salt, j and in large sums jiaid for fishing boi ntie i anil idlowances in lieu of tlic drawback of the duty, both which expenditures would fall with a repeal of the duty — which re|)eal, therefore, can cause no [ considerable reduction of the revenue. Huh is u 1 necessary of life, and should be as free from Uix I as air or water. 1: is used in large ijuantities by the farmer and pinnler; and to tlie poor, this ViX I operates most oppressively, not only in the use of j the article itself, but as combined with sailed pro- ! visioiis. The salt maile abroad by solar evaporti- I lion is also must pure and wholesome, and as con- I scrvutive of health , should be exempt from taxa- i lion, I The duty on cotton bagging is ei|uivaleiit lo I 55,'^ per cent, ad vtdorem on the Scotch bagging, j imd 1:^3.11 per cent, on the gunny-bag; and yet ! the whole revenue from these duties has fallen lo j ft(i6,Ut)4 50. IScarly the entire amount, therefore, of this enormous tax makes no addition to the revenue, but enures to the benefit of about thirty [ manulUciurers. As five-sixths of the cotton crop i IS exported abroad, the same pioporiioii of the bagging around the bale is exported, and sold abruiul at a heavy loss, growing out of a deduction for tare. Now, as dunes are designed to operate only on the domesiic coiisiiniption, there ought to i: be a drawback of ihe whole duly on cotton bag- ji giiig re-cx]iorled around the bale, on the siuiio ij Jiriliciples on which drawbacks arc nlloweil in I other cases. The eotion planting is the great ex- r jmrling inleresi, and sutlers from the tarilf in the i double capacity of consumer and exporter. Cot- r ton is ihe great basis of our foreign exchange, fur- h nishing most of the means to purchase inqiorls ! and supply the revenue. It is tiius tlie source of ' two-thirds of the revenue, and of our foreign ' freight and commerce, uidiolding our commercial niarjiie and maritime power. It is also a bond of i peace with fcreign nations, constiuiliiig a slronger i preventive of war than armies or navies, tons or , arniainents. At prese;it prices, our cotton crop 1 will yield an annual product of >j7:J,0U0,OOO, and : the nianul'aeUired faiiric «,o04,000,0U0, fiiniisliiii^ profits abroad lo thousands of cajiiialisis, and ; wages to hundreds of ihoii,saiids of the working j classes — all of whom would be deeply injured by ' any disturbance, growing out of u state of war, to i tlic direct and lulequale supply of the raw material. If our inanufacluiers consume 40l),00b bales, ii [ would c list ihem !jl:;2,000,U0O, whilst seiling the I mamit'acinred fabric for rogrcBsive snbstilution of their ilomcs- tic rivids. Indeed, many of these duties are be- coming dead letters, except for the purpose of prohibition, and, if not reduced, will uliiinauly compel their advocates to resort u> direct taxation lo support the Ctoveriuneni, In the event of war, ' nearly all the high (lulies would become prohibi- tory, tVoin the increased risk and cost of iniporln- tions; and if there be, indi'ed, in the opinion of any, a serious danger of such an occurrence, it ap- peals most strongly u> their pmriotism lo impose the lowest revenue iluiies on all articles, us thn only means of securing, at such o period, any considerable income from the tariff. The whole power to collect taxes, whether di- rect or imlirect, is conferreil by the same claiue of the Consiiintion. The words are: "The Con- ' gress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, ■ duties, imposts, and excises.'* A direct tax or 10 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. 4, i20TH CoNU 1st Scsg. Report of the Oecretary of the Treasury. Sknate and Hu. of Hcpg. cxiiMK, mil f(ir roveiuio l)ut flir pi'nlciMidii, cluiirly would iiiil lit! williii\ the Ir'.'ilimiilc nlijiMl of liixii- lion; HirJ yi'l il wcnilcl l"i hi imu'li mo as a iliily iin|i(i!i(i(l lor 11 HJiuihu' |iiir|ioNi'. The piiwiT is '• In liiy mid collrri tiixi's, diiiicH, iniiiiisis, tiiid cx- rts4'.s. A diilv niiiHt lie hiiil only that il may l senlaiiie*." A land' lull, il is ciinceded, eui only oriuiiiute in the House, hecae.si,. ii is a liill for riflviii^' iTi'Miiif. Th:il is llu' only proper olijeci i,f such a liill. .\ larilfis a hill to '• hiy iiiid colleci taxes." Il is a liill lor " raisiii!'- revenue;" and \\ la never il departs from ihal ohjei-i.in whole ;aiMsi the poor and in fa\orof the rich. Thus, upon sail, the duly is mil upon the value, but it is eij;ht cents a liiishi I, wheiher ihe arlicji! be coarse or line — showing, by ihe same documeni, from actual imporlalioii, a discrimiiia- lion of li'l per ; i-nl. against ihe cheap, and m favor of the liner arlicle; and this, to a i;r( aler or h ss . exteiil, is the (Heel of all sprcilic duiies. When , we consider llial >;J,H;iJ,fi;Jl 74 cd'llic revenue last year was eotiecled by miniinum duties, and !Sl.'t,- lliI,IIH5 4(i by specific dniiis, ihe discriminalion ii;;aiiisl ihe cheaper arlicle must ainoiinl, by esli- iiialis founded on the same document, lo a lax of $,'>,U)>''',4*2!i, exacted by miniimmis and Hpecific du- iies annually from the poorer classes, by raisiii^^ ihiis ihe dunes on the i lieapi r arlicle abine what they would be if the duly were a.ssesscd upon the actiad valiH'. if direct taxes were made specific, II lliey would bu iiuuleruble. Thus, if uii umiual lax of lliirly dollars was nssissed on all lioiiseH, wilhoiil respect lo their iieiiud value, iiiakin^ ihu owner of Ihe hiiinlile lenement or cabin pay a tax of thirty dollars, and I'le owner of the cosily mansioii a lax of but thirty dollars on Iheir respective lionsen — il would dilliroiily in dei^rec.but noi in principhi from the same unviiryin;; Hiiecifie duly on cheap as on line luiicles, It any (liscriminalion should be made, il should be the reverse of the specific duty, and ol ihe minimuni jiriiieiple, by eslublish- ini; a niaxiiniim standard, above which value Iho duly on llie finer arlicles should bo higher, and be- low which they should be lower on the e Ilea pi r article. The lax upon the aeiual value is the most e>|nal,aiiil ean only be aeeomplislied by ad-valo- reiii duiies. .\h lo fraiididenl invoices and under- valualioii, these dangers are believed lo be arresled efi'ecliudly by the slrin^'eiit provisions and severe pi nally (if llie ITlli section of the Uiritl' of IH4^'; and now one-hulf the revenue is collected froniiul- vaiorem duties. Al least iwo-lliirds of the taxes inipo.sed hy the present larill'are paid, not into tUv treasury, lint to ihe proleeled classes. The revenue from imiiort.H lasi year exceeded twenty-seven millions ot dol- lars. This, in ilself, is a heavy lax; bill the whole lax iiuposed upon llie people by tin' presenl larilf is noi liss than ei;;lily-oii<; iniliions of dollars — of w hicli l\\enly-s( vcn millions are paid lo the Uo\ - ernmenl upon llie imports, and fifiy-fonr millions to the proleeled classes, in enhanced prices of simi- lar domeslie articles. This estimale is bused upon the position that the duly is added lo ihe price of the imporl, and also of iis-ilomeslic rival. If the import is en- hanced in price ly the duty, so must be the do- meslie rival ; for, beiiii; Uac articles, their jirice must be the same in llie same market, 'i'lii; mer- chant advances in cash the duty on the import, and adds the diily,v\iih a profit upon il, and other cliai;;es, lo the prici , which iiuist, iherefore, he en- hanced lo that exieiil; unless the foreij;ii jirodiicer had first deducted the duty from the priie. l!ut ibis is impossible ; for such now is, and lon^' has been, the snperabuiidauce of capilal and active eompelilion in ICtirope, llial a profit of six per cent, in any business is sulHcient lo produce lar;;o. iiiveslmeiils of money in that business ; and if, by our Uiriif, a (bity of forty per cent, be exaeti d on the proilucls of such business, and the foreign pro- ducer dediieis that duly from his previous pri e, he. must siisuiin a heavy Ui.s.s. This loss would also soon extend beyond the sales for our eonsuoiptioii lo sales lo our nierchanls of articles lo be re-ex- porled by ihem fioiii our porls will) a drawback of duly, which would brin:; down their price tliroiiKnont the markets of the world. liul this the l'oreiu;ii producer camiot ad'ord. The duty, therefore, must be added to the prii'e, and pa" '. by the eonsunier — the duly eoiistilnlin;; as much a pint of the price as the coin of produelion. Ifil be Iriie that, when a duly of forty per cent, is imposed by onr larilf, the forei;;n producer first deducts the duly from the previous price on ihn sale to onr ineriMiaiit, it must be e(|iially true with a duly ."I,' one hundred per cent., which is exactly ei|ual lo file previous price, and, when deduclej, would reduce llie price to iiolhin;;. The oia-asional fall in price of some articles afler a larilf, is no pne.f thai this was llie ell'eet of the larilf; because, from improved machinery, dimin- ished prices of ihe raw material, or other causes, prices may fall even afler a taritV, but they would, in such cast s, have t'alli'ii iiincli more but for the larill". The iriiesl comparison is between '-he present jirice of the same arlicle at home and abroad; and lo llie exieni thai the price is lower ill the foreif;n inarkci than in our own, the duly, if eipial to that difien nee, iiiusi lo thai exieni enhance the price, and in llie saiiii' ratio with the lower duty. The I dillcrence in price al home and abroad. is generally alioul ec|ual to llie dillcrence in the cost of produc- tion, and preseiils, in a series of years, the surest measure of llie ell'i el of the duty — the enhance- iiieni in price bein;; eoiial to that dilVerenee, il" ihe duly be lii;;her then lliat dillerence or ecpial lo il ; or if ihe duly be lower, ihen the enlianeemenl is ! eipud to the duty; and if Ihe article is produced, lik<^ colloii, more chea'ily here lliiiii abroad, ihe ; duly is inoperalive. '1 he fjreal ari;uineiit for llio larilfis, that, forei;;n labor beiin; cheaper llinn onr i own, the cost of foreijjn piuduetiun, it in .wid, is -i 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 11 29th Cono liT Srss. Report of the Secretary of the Trea»ury, Senate and IIu. ur Heps. ;liiir pricii I'lK (Ills lie tliily, 11(1 |m' '. liy tiM imu'li ti on. per rent. ilueer lirst. riee mi llir, true willi is exaetlv (leiluelej, rticleH afler •X (jf IJK! ^ry, (liiiiin- ler enuses, Wl>lll(l,ill ihe laiill'. ■eKCllI priee. ml; Mild l sacrifice the neirkels of the world, coiilaiiiiie.; a : populalion of eii'lit hundiTdniillions, disabled from ■ purehasini; our iirodiiels by cair liisih dulies on all ; I hey would sell in exclauii:e. 'Ihe farmer and ; planlrr would have the home market v\illioiilii ' larilf; and lliey woiiliI have ihe foieii'ii market ; also lo a much greater exieiit, but for the total or partial prohibilioii of the la.-.t iiuilV. We have more fertile lands than any oilier iia- I lion, can rai.-ie a j;realer varieiy of prutliicls, and, ; il may be said, could I'l id and clollie ihe people of nearly all llie world. The home market, of iisell', i is w fiolly iiiailei|uate for such j»rodiicts. They i must have the foreiirn market, or a Iiir^e surplus, aeeonipaiiied by meat depression in price, miot be ihe i-rsiill. 'I'lie Stales of Ohio, lialiaiia, ami Illinois, if cullivaleil to their fulle.-'I exieiil, cinili!, of theiiiseUcs, raise- more than siilllciiiil food In ' supply the entire home niarkct. Missouri or Kenuicky could more than supply il with hemp; already the State of Alississippi rai.si s more coi- loii ili'aii is siillici"iit for all ihe home mmkei; Louisiana is ia]>.uly approacliiuir the same point as 111 stiirar; anil ihere are lands enoiiL'li ailapleil to ihal producl in Louisiana, Texas, and l-'loiiibi, to .supply willi suirar and molasses nearly all ll.o markets of llie \\ orhl. If eoiion is depres.ved in , price by the larilf, the eonser|iience must be a I comparalive diminiitiiiii of the produet, and the I raisiiii;- in ils place, lo a ureal extent, lump, wheal, corn, stock, and provisions, which oiher- ■ wise wouhl be supplied fiy the leemiiii; producls I of the West. The iriowiiii; West, in a series of years, must be the i;realesl siiU'erers by ihe tarill', III depriviiii; them of the forei;jii markil, iiiid of that of the collon-'rrowiiiu' Slates. We ileniaiiil, ill fact, for our ai,'ricullui;d products, specie from nearly all the world, by heavy taxes upon all I their iiiaimfiicturis; and llieir I'liirchases fioiii lis ; must therefore be limited, as well as iheir sales In i us eiihaiieed in price. Such a deniaiiil for s]ierie, which we know in advance cannot beiomplied willi, is nearly er|uivaleiit to a decree excluding nuisl of our airriciiltural products from the Jf-reiLiii markels. Such is the ri"or of our restrictions, ' thai iiiiihiiiij short of a faiiiiiic opens fiiely iho • ports of Kurope t'or our breadslull's. Auricultiiri! , IS our chief employnieiil: it is best e.daplcd to one : siliiaiioii, and, il not depressed by the lerilV, !■ would be the most profilable. We can raise a !ar;;er surplus of a<;riciiliural |irodiicls, and a j irreaier varieiy, than almost any oilier iiaiion, and N 111 cheaper rates. Heiuove, ihe'ii, from airricnlliiiu ; all our restrictions, and, by its own unfellereit ''■ powi'r, it will break down all forei^-ii reslrictions, and, our own l>eiii;; removed, would feed the huii- ' ;.'ry and elm he llie poor of our fellow-men ihrouL'h- : out all the densely-peo]iled nalions of the world. I l!ul now we will lake iiolhin;; in exehaniie for ' these products but specie, except at very hiirli ilu- I lies; and iioihimr but ii fiuiiine breaks down all . I'oreiirn reslrictions, and npeii.i for a time the jiorl.s of I'luroiie to our bieadsiuH's. If, on n rrduciioii I of our iliilies, l'aif;lauil repeals her corn laws, I nearly all Kurope must follow her example, or ; i;ive to her mnmifaeiurers advaiilai;cs which eaii- i not be successfully eueoiintered in most of the markets of the world. The larilf did not rai.-e the price of our breadstiitVs; but a bad harvest in |[ I'jifrlaiiil diicM — ^'iviiifr us t'or the lime that l'orei\;ii ji market which we would .soon have at all times, by i' that repeal of the corn laws which must follow the reduciiini of our duties. IJiu w'lilst bread- siullls rise with a bad harvest in Eiijrliind, cotton ; almost invariably falls; because the increased sum [ which, in that event, Eiisrlalid must pay for our !; breadslull's, we wUl take', not In maniifacturcs, ji hut only ill sjieeie; and, not liavin[;it to spare, she brjnss (lovvii, even to a frrealer extent, the price of imir cotton. Hence the resuii, that a bad Iiarvest in Kiifjland reduces the airirreirate price of our ex- ! ports, ofieii turns the exehaiiffes a^'ninst us, car- rying our specie abroad, and inllictiiijj a serious Ii2 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. 4, 99th Cono ItT Sbm. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. SiiNATe AND Ho. or Rcps. Iilnw nil nur )imii|ierity. FnrriKn nntioni riiiinnt I fur II mrten — liein:; in the years n!)4, : IT.I.'i, and IVM. liefirc IfJII, the tree k-ooiIs me I not disiini;iiisliud in this partienlar from dutialile ! gnodsi 1)111 siiiee that dale, the retiiriiR sliow the j followiiii; i-esull: Duriii:; the three years siiu'i- the tarilV of H4li, the \ahie of duti'ililu iniporis re- rxporipil was |ir.2,5'Jtl,Hl I — Uiiii^ less than ill any line of seven years pieeedili^ siiiie IB'JU; the low- ! est ni^iri-e^alt* of any three years sinee that date lieiii- : !>L The average animal sales have lieeii much less than iwn iiiiUlous of acres; yet the iiggregute nett proceeds of the sales in 1H34, lH.'i"i, IKIli, and 1H37, was )j;)l,yilH,(il7 &i. 'J'liose large sales were almost exclusively for speculation; and this can. only be obviated, at all times, by confin- ing tlie sales to selth'i's and cultivators in limited ipiaiitilii s, siitlicient for farms or plaulations. The price at which the public lauds should be sold is an iniportant iiuestioii to the whole country, but especeilly to the people of the new Slates, living mostly remote from the seaboard, and who have scari'cly felt the jircHeiiee of the (Jovernment ill loi'al expenditures, but ehielly in the exhaiisiion of llieir means for piirrhases of public lands and for customs. The public lands are not of the same value; yet iliey are all fixed at one unvarying price, which is far above the value of a large jior- tion id'llif se lards. The ijuiuitity now subject to entry at llo' minimum price of ^1 ifo per acre, is l.'):),;t(l7,457 acres, and lli'J,li:iri,.'i4J in mldilion, to which the indiaii title has liecii exiiugiiished — being [111 aiiirregate of ^4'.i,34'i,f^t'J acics, and re- ipiiriiig 11 cenl'iry and a quarter to complete the sales at the rate they have progressed heretofore — without includini; any of the uiisrdd lands of Ti'X- as or (.)re;::on, orol'the vast rei;ion besides to which the Indian title is not yet exlingihslied. It is clear, then, that there is a vast iitid annnnily-increasiiig suriilus of pulilic lauds, very little of which will be S"lu within any n asonable period at the )p|isciit price, iiiid ill reu'ard to which the public' interest would be prouioied, and the reieime augmented, by reduciiiL'" the price. The reduction of the iirice of the public lands in favor of settlers and ciiliiva- tors, would ephnnce tin.' wages of labor. It is nil arjrunient urued in f.ivor of tin- larifV, that we ought to protect loir labor a::aiiist what is called the pau- per labor of Kiirope. I'liit whilst the laritV does not enhance the wages of labor, llie sales of the public Irtiiils at low prices, and in limited ipiMiili- ties, to settlers and culiivaltn's, would accomplish ibis olijei't. If those who live by the wages of la- bor ccaild purchase iliree liiinilred and twenty acres of land for <(«(l, one hiindn'd and sixty for '^411, or eiglity for S'M, or forty-nere lots for SID, the power ot"lhe niauuf.icluring capitalist 111 reducing the wa- ges of labor would be greatly diminislied; because, when iliesfl lands were thus reduced in price, lho.se « ho live by the wages of labor coidd purchase f u'liis at these low rales, and cultivate the soil for themselves and fimtlies, instead of working for ottiers twelve hours a-day in lite mmuifaclories. Itednce the price whii'li the laborer must pay for the public domain; bring tints the means of pur- chase within his pnwer; prevent all speculation and monopoly in the pnlilii^ lands; conline the sales to settlers and cultivators, in limited (itianlities; preserve these liuiidredR of inillions of acres, for aires to come, as homes for the poor and oppressed; reduce the taxes, liv reducing the tariif, and bring- ing down the prices which the pnnr are thus com- pelled to pay fur ull the iiecessuricH and comfurta of life-^nd more will lie done tnr the lienefit nf ' American l»hor thnii if millions were added to Ihe prnrtts of niumifacturing rnpital by the eniictincnt of a proleelive liiriir. The Secrelnry nf the Treasury, nii enmiiig into olHee, found llie revrnues deposiieil willi banks. 'I'he I'lW establishing the indenendent treasury waa repealed; and the Secretary iiad no power lore- establish timt Kysteni. Congress had lint nnly tr- ' pealed that law, but, as a Mtihsliuitc, had adopled the present system of depni.ite hnni ", and pro- hibited changing any niic of those for anollier : bank, except for specified itiisoms, Nonlteritaliva was left bill to enniimie the existing system, until Congress should think proper to clninge it. That ehange, it is hoped, will now be iiiadc by n return , to the Ireiisiiry nf the CniiNlitiitinn. One of the ' great evils nf banks is the constant expansion and i eonlriietioii of the eurnney; and this evil is niig- I meiiled by Ihe dejinsite nf the revenue with banks, whether Slate nr Niitioiml. I'he nnly proper coiuso for Ihe Oovernnient is, to keep its own money separate from all hanks and hankers, in its own ireiiHiiry — whether in the mint, branch minis, nr ntlier (joveriinient agencies — and to use only gold mid silver coin in all reeeiplii and disluirseiueiiL'. The business nf the eoiinlry will be mure sal'e when an ailei|uale su|iply nf specie is kept within nur limits, mid its circulation encouraged by all the means within the power of this (Jovernment If this Uovernment, and the Slates, mid the peo- ple, unite in suppressing the use of spech', an aile- ipiaie supply, for want of a deniand, cannot le kept within our limits; mid the coiidiiion of llie business and currency of the counlry will le | erll- ons and nncerlain. It will be eompletelv within the power of ihe banks, winwe iiaiicr will consti- Inte ihe exclusive circulation ot tlie whole eom- niuuily. JS'or will it be useful to establish a eoti- stitutiiuiiil treasury, if it is to receive or disbiirso the paper of banks. Separation from the banks in that case would only be nominal, and no addition Mould be made to the circnhition of gold and silver. Various funiR of paper credit have been siig- cested, .'IS c iinnecled with ihe operiitions of the constitutional treasury; but lliey are all eonsidi it-d es impairing one of the gnvit objects of such 11 treasury — namely, an augmented circulation of specii'. if paper, in whatever form, or from what- ever source it may issue, should Is- introduced as a circulation by the cmstilulioiial treasury, it would, pieciselv to ili iMenl, diminish ilH use as a means of ciri'ul.iiin- gold and silver. The constitiitioniil treasury could be rendered a most powerful auxiliary of the mint, in augment- ing the specie circnhitiini. The amount of pulilii'. luoiii V which can be placed in the mint is iiov/ limited by law to one million of dollars; and to iliat extent it is now used as a di^pository, and as u means of increasing our coinage. It is suggest- ed that this limitation may be so modified as to permit the use of our mint and bmnch mints for a much larger siuii ill connexion willi the CHiisti- liitional treasury. The amount of public nionev received at New York greally exceeds that col- lected at all other poiiiis, and would of itself seem to call for a place of public deposite there. In view of wliii'h, llie 1 iltoti of a branch of iho mint of the llnited States at that city would 1 e most ciniveiiicut and useful. The argumeut used against a conslilntional treasury, id' the alleged in- security of lli(^ pnblii' funds in the hands of indi- viduals, and especially Ihe vast amount collected at .New \'ork,will be enlirely obviated by such an establishment. The mint of the United States has now been in existence fifty-two years. It has had the custody of upward of §1 14,()()0,()00; and du- ring this long period of lime, there never has been a loss of any of its specie in the mint by the (.iov- ernment. 'I'he mini al I'hiladelphia is now con- ducted with great eHicii'iicy by the able and faith- ful ollicer al the head of that establishment, whose general supervisory authority, w iihoiil leaving ilio parent mint, might 1 lill be wisely extended to the tiraiich at Mew York. Besides the utility of such a brunch as a place for keeping safelyanddisbiirs- ing the public money, it is believed that the eoiii- agc might be greatly augmented by the existence of a branch (d" Ihe mint at that great city. It is then* that two-thirds of the revenue is annually collected — the whole of which, under the opera- 1815.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 13 529'rH CoNo IsT Skiis. Report of the Serntary of IVar, Sknatk ANn Mo. or Hrm. (• liecn siiR- lidiis nf lliii I I'clllMilll 1T(1 I of Klllll H Idtinn i>f r>iii wlml- iitroilui'i'cl rrndorpd ii »\i!;iii( 111- ot' pulilic lilt is iiov/ iirs; luul to y, iiml iiM StI" si- lls llil'll lis ID lllillls Inr Ihr rciiisli- lic momv lliiit mi- ll' sum lIlCIT. Ill ■ll nf ll,(l wiiiilil le mriit used iillcircd iii- of iiidi- I rnllci-lid ly sut'li nil St'ltl'N hllM It IlllN lliid 10; mid dii- r has lierii y tlie Gov- s now coii- iiiid failli- riil. wliosn Irnvili^ ilio ndod lo lliB ity of HiM'k iildislmrs- t till" roiii- II rxistcmn ity. It is s niimmlly the o[)cra- tion of tliii roiiHtiliilioiml tronKiiry, would \>r rc- ('i'i\<'d ill Hiii'cii'. Of iliut iiiiiiMiiil, II vrry liirt;K Hum would Itu i-iM-rivcd in roiii of otiiitr roiiiilrii's, mill l'N|>l'i'lli||y in fii|'('i);|| (roll) coins — nil of wliirli roiild 1x1 Njiii'dily I'liiiMrlcd, ii|ioii llii! h|ii>i, iiilii our own roins of t;olil mid Hilvcr. I'lu: iiinotiiitf iiIho, of niirli foi'i;i);ii roin, liroii^'lil l>y i'niii;raiilH In iliR I'iiy of jNrw York, IH viry lonHidiTaliU — ii liiri;i: iiorlion of wliiili would find iln way to llie liiaiM'ti of ihu mint for rr i'oiiiii|;i', Tim fiiri'ii;ii Kold I'oiiiM (III mil, and it in fiiiri'd will nol, riirii- liiip :;ciii'nilly as a riirrnicy, notwilhslandiiii; llii-y aril iiiaile a trndcr liy law, 'I'lic ram al wliii n till sr iioiiiH arr fixed Liy law is not familiar lo lliu {irojilr, 'I'lii' dcnominiiiioti of stirli coin is iitcoii- vciiicnl. 'I'lic |>arlN iiilo wliicli it is ilividi'd arc nol dn Imal. 'I'lic nilcN al which it is iiikcii vary in ilill'crciil parlsof llic I'liion. Ii iw iiiconvcniciii, in ilic way of iTMily transfer. In couiilini;. It is more dillli'iili, in coiiniioii iihc, io disiiiiKuiah ilic t;i'nu- iac from thr couiUcrfcit foreign coin i anil the iMcmu iijiDii it is not fiimiliiir to ilic people — from all whii'li causes, a fori ii.'n ^'old coin does nol, and will not, eiiTiilalc :;eiierally as a cuiTciiry anion;; llm people. In mnny ol ihii hanks, nearly llm whole of ilicir specie is kept in every varicly of fiirci;;ii i;olil coin; and when it is leiideied liy lliciii in payniciiiof ilieir noles, llie ^'rcat liody of the people, not lieini; familiar with lliesi; coins, do not receive lliein; and llius llie eirciilalion of a i;ohl currency is, lo a L'rciil exlciil, defeated. If these coins wcif converted al our mint, orhranch minis, iiilo the eai;le, the lialf-ca;;lc, and (|iinrter-ca!;le, we ihoiilil speedily liave a lai;;c supply of American ^olil coin, mid it would very hooii he hroii<;ht into eoinmoii use as a currency, and thus pive to it tcrealer stahiliiy, and Kitnlc' security lo all the oiisiness of the eoiuitry. A eonsiilcralile mnoiiiit of fori ii;n Kold coin has, diiriii;; ihe pnsciit year, under the (liirctions of this deparliiienl, lieen eoii- vcrlcil into Aincricmi i^old coin; lait the process Would lie iiuicli more rapid if aided hy the orijani- /.aiionof the constitutiiiiiid Ireasuiy.and the estali- lishment nf a liranch of the iniiit at the ^reat eoin- inerciiileniporiiiinuf the Union. Willi thr mint and liriincli mints nx deposiiorics, the sum remaining; ill the hands of other receivers of puhlie. inoiicys, whether of lands or custoniR, would lie inconsiiler- iilile, and the Oioverninent could he readily pro- lecied from all losses of such sums by nde(|iialc bonds, mid the power by law to convict mid piui- ish aH criniinnla all who rnibrzzle the public iiinneya. it is believed, under such a system, that no de- faults would take place, and that the public, niii- neys would be safely kept and disbursed ill ;;oltl mid silver. This Governnient is niitde, by the Constitution, the gtiardimi of a siiecie currency. That curreiiey ciin only be coined, mid its value ici^iilated, by this Governnient. It is one of iis first duties to supply siicli u currency, by an elli- eieut mint, and by (reneral regulations of the coin- age; but ill vain will it attempt to |>crforiii that duly, if, when coin is nuiile or retaliated In value, this Government dispenses with its use, and expels it from eireulminn, or drives it out of the country, liy subslilutin;,' the paper of banks in lUl the traiis- nctiuus of the Governnient. 'I'lierc is noiliiii!; which will advance so surely the |irosperity of the eounlry as an adequate sup- jily of specie, dilfused throughout every portion of the Union, and constitutini;, to a Ki'eal'cxtent, the ordinary circulation everywhere anion;; the pco|ilc. It is a ciinency that will never break nor tiiil; it Mill neither expand nor contract beyond the leijili- iiiate business of llie country; it will lead lo no^ex- liavai\aiit speculations at one time, lo be followed by eerlnin deiiressiun at another; nor will labor ever be robbed of ils reward by the deiirccialinn of such currency. There is no daiijter that we shall have too niueli g-old and silver in actual eircula- liiMi, or too small an anioiint of bank paper, or that any injury ever will be iullicted upon the bu- Niiiess of the eounlry, by a diminution of llie cir- culation of the paper of banks, and the subslita- tion ill its place, to that extent, of };olil and silver. Kvcn their most ardent advocates must admit that banks are suliject to periodical expiMisious and coiiiractions, and that iliis evil would lie increased by ;:iviii;; them the funds of the Government to hiaii, and by receiving; luul disbursing nothing but their paper. It w belirvril (hat the permanent intnreiit of every cla»s of the people will be advanced by the eHlabliHlimt III of the coiintiliilional treaHiiry, mill that the inanufaclurerH especially will derive irreiit bi uelilH from its adoption. It will i;i\e staluliiy lo all their nperatious, and iiisnie them, lo a );rcal exient, a;;aiiist those lliicliialioiifi, expansions, and coiiiraciioiis of llie currency so prejudicial to their interests, liy ^'uardin;; lu^aiiiHt iiillations of ilie currency, it will have a leiideiicy to check pciiodi- cal excesseH of foreign iiiiportaiions piirclinsed in flit upon credit, while loans from banks, or ilaii- ^eroiis ciilari;ciiieiiis of iheir business, and exces- sive issues of Iheir paper, will he i;really diiiiin- isheit. Whilst a sound and stalile currency uiiards the uitimifacliii'cr ai,'iiiiist excessive imporiMiions fiiim abroad, it protects liiiii tVinn ilisiisicis a* lioine, and from those ruinous revulsions in which so many thousands are reduced to bmikriioicy. 'I'lie tarid', if followed, as in the aliscuce ot aile- iiuiite ehecks it certainly soon will be, by an iii- llateil currency, whilst it thus enluinccs the ex- penses of luaniifictiirin^' at home, will speedily and certainly raise prices up to the whole Miiouut of the duly, HO as lo repeal the operation of that duty in favor of the inaniifiiclurer, and inalde ihe forcii;n importer a;;ain lo llood the inarkel, al the r>iihanced prices arisini; from an inllalcd ciirri'iicy. Jbil soon llie revulsion comes, and all are over- wlielined ill a comuioii ruin. The currcucy is re- iliiciil below the wanls of the country, by a sud- lieii and ruinous eoiitraclioii; and the labor and industry of years are rei|iiired lo repair the inis- chief, .Suibilily, lioih in the liirili'alid llic curren- cy, is what the inanufacliirer should most desire. Let ihe larllf be |ieriuaiienlly adjusted, by a return to reasonable anil innderiilc revenue duties — which, e\en when imposed truly and in ;;ood faith for that purpose, will yield NUtHcient luhaiila^'e lo all'ord reasonable profits; and let this pei'iiuuient systeiii (and none oilier can be periiianeiil) be es- lablislieil, and accompaiiied by a stable currency — and the iiianufacliirer, in a series of years, will derive the greutesl benelils from the system. The jircscnt system cannot be pernuincni. It is too unequal and unjust, loo exorbitant and oppressive, and Uio clearly in conilict with the fuiidanieulal principh'S of the Constitution. If the niamifac- turer thinks that this system can be periuaiient, Icl him look lo the conslant chai|i;es which have attended all aileinpls lo establish mid eonlinue a proleclive larilf. 'Vlie first larilf was based in |iart uiion tlie principle of very inoderale protection to domestic nianunu'lures; and liie result has been, as appears by the table hereto annexed, that the larilf lias been changed and modified ihir'.y times since that period, beiii;; more than once, on an averai;!', for every Coiii^resa siiicc the Govern- nient was founded; and one of these larilfs waw in itself a syslein of sucees.sive annual changes, opc- rnling through a period of ten years. Of these changes, fourteen liavc been general, and sixteen .special. From ]8]U onward, these changes have been most frequent; mid it is vain to expect per- nianeucy from aiiytliing but a revenue larifT. .Sta- bility is what the manufacturer should desire, and especially (hat that question should be taken out of the arena of politics, by a just and permanent setllement. A great number of tables, illustrative of the cfl'ccts of the tarilf, compiled from otKcial dociimenl.s, aocompany this report. Home of these tables exhibit the operation nf each of our tarilfs, from the organization of the Governniein to the ]ireseiit period. In order to enable the .Sec- rclary lo (■omply with the direction of the acts nf Congress, requiring him, in his animal report, lo suggest " plans for improving or increasing the revenues," and lo give " information to (.'ongrcss in adopting modes of raising" the revenue, two circulars were i.-;sued, published, and generally dislrlbuted, pro|ioiinding various questions con- nected with this subject, and requesling re|ilies. Some answers have been received, troni friends as well as opponenls, of the tarilV; but the Secretary regret3 that the nianufaeturers, with very few exceptions, have declined answering these ques- tions, or coninnmi.'.viing any information as re- gards their profits and surplus, or in relation to the wages of labor. An alistract of all that is deemed useful in these rejilies, together with a copy of both the circulars, is appended to this report. The coiujt Burvey is rapidly piugrcssuif — luivuig benn extended enNlHiird lo the easlerii coaat of MiisHachiiHells, and Noiilhward nearly lo the divi- ding line of Marylaiiil and Virg'iii on Ihe ('lii sn- peiike. Two new lentres of nper'Mioii have been opeiiid, under llie sanclion of lliis dejiarliiicnl. In Aiu'lli Cmolina, and on the liulf of Alexiio, fioni wliii'h the weak may be siiread until the pans unite. Iiiiporlaiit positions fiu' foris, navy-yards, hiirbors, and lighl-hoiisi s iireseiit lliemsi hes idoiig iliis interesting portion ol the coast of Louisiana, .Mississippi, and Alabama, anil the islmuls ;;uiird- iug the interior channel belweeii .Mobile and .New I )rleaiis. Great economy exisis in the ailminisira- tinii nf the fund approprialed fnr the cnast survey: and every effort is made by the Siiperinleiitlenl to press tlic work onward In a enni))leiioii. Tlireo iliarts rcsiiliiii',' fioiii the survey have been pul- lislied vvilliin llie past year, and live iiiore are. nearly ready fnr piiblicaiioii. This great work is iiinsi honorabh' lo llm science nf our i oiiiilry, most useful to oiirna\yaiid coiiinienial inarine, mid, in coniieclion with our light-liniisis, iniist ilccriaso llic cost of freii;lit and iiisurance, as well as llm risk of life and properly. Great altention has been uiven by this depariiiienl In ihe very impor- tant subject of our lii;lit-lioiise syslein. The va- rious iiiiproveineiiis siigiicsicd by experience a' houie or abroad — the relative advantages of fas and oil, of ri'llcclnrs, lei'licul,ir mid revnUing lights, Ihe locution mid conslruciion of the build- ings, as well as llie mode of keejiing ihe lights- are all being fully and carefully invesiigaicd, anil a report, ii is believed, will be ri'udy during the present session of Congress. l''roni the Chesii- pe ike lo the Capes of I'loriila, and thence west- ward, our coast is biiilly liglued, as well as thn great lakes of the iinrtli mid west; and nuiueroim wrecks, often acconipmiied with hiss of life and properly, seem to require the iiiterjiusitiun of Congress. iSucli portion of the charts of the Exploring Ex- prdilloii as were niaced under the charge nf this departineiil were ilisiribiited fnr the benefit of our whale ships. These valuable charts einbracc llio survey ot many hitherto almost unexolored re- gions and islands of ihe Pacific, as well us a )iart of the coast of Oregon, and must be eminently use- ful for mnny purposes, lait especially to onr seamen and inerchanls engaged in the whale fishery. Ill pursuance of a n solution of Congress, n report is in progress nf preparatinn as regards the banks and currency, and also in relation to sta- tistics; and these, with all other reports required fi'om this denarlmeiil, will be |iresenled at tlio earliest practicable period of the present session. In iiresenting his annual report, in obedience to the law, Ihe yeerelary of the Treasury submits his views with uiidissembled dillideiice — consoled by the reflection that all his errors of judgment \vill be corrected by the superior wisdom of thn two Houses of Congress, guided and directed by that overruling Providence which has blessed the unexampled iirogrcss of this great and happy Union. R. J. WALKER, Secretary of the Trcaumj. Hon. Joiiv W. Davis, Speaker of tlie House of Rcpresenlatires. DOCUMB\TS ACCO.MI'.VWIMJ THE PnESIDKNT'9 MK^iSACK. [ REPORT. OF THE SECRETARY OE WAR. j Waii Depahtment, I frns/iifl/f/oii, ^'ortmhcr CD, ISJfl. ' Sib: Pursuant to the duty appertaining lo the lie.id of this departineiil, I lierewilh submit to you Ihe repints of the Major Generid commanding the army, and those from the several bureaus under my supervision. They will be found lo contain nol only a full, and, I trust, satisfactory, account of the manner in which the duties of each have been executed du- ring the past year, but iiiuch valuable iiiformatioii relative lo those branches of the public service lo which they respectively refer. The labulir statements accompanying the Com- manding General's report, show, in delml, the or- iraiiizatioii and strenglh of the army, as well as the position and distril ulioii of the troops. Besides the general mid sUttl' uHicerd, oud those of distinct 11 89tii ('oNfi 1st Srm. APPENDIX TO TFIK CONCJRESSIONAI. nt.OBE. Report of tht iSirrelary of fVar. fDrr. 2, Sknatb ANn Ho. or Hr.pn. -* -%. i t : F ^-y rorpn, thon* nrr f^nirlPi'ii rfiritiitMil« — iwiMif dm- ! (rftfiiiM, ftnir ol' nrtillrry* »m(I ri^'lii of inftiiilry. The | nnmlitr of nun-rninitiifHiiMicit n(RccrN» inuHiiiiiMN, iiiitl )irivnlrH,nnllii)ri/fMl liy huv, ih Kevcti thniiHiiiMt I'tvt! iDiiidrcil tuid iiinrly; Imt, inrnr(lii)!; lo tin- iMri'Mt rt'tiirriM in'riicil n( lli<* Atijntnnr (JtMUTiirH otlii't', iIh' ih'HimI ('.)|T(' M\nilnl)l(' !nrHir\ ice dm n not fXrt'cd HJx tlioiiHimd five Imndrnl. 'I'lic dillrriMrr Ix'twrni llii* niillittri/.rd i'nnv iind lltnl t'n' in imw HiatioiH'd lint a Niii;,'li' rr";iiM('iit. l-'mm ilii- tMllsol' St. Aiilhoiiy , oi) i!n' uppiT lMi^NiHHippi, nlim:^ ilic wrsltTti (111(1 Niiiiihwt'stirn iVniiiiir, iMirdrriiiir nn iIh- Indian rountrv tinrcit liinulitd niili h, and v\- (rfidinir HtMitli III New t*i"lcans, (miy unr rfi;iniiiii III' dni:;o(inrf, and twn til" inr.intrv. an' Htaiinntd. Tlic ariilU'ry rci^init hIm, ndiircd in Htirni:th Iiy Inivin*; tnnr ronipanitn ditai-hcd iVoni cat li, mnv i'arriMon n (Vw tit ihr t'Hrlilii'aliitnH upon the hi-ii- luMird Th'MI Mrwport, in lUntdr Islmul, in Ni-w Orleans, — ilu' rxi'.'ciHii H nt* llic pnltlir mrvii-c hav- ini; rf<|tiiri(l tln' w iilidiiiwMvnl (if nil tlic inmps fViiiu MaswarlniHctis. New llauipNliin.nnd Mniiic. The n'sidnc of t!ii' army — fnnHisiin:.' of nnc n i;i- incnt (if drni^ootiH, sivircn I'nniptinit m of m-tilN ry, and fiv<> iti^lnicntM of infantcy, < (Miwiinitinir more liinn half of iltc wlmlc inilifin-y fon'c of ihr I'nifrd NmiCH — ifi now mrvini; in 'I'l'X.is, Tliis important rliancT in tlir posuion of our military foiro wi\« inatli- in liii' r(mn'c '(f iIh' la.^i snmnuT. Tlif ready nrrrptant-c on ilip pari of IVxas of tlir terms i f aniirxation ppitrcrcd liy tliis (iovcrn- incrif , exrin-d ilir ill-will of the lioxrnnnnt of Alcxico. Tlint it('pul'li<- inchatcd ihi^ innin dialr coinmencniicnt of li'iMiililics a-.^ainNt llir I'micd Stairs, and S't on finit, ax it was h dd, ixii iiNivc |t.f'|iaralion»' to in vadf and snl'jni,'alr 'I'<\aN. i'lir- Huant to yoiir dirri'iionn, an army of orrupaiiini \Vi\H asscnililcd in tliat Siatisand IJrii;adirrliMiind 'i'aylor assii^nt'd to t!ie connnand of it. lie wan insirnclcd lo n'pt-l ^ft'xi^'an ai^iiTCHbioiis, niid pr<)- ii'i'l ilic couMiry from Indian inva.-^ions; to ri u'ilnl t\,f Iviti di I .Norii as ii.-. wrs;rrn bonjidary, and to Hclci't (\ position fur liis fon-rs witl. n ti icniT to llii.^ frmnicr; lait to ka\c iimnoh stcd Mcxii-an f-rt- llrincnts, and alni) inililary posts, .should tin n* lie nny suoli posis on llic ci'.sc liank of iliat river, whieh Wert' in the o '<'npan"'y of AI( xican fcini s |ir<-'vious|y to liic period when Texas assi-nted to Ilif term^^ of amiexaiion. Thoiprh no movenn ill, as yet, has heen made mi iht* pari id* Aiexirn to carry into ilViei her ofun-roju'alpd nunaecs, or to chanu'c tlie relations of pearr between her and tin; rnited States, she ^till eontiinies to manifest hos- t:l(.' fee!int^:i, and t!lrealen^ an invasion of 'I'l-xas. This (itiiuidf, as liin:^ as it shall continue, will re- fpdre ilie pnsriice of a military force in that (piar- ti r at least t:i|iial to that now stati. nud then . It is pne'SUined ihal this eijiiivoeai slate, whieli h;ts not the «ei;li-d eharat'ier tif peace or war, will not t'G much loiiL'er eontinued. Shonld Mexieo deny our ri:^ht to poMsef-H tin; couiitrv up to the Kio del Norie, lo thi; exti iit iii.".llv elnimed hy 'i^■\as In- fore auncxiilie precauiioii, tlie liiiardiui: of that tVontier hy a con- siderable hody of troops. ii dilapidation itv tliat its eapa- biliiy of performinir tlieiu should l)c increased in a aorresponilim;' (h ;:ree. 'I'he proent army consists (d' fourteen i*ej-iiuenlH arative edicieiicy; and, oil (h;it accomit, :is well as on the score' of economy , is deemed preferalde to that (d'ejlectiui: the same object by raisiuL'' new re;:inients at this time. i it in only in the view ol' n probability that u force conniderably larger than a permanent jieaca «iitahtis|iment mi^Mil be soon rf'i|uired,that I should prel'er the inodr td' increaHini; the army hy niiHiii^ new re-^imenis, or^^aiii/.ed on our pirsrnt reduced scale. This srale is uiid(Mil>tedly loo low for (U'.- tuid service, and has iiolhin.; lo recoiumeiid it to a piefereiice, under any ciiemnstaiices, hui the fa- cility il alliirds of expaudinu; an army so m-ort of the i'hief l-'ae^'ineer, herewith submit- ted. 'I'iie rectanmi ndatioii in its tavor is sustained by Strom: ar:j"uini nts and the liiyhest miliiary lui- llimity,aiid i irusf will procur.- for it the favorable action of C'mii^resH. 'I'bis cnrps in;e(i not be nti- nicrous, one bundled enlisted men beiiuc deemed sulticicni; and, if pla< nl under the command of the present en'.;iiicfr olllcers, it \V(Mild not be ex- pensive. Pursuant to inslruclions from this department, Colonel Kiarny, with ti\e cnmpanies of the fu'st re- 2;iment of dra'.;oons, left Port Leavenworth in Juno last, cui an excursion throui;h the Indian couuiry. In tie course of it he visited the South Pass of the Itocky niotmtains, and tla; head waters of some of the In'outary streams id' the Colorado of the wtst, wlii'di emp:;. s into the Ciulf of CaUfornia. The presence of so Hne a hody of troops ainoni^ the numerous biuids of Indians scattered through ' that extensive re^rioti, cannot have failed to niako salutary impressions upon then'. In the various *• talks" wilii them, they were distinctly told " that * the road made by the dra^roous must not be closed 'by the Indians, and that the white people travel- ' liii:; on it must not be ilistnrbed in their persoim 'or lU'operty." They were i;ratified by soma .small presents distributed auioni: tlu^m, and as- sured of Llie friendship of the l.'iiilcd States, so Unvx 'If* they conducted themsfdves in a peaceablo and proper maiuu;r toward.s the while men and each other. While on the " Oreiron trail,'* ike drai!;oons fell in with several ]iarties of emiirranls. The wdi'de mnnlter pas.-'iie^ this season into that Territory, by that route, was ascertained to be ei!.,dit hiindred and fifty men, four hundred nnd seventy-five women, and one thousand children — takiii'.; witli them seven tlumsaud head of cattle, tour hundred horses and nudes, and four linndn d and sixty wagons. The drai^oony were nineiy- nine days on this excursion, and marched a dis- , tuiice of tvvu tliuusuad iwu hundred niiles. Tiio is-iri.! APPENDIX TO TMK CONfiRKSSfONAI. 0[.OBE. 15 litl I Hlinlihl ■ liy riiiHinir "Ml rrilmt'tl Iiiw Inr n*'' iitiiil ir to n luit tin' t'll- t iipr'uii/cHt il' irnilf'riiiK 1(1 tliiiii 11''^ and iliHiiit- tlHMmli thn nti hiniy >>> I till- rxi'uri- liiit oClrniiM- u'( n witliniit ■ iJlNirilMiiioii w Inir nii'vt- i-tiiii nuiij'M- irlifiil kiMiw- tliiir ntnl till- nin ami I'ltt- i;:lil tiiirrlliiT 1(1 iiii*rriis, iiioiirrnin iTN, iinil poii- Ht tiud III dm (Mim lor NiH'li ■ III nri::) lit, in inn nfl'i-Mis. I innitjiiril til t'luini; il vrry iinny in dint niaU'riiiU I'lir aiiitMl. Wlu'M I army wmihl iri'.ltK' Hrnums ss it wan wiip- \\>v rroKsiu!; nu'lril ill iIh'. »y wliicti \\u^ \' tii\\i\)VY!i ami n'\i\ i\n (o tlio ►' an til iiM iiM'- ■. Tlic srr- rlifioil jtlaciH H a|i|H'ii)iriait^ y (ll8^■^l^^sl'^l in I'wiih Niilnnit- or is siiAtaincil ■»t niilimrv nw* il V liivmahlo nut In- nn- Hiii': (Icrtmd onimam) of 10 nnt In: V.\- (Irnnrlniriil, if lilt lirsi rc- ■nrtli in Juno ian i-nunlrv< I !*nss of tfic •s (>r sonic of of the wtHl, rnia. roo|i!H nmon;^ cn-il tlinaiirli lilrd lo niako the varion.s lly lniil»Mliat liot lir closi'il |H'nn!r travrl- tlnir pcr.sonH tiid l)y soma uMii, and as- ud Stat.'s, po in a pcartahia liiU' nirn anil on trail," t4ni of emi;^ ranis, ison into llmt •riaim-d to Iib hundnd and ind cliildrni — cad of rattli', t'nur Imnilnd , were nint'ty* nrclird a dis- d milea. Tho '2\hn CoNfi Ibt Skm. piirtirularN of iliiN . xpfdillnn will he found in the iiiti'iiMtini; iTport of ColonrI Krarny, wliicli nv- nMii|>anii'H iiir ronimnnirnlion of i)ir < umniaMdiii); t;rii( nil tif ihr amiv. Imm wi.li MuhmillMl. Anollnr part o|' lliin n:'nmnt ofdrat^oonH, nn- ilir the romnatnd of Caplam Sunim r, vinilrd, alioiit (lie Hanm (iiiir, llir rxlirnir nurlli, aial ix- |( iiilrd llirir I Arnr^ion nearly to tlir line of llir Uhiird Siali'M hclwicn Lakr Superior and llie I.nkr of ihr WooiIh. Tin rr in nanon lo |j(|ii'\r tlial rlir rr^nltN of iIuh cxpi-dilion wit! prove lo lif e(|iiMlly aiiHpirions in itN indnener upon tjie pcare- fill rel.iiioMH wilh ihe more reniliNH naiivi'H of iliiN n hioii* re^ion. 'I'Iiih i-xhiliiiinn of military forrr amoa!{ Ihrm in well e.ilrnlaled to impre^H upon llirni llie lielief that >vr have llie power at hand lo putMNJi tin ni for their mindeedH. A somewhat nunuToiiH hand, known an '* the halt'-I'm lU of (he Kid river of the North,*' resi- diMi; within the limitNof tlie llndMon-Itay i-ountry, have tor years hii n in the pnu'liir of makini; ex- rni'.iions into mm ner, their liunliMi; upon llie lerrilories of the rnitrd SliUi s. This adnioniliou seems to juive made a serious impression upon them; fiu' they have siia'e made a stroi'i; appeal to onrdoveru- iiM'nl {\>v permission lo confimu; a jirji'lifc which, tin V (■iiy, they have followed iVoni tin ir childhood, aiaf diclare to he necessary to rlie snhsisuni'e of their (amities. They even inliniaic a williii'.'-ni-ss, if allowed to do HO, to remove from llie Uritisli ter- rihirics and settle on our side of the line, in order tosicure lo ilieniyarlmems, and of the inama'r in M'liich the dniii s apperlaiain-j; to each ha\c heen fiiililled dnriiM^' the past year. The sudden asyein- hliii:^ (tf more than (iiie-lialf of the entire army iu 'I'exas — drawn, as the troops composjn;^ il neces- Faiily were, tVom nearly all sections of ilip United Si. lies, without sudh'ienl rM)lico tor pnparatiou, and at a seasmi not the most f.ivoralde lor such a movement — nnavciidahly occasioned a lar^^e e:;pcn- diuirc for transportation. The appropriation for this pnrpnse was not miide with luiy referenre lo tliis extraordinary nio\i meal, and the amount whii-h was piMvidcd for the year — mat, under or- dinary I'ircumstances, would I'lave heen sntlicienl — was nearly exhausled duriut,' the fu'sl (luarli r. It will iherei'me In eoua- nccessjiry loa^k tiir an addi- lioniil appropriation to su|>i)lv the deficiency. Until further reiurns of the expeiiditurr under tins lu-ad arc received, im accurate estimate of what V ill he reijuired heyond the amount already provi- dnl cannot he n tail e. When these returns couie ill, such an estimate wilt he prepared, and suhmil- tetl to your eonsideralion. It is proper ilso to olisorvr, liiat tho ajmropria- tion for this luanclw;f the service was desijjjncd exclusively for the reirulnr army, tuit there has 1h en some diversion of it. 'i'lie exafrt^crnted accjtunts of tlir Aloxirnn force on the Kio del Norle, and the prevalent runmrs of lar:;e bodies of troop.s liaslcniu;,^ towards it, exi'ited iu some (luariers lui apprcluusion for the sntefy of (ieticral Taylor's command, shortly aller its arri- val in Ti'vas. [.^nder the inllucnrc'of this alarm, ii,e <:em'r;!l ct)nunaitdinir the western division, V. ithoul any insiruciions on tho suhjecr, assnnu-d the uuthorify of makinjr a rciinisition on the Uov- truor of I jitisiaim for u portion of the militia of Report of the Herrrtory of H'ar, Srnatb ano IIo. or HrPR. ' that HtAtft. ThiN rrqiiinition wtiH promptly rom- ' plied with; and two line coinpaiiieN of iirlilttry, ; from the city of New Orleans, wens dcHpatilu d to Texas, heforu thu knowled^;e- of thi; pioctilure reaclietl tliiH plaee. The troops ha\ nn^ heen hi ut lo (jemral Tiiytort and coUNiderahle (Xpense in- curred, authority was j^iven to huu to receive ami retain them in the service of llie United Statin, if I the piihlic exiun-neii-s iilioutd, in his jud^nuent, re- ipiire ihem. In the exercise (d* this iliscr»tionary I anlhoriiy, they were taken into service, and le- { taim>d tmiil tin- first of the present mouih. It is ; recommended that ('oni^ress should he reiniesled , lo make provision for payiiiL' ihem, and detrayin:; the expenses of ihis procecilin;^. In tin* rstimatc for suppiyi im; the (lelicit in a)>propriation for the Itrt'seiil fiscal year,llieKc exji<>nHes will he iiu-lndeil. t is due lo the palrioiic ciii/iuH who mo prompily and cheerfully respondiil to (his rail, to say, llmt the commanilim; ^^ciirral of the army in 'I'exa.t hiirhly commends them for their discipline, eill- cieiicy, and soldierly couilu. I. In view of what mi;;hL he the condition of ihiiii^s I in Texas, the general iu eonnnaud of our troops I there was also aiithori/ed to muster inio ihc ser- , ' vice of the United Siau s sueh auxiliary fm-ci from that Slate as he should deem necessary lo accoui- ptish the ohjerts sjiccilieil in his insiructions. (In- dcr this aultmrity, he has accrpied llie services of four Te\ian coinpaiiies of mounu il men for thrre . monltis. These troops have uoi heeii paid, n«>r is there aiiy provision for their payment. .When full , 'I iiirns lire received, ail eslimair will also he pre- ' sent! d of the aiiininil reijiiircd fur that purpose, I I ri*H[ii>c(riilt\ iiiviti> yniir lati'htiMii to the \jfWMiiiiil n-- ciiiiiiiicii(taUiihr< ni' Ihc t 'iiiiiiiii''>-ar\ i^mcnil. I'ii\ iiiiL'>t>'r < churui il, A- liii- roiill.-^ rd' iinicliiiil evprrn-iicr ami mIhciv;iUmh, llu-y an- wi>rlh> mI' iniriH'iilar r-Mit-hli'nini)ii. I A ri'liTciir.' In Hn''ri|)ntl ii| llir i.lticiT ill i-hlirtfc Hi* the I Oritiiiiiicc hnri'jia, will ^ll•a^ Unit ihi;* iiri|Mirliiia hr;inr-h ni' Ihc |iiihli<- M'rVM'i' hii.H rei-eivi'il Ihc viuilniit alU'linmi t*l' I thnsc In whnm it hU't hccii ro-iHiiMliij. Tht- it|i|)ri)|Mi;iti'iiet . Iihii'cd la ilH cniitri>l h;ivc lieni hjiilly iipphcil in n h.|''(t!i ' ih-i>iiniut<'il ; anil thf ininiitiMiii nt w.ir iimtcr i|.<« cli:ii;!i> ciirc- i'lilly prc^rrvi-il aiid I'naHih'riihly iinniiMil. ' 'I he r-tiaiaii'i Inr ihc fii>iiiin.' ytiir ihi nn| ifri'iilly v:iry ' I'rnm thn«c n| lipniur >i;ir-<. 'I'hc itt-ia liir (iriiiim; inrmlt a- lioiiN i-« Mii'it-n-ctl one hniidri'il lima^aml iloltars. .Many nl' Ihc l<>rt.-> nti tilt' -lahnaot iiml IIk' (iiiirnl' .Mt-\ii'>i an* .-n lar ('nrti|ili tril a-> In he ill nnihiitsM in n-ccivc tlicir arinaiacnt. 'J'hc aiiMiiait anw ask'il l<>r witt In- iieiili'il in pniKtrc the iiicrue* Inr iiriiiini! llic-c ihrt-*, Intii'tlur with tim^r in ilic cniir>^>> nl' cnll^trachnll, atiil ^ll•-h ntlxT wnrks a-4 the prnprr I iliteiicc nl ilir cniiniry may nipiiif. 'I'hi' lunniiMl ni' pnli- lie pnipiTiy cnnninit") to lh<' >ai't kfipjic^r ni iln-^ ill pn.^it'd I.I nil' iiali'iiial aiiiinrirs at Hjiiinv'- lli-iil, Ma-^-urliUMit-, aiitl llarpt'i'H t'« rr\. Virutnia, aial in ; twriiy-lincn ar.-eiiul> >itaairtl iii varinii- p;iri- nj' the t ni- Icil Htati'H. The pin . T prn(.-ciuiii at* tins lari;i' aiiiwiitit nt" piiip'Tly rciiairi"' aiiiin'miis nliiici':', wlie li iiiu-t !•'■ k>'pt in ' repair. 'I'lu- c>ninai<'s tnt' ihix' n-patrr., anil Inr iinilinl ail- ilUinas, arc hai-cil lUi tin- upiuiniiH nl" the nitirer-i in chariic nl the prn|ii'ri>, whu-c ^inlatin|l i-iiaMcs tlKm tn inriii an I accarulc JiiiluiMcnl nn ihc snhj.><>i. In 'Jic cstiinalc-i iiccnin- paii>in-u\\\\ in thi- piiUle- prn|i<-iiy there dipoMlcd — i-nn-istiiitf mil mily nia laryc ain<>niit m' malrrialu and inannractnrcil arni^, hat nt' cxpeiiMVt- niarliim>ry ami vahrililc hinldin;.'r>. .M> pnih ->nrs havt aftrn ri'cntaiaondeM the »'stalili.-!i- incnl nl' n natinnal tnundr>' thr cinaiuu. riidi ii r.mndry i-^ dictiM il f.-.-t iiiial, it" imi indi-pcn^ahly ncc»sr;ar>. In im pniM' the ipiality ami enn-^lrnciinn nt' '|icav\ nrdiiini<-c. It 1- nnt in cimit'inplalinn to have it .--» i-\ti'n>ive iis in ^llpl■r- f<'ile the n-r uj' p|-i\aic thtimhii-; hiil mk-Ii a lonndry, di- \iit<'(l inainl) tu adnptin^' and ti'->ina{ nnpiiiM'ini'tit<«, and rniiiishini: mniht-t I'nr tin' w.trk tn he d at nihci e^tah- h.^himnt-^. wiinlil he hiiihl> n-ernl; and I "om-nr in ijic virws hercin;urc prc.ideratilc (piantitics id' unn|>nwdcr arc. iind>-r cxisiim* circnni.->iani'e:4, necessarily F-tnrcil near valnahle puhlie and private lniildiau!«, aiul in Ihc vieiniiv m' |in|tnlnns places, 't'lic dangers JiL-lty to In' npprelii'iidcil I'rurn kecpimr this kind nrpn>]Trrty in evpnsctl i-nndiiinii:* have been lien'tnlhrc rcpre.jcntca In rnnyrcs:^. accnmparneil willi sim'_'"'>li"iis m liivor ni'c«lal>lislhnu a depot tin its ^-uli■kcepill^ at :-niiic cen- tral poini, Hale in its cnn-iirneljim, and rcnir>M'd In a M'cnn; distance t'rnin piihlic cditices and private- ihv'etliii<:s. I aifiiin aUiidc to this siilijcci, in Ihc lin|H- Unit provi.-hfn niiiy hu iiiailc In carry laii these Miii^'cstinns. The iniiniiccinent of the niinerat land:* h:is liecn cninniit- tcd lo the Orihnince de[iartim'nl. The dcvi'|i>pnients nl'tlii!* kind of wealth dnrinu the hu^t year, purtictilarly in tlin re- uitni ahnut Lake r^npcrhir, lia\.*fflvea incrcascil hnporliinco tn this snhji-rt, and attracted towards it an aiaisnal dctjree of pnlilie atti'iitinn. Tin; pn-'t'iit innile ol' openinu those* lands tn imtii'iilnal cnt'Tpri-e iippeurH tn nic in he ohjee- tinnahle. and m cessahty leads to si'rious ditticiiltics In rc- ;:ard t'p eniiflieiiiiK claims t'nr IncatiniH, Fnrllit'r legisliuioa uii ttad vuhject id rciiuirvil. Measures tmvu bcun taken to ' nNnln Rrrtirntn Indirmatlmi, a» wnll hi n-taird to il pent- liotiM nl' Ihc prcMcnl «>i>titf< ot' eniifldcrahlc maKiiintdc, ami rapnllv iiier<'i>Hlnii In InijHirtiim'i*, Khnnid nni, m inv epln- nm, 1)1' d -vnlved iipnn a mlhlarv Imrcan nrviinl/.i'd wllli r* • iIti'Iicc to appropnair diiticri, nnd thnHn dnlieo nl' a varniH and reiipnniil'ilc dninictiT, rciinlrinn Ihc vlirihml unit i-ini* ^lllllt Ktleiitinn (»(' Ihi' ntliccrN clniiu<'d w itii the {Hrforimnieo nt' ilirni. It i^ prniHp-i d, lis r'i'iil >car arc reel (veil, ami (tth'T maii-ritd^ cnllci'tcil, lo ciihmlt lo your coii^iihrati'in ii tall niHitl "ii tills Mntic'cl, with NUUKe^tlnns ni' cHscnthd clianLtt-'Nii'nt ni' ihi>« portinn nt ihn |iuliltt- [irnpirlv. Ammiu lh<''ri-M[ioiihil)|e dntirH cfmimilted lo llil'* dtpurt- iin-iii III the linvcrnrm'iii, i* thiilot'dlli-inhiu to oar evtcrinr d<-leiiceii. \\'ith inl iiid I'rontitTs ami (•caenaHis of niiniy tlinii-aml miles in extent, a^^-ailahlc at alni<» olivimis Hint a s\hiein nt' iwrnianeiil tlirlill'ealinns i>4 nccsfary to our Hccnriiy. This^nhjeei iieeivnl tin early atti-ntlon of' lht< ed iind iin|Hirt'nit |tnt' lirxt atteinlcit In; hnt points w'ldeli iniuhl havi' hein nvirlnnkeil nr properly iliKrci^anhd in |ia-'t y iirs, nmv claiin -jH-enil ennflileralinii, ill cnn«i'tinent e nl' til" pmirrc^- 'it linprn\e nil III ami the iitcreiiMi! of wealth ami pnpiiliilinn in their viiinlly. The permanent ilet'eneen now iiii'i<-r eonstrneiinti or re- pair are Hitnaleil ahnnt the northern I'mnlnr d mi the >ea, ci.M'l. TtM' aei'onipanviiiK report nl'the I "hii I rnuineer pre- oriii'i an aceiiriili- ami rnll nee t oi' tl •ndnmn nl* Ilm several work;* wlaeh have hei-n under eitn-irnetinii diiriiii( lilt- na^t >ear. tIic c'lminciT (ilIlecM have heen einplov'd ilnrinK that tillii' llpnii Inity eiL'ht tiirls. Ahnilt lhrt> nl' |lie<.e ate mav ready, nr on shtirl imiiee eniihl tie made ri aiK , tn rcMclvn their UiM armaim lit ; ,\et, iipmi -everal nf tliem. cnu'ldcr- ahle e\pemlitnri s are reqinreil to m • nre ilnin rmiii (h-eay, ami to prn\hl' ni-i'iU'id aii 'onnnndatinn I'nr trnop., Thti tit-tmid in. n nhjeet ha^ t)>-en tn rniikc tliein availahh' ns deien-tvc work-> ; hnt il i!< Important that aeeonnnndatinni -liniild iil-n he t^iriii'^heil I'nr r'iniill iw-aei- uarrmnm'. \cry -trnnit olijections arc iir'icd iiualn>t lliu iie alreaily erected, an; mihmiltcd liir Ihe coil.'id''raniili o('Cnn«re-.y. New Inrtineaiiiins have heen enmmenccd nt iKiints clear- ly indn-ated liy a pmper regard to the pnlilie fcenrity, and { tin- reipiislie approprnitions are asked I'nr contiiitiniu lint ' cnnstrnetinil \t\' tln-ni. A reli rcnce in the repnrls nf till) eliii'l' enqimerH for >everal ftn-ees-ive \earH, aij well nn Vt that lieicw iih siihiiiitn-tl, KJinws that a l' vv nthi-r new works t are (lei-mcil esrnleil to niir fj-HleiiMil" exleriial deli-nee, I The wi.sc cnn^ideratinns which eninmeml them to the l!i. I voralile notice of Cimaress ine ch-arly and cimenily pre- ; hii-lited In Ihe.-e re|inrl-i. The (Irst in pnial of iiiiportanec is the defence of tho ; \airnws at Slateii Islanl. in the liar' nr nf New \'ork. I'or- tilleatinns at Ihi'^ [ilace wmilil he nmre i tlietive, hevtnnl a!I diopiite, in 4'o\einit; that cily, tlian any ntler whnli Iki- heen select. d. Tin' prnper Ml*- tiir -m-li wnk* In Imcs tn tin' Slate »i' \<-w \'nrk, and, it i^ nndersio'iil, wnnid htt tian-'ferreil tti the I'oited Si.ii.-.. on verv rt a-iniuMe leriiis. It miu'lil I htaim d. it is heln-veil. hy an ev(-hanr llin ; siie and materials nf I'lirt (;an>evnnrt, now remh red iii-e- , less as a hatteiy hy the extension nf till' city. It lA reenm- ineiulcd that aiitlnirily, aecnmpanied li> an appropriation tiir I enmmi'iienm tile wmk. shiinhl he yi\i n tn eltect a jmrclivM! j nr tian-ti-r. if either ciia he mud- nn iKlvantaieniiH term-. 1 A ic'W work on ."^nnily (hiok lia< heen repealedly reeniii- inended, ns i i-s.-.ar> to tin- ninn injilete eonimnnd of '■ the iiiaUi ehajniel. and iU imli>pen!-alilc in cdiilrni (lie un- elinra^e in the Inw'i-r liii>'. Till- eoniniand nf thi.- iiiichorn^n is al>n impnrtanl in n-iiaril tn the land d.-i'enec nf the cjty. , A linard nt" eic^ iieer ntlieers is imw eiiiplnycd in ■•xaininllllt llii-^e po-iiiim-. anil the land approaches to the eitv, Their , repnrt, when received, w ill iindoiihteilly sn>iaiii the vii-WH , here presenii-d, of Ihe character and ml-t-.-'ily nf this wnrk I as an adititinnal set-ithly In tliis imi.-t impnriant pnini npna i the Atlanti«-ina-t. A liirtres.s dc.-i({ni'd lor tho heiter prntectinn of I'hihidcl- ; pliia, Wihninuton, Nevvcasile, and the entrance of tlielh'la- w'are and t'liesapeaki! canal into helaware liiiy, wim hi !,'nu I several years aijo on the I'ea Patch li-land ; Inil it was ar- re^li-il la' a ijMcsiinii as to the vatiilitv of the title Iu the siln '■ lU'iphreii hy tiie t 'nited tftates, ami lias heen ever f-ince cijs- p "iidi il. 'i'hc evi>tiii:r ajiprnpriaii'ia is sntlicienl tor recom- meneinirit; hnt i!ie comhiiMiis iillaelied render il laiiivail-- > ahlc at preocnl. The que^timi us to the title Is nuiy stated in the report t'rnin the I'^iiuinecr Ilcpartmcnt. l-'rntn the easn ' as ilnrein presented. there wniiht a|ipciir to he hnl vcrylittln < lia/ard in remoMiii! the restrictions upon thi!< uiiprnpritition, and piiK-eedini! w itii the work. If, however, nnr tillf! shonhl he thiHiL'ht to he ipn-stiniiahle, very important iiitorL'Hts de- , iiKind th'il innm-diate inensiircH shoiilil be taken lo perfect il, and therehy prevent a t'urlher dcliiy in crtvtini; ihi.s forti- I ficatinii. j The neec-^sity nf an adilitiunal work in llif vicinity of Sellers* Point, Inr the pnileetioii of Italtiiiiore, is u]taial, Alahama; and a third at Froctur'ti lauid- ini!, on Lake Horiino, lioiiisiatia— are deemed essential lo the defeiu-i- nf that Nccti'iii nf the laiion, and therctbre en- titled to till! favoralih? netinii of t'niigress. The prujuctc-il Ibnilicutiotid uii tltc Tlurida rcefsisono- T ;■■?■•> n'^ ♦ f t 4 \ f f if' --4 IC APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. 2, ^29th Cong 1st Skss. Report of the Secretary of War* Senate and Ho. of Rkps. ft'Mt'liry tor llu' iiroti'cii.in nt' ilic piiK" roiiitiuTcc, havi- hei-ii ulrcQily milhuri/.i'd tiy ('tij)Kri><4. 'VXw \\\\\i;\xn\t*^i\\v\\Xi lu proriiniiif n title in' tin* |innnt!>«>it rrqiiircd lor Wwav tie* (i'lifcH. Imvc ctuisril j«(iik> delay; l>iil Ittey iire in tin; uiiv of l).'ii)t; (ivi-r<'oini>, iinil then tiie iiii-aiH ttt thi' (lih|H>riuj of ilip (t.'purlliieiit will he |irnHI|illy Iippheil to •lij<) nhji'L-l. The Ji'iv)iniH!!e< Ml" the >evt'riil work herein nit'nlinni'd me lp"t eiir^onn iiil\erte(l hi iji tlii^ eiunrniirite-ilioii. Kor u I'lill ili-v-elopjMenl ol them, itllil ol' tile npcrolioiiM o|' llir \" *{. \n\v, I re:ei t«t the eLiliorute itiitl ahjy rt'iwrt iVuni (liu Kiigi- lieer llep;irtint'iil. MiiviMu. ill the niurse nf Wut Iti t puinmer, vi.-iled the MihtJiry Aeiiil.-liiy HI \Ve>t rmiu. .rid inleiuled the exiutii- imlioii of the cndet-. I Tee! il lo he du<- (o (hill lii^tjIlitiiHj lo fipeak ot" \U present ex'-.'lli-nt rondinmi. Progressive iiii- pritveinent is lUrejtdy pireeptilih- to those who jijive ex- iiiiiined ihi.4 insiiiiiMoii ji thO'ereiit and hoin<-\vti;Li dif|in iia\e cdii- ferred a.^ many and i\< ^i^nid advanlriu''-^ in iht-ir apphea- tinns to Hi'- an tii* war i\* to the art.- <'oni.eei,'d uimi the p-uert'itl iHirsuil-^ "1' liie; and.anioiiL' the ion iiiit> ol na- tion-*. e\pii*.i| to In- hionuiil into e.iniiiet \\iili ta<'li oiln r, ill l.ie eonrse (ire\tni>, i!m>r u hieh do not avail liieiii- nelves ni" tlieir ailvaiitaL'.s. will h.- alnio-^t .■*iire to pa;, a iK'UVy penalty I'or their in'iilfet. in the proiit.-*e waste m" "iHe aii.l trea.-tire. in \\\\* view, a inilitaiy ^eIll«p|. where tlie Feienc;-:* are laualu and n[iptii d to ihr an o|"war. is a liiirlilv iTHiKirlaiil II iiional e-tal.lidinn'iit. The Araileniv at W i >i I'oiiii i-. iti (111- re-prt.an in^dintiun i.t' ureal ii'-i tnliir,:-, nnd >hoii!.l n-.-rive the lii^t-Tiii'; eare of the (iuvirinnent. 1 eo.'ieiir ill Ih- M<\v^ pr.'-enhd hv ilie <'|iier K.iiiinrer, ler a l.iard of vi^iir-r- •*i\-v\ .1 from eivil life, under ^oIno ur ult <»r till' mo.li.iriilon-; he ha-^ Mijinei^ied, The report from tin- t'liief of ihc r.irp- of 'ropni»raphicuI Kns'Mie'-r-. hereto appended, ha- hern pnpare.l unh eare and industry. It e.iiiiraees onjei-iH nf meat pnhlie e.nieem. and i\nni^iM-s ino-t ile-irahte infortnatton in reijard nui only to ilie work:- ujMMi wlii Imveh.Lii made diiriivi the la-^t sea.>oji, Imt tu-ii:; \. ir. Tim- detail- nf the op- eraiioii-i and t!ie result- of in pi>i year, furnish saii-liieiurv proof ty( till, advaniayes nf r.nitidrii;: the rxr.-niinL'. ii> weil Qi the plaiinini:, of works of.thi- <-liai'aeti-r to mm of ^ell'n■ mle acipnrenient^. profr-Honal -kiH. and pja<-tii-id exp-'- rienei'. Sneii dntie-^ are pn.p riy a^M-.-neil lo iImim- wlm. hv ■duealioii. enii-^iant -tmly. and Ioiil'. laljuriuiis piaetier. have IM'iliiieaiKMi.- lo hup'erinii'ini and I M' uhjt-ri^ hr(ni;:li| into vnw m (liiii'al Kiireaii ar<- not of an ix- i'T; hill nian> mi tht-in, liowe\rr. in the lefener nf Ihr (-niinuy. aint works dtncily (■.)nni i-hil with, lU'tpiired the nijiii-ite pro|>( rIy exet-nie (hrm. rfle report of Ihr 'I'op.. fiU-iv.'ly inihiary t-li.ti lta\e an intunale relai; ell are re-j .rdeit as piinh nmlesjieiidal 10, o.ir -'\ti-rnnl or inh-rnat'i-oiiinier.r. .Mo-t €»f liuv ' work-* wtn authori/.cd and iiiidrrtakin some vears «i'o; Iml li'de wius diaie iip.m th'-m dminu iliepa>r\iar, ill e.,n efpK'i.re of M»e lUilure of tj..- appropiiation> for that punx.-r. Tile hikes were almost entirely desiitiiti' of natural har- bors. \avi:falion u[Min them was expo.-rd to iininirienl fi;ril:<. and not unfrnpienily atleiidctl VMtli licintfnl |.i-s u\ lie and prop. riy. V\ iih the -.-ith nieiii and limu lii of tin- We-iiTii enuiilr> . llie eoinnnrer U|)<>ii tlie>.- inland >ras l,;i.s rapidly ineieas-'d ; and it.> e-timated amiiial ainoiiul nou ex- coed.s in \ahe til,, .-(itire exiM.ris ui tin- produei- and man- nlhctiircs nf the 1 'niicd Siai.-- to all forei-n eouuirn s. An hilere>l of tliH inaL'iitinde, ilaiK aii;;nirtjna;:. in whhh >o iinny ^itije-, and >o | iri:" a iMtriimi m nnr eiiizeii- paiini paled, naturally •-ouimanded the atienliiin of Conare-^. aitd properly rt-eeivcd ii- in-iinni: eare. Saf.' harliors ».re Miieli needed; and a s>>t.in of iniprovein'iils, with a \iiw to pr.)\idi' tliein, wa.. euiiiiii'iiii'd in I'-Jl Tin- incU aoionnt I'Xp.Mided tipnii tiie>e liarUirj is >*J,Nil,;t.,l. 'i'he olij-xL- lu wrn«-h tlie.^i- appropriation- have lirm appli--d. and the ninonms of tin'oi fiom l>JH-) the prcsini ijnie. are .-pni- ri-.;d III lae anni>\<-d r-'port. lni;.'ih,-r Willi an e>iniiale of the Inrther kuiiis requiml liir the cnMnjitt lineal jiar. 'Ihe iVurks, so fara.- ih>y have )ii'<-ri pro-.r.ted, uiv." ahiimlant assurnnCL' th-i ttie aiun-ipairil iidvanl:ii£is wiM. in the end, be rttoliaed to tin' fiill.M . xiint. It nia\ I..- proper to re- mark, tliat tnex- iiniirovejih-nis ar ' iioi iviihnnt I lit in R niilitar> point of view. .^Iioiild it ever hrcnnie in'e.»ary lo haw a naval loree upon the^' lakis.H,.- numrrons anil rominodioii-; harhors thus provided hy D ■ .lid of the (oiv- cniinent Wilt eontniaiie to it-* saiiiv lo a 'Hrrosfnl opera- tion-. Ursiides, f'-re are now tniplovcd m ilie i-nmmeree nf tae.sf lakes ;i freat iiiinilx r of lari-e-M/i d and stoijtly- tiiiilt -t.-an. -rs, whieli wipuld not lia\i- hi-in plaet-it ther-' liy iiidiMjual enl. rjiri-.-. hut h*r lio- -al.t> and anoniinodation iifT'ir.hd l»> the-'- harli.ii-. In «a-i- of a piitjli-- etin lilC-e -I.-anieM eaij In i- V||.(|i|jnn>l> rnitVilt. d llil'i < ii; vessels or war. aiid ri-ml' n d -iih-» im-nt to miiita''. opi i.i- tions. \nr are t:i- (•.■onniii> and laeihh oi iran-poitii.a troop)', rnuri on- nf war, anil yiipplii's, lu h'- o\ TliMiked in i-st)in:)iinit the puhln- advintaL'e- of the lake imi 'nM-nMiits. It i' nl;o >aid loai nnr ii.-i -nim.-ii are tl.o.-c uim |i;i\,. |,rrn ir.ilned in the (ia\ia iiou . ' ■ .,r lak'-s. ITii; iiiiiiilier of laki'diarhor impio\rmen|s authorized hy law U ti-e:iiv MV. (Joo.l harl.nr- have Iwen made wh.'r'e non-* eitl^l;.-d h-lorr : and liir expenses xi\', -ini.-tion have not. in tlie Whldc, nveeeded the estlllia|e>. pro-pri tl\' \\ pre. peiiied. Thwp rtMultJi dive av-iiranee Dial the plan^ wire jTidieinii-iv ennrelved, and Ih- work le.Mioinicatlv and skil !Ud>' e\eea1. d. 'J'he pilt.he ns,'f||lue-s ..f Ihe-e injprovenieiits will he het- I'T apjM-eeiateil w li )ii It I- -'Od-Hhred ilmi. I(v iiieam4 of tlniii, a ino-i ihiuR'-roiH navn.MitoM ha- heen r-i'tdered ecmipiira- ti\.I> ^aie. A lar.'e sliippniu' lntere^l has h. en ereated upon our laki's and ftlellitil■^ and -.helter niforded to a eoniineref iiftvv e.tiinaie.t at one Iniitilnd hiiIIioih of dnlhirs annualU,, and inereaMiit; with .Mirpn-nic raiuditv. in uhi.h .-i\ .^latea iifp ilirerilv , and all weiinns of the e.piinlry im identalh . in- liTf^led. ,W'>r i- it >.-nrceI\ h'v, JMiporlanI in a enniiui /eial or lllili- t|tfy point 9t rl«H , lUat ilm iK-ipmi hand of improvtuieiit enr\, fhould he extended to the natural avenues for conveying (ho nhundant productions of Ihe West to the Gulf of Mexieo and the Alhintie eoasi— (ho Ohio nnd the MiDftiflolppi on the one »!ide. and the lliid^on river mi the other. The proaress of the work on the twit former rivem, liaviiig for it-* iiiiiin ohiect tin- reninval of ohMlriiction)*, hiw been, in a nienf ure. siisp.'iided diirinc the pii^t senxnn, ineBnH not having heeii pro\ jded at the last session ot' Coinrresti fhr that piir|«ise. i I.ookiiii! to the vast interesLs hulHorved hy thin iinprove- inem, and to its unipie>iio])ahh' piihlic ehaVaeler, sea.eely n doiiht U enterlaiihal that it Will he resuiin-d. Ksliinaten for \U fiirliier iro?eentioii are llierctbre siihinitted in Ihe aeeoiiipaii\in-^ report .a the eliiuf of the topll^raphll'al eli- (!iiiei;rs, In the same rejMirt will also he llnindaii elahorale and intrrestiiic expo-iiiou nf the present eondition of the i llud-on rner; of its imporianee in regard loeoniuierce nnd lo military iiiovenieni-, a-* one of the main avenueji of com- miiniealion iVimii the W'e-ieni Slates ii> the i-eahoard, and the ehannel Diron.'ii wiiieh a ecinsiderahle portion of ihe Iraile helweru thi-e t^tale^ and liiij Atlanlie inurt t es- sarlty pass; tifthe dilhenities whieli now emharrass iisna\i- (.'liion in tlie\iejnir> of Alhaiiv; of the siieeess of liirmer expeniliiures. and the pi.tjis and piohahle eo-j of tnrther inip/oveineiii-., i.ilh'd lor hy so nniiiv ami siieh iniporlani pahlie e.ai'nlL ratinii^. That part uf the report whieh hniiL's iiiioMew ihi- Mi-MMiri, Ihe .Vrkiuisa-i, the It-d it\er. and liie harlior of St. Loui-. e\po..cd to injury hy a lendeney to a ehaiuTe Ml i!ie eiirreni nf iiie Mi<-issij»pi* at that plaee, de- serve?, srimns eoii.t, ha\e (rivt II inereaseil ini|)or- l.iiiet- to (he naviiraiiiui of the Arkan-a- and Kid rivern. The) open direet ennininuieatioiis w nh an exlen.-ive iVon- lier. whieli ri'ipiiies to he cuardeil hy military posts. The improvenient nf these rivers, (Ml Ihifi aeeminl as well an from enii^iileratiojis nt' ji more Keiieral eharaeter, i^ em hraeed aiiiouL- i!ie [inhlie works presented by the topopraplii- eal hiiieaii |o.- •' c palroiirii>e of ( omiress. All the e>[iuia(is ot' that hun an iuec'nnliiu'd to ohjertM ■ up.in which tiie opinion- oi'Cnnt;re lave la-en expre.-scd, i.ail upon !.oine of them in n-peaietl m tanees. I nder til'' direet!oii< oi tli,^ hiin-au. an exploration was made, in l^l-J. oftiu ilf> heiween the Slate nf .Missouri and the Itncky innnniaiii-. Tlie very salis(ae(nr\ n:"mnr in which It was periormed, and ilie amonni of valuahie ami intere.-tinu information Ihn- ohiaiib'd, iiiilnccd the (iovern- 1IM nt to extend II- re-eanhis to reuion,, still re n-inote. At the close of the ia.-t -ismoii. a -eeond report, from the inlelliiieai and enierpri.-in:' oilu-er asstsrned lo thi^ si-rviee, was laid hi-inir' f.MiL'ie.-s. Iiut imt till Very neenily repuh- Ii-hed. It i," a doenmi nt lull of n-' I'nl iiHormation in rela- ti'Hi to the eounir> lievond the l?oek> moiiniains— to its va.-i eapaliihties and niiiinTon< resoiiree-. The valu.d.le ^ervlees of Hrevct Captain rreniont, the oHieer who sn sneee— fully enndlieted the previous explnra- Iioiis. are sertired to i)ie ('iovermiieiit. Iiy empliHinc him in a third ex|>ediiion into iliai e\ien>i\e ami eomparatively unknown ii'moij. It is not, however, evpeeied that lii'^t laltors can he rnriiplcted in sea iin to enahle iliis depart- iiienl to present the rcstiltH of U.jdi to (.'oiitftLtix ut its preH- ent St >sion. Anioin; the documents herewith tran-niiiled is Ihe report of the fnninu.-r-ioner of Pen-i.-ns. Til" amount paid to p.'ii-inners, durinu the la-l ti-i-al \ ear, was tw n millions of dnilars; and the .-iniate lor the next is *-l.!IM,mH). Tin iiumUtr of pen-ion -eiiptioe-* ji 'JH.Jt-il. Of these. r. -J.rni e.-r- liiicales have heeii |<^n^^l to pi>oriswlnt w. re not heliirc mi the prUMon rnll> ; and the ulinlc immhcr of apphcations now peiidini! hiloit- the ( ^li|lml>^lnm•r is T.Mft. These have all heeii examined, s.ui f III. :.; repeatedly ; Iml. Ihi' evi- dence to support ilieni lieini: dei.eti\e or iiisuiMi-ienl, the parln-s inie'-esied hive heeri iintiliid of the proniids of nh- jeeiioii. It IS |irnl)ahle that nearlv all of them will he iiiiain hrouuhl up tor I'xamiiialion. Il isas«'ertaiiied hy the returns from Ihe sevend pension a^'enis that l.i;w [M-iiHoners have died diiiinii the last year. Many others have donhtless de- cea-ed wito are not 'rep.irt' d. The hu--iiii>s ot the hureaii has not deerea-iid ; nnr is it rca-oiialde to expect that it will, tor soin« time to ennie. The law e^tallll-hlnL• tlie pen. inn oftiee w ill expire nn the 4lli of March iieM. ji will h ■ iiidis|MH'-aii|v iicee^sarv that this nlliee -h.iuld he eontutUr,,. I respeetfiillv simne>t tl.at this -ulijeel shoiihl he presented |o Die Imliee of ( oncre--'. Willi tins eiaiimunn atioii. I al-uh .ejeni«. w ill In"- lonn.l full >taleinents of the londitmnof the Indian Irih-'-' iimhr tlie jUM-dicfioii of the I'luted Stales, atid nf the iraii-aeinms ot itf (iovi rnne lit with ttniii ilurinu Hie pa>t year. \\ illi ttie^e tnlie- oiir n laleni^ are paeitie. and ihejr erui- ilitioii i'^. in the mam. iinpin\inL'> (•raiif>ini! exoleiieeof adv.Deenient i-^ cvhihiled ainoiiu the itities nf ilii> Smiih and W e-t; and tin n- is rea^-nn to hope ihal those m the Northwi -I \\\\\, III this re- ["■•■I- iimlali' I'leir exa '.\\iW. Several denomiiiaiioo- -u nui-tian- are ainiiiL' the de- siuns of the (iourhment. h\ tht ir hrm-voh-ril etinrts to dilfuse amonu thein ih ' lile»iti<:-' ot e.hi -atioii and reh-jion, aiat loelevati- their po-ilion li> ait"lh ''liial and moiiil eiil lure. The information r«eeivri| at tin- ilep;irimeiit H.ir- lunt-* the liehei thai tin re i> ioi meiea^inu di-po iiion on the pan nf the Indian-^ L'eneratlv to a\ail IImiii > Ues of Die np- |K>riuniti<-- ntxred iehonls !iifm to I.. |.e. uhailv aitapt. d I«< tlnir eondiiion. Hv Ihis mod,' nf 111 iiaetion. wlnli' llie\ are laniihi leiieis. tiny ae- ipiire. Ill the .[line time, a praeiieal kiiowl- tlieir own nnliirtiy and skill. In many of tie' tnaiie-i. the (ei\eriimenl har< taken cure in -ei apart fund- ll-r ihe purpo-i' of edni-aiion, whnli hi.\(> hi'eii 111 mo-i ea-e- made availahle lo ilial de- -lalde nhjeel, W|m ii tin- ninnv.d- from Ihe S' it^'s uild nri'ani/.ed Territories >haM he eompleted. and the irihes m- t< T'-t. d la these prnvi-i^.n- >eiilrd in tin ir m-w homes, the-'elund- Will all he hrmmht into elfeeiive use. and made in- ^inimeni il. m the fulle>t e\ii nl, to tliw impru^cniL-nt ufliux puriiun of th« human lainil). The syxtvm of trade and intercoiirKc with the hidiaiiH re- quires revision, with a vlow to impose more restrictions and Ht'verer peimlllea upon those who inlrodiiee ardent spiritii amoiifi tlieiu. The pnhey of the (j^Vfrnmont in s( tllinu the Indians on lands heyond the limits nl' the States and oiir nruani/.ed Territories, the suecpsa of which is so e->ential lo tlnir well hcina. is appan-nlly f^ainins favor ainont; them. The t'lmetaws are in the; course of removal. The Sac* and Foxes of the iMi:«»it(sipni have heeii already removed, pursuant to the tronty of iMl'J, and the Seminoh-s transfer- retl to the home provided for them hy the treaty of 1p*1.'.. Several neuotlatitms are now pending for extinuuixhinit I the Indian ri^ht i->ippi. I'ldiappy dillerenccs still exist nnioiej the t'herokepa. l)ele>>aiioiid from the several parlies into which lhal nation \- > nled have vi-ited this place in the course ot' the paht << on, to lay their complaints and their elainis hctore the i^Mvernrnent. They lta\c hecn ])Hiienll> heard, with a -w ri' ilesire to i'om|tosc their t'ciids and sati-f>' their re.a- sonahle tlemaiids. The snhjecis presented lor tin; action of the Executive did not apfiear lo he iti mailers lor treaty ad- jn:>iiiient; mu' cniihl they he othiTWi-e >-etllcd, williniit s|>e' eial Ic'ji-laiive aniliont>. T'lese eaifc-j of dis>ntisihction and strife liciiu: removed, our Indian relations will he Hot- lled on a permanent ha>i.-, and bu likely to reniaiii ipiict for a loiiu lime to rome. .Vnnexed to the report of the Cmiind^'^iouir are several hi;{hly intcre.utint' eommnnieations. recci\ei| in the conri'e ol ilie last year from the (ndian snh aceiil lesidiiitf in the , Territory of Oreu(m. lu these doeiiments will he found valnahh; inforimilion in relaiion lo the general features of that eoiiiitr>, it-* climate. muI, and produetimis, ihe condi- tion of the eniiL'raiit-*. the provi-ional tiovernment estah- lid h> them, and its practical operatimis; hut that part of the inl'ormatinii more parliciilarly <-hiiiiiin){ contiideratinn frnin this dcp.irlmcnt, relates to the Indian population nf Orciroii. The minihi-r of Indians rciiliiies, it be<>omes imporiant to ailopi pro- per mea.-ures to preserve, conlirm, and evt.-ml a friendly iiitereourse hetween the Indian Irihes and our eiiizens in Oreutui. To this r-ml. I would sum>e>t that a Oill ai*ency I should he e.-tahlished hcyoml the Ui>ck> mounl^nns, with I ainpU: iKiwurs and lihcral means to inainlam amicahle re- i latioiifi with these irilK-s. || is also pndiahle that the piih- lic interests wilt retpiire another ii?"'iil lo reside anioni! the Indians in Texas. ■■ There was pahl to the Indian^*, for aniiuilics. and in fnl- fihnenl of other treatv st- ailalions, in the llscal \ ear cml:ng MiHh June last, the sum of .■tHO.VtiM) 7-^ The Seeretary of War is. moreover, the trustee of funds Selnntrtnu' to ditler- ent Irilics, ainoiintins to ,5-J,l'10,.'>Ul :^j, the annual interctit i>f which is ;$III,iimi 11 reipn aajfreopion, and preservjmi inleriiat order and lram|iiillily, it should not he foryotten that "uiieli reliance is w l^el_^ placed on the mili- tia. Tins reliance c.\einpis the I'niied SiatcK from the daii- jers and the evpense of a larfj > •-tandini; army. In propor- tion to the impoi lance of the duties which may he required of tlie militia. -hoi, Id Iw ilie caru of the Uovcrnnieiii to pre- pare this fniee Inr tlh- perlorniatice of them. The law pmMdnu " Ihr or>;aiiizihi.', ariiiin|r, and discip- liiiiiu! the mililia," \\as pa>sed soon aller the (Jovernment w as esiahli>hed, ami has remained, with only a tew slight alter- aiioiis (iri>at and important e|iito)zes havi'siie-e taken place in our external ami iiit< mal relations, iiiiil some modiliea- iiocs in that law are required to make tlie >\sie hnrdeiis iipnn the pen|ih>. A ela-:a;ie;itioii of |]io-e suliject to enrohiM nt has Iieeri -HK- U'e^I'd a-i the he^t niode of aernmpIi-liiriL' llil'i destralile oh- l-et. 'i'he pie-*eiit la\.* direels the enrolment of all free alile hodied whiten .de .ili/eas hetween eil>)lteeii and forty- live \eiirs nt atre, and niiMMes them lo arm and equip them- selves, and do mil'iary hit;. A I- phaiiee \,ith"l!.is provision nc''es«nrily suhjecis nil person> ( nmiled to a eousidiriilde expense of tiiin' and mo- iie)', ami amnuf! iIm m maiiv wlio lia\'e neither iil their own I'ommaiid. '1 hmuh < iM/.eiis of ei:ihteen xiar- of aiie wm not loo )onni: 1" hear aims, ihi > are not i:em'rall> in a situ- ation to equip iheinxhes. Ill \'iew' of ttie hnrli'Ms nmv im- [Htsed, it IS qiiestinnahle whether militia duly -houhl he ct- aeteil from (lerr-nns under the aye m iw. ni> nne \eiir-. I \Mmld ftiMlier sUKci'l <)■"' Ir-uniniis ami in^peeii>ais should heeniilined In llinsc llluhr the a'jeof lliMt> \ i arH, and that only llijs elas-. in tin- lir-t iii. It i* a suhjeeiof •serious imporlame, anu dcicrves the deliherate atleiiti'^ii of ' 'nrejress. Uecpeetfiilly HUhniitted. W. I.. MAUCV. Si-nctary oj War. Tu tlie PRKSIDUNT or TIIK I'.MTED tiTATtl. •^ [Dec. 2, )S45.] APPENDIX TO THE COIVGRl^SSIONAL GLOBE. 17 I. OF Rkps. with the tiidiaiis re- mind rcntrifiiotis mil! ■odiioi! nrdi'tii spirim Itliiill till' Imliiiimm mill iMir nrmuii7.i(i Ko i'-^i'iili:il III llx'ir iimniio ilii'iii- rHiiiiiviii. 'I'lli' >-w* I'll nlri-ailv ri'iiiovi'il, f I'liiiiioli's lriiii:( liiml i" ■"■- ,1 Willi n coiiiury wc»l 10T12 till- riiiToki'c". iln wliicli tlial nntion ic iMinriio ol' till' iiiiht irir clHilu-* iH'liiri- tliR inillv liiiinl. Willi a anil Mili-IV llii'ir rra- ■nli'il liir llii.' arliiiii "f lil.iIIiTs liir In aly ail- ■ M'tlli'ii, williiiiil 'li^- isi'H of iHssali-rai'tiiin I rf!ali ol irinliii'tiiiii!*. Ilii' <''>i"li- lal (Invirnini'iit I'slali- iiiliiiis Inn tlial pan nf laiiuiiiK I'otisiiliralion 1' Iriiliiiii piipulatidii of ("iiiliim tliiTi'in i'* <'^li- 'hiy arc ri'pri'i'i'iili'il to inu on Uiis sidi' nl' Hie V til cullivalr Irii'iiilly llmt T'rriliir>, and not (ir n H\ili/.i'd pi'nplP. niiiiiliiTs ovi'L- tlio iMiti- dinuiiid to till' latlrr ill inipiirlanl M adopt pin- , and I'M. 'lid a Irii'iidly lii-^ iiMil (iiir cili/oiis in i!!.i'>l thai a Hill ai!i-nry l{ook\ iniiiilitain-'. with 1 limitlliilii :miii-alili' tr- 1 priilialil.' Ihal llli' |llll>- I'lil to rrsiili- anioiii' llio r nniiilitifs, and in fnl- iii Ilio llspBl year indlng [l l-i. Tilt' SriTi'tavy of jiids 'iplonaiiii! t" dill'or- :M, tlin aiiiiuiil iiili'ri'ft Ixrinsivi' ol' tilt' C'liipka- iif wliicli till' ^l^l•rc■lary iiul" i« paid M IlK- lu- ll piirposiTf, i-^ invcsti'il liiiw('Vi'r,do not include |-,:il- or lainilii'«, derived liuini! to 111 , and sold ii'iil. tiim i; reign aaiiri'Bfion, aiiipiillitv, it I'lionld not iM i. pliieed on till' niili- il Slates I'nnii tin' dan- iliiie army. In propor- i\ hull liiav be required he l^ivern'nniit to pre- >!' till 111- ii;. ariiiinL', anil illHoip- iilter the tJovernnient illionlvali'wslidlitaller- |h have HH'e taken plaee , iitiil Miini' niodiliea- |ke llie >\»li'ii eonr.iini- hehevi il thai ihey may II. ve il> ellieielli'>, and, Iriliii-i upon till' lieiqile. iirolinelil has In in ^iw- •liiliL' till* di'siralile oli- irolini'iil "( all Iren ,. . n emiilei'ii and liirly- Iii mill and equip lllein- ■es«arily siilijeets all kpelise ot' time mid llio- in'ilher at their own ■hti'i-ii year.- Ill' aue are 1 mil ueiierally in a silll- liilltie hiiriens now un- llitia ilillv ^liiiiilil he px- Irt. Illy ' lears. ■minus anil in.-pei-tinni llhe "',"' 111 lliinv vi ar». Iiislani'i' III lea^i. i-honln ^'niee. flininies in tin' I these result^, whiln 111' the inilllla sysl' in, . ri llinve siinie well- Iriiiu llie eonlide Hid uiviliarv to a tree unv - (hern. It is a siilijeelof ill liheiate illleliti^n at 1.. MMHV. Senrlai-y oj ti'ar. Id tiTATti. .1 aOTH Cong 1st Skss. Hi:i>nHT OF TIIK SF.CRETARY OF Till'; NAVY. Kwv r)i:i'VHTMi;N'T, Ikr. 1, 18.15. Siii: r>iiriii'r llic I'livl yi ,ir, ilic ii.siuil si|itmlron.'< of i!io iNiivy I'i' l!h' ITniliil .SiiUt'S huvi.' In-eii iiiaiii- t:iiiu-ii. In i!i(' Mc.literranr.-iM, C'niiuiiinioi-c Smith liiiil I'liiiiiiiaiiil 111' till; •.'iiiiiln rliiiiil I'lnl till! Ply- iiimiili. Ill' wiiiilil have ile.'i)iiai linil llie Plyiinmlli til till! ll'.n.'lc Si'.i; liut Icuvu \v:is ri'l'iisi'il liy tlio Oili 1111:1 11 Pi.rtc. Hin'onducli'(!min!c\vly-;ilil"iiiittii cdiisul III 'I'iUiLrit'rs, Mini in.siiri'd iiis rcn-iiUnii. (liir .'y ji jiart iii" tin: [insctit AlVicriii snuiulroii. Tin' AlVifhU is'iumlroii v.';ia or;j::iiii/r(l Iiy Cnm- iiiiHlni'c IN rrv, liy whom i^nnd sniiilary rriridilinns were esMililislii-d. He was rehcyed liy l.'iMiimo- dori' Sliiiiiii'r, ill till' .lamctowii, wlici lins shown ci]iuil eon.sideiMiiini lor llie liiaiih ol" nil under hi:j eoniiiihiid. Vet llie Prelile mid the 'I'l'iixloii onn- Iraileil disease, and, »s mi ae| of hiinimiily, were iiniered In i-etiirn home. The Soiilh 'iiijiloii Inis hern si'iil out wiili sliii'es, lo remain mi the eiia.st. The .Marion and no'jdiin loilov.'i d as a reinforee- ineni, The ISoxer is deslined for the same .sia- lioii. and will sail immedialely. The (.'iniilierlanil, lieariii:; the hroad I'einianl of f'omiiiodore Head, will jiroeeed in .laimary to reiieye the .lainestown and ^'orK■|ow■n, wliieh will ihcn repair li) thoMeili- terraneau. Oil the Hrazil stalion, Coinmmlorc Umi.sscau, Ilii' ilrsi oiiirer west of liie AIlee-hanirH ever seleet- I d lo eonimand a S'|iiaJi'oii, relieves Ciminiodorc Turner. The Uariiaii will repair lo the home .-'[nadroii. 'J'lie lio.stnn is oruei'ed lo return to the I'niled Stales. The Cohimbia, the Sainloua, the i'lynionih, ami the I'ainiiridue, will, for the jires- i.ni, eniisiiliite the Ura/.il stinai roil. I'omiiiodore I'arlccr, after a very sueressfid eriiise, reiurned I'rnnt llie Asiatie .slaiinn in iSep- ti nilier. Iirineiii;; Inn •' the Dtainlywine, the Si. l.onis, and the, IVrry. At the liay of Islands, Cai'lain Mi-Kecver, in llie Si. Leiiis,'liad the hap- ]>iin ^:^ 10 render valualile serviee lo llie inhahitaius of an infiiit I'rilish sililemenl. In ?.hty, C'onniiodore llirhlle .sailed for the Fast Indies, ill eomni'iiid of ihe Columlm.s ship of the line, anil the Vineennes, liearin;; the Alinislir In t 'I. iiit, and the r.iliried Ireatv lielweeii the United Siai' s and ihe. ('iiinese Fmpernr. TMie heahh of .Mr. A. ii. I'^venll, ijie minister, hiiviiii;- indneed his redhii, tin' exehanj'o of the i-itifu'alions of the liealy was enmniiiled In llieeliar::e of (.'ominodore IJiddle, who will rloiiijdess show that an al.le and f:-aliaiii iiji\al ollieer emidiieis s.ulsfaetorily idl nllairs iniriisted lo him. The Consiitiition :s mi hir relinii fioni China, efu r havinj!; vi.siti.'d ihli'en nt purls mid inlands in ihe '-^'lian .seas. The P'leilie sipi'ulron, iindi r Cnnini'idore Sinal, has eons..steil of the Savanna!,, ihe Levant, the ■\V'arrin,and the Sharlv. Tlie tirst thi'ee will re- liirii in ISjIi, ^nid will ie relievi d hy Ihe C/oii^rress, the l'orl.smonlli, ami the Cyaiie. 'The dilirenllv Hi" eommiiniealiii'^' willi iinr" ships in the Faeifa' makes it j. roper lo sii','^esi llie ailvania're of a piih- lie mail ihronirli our own lerrilnry lo n ennveiiiem port ill the Siraiis ol" ,[111111 ile 'Fin-a. Arraii'^e- 1111 Ills should Ills. I he made, nl llie earliest dav that is |iroper, fur eeiini';- stiiiplii-i f.ir our iXieilie M|Uailron I'lnni oiir ow n .soil and our own eiiizeiia in that rei^ion. Tlie home siiiiadroii has lucn iiniler the enni- tiiaiiil of (.'onnnndori! Conner, wdin lia.s disliii- (.nisheil hiiiiS'ir ly somnl jiid'.'.ineiil in the per- I'lirmaiii'e of his duly. His foree, wliieh eonsisied ol'ihe I'oiomae, lie- Falnumili, the Vand.dia, the Lawrence, anil the Sinners, was weakeneil liy the leiiirii of the Vandalia, which \isiiid Ilavli', and was driven honii' liy Ihe yellow fever, eiinlraded at l'inl-aii-l'riii''e, where she had hi en ordered on duly. 'I'he siiuadroii was inereased hv Ihe I'rim'e- loii and rorjioisc, the St. Mary's, niid the Said- lieport of the Sccrdanj of ihe. Ncvij, toffa, under Conihi'idore SlocliUm, and soon e.fier hy ihe .lohn Adams, and ihe sleamship Missis- sippi. The aLCi;ree;aIe force of r'nmmoiioie s, in its ffreat d( sire to improve ihe navy, had )it'riiiilted the de|iartmeiit In employ |irnl'e.s- snrs and inslruclors, nt an annual cost of ab.oiit s'2^i.2il(J; and it had been usual, besides the few employed al the receiving- shipa and the Xaval Asylnin, lo send professors w iili the iniilshipmcn into every occ.in and eHme. ihtl the ship i.s nni I'rieinlly to sliidy,iiiid 'lie ollh'e ofprnfes.sor rn|iidlv deL^eneraud inin a sinecure; nfti 11 not so iiiie'li wa.^ dniie as the i hier oirners would idn erfnliy do lor llieir juniors; llio teachers on hoard the n- ceiviiie;-sliips pive liille instruciion, or nnne wdiat- evcr, .sn that the cxpeiidiuire was fruitless of o'leat results. iVIany of the pnili ssi:;'" „cie able and willinir. Inn the system w.-is a bad one. The ide.i naliirally sul-'^i sled ii.self of seizim; Ihe lime when the niid.^hipmen are on shore and iip|n'opriatiii",' it to liieir euhiire. Insle.al of sendin;; mii',raiory prn- I'l ssois to sea, with each hiuidfnl of midshijunen, Ihe iuidshi|inicii lliemselves, in the inlerv.ds be- tween sea limy, nii::lil be collecied ill a body, lunl deV'ile their time 10 suitable inslrnclion. I'nr llie pay nl'tlie instruelnrs C'nimress has provided. In lookiiii; out for It iiiodesi I'lelter for the )>upils, I was< nenuraircd to ask for Fort Severn, at Aiina|io- li-J. The transfer was rcnlily made, by oriler of the Sot-retiry of AVar, anil a school \vas inimr'li- ately or:T'Uii.a d, on an miosienialioiis and fi'nu.il )ilaii. This instilutiim, by yiviiu; some pirelimi- nary inslrnciioii to the inidshipnieii before llieir first' cruise, by exieiidin:; an all'cciiniMte but linn supervision ovt r them as thi y reinrn I'rmii sea, by proviilni'; fr them suitabi'^ ciiltine before they jiass lo a hi'.-her p-rade, liy lejcetiiii; fioiii the service all who fail ill eaincitv or in j-onil disposition to use their lime well, will eo f,ir t.i n novate nnd ini- piove the Amerienii navy. Till! plan ptirsut'd h;is been unprelendiinr, hut, it is hoped, will |iro\>' 1 lilcienl. A few professors iii\(! more and better inslrnclion lliau I'mr-aiu!- twentv III sea. Xo supernumerary nllicer lias been orderiil lo Ainiaiiolis: no iille man isatlaehrd in the e'iiablislimeiil. Cnnnninilcr I'ltchanan, to whom tlieoij-aiiiiintion of the noliunl wit'iiiit rusted, A"r;\v Skuh'.s No. 2. hn.i carrirti his inslrnetions into iU'eet with prc- cisinii mid si'und jiiiLnneni, and with a wise ailap- talioii of simol'iiuiil moderate niean.s ton i;reat anil noble end. Let not Congress inl'er that iiev.' ex- penses me to 1)0 ineurred.' Less tlian the aninmit Unit has hiihi no l.i i n ;ii the disposilion of the de- |iarlment for imrimscs of culture, will support the sehmil, anil ripair nnd eiilarfje the i|uariei'.s re- etived from the hospitality of the mniy. Al WashiiiL'i'in llie admirable inslr'iimenls pro- vided for tlie (iliscr\al.iry liavi' been plaad iiiidcr tlie eliar::e of oliici ra o'f Hie na\y, \i ho are will aware thai the oppotlmiitii s alloriled them for nd- vancin'^'aslriinoiiiieal .science are nnei)U.i!led on this co.itineni, ami scar. • ly surpassed in Knro|ie. Ite- .suits honor.iblu lo ihe e.oiintry may, therefore, bo justly expected of them. From 'that insliiulion ehans are furnished to llie navy at cost; and the instrnmenis used at sea are there'preserved, cor- rected, ami r.-naireil. AVniild it 11''. lie well that the phites of all charts imihorized by Con.^'reS'S in be eii^;ra\ed .should be deposited there, as the place most uppropriate for their prcservQlio! . and tise.' It was (I fulijeet nf [rrent reirrct tlint the juea- sure nf bu.siness left no opportunity In visit tiio yams al the South and Sonihwcst. The |ilaii3 t'or their iinprovenient shonld he such ns wdl not interfere willi or injure each oilier. i'ensacola, by il'i position, arrests public iitten- tion. The seeurily of mir n.'ival power in the. Criilf nf Mexico dejiend.«, in a ereiit measure, on ils condition and resources. The evmts of the snnnner show eonchisively the necessity for a li- beral provision nt that siaiion of all ilie nieai's e.s:!ential to ii well-furni; hi I and eracient rn\y- yard. A lar^e estimate for that yard 's tliertfoic presented, nlthniu'li 1 desire In await riirllior iu- fonnalion l.'cf.ire linally approving the prnposcd mode of ils expenditure. Memphis, on the contrary, lieiiin; in the heart of ihe eouniry, on an ocean river, yel n thou.sand inilrs from the sea, is inapprnpriale for the repniis of ships of war; but, in buildin;,' sleain-ships, it may eanipcle with llnsion, Xcw Vnrk, and I'liila- ileljihia — v.'itli St. Louis, (Jincinnaii, and Piiis- btir'.^. Il lies, niorenver, just below the threat heiiip-rri'ow'im; rei^ion, and is reennmiended by its positinn I'nr the establishment of the manufaeture. of cnrda'^e. A ropewalk, with ihc kiiest improvi - ineiits, is therefore proposed, so that the Wist may lint only produce, but tnitnufaclure, the lieinp iisi ,1 I'nr the'Ainerican navy. f have disapproved some of the details of the pl.ui proposed f'lr ihc navy-yard at Mimphis, be- i:.'inse it was iVanied on a scale of exlravaj^nnt ex- penditure, which, for the nu le work of prf.]iara- linii, would h.ave consumed many years, and wnul'l havt* ciist, by estimate, at least t^\ll mil- lions of dollars, and which coiilcmplates the resi- deiico of "■.any oiKcers, civil and naval, who in any o\'.it would Ic useless. I rocnnimeiid that CoirTi'Oss cnnfme the ii.se of. the nmiieys it may apjiroprialc, lir^t, lo the immediate construction of a ropewalk, and, next, to .simple arraniremcnts for Intildinu; and eiptippin;; steamers. To iiitrn- iluee at the AVest the iii-'niitfacture of Ainericati he'aip t'nr llie u.ivy, will prove a natinnal benefit. The United Stucs shniild produce all the lienip used in its navy. Knit r|irisc, climele, nnd soil, leave nn doidit lliat It may be raised and jiiejareil of the liest iitrility, and at prices within the limit prcseril'.ed by law. To ensure that end, I gave the suljeit (arly and loniiniied atteiilinn; and nolhiny; but American hemp lias been received under any eontraet made since I came into the de- pariment. Finding, hy short experionee, thai to insist on the iiispeclinn at Charleslown, as here to- fire praciisid, would be injurious to thr weslorn planter, I direiled that, wliile all who had niado contracts at price.'i liased u|ioii insperlinn anil de- livery nl Cluirli slown should he held lo fulfil their eiKi'niromeiits, ]iiirchnses should be ninde of tlireo Intudred tons, duriiin: llie present fiscal year, lo ho. delivered mid finally iii.iiieoted nl Loiu.sville and St. Loui.s. • The sitbjcct of lake defences i.s reserved for a spcial eommiinicatioii. ■^riie care of t!ie reservations and plnntations of live-oak, 1 recomntenil should be transferntl lo tlie bind ollicc, which nlone has the jiroper nieaiiB of usccrlaining titka, and which cmi aasunie tliu k 18 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOHE. [Dec. 1, 29th CoNci 1st Sess. Report of the Sccrclary of the Na^^/. Senatp. and Ho. of Heps. .1 1 chHrsi! with losH rxpensc aiid grcntcr fflii'ioncy tlmn liiis do;)artniciU. 1 may iisit Icavi^ (lurins ilie winior to pnKcnl snnii' siiirjri'sliDiia on the or;;aiiizutii)ii of tin- (Ic- ])ar(mcnt and its l)ure(iiis. The present conlract system requires moililleu- tioi). so thai no I'nuid to the United titnles may shield itself mnU'r the letter of tlie law, or eoii- Iracts be ci^en out at prices execediii«; llie market jirii'e. The l)alanee of ajipropriations on hand will, it is lielirveri, witli the exerrise of ri;^id economj', be snfliiicni for the remainder of the fis.'al yeiu-. The estimates for the next yiar ionlem|ilale no in- crease in the force employed durius lite present. Those lor the eivil deiiartniei?" are precisely the same as were ;;ranted I'or the current year. For the improvement of vanls and docks, 1 recom- ftf mend only what the cliief of that bureau declares J to be alisoliuely necessary. .Some of the shore I'fr *" stations, which had been needlessly nmlliplied, liave been al)olished: in transmiltim; tin- eslunate i IP' for the remainder, I am tar fiom expiessiuL;- ail ieseii- talive.-., and appai-enily conllicis with law, I have not felt justified in wilhdrawine: fioiii the consid- eriUion anil dii-ision of CoiiL'rcss the esiiiiiatcs of that officer for his own iiici<-ased pay and the pay of his aid-de-iamp, ati offii'cr heretot'ore unkjiown to the corps and of doMbit'ul |)ropriety. The ma- rine corjis is not a briijnde — not even a re;;iinent. It is never assembled; sddom even does a full company come to;;ether. I; serves in small de- iHchmenl.^, commanded chiefly by junior otlicers. Thouj;h about two-thirds of'the' corps were, in summer, on ship-board, all ihcfuld otlicers remain on shore. Of thirteen captains, but one is at sea; oi' forty lieutenams, abmtt seven are at .sea. At one shore-station a nmj')r, a ca|>!aiu, and three lieutenants have had charge of about twenty-eij;ht men. An increase of (he otlicers of the corps is, therefore, not needed for naval ptnposes, even on nn increase of the men. For the incrpa.se of tlie navy no c'-liniates are presented. The department awaits, on tliat sub- ject, tlie instruction "of Conirress. Yet it is to be observed that, in comparison witli other nations, our navy is poorly suptilied with sea-ujoina; steam- ers — which cannot, indeed, in the )u-esi-nt state of science, form tlie main reliance of a squadron, Inil, a.s auxiliaries, aie of vast advaniaae. Tln' Mis- sissippi and tlu; Piincelon are our only ( Hicicnl vessels of that chimtcter on the oce:\n. Should it be delcrmiiK d lo incri'.tse this diss of ships, it is desirable that the best experii ni-c shmild be con- B'llted in their consiniction; and that doubtful nov- eliies, especially so b as cniitlicl with the known laws of inechap'ical lorces, should be disreu'iirded. I ei ;-iiesily hope that our cjallant navy, durinir the lu-xl year, as heretofore, mav perform its whole (buy, displaying the tla;; ol' our rer'ublic in every occmii, protecting' our cmnnierce, exti iidiii:; the bounds of human knou ledge, overawing .scnii- barbarous nations, restrainin:; the piratical traffic ^ in Afric,'\n sliucs, and by its lu'csence prcmiotin^ the pre:-cr\aiion id' the pe'aci- of mankiiul. It contains all the elements of efficiency. It has able and skilfid officers, who compete wiih aliu'rity for every post of danger or adventure. Its men excel in seamanship, courage, iind fidelity to their country. Unsiuteil to purposes of ninriiime do- minion, it inspires respect for the .■Vmerican Hag in every part of ihe world. Vet n regard for its last interests, a desire to promote the' welfire ol its ♦ meriloriouii officers, and a kcnac of justice lo th* ; country, iudurp me to add, timt its annual cost is ' ' disi)roportionale lo its niagnitude; tnid the system , of Us lu'gaiii/.alion and preferments deprives meril of hope, liy conferring ihe highest ranlv in Ik? pro- fession w itlioul mucii rtgartl to capacity or prc- \ioiis aciiviiy in the juiblic service. Agi' aloiu-' now claims precedence — though llial claim is iinaulhorized by tlic C'oniftilulion,and un- suslained Uy law. fcicniority demands pnmiolion as its ri^hl, and ihe highesi rank and pay are awarded lo the lougesl lii'e. Yd the chances are that ihe oldest are not ihe most mi ritorious. Kx- j celleni'e seeks the o|iporluoity of displaying itself, and is selected for tlie mnsl perilous iinil wasting service; while mediocrity falls lo be i mployed, and obtains 1. nglli of days in safe and ailluenl re- tirement. Promotion by seniority is a premium | upon inactivity. ■ iMany of llic best among the older officers re- ceived high promotion while comparatively in cariy lil'e. The ymmger orticcrs of to-day are ciiually full of laknl and amliition; but the present system refuses lo ihem the opportunity of com- n.and while life is in its vigor, and reserves it for the decline of their powers, in con ■e(|uence, the average age of captains i- .onslanlly increasing, and is already nearly sixty. The average num- ber of annual iiromotions is aboul two. 'I'he ave- rage of commanders, from whom cajitains are and should be taken, is not much less than fifty. From their gnat nuiiibi rs, ihe little sea-service lo which lliey are called is favorable to long* vily. Continue the present usage twenly years litnL'"er, and, while hope will be crushed in the young men in Ihe ser- vice, ihe class of eoninianders will itself be com- posed of none but aged nien.and there will not be a captain under lliri esi'ore years and ten. Tliis cuslom discourages the nio.st worthy, and leads the incapalile and the indolent to clinj with tenacity to their commissions. Selection, it is objected, will degenerate into favoriiism. In jiromoiions there certainly should ' favor. 'I be records of the departineni, or be 111 the concurrent ojiinii-n of oHtccrs, will disclose pn fcssioiial meril. Ifiltcse I'oulil be disregarded, the Senate may inti r]iose. If the Senate yields, the voice of public opinion, the press, the vigilance of party, the restorative iuduence of the jiopular vv'ill, wonliljin the end, make impartiality a necessity — would cerlainly protect merit from neglect. Iniiis- criminaie proniolion is injiislicelo the country, and, if persevered in, will lu'ovi- fatal lo the navy. The eliicicncy of tlie service demands a reduc- tion in the number of officers in active service or awaiting it. Sudden, indiscriminate, and exces- sive proniolioiis compel the reconiincndation of such ,1 rcdiicliou. '1 lure are so .,;;ny captains and comiuanders, that, under exisiing laws, were all capable of commands, and each cruise lo con- sist of ihree years, each captain would he at sea once in twelve years, each commander once in eighteen years. This evil attracted the alientiim of the last Congress; and the power, so necessary lo Ihe service, of placing a reluctant officer on fur- lough, was restored to ihe deparlincni. 1 have been informed that this ijowcr was granted with a view to have a large pari of Ihe captains and com- manders put on half-pay. I'm it does not fully appear so on the record. The (xperienceof the summer li.aves me confident in ilu.bi lief thata large hiinibir of captains and of commanders migiil, v, llh public advantage, be placed on furlough, and smaller proportions of other gradrs. Sluaild Con- gress direct this |o be done, tin ir will can, jiirhaiis, he carried into efl'e'-t with less division of o])imon in the .SI rvi( e lh;in niiL'hi at fir;-t lie aiiprehcnded — (specially if ihe fiii'louL^b-pav were in sunir case:- lo be one-leilf of tin pi-, of ofliccrs on dulv at si a. A board of ollicrrs, pi :ierly constiiuled, and ihe ncords of the diparton i;^. willi olher iiiformaiion within reach, would re;nlily make the necessary disiTiniinatioii'^^. Why should the incapable be promoted; Why sliould lb( y be allowed lo postpone tin proniolion nf the capable." Why should gallaniry, liiiiper- once, integrity In the pnyment of debts, disiincliiiti by service at sea, weigli no more than opposite considcraiionu r Why should men deficient in enpaciiv and inexprrienccd in their jirolession be iulvnnced, and, as a coiisci|iieni-e, lidicers with every naval and manly virtue, and the brilliancy and vi^'or of maU'red 'powers, be left to wuu till great age gives them the preferment which genius, alacrity, and meril could not attain? A'o naval service can luaintain an ellieient and elevated ebaracur under a long coiitimianee of a system which liivels merit and denieril, and U lids lo change the profession of the navy from a career of rewanlcil honor lo a career for a livelihood. It is not str.inue, under this system, thai the navy even eont.uns a \ery few officers who have si-arcely been at sea, and somii who have not seen sea- service enough lo accomplish them in the proper (pialificatioiis of their profession. Those that are capable — and our service abounds ill them — those and those only should be promoted. The office of ca])tain in the navy is a high execu- tive trust. Likethe judges of the Supreme Court, he considers himself as a|ipoiiiled for life, 'Ihe oldesl captain, when in service, receives a salary eipial to that of a justice of the Suprenie Court of tlie rnited Stales; ihe pay of the youngest i ai>tain, e\cii when doing no duly, and only waiting oi'deis, is nuiidi above the i ..rage salary of the dislrict judges of the United .Males. He bears the flag of (he country lo foreign climes; he h.is aiiihority over officers and men; he directs the poWM'r of armed sipiadroiis; he is the protector of the ])er- soiis ami inliicsts of our (Utizens abroad. The body ol'captaiiis should be a body of chosen men. I'here should not be among Ihe number one of doubtful merit. The nomin.iiion and conftrinatiou lo that post sliould be acts of' solemnity, li.xiiig the atlenlion of'the couulry, eiilianced in value by ap- proving public opinion, and conceded lo llinse only wlio.se characlers and career are guarantees of lionorable conduct and professional merit all their life long. I'he service siionld be relieved from the burden of carrying along so very much greater a number of officers lliiui can be einployed. Il is not just to the peoiile of the United Stales to retain on fiay, as waiting orders, men who, since their promo- tions, have not recei\('d orders, and, from the (excess of olHcers, and for other reasons, can never receive tlieiii. .None sliiinld Inue the pay as wailing or- ders but lliose who are one day lo receive orders, and an able and willing to obey ihi m. Some very U'W hate lived at ease on shore for so many inac- tive years, having no conneclion with the navy but to lake rank and pay, lliat a wuit of knowhilge of their profession has become added lo original iiiap- liliide for the service. The benefit lo the country, by pursuing' llio course I bine proposed, would be incalculable. They w ho know our odicci's will agree thai, alh r proper diminutions, vou might in vain look" through ihe world for a service that would do more honor to its country. Wherever the principle of discrimination Inia been applied, the mwy lias been benefited. Soint. years ago, Ihij i-iili- was cslablished for ihe coi-ps of snrgrons: and the rcstiit h;is givi n the inivv a body of well-ediii:itcil and w ('lt-ir;iiiied surgeons, of which any nation iinght be proud. The same sysleni has ben applied durinir llin summer to ibe engineers, and w itli very beneficial results. It is the only sysleni w hich w ill shut the doorngaiiisi liiMir, anil picMiil the oifjci s in the navy from becoming bi-anclies of an iiiitbori/.ed pi^nslon lisi. This is seen most decidedly in ihe case of' ma.^- ters. The I'niiid Stalls niuy liiis the grade of master — a liigh station, well paid, and reipiiriug L'ri'iii idiilily and experience at sea. Full pay is :,vivin to ibii'ty-oiic iiiaslers; of this number, so;. lu are, and Inue ever been, iiicompeleni lo ilieir duty; nor can I learn that more than six or li\e, or per- h.ips I'our or llirie, are able lo iiavi!!iili' a ship. Those who arc, iind by an exiUiiinaiion |irii\e theni.'X'lveH lo Inne (••.er been, incoiiipeteiit, should be (lis. barged; ll;e lest should be ( inployi d in their turn at sea, or be put on hidf-pay. To ihe younger branch of the service, I liave felt no scruple lo iMiiid soincwhiil farther iliiiii was lieretoloie iisiial tlie principli' of discriminalion, by aulhorily of the deparlmeiil. The munber of mid- sliipmen' has gradually become so rediiccd, I bat new apjioinlnients be^rin lo be made. .\ lucdical survey, and an examiii'ition of the candidates for appointmeiii, have been prescribed. it would be very desirable if a system of free coiiip'liiion for nppnininienls could be ibvisid, which \yould preclude all iiossibilily of favoriiism. ■f 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 19 29th Cong 1st Sess. Report of the Fostmaxtcr General. Senate and Ho. of Reps. ilii'ii 111 nml umiii'i' "la ,1111(1 Iciicia 1111 a 1 ai'ciT UIiimhI. It It llui iiavy ivi' .si'iiici^ly it MlTIl 8011- tlie (iroiicr ■ice tiluHUuls le primiott;)!. IliiCll lAl'I'll- rriiH' ('i)iii-i, ir lill'. 'I'ln'- li'S 11 siiliiry iiic C'mirt (if uesl iii|>tiiiii. utiiiii (ii'dcrs, ■ ilic (lislriit ■ais llic llai; i.i.s aii'lidi'ily lio (iiiwci- (if 1- uf liio lior- Ijioad. rii« cliiisii) men. imlicr "111- iif cDiilimiaiinii ilyjixiiiu; ilie 1 value liy ap- ile.l 111 liaise, re guaraiiUiS lial merit all 111 tlic Innilcii iter a iiimil'if t iy not in--^l l*> •etaiii on |iay, their |ironio- •onl tliP excess 1 never reeeive. as wiiitiiii; or- reeeive orders, |i. Some very so mmiy inae- li the navy lint kno\vleilj:c of orii;inal inap- ]iiirsninir the, • iia-aleiilalile. tlial.aller In liiolillironsih llo more lunior [iminaliini has lielileil. Sonn, lor the eoriiB 1 11 the navy a Iniil sur<;eons, ll. I iluriii'.r ihn IV heiiellcial |h will shntthe ii'iii s in the aulhori/.dl |o ease of miif- the •irade of iinil re(|iiirin^ l-'iill |iay is Jinmilier, scaie ll t.i iheir dni)"i lor live, miles, Ihe cost was h.ss liy i year of Si ,3:i').!l!l7. The 1,1-ist evpiii.sive as well as tho most impor- lanl branch of business under llie conlrni of iliia di|)arlnii'ni, is llie Irmisporlalion of llie mails. To adjiisl the degree and mode of service; to re;.'uIato the connexions belwi en roules, so as to elleci a .speedy inn rcommunicalion between the several parts of ihc couuiry; to secure conlracls fiir iho faithful and puucliial peformaucc of ihe service; to .sotlle queslions which conslanlly arise, involving public and private inlensis lo ihe amount of some millions of dollars each year: to meet the ur- L"ent (It uiauds of the public for mail accommoda- llons, which the growth of liie cmintrv and its rapidly-increasing popul uimi rci[uii(', wlili ihe rc- slricle'd means of the deparlnient, and without im- pairimr the efficiency of llie present service, tqion which so many ahil such important inlensis de- jiend — requires ihe inmost vi:;ihinee and circuni- sp( ciinn, and eainiol be presented in detail in a coniniunicution of ihis eharai;tcr. 30 APPENDIX TO THE C 'NGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. 1, '29i"H CoN(! I ST Skss. The RtatiHliciil tables iniirkedi, 3, 3, 4, 5, and j ."i A, |m'|mi-cil I'V ihi' Firsl ANsislnnl rnsUim.stfr I iJi'inTiil, mill iiHiciiliil (1) tliin rcpiirl, |iresiiitii view 111' Ilio exu ill iiiiil iiiisl of the tniiis|iiirl:itioii , 111" ilic iniiilw, us « ill in llie huvituI iSntos an for llie : wluilr Uiiii'ii. Thiiy trivi' a niniji;irisi)ii wi'.li the jirccrdiiijr ycnr, nnil .slmw the temleiu'y to iiuTense j (11- diminish lliu rod einc-c the cniniii.ni.-i'nii nt of t'lc ]iri'Si'nt fi.-!i'iil yr.'ir, miJ llif miiniur iii\\liirli ' it is |iro.liiccil. Two iinportiiin I'iiviiin^iiinri .j hnye iiccurrcd to ul!i>:'t llio iiricps ol" tm.is;iortolion in the nrcMeiit A'ii\r: t Firal. 'I'h'c leiieWiU of the eonlrarls in Mav liut ' for one scollon of llio Union, ronijioscd of the I States of i(i.si rouiiM, piissed V.ii day of M^uxli last, i Takins; the oontraots already eMculud, and es- tiniaiin'j; ilui eii. t of the railroad and MiAni'ioat Kcrviee, for wliieh no contiiVIs have ytl l.eeii made, at ihe minimum piiecs which tlie di|.arl- meut has oli'cred under the. recent act of Con;;! ess, nnd it will iieseen that the cost of lians|iorlini; the ' mails in New Ijiu'laiid and iSew Ycili will lie re- iluced S-'")9,*'i- f'"' the preseiit y(ar, ending; the .■)i)ih Jane mxt, helnw the fricea of the last year — hein;,' a saviiiu' of aooiit ,'jri per cent., wilhiml any reduction of the amount of service perfornn d iii the preecdnii; year. On the other hand, the kt- tiiii,' of the ncV routes to eontraet will add to the ; fX|ien8es of the present year >)().;3ilt). ' The cause of the 5reat .-.ivin;; (over S''5i),010) ill the animal exiieialituio in lliat i-eciion, may "'6 i traced to two provisions in ilie late ad of Con:;re.si ' to reduce the rates of postai^e — one reijniriii,'; the i Postmaster-l-Jeneral,"ina1l./ii/iiiv i'i//iii^.i" of eon- traet.s, to ijive the Kinie " to the lowest bidder leii- ' deriiii,' snllicient jruuraniec.-; I'or the iierformanee, ' without oihi r reference to ilie mode of .such iiaiis- ' porlation than may lie iieeeuKiry to |irovii!e for ' the due ei'leiily, eeruiinty, and security of -such * transportation:'* and annuilii;^ the iCL'tilation of the department whicii rcipiired the uiitliti-liidihr, in certain cases, t.) take the .stock of me Uirmer contractor. The ollur provision was tisat which iliri-eteil the l'o; and limited him to certain maxiimmi rates of com- )ii .sation lor each ciass. 'i'he act was pa.*;, ed the ^Id of Alareh last, to j;o into ojieratioii on liie Jst of Jul) . The contracts for New lji;;laiid and New York were let in April and May last, to },'o into i^fTect on the Isl of July, and conliniie in operation four years. I eiuertaiin d no doubt Unit these con- tracts should be let umUr the provisions marked No. .5. The provision referred to did not direct the Post- master Genend to as.>i;;n i!i(' contrai Is, in all cases, to thf lowest bidder. An exception is implieil wlieiiever " liie tiliites an e|uicli in the march of im- provement. Creat and im|>ortant ai!vaiita',Ts are eiijoyid by tiie citizens in the redneiion of the ])rice of transportation, travel, &e., and the speed which has hccn ;riven by ilaaii. iiut they have uni- versally increa.-ad the jnaee for traiisjiortin;; the mails, and in some insUinces to the extent of two or three liniidred ]ier rent, over the former prices. It would I e dilUcult to find a satistiictory reason for the difference in the price of transporliiis a ilioi'sand pounds of newspii|»er3 and Ii Iters, and a thousand pounds of merchandise, in the same cars, between the same ]ilacis, anil in the same time; yet more Iha.n ten times the anion U probably is ill nimided for the one than the other. Are such I xanions ri^hl, and rsi.ecially toward a (jinerii- meiii which made ilie iron hiiii en tluse reads free of duty for so many years, and in niimi runs cases remitted the duliiawhen jiiiid, thus aciually ad- vanciiicr them more than live millions of dollars since IKJ-Jr Tie service ]iefornad by the railroads eonsti- tutiM one-tcnili jiart of the entire service of ihe de- |>artiiieiil, whil.-it they receive oiie-lillh part of its whole revenue. These exorbiiant prii i s are jus- tified in tliia country because similar priei s are said to be paid in ICn'rlaiid for such service. 'I'!ierc, it may be the poliey of the Cioieninient to lii'aiit nionopoliis; to istablish and maintain privilei;ed elas.srs; to i:i\c undue i^referi nee to wealth and capital over labor; to sieslain the few at the ex- pense of the many. t)ur iiistitution.s are basi d upon an ei|ualily ainoin: the eiii:ans and Ilie dil'- I'ereiil in'erists — ■jiisti-e to all, and special (avorsto none. It is lii;:lily i.'ralifyin!; to ;:ee the i iiiei-prise of our citizens exienilni!.' the advaniaires and bless- ings of rapid inlercotmiiunicatioii over so lar^c a portion of our country; and it ali'ords me jileasure to add, that the service rendered bv these emnpa- niis to the department ban been, In the main, of Ihe most acceptable character. It is, however, my duty to inform you that if these facilities for trans- portation and travel (aiiitinue to increase as rapidly ■ as they have within the last few years, and Con- Sk.natf. and Ho. op Kkpr. grcss cannot devise Home means to resist the heavy exaclions made U[ioii this department, its reveimin mu.st be aiisorlaal in a I'ew years for the payment of that species id'sea'vice. The dillieailly heretufore ixisliiis; between the di parlmi lit and the l'hiladel;ihia and lialiiinoro liailrond (-'oinpany, /.'lovviii:;' out of the ri I'lisal of tlic company i i take the mail from i'hiladelphiii iinincdiaiely on its arrival from New "\ oik in the night, has been settled by the eiiL'a;;cineiit of the company to jierforni that l'iij,'lily necessary and iiii- jioriant service on the openine; of the sprins;, after they have eom|ilLtid the repairs of their road, which will increase the di spaich of the mail west of llaltimore, ai.d south of \Vashnij;loii, ivveiily- I'our liotiis. it is deeply to be re!;retted that the New Y'orlc iind riiiladelphia llaMroaiU'onipany still persist in their refusal to convey mail ai.'i ms for the dcpart- nieiit over their road. '1 his is a service reinlcrid by all other comp;inies where it is desired; and upon no ollaa' louie is it more neeih d than this. I'Voin this — the most imporuuit route in the United .States, and I'or which they receive the maxinium payallovved by law — the mail ajent is excluded, an the service thereby malirially injured, in not liav- iiii; .some one on ihe road to receive letters w i illen aiier the elos.ii;!; of the mails, to assort and liclivir the mails nt the inlerniediate ol!iees,and, above all, to have one on board the ears to vvatehand txjiost-, when (Ictc led, those plnnilerers of the jaillie revenue who, we have reason to belie, e, are yet actively i ti;;a;:ed in lakiii';- leta is out of thi; mails over this f.;ieal ihoioiiulitiire. This may, in some deforce, account liu' the ^'real falliii!,' olf of the rev- enue at those Iwo oilices I'or the last quarter, it w.is confidently believed, if the business of the department was to i.icrease, in eonsenuence of the low piisia;;es, at any points in the Union, it would have been between those ?;ri at cities. What rea- sons exist fiir this sin;;iilar refusal the department cannot well ascertain. That it has the ell'eet to detract from the character of ihe route as an aj'eiil in the mail f "rvice, and abridge its usefulness to thi^ public, there can be. nodoulit. it has been siiow n that the .^avill;;s in New York: and New Kinrhiad at the lettiio's last sornii: ex- ceeded one ipiiirler of :i million ot'dollars. .should similar savin. . be realized in the other seciieais, when placed under the new law, there will be, in the western section, after the Isi of July next, a reduction in the cost ot' the annual lranspi>rlation of about Slla.'i.bllll; in the soullnrn section, after ihe Isi of July, l.'s47, about vew.llllll tier aenuiii; and in the niidiUe .section, al'iia- the 1st of July, 184ti, >lBI),il(iil per annum. The whole ri duelioii thus made, after the 1st of July, 1H4H, in the trans- portation of the mails, will be sl.lM);'i,lllil) per an- iiiini. It may not be safe to infer, trian the re- duction of prices of iransporiaiion in New ^ ork and New EiiL'land, that a sniiilar one may b.e made in the other set tioiis of the Union, when subjected to the provisions of the new law. In the I'oriner, the lii.^her i;raiies of service had been more ireiie- raliy em|iloyeil, because of the fireater laciliiies fiir the mail servii e, than in the latter. The new law only rer|iiirin.' that siiecies of service which is iiec(>ss.u-y I'or iln s.ili* and speedy trans}niriation of the mails, would eiilar;;e the field of conipetitioii, and reduce the prices more ill the one than the others. The pre es fir transporlinir the mails may lo injuriously aH'ecied by the .-taie of the trade ;ind nr.irketn of the country. 'I'he exieiit of the country, its inereaslii;; |)opiilatioii, will iletiiand additional and iinproved service, and, if extended toTexa.'? and On ;;on,wi;! not allow any reduction of the expenditures in this branch of the si rvice. 'i'he conipemiaiion to postniaslers, and the I'X- pi n.ses of their olfices, are the next principal source of expciidimre, and aniouuled, for the y.'ar endhis; ;iOlli of June last, to the sum of >1,4();).h7.') 1H. This class of olficers had been paid by a eotn- mission ih !.eiidiu;;oii the anioiint receivi d at their oilices, aaii by llie fniiikin:; privileije. 'I'lieirconi- |iensaiion under the former laws, with Ihe excep- tion of a few at the lari'er olfices, was less, m propoi'.ion lo the servii is reiiderLd and the impor- laiice of the dmies perfoi ,,ieil by llniii, than ilial of any oilier officers under the I'l di r d (ioMrii- meiii. 'i'he new law operated with peculiar hard- ship upon them. It dejirived Ihem of the frank- ing' privilcLie, and diminished their compciisalioii i 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAT. GLOBE. 21 29th Cong 1st Skss. liqwrt of the Postmaster General. Senate and Ho. of Heps. will di'iiitind l'llll'l|ml KnlllVl! It'OlltpullbUUDU in pi'iporlion to tlio rediu'.linn of the revenue, und (trcmly iiicn^ii^rd llieii" li\lmrs. The ninnl)er of ri'siffimtiDiis — civcr two ihipusund — rcaU'd iiii lU)- piTlien.siDii that the i>ul)iii". Kcrvii-e uii^ht Hiidi'i* ' iViMii the wiiiit do so, I snhmilted the ([uestion to the Allorney Ltenend; and his oj)inion (iccmnpa- iiiis ill';-' report, niarked ?so. 8. (lopieH of the or- ders made are also annexed, marlfeil IS'o. 9. These considerations leave hut little i^round to liope that, within any reasonable lime, the ex- Itenditiires can he so reduced as not to require the aid of tin; Iriasary. This lirancli of the |iiihlie service was founded upon the principle that it shnuM sustain itself, Coiij^ress never nnido it a t;ource of revenue f )r i^eiieral )Hirposes, except fin* a short period durini; the late war with Great Ih'itain, inn- permitted the i;eueral revenue.-; to he a[)|)lied to its support. To lax lliat class of our eiti/.eiis who do not |iartiei|>aie in ihe »dvanta;;es ot' the mail service for the liencfn of tiujsc who en- joy its exclusive use, is so maail'i slly unjust, that it has been seldom urescnted lo the consideration of ('imi^ress. . The numerous aijents of the depurlmeni, identi- fied with every interest in society, rcaidiiny," every neij;hi)(>rliood — iis tendency loeulari;e the circle of its operation, and to hierease its power and patron- a'^e, now so large as to be a source of jealmisy ani(Hi„' Ihe peoiile — require lliat every ri slriciioii should bo thrown around it that will not im|iair its usefulness, or interfere wilii ils le;;ilimale fune- tioti-J. Anions; the best reslrietion that can be im- |>osed is the limitation of the expenditures to its income. .Should it be thrown upon the treasury fir ils su|i)>orl, there is great daugi r that the de- mands for an extension of the service might be made — a.s mueh with a view lo dislribuiion of the revenues in the dilfercni seciions of ihe country, as to the iK'ee.5.-;ary mail aocianmodaliuns; that the s.une watchful supervision of ils concerns now rc;- ipiireii to ni.'.iiuain its credit may not be kept up, niM' Ihe usual and necessary inecautioiis against wastcl'ul eX|>endilure of ils resources be observed. .So Cir as e.ilc.nlations can be relied on, from the reiurns lo Ihe department of the opirution of the new posiage law for the (juarlor ending Sfllh Sep- li'iuher last, the delieieney for ihe current year will ( xcccd a million and a ([uarter of dollars; ami there is no reesonable groniiil lo believe thai, with- out some amendment of lieu l.iw, ii will fall short of a million of dollars for llie next year. As the pulilie iutcn sis and convenience will not admit of such ix curlaihnent of ihe present service as materially lo reduce 'he i\p(;nduures, and, in l)ie opiiii.m of the iimlersigm'd, the deficiency siiould noi In; made a pi rmanent I'luirge u|ion the l.-easnry, the revenues must be increased, so as lo proiuice ihi' desired amount of moiity, by a revi- sion and niodifiation of llie aci of tin- HiI'Maivii, lo whi.h, ii: 11 great ( .'grce, the deficiency inav be (lllnbutell. ' 'I'he rating of letters by weight, instead of the single sheet, ns formerly, has leil lo praelicis liitli; le-s injurious lo the ri'venues ihau the expresses which wire kejit up prior lo the passage of the act just referred to. Vpolicalio.is were made lo the department, shortly after ils piissage, for permis- siini lo lake letters out of ihc mail overjiosl routes, Ihe applicanls proposing lo go lo the post oHice and prep:iy the postage by weight. The consiMit of Ihe ilepartinenl was soii:.'hl lo avoid the pcnaltii s f T takiie: leliers out of the mails over posi roules. These proposilioiis were rejected. The ri-ht was then elaiiui-il of envelopiiig leiters aihlre.ised to parliciil.-ir individuals, ami ilirecimg lhi>m to Iheir agents f ir disirilaiiioii, and paying the posla'.'e by the hall'-oance, an. I proliaidy receiving pay by ih'e tingle letter. Tlii.i prttctieii is belic\ed lo prevail extensively in .some of the cities, produring grout ^ profit to those engaged in ii — probably more than i the foi'mer express lines realized, ns the depart- | inonl is now burdened with the iransiiorlation, and I those engaged in it receive the ])rolils of the dis- ; tribution. An iucident recently occurred which | will forcibly iilustrati the injurious elVects of such i a pr.ictice upon the revenues of llie departmeni: A large bnnill' ol'li tiers was enveloped and scaled, marked "postage |)aiil, jjl 6(1." liy some acci- dent in Ihe iraiisporialiou, the envelop was so much injured as to ciiabla the |)e,simaslcr lo .see i that it eoniaimd one hundred letters lo ilillirent : individuals, evidently designed tor distribution by ' the person to whom directed, and should have been charged ten d.illars. The continuance of this ! practice would, in a short time, deprive the de- nartinenl of a large proportion of ils leL'itimate incomi'. The deparlmeni has no power to sup- press it, further than to direcl the postages lo be properly ehar^'cd, whenever such jiractiecs are de- \ ledeil. Tiiis h,\s also inlroduced a species of ihiii, light paprr, by which five or six leliers may be ptacril under one ''over, ami still be under the half- ounce. Ii, in Irnth, makes free the Iransmi.-sion of notes, bills of exchange, accc;iia-nces, drafts, receipts, and small parcels of money, the letter alone paying the po.stage, Ii renders the postage lax more nner]u.d upon ihe dill'eri at classes nf so- ciety thiiu Ihe former mode of ra'ing by the single ' shei'l. These devices to evade ihe l.iw may be easily suppressed, or renilored nnieli less injitrinns to the revenue, by establishing one-iiuarter of an ounce instead of ihe half-ounce, or by diri" ting Ihe leitd's lo be raieil, as fiirmi rly, by ihe sinrle sheet — which is decidedly heller for the revenues of the de|.artini al, and more convenient in prac- ; lice for ihe depaity postmasters. The practice iif sending iiackagps of letters through the mails lo agenis for ilisiribution, has not entirely superseded the transmission of Idlers, over post roads, oul of the mails, by llie expresses. The elnuacier of this olVence is such as bi ri nder deiection very uncertain, full proof almost impos- .sible, conviction rare. The ]ieiiallies are seldom recovered after eoiniction, luid the deparlmeni rarely secures enough lo meet the expenses of prosecution. If the olllcers of the department were luilhorized in proper cases lo have ihe jier- sons engaged in these \ i'drttion.1 of the law arrest- ed, their packages, trunks, or boxes, seixed and examined before a proper judicial officer, and, \*'hen detecled in violalim; ihe law, retained for the examination of llie court and jury, it is r>elieved that ihe practice could be at once siippri ssi'd. There seems no just reasini why ii;dividuals en- gaged ill sinuggliiig leliers und robbing the dcparl- iiicnt of ils Ic'^iiiniate revenues should not be |iun- i.-lied, ill l!ii' .-aiae way and lo the s une exiiait as perrons guilty of smuggling goods; nor why the same means of detection should not be given the Post Oifiee Depariment which are now given to the Treasury. AVeigfit and bulk of ihe mails add much lo the cost of transportation, which constitutes near tliree- fiuirihs of the whole expenditnix-s of Ihe depart- ment; and if it is lo be sustained on ils own reve- nues, il is but just and proper that all mailer pass- ing through t!ie mails should be ronioelled lo pay a fair in-op u'lion of the cost incurred in iis tran>'- porlaliou and delivery. A discrinrnvition has usu- allv been made in behalf of newspapers and other pruned mailer, bi cause Ihey are supposed lo ad- vance Ihe policy of the Government, by eontribn- ting to Ihe general dilVtision of inleiligeiice among ihe people, upon wdiicb deiiend the maintenance and perpetuation of our ['rt^r instituliiuis. 'I'here was, under the old law, too grciil a diireri'nce be- tween the lax upon letters and printed mailer. The lax upon the I'ornier was nune-ess irily Iiil'Ii, and became o|iiu-ivsive lo tin; eiti^^cus: the tax upon Ihe latter was not so high ns malcrially to iuter- ferc with their general circulation. There are no I regular returns made lo llie deparlmeni, of the weight of the difi'i rent kinds of mailer passing Ibrongh Ihe mails, upon which an opiir'ou might be formed of the actual cosi of the dilli rent kinds, ' und llie proporiion which each should pay. Due III my prcdece-.'ors, in l>!iS, had an arconnl ' ki [It, for one week, of the wei 'hi of the mails, dis- tinruishing between the wei.:ht of leliers, and ' news|m|iers, and iiamphlets, in the cities of JCew York, Pliilnrtelpliia, Cnltimorc, Wnsliiugion, nml Richmond — from which it appeared that the whole weight of the mails was 5i.','Jll pounds: of wlu(;h, the newspapers %yiiglied 4-t,8(!8 pounds. The periodicals 8,1^0? do. Letters, free and taxable l,'.)lfi do. It is eoiilidently believed that the dillerencc in weight between the printed mailer nnd written comimmications passing llirouyh the mails is great- er Since Ihc passage ot the late law than before — tiiat nine-tenths of the whole weight of Ihe mails, nnd a greater inecpialily in bulk, is composed of primed mailer, payinfc about one-ninth of the ex- ]>(;nse. T'his great inequality in the cost of trauH- porlation did not warrant the dilfcrence in postages under the former law, and \vas most unjust lo tlio friendly and business correspondence of the coun- try. 'I'he rednctiim of the letter jioslage by the laic law was but an net of justice to lliat class of our citizens who had been .so long and so oppres- sively taxed for the benelil f jihers. The same necessily did r A exist for a reduction of the postage on jn-inled matter. That had nl- v.-ays been low — :;ically belov/ the nelual expense of lis transporialion, and yet not so high as to in- terfere malerially wilh the general policy of llio Goveniuient. I therefore recommend a eontimmnce of I ho rates of postage on writlen cbmmuincations, with these modifications: ih.it five cents pay for each single lelter for fiOy miles nnd under; that ten cenis pay lor each Idler for any disiance between fi\\y and' three hundred miles, until the 30lh .Tune, bs4r!, and after thnt time that the ten cents pay for any disiance over liftyinile'i; nnd that fifteen cents be paid on each siiiLde leiter for any distance over tiiri e hnniln d milrs, until the .'iClli of June, 184a, when il shall cea:;e. The rate of fifteen cents ia added 10 compensaie the depariment for the high prices paid upon the contracts under the old law, which do not expire until that lime. I recom- mend, also, a restoration of the former postage upon all printed matter passing through the mails, wilh the right reserved to publishers to take them oul of Ihe in ails over post roads. 1 also recom- mend a limiiaiion of Ihc number of papers that edilors or pnldishers may interchange; free through Ihe mails. There are now uiider.slood to bo be- tween sevemeen and eighteen hnmlrcd priiiiini; cslablishnienls in the United States, from \yhiel. newspaper:; issue. From this fiui alone, it wil' I c readily seen what abuses mighl bo practised i.poii the deparlmeni. it is believed by the under.-jigned, if it shall bo the jileasure of C'.nigress lo ado)it these .suggcs- tiim-. lliat ihe chcaii posUiue system may be main- laiacil.and, il is, hoped, willumt any aid from the treasury after the present year. It will be seen, however, lliat any diminuiion of tlic expcndilures, or increase of ihe revenues, in the moile sugeest- e:l, is nnd must be eonjeeiural, aiiii, if adojited by Congress, wiaild require conlin:;ent appropria- tions, only to be used when; a deficiency in the revenues,' to meet the expendilurcs, shall render it necessary. The sixth section of llie new law directs tlint c',a:s of public. oHicers formerly entitled to llio franking privile;;e, to keep accounts of all postage chargeable lo or payidih- by llain, upon letters, Ae.,'rrcfirfiJ //.'ceiig.'i Vic HHii/s, loiiehing the busi- ness of Iheir oli'ces, and directs their payment out of the contingent fund of the departmenis ami bu- reaus, or out of the I.ecsury; but no provision m made fiir tin; jiaymcni ol' llie postage on nfficiii ei'iiuininirri'.ioiii snit from the departments to ofii- cei'.s, or others, at a di.slancc from the se:il of Gov- ernment. This has produced occasional dillicul- lies bciweeii the di'puty postmasters, who claim the postage upon ihe delivery of the eomninnica- lions, niid the oiricers lo whom they are luhlressed. It is imderslooil, however, that llie heads of de- partmenis have directed accouius lo be kept of all siii'h communications, and will direct their imy- mcnl, with the other posiages of the deparimeiils. ' It also directs tin- deputy |ios|inaslera to keep nc- connts of such letters, ai'id to be allowed a credit fir ih.iin, when llio acc'iunt is verified, iijiea ee/A, ' and the latter Iransmilied ns n voucher. Keveral cases have occurred in which the verification, nil colli, co-its the po'itmasler more than the credit li> 1 which he is eulilled, and the rilnilinn of ihe letter by him is olteii ruidcred necessary from ils eon- m I.' 92 APPENDIX TO THE COXGRESSIOINAL GT-OTIE. [D.. 29tii (Jono 1st Sess. The Ongon (■Question. f , tenia. As the wlinln of the money arisins from tlif lmmnnicalians iid- i dressed lo thai elass of oHi.'ors wiio formerly had ' the privile^^e of tVaukin;; should he rc'-tii-nl free of ]ioslas:p. The privilege mi^lil, willi j;real |in)- ' priety. lie resirielcd lo ollieial eomiimiii"ali'>iis from them; or ('on;H;ress shoiild pro\iile titr tlieir payini'nl. This should ineliide ilepiily postoias- ters espeeially, us a \i'ry lar:;i' mimlier of liu'io re'^'arded ihe privilei;e as |iari of their compeosa- tion f )r tlie duties pert'ormed by them, and there is helieveil lo have iieen as lilili' ahuse of ihe privi- lesre liy them as any other classof officers to which it was extended. I'repaymeiil of poslaijea upon all mailer pnssi.i^ throui;h l!ie miils has lieen tiOeo reeommemled jjy my predecessors, and is of so much impori.oi 'e, that, in mv judi^meni, it cannoi Ije loo sironi;ly reccumnendi'l lo lla^ favorahle consiilenuioii of Consress; and, if ailopied. will sn|iersedi many of the sui^i^cslioiis made in this report. The li-aiis- porlalion of h'tii'rs and oiher mailalile mailer is always at the iiislanci! of the (lersoo who deposiles ill ihe posl oiiice; and ihe risk of ihcir dehvery to the jiersons to whom ihcV m-e eddrc.-^.sed should not he thrown upoa ihe deparlnie.il. 'I'lie service is iieriormcd in ihe transmission, mid should he paid for at ihe lime, and by the person .■■■eekiii'.; the aid of llie deparlinenl. The immense number of leUers iraiismilicd lo ilieolliees lo wiiicii ihey are direcu'd, and returned as dead leilers to the departmeni, allows ihe imporlance mid necessity of this change. It is esliinated, by those liaviii:; charje of ilir- dead-Idler olli 'e, lh.it they avi'raire about ihri'e liuiidred thousand qu.ar- terly,aml ihe fu-st qnarler under the ]w\v law about fotir Imndretl thrnisand. Tin* ih'parlni.'iii rc.-eives 111 compensaliMU for liieir Iransmission, and is at the additional expirnse of forwarilin^; them ihroai:h the mails lo the dead-letier oili'e. In addition lo this lo.ss, nn imnieiisi' mass of primed malUT is Keel lhroUi;h the mails, whicli is tie\tr called for hy llmse lo wliom directed, .and which is not re- ijuic d to be returned lo ihe dead-'eOer ollii'^, 'I'lte prep.-iyinciit of iiostai^'i would jintaii eml to the practice, too coniuioii, of seiidne;: anony- mous commmhcaiions tlinnmh the mails, intenihil lo annoy and harass tiii* pi'rsons It wlinm ail- diessed; as \^e!l as tiie siill mare Ciumii-Mi pr.ic- tice oj' siuillerinir newspaper.s, ji.innililets, ijtc., throu^'houl the whole- latid, when any parlioul.ir object is to be etl'ected,by addrc:-sii)'.j them to per- t^Miis iioi orderini; them— often relusini^ lo i.ike them out— and for wliicli, even when t.ikeii out nial p.iid, the department leceive.'i no conipen.^a- tion adeiiuate to the expeii.se of earryinu' iheiii in the mails. It mi^hi diminish ilie number of let- ters, even under the presinl low rates of pie'^ta-^-e, sent lhnai','li the mails, but v.'oiilj ci'rniiniy adil to the re,t*nues of liie dcpartni'iit. The p-iv cei ti e dead leltpra woulil surely ex.eed the probiible los.s which iiiiErht arise from a ilimiimtion of cmres- pondence. The interesls of ihe di'partmoiil, as well as of the eitizens, renuire a rev ision of the law re;;ulaliiie; ' llie fees of disirici aliorneys and oilier officcr.s.md wiliie.s.ses attendiinr the eonrls in cases >vhei'e this departmeni 'scnncerm d. The suits are trenenilly for smal' jh of money, and the cos's oil, -n ex- reed lie lilt claimed, in tie- eili/.en as well as lo the .' ..\eiil. 'I'lie district all vs sliouiil be con. I ■■> attend all the ta . wlialever courts In . without any adilitioiinl fee lo iheir- re^'iilar coni;^ .ation, and should be compelled to pile security, and mike r.Lodar reiiirns, like all iilher ollicers colleeiim,' public moneys. The SI. note of limitaiiim, for the benefit of sui-e- tiis, often ciMiipels Iwo soils f.ir thi' same nimic v; and the death of lie' priie'lpal or sureties rer|uins additional suits in smne of the .Stales; so thai three or four suits are uul imusunl fur the same claim. This multiplication of miilH in often nnpreasive lo | the ciiizen, as well as Ihe department, hy tile great iie-rease of costw. | It 1ms bee.i decitled in some of Ihe Stales that i upon suits a^-ainst postniaMiers for lliiir i|iinrlerly ; dues, demand miisl be |iroveii hi fore a recovery can be bad, iioiwithslandiiii; il is made their duly lo i\v^- ■ !..' ill ni'iuey in llie places seleirted, or ' oilnn-wisc p.iy over at the eiiil of each ((uarter. Tills produces ','r( at additional lUlaeantl expense, as the eontraciois, who usually make the demand, ofien resides in se;;lioiis of the eomilry remote from the )ilaie of Iriul. || C'uii;;ress,al its lasl si ssiou.iuithori^rd the Post- ' masti r tieie ral to provide, by coiiir.ict, tor the transpiirtation of ihe .aiatls betwieu any port of this i couoiry and any foreign port, in s.iilin..; packets or sleamsliips. In enterin;; into coiiirac'ls, it author- ] i/.( d a prclt-rence lo bi L;iveii lo those projiosals for llie sei'vice that oilercd lo convey in sui-li vessels tis Were, eapabl" of beiiii; converted into sliips-of- , w.ir. Tills and oiher provisions iiuliciited the jioliCy of brinifi.i;^ priv.ile enterprise and eapilnl, ! aided" by appropriations from this deiiarlmem, to ] he e\;iended for iIh; irahsp.irtalioii of the mails, into the con.4irui lion, lo some extent, of a military niariiie. After s'.'ckin;,' and ohlainins iiiformmion upon a subject preseniio;^ much ihai w.is unvcl for the eonsideration and action of this deparlnient, .111 ad- verlisejm III fir prop.isais was issued, exiiibitin;: llie schenit' of mail service between this and other couiilries in all the pans and alternatives that had been eontemplaled. A cojiy is iierelo amiuxedi ! marked No. 111. i The succe.~s of the Canard line of sleanier.'), es- tablished under the iiulhority of the Ih'ilish Gov- ernment, exf rcised no little inlluence in siiinulalini; the I'literprises eonleiiijilaled to be pul in operation under the law rei'erri:d to. An approprialion of about eiudily-Iive ihousaiid pounds slerlintj ti year is iiiaili' by llial (Jovernmenl to sustain llial line. SoirK' of lliose who wish M Like a contract under this Uovernnieiil, expect lo receive a suited sum Per auniun for their inveslment and service. It is, however, represented thai the expenditure niiide hy the LJrilis.i Liovermneiii is fully reimliursed b\- tiie nmouiil of poslunes eollecled from ihe mail's which the line eonvey.s. Other capiiahsis have manifesied a willinf;i;iiess In en;;ag:e in the si-rvice on the princ.ip.d lines for ihe neit jiroceeds of iiosi- ai;es arisiie^ iVoni them, lii the piTsent condition of the fmaii"cs of the deparlinenl, 1 have deeined tiie maKia:; of these eoiuiacts of so much imjior- laiice, thai I lixjd the period for m.ikin,' thi'iu when Contjri'ss will be in session, that I may be ^'uided by such further direciions lus il may ihink proper 10 f^ive, when it will have a lull view of the ca--e after llie proposals are made. The e'eclio-m.isiietii' le!e.,'r.ijih, inventi d by Pro- fessor Morse, and put in operation between the cities of W'ushinnton and Ihillimore, under appro- priations made by Convress, was p!a"ed under the superin'.endenee of the I'oslmasier (.iener.il, bv a clause in one of the appropriation acts of ihc'.'hl iM. rc'i last. Il hid been in use tin previous year, under the direction of the .Secrelary of the 'i'rea- siiry, but had biM'n conducted more with reference lo the le.-Uii}!; of its ca|iahiliiies, and such experi- nicnls a.i tended lo perii ct and improve its ojieia- tion.i. Haviii'4 been Iranslerred 10 the I'nsl l.^llici Departm- 111, 1 at oni" ailopied regulations to brim; it into coiisiaiit service, as a metins of iraiismilliii:; inlelli;;eiice accessible to all, and prescribed the nite.s of posta::c. The copy nf the order, w liich accompanies this r.-iiort, marked .No. II, v.ill show the re'.oilations anil the niles of poslii^'e lalopled. One half the rales of poslai,'e su'.;L'esicd by Profe,-- sir. Morse was adopted by me.mehrtlie hope thai it would ^o'eally increase its ri venues. It wmt into 'iper.iiion mi the Isi i.f .\pril, ha\in!;(\pi nihsl >)I)'^U l.'i bi-fore the charge of posla'.re commeiuh il. From the Isi of Ajiril lo the Isi of Ocinber, the expenditures amnuiiied to <>i.'t,','l4 IVJ, makiiiL; the v.iiiile expenditure *i3,!l'!.") 14; whilst the revenin s for ihe six nioiiihs amounted lo llu^ sum of S4i;i 44. Ill 1 -liiniliu'j; the expetiililiires of this line, the salary of Professor .\1or.se. perhaps, ouulit not to he added. It was fixed by the re;;ulatioiis of the treasury, niid cimiimieil in estiniaies upon which the lo-st aiiiiriipriution was founded; aim his time Sknatk and Ho. ok Kf.ps. hoii been devoted 10 the Rencral hilerestH and im- provements of the ielei;raph, and a portion of il spent in Ivirope, whcn'e, in his judunneiil, il < ould be more successfully ilone than here. I deem it my duly to briiiu' lo your notice the fact, that tlie'subjeci of lehiji-apliie coninuiniea- lions, in ils fiillcsl exlinil, as niMile available by means of this exiraorilinary iiiveiiiion, is forciii'^ itsell'upon llr attenlion of llie public. Tlie pro- prietors of the paleiil riL'lil, securing llie exi liisive riirhl of the Icleijraph, have, siiici- ilie lasl ( 'on- l^ress, taken the mosi active measures lo esiablish lines of comiimnicntioii beiween llie |irincipiil cities of the Union. Their sncci ss will iiiirialuce a means of communicatinir inlellijence amply sullicieiil for a irreal variety of purpo.s.s, ami ;rrisilly superior in despalcli to ihose of the public mails, and luiisi .secure lo itself much of Ihe business llial h.is liirr- lofore been Ir.msacted ihrouKli them, anil, lo tlnil exieiii, diminish the ri venues of the deparlnient. II becomes, then, n i(Ucsiion of irreal import- ance, how far the tlovermiienl will allow imlivid- uals to divide with it the business of traiisiiiilliii^ inlelli^-eiice — an important duty eonlided lo il by llic Constilulion, necessarily ami properly exclu- sive. Or, will il purchnsi' Ihe teleirrii|ih. and coii- tlnct its oper.itions for the beiietil of the public ? Kxperience leaches, that if individual enterprise is allowed 10 perform such portions of the biisines.s of the CTOveiinni til as il may find for it.i advaiiKitre, the Ciovernmeiii «ill soon' be left to pinl'orm un- profitable porlions of il only, and must be driven to abamjen il enlirely, or carry it mi at a heavy lax upon Ihe pnlilie treasury. In llie hands of in- dividuals or associalions, the lelesrnph may hi'- come the most pnlent instrument the worlil ever knew to 1 ll'ect siiilden and laru'c speculalion.s — to rob the many of their just ndvanlases, iinil con- ceiiirale them upon llie fvw. If permilled by the Govcnimeiii to be thus held, the public can have no sec.urily that it will not be wielded for iheir in- jury, rathir than llieir benefit. The operation of the'leleirraph In Iwei 11 this city and I'allimore has not satisfieil me that, unili r any rate of ]iosia.'_'es that can be adopteil, ils revenues can be made lo equal ils expenditures, lis importance 10 the pub- lic does not consist in any probable income that can ever be derived from it. Hut, as an a'^eot vastly superior lo any oilier ever devised by tint ireniiis of man for the dilVusion of intelli'.'eiice, which may be done with almost the ra]iidity of li.'htnini;, io any part of the re|inblic, ils value, in all commercial transactions, lo indiviiliials Inviiii;- the control of it. or lo the Ciovermneiit in lime of war, could not be esliinated. The use of an iii- strnmint so powerful for srood or for evil cannot, with safely lo ih- people, be lift in the hands of private inilividiials, uiiconlrolled by law. Very respeetfullv, your obedieni servant, ('. JOHNSON. To Ihe Pur.sim-,\T of tiik t,'\iTr.n States. Tiif: ORnoo.v qi^cstion. DOCrMKXTS FROM Tin: DKPART.MF.NT 01' STATF., ACeoMrANVISO TlIK I'HKSIDK.Mt's .MESSAIil;. Mr. Fnx In Mr. Wch.^tcr. Wamiixotiin, AeiYia/icr 15, 1P4"?. Sin: With refcrem-e lo .nn- receoi coiiviTsatioii upon llie cpiesiion of the ttre;;on or Northwistiiu boiinil.iry, when I cniivc yc-d 10 you llie desire of her .Majesty's Liovermneiii that iiisi ructions should at an early period be addres.sed lo the I'liiled Stalls .Mii'iisler in I.oiulon, empowering' him lo Irciil with such pmsoo as may be iippoiuled by lea- .Majesty on llie pari of Great Ihitaiii fo;' a final seilleiiieni of thai (|Ucslioii, I have now the honor lo eie-lose to you the extract of 11 ilespatcli .iihlnssed lo me iipi'in the subject by the Karl ol* Abenh'en. in which the wishes of her .Majesty's GoMrnment are fully . 'mil salisliiciorily .set I'ortli. I fi'el persiiaihil that' the s'teiii importance of ihe mailer at issue, and the friendly anil conciliatory manner of Lonl .'Vberdeen's pro'posal, will iniliice the I'resideiil of the United Stales lo bestow lliereiipuii his early mid serious alleiition. 'yf *A(r. pre. 2, 41) Ho. OK Rkp8. iiu'inl inlcrcsiN iniil ini- ))ll, iXlul II piM'tillll of it 1 Ills jllcl'.'ClU'jU, il 1 iiulll tiii'S III yi>iir ii'iiifi' (lie lul(:;m|>liii' I'niiuiiiiiHca- , a.i iiu'uli' aviiihilili' I'.V ry iiivi'iiiiini, i?* tiu'fiit'^ r'llic |Mililii'. 'Till' piii- I, hrriirin^ llic iM-liisivo vc, siiirc till' lii.ll ('iin- >■<■ incaNitri s tli wicii ilic |iriiifi|iul ciiiiH ss will iiiiiiiiliicfa mi'iiiis •iTi'c iiiii|ily siillic'i.ni lor I'M, iind :rrfii!ly .sniirrior ■ |nililic iiiiiil.", mill iinis' !■ Imsini-s.M that li.is lii-rr- hiikIi llinn, ami, to lliat. iii'M 111' llii' (lf|iarinioni. irsiiiiii of prcal inipoil- iiiii'iil will allow iiidiviil- biisiiios.*! of traiis?nitliiii; I limy iiiiitiilcil lo il Iry rilv anil |ini|icrly cxi'hi- • till' IcIruTiipli. ami ron- m> liPMi-til of till- piililir? f imliviiliial cnlirpriso in porlioiiN ol" till' laisiiii'ss !iy liiiil fill' it-' ailvantairi', II li(^ lift to prrforni iiii- mly, anil iimst lie ilrivni ir i'iirry it on at a luavy ii'V. In till' liamls of in- , tlic tili>^'rapli niny In'- istnimrnt tlir worlil I'vrr III lari^i' Nperulatioiif* — to list nilvanlafff'H, mill roii- w. If pennitlcil liy tin; irlil, tlic |)iili|ji> ran have I til- wirlilrd for llieii' in- icfit. Tlio oprration of < rity anil I'altliiiori' lian ilrr any rati' of posiai.'rs rrvcinirs ran lio nuuli- to s iiiiportaiii'O to tin' piiti- iiy proWalilr iiiooiiir that But, as an ni;int 111 r c^rr drvisi'il by tin: ili'usion of inti'lliiriMiri', almost till' rapiility of 111' iTpiililii', il'i valiii', in to iiuliviilnals liaviii:;- OoviTiiniiiit in timi' of ilnil. Till' \isi' of an in- ■ooil or fur mil rannni, 111' li ft ill till' haiiJs of ollril hv law. boilii'm srrvaiit, c. jnuNsox. ; t'MTr.t) Statkh. QI-nSTlON. r.xTs IK.NT OF STATF, l; INt's MESS.KdK. /■. Wchslrr. , AiiiviaftiT 15, lt>4"?. iiiir iTi'i'iit I'onvrr.sali'iii rcirnii or Moiiliwi stt lO il to von tin: ilisirf of thai inslriiriioiisslioiilil ilns.viii III ihi' riiiicil I iiipowrriirj him to may l)i' iippoiiitiil by 111' Urral- Hriiain lb;- ti ii'stion, I liavr now tin? rxirai't of a ili>pat,li inliji'i'l by till' Karl ol* sliis of hi'r .Maji'siv'.s saii.'iliii'liirily ."il fmili rrai im)uirtaiii'i' ol' ila iniillv anil i-oiM'iliaiiny I pni|iiisal, will iniliii'o nil Sialis to bt.slow luud utlvnlioii. 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 33 29tii Cono IsT Sess. The Oregon (^lustion. Senate and Ho. of Reps. 1 1 avail mysi'lf iil' this iii'rasioii to ri;iirw to you llic iiMHiimnct; of iiiy diHtiiip;iiisli(.'d roiLsidiratioii. H. S. FOX. Hon. Danikl Webstkr, &<•. &e. lic. [Kiti'lonarr.J FnBF.iiis Ofiii K, Oehbtr 18, 1842. |, ,Sin: Tlid ralifii'ations of ihr triaty roiu'liided on till' !tth of Aiisma lniwii'ii Grcai Uritnin and llir frnilid Stales will' exiliani;i'd bv nie on the I l.'ith insimit with the AJinisier of the t'niled States I iii'i'iTilited to the Court of her Majesty. | The more iniporlaiit ipie.-lion of the disputed biimidary between her Majesly's Norlh Amerii'ail 1 priivin''es and the nniteil .States bein«^ thus sel- : lliil.aiid tlie lei'linus whieli ha\e been nmliiully , priiibired in tin piople of boili connlries by tliis seltlemenl beiii-^- eMileiiily favorabli', and inilic- ntivr of a i;eni nil desire io eonlimic on the best fooliiii; with eni'h other, it has appeared to her : !\taiesly'.s Govermneiit that both parties would aet wisely in a\ailin'.; ihemselvea of so mispieioiiH a moment to endeavor to brinp; to a sctilehiLiit the oiilv remaining: subjeel of territorial dilfereiH'e, v.hli'li, ahlionuh iini so liar.ai'dous as that of tlie ; Xiirtheai-tern bouiiilary, is, iievi rllielc.s.s, even at ; tills miiment, not wilhimt risk to the ;^ood under- | Ntaiidin;^ between the two I'nnntrie.s, and may, ill eoui'se of lime, be alleiided with llie same de.snip- \ tioii of daiiL'er lo ilu'ir imitiial peaee as the ipie.s- tiiin wliii'li has recently been adjusied — I speak of , the line of boundary 'west of the Uoeky moun- tains. I ^'oii are nwnri' thai Lord Ashburlon vvn.s f\ir- [ liished wilh specific ami detailed instriii'lions with respei'.t lo the. tieaiineul of lhi.s point of dillereiicr j between the two Governments, in the general nc- iroliations with vvhii-h he was entrusted, and which lie lia.^ brought to a salisfaelory issue. For reasons whiidi it is not iiceessary here to state at Ieii2;lli, that point, after haviui; been made the snbjei'i ol' lunfercnee wilh the Amorie.in See- retaiy of Siaie, was not finlher piessed. The main ground allcj;ed by his lordship fur abslainin; from priiposinj^ to earry on the diseussion with respei't lo the ipieslion iif lb,; Xorlhwest biuinda- ry, was the a|ipii.'heiisiiin lesl, by so doini;, the M III III liclwi'iii till' iTi|i('clivr I'loiiind- ' tciitini-ii'.-i 111 llii' oliiri' ('(' llii' KoiTilnry dl' Stale. , The Diilinh Pliiii|iiiIriiliMry nH'i reel .i |i:i|iim; roii- tniiiiiii; i. |ii-i)|ii'-i;il I'lr I■,llj^'•^■.ill•.' llii' roiilli.'liii;; diiimii 111" Mil' iHii rmiiii.il I. 'I'lii- Aimiiiiiii lliiii- poteniiiiry ilefliiu'il llic |>i-i>|iOr:iii, Jinnic. iciimrkM followril ill 11 liiriiri' lo llic tiaiiiw i«(* llie two coiiiitrit's In ilii' iij-iliiiry, whin il l.tiiiim'iii'j'uiiiit thill n niuii< I'liil uiidt rsi:iiiiliii'j oCiluir i(K|ii'i't- ' ivf \ic\VH in rtiVri lu'o to iln'iti wns nofONjiaiy at this siuiri", ill unlii' in (in-iliiiH' I'miur |iriiii..il* of their rarncsl di'Mire to nrrivf at an aiTanu'iaiiciil * Till' iiri'ii:!!' miliiri' iiml tcrim nf Uin iitli-r on tin- piirf i.r nrt'iit llriuini here n-Ii-m il lu, inr .*lut\vii li> liii- liilliavi.a,' evtrai't.s n>>lll 111" (irtilnrt.l-i at' lf)t> cUllall'UL-L'd wlitcll In 'i\ lihu'i' lit Luiidna 111 l^Ji unit in I'-Jli: Protocol if llie (ifi nlij-lhinl rviifcrtnce, Juhj 13, loJ4. — K.ilracllro:ii the iJi-iJis/i ;w// mi'l nf liurtti lalitiiilr, to lti>' jK'iiit xMiLTi' thul lurallcl ^l^lKl^-f llii- gr. .a llnrlliivi^h'iiilao*! I -Mi'tnllivr.iy 's nvrr; Ilu la-c ihava iiloii^ llii- iiiiilillt' of till- Urtuoii or Cnliiiiiljia, I'l It-i jliiiiiii'a wall tin* i'ai'ii'k' oi'r.ai ; III;- i/,ivi:!.aioil ul" llir ivli.'l.' fliiuiurl lii'liii: [).'rii'tii;ili.i iVf" to ili. Miliji'i is niiil Clti/.rlis nf liiilll IHtni'.-.; lIlc .-.ail Mlljifl--- ill.ll itli/.i Il^ Ik'- i'A'j. aUo rt'vipri.c Illy at liliiily. anna:; llii' Iiilii i>ri'-ii Jimki fi'oiu tin; iluu' liiTi.-iit'. to [i;i>^ anil rrp.i.-!- hy liiiitl anil li> w.i- ti'r ; uiiil to iia\ii:a[.'. \Mtii llaar vi .•^c!!■ iiial ini.frliiliiiir^i'f nil llii' rivris, Ici}.-, ItarlHifH. uail rrc.ki, as Jifti-toliaf, on I illii-r {iiilii oi'tliiMiliiivi-' iiaiiu.iai'il liiii'l ami lo Ira.i.' Willi ull ami .iiiy of tin' lailinn-' ri>'f oi'iliii\ ur iiii[i.> t oi an;, kiail, milijoi'l only to , -mil 1ih-;iI rainiriliaii.--- ii>, la ollivr ri >i« el-, eiilicr of llti- lv\'o r'liiitraclij,!^ p.iili.'H may liiiil il a- f.>r;i,y tu fliliin-i- aitlini it' own liiait>, iniil |aoiitl>ili-.l fiMia I'lir- in>ttlnK ;au null Vi-it Willi nnanai- ii.al uoiiT <-M-c|aioti.iI.lo (ifiicli-.. to 111' ln'ri;alVT laiiini'Tnt.'d ; lohl it i-i riiriii.-r i [v- cialiy ;u,'ri;i-ii lliiiI laillli'i- of tin" lii:ai I'olitni'-uaii |iartl«-.-., Unir ri-jin-Ilvc .-iihiri't-i or '■ili/.'ii-. slii.ll In ji ■i-li.rwiir.l form any m-iII. linni'i witlan lli limits a-^i^n^■l! la-rt'li; to lia* otll'T, W't of tin- l{o"kv inoii.il 1I.I-: 11 1.. 1114 at'lli- fciiiai; Ilia.- until r^lallll tl.;u any ^i Hit naiil'- iilmidy loran-il liy 111.' Iliiti"!! 10 tlie i->'(illi mill I 'ft of till' liiuiiiliny liui' aliovr (l''M'rilii'il. or ti.v I'lti/rlm of tin' rii;l< il Stat';ji io Ilu' Iiorlli anil \v'i'!«t of llii- Minn' liii''. i-lnill .ontinlli' to lir ort-n- Iili'il iiiiii ciyoyril. at tli-; iilfn.-iio' m'tiii' pri-i-ia prupiii-inis ur oi'cnpant.''. ivitiionl ii'l>irlaiii|i-riiiit-<' of any kjiiil, until ttif expiiation of iliu uli'ive int'iiUuiK-ii Iirin ot jcarji fioni tilt' d;ito in'rl'iif." ProlMi'l iiftlie tliir.t Cmifcrnict, IkcitiJitr 1 , 1'-^'.'G. "'X'lio llrili»li I'li'iiipol'iiuani's. ill nnl. r 10 .'Viin"!' tlif nrnrst ili'-irt* of tin ir (.''Ornaiii'iit l-i iili'ail f\,r< l.nilit) lo til'- fln.il a ]ia.-lui' iil oi iln- i|iii'-li'in 'ii lji>liiiilar>, -I'l'liniti-il 111'- l.illiiwnu I' riiis of ni'foninmiliili'ni. uitii a Mtw hi lai ir K-hT. ii<-(' to till' Anii-rii an (I'lai-riiiiirni ; ■• 'Tlial, i-on-iiiii-riim li-nl itii- p.i- -rbMnn of :i -!il'<- ainlroiii ino'tioii^ [Hi-i on till' nnrtt.Wf^i (■0'l^l of .\iii>'rii a, liih il lor till' r.i'tpli'in of l!ir;;i' i-litps. iiiiL'l'l In- .'111 I'I'ii 'l 01 t'0';il in t' rr-I anil nnpi'ii.tn.i' lo tin' I nnnl .-^.Mh s. .ii.■ mini lii En •' of fililMilr 'ir'l Ii'.' I'l.IiniiJriu riv. I. t^.'-at lliilaiii. in .-nil .nl- InTini; In tint i-ivit a- a liaM^, wai willnia ^o I.ir to ninilay Ilir inrini r prn|Mi.-.iI an lo ('.nn'iili', an lar 'i-i r-i.t- w.i* coii- r..rn.-i|. t'l liii- I'mi. il M;'t. ,.-, lia- [M.-M'.-.-nin of Tort J'l-ro- v.T>, a iii'i-I \:ilii;ili|.' I.nrhnr iin 111.' ^"nllllTn cim'-i of lli' Kil'-;t's iiih-l ; mill In aninv tin nhi ;ill tli.it trH'-t of inlry r'.nipri-.'.l williin n lii.i' t'l In- ili iwn iVoiii ('.'ip.- ri.ilnn, lil'ina till' sniiitiiTll ^^'l'f'■ III 11'' 1 intN o.h'l. In I'ninI \\ ll- Fnn. at Iil'' nortlnv.'^l.-i'i .Mfi-iinlv ni A.iiiiiijiny iiii.l: limn llntioc tilnii'i 111.' \\i .-t- Ml .-lion n: Itiiil ml. I. iii-r..-. tin' ni- Ir.in.'i- nf llnnil'a iiil.l. m tin' p'.inr nf l:iiiiliiii.. lOrinin^' llin norlhi'ii-h'rn i-xlrcinity of tin- -.ahl inli i; Irnin llicn'... nloni.. 111.' I ii-hrii -linri' nt tiiiil nil' t I.i tti.. .-oiiin. rii i \ti. iiilty of tfh' -niiii'; irnin llii'in-fiiini I In llir mini;, rii p'linl ol lir.iy '.i liarN'T; frin tin n.'i' iil'.iiy tli.' -lion; nf llie Th. ilic to (iip.' ri-itriTV. lis hi'furt' nnndninil. "I'J'iii'j wiTi' fiiillii'r wiilintr In i-tipnliiti' iltal no works tIniilM at iilij liiiii' I.I' irii-iiil ill ill" iiilrain.' of ii|.' riv.'r • ■oliiinliia, or upon Iti.. Iiioik-nf ll"',-:oii' , tliaf ini.;lit hn i-.tl- mlat.'il toiin!i.-ili' or 1 iii.l.r ihr In"' muiijiiUon Iln n'of I y the vcsHt'ls or iKiiits ofiitn'r parly.'*' 77/c Oi-jgnn (-^itcslion. Sknatk an» IIo. ok Hr.vs, Huiinlilo to Iho iiilfiT.stn nml wlslicg of laitli (nir- || the dnimH nf llio Uiiileil Ktntea lo llio terrilnry lies, to tindiTiidd.' lo ninkn fun In the I'nilftI 1 iio.:i' nC the vulhy nt'tlii' Cnlnniliin. Sl.iU's nny imil im' I'ori.s whi.li (he ITiiiiid tsiiiii-.s , .l.\.MI''S i;ii('II.-\NAN. Oiivi niDii'iit iniirhl tli sive, eilln r J, ('. cAi.iior.N. ; u. i'Ai;i;.NiiA.\i. ! On l!ie IQlh Septemher, l^*ll, the fmirtli ennfer. enie was In !d nl the nlliee nf li.e terreMry nf S.nte, wIkii the Miiiiuli I'leiiinnti iilinry pri seiiti d Ills si.iU'ineiil, tiinirlied IJ,) iniuiler In llnit nf the Ainerii'aii I'lenipnli'iitinry, (nuirl.id .'\.) presented ] at liie pieeeiliiii,'eonleieine, .T. C. C.M.IIOUN, ' I i;. i'AJi.f;.NHA.M. At the firth eiiiifeieiue, held nt the iiUiee nf the .Sceretary nf Siaii', nil li.e 'JOih nf .Ve|iti niler, the .■Vlniiii'nn I'll ninnlilliiinv ili'livil'cd li the Dlitish I'lenipnieiuiary ii flan nniii, (inailu'il i',) in le- joiiijer to lii'S eonuier siatenicni, ^niaiki d A.) .1. C. C.M.IIiH iV. I!. r.V'-.K.Ml.V.M. i The nixih cnnlerein'e wns held nii ilie iMlli Sep- 1 lein!.ei', v.luii liie l>i''l:sli I'll iiipnii ntiary stilled: tli'il lie had reail w.t'i dm' atleiiiinn tin sintenient, (iiinrked i!.') presT'iiied liy the .•\iiierie.iii I'leiiipn. tentiary nl the list iinifeienee, hut lliiit it hail lint wenUein'd the impici'sinii previously eiilerlnined liv hiiii Willi leniird In the elaliiis null n'.'hl.s nf (.Treat Ih-ituiii.ns eN|.!aini .1 in tli.' paper l.ili ly pre- Ki'iileil liy him, (iniirUed U.) Thai, ieseiviii',' fur n lliliire ueea'Siuii .siii'.h nl si rvntinns as ho niioht winli lo present, liy way nf explaiiniimis, in ivply In the staieineni Inst I'lresi'iiUd hy the Ann rienii rieiiipineiitiary, lie wa.i lor ilie ini'Siiii iMi|i;;iil In de.'lnre, with Vcl'i reiiec In the eniieUniinj; pinl nf liuu st'ileini.nt, that he did tint feel nnihniiwd In i.'iiter into disenssinii re.speelini,' the territory iinrtli ! nf llic fnrty-ninth imrallel nf latitude, wliiili wns Uiulerslnnil liy the iiriiish (inveriiim nl m fniiii the li;isi'S nf 111 '.-'iliatinii ml llie side nf the rnited .Suue.s, as ihe liiienf ihe (Jnhiinhia funned that nii llie hide nf Cii'ial Iniliin. That the prnpnsal wliieli lie lind presented was nU'ei'id hy (Jrni I!ri- tdiii n.s nn hinioriiliieennipi-iniii.se of the i-laiins ami pi'i ti-i.:<'ons nf hnth pnri'is, and thai il wmild nf eoiii-'Se lie uml. istn-.d iis hn\ino hcin mude Miliji-et to the (-niidiiinii I'l nied ill llie prm il nf the iliird eniiferenee held iielween llie respi-elive I'leii- 1 ipulenUiU'ies in Lniiilnii, in IJeii inlier, l~'.'li.» 1 .1. C. f\l.lll)r.\. i li. i'Aivi;mia.\i. The .si'ventli eniifi reiii-e was held nl the Depiirl- nn-nt nf .Suite, mi the JliUi .Inly, l-^-t.'i, In Iwi-eii the linn. Janie.s jhn'linnaii, Si i-n-lary nf Stale, the ■ .\nii-i-i.-Mi Pli iii|-nle;iliarv, -■nnl llie lliihi lloiinra- hle lU'-hai-d r.ikeiihani.ide Ihili.sh I'h-iiipntenlinry, Hl.enlhi- pi-niliiii;ne-.',iillalioii rei-jif elhiu'ihe Onqon Tirrilnrv «ns i-isiiniid. The .'\nn-ri'.in I'lenipi.- ti iiiiiiry preia iiieil tn iln-llriii.-li riinipnlentiary a sl'ilenieni, (ii.arkid .1 li.; beariio; dale I'.'ih .Inly, 1S4.-), Hindi- In eninnliiiii' e wiili tin' i-er]ih a nf the laiu-r. 1-omaiiii-d ill 111.' stall iiieni, ( markeil l,>.) tliiil . the Ainern-iiii I'lenipnlei tiary would pnpnse nn nrranni-mi lit for nn ei|iiilaiile ndjiisliin-nl nf tin- (pii-.>iinii, and nisn ilellne ihe nature and exn nl nf •Till' inllilitlllll lli'r.' ri ll-rr.'ll In i.. tin- y.ro^.s/enllIililll'll ill Iln- (iillnwiiis: i-\tr:ii'l fmni tlie itxt^rai of t/t(> Ifiinl rovftr- '• n;ri: In-I.l on Iln- iM Dm Ii.-r, I'-Si; "The l;|■ili^ll I'll ni p'.t -nli:iM.-s ■ * " pn)li--*l.il iil'iiiiint till' nlli r of ,-nii,-i.h. Moii so niiiili. Iii-iiiu I Vi-r tiiki'ii in iiiiy wii\ In pn-.nnln-r llie el.iiii.s nl tni'iil llrihan nn-liiil'-il in In r |in:;ici-iil nf If-.'l ; anil il-i I a"! I'liit tin- nlii-r ii.".\ nniili' v.;i- i-.n^o'l' i' il l'\ tin- llrili-ti (.'-.i'. rinnrnt as nnt i-iill.-il Inr hy ;in> iil-t ronipiiri-on of 11..' L'rniili'is ol tlinsi* I'lnini" iiiiit of liir i-oiinh r ,-I:iini of tilt- I nil'-. I .-triti'-. lint rinlii-r a- n sin-iifi.-i' wltn-li iln- llril i-li lo>\(-iiniii-nl iiiiil 1- 111. il In iii.iki-, uilli a xi.U' lo olivi^m- nil 1 1 lis I'f iiioin' iliir. ri-ni-i' in re-pi el to tin- terri- tory -"-I of the Koek.\ inuinitaiiis.'' ' U. I'AKK.MIA.M. (.■\.) AV vsiiis'i.roN, :\tl .sVyi/i m'nr, 1^44. The nndei-i;i^'iii-d, Anierieaii I'li iiiiinKnlinry, de- elii.es the prnis sal nf llie Ih'ili^h Pit iiij'nlentinry, nil till- irroinni tlinl il would lnue ihe i ll'ei-l nf re- su-ii liii:^ ihe pos.sisyinn.s of the I'nileil Stalls III liniils far innie eiri'iiniseriln-d than their elninis ele.u-ty entitle them tn, Il iirnpnses tn limit their niirlhii'ii liniiiidary hy it line ilrnwii frnni the U-ii'hy innuiil.iiiis i.Iihi'l; Ihe 4'.hh iLiralli-l nf liili- inile tn tin- innlhi ast'-niiiinsl hi-ain ii nf iln- f'nhiin- hia rill r, niid llii-in e ilnwn iln iniildli- ui' llial river III the sen — oivinj; In Oreal Ih-ilnin nil the eniinlry iinrtli, niid In the T'nitetl .Stales nil sniitli of llinl liin-, r\i-i-iit n ilet.i. h' '.I n n-liory exli inliiie; nn tlin raeilic mill the .Siniil.i nf l''ni-ii, iVoni liiilfnieirH hiU'hnr In Mnnd's i-aiiiil. Tn v.-hieh il isprnpnsed, in nddilion, In innke free lo ihe I'nili d .States any purl wliieli the Unilid .Slates (Jnveniniiiil mi;;lil di'.sire, t illier nil the nniiii Innd nr on Vuiieoiiver*.s i..lani! s.Hilli nf l.iiilinh- 411°. liy inrniii^' In iln- iniip hereto nniiexed, nnd on whii'h the prnposid Imundnry is niniKvi rv ami ( ino udl liav.' Ir* Hull rf Ihr (l/^;"':nMl, III' lallill will !■!• lie IIIK'lit. anil I Irlp' lilal llllf I'nast; inivrr till'. 1 ihi' niiiHt irr rniivii'- ili"; was il, lain liii'r, ami isnvr liim a I'liarl ami ilr.iri'l|>iliin nf ilir iniailli III' till' riM'i'. i\Orr liin (li'|iai-Uin', V'aiiriMivrr aniviil linn' in (Si |ili nilii-r, wlirii lia was iiilinini il nl' llic, ilim'iiv- iiii'.s 1. 1' ('ii|iiaiii Uriiy, anil nlilaiin il iViim tlnailia i'ii|iii s III' llii' rhni't III' liail li I'l \\ itli liiiii. Ill I'on- Ni'iiinnri' iil' llir inliii'iiiali'.in lliiis iililMiaiil, lir waH iiiiliirril to visit ii^ain tliiit piii't nt' tlio C(>aHt, It vas ilnriii'j!; lliis visit thai In riilrriil llie rivrr on till' 'Jlllli Oi'lolii'i-, and niaili' liis survey. l''rian llnsi' I'arts it is inaiiirisr iliat thi* iilli'ii;rd ilisi'iiM'i'iiH III* iMiari'N and \'aiii'iMi\ii' ninnot in Ilia Nliulilrst driirra shake iIki cliiini id" C'aplaiii (-irav III priority ot' disrovrry. Imlrfil, ho roii- i cliis'ue is ihi' I viilriiri' ill Ilis lavor llml it lias liiiii allriii|iliil III ivaili-' iiiir rlaiin on llic novrl iiml wliiilly iinii'iialili' r^'i'oiinil llial his ili.si'ovi'ry was miiili' not in a naiimial Init privntn vcs.si'l, ; Siii'li, and so ini'oniislalili', is tlir I'vidiiiiT of our I I'laiiii as liiraiiisl lii-ial r.rii.iin — iVoiii priority ol' disi'ovrry as to ihr nioiilh ol'lhr rivir, rrossini; ilM ' liar, I nliriii'^ ii,aiiil suiliii;.; iqi its slri'iuii iiii llic viiya'jc oft 'aplaiii I iray alona; willnnil caltiii'.; iiiio roiisidiriiliiiii Ihr prior dismxiry ot' llir. Spanish navi'^'alor, IliTila, whirh will liu lUori; iiarliriilar- ly ri'lirrrd lo hrrral'mr. Xor is till' I'vidi'tii'ii ot' the priority of our dis- covi-ry of' liii' liiail liraia'hi s of llii' rivrr, anil ils i'X|iloialioii, Il ss I'oiii'lnsivr. lli run llir trraty was ralilird liy wliii'h vc ai'.piirril Ijonisiana, in I'SII.'j, an rxprdiiinn was ))liiniii d (at tlir lirad of wliii'h wi rr |ilai'iil Miriwrllar Lrwis and Wil- liam ''larKr) III I Aplorr ihr rivrr Missouri and ils P''im'ipal hraiii'lu'S In tKrir Nonrrr.s, tiinl ihrn lo Hcrk and traro to ils trrniiiialjiin in thii I'arifir, ' nomr slrrain, " ir/ii'//ir)' llie ('uliimhia, Ihr Ongmi, ' ^tlif rr/uria/ri, tti' tniii otltvy ii'lilrli iiiiii'/i/ij^/ir //if tiiosl . *du-fi'l iiud jtrttcticitlik ivalcr-fniiinitiu'wiituiti ticritss the *i'ii;itintulytiirtltit purjU'Sf r/'c/iiinjicn'c." 'I'lir jiarly lir^'aii to ii.srrnd ihr .Missouri ill .May, ]f*i)4-. and, ill tlir sinniiirr of hsiri, rrarhrd tlir lirad-watirs of llir Coliiniliia rivrr. .Afirr rrnssin^r niaiiy of the slrriuns falliiiir irito il, liny rriu'lnd ihr Koos- kooskrr. III l.ailudr i'.P '.iV — d'sn iidril ihal In ihr priiii-ipal norlhrni l.ram-h, whirh ihry rallrd L."W- la's — folliiwid that lo iis jinii'iion wiili llir iriral iiorlhrrn hrain li, whirh liny rallrd l.'larkr — and tlirnrr drsri'iiilod In lln; raoiiih of ihr rivrr, wlirrr liny liniilid, and i'main|iid on llir norlh sidr, nii Capr Disappoiiiini: 111, and wiiiirnd. 'I'hr inM ,s|iriiiL' ihry rniunii iirril ihrir rrliirii, anil rnniii'iird thrir rxpinralioii up llir rivrr, nolinir ils various liraurhrs, and Irariiij; sonii! of ihr priiiripal; and iinally arrivril at Si. I.oiiis in Srplrnilirr, l.-^'Uli, al'irraii ahsrni'r of two yrars and four iminilis. Ii was ihis iiiijiorlani ixprdilion wiiii'li Irons^Iit to ihr. KiiowIi'iIl'i' of the world lliis yreat rivrr — tlir '.jrontrst liv far on tiir wrslrrn side of this rnii- | tinriii — with il.s niinirrons hraniln s, and llir vast 11 'lions lhrnii;;!i wliii'h it llnws, iilioMj Ihr |ii>;nis to uhii'h (.iiay and Vam-'iiivrr had asriiiilrd. it took ]ilac'r many yrars lirlnrr il was visiii d and cxplorrd liy any 'siihjrrt of Cirrat Hrilain, or of ii'ivoihrr riiilizi'd niilinn, so fir as we am in- fiiinril. li as rlrarly rnlilhs us In llio rlaiiii nf prinriiy nf disrovrry^ as In ils hrad hranrhrs, and tin- rxploralioii of I'lio rivrr am! ri u'ion ihroniih whirh il passrs, as ihr vnyirri s o,'' ('aplain (iriiv and ihr Spanish navi'i-iilor,' lie ma, riilitlnl iis to ' prinriiy in rrfri'oncr lo its moulli,aml the rliliiiiice liiio ils rh.iniii'l. .\nr is oar priority of srlilminit lrs.s rrrlain. ' I'lsiaiilishinrnis W( re fornird hv Anirriraii riiizrns on Ihr Cnlnmliiii a,s early as iSin) and It-KI. In i llir lallrr vear, a rnmiianv was fornird in .\rw i ■^ork, al Ihr Inail of wliirli' was .loliii .Taroh .As- lur. a wrallhv liirrrliaul nf llial rilv, ihr ol.jrri of wlinh was in firm a ri;:ii!ar ria.iii .if rsiiililish- iiirnls on ihr ('ohnidiia rivrr ami the riiiiioiKinH roasis of Ihr I'arilir, for rominerrial |iii,nosi's. Marly in ihr lairiiii;- of ls|l, lin v iiiailr ihri'r first eslaiilislinirni mi ihr smuh sidr of ihr rivrr, a fi \v ■ mill s aliinr L'oinl Uroiirr, win rr ihry wrrr visiird ill .l"ly fnllnwin:; liy Mr. 'I'lioinpsoii, a siirvrynr and aslronoiiirr of Ihr XorihwrsI C'ompanv, and his parly. 'I'lny had hreii srni out liy thai rom- | paiiy In forrslall Ihr Ainrrirun r,iiiii|iany in iirni- pvimr ihr mniiili nf i!ir rivrr, Inn fmind Tin insrlves drf alrll ill ill. ir nlijrrl. 'I'hr Ami riiali ri'iiiiiany formed two other connecled eataldislimeiits liijrlR'r The Oregon (Question. up Mm river: one nt llio cdiidneiirc nf the Okeiic- i;aii with llie niirlli I'ranrli of the (^'ohimhia, nliont six hinidriil iniirs aliove ils nioiilh; and the oilier nil Ihr Spnkaii, a slrriini filling;' iiilo llie norlh lirani-li, sonir lifiy iiiiirs iiliovr, 'I'lirsr poslH passed into ihr poHNCHsinn nf Cireat lirilain dnriiir; Ihr war whirh was drrlaird the 111 XI year; lull il was proviih il liy ihe lirsi arlirlr of ihr Irraiy of (ihi III, whirh leiiniiialrd il, llial. *' all lenitiirifs^ jiliifis,iiinl jwssiss'Kinn vhiih rrr, hikfn hij rillicr piirlij /'iiiiii llic allitr ihiriii!^ Hit vnr, nr • ,i'/iir/i iiiiii; Ik Uil;in iij'kr llie si^iihii; rf Hit Irtiilji, ' i'.irr;i(iii!;'//ir i^hiiiilx lirmillrriiuiiiiimttt, (ill Hit lliiij ' !•/ Iviiihi,) uliiill he nstnttil leillioiil i/r/«i/." I'lidrr Ihis provision, whirh einlirares all thr estahlish- : iiienls of the AiiK'rii'an rompniiy on the (.'nlnin- liia, .'\sloria was fill nially ristoird, nil ihe (Iili of ftrlnl.rr, 1H|(<, liy r^-rnt.s duly allthni i/.i ll on ihr |iarl of Ihe llriiish (Joveniiin nt In rrsiorr llir pn.";- srssion, mid lo an a'.;rnl duly iiuihori/rd on the ' pari of the Govrrnnirut of the t'niled iSialis lo rrreive il — which pliu'ed nnr piis.wrssinn wlirrr it was hrfoie it pas.scd into the hands of Urilish wili- jerlM. .Siiili (ire Ihe fails on whirh we rest our e'ainis to priority itf ilis''overy iiiid priority of rxplora- lioii and SI itlrnu nt, a.i iiL'iiiii.sI (irral nrilain, to the i'e<.:inii diainid liy the Colnniliia river, .'^'o niin h for ihr rlaims we have, ill our own proper ri'xlil, In llial ii";ion. 'I'll till sr wr havr added the rliiims nf F'nincc and Spain. The fnriiierwi' oluainnl liy the livaiy of Louisiana, raliliid in IHII.'J; ami the laior hy Ihe irealy of l'"li.riil.i, ralilied In ISjrt. liy th'e Iniiner, v.r ai'i|iiii'i il all the ri<'.lils wliah l''ranre h,id lo Lniiisiaaa '• In Hie txleill il lire' /iii.s ( ISII.'j) ' ' ill Ihe liiiiiils nf Sjiaiii, ami Ihal it haif vhtn IVaiiee ' iioHsesseil il, aiitl siitli i/.s il sh'uild be iff.'ti'llit Ifeiitieii * .Mi/iir'/iii'ii//i/ eiilend iiiln Inj Sjiiiiit ami ntlite .SVii^v." liy the laller, hi.; Calhnlii' Alajisiy '^ tided In Ih.- I'llittd ii\o ii.s undisputed title west nf the .Mississippi, extei!iliii;j to the sninniit of llir liorky monnlaii's, and siretrhini;' sniilh 111 Iwerii Ihal i'i\i r ami thosr inniintaiii.s to ihr ),ossissiiiiis of .Sjtain, ihr line lieiwei n whirh and nnrs was aflrrwa.nl.i dm iniinrd iy I'-e Irealy of l''loi'ida. Ualso added iiinrli lo ihr'siren^^ih lif our title lo llie rmion lieyoml the Ilorky iiionn- l.iiiis, liy rrsinrinn; In us ihr iiapiuianl link nf roii- linnily wr. .tward lo ihr Peiilir, wliii li had l-ei ii siirrrndrrrd hy thr lir;ily nf 17(i!! — as will lie In rc- ixflrr shown. That ronliunily furuishi s a just fnimlalinn for n rlaiin of trrriiory, in riinni xion wi:li thnsr nf ' ilisi'overy and nrriipalimi, would si nil I'lnpn s- liniialile." It is admitlrd hy nil that neiilii r nf thrill is limited hy the prrrise spnl ilisrovered or orrupied. It is evideiii ihal, in order lo make either availal'tr, il niiisl exn nil at hast siinir liis- laiirr hryoiid ihal ai'Inally ilisroverrd or (irriipiid ; I'lif hnw far. as an a'lslrart ipte-.iinn, is a iiiattrr of uinrrlainly. It is snlijril, in i arli ea.sr, lo Ir inllnriii'ed by a varieiv of ri'iisidrraiions. In llir easr of an island, il has lieeii iisimlly niainlaiiinl in prariirr lo rxlrtid the riaini of disrovrry or orenpanryln ihr wholr. So, likewi.se, in thr 'ease nfa rivrr. il has hei n usual lo rvirnd ihein to ihe enlire i'ei;inii draiiuil hy il ; more esoreially in eases ol a ilisrovery and srillrnient at the inniiih; and eni|ihaiii'ally so, when lu'roinpaiiied hy rx- ploralioii of llir ri^ei'iiml reirion thrmiirh whirh it ilows. Siirh, ii is helirvdl, ma\' lie afllrnird m hr the o|iinioii and prartlrr in sia h rasrsslner ihr ilisenM-ry nf ihis rnnliiiriil. How far Ihe rlaini of roniiiniily may (xlrnd in nllirr easrs, is Irss |irrt'ri'ily ih liiird, and rtiii hr sellled only hv ret'- erriii r lo iheriri'innslaiii'is iillrnilinirrarli. AVheii this rnnlineiit was first diseoveied, Sjiaiii riaimrd Ihr whole, in virliir nf the L'rani nf ihe I'ope; Imt a rlaini so exlra\ai.:anl tinil nnreasonaidr was not .aripiirsrrd in liy oihrr ronntrirs, and rould not he Inni; inaiiuained. Dllier nations, es-perially Kii?"- laiid iiiiiI l''raiirr, at an i .'.r!',' jii rind, rnnli strd Itn' rl.iini, Til, y tillril nut vnyatrrs of disrovrry, iinil iiuidc iicttleint'iit.i on the eastern coiisls ol' jSorth Sknate and IIo. op Ukps. Aiueiirn. They elaimrd for their xetileiiirnKi, nsnidly, s|irrifir hniil.s iiloiu,' thr eonsis or hayn on whirh Ihry wrrr fninuil, and, '.'i nrrally, ii re'.rinii of I'orresponiliii!^ width, exleiidiii'.^ nrtoHH thr riiliie I'linlinriil to ihr I'lu'ilie orriin. Snrli ■ \\\l.^ the ehararier nf the limits assiL'lird hy Liia:- l.ilid ill llir rharlrrs whirh slir trraiilrd In her for- mrr rolonii'S, now ihe I'liiteil States, win n tliero were no npi rial reiiHiins I'or Mir^'iinj from il. llowMroiiir shereirarded her'rlaiiii In ihe region I eniiveyed hy the.se rharlers, and eviriidiinr U'CMt- wiiril iiflirr srtilrineiiis, the wrr I'llwim (ler mid l''rinii'e, mIuiIi was Irnninatrd hy Ihr Inatv of I'aris, nii.'t, fnriiishrsa sirikin',' illusinilinn. 'I'll. it ri'i'iil rnntrst, whirh ended sn r"Inrionsly fnr l'!iu.'- land, and rlfrrlril so ^'real and diiralileii rhaii.'-e on Ihis ennliiielil, riiininrurrd in ll rnllllirl lirlwrrll lirr rlainis and llmsr of l''ranre, rrsilin.j on hrr I sidr on this vrry ri^lit of ronlnniily, exlrntliin; ' westward from Inr srlllemi'iils to the rnelfie, ' orraii, and on thr part of l-'runee on llie stinn' rirlii, lint exlnidinT lo the ri'.'inn dr.iined liy the .Misussipin nnd its waiirs, on the i:rniiiiil of si'Itli nienl and evplnralinn. Their rrsiiri'iiie i'''iinis, whirh led In ihr war, lirsI elaslird ml Iho ' Ohio ri\rr, the w.ilrrs nf whirh the enlnnial rhar- ti IS, in their v.rKlrrii exlriisinn, rnvrrril, hut whi.'li l''rani'e had In in niiipir.«liniiiilily ihr llrst lo srttli) ' ami ixplorr. If thr rrlali\i'. 'slrrii'.;ili ef thr..i> ! diirrreiil rlainis iniiy he lestnl hy ihe resiili nf ilmt I rem;irka'.|r mairst, that nl' roiitlniiily Wr.:twiii'd must hr prniioiinri d lo he the sIi'on',''eriif llii' iv.o. I l'"ii'.^laiid has had at leii'-l the nilvaiiliiire of ihe re- i suit, and would seem to hr liirrrlosrd lu'ii'itst ror- ti stilly' the |iriii'ipl( — pariirnlarly as a'Miust lis, ' who rmitrilinlrd so iiiiirh lo thai rrsull, and on ' whom that eonlest, nnd lirr exani|i|e and jnrn n- sinns, from ihe lirsI srtllrmint of our rnnniry, ; li.'ivr roiilrihiited to imiire.ss it so deeply and in- .' delihlv. I'm' ihe Irr.Tty of ITfiD, whirh leriniuati d tliat " memnriihle end evrntfnl sli'in.;;r!r, yii Idrd, as hiiM ■ lireii staled, the r'aims am! all the rhnrtered ri'fhin ' nf the enlnnirs lirynnd ihe .Missi.^sippi. The j seventh ariii'lr rslahlishes that rivrr as llir permn- nriii hnuiidarv helwern ihe j.nssi ssinns i^f Cireat iirii.iin and l-'riinre nn this rmiliiirni. .Sn nnteli lis rrliilrs In liir suhjert is ill the fnllnw iiii; v.orils : " 7*/ii' cniijiiien Intteten the i!f iiiiiiioiifi nf hin Hiihiii- ' ' llir .Mnjeflu ill Unit /'ini if Ihr inirlil {the r.oi/.'iii at ' if.'hiviitii) !hnll hr Jived iniVnivhhl h,i ii linr draitn • ii/rii.? ;/»• iiiiddl- if Ihe lirre Jli^'-is ipii, J'li in ilH ' .'■'iKrcc In Hie river Ihrrrillc andfriiii tlnnre hit a iin nf l-'raii-r. al Ihr linir, lull Ihe rir-lil of dis.oMry: and even that j Kuul-iml li.is .siiirr (Iriiied : while' l''rali"e had op- posed In the Hl'-IiI nf iMi'iland, in In r rasr, that nf disrovrry, explomtinn ,niid s.'ltlrnirnl. It is. ihrir- t'lrr, not at all surprising that h't'iiiirr shonlil rlaiin the roinnrv wrst ol'lhr It nrkv moiinliins. (as may I he iiil'rrrril frmii lier inaps,^ on ihr same prin.'ipir that (j real lirilain had rlaimed and dispossrs.ril hrr of the i'r'i:ions wrsl of the .Alleirliany: or ihat the I'niiril Stall s, as snmi as ihry had arrpiirrd thr ri-his nf I'l'aurr, sh.iiiild assert the siiiiie rluim, ' and talit incabuies ininiedintely after li> explore il, TT 86 API'KNniX TO Tlin CONORF.SSlONAIi GLOBF-. (Dec. „», IJOth Cong Ut Scbs. The Orcifon (^/^ir/i)/!. Skn\tk and IIo. or Ukhr. wilh B view Ui iii-OHpillioii bimI wlllrimiiit. Ilul Dliwv llicii wr linvf iilifni.'lluiMil imr lilli, l.y| mld- iii:; III iiK Miyai:i» of discMV. rv. I'i'iiiin.iiriicy w iili ilial ol' .M.ildniiailii in l.VJH, ami riidlii:: ^^ illi lliai iiiidrr (liillaiai and Vuldi'K III IT'.l'J. V. 1 II i.iiili'n.iKrn liv lar aiilliurily, bIdiii; ill!' iiciilliv.isii 111 iiiafl nl' Nuilli Ann riia. Tli'il llii y ilii<-iniTc'd and I'xidnrid nut iinlv llii' I'lllirr nia*Ni nt'\\liai is now riiUcil tin Diriimi Tt r- ritnry. laii mill l\iillirf innlli, in a I'.irt tun wi II I'nialdisln il 111 ill' rinliiiMriiil 111 this ilav. 'I'll'' viiyiUTiH wliirli tin y |i(d'(iiiiiiil will ai'i'iirdiimly Ik' pHsni'd iiviT .11 i.riNrnl williniil licini.' iniili.-nlarly /•Undid til, wall the oxir|itiiiii nl' llial III' llri-iia. His di.iriivi rv ..r ilii' niiiiilli ul' llir ( '.ilniiiliia rixir lia.-i liicn alii ady rilVmil tii. It was iiiadr mi ilic l.Sili cif Aii^'iisi, ITT.'i — iiiiiny yi'iirs antirinr to tlir vnyiii:i'.< III' Allans and V'aiirniiMr, and was piinr Id Clink's, « ll'i dill lint ri'ili'll tin' nnrlliwrstclll roast iiiiiil \'i'!<. Till' rlaiins it u'avc in i^imiii "I" priiirity ul' dis.'nvi'ry wrrt* transt'iMfi d In us, willi tt!l otliiTs lirliiiiL'ini; In liiT, liy tlu' Irraty "I' Klnr- ida ; w liirli. addiir tn tlic dis'invirii s ul' Cnjitaiii Gi-av, |ila. 'S inii- rii:lit tn tlio ili-^i'nvi'ry nl llit' iiinulli ami ciilraiirr iiiui the iiilot mid rivir Ijcynnd ^ all i'iiiitrii\rrs\'. Il lins 1.1 1 !i iiliji'i'lrd tliai "ivc rlaiiii uiidcr vaiiniis niid iniilliiinif; llilis, wliiili iiuiiiiallv drstiny rai'li iillicr. Sinli nii._'lit indri'd be lln' I'ln'l wliilr liny wore lii'ld liy dilVrrnil |iaitiis; iml siiirc wi' Inur ri^litt'iilly ai'i{iiind Imlli lli'isf nl' Spain and Fiaiiri', and I'liin-ciitraliil tin' wliiilc in nnr hands, tiny iiuiliially hiriid witii tacli mini-, iiinl riniii niic Htriiii^ niul I'lmiiri'icd idiaiii nl' titli- a:;aiiisi ilir ii|i- (Hisiii!; rlaiins iil' all ntliiTH, iiii'Uuiiii^' Cii'iat Uri- Uiiii. In order tn pri'smt inmo fnily and prrt'rily tlii' grounds on wliioli nnr i laiins to ilic ri U'inii in (|iii s- tioii n'SI, it will now lie iii'('(s,sary to liirii Inn 1; to the tiinr wlii'ti Astoria was rt'sion d to us, iinili r lliii pi'ovisiiins of lln ti|.,iiy ol'(ilii nl, and In irarr wlial has sliiiT orrlUTMl hrlwtt'tl lln- Iwo nilin- trius in i-friiTiii'e to tlir territory, and inipiiir vln- tlii-r their nspci.tivf ilainis have lietii alVei'lid liy the Keitleini iilN Hinei. made in the territory liy Ureal Itriiain.or the oeeurreni'es wliieh have siiiee taken I la.'e. The ristiiraiion ol' Astoria took pla.'e, under lln- provisii'iis ol' the treaty ol' Uln nl, mi the tlih day of Oi'toher, 1^|H — the ed'eet ol" whiill was tn put ?.Ir. Prevnst, ihe afieiil mitliorized liy onr Liovi rii- iiieiit to rei-eivc it, in possessimi ol' the i sialilisli- lir'nt, Willi Ihe risrhi at all tiiiiei to lie reinslaied and e(ln^l(lerl■d the party in possi ssimi. as was i \- plieitly ailiiiilii d liy Lmd t asili reie^li in the fusl nei^otiation between the twoCioveniUKiits in rel'er- cncf to the treaty. Tin- worils el" Mr. Itnsh, niir I'lenipoleiiliary mi that reeasion, in his li iter to Mr. Adams, then Seerel.'iry ol" .Sl.iO , nl' ilie Mili of l''eliriiarv, IHl,-^, reportiiiir whin passed I'ltwim him and his lordship, are, *' //in/ i.en/ f'ii.if/f|.|ii;.''/i ' a fiiiilltit in tlir /m.-s/ dinpte (Xttnl eio' ri,:^/i/ /a lit rt- ' tii,-/ii/ii.', mi! Iiihtllif piirlijin />Oisn>i — llie latter Utkiiij; jilttct; biitfuur- lern dayi Hiiliseqiiciitly to ilic foniier. Wo wi'r<' j then, 118 adiiiitlid by Lord CnHtlerui^li, eiilitli d to be I'liiisidered as-ihe party in possessiuii', and the eniiMiition wliieh sii{iiilatiil thai the lerriiory shiiiild be t\tv and npeii, I'or the term of ten years iViini the date of its sii,'iiatiiie, to the vesmls, liii- /.ellN, and silbjeilH nf ihe two eninilries, Wlthiitll ini jiidiee In any elaiiii wliieli eilher parly may have III any part ol' the same, )ire.ser\7, the lliiril artiile nf the eoiueiiiioii of IHIH, prior lo IIS expiration. Itprinid'd for the iiiili finite ex- tension of all the provisioiiM of the third artiele of that eoiivention; and .i!so lliat either parly niiulit lermiiiati' it at any lime it niii;ht think lit, by i;iv- iiiu' one year's ni.tiic. alii r tin omi, ui' Deiuln-r, l.i'.'H. li look, linwiu r, the preeauiimi uf prnvi- dini;: expressly that " ni>thiuf^ t-i'iituiiuit in lliit re/i- : * iriUiitnt «i' in tin- third urtirlr t>t' thr cvnvrniiuti of * Ibr 'Jil//* Orltititr, If*].*^, hrrelnj rtniliinirtl in furre, * shut! lir conatrnrfl Iti ini/an'r m* in (iiii; laiiiiittr nlhrt 'thr cliiinm vhirh i i//ii r e/ //n rea/riii/iiiif iiiir/ici ' nifty hiifr tn ini'j jinrt i;/' thr ronnlrij irtMirnni nl thr * Slanij or Uvrkij /iii-i(ii/i/iii.5." That eiinveiition is now ill foree, and has eontiiiued In be so Hiiiee the expiration of that of jHlf. l!y the iuiiil opiralion of Ihe two, our riirhl to be eunsiileied the iiarty in pos.sessimi, and all ilie elainis we Inid In the terri- tory while in pos.sissimi, are prisirM d in as full vium- as ihey were at the ilalr nf its n sloialiun ill IHIH, witliiiiil III ill',' all'ei'ied or iiii|iaired by the sellleineiils siiiee made by the siibjeels of Ciieat I'ritain. Time, indeed, so f.ir fiuin imjiairin;.; onr elainis, has i;riatly sti'ein;ilieiiid lliem siiiee that period; for, siiiee then, the treaty of I'lorida transferii d lo us :ill ihe rii;lils, i-laiins, and preinisiniis nf ."^p, in to llii' whole territory, ii.s has hi i ti si.iieil. In emi- seijiii iii-e ul ihis, onr elainis In ihe |imiiun dritin- d by the Culiiinbia river — the poiiii nnw the siibji i-l 111' eonsideralimi — have been iiitnli slreni;llieiiei|, by ;.'i,iii:r ii--< ihe liieonieslable ehiiiii to ihe diseo.- iry of the nionlli nf the ri\ir b\ lleeela, Jilii.\e stall d. Pan it is nut in this pariiinlar only that it has I. pi rail ,1 in onr liuor. dur well-foiinded elaiiii ^'runndid mi euniiniiity, has ;.'really sirens;theiied, diiriie: ihe same pi rind, by llie rapid aiUanee of onr p..).iiliiiion towards the territory — its irreai iii- ereiisr, i speeially ill the valley of the Mississippi i — as well as the i,'really inereased faiilily of pass- iii^Mii the |i rritory by iiioie mi-essible iiniies, and the far stronirer and lapidly-swilliiii; tide ufpupii- laliun ihiit has ri iiily emnmenii'd llnwini^ iiiloii. AVln n ilie first eonveiiliiiii was emii'luded, in I8IH, onr wliule popnlalinn did iiol i xi eeil nine inillimis of peuplr. 'i'he porlimi of it iiih.ilnlin!,' the SlHlis in tin :;reiit vaihy of ihe .Mississippi WMs prubabtv under one millimi seven hiiiidied thniisaud — III' whieli I'lil iiiine than two liiindii d lliousand v\ire mi the wt st sideufthe ri\er. Now, mil popii!:iiion mi'V be '.iil' ly istiieiiied at not less llnii inialeen niillions — of \i hii h at leasl ei^di' nnllioiis inhabit the Stalls mid 'I'erriinrii s in ihe valley of the .Mississippi, and of whi.h iijiwards . if one million are in ilw .Sia'es and Territories wi si of tlial river. This puriimi ol" our pupulalimi is iiuw iii.-iiaslnj; fai in. ire rii)iidly than e\er, and uill, ill a shurt time, fill ihe whole tier uf Slates on its western bank. T.I this ijreat nn lease of popnlali.in, es]iti'ui!l\' ill the valley of tlie .Mississippi, may be ailih d ihe iii.ri a.si d faeilily uf ri.a'hinK ihe On ..,1111 Ti rrilmy. ill e..lisei|neni e ol'llie ilisemi ry of the ninarkable liass in the Porky inulinlains al the hi ad of the La Platte. The de|irtssiiiti is so ..'leal. mid the pass S.I sniooih, ihal luaded wai^oiis now travel w illi lae i lily from Missouri III the 1 an ii:abli v\aters iif the Culumbia ri\er. Tin sr juint eaiisi s have h.id ilie eli'i-ei of inriiiiii; the eiirn nl ot'mir pupii la- lion toward.i the territory, and an emti^iatimi i sii- inated at not less than one ihmisaiid diiriiiLr the last, and lifieeii himdied the present year, has lloued into It. The I'lirrint thus eiinnni need will 110 duubt cuiilinuc lo llow with iiicixused vuluinu licreaner. Tliere i-aii thuii he no doiilit nnw llint the operation of the same eaiiseN wliieh iliipelhd onr popnliitioii wistward fnnii the slinriH nf llie Allanlie aeniBs llie Alliu'liany lo the valley of the MisHissippi, will impel llieiii niuvnrd vvii'li iioeii- miilaliiiK: lime aerosN ihe lioeky inuniitaiiiN into llie Milley of the Cohinibiii, and iliiil the whole n- :;ion ilraliied by it is desliiied In he pi upled by lis Siieli are onr elainis to lliat pmiion of tin' li rri- tory, nnil the (;niimds on whiili they list. The lindel'simied bl'lieves lliim In be w ell-iiilllillell,aiilt triisls ilnil llie Ib'iiish Plenipoieiiiiary will see in ihiiii siiriii'ient nasiiins why he shnnlil di eline Urn prmiosal. 'rlie iindei'sii:iied Pleiiipnieiitiarv abstains, for llie pn Mill, fnini presentiii!,' the elainis whieli the I'nitid SialeN niuy have to oilier portions of ilio n riiiiiry. The niiilersiL'tiiil mails himsilfof lliii orenHion to n new to the Ibitish Pleiii|ion'iitiary iisHiiraiieeM of his hi^di eonsideriition. J. ('. CALHOUN K. PakenhaMi Emp, &e., &i\, i&c. SKt'Ti:MnF.n 12, 1844. The iiiidersi.^iieil, liritish Plenipoieiiiiary, has studied with niiieli inlen'st anil iilieniiun the siale- iiieiit (marked \) |in seined by ihe Aiiierii 1111 Pleiii- |ioieiiiiary. Hettin.j; linlli the '::roiiiids on wliieh he ill i-lines ihe proposal oll'en:d by llie Priiish Pleni- poieiiiiary as a eompniinise uf ihe dillieilllies uf lln: Ore^rnn ipii slimi. The nrraiiiri iiient emitemplniiil by the uniiirsal would, in the estinnilion of the Air., rii .11 I'leiiipoteiiiiary, have the ell'eet of n'- slrietini:; ihe possessions of the United StaO's to liinilN liir nime 1 innmarribed than their eliiiin.s elearly entitle them lo. The elainis of the I'nited States In the purlion of territory drained by the Culumbia river me divided into those addn.'eil by the I'nited Slates in their own proper ri^'lil, and thnse wliieh they have de- rived fnnii Fraiiee anil Spain. The foniier, as imainsU ileal Britain, they ijroinid on priority of di.seovery and prioriiy of exploralioii and .seitlemeiii. The elaiiii derived IVmii Kninee ori._'iiiiiles in the treaty of ISO.'I, by wliieii Lmiisiiina was eeiji d to the f'nited .States, with all lis riulils and iippiirie- iKiiiees, as lolly anil in the same nmniier as tin y had been iii-ipiired by the I'reni'h repiibln- ; and the I'laiin derived iVnm .Spain is loniiiled mi ilio treaty eoiiiliided with that Power in the year l^lll, whereby his Catholii- .Miljesiy eeded to the I'niled Stales all his ii:,dils, elainis. and pnlensions, to the lerriloiies lyiie.'easl and north ofaeerlain line ter- minatiii:; nil the Pueilie.iii the forty-seemid deijno ..f iiorlh laiioide. nepariin:,' I'nnn the order in which these tlirei! SI |.aiale elainis an' presenleil by the Ameriean Plenipoieiiiiary, llie lirilisli Plenipoieiiiiary will fust lieu' leave 10 obsi r\e, with reiianl to the elaiiii derived fniiii r'ninee, lliat In has not been able 10 diseover any evidenee lendiier loisialilish the be- lief that Louisiana, as nri:i:iiially pussessed by rratiee, afii rwards traiistiried to Spain, then re- tniiedeil by .Spain lo K.-ailee, and lllliinalely eeded by liie l.iliir Powi'r lu the I'lllled .Stales, exti ruled i.i a weslerly direi'iion bevund the Hm-ky niniiii- laiiis. There is, on liie niher hand, siroin^ reason lo suppose that al the time when Luiiisiana was eeded lo tin- Cniied Siales iis neknow ledii'ed wesi- I rii boundary was the lioeky iienintaiiis. Sie-li appear.- lo have bei ;i tin' opiniuii ol Pnsiileiit .lef- (erson. niili r wln.se auspi.es the aei^nisiiimi of LoiiisMiia w.is ill mphshed. Ill a letter vvriiien by him in Ani;n«t, 1NI3, arc lo be liiinnt the I'ollowiinr words: " The buninbiriis (of Louisiana) wliieh I deini ' mil ailiniuiin: (pii'sliiin are the ln:rli lands tn] ihe ' wesiern sidr of ihe Mississippi, iiielniliiiL' all its ' waters — the .Missouri ut eniirse — and termina- * tile: in the line dr.iwii I'ruiii the norlliwest p.iiiit ' uf the Lake of the Woods to the nearesi soiiree * of ihe .Mississippi, ;.s lately s). tiled between Gnat * Ib-iiain and the ITuiied Stales." in aniiiheraiid nion: formal doeiinienl, dated in July, 1.^117 — tieit is to say, nearly a year after liie return of Lewis and Clarke I'rmii their expedilioii tn the Paeilie, and lil'ieen years after CJray had eti- Iciud llic Culiiiiibia river— la recorded Mr. Jelltr- I 184R.1 APPENDIX TO THE rONORESSinXAT. GLOnE. 97 *^Oth CoNn I ST Srsi. The tlrrjj^on (■^mution. Iiilll'l How tllllf ivllil'll illllli'llill Hliim 8 III' ihc !■ Milli y III' ihr ml Willi niTii- UnllllllllllN init) I ilii' u liiiii' n- u ii|it<'(l l>y IIH iiiii ot' till' (( ri'i- lii y n "I, 'I'liP ]|-ii>iiiiilril,iui(t iiry w ill fif in lulii ilci'liiie liiH V iiliHliiiiL-, I'lir lilll^ wllirll lIlR KirtiiiiiM lit' ilin f tllil llC'CllMilill iiiry immiraiu'ca ALHOUN iF.n 12, 1H44. loli'iiliiiry, li.in ■iilirin the Nliili'- Uiirririin I'lciii- Is on u liicli lir ■ lirilisli I'liiii- illii'iillirK iifilie II r(>iiiriii|ilnl<'il illlMlioll of llll' If I'lli'l-t Ol" 11'- iiiti'il Still's III III tlii'ir rliiiiiis ilic jiorlion of iviT iirr ili\iilril SuiUH ill lliiir 1 lliiy Imvi' ilc- liii.lliiynroiiiiil ' (i|"rX|p|oriilioii iiinli'.x ill ilw WMS I'tlll ll III iiitil apinuH' iiicr as ilii-y lilii'; nun iiitf'il on llic !■ yrnr I8I!I, 1 llll- I'liiinl sioiis, ll) (hi; rliiiii liiii; liir- 11(1 (lisriTC 1 llirsc iliiri! Anii'i'ii'.'in ilriiiiiiry will III ilir cliiini lirrii iiMi' lo llilrsll tlir 1.1- .issrll liy , flirn rr- lil.ilrlvi-i'lloil iNlillllril Hiirky 1111)1111- iroiiu'' riii.S'in iiiisiiiiia W;IH Iciliii'il wrsi- laiiis. tSii'-h ri'siili'iil ,li I'- ir(|uiNilion of iisi. lMi;t, arc vllirll ! di'IPl liiiiils on ihr 'liiililii: all il I III Irnilllia- llllWISI |l.lllll I'lirrsi soiiric i'twi;rii (-tn at 111, (laird ill iir al'irr ilic r ( \|i('ililiiiii iray liail ( ti- ll Air. J elk r- DDtl'ii (iiiininn III' llir ini|iy l''nnirr lo llii' llnilnl iSialiH, wciT llin.d' indiralid liy naliirc — nniiirly, llir lii'ili lands si|iaraiiir,' llir w alris of llii; Mis-4issi|i)ii I'roiii lliosr tiillni; into ilic I'liciHr. Kroin nil' a<'i|iiisiiioii, thru, of I.oniNitiiiH, as it was rt'irivtil rroin l''r:ini'r, il snins rlriir llial tlii' Uiiiti'il Slates ran ilcilni'i' no rliiiin to li'iTitory west of llll' ItiH'liv inoniilaiiis. Dnli'vi'ii it'll wrri' ollicr- wit"'', .Old il' l''raiiiT had i-vin [lossi ssiil or assi rli il a rlaiin lo n iriloiy \ii si of llw Idii'ky inonnlaiiis, lis a|i|n rtaiiiiii'; lo llir tci-ritoi-y of Louisiana, ihiil (.■laiiii, wliiiti'i 'I' it mi^'lit he, was nci-isMarily Iraiis- ftncd In .S;iiiiii wlirn Lonisiaim was ceded lo that power ill ll(i'), anil of eonrse lieeanie snlijeet to the provisions of the trcalv liclweeii Spain and (ireat Ih-ilain of I7'.MI, wliieli ilfeeiiially aliro^ated lite cliiim ol* Spain to exelnsive (loininioii over the nil- oi'i'iipiid parts of the Anierii'iin conlincnl. To the ohservalioiis of the Aiiicriean Plrnipo- leniiary n speiiiii',' the etl'eel of I'oniiiinity in tiir- Iiisliiin: a elaini to teiritorv, tin' uiiilersii;ned has not failed to pay line aitent'ion ; lint hesiiliinits llial what is said on this head niav more proiierly lie eoiisidereil as dinionstraliiie; tfn- ;^'reater (le^rce of interest wliieh the United Stales jmssess liy reason of contii^niiy in a''qnit'iii>; territory in ihiit iliree- tinii, than usalleetin;^', in any way, the (luesiion of HkIi'. The nndersisneil will endeavor to Hhow herrat^er that, in the proposal pnt in on the pari of (ireat Hriniin, the natural expei'ialions of the United Slates, on the ^n-oiiiul of eonti^'iiity, have not lieen disreijardei' Next roiiieH to lie examined the elaim di rived from S|min. It must, indeed, lie neknowhd^ed that, tiy the treaty of IHli), Spain did eoimy to the Uiiileil Slai4's a'! thai she had tiie power to dispose ol' on the northwesi ■■oast of Anieriea, north of the 4M parallel of lalitnile ; liiil she eoiild iioi liy llial traiis- lu'lion iiiinnl or invalii'iie the riirhts wliieh she had, liy a previous transuclio. . acknowlcdi^od to beioiiLT to another i*ower. By the treaty of '-J-lih (Vtii'ier, IT'.ll), Spain ae- knowleil'^'eil in (ileal llrilaiiiiM 'lain ri;;hls with rc- spei't to those pans of thewestei.' coast of Anieri- ea not alreadv ort'iipied. 'I'lics aelinowliil:;nienl had reforciice espociiilly to the territory wlii^h forms the snljeet of the present neL;otiation. If Spain < Id not make eooil lier own rii^lit lo ex 'Insive iloiniiiion over those rei;ioi,s, still less coiilil she eonl'er siieli a ridil on anolher I'owrr: and Iniiee Cli-eat Dritain ar';iii s llial from noihiiii; ileiln, ed from ilie irialy of iMll) enn the Uniteil Slates assert a valid I'laiin lo exelii- Hive (loininioii o\eraiiv part of the (^rc^^on Territo- ry,' , There remain'' to le eoiisidereil the elaim ail- vnnrnl liy the United Stales on the irronnil of piior discovery and prior exploration and settle- ment. In 'hat jiart of the memorandnin of the Ameri- ean I'li iiipoientiarv which .spi aks of the Spanish title, il is slated th'al ihc month of the river, afler- warils called the ("oliimlna river, was first ilis vered liy llie Spanish navistator llecela. The ail- niission of this ad would appear to lie Hlioijether irreeoneihililewilh a elaim to |iriority of discovery from anylliinir accomplished liy ('aptain Gray. To one, anil lo iiiie only, of ihose eomniandcrs, ran he eoncechd the me'i it of lirsi discovery. If ileceta's elaim is acknowleil^'ed, then Captain tiray is no lon^'er the discoverer of the ("'olninliia river, if, on ilie other hand, prel'erci)i'e is sriven to the achieveiiienl of Capiain (irav, then Ilece- ta's discovery cea.-.cs to lie of any value. Hut il is ai'V'iied iliat ihe United .States now represent both lilies — the title of Heeeta and the title of Uray: and, therefore, llnit, under one or the other, il niiiiiers not which, emnn^h can lie shown lo es- talilish a case ot' prior discovery, as ii^ainsl Cireat lirilain. This may lie irne as far as relales t^i the act of first seeins; and first enlerimr tin' month of the Colnmliia river; hnt if the Spanish claim to prior discovery is to prevail, whatever riyhts may llnreon he foiinded are neeessarilv reslricinl liy the hli|iiiliilions of the treaty of I't'.IU, which foi- liid a claim In exelnsive pn»seN^ioll. If the act of I'apliiin tiriiy, in pnKsiiiL' the liar and aciiially eiiieriiiu the river, is in siipi rseile the discovery of the entrance — which is all tliiil is iiltrilinted lo lleeeia, — then, the principle of iirii- unessive or !;rinliiiil discoverv Ikiiii^ iidntiiieil ii^s conveyinix, in pnij-ortton to the exti nl of diseov- ery orexploration, superior ri^'hls, the opeiatioiis " of Vaiieonver in enteriie,', siirveyhnr, and explor- inL'. lo a eonsideralile ilislimce inland, the rivc'r Cohmiliia, would, as a ni cessarv eoiiseipienci , supersede llie discovery of Captain (iray, to say iioihini^ of the net of Inking possession in the name of his soverei'.;!! — which cemnonv was duly performed and aiitheiilieally recoided liy Capiain v'aneonver. This liriiiL's us In an exnmiliaiion of the eon- flictini; elainiM of Cireat lirilain and the Unitnl States on the irronnd of discovery, which may he said lo form the essential point in the disciissinn ; for it has aliove hei n shown that Ihe claim ile- rividfrom France ninst lie eoiisidereil as of litile or no wciuhl, while that derived IVoni .Spain, in as far as relates to exclusive dominion, is neiitrali/.ed liv the slipiilaiion., of the .N'ootka eoiivi'iilion. It will he admiltiil that when the I'nited Stales lieeatne an iiiile|ieiii|eiit iiiiiioii, they po.-'sessed no claim, direct or indirect, in the ( 'olimihia Ter- ritory. Their western hoiindary in those days was 'denned hy llie Irialy of 17'^:t. (ireat Mriiain, on ihe contraiy, had at thai time already directeil her attention to the northwest coa.-l of .\iiierica — as is Miitlicienllv shown l>y the voyatre and discov- eries of Captain Coolc, who, in 1778, visited mid explored a srreal portion of il, from lalilnde 44'' northwards. That (ir(>al lirilain was the first to aeipiire what may he called a lienelicial interest in those re;;ioiis, liv iMinmercial intercoiir.se, will nol, i illier, he de- nied. In proof of this P.ici, we have the voyatfes of several Hritish sulnecis, who visiled the const and adjiicenl islanils previoifly to the dispute with Spain ; and that her commerce, iicinal as well as prospective, in that part ot' the world, was consi- dered a matter of ureal national importance, is shown liy the resolute measures which she took for its protection when Spain manifested a dispo- sitioii to interfere with it. The (liseovi.'i'ii s of .Men res in 17HH. and the eoni- plele snrxey of the co.'iin and its adjacent islands, from ahoiit liiiitiide 411'-' northwards, which was (ll'eiMi'd liy Captain Vancouver in 17!I'J. 17!l.'i. and 17114, would appiar to srive to Cireat lirilain, as ll^ainst the United Stales, as stroiii: a claim, on the '.:ronn(l of discoverv and e> iilor.itiim eote^iwise, as can well he iiiia'^ined, limited onlv l.y what was acconiplished hv CJapiain Ciray at the month of ihe Colninhia, which, as t'ar as discovery is eoiicerned, t'ornis till! Htronir point on the Ameriean side of the i|iiestion. In point of ivcnracy and anthenlieily, it is he- lievi'd thai the perl'ormances of Cook and 'Vnneon- ver stand i>re-eniiiiently sti]>erior to those of any other eoiintrv whose vessi'ls had in those days visiled tile Xorthwest coasl ; while in point of value and imporlaiice. surelv the discovery of a simple liarhor, althovn^h at the month of an important i river, cannot, as triviin.: a claim lo territory, he placed in conipelition with the vast extent of dis- covery and survey acconijilislied liy the Itrilish naviu;atois. I As re;rards exploraiioii inland, eiilire instiee , must he done to the mnnoralile exploit ot' Lew is mid C'larke; Inn those ihsiiiurinsheil iravellers were not Ihe (irsi who iirecieil a pass.e^e across llie Ore- i^on Territory t'roni the Uocky nioimtains to the Pa- eifio. As l!iV hack as 17'.i:t ihai f.ai had lieen ac- ' comphshed hv Ahe keir.'.ie. a Ii''iiisli siil.ject. In the course of this expedition, Maekeir/.ie explored Ihe upper waters of a river, since called l''i-i':er's river, v-hicli. in process ot' time, was traced ui its jiinciion v.'ith the sea, near ihe 41lih de' ice of ialitiide, llins I'lirmine, in poini of exjiloraiion. a j eonnterpoise to the exploration of llial part of the I Colnmliia whicli was first visited hy Lewis and I Clarke. Priority of settlement is the lliiril plea on which the American elaim proper is made to rest. In ISll an estahlishment for the piii'poses of trade was fonuud at the south side of ihc Colum- Srnatk and Ho. nr Kf.pi. Ilin river, near lo ilN iiiontji, hy certain ,\iiii rienil eili/eiiH, This esiMlilinhinenl passed diiriii!; the war iiilo the liaiids of llritish Hiih|eeis: Inn it wiiN I'l'sioi'iil to the ,'\iiierican (lovi riiiin ill in the year IdH, hy III) llliderslalidillL'- helweell llie twoC'iov- erinnenis. Siiiee ilnii it has not, how ever, heeii in reality occupied hy .Vmericans. This in llie ease of iiiiorily of seitlVnii nl. The .Ann riniii I'lenipoieiiliary lays some mren-i on ihe admission iitiiihnied to Lord Casttereauh, then Principal Seen lary of State for l''on iuii .\f- I'.iiis, llial "llie Ameriean (iovi riinn ni had ihe • most ample ri'jht to he reinstateil, iniil to he eon- ' siilered tile parly in possession while tiiiiliinr of ' ihe title." The iiiiilersii;tii'il is not inclined to di.''piile an nsserlion rrsiinix on such respectaldc antnorily. Put he nniKi oliserve, in llie tirsi place, that the resirMilion iniplied hy ihe words "while treaiiiiL,' III' the title," exi'lnde any iiil'eience which mi'.'hl otherwise he ilrawii iVinii the precedin:; words pri jiiilieial lo the title of (ireat riritaiii; ami fitrtlnr, thai when the a.ithority of the .Americaii .Minister is thus .idmilted foran ol si rviilion which is phadeil ai.'ainsi ICiiL'land, il is hiil I'.iir thai on the pari ol'ihe United Stan s I'ledil should he iriveii lo I'.n!,daii(l t'or the antheiilicitv of a despatch iVoiii Lord Ciisllereai'h to the Itrili.sli Minisnr at Wasli- imrlon, v\ liicli was coninnniicated verhallylo the fiovernnient of the Uiiiiid Stales, when the ri sin- ration ot'llie estalilishinenl called .'\storiti, or Foit (-ieort;i , was in eonteinplation, co.itaininir a eom- lih'te ri servaiion of ihe rit;lils of h'tiuland to iho territory at the momli of the Columhia. — (.Slate- mi 111 of the llritish PlenipolentiarieN, Uceemher, IH'JH.) In line, the present slate of the rpieslion between the two Ciovermneiits ii|i]>ears to be this: Cireat Pritaiii possesses and exereises, in eoinmon with ihe I'liili (I .Stales, a ritil'.t of joint occiip.incy in tin- OieL''oii Territory, of vvliieh rielil she can he di- vested, with respi cl to nnv part of tluil territory, only by an <(pntahle partition of ihe whole he- Iween ihe Iwo Powers. It is, I'or ol. villus reasons, esirable thni such a partition slionid lake iilace us soon as possible ; and the dilliciiliy a|i|ieiirs to he in devisiin; a line of deniarcaiion which shall leave to eaeli party that precise portion of the territory best suited lo ils interest and eonveiiienre. 1'lie Pritish Ciovirnmenl entertained the hope thai, h\' the proposal lately Mthmiiied ("or the eon- sideralioii ot the .Americaii Ciovertiineiit, that ob- ject would have been aceiiniplislKil. Accorditii^ to lite arran'/emeitl therein coniitn- plaied. the northern bonnilary of the Uiiilid Siaiis west ot' the Uocky nionnttiins would I'or a consid- erable disianee be earrii d jiloiiir the same parallel of latilude which forms their norihern boundnrv oil the eastern side of those moiniiains — thus imi- tii,',' the pi'i'sent eastern boundary of the I heijoii Territorv with the western bonuiiarv of the riuti.d Stales, iVoin the h>rlv-niiiili (•■aralh 1 dow iiward,-. From ihe point where the 4'.lili deL'rei' of l.ititndp intersects the iiorlheaslern braiieh ot'llie C'.inmbia river, (called, in ihal iiart of its eourse, Alcl.iilli- vray's river.) the imiposed lineof boundary wonlil be aloiiir the middle of thai river liil il joins ihe C^olundda ; then aloiu^ ihe middle of the ( 'oiumhia to the ocean — the iiaviL'nlion of the rivi r n niainii::; per|ietnallv i'nr toiioth parties. In addition, CJreal l!ritaiii oll'ers a separate terri- torv on ll'.e Pacific, po>sessin;r an i xci lleiil harbor, with a I'iniher iniderstandini^ llial luiv porl or ports, whether on Vaneonver's island or on the ennlinent . l> iiiii- lisiUi'f "I' llii' Hiilijrii, lliiil, ill mllnTiii; III ilii' liiif lit' tilt' (iililiiilii«.t>l'\ , l>MI liV l'llll'*lllrl'lll|iN liii'l) riniMiil It IiihI Npjit ol*. ami I'lr u liii'li mIImU^iiii'i' iiiiitlil III III iiiiiili , III nil nr- rriiiL'i'iiii'iiI |iriit'ri«.'v till' i'liliiniliiii rnrr. Hi' miii'inly I'i'LTiIh lliiil llii'ir vii'WN nil tliJK Muliji'i't njiimlil liitlii' In nu iimiiy i-HM''iitial ri NjM'i-i". Il I' 111 liiiM I'nr liiiii in ri'i^iirNl llint, iii' llir Aiilcr- iraii I'll iii|iniontiary ili'i'liiiis tin- iini|i'i.«al iill'rrril lilt till" |>.iil nl't ir"al llrilniii, lir will liavi' llir icmiil- iii'HM to 8iiiin wimt nrraii:ri'iiii''il I"' i^i mi iIh' part 111' llir I'niii'il Siiiti'N, jiri'i'and In jirniiii;*!' I'nr nil f'lliiiiahlr nilpi.- :iiii iii nl' tin' (iin';*linii ; niiil nmiT i-s- Iifi'i.illy lliiii In; will Irivi' tiir jrnnilni.''» In ili tiiin Ihii iiaiiiii mill rxniii nl' tin- rlaiiin wliirli ilic l;'niti'(l Ktairs limy linvo lo ntlii'r ]inriinii.< n|" llii' lirrilnry, In wliii'li alliisinii is inaili' in llii' mii- I'liiiliiii; part nt' hi'* Nt.iiMiiMit; a>i ii i^ nliviniiM that li'i firranu'i-nu'iil ran I'O tuailr \\ it!i rr^in'ri In a |inr- linn nl' tilt' Irrritnry in iliMimlr. wiuir a I'laiiii ia rc»'r»i'(l In niiy |inriinii n|' ilic I'l'iiiaiiali'r. Tin- limlir«iL.'m'il, liriii^li l'lriii|i"iiiiiiary, till- liniinr In n iirw li till' Ann ri'aa I'lr ■ tinrv tin' iinMiraiiii' nl' In.i Ifi'.li ri n.-'ilri-aii It. I'AlvK.MIA.M. IniH li]int(ll- (ii.) nKPAIlTMfAT nr StATK, fri/-*.'iiaif/('ii. ijejilnitiicr *ll, ir4'l. Tln'iniil'rMi'.Nii'il, Aiinrii-an I'li'iiipiilriiiiary.liaH rraii with llltrlllillll tlir ('nlltlt('r-»lall'll1('nt nl* llic Hriti^ll I'll iji|i.iii'iitiarv. Inn w itlimit w i akiiiinir liis cniirnli'iirc in iln valiiliiy nl'ilic tiili- nl'tlir 1 '1111111 Slater In thr ti-rrilni •,■, as ni'I I'tirtli tii Ins siaii'iiii'iil, (niarki'il A.) As tlirri in fi'i I'lnili, il ri sin, in tlir lii'.^t [liai'c, nil priniiiy nl' ilis''n\t'ry« Hiislaiiiril liy llii'ir own prnperi'laiins, anil ilmsi; durivcii ficm Sr.ain tlimuffli tin' tiialy nl' Klnrnla. 'The llll'Icr'ajlKll ll'iis lint llnili'.-stallll llll> rnllll- li'i'-siaii'iilfi.' as (liiiyiiiu' llial tin' Mpainsli niiviiin- Iniit wf'pe till- lirsl In iliscnvcr anil rxplnrii the fiitiri- enast.'. nl' ilic Ori'irnii 'I'lrrlinry ; imr that H"i-i'ta was till' drat wlm disinvi'ii il tlio iiiniitli nf llio r'nlipiiliia rtvi'r: nnr that t'ajitniii liiav was the lirst tn |iass its liiu'f enter its iiimith, anil -ail lip iis simiiii; nnr llitii lln'sp, il' jninily lii'l.l liy ill'* I 'r.iU'il .States, wnnid «;ivt' tin III the piiurily nl' ilisrnvi'n' wliii'li ihey I'laini. On the I'niitriiry, ii wniilil SI 'in tlial llie r.nuntcr-slan iiient, fnnn ihe frmuilil it Uiltes, lldnlils i-llell wnlllll he the ease nil that .iippnsiiinii; i'nr il iisKiinies thai Spain, hy the .Nnntlta Sniiiid eniivnilinii in niiO, (li»este'il liersi It' of all olaini.'i lo the n niiniy I'niiiided iiii ti'e prinr ilis'-nverv niid explnraliniis nf her iia\i- ;!;iln:-s ; and ihal slie fniild, eniisriini-ntiy, tniiisrer imiie tn the I'liited fetalis liv tin- triaiy m' I'lnrid... Iij\iii-; put aside' the claims nf .S;»ain hy (his a.s- p-nmiitinit, the eniiiiter-siaieineiit iii-\l attempts In npiKise llm r'aiins nf the nnileil .Sla'es liy thn.-e I'llllided nil the VnvlU'es fif * 'aplaiil-i T'""!; and Aleares, a ill I In siijh i>ede the dlsenvi rv nf t "a, iM 111 (irav cm the u:i"nniid that N'aiieniiver .ailed I'ariln r lip the (adiiinhia river than lie did, alihmi^'li he I il'e"ieil it hy the aid nf his cli>envciriea null eharls. It will lint he e\|ii oil d nf the nndei'siiiiird thr.t he slinlilil siiinuily niahrlake In repel what he is rniisiraiiied tn rei^ard as 11 mere as^'.nnplinii, 1111- HUNUtiiieil by any reasnn. It is siitii'ieiit, on his pari, In say iliaf, in his npininii, ihern is nnihinu; 111 ihe N' 'i''!\'-; Sniind rnnveiiii'iii, nr in the traiisai-- liniis wltieh led In 1I, nr ill the eireimislain'es ai- teiidiiii.' It, In wurraiit the assumplimi. The enii- velllinll 11 late s wlinllv tn nihi r Mllijeels, and enli- laiiis lint a wnrd in ri-ferenee In the eliim.snl" Spain. II is nn this nssnniplinn lliel the ennnter-st iiemenl rests iiK nhipetinii In liie well-fniiiiileil Amerieaii elaims In piinrily nf di-senvi ry. Wiilnait il, there wmild lint he a plansllile nhieili'in lelt tn lln le. 'i'lie two next c:liuiiiii 011 which the L'liiltd 9uica ri'Kt ihnlr liilr In llii< Irrritnry, i\« irt fiirth in Hintc- II iiieni A, are fniiniled nil their nwii priiprr riirlil, ' anil I'annnl pnysihly lie alii in d hy ihe iinsiimeil elaiiiis nf Ureal llritaiii, ili ri\id finm the Mnnlka ronvenlinii, 'I'll" lirsl nf lliesr is prinriiv nf diseovery niid explnnilinii i>( ilie head-wali'is and iinpir pnrliniis nf the ( 'nlnnihia river, hy l,e» is and Clarke, liy whi'lilhil irreal stream was liisl liviuiiju In the kiinwledi'e nf the wnrld, Willi llie exi'i pliiiii nf II siiiall |inrtinn near tin eaii, iiiehiiliii'^r iis nmi'lli. 'I'IiIb the eniinler slaleiiieiil nilinilH, Inn alli nipia In Hi'l nlVn'rainsi it the prinr ilis' nvi-ry nf .Maikeii/i'e, nf the head-Halers nf h'lasi'r's ri\i'r — i|iiili' 1111 iii- fi rinr sliiniii, wlin It drii'iis the iinrllierii |iin'tinii nf Ihe lerrilnry. It is elear that, wliali ver ri'j;hl ' (Iri'iil llriliiiii tiiay derive frniii liis diHenMrv, il eiiii ill nn de'_-ree all'eei the rii'lil nf the riiiled Slater In the re'.'inii diiiiliiil liy llic (aihimliia, whieli may he eiii|ihotii'ally culled llie river cif llie i lerrilnry. 'I'lie lleM nf lliesp, Inillllleil nn llliiriitt'll pin^ler ri!;hl, is prinriiy nf si'itleineiil. Il is iinl di iiieil In- l!i" eiamler-siaieiin III that we I'm-med llie lirsl seiilemenis in the |'nrlinii nf llie terrilmy ilniined liv the Cnliiiiiliia river; nnrdnes it deny ihal .As- Inria, the tiinsi I'nnsideraMe cif tliein, was n stored, under the tliinl nriieli' nf llie Irealy nf (iliriil, liy a'-eiils nn the pari nf (.'real llvilaiii, duly aiitlmr- ized In Illlike Ihi' n »lnralinn. In all a rein on the part of the I'niled .Siatis, duly n'lllmri/eil to re- eeive il. Nnr lines il deny thai, in viitne tin n'nf, they have ihe rl'riil In he reinslali il, and eniisidi red - the party in jmssessinii while tri-atiii'.'' nf the tiile, as was admilied In- r.nrd ('asllei'ea:;li, in the ne- I'liliaiinn itf ]H\H: imr llial llii nvenlinn nf 1H|S, s'L' led a few day iifler the resMralinn, and thai nf l-",'", wliiili is siill in l'iir"i, lia\i' preserved and perpeiimt'd, until iinw, all the ri'.dils they pos- sessed In the lerrilnry at the lime. iiielniliii'.r llial nf lic'iii'^ reill^•tMll'd mid eniisidered the par.y in pnssess'nn, while ihe cpieslinii of title is clipend- iiM', a.'i is now the i'a-.e. Il is true it aiif mnis tn weaken the etViet nf these iinpliid ndmissiniis: in llie first |i!aeo, hy desiu'iialin/ posiiive treiilv stipii- laiinits as ;ni iindersi indiii!: liel'\feii llie two (inverliniellltl'." Iml a ihall'^'e nf nla-as. nlnv.y ean- iini pnssihiy tr'iiisl'nrm trraiv nhli'^^-iiinns into a mm' iinilerstniidiiiTi niicl, in ih" next plaee, liy sMiiiii; thai we have iint, siiiee the reslnralinii i^( Aslnria. iif'tiially ni-enpied il; Init llint eamini pis- silily all'i''! nnr ri'.'iil tn he reinsiatecl, and tn he eniisiderr-d ill pnssessinn, sei'lired tn lis Iiy llie treity of (ihent, iniolied in tlie art nf resloralinn, and siii-'e preserved hy positive treaty slipnla- tinns. ,\nr eaii the remnrks of iho eniinler-sliite. nient, in refeienee to Lord Caslleii-ir'.h's 111I1111.S- satn, weaken our ri'^hl ot' pnssessinn, seenred l>y the treaiv, and its Inrmal and uneoiniitional n-sto- rtilion liy duly niithori/.ed le.'eiils. It is mi these, (ind not on ihc> cleiiial of the niiiheiiiii'iiy of Lord t'.istlereasli's despaii II, that the rniliil States rest their ri','lil of p""iessinii, whatever verhel eomniii- nienlinii the I!iiii-.li Alinis'ir may have ma le at the time to nnr Se-reiarv of Siale; aad ;' i.> on these ihnt they may «atc'',y rest it, setlii i; asalii alt'i'-ellier the adniis-'inn nf Lord ('asll";" iji. The next eiaims nn whieli niir litle in ihi lerri- l'ir\' res' ara tli"se di ri\i d I'r. iin Spain Ity I l-e 1 rent y fidiii'.' I.nnisiaiia In llie I'nin-d .Sia'es, ill- Indiii'j: liaise she der'M-d iVnm t'creal r.riiaiii l.v the treaty >t\* ITIi.'l. It e^llalllished the Mississippi as *' llie in-i'Voeahle tinimil ir\'" In Iv.i' n the li-rrilnries ol" l''ranee and Ureal iirilain, and Ihei-rliv Ihe lain r snrri'jidi red In l-'i-aie-e all her eiaims on tlii>: eniiii- iient wi si nf that river, iiiehidintr, nf oniirse, all within the eharli'i-ed limits of her then enlmiies, v.hi -Il exiended to the l'a"lfie neean. On lliese, miiteil with those of Krain'o as the possessor of Lniii-'iaiia, we iTst nnr elaim of eontinnily, iis ex- teiidiii'.r to that necaii, wi'hniil an nppnsiiiL:; elanii, I evi'epl Ih'it ni' Sniin, \\ hieli we have sinee ae- i|iiiriil, and eoiisi (|uenlly r'.ninved, hy the lieniy nf l-'lnriila. The exlslenee of these claims the cniillter-stale- nieiii denies nn the iiiilhnrilv nf Mr. .lell'ersini; i lull, as it aiipears in ihe ,iiideisi'_'iii d, wiihnnt ad- ic|nale. irasniis. He lines nnl nndc-siiind .Mr. .lef- I fersrin us dcnvintr that the tliiited ."Stales aei^iilied any ■ 'aim In llie (')ii"_'nii 'I'lrriinrv hy ihe ai-niiisi- liiiii nf !_,niiisiana. eilhei ill his li' lle'r nf iMI!!. re- " ftrrtd tohy llie cnniitcr-stattniuil, and I'luin which il ffivni nn cxiruel. or in llis tlnctinient nf IWI7, In whieli il nlsn roll iM. Il is iiiaiiillsi, IVnin thr cx- imcl itself, llnl the nli|eil nf M i'. .Iill'ersnli was lint In slate the extent of the eliiiiiis ai'iinired uilli Iciitisianii, Inn simply in stain how far lis iinijiieH- tinned linimdarieM extenihili and llicHe he liiiiil'* wisiwarilly hy llie limky niniiiiiains. Il is, In like manner, inanili si, t'rnm the ilni iinii nl as eileil hy the niiniler-siateiiii nt, that his nli|eil was not III ih'iiy lliat our eluinis exinided to the lerrilnryi hill sliiiply tnexpri ss his niiininii nf the iinpnliey< in the iheii siale of oiir relaliniis wiih Spain, of hriie.'in,- tin 111 forwaril. This, so far t'niin ih iiyiie; that we had claims, adiniis lln m hy the elcari st iinplieaiinii. If, iinh 1 d, in eillier ease, his opin- ion had lieeii eipii\ncally exprissed, ihe prnmpl measiirea adnplcd l>y Iniii In 1 xplnre the lerrilnry, Mller the treiily Mas nc ■.niiali d, Init hrl'inc 11 win ralilii d, clearly slinw thai it Was his nniiiinii lint only Ihat w had acipiiinl claims to il, lint hnjlily , imiinrliint claims, \\ liicli ih sirMil prninni alientinii. In addiiinn In iliis ih aiiil of nnr claims to llin lirrilorv on the aiillmrily nf .\lr. .Ii trcisnn, vvliicll tile e^ illellee relii d nil t\nvri lint sei ill In silslain, llie. cnnnler-stnlenicnt innm.ile-' an n!'(cclinii In cnn- limiily as the I'niinihnimi of 11 ri^rlit, nn the ^rniind that II may iiinri' pi-nperU- he eniisidcreil (In iisn his own wnrds) as demniiMr.niint the greater de-yrec nl' innrcst whieli the rnilicl Sl-ilis pns- si ased liy reasnn ttf eniiti',niiiy in actjiiiriin:: lerri- lnry ill a weslv.ani ilireclinii. ( 'niili'.'inly may, indeed, he re<.:arcleii MS niie nf the c Icmenis const 1- iiiliii'r the riu'lit of coniinnily — which is more coni- preho.isive — and is necessarily assm-iali d with iho riu'hl nf ni'citp.incy, as has hern siiiiwn in stalc- ineiil A. Il also (ilinws that the laws which iisai'i) lia.M esl.ilihslied in the apniieatinii nf the ri'4'lit In this eniltilli III, u'ive In llie Kiirnpeaii seiilemenis nil its eastern cnaslsiin iiidi f iiiie exlcnsinii wcsiwaiil. Il is iinw Inn kill' I'nr Ureal Ih'iidiii In deny a ri;.'ht on whi'li she has aeled so Inmr, iiiid liy which sini Iris prnliii d sn iiiiich; or In reheard il as a mere fa- cility, not alfci'liii'; in any way ihe c|iii slinii nf rii^lit. "11 whai oilier ri'-l'it has she exiended her claims wcslwanlly tn the I'acil'ic nceaii I'rniii her selile'iieni.-i iiriiimd Hiid iin's liny- nr expelled l''i-uice finiii Ihe east side nf the Mississippi, ill llie win' which icrimnaied 111 I7li.'l.' As to Ihe a-isiiiii|iiinn nf the eouiiler-Hlateinenl, that Lonisi.in \ while in the possession nf Sp.iiii, hecaine .snhjc. 1 10 ihe .Nnnika .Sniind cimveniinn — which it is allc'n'd a'nn'_',i|ed all ihe claim. 1 nf Spain to tli" leriit-irv, iiicliidiie; thnse iic'|uired with Lniii-iana — il will be time c iioiii;li tocnnsalr.r il, iil'ler il shall he ailennaed in he slinwii ill. it Mich, in reality, w.is the ell'ecl. In ihe mean lime, tliii I'lliled Slates milsl ennliime 10 believe Ihal liley iiccpiired I'miii I'r.iiire, by llie treaty nf Lmiisiaiia, imnnrlant and siilisiaiitial 'l.niiis in the Ii niinry. The iiiidersii^iied .'innint a.wiii In the ennchisinii In which, nil a revie\y nf llie wlinle i,'rniiiiil, iliii coiintei'-slalenic nt arrives, iliai the pre seal si.'ie of the cpiesiinii is, that (.ire.ii Ih-iiaui |inssi sscs anil I XI rci.ses, in nimmnii Willi the rmled .Sams, 11 riu'lil nf jniiit c npaiicy in the Orc^-nii 'I'erritnry, ' of which' she can be divesled only by an eipiilablu parliiimi nf the wlmle between the Iwn r.iwers. He claims, and he thinks he has slinwii 11 clcr lille nil the pin-l nf the Uliilcd Sta'es to the wlinle. ii'^'ion diMiiieil by till' (.'nlnmbi.i, willi the riL;lit nf lieiii'^ reinstated, and eniisidered the piii-iy in pns- .se.ssinn, \yhili' tiT,ilin'_' nf the lille — ill wlii'li eliar- acter he niiisi insist mi th, ir beiii'.' cniisiih red, in cnnfnrniiiy w iih pnsiti\e irraiy siipiilalii'iis. lln : eamint, ih'eiel'nre.cnnsciil ihi.tihi y shall be rcu'anl- ed, diiiin!,' the iic;;-iiiiaiini1, merely as ncinpaiiis in I cnnimnii wiih (inat llriiain. Xnr can ha, while, thus rei'ardiii.'r liieir rit'liis, presi-m a enimiei-pni- pnsal, based nn llie silppnsilimi nf jnillt nccn]iaii. y 1 meri-ly.nnlil tlii' ciiiesiinii of lille In the lenitnry is fiilly ilis.'iissid. Il is, 111 his npininii, nnly iil'ler siicli a discnssinii, which shall fully present the ' lilies nf llie |iarlies respeciively In Ihe lerrilnry. iliat their chiiiiis Init can be fairly and .satislacmrily ad- ' jusieil. The United Sinlps desire nnly wlial ihey inay deem ihrm.selves jiisily eniiiled tn ; and ain iiii\Villiir_' In i.'ike less. Vv'illi llieir pre.seiii npininii nf llieir title, ihe Hritish Pleiiipnientlary must sen that the prnpnsal which lie made at ihe second eniil'ereiice. and wliicli he more filly sets fniili in his emiiii' i--slalcmeni, falls far short of vvlint they ■ believe themselves justly eiitided to. # irt-ir,.] Al'l'KiNDIX TO THK CON(JURSSIOIVAI< (;i,()HE, 90 2!Itm Cono IsT Hunt. 'Vhv Orffriin (^iiinilon. IT-HlMlinOMll, .1' ^il.llll, iMVciiiinn — SI! arijiiiri-il liMiMi.~"(lri- I lli.d Mi'li, II llulr, |!|M ll.Mt tliry ' l.niiisiariii, If iiilni-y. 'Il''lilslfiil lUlhl, lhr_ SCIIl SU'll* 111' SSI ssis lutil ll Minus, II 11 'I'l ri-iiory, ill) ('i|iiiiiilik> tW-l I'llWI IN. iw II II rlr.'i' I lili' uli Illi' rll;lll Hi' IV III pilM- wh'i h I'liiii'- si.lni'il. ill III. .lis. 111! ill lir ri-:i.i!- iil]..lllls ill ,11 l|.\ Wl.ili', iiiiU'i-|ir.i- I u.-cii]i:iiii V li-nitnrv in iialy iiViiM- niM-'liI lliif rril.ii-v. lii.-il iii'lnnly iiil- ■ wliiil tliry (II ; iiikI iii'f! 'I'tll ii|iiliio;l V iiiiisi s.'.' 'ill.' yr.-.ill.l Mcls I'.irili ill I'wlial iliiy III iT|ily 111 llir ni|ii.yl 111' ihr llrliiuli I'liiiiipii- tiiilinry. iliiil iIk' iiuilnKr^iii'il xliniiiil ilirmi. ilir I iHiri' mill I'Miiil III' ilir riiiiniM wlii. ll lln' Unilril I'^iiiiiH liiiMi 111 ilii' iiiiii r |iiiiiiiiii'i iifilii. iirniiiry, mill (ll wliirli iiIIiinIiiii in iiiihIi' in llir rum liiilii'i.; |iiil'l 111' K'lili'iiii'lit A, ilii I'.iH lliii liiiiiiii' to iiir.iriii liiiii, ill K'l iK'ral liiiili'i lliut liny iii'ii diTiviil frmii i''|iiiiy liy ill'' I I'll ill" Irriiiy. mill iiri' I'miiili il lui I lie ills 'ii\i'ri(.i mill i'\|iliir.iiiiiiis of lirr niu i.jiil.in* ; mill wliirli ilii'y iiiiisi 11 ..'mil ii.i civim; ilii'inn lis'lil to llir •'Mi'iil 111 \\ lili'li llii'V I'liii 111' ('HiiililiHiii ll, nil- ll'MH 11 lll'ttl'l' I'llM lie llllllllXI'll, J. ('. c.NLiim'.v. 'I'lli' Ili'ijll lli'll. II, l'AKl;NltAM,lVl'. .)/;■. Pi iHl,"!. Sill : I iliil nut I'lil III riiiiiiiiiiiiii'iiii to lii'i' iMii- j.si'-'s (J.ivrniiii' 111 nil iliiil liMil luiss.il liriwri'ii iih Villi I'rI'i I'l'liri' 111 llii' liili'sliuil III llir Orrljiill lioilli- lIlll'V, ll|l 111 till' I'llil III lllsl Sr{l|i'lllln r, IM lll'lilill'll 111 till' wi'iiti'ii Mlaii'iiii'iilH inln'i'liiiii','i(l liy iim, iiiiil ill llii' |ii'iiliiriil» nt iiiir I'liiili'ii IH'i'''. 'riiiisi' piipi'M I'i'iiiiiiii iiiiilir till riiiisiilri'iilion 111' lii'i- Aliiji'sly's ( i'ovii'iiiiiiiil ; imil I liiivr ri'iisiiii lo I'clicvr lliat, 111 no ilisliiil |ii'riiiil, I iiliii'.l It |im in |iiiMsrHsioii 111' till' \ii'\\'s ut' lirr .\lnjrsty*M <.»iiv- •'riniii'iit nil ill" m'm nil imiiilH wliirli liri'.inii' ninsl |iniiiiiiii'iit ill llii ii'si' 111' till' ilisc'iisiiiiin. IIlll rllllNi^l^|■i!l..,^ nil lln* iilii' ll.liiil, till' illl]ia- til.'111'i' wliirli is iiLillil'i siril ill till' I'liili'il iSlnll'S Cor ri si'lllriiirnl of llii.s i|iii'siioii, mill, nn llin iillirr, till liiiTili 111' tiinr wliirli wimlil |iviil iilily liti Htill rri|niiiil In rll'i'i'l n s iliyliirtiil'y iiiliii.slnii lit iil' il I'l'iwrrii tliii tw.i (lovn'miii'iitH, it liiiH ii.'riii-i'i-il In Inr M.iji'HIy's Onvi'i'iiinrnl tlial, iimli r siii'li rir- I'liiilsiani'rM, nn ni.irr I'.iir or Imiiiii-.ilili' lu.iili. nl' iii'llliiiU' lliii (|ii('sliiin cniild I.I' ii(lii[ili'il than tlial nl' iirKili'a 111)11. 1'lii.s iimpwiitinn I am ai'TOrilin'^'ly 'inllwiri/iil In fill'i'l' I'm' tllP cnlisiili'i'lilinn nl' lIu' (inviTliini ill nf till' Uiiili'il Siai' s; mill, iinilir ||||. s'i|)iinsilinn tliat il may 111' rmiiiil iii'i r|ilalili', I'lii'llii'i' In suL'.'^rst that tli.'i'iiiisi'iit nl'linth |ini'ti<.'.< In sii.'li ii rniirsi' nt' lirni'pnliiii,' hciiii; I'crnvili'il liy iin iiitii\'liaiii.'e nl' iinli's, ihc I'hni'i' nf all arliiii'r, luiil tlin nnuh' in whi.'li Ihiir ns|.iilivi' rn.-,s shall \iali a lo llir irrrilory imrlli of the viilli y of tlir Coliimliia ; iinii w ill lln n pi'o|i.i.sr, on llir pari of llie I'lrsi.li lit, ihr irriiis upon wliirli, in hi ■■ opinion, iIiIk long-pi ndiii',' ronlroni'.sy may lie jumly iiini eipiiiahly leniiiii.ilril lii'lwvi'ii the pailiis. Till' lltlr of llir I'liiled Sialni to thai portion nf ihe (lri':;iin Trrrilory hrtwrni ihr valhy of ihe (_'n- liiinhia and llir lln.ssiaii liiir, in .'14'-' tli' nnrlli lali- liidr, in ri'i'iirdid in llir l.'l.a'iila Irraiy. Uiiihr llii.H Irriily, iliilid on llie ij'id l.'rhrimry, IMIII, .Spain ri'iled tn llir T.Inilnl Slalr.< all lirr " ri.,'lil.s, I'laiiiiH, and pi'i'li niiniiH" In aiiv Irrrtioiir.'i wr.st nf (lie Iloi'lioi.!k,i Sonnil ronvcii- linii helwrrii (li'ral I'riiain and Spain, .siijnrd nl Ihr l';si'nriii| on llir '.Nih of Ortnlirr, UllO. Ureal Iti'il.iin ennirndH thai, iiiulrr lliin I'onvrnlioii, llir liile of Spain was limiird in a nier iininon ri'jlit nl jnint nrnipaliry wilh hrrsrlf, nvir tlir wllnlr lerritnry. Tii einnloy the laiiirna.;e of the llritish I'lenipoienliary: " If S.iaiii eonid mil malte .'.'iiod 'her own ri'rht of i xrlnsive doniinion ovrr tliosr ' rr",'iniiM, siill less ronKI she I'oiifrr sMi'li a ri;;li' on Minnilier I'nwer; and lirni'r I ii'rat Ih'iiain ai'irnis ' that from nolhiinjdedni'ed I'l.iin tlir treaty nf l.'Slll * ran the rmird Slates assert a valid elaiin I') evelii- ' sivedoiiii 'on uvrr any pan nl' iln'Orr^nn 'I'rrri- ' Inry. ' I Iriirr it is ihal Cirrat liritaiii, rrsiiii;- hrr piririiiiniis (\n the Xniiilia .■^niiiid ei'iivrniinn, has iie.e.ssarily limited her elaiin In a mere ri'^'hl of joint oeriipanry ovrr the whole territory, in roni- iiioii wilh the iMiiti'd .States, as the snrressor nf .Spnin, Iraviiej; the ri^'lit of exriusive dnmininn ill aheyaure. It is, thru, nf the first iniporlanee that we slinuld nscertain ihe true eonsinniinn and nieaiiiiii^ of ilie Nnolka ScDind eoiiveniion. If it .shnnlil appear that this treaty wn.s Irnnsionl in ils very iiainrr; that it eonfriTrd upnii Qreal lirilain nn ri-rht InU that of merely tradintr wilh Ihe Indians wllil^t the lainmry should rein.iin nn- selttrd, and inakini; the neeessary esuililiriliinents for this purpose i lliat it did tint interfere wilh the nliiiiiale sovereiu'iily nf .Spain nver tile territory; and, ahnve all, tli.il it w.is aniiiilleil l.y the uar la- Iwrrn Spain mul Ureal Hrilain in IT'.lli, and has never .siiire lieen renewed liy the parties, — then the. I!ritisli rlaini In any portion of this Icrritory will prove' lo he iiesiii\iie of I'nind.iiioii. It is inineres, ary lo detail the eiiTitinslanees out of whirli this emtveniion arose, ll is siilKeient m aay that .lolin .Meares, a liriiisli snhierl .-.ailinu; nndrr the l'ortii;;nesi' (lair, lamle.l at Nnolka .Soniid, in l~t*-^, and iiiaile a lemiiorary eslalilisliinent there t'or ihr piirpo.se nf luiildiinr n vessel ; and that the Simniards, in IT.'^ll, teok possession of this eslahlishinent under the nrlirs nf Ihr Virrrny of Me\ien, who rlaiinrd for ."-^piiii llir eM'liisi'c Movcrei;,'iily nf ihe whnlr trrrilory nn Ihe iior.h- west enasl nf Ameriea tip In the lUissiaii line. IMeares appealed to the I'nilish Unvernnient for redress air.iiiist S|iain, and the daii..xer nf war be- tween Ihi' iwn ii.iiions lieeanie iinniinent. Thi.~' was lirevenlid by the rone,hi.sion of the Xoolkn Sninid e.invenli"ii. Thai e.niveiition provides, by its first and .-eeonil arlirlrs, for the restoration of llie lands and bnildiiiyn, nf wliieli the Bubjccla nf Great Uri- Si..v,vrf'. AM) III), OK Hkph. I'liii liait hreii ilispoesi'sHed by the Spiini.irils, iiiiil I the piiynii 111 nf nil liiilenniity for llie inpu'ies siin- , laiiiiil. This iiidrmiiily w.is paid l.y Sp.iiil i but no Milli.'li nl I vidi'iirr has hreii iidiliii'eil, thai riilirr , .Nnolka .Soniiil, or linv ollii'r spot upon llir loasi, i MiiH ever mil. ally Mirrendered by ihal I'mvrr to Urriit lirilain. All wr know with eeitainty, is, lliat .Spain roiiliniird in possession of .Noolliii Sound iiniil I7!l.'i, v\ lim shr voliini.irily iil'inidon- id ihr phier. Sinee thai period, no inii iiiiil has lieeii 111. llir (iinlesii very I'l inly ) by ( ileal litilani, or her snl'jii K, to oeiiipy i illier iliis, or any i !hi r |iiirt of V'.iiH'iiiiMr'H isl.nid. It in lliiiii ni.'niil'rst, lliat siir (lid not f.irnirrly nl iirli iiiiieh i.iioiii'iaiirn I to till' rM'i'eisr of the li.'hls, whiilever liny iiiiiy liavelii.e|i,wlii.'hNlii'lii'diieipiireil iniilerllieiSiinlkii .Sound i'iiii\eiilion. The only oilier poriion of this eonvi'iillon, ini- poi'tanl for the presein ilis.'iissiini, will be I'niind in the third and the llfili annli s, They are a-i I'ol h'US! "..Vrl. ;i. In iniler In slielli;llleli llie hnnils i ' nf friendship, mni in pi'eser\e in future n perl'iiet j ' liiirmnny mill r-nnil nnih rslaiiJiii:; helv.'erii tho P ' two roinrariiier parlies, it is ai;ried that their re- ! ' s|ieriivi' siiliji els shall iinl 111' ilisiiirlii'd nr innlrsi- ' ell, eiilirr ill iiavi'.vilii|._' nr larrviir.' on ilieir fislie- ^ 'ricsiii the I'a.'ilii'. nreiiii, nr in llie Sunlit sr ., I ' or in l.nidint; on the I'n.ists nf thnsr sens, in '.aicen ' ' nnl iilri'iiily neeilpied, fnr the |inrpn,se .i earrv- ' iiM? nn lliiir eiiinmerre wilh Ihe iiiuvrHnf the ' 1 oiiiiiry, or nf inakiii'.; selllrnienis llirrr j ihii 'whnlr snlijrei, iirverihili ss, lo the leslrielion.s ' speeilied in llie three fiiUnwiii!; arlii'les," TIni I iniiterial one id' wliieli is : ".\rl, 5. As well ill the ' plans wliii'h .ire to be reslnred tn llii. Urilish i ' siil.jeeis, liy virtue nf tlir iirsi arlirlr, as in all ' nllirr purls of llir ii.M'lhwrstrrn roasls of North 'Aineriia, nr of thr isliinils ailjai'iiil, siiiialr lo ■ l!ie north of Ihii ii.n'ts nf Ihe said eo, i already 'oeenpieil by Spiin, wherever tin; ibjeets ol' ' either of the two Powers s!i;ill have iiiaile sellle- ' inrnls siiii'o llie inonili of April, IIK.I, nr Hhall ' lirrr.ifier iirike any, the snliieets nf the niher ' slmll have free tieerss, and hIiiiII i irry on thrir I ' trade witliniil any distnrhiilice nr mn. -sLilinn." It may be nbserved as a strikiie.,' fiirl, wliieli ninif have an inipoii.nii braj'iier a'.;aiiisi the rlaini of Ui'ral lirilain, thai ihis i-onvenii.in, wliieli was ilii'l.iled by her tn Spain, enniains nn provisimi iiiipairin;; the iiltiniate siivereiijnty wliieh lliiit Power had asserted, for nearly thi'cn centuries, over the v.'hnle wesirrn side nf .\orlh Ameriea, as f.ir nnrlii as ihr .•ii.-;ty-!h'st deirree of liuilnde, and , wliieh had never been uerinnsly ipirsiinnnl by any ! U^iiropran nation. Tlii.s ri^hi had lircti maiiilaini a i' by .Spain wilh the most viu:i!aiil jealousy, ever sinee the dise..ivery of the Am. ri.'an enntinenl, and had been a.'ipnesced in by ail l-'.nropeaii ;;ov. I ermnenls. It had been ailmiiird even In yoiiil ilio I I iiiindr 111' .'iio .10' norih, by llnssia, tin n'tli" onjy ■ I'owrr haviiej; rlaiins wliieh eonUl eonie !.i n lliHinn 5 with Spain ; and lhal, loo, under a .soverei.jn |ie- li eiili irly leiiaeii.i.s of the lerrilorial ri^'hls nf hir empire. This will appear from ih.- letter of ( 'mint de Kernan .Xiine/., the Spanish Ambassador at I'.iris, t.) AI. de Abmlmirin, ihe Seerelary nf the ForeiLrn Deparlnieiit of Kraiiee, dated I'aris, ,Tiiiin Kiih, IT'.K). Kroiii this letter, it seems that e.om- plaiiiis had been m.iilo by .Spain to the eonrt of lliissia. aL';aiiisi liiissi.in snlijei'ls, for violatin.'C ihn .Spanish terriiory on the northwest eoast of Ame- riea, aonth of the .sixly-first deL;ree of north lati- mde; in rons-.ipten.'e of wlii h, that eonrt, wilh- onl delay, assured llie Kiiii; of Spain " that il was ' e.vtrcmely sorry that ihe. repealed orders issued ' In prevent ihe snlijee.s of llnssi.i frniii vinlalin;:, ' in the smallest de'jrce, llie territory belnn'..'in:; In ' aiinlher Pnwrr, Nhnnld have hern ilisobeye.l." This ennveiiiinn nf 17i)(l reenp;nize.s no rii^lil in Ureal Urilain, eillnr |iresenl or pvnsperiive, tn plant pri.'inain nt colonies nn the nnrlliwesl eoiLst nf Ameriea, or to exerri.se sinh cxelnsive Jnris- dielimi nver am; pnriian nf il as is ts.senlial lo snverei.,'nty. Ureal I'i'ilain obtained frnni Spain all she then de.sired — a mere eie.r.riemrnl thai her siibjeets slionld "not he disturbed or molested" "in hniiliieron iheeoastsof lluise seas i" ,.'caees not ' already oeeiipied, for the pnrj ■ ■ . earryiim; on ' their eoniinei wilh Ihe nalive: of the eonntry, ' or of inakini.' selilriiienls there." AVliat Kind nf " settlements. ■" This is not .sperified ; but surely their elianicler nnd duration m-e limiu;d by llic ub- # m i\ it no APPEXDIX TO THE COAGRESSIONAL GLOBE, [Dec. , i # ^ •^iiTH (^'oNO 1st SkSS. The Oregon (^mstlon. Senate and Ho. of Reps. \iH-i wliii'li ihc ( (iiilnuiiiii; piniicN liiul in view. I I'lii y iini^i \u\\r Ihtm .-uih (Hilvii.-* were iicrfssni-y and iiropi'i- •'I'm' ihi |iiir|'iis( nl' r.in-yin^' nn Cdiii- mei-iT Willi ilic ii;iini« 111' ilii' I'tiiinny." 'SVrn' these Ktllli'mi'ii:s iiUiiiiliil id expand inio i-dln- iiii'S, 111 ("Xpd llif ii:ilivi's. Id iliMirivi' fSpaiii of liiT sDViMTi'.'ii ii;;lii.<, iiiiil 111 I'lMiHr ilic ( ^criiisivi' j'lns- ilirliciii Dvcr ilir wliulr liiTimry mi (.inal liiil liiir Siirrly. S|iiiin ih'mt (lr.sij;ii("il any siuli nsiills : niul it' Uii'iU Hriiain has Dliiaiiictl ilu-sc nuu'rs- sidiis liy llio .NdiiiKh Sniiiiil I'nnvcnlinn, il li;is iu-t li l'\' ilii* iiiDsi cMraiirilinary ('Diistnirliiin t\(r i inipDM'it U|ii'ii liumaii laiiLniajr*'. iSul ihis fonvrii- liDii also siiiiiila't's thai to ilirse i4ciMrin<'i s uhiili nui;lii I"' nwnif bv ihi' diic j'ariy. *' 'lif siihjti-is d1" * the iiihfi- shall iia\c tVcf itri'iss,anil shall fari\' nn ' thrir Irailc wilh"iii any disiiiriianci' iir mtilcsla.- ' licin." Whal iradi': I'lalaiiily ihal •• willi lln- natives tif ilie I'lminrv," as |ireserilMd in liie iliirii nriiile : anil liiis. tVnin the wiv nature nl' ihini;s. eouid eiininaie niily wiiiisi ilie eimnlry shoulil re- niiiin in llie pdssession nt' ihe Indians. Oil no other I'linsiniilion ean ihis eniiYenliiin escape froin !l»e niisiifihties nllrilailed In il by IJrilish staies- mi'ii, vvlieii under (lis. Missiiin l.( Inrf ilu' llimseDf Conunims. •• In e\ery }ilai'e in whieh we miijiit * settle, (said Mr, — al'ierwards Karl — Lirey,) ae- * eess was lel'i t'or the Spaiiiunls. NV'here we ' mi::hl fiiriM a seiilenieni nn inn' liill. lltey niii;hl ' eit-et a liirt on another : and a inerehani ninst rnn 'all the risks of a disemiry, and all the expenses ' id' an esialilisliment, t'nr a pi perly whieh was * liable to he the snbjee: id' eDiilinnal dispnie, and ' eould never be placed npon a pernian*i;l I'unlini:.*' Must ciriaiiiiv this ireatv was. in iis verv na- ture, tinipiirarv : and the fludils id' Ureal liriiain under it \\« re never inieiidcd to "be placed npim a pernianciii I'nniinir. " It was id eiidnie nn Knii^er than Ihe existence iif tlmse pt ■itliar canses wlitch ejilled il inin beinij. Such a trealv, cii-ittiie^ Hrii- ish and Sp'iiisli seltlenn-nts inn r':}inL'leil with eaoii iilher, and dulled nver lln wlmh surface nl' Ihe lerrUory, wherevcM- a I'rilisli or Spanish iner- : haul eiinlii lind a Hiint Tavnralile for trade with the Indians, never i-diiIiI have been intended Inr ;i per- manent nrnni^renient between civili/.ed imiintis, Hnl \vhaie\er niav iie the true cinistruciiDn id" the \Doih'a Snimd cinncniiun, it has, in the DpiniDU id' the undersit^ncd, Inni: since ceased In exist. Tho ceneral rule nrnatiiinal law is, thai war ter- minates all subsisiinu: treat cs belwcen the bellii:i r- eni powers. Greiil Hritain lias inainlained this rule 111 lis ntinii.-i extein. l.nrd llailnn.-l. in iie- i:olialing with Mr. Adams in lt*l."), siys, •• that ' tireal liritain knows of no exceptioi; to the rule ' that idl treaties are put an end to b\ a siibsetpient 'war between ihe se.iiie parties.'' I'eihaps tlie only exceptiiin to this rule — it" Mich it may be .stylid — is that nf a in'aty re oirnisin:,' 1 1 riain so\- erei^ru riirhls «« bilouirniir in a nation, w huh Imd previiaisly existed independently of ai y treaty en- ^.'a'Xenieni. 'I'hese riirhts, which llii^ ireaiydid not create, but mireli- acknowled:red, c.nniiii be di- siroval ''V war .leiwrtn the parin s. Such was the i.clvnovh, anient "f the I'aci by (inal llriiain, under the detinilive treaty of I7.0, that the rniteil States were "free, siivei-ciu'n, and indenendeni."' It will s. .ircelv be col, 'ended ihai lln- rs'noliia Sound coiivenlion beloiiL^s In this chi^s of treaties. Il is dilHcnli to iiiijiirinc aiiv case in w hich a trejiiy eoiiiaininsr iniiiual eniraiT' ments. still renminimr iniexci iinil.wiiidd not be abrou'aied by war. 'I'lie Nootka Sound convention is sirietlv of tins char- iieier. 'I'hcdcclaraiion of war, iherefov:', bv Spain .leain.st Orenl llribiiii, in Ociolier. IT'.lli, annulled its provisions, cnu iVced the parlies from its oblisnlioii.". 'i'liis w hole treaty consisted of nni- tnil cxp.esa en^tiLremi nis to be performed by the eonlractinif parlies. Its most important article (llie third) ill referincr to thr pre.i nl dinctission, doeB not iMii L'lani. in Urinative icrnis, the riuht to the coiitriicimcr partiea .o trade with the Indians, and to niak.' seiiiemeiiis. Il mei-ely eniraires, in neirntiie terms, thnl the Kiiiijecis of llii' eontraciini; niiriies "sliiill not be disturbed nr molested ' ni the ex rcise of these Irciity prl\ ih'L'es. Snri Iv tills is not snch an eierairenient as will continne to exist in despite nl' war between ih<" parlies. |i is t^one forever, unless it Ims been revived in exiiress terms by the treaty of' iieace, or sotue other ireatv bet'Aeen lie )in.-lii ..■. .Silih is tin principle of pub- lic law, mid Iht pruciice of civilized iiatioiw. Han the Nootka Sound eoiivention been thuM \\ re\i\fd.- This depends entirely upon the true! construclion of the. additional articles to the trrtity of .M.idrid, which were sii.;neil on the ;2Mh of .Vne'iist, 1H14, anil eontiini the only a^'reenienl between the parlies since the war of i71Mi, for the ^ reue"ai of cnirai^eineiits exisiinc- previously to the latter dale. The first of the ailditional articles to ihis treaty provides as follows : " It is a'.:rei d that, ' peiidiiii: 'lie iif irotialinn of a new Ireatv id'com- ■ iiierce, (<,'eal lirit-'in diall be ailnulleif to trade • with i^pain upon the same conditions as those • wliicli existed pri vioiisly to HUli : all the treaties • of eomnici'ce whii h at that period .siilisisied lu- ' tw c II ilie two nations beiiii; hereby ratified and ' conlirmed." The first observation to he made upon this arti- cle is, that it is ctnilincd in ii rnis to the iradi' with Spain, tiitd tines not embrace her colonies or n - mote territories. Thi'se had always been closed ac;ainst fnrii'j'n Powers. Spain had ne\cr con- ceded the privilcsre of tradni!; with her colonies to any nation, except in the siiiiile instance of the .As'ienio, which was abro;raied in 1 7411; nor did iinv of the trcaliis of eomnierce which wire in f'or'ce between iiie two imlions previously to I7!).'). make such a concession to Cireiit llritain. That this i.s the true eonstrnction of the first additional article of the treaty of Madrid, a|ipears conclu- sively 'Vom another part of the iiisirnmeiii. ( Ireai liritain, by an irnsislible inlereiice, admiit.d that ^lie had U'-qitirid no riirht under il to trade with ihe colonies or remote territories of Spain w hen she obtained a siipiilallon in the same treaty, that, " in the event of the commerce "f the .'Spanish ' .Vniericnii pos^essioiis heiii:,' opened to f.irei_'ii ' u. It ions, his I 'in III. lie Maj.siy promises i hat (ireat • Uriiain shall be aduillieii to trade with those pos- • sessions as the most flivored nation*" lint even if the first adiliiional article rl' the treaiy of IS14 were not thus expressly limited to tlie revival of the trade of (ileal liritaill with the knieilom of Spain in Mnrope, wiihoul leferin.f to anv other poriion of her dinninions, the Nooika Sound eonvi-ntion can never be ' mbraced iiiider the ilenomination of a trealv of eonituerce bciw.eii the two Powers. Il contains no provision what- ever to i;raiit or to re;:nlale ti*ade lietwi en British and Spanish subjects. Its essential pan. so far as concerns the pre.sent (incsiion, relales not to any trade or conmierce In'iweeii the snbjecis of the respective Powers. It merely prohibits the -ab- jecis of either from distnrbiiiL^ or inolcstiiii; those .d'llie oiher ill tradintr w ith third parut s — the na- tivi-s of the counirv. 'I'ln " L'"ranl of niakin.; sr-t- ilemcnts,'' whether understood in it.s broadest or most restricted sense, relales to territorial acipiisi- lion, and not to trade or eomnierce in any im.iL'in- able form. The .N'ooika S.iinid convei'iion. then, cannot, in anv sens.', he consiilerid . Ire.ity of' connneree ; and was not, theref'ore, revivi d by tile trealv of .Mailrid of lf<14. When the war com- menceil between (ireat liritain and Spain in 179(1, several treaties siitisisicd between them, which were, biiih in title and in siibsi.iuce. In aiies of eomnierce. These, and I'lese alone, were revived by the tri-atv of 1K14. That the I'ritish (Tovernmc.ii itsell'lind no idea, in I.">IH,iliai tlie .Nootka Sonud .■oi.vcniion was then III fon'c, may be Ihiriv inferred t'rom iheir silence upon ilic siibjei't diiriiez iht^ whole ne.j-o- tiali.iii of'that year on the (ireiioii (piesiion. This .'oiiM'iition wic, not fince relirri'd to by the Ilritish I'lenipotcniiarieM. They llmi ri sli'd their ilaims upon other Ibi.Mdatams. Surely that whi.'h is now th.'ir iiiain rei.auci' would not liave esraned the observaiion of* such statesmen had ihey llien supposed it was in existence. Ill vii'W of all these coiiKiderations, the iiniler- siirned re.*ipei'if'iiilv suliniits that if (in-iii liritain has valid claims to any porii.in of the OreL"'in Ter- ritorv, lliev must rest upon a better f'oundtiiion ihan ihat ot'lhe .Nootka Sdu'kI coiivenlion. It is I'.ir front the iiileniion of the tintlei'si;^ned to rcpi'ju he ar:fuinent ii\' wlii-'h his predecessor ( Mr. Catiio I) has d.'iiionsirali'l the American title '• to ■ the entire n L'ioii draineil by the (.'.nunibift river 'anil its biiuichei." He lets shown llial to the rnitid Slates hr'loni^s the discovery ol'tli Colutn- bia river, ami lhat Captain (iravwas the (i.si civilized man who ...,r 'oieied its mouth, mid .mailed up us chuiinel, biiptizinij the river iiatll' with the name of' hi.-; vessel : that MesHrn. Lewis and Clarke, niitlcr a I'ommission iVom their Gov- iinminl, liisl exj lored the w:iii is of ihis river almost from its head spriii;;s to the Pacific, p.issiny; the wiiiler of ISD.'i ami IHllli on ils northern shine, near the ocean ; i! ihe fir.st sett lenient upon this river was matle l.-, ;i ciiizen of the United Si.ite.s at .-Vstoria; and that the Ilritish (iovininnnl so- li iiuily reco._'nizeil our ri;;lii to the possession of ihis setilemcnt, which had been captured dnrini; the war. I;\' snrn'nderini: it up to the Piiited States on the liili day of Ocioher, iNlf', in obedien.'e to the treaty of (ilieni. If the discovery of the mouth of, I river, f'ollovved up within a rcasonahle time by the first exploraiion, both of ils nciiii .1 nil and its branches, and appropri;ited by the lirsl selll - iiienis on its banks, do not eonslitnle a title to the icrrili rv drained by ils waters In the nation per- Ibrmiiiu lliiwe acts, then the priiicipli s conseerated bv the pracii.'c of civilized .laiions ever siii.c the. discovery of the iSew ^N'oii.l iniist have lost their f.irce. Tliesi' principles were in eessary lo pre- serve the iieace of the world. Ilinl they not been enfon'ed ni practice, I'lashiii:; claims to newlv- dis.-overed territory and perpetual sirii'.' amonjj:; the nati.ins w >iild have been the inevitable resnii. The title of ihe t'nited Slates lo Ilie cnlin' reljion drained liy the Columbia river and its bran, lies w;is perfe.'l and nnplete bei'ore the date of* the liealies of ioiiii occupation of (Iciober, Isis, anil .-Vtimisi, Is07; and under the express provision oi" these treaties, this title, whilst they cniliue, can never be inipaind by any act of the I'niiish Gov- ernment. In the sti .1^' laii'^nie.'e of Ihe Iriatyof l"-'7, " noiliiii'.' .oulained in this eoiivention, or ill ' the ihini article ofihe eonveiitinn of l^l^', hen by ' continued in I'or.'e, shall be c.insirned to impair, ■ or 111 any manner airct, the claims w hich either ' of the coiiiraclinir parlies niay have to anv part ' of the counirv westward of the Stony or ["loeky ' m.aiiilains." Il;id not the convention eonuviiieil this phuii pnnisioii, which has piev. nied ihe re- speciive panics fr.nu lookiii;^ with jealousy on tlie occupation of porlions of the lerrilory by the citi- zens and snlijccis of each other, its cliii i' object — which was to pr. 'serve |ieaceand pnvent collisions in those distal'. n-L;ioiis — would Imve been eiiiirely det'eali'd. Il i-i. then, manilisi ilnii neither tliu ;;raiii of this lerrilory I'm' a term of yciu's, ni:nie. by (ire; I Uriiain lo the I Indsoii Ihiy < 'omp;uiv ill December, I.-<'.'I.uor Ihe ixii iision of this L'raiii ill IKls. nor the s.itlinieiits, ii-adiii'.' posts, anil forts, whii'li have been .'siablishid by ihal coiii';;i.iy un- der it, can, in the .'Ji:'hiesi di".:-ree, slreiii,ahen tins Uriiisli or impair the Ameri.'aii title to ,iny portion of till' Ore:;oii Terrilory. 'I'lie Urilish claim is nei- ther better nor vorse llnui il wn.' on llie ■JiMh Oc- lob.-r, HH, the date of ill. first ronvenii.ci. The title of till' rnitid Sntis to the v;illey of the Coliniibia is older than the Kloriila tniity of I'\'b- rnary, 1^11), under wiiicli the rnitid Pilules ac- ipiired all the riiihts of Sp;tiii t.i ihe northwest coast of Ane-'-e .. and exists iiidependeiilly of its pro- visions. !''.vcn snp)'osiiiir, then, ilnii the Urilish c.iiistre.ction of the .Nootka Sinnu ■■onveiitioii was correct, it could no aiiply to this lorlion of the lerrilory in disp.ite. .'V convention between (ireat liritain and Spain. ori;iiiaiiiiL' f'loni a ilispme eon- .'eniiiiLT a petty ir;iditi.,' esiablishm. nl at '. '"itka ■Sound, could noi abridc:e lie ri'.i!iis of other na- tions, lioth ill public and private law, an airrer- meri between tv.o p;iriies can never bind a lliird wiiiioiit his c.nisenf, exprt ss or implied. Tin exiraiirdinary pniposiiion w ill s. an', ly be aLjain urireil, that our acuni'-itioii of lit ri'^l-.s of ■■^paiii under the I'l.iriila treaty can, in a y in. inner, weaken or inipaii r pn-i xislini; iliie. It may often become expedii nl (iir nations, us il is for in- dividuals, lo iiurdiase an ontstandiiej; title men'ly fir the sak • of peace: and it has iievei hcrctofon' been jinai;ineil that ihe acipiisiilon of .su.'h n new title rendend Ihe old one less valid, ruder t'^s principle, a party liavinu iwo liihs would be con. liniil lo Ills worsi, and wiinid f.irfeit his best. Our ,. ' piisiiio I of the ri','hls of Spion. tin n, under the I'lorida Ireiitv, whilst il cannot allci tiie prmr li'lo oi'il;.' rniteil States to the valley of the Coliunbia, has p'tidereil it more cli ar anil uni|nesiioiiable be- f'ore the world. We have a perfecl riu'lit lo claim iuiil''r both these titles; anil the Spanish title aloii. , evi n if it were nee. ssiirj 'o conllne ourselves to it, . would, in the ujiiniun of llic Prcbidenl, be good 1815.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 31 M afh-H Cong Ist Sess. US nc;iiiiist Oi-i'nt jirilaiii, iint ineri>ly t'> lln" vnllry j! (>!' tlio CulmnljiM, Ipiit tlie whcile ton-ilory nf On- |i cmi. ;' Our invn Amrricmi title, to tlin oxtciit of the lalivy iif llic CMiliimliiii, irsiiti"; ns il dcics on ilis- riivcry, rx|>lonilioii, and iiosscssion — ;i jiossiKsion 111 kihiwIiMkri'd liy ii most .solmiii aitt of l\u: Britisli (iiiviiiii.ii'iil ilHc'll'— isasnilirii'iil iiN^aimiice au'iiinsl ' nil iiiMoKiiid; whilst oor so|.i'nuldcd lilli; derived i iVoni Spain extends our ixe.liisive rii^lilB over tlie ^ whole territory in disimie as a.^ainst Great Bri- tain. Sni'h lieinj the opinion of the President in re- gard to the title of the Uniti'd Stales, he wonld not have eonsenied lo yi<'ld any portion of the On L;nn 'I'errilory, had he not found himself einharrnssed, | if not (■[imuiilied, l>y the acts of his predeeessiirs. They had iihiloinily pnieeechd upon the principle of eompromisi' in all iheir iie^joliations. Indei d, the lirsi qtiesliiu; presented lo him, afli'r enter' upon the duiii'S of his olfice, was, whether i. j| should ..hrnptly tiiuuimle tiie neiroiiation whieh liad !>een etmimrneed and coudueled helween Air. Calhoun and .Mr. I'akeiihnni on the (.rineiple iivoived in the first )M-oto-ol, not of eoniendinK for the whole territory in ilisputi, lint of trealina: of the respee.live cl.ums ot" tiie parlies, ''with the ' view to I'stahlish a pirnianeni iioundary lielween ' the two countries westward of the Itockv moun- ' tains." In view of these facts, the President has deter- mined to pursue the jiresent iie'j;otiation to its eoii- ehision upon the principle of coinpnimise in which it eonnneni'ed, i\iu\ to make one more elforl to ad- just tins lonn-pendiiii: ( onlroversy. In this deiei- ininalinn he trusts lliat the Uriiish Clovermnent will recognise his sincere and anxious desire to <'ul!i- vate till' most friendly rel.itions hctv.een the two eounliies, anil to manifest to the world that lie is acliiati'd hy a spirit ot' moderation, i'e has, tlien'- fon.', insirnc.ted the undirsi^'iieil usaii '.i |in'|iose ' toi|ie(iiiverninenl of Gn'at Ihitain that I'le Oreu:on Territory sliall be divided lielween the two conn- tries by the foriy-nintli parallel of norlh laiitude from the Rocky inouniains lo th»' Pacilic ocean; oll'erintt, at 'lie .s.ime time, to make free to tireat IJrilaiii any port or ports on Vancouver's island, siHilh of this ])arallel, V hiidi llie Hrilish Govern- ment may desire. He irusts tliai Cheat Ihiiain may receive this i..oposiiion in the tViendly spirit hy 'which it v. as dictated, and that il may jimve the sialile fotindation of lastiie.' peace and harinony li"l H'cen the two countries. The line proposeil will carry oul the principle ot' eontinii.iy eipially for hen parties, liy ext' ailimr the limits holh oi' an- eieiii Louisiana and Canada to the Pacilic, alon^; the same |iarallel of laiiiude w Inch divides them e.i.si of ilie Ilocky inonniainci; md it will sei'uriMo each a siitlicit'in numher of eemmodious harliors on ihe northwest coast of Ar.erica. Tlie .nidersii^ned avails ' Imsidf of this occasion to r law to .Mr. Pakenliam the iis.sunuice of his t disiiniiuished ccmsideralion. .lAMES BUCHANAN. The Ri^'ht Hon. II. Paklxham, &c, (II. P.) '\V*5iitxi;Tox, ./ii/ii if), 1^4."). Notwithstandinir 'he prolix discussion wlrch the siiiijeci has alr":ty under' one, the inidersii;ned, tier IJri'annic .\li.|estv's Kn\oy Kxtraovdinary and Miiiisier Pleiii'ioIe'Uiary, iVels ohliired to place on record a lew aiservation-' in reply lo the sialianrnl (marked .1. 1!.) which he had il:e honor lo nceive, on ihe jliih of tins neniili, fnnn llie hands of the Secretary of Stale of the I'niied Slates, terminaliii!; with a pniposition on the part of the I'niied Slates lor the scltleiiieiu of the On"i'on (piestiiin. In this luper It is. .il.lhat " lit.- title of the ' I'mted Stales to itiat portion ol'ihe Ch'eijon Terri- * lory helween the \ alley of the Colniiiliia anil the ' liitssian line, in ,''>4'^4ii' norili hoiiuile, is rerorueil ' in the Klorida Irea'v. ruder this ireiiiy, il",ni on ' ;J'il I'Mmiary, |S|!), Spain ceded to the I'niied ' Stales all her vi:;lils, claims, .mil pn'iensions to ' any territories v. est ot* the liocky niounlaiiis, and ' iio'rih of thet-Jd parallel of laiitiii'ie." " \Vi' eoii- ' tend, (.says the Secretary of State,) thai at the date ' of this emivention, Spain had a :;oo(l tiile. as ' ai^ainst Greai Ih'iiaiii.fo the wholeOrcLronTi rrilo- ' ry; and, if litis bu ciilaUiiihed, the iiueatiuii in then . The Oregon (Question. Senate and Ho. of !Iei's. ' decided in favor of the United Stales," the coii- veniion helween Grea. I'ritain and Spain, siiriied al Ihe I'lsciirial, on the UHth of October, 17UU, iioi- wilhslandiinj. "If," says the American Plenipotentiary, "it; * should appear that this treaty was transient in its ; ' very naliin'; that it conferred upon Gnat Britain ' no 'riijht lint that of merely trailiiii; with the In- * dians, whilst liie conntry should remain unsei- ' tied, and making llie necessary esUiblislinieiils ' for this purpose; that it did not inlerfere with the ' ultimaie sovereifriily of Spain over the Territory: ' and, above all, thai it was annulled by the war •helween Spain and (Jieat Uriiaiii, in ITlMi, and ' has never since been renewed by the parties, then ' the British claim to any portion of the Territory ; ' will pnive to be destiiule if foundation." : The inalersiirned will endeavor to show, not ' only thai « hen Spain concluded with Oie rnilcil Staies the treatv of l.-i|l), eommonlv called the l''loriila Iri'aly, the eonveniion coiicluiled between the firmer Power and Great Britain, in IT'.K), was considered by the parties to it to be slill in force; but even tliat, if no snc|i treaty had ever existed. Great Britain would stand, with reference to a : claim to the Orc'i'on Ti rritory . in a position at lea.st as favorable as ihe Cniied States. The treaty of IT'.X) is not appealed to by the British Governmenl, as t!ie .'Vmerican Plenipoten- tiary seems to suppose, as their "main reliance" in the jiresent discussion; ii is appealed to to .show that, by the treaty nf IMl'.l, by which "Spain ceiled to the iJiiited Slates all her rights, * claims, and pretensions lo any territories west of ' the Uockv mountains, and north of the 4'Jil ]>;u':il- ' ' lei of latitude," the United Slates acipiind no ri'.'ht lo exclusive dominion ovei any part of the Oreu'on Territor)'. The tn'aty of 171)0 eniln\aeed, in fact, a variety of objects. It jiartook, in some of its stipulations, of the nature of a commercial convetitioii ; in oilier respects, it must be considered as an ackno\^ Inli;- metit of existiii*; riirliis— an admission of ceri.iin principles of international law, not lo be revoked at the pleasure -if either party, or to he set aside by a cessation of friendlv relations between them. Viewed in the tinnier li^'ht. its sii|uilaiio,is niialit have hern considered as cancelled in coiiNrrjuence of the war which subsef|uenlly took place between the eontractiiii^ parties, were it not that, bv the treaty eonelnili'd at .Madrid, on the O.Mli Auirust, |H14, it was dei-lanal that all the treaties of com- merce wliich subsisted belwe-'U the two itatimis (Great llrilain and .Spain) in 17!)!) were thereby ratilieil and cinifirmed. Ill the ]:i|t,>r poinl of view, the restoration ol' n stale of peace was, ot' itsell', sutlicient to restore the admissions contained in the eonveniion of 17!)() to their full oi'i!.^inal liu'ce and \ i^'^or. There are. htsiui's, very jiosiiive reasons for \ concludiii'^ thai .Sjiain d... iioi consider the sti|iu- ' lations of the Xooika conventioii to have been re- \'oked bv the war of ]7!)lt, so as to reipiire, in or- der to be binding on her, thai they should have been e.^pressly re\iveil or renewed on the restm-a- liou of peace lii'iween the two coiiniries. Had Sp'iin eoiisidenil thai eonveniion to have been ammlled by the w,ir; in other words, had she considend lierM'It' restored to her former position and pret.'uslons with respect lo the exeluslv" dominion over the unoceupieil [larts of tin- .Noiih Amerieiin continent, il is not to be iniaL'ineil thai she would have passively submitted lo .-*<■ the eon- teiidii L' claims of Gn' it Britain and Ihe United Sial.-s lo a poi-iion of that territory the subicci of ncirotialion and I'onnal iliplomaiic Iransacuoiis be- tween those iwo iiMtions. It is, on liie c'liilrary, from her silence wiili re- spei'i to the contii.O"d occupaiion, by the Brilish, , of their selileinenis ii the Cohunbia territory, .sub- siiiuently to the eonveniion of I.SI4, nnilwhen, as yei, there had been no transfer of her ii:;his, claims, or prele.islons, to '■■ United !t ; Assuredly in some allempted acts of dis- covery, I'Xploralion. or seltlem* i.l. Al iliat 'ime Russia stood in precisely the same posilion with reference to the exclusive riijhls of Spain as ihe United States ; and any aeis iiiconira- venlion of those riichls, whelhi r enianatin» from Russia or from the Uiiiled Stales, v. oiild necessiu'i- ly be Jiidsiil by one and lie- same rule. How, till ,1, can it be pnieniled that acts which, in ihe case of Russia, \vf\f considen'd as criminal violation of the Spanish Territory, .-should, in thn case of eiti/.ens ..t' the United Stales, be appealed lo as -"oustiiniiii/ ,■ valid title (o the terriiitry af- fected by them; and ycl fnun ihis i.aa nsistency the Amerieaii Plenipotentiary cnnnol escape, if he persists in considerinir the American tide lo have been pert'eeied by discovery, exploration, and si t- llemeni, when as yel Spain had made no transfer of her riu'his, if, to use his own wonl'i, " that title * is older ihan ihe Uloriila treaty, and exists inde- •pendeutly ol' iis provisions." A onlliiu' to the doctrine of exclusice dominion, the exolor;'tion of Lewis and I'larlte. .uid the es- tablislm.ciil founded at lliemoiiih of the Cihunhin, mils; be coiitieioMcd asencroacinnei'is on ihe terri- torial riu'lits of .Spain. Aeeorilinirioihe opposite principle ' y which dis- emery, expiualion, and seiiicineiit. are considered MS niviiuj a ' 1 claim lo iirciiory, iliose very iicis an' refern d m the course of the same piu'-'r a.s eonstiuitin; a ooinplete title ill favor of the Uniied States. Ilc^iidps, hnw shall we reconrile this hiL,'h cslima- lion iif the tenitorid ri'.^hts of Spain, considered indopeiidciitly of the Zsuoika Sound convention. n'2 APPEXDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GT.OHE. [Dpc. fit t ♦■ H II 29th CoNfi 1st Sess. The Oregon (Question. Senate and Ho. of Reps. wW. llic I'linrsc olisrrved tiy llii' I'liiled Slali's in their (lt))lnn)nlir trtiiisactioiis A\iih Crr^.x Britiiin, iircviiinsly m the I'oiK'lusioii of tin' Klnvida In-Mly • The I'liiiiM ;i(lviiiiiTil fiir llin rrKiitiilioii iil' I'liri 1 it (»i';je,tuul{rllif-rirs( jirtii It'of iltr treMty"l't.ilioiit ; ttio arnincrinoiit coin'luii.'ill'or tin' jni!!t cn'cn}Kiti"ii t»!' llio Ort'irmi Tcri'ilory I'V (.irc.il lirimiii ami ihc Uiiid'd Stiiirs; and,n!">vc all, ll'r proprwal iii'limHy iiiadr (Ht the ]>art oi" ilie I'liilei! Sia'os torn pnrtitiit'i (if till' Ori'!,'(m Tcrriinrv ; nil wliirli transacliniiK toiilv phicc in the y.ir 1^'H. whrii, lis yd, .S|iaiii liad niado no transirror ^'(*s^it>Il iit" luTri^lil.s, — ap- pear In he as little veediicilnble willi any regard tor those rights while Mtill visKd in Spain, as the rlii;a fi-'Huied on e"l lo the Florida lre;iiy as eonveyinj; lo 1 the TTrntcd titiiles anv e\.dasi\ riirhls, is to altaeh ;! a eliaraeter ot eni'i'oaehntenl ami of vini;!titin ofth.* riirliis of Spain to every net to uhieli ihe United iStales app' altd in the nej:otiation of ]S1H, as^iviii:; llieni a elaiin to territory tui the iiorllnvest eoast. Tiiese eonelusions iippcar lo the undersigned to be irrt-sistahle. ' ■ :' The United Stales ean ftititui no elaim on dis- , e.pvcrv, exploration, and settlenient, elfeeted jjre- viously lo the Florida treaty, vvitlnait admitting tiie prineiples of the Xofttka convention, a'ld the ^ eonseqnent vslidily of the parallel elaims of Urent i| IJrita'ii (inualed on like net-j ; nor ean they appeal , l> any exclusive riiriit as acoiiired l«v tlu' Floritlri ■ to'aty. without tiusetlin;: all ciainis addnceil in their : own proper riain, liy n'iison of Jiscoviay, exnlora- tioii,andseitli'nieiil,antcee(l'nttotliiit anaau'i in"iit. The undersi(^ned tnts' .u he has now shown tlau the convention of I7!H1, (liii" Nootka Sonnd convenlion,) has continued in fiiH and conijilele tiiive up to the prrseiit moment — V>y reason, in llie first place, of the eomniorcial i'harnctcr of sonie of iis ]>rfivisions, as such ex- iircssly renewed hy the eonveniion of Au'^iisi, 1^14, hctwfcn Gn'at Ih'iiaiM and Spain : I*V rcnsoji, in the next place, of ihearajuiescence of Spain in various trnnsaeiions to which ii is not to he supposed that that Pout r would have assent- ed, had she not fiU '"'•uiid hy thi' provisions of the ;| I'oMveMtion in (,nesuon : And. thinlly, l:y re-ison of repeated nets of the (loverninent of '1|<' United States, previons to the c-ouelnsion of tlie Floiida treaty, tn 'festinij^ au- hfreme lo the principlesof the \oa a convention, or at least dissent from the exilusive lux'tcnsions of (Spain. 1 lavin^lh* plied, and, he hopes. satisf!ic|f)ril'.', to the ol.sei vations of the Amerie:'ii I'lenipoien- tiary with rcgnect to ilieelleciof ihe.Vootka Sound r'on\ention and the F! trida treaty, «'is l>earin'4 upon thi suUjici of the present d:scii>-sirni, the nnder- fii'.rni d nuist ende.udr to show that even if. the No'itka Soinitl (''invention had never existed, the position f>l*C.i rial Itrilain in r> irard lo her claim, whedier to tic whole or to any parti''ular portion of the Iln'_'ini Terrilory, is ill least ns good as tliat of the Uinted Sia'es. This Itraiich of the suhjeet must he eonsiilercd, fir^^t, with refei-ence n (Manciple — to the ri'_^hi oi" i;itl;er party. Great llritain or the United States, lo I'Xplore or maire^on Terri- tory without \iol''ion ofilu' riiihts f»fS[iain; and, next, ;-upposin'.r the frst to lie- di:rided allirnuuive- ly, with n ferencc to the relative value and iinoor- l.iuep of the ai'ts of discovery, exploration, and Hctllemenis, nll'ected hy ea''li. As relates to the (pu-slion of principle, tin' ini- dersiji'ned ihiidi-' he can furuisli no hcltei- nf.Mnue.ii llini: that c.nitain'd in tin' followiiii; words, whi.li helms idready oii'-e ipioti il frmn the btutciiicnt of the Amcriciiii I'leiiipolentiary : " The tiili' of the I'niied Slates to the valley (if ' Ihe Columliia is older Ihan ihe I'lin'ida trealyofl ' I'llirnary, Ifl!), under which the United Stat( >■ i ' ac'iitired all the 4'i^'hls of Kpai'i lo the northwest ' eoa-a of America, ami exisis indepenilcinlv ol* its ' provi. . IS." Andaa-ain: '■ The title of ihc I'liind ' Slates to thr 'utire re^n(Ui drained by the ( 'ohnu- ' hia river nml its branclips, was ) criect and c(Uu- j ' plete I.efore the dale of the treaties of joint oceu- ' ' pancy of October, ]S18, and Aiejusl, IKiiT." ' The title thus referr( il to. nnisi I e that reslin; on dis''overy, explon'ti(m, atul s( tth meat. If this liile, then, is ;;'Ood, or rather was ^ood, as a.^ainst the exclusive pretensions of Spain, |ire- viously to the e(ualtisioii of the I'Morida treaty, so must the claims of (ireat Lh'itain, resting; on the same njroonds, he ^'ood also. 'J'hiis, ilien. it s'-t nis manifest ihat, with orvvith- (Uil tile ai(l of the ?>ootka Sonnd eonveiuion, the claims of Gr( at llritain, restin-^ on disi-overv. ex- ploration, and settlenient, are, in point of principle, I e(pially valid with those of the Untied States. ' Let us now see how the comparison will stand when tried bv the reialivo value, importance, and anllu'iuiciiv ol' each. ' liejectiiu; )>re\ ions discoveries north of ilic 42d j parali( 1 of latitude as not sullicicnlly anlhenticati d, it will be seen on ll'.e side of tireai Ih'ilain, that,, ill n'rt, Cajitiiin Cook discovered Cape Flattery, j the southern entrance of the straits of l''itea. Cook : innst also be cnnsidcrid the discoverer of Nootka ! Sonnd, in eiuir^rpu'iiee of the want of authenticity ill the alh'L'cd previons discovery of tiial jiort bi' Pere;-. In I7S7, Cnutain fierUeley, n riritisli subjiwt, in a vessel under Austrian colors, discovered the slrail' f)f Fuea. I In tlie s!ime year, Cap'ain Duncan, in Ihc ship " Princess 'loyal," entered the straiLs, and traded ] at ihe V ■ II: LTc (')f Classel. | In 17(^',', .Means, a Ilritish sulijecl, forr.\ed the j establishment at S'ool.ia, which irave rise to the inemomble discussion willi tlic Spani.sh Goveru- nienf, endiuir in '''c recoc-eilion, by that I'ower, of the riiiht of (in at Hriiain to form selll-'inents in the unoccupied parts of the iKu'lhwesi poriion of the American eontiiieiil,and in Ml enira'Temeut, on the part (^f .Spain, lo reinstate Mear(s in the piis- session fnmi which he had bten ejected by tiie SpanisI; commaniiers. ; In 170U, Vancouver, who had In'en S' "t from , Eni^land to wittiess the fnlfilnietit of I aboit- nieiitioned eni^iirement, an'l loefl'e('t a survey of the northwest eoast, ihpartiuij; iViuii Xoolka S(aind, entci-ed the straits of F.n'a : i.'id, at'ter an accurate survey of the coasts and inh ts on liotli sides, dis- covered a pass.airc norihwards into the Pacific by which he reiuracil to .Vooilc.i — havint; thus eir- eumnavi'zati (I the island which now bears his name. And In re we have, as far as rel.iles lo Vancouver's island, as comph te a case of di.S('o- very, exploration, and sc'tlement, as can well be ', presented, ;,rivin:,' lo (In at Ih'ilain, in any arraiije- nunt that 'may be made with re'rard lo ihe terri- tory in dis]nite, the stnm^i st ]iossibiti claim lo the exclusive possession of ihal island. ^V!li]e \'ancoiiver was prosccuiim:^ discovt'ry and exploiiiiion by sea, Sn' Alexander Macken- zie, a partner in the Northwest Cimipany, cmssed the Rocky monnlains, disidvered the head waters of the river since called Frasi r's ri\er, and. fol- lowiiii^ for sonie lime ihe e,un'se of that river, eireclcd a passa'.'c lo the sea — beiiiij the first civil- ized man who traversed the continent of Amerii a ('r'Un sea to sea in ihose latitmhs. (In the return ' of Atacken/.ie to Canada, the Xorthwi'Sl Company esiablished tradiii',' pests m the cimnlry lo tin westward of the It'icky niomn lins. In l^^ll! and HI I , respectively, ihe same cmn- p my esiablished posts oil ihe Tacoutche, Tcs.so, and the (;olnmliia. i In the year 1H|I, Thonpison, the luslrono ler of the \ irthwest Company, di.-i .,vi ml the nonliern head waters of the Columbia, and, folhiwinit its ' course lilt ioini '1 by the riv( rs pre\ iously discmcr- ed bv l.iwis and ('laike, he coniimted his journey to llie I'iK i(ic. I'nnn thai time until the year b-<18. when the arraiircment for ihi joint occnpancy of the terri- tory was concluded, the Norlhwe-a I 'ompanycon- iinni(l to extend their op( rations ihiouLrbonl the (Jieyoii Terrilory 1 mid to "oceuiiy,"it may beHaiUi . as far as occiipaiiun can be efl'eeled in regions so inaccessible and destilule of resoiireca, While all ihis was passinc:, the f lowinir events occurred, vihieh constitute the Aintriean claim in tin Ir own |iniper risht : 'n 17:):.', Gray entered the niiailh of the Colum- bia riier. Ill IWI."), Lewis and Clarke eO'ccled a.pas'^airu acniss the lioeky mounlaiiis, imd, diseovirins a bnnich o'" the (.'olnmbia river, followed it until they naehed ihc ocean. In 1^1 1, the iiailiii!,'post, or selilemenl, of Asio- rift WIS (siablished at the month of the Cohiinbia, on ihejiiu'thern side of that river. '^I'bis post or >citlement passed, (liirin<; the last war, into British liaoils, by the vohiiiiary act of the persons in ('liai'^':e of itr—a fact most clearly established. It was resUired to tlie United Stales in b-tl8, with certain well-authenticated rescrva- ti'iiis: but it was never aciuully re-occupied by American ciii.'.eiis, having', from the momeiil of Ihe (U'i(,'inal n-ausfer or sale, eimlimied to be occui- pied by Rrilish subjects. These are the acts of discovery, exploration, and selilemenl, referred lo by llie United Staus, as i;iiin^' ihein a claim lo the val|evo'"iliu Colum- bia, in their own pniper ri^'h'. ']'he Ibiti.^b '..:. •crnnK II' arc disposed to view them in the most liberal sense, Bnd to ijivc to them Ihe uimosi v.'ilue to which Uiey can in fair- ness be entitled: lint there are circumstiinccs nt- tendin'r each and all of tin in which must, in the. opinion of any ini|iarlial inveslii^aior of the sub- ject, lake iVom them a 'j:n:\l deal of the ell'ect which the .■\niiri''aii ne^(itiat(ns assign to then' a.1 L'ivini; to this ('(miitry a claim lo the entire reg.on draiiud bv the (-'oh.aibia and its brai.ilu ■ In the (Irsl place, as rehucs u. Ihi di-- , 'T ■ Gray, it must be remarked lliat he w.is a naviiralor, sailinu' principally for Ihc imrp ' ,a ol trade ; which fact csiablishes a wi'le dilfercnce, in a na.'ional point of view, between the discovi ri( h aeeoi iplished by hhn and those ( fiecleil by Cook and Vancouver, who.saihd in .hipg of the royal navy of Great Uril.un, and v.'.o were sent to ilio niu'lliwest eoast fir the ex pre s pur|)Ose ofexplor- ation and disciivery. In the next place, if is a e'n'umstancc not to be I( SI si_' 1 of, that il was not for .sev( ral y(ars fol- lowiil lip by any act which could |ilor,ition of Li( nlen- aiil lh-oii!;hion, of the rn-iii.--li siirieyin;^ ship "Chtuham." Willi 11 sped to the expedition of Lewis and CI like, il nuisl, on a close exaniinniion of iho route |inisned by them, be (-onfessed that, ii( ilhcr on tin ir outward journey to the Pacific, nor on their homeward journey lo the United Slatis, did they tinicli upon the bead-waters of the principal branch of the (,'ohimbhi river, which lie far to the. norlh of the i iris of the country traver.sed and exi'lored by tncui Thonipson, .if the Prilish Niu'lhwest Co'npanv, was the first civilized person who nai iirali d ifio northern, In ri ality the main, branch of the Co- himiiia, or traversed any , ' the eonnlry drained by it. It was I'ly a tributary of the Columbia lliat L"W- is and Clarke made tin ir way lo llie main stream of that river, which they naehed at a )ioiiil dis- lain, il is beliived, not mm'c llian Iwohimdnd mills iVom the point to which the river had al- ready 111 • n explored by Pninuhlon. These f.iets, the uiidersiened eota^eives, will bo found sntliiieiii lo reduce ihe vahie of Lewis and (Ilarki 's explonilion, on the ('olmnbia, to limits which would by no means justify a claim lo ihn whole valley diained by Ihal river and its branches. As to si'til. inenl, Ihe (pi.diliiil nainn of the ri':bis devolved to the United SliU- , by \ irtiK of the reslilulioii uf Fori Aatoi'ia, has already bun puinled out. %? [Dec. 2, OF Rkps. I ill rt'gioii!) Hi> cs. lOwill^' CVflllM .rii'iui rhiim in of till? ('..Iiiiii- tcil ;i.ii:'.s-M'j(' (lisiMVi rill;; ii liiwcd it until iiiciil,of Anio- thc Coliiiiiliin, nviii'j; llio li'st (luiilary net of I iiiiisi I'li'iiriy Uiiiti'il SlatiM (■:itf(l resrrva- V-nC0U|li('(l liy K' lllllllllllt of n'd to Ijt' ocru- '. ryplori'tioii, Uiiili;d States, o'" the Coluiii- iposi'd lo view (lid tu ijivo ID ey fan ii' ("air- punistaiu-cs at- 1 niiisl, ill tlic iir lit' till' "iili- il ol" the rd'ci-t ii:;ii lo tlic'iv iiH c I'lilire rcg.on i\ialH ■ lb dis' ,■ ;ry 1^1 ! was a i; )air|i ' .; m e dilrVrciK't , in lie discovfi'icM Vrtid !>v Cooli )8 of iliV royal 're sent to llio lOsc of e-^plor- aiiee not to l>r <-raI years fnl- \i: ii value ill truth, made seoverer i 'in- eiitlv as the. rics ill Leii- in one of uiniitli of the. fCiray'sdis- ■ (jray'H.!;s- rlii', IS iiiter- of Lil lllen- eyilii; sliip T.ewis mill laiioii of llio iliat, neither fie, nor on I Slates, did prineipnl I'll- to the rsed and .1 ('"op'iiiy, ia\ iiiati il lliij ..f the Co- t!a' eoiiiilry lin tiial T,"w- iiiaii) stnam a ]ii»iiil dis- t\^'o liiindied I r had al- 'ives, will he f Lewis and lia, to liinila elailil to tho its hranehes. lIllIT of thi^ hy virtiii' of illcady hi i it 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. -*r .33 SiDrn CoNC 1st Skss. The Oregon (Question. New Series No. 3. It will thus he seen, the undersigned eoiifidently believes, thiit on the grounds of discovery, explo- ration, and setllcnient. Great Britain has noihing to fear from a comparison of her claims to the Ore- eon Territory, taken as a whole, with those of the United States. That reduced to the valley drained by the Co- liimhia, the fUcts on which the United States rest their case are fi\r from beintj of that complete ond (Exclusive character which would justify a claim to the whole valley of the Columbia ; antl Tlmt, especiidly as relates lo Vancouver's island, taken by itself, the preferable claim of Great Brit- ain, in every point of view, seems to have been clearly demonstrated. After this exposition of the views entertained by the British Government respecting the relative value and importance of the British and American claims, the American Plenipotentiary will not ba surprised to hear that the undersigned does not feel at liberty to accept the jiroposal ofl'crcd by Uic American Plenipotentiary for the settlement of the ijuestion. This proposal, in fact, offers less than that ten- dered by the American Plenipotentiaries in the negotiation of 1826, and declined by the British Government, On that occasion it was proposed thai the navi- gation of the Columbia should be made free to uoth parties. On this nothing is said in the proposal 'a which the undersigned has now the honor to reply; while, with respect to the proposed freedom of the ports on Vancouver's island south oP latitude 49°, the facts which have been appealed to in this paper, as giving to Great Britain the strongest idaun to the possession of the whole island, would seem to de- prive such a proposal of any value. The undersigned, therefore, trusts that the Ame- rican Plenipotentiary will be prepared to oft'er some further proposal for the settlement of the Oregon question more consistent with fairness and eqiuty, mid witli the reasonable expertations of the British Government, as defined in tlie statement (marked D) which the undersii^iied had the honor to present to the American Pleiiipotentiary at the early part of the present negotiation. The undersigned, British Plenipotentiary, has the honor to renew to the Honorable James I3u- i'honim, Secr,,tary of State and Plenipotentiary o( the United Suites, the a.ss'irance of lu.s hi'j;li con- sideration. R. PAKEMiAM. lion. James Buchanan, &a. (J.B. 2.) Dkpautment of Statk, IVashinglon, .lugust 30, 1845. The undersigned, SeereUiry of Stale of the Uni- ted Slates, deems it his duty to make some observa- lii'iis in reply lo the sUitement of her Britannic Ma- jesty 's Knvoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- p IV MUiary, marked R. P., and dated dUth of Jtdy, .'i-eliminary to the discussion, it is neecs.sary to hx ' <• atlcntion upon the precise question under <^>i 'leration, in the present stage of the negotiii- 'io 1. This question simply is, were the titles of .3pHi'i 111 the United States, when united by the Floriuii treaty on the aSd of February, 1H19, good as against Great Britain, to the OreL'i.n Territory as far north as the Russian line, in the latitude of .54p4n'? If they were, it will be admii'ed that this whole T iiorynow belongs to the STnited States. ^ The undersigned again reinaiks that it is not his purpose to repeat the argument by which his pre- I deiessnr, Mr. Calhoun, has demonstrated the Anie- rieaii title "to the entire reL'ion drained by tlie Cohinihia river and its branches," He will not thus impair its force. It is contended, -on the part of Cireat Britain, that the United States ai'quired and hold theSimn- ish title subjeet lo the leriiis and conditions of the Ni ii\u Sound convention, eonehided between Ire.'t Britain and Spain, at the Escuriid, on the I UHth October, 171)0. | In opposition to the argiinieiit of the nndersign- cd coiilained in his statement marked J. B., niiiiii- taiiiing thai this convention had been annulled by i the war between Spain and Great Britain, in 17%, I mid has never since been revived by tlic parlies, I -*(> 3 the British Plenipotentiary, in liia statement mark- ed R. P., has taken the following positions : 1. "That when Spain concluded with the Uni- ' ted States tlie treaty of 1819, commoidy called ' the Florida treaty, the convention coneludeil be- ' twecii the former Power and Great Britain, in ' 1790, was considered by the parties to it to be ' still in force." And 2. " But that, even if no such treaty had ' ever existed. Great Britain would staad, with ' reference to a claim to the Oregon Territory, in ' n position at least as favorable as the United ' Slates." The undersigned will follow, step by step, the orgument of the British Plenipotentiary in support of t!i ;se propositions. The Brili.sh Plenipotentiary states "ihat the ' treaty of 1790 is not appealed to by the British ' Government, as the American Plenijiotcntiary ' seems to suppo.se, as their 'main reliance' in the ' present discussion;" but to show that, by the Florida treaty of 1819, the United Slates acquired no right to exclusive dominion over any part of the Oregon Territory. The uiidcrsigiied had believed that ever since 1826, the Nootka convention has been regarded by the British Government as their main, if not their only, reliance. The very nature and ]icculi- arity of their claim identified it with the construc- tion which they have imposed upon this conven- tion, and necessarily excludes every other basis of title. What but to accord with this construction could have caused Messrs. Hiiskisson and Adding- toii, the British Commissioners, in specifying their title, on tile 16th December, 1826, to declare " that ' Great Britain claims no exclusive sovereignty ' over any portion of that territory. Her present ' claim, not in respect to any |iart, but lo the whole, ' is limited to a riglit of joint occupancy in com- ' mon with other Stales, heaving the right of ex- ' elusive dominion in abeyance." And again: " By that convention, (of IVootka) it was agreed ' that all 'parts of the northwestern coast of Amcr- ' ico, not already occupied at that time by cither ' of the contracting parties, should thenceforward ' be equally open to the subjects of both for all ' purposes of eonuiiercc and settlement — the sover- ' eignty rcmainiiiL' in abeyance." But on this subject we arc not letl to mere inferences, however clear. The Brilisl' Commissioners, in their state- ment from which tlie undersigned has jiisl quoted, have virtually abandoned any otl- ■ title which Great Britain may have previously asserted to the territory in dispute, and expressly declare " llial ' whatever that title may have been, however, ciili- ' er on the part of Great Britain or on the part ' of Spain, jirior lo the convention of 1790, it teas ' lliencijbneard no longer to be traced in ragiu nnr- ' ratires ofiliscoreries, several of tliein admitted lo 6» ' apncryp'-^' but in the text and slipulutions of that ' conven,. .tself." And again, in summing up their whole case, they say: " Admitting that the Uniled Stales have acquired ' all the rights which Spain possessed up to the ' treaty of Florida, either in virtue of discovery, ' or, OS is pretended, in right of Louisiiuia, Great ' Britain maintains that the nature and extent of ' these rights, as well as the rights of Great Brit- ' ain, are fixed luid defined by the convention of ' Nootka, "lie., &c., (Sic. The undersigned, after n careful examination, can discover nothing in the note of the present British Plenipotentiary to Mr. Calhoun of the 12lh September last to impair the force of these declara- tions and admissions of bis predecessors. On the contrary, its general tone is in perfect accordance ■villi them. Whatever may be the consequences, then, whe- ther for good or for evil — whether to strengthen in- to destroy the British claim — it is now too late for the British Governnienl lo vary their position. If the Nootka convention conlVrs upon tlieni no such rights as they claim, they cannot at this late hour go hrhind its provisions, and set up claims which in 182G they ailniitled had been merged '' in the text and slipiilatio is of that convention itseif " The undersii;' .d re;;rets that the British Pleni- polentiarv h-.j not noticed his exposition of the inie consiruction of the N.ioi!;a -onvention. He had endeavored, and he believes sucocsslVdly, to prove that this treaty wns transient in its very nature ; that it conferred upon Great Britain no right but that of merely trading with the Indians whilst the country should remain unsettled, and making the necessary estahlishmcnls for this ]iiir- po.se; and that it did not interfere with the ulti- mate sovereignty of Sjxiiii over the territory. The British Plenipotentiary has not attempted to resist these conclusions. If they be fair and legitimate, then it would not avail Great Britain, even if she should prove the Nootka convention to be still in force. On the contrary, this convention, if the conatntction placed upon it by the undersigned bo correct, contains a clear virtual admission on the part of Great Britain that Spain held the eventual right of sovereignty over tlie whole disputed terri- tory, and consequently that it row belongs to the United Slates. The value of this admission, made in 1790 's the same, whether or not the invention has co.i- timied to exist until the present day. But he is willing to leave tliis point on llio uncontroverled argument contained in his former statement. But is the Nootka Sound convention still in force.' The British t-ieniiiotcnliarv aoes not eoii- test the clear general principle of puldic law, ' ' that ' war terinine.'es all subsisting treaties between the ' belligerent Powers." He contends, however, in the fir.st place, that this convention is partly com- mercial; and thai, so far as it partakes of this cliuracler, it was revived by the treaty concluded at Madrid on the 98th August, 1814, which de- clares " that all the treaties of commerce which ' subsisted between the two parlies (Great Britain ' and .Sjiain) in 1796, were thereby ratified ond ' confirmed;" and, 2d, " that in other respects it ' must be coasidered as an acknowledgment of sub- ' sisling right.s — an admission of certain principles ' of international law," not to be revoked by war. In regard to tlie first proposition, the undersigned is satisfied to leave the question to rest upon his former argument, as I'ue British Plenipotentiary has contenled himself with merely asserting the fact, that the comnierciid portion of the Nootka Sound convention was revived by the treaty of 1814, withost even speciiying what he considers to be that portion of i it convention. If the un- dersigned had desired to strengthen his former position, he might have repeated with great effect the argiinient contained in the note of Cord Aber- deen to the Duke of Sotomayor, dated 30tli June, 1845, in which his lordship clearly established that all the treaties of commerce subsisting be- tween Great Britain and S|iain previous to 1796 were I'onlincd to the trade with Spain lUone, and did not embrace her colonics and remote posses- sions. The second proposition of the British Plenipoten- tiary deserves greater attcntiuu. Docs'' J Nootka Sound convention belong to that clas , of treaties coiitaiiiing " an acknowledgment of subsisting ' rights — an admission of certain princi])les ofinler- ' national law," not to be abrogated by war.' Had Spain by this convention acknowledged the right of all naiioiis to make discoveries, |)lant settlements, and establish colonies, on the northwest coast of America, bringing with tl'cMii their sovereign juris- diction, there would Ivive been much force in the argument. But sue i lui admission never was made, and never was intended to be made, by Spain. The Nootka convention is arbitrary and artificial in the highest degree, and is anything rather than the mere acknowledgment of simple and elementary principles consecrated by the law of nations. In all its provisions it is expressly confined to Great Britain and Spain, and acknow- ledges no right whatever in any third Power to interfere witli the northwest coast of America. Neither in its terms, nor in its essence, does it contain any acknowledgment of previously sub- sisting territorial rights in Great Britain, or any other nation. It is strictly confined to future eii- gageinents; and these are of a most peculiar character. Even under the construction of its provisions maintained by Great Britain, her cl.iim does not extend to plimt colonies ; which she woulil have had a right to do under the law of nations, had the country heeii uiia|ipropriated ; but it is limited to a mere right of joint occupancy, not in respect to any part, hut to the whole, tlie sover- eignty remaining in abeyance. And to what kind of oiTupancy ? Not separate and distinct colonies, but s(»tlcrc(l settlements, intermingled with each -t •!6&.^ 34 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. '2, 29th Cono 1st Sess, The Oregon Question. Senatk and Ho. of Rkps. 11 ' other, over ihe whole surface of the lerritury, lor the single purpose of Imding with the Iiidiiiiix, lo all (if wliiih till! suhjects of riicli Power shoiilil li.ivo IVec iu<-e«-i, the ri<,'lit of exchisivo (loniiiiiiiii rem.tiiiiiifr .Hu»|>eiiiltil. Hiirely, it iiiiiiiot lii^ aiic- ressl'iilly lOiilejided thiil .lueh u Irealy is " ■m nd- uiissiiiii of rerlaiii principleMof iiiU'riKiliiiiml law," so cncred mid wi perpetual ill their iialun' iis iiiu lo lie aiiniilleil liy war. On the eoiitiniy, fmni the eharacler of its provisions, it eiiiiiiot lie siijipcHed for n siiiftle. niomciit that it was intended (or any purpose Out ihiU of n mere tenipoinrv ariaujfenu'iit lirtween Great Uiitain and Spain. The law of na- tiona reeopnisps no such principles in resjird lo iinnpi»ro]>nated territory as those einliraeed in this treaty, ami the British I'lenipotentiary must fail in llie atlenipt to prove that it eonlniiis "an ad- mission of eertiiin principles of interniitioniil law'* which will survive the slioik of war. But the British I'lenipotentiary contends, that from the silence of Spain duriiiij the nej^otintions of 1818 between Great Britain and tlie Uiiik'd iStatea res|)cc.tinyr the Orejron Territory, as well as " from her silence with rcK|«'ct to the continued 'occupation hy the British of llieir settlements in ' the Columbia Territory,. sulisequeutlv to the eon- 'vention of lsl4," it may fairly " lie Inferred that •Simiii considered the stipulations of the Nootlia 'convention, und the principles therein laid down, • lo lie still in force." The undersigned cannot imai;ine a case where the ohli^ttiona oi* a treaty, once extinguished by war, can be revived without a positive ai^reemeiit to this clTect between the parties. Even if both parties, after the conclusion of peace, should per- form positive and uiieiiuivocal acts in accordance with Its ])rovi.sions, these must be construed as merely voluntary, lo be ilisenntinued by cither at pleasure. But in the present case it is not even jiretended that Spain performed luiy act in accord- ance with the convention of Nootka Sound, al\er her treaty with Great Britain of 1814. Her mere silence is rcliad u|)on to revive that convention. The undersigned iui.serts confidently, that neither by public nor private law will the mere silence of reason why Great Britain diif not assert the ex- I istfiiice of the Xootka convention during the nego- j tialions between the two Governments in 1818, ' was, that no ocea.sion had arisen for its intcrposi- ; tion, the American Government not having then 1 acquired the title of Spain. It is very true thai ! ihe United Sl«ies had not then acquireif the Span- ; ish title ; but is it possilile to imagine that, through- ! out the whole negotiation, llie British Commis- \ sioners, had they supposed this convention lo have been in existence, would have remained entirely j silent in regard to a treaty which, us Great Britain j now alleges, gave her equal and co-ordinate rights I with Spain to the whole iiorlhwest coast of i .Vmerica.' .Vt thai period, Greet Britain confined her claims to those arising from discovery and 1 iiurchiuie from the Indians. How vastly she could [ nave sirenglheiied these claims, had she then su|i- iiiised the S'o'itka conveniion to be in force, with j ner present construction of its provisions. Even ' in I804 ii was first iiilrodueed into the negotiation, not by her Coniinissioiicrs, but by Air. liush, the i i American PlenipoK'iitiary. | I But the British Plenipotenliarv argues, that " the ' Uniled Stales can Ibiind no cfaini on discovery, ' exploration, and seltlenieiit,eflecled previously to ' the Florida treaty, without adniillingtlu; princiiiles * of Ihe Nooika convention ;" " nor can th(-y appeal ' ' 10 any exclusive right as acquired by the Florida 'trealy, without iqiselling all claims adduced in * their own priqier right, by reiuson of disctivery, ' ex|iloration, and setileincnt, antecedent tu that ar- ' rangicmenl." This is a most ingenious method of making two distinct and inde|iem]eiit .ittes held by Ihe same nation worsi! than one — of arraving them against I'arh other, and thus destroying llie \alidily of liiith. Does he forget that llic Uniled Slates own both these lilies, and can wield lliein either sepa- rately or eonjoinilv airainst the claim of Great Bri- tain at their pleasure? From the course of his remarks, it might be supposed that Great Britain, and not the Uiiiled Stales, had acquired the .Span- ish title under the Florida trealy. But Great Bri- tain is a third parly — an entire stranger to both these titles — and has no right whatever to marshal the one against the other. Bv what authoriiy can Great Britain inierjiose in lliis manner? Was it ever iniagineil in any cuurl uf Justiue^tluii th« ucc^uiiuliuii uf a new tillie destroyed the old one ; and rice rersn, that the pur- chase of the old title destroyed the new one? In a qtiestion of mere private right, it would be con- s'ciiied absurd, if a stranger lo both titles should say to the party who had made a sctUement, You shall not avail yourself of your possession, l.e- cause I his was taken in violation of another out- standing title i and lUthough I must admit that you have also ncqiiireil this outstanding title, yet even this shall avail you nothing, because, having taken Cossession previously to your purchase, you therc- y evinced that you did not regard such title n« valid. And yet suih is the mode by which the British I'linipotenliary has attempted lo destroy both ihe American and Spanish titles. On thu contrary, ni the ease mentioned, the possession tuid the outstanding title bcMig united in Ihe siuiie individual, tliese conjoined would be as perfect as if both had been vested in him from tne begin- nini". The undersigned, whilst strongly asserting both these titles, antl Iielieving each of them separately to be good as against Great Britain, lias studiinisly avoided iiistituling any couiparison between them. But admitting, for the sake of the argument mere- ly, that the discovery by Captain Gray of the j month of the Cohimliia, its exploration by Lewis I and Clarke, and the settlement upon its banks at j Astoria, were encroai'hmcntH on Spain, she, ami she alone had a right to complain. Great Britain I was a third iiarly ; and, its such, had no right to i interfere in the question between Spain and the United States. But Spain, instead ol compKiining t of these acts as encroachmeiils, on the 2!2d of Feb- j niary, 1819, by the Florida treaty, traiislerred the whole title to the United Suites. From tliat mo- ment all possible condict between the two titles was ended, both being united in tin same party. Two titles which niiglit have conflicted, therefore, were thus blended together. The title now vested in the United States is just as strong as though every act of discovery, exploration, ana settlement, on tlie part of both Powers had been performed by Spain alone, before she had transferred all her rights to the United States. The two Powers are one in this respect ; the tw o titles iu« one ; and, as the undersigned will show hereafter, Ihtv serve to confirm and strengthen each other. If Great Bri- tain, instead of the United Slates, had acciuired the title of S|miny«h- might have conlcndetl that those acts of the United .Slates wept encroachments; bill, standing in the attitude of a strniiger lo boUi lilies, she has no right to interfere ill the matter. The undersigned deems it unnecessary lo pur- sue this branch of Ihe .subject ftirther than to state, that the United Slates, before they had acquired the title of Spain, always treated that title with re- spect. In the negotiolion of 1818, the Ameri- can Pleiiipoieni'aries "did not assert that the Uni- ' led Slates had a perfect right lo Ihol country ; ' but insisted ll at ttieir claim was at lea.';! good ' against Great Briuiin ;" and the convention of October 2(1, 1S18, unlike thai of Nooika Sound, reserved the claims of any oilier Power or Slate lo any part of the said coiiiilry. Tliis reservation could have been intended for .Spain alone. But, ever since the United States »eqiiired thi' Spanish title, tliev have always asaerled and maintained their riglit in the strongest terms up lo the l{u.s- siiin line, even whilst oU'ering, for the sake of har- mony and peace, to divide ilie territory in dispute by the 49th parallel of latitude. The British I'lenipotcnliary, then, lins entirely failed to sustain his posilign, that the Pniied States can found no claim on discovery, explora- tion, and selilemcnl, without admilling the princi- iiles of the Nooika conveniion. Thai convention died on the comineiicenienl of the war beiweni Spain and Fnglaiid, in 1796, and baa never since been revived. The British PIcnipoienliary next "endeavors to ' prove, thai even if llie Nooika Sound convention • liad mver existed, the posilion'of Great Britain ill ' regard to her claim, whether lo the whole iir lo 'any particular portion of the Oregon Territory, ' is at least as good as that of the United States," In order to establish this position, he must slii \v that the British claim is equal in validity lo the lilies both of Spoin and the Uniled States. These can never now be separated. They are one and the same. Diircrcnl and diverging as they may hav* been bcfor* the Florida trttuty, they are now V 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 35 29th Cono 1st Sess. The Oregon Question. Senate and Ho. of Reps. rsd, timt Ihe pur- new one? Ill (I I wuiild lip nm- otli litloH mIiiiiiIiI sctUcmcnl, Ymi possession, l;p- ol' iiiiotli>:r onl- t ndniit tliut you }g tilli', yt't even so, having liiken hasc, you tlirre- ;nril Kueh litlc n« lie by which Iho iptci to di'slroy tillos. On lh« the ]iossri>i8inii iled in tlic sanie he ns perfect ns from the bfigin- y asacrtins ''"•^ them separately I, has studiously II between them, arginncnt mcre- in Gray of the ration by Lewis pon its banks at Spain, slic, and . Grciit Brilnin , had no right (o I Sjmin and the I ol oomplaining- the i22d of Feb- , transl'erred the From tliat mo- n the two titles ;lii same party. licted, therefore, title now vested ronff ns though , ana settlement, been performed iinffcrrcd all her two Powers are ire one; and,ua r, thcv serve to If Great Bri- s, liad acquired eonlcnded that encroaohmenis; trnnifer to bolli n the matter. K'pssiiry to pur- r iliiin to slate, iind acquired I title with re- 8, the Anieri- t that the Uni- thal country; at lenf.t good conventioii of oolka Soiuul, er or Stale to I reservation I alone. But, Id ihc Spanish Id inaiiilained Ip 111 Ihe Kus- s;ike of har- bry in dispute lins enlirely the Tnited | j ish Ambassador at Paris, lo M. de Moiitnuirin, j I theSecrelary of the Foreign Department of France, ! ' under date of June Kith, 17'.)0: " By the treaties, i ' demarkalions, takings of possession, and the j ' most decided acts of sovereignly exercised by i ; ' the Spaniards in those stations, from the reign of \ ', ' Charles II., and authorized by that monarch in I ' 11)92, the original vouchers for which shall be i * brought forward in the course of the neijotialion, ' I ' all the coast to the north of the western America, i t ' on the side of the South sea, as far as beymid : 1 ' what is called Prince William's Sound, which is ' in the sixty-first degree, is acknowledged to be- j ' long exclusively U) Spain." I Compared with this ancient claim of Spain, ac- auicseed in by all F.uropean nations for centuries, ic claim of Great Briuiin, founded on discoveries I commenced at so late a period as the year 1778, must make an unfavorable first impression. \'. j Spain considered the northwesl coast of Ameri- ii ; ca as exclusively her own. She did not send out j; expeditions to explore that coast for the jiurpose' of rendering her title more valid. When it suited ' ; her own convenience, or promoted her own inter- j ; est, she filled out such expeditions of discovery, i ■ to asceruiin the character and exient of her own |i , territory; mid yet her discoveries along that const arc far earlier than those of the British. That Juan de Fuca, a Greek, in ihe ser\ ice of Spain, in 1592, discovered and sailed through the strait now bearing his name, from its southern lo its northern extremity, and thence returned by the ! same passage, no longer admits of reiusonable ! \ doubt. An account of this voyage was published in London, in l()25,iuuwork called "The Pilgrims," liy Samuel Purchas. This account was received [ from the Iqis of Fuca himself, at Venice, in April, j; , 1590, by Michael Lock, a highly respectable Lng- ! j; lish merchant. '■'. '• During a long period, this voyage was deemed ,; ; fabulous, because .subsequent navigators had in ' I vain attempted to find these straits. Finally, after i, I they had been found, it was discovered that the i' ' dtsc.ripiion ot'De Fuca corresponded so accurately i 1 with tlieir geography, and the fuels presented by;; j; nature upon the ground, that it was no longer pos- I; i< sible to consider his narration as fabulous. It is I! ' true that Ihe opening of the sirails from the south i. I lies between the 48iliaiid 49lh parallels of latitude, {' I lid not between the 47th niid 48tli parallels, as he j had supposed; but this mistake may be easily ex- |j ' plained by the inaccuracy, so common throughout I i the.,sixleenlli century, in ascertaining the latitude j j, of places in newly-discovered countries. ' j It-is also true that De Fuca, after passing through ' ' i these straits, supposed, he had reached the Atlantic, ' I and had discovc'red the passage so long and so '. 1 anxiously sought alter between the two oceans; but, from the total ignorance and misapprehension which prevailed at that early day of the geogra- I phy in this iiortion of North America, it was natural for hiin to believe that he had made this important discovery. j .tnstice has at lenglh been done to his memory; and these strait.^ which he discovered will, in all future time, bear his name. Thus, the merit of ^ the discovery of the sirails of Fuca beloiiirs to Spain ; and lliis nearly two centuries before ihey had been entered by Captain Berkeley, under the Austrian Hag. It is unnecessary lo detail the discoveries of the Spaniards, as they regularly advanced to the north from their settlements on the western coasts of North America, until we reach the voyage of Cap- tain Juan Perez, in 1774. That navigator was com- I missioned by the Viceroy of Mexico lo proceed, ] in the corvette Santiago, to ihc (jOlh degree of north latitude; and from that point to examine the coast down to Mexico. He sailed from San Bias on the 35th of Jtuiuury, 1774. In the pcrfunuaiice of ihis ; commission he landed first on the northwest const of tiueen Charlotte's island, near the 54ih degree of norih latiUide, and thence proceeded south, alon^ the shore of that island and of the great islands of Cluadra and Vancouver; and then along the const of the continent, until he reached Monl"- icy. He went on shore and held inlrrcourjie W'ith the natives at several places, and especially at the enlranre of a bay in latitude 49i degrees, which ho called Port San Lorenzo — the siime now known by the name of Nootka Sound. In addition to the journals of this voyiuce, which render the fact iii- cuiuestable, we have the high auihority of Baron Humboldt ill its favor. That distinguished trav- eller, who had access lo the manuscript document."! in the city of Mexico, stales that " Perez, and lii.i ' pilot Eslevan Martinez, left ibe port of San liliui 'on the 24ih of January, 1774; on Ihe 9tli of ' August they anchored (the first of all European ' navigators) in Nootka road, which they called the ' port of San Lorenzo, and which the illustriou.i ' Cook,/eHr years aflertcards, called King George's ' sound." In the next year, (1775,) the Viceroy of Mexico atiaiu filled out the Santiago, under the command of Bruno Heceta, with Perez, her former com- mander, as ensign, and also a schooner, called the Sniiora, commanded by Juan Francisco de la Bo- dega y CXuadra. These, vessels were commissioned to examine the northwestern coast of America as fiir as the ()5lh degrc^e of latitude, and sailed in company frmn San Bias on the 15th of March, 1775. It is unnecessary to enumerate Ihc dilTcroiit places on the coast examined by these navigators, either in company or separately. Sutlice it to say, that they landed at many places on the coast from the 41st lo the 57ili degree of latitude, on all of which occasions they look pos.session of the country in the name of their sovereign, according to a pre- ■scribed regulation ; celebrating mrjfs, reading dec- larations asserting the right o ' Spain to the terri- tory, and erecting crosses wiili inscrijuions, to commemorate ll'.e event. Some''of lht:se crosses were allerwards found standing by British naviga- tors. In relation Ui these voyages, Baron Hum., boldt says: "In the following year, (1775, after ' that of Perez,) a second expedition set out from ' San Bias, under the command of I "cela, Ayala, ' and Cluadra. HeceUi discovered the mouth of ' the Rio Columbia, called it the Enlrada de Hece- ' ta, the peak of San JaeinUi, (Mount Edgecomb,) ' near Norfolk buy, and the fine port of Bucareli. ' I possess two very curious small maps, engraved ' in 1788, in tl;e city of Mexico, which give the ' bearings of the const from the 27lh to lhc^58th ' degree of latitude, as they were discovered in llie ' expedition of Ciuadra." In the face of these Incontestable facta, the Britr ish Plenipotentiary says " that Captain Cook must ' also be considered the discoverer of Nootka ' Sound, in consequence of the want of aulhcntici- ' ty in the alleged previous discovery of that port ' by Perez." And yet Cook did noteven sail from England until the 12ih of July, 177C — nearly two years after Perez had made this discovery. The chief object of Cook's voyage 'was the discovery of a northwest passage ; and he never landed at any point of the continent south of Nootka Sound. It Is true that in coasting along the continent before he reached this place, he had observed Cape Flat- tery; but he was enlirely ignorant that tliis was the southern entrance of the straits of Puea. In his journal he .admits that he had heard some ai> count of the Sjiauisb voyages of 1774 and 1775, before he led England ; and it is beyond question thai, before his departure, accounLs of the voyage of Ciuadra hud been published, both hi Madrid and London. T'lom Nootka Sound, Cook did not again see land until he reached tlie 57th degree of north latitude. In 1787, il is alleged by the Briiish Plenipoten- tiary that C'aplnin Berkeley, a Briiish subject, dis- covered the straits of Fuca ; but these straits had been discovered by Juan de Fuca nearly two cen- turies Isifore. B"sides, if there had been any merit in this discovery of Captain Berkeley, it would have belonged to Austria, in whose service he was, and under whose colors he sailed, and am- iiot be appropriated by Great Britain. And here it is worthy of remark, tlint these dis- , covcrics of Cook and Berkeley, in 1778 and 1787, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAf. GLOBE. [Dec. y, 29th Cong 1st Sess. The Oregon (Question. Senate and Ho. of Keps. arc nil those on which the British Plenipotentiary reheg, proviouB to tlie dnte of the Noolka Sound rimvenlion, in O-tolicr, 1790, lo ilolViit llif nnciont (SiuiiiiHh litlc lo (he iimlliw t">l "■•«i'*J, and Alexander Mackenzie's jonrney across ibn eontiiienl, in 17'J!J, can never be transformed into elements of title in favor of Great liritain. But even if the undersi'^'iied could be iiii.stake". in these positions, it would be eitsy to prove thai Captain John Kendrirk, in thf-' Amrrican sloop Washiniftoii, passed thiMii^li tlie straits of Fnea in 178J, three years before Caolain Vaiieonvir performed the same voya(,'e. The very iiistnie- tions to the latter, before he left fclii^land, in .lan- liary, 17'J1, refer to this fact, which had been com- municated to the British Govcriiiiniil by Lieuten- ant Metures, who has rendered his name so notori- ous b- U" annexion with the transaitioiis preced- inglhoj-.'M'" \8ound convention, li is, moreover, well knoN.ii that the whole southern division of the straits had been explored by the .Sjianish navi- gators, Klisa and Ctuimpikr — tln' first in 1790, and the latter in 17!)1. After what ha.-, Iwen said, it will lie perceived how little rea.son the British Pleuipoleiuiary has for stating that his Goveniment has, " as {"ar as • relates to Vaiicouver'-s island, as complete a case • of discovery, explm'aiion, and settlemriit, as can ' well lie ))reseiiled', tjivin^ to Great iiriuiin, in any ' nrrans;ement that may be made with regard to the • territory in disjuite, the slron'.;est possible claim ' to the exclusive jvwHcssion fif that island." The discovery llius relied upon is that of Nootka Sound, by Cook, in 177H- wlieii it has hern de- monstrated that this port was first discovered by Perez, in 1774. The exploration is that by Van- onnver, in imssin? thnnii^h the straits of F'uca, in ]7'.>2, and examiiiiiii; the coasts of the territory in dispute, when de Fniui himself had passed Ihroiii^h these straits in 15i)d, and Kendrick ei^aiii in \li^'.)\ and a complete examiiiolion of the western const had iMien made in 1774 and 177.'>, both by Perez and (Quadra. As lo possession, if Meares was ever nctually restored to his possessions at Nootka Bound, whatever these may have l«'eii, the nnder- aigncd has never seen any evidence of the fact. It is nol to be found in the journal of Vancouver, nlthou!;h this oIKcer was sent from Kiigliuid for the avowed purpo.'it! of witne8ir such a restora- tion. The undersigned knows not whether any new underslandinij look place between the Brilish and fepnni.sh Governments on this subject; bul one fad is placed iieyonil all doubt, ihal llie Spaniards coMtmueil in the ihitlislurbed possession ol Nootka Wound until the year 17'.tr>, when lliey voluntarily abandoned the )ilace. Great Briliiin l\a» never at any tiiiie since occupied this or any other position on Vancimver's island. Thus, on the score of either discovery, exploration, or pi session, this island seems lo be the very last poriioii of the ler- rilory in dispute to which she can luisert a juiit claim. Ill tlie mean lime, the United Slates were prn- ceedina; with the discoveries w hich served to com- plete and confirm the Spanish American title to the whole of the disputed territory. Ciuitiiin Robert Gray, in June, 1789, in the sloop Washingtoti, first explori^d the whole eastern coast of tlueeii Charlotte's island. In the auiumii id' the same year. Captain John Kendrick — haviiii; in the mean time surrendered the conimand of the (^'ohmibia to Captain Gray — sailed, as has been already slated, in the sloop Washiiiijloii, entirely throuf^h the straits of Kuea. In 17'JI, Caiuain Gray returned lo the north Pacific in the Columbia; and, in the suimiier of that year, examined many of llie inlets and nas- stujes between the .'>|iitand 56lh de}j;reea of lati- tude, which till' undeisis^ned considers it unneces- sary to specit'y. (in llic 7ili May, 1703, he discovered and enter- ed Bnltiiich's harbour, where he remained nt an- chor three days, tradini; with the Indians, On the Uth May, 17!)a, Captain Gray entered the mouth of the ('oliimbia, and completed the discovery of that ureal river. This river hiul lieen liiii,: sought in vain by former iiavigalors. Both Mc.ircs and Vancouvir, after examination, had de- nied its existence. Thus is the world inilebted lo ihe enterprise, perseverance, and intellii;ence of an American captain of a tradiiii^ vf sse! for their first kiiowledire of tliis.tlie greatest river on the western coast ot' America — a river whose head-springs flow from the gor^'cs of ilie Rocky mountains, and whose branches extend from the 4ad to the 5'M panillels of laliuide. This was the lesl and most iinporlaiit discovery on the coast, and has per- pctnated the name of Robert Gray. In all future lime this i;real river will bear lln^ name of his ves- .•^cl ll is true thai Bruno Heceta, in the year 177.'i, had been opposite the bay of the Columbia; and the currents and eddies of the water caused him, as he remarks, lo believe thai this was " the mouth ' of sonic i;reat river, or of solium passage to another *si\i;"aiid bis opii ! n seems decidedly lo have ' been that this was the opening of ihe strait dis- covered by Juan de lAica in IJit'J. To use his own language: "Notwithstanding the great dill'erence * between the ])osilioii of this bay and the passage ' nientioiied by De I'lica, I havi^ little difficulty in * conceiving; that they maybe the same, having ob- * served eipial or irreater diirercnces in the latitudes ' of other capes and ports on this coast, as 1 shall 'show at its propir time; and in all cases, the ' lalliudes thus assigned are higher than the real * ones." Heceta, from his own declaration, had never eii- teri'd the Columbia; and he was in doubt whether Ihe opening was the numlh of a river or an arm of the sea; and suliseipicnt examinations of ihe coast by other iiaviLmlors had rendered the opin- ion universal that no such river existed when Gray first bore the .\nieri<'an flag across its bar, sailed up its channel for twenty-five miles, and re- mained in the river nine days, trading with the Inilians. The British Plenipolentiarv ntlenipts to depre- ciate the value to the United folates of Gray's dis- covery, because his ship (the Columbia) was a trading and not a national vessel. .\s he furnishes no reiLson for this distinction, the unilersigned will confine himself to the remark that n luercliant ves- sel bears the flag of her country at her niasl-head, and continues under its jurisdiclimi and protection, in the same manner as lliongh she had been com- : missioned for the expiiss purpos> of making dis- coveries. Besides, Ikeyond all doubt this discovery was made by Gray; and to what nation could the belli fit of it belong unless it be lo the United Stales.' Certainly not to Great Britain. And if I to Spain, the United Slates are m>w her repro senlulive. I Nor does the undersigned perceive in what man- ner the value of this great discovery can be lessen- ed by the I'acI that it was fir.st pnblinhed lo the world through the journal of (.'a|ilain Vancouver, a Brilish authority. On the contrary, its aiilhen- licity being thus acknowledged by the parly having an adverse interest, is more lirmly established than if it hud been first published in the United Suuea. ! l''niin a careftil examination and review of the , subject, the inidersii^ned ventures the assartion that to Spain and Ihe United Slates belong all llm merit of the di.scovery of the northwest coast of Aniorica south of the Russian line, not a spot of which, unless it may have been the shores of some of the interior bays and inlets, after the entrance to llieiii had been known, was ever beheld by British subjects until after it had been seen or touched by a Spaniard or an American. S]iain proceeded in this work of discovery nol as a meaiiii of acquiring title, but for the purpose of examining and surveying territory lo which she believed slio had an incontestable right. This title had been sanctioned for eeulnries by the ucknowledgmenl or acc(niesieiice of all the European Powers. Tim United Stales alone could have disputed this title, and that only to the extent of the region watered by the Columbia. The Spanish and American lilies, now united by the Florida treaty, cannot bo justly resisted by Great Britain. Considered to- gether, they constitiiic a perfect title to the whole lerrilory in dispnte ever since the lllh May, 175)9, when Captain Gray passed the bar at the moutli of the Columbia, which he had observed in Au- gust, 178f<. The undersigned will now proceed to show that this title of th(^ United Stales, al least to the pos- session of the territory at the mouth of the Co- lumbia, has been acknowledged by the most solemn and unequivocal acts of the British Gov- ernmeiil. After the purchase of Louisiana from France, the Government of the United Slates fitted out an expedition, under Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, who, in ISO.'), first explored the Columbia, from its source lo its moiilli, preparatory to the occupation of the lerrilory by the United Slates. In IHll, the setlleme.it at Astoria was made by the Americans near the month of the river, and several other posts were established in the inliTior, along its banks. The war of 11^12, between Great Britain and the United Suites, thus found the latter ill peaceable possession of ihat region. Astoria was captured by Great Britain during t'lis war. The treaty of peace, concluded at Ghent, in De- ceiuber, 1814, jirovided that " all territory, places, ' and possessions whalsover, taken by either parly ' from the other, during Ihe war," &c., &c., " shall ' be restored without delay." !n obedience to the provisions of tins treaty. Great Britain restored Astoria to the United Stales; luid thus admilted, in the nmsi solemn manner, not only that it had been an American territory or possession at the commcncemenl of Ihe war, bul that it had been caiitnri'd by British arms during its continuance. It is now too late lo gainsay or exjilain away these fads. Both Ihe treaty of Ghent, and the acts of the British Governnienl under it, dis(irove the alle- I gallons of Ihe British Plenipotenliary, that As- I toria ]iassed " into Brilish hands by the voluntary ; ' act of Ihe jiersoiis in chaise of it," luid " that it ' was restored lo the United States in 1818, wiin ' 'certain well-authenlicaled reservations." In reply lo the first of these allegations, it is true thai the agents of Ihe (.Vnierican) Pacific Fur Company, before the capture of Astoria, on Ihe Killi October, IRIS, had transferred all that they could transfer (the (irivate property of the ciiinpn- ny) lo the (British) NorthweKt Company; but it will scarcely be contended that such an arrange- ment could impair ihe sovereign rights of the Uni- ted .Stales to the territory. Accordingly, the Ameri- can flag was still kepi '(ying over the furl until the 1st December, 1813, when il was captured by hi" Majesty's sloiip-.if-war Rac'koon, and ihc British flag wiis llieii sulislllnted. Thai it was not restored to the United States *' willi certain well-aulhenticaled reservations" fully appears from the acl of resloralion itself, liearing dale Ctli October, 1818. This is as ab- [Dec. 'J, . OF KkP8. IM)W her repro- ivc in what man- ry ran hf Irafen- iiililixlicd Id iIio ilaiii Vunriiiivcr, mry, ils Hiillicn- llie parly havins ■inly I'RinliliHlii'il •il II) ilie Uiiiit'il 1(1 review of thii OS llie n».s«rtion t'H belong all iho rlliwcMt ('oast of ine, not a Hpot of le slutrea of some ller tlie entranci! ever beheld by id been seen or nicrieaii. S)iaiii ry not aH n iiieai)» ose of exaiiiiniiiK she believed hIio is title had been aeknowlcdgment in Powers. Tho sputed this title, e reijion watered Il and Anieriean ti-crtty» eniinot l;e Considei-ed tn- litle to the whole 11th May, 17'J2, jar at the moutli observed in Au- !ecd to show that least to the pos- aoutli of the Co- 'd by the most the British Gov- na from Prance, jtntcs fitted out an tmd (Marke, who, unibia, iVom its the occupation tes. was made by the river, and in the int<'rior, between Great innd the latter ion. Astoria uring ''.lis war. Ghent, in De- rritory, places, by either party ,&e.," shall ledience to the ririlain restored thus admitted, nly that it had ssession at the It it had been ts continuance, lain away these lid the acts of sprove the alle- iary, that As- the volunlnrv ' luid " that It s in 1H18, witli ion.s." IcEjations, it is ui) Pacific Fur storia, on llie all thai they of the compa- Impany, but it 'i an arrniiijc- Is of ihc ITni- ;ly,the Ameri- fort until the tured bv hi" d the Biilish J 845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 37 29th Cong 1st Srss. Report of Committioner of General Land Office, Senate and Ho. or Reps. ob( t lUiiiled Slates 1 reservations" liiration itself, This is as ab- Bolule and unconditional as the Kiidish Iniisuai^e ran make it. That this was accorilin:; to the in- tention of Lord Custlereagh, clearly ap|ieais fnnii his previous admissio.'i to iVlr. Rush of the ri)cht of the Americans to be reinstated, and lo lie the jiarty in po33es.sioii while treatiiii; on the title. If British ministers afterwards, in despatchcji lo their own agents, the contents of which were not coni- iiuinicatcd to theGovernnienl of ihe United Slates, thouKhl proper to protest ncaiiist oiir title, these were, in etVect, but mere mental rc-Mcrvalions, which could not aifcct the validity of their own solemn and uncondilionnl act of resloralion. But the British Ph'inpotentiniT, notwillistanding the American iliscovery of the Columbia by CapU Gray, and the exploration by Lewis and Clarke of several of its branches, from their sources in the l?ocky mountains, as well as its main channel to the ocean, contends that because Tlionipsoii, a Kritish subject in the employment of the Norlh- M'ttit Company, was the first who navigated the northern branch of that river, the Brilisli Oovern- nient thereby acquired certain rights against the T'nited States, the extent of which he doiis not uii- derlake to specify. In other words, that afler one nation had discovered and explored a great river, uod several tributaries, and made selllemenis on its banks, another nation, if il could find a single branch on its head waters which had not been ac- tually explored, might apjiropriate lo il.iclf this branch, together with the adjaceni territory. If this could have been done, it woiild have produced ))erpctual strife and collision among the nalions uftcr the discovery of America. It would hare violated the wise principle con.'enelrable mystery in which they have \ ciled their proceeding.--'. Afler the date of this 1 iK-aly, neither Great Britain nor the Uiiiied States i could have |Kuforined any aclulTecting their claims to the disputed K-rritory. To sum up the whole, then, Great Britain can- not rest her claims lo the Northwest coiisl of Ame- rica upon discovery. As lilile will her single claim by seillcmchl at Nootka Sound avail her. Even Belsham, her own liistorian, forty years ago, de- clared it to be cerlain, from the most authentic information, " that the Spanish flag llyhig at j Tho agents of the Northwest Company, peiie- 1 traliiig the continent I'roni Canada, in 1-fttiii, estab- lished their first trading post west of tlit Rocky ' niniintaiiis, at Fraser's lake, in the .OJlli degree of I latitude; and this, with the trading posis establisli- ed 1^ Thoinp.soii — to which tho undersigned has ■ just adverted — and jiossibly some others urter- wards, previous to Octoiier, 1818, constituto the claim of Great Britain by actual .selllcnieiit. i Upon the whole: From the most cm'eful and am- :• pie examination which llie undersigned has been I] alile lo lieslow upon the subjecl,heisstilislied that j the Spanish-Aineririui title, now held by the Uiii- j led Stales, embracing the whole territory iielween 1^ the pariUlels of 4^ and 54° 4U', is the bcfit title in ji existence to this entire region j and that the claim 1 of Great Britnin to any jiortion of il has no sufii- ; cieni foundalion. Even British geographers have '■] not doubted our title to the territory m dispute. There is a large and sjdeiidid globe now in the De- I partment of State, recently received IVom liondon, ] and published by Malby and Company, " manu- facturers and |Hiblishera to the Society for the I Diffu.sii«i of U.seful Knowleilue," wliii-h u.s-;igns i this territory lo the United Slai' s. ' Noiwithslanding such was and still is the opinion of llie President, yet, in the spirit of comproniise a'ld concession, and in deference to ihe action of his predecessors, the undersigned, in obedience lo his lustructioiis, propo.sed to the British Plenipo- : tenliary to settle tho controversy by dividin;: the i territory in disiuile by the 4!)th |iarallel of laliiude, P oll'ering, at the same lime, to make free to Great Britain any piu't or ports on Vancouver's island, veray may yet be finally adjusted in such n man- ner as not to disturb the peace or inlernipt tli« harmony now so happily HuUsL-sting between tho two nalions. The undersigned avails himself, &e. JAMES BUCHANAN. Tho Right Hon. R. Pakeniiam, itc. south of this Imitude, which Ihe British Govern- ment might desire. The British Plenipotentiary has correctly suggested that the free navigation of the Columbia river was not embraced in ihis pro- piLsal lo Great Britain ; but, on the other hand, the use of free ports on the soiitliernexlremiiy of this i.sland had not been included in former ofl'ers. Such a prnnosiuonastliat which hiui been made, never would have been authorized byllie President had this been a new question Upon hisaccc-iision to office he found the present I negotialion pending. It had been in.stituted in the spirit and ujioii the princijile of compromise. Its ', objecl, lus avowed by the negotiators, wiu-< not to I demand the whole territory in dispute for either I country; liut, in the language of the first protocol, " to treat of the respective elaim.s of the two coun- ' tries lo the Oregon Territory, with Ihe view W ' establish a permanent boundary between them ' westward of the Rocky mouiUarns to the Pacific * ocean." Placed in this position, and considering that Presidents Monroe and Adams had, on former oe* casions, ollered to divide the territory in dispute by the 49th parallel of lalilnde, he felt il to be his dilly nol abruptly to arrest the negotialion, but so far to yield his own opinion as once more to make a similar oll'er. Not only respect for the eiuiduct of his predeces- sors, but a sincere and anxious desire to ))romotc peace ami harmony between the two countries, in- nuenced him lo jmrsuc this course. The Oregon question presents Ihe only intervening cloud which intercepts ilie prospect of a long career of mutual friendship and beneficial commerce between the two nations, and this cloud he de.- HirailH nl' Mirluliiiiai'kiiuK-, and in nji- liniiil lanil olliiTrs wln'iicvci' llic sales nf the lahiin bIiiiII l)ci-niiii' NiilHcioiil to justitV llif iiii'a^^ui'c. Ill Illinois, till' |iublii', lands have liicii all Biir- veycil and l)rou:;lit into niarUet, wilh the cxi'iiuinn orilSiUMiu'rcsiwhiih iiii'hidc ilii'i|naiiiity nl'r'IJ,- 4U1) aiTes, withheld ti-nm salu in const'ijnL'ncL' nl' its siniposod inimial tuialilios. In Missouri, lliere have liecn nlVered at piililie Bale this year ill the Sprini;tield, l''ayetle, Clinlnn, iindl'lallshiirKdi8trict.s,7d'^>l".';i acres; anil there are now prepariKl for market 'J,!;)?,!?!! aeres, lyini; in ; nil the dislriets of the State, ^exl•epl St. Lniiis,) nl" whieli 18:2, .'IIHI aeres, .siliiuteii in the eo|i|ier rei;inn on Ciirrenl river, and in the *' l'latnnri;an" ( l.oin (ill the .Tai'kHnii distriei,) have hcen detained iVnni market to await any farther legislation in ie'j;ard in the former, mid to olfir iiii opportunity for a jii- : dieial iiivt-»ti^ation of the latter. \ In Wiseoiisiii, ihc only iinporlnnt nuldie sale diirini; the year was of land in the tireen liay ilis- triet, between Wolf and I'ox rivers, aiiionniiiiu; to ;)77,70G iieres. There are at this lime ;)!)l,','l>H prepared tor sale in tliis Territory — nearly all lyini; ill the Mineral I'oiiit distriet, and north of Wisecni- sin river — the plals of which liave been recently received at this otHi'c. In lowii, there wen^ advertised for sale this year, lai'fje bodies of land, anionntiii'^ to :.',;i,-»(l,547 acres, nearly ecpially diviiletl l'(.''wecii the districts of iJii- Iminie and Fairfield. The sales ndvi rli.-Ned for Knir- fielu, hr)wever, were snbseqrteiitly poslpnned iinlil the months of May and June next. Tlie quantity of land ot this time ready for market in the Tirri- torv, exclusive of the postponed sales, nniouiils to (>0:^,IUU acres; conipri.iini:, hovievf r, yMr),l'JG acres ,;)2ti acres, divided amonj; the .several land districts in the State, except Helena, and indudiliLj the new district of ('Immpiufnole, iiisiiluled liy an act approved 'M\\\ February, \S\^. The i|uanlity ol' lands now ready for market in all the districts m thi.-i State is 2.111),'?,- (il9 acres; of thisqnaiiiity l-tri.lx!:! acres arc Milhiii the limil.s of the IJe |jasIro|) cliiim, yet undeier- mined; and the quantity oj* ll*J,7(>H acres is report- ed to be hiirhly productive of lead mineral. In Louisiana, the principal s.iles advertised this ■year have been of lands comprised wilhiti the !.in- ils of the Opelou.-sas district and lyiim I'liielly mi or near the Gulf coast and the Calcasieu river, enilira- cinfj ll!4,t23;i acres; various nsidiiary fractions and deuiclied tracts in the yoniheasli;rii district, aii': mill- ing to .30,014 acres, were oll'ercd forsaleat New Or- leans durinij the same period. There remain in this State 4d 1, 305 acres surveyed, and not yit of- fered for hale, the major portion of which, (sur- veyed many years af;o,) interleres wilh the lari^e claims of IJnulerive and UelSastrop, viz : ;)(i'J,5.'18 lures with the former, and i!"J,400 acres wilh the latter. In Mississippi it appears that there are, in the Orenado dislricl, 1 ,'J7;'),4.'t'.l acres of land surveyed luid remaining to be oll'ered at public sale, winch yet await a report of the iiiial action of the AVar Department on the Choctaw Indian claims. There are also l.'),~i,t)'.).') acres sniiib nftlie ;)I^ id' iinrth lati- tude, ill the Aujusin district, suspended from mar- ket until the final Imallnn and adjiislnieiit of the ]>rivalc claims, sn lus tn identify ond connect llieiu with the public sur\eys. Ah presenting; some iiiler- fstiiii; details relative tn lands in the Chicka.H,iw cession of iK'ia, the L'reati'r pmlion of which is .sit- uate in this Slate, I siilmiit paiicr 1'", indicating the proLi^efis of the business, and a reduction of ex- penses connected wiili laml operations of #6,2i'i() ]ier annum, and a cniiscqueiit saving of that amount \n the Indians. In Alabama, only the quantity of about three townships of pulilic lands remains to be broimhl into market; tills is slluiiled in ihe .St. Stephens uiid Sparta di.stricts, soiiih of the :tl° of iiorih lati- tude, and has been susp"Mded from market uwailini: the linal Incntinii of the private claims now cmii- pletcd, within the limits of the respective tovrnships. In I-'lorida, Ihere wereadverlised to be sold dur- ini; this year, (itHi.lHti acres in all llie distrii Is in the Slate; the sales ol'which, however, have been post- pniird until earlyiii llii^ ensuiii!; year. There are nnw prepared t'nr sale in this Slate the quantity of I,l.'li),!ll7 acres ol' new lands, which embrai'e a diHirict of country on and near the .\tlanllc enasl, extendiiii; from \1iiNqiilln inlet tn Itiscayiie bay, a pnrlion (Iielii4 about tin' iiuaiilily often full town- ships) situate iiorlh of 'I'anipa bay immediately west of the Slime, and on the Muniilee river at its junction wilh the bay. Under llie " act In provide for the armed occupa- tion of the uiiKcllled part of the peninsula id' Kast lorldn," approved Auijust 4, IM43, the number of ' pernnls" saiiclinned is 104H, coverim; l(!7,7HO acres; and in Sl.'i cases, where the proj;ress of the pniilic surveys has admilted of so di»lii,i;, the f^ran- lees (d'siicli pernhls have lumle llie lu'onfnf settle- ment reipiired by the fourth cnndilinii and stipula- tion of tlie first Hi'cilon of that act. In order not to liansi,'ress the llniils which I have assisned to myself in this report. It is found neces- sary to omit reference, under the fnrei^oiiie; lu'iuls. In Slime nbje.'isof impnriancc, not yet linally acted on, to which the attention of (!on»;ress appears to have been invited in former reports from lliisollice. It is deemed usct'ul to present herewith the ex- hibit (t, as showliii; the extent of the operations in rci^ard In the seleciimis of lands i;ranud to cer- tain Slates by the act of September 1, 1841, enlilled *' An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of Ihc public lands, and to Kraiil pre-emption rights." 'Ihe surveys of the publti'. lands and private claims generally, have been progressins; in a most satisfaclory manner, and arc ''apidly drawing to a close ill several of Ihi! Si.ites. In Klorida, how- ever, niueli delay and illfficiiliy have occurred in locating private cialnis, owing to vague and imper- fiM't calls, and failure on the part ol' claimants to indicate their boundaries. After locations have been inadej'rom the best data on hand, it ofleii becomes necessary to make corrections by resiir- veys, thus producing alleralions in the plats, tend- ing to cnnl'use tlieiii, and I'requently causing con- lllcls with settlers. Te obviate these dilliculties, I conciirwilli the Siirveyor-lieneral in recommend- ing thiit ]irovisioii be made by law, authorizing the Incatinii of such claims according to the lines of the jaiblii; surveys, and so as to embrace the an- cient improvements, where the claimants, iiHer notice, fall to identify the calls of their grants. tireat eirnrls have been made by tliis oriice, which are ably seconded by the Siirveyors-Cfcii- cral, to insure cnriTclness in the .survey^s and prnniptness in their riiiirn. The new system of paying the deputies dirrrt from the Irtmmij has contributed inncli In eU'ect this object, as it re- quires the .siirvi'ys to be examined, approved, and tlie |ilats returned to this ntiice, with the accoiuits ol' the deputies, before such accounts are paid. This sysi:in gives general satlsfacllnii, securing, as far as practicable, the interests nf the Uovcrn- nieiit and of the surveyors, mid, at the same lime, avoiding the accmmiraliuii of funds in the hands of disliursing agents. Early i>rnvision should lie made by law (as the surveys are now progressing in ih.il cpiarter) for surveying nnd properly marking that portion of the boundary between Michigan and AV Iscoiisin, from till! Menomoiiie tn the Montreal river, which is nnt clearly defined. The bnuiid ry (|iicsiiim between Missouri nnd Inwn, so t'ar as this oHice is odvised, has not yet been determined under the act of Congress of l^th .lime, 1844. lis early settlement is cerlainlv of the inmost cmisequence to the true interests of the parlies in conlroverMy. The thirly-lirst degree of north laliliide, which forms part of the south boudary of Mississippi and Alaliiuna, was originally fairveyed by Andrew Kiliott, Ksq. On exainiiiing Ills journal, it ap|iears he marked his nindoni liia>, which varied consid- erably to the north, and indicated the true line by oll'sels at the end of each mile. In some cases, it Is believed, the deputies closed their work on the random, and in others on the true line; and it is, nerbaps, owing to this that doubt exists whether Florida or Alabama has jiirisdictinn over the strip of terrilnry between them, called the "neutral ground." Wolf island, in the Mississippi river, between I Kentucky and Missniiri, has been surveyed and j partly sold by the (Jniled Stales, and nlsn by the [ Slate of Kentucky. MeaHures were taken by this oHice to determine the shore to which this island I originally belonged. In a rrport from the Siir- I veyor-'ieiieral of Missmiri, it is held to becleiu-ly I wiilnn the jurisdiclion of Missouri. It has, how- ever, been deemed proper In suspend sales of the ; land until the final detcrniiiialion of the matter by ■■ Congress. I I invite attention to the propriety of increasing I the salaries of the Surveyors-General for the district of Arkansas mid that of Iowa and Wisconsin, from Jil,.']!!!) tn (ji^.tHMl pernnnum — the latter being the sum which others receive, whn.se duties are not more responsible; and, in consideration of the ex- Iremely arduous and najfiiirn/iiiif duties of the able and experienced Surviyor-Genernl of Florida, I refer tn the sirniig rcasnns presented by him for an increiirie of compensalloii in that district. F "r details (d operaliona the past year, in the surveying deparlment, nnd also those cniiU'inplated ill the ensuing , I refer to the reports herewith of Ihe Siirveyois-Oeneral. The dnciimenl marked H, is the esllniate of the expenses of surveying the public lands, and of Ihe othces of the Surveyora- General for the fiscal year ending the ,'lOlh .luno, 1847; and that marked I is the estimate of the salaries and conlingenl expenses of this office for the siniie perintl. I am gralilicd to he able to stale, that the quar- terly accounts of tin* receivers of public moneys have been examined nnd settled at this office to the end of the last expired quarter, (30lh Septem- ber, 184.1;) and that the public money has been paid over by those agents with commendalile promptitude and fidelity. The o]ienitions of the ollicc in other respects have been condurtcd with great elHcieney. A larp;e number of patents Inivtj lieeii issued on old claims, which, owing to a variety of perplexing causes, have remained for many years in a stale of suspenslfin ; most of these cases are found to exist in Louisiana, owing mainly to anomalies in Ihe surveys, growing nut of the peculiar geographical features of the country, and the negligent conduct of .some of the former sur- veym's. Suspended cases of pre-emption entries in that State have become the subjecl of exnmio'V lion al this ollice, under a resolution of *'■ oeiioie of the United States of the last session, and a spe- cial report has been prepared upon the subject. ('a."es of .suspension for various can.ses exist in all the Stales nnd Territories in which the public lands are litiiated. These have been accuimilaling since the comniencemeiit of Ihe present public land sys- tem, and give rise at the present time to an amount nf correspondence very embarrassing to the opera- tions of the office. In many instances patents are withheld from claimants for causes wholly irre- movable under existing legislation; and yet, on principles of substantial justice, the piirclmsers are entitled to their patents, .^s it is utterly imprac- ticable to provide by law for each particular case, and as it is neces.sary that these suspensions, which are increasing from year to year, be finally disposed of, I would saggiest that the Secretary nf the Treasurv, the Attorney General, and the Com- missioner ol'Mie General Land Office, he authorized by law to act tocfether as n board, nnd examine and deteriulne all cases of suspensions, upon prin- ciples nf equity and justice. In this way, honest and bniiafiile purchasers will be able to obtain their patents, and claims that are unjust and inequilahle can be finally rejected. Some nieasure of this kind is indispensable to relieve this office from embar- rassment, and remove the doubt and uncertainty which hang over the titles of some of our citizens to the very farms on which they have resided for years. I deem it my duty to call your serious attention to the present inineral-land system. This is a sub- ject deeply interesting to settlers in sniiie of the northwestern States and Territories. The ci.ndl- lion of the mineral region and the manner in which its operations have been managed, are but very imperfectly understood by the public, nnd perhaps intimutely known to none but those who have re- sided a number of years in that district. The Government has attempted to reserve from sale all lands upon which actual diacoreriea of ore were kiiovin to have been made, and also those lands in which, ftoni certain geological indications, i [Dec, 2, 1815.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. m ». o? Kep«. •en mirvcyi'd and , luifl nNi) Ity tlir err lnKcii by this A'hii'h iliiH ixlaiiil •I IVdiii Ihi' Siir- lirUi to 1»' t'lfiirly ri. Il liiirt, lidw- |iciiil khIch of the of tlie mnllcr l>y I'ly of iiiorcnnin; nil for tlic district AVi»con8iii, frciin ! Initcr lirin^ tlie c (liitics lire iiol inlion of the nx- liltipa of tlip able nl of Kloriilu, I 1(1 liy him for aij iHti'iot. last year, in the ose coiitcniplatcd nrls licrewilh of ii'iiineiit marked of survcyini; tlie r the Siirveyora- s; the .'lOlh June, estimate of the of lliia office for Ic, tlint Ihc fiiinr- " [uililic moneys at this office to r, (3()ili Septem- money has t)eeii h connnenihililo perationa of the I coiuhieted with of patents have ich, owing to a e remained for II ; most of these ia,o\vinj!;nininly ivins "'" o' '''6 llie country, and former sur- mption entries " examin'i- '■ senate n, and a spe- thc subject. s exist ill all e public lands lulalins; since blic land sya- to an amount to the opern- :s patents are wholly irre- and yet, on urchnsers are ttcrty iinprac- tarticulfir case, suspensions, 'ear, be finally Secretary of and the C'oni- lic authorized and examine 1, upon prin- way, honest ;o obtain their lid inequilalile c of this kind from embar- d uncertainty our citizens resided for •29-TH CoNO IST Se88. Rejiort of Commiasioner of General Lnnd Office, Senate and Ho. or Rem. the ous attention his is a sub- Hoi;ie of the riie ciii'.rli- iner in wliicli tre but very and perhaps vim nave re- t. reserve from V tries of are also those indications, niiiieial was supposed to exist. The maiiii{;enieiil of the mineral i-e;;iun was taken from lliu (.ieiieial iiid Office in the year 1821, and placed under the control of the War Uepartment. The a;;eiits of the War Department, appointed to HuperintiMid tin mineral lands, had no uffiuiiU connexion with the General Land Office, and, coiisecpieiiily, but a very imperfect kniiwled^e of the |)iiblic surveys. In most cases, they were wholly uimc(|uainted with the location, according to the public surveys, of even the mines, i%giiiif», and (/isfoeerifs, under their au|ieriiitciidence, and were obliged to rely uiion miners and settlers for infbrmalioii on this subject. From this inforina- tioii, (not always disinterested,) lists of supposed mineral lands were compiled by the ngenlH, and transmitted to the War Dei)artniciit and local land olliies, and tliiTc marked on the plats us mineral lands, and reserved from sale. A large portion of the lands, however, embraced in these lists, con- tain lai discoveries o( ore, and are, in fact, amongst the richest agricultural and best tinibereil lands in the whole district. Additional reservations have been made in the land offices, upon datii ecjuolly loose and unrelia- ble: that is, upon indications which surveyors and geologists supposed to denote mineral. The lists of mineral agents, and the suppositions of survey- ors and geologists, constitute llic basis of the i>res- ent mineral reservations. All lands, not thus reserved, arc subject to sale and entry; and conseciuenUy land officcus are sell- ing mineral lands from day to day without biding conscious of it. The evil, however, does not .stoj) here. AVhen the mineral agents discover that min- eral lands have been solii — sometimes with, and sometimes without the knowledge of purchasers — they consider it their duty, in order to jirotcct the interest of the Government, to institute judicial proceedings to set aside the sales and recover back the mines. The dockets in some of the north- western States luid Territories are crowded at this time with suits of this character. These suits are likely to be strenuously ctuitcsled, and after u lapse of years, and large outlays of public mo- ney, the Uiiitcii Stales may succeed in recov- ering back a quantity of iaim stripped of timber, and exhausted of ore. The system itself is odi- ous to the people. Its tendency is to convert the Government into nn immense landlord, and the .■settlers into tenantry. Upwards of a million of acres, mbraclng some of the richest agricultural lands of the northwest, are reserved from sale and permanent settlement, under the mistaken notion of ]ireserving the mineral wealth, in which the country is supposed to abound, for the use of the Government, whereas, in fact, there exists no pos- sible process by which the exact locality of min- eral can l)e determined by superficial indications. A million of acres at the p "sent minimum price would bring |il,2.W,000 into the treasury, the an- nual interest upon which, at the rale of six per cent., would be jl75,000; while it appears by the report of the Secretary of War of the Ifith Feb- , riiary, 1845, that the whole amount of rent lead received by the Gsvernment for the years 1H41 and 1842 was only 74,'.)24 pounds, worth about ft) ,600— a sum hardly sufficient to pay the annual .salary of one of the superintendents. This report clearly shows that, in a financial point of view, the United Slates are not likely to be much benefited by the reservation of the mineral lands. The ex- j lubits of 1843 and 1844 will make this still more evident. From a statement of the War Depart- i mcnl, now before me, it a]ipcara that the Govern- ment has ex;'cnded on account of the minemi ; lands, includii:"; officers, agents, laborers, &e., for • the yeors 184^1 and 1844, the sum of #20,73!) 11; ' while the rent eceived for the same period only amounted to 245,814 iiounds of lead, worth about : §4,8.')(i 28, at Gulena. Here is an actual loss in cash of $15,872 8,1, upon the mineral system, ! within the hist two year.s; and, to effect this ex- ' traoi'diiiary result, the settlement and orosperilv of a large portion of our country are rei.ip'eti, litl- | gation promoted, and an opj)ortunity alforded for the practice of the most enormous frauds upon the public. To enlarge upon this view of the subject, W(Hild extend it far beyond the limits of a report. I therefore respectfully but caruesdy rcconnnend that the mineral region be opened to public sale and private entry; and that the pre-emption prin- ciple be BO extended as to embrace the diggings, discoveries, and improvements of resident miners ' and settlers in that region. With regard to the jirice, I am convinced, from a consideration of all the eircumstiuices, that a higher rate than the [^irc- ^ sent minimum would be unjust and inoperative. ■ It would be unjust to those who have settled un- der the auspices of the present system, and who are too poor to pay a higher rate; and it would be comparatively inoperative, as the jieople would re- gard it only as the substitution ol^ a lesser evil for a greater. The greater part of the so-calleil min- ] eral lands, as I lii.ve already cideavored to show, ] is no more valuable than the lands already in mar- led; and even where mineral actually exists, the coiise(|Uciit value of the lands is str.uigely and i grossly exaggerated, it must be recollected that I the diggings and discoveries, as they are termed, 1 are not mines, in the proper acceptation of that ' term; and it is well known to miners that the time I employed in the search of ore, and the money and labor expended in extracting it when found, are scldimi compensated by the amount of mineral ob- tained. The course here recommended has been adopted in relation to Missouri; and impartiality requires that the same jiulicy bo extcndcil to other States and Territories. I would also reiommend the propriety of making certain modifications in the present iirc-emption law, which may contribute to carry out in a more liberal spirit the beneficent policy of Government in the enactment of such laws. The first modification I would suggest is, the ex- tension of the pre-emption principle to all settlers on unsurveycd public land, after the extinguish- ment of the Indian title. This change is ciUlcd for by considerations of justice and policy. The emigration to tlie West is increasing so rap- idly that the settlements on the frontiers me ex- tendiii" far in advance of the public surveys. The men who form tho.se settlements are justly entitled to the ])rotection and favor of Governniciit: anil yet, strange as it may appear, the whrlt> of this class is, by c.xisthig legislation, excluded from the privileges of jire-eniption; while claimants of no greater merit, under tne UioHinido eettleinent, and Florida armed-occuiiation act, are limited by no such restrictions. 1 consider the spirit of the pre-emption principle violated, when the first .settlers, who open the way for succeeding emigration, are tJepriveil of the ben- efit of their settlements, becuuise they have been made on unsurveycd public land; and despoiled of their homes, perhaps by the very men whom they have pioneered into the country, merely because the latter happen to become the first settlers on the land after it is surveyed. The law in this respect ten Is to reward cupidity, and fuvtu- s|ioliulion, and ought to be modified at once in such a man- ner as to prevent the commission of such flagrant injustice. The second change I would recommend is, the extension of the right of iirc-cmp'O' fiettlers on surveyed laud, whose setllements ; ' inenccd prior to the first of June, 1840. The act of 4th Septem- ber, 1841, only makes provision for seltlements eoininenced since the 1st of June, 1840; while prior settlers, wiio cannot secure their rights under the acts of 18.'!8 and 1840, in eonsequt nee of the re- strictive provisions of these acts, are excludeil from the privilege of pre-eiiii)tion, and their imjirovc- ments are liable to be entered by others who may have settled on the premises subseqtieiu *o the 1st of June, 1840. The fir.st settler, who continues to inhabit the land, should be preferreil in all such cases, and the law s. ■ uld be so modiiied as to al- low him the privilege of entering his improvement 1 by pre-emptimi. ] My third recommendation is, to extend to owners i and residents on land the right of pre-emption to j so much ailjoining or neighboring laud as may bo [ nccessiu'v for fuel, fencing, and other similar pur- poses. In some of the iiorlhwesterii States and Territories, the fiirms of ninny of the settlers arc situated in prairies, and are wholly dependent on | the adjoining hinds for timber. Uy the existing 1 law, each settler is confined to the quarter-section | on which lie resides, and jirevcntcd from obttiiniug \ by pre-emption an adjoining tr icl, without which, i perhaps, his improvement cannot be enjoyed. By ' permitting such stiller to enter a tract of woodland near his farm, a great benefit will be conferred on ■ him, and no detriment occasioned to the Govern- ment. This woulil prevenl the surrounding limber lands from being enlered by unscrupulous pre- em|ilors, whose sole object is to speculate upon the nec( ssilies of settlers on the prairie. My fourth reconimcndation on this head would be, to nindify the law so lis to enable a .settler to enter, if he desires it, a forty-acre tract, or a quap- ler-quartor seclion. The subdivisions created by the act of the 5lh of April, 18.')2, to wit: quaner- quariei sections, are now only liable to privato entry after the land has been proclaiined and offered at public sale, and then only under certain restrictions. If the law would anihorixo pre- emption entries of .such tracts, it might be of soma advantage to that class of settlers whose scanty means prevenl them from enterinj; a larger quan- tity. Tl y would thus, by obtaining an interest in the soil, have stronger inducements to make permanent improvements, instead of being mero UnaniM at will to either private individuals or lli6 Government. Some of tliese sujjgestions may not »))pear to be of material moment to those unac- quainted with the wanu; or privations of the fron- tier settlers; but il will bo recollected, that what- ever alTects the well-being of the humblest citizen, is never too Iriviol for the consideration of a liberal and enlightened Government. The general exten- sion and enlargement of the pre-emption principle, in a spirit of line liberality, to all persons over the age of eighteen years, who are settlers on public lauds, whether surveyed or unsurveycd, to which the Indian title has neon extinguished, will have the most beneficial efTcct upon the moral and social condition of the frontier settlers, without occasion- ing ihe slightest detriment to the public, or to the interest of the Government. The aggregate proceeds of the public lands ex- ceed but little the minimum price per acre; and this being the case, there can be no objection to a general prc-einplion law, on 'he suppositiini that it tends to diminish the revenue. 1 would take the libert<' still further to suggest, thai, as the pub- lic have j\j' become accustomed to the mode of operation under the present law, these modifica- tions should be made in sucii a manner as not lo change its c cntial features; but simply to extend iis provisions, and rid it of all unnecessary restric- tions. I wish also to call your attention to Ihe propriety of a graduated reduciio.i in Ihe price of public lands. But few subjects of ( qual importance have been more earnestly pressed upon the efuisideration of Congress than this, and none have hitherto been less .succc.s.sfnl. The recominendations of the Ex- ecutive, concurred in on several occasions by the Senate, the resolutions of legislatures, the petitions of Ihe people, and the advocacy of the first talents of the nolion, have failed, as yet, to obtain the in- troduclion of a system by which the public lands might be rated according lo quality, and sold ac- cording lo value. Among those who feel the un- equal operation of the present system, and with whom the question is not merely a speculative one, the veiieated failures of this favorite project havis been tlie cause of deep mortification and di'sappoiiil- inent; and they have been •eadyattinieslochargeits oiiponents, not with the want of practical infonim- lioii on the subject, but with secret hostility lo the growth and prosjierity of the new Stales. This suspicion is ill-founded; but unfortunately it has suiiK deep in the minds of the people of that re- gion, and if not removed in time, may yet lead to a system of reprisal, both discrcdilabfeand injuri- ous to the character of the whole country. The present is a propitious lime to terminate the agita- tion of Uiis question; and with this view I recom- mend the establishment of such a graduation sys- tem as will satisf, the reasonable demands of those States in which the public lands iiic situated, with- imt doing the slii.'.uesl injustice to any other section of the country. I assume that the primary object of every enlightened system of policy relutiag to the public lands, is occupation and settlcmei.t; and thai revenue is only lo be rejjarded as a sei.op.dary and subordinate object. Indeed, a libe'al policy would only seek sufficient revenue frov this source to indemnify the Government for all outlays and expendiuires incurred in relation to t. To fticili- tjite settlement, il is necessary to reduce the price of public land lo such an extent as to bring its ac- auisilion within the limited means of the great r 40 APPEiNDIX TO THI-: CONGUESSIONAL GI/JBE, \i 2{>rH CONO IST SE88. Vrtiily of first «oltle™. ThiHcoiisidirntioii is wholly ilinnsnnlfil nt |)rc«iiu. Tim iivcriifio nii\xiiiiiini prioi' 111' the bcal (iimlily of piililic IiiiiiIh him lifcii I'lmml l)y cxpericmc tn be uiily «tl U7 per wit; wliili' tlid miiiiiiuim inioe iil* llii: wnml (|iiiilily JH ^l X> per «('«'. Tfiin Idiiks Hnmrwlmt itliHuril, rvrn in lhei>ryi Init in priu'lii-p, it in nut only iilj- «unl, Imt it ia rmli'iilly unjiisl. When It ilimiiit of hind is proclninKil nl puhlir «iiir, non-rrsidcnt oiipiiiilnita um srlci t nil the viil liable IiuuIh ill Huoh dialri-t, not prrviimsly Henired liy pro-omption, nnd punliiisf the naniu at an nvonis'! of )^l 27 per luio; wliile siiliHecpient Bel- tlcrs are compelled to piirehaHe inferior landH at $1 1!') per aere, or );ive an exorbiuint priee to these luipiialisiH and HpceiilHton. It is idle to talk about coin|>etitioii in niieli a x'iwf. There Ih, in faeti no coiii|iciilioii, execplamoiiKKt s|K'eulatorH, and ihiy nre always fioii^ieioiia cnoui;h to arran-^e the ex- tent of it beforehand. It liaH been extinmled tli:U Report of Commlaaioner of Inilian Ajj'niri, [Doc. a, Srnate and Ho. or Heps, nboiii an averiiu;e of one-tenth of the imblic do- main in unsaleaiile, beinj; eoniponed of NWiinipH, marshes, barrens, niountaiiis, and other lands of a very inferior qoalily. The residue, or saleable lands, may be divided aieiudiiii^ to tpiality into five elnsses. As *^\ 27 is the avera;,'e nuixiinuin priee of the best quality of lands, it must be ad- mitted that ^1 25 |H>r arre will be a sutlieient niiii- imuin prire ibr lands of the first elass, !>il for the Her(Mid, 75 rentM for the third, 51) cents fiu' the fourth, and 25 cents for lands of the fifth class. This will do away with the iiicon;;rully of hold- iiia; lands of every kind and mialily subject to sale nt the same minimum rate. The priviue owner of II p.irtieular commodity, who should act upon llie principle of the jiresent public-land system, would lie regarded as impolitic; and surely such policy i.< no less objectionable in the Oovernment, whicli i» not 80 much an absolute owner, as a trustee of the guiblic lands for the public. 1 have already Htatcd that the Government, in the exercise of an inli^htencd spirit of liberality, should be satisfied willi indemnification for all expenses incurred in relation to the public lands. The scheme here recommended must, in every possible event, do more than indemnify the Government. The esli- mate of the whole expense of purchasina; territo- ry from foreis;n natimis, extiiiiruishiii'; the Indi.ui u'tlo, and surveyins and sclliii!; the public domain, is na an nverasB of 2;j cents per acre. By taking; the data- already given, and liy allowing a Io.'js of 23 cents per acre on one-tenth, lieing the whoI»; of the unsaleable lands, the residue, or nine-tenths, will amount, nt these guulnated rates, to an average of 67j cents per acre — thus leaving an e.xcess of 44J cents jier acre to meet all possible contingen- cies. These calculations nre based upon reliable data, not exact, it is true, in a mathematical sense, hut accurate in a gencnil and practical sense. 1 will even hazard the prediction, based upon expe- rience, that a gi'aduated system, conducied on the plan proposed, will derive a larger amount of rev- enue from the whole of the public, domain than the present system. This position, which nii'_-ht nt first nppear j)aradoxical ; is to be accounted t"or by the quantity of land unsaleable nt present, which would be selected and purch.ised at reduced prices. The graduation system has been tried on the Chickasaw cession, and the experiment has proved, to the full extent, the tnith of every posi- tion which I have advanced iqioii this subieet. The Chicka.saw territory einbniccs, after deduct- ing Indian reservations, 4,.11G,925, 74-1(1(1 acres of surveyed ;)iii/i> land. Of this area, 8,205 .S-VldO acres were sold under the old system as being in the Choctaw country, before the line of the Chick- iisiws was established; leaving a net nren of 4,3(18,720 19-100 acres in the Chicka-saw cession subject to the operation of graduation. Of this, adding 3G,0(I5 (iH- 100 acres of orphan reservation sale.'!, nnd makuig a surface of 4,344,725 acres, there were sold, up to the .'jOlli June hi.sl, 3,4fi!),;t20 95-100 acres — being within the spac.e of nine and a half years. The residue of the public Chicka- saw lands, being H75,404. 92-100 acres, is in process of speedy sale. The lands thus already sold under graduation brought Ji.3,181,219 24 ; being an average price all round of 91.69 cents per acre. I will now take an adjoining territory of equal extent, mainly select(-d on account of fertility and the wants of settlers, which has been in market an I equal iiiimbor of yean under tlio operation of the ! old system, and C(Unpnre results. Of 4,344,710 acres in the .Stales of Arkansas and L.ouiHiana, which have bev ii in marki't about the same number of years as the ChickaBaw lands, 3,(iH7,9l9 acres leiuaiii unsold — only t!.')(i,791 acres having been sold; the proceeils of which, at <(l 25 cenis per acre, amiuint to |^.'<20,9HS 75-100, leaving a balance of 3,H12,530 acres, and of 82,3ti(l,230 49 of purchase-money in favur of the graduation sys- tem. To this muat be added tiie advantage to the Slates in Iheseiilenientand improve lueiil of wasies and barrens, swamps and morasses — an advanlare not only to the prosperity, but salubrity of a ccmn- try, which cannot be calculaird in dollars and cents. The principle to be adopted in the classifi- cation of the public lauds, is the next considcra- lioii. It cannot be accomplished by personal in- siieclion; and, besides, experience .shows that in those .Stall s v.hcre taxes are assessed upon lands according to personal valuation, greater disparity and inequality exist than in .Slates where lands have been arbilrarily classified and assessed by legislative assemblies. Neither will indications on maps and plats atlbrd any better index to valua- tion. This has been tried in the mineral region, and has resulted in throwing the land syslein of that whole country into inextricable disorder. Schemes like these appear very plausible some- times in theory, but -ire wofully delVctive in prac- tice. The best, in fiict the only practicable oasis lor this classification, is (imc — the time the land lias conlinued in market unsold. And this, upon strict scrutiny, will be found to be an excellent general criterion of quality. It has been ascer- tained by experience, that all the firsiratc land in any pnriiciihu- district i.» generally selected within the first five years after it is brought into market, aiul so in pnqiorlion through any given series of years; anil that the refu.si: which remains unsold 111 such district, after the lapse of twenly-llTe years, will scarcely indemnify the Goverimicnt for the ex- , pense incurred in its superintendence and manage- ment. Considerable quantities of land which have been in market twenty-five years, have been do- nated to particular .Stales for )«irposes of public improvement; and win ii these arc deducteil from the general statements on this head, the residue i will be so inconsiderable as to bear me out ill this assumption. 1 therefore recommend that all lands that have been in market not exceeding five years, constitute the first class; more than five and not exceeding ten years, the second class; more than ten and not exceeding fifteen, the third class; more than fifteen and not exceeding twenly, the fourth dims; more than twenty and not exceed- ing twenty-five, the fifth class; and that all the residue in market over twenty-five years, and re- maining unsold, vest absolutely in the parliciilnr States in which they arc .situated. With an in- considerable additional lorcc in this office, all the public lands now in market c tho territory .set apart Ibr them west of the Arkansas. Under the contract entered into with Messrs. Anderson, Forrester, Cobb, and Pickens, Ibr the emigration and subsistence of these Indians, oper- ations were commenced nboiit the 1st of January Inst, and a parly of eleven hundred and eighty-two have removed, and are now under snbsisicme, • t a cost to the Government of $26 7^ for removal per capita, and ^'20 for subsii.lencc of every Indian twelve montlis after his nrrival west. I-rom tliu latest information received :'.t this office, another large party is prcjiared to start, and w-ill probably set out in the course of the present month, as that portion of the scrip to which tl'-y nre entitled has lieen sent to Major Wni. Armstrong, the acting superintendent ot Indian Aflaiis fiir ihe western territory, who has been charged with the superin- leiUlcncc of their emigration. This office has ren- dered all possible aid to eflect the removal of these |ieojde to their new homes, and thereby render their condition more happy and agreeable to them- selves than it has been. It is made obligatory on these; people that they must remove, or signify their intention so to do, belbre any portion of tho scrip due them can be Lssued; and it is confident- ly exjpcctcd that, before another year has gone rounil, the Choctaws still remaining east wil (Doc. 2, or Rep(. I, lie tmiml'iTriil (liivrniiii'iil to 'r III! llio |icin(U, liiiH, mill lurri- ', IcKl, if rclin- ■)• iiii'liiilr heir whii'li hiiH i.''»|>- |iiiri'liiiKr'rn iiml Oil tlic lonlrii- n:liii>|iiiNli (lii'iin H'ny III wliii'li it njiiHtii't' iili'caily hIn ho loiii; rroni if till' Sinus, ill lii'N In wrltliTH t(i iTchiim iiiirron llll!l Ntlllllll'loilS, ' 9M|i[irirt of Ihn ncf! of Fcdiriil itatf'H, hIioiiIiI Ih; liy withdrnwiiii; yslrm from cnili ipticiililc. Thin ', nt this tiinc, ten, mid it will here in ft cimiigo ntinn, (lie benp- to [)f rNons jiiir- iiciu or I'lillivii- I'Blrii'iioii, iH liy was forniorly- mx" fijM'rtitnU-d It only injiircil iicd tliemNflvpfl, norn raiuloiis in Tlin i;mdiialioii opcralion, will peculation timii rcHlric.tioiiH nrn ation iiH correu- XPH, laid by the , if curried into moNt beneficial inles in wliich III be received liituntH of that mitted. 'owimijjiontr. )NER OF IN- |u:nt, 1- ^.M, 1845. oni ihiHolKce, u ^if the Mis- .br several lie removal insippi to the |he Arkansa.s, Ivilli Mes.srs. Ikens, lor tliu Indians, opcr- it of Janiiury id cif;hty-two [ilmisteiu'e, .t removal per ^vciy Indian trom llie Rce, another ill prolialiiy >nth, as that entitled has f, the acting the v\-esterii ihc Nuperin- ce has rcn- -al of these cby render |b!c to tlieiii- liliyitory on or signify Irlion of the |n confident- has gone east wil 1645.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 4I> aOrii CoNo IsT Ses8. Report of VommUsioner of Indian Ajfuirs. Sknate and Ho. or Rbpi. h.ivo joined their brethren in the western territory, wi'eio, once again iiniled, they will, under the pro- lectlni; and Ibslerint,' care of tin; Uovermncnt, be- cim e an eiitii;litened and contented people, T'lc few reinainin;; frecks in Alabama and ("8th November, 1840, they obli-iated them- I selves to remove at the end of five years from that time. A conirftct wiis, therefore, entered into for their removal, und it was expected that they would have set out last sprins;, the agent having been in- structed to leave nothing undone to elfect the desir- ed, result. Contrary to the aniicipations of the deparlnicnl, the.se people yet remain in Indiana; but it is to be hoped that they will be emigrated in the course of the ensuing year. The Sftcs and Foxes, according to the stipulft- tions of the treaty entered into with them on the 11th October, 184ii, to remove to their new homes, in a country to be set apart for them within three years fiom the date thereof, have commenced their rniigralion. This was much to be desired, as the incursions upon them by the whites rendered ft change of loention highly necessary, calculaicd as it must be to render their situation more advan- t;i;;eous to themselves. Faithful to their obligations, these people, reputed brave and noble, and Iblly iinderslnnding the benefits which must naturally follow sucli ft course, have taken up their march for the counlry assigned them for their future homes, two tracts having been olfered them, to choose that one which, on examination, they may think best suited to their wants. Some dinicully occurred in locating these people, as they express- ed ft desire to have their homes on the Kanzas; but this wish could not be complied with, in conse- ipiencc of the Kanzas country being owned by the tieople of that name. They made applieation, liowevcr, to be allowed to vvinter on the Kanzas river, but were refused permission to do so by iny predecessor, and there the matter rests. About twenty-two hundred of them have removed at dif- ferent times, according to the accounts received from Captain John Bench, the agent in charge, Powsheik, and his band of Foxes, being the last who were reported to be encamped on the banks of the llftckoon river, and who were expected to cross the Missouri by the 11 lb of October. For the iironipt manner in which these people have fulfilled their treaty stipulations, and the fidelity which they have shown in meeting their engage- 1 inenls, they are entitled to the highest regard and , commendntion of the Government. | A tripartite treaty was concluded, on the 4th of January last, between the United States, the Creeks, and the Seminoles. By the Htipulations therein entered into, the Semiiioles have been permanently located nnioiig the Creeks, und the uaiids of the ibrmar wlin had settled without niitliority on trneui bclonginf; to other tribes Inive been united. This \ RrranKoment is highly gratifying; und 'l is to be | hopetf that these Inilians, who have given the ^ (bivernnieni at dilbrent limes so niiieii trouble, i will now become settled, and, following the exam- ple of the tribes by whom they nrc surrounded, limy become a contented and happy people. , The ftccoiiipanying statement (marked 1) cX- < liibits the numlier of the various tribes of Indians east and west of the Missis.iippi river, whether lialivc of or emigrant to the country wcsl ; those emigrated since the last annual report, as well us those remaining east; also, that portion under sub- sislence, luid the cost of the same. It is proper, however, to remark, that, respecting those tribes with whom there are no iigeniH ot^ the Govern- ment, the population is estimated by conjecture and such data as is furnished by traders and oi hers who have tmvelled among them. More accuracy is given to the numbers of those irilics immediately under the care of the Indian agents and sub-agents, by the several census and musicr-rolls returndd to the department. 1 I am sorry to inform you, that nothwithstand- 1 ing the ellbrts which have been made to treat w ilh I the Wilinebagoes on fiiir and liberal terms for the I sale of the territory held by them within the limits of what is usually called the Neutral Ground, all ■ attempts at negotiation have failed. It was hoped that a trcnty might be niaile with these Indians during the iiast season, and instructions were ac- eorilingly given to his lixcelleiicy Governor Uodge, I of Wisconsin, to elfect this object. He was, liow- j ever, unsuccessful. 1 would rcspectt\illy refer you to his report (2) on this subject for ull tlie circum- stances connected with this ellbri, as well as the recommeiidutions inftde by him in order to insure success in any fuUire attempt that may be made in ; this matter. Coming, as these do, from one so iii- timiitely aeqiminted with the Indian character, and so worthy of confidence, as Governor Dodge, they : deserve the most respectful consideration. j Negotiations are at present pending with the ' Chippewfts, Ottowus, and Fottawatoniits of the Council BlufTs sub-agency, with a view to provide for their removal t'rom their present location, and their esl«blislinient in a district of country where they w ill be free from tlie incursions of the whites i ugion them. j Governor Dodge has been instructed to treat i with the Oneidas of Green Bay for the purchase of their lands in that section of Wisconsin, and tlieir i removal to the southwest of the Missouri river. ; Nothing has yet been heard from him on the sub- ject, but hopes are entertained that he will be suc- cessful. Herewith you will find fiscal tables (3) sliow- : ing — 1. The amount drawn out of the treasury bc- ; tween the 3Uth June, 1844, and 30tli of June, 1845, inclusive, on account of approiiriations for the halt* calendar year ending the 30lli of June, 1843, and the balance remaining undrawn ; 2. The amount drawn between the3(hh of June, 1844, and the .3()lli of June, 1845, inclusive, on ac- count of appropriations under the act of the 3d of :■ March, 1843, for other purposes than the forego- ji ing, and the balance remaining undrawn ; I 3. The amount drawn between the 30th of June, '. 1844, and the SOtli of June 1845, inclusive, on ac- ; count of the appropriations for the service of the I' Indian department t'or the fi.«cal year commencing || 1st of July, 1843, and ending .lOtli June, 1844, and '.\ the balance remaining luidrawn ; [ 4. The amount appropriated for the service of '■ the Indian department for the fiscal year com- i mencing July 1st, 1844, and ending June 30th, ; 1845, inclusive, and the balance remaining un- jl drawn. There is likewise annexed an exhibit of the [' amount in stocks held in trust for various Indian i tribes, as well as of the sums on which Congress jl appropriates the interest annually, as CiJled for by I I certain treaties, instead of investing the same in li stocks. (4.) ij The annuities and other payiuents for the year, ! to meet treaty stipulations, have been promptly re- ; mitted, and have either been paid or are in Jiroccss of payment to those entitled to receive them. 'I'lie records of this office show that a large num- ber of claims connected with rescrvntions and grania of Innd to individiml Indians hnve been di«- posed of during the past year. The greater por- tion of them were those of Choctaw Indians, under the 14ili article of the treaty with that tribe, of Hepleniber, 18311, which have been the subject of frciiuent actinn by Congress since I83U. '1 he coinmiasioners appointed under the " Act tn ' provide l\ir the satisfaction of elnims arising ' under the 14lh and lOtli nrticlei of the treaty of ' Dancing Babbit creek, concluded in Seiiteiiibcr, ' 1830,' approved 23d August, 1842, made a filial report of their proceedings to the Presideni on the Kith of June last. The claims reported on by them, so far as the decisions of the comiuiHsionerM were favorable to the claimants, received your coii- cmience, and have been acted on by this oHice, with ft view of placing in the possession of the va- rious Indian clalniuntH the evidence of the admis- sion and settlement of their claims, and that no fiirlher delay should operate to prevent the remo- val of the claimants and their families from the State of Mississippi to the counlry occupied by their kindred west of the State of Arkansas. According to the provisions of llieuct passed at the last session of Congress, confirming t)ic valua- tions made by Messrs. Caldwell, Waggoner, and Justice, of the improvements on the lands in Ohio ceded by the Wyandols under the treaty of the 17lh of August, 1842, funds were placet!, during the past season, in the hniids of the agents of tliu deparlment for payment to the claimants, It was a condition precedent to the liquidation of the va- rious amounts, that the sums tlius paid were to bo "in full .-^isfuction of ull claims and demands," under the 5tli article of that trenty. This, 1 am informed, bus met with much opposition, the agent, on the I3tli October last, reporting that but few had accepted the teriiis, embracing but about one-third of the sum to be paid over; the lialanco refusing to receive the amount of their vnluiUions. The alleged dilliciiliics among the Cherokecs, I regret to state, rchiain still unsettled. A ilelega- tioii of the imrly holding the uulhoi'ily of the iiii- ti.m, at the head of which is Mr. John Ross, the principal chief, bus been ill Wasliinglon for some , time past. Several of the ilclegation of the old set- tlers' iiarty have also been here, and delegates from tlie treaty-party it is understood may shortly be expected. It is much to be ilesircd, and 1 ani ; in hopes tliut during the winter the questions in which the difliculties among these people have their origin may in some manner be definitively se.tlled. I It is scorcely necessary to enter into an analysis of the various reports from the superintendents, { agents, and sub-agents of Indian affairs. They will be found appended to this report, numbered from 5 to 30. Upon referring to them, however, it will be seen that, with n very few unimpurlanl exceptions, the condition of the various Indian tribes under their charge has been peaceable anil well disposed, and tlint but little change has taken place since the last annual report from this ortice. A disposition to improve their condition, by adopt- ing the habits and conforming to the pursuits of the white man, continues to manifest itself to n very considerable luid gratifying extent. The use of ardent spirits among n few of the tribes has been soinewliat increased, while with most of them it has greatly diminished. This increase ari.ses from the inailequacy of the existing Ui\.s to sup- press the whiskey trade. It may, with proper ex- I ertions, be kept out of the Indian country where the United States has exclusive jurisdiction; but abandoned white men living within the limits of the Staines and oiganizeil Territories bordering on the Indian country continue this nefarious traf- fic, and alford the Indians ample opportunities of obtaining this liquid poison, so injurious to their : peace ond destructive of their race. The laws of the United Stales cannot reach sue i cases, and nothing but restrictive laws passed jy the States themselves, und rigidly enforced, can ever abate or remedy the evil. These are called for by almo.st ; every report received from the agents of the Gov- ' ernment, and it is to be hoped that some measures may be taken to direct the attention of the local ;: Lesishitures to this important subject. The cause of education , destined , as it ever must ' be, to improve not only the mentftl but also the ' moral condition of the human race, is gradually ex- :. tending its influence among the Indiuii tribeu. lis i'i APPKNDIX TO THE CONGRF.SSIONAI. CLOBK. [Dec. «, WtH CONO IST SrIS. i I ' i coiirrw in nn oiiwiinl niie, ttiire'lieation of all their »''hool fiiiids lo ' tile esulilishment of two additional inaniial-lahor iirhools ; and arran','einenls are in progress fur ^ their erection, as desired, tinder the aiiperinteiid- | eii'e of the Presliyteiian Hoard of Missions. It ' is expeeti'd llidt one of them will lie ronimeiieed i 111 XI spring, and be in full operation by the antiimn. The Chicknmws have likewise naked fiir the Htport oj I 'ommiminner of Inilinn Affniri, Phicfly I U du« to the ftforts made for years past hy iln ini'tiiu-. ii hpiifvolent and distin<;iiisliiMl founder, the Itoii, ScNATi: AND Mo. or Reps. Itii'liard M. Johnson, to sustain it, who, iiotwitli- st.iiidiiii,' his nniiieroiis eiii;a:;eiiienls, both iirivate and ofKeial, hiu* never erased lo feel the deepest iiilen-st in the welllvre of tlii' Indian youth there ed lied. The sii|ieriiitendeiit represcntit the present iiiiiniH-r of stiidenls at (JH. Oiher sehool.s tVom wlinh reports have liei'ii re- eeiveil appear to have I'lainlained their iisefiilness, mid lo |ia*e a>l'led their iiillnenee to tliii general improveneiii in aceand fVieiidslup will he entered into with these w;iiiderini; tribes. Humanily calls upon the Government to take the proper sleps to redeem the iinforliinate whi whomllieBe people hold ill captivity — men, we and children — amoiiniini;, it is said, to a lar!;c her. in iie;;oliatin!; with these Indians, tli< missioners have been instructed to employ all |o..j.- er means in their power to eirect the emancipation of these prisoners, and to iir;;e upon the Indians the necessity of absiaininqin future from the cap- ture of while persons, and lo point oni iln conse- quences which nmsl inevitably follow a repetition of their former practices in this particular. Two inlereslin;; and very instructive reports have been received from the suli-a;;ent west of the Rocky mountains, (83 and f 1.) They present that country in a new and impoi'ant lig'tt to the con- sideration of the public. The advaiiceiuent made in civilization by the nu- merous tribes of Indians in that remote and liitlii r- 10 neglected portion of onr territory, with so few ad\anlai;eM, is a matter of surprise. Indeed, tlic red iiieu of that re;;ion would almost seem to be of a diirerent order IVom those with whom we have been in more familiar intercourse. A '"•w years since Ihefaceof a white man was almost unicnown lolliem; — iiov, through the benevolent policy of the various Christian chiirches, and the indefali^'a- ble exertions of the missionaries in their employ, they have prescribed and well-adapted rules lor their "overimment, which are observed and re- spei'ted to a degree worthy of the must intelligent whites. Numerous schools have grown up in their midst, at which their children are acquirintr the most iiii- porlant and useful inforination. They have al- ready advanc'd to a degree of civilization that pro- mises the most benefieial results to iheni, and their I .etliren on this side the inoiuilaiiis, with whom they may, and no doubt will at some future period be brought into mten-ourse. They arc turning their attention lo agricultural pnrsuit.s, and, w itii I but few of the iiecessniy iilensils in their po.sses- : sion, already produce suificieiit in Boine jilaces to meet their every want. Aiiiimg some of the tribes hunting has been nlmo.1t enlirely abandoned, many individuals look- ing wholly to the soil for support. The lands are represented as extremely fertile, and theelimale healthy, agreeable, and uniform. Under these circumstances, so promising in ilieir (Dec. tf, >. or Reps. I till' Mixuw llnii', iri;;f(l In llii-ir lii- I'liily IriiiinniilU'il i|U('allji;; IiitmiIk- iiii'iirHidiia (III iiiir K', mill I Imd tliii inn In .Hilling unit Nliinilil lit iiiii'n ninriil, III' wliii'li Ht llir itli'lirHiDllFt ■iiiploy iiHNtrnni; III iiiiliii^r iiiir in- ir viHiin, III wliii'li lour pi'djilti, und ilry ill ilircit n|i- iinriiiiirNc ucl nf cuuHc 1(1 iilicr (ir •. ofToXM tollio iiu'y lo ni'^'»ni/.(t rliiii'iil williiii iiri y «( Iniliaii Ai- 'iiidcx (ill dm III- . LolliH NII|t(Till- iii'ky miiiiiiliiiiiN, 111 Tcxa.i. This uiidividcil atli'M- leiidi'iil. Owiiif; niiiaiichin, Wil- acl n waiidiTiii;^ lid HdlllClilllcH ill isNililc hii'Mi'iid ■111. Tlii.'y liiivi! Ill' Govcinnicnt d nll('iii|itM liiivH , ivciy flVoit of I'l'.'isfuf. A coni- (iiit under minn dciuly i'X(ir('i(il I (ViciidNliip will ni; IrilicH. riiiiiiMil 111 lako ii'tiiiiate will I — men, vn Ida lar<;( JiaiiN, till liiy all !>.,.,,• iiiancij'atioii le Indiaim from the eap. u lilt, eonsc- 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. !ii9rii CoNn 1st Skdi. Naturalization Lawn — Mr. Yaneey and Mr. liowlin. Ilo. or IIkpi. i.pi ' a repelilMii iilnr. rlivc reporia west (ifllii! present lliat lo llic con- I'V lIlCIIM- niid hilliir- wilti Md few Iiiileed, 'lie ■'(■('Hi Id lie dill we liavo "w years dHt lllli.'IIOWII Ml pulley of indflfaliga- leir eiii|)l(iy, ;ed rules Uir •veil and re- iiitelli^'cnt llicir iiiid.il, he iiidst iiii- ey have al- 011 that prii- II, and ilieir with Hhdiii nine period arc lurnini; mil, Willi K^r pdssen- Jilaecs lo has lieeii iuaia Iddk- lely fertile, iiiifdrni. Mg in their eoilKeiineiiMeii, and ijralcfiil Id llie fi^fliiinii of tli« idiiliiiiihrdpinl, li Wiiiild K.chi Id \ir ihiiliiiy df ilie Udverniiiciildr the Uniled SiaK mIii eiiciHiriiKe llieir advaneciiicnl.iind ulill ftirllier aid llicir pi-di^rcKM in Ihu pallin of eivilizalidii, I llieii I'dii^ icMpei-ll'iiJly rt'ediniiieiid llie eBlaMitdinienl iinidiii; ihenidf a full n);eniy, wilh power lo ihe I'reMideiil to inaki! il an neliii^jBiiperiiilendency, and loappiiiiit iniiMir more i«i|li-n;,'eiilH wlieiieKr, in liiii jiidumeiil,^ ihe miiiie may liecdine iieceMNary and proper. 'I'liiM aijeiil, to 1 e iiHefiil 111(1 ellicM ni al lliat remote point I'rolii the neat of tiover ml, hIioiiIiI lie paid a lilienil salary, and elollied ivilli Hiillieienl aiillionly li) en- idile him to earry onl the lii nevdleiit piiliey of the deparlmeiil, anil lo edminaiid ihe renpeit of the liumeriiim trilies in Ore(,'on. The Indians would look upon siieh a person as a pidlecKir, and refer to his arliiliaiiieiil and deeisidii tlioNe disputes and eaiiHcs of enmplainl which have oeeasionidly laid the fouiidallon for lilondy and lung-i'oiitinued fuuda aiiidiii; the dilferenl liaiids. All whieh IS respeill'iilly subiiiilled. W. MEDILL. Hon. Wm. L. Makcy, Sectttar\) of W«r. NATURALIZATION LAWS. SPEECH OF HON. W. L. YANCEY, OF ALABAMA. In th« Hol'sk or IIephehentatives, irniiieji/rii/, December 17, 1845. The Resolutions of llie Slate of Massnehiisclta in favor of an amendment nf the Natiirali/ation Laws, heiiis; under eonsideniiion, Mr. Levin moved their reference Id a Select (JouimiUce. Mr. BiioniiKAD moved that they he referred lo the Committee on the Judiciary. The question liciiig on their reference to the Com- mittee (III the Judiciary — Mr. YANCEY rose and said : Dinerin;;,ns I do, Mr. Speaker, from my friend and colleague (Mr. Payne] on this matter of reference, I heg the iii- diilu;ence of the House while 1 shall give a few rea- sons wliy 1 shall support the motion of the gentle- man from Pennsylvania for a select committee. I lielii've that il is a usual parliamentary practice to refer matters, which eonii^ up in a delilicralive liody for reference, to those friendly lo the siiliject to lie considered upon. Now, the chairman (if the Judiciary Commiltee had liiit just informed the House llint he himself was in favor of a reference of the resnliitidiis to a select Cdinmittee; for, if re- feiTed to the Commiltee on the Judiciary he should, at its first nieetin<;, ask to he discharged from any IVirlher consideralion of them. Allhnn^li I cannot speak authoriialivcly con- cerning the opinions of llie balance composiiii; that conimillee, 1 think that I may well venture to say that nearly, if not (piite all, agret with iheir chair- man as to the propriety nf this course. In facl, I had almost said that, i» Hit nature of Ih'wgn, such would he their course 1 Under these circunistancea, those in favor of these resolutions could not obtain an opportunity of bavins llieir peculiar views ini- bodied in the t'cirin of a report, and sent forth for the cunsideiation of this House and the people. Upon a fair and leg;itiiiiate subject of legislatii^u (aiich as the naluraliziuion laws certainly are) they have a liijht to be lii-ard; and not only to be hearil, but to have an opportunity of presenting, in the more permanent and auihoritutive form of a re- port, the facts and arguments upon which they would base desired legislation, in order to a full and fair invesligaiion of them. That opportiiiiiiy would not be allorded by llie Judiciary Commit- tee; for I understand that there is not dnc upon it from whom even a minority repon could be expected. This is a (|uesiioii of high import — a que.> nipping this germ, of dissipaiing ihis factidii, is to j meet the mailer iVillVi to give those composing i it an opportiinily of (le\eldping their views before tile whole iiali(m. Then tliose views and iiriiici- ph s can be discussed and invesligated. 'Ihe in- tellect and the pairiolisiii of this body can be 1 brought to bear upon ilo iii. A faction never long I survived an exposure lo ihe In allhl'iil liglil (if trulli. The fiiciidus iiaUire of its designs being iindcr- slood, Ihe faction will die. Deprive Iheiii, bow- el er, of a fair hearing, and send ilieir represenla- lives home, with Ihe adviinlugc — advantage to a factioinsi, eerlainly — of saying lo their eonstiiii- eiits that an American reprcscnlalive had bi^en de- nied the privilege of presenting on llus floor the ' great ipieslion of what shall consiilute cilizenship, ferred to n Hflert Cnmmlller, with insinieiioni In iii'piire whi^ilier any, and wliai, alieraiioni nrs re(piired in the exisling naliiralizalion laws. 'Jd. Ily Mr. 1!h(iiiiikaii, llial ihe resoliilions ha referred lo the slimding Comi.liltee on the Judi- ciurv. Mr. IIOWLIN said that, were it not for lliB Old thai he represenled a Cdmmimily deeply In- Icresled in this (pieslidii, he would nol Iroiilile ihn lldiise with any remarks upon it; Inn he coiiiil not sit in silence and wilness an allenipt to enable a small body of men to propagate llieir sentiinenis in opposilion lo iho riuhln of our adopted citizens, under the implied sanciidii of Ihis Hduse. They had the same political rights here as any other faction — for it would be a gross abuse of lerins to call il a parly — and no nidre ; and an appeal to our cdurtesy came wilh a very bad grace iVoni those w ho were indeliled for llieir ndhesive (lualily lo the fell spirit of peisecution and political liilol- eranee against some (if our very best citizi lis. He knew the faction well; it had gained a small foot- ing in his own ( ily, and had a liltle, miserable or- ganizalion there. He knew the characters that cdinpdsed it; and he was bold lo say, that reli- gious toleration, equality of rights and privileges- principles which hiy at the foundation of our glo- rious iii:(l'i'itions — were mtt to be found in the alalogiie of their pnlitii'al virtues; but, on Ilia ami you liave vainly sought to smother u llanie, ■; contrary, lliey were a selfish, exclusive body, who which but fteds upon suppression The merits of the great issue involved in these resolutions are not fairly before, iiiin i question of mere reference. I shall not, therelbre, undertake to discuss them, iiuiliiig as is the ilieme. It is that they may be opened to us, when the peculiar friends of these resolutions shall have had an op- portiinily, through a cdiuniiltee, of presenting and clearly delining their views and position, that 1 also desire a refereiirc lo a select commiuee. I trust that this com will be taken. If it is, it I will oU'end no man sensitiveness here, nor sub- ject one lo be calhil "In order," to refer to that distinguished man, whose |Mirtrait hangs upo.i your left, sir, [La Kayelte,] and whose history is : redolent wilh individual and national glory, as a simple of what foreign valor has iloiie lor us, und ' what cniigralioii and naturalizalion may do for us; or to thai other hero and sage, whose portrait hangs on your right, Mr. Speaker, [Washiiigloii,] who received the young Freiichniaii wilh open ; aruLs, at once recommended Congress to give fiim a high cdinmission in their army, and in whose ' ^real soul rankled no fears nor jealousy as to the i iiilluence upon our councils of our foreign friends! ' Give the reference asked for, that llie doors of ' the past may be opened to us, and these geiillemcn reminded oi' a Kosciusko, a Steuben, a Ue Kalb, and a Pulaski — the last of wlnnu fell gallantly doing his devoir upon the jilains of Savamiali, pouring out his life's blood in defence of a banner which the hands of Americiui beauiy had woven, and had cominilted lo the kce|iiiig of Polish valor. The memoricrt of such events go largely to make up the sum of our naiioiial glory. Hut 1 musl re- frain from any I'urlher allusion io them at present, und will conclude wilh the hope thai this House will treat the I'ew here, who consiilute " the Na- tive American" porlion of it, with that magna- nimiiy which il always well becomes the many and the powerl'ul to exercise. NATURALIZATION LAWS. SPEECH OF HON. J. B. BOVVLIN, OP iMissouni, In the HofSE UF UEniESENTATlVES, Thursiluy, Iheembcr 18, 1845, On the reference of Ihe Massacliiisells Resolutions on the Naturalization I..aws, with instruc- tions. As soon as the Journal had been read — The House resumed the consideration of the resolutions of the Oeneral Assembly of Massachu- setts in favor of such aniendmenls to the natural- izati(m laws as will protect the ballot-box from frauds, which were under debate yesterday. The motions pending were — 1st. By Mr. Levi:;, that tlie resolutions be re- drew their political alimenl from the tiameaof per- scciilidii. .•Vnd vet these men, iictualed by such nidiives, impelled onward by such aims, had ihn modesly to*iisk of this I louse that a rod of iron miglil be placed in their hands, lo wield against the adopted cilizens of this country. He, for one, had no ear for such appeals. He had no heart to eneoiirage the re-enacting of tragedies which had already disgraced some of the cities of the Re- public. Yet sr.me of our friends on this side of the House had expressed great generosity towards this panvi on account of the paucity of its num- bers. He regretted to hear il, and would lake dccasion here to remind them ihal there was such a thing as being more generous than jiisl. Ho was constrained lo atlribiite this generous burst of feeling, on the part of those genllemen, to a want of knowledge of the true motives, end, and aim of this new party. It was almost unknown in the pure alniosphere of the country; and genllemen seemed lo regard it as liltle dangerous in sowing the seeds of discord everywhere else as there. Ihit he cdiild tell them thai this Native American parly had been generated into cxisience by the corrup- tions n' (ir great cilies. It wis a parly actively engaged .. uiing the llames of religious and po- litic. il tiersecutimi, and, as such, had slender claims upon (lis generosity, and, he hoped, as liltle upoji llie generous impulses of any other De.nocrat, What were they asking at our hands.- He ap- pealed to gentlrnien to say if they were nol seefc- ing to give the sanclion ot this House to thai fell spirit which had carried fire and sword into the hearts and homes of adopled cilizens of this coun- try. In the great cities, where it alone existed lo any extent, it was a party active, agitating, per- secuting, and proscribing; always on llie alert lo invade the privileges of IJemocrais of foreign birth; and while we were nsked generously lo let the a.ssault be made here, he would ask in turn, who was here lo defend the rights of the adopted citi- zens.' This was a mere issue between n party of pro.scriptionists and a ]iorlion of our fellow-citizens. And are gentlemen prepared to give even the im- plied sanction of this house to the abuse which the former were desirous of bestowing upon the latter.' Who would here raise his voice in favor of such a proceeding.' l'\)r one, he never would. And he asked gentlemen, who were Ihe men that were to be thus assailed.' Were they net ainonj,' the noblest, most upright, and useful '.i American citizens.' Mr. H. iqipealed to his friends to with- draw the implied sanciio" ".■Inch, out of mere generosity, they had manifested a disposition to give to the assailants. He repeated it — the parly assailing had its liirlh-place, its being, amidst the corrupiions of the great cities; in the pure alnio- sphere of the country, it could not live. Who ever heard nf a Native American meeting in a country school-house? Nobody, he presumed. Ijike some noxious plants, it flourishes in corruplion, but 44 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. IP, '29th Con« 1st Sess. Naturalization Laws — Mr. Bowlin. Ho. OF Reps. pines away and dies in a pure and lieolthy ft'mo- splierc. But, Mr. B. would ask, what was to bo the prnciical ellcct of sucli a r(U)ort as gcntlcnien pro- posed, when it came in ? Was it o produce union ' and harmony, or was it (o sow Itroadciidt the «'^''''<» ' of discord iii the land? He could tell ge'.itlenien — | for those who, like himself, lived in the cities, where , these men carried on their agitations, knew them, ! and could imt be deceived as to the character of ; their desifjns — it was to awaken animosities, ar- i ray classes a;:;ainst each other, blowup the storm, ] and jjMiher fragmonls from the wake of destruction it ^'"ould leave l)ehind. They sought to draw sup- p)rt from our native-born citizens, by appeals to 1 the worst passions of our nature — the purse and religious prejudices. It was a plnusilile, yel ftilse ; but lending doclrine of theirs, and conslnntly ap- |;e,ik'd to, that foreign emigration ought lo be ex- cluded from our country, lest, through their coui- peiiliou, the wages of labor should \>c reduced. This was one of their great, plausible, and false theories; and utterly unsound as it was, it was one wliirh had perhaps as much weight in making proselytes as any other. It was but a new Whig S'heme of appealing to the pockets of men; for the truth was, that these Native Americans v.erc : notliing mon' nor less than a wing of the AVhig |iarty. And he would ask his friends, who were - K;i very generous, whether, if it were the Whigs W'ho ask^d such a committee to set such a irpcnM io bolster up their doctrines, thev would be disposed lo grott such a request .' Yet this, he rejiejited it, was but a i iog of 'he Whig parly. 'Jihry had, it was true, a dillerei;iimme, and ap|iarciuly a sepa- raie or^aniznli'in; but no sooner ditl iiiiv great e!ec- liou approtich in the country .than, with military precis'on, they wlieiled into line, and acted and voted with their Whig lirilhirn. There had been one exception to this, within his own obser,.Mion, and the sequel will prove the folly of their temerity. In 1,'<41, the Xallves or- ganized in ."51. Louis, anil in the cour.se of a year shouted themselves into the belief that they were a prodi^rioiis j)artv. In lir*4:}, thev had the temer- ity, in the face i>( iheb' natu?-al allies, the Wliiirs, M venture ferth separate c: .idiilaies. .\iid what was the result.- The Dcmocrat.s crushed the sep- arate di\:sioii»; of the Whim's ajid Natives, and in six weeks the Native Ilatr was hauled dowr - the Native press was driven to an abandomuent of the faith. For .some I"" years Nativisii -vas dead at that point; but the llaine was anani i.. up by the Iniriiiiiir lorrlies i>l" I'iiilatlel[ihia. In the elections of l-<44, .hey helneil the Whi;;s, and in tlii' convention <'l('(;iion of 1H45 the Natives brought out the ticket, and the Wliii's he Ipeil them. They professed a separate aetioii, inveigled a lew l^emo- enits into thi-ir ranks by the Ibrrc of hucns-poeus, and when the lime for action eaine, they all wheel- ed into lint* again, and sncceedetl in carrying olf some on. a- two huniired votes I'rom the Ueino- erati- puny of .St. Louis. No sooo'r did they f:et f nuini»ers of thcisc (reii'leinen; b.it dill they rilleii 4in ih.^ infoiitr' anio nit of evil which the measures of iheF' persons were ealcit- luled to inlliri (tn t''*» w'lo!. bf ' ;' of aiir nalunil- ized citizens.' If :'.ey did, he oust consider their f^en'-Tosily as soin. what misphved. There was anoih. r nliM which had been acl- vaiM!ed, and which Mr. it. tnici resist and re[ii'l. The gentleman from Penos'yivania, [Mr. I.K\iv,j who seemed tni \r leader, had proudly anil In- inn|ihaiilly |.oinle(l to !iai | ictiin' lllie portnot of Wiishingt'inj .; : ihe portraii ol" the man who was the foitniler and the initig iinltodiinenl of their (ientinienis and principles. .Now, Mr. l(. very Will kiie« lo what portion of Washin:,'ton's wrl- tiiu:* that u'emliinan alludiil when he maile stich an assertion, and he |>ruiiimiiced it one of the grossest and ' - foulest libels tl at had ever been ' attempted lo be cast on the iinsi 'lied and the sa- cred name of George Washingloii. Washington | never had been a Native American in their sense of the term; he had never breathed their spirit nor acted on their principles. He had, indeed, in his ever-memorable Farewell Address, warned his countrymen on the subject of "foreign inlluenee;" ; but by that expression he certainly did not intend to allude to tlie influence of those very foreign ! citizens whom he had himself invited to our shores. It was the broad and patriotic doctrine of the patriot fathers of the Republic that taught the oppressed foreigner that there was an asylum in this laud of liberty. No selfish, contracted, and nroscripti"> views found a lodgment in their hearts. ; Their philanthropy was broad enough for human- ity; ineir patriotism, to embrace ihe land they had freed, the land they loved. They invited ihe'i to come and partiripate with us in jireserving .ae glorion* charge (Mimmitted to their care. No, sir; the foreign influence against which V, nsh- inglon warned his countrymen was not the true- liearttd emigrant, who sought our shores as an asylum from despotism; who sought our shores from an innate love of liberty. The Ibreign in- fluence against which Washington wtirned his countrymen was, the influence of their political systems: it was the influence of the banking sys- tem, of the larifl' system, and this odious Native American system of exclusive privilei^es — it was to influences like the.se that he so patriotically al- ludeil. When Mr. Jellerson (who entertaineil the same opinions unon this subject) .said, in one of his letters, thiit lie wished the ocean were a wall of fire, he meant that it niiirht separate us I'voin the systems of the Old World — such as the banking system, by which a few individuals in one of our Atlantic cities, niiirht control the currency — ilie lite-blood, the very Mlals of tnide. He also iiie;iNt ' ihe larilf system; by which one half of the com- munity was burdened and oppressed by the oilier, uiid'r the falacious pretence that it was awarding lo labor its dues. This w;if that foreign iiitluence against which both warned tUeir coniurymen; and this very Nalivism itself w..s a part and parcel of the same evil system. The En^:lish policy on this subject was exactly the Native doctrine — it was against naturalization. Vi'hat was natural- ization in England r and how was it obtained.' Only by a special act of Parliament. And why.' Because it was not a part of their system ol* poli- cy. And what would lie wise policy in her, situ- ated as she was, would be egrc'^ious mailiies.^ in us. Her little crowded island had scarcely room t"or its iiilKibitanls; and, of cimrse, she had not the same motive tor eiicmiraging eniigraiioii which operated with so much pov.cr in this vast Ilepiib- lic. The whole thing was a Ibreign system, aila)iled lo tiireign countri' >. and not lo llus coun- try; and was included in i e memorable warning of AVashingtmi. The genUeinan [.Mr Lkvin] had toal them that it was Ibr from the di'si:;ii of tlu'se .Native Ameri- cans lo discoura::e the emigration ol' i'oreigners anioiii;sl us. Such a iiesi;;n it might not he politic io avow: liiii what were the indiicemenlH the gen- ilemiin held cut to rc*pe'Mal>le tbreiirtiers to trans- fer ihcm.selve- and their all to the llniled Stales.' DiK'S the geiil'eman ►, appose liial they came here for a mere living — foi the mere privilege of breath- iii::r That they cnuld obtain anvwhere on terms ei|iia!ly good. Fo the man deprived ' political riirhls ali (iovernnienis were the same. I'liere ivas no (tisiinctiiiii in mere ternis to hioi who w;is alike the sa ijeri ill' oppression in "iilier. Supposing him to come here, and let the i;eiiileiiiaii's syslem pre\ail, and th.it inan*s ondition wouhl be about as i;ooil undei a Turkish despotism as in this free country. If he cone here, it \\as to have all hi p.iUiii'al ri::hts taken awi>y, and to remain a dis- franchised man tor twenty-one years. The gen- tleman's jiarty does ii it close the doors, but only renilerstheni impassal.le to every man of lionurable feiliM'.;s. The geiitlem.in well knew the impolicy (iiot to say uiipopuiiirily ) of atiempiing to shut up the doors of a land which had milr uis of acres, yes, millions of square miles of its l.'Mile soil yet unsettled. Hence he denied their doctiines were lo exilude, but lo pnril'y thi^ poliiieal Hysiiau. lint ; he (.\!r. II.) asked in liirii, if the whole system was not exclusivu to nil who were worthy to weiur the name of an American citizen.' Who would come in under such a syslem of laws as the doc- trines of that ])arty prescribcdi' None but such as would be fu tools for tyranny; not one whoso hcnrl throbs for liberty, and whose impulses har- monized with the cause thnt proclaimed the righls of man. Their doctrines placed Ihem upon the horn of a dilemma. They were for either keeping foreigners out, or they were no.. If they wished to keep ihem out, their [lolicy was detestable, and never could receive the sanction of the people of i this country. If they did not wish to keep then) out, their policy was still more detestable, because sucli an invitation could apply only to those who ' are so regardless of the righls of freemen that they would be unfit lo he anywhere; for while with I one breath they invited them to come, with the \ other they bla.sted everything worthy of coining , for. He might choose whichever horn of the di- lemma he liked best. The only true iiolicy for n Government like ours was, to throw open the doors to imniigration. We wnnled population. We lind a country vast in ex- tent, fertile in soil, and embracing every variety of climate, and capable of sustaining ten times the liopnlalion that ii does. We had one great valley loniaining more than thirteen hnndreil thou.sund square miles in extent, with less than ten mil- I lions of ponuli lion, and where thirty niilliiuia would be iinnetely better olf than ten. \es, the valley of the Mississippi alone would siistain its Inuidreds of millions comfortably, ai.rt yet with less ihan ten we are called uiion lo check I'nimigra- tion. And why, forsooth.' Because, certain would- be privileged cla.sses did not like to see so stroiifj a tleinocratie infusion into the body politic. Could it 1)1' the policy of such a Government, wilh such a country, to retard selllement, and heap up obsui- cles in ihe way "•■ iimuigration f Even western 1 Missouri was scarcely half way across the great valley, and we had nothing that could he called a selllement beyond, and but a sparse one within that limit; and yet we were invited to elo.se the . doors against genius and enterprise and woilh, and lea,e it open only to those who hatl not spirit enough to spurn the wrongs proposed lo be heaped upon them. Away with such dm Irincs. Let them (onu, let llinn come from nil iIh earth; we had space and a hearty welcome for them all. This is the huiguage that the genius of our institutions holds out to them, and il will find a glorious r<- spoiisc in the bieasl of every genuine lover of liberty. TInn, if it is our policy lo iiivile them here, is il not e<(ually sound policy to all'ord them an op- liortunity at the earliest possible period, of identi- fying the nselves ::» interest wilh the Government of theirehoice. The true rule on this siihji'clwus, lo make every nan a curator of the i^reiU cause of linnian lilierly, as soon as he iii.ule choice of his country, and manifested an inclination to make his re.sii nee permanenl. They come here from , choice, prompted by an innr.te. love of liberty; and our t'rvti institutions can never be in danger from men who hive abandoned ."o niinh, and periled SI I much, lo enjoy the blcs.^ini;s they bestow. The sooner they are made citizens after becoming acquniiiicd with our institutions, the belter for us, the belter for lliein; and the shortest period for aeqiiirnii: that inlbnnatton, sliontd be the term of prolialioa for natnralizalion. The lime is already long eiiuiiLrh in all reason. The people demand no cliaiu'c; and if they did, it would be in accord- ance with soiniil policy lo shorten it. Who de- inaiul.- the extension, but a few restless spirits in our overgrown ciiies, inllanied by bigotry and the spirit of persecntion.- ■ c statesmen, at this en- li:.'hteiicd day, ;ind in l' "•■ c country, would be st.irileil at so lU'iiisiro proposition as that of peopling a count v wilh inhabitants, and deiiving till 111 all iiiteresi in its (bixernnient. It is nothing more nor less th.-tn a prnposiiimi lo fill the country wilh internal foes to onr institutions. He en- vied I ol the feelings of 'uu mail who would not scorn any system o** Gov. rmneiit that completely tind ell'eciually din uichised him from all partici- pation in its alVairs. Every (-Toverinni-nt wasarbi- Irary and desjioiie, no niaticr what its forms or name, to the man di.sfranclii.scd from all political righls. What need he care tor fonni who is strip- ped of his riu'hts and pi i\ i leges miller any and e\ cry I form? To liiir. how much more fuscinuling would -r- [Dec. IP, 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 45 I. OP Reps. n ? Wlio would Inws lis the doc- S^onc but such na not one whoso se iiiipulsos har- luinied tlie righla Ihem upon the or nilhcr keepinK If they wislied s lietesluhlc, and of the people of *h to keep ihenj lestablc, because Illy to those who recmen llint they for while with tome, with tlui irlhy of coming r horn of the di- rnmcnt like ours iniigration. We untry vast in ex- eveiy variety of IS toi limes the one t;reat valley nidred thousand s than Ion mil- Ihirty miMiinis 1 ten. ■* es, the ■ould siistain its ', ai.d yet with I check I'lnmii^ra- e, certain winild- I to see so stron;^ 'politic. Could mom, with such il heap up obsta- Evcn westoni ncross the j;roat :ould be called a arse one within led to clo.se the rise and worth, to hail not spirit sod 10 be heaped inos. Let them irth; we had all. This ia ■ mstitulioiia I ijlorious n- liiie lover of ihoni lioro, is llicin ail op- ioil, of idonti- ' Govoniinent I subject was, i^rt-at cause c'liiiicc of his uoii Id make here from libcrly; and ilaiiifor from and periled I' y bcslow. ■r lioconiiiii; potior for us, t iicriod for ' tiio ti-rm of 10 is already 'pic demand lie in accord- Who dc- less spirits ill iilry and the I, at this rn- ry, would Se as ihal (if and denviiii; II is iioihin^ ihodiumry Ho en- lo would not It complolely 111 all partici- oiil was arbi- ils forms or all political ivlio IS slrip- tiy and every laling would 29th Cong 1st Sess. Oregoi. — Mr. Haywood. Senate. be our Republican institutions than a Turkish despotism! No; our true policy is to cnjouraijc immi,:;ration by all lefjitimate means; and, when secured, to make them at the earliest possible period joim inheritors of the glorious cause com- mitted to our charge. The ircntleman Mr. [Lkvin] had frc piently talk- ed about shoals of forcij,'iiers being inrown upon our shores by the despotic Governments of Eu- rope. This was against 1 ict and ajtaiiist common sense. It was the policy of no Goveriiinent in the world lo drive oil' her own citizens. And not t ily were ihere no facts to prove il, but facts proved the contrary. Had not the Government of Germany recenily pa.s.'iod an edict excludinf; Amcri'an ]ia- pers from circulation in that country, and tbat lor the avowed reason that their pinctical iiitluencc was to draw oif population from tne empire ? Yet I'ontlcmen would have the country belie vc that it was Gennaii policy to send us her emi>;i'ants,aiid that she throw ll.ein olT as a slough and an incnni- branco. This was only to render foreign popula- tion infamous among us. Uiit those men were not n burden anywhere; they were the Hue lovers of liberty; thty had abandoned their h.imes and all that was dear to them because of their superior love to freedom. Their politicid instincts were right; they were democratic at the start, and hence the violent opposition of certain gentlemen against them. Was this not manifest? No opposition was made to English emigrants or Scotch emi- grants : it was all against the Irish and the Dutch: against these men the Native American jiarty and their Whig allies seem to have enterc'l into a cru- sade. The I'jnglish andtiie Scotch were very wel- come, because their prejudices were, for the most part, against the American Democratic party; but the Irish and the Dutch must '.y all means be kc|/t out, because they thicked a> imiiirally inta the Democratic ranks as rivers sought the sea. This is the true .sc< ret of all this violent opposition to the adopted ciiizen. If they were what the gen- tleman pictured them out — fit tools for the op- pressor, they would be a most acceptable boon to that party who seek lo govern this country rather by monopolies than laws. It is their very virtues that mark them out for persecution. It is that stern political integrity and lofty patriotism, cling- ing with devoted allection to the country of their adoption .md her cherished institutions; the innate love of liberty, and utter detestation of tyranny, which mark their lofty character; that renders tlicm .so obno.'cious to those who would rule this country by stratagem, and not by the voice of a free people. To the propagation of doctrines like these, at war, as he .solemnly believed, with the best inter- ests of the country, and witli tendencies fatal to her prosperity, he would never vote the sanction of that House. Let those Massachusetts resolu- tions go the slaiidiiifl; Conmiittoe on the .ludiciary, whore they appn-in-iately belong. Wl at is there to endear us !■. this calumny upon our adopted citi- zens that tiicy should have a select conmiiitee in preforeiice to other and worlhier objects? If an old soldier comes here, marked with honorable scars,_ with his jielitioii fur a pension, and should ask for a select commilleo, siii'h a propo.siiion would quickly bo frowno'l down. Yet Into a po- litical sect, opposed to 'iie best interests of the coun- try — not the vindical.irs of their own ri!,'hts, but the avowed asiailaiils of iho rights of lliers had the modesty lo a.'*. er vested ill him hy the t'onsdtution lo make ireuties. Mr. H/VYWOOD said that when he gave notice of his inlention yesterday to move lo lay this whole matter upon the table, he had ;ibslained from enter- ing into the discu.ssion, because his motive was then, and still was, lo prevent premalnre discu.s- sioiis upon our foreign negotiations. The remarks of other Senators, however, had imposed upon him the duty of explaining his views a little more at largo, and he prayed the indulgence of the Senate, whilst he pledged himself that no species of provo- cation should drag him into a discussion of the " Oregon t|uestion" at this time, nor into any di - claralion of his own opinions upon the ques'tio.s existing between our Government and that i '" Great liritain. When those questions caino up in proper lime and order before the Senate, ho should lie ready to meet them, ho hoped, ill a spirit of do- V'lliuii 10 his own counlry, and to act upon ihoiii accordingly, in Iho fear of God. He protested against the .Senate pushing it.solf in advance of the Executive, and to the i elusion of the I'rexiilcnl, thus snalchiiig from him iiis rightful jiowor of con- ducting i.nrnogotiatioi.s with foreign Governmonts. He protested airainst this the more strongly, when it was obvii MS lo o\cry body (nnd he appealed to the concurrence of Senators for its truth) tli.'il the end and aim of it all was to IrMiisfer our foreign negotiations to the cnnrt-yardsaiid hnstin^'s, which was a still worse trilnnial for sneli topic s than a Senate. Ho professed to bo a Democrat, and ho believed bo was one; but lie w.is a rf/irMfn/nd'rc Domoi-ral. The iloniormcy id' bis Slate, ho fell certain, and ho supposed the people ovorywbere, knew and bad alway-i nnilerstood that, for very good cause, they had' lodged the power ofcarryin'g o:i their business with foreign coini..,os in' the hands of ihoir iiKi'nKsr,N,-TAriM;s, viz. the /Vcsi- i/rn(, with the Sciialo as his mlnsvn. lie llioiiglil Noiili (.'aroiina was well salisliod v.illi that ar- raii'_'ciocnt of the Consiitiuiou, and lie know they ought lo bo so, and he felt called upon lo resist tlii's movement as an attempt ai the practical subversion I of the Constitution. The people had no desire to ] thrust them.sclves into the President's ulace.nor "o sec us snatch from him his re-sponsibility and his 1 trusts for any such purposes, or for any purpose. No good coidd come of it lo the country; none ] whatever; but, on the contrary, much evil, at home j and abroad, in the Senate and out of it. Mr. H. said he had other obicctions to this form ! of jiroceediiig. He had slatcdj when first up, that he did not like the original resolutions, because i they would be a censure upon the President ; nor ! the amendments, although they lauded the Presi- dent. The appropri.'te, dignified, and constilu- i tioiial duties of the Senate were to legislate by ! jiractical mandatory laws as a part of Congi'ess, or, in Executive session, to advise when asked lo do il, and even when advice was not asked in pe- culiar cases, but not barely to declare opinions 1 which might' reflect honor or censure upon the ! President and agitate the people of the nation. Both the Senators had taken excejition lo the maii- ■ nor in which he had been obliged to characterizo their resolutions. The Senator from Indiana de- : nied that his resolutions were n censure of the Presiilent. Now, Mr. H. thought the proposition was ns plain as tlic way to the President s lunn- sion. He had nothing to do with the Senator's intentions, but with his resolutions, and they did contain a censure. The Senate was called upon to declare by ihem, in substance, if not in words, that any ofl'er to compromise, &c,, would be an overture to do that which was contrary to the Conslitulion and dishonorable lo the nation. The President had informed us in his Message that ho had done that very thing. He had offered lo com- promise, i*k:c. The simplest rules of logic justified a conclusion from such jiremiscs that the President had done an act in violation of our honor, and had '■ offered to consummate an act which w.'is against the Conslitulion. Men must have formed singu- I lar notiinif idiout what was or was not a censure, ! who assorted that there was no censure in this. It i wasa denunciation of what had jiasseil, in 'he form [ of a threat if it should bo done again. That was 1 the exact character of the original resolutions, and ' the candor of the Senator from Indiana would com- pel him to admit that the very end and dcsi'gn he j had chiefly in view was lo notify, to forewarn the I President of what he miirlil reckon upon, if he should accept from the Ih'ilish Government his own ofl'ers to that Government for a compromise; "for the resolution;- .say to him, " We distrust you; take care what yon do." Mr. H.'VNNEOAN said that was exactiv his i object, llii anote published in the " Union, ''Mr. Hanneoan states that this assent was given only to the assertion that llie President " should be care- ful how he proceeded in fuUiro."] Mr. HAYWOOD siid that he knew he could not bo mistiikon. I'lie language was too plain to mistake, and the motive too obvious lo escape de- tection. Aui' was that not a '■ censure of the Pre- sident?" Was 'hat no insulting reference lo what the President hud do.-t " There was no Inngiiaire by which a Senator of 'he United Stales could ' more directly ami unequivocally censure a Presi- dent, unless they should descend lo borrow terms for the )mrposo from the voenbulnry of black- guards. Did the Senator fVom Indiana suppose that he, or any other Senator, had the capacity lo frame a censure in any language suited lo a Senate's n.so more daiuniiig that his rosoluiion? Mr. H. doubled it vervniuch. What! " dishonorable:" a '* surrender ot iho iuilh)»*s /lonor " by the Chief Magistrate; " a violation of the Constitution " he hnd sworn lo support; no eotisure! The ainoiidments otrored by the Senator froir; .Sontli Carolina wore liable lo similar objections. The only dill'oronce was, the original n solutions eeiisiired wluit the amondmouls lauded the President foi having done. The .Senator from South Caro- lina had, with some warmth, denied ihal he had l<(iided the Piositlont. He (Mi. Havwood) was , not to be considered by that Senator as intending , lo be disrespoetful to him personally, because liu did not at oiieo more precisely define his position. Ho certainly did mil mean to charge (/i(i( .SViin/iM- with oll'ciing jirai.se lo the Chief Magistrate; but he meant to assort that the amoiidmcnts which he had proposed wore laudatory in like manner as the original ri'sohtlions were condemimlory. The Senator would himaelf ogree, that if a respectful 46 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. 18, 29th Cono 1st Sess. Naturalization Laws — Mr, Levin. Ho. OF- Reps. eniinciatinn of what was believed to be a fiiir Olid necessary interpretation o( a motion or res- olution oflercd to the Sennio, was to be regarded as in any di'irree personal towards the author, we would tl'iereliv he iniposiuy: a violent restriction upon the freedom of debate. [Mr. Cai.H(pi:v nod- ded his nsseni.) He must still maintain the truth of the propo.«ilion, that the (iiufm/mfn/.^ were res- ohitiiins to praise that which the original resolu- tions eensureit. That which the original resolutions declared to l>e dishonorable and unconsiilutionnl, the amendnientM declared to be honorable and con- Riituiionul. The Senator himself had shown that the original resolutions were a ceusiire by implica- tion ; ami the consequence was inevitable that the amendments were, to the same extent, lamlatonj by like implication. Neither the one nor ihe other looked ocvond this declaraiinn of opinions by ihe iScnatc. Both stopped short of any practical legis- lation. The original resolutions, aa well as the amend- meiiis, took into the Senate's hands prematurely the suiiject of our nei;oiintions, before the Kxecii- (ire had done iri(/i il; before the Senate had inquired of him, or otherwise knew, whether he had done with it; and before the Senate had adviseil him to tcmiinutc his negotiatiojis, and turn it over to our legislation. Whether that were to be done by re.solulions of censure or of praise made no sort of dirtcreiice: it would be on unauthorized intrusion on our part; a premature action of the Senate, and, in his judgment, un.safe, unwise, uniiignitiid, uii- coiistitulnmal: and he hoped that Senators, for the sake of the country and the Senate, would on all sides put a stop to it ut (Uicc. Although he did not go into any examination of our o goiiatio:ij with Ureat Britain, but abstained fr i it at Ikis lime cm })urpos. , he did not doubt 'tlu.l this manner of bringing t.)rr'^on into the Senate would embarrass those negoliationa; and the adttplion of these rrso- hiiionsor of ihe amendiiieiilt^, would put ourcoiui- try, as well a-s the President and Senate, in a false position. If he might Ije excused such a ligure in the ISeiiale, he would say he was willing to take hold of Oregon whenever it came iiiio the Senate liraJ forimosl, but not drag it in tail fureiiwsl; and when it was legitimately there, he viould only in- ({uiie irhal il btcamt Hit L'niled SInlts Iv ilo, regard- It ss of the lavor and fearless of the complaints of other iialKuis. The President hud this subject in his charge, under the Cotislitution, and if any be- lieved he was not the beat qualified, or not so well cpialilicd as lliey were lo luaiiuge its negotiation, still he was the President, and had the couslitti- lional right and power to do it, until he had l"s' J negotiation. The original resolutions \» ouhl en- tirely disarm him: the amendments would irenAfti our position, as well as his; for whellirr so de- signed or not, still, in the eyes of (Jreat Britain, Ibey would appear to be a Senatorial oiler of the line at A^ for a compromise, aficr that oiler hud just been refiiAed^ ami the President iiiT'irniid tlie nation he had forthwith v. iihdiawn it. An olVi r made with that sin't of busty zeal, or the appiar- ance of il, might exciu' ex|iceiations abroad fatal to the linal settlemenl id' the controversy. Bol (Mr. [1. saidj the Senator from Indiana had mainnoiied that ^' ne:rotiations had ended," and, with an air of trinni|jli, he had read i[Uotaliinis from the Presid-nt's .Message. All this might be so; and what then .• If the President had already taken ground, ns the Senafid be not see tltiii tirciit Britain would be misled by it to suppose that we were actually alarmed, and disposed to play a game of brag tor Oregon, and that we talked lo keep np our nalional icairage? If th'' President's Mess.ige was corniily inter- |M-i lid by the SenaUir, then had the Chief Magis- ti'ale done precisely what the >Setialiuie4uciiciiii if he slinuld recede an inch. And this in the Senate of the United Stales ! This was a proposi- tion of the Senator to the Democratic farlij, too; I to the President's friends; to the President's own ! political household! The incidents of the morn- ] nig had shown the nrobabilily, nay, the certainty j of a lenr, if this course wn.. ,^. severed in. Hedid I not mean n icnr with £ii;/um..',' for he declared, in I all sincerity, that although he should regard such a wnr as perhaps ilic gnatest calamity that could I befall Ihe civilized wiuid, yet for hiniself he had I not lost im hour's sleep for the apprehension of ! it ; that he did not believe there was the slightest peril of a war Iteltrern England and Ihe Lniled i IStates at this time; none whatever. But the war . he predicted (and it was the inevilable consequence of this sort of proceeding) wa.s a war in the Senate, a iKMiie-contesi, a domestic nd'air altogether; a war I amongst the PiTsident's political friends; aSenato- j rial war in the Democratic party, of leader against leader, which would be more of an octagon battle ] than an Oregon war. lie appealed to Ueinocralic Si'iiiitoir frankly, and in the face of our political ' opponents, to stop this thing. And in view of the coiisider;itiotis already feebly urged upon their pa- triotism, he liid not abate one iota of his demands J upon Seiiati'rs of all p,arties for their hearty co- operation in securing to the President the benefit of an armisuce. Lci the President have two moons to settle our ali'airs with foreign Governments be- fore the rein is madly sua died from his hands. Congress had been in session less than a month, and iialf of the time had been a liolyday; and il was surely expecting very little of liis /rienih lo allow him one monih or even two months more, and lair united support, to conclude a dispute of nearly half a eenlury with Ureal Britain, in which the whole coiiiilry was so deeply iiiierested. If be did not command our coiilideiu' , or if for any oilier reason ihe Senate were too <.calous to wait a litile while upon him, why no', at any rale, let the door be closed upiui our iingialienl coiin.sels, and address a rcsjieciful inquiry to him whether he had really abandoned iiegoii:itioiis.' Or, if he had not, and the Senate choose to do it, advise him lo stop all further negoiialioiis, and to inform the Sen- ate i)C alt Ihal hiislieen done by him.' The Senate would still have time lo acl, and the informatian thus to be derived from the Kxeculivc would aid their counsels, or it iniu'ht even modify soinc of their opinions. At all events, the President's friends ought not to do less than that before their jiidgmetil was proiKuinced in the premises. Thct'residenl had not coininutiicaled to the Senate all the coirefpondtuce on this subject of Ori>gon, as had been staled ill the debate. He had not professed to do so; not at all. if the Senator from Indiana v\'ould read the .Mes.sage iigain, he would see that the President therein informed the .Senate that in Orlnbir, IHJ.'), the ,'lmerican .Vinistir to London icii-s anthoriztd lo f;//'fr a roinproinise, &(c. He did not coniiouiin-ale all or any of the curres- pinidence willi that Minister or his successor. He had not said nor intimated thai tiicse instructions hiid been revoked by our Ciovernnie. I. He had said iiiuliing upon that point (itlier way. True, he had made an oll'er and withdrawn i' /icrr; wlieiher il was the same, or mily " siniil.ir" lo the oiu: which the .American .Mniisler had authorily lo oiler, who knows.- He realiirmed our title to all Oregon, to be sure; ijiit as .'or that he had again and again as.serled our title to all of Oregon in every |jart of his correspr,ndciii'e with the llrilish Minister, and in the very ai-t of iiroposing a ciun- promise he did all that. He (Mr. H.) did not Know any more abinit the slate of our relatimis and mgoliations with (ileal Britain than other Senaliirs, bnl these facts were i« fore the nation, and tliey niii^ht be deiiued wm li i^onsideration before tlie Senate should assume s a point settled — a '• fixed fact" — with the Sen. '"r from Indiana, that "negoiialioiis had endeil. ' He certainly might well insist upon them aa aliuiid ditly siilli- cieiil lo excuse all inquiry of llie President, when Uiken in coniiex on with i'.. lapse of time since the date of the '-isi • orrespoiiilence sent to the Senate, and the im . sil |e resumption of negotifttioii ijy him with llie lliiiHli .Minister, before the Presi- dent's own frieniU voted to displace him from hia approjiriale duties — to censure him by implicution, or to threaten hini by anticipatiiai. [Suiue iiiierlucutury renuuku were madti belwesn Mr. Hannegan and Mr Haywood, which the re- porter did not hear so as to render them with cer- tainty; after which — 1 Mr. HANNEGAN said that the President had given the information in his Message as plainly as A, B, C And where was the necessity of asking i him whether we s'lould move or not.' He who ' could not understi ml the jilain language of the j President, that the i egotiatioil wasat an end.must j have a singular obhiiul'y of menial vision. Ho (Mr. H.) had then only to pursue his own course. If hcreaiter he should see proper to pursue any I particular course, he would move without nskina; j the President's permission. So far as etiquette I was concerned, he eared nothing. It was the siih- I stance which he desired. Rut he would ask the i particular friend of the President, as the Senator '■ appeared to be on this occasion, how would he defend him if the negotiation was still pending, : and the President had |)ublished his message ito i the world.' Did he not call on Congi-ess to act.' Did he not recommend notice to be given to Great ; Britain for the lerminalion of the joint occupation? that we should occupy, lo n certain extent, the ter- ritory, and erect stockades and forls.' He said ! that the negoliation was at an end; and yet we I were to ask the President, was it time to net! The Senator from North Carolina appealed to his friends to stand by him in rejecting these resolu- tions; but he (.Mr. II.) called on him, as main- mining llie principles of the Baltimore Convention, to stand by the iirodaniation of his party. In the same resnhiiion Texas and Oregon rose and met, and should be niainiaiiied. ^Vere we divided there? He asked the Senator not to adhere to men, but lo adhere to the declaralions of partv, made in solemn convention. By this he was wil- ling to live or die. No compromise at forty-nine; the people in his country would never con.sent to such a surrender. He repealed, in the words of his resolutions, that it would be dishonorable and cowardly to surrender. In reply to .Mr. H.^nnf.g w's allusion to him as the peculiar friend of the President, Mr. HAY- WOOD made some further remarks, the substance of which was, lliat it was due lo the President to stale that he had held no cimference with him; that his motion and his remarks were suggested alto- gether by the events of the morning; and, in Irulli, he had seen the President only once since the piT- seni Congress cmnmenced, excepting when he paid Ihe fornail visit lo his family, customary among Senators upon their first arrival. It was due lo the .Senator from Indiana, luuvever, thai he should ad- mit that he (.Mr. Havivooo) was a " pecniinr friend of the President ;*^ thai he was the President's friend, and Presidents and other politicians between the capes which bounded ibis District, he had found out, had few, very few, sixrF.nr. friends. Where- fore, lo be a ".viarrrf " friend is to be a "prcii/iflr" friend of the President, and doubtless the Senator knew that meaniiig of the word, and in that sense he had corrccdy applied it. NATURALIZATION LAWS. SPEECH OF HON. LEWIS C. LEVIN, OF PENNSYLVANIA, Iv THE Hnt'sE OF Rephesentatives, Deeemlier IH, 184.'), On a motion for a Select Cmnmilllee, with iiistriic- lions, lo iiu|uire whether any alterations were required in our jueseni naliiraliziuion laws, for the proleciion of American insliliitions. .Mr. LIJVIN said: The gentleman w':.. last occupieil the lloor has been anxious '.i proclaim the dentil of Native Anit:ricanism Sir, it is a principle that can never die. Il 's pan and panel ol'lbe i-mintry itself, and as natar.vl to our soil as the moiinlains lliat rise in the diM.ds, or the rivers that walir lair plains. The prii.ciple which binds us logelher is one so irresistibly allractive, as to promise us a large majority of ll e people of these Uiiili-'d Slates as friends and sup:iorters — arrayed in the armor of truth, and iiispir -d by the enlliii- siusm of patriotism. That principle, sir, is a liv- ing iiriiiciple. It is no abstrai'tisn. It is an em- liudied vitality of all that is pure in life, lofty in pttlriolisin, and sublime in achievement. It is W 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 47 29th Cong 1st Sess. Naturalization Laws — Mr. Levin. Ho. or Reps. inn to liim ns , Mr. IIAY- llii' siibsinnce President to 111 liini; that iji;este(l nltn- il, in triuli, nee the pre- ■ en he pnid miirv iiniiiiig due tn the, sinuihl f\\\~ illav ffiejid IVcsidenl's ns between lind toiiiid Where- '*;jfrn/irtr" 'le Scimtor titat st'iKse IVES, ■itli instnie- linnfl were n laws, fur ':.. last • t )irtti'lfutn ir, it is a and pan-el lur »r)il an ■ the rivem hieli liinilH live, as to le of ihcne. 1 — arrayiil the cnihn- r, is a liv- is an ini- lile, loCly lit. it m identified with the birlli of the Republic — the day- flash of our liberty — the maturity of our inde- pendence, and the e.stablishnient of our glorious Constitution. It is n^eoniiiscd as fame. It is eonsecmted as clory'. The farmer at his plough fiel.s it.'j warmth in his heart. The boy at school, a.s his peach-lilnoiu cheek flushes with pride, shoots a l)r;shter (j'ance from his eye, at the ihounht of the name, that is itself that principle, and which equally defies slander, repels calumny, con(|uers argument, and soars above scorn, con- tempt, and hatred. Is it ncces.sary that I should mention the name, when there is but one that cor- responds with the defiiiitiini.' And yet, so lieavjr liave become the foreit;n mists that obscure men s minds, who lose all jiride of the past in the selfish- ji ness of the present, that I find myself conslrained 'j to give breath to a cliai-m that sliiUl usher our ad- 1 versaries into the very flood of noonday light, i The name, sir, that einiiodiesour principles is that | of George Washington! If, then, any discredit i can attach to being a Native Americon, I for one jilcad guilty, and fling myself upon the mercy of an age n^creant to the principles of the Revolution, and dead to the claims of country. Will those who jirefer to worship the Pagan idols of foreign altars (I speak jiolitieally) show mercy to one who i claims the feelings and .lympatliies incident to a ] fellowship of birthright with George Washington i — one vvho dare, without quailing before ridicule, j or blushing at the ribald icst of the infidel scorner, 1 lay his hand u))on the Dible as the rock of his J faith, and hold the Constitulion lo his heart as the i monitor of his political duty — one who, whatever : may be bis Pate on this stage of action, is con- ■ tent to abide by the verdict of u tribunal in which ! human frailty has no share. As Native .Americans, we desire to erect nddi- j tional bulwarks for the protection of American ' institutions from foreign influence; and no sooner is the proposition malic, than we are told that we ! are indebted to that very foreign influence for tiie | birth of American freedom. The gentleman from Maryland [Mr. Gii.es] reminds u.s of a debt of! gratitude we owe to France, for her friendly aid ; in achieving our independence! Ha.s the gentle-! man forgouen that Krancc has been paid some j fifty millions of dollars for all her services, out of the spoliations of her cruisers on American com- ; nierce; that the brave Lafayette has been enriched by our bounty; and that money and pensions have ', been liberally showered upi"< all foreigners worthy of that bounty? As far, tlun, as foreign aid eon- tributed to our independence, it has been repaid with a generosity without u parallel in the history iif nations, and to an extent that leaves not much ] for the parties to boast of on the score of disin- ! terested chivalry or heroic lov. of freedom, so well paiil for has been every blow struck by foreigners ! in the cause of our independence. AVhi'ii grati- ' tude, then, is appealed to as a sentiment whose ] force ought to disarm justice, reverse the decisions ; of reasnii, and peivcrt the true American policy - friiiii the attituilc of .self-defence rgaiiLst foreigii ' coniiuninalion, let us not forget that all its romance ; has vanished in the jingling pur.ic that has so ! amply paid for what eventually resolved itself into , a mercenary .service. 1 now speak ol France, and the foreiuiu oflicers paid for their services. With ' no ccminiou plen.surc do I recurd Lifayette as a i:lorious excepliun lo the rule. With generous ardor did he sacriliee in the cause of American fieedom; with generous ardor our proud Uepulilic has repaid the voluniary homage of his virtuous (levoiii)n to the cause of human rights. What, then, is ijur debt of gralilude to forei''ners Ibr American indi'pendence? An account hi-.s been nnilered, and the balance sirnek; a receipi in \\\\\ has passed beuveeii us; and yet, after this plain iiiercaalile transaction, we are orten n'mindicl of the debt of trratitude we owe lo the Old World for Ainerie.'ui iVeedoin. I low nicMislnius the paradox, that till' New World should be indebted to the CM IVoild for .\iiiericau freedom! Let us look at this .|Ues'ioM in ils actual relations. Tie tpiarrel of the nionarchs of Kurope brought 'IS I'l-anci- as an illy, not because lier king cuulil feel or fight for freedom, (for the idea is preposter- lais and absurd, that a king would prepare iheele- iiienls of desiriiciion for the overthrow of bis own ' throne,) but becaii.se he did feel hatred of a rival monarchy (Liiijland)^ tuid »ou;;hl to crush her. Who before has ever pretended that wlien France sent Ik armies to tliis country she so acted from love of liberty, instead of hatred of England } A boy at the first form would spurn the ridiculous idea that France, an absolute monarchy of feudal origin, would engage in our battles of freedom from love of those principles that must eventually undermine her own despotism. liut it may be said tlint there is a .-ientiiiieiit of gratitude iu every human breast, which, rising superior to oil merce- nary considerations, ennobles him who feels it. No doubt there is such a sentiment. Sacred be its throbs ! But who will urge such a scmiment as uii argument for the destruction of his country 's inde- pendence, or the overthrow of the rights of mail 1 Shall this sentiment urge us to the adoration ol" nionarcI:y ? Shall this sentiment wean us from the homage iliat every republican pays to iVeedom.' On the contrary, the heart that swells with grati- tude is the lietirt that burns with patriotism, Uajm at the thought of freedom, and would sooner [ler- isli than yield one jot of that freedom to a foreigii cabal. Since our last national conflict with England, the nionarchs of Europe have changed their tactics, not abandoned their object, invulnerable as they have found us to be, to all their belligerent assaults by physical power, they have since resorted to a moral and political warlare, to compel our free in- stitutions to conform to their feudal tstablishmenls. The conflict is the same; but the weapons used are new ones — the ballot-box, the naturlizatiun law, and u class alien vote — all of which can achieve greater destruction than their armies or their navies. Am t asked, how is this manifested .- i answer, in the moral impression made on the minds of the peojile who are hourly brought to sympathize with foreign monarchies, and to esteem the royalist, hot from the ulinosphere of thrones us equal to — nay, as superior — to the native-born American, iiur.sed in the lap and nourished from the bo.som of Democratic institutions! Yes, supe- rior — lor that is the term iniule use of to the native ; because, as the genileinun from Maryland had as- serted, "the idien is a citizen from choice;" and choice implies preference of a Republic, which im- plies sujierior virtue and patriotism. Now, sir, are aliens citizens by choice .' To make aliens " citizens by choice,'' they must luive no motives of a compulsory character to drive them from ilieir native homes to seek a fore i::.i, .strange, and re- mole land. Eveiy circuin.st.uei' of moral enjoy- ment and physical enniforl luusi be equal to w ii'ia they expect to liiid in this country, to consti- tute choice. W nation of Euro|ie presents an e(|ualily wii: i nited .'Slates, in any of the rationid bles.siii, i uii I know of iicne. The epicure of London, nr uounnand of Puis, may prefer them for the dib .i ;. ^ of the table; and 1 am ready to confes.s th.ii epicures do not swell the tide of foreign emigration m Uie present era of our history. The philosophei.s, uiUMnarians, and literati of Euro]ie, may cling to tin n moss- covered Museums — to l^ion, Cambridge, and Ox- Ibrd — with reverential Ibndness ; and, perhaps, ill ancient lore and modern cookery, we may rank even inferior to I'"rance and liritain. l!ut in all that ennobles the human mind — in all that sheds the halo of true glory around the brow lit' inan, standing erect iu all ihe god-like dignity of freedom, i challenge any ciaintry upon earth to show her claim to an equality with the United Slates of North America. Bui this is the feeblest point in the whole argument. ?Ian must eat first, and think iit'ier .raids. Show -.e a nation on the I'lce of the earth where mankind can obtain so 111 uiidantly all the cumt'oris of life, at so little cost of i.-.b.-, a.s in the I'niud States,' Show me any nation of Europe where the mass of population do not sull'er for want of subsistence,' Here is the grand necessity which drives the swarms of Eu- rope to our shores. Is not this necessity- The vorsl of 1,11 necessities — tlie physical force of famine. Can such men say they come here from " choice " — from love of lli'eedom, or IVom love of bread ? We may pity their destitution, but Heaven save us from lavishing ridiculous apphiuse upon their patriotism for having chosen this country as their abode. In the time of Mr. Jell'erson's ad- minialration, what was the general impulse that drove Ibieiijneis lo emigrate from Europe to this coiuilry? It was not " choice," but political per- secution. The French Revolution had kindled n blaze of liberty oround every European throne. The emigrant came to our shores then, as a refuge from the fiery persecution of kings, whose crowiiH had been made to tremble on their brows. It was not "choice," however, but necessity. If they lemaiiicd, their heads would have been brought to llie block, where the bloody axe of the executioner was eager for the work of death. Could a more dire or cruel case of necessity exist.' Yet they made their own welcome by their love of republi- can principles; they had ventured all their deiircBt hopes at home, to establish Hec government on a sublime basis, and they came among us then, not to infect, to disturb, or undermine our institutions, but to cement, confirm, and strengthen them. Antl many a rich treasure of morals, intellect, science, and virtue, did they bring with them. The natu- ralization law, then, was, as it ought to have been, liberal, free, and aflbrding every fticility to the ex- patriated republican to become one of the sovereign people of this great republic. But, alas ! he had no " choice." A stern necessity compelled him to so- journ and abide in this New World, at the sacrifice of all those fand ties and sickening longings after home, which bow down even the spirits of the most depraved, but which, to the heart of refine- ment and sensibility, surround it with the darkest clouds of wo and des[)ondeiiey. Never, sir, never did a virtuous man tear himself away from tlie native bUss of his homestead from "choice." There is no such "patriotism" in the human bo- som. Think you, the pilgrims of the Mayflower would ever have touched I'lyniouth rock with their iVail bar(|ue, had England allbrded them a land in which liljcrty of conscience could have been en- joyed, free from the forfeiture of pains, penalties, and disabilities? No. Believe it not. in all cases of emigration, some sort of necessity begets the impulse — whether it be moral, physical, political, or religious. Danger of life, from political |)ow( r —danger of suirvation from poverty — danger of iinprisoninent for non-contbrmity — or the certain- ty of degradation from the high dignity of man- hood. To the visions of the poet, or the dreams of the orator, then, let us consign this figment of " choice," as the feeling that impels the wanderer to seek our shores. But grant that some score or two in a thousand have made this country their abode from "choice," and not from dread of famine or lust of gold, what does it prove? Does it furnish any reason why those who lire driven among us from necessity should contaminate our ballot-boxes by spurious votes, polled under the dictation of foreign agents? There exists ni> rea^"ii why we should bow down to foreigii dictators, liecause a few — a very few — republicans liav made " choice" of this country for their iiboih -because they preferred a frceGov- erimieul to a royal tyranny? No, sir: we have no alii MS who are citizens from "choice." Abuso not til. understanding by sophistry so sirangc — pervert not the dignity of language by urguuient so false and untenable. But we hai em lold that we belong to a party of »' one idea. Ir- ibat a re.ison why we should 11. ii be privileged lo iiriiig this great subject ill pro- I" I form to the full consideration of the House? * iie term conveys no disparagement; and if de- igned as a sarcasm, it has lost its point in the literal truth of the praise that lies enveloped in its meaiiiiiii-. All great aebievenicnis orii^inate from "one id'- 1 '' Our opponents may say we have but one. ,ill we refer such charges to want of ■ ' want of candor? The attainment and lon of national character is by no nieans lib a." <-)ii the contrary, it is one of the most complex ihat man can conceive, and em- braces a coinprehension and variety of retbrms, interests, principles, and measures, superior to all other parlies. I thank the geiitleinan from Mas- saehuselis t"or drawing the line so broad and deep between " Whigs" .-uul " Xalive Aiiiericaus." 1 well knew that, nolwithslanding the patbelic ap- peals so lately made to llieni in the city of Boston, no real syinpalhy existed, or could e.xist, between those who advocated -riiE lUuiITS of the i>f,oi>i.£ and those who advocate the is'tchests of a I'.vh- TY. Democracy is " one idea" — the popular ele- ment in the ase.endaiit, though it be the foreigii eleinenl. Whigism is " one idea" — an arisioeraey of talent, ur the coatiervatisiu uf the iiioueyed in- sen-- pi. 48 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. 18. 29th Cong 1st Skss. Jytaturalizaiian Laws — Mr, Levin. Ho. or Ukps. tercst. The two old pnitirs arc nioa, cni|plmlicully based on " one iden." Mot so, liowfer. il'c. iNii- tive Anioricn:: Our great object is to attain to unity of national oliaracler; and -xa necessary to ] tlmt end, we enibnire every measure and policy i decidedly American, or llial can, in the most remote \ dcrce, contrilinle lo establish the nationid charac- ter. AVe go for everything Amcric^in in contra- distinction to everything foreign. That, too, may be called "one iaca;" but It is a glorious idea. I For seven years Washington and Ilia copatriols battled through blood, carnage, and intense sufl'er- ing for " one idea;" and they at least accomplished the great nehievement which gained us national , independence, sell'-governmenl, a free eni|iire, re- ligious and civil freedom, ni>'.;. the glorious fabric of an eternal Republic. The.^e, sir, were the noble fruits to be reaped from sowing " one idea." I ac- knowledge that the Native Americans do cherish one idea of the character I have just described, that generates a thoiLiand. A gencralive idea, sir, is the test of a great and growing partv. Apply ours to any .sound sulliiiiiicd too niucli in the mould of the hero- ines of '7(i to become allVighted at an imaginary evil, or warn their country of a peril not real and menacing. Was', with them Native Americanism is not one idea — one sensation — one me.asnro. Tho.sc who have wept over the dead bodies of their sons ruthlessly slaughli '.'cd by the rifles of foreign desjieradoes, teel that a worlii ot tlion;:lit — a world of emotion — .t world of agony — of hope, and ex- pectation, are all embraced in the cause of that freedom, to maintain which sent their children to a premature anil bloody grave. Is there matter for fri'.rid s.ircasm in the martyrdom of ti'ii Ameri- can citizens, iinniolated on the alter id' our consli- tntional freedom? I trust not. I trust that )iarty spirit, however fierce in its rage to seize ihe spoils, or beat down an adversary, has not yet become so relentless and nnreleiuiiig. The gentlenian from Alabama has likened our cau.se to that of abolition. Is this charge ju.st? Is it true? Abolition scei.< lo overthrow an institution which exists under the Constitution, and which abolition is willing to overleap. Native Americau- isin seeks to defend every instit.ilioii that exist.s under that glorious Constitution, which we vene- rate as the ark of our political eovcicii.l. Surely the geiitli'iuan from Alabama has iioi been made acquainted wiili the origin of the .N.itive American movement in that State which I have the honor to represent in part. A I'oreign dcmagogne addres.ses a political missive to a cert/iin body of so-called American citizens, banded together a." a distinct political organization, and tells them, " Wiikhe vou HAVE lllE ELKCrlVK rilANClilSE, lilVE Vol II VOTES TO NOSE BIT THOSE WHO WIl.l, ASSIST vol- IX CAnnvixo otT the intentio.vs " — of wlii" The American Cimsiitution? 01i,in)! Of v ' American freedom ? Oli,nol Hut poll you . -S to carry out the intentions of a foreign Uedpoi, who aims m the overthrow of American iiisii- lutions. Was it a crime, sir, for Native Ame- ricana to repel this iu;gression,and proclaim to the world that no foreign potentate, or a','int, or dem- agogue, slionld invade the eonstilutioiial righi of any portion of our American populaimn? Ami now, sir, when we propose to eri'ct In Iwarka in defi'iice of .\mericaii rights, American hi-iilutions, and the American Consiilntimi, a spuriuns appeal is made in behalf of Ihe lianil' .1 loreis;n hgnm, and We are asked to substitute iiie liberal spirit of the IJi'claration of American Independence for the venerated charier of our republican rights. This sugirestion has long since been made by the dema- gogue of Kurope to whom I have alliided, and 1 lilnsli to find it re-echoed on our republican shores. l\y which doi'innent are we bound as citizens of these Uiiiteil Suites? The Deilaration of Ameri- can Independence is an exposition of the rights of in:in, which applies to the whole human fitnily. The ('onslilntion ia a settled system of (ioverii- iiient for tlii' .^lnericall people o^ily. The cry raised here of natural rigiits, under an organized Government, is little betier than the ravings of Insanity. Natural rights are the ollspring of revolution, that struggle through ananhy to set- lled system of law. Nations have a natural right to independence, but individuals under an organ- ized Uuveriiniuiit can claim iiu rights nut tiiibruced in their legal institutions. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, arc recognized, ilefined, and limited by the law. All such fallacies produce mischief, Mr. Sjieaker, and none more than that which supposes iintiiralizalion to be n right, a boon, or a favor granted to the alien. No alien has a right to naturalization; neither is it granted aa a boon. We grant it in self-defenre, as a pro- tection to Amerienn instilutiona; it is one of the political fortifications of our free system of Gov- ernment; it is a Bunker-Hill entrenchment to repel foreign a.ssaull. Kxcliision ia the original object of naturalization — not admission lo citizenship; fiir, if that were the object, we should have no natural- ization laws; in which ease, nil fmeigncrs won'il become American citizens the m nuiu they lai..i- ed on our sliorea. To picviin ,:s universal ad- mission lo citizenship, we fnoae naturalization laws, and preacribe forma that o|ierate as a cluck upon the inlerferenee of foreigners in our instilu- tiona. At theepoch of the Federal convenlioii, the broad line was drawn between native Aniericnns and foreign emigrants. The Consiiiution, while. it prescrilied nativity as the qualific.alion of our American rulerb, also vealcd in Congress the power to pass uniform laws o( naturalization as cnrres- ])onding checks and supports of the preeedenen given lo natives in the first and Kecoiiilary oCb'es of tl.;- Republic. Why, I ask, was this p -, > ves ed ii Congress? Cciainly to protect Ameri- eai inst Intiona from foreign influence — to secure r enlarfje upon nakc, when I he II hefore the full Jinnl, however, iif tlie honoralilc Ir. HnuDiiKAD,] ; veheinciice for hemcnce is con- fy clime — in tin; whose sons, Istingnishcd as for vehemence IP positifui oc- who re])rcseiits houi;h ojiposed ve us, as Auie- ^ the ([ucstion is a source of erful aid in tlie toned as he is with a lavish- like the soiilh- c, an I soA'intj or veh"rnpnee ntlcmjii from Id anti frosty- ongialcl — his Ills reasoiiN on ISIS lite to In; I, I im indeed. is lloor, 3uve miry. I seek cl no paiii; on or lu.^1 of vcn- I'ountry, must lhoiu;h not 1 to the mid- tlie caslern voiiicn, or vi- delcsl tliR 1 till! hack as t comes dis- of aH'ccicil For such inclination, 'essfiilly on II. When 1 tliout resort- Ill the tor- j; remorse ill ilie wriiiiy;. hen I ask the 11, it is not on I, perjury, or idTH CoNO I ST SeSS. Naturalization Laws — Mr. Levin. New Series No. 4. ■M evasion, or any oilier criminal corruption growing i out of a general law. But the scope of the reso- j hilioii, which I have the honor to ofl'cr, reaches to | a higher ]ioini, and extends to a wider limit. Itji proposes an impiiry iiilo iho present relative influ- | nice of the population of Kurope upon the instilu- i. lions of this counlry,in comparison with those rela- ;; lions as they exisled in times gone hy — say forty i years, or half a ienmrya^;o; so I hat we may distinct- ly imderstanil llie position which llie fore|c;n popii- \\ h'llioii now- licai-s to ours, and which the I'irciim- j Niaiic.es of this eoiiiilry now hear towards ICiirope. i The i|uesiioii is lii^ with importance. Il caiiiiol lie doiililed liiit llirtt this iiii|iiirv, confided to com- ! jpeieiii hands, will prove iniensely iiilinsiiii!;. l?ul ;1 that is a minor con.siileration. Can il fail to prove | eiuiiieiilly iisifuir — useful in il.s most eiilar!;ed and comprehensive sense? The rcvoliiiions that occur : umoiie; nations, and their relative iullueuce towards ;; (Mudi other during a period of half a century, are ; loo sliipeiKloiis and slarlliii;,' lo he treiiled with '' silent iniliflereiice or stolid aiiathy. The wise i siiilcsniau is always awake to llic chiiu'^es ol'tiiin'. ., lie who shimliers on them must sink in the liil- lows llial he (i;;-.lil lo ride. A loiii,' period of peace, unparalleled ill ilie liistory of modern Kurope, has lieeu slicddiu ■;.. inlliiences, lor good or for evil, over the i ' jlinies id' llie world. Wlielher heneficent or ol'. orwi.se, it has I'ceii our lot lo shale in the results, monil and poliiii'nl, of this triMiieu- dous event. We owe it to (uirselvcs to inquire ill what manner il has approached us, W(! owe it to our children, for wliov-e lienefit we hold in tnisl their jtreat estate of freedom. We owe il to God, who, ill his inlinile love and mercy, has eiven lis this suhliiie syslcm of Irovernmeut as a means of elevaliii!,' the human cliu-acler to the liii;liest point of perleciioii, hy a full devi lopmeiil of all the lie'- ' villies of mail as a rational, responsilile, and si If- j^'U-erned heinij. And here I eoiue lo the very pith and marrow of the whole ar;:rnment that [in sses noon ihe niuioii — the wisdom and policy of this iii'iuiry. Unlike the peojile of J'.urope, we are Kclf-i::ovei'iied, and in all lliioi^s v.'e present, not only a perfect contrast to their eonililimi, lint llie , di-'icrrpatcy hetween us leeds lo )ierpeiual col- lision, either moral or physical, and not inifre- ipiemly hotli. This coiitr.ist ])ervades every re- i l.ilion of lili', 2:ovi:rnincnl, morals, and manners. ; A contrast like tlii;', riiniMii?]: lliroii*j;li all the va- rious and coin]ilicaied relations of a country, must necessarily he atlendcd by a coiilrasi of feeliu;rs, opinions, and syiupalhies, and this, too, on jioinis vilally anectinu; our repiihlican inslilulions. Willi \ exceptions, too frivolous lo merit eoiisid. ration, ' I'airopc is under llie iiiiivii.,..! sw-iy (,i"kiii;;s, who frovern by e. power superior lo, and aho\e, lliiit of j the peojiie, and wliicn imposes u|ion lliem the iron feller! of abject shivery, "divine riirlit," Such marked and decided I'ontrast of opinion could Iiarlly fliil to be alleniled by collision, biuli moral I'liii fdiysical. Naiionallv, we have seen this 111 initesled in our N\'iirs wlih Kurope. In a social 111. .'ion, we have seen it displayed in the terrific viols li. u have dehi'i;ed the streets of onr cities in blood, '.'"his collision broke frii^lilfully upon our Kcnses w leii it scattered a peaceful mceliui^ of American citizens, assembled at IMiiladelphia, iiniler till iri;is of ihe Coastitiition, to devise meas- ures for the preservalion of their riulils. Drilled hands o'' armed foreigners rushed with inipeliious fury Ujioii native-born Amrricaus, who carried no wca|ioiis but what equal rii:lils had given them, li' the majesty of freemen, they siooil armed only with moral power. The eleiueiu opposing llieiii rt-a.s physical force. It was an imported element — nn Kiiropean v.-eapon — one peculiar only to the feudal inslilulions of the Old World, and one which never could have come in collision with the opinions of a i'fri' people, had not the barriers of their rights been rudely broken down hy the inroads of foreign cabals, dluervi' the pe- culiar Irails of this oulragc. The cili/cns of a tiis- tiil in Keusinglon, in which they were born, call a public meeliiig in iheir own ward. Il is broken up by an armed band — ilic followi is and disciples of the deiiiago;;iie lo wlioni I have alluded, on the assumed ground that il was an Irish quarter, within whose liiniis no .\mericaii dare lo tread, except at the peril of his life. Here, then, you behold an ■• Irish quarter" in .Anierica — toveriKid by Irisdi laws, Irish iiaasiuiis, and Irish prejudices — all iiiimicul lo freedom of speech — all n combining lo Hlrnngle freedom of thought. It is !j the same thing if you expunge tlis word " Irish," !j and Huhslilute that of I''reiii!h, Soanisli, or Italian. |^ I speak to the priiiei|ile involveil in the argumeni, • without appealing lo the prejudices coiled tip williin '! a name. Hut thai oulrage is now a part of our ! history. It was an oulrage of that f ireigii popula- J lion, known as the followers of " IJaniel O'Coii- !] iiell," who had claimed the dislrict for a series of |j years as an " Irish quarter," sa''red from ihe, in- [j inision of American laws, Aiiieiiean slierii . and ii .'tmericiui iiistitulioiis. Here, sir, I rejicMi, we 'l come lo history — tlie history of lliose collisions 1| nail' -ally incident lo tlie, unbridleil passions of!! those Ibreigners; who, having been accustomed in ;! the Old AVorlil to physical force, are slraiii^ers to coiisliliilional rights, and ignorant of the moral i flower o'" opinion ihat gives sanciity to law with- ; out an appeal lo the rille, ihe musket, or the biiyo- ' net. Ha I an outrage of a similar ehari '-ler been , eommillei on the deck of an Aniericin ship, by j any of ihi Powers of Kurope, who could have braced iheiuselves to the damning act of Ireading '; under fool tin t Hag that now finals in triimipli over llie dome of this Ca|)itol, and of a.ssassinaliiig in '. cold blood ten .Vmericau citizens, martyrs to free- j: iloni, would il not justly have |irovoked us into a I; war? As siirrly a,s'lhal there throbs one pulsation ' of honor in an Americiui heart! Wlial, sir, would ' be just cause for war with a foreign Power, 1 re- jieat, is ample cause tor iiupiiry into the ehiracter j' and tendency off ireigii cabals, malnreil in ihe very |l heart of our coinitry, to wage an exlcrmiiialing i war against American citizens, for the purpose of perpetuaiing in this country passions and feelings ' that have no uatiind alliiiity to onr insliliilions, I will not attempt to portray the biiist of iiidig- iialion that would have swept over this l.ii d of iVee- ; doni if the outrage perpelraled in ihe " lii,-;h i|iiar- | ler" had been com.iiilled on the deck of an Ameri- , call ship by any ol' the subjects of her iriiannic Majesty, Ao laiigiiage could convey an ,ideiiiiate idea of the )iopiilar fury that would have raged ill ! thi; hearts of the American peo|ile: the fire of vcu- Ij gcaiiee would have shot frieii every eye; every ' bosom would have heaved with iuiligiiation; e\ery tongue would have evoked eiirsi s, loud mid deep, I on til.- wrong-doers, lill Uie whole land, shaken by il one wild cry, would have pierced the very skies ] w-illi the dames of war. Why v.as ii!I so calm — " content? Il happeni'd lo be on the eve of a Presi- denliid election, when boili partii .: were equally ,i anxious to seize upon this m.-ukeliible commodity, '. which is now boasl^d of as the controlling vole of ; the Itepnblic — the "balance of power" belwecn j the coiillicliiig Whigs and Deuioirals. :' III Iheir eagerness to seciiic that banded foreign vole, they emulated each olher in their ellorts to , misrepreseul and distort the facts, in order that they miglit disease and poison the popular mind. The Democrats succeeded, it is true, in securing that vole, but il is slill a miirkelable arlicle; and, like llie elc|ilianls of Pvrrhus of Kpirus, that seal- ' lered de.siilaiiiin, not idrongh the army of C'uriiis Denlaliis. but ihroiiL'h his own, so may this s'u- pendous army of foreign voters, so sedulously guarded, and so proudly confided in, prove ulti- mately mil the shield of their strcngtli, but the very insirmncnt of their deslrnctiou. It is not for me to give a name to that awful apathy wtiich ]iervatles ihe *wo old parties of the country in reference to tlrs brand of shame on the brows of the nation. What outrage d.d (jreiii I'riiain commit anterior lo the Ifevohilion of HTli equ il lolliis? I mean any oulrage on principles or on persimsr Kxaininc well into all her offences — contrast them with lliis oulr.igc — ;iiid ilii ii say whether the line of the milk-white dove is not the color that coulrasis with this black and bloody tinge of the Iragedy in this " Irish rjnarter?" This aL'irression is not a (lersonal one. It was not a parly aggression, tliongh commilted upon natives. Il was not a iiaiive, but n nalional dc^rradation. The Constilution conferred sanctity on that in(!et- iinr. The Hag of the Union gave prolectiini lo the exercise of a legal right. The insult is, then, on the republic, and the repiililic must viiidicain its independence, or rest under the reproach of the ig- nominious wron:'-. I adduce thesi! facts, not with the view of inibo- dyiii;; them hito u report, b«l a» just cause for in- quiry. I am aware, sir, thnt various edbrtB have been made hy our opponcniH lo throw incidenla into our cause which never were intended to form a iiarl of our political creed, niid which do not now. We have been denounced as scclariaiLS — as faiait- ics anil bigots. Can such a charge lie against us.> If the blackened walls of St. Augustine and St. Mi- ehael's leinain to tell of the oiitniges commilud by a mob, there slaiids the church of St. Philip de >ieri, a nioniimeiii of the protective power of nn- tive-born Aniericaiis. Who defended tliiil churell at thejierilot'their lives but native-born Americans, of Soiithwark, willi Thomas D. CJrover at their head, who determined to save the chiircli or perish in Ihe ruins? i\o, sir; we wage no war against freedom of conscience! It requires no demonslrii- lion lo assure iis of the iiuportaiice of reliu'ion lo all the secular interests and sensual passions of life. To the king on his ilirone, or the peasant at Ilia plough — the mi.ser on his nioney-bags, or the beg- gar gnawing his crust — the privilege lo worship Uod after the dictate of our own heart is the most precious gill th.it hnniaiilty can enjoy. If the pages of history were not crowded with illnslra- tii.ns of Ihe fact, the llirobs of every immortal spi- rit that panis lo enjoy a hereafter would alone bo suHicieiit to attest the solenmily of the passion which cluslcrM around the grave all the majesty of an eternal lite, the )iassage lo which must be ob- structed by no liiimaii power — darkened \>y no su- peisliiious shadow — taxed by no avaricious tyran- ny. Sli.ike the ci-owi|.from the brow of the king — hurl the llirone from the emperor's feel — dash the sword friMii the warrior's grasp — take pomp from the proud, or ijageaiiiry I'roni the powerful — blast love by perfidy, or |iiiisoii friendship hy deceit; — all these are trivial calamities that have their euro ill Iif'-, or Iheir balm in time : but there is no reme- dy for the frauds of religion — no balm for the wroUL'S of viohiled conscience. Sir, I thank l.lod that I have this opportunity of disaiinsing the popiiliir mind of the .«!purion.=i im- pression, iliat the people whom I have the honor lo represent cherish any desire to fetter or interfere with the sacred righls of conscience, which no men on earth respect more profoundly than tiii^y do. So ftr from inlerlering w-illi freedom of con- science, sir, we will resist any sect that shall ever attempt to invade its sanctity — we will resist any sect thai atlenipts lo combine, as such, to accom- plish ajiolilical object, whether that sect be l!a|ilist, .Methodist, Presbyterian, Kpi.scojialian, or Roman (.'aibolic. Let llieiii aileiniil it when and where they may, and they will encounter fnmi lis the most determined hostilily, the most unyielding re- sistance. If this be tiiiialicism, if this he bigotiy, let geiillemen make the niosl of il. Mr. Speaker, all that I have .said has been drawn from me by Ihe latitude tliai has been given lo this debate, which ought lo have been confined to the naked question of reffrence. I have avoided touch- ing upon the merits of the main question, which we ask to bring in proper form to the conside'-alion of the House, and which, 1 repeat, a select co nmilteo will alone enable us to accomplish. AVill tin IIou.so permit us lo iilace before the nation such ri'cm'ds, drawn from the proper departments, as v,i|l show that, unless some remedy be applied to this great and growing evil. Tilt; hay is nut far dista.st Wlir.N TlIK AMiniCAX-DURX VOTKB WILL PIXO IIIM- sF.i.f IX A Mixoiin Y IN IMS ow.v LAND ! Or will you coiiliiuie to tell us that because vc are not as liberal as we might be to foreign ignorance and foreign rime, yon will shut out this ap|ieal, which comeji up to you ill all its freshness from the hearts of the .Vmerican people? God has implanted in those hearts, ',ir, the prin- ciple on which we act. It is that love of home, or love of native land, wl'ich, in times of perd, rises lo a glory. Shall we deny to the jieople cf other lands wliat we claim for ourselves ? Vet, miscalh d liberality, ill some of our Whigs and Democrats, would deny this sublime attribute lo the foreigners who llock among us. They com- plimenl them by the denial of a virtue, whose lus- tre is the pride anif boast of all men and all na- tions, and iliis slander on their character they call " liberalily;" and, with that inconsistency which always disiiuguishes men who confound n.-iuirnl rehilioiis, and who forget that love of America and love of American iiisiitutions, if a virtue in us, would be u vice iii Ihcm, they charge the Xulivo .^». ■T-i^ 60 AITF.NDIX TO TNI-: CONOKKSSIONAL (JIA)BK. I Dec. K;, iiiDrii CoNc. 1st Sess. Americmis with beiiii; " illiberni," bnoniiHD ihcy l| nre true to tliR ctcriml iintirijili-s of cnlighlcnpd t. fri'odoni! SImll we ho "lilicrnl" to fiirei'^'ii ii,'iio- 1 rancT, mid say llmt iintnro lias rcvirsrd her Inxin, | liecimse "iiroi'drnl"(ir "iiori'S.'alriotie, in cxereise id'lhc riijht i of sutVra^(?? It is an t.isy niatter to play t!ie »yvo- ' pliant, the llatliTer, or the denia;;omie, even on this | iloor, in order to win the smile, or enax the vote I of the foiTiirner. And eould this he clone without ' peril to lair freedom, we ini','lit lie saved the Ircaihlc of preferring justiee lo siood-iialiire. Hut n rrisis has now arrived, will !i the s pleinii nia.;niliicle of ^ this question forhids that it slunild lie treated with the indiirerenee or leviiy that would arhiinite its deeisiiin by a frivolous sentinii'ut Sir, I dis-laiin all prct'iisions lo •• liberality" on this i|ue.stion, in wliieli lies f'lihil up the I'luure happiness or mis- |( ery of millions of iiiiborn Anieriean eitizens. We j Bre now slnnii-jlins I'or national eharaeler nnd na- ' lioiial identity, and not for the meed of courtesy, or the extent of a generous disposition. We slauil now on the very vcrije of ^ve;■throw hy the ini- prttions force of invading' foreiixners. Kurope can no longer rontain the ;;rowitii; pnpul.iiion that is swelling her to InirsiiiiL''. .She iniisi (lis^'oi'L'c it at nny price, no matter what. ICaeh hour will be- hold liiis liile of fon'iirn eioii^ration, risiiiu^ liii^her (\nd hiu'lior, sri'owiii^' siroiiLjcr and sli'on;j;er, and rushing- bolder and boKler. : The past fiirnishi s no lest of the future, nnd tho j; future threatens to transcend all ealculation.s ofi| this formiclablc evil. ji View this ^'leat .snbjei't in any liu'ht, and it .still '■-. flin*rs back upon us the reflected rays of reason, ' patrioiism, and jihilanrnropy. The love of our : native land is an innate, holy, and irr.idiiiible pas- sion. Distance only slreie^'ihens it — time only ron.ciUrates the leelins; that causes the tear to i^usli from the eye ol'ihe emijrrant, as old ai^e peoples by ! the vivid memory the active present wiih the hap- py past. In what land do you lieliolil the for- oiirner, who denies this passion of ihehenri? It f> is nature's most holy decree, nor is it inhuman power lo rejieal the law, which is passed on tlii' ♦ mollier'.s breast, and conlirmed by ihe f.iiher's voice. The best policy of the wise suitcfinan is l.i iniiiblhis law.-, on the holy onlinances of nature. If the hea-t of ihe alien is in his native land— if all '■ his dc.iri'st ihouijhis nnd f indist all'cctions elnsier nroiind the altar of his native ^ods — let us not dis- tnrli his enjoyments by plaeiie.' this burden of new nflrelions on his bosom, ihrouirh the moral force of an oath ofalle^'iancc, and the onerous obliiration of political duties ihal jar au'auist his sympathies, and call on hiin to renouncL' fiM|ii,;;s that he can never expel from his bosom. Let us secure liiiii the privileu-e ai least of mourning for his native lami, by witlilioldin? o!ili;ations that he eaiinot discharire either with fidelity, abiliiy, or pleasure. tiive him time, sir, lo v ean hini-self froni his early love. Why should h' no like our own sons, in- ■ joy twenty-one eal cares, >■ - , ^ t!ie new . iie ie which he finds himself plarcd — become acrpiainled « illi all the H'W and intricate relations by which man is niadi a soveiei:,'ii by the voice of his fe|low-inan, and yet still retains all llie responsibilities of the citi.'.in, even while he exer- ei.ses all the power of n monarch. A lorn: list of innumerable duties will eii:,'ac;e all his atlention duriiiir his political noviciate, in addi on lo iliose comprised in reforniiie,' the errors and pri judices of the nursery, and in ereatiii'.; and formiii'^' new opinions, eoiejienial to the vast field which lies spread befoi-c him in morals, polities, and lite. A due rclleclion will convince every alien, win u his passions are not inflamed by ihe'insiili.ius appeals of selfish deniasoffiies, that his hiijliest position is timl of a moral a'^ent ill the full enjoyineiit of all the attributes of civil friH'dom, prepariiK; llicniind.'i uiid hearts of his ehildri 11 to become faithful, in- telli|;cnl, and virtuous republicans, born to a riirlit Atlmhsion of Texas — Mr. Julius Rockwell, lliiit vindieiitcs itself by the h.ily tics of omnipo- ' lent nature, nnd which, while God sanctions and \ consec.ales, no man ean dispute. We, as Native Americans, and thepeopleofthe.se United Slates, as |ialriols nnd republicans, have now allained tliat climax of foreiftn influence, when lo pause ill our onward can er of refoiiniii'4 the abuse that sulijecis us lo the iletjradalion, is lo surrender forever the lii;;h diijnity of moral inde- pendence, and the peculiar exalled, distiiiclive cliaratler of a liomoirciieous nation. Ho. OF Heps. of in, Hit fVei doni from poliii- iniiind him, i;row familiar with ADMISSION OP TEXAS. SPEECH OF JULIUS ROCKWELL, OF M.\SSACHUSETTS. In the IIoisk or RKriii:sK\'T.\TivEs, 7't(f.s(/iii/, Ih'Cemini' ItJ, IH45, Upon the finesiion of the admission of Texas, as a 1 Slate, into Ihe Union. | The (incslioii beini; ujion Ihe passasje of the fol- > lowinu: — \ Jiiiiil Uosoliiiiiins liT the iiili.ii>' ili'piilirs i M iiliiin as.'Ji'nihli'il, viilli 11.1' ciini'-inl III' llie e\i-iMi'.' <;ioirni it. iljil ailup: a ciiM-tiliainn anil eri'i'l a new Stale. \miIi a ri'piihtii-an tiirni nriinvrrnniciit. aim in Ihe iiaiiii' orilie pt'iiple nl'Tevas, ami liy their ainhiiriiy. iliil nril.iiii ami ileelaie lhai ihey assented 111 anil iicci'pti'il the |irii|iii.^al.. I'linililinii- , ami unaraiilit's eiMilaini'il in t'le ^aiil lir.-l aiiit -eeoini seelidii'i (if i.aj(l resii- lllliiili: .\inl uliereas the . iirAnieriea. ami aihniUeil into the I'ni Ill ei|U'il liMitini.' ^^itll II riuinal .Shite.s, in all re-|ii'('ts whatever. ff.r. a. .'Jiel Ir il fiirlhri- iimrleJ, That iliilil the llepre- senlalives ill I'liiisiri'ss stiall he appiirlioneil aeennlina in an aelii.'il eniinieralinn of the inhaliitants nl'lhc I'liiteil .sitate-i, Ihe .silate (if Te.vaH sli.tll lie entitled to clKinse Iwu Uepre- senlalives. I Mr. KOCKWKLL addressed the Hou.se as fol- low. : ' Mr. .Si'F..\KEH: I rise to oppose the passage of these resolutions. 1 seize upon this opportunity, as 1 am sure that no member upon this side of the , House will he able lo gel the floor upon this ipies- tion at any oilier lime. I have been the more anx- ious for this (ip|iortuiiity, because I am the only member of the (Vonimillce on the Territories, from which these rcsoliiiions were reiiurleil, ojipo.scd to their adoption. ; On Wednesday last tliiil portion of the Presi- dent's .Mi'ssaije which relaies to the admission of Texas as a Slate of this Union was referred to that coiu'iiiili ('. On Thursday, afier one brief meeting of the eomiuittee, these resolutions wi-re reporle-'l to the House; and, iip.in motion of the cliairnian, |.\Ir. Doroi. \-s,l their eonsideralion was especial- , ly assiirneil for this day. In be takdi up and dis- posed of, to the exclnsion of other business. At the liiiie that report was made 1 endeavored lo eet the floor, to movi' their refeienei! to the ('oiumitlec of the whole House on ihe state of the Union, in which they mi Jil liavi' been diseiisseil and amend- ed, wilhoul beiii^-- subject to tho eireet of the pre- vious (piistion. I was then unable, to do so. 'I'his moi'iiini;, wlicji tlie resolutions first came up, upon the rpieslion of their jiassa'.;e to be enerossed for a third readinu', Ihe previoui question was imme- diately applied; and iiiiiler that they passed that sialic. I h ive reason to believe that the nioiiient I yield till' floor il will a;:aiii be apiilii (1, and there will be no fiinher opportunity of (lelialin;; them in this House. The const ill il ion of Texas, in prinltd firm, was laid mi our tables only yesterday, (Mon- day,) anil lielbre that liiiie 1 hail no opporlunily lo examine its details. I am not now fully :iripminted with all its provisions, for want of time to examine them, and iimnot expect even to allude to all the ohjeeiions that may fairly be raised apiinst it. iJnt, sir, I shall proceed briefly to hci forth some iiroinnieiil leieson.'-' of my opposilion lo these reso- lutions, Impelled not only by my own conviclioiin of duly, bill also by the renionsirances of many of my immediale coiisiiiiieiiis, a;;ainsl ihe admi.ssloii of Texa.-i as a .State, with its present I'onslitiilion; and, furlher, by the remonstiuiiees of i;reat iium- liers of ihe people of the Stale which I in part rep- ri'sent, presented by all my eolleasjnes; and, further, by like remonsiranceH iVom citizens of niaiiy other Stales of this Union. Ill their name and behalf I speak my brief hour this day a<;ainst the adini.ssion ot' Texas as a Slate of this Union, with the provis- ions of the eonsliliilioii now presented to this House. These remonslrants, sir, beloufi: exeluaively In no political paiiy. i am well assured that iliere are found aiiioii^- them, in consiilerable numbers, nieinbers of bmh the two leading; political |iiirlies of the country, as well as of the party known as Ihe Liberty party. I shall, therefore, place my opposilion to this measure of j;ravest tnomeni lo my country upon no parly ground, lis ]ire-enii- iieiit iinporiance lo ihe illler"^■ts, present and fu- ture, ol'ihe entiv! Union, and all tiie people there- of, demands iliai its discussion shall be divested of all partisan feeli.i:;s and iiilliiences. In oiht I iispecis, sir, I shall place my opposition to this measure upon no narrow "ground. L'ertaiidy not upon the ;;roiind of repnu'iiance to the erection of new Sillies, upon the terrilory riL;hlfiillvac(piireiI and possessed by this nation whenever tfie ciiciini- slances of our citizens, by whose enlerpri.se anil labor il is broii:;lit w itliin the area of cultivation, shall require the oriianizalion of new .Stales, aiitl their iidmi.ssion into the Union. Neither by the letter or spiril of the remoiisirances to which I have alluded, coniinq: tVoiii the people ot' many Slates— ol' new as well as old Slates — of Western, as well as Kasiern and Middle Slates — am I author- ized to place this oppoNiiion upon any such narrow ]irinciple. The sentimenls of the peoiilc of .Mas- sachusetts — the Slate w hicli I have ihi^ honor in part to reprisent — so far as I know tiieiii, are of a dill'creiil and more iilieral spirit. As the periods of lime roll on, wh.eii fresh and ;^reat acccssio. i to the area of culiivation, civilization, and Chrisliaii- ilv, are made by our people upon the terrilory be- yond our iSiates westward, secured lo us by na- tional ri;;lit and honorabh^ nei^otialion, the people ol' Massachusells, in my ju(l;;ment, will not be found reluctantly aalinu; in extendin;; the federative principle of the (,'onsiiiulioii, in the or^aiiization of new .Slates even lo the Pacilii; ocean. Their chil- dren w ill be ihere. Their palrioiie sympathy w ill jro with them. The people of the Lasicrn Suilis will not be tiiund rcpiniiii; at the greatness and prosjierity of the West. In the country, and in the (.'abinel, ihey have exhibited a dillerent sjiirit. Look al llie negotiations in relauon lo the Ore- gon Terrilory, which have been iiregressiiig duriie^ a part of the period ot' the last Adininislralion ami the present. I acknowledtre and honor the ability with which our el. vim and title have been set forili and inainlaineil; but the eouiiiry has not failed to see, nor will history fail lo record, that more than a (piarter of a ceiitiiry a;;o a work was done in the t'air field of the diplomacy of the country, without wlii'*h the armmicuis now presented would be vast- ly less conclusive. That work was done by the .\dmiiiistriiliiiii. 111' which my venerable collea;riie befire me [.\Ir. Au.i.Ms| was a member, and iSee- reiary of .Stale. His heart and his genius were ill that work. Uod bhs.- him, sir, and preserve hiH life- -until the ear t'lal heard the guns of ri'inker Hill shall listen M the breaking of the waves of the I'aeifii; upon ;iie shores of sovereign Stales of this Union; in.iil the eve iliai saw the llames ot" burn- ing (^'harlesiowii, shall behold llie miilliplied stars and Nlrijies of the Kepiiblic "beyond ihe .Stony mountain."," upon icrriuiry peacefully scciirid by honorable negoiialion. I repe.it il, sir, I will not iilace any part of the objeciions which I make lo lliis measure upon the ,.!.„i.U "f any unwillingness lo extend the federa- tive princip;" of our ('onsiitutioii, e\eii from one ocean to the oi'ier, by the adniission of new Slates, whenever their population has sutlteienlly pro- gri'ssed upon ten tory righlfully our own. 1 fol- t'l i *19> I Dec. 1(5, 1845.] APPKNDIX TO TFIIC CONOUESSIONAL GLOBE. SI o. or Kefs. 29th Cono 1st Sess. Ailmisnion of Texas — Mr. Julius RockweU, Mo. OF Rf.ps. >l tinip In i-\(iiiiijiR I nlltuir Id all llii* «'il iipiinsl it. ' to Hi'i liirlli Hiimo lion lo tlu'Hf n-Ho- ' own i'iinvirli(in:< riUKTH ol' iiianv iif IIM llio ncllllir'sillll I'si'iil I'cinsliliilidii; 'c'S of };r(iu iiiiiii- iiicli 1 in jmi'l ri'|i- !;m's; anil,l'cirllii'r, 'Fjs (il'iiKiny Dihi'r anil' ami liclialC I iiLHl the attiniN.si iSKnii'd that llioie tlerablf niinilxTM, is; |ioliti('al |>arlit'H party known as Ti'tort', |ilare my ;ravc9l nKMncnl lit inH. lis prc-fini- , prpscni ami ru- tin' pi'oplf iln'K'- lall Ijc divt'Mli'il of H, urn n»y opposition Toniiii. Ci'ilainiy H'f to tlic ei-pcliim iu'lilliillva('(|nii'i'ii iii'Vi'i' tfn' riicnni- se I'nU'i'prjs*' and •t-a ot* cullivaliun, r new .Sillies, and . Ncilhi'i- liy llie inces lo wliicli 1 proplf oT many ili'N — ot'Wc'sicrn, Ics — am I antliiir- any sncli narrow ic ptoplo of Mas- ave ilio honor in iw llipni, are of ii As the period;* I ai'cessir). { to and Cliristian- le lerriun-y lie- 10 us liy na- il, llie }ieople t, will not he the federativo ■1,'ani/ali if . Their cliil- us reatiu'ss and iiry.and in the lit K|iirii. 11 to the Ore- ressin;: (liirini^ listraiioii and iiior the ahiliiv been set fnrili s not failed to thai more than as done in llie miry, wilhout would be vasl- 1 iloiie by till' alile eolleaij-no liber, and See- ;eiiins were ill id }ir('serve his ins of [I'lnker le waves of I ho 1 Stuns of tins allies of biirn- iiiliiplied slai-H lid ihe Stony liy see.ured by tiy part of I he asure upon ihe end the federa- e\eii from one iif new .Stales, ilileienlly pro- r own. 1 fol- low the fiilhers nf the Onnslitulion in iIuh pjirticu- lar, rei'Oj^nisin;^ llie distinction taken by Mr. Mad- ison lis early as 177H, between a IVinocruey anil a Kepiiblie, as lo their n'laiive cajmbility of exten- sion. Tliesi' are bis words: " Aftlie the naiiiral hmiisnf n Demneraev is that « dislanro from ilieeonlral point whieli will just per- ' mil ihe most remole rili/ens to iissemblo as ofieii « as their piilili'- fimelioiisih'iiiand,aiid will inehide \ • no greater niimlier lluni eaii join in ihesi' fniieiiona, j < HO iho natural limit of a llepiiblii', is llial dislnnee \ ' from the e.enlre whirh will merely allow the repre- \ ' srnldlh-rs of the jice/i/c tn meet lis often as inay j ' be necessary for the administration of iiiiblio. af- I 'fairs." . i i nin prepared to believe, sir, that by the im- i prnvenienis of the present »i;e in the means of vomminiiealion, locomotion, and the tmnsniiB.sion I of inlellis;enee, that this " imlnral limit of a Repiib- I lie" may extend nltinintely to the nlmost limil.s of i IVorlli America. I mil prepared lo put my faith j in this cxiension of nnr federative principle, and | this expansion of our Federal ti.n'ermneni, when- . t'Ver and wherever it can be done in strict accord- ' .ain'ewilh the principlesofiheCon.stimlion, with llie true ideas of perfccl, miivei-sal fieedcnn, conlained i in the Dcrlnraiion nf our Independence, and in eon- ! formily will) the .'■eilled law of nalioiis. I!iit these, sir, an indispensable conditions to my faith. The ; ambition of nalional au't;i'andi7.emenl, the unbridled lii.sl of dominiim, was never in the hearts of the : founileiK of the Uepiililir, and they have mode nn ; provision for their ;;ralilicalinii. | The mailer now in hand is the acqnisilion of the territory and Jiirisdiclion i^( i\ loreiijn State, whos-e ' indepen.ieiice of lis and of all the world we have fully ackiiow!ed'J:ed. IJelwcen this and the i lion of new Simics upon mir own territory llie ijs- tinction is so broad ami deep, iliat all men readily and clearly perceivi- ii. The Iraiismiion we are | now called upon to cnnsmniiiale has ronfessedlv no precedeiil, and 1 deny that ii has any constiiil- lional warrant. In the last ('oii'i;ress ihe doctrine of mniexalinn by leijislalivcenaclmenls was denied ' at its first inception, and most Ktremionsly resisted in both Houses tn the last, at every slep, and lo the very moment of the passage of the joint resoln- ! (inn. tt was at thai lime earnestly maintained that (he Consliliilinn bad provided for nn such case; that the ]ienpl; had conferred upon ni> branch or ' braiielics of ilie Government the power lo admit ii foreij.i Slalc iiilo the Union: ihal it could only lie ' to eireet annexa- tion, llie unprererlenied expedient was resorted to ofaimexiiiE^ Texas by a law of Coiii^rej.s, propos- in;,' lerniH of annexation, lo be ai:ceptei,l by Texas. The conHlitntional jiowerof Conjiress loaitmit new Slates into the Union was suddenly ex|iiiniled into a power which, by ils inherent vii;or, could create the niaterials upon which il was In ooenite. It is not my present iiileiiliim to reiterate llie ari^nmenta by whicli this false reading '>'" the (Jonstitutinn was resisted and exposed. It is sutHcient for my prca- ent |iin'posc lo say, thai all these objeclinns lo the amiexalion of Texas remain in their full force to this day. In relation, however, to llie objections jjrowini; out of the relalions of .Mexico lo Texas, I am free m .say I will not at lliis inomenl insist upon that. We are informed by the President's Message that ii 'lislini^nished citizen, and an cs- tei';ned member of this House, is now eiiti^ajjed in neiiotiatinn with the Mexican Government; and 1 will not ur;;e anydiin;; ill my ]ilaci' here which niishl by any possibility embarrass the neijoiia- tioiis of my counlry with any foreiijn Power. lint the other objeciions to the incf'ption of this meas- ure remain in iheir full slienirlh. In ihe lifjht nf the ('onsiiliiiion and of precedeiil, 1 inainlaiii that the least solemn form in which a forcipi .Stale can be annexed in ibis nation is by Irealy, ratified by Iwn-tbirds o\' the Senators; and thai all that has lieen done is of nn bindinii: lore" upon this Con- !;re.ss, to compel lis here lo carry i i this measure of annexation. Do we ^il here with no oilier power upon this sulijec, i 'in \'.\,\^ ly and subser- viently, at the beck of the ^.l.cecnlive, to re;;ister the edicts of a former Coinjress.' Was iliis the doctrine of the fathers of the Conslitulion.' Is this llie democnitic doctrine of the present day.' These joint rcsoiutions of the Iwe ily-eii^hlh Coni^ress have no otht-r (orce and vclidity ilian the oilier hiws enacted by that le^jislatuie. Like them nil, lliey are subject lo repeal ; miicli more then lo modification, amendmenl, and parliai reiieal. iVeiiher do 1 conceive that the action of the Leijislanire and jieople of Texas has lakeii from ibis Coiijress the power nf aniendment, mndifica- lion, and repeal. What has in llicl bei'ii done,' 'I'he twenlv-ei^hlh Congress ailnpied a joint res- ohilinn irivinu; the consent of that Coii::;ress lo the foriiialion, by Texas, of a .Slate, which niipht, williin a certain lime, and upon certain conditions, present here its ronslitiiiioii, and apjily for admis- sion as a Stale of this Union. ()n the basis nf that cnnsent alnne, the whole subseqneiil aelion nf Texas iirnceerled. It was known to everybody in and out of Texas, that fjreat and strenuous oli- jectinii wa.4 made in that I 'oiii:;ress ay:ainst fjiving llial conseni, and ils i-oiisiitulional power lo do so steadfastly denied. The annnncialioii of this con- seni was borne lo Texas by the joint resnlulion. Texas saw that ibey contained the con.scn; oft'oii- };iess merely, and took the chances llial that eon- sent nii'^ht lie cliaii'4;ed in ils cnndilions, or wholly withdrawn by ihe aciinn nf a ftUiire Coiei:ress; for, by the terms of those resolutions, the li-ansaction v.a.s set forth as a lliinir not perfected, but v.hich was lo be siibniitled lo the present Conjrress for ils d( lilieraiion and final action. That all this may moi'e fully appear, I ask leave lo read the resolu- tions nf ihe twenty-eighth Congress, as they were sent to Texas. " Joint Ri'soliilinn for aniicxhii; Texas to the I'liilcd Pliil".y iIh' [li'iipIiMif ..iiid Hepiililit',liydf'|iiilii'!i in ctmvcntinn ll<^i'lllllleil, Willi llic cniiselil nf the cxislili|; GdVcniiaeilt, ill nrilfrllml the sumc luuifhe mtiiiitfeil as one of the States oftliis t'aioti, '"3. *^itii liC il fnrtfier resolreiK ThnI the forcpniiiK coii,ffH( "fl'ol|..!re^■Hi,l;ivcn upon Hie I'nlhmiim cniidiliniis.iuid with Itic ftillnwin:! ciiarinitic.-. In wil ; firs/. Said Sliile lo ' ■ fiirineit, Kiihifi'i tn Ihe lidiii.-liii.'iil hy this Gnveniliii'lit nf ,ill qtieslinns of liniiiidiiry th.'il limy iiii-^e with other (inveni- iiit'iitsi and the conntlludon (liercor, with Uiii |iro|H.r evi- (luiicu nf Its aduptlnii hy Uin people ut' tuiid Itepiihlic of 'J'exiis, Himll h" trani-liiitlt'd tn tlie I'rcfiideiit of Itic tjiileil Htnlc*, Id lie Intd liefnre l'ini}iresH/tard.<, dneks, iiiajiaKinci, tiriiis anil nniiiniiein.j, anil nil oilier prnperly iiiid means pertnitiiim tn IJK! pilhlie defence belnlnfini; tn tile fllitl lleplllllic nf 'i'exils, hIiiUI ri'Ulin all llie piihlie liindH, deliL-*, (axes, luiil diicj. iit every kind which niiiy beloni; tn,nr he due and owini{ In Ihu iion may desire; ind in siicli Slate nr Stnteo as rthall be fnrincd nut nfsaiil lerrilnry iinrlhnf ...aid IMiwsnuri eninprninisn line, slavery, nriiivnluiitaryservituilc, (except fur crime,) Khali be prohibited." Here is the con sen ( of ihnt Congress declared, with Ihe inridcnls of that mere consent by joint resolution, amoii]» which, nf course, was the pos- sibility of ils repeal. And, further, the consent is j declared upon the condition that the coiislilulion to I be formed should be laid before this Con^';res3 /er I ils final aelion. Can it now be said that this Jiruil I action w.as delinitelv jirescribed; llint this delilicra- I live body has not the power to ilelibeiale; that it is the mere niinislcrial agent of a former Congress, to do ils bidding.' Wliy send it here at all, then.' Why was not all ftilnie ;i lion entrnsted to the Kx- [ ecutivc.' Why was it not made the duty of the President, when this consiiiiiiiun of Texas was laid before him, to amiounre the union of the two nalions by jn'oclamation.' For one, sir, I am not disposed m yield ibis despotic poxver lo the re.so- lution of a former Congress. I hold lhal this Con- gress is now to deliberate upon, and determine the question, whether Texas, xvilli its ]iiescnt consli- lutiiin, shall be admitted as a Slate into this Union; that we have the pnwer to look into this constitu- tion, and reject il, or give our nbEoliile or qualified consent, as shall seem meet to us. In this manner have the people read and understood tlif.se resolu- tions. To this Congress they look for the "fiiii.l action." They will hold this Congress responsi- ble for the admission of Texas ns n Slutc into this Union. I^iil, .sir, if I could be brought to admit, that wliieb I utterly deny, that the 2Hib Congress acted strictly wiiliin ils constiuitional power in passing ils joint resoluiion, and that that resolution, with iis conditions and guaranties, are literally binding upon the comitry and upon this Congress, still 1 main- tain, tlint one of those conditions at least is directly violated by ihe coiislitulion of Texas now befiire us. 1 call your attention lo the third paragraph of the second seclion of the joint resolutions wi.'cli I hr.ve just read. Literally cnnslrued, sir, the co:'- dition in regard to slavery does not attach to the Slate of Texas, now npii'ying for admission inio this Union. This is not one of the four "new Slates to be formed out of the territory thereof" — . it is ihe original Stale, o it of whicli tlio.se new Stales may liereafier bo foimed, " hy Ihe consent if siiiil SInle;" and to this, lhal condition or guaramy does not altiich. It comprises the whole extent of Texas, norili as well ns south of " thirty-six de- 'gices tliirly miim.es north latitude, commonly ' known as the Missouri compromise line." As to this Stale, the slavery question is still open, wilh- out condilions and without guaranty of the former Congress. This question is to be decided by us. We have the responsibility, and we cannot avoid il. Nor can it be objecteil, that this is a narrow and lechnical aspect of a great question. We have a right to demand a literal construction. Even 011 a point of doubtful meaning, we have n right to thai conslruclion which may have been given lo it by those members of the last Congress who gave the most reluctant vole in favor of the resolution. It is well known that this resolution passed in the lasi Congress, after the agony of spirited debate in both Houses — a debate of course cut olT in this House, in the midst, liytheu.se of the previous 69 APPKNOIX TO THE CON(.UESSIONAI. GLOnK. [Dec. 16, S9th CoNo.....laT Srsi. qiiratinn— n '..imte InTolvIng this ulnvery qHcWion — liHKspil, sir, iifjiiiiiHt II mi-oii!; iniiicnily in IidiIi llmiNiH, iinil III mil' l>y a iiiiijiuiiy n( Inn u «iii.','l<' viiti'. TliiM slaviiy iMiiiditiim wiis llir piiiiit wlurh iinmlin-.i m' iliosi' win) vmcil fur tlirHf rrsdliitiiiiiN nin.si ri-liii'l:inily yirlilril. We iiri' ImhiiuI In lirlii'Vc iiiul iiiMiMi, ili.ii llii y yii'Iili'il III) iiiiirt' iliaii the Ictii'i' 111" till- ri'siiliiliiiim clcaily ilirlarcH. Mill, sir, if ilii' lilrnil nuaiiiiiir I'f iIip r- loliilinn is III III' roji'i'li'il, anil lin-y ari' m l>i' rnnMir.a'il ar- I'lirdiiii: t'l llifir npiril, Huri'U it will not lu' I'linlcnil- ril lliai ilavny wax srimianiii'd In llic w liiili' rvli-ni iif this li-rrilory, mill li nnil snnili of ilir riim|irii- inisi' line. Tin' nlinnsi iliai can lie I'laiinnl in, llial liy llie H|iiril ati'.l inlrnl of iIiumc rrsolniioiiH, ilir jiionli' nf Ti'XiiH, Honili of llial linr, weri' left five tn eiinose wlu'llier lliey would liave Nlaveiv or nol, and llial .da\erv was in-oliiliiuil iiorlli of iliiil line. Tliis iSi.'iie of 'fexas, now iipiilyiiiu: for admission, rnniprrlnnds the eiitirr (erriiory, iiorlli niid lonlli. This eonstiiution esialdislies slavery iliroiiL^liout. Ii fiirltitls failure emniieiiialioii liy llie 1*1 i;isliUnre. Aew iSlati'S may or may nol lie liereafier ereeiid out of iis territory. Tliey never eaii lie, Inil willi llie eonseiit of ilie Slate now admitted. If no new Slates are ereelrd, doiuesiie slavi ry is made |ter- peliial, iiorili and soulli. It' any new Slates are ereeied, their ereriioii leiinires llie eoiiseiit of this Stall'. lis l.,e!;islatiire can i^ive no ennsenl, eoiii>led villi eniaiiei|iati,in, to the admission of any Stale norlh of the eiini|iromise line, .\nd ii]ion llie ail- niis.-^inii of the State of Ti'.vas, w iih iis )irisenl enn- Blilnlmn. in eiiimexion v.ilh llie joiiil resoUilioii of the last C'on^^ress, what lieeonies of llir sjiiril iiiid inleiit iif that ri'soliiiion in rei;m'd to slavery .' If this Sliiie is now adnillled, llie oiilyetriel uf llie last elaiise in llie jniiit resiJulion, iniil.iliiin!;; sla- very " ill sui'li Stale or Slates as shall lie formed oiil of lerritorv north of se.iil Missmiii eomjiroinise line,'* will iia\e lieen, " lo kei-j^ llie |iromise lo llie ear, and lireak it lo the liope. " In this eoiniexion aimOier faet presents itself, \ihieh the eoiiiilry ran never for^el. The joint ii'- soliilioii eoiild not ha- " i ecu adojileil in llie form in wliieh it now appears. \ majorily in ihe Sen- ftle, and n porlion of the niajoiiiy wliieh il reeeiveil in the House of Uejm ^:eiilalive>, was ohlaiiied liy means of llie followiiiL; nineiidmeiil, wliieh made n part of the resohilions as iliev were thially adopt- ed. The amendment was in tliese words: .•). "./ill? 6f il furlherrfsolrid, That if the Presi- ' deni of iRe United Slates shall, in hiJi Judmnent and ' disiTelion, deem it mnsl advisalile, iiisiead of pro- ' reedinij lo submit the fore'.roiii:i resolniion lo ilie • llepulilie of Ti \as. jis an nvi'ruire on the nan of * the I'niied Slali s for admission, lo negoliale wiih ' llial Kepiililie; Then — "Hi il i-esnirtti, That a Slate, lo he formed oul of * the preseel Repniilio of 'i'exas, with siiiiahle i-x- * tent and Uound.iries, and with two repre.senlalives ' ill Coii'jress, iinlil the nexi apporiionmenl of rep- • rfseiilaiion, shall he adnmied into the I'nioii, hy • virtue of ihis ael, on an eqiie.l fnotin^ \\ ilh ihe * existing Slates, as soon as liie terms and eoiidi- * tion of sneh ndmission, and ihe eissnn of ilic ' remaiiiinj; Texiaii lerritorv lo ihe United ,Stali's ' ehnll he airreed upon liy the Gnvernmeiils of •Texas and llie Uriied Stales: Thai llie sum of • one hundred lliousand dollars he, and the same • is hereby, appropriated, to defray the ex]ienses 'of missions and ne'^otiations, lo nirree upon ihe • Ifrms of said admission and ee^^ioii, either I'V ' treaty, to be sulimilled lo the Senate, or by aril- * eles 10 be snhmilled lo the two Houses of Uoii- * o;rfSs, as the ]'re:idenl may direel." riiis pan of the iLsohitto'i rei oirnises vr^rtialinn: B\ithnri7.PS llie President "to lu'.'oiiaie wilh lliul Rcpublie, if, in his jiidirinenl .and disejelion," iie should deem it advisable; and haves the slavery question, ns well as other (pieslions, enlirely open and misetlled. This resohiiioii lieen me u law, bv the approval of ihe Piesiib in, on ihe first d:iv lif M.treli, 1S45. "On the third day of Mareh, \ni'>," the late President, as v e are inforue-d liy ihe .An- nual Message, " cleeied to snlmiit the firsl and .-^ee- ' ond seelions of that resohiiiuii to llie Itepiililie ' of Texn.s, as aii overture nil the pari of ihc Uni- • ted States, for her udniissioii as a Stale inin ibe ' Union." Tliisclection was approved by Pa-sidcnt Polk, and his instructions issued accordin^lv. bear- Ailmiaaion of Texas — Mr. Julius Itockwrll. joint miohilinn wsi an if il Imd never been, and williiii ten days all hope of il was iroue forever inc dale the tenth d.\y of the name -March. SVithin passa;,'e, this tliird section uf Uie lernill which It was but ihe siuvared eriisi of tin eoiild not otherwise have been lake has remained, in llie minds of a pnriinii of mir T till lh< peo| iile:i llial llie " liiiiil ai'lion" of this ( 'on- i cress, upon Ihe admission 111 itreveiil llial vast re of T e\as !is a Sl.-ite, 1 ol II, trom irreeov ■rably pi im, or al least a part lu' williiu the area of iilul ions now slavery. Uy ihe passiu'-e of ihi before us, wilhout iimeiiilmi iil, that lesl liojie will he e\liii:;uistied. Ikn iw II IS snmelimes clnimei , Ihat ih ' pen- |»ie of iheeoimlry have, in some sense, passed upon this i{uesiioii ill the late Pn I'illeiilial eleclion, be- cause llie opiiuoi were known in iif llii en eleeii d Presidiiit lie fa able I o aimexaltoii. Put will anybody eonlend ihal liie ri'iiiisand rein/i/iiiii; of ihe aimexation wire decided on by the jieople .And ainiini^ mauv reasons, losliow' thai a iii;iji)riiy of ihi Ihis e peo| lie ilid nol so decide in llial election, is elusive one, llial in some of ihe .Slates, and llin.^e amnii'4; the larj;esl and most populous, the Presidcnliitl eltetors, whose vons were ,'riveii for the present Chief .Ma'_'"i.'li'ale, were elected by mi- norities — the niajorlies, divided into ibll'ereni par- ties, beini; airainsl annexalinn. I'!vi ry mail kiinws the varielv nf warrinix eleiin vhicli iillei' i two days itfier ila passa;; thai eleelioii, and llie power of p:irly ori;ani/.aliiiii : over iheni all. liesides, sir, I know thai I have ; here presenleil, and so ha\e niaiiy other irenlle- ' lueii, renioiisiniuces ai^jiinst this iiie;isnre, anionu: llie M!;naluris to which are many of the names of persons whose voles were :;i\eii at the last I'resi- I dcntial election in f.ivor of ilie present l'',\eciilive. ! I sliall not u'n into liie circiimslaiicesallendin'^ that ' eleciinn, for il is fir from my purpose lo have any tuu'iiey in exciiiii': a liimuli of pari\' feeling in this House. I liojie lo treat litis iiuesiion in couform- ily viitli llie rules of the llniise, with Parliamen- tary rules, mid with tliiil dcciirinu which becomes ! II representative of the people upon this tloor. | I Inist, sir, lliai I lia\e .';1iii\mi iIkii ibis ( 'nnirress has llie rii.'lil tn deliberaie iipnii ihis siibjeii ; ihai, whether we ai'e?;iiided by the leiur nr spiril of ilie jniiit re-; amiitsi all llie Miphisirv, misrepresenuiiion, inirii:ue. and unscnipiilous ell'nrls nf e\cry kind, which have al- leiidi il Its prnj^revs. there siands nni mie lioinvt dedaraiion, on the p:irl of the .'\(lminislniiion, of itie Irui' reason why the aimevatiou of Texas was so veheiuenlly desired. Kroiii llie observation of the (leople. in some seetimis of ih, , ,iii,iivy, it was III the neiiii eoneealed durie'r llie Pnsidi until can- vass. It was shadowed forth, :is I ihink, with a '_rood de'.:riee of distinctness, in the eorrespondeiire nf a lameiiied ,Secreiary t>i' St;iie, iio\\- deceased. Put il was distiiicily staled, withoni div'.riii.-e, by his immediate successor, ihe einiiieni staiesmau of Souih ('arnlina. When not only ihis C'nierress, but this .\dmiiiisiiiiiion, sinill h ive passed away, and much ili;it liasaiii-nibil ilie-e irausaetions sinll have been forL;niien, il will appear, in ihe lisrlil of ini|iarlial hi''ior\-, llial the leadim; reasnii fnr the annexalinn of Texas, jivowed by the .American ■Seeretarv of .Siaie lo the Minisier of fireat Pritain. in llii' fai'e of boih eoiinlries and of the world, in a diplomatic enmiminie'iiinn diled the 'J7ili of .April, 1H44, w;is declared to be to )ireserve certain domes- lie insiiiiitions; meaniiii^ iheribv the institulinns of doniestie slaverv, bmh in the ('iiiled Stales and in Texap. Urom ihat communioaliun 1 read the follnwine parnjrapli : "The United States, in eoncludinj the treaty of ' ' aiuicxutiuii wilh Texas, arc uol dixpoued lo shun Ho. or Hrpi. ' i\ny ri'itpniisiliiliiy whirhnmy fiiirlvnltneh tn thein * on aecoiint of the Iriiiisaelioii. Tue meiiHiirc was ' adopted with the miiliial conseiil, and for the mii- ' lual and |>eriuiineiii welfare, of the two cniintries ' interesieil. It was made iiicessary,iii order lo ' preserve doinestie insiitiiiioiiH placed under the ' :.ciiaraiity of their respeclive eoiiHiiiiitions, and * deemed essential lo their sal'ely an' prosperity." There will remain forever llie liislorieal reiiHoii i;iven by our liovernmenl for llie aimexaliiin of Texas to llii.-i Uiiinu. Mow, sir, representiiiit llio declared opinions nf llie scores of llioiisaiids of llie people of lliis eoinilry, whose reninnslrani .'s urn pouring in upon us, and, as I believe, the real sen- tiiuenls of millions more, I lake lhal i.ssiie, and I impose the tidinissinii of Texas as a .Stale nf ibi.i Uiiinii; fnr ihis reason especially, becimfie iis eon- slilulion, as far as it emi, supports and perpeluah n doiiiesiie sl:ivi:ry. I find in this eonsliiiilinn an article, ihe liile nf which is a wnril uiikiinwn In ihe I'nnsliu.tinn of my eoiiulry. This is the article in the eonsliiiilinn oi" Texas in which I allude, and ask especial alleiilion: AllTlel.K Vm. — Sl.AVl.s. Si-e. I, The leL'i--lnliire hIkiM have no power In pnsi* hiw» liir Itte cil|i|lii'l|illlliill of I'hiveH vvllhnlll 111' IHi'lil lit llieir iivvll'T.!, Iinr Wllhniil luivinit Itieir lavaeri*, |ircvioll-< lo Miell eiiiiiiicipiiliiiii, II l>ill cipiivalciil ill iiiiiiii'v liir llie nliivcs so eiiiiiiicl|iiilcil. 'rtie> i-hlill have nii jHiwer lo prcveiil enil- Unu.H III tllt'« Stilii- irnlll lililiulllit ivjill Iheiiir^lli'h piTrinie. IIS arc liceilH'il >liiveii liy llie laws of liliy nt Itic I'liilcil Hlalc^, I'll liiiiif ir* any persiiii fiflhe fiiiiie line iir ilcMTiptimi kIiiiII tin cuiiliiiiii'il ill fllivcry liy the hovs iit ihis ."^liile: y'lunVfif, Tltnl iili'Ii .'•hive 1m' liie hoii't fulr pr(i|ierlv orMlcli eiiiesiiiils; /'loiiilci/, iWi.i, 'I'liie laws Mh'iill lii'piixscdloiiihiliit Ihc iiiln>- ihieliitii iiiln lliii* Suite nt* i-hivi's who have efiininillcil hiu'h erliiies in nilicr Sliili ^ or 'rcriiltine.,«. 'I'liej' shall liiive iIih richl III pais laws tu p-niill tlie owners ul* slaves to eiiiiiiici- piile iliein, .^a^iaii llie ri!''it uf I'leiiilors, iiiiil (ircveiiliiiff llii'lil I'liilii licciiiiiiiii! II pilhhc I h;iiliive. Now, sir, ihis OIK slion of the eslablisliinent of slavery in Texas is, in its most prominenl nupeet, n new (]' ■on, reaelniiir farlher :inil wider than nnv i|ues if this naliiri' heiilofire raised in the history of the (iovernmenl. I'y a decree of ihi; government of Mexico, made, I ihiiik, in X^'i'.K slavery was abohshi'd in ihat eoinitrv, inclniling Texas'. Ill the confused slate of afl'airs, it has, however, been ennliimed, as I iinderslnnd, in u mndiiied fnrm, and has, lo some exleiil, iiicre:ised ill limited poriions of Texas, Il looks, however, for its security and exti'iision lo this nie:isurenf aii- nexalion — to its admission asaState into this enioii wilh iis present eonstiiiiiion. And il is now lo be decided wbetiier the cloud, now " no bigirer than ii man':- hand," shall be dissipated, or sliall over- spread llie whole heaven nf Texas; w hellier ihe .same act which briiiL's iiilo the Union this vast leriitory, shall preserve to il forever llie inslitu- lions of domesiic slavery. The imporlance of this niea.sure eannnl be overslati d, even if we confine our view to Texas it.-elf. The territory of Texas is represented lo be " larger ihaii !•' ranee, eipial in ' exlenl lo the whi.li' (iennan Kiiipire, ihree times ' as large as the United Kiiiirdom of Ureal P,rit:iiii 'and Ireland;'' with a variety of eliniale, soil and prodiietions: great |Mirlions of il excellent in all. Diiraid and our voles are now rerpiired lo expel this vasi, fiir mid fertile re;;ion from the area of freedom, and place it within llie area nf shivery ; mill nol only sn, but to as.sent to the deprivii.-; ila leeislaluri' of all power to aller in this respeel iis fiiUire conililion; for such will be lulmillpd lobe ihc intended and aciiial elfeel of its eonslilinioii. Pin an enli^'hiened and jiidiciims forecast, as il seems to me, will invest this iransnctinn with still irrealer impnrlanec and interest, from observa- tion of the [irnirress of events — of the eondilion and charaeler of other / 'nericnn (.iovernmenls— of ilin true interests of Kuropenn (iovernmenls in rela- tion to jurisdiction iipou lliis conuucnt— opinions , I fDpc. 16, o. or Krps. ii'lVMltiirli 10 them 'V'\f iiH'UMuri' \\i\f* i(, nii't fur ilii- 1IIII- llir IW'n (■(MitltrifH HMiiry, in (*iilcr lo 1>Iiu'(m| nridi-r iIm' I'ltiiHiiiutiiiiiH, mik) nn ' |ints(|)('rily." IlisllM'ilMl rcMNnii 111' iiniu'Xfitinn of r, iT|n( Mcntiiii,' lh« riliniiNaiiits (it (Itn ii-nmiiNtniin .\h nro lirvr, the I'cmI srn- • lIiMl i.sMiir, nrul I HH u Slnir iif ilii.4 ', hri'uiiflc ilN ('(Hi- ts and |)rr)ii'tuiiiirt iH ciinNtitutinii nn (I unkniiwn in ili(> lis \t* tlic iii'ticN' ill licit 1 allmlr, niid (I pnwcr lo pns« lnw'n t til' iisi-nt lit' ilicir i('r>«, prrvioiM lo kiipIi nicy I'or the ^lllV(•H !*tt wiT III itri'Vf'iil pfiii- tlif'iii siii'h pcmoiis im 111" ihi' ('ii)i(-n Llii-* Slate : /*i-M ii/ff/, Iv (»r>in'li iTtii'^imil-*: -(hoiiiliihit tlx- inin»- liiivr i'(tiriiiiltr<'i| |ii<.'h Til) y Hhall Imvi' tlitt ui' mIuvi-h t(i i>iiiiii)ci- (tir^, anil (irfvcniiiig 'I'Im V >hall Imvrriili ) ^45.1 APPENDIX TO THF. CONGRESSIONAL GL03E. ii\)rii CoNo 1st Skss. AilmUaion of Ttxai — Mr. Julius liockwell. l^lo. or Rr.ps. Mil' OWIMTt •»(■ •lllVl' •II ry Ji' iWrllic'ir Jil.liirifM to ihV II' tlitir iiri;li>i>t iir ri'- t-IU'h lilHi*, til tlllV'W iiMiHT, luill mill tor Tlii'v itiiiy pnsA Uwvi ilu lliii* Stall' as iiu-r- )r rriijii-H of a liiutirr Klitill havi' no [mwiT II petit jury, ly ili^niiMiitii'r, or i.Oiiiii'iit 111 ivoiiUl oiiitiiitt<'«Iii|ion of, cxi'i'iit in f asc of talilislitnrnt r»f iiiiirtit (ifcipcrt, 1(1 \\'iiln' tliMii (■ iviisitl ill tll(> ilii'icc 111" tin; liiiiK, ill IS-Jil, irv, iiK-luiliii:^ iirjiirs, it luiN, idn'sliiiHl, ill a t'lit, iiicrc.-iMotl MikM, liowTvrr, IKMSIIIPiifllll- iiicilliisi'niuii II is tltlW til lit; t liii^tycr ttiMii II vy slmll ovcr- ; « hiilicr till' iiini] tiii.s viist rr tilt' institu- lortanrc ot'tlii.s it' «i' ronliiie tiiry iif TrxiiM niiiri', e'lpiiil in c, tllfl'f tillll'S Cifi'iit PiMtaiii nintc, Niiil iinil xcclk'Ht III nil. uiiTii lo oxpol nil tlio nrt'ft of n (if slavf rv ; (' (l('|irivit.'j ita his n'H|te(^t its lulniittpil t(i he inistitutidii. fin'i'Cast, tis it tiiin Willi still rom observa- ioonilitioti mill nicnls — (il'tlin iieiiisi in ipln- eiit — opinions il I" 1" ih urn now ontcrlninctl, in qimrtrnt i-niillnd lo iIih liitrhi'Ni rcipcct ill tiiiH ciiiinlry, mid iihroiul nimi, liy tliiiw' wIkimc pnxilidiii'niiiili'H llicni, pcrhiipK, In mice Mtill in(ii'i> iiiipiit'tinl iiiiil philiiMiipliic. views, ihiil, Hnnner or Inter, I'or evil or I'nr i^ooil, the con- Htitnliiiniil (iovi'rnineiit III' the (Initcd StiiteH will ino.sl prolmlily In; exieniled over the entire nreii of North Americn. And, in llie face of such author- ity, we are not. only iiiithori/.ed lint olilii^ed lo re- p;ai'd tliiH qneHtiiin iih iiireclili!; all that part of thin eoniineiit whii'li lies Nonth iiiid west of Texas. The mere possiliility of siieli evenis ia Hiiirieienl lo tuvaken this added interest — to invest the (pteslion with this increased iniporliini'e. This is the firsl men; a nii:.'luy stride In itself, iiiid irrevomlile. Upon tliis ipiestion of slavery I will speak wilh- ' out res'-rve — eoneealiii'^ no opinion and alKitint^ no | itr(>:iiiiiciil wliiirh niyliniu will allow. I shall Imve j iinlhin;,' III say of llie Slates of our lieloved I'nion ' where slavery now exists. Where they have in- I lieriled this institiitinii, where they possess il under the eoniiiion eonstiliilion, it is their own all'air ; | theirs lo inanii!.'e, limit, or aliolisli, as they liesl j iiiiiy. lint I appeal lo all men tii sny, whether the ' fiirest portions of the earili, in wliieli the inslitn- i linn of iloniestie slavery has liien found, have ■ ronie up to llial de^'ree of prosnerily and Hoeiid j liappinrss wliieh (iod, liy his aliiiiiihint ^'ifls,man- 1 ifesily enalileil them to aitaiii. ( appeal to the his- ! lory of the world, I ask diliLjent and eanilid in- ' qniry inlo the en litiiin of nil eivili/.ed iiniioiis, null I snliniit that the eoni'lnsion eannol fnirlv ha ' resisted, lint must lie admilteil, that whenver ii i plaee has lieen found for doniestie slavery, its per- i maiienl inllnenee has lieeii evil and injnrions to the entire eo.niminily — lo the raee tluilis serveil, as ; well as to the race that serves. On the eontrarv, ! where slavery exist.s not — where perfeef eminlity, I so far as laws and ijovernment may have iiiMiienee, prevails — where no race of men is snli.servieiit to anolher — where, of eonseipienee, lalior, phvsieal i labor, is lioiioi'able, and tliepnvilei;e of all — there, I siilimit, in the li^lil of the same history, has been i the !,'iTaiest atiMnnl of labor, physicnf and intrl- leelnal, performed by the preatesi number, and of labor's richest reward: mid there has been the freest scone all'orded lo the cultivation of virtuous and moral sentiments and correct views. In re- gard to the hiirhest exhibitions of inlellertual ac- quisition and power, 1 may admit that iiitiiviilunl instances may be found in both states of society; but I claim that in eomniniiities eiilirely free, there is by far the frreatest ajri^reijnte amiiinit of culti- vated intellectual and moral power; and this, I in- sisl, is the only true test of eomparison and eon tnist. There are now rp;;ions of the earth where domestic slavery has loti-j existed, the eradication of which would be soon followed by a donblini; and quadniplini,' of population, drawn from free Slates, wealth and resource.s of every kind, with nn aiiirnieniation of private comfort and happiness in a still [greater proportion; and upon this point I abide the decision of intelli^r|,„t (Veenien within those resjiims, as well as wiiliont. 1 deny the va- lidity of ar^umenls ni^ainst these general trnlhs, drawn from the oondition of colonies, distant ' sulferinir no slaves to exist on Eii«,;lish :i:roiiiid, and 'the transci'iiihrnt equity of her pnlicial tribunals, ' ' in liberatinj one iieirro who Intd been carried 'there, Thoiiijh Mas.'--achuselts was thus iireveiit- ' ed from abolishin>;; iIk slave trade, the relative j 'discussions which took place were by no means ' unproductive of giood. A srcal ninefiorHlioii Ije- ' came visible in the condition of all the iiei;roe,s 1 ' in the province; and most of the proprietors i^ave ' liberty to their slaves. This just action — for 'such, and such only, it deserves to be termed — ' has obtained hitherto scarcely any notice from ' mankind; while the subsequent and .similar con- ' dtint of the UunkerH in Pennsylvania hns bf on 'cei.'brated with wurni and neneial eneoniium — no 'cupriciiins ia the diHlribntion of faiiii', and so 'iiuieli advanliuri: does the riputiilioii ofvirlu!: du- ' rive from alliaiico Willi aeuturiiui aidritniid inter- 'est." This, sir, in llie history of provincial Mansn- cIiusetlH. An iNirlv as ilTA. and )>reviouKly, four of her animal IjeviNlatiires Inid passed eiiuelineiitrt prohibito-y of nil Iraltic in neuToes, the ell'ect of which wasprevi.nli'd by the MloeHof Itiitish K'iV- oriiors. When foiled in litis i;-eneral altem|.t. her citizens, for the most part, n.ive liberty o llieir slaves. When she shook olf the yoke of 'trill. ih oppression, she recoi.;iiised the pniieiiiles o'' iiir- versal freeilom. When she prescribed for he.'iu ,f a free eoiislitiitioii, she shook from th" hem of l."r ijarmenis every vestin;e of colonial slavery. I |ioint, sir, lo iliis passu.;!' from the liiritory wriiii'ii by an iiiipai-lial lbri'i:';ner, not merely to vindicate ihe eiirly spirit of the people of lliat Slate, but to liriiii; lo vii;w her wiibseqiient career, and by that f'Miinple, the .same which lias i.ppeared in tlio career of the oiher free States, to fortify the posi- tions which I maintabi. 'I'iii.. alt 'nipt at her (lis- p.ine.'-ement fully jistifies such ai'!,'iiment. What, fir, wonlil Miissachuseits have been nl this day, with dotnesiic slavery continued, and ever increns- iii.'."-, witliin he- borders? Circnmscribed in her teriilory, her s dl for the most jiart hard and bro- ken, her sky col qiaratively ml kind, and her elimalo severe, ■■'I, I. has soni;lit the .sonrceH of her iinfailini; prosperity in tin; principle of perfect, imivcrHal ireedom, Siislaiiiiin; her evi-increa.sin'; popula- tion, she hay annually sent forth her children, by thousands, to aid in taliiiej; up and carryinj^ ibr- wiiil lo Ihe West, the froiilier of civilization, i^ll they ilemand is freedom mid the privilege of labor. .\s the lla:r of our eoiinlry moves on over prairia and nionniain, they assist in he,-irin<; its snuidard. The capital and enterprise of iMas.saehiisells iire aidiiit; in the exlension of the (,'i"eat t'loniie^hl'ares of inland eommerce wherever production invites tlie'.n. Maiisacluisi'its is wilh and I'or the West— - with and for the whole coiiniry. She repines not that, as the Uepublic '!;atliers i^reaini'ss and extent, her relalive iii!liience will be ever dimiiiishins;. If the words "an occan-boniid Kepiiblic," now emp- ty and iniairinalive, shall ever becoinc desciiptivB of reality, the spirit of Mas.sachnsetts '..-ill be found inviijoratimr the irreat idea, demandins that tho hiirhways of commerce slriii iravr-rse ihe continent; that commercial and poliueal intelli;,'ence shall pass from ocean lo ocean wilh the electric lluid, Tlien, as now, ill minoriiies or in in.ajoriiie,'i, the opiiiiona of the people of Massachnsetis will be everywhere freely expies.-(ed. Then, as now, the enlarf;enieiit of the country will not, by their consent, be coupled with the extension of domestic slavery. They will demand then, as now, that the extension of the ReMiblic shall be not in specious profession, but in truth, " llie extension of the area fif freedom." The eot'ibined action, sir, of those wli i have eS'. lablished themselves in Oresron, has prohibited, as far as can now be done by them, the existence of slavery upon that ref,'ion, (,'iiuld such a prohibi- tion be extended to other portions of our territory, where the climate and soil nrc of a more peiiial chiiracter, how soon would the obstacles which now keep back the popnlation and improvement of some of the finest portions of our national inherit- ance be remo\ed. Mr, Speaker, I need not observe that, if my ability were at all equal to the occasion, and if my limiied time would permit, the further insisting upon reasons and ar:;iiments here asainst this measure, or any of its features, can be of possible avail. Bill, sir, I speak for those who have re- monstnui'd and protested ac.ainsi the admission of Texas with its (ireseiit constitution, but whose remonstrances have mostly been Inid upon your 1 table without the slightest examination. Many of iheni come from the people of districts and States who,se representatives, could they have opportu- iiiiy, would enforce their views with vastly more ability than I can hope to do. Those represennv- tives cannot be heard : such is the haste with which the iiiiijority are determined to pres.s through this fiieasuii'; such the power which the rules of this House fjive to its majority. It is my duty, ' therefore, at this last moment ol opportunity, in iho .1 nuiue of these reuionstrants, and of those who en- n APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. V, 29th Cono 1st Skss. The Tariff— Mr. Stewart. Ho. or Uepi. trrtnin the (wme ojiiiiion», to ewer their Milenin jmiloHl miniiiKt the piiaiaite i)f these rewilulions, mhiiitlii):,' 'IVxim nn n .Siiile iirlo thi- Uiiinn, w iih the |)nivi»iiiiia of il.-» ciiimlilution in reliiiiiui lo sliivriv: Ilciiiiisi' the mhiiisaion of this Sinlc, wilh those pro\i.'4ioiix, wi-iiies to iis free white poinilntinii n repreiieiilnlioii in ihin ItoiiKi', not iiiiMSiin'cl iiiiit hmiled IIH ill the free Mlale», hy their own iiiiiii- hers, lint iiii'n'nsnl liy mhlins; ilirei -liAhH of their »lnvi:f — It priiii'i|>le ol'imrCoiiKliintioii iiUviiy.i iin- ei|;iiil; nml ihin exIenHion uf wliieh over iJic v«Ht lirrilory liy thin net aniiexeil, is mil only iineqiml, Inn, in onr helief, ii^nimi ihe Hiiirit nnil Inteni of the('niiHliliili|ile of the Stale now odtnitted,and ot ilinse new States wliieli iiiay hert-- afier lie eireled within it.y territory, lii eanse the extension of the an a of kIhvitv, with llie exteii- v'nm of our jiirisdictioii over a new piu'tioii of thia eonitneni, imisl t;iTatlv wnxken the moral iiithi- rnee of the example of this nnlioii in favor of ri- puliliejin prineiples and free ijovennneiits. l!e- eanse it wan luu in the eonlemplalion ol" the re- vered frniners of onr C'onaliliuion that doiuestic slavery should ever he thus vastly extended; hut rather that it would \ni liniitetl, eontrolled hy the pro!;ress of just opiniinis, mid finally, hy moral a*;eiieies and ciinHtitnliiinal means, removed from the Slates in which it existed. Uirause, if W' ghould aid in, or eonseiit Ui, llie exlensinii of slavery, the net would he in violation of onr elenr convictions, that human slavery is at'ainst hiiinan rights; and we should he eompelled to feel that our net had c;iven a more lerrihie energy to the nrord- ed words of one of the falliers of the He|iulilie, a citizen of Vir!;inia, the author of the Deilaraliini of Independenei', that ** he tn-miiled I'or hiseouiitry when he redectid thai fiod is jiiM.'' As the cinlv imthod in wlilili it ean now he done, sir, in accortlanee with the rules of this House, I move that these resolutions he reeomniilted to the committee who reported them, with instructions to report the followiin; aiuendmenl to ilieni: " /Vorii/frf, That slavery and involuntary servi- • tilde (except for rriine) lie proliihiled in the S.ale ' by these resolutions ndiallte;lil to exercise il I'or the purpos« ' of prntei lion doeu mil exist In ihini; and, coiihe- '(pienlly, if it lie not possessed hy the Cicncral ' (ioveiiimcnl, it must lie exllncl. Our political 'sysieiu would thus present llie anomaly of a peo- ' pie .strippiii of the ri;;hl to foster their own in- * diisirv, and lo connleracl the most aelfish and de- ' struclive policy « hi h iiiinht he adopted hy fori ij;ii ' nations. 'I'his surely i iiiniol lie the case; ihis iii- ' dispeiisahlc power, thus sutreiulcred liy llie Stales, ' luiisl he w ithni the scupe of iiuthorlly on Ihe fjuh- ject exi'rcssly d( h i:al( (1 lo Conuress. In ihisctin- ' elusion I am ci.iiliriiied, as W( II liy the opinluiifi 'of Pri sidenis Washini;lon, .leli'ersou, iMadisoiit 'and iMonroe, who have each repeatedly reconi- ' mended this rii.;lil under the Constitiillon, as hy ' the innform praciiin; of ('(iii;.^re;JS, the contlniK (I • acipiicsci nee of ihe States, and the general iindei- ' standiiii; of the people. "—^«c/aoH 's secomi uiiiiuat .Messiij^e. Vet now f'on(;ress waslo learn, fur the fnsi time, hy Kxecullve liislrui'tions, that they |iossessed no eoiiHtilntiomil pt.fver to protect onr own home indns- Iry — no power lo coiinlcrvall the Injurious resula- lioiis of other cnnulrli s — no p(»wer to priilect lh« iahor of our own citi/.ens troiii the in slructlon which must lie liroui;lil upon It hy an iinreslrlcled coinpelllion with the pauper Iahor of F.urope; Ian. onr own hardy sons of loll must he Impoverished and i^rouiid down so lone' a.-( the wretched laici^ars iind(:r a foreign Cjovermneiii were ciiiu))ell( d, hy iheir necessities, lo Inhdrat lowir rales than free- horn y\mericans. Such were the ilocirliies dlHlincl- ly proninli^ated hy the Preslileiit hi his Messa;:e, and I specially hy his Sei relary of the Treasury. Well might lliey he called extiaordiiiary, I'or such Ihey certainly were. W(,'rc the Ainerie;ui peiiplc prepared to sustain opinions like ilie.se.= Would lliey suhscrihe lo the dogma thai lliclr own Ciov- criiiiient had no power to protect lliemr Thai waa Ihe doctrine — ihere was no evading it; and Mr. S. desired to know whether this House was prepared lo irUi; Il die Impress of lis saiicllon. This, howev( r, was hut one of the extr,iordliia- ry doctrines in this most exiraorillnary produetlon. It contained others equally strange, eipially new, ei|ually iicruicloiis in tendency , equally di siruetlve in practi(;d operation. Would the people helieve it.- This document from the Secretary ri.'com- mendeil the Imposition of an excise on Amerii'iiii niaiiufaciuriy — to take ihe dnt'es oti'Urilish goods, and ,rut them on the .\mericaii. Mr. .loiixsiix, of Teiinissee, lure iiiierposed, and desired lo ask him a quesiion: When the (-iov- eriimeiil protec[';d these inanufaclures, who paid the dnliesr Mr. Sri.ivAUT di.sliked lliese inlerniptions; hut aince the iinestlini was put, he would answer It. The gentleiiiaii asked liliii who paid. The gcnlii ■ man and his friends held the doeirliii' that the ciai- siinier always paid llie duty, and llie Secretary told the nalioii thai the poor man was t.ixeil ei;;liiy-two per lent, on cotton goods over the rich man. Yes, this poor man .seemed a special t'avorilc of the lion- oralile Secretary. He Imii introduced him ten tliin s in ihe course of two paragraphs of llie report. I Us sympathy was greatly excited that this unhappy "poor man" was taxed one hundred and lifiy per cent, on his cotton shirt, liecnii.se there was a spe- cific diitv on imjiorted cotton goods of jiiiie cents a yard. S'ow, If Ihis specific, duty of nine cents ainoiinled to a hundred ami fifty per cent, ml raln- ifia,lliat fixed the price of the colioii lo the "poor man" at hut six cents a yard, for nine cents was just one hundred nnd fifty pir cent, on six cents. So the prnclicnl ell'cct of This horrid lax was, that this "poor man" got a good shirt at sixpence a yard. And Mr. S. would nil ihe gi'iitlin;:iu an- other thine: when those most aliominaljli' mini- mums, w liich so excited the wrath of the Secreta- ry, had first lieen introduced in IHlfi hy William Lowndes — one of the purist patriots and most en- lightened statesmen lliat had ever ivraced the.se, leglshitivc halls, and sustained, too, hy John C. 'Vt- {Dec. 9, i>. OK Hkm, ry,iH»i) i'iiiii|>lt'if III it in llltlic'Ull III wiiliimlllicoiliir. r vvlinlc aulltiii'iiy niiiiii'iii, wiilKiiit 111' Miy iiiriiiiMicl- '■ iiiH|)r(-tiiir|MMrt lirni; mill, ciiiimi- I l>y llir (irncnil 1. Our |inlilinil iioiiiiily ot'a ]itit< IT llirir own iii- iKl acllisli (tni) llr* ili>{iU'illiy I'lirii;;!! tint ril^H'*, tlliN iii- rt'il liy tlir Slllti .4, unity IMI lIll'Slll)- I'HH, 111 this roil- I liy llir iipiniuiis i'l'tlDII, MlllliNOIIf ij'i .ititily rri'oiii- iiiMlitiitidii, IIS liy .■», till' Olllllilllll il ic mniTiil iimlii- h\i SCCOlllf llllMllll^ fur the fiiMt limr, iry pitssrs^i'd imi MVMi liuiiii' imliif- iiijitrioiiH rfi^iilit- I'f Id priilt'ct lli« llii' ilixli'iirliiiii y nil iiiiri'Mii'irit'il ■ Ml' Kiirii|ir; Ilia III' in>|Mivirislii'(l \'rt'trln(l lnici;ur>i ■(' i'iuii|)vllnl, liy ' niira tlitiii iVit - (jfli'iiirs itiHliiii'l- iii his Mcssai;!', il' till' Tn'MHtiry. iliiiai-y, I'lM' siii'.li Vini'iii-.ui hi(i|ilc ihlMt'j WiMlIll liii'ir own CiDV- 11111? That wn» i; it; anil ^Mr. .S. waB |pi-r|iiirccl in. Ill' cxlfaiii'diiia- ,iry )>n)iln('iii>ii. iqually new , y ilrsiriii live |ii'iiji!r lii'liuvi' I'tary rt'i'inii- 1111 Aiiii'i'ii'aii l!riti»h {jooils, ri' inli'rpoHid, W'lii'ii the tiii\- ircH, who jiaii! rrii|illi>iisi hut ikl aiiKWtr il. The -nill,- lllat till' roll- Si'i'li laiy loitl il ii;,'lity-l\vo Il inaii. ^'r.s, ilr orilip lloii- luiii tni titiii .-t n|Mii'i. ]lis Ihi'^ iiiihnjipy I anil lifiy pii'r 'I'c wa.s a .spc- riiiiie ciTils u III' iiiiio ceiil.s I'i'iit. ml vnln- tlii; " poor f ci'iits wa.s 11 .six rrnls. lax was, that at sixpoiioi' a ^■ntliuian mi- iiiiialili- iiiiiii- t' llic iSri'R'ta- (! liy Williaiii mil most cn- LVi'ai't'il thi'sfi hy John C 39th Cono 1st Skhs. A1MM;NI)1X to TIIK (JONGUKSSIONAI. GFA)HK. I II Calliniin, Donrccly Ipniidintineiiinhcil — India cotton (■niiils, ol'thr vrry roarNi'»ti|imhty, known to every hilly nl ihii tiiiir hy the Iiaiiii' oi' linni-lniniH, roHt tliiriv-ihiri'i'i'nl.i a yni'il; ho thai tlii' " poor man" wonlil llifii linvi' had to pay I'oiir dollars I'or twi'lvo ynnls of it, and the cH'i'Ct ol' tho infamons mini- iniiins had hi'in Ihat cvrry poor man in tin iiii- try niiild now L'i't a hi'ttrr iirlirli' I'or six and a i]iiarli'r ri'iils. That was tho way tin' pi'0[ilii wri'c taxed and oppri'ssid liy iIib iiroicitive system! and this was till" inniiiier in wliirh tlie " iiiior man" viiH mound down to the dust to lieiirfil lln' rich mo- nopoli.Ht! The Si'rrelary persiiailed this poor man that he was laxrd ei;;hly-lwo per eenl. more than the rieli man, niiil this was i|nile iiisiilVeralile; yet (le paid only six eeiils for what fornierly I'ost liini thinv-six ei'iils, and of an inferior ijiialily at that. On that thirty-six eeiilH the larifl' of IHKI laid n duty of nine eeiits, wlileh was then liul twenty five pi'r eent. ml vnlnrtm; it i.^ now one hundred and fifty per eent.i and why.' Heoaiise the priie is reduced from ihirtv-Hix to .six eenls per yard. Thi'.-ic (Ireiidfnl miiiimiims had, in their prnctieal eonsei|ueni'e!», iriveii the farmers a market, (yiven their ehildren eiiiploynienl, made their land protil- iilile, filled the eounlry with llie hum of ennleiiled industry, and had lirouurht down the prire of the poor man's elolhini; from thirty-six eeiits a yard, ilown — down — down, as the svslcm proreeded, till at last it irave it to him at six ei'iils a yard. Now the Secretary cried out that the duly on these eot- toiis was a hiimlred and fifly )ier cent, nil valorem! Knormous! Horriil! And why.' The duty hail not chanced, hut the price had. As the price went down the duty went np. At thirly-six ceius jier yard, nine reiils duly would he Iweiity-five per cent.; at six cents a yard, the ilniy would he one iiunilred and filly per cent.', and if the jirice de- Mieiiilcd to one celit a yard, then the the duly would lie nine luindrcd per cent.! The poor maiiVolihed, plundered, and o|ipresseil liy a duly of nine liiiii- drei'. per cent., simply liecau.se he iret.s a yard of eolleii fjoods for one cent a yard! Let the niaiiu- factnii'r run up the price to thirly-six cents as;ain, mid the oppression is all over; the duly of nine cents ft yard fall.s inslanlly to twenty-five per cent., n moderate revenue ditty. No more complaint; these frioiuls of the " poor man" me ]ierfectiy Niit- isfied. Such wns the practical operation of these odious iiiiiiiinunis which had reduced the poor man's cot- ton coods from twenty-five niid thirty ceiils per yard to six and ei;;hl cents. Yet this was llie sys- tem wliii'h must he eiveii up; this was the opera- tion which was so oppressive and so iinnnn/idi- liiinal that it must be siili'ercd to exist no longer 11110I1 our stnlute liook! The duty was to he taken olV the foreign ffoods, and put" vipon Ameticuii luamifactiircs. Such was the doctrine of this re- port and message, which say.s - Mr. JoiivsiiN', of Tennessee, here ncain asked Mr. .Stk.waiit, if the larilf liroiii;lit down the prices of articles, why did the manufacturer want it, and wlinl was it that hrought down tlie price of other goods in projiortioii .' Mr. Stkw.vrt replied, lhat such was not the fact. Other ^oods not maimfticlnred here — siks, velvels, &c. — had not declined in the same ratio, nor had wa^es or agricultural |iroducc; lieeause the protective tarilf had incrcnscd llic supply of domestic Koodsby iiicrca.sini;eonipelilioii,aiiii'liad sustained wages and agriculiural produce hy ere- ating an increased demand for both. If the Rcn- tlenian could comprehend that demand and su|iply regulate |irice, il would be all plain lo him. Yes, sir, and could the Secretarv accomplish what seems lo be his pur)iose, the deslriiclion of our domestic cotton manufactures — which he says now amount to miiin v-iiuii mii.i.ioxs ]ier anniiiu, and which, of course, add that much aniiiiiilly lo our iialional wealth — strike this out of existence, destroy this immense eompclitioii and supply, and coon, very soon, the "poor man," without employ- ment and wilh diminished means, would have to pay the foreiirner two or three times the price he now pay.s at home. Such are the favors ihis Ad- tninisiration would confer upon "poor men." The penileman asks, if protect:..., -educes prices, why do niaiiufaeturers want it,' It was not increased jiricc.-, but increased linsiiiess, they w.inteil— a wider market; il was tl'e advantage' of improved inachiiiery, inereiused Bkill,aiid enlarged .sales, that The Tariff— Mr. Stewart. reduced priccH. S percent, profit on ii bnMincsn nf 1 1 jt.";,!!!)!! a year was more than ^0 per cent, profit on jj •^1,1101); and the .sale of six pairs of nhocs a day, i at ten cents profit, was bctler than the sale of ohm ' pair at fifly cenls prnlil. Is the gcnili'iiian satisfied.' When interrupti d, he had liien conlrovertiiig the doctrines put forth by ihe Sicniary in his report. He had nl'i Tied to a table which had been leiiorled by the Comniitlee of AN^ays and iVIeaii.-i, lor the ' purpose of showing the enoniious tax which was ]' nnposed by iheHystein of Hiiaimioii. percenl..' This can only be done iiy converting the .syieci/icduiies intO(i(( lului-tin duties; and when Ihis is iJoiie, a high duty only shows a low price. If the duty is Ml) per cent., the price miisl be oiie-foinlh only of the duly. 'X'hiis, we are told that gla.ss pays the enormous duty of UUO per ecnl.; and why.' lieeause the duty is ;J4 per l)ox, and the price *;! per box; Iml if the '-'ass went down to 'c duties, which, when converted into ml valiiiiiii, ainounled to moie than KM) per cent. Very well; and what did this prove.' Why, simply ihat'the prices of those articles had been greativ diminished, as in the case of cottons. The same iluty which, when levied, had been but 3;') per cent., had now become ITiO per cent. — sim- ply because^ the price had gone down to one-fourth part of what il was. So the main result of all the labor and ciphering of the Secretary and chairman of ihc Comniiltee of Ways and Means had been to furnish to the whole country ollicial demonstra- tion that prices had been reduced by a proteclive larilf to one-fourth or onc-fifih of what they had been in IHKl. Take a plain illustration ; The tarilf im|io.sed a duty of 4 cents per pound on nails: the price of nails in IHKi bad been Ilj cents per pound; so that the duty was then 2,"i per cent, on the price. liitt the same' duty, we are told in this report, is now Itm per cent.; and how so.' Lieeaiise llie price had fallen from Hi cents to 4 cents per pound. Very oppressive on the " poor man," who has thus to pay IIKI per eent. on nails! The expl illation of all this was )ierfectly jilaiii and easy. The elfect of eompetition, ma.'linn ry, skill, and industry, had increased the sujiply; and, by an increased siijiply, in this lus in all otlu'r eases, liad reduced the price of gla.ss, cotton, ivc.; whilst it had ri iidi n d the ! i whole coiiiitry prospirous, by by till reused ile- niand for all the jiroductions of the farnicrs. Mr. S. thanked the Secretary for lii.'i reference 10 this document. It had furiiislied lo hini and the country undniiable proof, from the highest au- thority, to what an exient prices had been reduced, insom'iich that the duly on one article, though rea- sonable at first, had Iiow risen to three liiindred and eiulily-nine percent, ml en/umii, broughtabout solely by' the irdiicliuii of the price. Mr. S. de- lied escape from this iiosiiion. Let any genlh"!i;'n lake the report and ex;iiiiiiie it, and tue lie re lliey examine the nion' they would be covinced lhat this wns a true e.xplanaiion of tlr,- whole mat- ter. Yet this was held forth for the purpose of exciting alarm. Il fiiniislied a topic 'l.r pojiular declamation. Ii might peisuade the " poor man that he was greatly oppressed, because In paid n tax of two hundred per eent. on his windov' glass; and he perhaps would not uudcrstaiul that f glass fell to a dollar a box, he v.'oiild be taxed '".air hun- dred per cent., or if by any iniprovee.eiil in the niamil'.icturehe should lie eii'iblcU to gil his glass at filly cenls a box, why llun la wiuiUl be paying the , enormous imhcard-oi' lax of eight liumlnd per cent. Ho. or Rrps. Tliiii inmo "poor iiinn" of (lin Secretary ■nine- limes wanted lo buy n f'«>v nails, and the Secretary alarmed him by the intelligence thai nails wei« taxed a hnndied iMrceiit.on their value. .So they wi re ; hut what ilid he pay for them ? I le iisiil lo pay sixteen cents n pound, but this wicked op- pressive larilf had brought them down lo four leiils. Now, who did not see lliat if a specilie, iliily of four cenls a pound on nails was converleil into an ad valorem duly, it amounted to it hundred percenl.; and should nails be hmiight down to ii eeiil a pound, the duty would he four Iiunilred per cent..' What an oporcssion to get nails at a penny a pound ! Surely the " poor man" wim likely to he ntlerly eruHlied and ruined. Mr. S.'said he had wL-lii d lo point out soinn other of the extraorilinary doctrines conl.aiiied in this pa- per oft he .Secretiiry, and llierewasoiK^ which would startle the country. It was covered up in I'liulioiot language; but when the veil was drawn aside, and the truth exposed, he again warned genilemeii that it would startle the country. This free-lrado Sicrelary bad reeomnienih d an I'.xeisc on Ameri- can niaiinfaclures. Yes, that was the pruteclioii iie had iirovided for American industry ; it was lo lake od the duty from f ireign maiiul'actures, and put it on our own. I lear him ; " In accordance wilh these principles, il is lie- ' lieved that the lar:;est pr.-teticable portion of the ' aggregate ri vi nue should be raised by maximum ' ruvciiiie duties upon luxuries, whether grown, ' |irodiiced, or nianufiictnred at Iwme or iihroud." [.It mechanics ,iiid maiiufacturer.s hear that. Kvery American artisan .should hear it. The duly was to be on articles, iVc, whether grown, pro- duced, or manufactured at home or abroad. Here was an American Secretary distinctly recommend- ing to levy the highest rate of revenue duties on goods manufactured at home. What was this but an excise.' What else was an excise than a tax on the niaiuifictiiri'il goods of this country ? Yet this was the Secretary's recommendation. 'How would Ameii 111 people like il .' liolh ill the .Messii'.'e and in the report, the Admin- istration had given ils own definition of what, ae- eordiiig to ils understanding, was a revenue stand- ard of duly; and this was the language of tlio President's Message ; "The precise point in the ascending scale of ' duties at which it is ascertained from experience, ' that the revenue is greatest, is the niaxiniuin rate ' of duty which can be laid for the bona Jitle pur- ' pose of collecting money for the support of Gov- ' ernment. To raise the duties higher than that ' point, and thereby diminish ilie amount collected, ' IS to levy them for protection merely, and not for 'revenue. As long, then, as Congress may grail- ' ually increase the rale of duty on a given article, ' and the revenue is increased by such increase 'of duly, they are williin the revenue standard. ' When they go beyond that point, and, as they in- • crea.sc the dulies, the revenue is diniiiiished or ■ deslroveil, the act censes to have for its object ' the rafsiiig of money to supiiort the Govcrimient, ' but it is I'or protection niereiy. " Here was tiie rule by which luties were to be laid. The moment an Ani'.ican manufacturer had succeeded ill siipiilying our own market, and began lo thrive in hii- business, that would be a proof that the duty i.'as too high for revenue; it was no longer a revenue duty, but a i>rnliclire duty, and it must forthwith be reduced. As the American furnished more goods to the country, less foreign goods would be imported, revcnuu would be diminished, and the duty must come down : that was the rule. And iiow'Mr. S. would ask, under such a rule as this, what mall in his senses would vest a dollar in nianufaetures .' What was the prospect before him .' The moment when, by industry and enterprise, he should succeed in getting the better of Ins foreign competitor, down with llie duty. If a shoemaker or a hatter, by making better or cheaper hats or shoes, had got ■ possession of the market, the eye of this free-trade system was fastened on him like n vulture. The , Secretary found he was doing too well, and the duty must be reduced to let in the foreigner. Such was the plan of this Administration. "The meclui- iiic, finding his proleelion thus diminished, and Inning no other resource but bis business, would go on to work longer and to work linrder than be- fore, and when, by working out of hours, he had 50 APPENDIX TO TIIK CONGRF-SSIONAI- fil-OBE. [Dec. '^S)tii Cono 1st Scsi. 7'A« Tariff— Mr. Stewart. Ho. or Itp.PR. rcmlrivfd to jtcl out llm opi'iiiiitiiiti of liin own ih uTiiniiiil. ami IiIh fnniirii riini|Mlilor, mid In-- (jaii 111 nil liii;('llii'ra linlr iinilil, ilir niiiic diu'liim' would repeal llii' |>ii"'ckh; iIic duly woulil i nmIciiI- \y \ 'I'Io'v, loo, wiodil iio'v Woil<, whili- till' nmn Inni'ill' worlicd li.inlcr ami hardiT. Ilnl w lial wonid l>i' llii' ivMnlt? Il \vi>nl I uiily lii'lni; liiin nndi'r lin' rnsidinrH rnir; lli'' dnly nnmc lie lurain lowi ird, and Hiill ;;o on lo In' lowtTf'd, inorr and nnnv, nil at lai«t iIiIn iVre-hoi'ii Anii'i'ican nnisl lir cioinal down Ity lln* ni'lion ol' hix own (jiovirinni Ml lollii-ili;;iaclid and wntiln il rnndiiion ol'aii l'!n:;liNli |iau|>i r or a ItiiNHlan hi it'. Tin' nnnncnl an AnH-rifini Ial'rlilion, tin' l'or('i);ni'r nnisl Iw Irl in and |int i>vrr liiin, AVIuU Norl ofa rule WiiM this? I'nr whom wonltl onf Hnppoflr it to h*' nmdr? I'or tin' Ann'i'irnii inannliu'lnrrr or llir Ktiropran? Cliarlyil wis ii mil' lor llii' 1)1 111 111 of I ho (oiTi','mr. And roiiM nil indi-pi'iidiiii and iiiti-lluriiit AinniiMii I'onscnt to live 'nidir sui'li a nilc .' Tlir nioiniiit tin' jViiirr- tran risrs in Iiih I'ni, in this siinir'jii' with I'ori'i'^iii'ri lor ihr Anwrii'iin inarkri. lir is to lir knockfil dow n by this I'Ai '■iilixi' fji't.ri-, and trnlkul rrrr hy hi;' fii-i-rilary Walliir. [A laiiuli.] And this' \va;- till ir ./mrrid/u siis/iiii. Mr. S. iii»i.-.lrd il was n British HVNli in. It wiis just mirli a Nysinn as iSii" Kolicrl I'ci'l would havi' r Miiiniiiili'il, roiild In' ha', f hjiokni throiiL'h Prrsidi'iil i'lilli as hin Inmi- fii-t; its {aai'lii'.il. it.s iiiiivfisal oiiiTation, woiilil 10 \\ hat III' had just now d»s''ril»id. Ami wmiM tlic lliiiM' riiilor, r a sysliin likr this- 'I'liis was lite lar-t'ami'd *' fi-fe-lratlf Hysttni," now (or llir flrat liino iiroiiiulgutcd by, nii Aincriraii liiiral ollii^er. Sini'C tiio iinprovrnifnt.s in Hti'ain, lln* rn«l of transjioit.-iiion was rotiipnriili\i-ly notliin':. Takr (ill'lini ilnty, and tin' Itntisli winkshnps would lio lironiiht to onr doors, .^upposi' ilirsc (Irilisli la- honrs wtrc in .Mi'xanilria, workim.; at twrnly-livo crnls: was any man so blind as not to si-c that iIhv must Kimn hri'.ili down thr wurkiiirii of Washin-- tnn, who wi'rr riri-ivitii,' sf \riiiy-li\r ri'tiis a day* Tlic rinploViT would soon bi-u'in to t.ilk to thi'm in n \rry inlillii;iMi' laii;,'niu;i : " .My i '.iiipitil'ir.s in AUxaiidria i:rl l.iKor for Iwrnlv-livi' iinis a day, and yon tniisi lakf tin' samr, fn- qiiii." Aow, whore was tho diU'oniii'i', w hillirr tlio dislanoi; was n littU' ercntcr or a lillli' loss • Tho prmiii'iil opor- nlion of till-' systoin would lioju.«iI tho Kamo. And this was tlio lilis.icd .sysloni of IVco tr.ido! Tlio workmen of l'jiii;land ami l''raiireoiiiild woikohoap- or liiaii oars, and froo-tnnio doririiio in Id that wo nmst buy wliore\or wo eould buy rhoapest. l>nwii wont tho duly, in oaino forei'.'ii '.'ooils, out winl Ainoiicnn nionoy; and mil and out it wont nil uo bad no more money In ^on.I, ninl tho pfopio ami their Uoverinnont booamo bankru))t loootlior. This was tho lilossiio^ whiih liio' oonipassioiiaro Sorro- tary had in store for the " poor man I" (Hi, how lie loved liini! llebroushl in "the ]ioor man" ton times in two paraLjraplis! Ibn his lovo would bo very apt to operate like the lovo a oerlain boar oMoo hud fiira " poor man," win n In^ ini',';;ed liiin t. death. [A l,au;;li.l Mr. H. had soon Mr. Walker's name ainiounood fir llie Prosidoni-y. Now, an nneharilalile ob- Rirver iniiiht jierhaps wiy that Mr. Walker was lookni!; to bo the " poor nian'.N" oamlidati'. If so, ho iiroposed ft wise plan, tor his svslom wontd soon make all tho poojilo poor, and then lie would go in by acelaniaiiini. [Mui-li inorriment.] Tlio Seirotary's system niiijht not inaptly bo terne I a plan to mannfai'inrc " poor men." Sinh win Id be its praotii'id result, and tlieio would bo no la-apini; il. Li i the i:eiiiloman from Alabinim j.Mr. I'ayshj oxauiino tlie n'port as looLr as iio |ilea.sed,nnd see if heenuld make anyihin:; else onl of it. And now Mr. S. would a.sk the inoinbors of ihis IIiiiiso, and his ronntrvnien concmlly, whit'ier the adojition of siioli a plan would not no eijuiv.ilonl 10 iiassitn; a law that Iionoofortli no fur- ther oapital slionid be invislod in mannfaoturcH - It was in the natiire of n iiotioe btforehaiid, and it ran in this wi.se; "Gentlemen, you may invest ' your money in «neh way as yon deem best, but * we here iiotifv you liint, a.s soon as you shall ' have aupplieil the Ainorioan market, and we find ' tliut in cuiise({ucncc of your Huoccas imjiurU bc- ' i;iii to diniinixh, the dntirs must bo rrdnood, iinil ' foroiirn ^.'oodsinnst bo lot in until wo !;i'l rovotino ' (iioiiuli lo pa\ all tbivominoiit ollirers." Willi siioli a niilii'd bebno liini, who would i'ii;;a!;o in i niamifai liiri'H? Who would invest the oapital he had ri ived by inhi'rition'o or in-rntnnlan d by his own ontoi'pri.io and toil, w iili the eeilainly liolbio ^ Ins eyes that jnsl as soon as ho lieiran to fallier a ''\ litilo stroinjth, III ai'i|niro 'greater skill to iiuprovo : the modes of , bor, nnil to roali/o ils rowaril by Kottini; the bolter of lbrei','ii oonipi lilioii, lie nnisl lie kniH'kod down, and ilio fiii'ei'„'iior In in to ruin him .' This iniL'lit bo eiilli d, iu oerlain pans of ilio 1 nirv, " lo'.'siiii; for llio llriliili." (iontloinon from tdo West under loml what was inoaiil liv llio term " leir'.rint.'." |Ves, vos, and it liiui;li.] Tins riito would i:naranly tin Ainorioan market lo the forei'^'iior forever, or niiiil Ameriian laior was droimil down nnil ilo>4;railed lo the hall'siarved and wreli'hod oondition of the sorts loul paiipei-H of Miiriipo; and the Anierioan masses, ihiis deprived ol'ilio means of odnealin^' llioir ehildri n, would bo obln'od 111 work as in Miiriipo, from llio oi-adle to the tri'avr, and llieir .ntmil and jwlilifiil eoiidilion Would bo in the end no belli r lliaii tlieiiM. j Snoli,niosi oil ally, must bo the praelieal and ill- ' ovit.iblo operation of tins nilo, if oiirrieil out And are these the boiiolifs and blrssiin^s this Ailiniiiia- tialion has iii reserve fur the " | r man •" lliil the .Soi'rotiny of tlio Treasury had made other very woiidei't\il iliseovorios in fmanoo. What did ho toll us? ** Kfiinitiirr yn'oi'ci that, as a iroii- ' end rule, a duly of b'-rii/i/ ;irr nil/, ad valorem ' will vieid llio hii'.'isi revetnio." ^'ls; cryirriVmr |ini\ed thai an ml vii!<-titi duly of iwoiity per rent, would }"ii Id till' meaiesi amiiinil of revenue. Tw on- ly poroonl. yield tlio L;ioaleHi revenue! WliVi w hat , w,'isthoi,'real,li|imil,iuiiM rsally-kiiownoxporioni'o of the niiiiMry ' N.'o hnl a lanll'of twonly in r oeiil. in l^l I-" I'i, and what was our revenue ? Not ono- italf of what it was now. Tiio whole ainoiint of rovomio from imports was then about lliirloen inil- li'iii.s, and this year it was Iwonly-si-von niillions. Was il.irti 1 II more ihiin t ,veiily-so\en ? If so, tho So.-roiary is ri'.'lit; if not, ho was oloarly wroinr. .\iid what was tho i Hi et of their tweinv poroonl. liori^.-nital dutv.' ruder ils operation tlie eoiintry wa.s jiriislraled, the (ioveriimont itself was bank- rupt, and tho people woio liillo boiler. Yet this man omild say, in the faoe of these well-known firls, and of the .An.orii'ini peofilo, any oiio of wlioin knew better, thai an avorairo duly of Iwoiity ni r eoiil. yielded the lii:;Iiosl ainounl of ro\onue. Tho Seoii lary had even ^'oiio further yet than lhi.<; ill his f.initiiH eiri'iil.-ir ho had assumed ihat Iwiln- (nul~:i-}iatf\wr oeiit. hnrimnliil was tho true ri venue' standard. Some Wesiern seribbler asked him lliroii!,'li the press, how luni'li rovonno Vi\ nor oont. would <;ivo on one hundred niillions of ini- porls r (ihal bf in^ more than tho avonn'o ainounl.') Tho answer must be, twolve-and-n-half niillions: then doiluol iliioi-and-a-lnilf millions, the expense of oolloi'lion, and but nine inillinns of iii It roveinio would bo loft to pay iwonty-six millions of expend- itures. To inako up the levenno, you niusi add inoio than oiio humlrod niillions to your imports, w bile your w hole spot io has iio\(r boon estimaleil at more th.iii oi:;hly-fivo millions', lh''n all your spoiio ijoos for your fust year, and wliero will you irol money for tho next year? These i|nestions, beintj rather IroiibleNoino, were never answ'ered. Tho triilli was, thai llio revenue ro.siilted from tho tarilf, and followed il. When the larilf was low, the roveinio was low: wlion tho tarilf was hiirh, the roveinio v::- hi'.'li. That had been the nnirorm oxperi'.ioe of the ooniitry, and lie olial- lrn'.ri d jreniloinen to show the contrary. It must bo so; it ooiild not bo o the resiill of proioiiinn was lo make ilie peo- ple riili, and laknnr olf proleofion was to make ' them poor. When the people wororieh tho treas- ury was full; ay the '"niiilry boeanio poor the tri'iis- ury wasinipoverishod. In this roiiiilrylhe revenue was a riiliinlarij, and not, as in the Hiati s, a cimi- piihorij oonbibiition, made by the peo]ile to the Govornmcnl. The oondition of the treasury was, in faet, n polilioal therniomotor, to tost the proK- pority of the country. Aceordinj to the national pros]iority, so would tho roveiiue ever be found. When moll wore impoverished, oonld they piir- rliase i^onds fi-ooly ? Certainly not. When pros- perous, their wives and daughters could purclitiae ooslly elolhiii'; and rich fiirniliiro, and llion many i;ooils won' always imported, lliil when the ooiiii- try W'liH impoverished, by tho rniii'ins polioy now rei'ofinnondeil, inoii wontd wear their old eoais, llio.r wives and daU!;liierH stay at lioino and inoiid llieiii, iiiorohantH O'lild not i;ol mom y to import t;oods, and llio treasury would bo liaiikinpt. Under llio I'ompi'iiniii"' law the ilnlios ran down lilt ihey reai'hod tho point ol' twonly per eeiit,; ihon was the iroiiileman's Utopia; Ilioii, aooordin^ lo the Si'oretary, the revenue oiiijht lo have been abiiiidaiil: but who had yet foi'i^rotii'n, or coiikl otor for^'et, what had been then the eondition of the lieasnry,aiiil of this oniiro nation ? The troaa* iiry.was so perfoolly bankrupt, that it einihi not borrow omi dollar. Tbe Htnles wi-ro everywherfl repudialiin; tlioir debts, anil the national eliaraeler lay proslrato and bleedinir. That was the oondi- lion, and oMTybody knew il, lo whii h a twenty per oont tarilf had broU'.;lit ihis land; and yet, at this day, the first lisi-al otlleer of llnr (io\rriiin llii|iiirt lii|jikrii|>l. iliillcH rill) ilnwn iiiiiy pel- iTiit.i llii'ii, iiri'iirilin^ :lit h) liavi' lii'cii ,'iill('ii, iir ciiiild llie I'linililioii III' ion? 'I'lii' IriiiH- liiit it riiiili) mil HIT iviiywhfifl iliiiiml rImriii'liT it WIIK till' I'lllllll- wliii li » twcniy iiul ; anil yii, ill llic OlIMTIIIIHMll nn til lliiit NiiiiH HI) iiikI iIkvIitmh, i\»*riii',r nrii^i'I ; it it ii|i|riiislii'(l a iiliathiu lull) ilJH. •liNs; in n woril, il)i the waijil i,r inly, anil ni'ilii, inMii* rhararler. 'hii'l'lias ii (lone? ii; lint Willi a'.'l- TiTiary hinmull', iriiti'i'iKii) fn] V- iT|in»i';" "Ciivc niiiirr iliu tuiill' it (Irawii)!^ to ii Dli'l-riy ;;liii)ix" at III' MrsMi'.-r anil ■ |irniiilti'y it. 1 suliniit to every man of praeiicid common iien.se, whclhcr .such must not lie the result. And yet we are (gravely told liy Imlli the .Messii^'c and llepnrt, thn\ prnti'rtivp diihca operiite exclusively for the henefil of ihe rich capilalisls, al the expense of tUe "poor laliorer and the farmer!" Iiiit, finally, this whole ipieslion, so inlcreslinT to the .American people, liiriis iipiin a simple ipics- tioii {<( fart: "Do jiri'liclirc diilics ullimately ia- crfiiic or rriliire the (n'ices of the nrticles on \vhich they are levied?" Now, the Message and the tleport amwie (hut fail to jirove in a single iiislancc) that inotcrlife diilies have increased prices, and are llierel'ore nppresiiivc and liurdciisoine; while, on the other linnil, he asserted, and was reiiily to prove, liy llic documents refei-red to, liy every price-current and every )ncrcl)ant in ihe country,' lliat the prices of pralri'trit !,'oods have hccn reduced liy conipelilion since llie odious iiiialiiM(ii).«a)id speeillc duties wcie first imposed for prolcclhn in IHlli, lo one-iialf, oiie-lliiid, one-fourth, and in some instances to one-sixth part of wliiit they were at that time, ns in the case of coarse cotton's, glass, iron, nails, &c.; yet, in the f.ice of ihesc undeniahle facts, it is as- Bertcd that the duly (nine cents a yard — l.'iO per cent.) is added to llie price of the domislic ns well na the imported i,'oods, and is paid liy the con- sumer, nnd that the " poor man" is thus taxed oil liis coarse cotton -ooils SO percent, more than the rich; when the fuel is ndmiiicd ihiil the poor man now fjets a lieller article made at home, and paid foi' in labor or produer, at one-foiirlh of llie price he paid in ISlfi, when llie minimum duties were first )in]iosed; while, nn the other hand, the wai;es of lahor and the produce of the farmer. Hour, ijrain, ineat,&c., have undertrone lillle or no reduction of prii'e, cwin;; to the increased demand iiroduced liy the increase of manufactures. Such lias lieen the clfecl of ;)ro(cc(ii,f duties. liut rcfeiiiic duties, lev- ied on nrticles not pioduccd or mainifactured at lionie, may and do eienerally increase prices, he- cause they do not produce competition und iiicreaj- fd tupiilij, riiil to the fads. 1 cull upon the PrcK- ident and Secretary for their proojii, Show ma ihe evidence llmt in a sinijle insiaiice prolrrlive diilicn have pi'rmancnily increased prices. This you as- sert, and I deny. This is an issue i\f fuel, and mil of ar^'iiment. I'roiliice, ilien, your evidence that prolrclirr ilulics have | ermani ntly increased prices, i and then I'o on and ilenoiince pnilcclion a.s plilli- iler, riililiery,anil opprcssioii. l!ni first jjroi'f your i fitrh, und liien make your ar^imient. I .isk the ^ .Secietary as a lawyer, would any court in Chris- ' leiidom lolerale for a moment ihe course you piir- s .■ > You lirinj; a suit aiiainst A, who denies your claim; are you at lilierty lo tiuume the f.icls, wilhonl pniof, li he just ns you want tlieni, and llieii make your speech, ami ii^ik a verdict? Sure- ly not. Yet such is ihe course pursued on lliis (^rral i|iii >iion. You fi.isiuiic, wilhniit proof, that prnlirlfi ilulics iivriMse priies, and then eonlend ihiU ihe " poor man" and ihc farmers are ojipress- eil and pliiiiilereil liy llie liirilV. Now, if this he found to he uiilriie in poini of fuel, and ihiil llie re- verse is hue, iliiil ihey rri/iirc prices, and ofcfiurse /iMscji liurdens, llieii \\ hiil liccoines of all your iir- pumenls and speeches n.-riinst the oppressions of the larilV? They llill lifeless lo ihe ground. He denied llie rii;lil of llie eiieiiiiis of the larilT lo f/>siiiac ihese I'e-ls, and called on Ihein for llie proof. The facis lie at the liiuinlalioi) of ihe whole ipieslinn, and he trusted lliey will he furnished. The President nnd Secrei.ary tell us lliey want a revenue i-.vHV — a l.irilf llial will just yield revenue enouirli to meet expendiiiircs, and no more. Well, accordin;; tfi llieir own showini;, llic presciil tarilV is the very ihiie; liny want. They lell us otliciiilly lliat the expenditures ihis year have heeii •iit2'.),!MW,* 21)7, and the i-cvenue has I'leen y llic Scci-etary, that the n)aii- ufacDjrers are all niakini; immense profn.s — iweniy or thirty per cent. IJiit can this he possible ? Is not capital free everywhere? and will it work fir four or five per cent, at nsricnlinre, as is alle^'cil, when, hy jroini; inlo innnufaclnres, it could reali/.e IweiUy or lliirty per cent.: If this were iriie, the rush of capital inlo ninmifaclures would soon he so ijreal as to reduce it lo ihe very lowest rntrs of prolit. Iiul if ihe ni'imilaclnrcrs supply i^oods at one-fourih of their former cost, und slill make )noney, why complain? .'Vnd why hrcak down or drive away this profilahle liusiness, where, hy the use of lahor-saviii;; machinery, one hand will do the \\'ork of forty r Why drive this lliirly ]ier cent, husiness abroad, and continue lo labor here at four or five per cent, piofil, and exclinni^e the produc- tions of forty hard-workiiu; men here for the labor of one woman, with the aid of labor savin:; ma- chinery, abroad ? AVIiy not keep this jirofuahle ; business in our own country? I The .Secretary, in his reporl, tells na that, "on coal nnd iron, tlie duties arc far too hijli for rev- enue," and lliat llieyou2;ht to be reduced to the " revenue standard," which he assumes to be about twenty per cent. Now, if the averas;e duly nn these nrlicles exceeds, as the Secretary al|cL,-cs, sixty per cent., then, according to his views, more than two-lhiids of the duty must he taken olVof iron nnd coal, which would exlin'j:ui»li the fires of every furnace and every fori:e in Pennsylvania, dcslroyin;: milliojia of capital, and seiidni;; mil- lions abroad to purchase Ihe a^riculuiral produce of foreiirn countries, com cried into iron. 'Lry this anli-.American system, and hear what Peiiii~yl- vaiiia has to say lo il. I need not nniioipate her; she will speak for herself. This is not what she understood by the Kane letter, and she will say so. ' The Secretary says: " IVherc Ihe mtmbernf man- 'vfaclories is Jiol greal, llie poicer of the fyslcm In ' rcf^vlale Ihe ifugcs of labor h incomiderable; hut as ' Ihe profil of capital itireslcd in mamifaclurcs is avp;- ' menled by the protective tari£', there ia a corrcspond- • tng iiirrenne of pwivr, uulil the control tfsnch capi- • tal over the trai^is of tabor hfroiius trrr^iatibte.** Was there ever n i;realer error enler-d inlo the lmai;iim' lion of man ? There Is not a lihoriiiK man ill this coiinlry who does not know lliat ipiile the re verse of this is iheflicl; that where llie ileninnd for hilioc is siiiall, viat^es i;o down; and as maimflic- toricM mnlliply.and ihrdenianil fur labor increases, waces :;o i,p. Yet the .Secrelary has il, llial when Ihe deiiiaiid for labor is small, wn|,'es arc hiilh; unit when Ihe demand iri i;real, \*'a:.'es are low! I The .Secrelary tells us, exiilliii:;ly, that " TiKr- land has repealed her diilics on coiloii, and reduced llieiii on hiead.-iliifl's." True; but is not this the work of the protective policy? The Amerieaii i))ai)ufiicliirer is abroad tbi'oii:;hiiiit hjirope with Ilia L'oods, iiiiilerscllim; Kni'land even in her own markels. I lence she Is obli;.eil to take every liiir- ileii olVher niaiiifacturcis to enable iheni lo mam- lain the conipelilion. Hence lliey repeal the duly on collon and provisions, not lo taviir, bill to bent us — not lolieiiefil us, bill to save theinselves. Tito Secrelary biiiisis of llrilisli liberality, with the no- torious lai*t bet'ore his eyes, thai, except oil collon, the iivera:,'e ihilies levied at this niomenl in Lireiit Itrilaiii oil all our imports e\ceeils three hiimlred per cenl.; while our diilies on her iinporla do not averau^e tliirly-lhi'ee. This is Ih'ilisli lilierahly, so exlolled nnd eiilo^'i/cd by ihe .lin^rican Secrd'ary. iMiu'hiud, we are lolil, will follow our example, if we iiilopi " free trade." Will she? Hear what she savs on this subject lliroiiirh her Ministry. The l)iike of \\S'lliiit;loii, very recmlly, in reply lo Karl (Jrey and olhcrs, slaleil in the House of Peers, " that when free trade was talked of as ex- ' isiiii:; in F.ni;liiiid, it was an alsiirdily. There ' wiis no such ihiiin-, and there could be no such (/iiii,r ' nsfrie Innle in that rounlnj. W'e proceed (says ' he) on the sysleiu of proteclin;^ our own maun- ' faiMiircs :iiid iiiirin\ii produce — Ihe produce of ' our labor and our soil : of proieciiiii; tliem for ex- • )iortalioii, and prolectiii'.; llicm for homeconsiiiii]i- ' lion; and on that universal syslcm of protection ' il was absurd to talk of free liaile." The Secretary says, if we do not take Rriliah floods, lliey will have lo pay cash for our cotton; and, " nol'harinjf il lo snare'," they will buy less, and at lower prices. We must nase manufaclur- iii:;, and seiitl our money lo Kni^hind, so (hat slia may have " money lo spar '" lo buy Soiilhcrn cot- Ion. This is ihe Idea. The North and West are lo be sicrili'-eil lo make a )narket for Southern col- lon. liut docs not the .Si'crctary see lhal, by im- povei'isl.in:; the North and West, a worse result would follow? They would toon be unable lo buy aiiylbin:;; whereas, if prolecied and prosperous, liavin'a; ihe means, lliey would have llie will lo pur- chase and consume forei'.:n '.roods. Thus ihe Sec- relary 's " five-lrade" plan would most ctfectually defeal his own purpose, if carried on/. Hut I'',iigland, we are told liy the .Secretary, will, if wc rel, IX, repeal her corn laws. She may, for the moment, lo avoid starvation, and not an hour lonjer. P>nl, if repealed, would it inure tj) our benefit? Would she not obtain her supplies of wheat much cheaper from the North .Sea and the Hallic, from Odessa, Warsaw, Dail/.ic, and Ham- bnrijh, where, for seven years, ending; with 18-10, the price of wheat was sevenly-si von cents per bushel, while here il was one dollar aiiil forty cciuh nn the seaboard; and fiei:;lil from ihere was but ihirleen cents |icr bushel, and from here thiriy-six? At this time the jirice there is ninefy cents, nnd here one dollar and fifteen cents, liit the repeal of the corn laws would ei|ually ftivor ihc wheat of the Lialtic, while n creat portion of our wheat finds lis way to Oreat Urilain, through Canada, at the colonial duties, thus escaping the oiierution of the com laws. Hut let this Adminislrntion adopt iis sysleiu, and let the manuf'acturers close their doors aii.-l turn out .seven or ei^ht hundred tlioii.;:'iid people to be;; or starve, and they will soon lieur a .pice that will make them tremble. Y'es, and Ihis Sec- retary of the Treasury himself will hast-'n lo de- clare, ns did the Kmpcror of Russia, who tried i this system of free trade liira short time, but soon ! renounced il in this emphaiic lantjitaye: " .??ricii/(iii't, lift irilhont markels, industry wilh- ' cat protection, LANGUISH AND DECLINi:. , ' SPKCIK IS EXPORTED, AND THE MOS'l' ■ ' SOLID COMAlliRCIAL HOUSES ARE SHA- »■* 58 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. fDec. 9, I I ::^dTii Cong... ..1st Skss. *KKN. Till' puhlic in-os|iorifv would siioM too! t\\v ' » \vi 'Mill inlliiU'd nil privme rt>rliim\s» if .icw it£;u- j * laiiuiis (lid not promptly cluui^o Uu actual suiie i * ofuft'iirs. " tUrnts haw in-orrt! that our AGUU'ULTUnK ! * atiit (Hir rOM.Mi:iU'i:, iw tnll (w our MAM:- * FA( rriM.NCi LNDrsTllV.rtJY not mi/i/ tuua- , » /(/cf./, lUIT UIlOUGiiT TO THli UUir^JK 01<^ , *ut;iN." : ^Sul•|^ wmihi W iho ufTi'ct.s of llie aystt'ni now re- (-(MHiiu-iiflfd t'or (Mir iuIitptii)M, and siu-)i wonld soon lie lilt' hin^ua^r this Alimil^^'ll•atiull ur its succcs- mjTA would hv. ohli^rd tii dopt. Sir, il' I lovtd uiy pnrtfi iiioiv t'lan my roi j/ri/, I would icjoire u» ytf iliis Adniinistmtion I'any (uit its iiirjiHurt'w, lor its Niicrdy ovrrilnow woulil hv inrvitalilr. .\lr. S. s.iid In: would lunv prcsi'iit ihc docirir. < ol'ihis AdiuiiiisiiMtiiui in dirict opposition toTho- iiiiiM Jctlttson iUid Andri'W .lacKsoii, ami let ilio proplc tlcridc tor lliiiiiNclvt's. Pri'lci'iion is not only (It nouiuMil tty tlti.s Adiiiini.slraiioa ns tiiii'Oii- aiifutit mil, liut also astipprcs.-^ivc in ilu- tarnifr and lal'on r. AVtll, whal hays Ciciicral Jack.son ou this ."".ul'jn'lr Ur Sitys ; '• Ifwi' oiuit or rrfiise touso tlir ?::irts whii'li God * li.is fxtt'udt'd to us, Wf dr.srr\<' iii'l ttir continiia- ' liiiji of lii.-^ t'liN^in^s, Ml* has liiltd our nioun- ' Mins and our pliiins with niiiu-rals — wiili hail, ' iron, and cppprr; and ^i\< a us climan' ami soil ' lor lln' rrmvinir ot" luiup und w ol. TIm's** Iirini; ' the i^rand luntt rials ol' our naional di rmi-r, tluv * ouirlit lo ha\r cxumicd i" -iitni aihuualc ami fair * {n'ot^('l'ltl)^^ tliat our (tw- luamitactoncs aiul lahor- * trs may he phui'd ■ .. a I'.tir »'onip<'litioii with those * ot' l-aivojM\ ' will ask, what is tlu' real siuiatioii * oC ihf i',.n'uUurisl ? AVhcrr has the Ann ricaii * lanmr u uiark.'t for hi ■ .■surplus pnalui'lr l-'xccpt ' for cotton, ho hixs nr, ,ur a t'liftii;!! or liouic luar- * kti. I>ocs not ll tN fharly orovf, winii tin re is * !io niarkii i iihtr at homi' or alToad, that ihcrt' is * loo nni'"h lat'or fnij'Ioyrd in aLrrirulmrr, and that * iho I'tianni'lN tor l.ihor should he niuliiplird r Com- ' iron fitnst' jivints nit/, ul viwc, the n innhj. Draw tVonx * ai:Ti('u!lun' tliis supnahundant laintr; tinploy it * :n 1 ichanisni and nianut'acturi's ; thi-rchy rrratini: * a h' MMO laaikf t f'r your lurad-stulls. and dislriii- * lin;^ lahor to \]iv iaof*l i>rofua*iit' art'our ' ; and * lien* ti's'o the country will rrsull. Take iVoi. aj^ri- * <'uiturf,in ihprnili'd-', " with rrvmnc duties tiiily throw open I'ur ports to all tin' wnrhl." lint w l^at s,iv.s Tho- mas JelVcrson ' Here aiv lln \\ orils of tlial pro- ftamd and patrioiie su\lrsnmn in his report inC'on- ^ivss fin this suhje'"! : " But slniiild any nation, oteut of prtiliihiiiciis, duties and reiru- * latioiis, it htlinnrts us to prlirt I'ur citiztti>^ thrir * rommcrrr anti luivii^tttiou, hy -nunlrr /inWnbi/ioi.i, * di-''"s ami vt i:ulatitnis aNu, i Vee emuuieree and * na\ ii:ulion art not to Ue irlven i.i e\i-hant:e tor re- ' Mrii'iions and \'Xai inns, nor are tin y liki ly to ppi- * duce II relaxati'in of them. Where a nain>n iin- * jnt>es hi'ih duties on our piodin-iiors, or prohihiis * them alti'i^eiher, it may he proper for ns to do the * same hy ilitinr. lust, lairdenin^ tir exchiilni^' tho^e ' proi'uciious whi 'h theyliriiiir lure in eunipi tilion * •.yiiii onr own of itie same Knnl: seleriiii;^ next, * sueh nmmifactun .^ ns we lake from them in the ' ;;rrate.'!i (juantily, and whi<'h, at tlie same time, * wr eould tin* sni.nesi furnish to oip'sehts, ur <►!•- * tain froni other eounlnes; impDSim:: on tht in tlu- * ii>M, hu'hter at lirst, hut ui.tMiu aiul iikahmi af- ' terwards, as oilier ehaiUM Isof.'.uppl) open. Such * (tutiti ftrtriiiff t'lr f£u-t of itnlinvt 'rieoii(-i(i{-nn( nf to * iloinf^l'tr imiMii^if/iirf i of the sauu; kim), mtii/ in- ' ciiirc litf ijn(iH''i(f/uri r lo coint hinvitlj' into thtse Now, PreNidenl Tolk s;'yM, :.'...l duties ran lie iiii|Hi!ii-d only for rerrniw, and ii'Jt for protectiviit The Tariff— Mr. ^Stewart H(K OF Rkps. and that when t!ir home supply diininishefl reve- ^ nue, the duties oui;ht to he. rcdueed ho as to increase '' iniportH. l^ut Jeirerson'H rule is precisely the rt> | verHO. He .say?** »« the domestic supply increaseH, the duties ou;;hl lo he iiicittisid^ not rc(/i(rr(/, aH Mr. l*olk has it. Tho duties, aicoriliuji; to Jellerson's piai), (mj;!it to he nnid*; luuvier and htavivr to favor itic Anierieaiitj. Polk'n lighter n:id ligiiter lu favor li foreii^ners. p AViiieh is rii;ht, JeflVrsou or Polk? One or the iptlier nuist ho uiistaken, as tliey are direetly a* ' i.ssuer Here they stand directly o))posed — wliicli side, as Am rieaiiH, oipjht we to take? He had always hreii and still was ailaelied to the old ./(.//J rvtiiiioi (Umocninj, the oppi'siie of modern {irof^irysivf lU- uiornicfr, and lu' believed thai a majority of the old and h^mest Ih inoerais of Peimsyhania would still he found failht'ul to the tried and true .leH'crsonian principles, when hroo-^ht to the test. On ihe suhjei'.t of the laritf Jeileison's plan was ihe (Uily true i»ne, '* seleet the artii-les we eaii ii:id 'oii'^ht to manufarlure for ourselves, ^ive them ' full and ailequale proteelion, * Ii;;hter at lu'st, hut ' lieavier and hea\ier'as the donitsiie supply in- * creases, and for re\enue incrensin^ the dulus on 'luxuries eoiisnmed hy the rirh.'* Tliis is the true Ameriiali sysleni ns exponmied iiy Thmnas .Ti'lUisoii himsilf; it is ihe snonhird around whnh all his iViemis shtnild no v rally — and those who (h-.serted tliis standard ate traitors to his prinri- pies. .Mr. S. said he wished to eonsidiT for n moment ihe tarilf as connected with a;;rii*nltui-e,and il mit^ht slat lie the .Si'''ietary lo tell him that Ala>saehiisrlts now exported to forei-^n markets nion" a';rii'ultural produce than any olio r State in tin; Uu'on, She exported it as the Priti.sh im)iorled it, not ui its raw for.n, hut c. inverted into maiiufa<-iures; and, wh.it was slil! more important to the i^rain-^Tiowin;; Stales, slie exported ll in a form nol lo cmnpele wiih, or alall ailed, t lie price of produce, in iis raw condition, in tlie foreiirii markets. And it ini^ht startle the Secretary still more lo lell him that mil- lions of dollars \vhio, Keiuu"ky, aia! the oilier Wesleri" States. I'ui is it not hirictlyand undeni.ilily truer Noi in iis original f«irm, hut like liiilish iroods, conveited and changed inloai'ondi- tion in which il can he iraiisportcd lo market — emi- vcrled into ho; s, horses, and fi' cattle; An' what are these hut the corn, oats, and hay, of ihe west- ern farmer, chain-* d into animated forms, and made lo f ((rn/ ('■'■'(/ t»' mark* t. A ial ho^ carries ri;j;ht or I'-n huslu Is of corn lo market, and a fine west- ern hor.-ie carries seventy or eiirhlv dnlhir.s worth (tf hay ami oats to ihe eastern iuar!\ods,are in fact hut retail- ers i>\' loi-ei:;u ai!;riculluial nroduce, i-on\e'ied into :;oods anil st nl here tor .sale; and, when we look ahroad at lln ir vast numhers. is it 8urprl^*lnj^ that aioney should he scarce? ll has heen clearly pro\ed that more than hall* the value of a yard of eloth consists of wool, and the suhsisteiice of ihc lah(U' emplnyid in iis luamilUciun'. i'hat nine- lenihs of tin: value of pii^-iron consists of a,:j:riinl- liiral prodnc' , and (hat e\en a yard of lace is hut tittle else ihan tlie sub.s'tsttuct of the foreii^n pauper lahor employed in its tahrii'ation. Vet tlie farmer seems ml to he aware, that when he pays jjt'Jll for a sail ol' Ih-itish cloth he sends ^111 ot' the :>ll in hunt money (they take no paj'i r) Ui pui i hase I Ih'tiish wool, and hread, and meat, while he has no market tor his own. Vet is it not true? And is nol this the policy recdninieiided hy tliis Admin- i.'-lialiipn r He was admonished to he hriet", liul he I Would, while on this pnmt, stale another fact sas- "cplihle of ih<' clearest demonstratimi, thai the ei nstiuieuls (d' every ineiiiher in this Hoi'se frmn <>h(<», Indiana, llliMius, a'ld all the irrain-iirowini^ Siait s, are at ihis .Monienl pnrchasini; and eon- suimn'_' fi\e cl.dlars wiuth of ilriii^h aL'riculiu- ral [iioduee to one didlar's worih iireat Ihiuuii , takes of thciia. By rclcirin^^ to the ollicial reportu on eonunerco and navijrntion for ten or twenty years back, it would he found that our impoi:>; of Itritish^oods amount lo nearly lifiy millions a year, while she has taken, of all the a<<;iicuhnral p^i- ducis (if the iirain-i;rowin^ Stales of this IF:, ion, dour, t!;rain» meat, vVc, less iliaii two millions and a hall. >iow, if only half the value (aid it was nuu'.ti more) of these t;-oods eonsisled of i><;rieullurid uroduee, this wouhl t^\\c twenty-five jiiilliims of IJritish auricullural produce, taken anuually liy us, to two and a lialf uiiUions rilish a'^ricuhural produce to oiiv (.ileal Ih'itain takes tVtmi tin ni; and yet llui Secretary is not .si ti.sfied, hut wishei lo inerense the iiupurl of foreiL^n ^ooiIh to favoi the farmers f Ueduee the duties, says the Administration, to iii- <-rease imports; and auMMi, say most of the repre- sentatives of these western farnu'rs. Hut what wart thrown aroiiml our national talior, ihe :rreat ehiuenl of our national we.Mh. The tarilK furuislit d the only sicurily our lahon r had ajraiiist llie de;;radini; and levellini; ellecis of an in.rertrict- ed coinpetiiioii witlithe pauper lalior of Kuropo. As you ndue this wall of protection, you reihne the wai;cs of lahor. As you rechne lahor, you reduce the pational wealth, which is the sum of your productive indusiry. Sir, I stand here ihe advocate id' lahor — liilMir in the falds and iu the, worship'! — this stniu'i^le for naiional pnthctlon is a slruu^h' lor natiinud pros- perity. Who e;ui esiiinate the value id' our lUl- tional lahor. I- amounted to hundreds of millions of dollars. A po(M- man's lalior is his capital; if lie <'arns only jil'Jt) per anmini, this is eijual lo n. eajiital of S'J,IH)lh at six per cent.; if you have a milliun I Illy of lahorers, this iii\es you a capital of /irrf //naoinn/ millioii.H of itoilurs; and is this not worth your care and your protection? Must this vast American lahor he prostrated and Iroddeii down lo make a market for foreii:n (^oodsr to in- crease reviinie hy ineichsinLC the imports, sendin*^ millions ahroad to sustain loreJi,'n lMl)or, to obtain a few lluuisand dollars of revenue? The nakdl ijuesiion pre.-'enltd is. Shall we favor foniuii iii- (luslrv or our ow nr Shall we take the thni-^n or the .)mt}iiau side in this !::real stru;ri:le \\n' the American market? This is the j^reat and iriui qutstiou mvolved in this issue of /Tn/nVi/ni or no prolectiou. This Administralimi lias lakeii the. l'oreiL;ii side of tlie ijuesiion. 'i'hey deni'unce nil pri'ltit'wn as unrovstittiluituil. ! lake the Amerienn side. And I harlessly appi al to the ^conil sense, the en!i',^lilened palriolism, ol" the Anii-riean peo' pie, the ./''cmcrs and /(i/ienrs, whose interests are at stake, to decide this <|u<.stion. The issue is now [Dec. 9, 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE, 59 t>. OF Rfipa. >!• tin or twenty at our inipniis nt* "ly niillionHiiynu-. a^iiruitiiral p;o- VS of (IliN Uiiillll, two millioiiM ami ■aliiL' (nitl it WHM iti'd ort><:ri<-(illuri.l '-live iuillioitN of n an:umlly 1>V us, ■s talcMi l»"y ifKiii, thiK <'ori.siiin|ttion irn lIuMe W( ^l^.'lll iniiiii'^not^MT Init uIIUIm! |H(m1||CI' Io t ni; Mhd yd iltr i.-ihci to iiirn^a.st; ivii) lilt- fiinnersf iniiti-iition, to hi- llHt of till! i-ojM(;- lU'jH. Itiit what r n'|)rt!M-nlatiM!H 'i( ant'it NOdti it> ' tllO IltMINf; h,! ilt! Would a.sk-, lal |)nnlurc llieii; or a ton (»{' iron ? ,1,'lnnil, (whri-f il ^,) they aid not iwionn nnivorli-d lual no niarltct I? ninriiiuils nnd rs of cotton ami 1, tVr., in ISKi, as adopttd^ aiaj ask the worKirii^ r " iVt'r- irado, ' r tlu- TieaHiiry, coniitry? 8m'-li n»it only furniNh *rv itn|torlaiii, ii iror.s to inv<'sli- *^linu-iifid poini niscIvTs; ill iliin liir |U'0|)|i- In II inicrrstnii;; suli- htrc vr cKsc - re tariff)' he ]iv" ialHU'iiiy; pdur. tarill" i.s,a aal lidjor, ilio The laiiiK ( :• hadairainsl an UhrcMrict- 1)1* of Kiiropr. , you rrdui-n iv l.dMir, you tin: Huni of liihor — liilior in iiuu'i^Io tiir latiuniil jN'OH- iv (if our mi- ls ofnnllionM is '-aiiilul ; if !■■' iijual to ft yon Inivc a |>o a Oiipital d is (Ills not ' .MuNi ttllM and inxlden oiidsr to in- ilN, sendint; lor, Io oliiiiin 'i'ln- nidvid )r Ionian in- luni^n or i^rcU- fur tfip at and iruo ttrtitni or no f* laLrn ilii> drnounrc nil he Anirricnn iitiod scuKc, I'-iit'an [n'(i- ti rests Mil' at its.suu iH now 29Tn Cong 1st Skss. Connecticut licsoluiiom — Mr, John A, RockwclL Ho. OF Kkps. ■':'<^- fiiirly made up, and mu«l lie decided. I» protec- lioiH'.oiiMtilulionalor not? IlasiJonicrrRH the |)Ower Io prolcet the nalionat induslry? Sir, let j^enlle- nien pnll down this wall of iiroteclion thrown jirnnml tin; nalitmal indiislry hy the Inrill" of IH4li, iiiumlale tin; eountrv av,:iin witli fortMijn ;;onds, H;nd all our money aliroad to pny for them, ai^aiii hankrnnl tin? people and llm treasury aa in IH41; Itt i;('mlemen do this, and ji'o home, to inet't tho iVownH of an indigtmnt and ruined people, APPENDIX. Hni'WK UK ItKl'tlKHKNTATlVKS, (riw/d'an/oii, W(-TCHiAt'j' 9, Ift-lii. I)FMi Sni : \\\\\ yiHi Inivp tinr tfondiirss In iiii.Hwrr Knuic, fir fhi' whnl.', nf Ilir lullnwiiiy (|tirsnitii«, lU vniir oirlinst ; cMMViriicnri', 'I'lir tucts yon rtmnTiunicalc iirny It" iiiitHir- j tiiri> In Ihe (liHcns^iun ol' (tin iiirill' iiui'^^lioii nnw |ii>ii infusnn-s to olitiiin i sitriM' nil till- oilier. < I The wlmli- i)|i|Hi.-iiiinii |o tln^ prfHrrtirr jifilicy is Im-rd | U|i<>ii till* iisiinniilion of tUi' liici, (wirlinnl priml',) linU iirofvr- /m f ilnth'N MirK'iW! the iiiici'^ ni" liiith (InnH-fiif hihI |hrri::n I; i;«nii|-i. luul art'. tliere(nre,n|i|(ri'ssivi' anil hiinli'ri'*MitH' In llii- " jirnplf. Now, itlliis ispruviMl In ln' nniriie in [Kiinl of iSn-t, ' ; ilieii tliiMvlmlr LTonriil ni' opposition to Itie proKH'tivi; pn|ir\' i; |:ill- In till- cmiiiKl. It is ailniittril Hint rnrniir (Inli)'H, ItM'jcd on nrliflfM it',' ;-)■"''(. r<' or miinu/'trt unl ill Iliis cniiiilrj , lUliy, Illid jifln' , rail) 'I.I, inrrt'U-i' priees ; liiii jirolrrtirv fliilics, li-vit'd nn ' ai'iicli > \vi> ran riiriii.>'li at lionii', it is conti'iiilrtl, ultiinali'ly ;, ri"fii'-r liic prircs hy iiiliodncinii rofiiprlilioji, hkill, inaclii- |: inry, anil inr-ri'a'rd supply, and that siu'h is the nntvi'r.' Miliji-.-f. ■ i' Vnii pcrcivi*, ihiri-t'orc, iliat lln' wliojf nnifhT re^olven ; | it-rlliiiln a <|iH':.iiiMi nt" /ij,/v; and il m in a.-r('rtaiii llin-i- | J.-rls iliai I iiavclak.-n ilir lih-rly toaddrr>s >on. Will you, , ilii'li, he sn unoil as to ri'h'r to joiir Imnlts ami hills, ami fur- nish t iin- pn-.il inr ihiir pniioi-hrm ? What tin' prn-e when iht! ta.id' ui" \>*-i-* wii-^ pa>!-i'd, niid what is tin' prn-i- now? *.'. Wlial till' prices, at ilic dale indKatcd, of calicoes, l\s i-t. yarn. ^ic. •* and arc ilicy not rcdncct' t'l ahoiit one loiirtii ni* what ihcy were hcion- they were pnilccted bv tin- taritl olh-^Ml: ;i. What was tlic price nl" wn.ith n l!^Iii. am) at tin* dales of Ihe tarill nf IHJl, IHJH, and what n'*\v? ]•* aUit-* imt nnw siipphi-d at Imine for lens than nne- IniHlli nf Die price paid in IHJti, and (or less timii the anioiiiit ol Ihe dnty iin|toscd ("or its proleclinii? II. What were Ihe prices of iron. naih. and niher inaiui- faeiiires of inniand steel in IHifi? What atihe oilier pein)ds ictcrrcd tn, and what are the prires now? Are not many of these ariiclcM nnw made nt home t'nr one half and unelVnirlh uf Ihi'ir former price,'' T. What Wire i!ic prirea, at the .ilinvc dates, of huIi, paper, J, and if sncH ntticr artielcs as may seem to yon ealcidateii to nIiow Ihe eirecl ol" jiratrrtivf diKics lipno pri< •« L'em'iaMy? j H. Hri (lie other liami, pleasi; s'ate whellii ; the urtjch's not proiliiced or inannractnnd in '.lis cnniiir\, on which tln- Itc- tor rn-nnif t;.. rely and not to. //ro/c Yj mi ni- !,.\ j.-il. -uch a-^ -llks. vchel>. laces. &,.., hive lieeii ri'diiced In pi Ice Mtice isltt. or have tliey tieen r-'dncrd in am ihini; like (he : i.itio of rcdnction thai has o. .i.rrcd in the prices of ihc pm i icci.d arueles: What is the rea-nii of ihr diderencc ? and ,j I' Il not unc that fmXcrlirc diiin s, in tlieend, rnlwv prices, ] •A'hile reiTiMic dnn<'« •:irrr..'Ke tliein. ' '.». While ;'ro/r.7(i-c duties have redm-ed the piiretiof nrin- | niacinnd jjonds, Inih not Die inercased deinand, resuIiiiiR t I'nin the lmTea-.e of mannfaetnrnm csiiihli>hmcnts through- |I out the eniiniry. -H-^laiiird ami kepi up the wajjcs of lahor, > and Ihe pruhiee of ihc farmer— Hour. i,'ra in. provl-inns. &c., I at as hmti. iinil in snnie rasi-s eviii hiiiher rate-, than they I were in Hiii; ,\,„| ,|,, |„„ j„ot,.,iirr dnties, tlMrcforc, hy i iiii-rca>iii:i itie tify,,,/., ..f inaniifacuired t-nod--. whde they iu- i cr.a>e the <^v/i, .;■/ fur ihe raw material and hread-'tutrs" en- i' iil'le the (*HrtmTM in rlljhr uwrc ami htm/or tess I ' ajrrieiilliinil? DnuH not Urciit ItrilaJn make iron, cloth, (;lass, Sic., niit nf tlin Kanie iimterlah that we do? and when we import the^i! articles, do we not import the Itntish nurienl- liiral prodaec wi>rked up in iheiii.' And in the pidjej of re- ilaeii)f{ diitieH to ineii-a^c imports Mieh a policy as oii^ht m he susUiined hy ynnr nprcjentativeri? Vvery kind, less than iwo miltions ot'dnllars" wnrth per year from u-v; does it imt I'rdlnw thai we enriMinie aiiitiially twenty milliniis of dnllars' worth of jtrilish au'ric-iiliural pro- dliec to two iiiilllonsnflhe same thai she eon-nnics nf ours.' and oiii-lit Ihe cMcosion of Has >4v<>|em of policy, by uhieli \vc are made lo cnn.-nnic l,-n ilolf.tis^ v\orin nt' llrslish wn(d, Kiain. ami pmvi-ions, in the fnrni of Itritish iinnd^'. to tjiit! ilnllai's vvnn'i -^hc lakes frnm ns. lo he advncaicd liy llie .AaierK'iin people or Iheir Iteprcst-ntalives? tilKM'lOSS TO I.AHOKKItS AM) OTMKIIS. I.*i. With oiir presinf liinliiies of iiili'tr*oursc u iih I'urope hy steam, wniild not " frei- trade" red nee iMc ^val,'es of labor lieic in evi ly (Icparlineni of iiidn>lry to the level of the waue> ol' labor iln-re, ju>t as ecriaini.v as the removal of a WiiU SI paraliiej t\M» iineipial hndics id' water uotild reduce Ihe one In the led if the <.iher? Mi. If Ihe prodnetioits ni r'.iiro[ii>an labor wnrkint; at twenly-hve eenl-> per ilay in makiiiu' .-line-, liafs, cloth, ami cver>iliini; else, weri* admitbd iiiln our port.-- irec of duly, tiiusi lint (iir niecliiinics and laborer,- come dtiwn ami work as Inw as llicy do, or i>ivc up (he inarKet, |n>I a-; certainly as that labor on one side ota street nr river workintrai iwenty- tivi! eeiiis woiibl reduce M'vcnty-livc cent lahor on ilm olhtT Midi' to it.s own level? 17. 'I'lie ,Messai,'"* says lie' lariir '•impo.-cs heavy and iin- jii-I hiirdrns on thefarne'r." General .laekson sa>s " the ' lariif, b> laktiii! >-\\ hnndred ihou-and iinti. women, and ■ ctiihhen I'lnni aurniih lire, and eiiiplo>iii:: thete in manulac- ' lure.-, would create a tmiue iiiar!;el Inr more bread slitlls ' lliaii .'dl i;nrn|(c nnw Inrni-lf^ '* 1^. The .Mcssaifc at.-n ^us -.duties nin.dii to u- iin|Hised for revenue oiil>',and whenever they are so hii''! as lo (liiiiini>li imports ajiil nvcniie, nev mudil' lo he reilnci d to the rev- enue si,ii I ml. '1 homa-* Jei|ir.-oii. in hi- report In Con- yri-s. sa Ic Irne .-.i-iiin i- jn-t the rc\er-e ot Ihis. Ho >a>s I'nteji- -s should select >iic|| articles a- we can maim- taciurc toi niirsclves, " iinpn,-iii'.» on lliem duties ln,diter ;ii ' itrrl, hill tir.fin- ami hr.uivr aiU'rwards, as nilier ihuunviH ' '!/ "-"/V'','' <*7" "."' 'I'ht e s.ij-i. a:- the .Aiiier.caii supply increases, jei/ufc the duties so as Vt inrn::M- iniiinrfs ; ||a> oilier says, (ts the .\nierican snpply inerea'cs, (/nt*m'ic the dunes so as to dimim.-M impnri-. Here Jackson and Jeil'er- soii both stand direetl> oppo-cd tn polk.' Wlmdi is ,-i«bt? The uiionnalioii >oiii.rnt hytliis letter mav be add^c^scd to any Iriend ot' the taruf in rnnyress, -laiiii:! uljclher tlie nanii' n\' \\w wriiir mav he u-ed puhhclv t. I.elters are received trniil all jiails nf Uie eoniltry, an.\- inu-l> in(puriii<: u heiber ttit lai ill will be put down or nol, I'loni pn -cut mdn afioii-;, I think tic /m-./o.' le p:yVnii\^ m L'jeal daiiL'er of b. uvj. cntoc!\ nvertlirown. Tlie encmic-j of ilif larilf arc endcavorniL.' in iriakc it a ynhn\\\' iion.ajHl to rail> the .Adinini-iratiDii yji.i/i/ a<;aiiist it on / Wi/ i^mnnds. If they .-ueciTd, Ihe pn.teetive iiojicy aiiil the pii-ii:nt tarill' inn>I i;o down. Suppo>iii!.' it to h;i\e cm ry Whij,' vole, it uill rcipiire thirtv li\'e \diriini>lr;ilinii votes lo save it. Where .re ihe\ to Ivania. \cu- Vnrk, and ( dill), cnnid lmvc iliem ; bin will tlie> tlu w j Nut m my judmnent. iinb-> the pi'o|ib' liiemseKe-,. cnnic spiMbly to the rc-r-iic. I'lile-s itiey prompti;, semi in renMur-tranecs, sinned withmildisiinctifMi of |iarly, aniuisi tuakiiiii the larltf a pait\ ipiestion, and aiiaiest the inodiiicatinn nr repeal of Ihe land of ISI-J, I tear all will he lo-l ; bill :i prompt ami pllriotic ap[ie,il lo ConLTes- by the piiijde, without (ll-linc- liiM) of party, n:ay'a\e the eoiintr\ from the pending danger ; and iiothirn: else in mv opininn can do it. Vniirs, re.-piritull\, A. S'l'PAVART. Qt't'.sriONH ro KAIIMKRS, MF.lH AKU B, (lo, | 10. What part nf Ihe value of a \ard nf ctnili eonsi-ts nf ' wool, bre;id. meat, ami niher aiiri.'iillnral prodnds? Ami is a-'t a p f Manuel, inaniiilieiiircil bv a farmer in his nwn lamily. a-i nim-|i a proihieiinn of bis farm, ami as hiriclly a'.'neiiltnral, as a barrel nf ibmr: 11. What pnninii nf (he price offnreian hats, shoen, axen, ' bncs. ylass, salt. Site., cniiM-N .,f iorci.;ri aiiric-iiKiiral pro- doe, ■, raw material, and the Milc^l^ciiee of labor -and when \\e H'lid niir money ahrn.'id m inirchase thesi- ariiclcs, do we ma vend ii lo .iipporl and enrich lorcinn Ihrmers aad me- ! I'lianies to it'c iiijiny (d'mir nw u ? ' l-J. Whit p'Tlion nfihi' value cd'a tniMd'pic iri>n rnnsists ' nl' aL-rieii|trii,il pin,luee. I'sIimatillL' Hm' «uli-i~|i'nec of nien, Imm>cs, nxeii. (kc,. cmplnyid i:- KUppl\ iliu the ore ami ennl. aMdcimvertuiJiiiuitniron? Ih iioi seven ri«liths ofilH value ' , CONNECTICtTT IIKSULUI'IONS. REMARKS OF AIR. ROCKAVELL, ur r(^\xKCTicuT, J\ TllK llniM: or HKriu.sKNTATivi:s, Uniisr tif i^rjtrfsvntal'nis. ihrruihrr ||, jH-l.'), ATr. Riu Kwi.i.i,, of rnnn.-'iiiiii. pnsrnud the fdll'tv,- in;^ resohiiions, whieh he mov( d should ho prtntf d; wim h mniion was olijeeted lo, and the resolutions were laid over: " At a(i 'ral .\siejnbly nf the State of t'onneriicut. hold- 'en ut Hartford, in said State, on Ihi' (ir-t Wedne.s.hiv of '.Mav, A. I).. iHi:,: " Hrsntrrtt hii tliis .■fsirnihhi. Thai the power to admit into ' the rninn iieu Slates, not Ihrmed frniii Ihe original terii- Mory nf the failed State.s, is inn conterred upon Coimres.i < hy thi'rim-mniion. " lli-^nlvnt. Thai the arinevatinii of n larse stavelioldine ' tcrranry by the (.'ovcrnmcnt oi the I'nitcd States, wuli the • ihelaiio iiifeniinii of m\ina -trcni.'lh to iln- institution at' • doiiiotic s|avcr> III the-e Slate-, ih an alarmint! ener- aeh- 'aieiit upon the rijihls of the I'nmnien otthu Inion, a pir- 'versinn of tin.' prineiples of repnhlican xoveriinient, a dc- ■ lib. rate asuniilt Upon tlieefimprtnniseo of the l'(.nsr|f,!tioii, I and di'inands tin- Hiremions, united, and perfeverinuopiio- ' ' Hitinii of all pcrhoiiH who elaiin to he the friiuid.^ of jiuman liberty. •' ItisDlicil, 'I'lial tlie vote Kivi-n by .John M. NlLLt", a Seii- ' atnr olTfuiiiecilcnt in the Senale oi'tlie I'liited .'lates, in ' favor ol'tlie Joint rcsolutinns ,it iln* ('onsrci^s of the Ifnitcd 'Stall's, in i''idtriiary hi.4t, pinvidiiiK ihr the annexation of * Tc\as ami tin" adiniHftioa of five mw Stales fVoiii its ii-rri- ' (nry,tne\|erHl and perpetuate ihi! system of human slavery * and add In it.s already prcdnmtminl iiithienec in the na- ' iional I'oniicils, in in oppf»-iii..n lo Hie e|e!trl> evprc-'-iil ' will of the people of Conmi iieiji, and ol'a larire porlimi nt* ' the people of the l.'niied Slate-; and thai tletse re>oliiiions * are inc.inipatildc with the spirit of the Iieclaralion of In 'depr-mlencc, with the romproMii-'cs rtt" Ihe rederal ron.-ii ' Intiou, and with thecreai gmrposcs for which n is ileclaied - by the people lo have been ordatlii'd and estahli^ht d. " /icv.t/iT(/, That a men-itre so imfnundcd in principle, ro ■daniv tin- Ch rK — .Mr. R0(;K\VI-:LL addi-es.sea the House as follows: Mr. Si'KAKF.n : Il is wjih sineere rejrret tla-t I feel niy.self (ilduf d, Ity the eouise taken m f lalion lo llie^r icsiilutioiis, lo trcsp;i;-s, fura few moment.'^, on the liiiie luul jialietier (it the llniisi-. I had not desii^ned, at (his early period <>f the sf^ssiim, bav- in:; so recently talien my Nent in this Mmise, to have spoken, at leiiu'lli, "n this or any other (pies- lion In-lnre ii; mul ahhou-i^b t am fm*eed to do so, I do not, de.si;^n to enter iiitu a leie;thened dise.ns- sioii of the various aial exeeedinj^ly important qtiestion.s eonneeted with the annexation of Texas, hut shall eonfnie my.self strielly to the fincstiou, ami t'l such brief stalenients of my view;^ on the sulijeet of anne.xation, «s arc appropriate on the pre.sfiit oeeasion. I tnah.Tsiaud, from the oldest and most exjie- rieiiecd memhers of this btnty near mo, that the praetiee has h(;en unilomi. when desired, to refer to a eoinmitlee, and toprml,llie resohttifMis of a ; .sivereio;!! State of the T'oion, uddressed to Con- U'ress. This has lieen tla- ('ducsi-, so Ihr as I ran ' learn, without a sin;;U: exeeption. It isaeourte^y I whieh has never been denied by this IIou.se to ihe States of the irnion; and hast of all did I expect to meet op[(ositioii frrmi iIh' sf'veral ^retitleuien who have raised this ohjeetion. It ill became those, who profes.s to be the peculiar friends of Stale rijjhts, to adopt any emirse tlirowin'4 eontenipt on a sovereiun State. On ihe vi'ry day when these iTsoluiioiis W( re presenied, tlm Hoii.se, without oltji'ctiou, received, and ordered to be prinnd. ilie resoluli'insof .several State.; of ihe Union. Why should this eourti sy In- dvnied to the State of (.'on- neciicul ? It was not denieil in relation to two se- ries of resolntious of thai Stale presented by me on ihe .same dav, ahhouL'li in relation to the reso- lutions eonccrnimr the Slal*' of Uhoile Ishuid some e;ciilh'mea seemed disiiusi d to object. I am to in- fer, then, that it is because tumorable memlurs dislike the subject-matter of ibi; res'dutions, and wish to prescribe the topics on wliieh the se\cial States of tiiis Union shall bi- heard in ('omjress. I will not bejirve thai this House are prepared to adopt this unheard-of and pn jiosterous doetrine. lint let us look at the subject-matirr of thcNe resolutions. They relate to no uurely alistraet ouesiion, but one of a hiijhly praciieal character. Heretofore objections Iiave been raised, n»ost un- wisely indeed, and improperly, but with siuue plausibilily, aL,'ainst the reception of petitions for the abolliion of slavery in ihe Dislriet of Columi'ia, and other kitulred (|uestions, because it was claim- ed that Coii::re.ss had not the eonslitutioual power to arrant the pi>iition:i ; but no such olijeciimi ap- I I'lies iiere. Thia very ([i:eslion is now before 60 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAI. GLOBE. [Dec. 15, S9th Cono 1st Srss. Connectiait Remhuioiu — Mr. John A. Rockwell , Ho. OF Reps. m Cnngross; willf n mnsl iiulocciU Imsic it Ima lieen prosspd fo;'\viii(l, nnd assi;;iicil, s|i«fiiilly, for ntiii- sidor.ilion to-niorniw; iiiui it is uiidpralood tlint, Hliliuiiiili ut tli( mnmciii in wliioli 1 uin s|ic«kins, we linvc Inid, for llio liiHl liiiv, on our dfirnenil acquiescence of all llie Slates. The mode of its admission is clearly nnconsti- tiiiional — by a Joint resoluiiou of both Hoiuses of Ceiii^iTss. It never could iiave been admitted by the consent of the Senate, if tlirft had been the only alternalive ntfercd. It was dearly a case for the treaty-makini]^ power, rripiiriiv:; a vote of two- thirds of the Senate to ratify the act. Such was the opinion of a ni:ijorily of ih- Senate; such was, nnd is, (he o]iinion of the most iniel!i;;^eiit men in the eoiintrv, almost wilhoiil exception. Siune of the most distin£,'uis!ied advocates of the measure, nt the Smith, acknowledired thai ii was n clear vio- le.iion of the Consliliition, but declared that self- preservalion, in the form of the preservaltim and perpelualion of their peculiar tiJ,v7ifu/ion.v, jnsiified nnd required its adoption. Ibil there were some Northern men, who, allhou'.;h not particularly Bcrupuli'iis when called upon tn .submit to the modest demands of their Soiiihern allies, reqiu'cd some slight excuse f.ir violaliiiir the diet.-iles of their own ronsciencrs, and actinij and volin;^ di- rectly contrary to tlieir well-k.iown and oflen ex- firessed opinions. The faire was need out, of envin;^ With the President, whose opinions were welt known, to adopt i-iiher the course of a treaty, or to ;i t umier tlie joint resolutinn, as he mifiit deem besi; ami as if to render iliis e\asion the more lidiculous, the then aclioc President, as mie of his last acts, despatched a inessi nger, wiili rail- road spneil, to consummate thi.s j^lorious act betbrc lie retired from ortiee. Such is one of the mary most important ques- tions which, le'.'itiniately. and most appropriately, is presented for the eonsideralion of t'onirress, when called upon to admit Texas to the Union, nnd to carry out the unconsiiiiilional nils of the last session, nnd the consequent nct.s of Texas and the President. Iltit fiiither; Mr. Speaker, by the joi' t resolu- tion of the last session, for the aimexaiioi of Texas to the United Slates, it was provided, in the sec- ond seelion, that *• the fore^om^ ro.'» nt of Con- ' eress is "iven Upon the following condiiums, and 'with the followini iruaranties ;" — one of which Vfls as follows: " \fw Slates, of cnnvenient size, ' not exceedini:; four in miniber, in addition to said 'State of Texas, and having' sullicieiil population, ' may liereafte.', bv the consent of said Si.ite, be ' formed out of the lerrit'uv thereof, which shall 'beenlithd to ndmission under the provisions of 'the Federal Conaliiniion. And ."uch Slates as 'may be formed out of that porlion of said terri- ' tory lyiiiL' soiiih of thiriy-six dei^rees thirty niin- ' uie's iiorth latitude, co'mmoulv known as the ' i\ii»meiri romiiromise line, shall be udinitti'd into ' the Union with or without slavery, aa the peop e 'of ench Stnte aakiiiL' admission may di.sire; and ' in tfucli Sutle or States ua ahull b« funned out of ' said territory north of said Misaouri compromise | ' line, alnvery or involuntary servitude, except for ' crime, slinll be prohibited. ' j The ineivninj; of this provision is entirely plniii. !' It was introduced in order to quiet the eonsciences | and secure the voles of some northern men. There j, was (o be, in no event, any slavery north of the line called the compromise line. Whichever of the five Slates carved out of that territory, not lyins; north of that line, was lo be a free .State. If the four new ones to be formed out of the enlirt^ territory should la^ south of that line, the remain- ing original Slate must, ofeouise. be free; and if the Slate of Texas remained in its oriijinal undivided . stale, the eompromi.«e required that no slavery was to be allowetl norlh of that line. Such was the ' compromise, to secure nm'thern votes; and, what is far more important, such was the residuiion |>assed by C'ongresa. The conslilulion of Texas, . upon which we are to be called to act to-morrow, expressly, and in the most ollensive maimer, vio- lales this compromise, and the resululiona of Con- gress of the last session. In ihe first section of the Hth article it provides, that " The Lcnislatiire shall have no power lo pass ' laws for the eniaiicijialioii of slaves, wilhout the ' coiiseiil of llieir owners, nor without paying thiir 'owners, preiioiis to such emancipaiioii, a full * equivaleni, in money, for the slaves so enianei- ' paled. They shall lia\e no power to pri'vent eiiii- ' (;ranls to this Stale frimi brincini; with them such ' persons as are deemed slaves by the laws of any ' of the IJnilcii Siaies, so loni; as any person of the ' s.une ii'^'c or description shall be continued in ' slavery by the laws of this State. Provided, that '"such slave shall be the lionafule properly of such * emi;;rants," &e. I slop not to dwell upon the monatrona character of these provisions in 'he conslilulion of Texas; upon the fact that a few years since ihis tenilory was n free territory, made so by the aulhorily of Mexico; thai Ou* llie firsl time in the liisuu'V of llie couittrv, a conslilulion is hroiii^ht before Con^rc.ss for llirir sanclion, prohibitim; the Li'i^islalure of a .Stale from abidishiiii,' slavery, and this retrou-radc movement, too, in tlii^ nincteeiitli century. I leave these questions lor a nnu'e appropriate occasion. What 1 now claim is, thai in adoptin;;; the eonsli- liition there has been a breach of faith and a viola- lion of ihe provisions of the resolutions, adopted in the spirit of compromise, ai the last session — com- promise, I ine.-ui, so far as the friends of ihe ineas- nrc from llie .\orlli in the two Houses of Congress are concerned. These resolulioiis speak in direct terms of ihc ".V*«7oo-i r"»i/iroaii.«f." I slop not lo impure how far ihnt is bindm;; on anyone. It is, 1 understand, el.-iimed to be so in the slave Slates. It cannot any lonijer be claimed to be so if this conslilulion la saneiiime.l by Cou'rress. The present .Si.iie of Texas embraces tlie territory iior//i of .'Ui^.'iO', and provides not only lliai slavery shall exist, but thai the Lc'jislaliire shall never |iroliibit it in any por- tion of the territory. It', therefore, this conslilu- lion IS ralifted and confirmed, the coinpromi>e is at an ciid. It has been violaud liy the slave- holdin;^ .States, and (/if;/ cannot claim its being observed in fuiiire. Airain. i!y llie foiisiimiionof ihe United States it is provided, " Thai no jieison shall beaReprcsen- ' lative w!io shall i.oi have In en seven years a ('ili- .en of the Uniud Stales, and who shall not, when ' elci'ted, be an inhaliitaiil of thai .'^lale iii which he ' shall be chosen," and that " no person shall be n ' .Senalor who shall not have been nine yearsaeiti- ' zen of ihe I'liiKcl Stales," e np- es, wliicli may lie, irdins lo tlieir re- il'orni course lias iMiio was adniil- Mi Micliiffnu wag 'ration of the iii- iinidaries — to its- ilier, even forono le aslfiiifr ndinis- •- is no such odi- reipiisite nuniljer i any evidence on rei|uisiic nunt- ers of (.'oni^ress the compulation iccordini; to the he only evidence otKcial return in owini; that only n^jainst, on the lited Slalcb. So ■ stage of its pro- al disre^'ard and : Coiislilulidli of r the tree Slatis d, und their re- il. uhject-innttpr of iinecticut, wliich ^1 the rcsolulions sents u erave whii'li riinvc 'tori' Conf^ress, which we niB HSed in strnni* 'uislakinu; ihe y say that the iii^"- eiirrottclt- oflhe L'liinn; btifan froverii- mpromhts of lite V, and ill rrnti; I'eeiin^^ of Connecii- ■onfrcii^ their iiiii'.;eil; that lion," upon violated — nirly violaled oliedience to duly, ihat I »i' (/;i/rasi(toii" '•> lo our south- ' no desire, til slavery in tvil, (an)iosing that ourGoverii- ment has at any time, f)r in any manner, wrukened A our claim to the wli.ilc territory, or abandoned our ~ right to any part of it, by an express or iinjilied ' acknowledgment of the incompatible ri^ht of Great Britain to one acre of that territory. In connexion with this part of the subject, and with the suggestions which have been made as to the possible results of future negotiations, I deeiu it projwr to make simte observations upon the st.air n,' the eontrftversy as presented in the President's Message and ihecorrcspondencc he has laid before us. • I'rom these documents, it appears that the pres- ent Uxecnlivc did siilimil to the British Govern- ment the propo.silion which his ]nTdeeessora had before submitted — to adopt the torty-ninlh parallel of latitiule as the line of boinidary. But, in this proposition, the President did tm/, as his predeees- Hors hml Wetif , include a crnieessmii to (ireat Britain of the joint navigation of the Colniiibia river. The proposition thus submitred was j>romptly and Ktvriily rejected by the Uritiah Miniatcr, in u tune but little milder than thnt of arrogant defiance. It was then as promptly withdrawn by the Presi- dent, but in language more com|iatible with the dignity of diplomatic intercourse, and with the calm consciousness of right. This withdrawal was accompanied by an arguinenlnlive I'nper, addressed by the .Secretary of Stale, under the directions of Ihe President, to the British Minister, enforcing our claim to the whole territory in tiiiestion. Such is the condition in which this last effort to negotiate has left the subject. Its whole aspect is changed. It is no longer the same ([iiestion it was liefi)re. The circumstances under which the last [ironosition was made, those which attended its withdrawal, and the .submission of the whole mat- ter to Congress, by the President, have placed it out of the power of Great Britain riglKl'iilly to complain — out of the power of the world justly to condemn the course of our Government — and out of the power of our Government ilself to recede below the parallel of .54° 4U', without receding iiniler n clond. The British Minister had inriW our Government to submit a proposition. Our able Secretary of Slate, [.Mr. BttiiANAN,] in the name of the Presi- dent, accepted this invitiiiion, and did accordingly submit a proposition In the very papiM' which closed with that pro]iosilion,tlie Secrct.iry of .Slate set forth, with gn-at clearness and ]io\vcr, the evi- tlence of our title to the whole territory. In that paper, he distinctly inft>rnicd the British Minister that the President entertained the opinion that our title to the whole territory was clear and perfect; that "such being the opinion of the President in ' regard to the title ofthe Cnited Stales, Ac iroii/i/ ml ' hare emisenttd lo ijield iinij portion oftlie Oi'cgoii ler- *ritnnj, hail he not found himself embarrassed, if ' not eoininilted, by the acts of his predecessors." These things the British .Minister knew when he received the jironosition, because they had been of- ficially coninninicaled to him with the )n'oposilion itself. He knew lliat the proposition was made against the individual judgment and feelings of the President, as to our title. He knew lliat the Pres- ident had submiited the proposition, under eirenm- st.inces which he felt to impose some restraint upon the freedom of his own judgment. The .Sec- retary of Slate had expressly told the British .Min- ister that the President iro»ld not hare sidiinilted l\w proposition had he been freed from the embairass- ment which the acts of his predei'essors had im- [ po.sed upon him. The British Minister knew, therefore, what must follow the rejection of the ; pro). osition, made iindcrthese circiiniatances. He Ij Knew that if he did reject the proposition, that 'j very rejection would of ilself, and l)y necessary ii con.seqiienee, free the PresidiMit from the enibar- |1 nissments under which the proposition had been '| made, compel him to williilraw the proposition, [\ and to resume the pi»sition \v!ii''h his noic iiiiftii- ■] liiinnisfd judgment ilictaied as being iiei'e,s*iry to i the preservation of the rights and honor of his ' country. AVMth a knowledge of those conse- i quences, the British MiniMer did promptly, stern- ly, and oU'ensively reject the ]iro|iosilion, withinit submitting nnolber in its ste.ul, without even a , word of explanation calculated to sol'ien the harsh- ' ness of the act; but, on lint contrary, in a nuinncr indlcati\e of his final pornose, to close forever the door of ncgoiiiition. Willi his Government, tliwe- fore, miisi rest the responsibility of all succeeding j consequences. |i The President is a m.in preemini ntly endowed with those qualilies whirli renilcr a public man mi>sl valiialile lo his connlrv — inlegriiy of purpose and strcngtii of will, sustained by clear, coin|)re- bensive, practical sense. Hi fell and he appre- , ciated tile I'lrcnnistanees under which the first na- tion in the world had placed him in the firsi ollice the w«>rld had to give. He was aware that some of his eoiintrynien had, pending the election, as- cribed to him and liis political tVieiids an inordinnle thirst for war — a fixed determination lo grasp iIk; coniinent, ri'ckless of all rigliLs and of all cnnse- qiiences. When he eaine into power he found ihe (iovernment deeply coiiiinillcd to the propositions for the adjiisiment of the conlroversy by a divis- ion of the territory. This was not his laiill. It was a fact \\ liich he found to exist. Il was a fact which be regrdled, but it was a past fact which he could not change. It was a fact which he deemed loo iinportuiit for him iitlcrly to disiegiird. It was a fact which, he thought, eoinpclled him to ask himself the questions. Shall I suspend my own convictions. > Shall I yield to the embnrrassmenla imposed upon me by my predecessors ? Shall I submit once more the proposition to compromise .> Shall I do this, and thus, in the event of rejection by I'.i:gland, free myself from all the enibarrass- rier.is which hitherto oppressed me ? free the Gov- ernment n( my counlry from the imijiitatinn of a feckless de.. ire for war? place the Government sn solidly upon the strong foundation of right ns to biiiigio iis 8u|iporl,in the maintenance of its claim to every inch t^f il'c terrilory, the judgment of Ihe world, and the alroni,- arm of the whole American people .' These vserc tii<, questions which circuin- stances fiirced the President ti. consider and to solve. He took his course. He has laid the re- sult before Congress. He has told us in hia Mes- sage that "all atlempts to comprimiise having 'fiiilid, it becomes ihe rfiii'i; of Congress to con.sitler ' trhnt measures it may he proper to adopt fin* the ' security and prolerlion of our citizens now inliab- ' iliiig, or wh > may hereafier inhabit 'hegon, and 'for tlu maitiienance of our just title to that terri- 'tory." Such being the state of the ease, I repent it, that ihisGovcrmnenI ought neverbereaflerloreceive be- low the fifiy-i'iiirlli degree and forly minutes, what- ever may lie the consernienees. ^or can il ever so recede without d'liiig so niiiler a cloud which lunst obscure iis glory in the eyes of the world , and , wiint is \vorse, in the eyes of the .\merican people, wlnwe rights would be .sacrificed and honor insulted by such a result. Most deeply, lliercfore, diil I regret to hear the suggestion of a .Senator in this discus- sion, that this (|ueslion might yet be settled by the ac.ce|...uice of the 4!hli ]iaiallel on the part of Great Britain. The withdrawal of tliii proiiosiii ni.and the siibniission of the whole subject to Congress, would seem siiflicient to negative ihe possibility of such acimcliision, or any other result short of the absolute sovereignly of the United Slates over the whole Terrilory of Oiegmi. Bui, sir, as in this unexpected and incidenlal disciis.simi it was my iiilention to make but a few observalions, 1 shall resume my seal, with the ex- pression of my thanks to the Senale for having indulged me in extending my remarks nmch be- yond what 1 mj'self inlended on rising. OREGON 'J'KURITORY. REMARKS oTmR. ALLEN, OK OlIKi, Is Senati., December 30, 1S45, On the Resolutions suluniiied by Mr. HAVNEGiM and Mr. Caliioi.n, relative to the Oregon Ter- ritory. Mr. ALLEN .-laid lie shcnild take no part in the general discussion iqion these resolutnnis. He merely desired to say that he did not think with the Senator from Siuitht 'arolina, that the Seimie ought to keep back all measures of praclical utility, in order to make room for a barren discus.sicui upon abstract propositions. He understood the .Senator fnun South Carolina to .say that a discussion ought lo be had upon the whole snbjei-t in rclalion lo Ore- gon. However willing I .nay be (coiitinued Mr. A.) to go into a discussion u])on the subject, I do not want any discussion or action of this body to precede that' action which will produce results. 1 refer lo the iiolice to be given to Great Briuiin for the terniination of the joint occupancy of Oregon, and which will secure our rights and .he ulliniatc! pacificatimi of the coiilrovevrty. That is all I liavo lo say. W'heiher these resolutimis contain a true nnnlysiH of the powers of this Government, according to ihe, provisions of tlie Conslitution, it is not my piir- ]io.se at present to alfirin or deny. I rose solely for the purpose of saying that I will hud my agency to any effort which may be made in the pioper spirit to give the questiini its proper direction be- fore the country, by giving nolice to Great llrilain, and by extending the jiirisdiclion of this Govern- ment over the lerriliuy. War and a war-parly have been apokenof. If it be meant by this that there is a class of men who want war lor ihe sake of war, it descrilii's a class with which 1 am entirely unacquiiiiiled | iii.d it is [Dec. 30, 1845.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 63 Senate. 29tii Cotio 1st Sess. Naturalization Lows — Mr. A, D. Sims. Ho. OF IIrpi?. ipclled him to nsk siispeiiil my own lie cinbnrraN.stni'iita Icrcssois? Slinll I on to t'ltnipnuniKp? ' t'vnit f^f rt'jrcMon nil llir I inlmrrnss- I nic ? IVcr tlip Gov- llin imjMilnlion of n lip QovcrnnirnI so lion of liglit afl to tninnrp of its rlniiii lie jml^mcnt of tlio 10 wliolo Amprirun ons which cirniin- 1. consider nnd to 11(1 hns laid llic re- told us in Ilia Mcs- impriiniise liiivin^- 'oni^rcas to roiisider r 111 adopt for the 'itizenM now inliiih- dinliit OiT^on, iind 1 title to that teni- Re, I repent it, that enflertoreccivelie- irty minutes, wliat- rvor onii it ever so cinud which must p world, and.wnnt icnn peo|ile, whose honor insulted hy iefoic,did I regret I'or in this discus- 'l he settled liy the 1 the part of (jieat ii pinjiosiii m, and iject to Compress, ? the possiliiiity of rpsiill short of the ed Slutes over the ted nnd incidental o make but n few sent, with the ex- Sennle for having emarks much he- risJiiK. )av. ALLEN, 1845, Mr. HAVNnciw be Oregon Ter- no pari in the >liitiohN. lie think with the le Senate ouf;!it icnl utility, in ssiori npini )d the Senator Iscussion ouu;lit relation loOrc- iMtinued Mr. suljjecl, I do f this liody to ICC results. I ■eat Hrii.iin for yofOn- d .he nitiniale lat is ail 1 Imvi; intruenimlyfiiH •I'ordiiii; to the noi Illy pnr- rcisc solely for ml my nijeney in the |)ioiii'r direction Kc- Grent Urilaiii, r this Uoverii- pokenof. If it s of men who scribes a class lied ; ui.d it Is therefore that I, in my inmost heart, rejjrct to henr from the lipsof thepn^miiiciit (for I will not stop at the term eminent) Ssnator from South Cnrolinn, thnt liny proposition inlrodneed into this body mi?ht have the cfl'eet to divide the body in such way as lo make it appear tliat tin re were men lierc, or anywhere in this country, wlio desired war for the sake of war. Without referring; to the necessities which some- times exist for brinpnf!; into action the martial cnei-ffies of the country for the protection of nn- ^' tional honor nnd iiiuional interests, if the Senator desired to be understood as sayiiit; that those who W' K" *^"" ''"" ^*'"''<' "' Orejjon are to be denounced i'3- as the niainlainers nnd iironiolers of wnr, merely because thev cover with their afl'ections the whole soil and herUn^e of the connlry, the Senator will find that sort of a war-party; Enijland will find that sort of a war-party in tliis couiilry ; she will find that sort of a war spirit deeply implanted ill the bosoms of iiinc-teiithsof the American pennle. They will find that we arc not to be friijhteiicil or terrified, or in any manner deterred from the pro- secution of our le^al rights, by beinf; told, " If vou dare advance. Great Britain will declare war." feir, I have heard this wiuwry on more occasions than one within my brief experience in public ntl'airs. I have heard this cry raised so loiiil and long; with rcL'ard to the eastern end of the saine line of boundary, as to induce n Senate lo ratify n treaty which pave away a partof oneof the .sov- ereign States of this Union, after the same Senate had unanimously declared the un.piestionnble ri^ht of the Union to every inch of her territory. I saw tliia produced by the clamor of war, raised for the piirpo.se of startlina; nnd terrifyiiii; the commercial inleicsts of this country, lUKl producing; a total aliandonmcnt of the national honor. Mini liavins: properly embarked in commerce were frightened because that jiroperty was endangered, and they were thus induced to stillc their American feelini;S, and to throw their whole inlluence into the scale of the common enemy. And now are we lo have the cry set up that we dare not assert the whole of our rights, as, if we do, we slinll uiinvoidably be involved in a war? Though oiir claims are in- disputable, we are nevertheless to surrender them, because, if we do not, we must fight, and we must sustain some losses of property. It seems, then, that the national honor is lo be cnlcniated by dol- lars and cents ; thnt we are to consider how much of pecuniary means we can save by an abandon- ment of our just rights and llie sacrifice of our national honor. But peace we must have, peace at any rate, nnd on any terms. This is the cry, and thus it is that Great Britain has been able to encroach upon us in times not long gone by; to burn our stimmers in our peaceful harbors, and send lliem with the helpless crew into the foaming cataracl; and llien In stand before the world, on the floor of Parliament, and deny thai even an apology had been made us. And are wo now to be bullied and alarmed by the denuncialions of Hcnnlors hero.'' Are we t.i be intimidated by the cry, " If you do this, wnr will follow?" Arc we thus to be intimidated and restrained in the jier- fiirmance of the diitv which ihe Constitution has cominitted to our hmids, and which the country doninnds from us.' It was In reference to this wnr-cry chiefly that I ro.se, and to say that no denunciations, nnd that no panic, artificial or natural, that enn be conjured up in the Un.stern States, will ever induce mc to sacri- fice a large part of the rightful dominion of the American people. NATURALIZATION LAWS. REMARKS OF~MR. A. D. SIMS, OF SDUTH CAROLINA, In tiik IlursE of Remiksentatives, • /Jmm(ifi-3(), 1H4.'>, On the nesolntions from Ma.'isaihusetts, asking n change of the Naturalization Laws. Mr. SI.MS rose and said: Mr.Si'EVKC.a: llul for tbc eloipipiil remarks which havejnsl fnllen from the geiiltemiin from V'iiviiiia, I Mr. 1!kiiinoek,{ I would not have Iroubled the louse, having eheri.slicd the hojie thut llii.s Uebule, already so protraclcd, would come to a speedy ter- niinntion. I have fell pleasure in rending the uc- count, so well described by the gentleman, which | is givec. hy Weems in his Life of Rlnrion, of the ; feeli:ig manner in which the Kallier of his Country I had expressed himself on visiting the spot where De Kail) is sleejiing; and the srntiinents to which Washington gave ulternnce on that occasion, find a ready response in my own bosom. But I feel that j it is my duty to add one fact to the information pos- sessed by the gentleinttu in relation to tlie grave of I which he spoke. lie remarked that Ihe sacred 3|iot ! is still unmarked hy stone or monument. ] Sir, the last remains of Do Knlb sleep in South Cnrolinn, ill the bosom of that town in whose de- fence he gallantly sacrificed his life, but they sleep ; not in neglect or forgetfnlness. Aliove his ashes j stands a beautiful monument; and the marble which a generous and willing gratitude has then; piled up, while it bears appropriate inscriptions of the brave and distinguisheil soldier of freedom, records also the noble tribute of a iieople wliinn he died to de- fend, to the worthy foreigner, ll leaches now, nnd for generations to come will utter the same lan- guage, hospitality to ihe stranger; and while it per- petuates the memory of Oe Kalb,will i'(|iially per- petuate the sentiment of South Carolina on the sub- ject of Native Americanism. While thnt monument sUinds, South Carolina, at least, will ojipose lliese new heresies. But not only is the spot thus appropriately marked. Perhaps nothing could be more toucli- ingly benuliful or thriUingly sublime than the cir- cumstances in which, on a most happy occasion, ' the grateful design was commenced. Wlieii that other ilhisti'ions foreigner, who, some half century before, had left the gnyoties of Paris to mingle, a-s a volunteer, with the defenders of our ri^'hts, made : his last visit to this countrv, nnd, passing in tri- : umphni procession through tlio limits of tlie Union, was received into South Carolina with suitable dig- nities nnd hospitalities as the Slate's guest, he was called upon lo lay the corner-stone. Ves, the hand of Lafayette, amidst an admiring throng of Caro- lina's worthiest sons nnd fuiresl dangliters, then assembled at Camden, (daced the first stone on ! whirli the patriotic feelings of the people of that State were to rear a becoming token of ros])ect to ' tliememory of the brave and -nod I>e Kalb. Here, ill the livingand ihe dead, iscxhibiled a scene pow- ] erfuUy suiricient to teach us a liberal policy to the foreigner wlio seeks an asylum nnioiig us. i I rose principally lo make this explanation; but, since 1 am up, I will add a few remarks on the sub- ject more immediately before the IIou.so. The question is on the reference of certain resolutions of the Legislature of Massaclmsetts, which were presented by a respected Ripresoiilativc of that State. From n carel'ul exaniiimtion of those reso- lutions, 1 have come to the conclusion that it is im- proper they should be referred at all. Should they be, they will receive a destiny very did'erent from that intended for tlieni by tlieir authors. They first point out what the Legislature please to re: aril as mircbiefs connected with the laws of natura.iza- lion, and then claim the agency of her Represen- latives in obtaining a remedy. They are, ill fact, resolutions of inslruction lo the Senators, and of request to the Re[iresentatives in Congress from that Stale. They are not directed to this House, no* do they appeal to Congress for any answer. Tlie Governor is directed, in terms, to furnisli co- pies of tlieni lo till* Senators and Reprisentaiives, ; with a request that they will use their best ellbrts lo eflecl the purposes indicated. As resolutions I from a State Legislature, they are entitled Ui all j proper i-espect; but aflor the Hoii.se has so far en- tertained ,! -in as lo receive tlniu, nnd hear them read, their pi. ;ie; destination would bo to lay llieiii on the table. 'L'''ii is as much as the Iloiisi' can be asked to do — u is niori^ than the resohilions themselves nsk. On the main subject, the House has been very elii- nuently appealed to by the gcnllenian fioiii Phila- delphia, [Mr. Lemn'.J It is not my design lo in- dulge ill any dei'lamation in reply. I will content myself with following the ariiinicnt which that geiillcman has so beautifully elaborated; and, alter condensing, will endeavor to aiisHTr it, ll was slated that Euroiie was pouring out her ignorant pauiier popnlnlion upon us; and, to break the force . of llie eunuhision ruwii from the life and services of Laliiyette in vindication of our policy to foreign- ers, it wns urged mat those who come ainoiig us generally were very unlike lo him in werdlli and intelliirence. The whole argument, disrobed of its drapery, is substantially embrared in this slnle- nient, and amounts to the nftirmation that forei:;n- eis should be postponed in the rights of citizenship for twenty-one years, because they are poor and ignorant. Here are three distinct considerations presented for the proposed change in the laws of naturalization, in conlormity with the views of the Native Americans: first, they are ignorant; sec- ondly, they ore jioor; and, thirdly, that they are foreigners. 1 do not propose to go into the argument at length against this old Federal heresy, recently revived uniler the name of " nativism;' 1 will slinw that by proving loo much it resulls in the esiablibhment of nothing. Ignorance and poverty nrc as predicuble of one people as another; nnd if there be rpnsoii,on ibis account, to exclude foreigners re.sidelil among us from the exorcise nnd enjoyment of political rights, the reason for a similar exclusion of our own people who bear the same misfortune, is equally strong. The argument resolves itself into this: That wealth nnd education ought, of riuhl, to govern the masses. What is this but llieexplodf ti heresy whiidi produced the struggle of our R ivolii- '. lion, the revival of jirinciples and practices which I we have ever resisted .' If it shall prevail, it will establish in this country the dogmas of F-umpean tyranny, the fundamental maxim of which, as ex- ! hibited in the frame-work of their Governinenis, is, that high birth, education, nnd wealth, should govern the masses of the people. Now, 1 am very sure that neither the gentlcmnn from Philadelphia, nor any of those who act with him, will contend for ihc principle to this extent; yet this is in fact hi.) argument, and this the legitimate extent of its comprehension. Because these peoiile are poor and ignorant, thev are to be excluded from citizenship nmong us. How so.' Evidently because wealtii and science should govern the masses here, as in Europe. The proposed argument in advocacy of the system results in this, nnd in its operation sub- jects the civil rights and labor of the great mass of the American people to the control of combined capital and science. Such is the doctrine contend- ed for; and to state it is its snfllcient rcfulaiion. But the other branch of the argument is rested on a (lill'orent position. The fact of alien birth is relied upon, in connexion with the known feelings ' of the liuman heart towards the spot of unlive home, to siibstantinte the argnmcut. It is said that it will be impossible lo eradicale from the breast of foreigners the opinions nnd associations of their youth; that they will cast a longing, liuir- cring look back upon the scenes of their childhood. It is true, no one can forget the place of bis liirth, the sacred associations of his earliest years, or the sweet remembrances of his childhood's home? It is the instincl of nature, and it may not be criid- icaled. Throush .all the scenes of busy manhood, no ' Uter how wo waiub'r into distant lands, this fair vlream, more brightly or more dimly visible, will follow us. It is nature's law, and I would not alter il. But the answer to ih.e objection is nvo- fold : first, il rests on a falre concejition of the origin and object of civil government; and, socond- [ ly, it refutes It.self in the admission, that at any |)eriod, even attbeexpirationoftweniy-une years, It may cease to operate. There nrc two species of governmoni fxistinir in hiinian society, of coucurront object and operation, the one subordinate to, nnd sustained by, the other; but for the |ireservation of good order, each equally is important and elficient. They co-exisi in every country, and make up the complele sysieni of govprnment: the one is liimily governnient; the oilier civil government. rainily goveriimenl is founded in the natural nlfectiniis of the heart, and is intended to rest, for its eniciencyand happiness, on these I'eelings. The domestic relations of hus- band and wile, and parent and child, as a moment's reflc-tion tenchrs, are founded in that element of the human constitution known under the name of love; and 'roni these relations result, and, of course, resting on the same funihimenlal eloinent, the rights and duties of family government, wilh all the |ileasing and iniportaiit incidents which al- tiich to il, Civil government has ius origin in a. 64 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Dec. 29, 2^H CoNO 1st Sess. Naturalization Laws — Mr. Washington Hunt. Ho. or Reps. ■■# :W different clement of our nolure, more glern, but not less useful than that other element just men- tioned: it is denominated justice. To oLtain and sp Hire this, men submit to the restraints of gov- rnmcnt; and it is the sole ori£;inal principle and object of civil government. While, therefore, ftim- ilv eovernment flows spontaneously froin the nftections of the heart, unuer the necessary opera- ' tioii of those kind impulses which Providence has implanted in our nattin", civil eovernment is the result of calculation; atitl, though so far natumi us to look to an original element in the constitution of man for iis origin, is in fact an artificial combi- nntion of hunan contrivance for inirposes of util- ity. It is ni sickly dream of cnildhouJ's recol- lections, but .; stern reality of actual life. The difference between tlie domestic affections and our love of country, generally ctlled patriot- ism, is eq^iiully and cluiractcristically dislnicti\e. Like the institution in which they originate, and h-we their sweet and holy exercise, the domestic Hit'ections flow from the native cliarilies of the heart, and are as undying as nature is imunitable. JS'ot so in patriotism. It is an nccommmlaied and eulculating feeling. True, the element out of which it grows Li iiatunilj but that element i.s a sense of justice, and requires the observance of justice on the part of the Government to keep it alive in the bosom of the ciiizcii. While, then, the simple practice of justice in the Goverinnent may chi nsh and warm into an enthusiasm covctoiis of danger and death for the country, in times of dilliculiv, this feeling of iiatriotisni, it is manifest that the practice of injustice must erndica'e it, because ii wars upon the very elenient of its existence. iVow, the Government which, in ils consiitutinn and ad- niinistratinn, brings int.uprrali|e inconveniences to the individual, is to him uiijusr, luid though he may not be able to trace the nieiaphysical chain of idea.s by which to connect the cause and effect, his heait, ill ils love of justice, teaches him iiislindively that he is the victim of a sy:;iem which works better for some than others. This he feels to be unjust ; and to bim it is the same, whether injustice come.-- I'luni design in the individual act, or is the necessary re- sult of a system. All men hate tyranny, and hate it no less in svs:cms thiui in the iidiniiiistralorM of systems. It is this principle which leads forcign- eis to leave a land in which, though it may he the place of their birth, they have failed to enjoy the conveniences and l)lc.«singsofGoveriiment in which they have felt opprcssiim and injustice in the aclinii of ihe very system. It is this principle which makes them willing to exchange native home and all its sweet delights for an alien strand, where a jusier system may be finiiid. It is the operatiy d with any of ibn i; not lo apeak of llier forma of cor- nly by Stale leiris- ii a rcvisal of the roviaiona, as shall in future, and put fie in illegal voli-s nd diagriioe of our red at a ma^nitiulc II iniirked by such oudly for redress; .1 ed'eclive legisla- ii;a remedy which and stay the pro- lie cmintry. The ia our only plednje tiiliona. The in- lladium of cnnati- nlV of the legisla- irds as shall prc- t above suapicion, ! lo furnish a true len the coiifidcnrn a reaponses shall Mit of self-ji;overn- le. That abuses vill not be denied, aled to eradicate :d of, he was pre- proceed aa fur as irly with which support of what al measures and one man »pnn the right of sof- as the most The Whi.L's ninjoriiv of sponsibiliiv, ■anchise. IIdu- 'tber native or has oomplicd wlio desires lo welfare of the lo protect the All encroach- .e^'islature of c to this di:i- m, contcnipla- lo frauds and ly be necessary IS. It may be prove elfectual iin is entrusted liave been pari- ' e a character ■, deserves the political judije luid prosl'itutes ™nce of party it the ninst de- le that the un- tied to invade judsmeni- njudu'es. As s manly seriai- ilic nioiher of liable that too nf this branch d example of ive lent ihini- iine part anil )r eonlrollini^ of iinporlunt uralus for llie if voters, frc- •ut udequnle 1845.1 29th Cong 1st Sesb. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 65 Naturalization Laws — Mr. Wathington Hunt. New Series No. 5. al I proof, the artfl.d and seeming compliance with | forms serving only to agsravale the mocltciy of I dubstantiid law and justice. Unless this promna- lion of judicial ]iowers is frowned upon by the j righteous sentiment of the connlry, if we have reached that stage of profligacy, where partisan courLs will be tolerated ny popular opinion, then is it time for us ns a |)eo)ile lo repeat the exclamation, " We are rotten before we arc ripe." Put he rejoiced in the conviction that a more healthy tone of public feeling prevails. Notwith- standing the inroads of protjigaey and corrui)tion, a sentiment of virtue pervades the body of our countrymen which will yet be heard and felt, de- ! manding integrity and fidelity in the discharge of ' public n I'iMinsibililies. It will ri.se above the train- lilcls of parly discipline, and visit severe condem- [ nation upon all who seek to gain political or per- |, sonal asrendancy by dishonorable exfaidients. jj InrcOTrd to the particular reference of these reso- ;, hitions he had but little to say. He preferred to I: leave that question to the political majority here, M*ho alone liave the jiower to reform abuses and j vindicate the violated sanc.ity of the elective fiaii- i chise. Mr. H. said he regretted that this proposition lo prevent frauds on tlie integrity of tlic ballot-bnx ! should have been made the occasion for adisciission I ! of a radical change in the fundamental principle of our system of naturalization. He viewed that as a very did'erent question, and believed the proposed change of system, by which it is intended to ex- , elude foreigners from a participation in the rights i of citizenship, would find but little favor, either in '■: this House or the country. He wished to speak ]\ with all due respect and kindnes.sof that portion of our citizens who have thought it their duty to form i a political n.ssociation under the designation of iVa- ■', live Americans. To many of them he freely nc- J corded the highest integrity and patriotism of jiur- ; pose. !- It was unnecessary to .say to the representatives |l here of that party frinn his own Slate, that he en- tertained towards them personally the most cordiid sentiments of friendship and esteem ; und_com|X'l- led as he waslo difl'er from them, lie assured them it was " more in sorrow tlmu in anger." Bui, in the discus.sion of imporuuil questions, there wns but one course for him to pursue, compatible with his self-respect and sense of duty; that is, to ex- press his convictions with firmness, sincerity, and independence, without respect of persons or of con- sequences. To the principle which aims to exclude foreigners from citizenship, or to extend the length of previous residence beyond the term now estab- lished by law, he was constrained lo declare his unqualified and irreconcileable hostility. When a great elementary reform is proposed, allecLuig so vital a right of free-born men, we are bound to in- quire, in aspirii of candor, 'liM, whether Ihechange is ilesirabtt ; Mu\ , in the ne-.t place, if desirable, whe- ther it be nttiiinnlile. Up m either of these tests he considered the plan utterly inadmissible. The condition of our counlry, the nature of onr insliiutions, and the spij-il of our people, are all in- compatible with an illiberal pohcy towards emi- grants from foreign lands, who seek our shores to better their condition. We are impelled by every generous impulse to embrace them as friends and brothers, insleadofrepulsing them from us asaliens, unworthy til share Ihe fruits of our glorious political hi'ritage. They come hillier as our latliers came, to seek a home fcu' tliem.selves and their posterity. They come to subject themselves to our laws and iiibtitulions, to aid us in the work of constitutional liberty and human advancement; in a word, lo unite with us in cmnmo.; wrils and a comnKin des- tiny. Why, then, shall we attempt to dciirive tliemof a jiisiand equal iiarlicipation in the choice of public agents, and the adoption of laws whii-h are no less applicable lo them tiian to rived of the power to govern. But where the invisible foe lies concealed, or whence the assault is to come, no one has deemed it prudent to disclose. Certainly none of us in the minority have oifered to disturb ihc slumbering lion. Sir, our fatliers established a Republican Government. The principle that a majority of the people shall rule, lies at the founda- tion of our system. This is the essential doctrine of democracy. Has any one proposed to reverse the theory of our Government, luid deprive the majority of their power.' Until the attempt is made, this endless vindication of democratic prin- ciples seems like a waste of eloqueitce in auticipa- *,i 66 29tii Cono. ...1st Sess. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. I^'altirnlizatioit Lnwi^Mr. Chase, [Dec. 18, Ho. or Reps. tion, iind n JiHiiliiy of imirintUm |iuitly liypo- t\\eum\. Tlicre nre two iheorica of ilcmnrracy, ns wide nsiiiiiiler in thfir natiiro niiil lri\dcii<^y h8 ilnrkneiiH mill lisciit, or fiilsn niid true religion. Tlic liisl was exhibited to our HdniiriiiK view liy llie ^iitlfniiui from Mioliignu, (Mr. Ciiu'mas.) it m the deinoc- mcy of i^iiomnrc; nml lie inforiiu'd iiH it) nicluii- rholy Hccciitii lliat education is liic riiief I'^uise of the wnrfnre willed upon it. Li<;ht and knowledge appear to him »» the arch enemy of tlie faith. [»Mr. Ciiip.MAS roHe to explain, and said his for- inir reinurkii iiiid liien the Nuljjcct of misrepro- nentulion. lie liad then aaid iliat men were by nature Dcmocrnta, nud if any were Whij,'s, they were made so by educatioi\ He did not say by knuwlcd^^e, but by warrini; oi^iiinst the designs of Omnipotence, lie made a distinction between ed- ucation niid knowledge.] Mr. Hi'NT proceeded. I In had accustomed liim- self to lielicve tlierc was some leju^itiinale connexion between cducaiion and knowh'dij^e, and that inie iiaturnlly precedes 'he oilier, as the only means of attainment : but as the grntlenmn had found a sboiier road, )ie wished him every advantage of the disicovcry. According to Ms doctrine, if we would enjoy the full jicrfcctio'i of political know- ledge, aim reali/.i the golden age of democracy, we must revert to the stivai". state, and extiiiraisli the lights of civili^.utioi'i in our downward course. But, however fancilul or iiitercstlng the pnllc- man's theory, llie prevailing democracy of our day is ;)i'(i|rrt»iiT ; advancing wiih rapid slridc* from one mca.snrc to anmlicr, discarding the indi.H- pntable truths of yesterday us the fatal, pcrliaps treasonable heresy of to-day, and raising up new idols of parlis;in worship In suit the exigencies of tlie hour and '.'ic varying ini|>idse of popnliir ca- price, regardless alike of the warnings of Omnip- otence and the nccnnuilatcd wisdom of past agis. This species of democracy s( eks Ut govern man- kind through the ignorance of iln ir understanding and the blindness of their passimis. It rtallers and stimulates the worst of human vices, and wars upon all that is most valuable in human society. It seeks to array man against man, class against class, adopted against native, poor again.i- ip; for tlio inoinriit, < WTrciilFiitical.iiiiit llir |iri'lu(li' to tlioir np|iiLliin:iioii ninny nt'HKUrcs ^ave yoii ale. It wim onr of ii-h you know lunv oruto ill your (iivor. ic jilayful cdilii'N in il your linrque from e \Vliif; party with 1 carried you safily eve, ihopcllical- No sjood can oonio n» unqualified mi.s- lle the prejudieCHof I' entirely under tho IS heeii repeatedly resent deliate, that neis, and that the ual friends and nl- inpulatioii and tho iccessary to be told sivc friendrt of tho jeiicral, and every te to heslow. lint iiie is a|)proacliiii'x man will pause to B with the lean pei- l>riiiriple of your e welfare of the l,i- "leii^'ii horn ? The of honest etliploy- h protects the iii- I soil in preference value to the hardy professions wliidi laimo for his vote, iidiliire in the ini- n confers a more '■ns. ' eallinff for n ' the subject of lawb. " resent session '. time of thiu [Puns;eRt iiieni- ic luc to listen rather than to ~pealc. When the question was | bron^;ht up on yesterdsy, I had no expectation that I would address the liouse; hut as the deljiUc , ^iroceciled, I became interested. 'I'lie question ' ti^suined a hi2:her importiuice, and I therefore fi^el , it to he niv duty to give my viewM upon the subject. \Vilh my collea!;iie, 1 had i!ioii?lit the eniocrals in that .Slate. Hut I vene- rate the State of Vermont for the bravery, virtue, and (lalriotisin of her sons, I honor her fiir the ability «nd moral worth of her dolei,'»iiini upon this floor. I love her Rreen hills anil lovely plains, for there was the place of my birth, and the home of my •childhood. Around her mountains and eascades, her hills and vales, the memory of youthful asso- c'aliinis will fori'ver elinpr, and their only rival in my allections will be the land of my adoption. .She has a rii^hi to claim the respect of her sons, and when assailed by one of them, well may she -(exclaim, in the languiig« of tlic dying Cicsar,' " Et IH linile." I, for one, shall vole that the resohilions be refer- red to the .luiliciary Committee, and lor the reason that that eoinmitlee. is i-omposed of able and intcl- lisrenl men, who arenhle and willing to discharge their duty to this House and to the country. I would vole lor a reference to that coinmiltee, be- eaiise such is the practice. I am opposed to the appointment of a select commillee, lor the same ] reason that the advocates of such a reference are in faviu- of it. Accm^diiii,' to parliamentary usasjc, '< llie select committee is compopeil of the t'riends of the measure. A ivport would be made by those {rentlemen, having nil the weight and inlln'enee of ■ a docurneiil emanaiing from a emnmillee appoint- ; Many of them were born in Europe; they certainly were tint the less qualified to guard and protect the ris:hts w-e had acquired in that contest. Several of the American generals, helbre the Revolution, had fought in the armies of England against »• ranee; yet it was thought prudent to entrust Iheni with important commands; one of lliem was the Commander-ill Chief of our armies, and the firm Prasidem of the United Slates. Will it be said Uiat the men of the Revolution had suffered from the ellecis of liritish rule, and tlial therefore power could the better lie entrusted to ihem than to the nreseiit Niibjecls of foreign Governments? It must lie recollecled, Mr. S|H'akcr, at that lima Ihc principles of self-government only existed in theory, withoul luiving been reduced to practice. Many individuals of the llevoliition were so doubt- ful niion the subject, of whether the people were capable of silf-g'overnmeiit, that they abandoned the country to its fate, and joined their arms to those (d" the enemy. When our lilierties were achieved, self-govermuent wius an ex|K"rimeiit, so regarded by all, and by several proininent indi- viduals as a itoitlitfiU one. Most gloriously did the principle triumph, until at thifi day it is not questioned in this country. The time has long since nasaed when the votes of foreigners could create atanu. If ever there was danger, it was when our Government was in lis in- fancy, when foes from without and false friends within could level their shafts against the fabric he- fore it had acquired its present strength. It is not from any love which foreigners feel towards their own Government that induces ihem to aliandon it and to cmignite to this country. They do so rather to fiei themselves from oppression, which cannot be resisted siicecssfnily. Will it be iLssert- cd, that having escaped from one evil they would willingly involve themselves in aiiothor, by ib- stroying, if it was in ilieir power, the Government which extends to them the blessings of equal rights, and where justice ia weighed as if in a bal- ance? Ill the days of the Revolution, it was matter of doubt, in the minds of eminent individuids, whe- ther mankind were capable of self-government ; and just at that time foreigners were ]ilaced in command, and proved more true to the trust re- posed in them than at least one native American traitor — Renedict Arnold. When a foreigner now lanils upon our shores, he ia surrounded by intel- ligence, virtue, ami patriotism. All around him assert the capacity of mankind to govern them- selves; all assert the superiority of our form of Government over every other devised by the wit of man. Experience piochiims its truth. If the foreigner would raise his voice against us, he would act ill opposition to every motivs by which men are suiipoaetl usually to be governed. IJut the position these Native Anicrinans have assumed is, that foreigners must remain in this country twenty-one years before they are allowed to vote. This IS a very grave subject, and one involving in the principle much more than is usually supposed. The very basis of our va^l yet perfect .snperstrue- lurc rests upon the capacity of the jieoplc to goT- ern themselves. This doctrine we promulgate. History has proved its trulli. Its applicability is not confined to American .soil. This truth is find- ing iis way into Germany, where they see proper to suppress the circulation of our papers. In France, the great personal influence of Louis Phi- I lippe prevents an outbreak. When he leaves the stage of action, |iopular sentinienl will burst forth with all the violence, but with higher and nobler ends in view, than characterized the l''rcncli Revo- lution. In England they are slumbering upon tho verge of a volcano, which may at any hour burst upon the heads of those who live upon the corrup- tions of that Government. A fearful confiict in waging between the rights of man and concentrated wealth — between the principle of eqiudity and des- I'otism. If the Powers of Europe are appealed to for a decision, they will be prompted by self-inter- (St to decide against the principle of equality. The people of this country may be regarded as the only impa'-tial arbiiers, and a majority would pro- nounce immediately that man is capable of self- government. I'ut >fative Americanism would de- ny the proposition, entertaining the same opinion ,is the Powers of the Old World. If, in their es- timation, it requires twenty-one years to qualify a foreigner to discharge the duties of ii freeman, where he is surrounded by tho people of this coun- try, and where he inhales the spirit of our insti- tutions, he would never be qualified to assume the rights of self-government, where he is shut out from the exercise of the rights of speech, thought, and action. The eyes of the inhabitants of the I Old World are upon us. Despots look with jeal- I ou»y upon the only Government which cndan- geri their supremacy, while to Ihe poor and op- 06 aPpkndix to the CONORKSSIO\AL Cr^OBK. [Dec. 30, 9i>rH CoNo 1st Suss. Naltirallznlion Imhs — Mr. Dixon, Hn. OF Hepf. ! « i preMcd It is llir lirnom-lijilit upon whirl) hofw hiiidly clins;". We aliimlil imuKo well nml niiiKiil- er, liefi>r« we iiiiikp « ili'i-ision npim wliiili m> mwrh (lr|icnil», the Idiilcni y m'wliiili is to .•iiiHtiiiii i>rvii)liui; n t'l'™! mill sarri'il nrinoiiilc. Aiiiillier qiieMliim i» invnlviil in llii:< Nnlive Aniciiciin ilnrlriiic. Men tin ii^il pnHHess the mo- ti\iH Id niiiko piiiid oili/.cns, uh'ish lliey Imvc mime inteiv.-it in tile sdvernnieni iiiiilei' llic liilliii'in'p cf wliii'li tliey live. Il'ihey iiri' perinilliil I') pnrlii'i- imte in llie seleelion o('law-niakein, llicy «"ii llie imire elieerfiilly enmply w illi (lie iTi|iiiiiineiit« nf the !iiW8 vvliii'li lire fiiiieleil; liiil il" thin piivilet'e in willilieldf the snnie di8siiiisfa''tiMii witl I'levaii wliicli i-e.iiilleil in llie Anierlran (!evnliit'..ii. Iliiw- fver di.sennlenled Ihey nmy 'k'. yl tlie respeel iind venemlinn nl" the Aniirieaii peiiple fur the ('ni.Kli- tvitiiiii niid laws will iirevenl i iVeiiiial nilM nf viu- leiiee nv'ainst them. It is iniieh l.i Her tii hiiiil tin' ri>rei^ner to his adopted eimnlry I'y the lie.s nt' rP!\ved so nil to exereiwe tlie rii;ht ol* {.-ufiV't'^e. MillinnMol'(iur liest eiii/.eiisare foveii;nerM, or their deseendaiits. Aineriiaii lilooil llowii not in the veins of all our freemen; and Iheie is no law, )iii- man or divine, whieli esialilislnv! liie exaet amoiinl of Native Anieriean lilood which mnst enur«e throuffh till' sVMtem, to ipialify an ii. dividual lor Felf-uoveriimenl. AV'liv, Kir. all of u.i Iniee inir nneeslry 'o the Old World, v.iihniii fecliri,' emo- tions ol* shame or reirret. We arc liul a hiMmh of Ihesreat hnninn family, and, in common niih ihe other iimions of the elirlli. rweive the {jills of an overruling Providence. I)iir experience lea'diei us that foretjrners, nnturali/.ed under our present just and enliuhtcned sy.slem, have liecome worthy mid esiiinahle eitizens.'and have nol nfiener proved recreant to the hijli trust reposed in lluni than Native Americans. For zealous aitacl.nieni to our institutions, and a steady and firm disiiosiiion to defend them, they arc unsurpassed; anil in a crisis where danirer threatens the Kepunlic. they will he found among the first to linn^ their lireasts in the defence of tlieir adopted eouniry. When nian- kiml experience the evils which How from the cor- rupt systems of the Old World, they are belter prepared to appreciate the hlcssiiiiiHwhicli llow from our plan of n;overnmeiit. It is very (picsiion- nldc whether this (;eneration ho fully apjireciale Ihe .sarred principle of equality of li^jits, as iliose who, for seven years upon the tented field, sur- rounded liy di.sease and death, with the snillows nnd sUirvatioii starinjjthem in the face, maiiiLiiiied the honor o(' their coiintrv airaiiist the tyranny of England. As danger and ^;u(l"ering licciime indis- tinct liy the lapse of lime, so the ohjecl for whii-li they were met and surmounted is not fully ap- preciated. The foreigners who land upon our Bhores have experienced the operations of a Gov- ernment adminisl.red for the I emfit of the few; where splendor prevails aniid.st poverty, and where wealth is obtained nt the ex|x-iise of tiers nnd agony. While siandiiig as living and breath- ing cvideiioes of the eflecls of such a syslcm, « ill they, by the slighlesl word or act, jnoslrate the only Government which is ba.seil upon the doctrine of equal rights and equal privileges? Mr. Sjieaker, if our career is not obslruciid by this Native American niovement, the influence of the princi- , ides of free goveiiiiiient will einlnre and extend, be iring along a moral and political power which will revolutionize sy.stems and governments; anil when from every hill and dale shall be proihiiiniil the supremacy of the sni'ied principle ofcipiality, tlun shall we have eom|)lrted our de.siiny. i SPEECH OF iVR. JAMES DIXON, OF CONNECTICL'T, ■In the HofsE Of Repri-; left with en- tire salVtv, r.nd there is vt'ry lillle flimger that too treat a deitree of hberalny will be exercised, or that sectional jirejuilic's will be too easily overcome. The evil, if any exi^ls, isof anolher character, and from another soun-e; it lie.s not in the existing law, but ill the frauds perpelrateil tipon il; frauds which Ihe wisest hgislalioii cannot enliiely preveiil. and which woiild )irobably be incri':ised,astlie motives for their eonmiission were strengthened by ex- tending the term of prnbalion. Ibllil is not my iutenlimi to oecnpylhe time of the Ilou.se ill discussing the principles of the Native American parly, i coiife.--s, hovvi'ver, that I do nol .share in ihe fears of those who ajiprchend danger to our iiistimiions from the increase of our foreign population. Those who enleriain this apprehen- sion mistake, I think, the nature of these iiisiiiu- tious, and fail to compnliend fully the spirit of the age in which we live. We have tried, successfully ' thus far, llic experiment of .self-government, I'ounil- ed upon free and universal siitlVage. It has been our policy to invite and encourage ( iiiigralion by extending to the emigrant the same civil and reli- gious ))rivihges which we enjoy, and, from every land where man is o]ipn ssed by the iron hand lif despotism, and Iniiiian hopes and energies are crushed by usages grown inviolable by limi — from the worn-out principalities of Kiirop?, perhaps even at some future period from the populous kiiigd sof Asia, the liih' of eniitrralion will )iour in upon our eouniry- The popiilaiifui which ve shall thus receive will mingle with lair own: the lapse of a few years will riinove them and us from this stage of existence, and iheir children, like ours, will be native-born Americans. l^liall we fear, tluii.tiiat ihis stream nf emigration may eudaiiger the piiriiy of our iioliiical iii:lilulion.s? A.i well mii'lii we indiiLe tlie a]ipreheii5.irii ilial the llion- saiid rivers, which, from ihe mow-clad snnimilsof a thfinsaud niouutains, are pouring their mighty torrents into every .si;a, may frcsluii the waters (if the ocean. ' I V.nl I have entered upon this di.scussion with ! the view of taking another view of the subject, it ha.") been .said, during the progress of this debate, by a genileman mi the other side of llic House, that the .\alive American parly is nut, as it pro- fi-sse.s to be, an independeiil political organi/.alioii, : but i.s, in reality, only a wing nl' the Whig party. This charge I tilierly deny, and shall attempt to show that, HO far from ori^'iimting or being in tiny way connciMcd with the Whig party, ill", native faction had il.t oii;;iii in tlie mrong-hulda of modern ' IVniocmcy, and Imn been encotiraged nnd lipheltl by the leaders of the Demia'ralii' party. I'hey brought il iiiio exisleiicc, they parlicijiiiled in tho riolH and innrderH whii'h accompanied ii.s progress, they shareil Ihe palroiiage il iiispi used in Ihe hour of iis triumph, llieir party alone reaped ils b. nefilH, and it was not until the elforls of patriotic Whigs in \cw \nrU and I'liihidilphiu had laid il prostrate, lliu their voices, with lew exeeplions, wi re rai.sed ,j in lis comb nmalimi. At lliis hue hour, when ihn bailie has been Iboglil and won by the Whigs, who threw ihi'Uiselves into the breach legiirdlesH of per- sonal delVat, and slemniid the tide of native pro- scriplion, shall we be charged with being allies of Nalivism.^ ,\o, sir; ii was m the inordinate pas- j sioii for Ihe spoils of oliice, in the pursuit of which I the |!eiiioiTatic, parly had iilrcHdy iullicted such ix '; countless train of evils npim the country, that the i Native nioveinenl origiimtetl. I Permit me, Kir, to refer to flicls, which provR conclusively ihe connexion of the party which eidls ilself Itemocnilic, vvilh the first inoviinenls and rapid irrowlh of Native Americanism. If I ant wrong in any of my statements, I shall be happy to be corrected. And firsl, let me ask, in what por- tion of llie country it originaied ? It was first heard of ,'is a parly in lln- neighborhood of ihe city tif Philadelphia — not in the city proiier, but in the Heinoeriilie precincts luljoining. I'hrre is a vast political, not to say moral, dillerence between the vVliig city of Philadelphia and Ihe Democratic district in the vicinily; and while ihe former has never be 'n tainted by the Native heresy, the latter was till! place of ils birth, and the scene of the frightful outrages which Bitended its early pro- gress. It ha| pened that in one of these nemoeralio precinct.', ailjoining Philadelphia an Irish citizen, named I lugh < 'lark, was about six years ago nomi- nated to an otlice id' considerable importance by n Deni. rratic I'onveulioii. This noniiii.ilion, though III in entire accordance with the usages of the || , gave greal dissalisl'.iclion to a portion of the l)i n.icnicy. They could not enibire the idea of coiil'rring an oliice upon a foreigner. In their ' opinion, the adopted citizens should serve their eouniry in another capacity — as voters — not as of- fice hoiilers. According to their idea of Democ- racy, the duty of a foreigner was to vote the IJem- ocralic. ticket; but when it wa.s suggested that one of ihi'se men should be rewarded I'm' his services to Ihe cause by an oliice, their .sen.sibilitiis were shocked, and their palriotisin took the alarm. Ac- cordingly, when the day of election arrived, a suf- ficient number of Itemocrai.s *'.9/io/tf(/," to use their expressive word, ihe name of Hugh (JIark from tin ir ticket; and while all the other Drmocratii' can- didates were elected by a large majorily, he was de- fealed by a vote equally decisive; anil this for the ostensible, avowed reasmi, that he was an Irish- man, lie was i;ol burn on the rijrht side of the water. i The election passed, and nil was apparently quiet. ■ The event w.is b\ many forgotten, but not by the Iri.shmen of thai lintrid. They leniembered the injury and insiill lie v had siiU'ered, and'they only awaited a favorable opporlunily to avenge the wrongs of their brother. .\n opnorluiiity soon pre- seiiled. Three years afterwanls another election, similar to that just inenlioned, look place, and the Democratic Irishineii of that precinct, with Hugh (_'Iarlc among their nuriber, abandoned their for- mer political associates, and voted for the excellent Whig caiididale for .sherilf, .Morton McMichael, and for the whide Whig ticket, which, by their aid, was siiccessl\il by a large majorily. On discov.'ring the cause of their dr'feal, the rage of the Denioi'ratic leaders knew no bounds. The Irish voters were deiiouiiced with a biiierness fur exceeding in degree llie servility with which they had 111 lore been Haltered. No terms of reproncli vv're too strong — no opprobrious epithets were loo ^cve^e, to be heaped upon the lu'aas of the t'oreign population. 1 1 would seem that the Democratic lead- ers had supposed the voles of foreigners to be their own properly — that, in their iqiinion, adopted citi- zens were bound soul ami body in the thraldom of Demoei';icy, and that lor ihem to think and act fill themselves vvu3 a crime deserving the most con- dign punishment. They seemed to lie astounded by the discovery that their Irish fellow-eiiizens had had the unpui'iillelcd audacity tuuci with the iiide- [Dec. 30, Mo. or Heps. •cuimiicil niicl ujiIipIiI rniii' |MUly. Tlicy y |uirlicij)iiiiMl ill tli'd i|iniiii'(l lis |inii;nN», lr<|il'liNl'il III llii' liiMir !• r™|ir(l il.H liflll lilH, 111' |«ilrii)lic \Vlii;rH liiiil laid il iiniNlraU', I'I'lioiirt, wi.rr niixtd liilc liiMir, wlirn ilm liy Mill \Vlii^'N, wild 'li ir','iirilli'Ns iil'|ii'r- liilr iif iiiiiivc |iiii- wilh lirins; mIIIih nf the iiiiirdiimti' |iiis- lii' iniisiiitiirwliirh (uly iiillii'lod audi n le country, that the flirts, wliiili provo I' tlif |inily whii 1, 111 I'liat iiiiivniiniiN irrii'iiiiisiii. If I mil , I sliiill lie linp|>y to <■ iisk, ill wliiit I'liir- ? Il wiiN firm hniril liniiil of llic ciiy of lu-ojicr, lull ill ilin :. i'liore in a ynut (icnrn lii'lwopii llie III iIk! DiMioi'nilir. Iiilr ilii- fiiniipr lias (■ licnsy, the latipr il tlif .SL'ciii' of (lie ileil its tally pio- llirsp nciiuirrnlin a nil lii.sh ciiizpii, ix yi'ai-s au'o noiiii- Ic iiii|ii>i'laiii'C' liv ft "niillaliilll, tlliili:;!! till! usairi'H (if iho Ilia piiriiiiii (if thf 'iiilure till- idea nf rcipiiT. Ill ilii-jr lioiild serve llieir viilers — mil as iif- r idea iif Ueinne- 1645.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLODE. to V < 111 III 1 lleil il-l l> am lite the IJcm- Krsied that one liis serviees Miliililies were le alaiiii. Ae- irrived, a Niif- ' lo use their Olark from miieralie eon. y, he was de- il this for the was nil Irish- lit side of the pa reiitly quiet. Ill iiol'ljy the iiii'inliered the aiid'tliey only nveii'je tlia lily soon |ire- iher eleelioii, jilai-e, and Ihu I, with lluirh iiied lliiir for- ihe excellent Me.Mieliael, ieli, Ijy their ("eal, the raije oniids. 'J'he hillerness far Il which they f reproacli liels were too )f the foreiKii iincrnticlend- rs lo lie llieir adopii'd citi- Ihraldoni of ink and net he most eoii- e nstounded -citizens had ith tlie iiidu- 39tu CoNo..mliT Smi. Naturalixalion Laws — Mr. Dixon. Ho. or Rkh*. pemlenee of tlice, but by seeing thenisches ap' pointed The Native parly, having the entire con- trol of the immense palronage of the cily, thought themselves secure in their power. And now, sir, if this Native triumph was such in form only, and ' was in substance uWliig victory, what hnd the ' Whigs to do but unite with the Natives in main The honest, patient, and industrious Gerninn ' readily unites with our people, establishes him- ' self upon some of our fat land, fills his capacious ' barn, and enjoys in tranquillity the abundant fruits 'which his diligence gathers around him, always ' ready to llv to the standaril of his adopted coun- Irv, or lo the defence of ils laws, when called by laining their ascendancy? Hut, inslcnd of such a ^ ' tiie duties of patriotism. The gay, the yersntil coalition, such concert of action, between whnt ' the philosophic Frenchman, ftccoinmodaling hini- geutlemcn here call tlie two wings of the time li ' self cheerfully lo nil the vicissitudes of life, in- 10 AI'FKNDIX TO TffK CONCIlKSSIONAf. GrX)»K. |f).r. no. 9{h-H CoNn ItrSau. Nntiirallziition Lairn — Mr, Diton, Ho. or Ilr.Pi. « • • i-orimrMtM liimiwir without iliflloiilly in our ioul- [, 'fly. lliil of nil forficiiiTH, iinnn iiinnlpiimmi) ! • lli'cMiinolvi'ii «i qiiicklv «ilh our iicii|iIp a« llip i ' iiHliM'.i of tlic Kmi'nilil l"ii'. In wiiiii' of llu' vih- ' iorm « liirli Imvp |m»iiiil (hroimli my iiiiiiiniiitjoii, ; • I liHve auiipowrl lluu In liiml Km nriuinnlly purl •mill (iirrt'l oflliis I'oiiliiii'iil, iinil llnl \>y sonirrx- | • Irniirdiimiy I'onvuliiioii nf imuiri' ii was lorn (Voiii ' Ami-rirn, iiml ilnlbiii; mroh^ the o'liui, wii» pln- •irtliii ihr miforiiiii.ilr vii liiily of liniil Hritiiiii. ' 'I'lio Willie iipni-lM'artiMlni'i's, llw minii' iciicrrnm '^ ' tiniipilallly, ill'" "aiiir ran li •« mid iini-aliMilaliii:; ' inilill>rriii-i' iiliout liiiiiiiin lil'f,i'li.ir,icMiil/i' ilii' in- ' lialiiuiiitfioflMith r/ Itrnrti C/iiii, vol. 'J, )i. I!). Tliiii i.i the lanu'iia'u'i- "I" I Iniry Clay, of Kril- liii'ky, qiinli'il liy llin Icailiiiv iliiiiooralii" paper of iXew York an Hiirtii-ieiil in iim If lo pi-evi'iil lii» re- reivint; the voles of liie iS'aiivc Ainerieaii deiiio- rnilM. Il had il.s elfeei, uiidoiililedly, in eonlinn- iii;: tlio linsiilily of Nalivr luirliMniis lo Mr. ('lav. And yet, In llie fiie nf facH like llieie, ihr ^ poliliral n;*soeiflies of the editor of llial pa(»er are now altenipiini;, on ilie Hour of tlii.ii Floiiw, lo fonviiicc the eoniilry thai the .Niilive parly Im a wiiiij of lilt! Wliif; arinv, and llial llie dciiioeniey Hfr ihe exeliisive lneiiil« of foreiiriiersl When, where, anil hy wiml iiiea^nres, hnvfi the Detnoeriilie party, (liiLxely no eailed,) tihowii any pviileiice of iheir rei.'ard foroiirl'orii^ii popiilaiioii.' Is ihi--^ frieniJMhip nianJii'Hied hv oppoMiiioii to a tariir, wlileh not only pimeils their lahor from a niinoii.s <'oinpetition,liiil jrives liieiii eoii.iinnl, well- paid eiiiploymeiil- Id it shown liy aliemptinj; to rediiec our eurreiiey to the spi-i'ie staiidanlf mid lo hrini: down the rate of \\a:ris lo Ihe Miiropi-an level? la il a mark of friiiiilshiii in ihe eiiiiL'ranI lo t'Xeiie his prejudiees a^^iinm a class of eili/.ens cnmpriHin^ one-half of our eniire iin|Milati'in, and fo ciideiivor lo aronsc in ri Inrii unkind feelings to- wards him ill the minds of lliif* L^reiit lioily of our jitjiipler Do llie iiucresis of foreii^ners reijiiire that, even after iheir nalni'ah/.aiion, they slioiihl rontiniie a separate ehiss in liie midst of our eonn- IryniOii, and ns sneh he ap[iealed lo hy poliijeal demaifo^ues, who may desire llnir voles? ,Sliii\i|(| they not mlhereea.se lo feel and net like foreimi- irs, when tiny llir nv otf their alle'.'iaiie,' to llie erowned head, under whose dominion they were born, and as lliev have hi'-oine, hy iheir own vol- untary Bit, repiililieniis, kimw no oiher eharaeier than llittt of t'ree Ameriean eiijzens.' The men who, here mid elsewheii', make such lond preien- Rions of rei^ard for toreiirners, sei-m nnwilliiiLT liie.l they should h me I'.inatiiaiiiated wilh oiir native population, and, wiih no iVelinu's of elas.s or elan, vote lis they may jiid'^e lu*.ii for iheir eomilry, wilhoul relVreiii'e lo llieir oii','iu; lail lliey deshe, by eonslnnt appeals lo ihi in as a separate, inile- )>eiideiit class of eiii/.ens, lo hold ihein apart (Vnm the (jreut body of the peoph — anions us liul not of US — lo kfi'p alive every imau'lnary diHirenec, lo excite every hnlf-forsriuien |irejiidii'e, and prevent the |>crfect union which would oiherwise i.ike place between the foreigner and ihe iialive. 'Ihe inier- eal of selfish |Hiliiicians in this smte of iliinijs is siifliciently manifesi, bin it is not cnnsislciil wilh the true inteicsia of the people at l.ir^'c. The fur- ei:riicr should never act as t\ foreiiriier, nor ihi- na- tive as ft iiaiive; Inn both, fori^eitinir fvery con.sid- eration but the !;ood of iheir coinmnn couniry, should ncl as .-\niericans. Icilli woiilH llnii be lii- (hienced in iheir voles bv iheir own views of ihe corn-clness of the (iriiiciples and measures siilnnil- led for their derision: and ihe result would I.e that, as difl'creiil individuals lake dill'ireiil vic'w of subjects presented lo iluir eonsiileralioii. ihe for- eiirnei would no lonjii- he classed as such, on either side of the L'mil ipieslions of the dny, bin, blendiu'^ wilh our popiiliiiion, would be known only (W an Americ.in. Tiiat such a condition of ihiii^rs would roiidiice L^'reaily lo ihc best inteiesi:'. of all, rannoi admit of u doiilii. || was the loo success- ful elToris of iiiitive-born ileniocrals, lo array adopted ciiiw iiB in a scpuiale tia.ss — lo cxcilc the nilitunl |irpjuilicr« of iiniiicH imd foreisnera, Rnil ' lolllducronrforfi'.'ii volerslo acl in a iiias.^in favor of ihecaudidaiesol'lhe I hinocratic parly, (while, al the same limc.no foi'eii;iier was allowed lo hold any lm|>ori.ini olhci ,^which :,mvc birlh in the Name periy in llie viciniiy of I'iiilailrlplnii. Nnch w.i.iilie le.;iliin.ile result of the priienihd IVicnilship of ihe i)cmocralic leaders for fori tellers! Mow mtich more nolilc, how luiicli iiioic in acciirihiin'c w iili ihe Inie inlci-esis of all, is ihc policy of ihe Whi:,' parly oil lliis subjeci — miikiiu; no appeals cilher lo iialivcH or foreimicrs as suili — scoruint.' all narrow, illihcrni, scciional views — lookiiu; at II rniiiry wilh ils iliM'i-sified popiilaiion as iiite ^'real whole, null knowini; no siicli ihinu' as a fori'ii,'uer in this land of fricdonr, bui iccoi,'iii.siiiit all who dwell on our soil, and lucalhe our air, no mailer on what side of Ihe .Vilantic may liiive bieii iheir liirili- (ilace, as .\incricaii cili/eiis. Could such lie ihc t'ccliii'.; of all clauses of poliiicinns, the (pic.i(|i(in of Nali\e .Viiicricanisiu wonlil never nirain I'c heard of. l.ci us sec how far the conilnci nf "Ihe iUinorriinj" h.is proved ihc irulli of lluir profes- ■iiuiH, It is well known lo every f'enllcman who hears llie, ihal ll'c silf-slyled Oeinocralic parly, by wny of proof nf Iheir exclusive friendship for our for- e'LTii \ ol ers, esj iccial 1 V fort 'a ill 111 ics, preach lii I hem loudly ill favor of tolcralion, and the rii;lils of con- science. Now, sir, if Iherc is a .Slat" in lliis (liiion wliich is blessed beyond all oiliers willi the liu'hl of denioi racy in all ils purity, il is ihe Siale nf New Uampsiijre. Il is her boarl llial slie is itie triicsl of the Iriie; lliat Ihe winds of henvi ii thai kiss her silver lakes arc mil more pun , Ihe elcriml snows llial L'liileroii her innuiilaiii Inps are not more im- sullicil. than llic dcmocracv of her sons. Il is iiol iiiv pri seiii pnrposi' lo deny lier iiiirli claims lo dis- lliiciion ill lliis rcspci I, hill I wisli lo call the atleii- lioii of the House lo a few exiracis which I pio- lio.se In read from tlie consiiiulion of this ihrice l)eiiiocnitic.'>!taie,as a speciineii of ihc consisicncy nf niodcrn denincracv, and ihe love of ihc Demo- craiic parly for t'iiiii::ncrs,aM well as their lilientliiy lowards ihe relijion nf a majnrily nf niir aihiiiied cilizcns. In llic lonsliiiilion of ihe.Siale of .Ni'w Hampshire, prinlcd in ihe year If^^.'i.hy the order of llie House of ItcpiTsenliitives of lliat Si:iie, 1 find the follow iiii; beautiful Mpecinieiis nf Donio- craiic loleraiain and liheralily: *'Seetio» 14. I'.vcry niemlicrofihe House nf Hep- * resenlaiives shall be chosen hy ballnt.aiid for two ' years al least next preceilinL; his ejcciion shall 'iKnebceii ail inhabilaiit of lliis .Slate; shall have * an eslale wiihin ihe districi which he m,iy be * chosen lo represent of ihe ^.allle of onr hinutren; and sliiill cease * lo ii-prcst-nt sucii town, parish, or place, iiumedi- ' aiely* on his ceasini^ lo be ipialiiied as at'ori said.'* 1 lind, also, a similar provision with regard to the Senate, as I'ollnw s. " Seftitm 'J!l. Pyovitled, tirerrlhehsx^ Thai no per- * hnii shall be capable nf beiiiir elei-ted a .Senator * irfto in Uf't of Ihe VrtilesUtnl rtt'r^ioti, and seized of 'a freehold eslali in his own riyhl, uf the value of ' Iv.o hiindreri pounds," iVc. And further — " ^'ic/ioM -Pi. ,\o pi'i'son shall be eli^>ib|e to llie ' nllice of Uovernor unle.s.s he shiill hare i/ii eslnle rf * Ihe rahir i\fj\ve hitnitrrftp"iiiiih, one-half of w hicii ' .shall consist nf a I'nehold in his own riL'lu within ' this Stale, and tinlnts he shull he nf Ihc I'roltxlunl ' n/i^iejt. '* .Sinli are the provisions of llip consiiiulion of the Democralic .State of .New Hampshire, iS'ow, sir, let IIS siipiiose that a forei!,'ner, a son, perhaiis, of the Kinerald Isle, was nlionl In leave his iialive shores, and cniiu'rale lo this land nf liberty, lie- fore le.ivin;.' his home, should he iii(|uire what political party in the United States was iiiiisl friendly to Irishineii, he would of course he loid that the Democratic parly jirofcssed llie warmisl friendKlii(i lowards .ill fnreiu'tiers, and claimed in- deed lo be their exclusive friends. If he ftirther ini|iiired which of the Suites nf the I'nioii was ninsl deiuncraiic, he would be told that all the sislcr- luiiid of Stales yielded the palm, in thi;; respect, lo N«v Hnropihin! — tlmt there neniocriicy ixiMert ill ils iriiliiY [Uilily — (Ihr ilemisr.icy di s<'ribed by ■ he i;entleiiiiiu of ,\!li hurati, pure and iinsiillicd a* \\'heii llraicn-born il first desci nded from iliii 'kicK'l — iind he would wilhont a moinenrs hesila- tion selecl .\e\7 HaiopHliire ns his adopled home. Uy the aid nf the •.-lorions Wliis tririH', which liai* ililliised, and is still dilfiisiii>i, inniiiMci'iible blesH- in>.:s I'lr and wide tliriiiu^hont the land, he is m ii few years etialilrd lo overcome the lirsl obslaclo placed in the way nf his political proiiioliou, by the tleiitiirralic ennsiiiiition nf New HiiiripslMre, and ncr]um'S prnptrfy nf the value of )(!() pnuiids. He if ic'iainalcd as a candidate for Ihe l.ei^isla- tiire, and is elected, (priiviiliil always thai he is not •• fiinlleil," like lliu'h Clark, of 'l'liihiilel|i|iiii, by hi" deiiioiraiic brethren for beiii!; an Irishnian.) llnl as lie is abniil In take Ins sp.il he finds aimthcr iibjection 111 his way. lie is asked, In fore beiiii; permitted to rcl as a leiri.'lator, what is hit* reli i.'ion. *' I mil a Caihohc," is his reply. " Thi'ii, sir," he i.s told, '•you ciimmt sit in the .New Hamp'liiic l.e';islalure; Ihe eonslitiition of that democratic Sliile periiiils no Calliolic lo liiitil cer- tain offices. Von ini'sl either c' aii;e your reli- t:ion, or relinijuish your seat." Non-, sir, what- ever else may be said of ihe Irish, their worst enemicN will admit that an Irlshiunn adlieri s with sullicient len. icily to the failli of his falliers. Ilu will uol hesitate hill!,' on this point, but will abiin- doii his seal, ami probably at the firHt opporlUii.ty will sell mil liis property mid leave the deiiiocraiic Slate of New Hainpshir'e, thinking' il, iis Dr. ,!ohii- son said nf a cerbtin other country, " oil rxeellent plnrr In gn frum." Ill wiiat 1 have .said, l\Ir. Speaker, I mean ii(» diiresn. ct to the Stale of' New Hampshire. Th« illuNlrions i;ciiileniaii from Mass;" husetls, |Mr. AiuM»i,| the oilier day, in presciitin'j a reiuoii- hlraiice from ihiit .State, cxcl.inned, "Hoil hletn Ihi Sliilr ii/',N'fir lliimp'.hiril" .And well may every WlwL' t iiite in that evcLwiaiion. Yes, sir, Uoil bless the State of .New 1 laiiipshire ! Hound a.i hIiit has been in the iron fellers of party — steeped lo ilu? very lips in the felse Democracy of tlic preseni day, thrice distilled — she is now last luirstinu' tlui chains which have so loni; bound her: the rloud,< are sweepini; frooi her sky, and she is emerL'iiu,' into day. Her ^Vhi!r sisters are prepared to hail her lis iilniost rei;eiicrated ; and I vcniiue the pre- diciiiin that one of the first acts of the Whiir party of New Hampshire, should they conic into power, would be lo propose mi amendmeiit nf the cniisti. Iiition, by striking; mil the aiili-ri publican property ipialilicaiion, and the odious reli;;ious Hat, whicli now di^'^-aces the Stale. W'lici, sir, has been the cirect of the onrnnizalinii of the .Naiive .American parly upon iliecniiniryr It seems, frnm the course which this debate has taken, llial ceriiiin "eiillcmen in this Hiinse hopi' i.i ^'ive currency to the opininii that they and their party are. llic peculiar t'rieiids nf the torci'TPer. They nowexe- crate the .Native parly , while they have insli^'iiled its worst acts, and owe in a ^'rcat uieasiire to ils ex- istrnce their own asceialency; precisely as in some districts ol' the country they have evecraled Ihe .Miolitinmsts, \\hose political action lliey have also (jicoiini;'ed,and lo whom they hit LMcatly indebii i| for the power ihev now possess. It has been llieir policy to denounce these iiarlies in public, while III privale lliey have nided and encourniri d them. I know ef no benel'it which has :tccruril to any pnrlinn of llie country troni either of these parties except In the Deinocialic party. Indeed, I do not believe that the exisience of a third parly can ever result ill any |ioliiical ijood to the country al latije. .Such a pariy can be productive nf noihini; but nn- mitiiraled evil. If any L'ood is ever lo rcsnll to our nation ihroiiL'h any political organization, it must be throUL'h one of the i;real exisiiiii; parlies which now divide Ihe couniry. I, of course, believe that it is from the AVliii; pai1y alone thai the coiinlry can hope to receive benehcial leirislatioii. Uenlle- men of dilicrent political seiitiuienia nerhnps as natiinilly ciiterlaiii a similar opinion willi regard to their own jtarty. One thin:_% however, is certain, llinl one or the other of these paities must bear ruin in this couniry. Perhaps Ihey will take turns, and I confess 1 believe our turn will soon come. Tim gentleman from Illinois [Mr. DntMiiAnsl has just sneeriiurly spoUeti nf the "late lyhig itarhj.^* I ihi.ik the jjeiillcmaii may wioii di.sco\er that our aisES: (f).r. .1(>, I'o. or Kki's. Dcmopriiry rxixlrct "■rnry di »i^nl>nl l.y 111' Mini iiiixiillh il n« I-Nl'lllllll IViijii iliii i> iiinriii'iil'N lii'.siiii- IwK iiili>|.ii'cl hiiinc. i? i:in(r, wliich liim illlllllMI'IMllI)' MlHN. Ill' lllllil, III' in III It 1' llii' liiNl iilmtiii'lii i™l |>i'illiiii, liy -New llMiniwIiirr, I'll' ipl" llllllHiiiiiilx. "■ liir llir l.i'i;islil- alwiiy.s Ihiit III. ,„ C, III' 'l'llilllll('||. 1,1,1, "■iniriin li'isliiuMii.> Ml III' rniilnnnmlii'i' ikrii, lic't'ini' licjnt; . wliiil 1.1 lli^< itIi i.iii|ilv. "'riii.ii, 't "il m ilip .\i w inNliiiiiiiin (,(• i|u,[ lliolif Id liiilil ,.,.|. !■' iiii'Ti' yiiiir rili- .\clll-, nil-, *||,||- Irisli, ilii.i|. u,ii»t IIIMII MilliniM Willi ' lii.i tiillii'i'N. Ilii III, ImiI will iihiiii- • Im'hI (i|i|Miriii,i.ly VI' llii' (It'inorriHii: ii;il,ii.s l)i'. Jiiliii- lyi " uii rxctllrni "ilifr, I mi'iin iii» llllJI|ls|li|.|.. 'I'liB 'Ki' lii'.-ii.|i.s, (Mr. '(■iilin'r ji ii'iiiuii- 'il, "(":,/ hliiH III/ wrll niiiy rvi'i-yr ■ >'i«, .'^li-, UiiiJ f I I>n||ii(| lift nIii? y — .■Ml'l.|l|.ll III III,; y I'l' 111!' Jilrmiii l'i..ir liiii'slin:,' I lid lii'r; III,. iImikI., .sill' is cinir^'iii^r I'l-i'imriil III liml VI'lllllli' llic |,|.|.. Wliii' imrly nil" iiilo jiiiwii-, III' (li(. (■(niNii- 'lii'iiii |)ni|ii'i-|y ■I1.S ti.st, wliicli iai5.] 'iOm CoNo Ut Skns. APPF.INDIX TO THK CONGRESSIONAL GLOBK. Naturalization Lnw» — Mr, IJiron, 71 Ho, or Ui:pi. Ill' liiiiri.'aiiiziiticiii lii'i'iMiiiiry.' It llllll.' Illl.l li'llv|.||, »•' ll"|l(' 1.1 ^'ivB 'I iliiir|,ailyiirB 'I'lipyiMiwi-xe- ve in>tii.'iU(i| liH i-iire III iis ,\. ni'ly im ill Hiiutf. I'Vi'i-rnliil tlie llii'V Imvi' niso ri'iilly iiiili'liliil liii.M hiiii ihi.jf I'lililii', while cnirniriil ilnm. nifil lo iiiiy r ilii-.si' |iariiea iliiil, I do iiiit |iiirly ciii rviT iiiiiy 111 hia'i'. illiiiii; hill iiii^ > ii'.itili III iMir iiii'iii, il imi,.r wiiriiiii:r, I wniilil miy In liiin: ( jn on with llii' mull null rn'l mil' I'lirrcnry nf (jnlil iiml sihiT I'nr nllii'i'- liiilili'is, anil iniiillnr I'lirriin'y iiCihiiri'i'liiliil pajirr Til' llii' pi'iiiili — ri'iH'iil llii' prnnctivr iViilnvi's nl'mir Wlii;; larilV, liy wliicli |iriis|iirity linn liii'ii rislnri'il ,.*;'^^ Ill till' I'onnlry — ili'strny mir nmiinriirtiiri.'s, anil ili'- piivr till' pi'iipli' ol' lliMl liiini'Hl anil riiiislant nii- |iliiyinriil liy wliii'li liny livi' anil jiriispn'; niny lint, in slini'l, all the nnasiiiTH nl" vmir parly, willi- iiiil shrinliiii!; fmni lln' ii'spuiis'lliiliiy yim linvr niiii'li'il, mill I iinsnri' lln tjciilIi'iiiiiM lliiii all tlii' iirls iif |iri-:siirily, nl fii-si, uiiai'ipiaiiili d willi Ihr real i-liarni'lrr iil'polilinil niirlirs in this I'ininiry. ISiii ilu' rrmi'ily for llii.s is not in form- i ins a new parly, to pcrsci-iile mid iippirss ilic for- i eifjner. No, sir; the rrmi'dy is a dill'i'i-nit nne. It was hiiiti'il nt, a few days sini-e, liy the ;'en- llenimi from Miehiiran, when lie said in a meinn- ralile speei'li llial h'.iliicniinn miiile. iriir h^io'iij/ Ite- mncriinj ! True, the si'iitleniaii has sinee'explnined liis liiniriia!;e, and I am willing; lo allow liim llie full benefit of bis explinialioii; hut trnlli sits on the lips of sonii: men, mid leaps into laiiij;iiii2;i' ere tboy arc aware J and lliirc was eerlainly more of iriilli in the gentleman's remark than he liiin.''i'lf wnppose.l. tienniiie lieimlilie.'inisiii — pure Deino- rrney — is the linndinaiil of l''.diir.iiion. Ihit the false Demoeraey of the present ditv — the hasejin,'- liixt.M by whieh denia;;o;;iies ofien^'ain a tempora- ry trimnph — the eoveriiiv' over of a foni desi;;ii hy u fair prelenee — ran have no ;;renler eiicmv Minn cdnention. Lei me speeify a few of the tMse pre- teiii-es of modern Denioirary, whieh edueallon teiiehes both the native and lli'e I'orei^ner lu under- | stand and despise. For example; i AVhen the proposition to annex Texn.s to Ibi.s Union was first diseii.sseil, the sialesmen of the ' Sonlh had llin bonesiv lo )i!aee il on iis imp gronnds.und openly avowed their objeet lo be, the proteiMiiin of their own donnslie ii'islilnlions by the perpetnaiion of slavery. While the Wliiu's iif the Norlh diH'pred from llieiii on the subject ofan- lirxalion, we eonid not bnt admire the I'lonesly of the friends of the measure at the South, in hiiiior- ably and openly nvowins their real iiitpntions. i Theylmd no eoneealmeiit, no Riiblerfnges, no false prcttnrns. Hm what, think yon, was the ^'ronnd then inkeii by Ihe nortlierii 'denioeraey ? While their sniilhern brethren deelared their objeet to be llie pxiension and [lerpelnniion of their " peculiar i insliUiiinnH," the leading Demoernl.s of the Norlh udvoeaicd aimexnlinn under the false, the base, Ihe ! Iivpocritical pretext that it wonlil be tin- means of ; nbnlishin;,' slavery, and would thus sirengilicn Ihe i JNiiilh, and " extend Ihr arret of fieedcm."* This 1 * Hiin. Ali'.i'iiliH'rBtie party, who liiis receivi'il Irani .Mr. I'lilk tlie u|i|Hiiiiiiii(.|ii of .Minister to I'liiim, in lii,< eilelmitiMl letter nil IheTexiui ijllestllin. [lIlMifheil ill tlie Di'liiaernlie Hpvjew, Vol. X V, jiiiBc S."i9, thus Bddrcssc's liniiseliiu llie iiortlicrn liicUuu 111! linn Hiibjui't ; was llie ■j^ri lit iirtfuniPiil of Di'niormpy in Ihe free \ Slali'H. Siieli liyjini'risy iiiiml one day ri'ap its rewani, niiil iieeils only to be understoiid lo be I delesled. , Au'iiin: T'dnenlioii will leneli iiur eilizens, for- eiu'iiei-M an welt ns niili\i:i, llieir true intereKis, with ! re'.Mi'd to Ihe proieriinii of Ameriemi iiidiisiry. ' i .Many of our iidopleil eili/.eiis Pome from n eonn- ; Iry w here the rule of wa;;es is NO low thai seiin ely i i| a liare snlisisleiipe eini be oliliiiiieil by haril, ineps- | sunt labor. 'I'hey liiive only In innlei'slmid llie iiiili. i I jeet, and they will see th.U snrh a rale of wnu'es \ oii;;lit not to satisfy an Amerieiin eili/.eii, whether he is Hiic'h liy ailo|,iion or by bii'lli, mid thai Ihe j poliey whieh prolreis ihem I'loiii e.>iii|ii'iiiion wiili this ill-i«iii| labor. IS Ihe polie.y whnh they ought to Niisliiln by ihi-ir voles." And 111 re perinii me to nlluile to ii remm'k wliiili fell, dnriiiL' iImk debate, from the L'i'lilleniiiii friiin Missouri, (Mr. IIimviiv.) I le informed the House I- 1 ri'iH'jil.llii'reliire.'ViiO- .Mr. I'.ven-n, " Hint Hie ui'iieriil • rl•^llll nt llll^ liii'iHiiri' will lie III riiliiree liinre ertei-liliilly, . ill 'ri'Xil". till' exi'clllliill III the tliws imiiinit the Ifireliiii I wliO'e tr(iii,'--tn rrtineuUh i/iirery iii trrmit nfthr nitl W.ri r ' HnliliiHi Sfiiirs, mill In llirrri'M', /■rl/'Oi/iOH.l/f", Ihf uri';hl nf • tlie I'lrr, lU I'liiifiiirpit i'-i//i ttt'tt of Ihe fhitrhnliliuu Slitlvi in ' *lill:,.rr«.* Ill Hlliirl, In exereliie" a i.|r'inuer hilllleliee lliiin I liny iither ini'ii.iiire llinl lull yi'l Is'eii hiii/ii('n|i il in tlivnriir • Ihe Brniliiiil reiitrielinii mill Ihial til^Hlion n/iiwrrii. Hneli < Ih.Iiik the fn*v, liy the iri'lieriil ikIiiimhIiiii urilii. iniiNt ililel- ' liuetit null /.<. 1111111.1 Klip|iMrli'ri4iil'linlli i.iili'ii nt'lhiri l|1ll'^liul|, ' it is reiilly i.|iiiriiliir Hint Hiiy 'me I'liniiiit iiliji'ft in it mi iie. • eniuil III* its -lllipnueil teiiiii'liel' In Pllenil mill tnerenne llie < iiilllinire iir-liivery; anil lel II eiinnnt tie ilnnlileil, that an I erriinenllH view nf the n|ii'rutiiiii or till' iiifaMiire, in llii..i I rPN|H'p|. Ih lint only titini'^llv iinil Keriuii.ly enlirliiini'il hy f niain, Iiiii.iiIVt all llial Iiiih lieeii saiil nrilie ritlliM iiI'Mev- ' ien, i- the jirilleipill eaiHe of tlie ii)>|i(ii'i|lnli niiiile In 11 at < the Niirlli. 'I'lii'tireat iiniiM"' nrcliininliiKaiiit Juliii (Jniii- ' I'y Ailinii., hail laki-ii llie |inlitie iniiiil liy i.tir|iriiie,iiiiiluivi'ii I |Hi|inhiiii> lo Hie vti'ivH iillnili'il In li'liire Hie itneiiion tiiiii ' lieeil tlinriiimlily eiiiiv(i-,.iiil. When the iH.ieiH-inti wliieli • it In innv iniileriininir ?"liall have litiit it^ elll-el. Hie einreiil iiiropiiiinii will. I think, lake ii new ilireetiini ; anil I lie- I lieve Hie eniinent anil truly |iliiliinHir'i|ii(' nn-n whinii 1 ' lilO'i! jll-t nn'iiliiiiM'il IIS n]ipniii'iil^ orilli' lileilsnre, emilil • they uti\s\ ivIHi iiiiniN entirely niihiaH.weil, liink nl il iiiiiIit 'the lien- Iluliis that have fcnlly lieen tlimwii iiiioii it, ' wnnl'l hi' till) tlrst to dive il ilifir hearty anil deliberate '..laneliiiii." I In 111'' Minin voliniie ol'tlie Deniorratio R''Vl('w, pane II, niayberoniiil the r.illowiit::. " Sii liir rrnin perpeniatlinr slavery in Hie I'nlted Htan'K, ' Hie aiini'viiliini ol'Tcxa.*, or ol' Hie Kliiveli'ililirit portion of •it, ciM's 111" only well (.'rninnleil lioiii', ai't'ordiiiK lo all • pn'senl iipp.'aranees, for il.* iillininte evtinetiini I'' Till' friends of annexation at the Honlli will riee. from llie-e tun s[i<.i'iinf'ns nl' Hie reafinini-' of norllnTll Deiiio- er:il.i. the itnuniils on wliirli iinnexalion was h\- Hteiii advo- I'lil.'il. IMr. A. II. K\ereil lliinks even IMr. .AilaniH would have laviired llii. na'a^iire. it Iii. eonld only have seen how ' eerlainly it would abolish >lavery ! i * ir./t'r» III /'Vaiirr.— I'uliiis, eoniiiifin laborers, 7id. per ' 'ho-. Willi liiiard and wilhiint ilwelhiij;; Ibinht-nie, .-,il. per ihiy, lln. lio. ; Niintes, s,I. per day. witlnnit liniird and willi- ont 'Iwellinir; Mr.rseiI!''S,.|il.ln Tit. per d;iy, willi iMinrd and ; wlHiont 'hvi'llinit. The Inoil in some ilislriels " ponslsls In ' ' rye hreiiii. s'lnp made ot'inillel, eakes made of Indian porn, | ' 1,01" roll/ //icji Mime Halt provisions ami vptti'tables ; rarely, i 'it'-ver, Iiiili'li'T's nii'iit." In others, "wbealeii breiiil, ' ' soup iiiaih' Willi vi'e*'labli's,aiid a litth' cn-ase or lard twiee I • a dav, iKitatnes or other vetielaliles ; but scldnni lilltelier's 'liiea't." [ Unrilnu — Til'' daily waees ol" a skilled ni'rii'iiltitrlst are Td. or !i'l. ; wliile unskilled nhlaiii no more than ltd. or Id., and board lliemselves. .Xurieiiltnrists in the soiilliern pro- vinei's live upon salt llsli and polaloes; in ihenortliern pro- ' vim-es porridiie anil rye bread liiriii their liind. B'lriitiit. — " LnlHirersare paid at the rate nl"t?d. per day in the eoiuitry," w itboilt board. ' Bflstiim — ''.\ skilhil arlisan may earn in sniiimer N. Od. Mo Is. .liil. : in winter. I'riiinlllil. tols.'.M.; nnskilhd, balfiis : ' iiineli, wilhonl boiiril : live upon rv bread, iHilatoes, anil 'milk." Aurieliltnral labnrers have less. j Oernuiftii. — I)iiiil?.i|i laborers -IJd. in Td, per day, wilhnnt board; IMeekleiibnrii, 7d. piT day, do ; llolslein. Td. per day, witlinnt boiinl. Xcthnhimls — South riollanil laborers, :iil. to 'Id. per day, with board; N'orlli Holland. 'Jll.l, per ibi>-, wit'ioiit board; -Antwerp, .^'1. pi'r day, do. ; West I-'landers, OO-i. to 10-ls. |M'r year, .Ui linard. ' Until — Trieste laborers, l'3d. per day, willioiit board ; do. || I fiil.pr-r day, Willi board ; Istria. Sd. lo'intl. per day, withnnt (' board; do. 4d.lo .lid. per day, with board ; I.ombaVdy. 4d. to j: 1*11 i»er day, do. ; <;enoa, .'id', to M. per liav. do., and 'without j lodKings; Tiiseaay,Bd. per da; .without either. ] SciTOiii, — "In 1837, a man emplov-ed in his own loom, 1 I ' w-orkiim very dillKPiitly from Moiidf}- morning to Saturday I nijrllt. from ."i o'eloek ill the mornins until dusk, and pvpn 'at tinn's with a lamp, llin wifp assistint! him in flnisbiiift , I *niid lakiiiB him the work, eonld not possibly earn more ; ' than W groselicn [alsiiil 6n pent"] per week. Nor rould { ' 'one who had three eliililren, ajted twelve years and up- ; ' wards, all working at the loom as well as himself, wilii bis . • wifr employed doiiis Up the work, earn in Hie whole more 'IhiuiSil weekly." ! Ililil he WHS opposed In nil the refiirinN whieh nro now rife 111 the eoiinlry, licit even exp.pp'idif ilia li'iiipiTuiier rpfonimtinn. Now, sir, I eiiii mshiiic the ^1 ntleiiinn lliiil in tlwit oppoNilioii be will not be snpporled by ijip nntjvea nf ihe Knierald islr. The wonderful refonnaliiiii whieh Iiiin lliere been pU'eetPil, under llip iiillneiirp of heniwii grf at iipoH- iIp of teinpirnnei , Ims envrred Inland with Jjlory, and lias so raiNiil the morni tone of her inhabitniiiK, llml lliey have liepu Piiabled to meet in the inoHt (rig'iiilie umHsi s, mid yet In the most ppiippiible and orderly inmiiipr, for ihe purpose of ellpeliiiK ii re- peal of their union with (Jrrat Itriiiiin. There wiu a nine when tliii) uoulil lin\o been impu fible. This, loo, in uiiu uflliv greut benefitadrri^ed 'rum ediieation, 'I'lie .StaIn of Coimielienl proi ideN by licr Iiiwn for the pnrily of the ballol-box, but the people of ihiit Stall are not in fnviir of erealin;; a new parly, on III'' narrow, bignled ground of iN'ative Anu'ri- I '-miism. .She prolei'ls llie ballol box by lier li')>i»> ' lalion, mid she prepiires bereili/ens for their polit- ienl ilniiis, by ide edueation whieh she gives every '•hilil wiihin her limiis, native and foreign. Slio has weli'onii d to hi r slioriM eniigranls from every elime, and she lias never, as yet, had reason In re- gill Ihe pre.senie of llie adoiiteil eili'/.eiiH who liiive ihos'ii lo reside williin her iMirdcrs. They are in- dnslrioiis, holiest, mid peiu'eable; and their skill ill agrii'iillnre, iniinnfai'lureN, and the ineehani'' ails, w liile it liiiN brought In their own firi'Hiden prosper- ity mill lin|i|iiiii'ss, liuN opened In nil our eiti/.eni new soui'ies of weiilth, and greally benefilted tli6 Slali . In Ihe distriet whieh 1 represent, tliero in II body of foiei'.i^ii voters, rt'om llie dilferent eoun- Iries III' I'^ii'iipi', respeelablo both in iininborN uiid in eharailer. Whilher their piililieiil opinions aro at all lo be a'Iribiiied In edueallon or not, I xyill not uiiderlakn In siiy; but, that lliey are exeeedingly well inform' d, no one who knows ihem will ilenyj mid, sir, I should like In Imvp lliu gentleman from .Miehigan wilnes.s, as I linvc done, the energy aiiij zeal with whieh they war Rguiiiat his kind of de- iiioerae.y. Hut, sir, if there were no other rcnsoii, this is not II time for assailing our foreign population. It in lliouglil by siniip who ought In lie well informed, and is whispered here, a.s well as elsewheip, ihut we are now on the eve of u war with the nution from whose shores most of our emigrants come. Is this, then, it time for cxeiting the animosily of iidopied piii/.ens against any pnrlinn of our own cninitrymen.' I do not believe, for one, that war ' will result from the dispute now pending between this Ciovernmenl and lliatof Great Britain. While I make no prol'e.-isions of poiifidenee in the present Adininislniliiiii, I give them too inneli credit for pulriolism and diplomatie. skill, lo suppose for a luoment that ihev are so destitute of both a.s to be unable to settle this question hniiorably, and nt the i same time, amicably. I fully behcve'it will be so I settled, and that the greatest object in the way of I such a settlement is the inurdinule ambition of cer- tiiin iiidividiinls, who are now making professions of patriotism, wliicli ihcy hope may ill sonic future time iniiie to their own personal advantage. There is reason In believe, judging from oH'crs of coin- promise which have uliendy been made, that the fault is not with Ihe Adiniiiislralion, but with the nuiuerous would-be candidates for tlie Presidency in IH4tl, who are now vying with each other in empiy threats nnd high-sounding vrojission.1 of pniriolisin. These men, I trust, will be foiled in their uttenipl 'o scatter the prolific seeds of wrulcli- edness and mi.sery throughout lliu world. Uut, sir, suiiposc lliey should be 8iicces8f\il,Hiicl this nation slioiild become involved in war: To what ]ioriion of our countrymen could we look with greater eonfideiipe llinii to the adopted cilizeiis, whose homes are by the aide of our own .' To for- eign arms we were deeply indebted in our revolu- tionary struggle. The nrms of adopted citizens were raised in our defence in the second ronlest with Great Britain, nnd to them we should un- doubtedly be deeply indebted in the event of an- other war. All tliese sectiona!, iinrrow (jucstiona of origin nnd of birth-plncc would then be forgot- ten, ns all party coimidernlions would, I trust', be also forgotten; nnd the native nnd foreign born citizen would unite in defence of their common country oj^ainst the invading anniea of a cuniinun enemy. 72 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Jan. 6, 29th Cong 1st Sess. The Oregon Que$lion — Mr. Giddings. Ho. or Heps. %■■.., OREGON aUESTlON. SPEECH OF MR. GIDDINGS, OF OHIO, In the Hoi'SE or RErnESENTATiTui, Jmxuarx) T), 184(i, Upon the Ecsol.itiou for tci-miim'.ing the joint oc- cupation of Oregon. Mr. GlDDlNGS said it was due m liimneir to Btntc, that wlien tliis subject was lirforc n former Consrress, lie had I'lcn opposed to eiving the notice conteinpl-vtcd by the resolution before the House. I then (. aid he; acted with a view to llie circumstances wiil\ whicli we were a\nioundcri. Bu! ns llie circumstances wliich led nie to oppose the measure at that period Imve inidergonc a prcul clinngc, I am compelled to shai)c my jiresent policy to the situation in which the Govermncni is placed. Wiien tliis subject was before us at a former ses- sion, our G' vernin;'!! had not adopted llie policy of extending" its powers, by the ucquisiuon of new terriioiy. 1 llien preferred that llie I'l iin, wliieb had been formed by our fathers of the Kevohuiop, should remain, and lie per|)etuaied. I saw, or thought I saw, difiicultics and dangers in atlempl- ing to bring other govcnnnenis under our jurisdic- tion. I had seeu in this llnll, since the day on which 1 first entered it, n conllict of interest be- tween ditfcrent portions of the Union, which in my view Ihreatened tli^ fuial overthrow fif our Governnicnl, if confined to its then exisling lim- ils. Even tlien, a spirited coniest had I ecu car- ried on for many years betwe.'n the soulhern and northern portions r"'" Mic I'nion, in reirard to our protective tiirift". -it on lime it had acliinlly ar- rayed in arms one member of. the confederacy against the ]>owcr of the FetlemI Govermnent. That controversy still coininues, and is 'ikcly to increa.se in interest. Another coiuroversy, between the eastern and western portions of the Union, lias long been car- ried on in respect to the disposiiinu of our public lands. That controversy sliil conlinue.-i. liut, sir, a conflict of a more nb.sorbing characti r, hi tween the slavcholding interests of the Smith and tlie ad- vocates of freedom at the North, bad been iii:'reas- ing and extending among all r!us.sca of snciely, both in the free anil in the s'ave Stati-.s. There Wi.s, then, a large iialaoce of pnlitic':il pdwcr in I'avor of the free Slates; while a liberal and perliaps Cdm- mendable policy, on the part of the .Xurlh, h.id given to the slavcholding terrilory an equiil num- ber of .Stales, and of <:ourse an (Miual i-eiirrsenta- lion in the .'•ienale with tli.,1 of the free .Suites, i thin liclieved, niitwithsti.nding all these seclimial conflicts, that our Union might be pre.si rved, if the Government were confined tn its then exisiing lim- its; but I WIS most solennily impressed vviili ihe opinion, llni. if our terrilcy were extended, and the interests of diflVrinl sections thereby rendered mo e conflicting, the permanency of the Union would be endani'ered. These views v ere based u|)on the irrevocable laws of nature. The soil, and climate, and products of Texas are iolally dillrrent from the soil, and climate, .md products of New Engl md; but they arc not ninre (lift'ereiu ihan are the Tal iniensts of the neople in those scriions oi" the eountni'. It will be a.s impossible for Congress by any laws of our enactment, lo recon- cile the interests of Texas and MassachuMtis, ns it would for us lo tompel the cotton and sugar of Texas to grow on New England soil, or the man- ufactures of .Vew England to flourish in Texas. So, too, with O.egon. Tlie principal commerce of that territory must be with the Sjndwich Isbsand with China; ours with F>iro|.e, No law of ours can reverse or rec'-ncile these inlerest. , founded upon ''le diflVrent positio , o. he Atlantic and Pa- cific coasts Wemayexiend out InwsoverOregon. We mayadiiiii he- as a new Kiale to our t'Mioii,ns we have already admitted Texas; bm time will dcminslrnle to the people of Texas, and of Ore- gon, that I'levgaiii nothing by theessocialion;ard our [icople of the East and ihc Nonh will find, by fiture experience, I'lat n iiiiion with llre,..n t,.'i Texas will reipiire of them the sacrifiee of a [Kir- lion of their own inlen'sls, without in aiiv degree adding to the happiness of the human nuuily. When these things shall be fully seen ami fill by all portioiLt of llie Union, a Hepa'ralion will be in- ; evitabic, and such new confederations will then be fonued as shall be thought mora conducive to the general good. With these views, I preferred Ihe indepemlence of both Texas and Oregon, rather llicii sec them united' with us. 1 was fully aware lliRt ihe tide of emigration, which was selling from I our wcalern Slates to Oregon, would people that territory with those who understand the value of our free inslitulions, and who are devoted lo the cause of civil liberty. Their wisdom and patriot- 1 ism would soon erect n Government there, mod- died nfier our own, while it would be free •" ill the errors to which ours is subjected. U.ider these circiimslances and with Ihese impresrions, I felt that the great interests of all would be ftir heller subserved by their becoming independent Govern- nienis, than they would by llieir being members of our eonfuderacy. Indeed, I fell that the policy of lucei iiig them as members of our Union, would eventually prove fatal to our confederation. Of th.1t result, I eiiterlaiiied no doubt. Nordo I now entertain any doubt whatever on that point. I therefore voted aiiainst terminating our joint oc- cii|iaiion of Oregon, anil agiiinsl all political asso- cialion wiih 'I'exas. Yet, sir, the policy of ter- ritorial aggnindizemcnl has hicn aihplcil. It has been done without my consent, and against my will. For the resultinir conscf|uciices, I am not re- ; sponsible; nor is the parly willi Avliom I Imve had the lion^ir to aei. iliii, sir, since this subject of Oregon was Ivloic us during tt former Coii'.;ress, the policy of the nation has been changed. Indeed, llie Goverrment itself b.as been cliaii!.'ed in its es- sential eieinems; its fundamental principles have I'cen ovcrliirown. The Union, formed by our ven- erated preilecessnrs, has been dissolved, and a new sluveholilinrr conrederacy with a foreign Govern- iiiiiit has been fornud. It is true that ihe action of this body and of the L'.xecuiixe in rr^rard to the annexation of I'exas, I has imposed no mor;d or political obligation upon llic people of Ohio, or of any free Stale, lo enter liito this new slaviholdini: conledeniey. Hut, from jircsent iudic;i lions, they will all submit, and become parlies to the new Union. This cannol be fully ihtermined until aller the S- iiaiors :..id liepre.seii- l.uives of Texas slnill tapic llieir seals in Con- L'le.ss. Then, if Ohio shall ihereaftcr elect mem- bers of CoiiL'ress lo come here, and aci wilh those ol' Ti";as in passiiur laws to govern our people, we sli:ill iliereby become parties to the new lompaei. Dut, sir, our .Stale will become a pn'ty under the ex|iecialioii that llie polirv of adiiln;: new Si;iii's shall be coniiniied, iiniil the balaiue of power sliall be restored lo the noriliern sieijon of ihe Union. It is the annexaiion of Texas that has lenileied the ic/i(i/f of t'>regon neeessnry lo restore thai balance nf power. Hy the annexation of Texas the slave Stales now have a majority in the Senate. Tliev will continue to retain that majoriiv, unless we adil terrilory lo our northweslern border. Ily the an- r.exation of Texas the protection of the fi-ee labor of the North has been surrendered to the control of ihi .ilive power; our consiiiulioiial ri^^his and the honor of our free Slates are delivered over lo ihi' keeping of slaveholders. Iiubed, our people ol the free States have been polilically bound hand and loot and snrreiiderecl to the rule and govern- nieulol a s!aMlirrgon. But, having oliiained Texas, a portion of the puny now [iropose to give upa part of Ore- gon. Their |i!an is, to odd fintory to llie South, luid surrender up terrilory on ihe North: toinerease their power, to decrease ours; to enlarge the area of slavery, to diminish the area of freedom. Bui while, liy their arM, ihey are .«ayiiig these things, they ajipear to hive suddenly con.'pived a sort of hoi'- iiorrorol'sectional views, and of ■.isiional feel- in.{S. East year lliey openly nvowiil their anxiety for Texas, In ordcrtoiiierease theirpoliiiral power. T hey have obtained Texas, and with it an i lerease of politic/, power, niiil they have now siildenlv become impressed with the impropriety of seciioii- al feeling, liul if invlliing be well calciilated lo i x- cit>! sectional f it is sectional in|Usiiee. | Wehaveh.' .i.iant denionstraliotis of h< mh- ■. em feelln-s ill I'garri to ■lorlhern inleresu. 'Ve know it IS \ani liir us to talkof ni.iinlaininu ihe in- terests of Ihe nvtinitaclurers of I'ennsylvai i. New \urk,aiid New K.nghii.d, while Ihc poliiical power of tlic nation is swayed by those who have always been inexorably opposed to them. No man of re- flection can for a moment believe that southern statesmen, who have from lime immenioiial striven lo destroy ull proleclion of northern labor, will now turn around, when they have the power in their hand.s, and, for the first time, lend tlieir aid tn sus- l;-iM norlhern industry. No, Mr. Speaker, it be- comes ud to act like men; lo look our dilRrullics in the face, and to pursue the best mode of retrieving the advantages which have been thrown away. That cnn only be done by restoring the balance of power, by adding new Stales at ihc west and norlli- wcsl. lo admit new Suites on llir.t border, we must have the territory out of which such States may be formed. But southern genllemen, whose voices at the last session were heard, loud and long, in favorof Texas and the jcAo/c r/Oicgon, now se'j " a lion in ihe way." They were then cliivalrouti; now they are all foi peace. Then they v. axed 'i-.lianl when war willi Mexico and England v»as alluded to; now ihey " -oar you gently as su'king doves." But a year ago their motto was, .\bic or nirer; at this lime, " II miK/tWj/ innc/ici/i;" is their maxim. Last year they spoke in strains of fervid eloquence of the glory of extending llie .\nierican sway over new territory, and of adding new Stales lo our bril- liant constellation; now llicv call upon their north- ern friends to slop this mad cjirecr of extending the power of our Government, and to leave the political control of the nation in their hands for ufcw years, until Great nrilain shall cpiietlygive u() her claim.'j to that territory. The northern portion of the Dcmocraiic party say, that they stand pledged to maintain our rii:hts to the ir/io/eof t)regon by their Baltimore resolutions; and they demand of iheir southern allies to aid in carrying out their solemn pledge. Here, then, is the i.v.sue between the ' southern and northern portions of the Democratic parly. The ,\orlh desire to act in goci/ ,/iii(A, and the South insist upon n violation of their pledge; and the Whigs are called upon to decide which sir.ll be done ! I have no liesiialion whatever in answering for myself. I shall vole to give the notice, and to terminate the joint occupancy of that territory. It is said, that the giving of notice will produce a war. Bui war, in my o|iim'on, will , not necessarily follow the notice; still, it is said ' that the subsequent taking possession of the whole of Oreijoii will be followed by a war. I am in- clined to that opinion, (hi this poiiil, I diflcr from my venerable friend from ■Mas.sachuselts, (.Mr. .\UA>|9.] I do so, however, with the greatest ilifli- denc; for, in nine cases out of ten, t have found myself in error when I have diU'crcn from him. ^*et, being impressed with this o)iiniiin , I am bound lo loiik to that as a possible, or iiiihei as a jiroba- lile result, from taking posses.sion of the tchole of Oregon. Under these circumstances, I must choose be- tween a war wilh Kiiirhind on the one hand, and a supine inglorious submission lo the siaviholding power on ihi' other. I have seen enough of war to form an idea of the sufl'ering it brings upon « nation. I have wilnes.sed its devaslaling ellecls upon public morals, and the consequent misery which it intlicis upon those who are doomed to feel its curse. Vet, sir, w nil all iis hi.rrors, revolting us they are to llie feeliiiL'S of humaiiily, I preler meeting il tor a few years rather than see ihc peo- ple of the free Slates sit down in qiiiel indiffcrcnc* under the control of the slaveholding power. I am aware that some who have reflected bi;t little upon the subject will disagree with me on thu point: but when I reflect upon the manner in which ibis tiovernmciit his been used as the instrument to uphold the insliiiilion of slavery for the last half cenlury. and to sustain the slave irade in this dis- iriei and on the soulhern coasi; Ihe manner in which our army has been employed in iniirdcrinj fugitive slaves; and v. hen I relied that the peo|ile of the free .Slates are thus involved in crimes of the di'epest sruill.and of the ijreatesl magnioide; when I reileit ihal the whole people of the nation are, lo some extnil, involved in llie sacrifice of thirty thousand human lives aninially to the Moloch of slavery; when I look bark but a few days to the vole of norlhern nun in this Mall to unile in polit- ical brotherhood w ilh a Slate whose eorsillution provides for eternal slavery; and when I reflect that this heaven-provoking iniquity has rcarcely calleu forth a nolc of disajiprobalion from the pub- mmm [Jan. 6, 1846.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 73 Ho. or Keps. ^9x11 Cong 1st Sess. The Oregon Question — Mr. Giddings. Ho. OF Reps. those who have always 3 ihciii. No mail of re- . believe that aoulhcrn inie immemorial strirrn lorlhi'in labor, will now iwc the power in their le, lend tlieir aid to nua- S'o, Mr. Speaker, it be- D look our dillirultic8 in best mode of retrieving •e been thrown nwny. restoring the balance of » al the west and norlli- ea on llr.t border, we : of which such Slates lern grntlemon, whose ■e heard, loud and long, hole rf Ihrgon, now se'j y were then cliivaiioufij hen ihcy v. axed >:;linni I England was alluded Illy as su^'king doves." wiiK, Abie or ntrer; at iyilij" is their ninxini. liiis of fervid eloquence e American sway over newyialestoour bril- • call upon their north- career of extending the lid to leave the political hands for a few yenis, nlygive up her claims rthein portion of the Ihey stand pledged to W)/f of Oregon by their lliey demiind of their yiiig out their solemn le issue between the MIS of the Democratic ' act inj^oail fiiilli, and ilion of iheir (dedgc; ipon to decide which icsiinlion whatever in hall vole to give the L' joint occupancy of U Ihe giving of notice r,in my opinion, will |olice; still, it is said •ssion of the whole :i war. I am in- oinl, I di/Tcr from 'snchusells, [\Ir. I Ihe greatest (lifli- I, I have found fl'ciea from bim. inion,! am bonii(l iiilier as n iiroba- ni of the lehoU of lUl if t tlie Moloch lif few days to llio to uiiile in polii- ose corsiiiiiiion when I icllect ity has rcarcely n iVoiii the pub- lic prciisj — when these things rush upon the recol- 1 leetion, I am compelled to eay that I prefer war to I! seeing the people of the free States submit, in sii- ![ pine apathy, to the government of those accus- ' turned to torture their fellow men into subjection, and who deal in human flesh. I have sons whom , I tenderly love; and I declare that I would rather '', see them fall in battle, contending for freedom, than '] tasee our people of the North ingloriously surren- der up the blood-bought privileges, won by the valor i of our fathers to the keeping of men who deny the " self-evident truths" on which our hopes of free- , dom are founded; dooming those who shall bear ; iny name, in coming time, to the degradation of [ living anil dying the subjects of a slaveholding j tyranny. I' I am aware that a war with England must be 1; attended with great destruction to the commercial : wealth of the North. Their ships will be captured, their porta blockaded, and their commerce for the { time being destroyed. I fully oppreciate the feel-; ings and moliv 's i"" the gentleman from Massa-'. chuselis, [Mr. Wistiirop,] who the other day i made so able and so eloquent a speech in favor of ; peace. He represents the great commercial empo- ' rium of New England, and must of course feel deeply an.tious on the subject. But it is well known that that gentleman was the first distin- guished statcsmun of New England who publicly avowed his submission to the new slaveholding confederation witli Texas. His Stale, like Ohio, Vermont, llhodc Island, and Connecticut, had de- ' dared, in substance, thai neither this body nor the ■ Federal Government could impose any ol)ligation i upon the people of her Slaie, to enter into this new- union wil'i Texas. The ])roposition is so obvi- ously coirect, that I think few statesmen will deny it. No, sir, if Ohio shall unite in the proposed , confederacy, it will be from the choice of her peo- ple, and not in consequence of any obligation which the action of Congress bus laid them under to unite with slaveholding Texas. If our gallant Slate shall become a parly to the new compact, it will not be done because we believe that the exir- cise of usurped powers by this Govermnent, can tran-ifcr us from the Union formed by our fathers to a new confederaiion formed with a t'oreign peo- ple upon the principles of eternal slavery. The people of the free Slates are not yet llie subjeels of sale and transfer, like oxen in the slinmliles, or slaves in a southern market. I have at all times desired that the people of Ohio should not enter into the new union. Before Heaven, 1 think it would be I'ar better for them not to do so; and if my colleagues agreed in opinion with me, no rep- resentative of Ohio would retain a sent in this Hnll beside those of Texas, until the voice of our people ' should be distinctly known. But the gentleman .fioin .\Iassachu.selts yielded Ins assent, in advance, of the people of his Stale. He must have been aware of the position in which they would lie placed, by becoming a party to this new conipact. He was aware that the dominant party had pledged themselves to maintain our claim to ihe ivhole of Oregon . If dangers of a war now arise, from carrying out that policy, it will lie no more than he bad reasiin to ixpcci. Indeed, I can- not believe that he would now be willing to leave the nation subject to the policy of the slave Slaies. li is very quesijonal'le whcilicr the commercial in- terest of his Stale would sutler more by a war tluin the niannfaciuring interest would, by being sub- jected to soulliern rule, I bave very serious douiii^ whether a state of war would prove more destructive to New England commerce, tlinn south- ern control would prove to New England mauu- facturea. So far as ihe mere pecuniary interests of the free .Sio Irs a re concerned, I think it quiie ininia- torial whether we have war or peace. If Massii- ehuselts shall voliinlarily untie in the new confed- eracy, knowing the iiobcy ihnt crntrols il, she ' ought cheerfully to submit 'm the consequences. The leading merchaiiis of Bosion, distinguished for '.heir suiiesmanship, are .said to have been among the first eilizens of Massnchusella who de- clared "lliat Ihe time for opposing the political connexion wilh Texas had gone by." Being the ."'■St U, submit to this gross iisiirpalion of power, they oii'lit to be the last to ccnnplniu of conse- quences wliiili iniisi have liceii I'harly foreseen. Iiiile. d, il would be wioiiii, for llieiii now to oppose thill lucesure, in order to .juvc their intereut, and, by its defeat, to surrender up the whole manufac- ]' turing interest of the nation to that destructive poll- '. cy recently ovowed by the Executive. How will the Representatives of Pennsylvania net on this subject? A distinguished citizen of that Slate said i| to ine yesterday, that the repeal of the tarifl" would ;' be worse for the jiecuniary interests of that Com- ; monwealih than a war with England. Of the cor- 1| redness of the proposition I entertain no doubt I' whatever; nor have I any doubt that it would apply ! i to the whole of New England with as much force 11 as it would to Pennsylvania. I verily believe that ' the laborers of the free Slates would sutler less, in a pecuniary point of view, by a war with England, than they will by a quiet surrender of their inter- ests to the control of the slave power of the Soulli. I mention the laborers of the free States, including ' ihe agricultural interests of the West, as well as the manufacturing interests of New England and Pennsylvania. Indeed, a war wilh England would create a market for our provisions, and increase the price of our products generally. I am aware that 1 shall be charged with enter- taining secUonnl views and sectional feelings. The charge is true. When, at the Inst .session of Confess, 1 read the Executive correspondence speaking 'f nouthcm institutions, soiithcrn inie.-- eslSjSoii'. tij' ])olicy, and the extension of souf/ifiu influence, cjid when 1 heard those sentiments reit- erated in this Hall by almost every southern speaker, proclaimed by every southern political convention, and heralded forth in every southern newspaper, I began to think it was time for us to speak of «o;'//ient interesls, norlhern rights, and noithern honor. When I rellect that the Executive has been deeply engaged in efforts for the last year and a ■ half to extend and perpcinate slavery, and I'lat Congress has lent its elVorls to the same purpnse, 1 really think it time for Ihe lovers of liberty to b<- gin to speak in favor of freedom, of those ."clf- evideni truths on which our fathers based their po- litical laith. The slave power has compelled us to ihink and speak of our rights, and of the rights of man; and if we lamely surrender llien\ to the keeping of those who deny their existence, wc may bid a final adieu, not only to our prosperity, but to our honor and to our political privileges. If war should result iVom carryiiur out this mea- sure, as il inav, tlie jiectple of llie North possess wiihiii themselves the means of di'fcncc. There, sir, all are freemen, and all have an interest in sustaining our insiiiutions and our laws. We have tlie industry, the enersv, the patriotism, which may well defy the world in arms. But, .sir, our greatest ditlicully will not consist in defending ourselves, or in taking Canada. No, sir; our principal burden will be the protection of the S iiih — the weak, helpless, dcpendenl, slavehold- ing South. Should n war with England lake place, Ma.ssachuselts and Ohio, and, indeed, each of the iVee Slaies, will be compelled to contribute double the amount of money and of blood to protect llie miseral)ie slavcliolders of Texas, ih'il they will in defending themselves. I'bc luillions — n ly, Ihe lens of millions — which we shall Ije <'oni idled to expend, and the iboiisands of lives which must be sacriliced in defcirUng ihi' beaven-|irovok!ng in- stitution of slavery, and those who sustain it in Texas, will cinisiitule a most striking ilhislr.ition of the argument urged upon us at the last ses^ion of Congress, '* that it was necessary to annex Texas ill Older to ;iro(cr( our southwesiern frontier." The protection of Texas will require fifty thousand troops, and ancxpendiiuie often miilioiis of dollars annually. But, sir, we shall not only be compelled to pro- tect Texas, but we shall be under the necessity of furnishing troops iVom the North to defend every slave Stale lyiuL' upon the .•Vtlanlic coast. Each of those .Stales conlniiis a Inrire populaliim, who are not only the most hitler and unrdenling foes to those who scoiirue, and torture, and op|)rcss them; but thev are equally hostile to the (ioverii- lUfMit that lends its aid ,uul power to deuradc and to hold thrill in bondage. In case of war, they will be more dangerous than four times their num- ber of foreign enemies. We are all awnre that in I7.''!l Soulli Carolina scut a special ilelegaiiiui to Ihe Coulinenlal Congress, inliu'iniiit,' that boily lliat it required all her troups to proleci the people against their slaves, mid that that chivulruus State must depend upon her norlhern sisters to defend her against the common enemy. These scenes will again be acted if we should engage in another war. In such case, all the slave States collectively would be unable to do more than protect themselves against their internal foes, and northern troons must be relied upon to defend the coast from the Delaware Capes to the Rio del Norte, the Mexi- can frontier, and the whole western botjndary. The expense would be enormous; but, in niy opinion, not more destructive to the pecuniary in- terests of the free Slates than the IVee-trade policy of the present Administration. I am fully aware that the soulliern portion of the Union must sufler most in case of war. I have noticed the alarm manifested in souihern papers at the distant (pros- pect of war wilh England. Tliey now onticipate destruction to the colton-growing interest. Slave labor, thev say, will be depreciated, and slave projicrty will become v.aludess. That is doubtless correci. Put this policy of extending our terri- tory is theirs, not mine. It originated with souih- ern' statesmen, and was forced upon the nation for the express purpose of perpetuating slavery. If God, in his providence, slmll overrule their wicked designs to the subversion of that curse, I shall greatly rejoice. Last year our southern friends expressed ereat anxiety for "Texas and the ic/w/o ofOreiron." Havimr obtained Texas, and with it Ihe balance of political power, ihey now demand an abandonment of their policy, and that the Gov- ernment of the nation be left in their hands, ond Oregon remain as it is. They now see diflicultiea before them: daiiL'ers present themselves to the further pursuit of their plan of territorial aggran- dizement. Thev have .suddenly called to mind the declaration of Ilriiish slaleshien, that " n irn' ici//i Ihr I'nilal Slalei, trill be o tear cfemnnripntinn." Thev see in prospect the black regiineiits of the British West India islands landing among them, and ibeir slaves flockini to the inemy's standard. >'ervile insurrections lorinent their hnagiimiions; rapine, blood, and nnirder dance before their aflVi;;hled visions. They an- now seen in every put of the Hall, eallini.' on "\Vhii;s and Democrais to .save them from the dreadful coiisequ'Uices of Iheir own policy. AVell, sir, I reply to them, This is i;oiir policy, not (Uirs: Yoti have forced us into it against our will and our utmosiopposiiion: you have prepared the poisoned chalice, and we will press it to your lips until you swallow the very dreirs, r would not be understood as desiring a servilo insurrection; but 1 say to southern gentlemen, that there are hundreds of thousands of honest and patriotic men who •' uill /niigft al your calamilii, mill iled to the vvorhl. Our people of the North would be constrained to look upon the evil as it j' really is. The slave power would lose its charm — onr citizens of the Nnrlh \V(udd lie aroused from the lethariTV which, for half a century, has helil their hcnsibifilies in a lorpid inactivity toward the op- , ]ire»sed of our land. We should then lind means to sever'tlu' cords which have so Ion:;, luu'oiisli- | lutionally, hound us to the putrescent carcass af: Hliwiry. Great Iniiain would noi be likely a'^ain 111 pay siiulherji slaveholders lirelvr Innxilrcd lliou- s.iiirf ilolliirs (m human caltle, who shall have stray- ed friun iheir owners, as was done at the close of the last war. Ihit etiother consenuence wonlil, in all hiunan probahiliiy. result from a war with Ktiu;hitid. Wc Nhotild ol'- lin the Canadas, Xova Scotia, iuni New Hrunswick, adilin:;, at least, six new Stales lo llie northern porliini of the I'nion, each pos.sesaing double the population of 'I'exas. Tlie.se Stales would restore to the Norili that balance of power which was surreiidcrctl up by the mnn«\aliou of Texas. It would be in slricl accordance with the policy a\owed by the partv in power, and which was in part carried into practice by the aiiiiexalion of Texas. 1 iherefnre s:iy lo the nienibeis of thai parly, Cirn; on/ your ;m/iri( .' l!y ailoptinsr it, yon have bn>n;rht us under the po>ver of the .slave- lio'diis:; Stales; coiuimie yiuir polii v, and vou will relieve us frinn our prisent position, and reslore to us the rishls you have taken from us. I will viile lo remhr you every facility fir earryinj for- ward your plans; il lieiinr iindersiooii at all lijnes, tint 1 regard llie measure as ultimately lalal to the I^nion; bin not as iumicdialely sn as it would be to leave the t ioAcrntnent where il now is. The reeponsibihiv must rest upon those who have Bvowed and adopied the syslein. To tlieni bclon;; the lionora .mid the responsibilities of ihe policy; we cJaim no portion of one, nor will we share in tlie other. Out, Mr. Speaksr, I ain unwilling lo resume my seat until J express inv perfect conviction that llii.s policy cannot be carried tail by the jiarly in po'Aer. The northern Oeiuocrais will soon be de-serted by ihrir southern shivehcildinir allies. They hove In en biMr.tved by the slave jiower. Texas is ad.uitieii, and the souihern win:; of the Democruiii' parly will now desert their norihern friends, and have Ori'L'oii vhen' il is. They tint like the militia capiain who, when coiinr inlo batth', inroniied Ins men iImi. "as he was lame, he would eommeiKe his rtreat then; but his sol- dierx bein^ i{iiiek upon the foo;, he ilioii:;hi ihey could overtake him if lliey wailed uiilil afl.'r the balile." If this resolution shoulil be adopted, the Kxecuiiv? would lind means lo i scape from the dilemma into whic h ihia souihern policy has pre- eip!t;iied him. Il is nuisl obvious lo mv judirment llml he ciumot bedtiven iiiio n war with Kn:;laiid. .\s I have already slated, a war with that n.iihiii must prove the l"ial overthrow of slavery. Km ry rcfleriins; siatesiimn must see this as clearly as any event can be lop lnh! by linniaii perccpiion. I do not think the s!a\tlioldiiiLr portion of the Demo- cratic panv were awin', thai llie carrvin:r out of their Unltnnore resolulions would aacrilice ihal in- blilutioii. Tin V' rather belie\ed that, by obtHiiiin:; Texas, the price of hunmn flesh would be en- hanced, luid slavery sup|inrled. The ctmscpiences of Bei/.in:; upon ** Mr whole of Orr^oti" were not ronsiriered. .Mr. Polk, in his iiiauioirnl address, and in hiil unnual locssinre, e\idc uily overlookid the inMnatiious elfePt which his twice d.'clareil pol- icy wouhl prndu'i upon llieslave inti resl,io ubieh he is inditSolnbly wedded. He, mikI his cabinet, and Ills parly, hue made u f mil bliindi r. They will soon discover llnar .rror, and v.ill re-'i de from their position. With the same deOTcc of confidence thai 1 liave in my own existence, 1 declare that Ihry in'//, h(^l'nr' the iiii/ioii and Ihe iroi/i/, hack uut frnm Iheir anired polieij, and irill surrender iij) all Ihal par- lion nfOrr);nn nmihofihe Wlh parallel of lalilmie, or let the subject remain as il innv is. I wish lo place this prediction on record for future relV-renee. Nor would 1 confine my remarks to the Democraiie party. Those southern slaveholdin;; Whiira who volell forTexas, will now, if necessary, turn round and vole lo f;ive n]> a part of Orcf^on. Il is a qiies- lioii bi'lweeii ihe slave States and the free Stales; and the vote w hen taken will, with few exceptions, exhibit that ebar.icier. The u'real master-spirit of souihern |)oliey has lefi his relirement, and taken his position in the other end of the Capitol, for the avowed purpose of now dcfealin:; the idenlical pol- icy, the proinolion of which occupied his whole alteniion only twelve luonlhs since. I le is an adept in this political versatility. He will, however, car- ry the I'resident and ihe souihern statesmen frene- rally with him: and will defeat llie measure to which he and his parly slaiul solemnly pled»^ed. Yes, sir; should this resolution pa.-s boih Ilon.ses of ("on:;ress, ihe President will find means lo cive up a |)arl of Oregon, or even ihewhcdi' of il, rnllier ih.'iii subjeci Ihe inslilnlion of slavery to the sure dcstrnction which a war with l'ni:rland would brine; upon il. I asain repeat, what I have endeavored lo impress imon ^enllemen, that this policy; is iiol mine: I wash inv bands of ii. I feel a deep and an nbidiie.: com ictioii, that, if carried out, it \v\\\ inevitably overllirow our (fovernment, and dis- solve Ihe I'liion; but that these conseqiiein'es will be relariled by a coiiiinnance of llie policy, niiher than iiy lc;ivin:; ihe Government siilijecl to the slave power, as il now is. Hy carryin:: out the policy. It will )ilace the northern and soutlierii poriinns of llie I'liiuii U|iim lenns approximalin:; lo er|nalily. And U'lieii, iVom its broad exleiit, this Uepublic, like the Umnan Kmpirc, shall fall asiiniler of its own wei:;lii, the tree Stales will redeem and imrify ihemsehrK from the foul disijrace of siipporline; an insiitulion haled of men and ciu'Hcd of God. OIUCGON aUKSTIO.V. UK.MAKKS OF IIOX. J. J. McDOWELL, OF OHIO, l.\ TIIK. llorsK OF Rr.rRESENT.VTlVES, .*/eii(/n;/, January 5, 184h'. The ipiesiioii in iic' on a reference ii»ilie Cominii- tee of ihe AV'hoie the resoiuiion repmied by Mr. ('. .1. IvcEiihui.!,, from ihe Committee on Forei-rn Relations, reiptt sliii:; the President of the Uniled Slates to l'ivc notice lo Great Britain of ihe terininiitioii of the joint occiqiancy of the Oii'.'on Territory — Mr. MeDOWF.LI, siiid : Mr. Si'i;\Kr.ii: It is with exlreme embavrass- nieiit thai I ri^ie to iiilrlress ihis ,listin:.'nished and iiilelli::fail bodv at any liic.e, and more especially so now from ifie fact of ihe i:ri-at imnortance of llie subjeci under I'onsidcraiion, and llie practical risiilisihal must llow fniiii tlii' decision luaile upon it by this Coiiu'i'ess on the weal or wo of Ihis ^'real Uepublic. Ills scarcely necissary for im' lo an- noiiiiee ils imporlance; the fact is attested by tlr: deep interest nianili-sicd by every member on Ihis floor, and b\* ihe iiiiiliitude of our fellow-ciiizet.s ih;it look upon us from the :|-alleries of this splen- did Hall. -Nor is the deep inieri St taken in this :rreal subject conliiied lo us. or lo ihose who are aiixiotisly wMichin^ our course here; the whole public mind of ihis inie:lily nation is deeply ULMia- ted from its cenlre lo iis circuinferenee. and Iweiily millions of .\nierican citizens are this day looking' with iniense anxieiy lo the a' lion that Ihis H "ise may laki' upon this ([iiesuo.i lo s<-cnre the rights and honor of the union. .Sir, as one of ihe lium- ble represeiualives rif thai portion of ihis l.^nion, denominaled llie :.'reai valley of llii' Mississippi, that ties tieiw ecu the .\llc:'-haiiN' iinii Rocky nioiin- laiiis, and between lln u'real .Attatnic and Paeif.c slop, s, 1 f, 1 1 the respcoisibiliiy of my posiuon. and will, ifiife iscMMtinned tome.w heiillie vole islakeii on the niea.-urcs now before llii' House, and desitn- ed for the: full oceupation of Ihi ,^011, cast iny Mite fbr the whole of them, let the eonseqnciice he waror not. Sir, dnriiiK the last aersion of Coii^rcsa, and pendiin;thcdiacuHainn of the joint reaulutionsof the iIoHse for the annexation of Texas, it hud been truly icnmrked, ihot the Baltimore Convention, that nominated Mr. Polk, had innde the (iiiestioii of annexation an issue to be snbinilted lo the people of the Uniled Slates in the Preaideiilial election of 1844, and that the (leople had, in the election of Air. Polk, responded iriumplinntly lo that issue, and demanded of Coiu;resa to execute their decree. To the truth of this position I f^ave my hearty as. sent, and, with a lar';e majority of the Western and Northern members here ihen, slood shoulder 10 shoulder with onr Southern friends, breasu'd the slorin of opposilion that niel us at euTy step, iliinc; luanfully 10 the one-starred banner, passi d the joint resiihiliona,and thus carried Iriumplianlly the banner into the Vlnion, there lo niiin;le 11s niys with the consiellalions that played^ilhin her orbil. Sir, bill a few days ai;o this (.'oniiress had glo- riously consunnnated what the last had liei;un; annexation is now complete; and the new planet is fully launched inlo our system, and it will shortly be'.,'in lo revolve in the orbit we have as- sin;neil lo il. Sir, il is an net of which the last and present Conirress should be justly proud. It wau i;reat in its conception, :;reat in iis consummation, mid will be {rrealer in its eonsequences upon the w hole interests of this country. It is, perhaps, one of ihe mosi iiiiporlaiit moves that this Govern- nienl has ever made upon ihe polilical chess-board of nalions: it has completely clieckiualed I'aigland, whose diplomacy had been inosi skilfully exer- cised upon Mexico and a few in Texas, to miable thai Government lo make subsidiary to her inter- esls the produciive (Hiwers of ihe soil of Texas, in furnishinu'- her with the irreal staple, cotton, 10 the successful ".^rowlh of which ils climate and iiii soil were so eoiiL'cnial. The eour.se pursued by us on this ipiestion has t;iven the di alh-blow 10 the hopes of (ileal Hrilain, that promised her n supply of ccuiou from Texas under muliial trade reu'iilalioiis. thai would have released her from her :rallins dependence upon the I 'tiiieil .Slates. Sir, ■ the coiisunimaiion of ihal creai measure had put into our possession the best eoiion country 011 earth, aniK'ave us a power over Ilriiish spnidles and llriiisli ludusiry thai is more poient in re- straining' her rapacity than would be lil\y war ves- sels on our coasts, or an army slaiioned at our forlilicalions of one hundred ihou.sand men. Ihit yreat as lliis qucsiiou was, and the happy resulis ihal promised to Ibiw from 11 lo the inter- ■ ests of this nalioii, if adopied and carried 0111, yi't il was mil the only measure or issue made and siibmilled by ihal ever-memomble Conveniion for the decision iif the .Vmerican people. Ng, sir; it was one only of a series of issues subnnilid and decidcil at that eleciioii. The srri'al qiieslion new under discussion was made, subniiia .1, and deci- ded; and is scarcely second in importame to ll4;it of which I have been s|ieakiiii,'. Another of the series, too, w;is the modilicalioii of the liuilf, and, iliou:.'li lasl. iiol Icasl, in the |irinciplcs involved ami their uliiiuale eii'ccl upon liie liberlies and in- liTesls of this nation. Sir, lliose issues liaMiij; all been decided by the pi-ople, aa we desired them 10 be, they must ell be i-onsuinnia'ed by our acinm, or the plory of the victory of '44, uiid ilie splendor of the achievement of aiiiicxation, will sink under a clo.id of public indiL'iialion, that will burst in fearful irrandenr upon our deiolcd heails. Sir, I am ::lad lo si e around me so many of that iioblo band wilh wlnnn I was proud to aci at the last sis- Ki,,ii — the Texas liiriurihlti. Will ihere be one of that band who will liiher 111 his elVorl lo consnniinale the public decree on ihis Mulijeclr Is there onn who IS lo be :darnied, ami prevenied from respontl- iii:; lo the call of public omnion on this ^'real Ore- gon ipieslion, by the croakniu's of our eiiemii'S, or ihe prophteies (if Abolilionists? Will the opinions so unforiiuialelv and mconsidcralcly expressed by my collenL'iie | .Mr. Giihii.nuh] thia inormni.', as to the resulis of war iquri the .South, (which in one, breath he alfirnnd and ill the next denied,) deier any Uetnocral who represents the South here tVoni aidniir us of the \Vi si and North in cariyin- out Ibis importani measure.' .Shall his wish, and the wish of wnnewho may iici wilh him — that war may STOW out of ibe course pnipoacd by the meas- uie.5 now under discussion, and thut its dc.solatioim [Jan. 5, 18.16.1 29th Cong 1st Se s. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 75 The, Oregon Question-^Mr. McDowell. Ho. OF Rkps. may fall u\ton the South, to fiuililnle a result that he and Imh frioiids ilcHii-e — he seizi'd upon hh the inovino; ohjirt in uryini; now the Bettlemcnt ot'thiH fjuestion by im friiunls? Unci forliid. Sir, 1 wish to say 1" "iiv llml may lie operated upon hy aiirh ren.soniiijri 'I'"' 'hey mislake the friends of this meaunre, anil the niiitivcs that actimtu iheni. Sir, If war HJiall rcMull from our eoursc, I Nhall re^rel ^ il as nnii li an any une; l)ul I cannot shrink from ! my duty in proseeutin^j nii'a.snreH designed to se- I'liVe tli:' inicMTsi and honor of my country, if war should conic. And pirnnt me to Hay to Southern jientli men iicrc, ilial if tlial war, predicted hy my cnllcngue, I Mr. CJiniiiNtiS,) shall come, nnil llie lirilisli llai' shall lie. unfurled on the sunny field.s of the ^iouthi and guariled hy the lilack reginu'iUs of ^ which he siiealcs, that are io he imported there from the West India islands, its triumph w ill he short, and as ;;looniy as (he resinicrils over which il was inifurled. Mil', thousands and tens of thousands of (he iiolile sons of the iN'orth and West would soon Iransporl ihelu.selves to your sunny shin-es, and cause lliatlhi;; to strike in in>;lorious defeat. lint, Mr. Smaker, I enlerlain no fears thai the Soulh, upon 111. • occasion, will lie touiid less chiv- j alrous and steaii''u!t to the interests and ijlory of iliis Uepiihlic thai, on occasions t^onc by; lint, on tie eoulrary, that ler name will be min(;led in all that can conlril ite to the consuminatioii of eitlii'r. ! Mr. Speaker, I liav ■ departed .somewhat from i the course 1 had intcnil. •! to pursue in the remarks I desired to make on this -ccnsion, and must haslen to oilier jioinis involved ii ihe measures presented for our iiciioii; and, sir, > will say, in the first place, thai 1 do not think tlu,. the question of our ■ tille to Orei;on is one now to ht, made or discussed, or that should be di.icussed. In;:'-, for my.self 1 shall so consider it, and will not do it iin ! islice of sulijccliiiji; it apiin to arKinueiil. 'I'he able letler I hrlifin my hand from the pi n of the Secretary iif.Siale, (.Mr. Buchanan,) in ri'ply to i he positions assiuiK'd liy Mr. I'ukenham, the iirilish Plenipo- teniiary here, is conclusive and uVianswemble; and, in my hiimlile judn'meiil, is characteri/.td by as much abilitv as any of the kind that lias ever ema- niiled iVom thai deparlincni. The approjiriate issues arisiiiij; out of the meas- ures sulmutleii on the- suhjectof occupyiniiJ t)re:;on are, it seems lu nic, these; possession. Hie riglil to possession, and (if these are in our favor) then Ihe liest niean.s of availing oursches of the liill enjov- meiil of these rights as agtiinsl mere si|uatlers,(.'k:c. 'To determine these qiiesiioiis, it might be well to look back al some incidents in ihe liistory of Ihe Iwo nalions Inucliing lliese i,ssues, that we may be able lo.begni right in the argiinient. 'i'he Secretary of Slate (.Mr. liucliuiian) shows, in his argument, lliiil, at ibe time of the I'ecia aliiiu of war by llijs iiaiioii agiunst (ireat lirilaiii, ,re had ihe liill and exl•|ll^ive possession of Ih'egoii as against Kng- laiul; llial, some time afltr ihe war had coni- iiieiii'ed. Cireal Urilaiii, llirough her navy, tbrcilily seized llie poilils ociupiecl by our citizens in Ore- gon; and iluit the possessiitn w -is not restored again III tins (foverniiienl iiiilil smne iliri-e or four ye.irs al'iir ihe ireaty of (.ilieiil, wliii li wa.s in Ueceinber, 1HI4, the first ariicle of which reads llius: "Thai ' all leriiiory, places, and possessions, \\ lialsoever, ' lakeii by either parly from the other during the ' war, or which may be laken after the signing of * tills treaty, exccpuni!; only the islands alterwards ' immed in llie I'/iiy of Fundy, shall be resiored ' wiihoul delay." The siirreniler or reslornlion of Oregon under lliis clause of the ireaty of 'ihent was formally made under an order llint proceeded from ihe [■•riiice Uegeiil of (•iiiglaiid, and directed by Ivirl 1!iitliiH>ii lo llie partners or iigeuts of the Norlli- wesl (Joiiipaiiy. The follouiiig is llie report of the Niirreiider by the proper ollicers: " III obedience lo the commaud of his Royal ' lllijhuess the I'lince Kegcnl, in a despatch friim ' Ihe Right Honorable llie Karl l!aihurst,iiddrfnsed ' lo the parlners or agenis of ihe Morihwest ("oiii- ' panv, bearing dau' ihe 'J7ili of January, IHIH, a'ld ' in oliedience lu a subaeoiiciii order d.iled llie rJlilh •of July, IHIS, from William H. Sherilf, Ksip, ' Caplain of I li.< Maje^'v's ship Andmiii'iclie, we, ' Ihe uiulersigiieil. do. li, cinrnriiiily to me lirsi ' article of ih.' In alv of tihi ill, reslore lo the tii.v- ' eriimcnl of ihe United Stales, through il»a;;eiii, J. ' B. I'revost, Est)., the Bettlcment of Fort George ' on the Ctdumbia river. " Given under our hBuds.&e., the sixth day of ' October, 1H18. P. HICKUV, " Cant, of His Miikslii'a sh'nt Blossom. "J. KKITH, " Of the ^'ortl^xcest Cumpany." " I do hereby acknowledsje to have received this ' day, in behalf of ihe Government of the United ' Slates, the po.ssession of the seltlemenl designated ' above. 111 conformity to the tirat article of the trea- ' ly ofGliiiii. "Given under my hand, in triplioalc, at Fort ' George, Columbia river, the (ilh dav of October, '1818. J. I5.PREV0ST." It is proper here to remark, thai in liarl lia- thurst's despatch, and in Lord Casllereagh 's iii- struc.lion lo the Hritish Minisier at Wusjiingtoii, a reservation is made that ihe snrii iiiler of pos- '■ session shoiiM not be deemctl an admission «if ihe | I ubsoliiK^ and e.Ncliisive rlglil of dominnin claimed , hy the LJniled Suites; but,al llie same lime, in e.\- plaiiation lo Mr. Iliisli, as slaleil in a |mblic des- ' patch, "Lord Casllereagh admitleit, in 'he niosi 'ample extent, oiir right to be reiiistalcd in the ' ' possession, and to be the parly in possession 'while tre;iling of the liile." i ^Jow il will be perceived by the foregoing, that i the United Slates, ihroug'; i.'-r agent Mr. Prevost, ( had been restored lo he origin, >' po.>,>t.;sioii of the lerriuiry, by the lirilisli Government, in Oclober, 181H, and thai after tl'.al resloralion of possession, Lord (..'astlereiigh, i i some explanation to iVlr. Hush, had ailiniiu d the jiisiice of the resloralion, and lliat this Governnieiit was righlfully in pos- session of Ihe eoimtry whilst llie two nations were ticaling of Ihe lille. Our possession, then, up lo , Ihe dale of die convention, which is falsely called ' the treaty of Joiiii occupancy, dated about two ■ weeks after ihe surrender of ihe teriilory as afore- I said, was full and pio-fect. Aow, by the lerms of I that trealv, did we dispossess ourselves, or in any way weaken our right to possession r To ,leler- 1 mine this i|nesiion, [ will give you the arlieles of that eonveiilton which are material to the argii- loeiil, in order ihat my i-ourse may lie directed by llic facts in this controversy. They read us fol- lows: AllTICLKS OF COVVKNTlOS. liy Ihe ihird article of the convenlion of 1818. " It is agreed that any eounlry that may he claimed ' by either panv on il e norlliwest coast of Aine- ' rica, westward of the Siony moiinlaiiis, shall, lo- 'gelherwiih ils liarboi j, bays, and creeks, and ' the iiavigalioii of all ri\ 'm-s wiihin the same, be ' free and open for the terir o:' ten years from the 'dale of ihe signature of li.e )ire.seni convenlion, 'to the vessels, citizens, and siibje'is, of ihe two ' powia's ; it being well unders'ood that this agree- ' ment ia not to be consiriied lo the prejudice of ' any claim which eillier of the wo lii;;h coiiiracl- ' iiig parlies may have to any uarl of the said ' ciiiiniry," &c. By Ihe joint arlide of 18Q7, "1' is agreed ihat ' llii' provisions of the tirsi iirlicle if llic conveii- • (ioi; of l''i|8,abov(^ reciled, shall be, and they are ' hereby, indelinilely extended and coiiliniied in ' forci', in llie .same maimer as if all ihe provisions ' of Ihe said article were herein sjiecilically re- ' died." By ihe second article it is nifrecd, " Il shall be ' compeieni, however, to eillier of Ihe cnnlniciing • parlies, in caseeiiher should iliiiik til al any time ' afier Ihe -Jlllh of October. IfM, on giving due • notice of IwcKe monllis to tin; oilier conlraclinj;: ' parly, lo annul and abrogale this convenlion ; ' and il slmll in such case be enliri-ly annulled and ' alirogali'ii after Ihe said term of noli, -e." The lliiril article saves all rights and claims of , the parlies. 'I'he lirsi remark is, that lhe.se convciilional pr. - vision coiilaiii no refi'reiice whatever lo ih" pos- session, which, by the Ireaty of Ghi'iii, and siib- seqnent acis under il. was acl novtcili;i d to ho in i!ie United Stales, in the most formal mtuincr, .I'ld which could not be divested, except in an eijiially formal inainier. The reservation iiiiide by Lord t-'asllereagh canniil alfect the possession, became il did not allude to that; and if il did, his siibseipient ailiiiissions III Mr. Itnsh are lo be I'onsiriied as i'iviu;; up that resrrvalion. Then, 1 will ask, how stands the case now, ns between the possessory rights of these two Govern men Is and their r'l'i'^n and subjecls? Did the terms of the articles Cj o'/d from this convenlion rcfiosaess Great Britain or her svibjccts with what she claimed under conquest, and before the suriender made to us, as before sho'vi.? Clearly the convention did no such thing, but, on the contrary, has left us in the posses- sion, with an ageeciiient on our port that her siib- jecla might cnur the country and exeirise mere easements there, in the way of commerce and Irade, and the navigation of the rivers of the country. If the position I take be sustained, as I think it is, by the liisUiry and ('acts of the case, then hav- ing the possession and right of possession, (ho right of sovereignly over the same necessarily fol- lows as an incident. There is no plainer axiom Ihiiii Ibis to be found in international law; and it is laid down by a very celebnUeil aullior on national law, (Vatlel,) that where one Government po.s- sesses ilself of a country not pre-occupied by any oilier, that liieii ihe empire or sovereignty and do- main are in such Government. Now, is there any obsiarle in the way of this Government's exei- cising ils sovereignty over the whole territory ? Conid she not organize a lerrilorial CJoveriimeiit there, protect her citizens, and parcel out her territo- ry ill such manner as besi ;iuiled her inleresi:;, w ilh- oitt injury lo si ■■'•i rights :is the convenlion con- fered on llie su'i eels of Cfreal Britain? In ollii r words, could we not exercise sii< h altributei-j of j sovereignly over the soil and eilizens of that cotin- ] try as would .secure all we desire, but in sinli ■ way as iiol to violali^ any of the slipiilatinns of the convention.' But why sliall we regard Sfi sacri.-dly Ihe provisionsof that convenlion, when Great Urii- • ain (the other pirty lo it) has, thi-ough the Iliid- : son's Bay Company, violated ils letter and spirit, by taking possession of lae soil ol'Oregoii, fuelling out parcels ofii to iheirempli)yees,and eslablishing municipal re;;iilaiions, not only over Oregon, lint ■ over all territory noi under the ojieration of our Uiw.s? She has not only her civil and criminal laws in exercise, but an armed soldiery lo .see lo Iheir exeeiilion. Our eilizens have in some cas ( s been lorn from their homes and families, and car- ried lo Canada, lo sutler the iienaliies of British law. .Sir, are we bound to observe Ireaty slipula- liiuis, whilst she in her action disregards iheni all? Shall we, afnr all her acts of bad faith, refuse lo act, iiiilil the provision in il providing for a noL'-e shall h.ive been complied with." Sir, I iiisi.vt Unit her bad liiilli, in relation lo the treily, li«s leleasi d this (iovernmenl from all obligalion lo observe the jirovisions of that coiiveniion, and that il is virtu- ally abrogated by the course of that (joverninenl; anil that having', on the part of ibis Government, no nieaiis of enforcing ils provisions peai^eably, we lire at liberty to proceed to the full occupation of ihe whole couiury now. Al the last session of Congress, when the qiies- lioii of notice came uj) in connexiini with litis snli- jeci, ihe neniocratir memberi:, iiicluilmg niyself, lioiii the West and South, with scarcely an exeeii- lion, voted against the notice, for reasons that weie. then satisfuciory. .My opinion has undergone no change. Ihil as I am here lo represent the opinions of my eonsiiuienls, which to some extciti h.ive been lecenlly expressi d; and as the President (for whose opinion I have a high regard) has reconi- niended il in his Message as necessary lo dis- charge win t he conceives lobe convontioiialoblii'a- lioiis; ami as siedi course nny belter answer puiilic, expectation, and the expedalions of utlier nations, than the policy I believe lo he right, 1 shall waive my iiiili\iiliial opinion, and stislain tho notice by my vole, believing that il cannot be objected to by Great Bri'tiin. having assenteil, a.s she did, lo ilia provision in the coiiveniion thai requii-es it. The iioiice is not, jicr ,?p, a dei hiralion of war; ' bill, oil the conliary, was designed, when provided , ('or, as a means of preventing it. And if the Bril- ] ish Goverinnenl shall think proper, after the limo provided for by the notice expires, lo hold on, through her siibjecls, to the possession she acqiiii"- cil by trespassing on^oiir ;-iglils, in violation of the spirit and terms of the convenlion of 1818, she I y that course will be the aggressor, and the eonse- qiteni ' thai may result from this course on her part inusi rest upon her. If she resists our taking posses-jion at the expiration of twelve monlhs, she would now, iinlcsa il would be such servile po.saes- »*»?• w 76 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Jan. 5, 2{h?H Cong 1st Sess. The Oregon Queiition---Mr. McDowell. Ho. OF Reps. I toryl sion ns would lie of no iimc i ■ us. As I rcmurked before, I nm willina; to tnkj the reaponHibiliiy now of taking possession, or ul llie cxpii-niion of twelve tnontlis; but pnssessi'm will and must be tuken of the country, resarcliesa of all consequnnoea, at tlie time thnt slmll Ik. fixed upon by this Government. If reason fiiil.", then the sirorgesi of all nriiumenis must ensue — physieal power. I ennnoi, however, with due cieference to the opinions of others, see what iliero could be in •\ny phase this queslion mighc assume, ihat could ju.iufy Great Rriinin in er.iDroilinj herself in a war, lhat would begin wiih us, but end in one with all her neighbors. What can she expect to gain in territory on this conti- nent, or in con\i)ien»n e pieenuiions. It is enough' ' lhat it involves a ni-ire oppressive police, a large ' slanding army, or any oilier aiterference wilh the ' liberties and iiimiuiiilies of [leaee. .Such is the ' state of all that region enclosed within the Upper ' Indus nnd its tributuries. Bloody revolutions, an ' insolent and rebellunis soldiery, i ruined nnd dis- ' iracicd people, keei .Northern India in perpetu.d 'alarm. Selt'-jiresen-.tilion com(>rls the neighbors * 111 abale. the nuisai»e. >Sueli is the necessity, if ' nnt the duty, whiili now devolvis on that ffreat ' Power, which Providence has made the ceiiire of 1 ' amity and source of order to the whole ^s'liinsii- , ■ Ul. Uritain, which uuwliulds Uie .tceptru, xuc- 1846.1 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSION; L GLOBE. 77 29th Cong 1st Sess. The Oregon Question — Mr. Bowliu. Ho. OF. Reps. now, and normid stale Kiiat. In .nicrivnnsj irnl liniils of of annex- aho of the 11, as £11;^- n' llir nml)i- cnunsello}' of lowini; Inn- ticOircndy I'nnJBUU uyalliuncc, pr;il)inl, and illicr of ■y are to he miivement null t;nveni )ora, ("or the Viihout an becomes a ffeciion mid nnrsery of tlial II lerri- lo entail on nn!, incon- t is enough ire, a lar^e 1100 willi the •Sni.'li IS lite 1 llie I'pper ointinim, nn led and dis- n perpeiii.tl iieiKliljMiM oessily, if 1 tliut j^reat iie centre of le girninsu- ;i-|itre, sue- t ' cessivcly wielded by so many barbarous conquer- ; ' ors, is llie pacifier, the uniter, in a word, the j ' anrreme trovcrnor of Hindostnn.' " Who, I fttil^, alh'r this recital of principles that ! dictate the action of the British Goveniinent, will nuote her opiiiioiis on morals, hninanily, and re- [ licjion, in the discussion of a question like this, and | especially when she is deeply interested in it, and ; the manner of its settlement? No /Vmcricaii, lliojie. I Who that has witnessed her liypocrif y in takuif; the choir of mnrols for the worhl, to lecture Russia on her cruelties upon the Circassians, I'Vance on | her barbarities upon the Alfferiiies, and the United Slates upon lier lust for ncquisilion and her slave ' Rvstcm — whilst at the moment of its delivery she , w-as tearing from Central America the " Musquito j shores," cuttin; to pieces the troops of Gwalior, posnesains herself of Borneo and Chusaii, and pre- j paring for the conquest of Pniiiaub, to complete her power over Hindoslan — could respect her profes- J sions of abhorrence for what she denominates lust for power and acquisition? That Government ! seems to have adopted Sir Robert Peel's noli ,.i, | tliat political morality is a nmller of eengraphy, i that the laws of right depend upon latitude and longitude; and that in Ihe Kant liulies they are alto- getlursusjtenileilinjavnroj'lhe Compmiy, And now, Mr S|ieaker, let me turn the .•utenlin'. of this House to the hisioiy of the fludson's Bay Comjiany, l*> show the close aiiu striking analogies j bctttcen it and the Kast India Company. 'I'he Hudson 'sBav Compn.iy was cliarlereu in the reign of Charles the Second, as a trading commercinl company, and its boundaries were fixed by the Bf.urces of the streams that eminied into the bay of its own name. Where is lliat Company now- Why, it has transported and transplanted ilself ■west of the Rorky inountainH,on the shores of the Pacific, far beyond its original location, antl has dotted our territory with some thirty fortifications, and is now, backed by the Government that gave it vitality, contesting with this Go\eriinicnt for llie title and empire of the wlinli: of ilic Oregon terri- tory, and is perhaps this day whetting tlie Indian Fciilping-knifc and grinding their tomahawks to drench our own soil with the innocent blood of niir unprotected citizens. Thus vou perceive that Brit- ain has, through the instrunientalitv of this coni- Jiaiiy, llirnst herself into our territory, refuses one lialf of it to compromise riglils she never had, eiainis all of it to satiate her ravenous maw, and threatens us, if we attempt tn lake possession of it, Willi such treatment as slic has visited upon other refractory Govcrmiienls. Miall we submit longer to her dictation, or be alarmed al her threats? Shall we leave her Ioniser lime to streiiiithen herself in the possession she now wrongfully holds? Is the Amciiean heart dead thai pulsalcd so nobly and palriolicnltv in days trone by ? Is there no remain- ' Ills: love fur the frraves of our ancestors, our honor, and our liberty? No, that heart is not dead, thank God! I heard the voice, the other day, on this lloor, of an aged and venerable nieniiier iVoin Mas- sacluisciis, who lived far back in the eij,hleciiili century, asserting that the whole of (.)r.;:on was ours, and thai llic [|iiesiicni nu^lit now to be settled. Sir, my heart Ihrolibed a warm resiimise to ihal pa- trioiii- declaration, coming t'roin oiiewho lias lived and acled with that noble bund of pairiois that gave birth to Ihis Repnl'lie, imiiaried to it that vilality nnt' .irir that command the hive and admiration of all ■ ::. can appreciate the liberality of her priiici- Jilcuo, Ihe siiblimily of her ticsimy^ Sir, beseem- ed to lie llie only reniainiii;; one of that group of intellectii.il conslellalions iliat shone in times gone by, and :lirew a liisire upon ihe liimory nf their tiwii coin iryaiid of I lie world, ihat lime nor circuiii- «.iniice.< can ohsi-iire or deslniy. Sir, tliouuh the ravages of lime nrevisilile in the palsied hand that was raised in allestation of our right to Oregon, and the s|iray "f llie poliiicnl .Inrilan he bad jiassed, with other wnrlliies ihat were no inure, slill was will upon his locks, yet there beat in that iio.soin on iiis iinesliiniun An'ierican hcarl; ny, sir, it pul- Kiiles willi a warmth thai was imparieif i.i n by the fire thai t'eil upon it ffinn the allarjif liberty, at which lie and the I'iiliers of Ihe ('onslitiitioii wor- Fliippeil liiirelher In days ^oiieliy. ^\,\y its genial inal be nnparled tn ilie heart of inry man in this House, luid to ihe hearts of the whole American people! Sir, I fancy that I heiu' the people of ilie Wtat responding to the sentiments uttered by that vener- able man — that the mighty heart of that great giantess has begun to pulsate with a double vigor, and that I hear the echo of its throbs across the Alleghanies. Yes I I fancy that I sec gathering upon her brow a tempest of indignation, that will burst upon the devoted heads of any set of men, or party, that would defeat the consummation of the measures before the House for the full occupa- tion of Oregon, and the protection of our citizens; or that would surrender one foot of our territory there to satiate the cupidity of Great Britain. Sir, her sons would prefer making Ihe territory north of forty-nine degrees their btirying-ground, rather than sefd, by its surrender to buy peace from England, the infamy and eternal disgrace of their conntrj'. They ask nothing hut what is just, and will nnt submit to anything that is wrong. She ofltrs the noble bo.soms of her sons, as a living, unconquerable bulwiuk, to protect the coun- try and our rights. .She asks the boon at the hands of this Government of rearing aloft the stars and the stripes, and planting them on every hill-top and valley in Oregon — ay, sir, on the shores of the mighty Pacific, there to guard them with her no- blest sons, and there to let them wave in triumph, till the glorious principles of liberty .ind Christi- anity shall have begirt the world, ami consumma- ted universal liberty, civil and religious, to inai.. OREGON QUESTION.; SPEECH OF MR. BOWLIN, OF Mis.souni, I>f THE IIOfSF. OF REPnF.iSF.XTATIVES, j Januiirtj (i, 1846. j Upon the Resolution for terminating the joint oc- cupation of Oregon. i\fr. BOWLIN said: He regarded this ques- tion of Ihe occupation of Oregon as one of I he most vil.al importance that had agitated litis Govern- ment since its foundation. It not only involved the value of the territory in question, but princi- ples of the most sacred character to the nation. No matter In what liu-ht we viewed it — whether in regard to the value of the territory in question, to the national honor at stake, or the mijlity Power with whom it might probably brini: us into enlli- sion — it was every way ciiually iniporlant. The issue .seemed now In be made up. N( L'miatinn, which had been amusing and robbing iis for llie last quarter of a century, was now al iin end, and the time fortirlion bad come. The i risis had ar- rived: and we had to decide upon principles which involved llie unity or disniembermenl of the isoil of the Republic. If this nation shoiild give way on this point, she would, in the very bloom of her youlh, sland degraded in the eyes of the world, and a lasting .tiaiii would be iidlicied n|iiiii her honor. If she resisted this airgifssioii, war niiirht be Ihe consci|uencc: and even if it should be, who would hesitate in the performance of a irreat na- tional duly, demanded by honor and justice, to avoid its calamities? The very imporlancc of the question rendered more imperalive our duly to bring the country out of it with iintarnisheil honor. Was this to be aceomplisheil by a lime- serving inactive policy? Were we to escape dis- ] honor by leaving a foreiirn colony upon our soil ? No; the brand had been already fixed upon the nation's brow, by miserable iliploinacy, and every hour It was .sullen . I lamely and (|iiielly m remain bill fixed the impression (feeiieranil deeper. He repudiated ilie iniseralde policy thai could lamely ealcniale the cost upon n question of this import- ance to the national interests, lo the national honor and glory. U|ion the question of our claims to Oregon, he did not propose lo trouble the Mouse His views upon it liail already been fully snbniillcd at a for mer session of ( 'ongiess, and he should i-nly loiicli upon ihem as liny might ineidenlally be involved ill the review of the trenlien made tqion ibis snb- jecl. He proposed lo leave the qncslion of title where the decision of ilu' last Congress, in confor- mity with that of the Baliiiiiore Convention, li.id placed it, and which ihe peo)ile of iliia nation iiaii ratified liy a solemn and decigivo vote, viz: that it 8 uuqucittioimbly in us The title of Oregon, then, is oura; ond is estab- lished by the best authority in this country. That being the case, had we done anything lo place that title out of our hands, or lo bring it into jeop- ardy ? And here permit him to state, at the out.iet of his arguinent, that no act .vhicli we might pos- sibly do 111 relation lo Oregon, so long as we leave the rivers, bays, and creeks of that territory open to the subjects of Great Britain, and allow them the right of trading with the Indians, could be in violation of that convention. We might establish a territorial Government regardless of the notice; we might build our forts and fortifications; we might send our people there; we might organize the territory into a State; and, in his humble opin- ion, there would be no violation of the treaty stip- ulations between us and England. The error into which genilemeii seem to have fallen upon this subject, was, in .supposing that we had negotiated (inrselves out of llic right of disposing of our territory in Oregon ns we pleased without giving just cause of olfence to others. This doerine grew out of the idea, so busily pro- mulgated by the English usurpers of our terriiory, that there existed by treaty a "joint occupation" in Oreiron. This he utterly denied. There never wos such a thing an "joint occupation" secured to Elngland in the treaty; and it was only an adopt- ed phrase, ingeniously invented to bolster up the pretensions of the aigressors. It exists in none of the treaties either with Spain or with us. It is a modern invention, to turn a treaty strictly com- mercial into u treaty of territory ami boundaries — into a treaty invclving the sovereignty of soil. What he proposed now lo show was, ilint no ex- ercise of sovereignty over the territory of Oregon, on our pan, was a violation of any ol'ilie ireaiics, while British subjects were llicrc permitted to en- joy the freedom of navigation and trade, end while that privilege might and could be better proteeted unilcr an organized govenmierit of the loriitory by us than at present; iuid that it was i^ur right to an- nul and abrogate it at our will and pleasure, with- out just cause of olTenee to any one. Then he might ask, what has England gained by treaty on this subject? The first foundation of her pretendad claim was the treaty of JNootka .Sound; and upon this her own eminent statesmen had pronounced, on the fioor of the British Parliament, that they had gained nothing that they had not before. They had bullied Spain into that negotiation: they had kicked her into it by votinj,' supplies to the King for carrying on the war. Bui Spain oul-gcneralea them, and lliey gained nolhioi; but fine words. They gained nothing but the right of iiisress and egress in that territory, the right to trade with the natives, ami to make temporary huts and ware- houses. Ay, they gained a lo-s by that very treaty: for they irained the privilege of the com- merce of the South Sea, am! took it as a boon at the hiuiils of a nation which they, at the same lime, held ill pretended scorn and contenipt. Yes, sir; she acknowledged the sovereignty of Spaiii over the South seas, iind took as a boon from her the privileges of llii ir connnerce. That was strict- ly a commercial convention, and had nothing lo do wilh the sovereignty of the soil of Oregon; and every privilege granicil could have been exercised consistently with Spain's sovereignty ovi r the soil. The following is the third article of the tremy of Nootka Sound, specifying the privileges conferred: 1- .^llTlil.E IIF. t'l oriicr lo fitreiiiflhcli die ImniU of * frieiuliiliip. and t< tn-f rve in fuuire perlcct Imriiioiiy and 1 n boimI iimlerstnii. llii lienveen the nvocoiitmcliliij parties, * it ii* nsrecil ttiiit 11,. r re!i|HM'liv milijcrls »liall not tw- liis- * nirlicil or iiii»l"sic(l, either in iiiiviiftitiiiii or cHrrviim *>n * their ftsheries in the r«citie oi'eiili iir the Sniitli urns, or ' of Iniuliiiu on Ihe coa.ilH of llliiKe ncnn, in plncen not iil- 1 rciiiiv occupied, tor the purpi»*e nl' i arrv iiie on their com- * liieree wilh llie iiiitivcH nl' the cniititrv. in of iiiiiliinii eel- ' tlemeiits there : Ihe whole ^iihject, iieverlhelcs'(, lo tlio * restrictions sp.-.cilh*d in tlic tliree loliovviii^ articles." The iiaMre and ehamcler of the settlenieiils aro rtilly explained by the proviso to the sixth arlicle, ill llie following words: 1' /VoeWfft. 'flmt the naid respeelivii Ntihjpots xlmll rcLtin 1 the lihcrty of iHndliij; on tliecniuiln liliil jslitniN se situated * fur the piirpone ol' their liiherv, Riiil ot erecnuu thereon 1 huts nau other leinporRry buildings serving only Ibr tiiosu ' piirjHwci." .Now, if tliis treaty was not completely abro- gated by the war which immediately after fol- lovved between Great Britain and Sjiain, what dirt she guiij by ii? Freedom to l(cr commerce and 78 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Jan. fi, 2^11 CoNo 1st Srss. The Oregon Quettion — ]\lr. liotvlin. Ho. OF Rgpb. ■ r ^ trade ill those reKioiis; nothiiif; iiioro. A.11J whiil- evcr mny have been her nmbilioiia designs upon the territory, Spain conceded no more, nnd intend- ed to concede no more. The next thinjr in the Iu«tory of negotintinn.hy which bIic pretended timt she ncqiiired any rishts, was in the celcbrnteil treiity with the Uiiiled St«tea, in 18!(l. The terms of that tremy were, |ierhnpfl, liimiliar to every Kenileniiiii in this House; but he wished to call the ntieniion of eentlcincn iwrlicH- Inrly to it 03 cnmnaivd with other Irentiiis of tlie United Stjites willi (Irent Hrilnin, that tliey nii^ht see whether ehe ever enincd any more riirht of soil, or other rights, under it than slie lind gained under oilier treaties, with refrard lo which she had made no such preiensions. What did the treaty of 1818 L'ivB thrill .' The third article of that treaty i ' wiuj as follows: ' | "Artici.k III. It Ih nfreril that any country that amy bo ! \ * ctniltli'it liy citlicr IMrly mi ttic nnrtlnVcit roust nf Allicricii . ; * WP>twnrd'or iJie Slnn'y iiinui)tir>nH, tihiill, loitPtlifr with ji-f jj ' 1iiii-h,ir!<, hay»>, and rrci-li!., nnil l)ir< nnviimtion of nil rtvrn< { ' wtttiin the same, be tree and open fi>r tlie ti-riii of ten yinria, 1 j ' t'roni ttie date of tbp himiniiirc m' the prcwcnt convenlion, 1 * tfi the vossij!*, citizcnii, iiiid «iibji'rtj4 of the two powcrti ; it ; I ' bf inn well iinderitoiHl llint thi-* Hcn'cmcnt is not to bo con- j ' * sinipti to the prejudice of any claini wliicli citlicr of the 1 1 * two hiyh contractinc partica inny have to any iiart nf the i' ' said country; nor shall it lie taken 10 altVct tile claims of I, ' any oiImt power nr >tatc to any pun of tlic said coiinlry — ]\ ' the only object of the liich conlrnctinjr panics in that re- ;j oct '>cin2 to prevent disputes nnd dill'crrnces among * Ihemwivcs."' !' Now, he cnntendcd that while wc prcFcrve to ' them the freedom of trade in that iCTitury, and j preserve the creeks, liays, and rivers open 10 their ' communicntion with the waters of that country,! there was no violation of the spirit of tlint treaty. This idea if " jciiiit oiviipation," ;:lowin;: oiii of j that treaty, arose from the peculiar coiidi*i?" 'l-i-i ivenlv in relation toDrcuoii. , Mr. B. re. d the 'oilowi'ng extract from this treaty: I "The rivi'r Mississippi shall, tinwcvcr. nccnrdinc 10 the '■ * tftidty of peacf, be cnlt^ ly o|icn to both p:irlics ; and it is * liirlhcr iiErced ilinl nil lln- pt nientioncd in nr- * tide :iil for the purposes nf lisliinft and of trading wiUi the . < niilives." Now, he appealed to fjentlemeti wliether the con- ' cessions in these respective treaties were not ^ery ; similar in character. Yet it is not prelended that Great Britain ever set up any claini to the Russian territory in the northwest, under the stipulations of this treaty. She never dared to set u]i any prelenee of the kind, because she knew there was no divided power in lliiit country: and the haughty Autocrat would have s[niriied the fraii4 for the protection of our citi/ensand our soil. When we closed the nuvi^'atioii of liie Mis- sissippi river to ihem, were we ilireateiied wilh war.' When we eloscil oilier riicrs to llieiii, were we thiv.iiined with war.' No: it had not been llie praeliee of this ] loiisi* to aiiiieip;ite war on such ;;nuiin|s. They were looked upon as coninicrcia! trans:ictions. No; (rreat Briiain never would have dreamed of sayin;; thai she had any claims ujion ()re;,'on, had it not In en for the laL"_'"rd spirit of ihe Anierican people, 7uid which had crept into certJiin portions o'' this I louse. This was the ori?in of the ffraspiiii; spirit inanifested by Ku'.:l;ind on this subject, and which well nceurded with the (,'rasp- iiijsoiril with which she was now fi'.;htiiu; the New Zealanilers, to .strip llieni "f ilieir little terrilory, and was denuiiiieine; them as rebels. She had now drawn her ibrtittcalioiis froni the Norlh of Kii;:land il.self, in one conlinuoiis inilitarv line, all Ihe way around to the I'.ast Indies; she had forti- fied tiiat route so as I o con una ml tli<- trade of < 'hi 11a, and .she dors not want llre^-iiii for ilsill". No; .-he Would rejoice to see Dreijoii one biiruiiiir volcano, IIS far as she is coinMriied, liecau.se she has already foriiMed one route to secure 11 monopoly of the India trade, at a cost of hundreds of inillions, and she i« not prepared to ere, 1 a n< w line of forlificn- tioiis, to eiintrol the desiiny of llie coiniuerce in the I'aeiiic. No; she does not want (I1V5011 f.ir itself, but she jrrasps it to keep out '^'aiikee enter- pri t(u' a time alt others, to chain the minds of men to their consideration, and to com- pel them to yield their undivided attention. Of such a I'liiiracter is the subject which we are now discussing. Its niiporlanee is co-cxtcnaivc with the Ameri- can continent, and lasting as the American name. Its Interest Is fell, and lis decision anxiously look- 1 ed for, upon every spot where live the principles of American liberty. The merchant in his count- ing-house, the mechanic at his daily toil, the farm- er as he tends ihi' Held of promisi:, the hunter aa he presses over the boundless pruirii'; even the tnivelli r, as he pursues his solitary way by the banks ot' the < 'tduiubia, t'eels its interest and looks anxiously for our decision. Hut, sir, its iinporiance'goes further. As it re- lates 10 peace or war, it iilfecls all C'hrislendmii. Ak il may invidve two of the greatest commercial nations on the earlh in war, Il inieie.«!ts and alliets I \cry man, every civilized man, on whatever spot he may dwell. To-day, sir, our commerce whi- tens every sea. The industry and the enterprise of our countrymen have been made known in every part of tiie habitable globe. Our Christian philanthropy has plained the institutions of re- deeming mercy in llic centre of llie great conlinent of Asia, in the isles of the Pacific, and even on ihe dark and dreary coast of western Africa, sti coi.sed by " man's Inhumanity to man." Am I In error, then, in saying that this ipieslion interests every civilized man.' Oris it sirangc that an in- terest should be excited in this Hall whicli bclo- , kens the greatness and imporiance of the subject, I tuid thul even buauty Hliuuld furiuilie, furaseaiion, [Jnn. 9, or Reps, 1 846.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. 81 99th CoNfl l8T Sksb. The Oregon Question — Mr. Oiks. New SBRtKs.....No. 6. crriin Alli;hBii- r flei't anil licr llic I'ncific. I b(! n mighty He (he civili7.ed rIi o( nynleinii. r pnri, but with ill their friuitic I bniiinh it Trom 1 out hope and ly everywhere, over the whole lur di»piitei to )IB ot Europe lood alone; we hin;;; lo expect s submitied lo I'd shouhl take ory, he for one •n to arms, and viiieh was iheir we were elieat- otiatinii lor ter- piovc our title ir oppiineiils. confidence that ;eiilleman from on yesterday, is House, ^o such reelings, rrible picture of ind of insuirec- luild chnritably lot father to the oolly remarked 1011 themselves. Lipon such mon- ler tioie friends y, in the spirit such advocates, ord deliver us. GILES, ITATITEI, iig the joint oc- ) the lloor, rose lesiions whoso arc such as to , to chain thn and to coni- atteiition. Of icli we arc now ith the Anicri- inericrtn name. uixiiiusly look- ! the principles III in his count- toil, the faiin- the hunter as aiiie; even the y way by the crest and looks licr. As it re- (,'hristeiidom. •St commercial CMS and allccts whatever spot •ommerre wlii- the enterprise, aile known in Our Chrisliiiii :itutions of rc- greiit ccinlinent and even on crn Africa, so lan." Am 1 in ?siion interests ;c that an iii- ill which lictii- of the subject, c, fur a season, lier cay and flowery walks to smilo upon our de- liberiilKins.' It is ii question \*'liicli outrides all parly distinc- tions, which sweepH away all piuiy lines, and shows us that upon all preat quesiions of foreign policy, we are, as a people, oik! in sentiment, us we arc in history, and shall be one in dcsiiny. I believe that when 'his ijrciu (|iicntion eomes up for final action, this House will be found nnaniinoiis in the pursuit of such measures as may be deem- ed necessary to meet the exigencies of the occa- sion. However we may ililTer as to thf. initiatory steps proper for the as.serlion of our title, (and these are points on which I kniivN- there are honest dilfer- ences of opinion amongst men of all parties,) yet when no other resource is left — when nl! negotia- tions fail — when all hope of settling the matter by trcatv shall have pa.«sed away, and men come to consider what ■oiirse we oui;ht to take for the tniiinlcnance of ihiit title, they will throw olf the I'inled livery of parly and put on the unifiirin of our common country. .Sir, the dcliale which wo have had in this Hall lias been gratifying lo every American heart. There was only one porlion of tlio argument which I re- gretted. 1 did deeply regret that the honorable gentleman from Ohio, [Mr. OinuiNns,] who first addressed the cdinmiltc, should have permitted himself lo turn aside fiom this lofty thcmi!, and hurl a shaft at one of the insiiiiitions of the coun- try. 13iit, sir, during the debate we have heard n voice, I iniglit almost say, from the past. The vi'iierable gentleman fxnii Massaehusetls [Mr. Adams] has .spoken out; and I, for one, rejoiced to see that, although his locks are bleached with the frosts of more than seventy winters, yet the fires of patriotism still burn briglitly on their aii- *'ictii altar. Mr. Chainnan, I was one of those who were in fiivor of |iost|ioniiig the discussion of this great i|uestion, as jiroposed by the honorable chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, [Mr. C .T. IvoKiisoi.L.] 1 wished to see what would he the elVect ill England of the present aspect of theqiies- tiiin, as it is presented in the iate correspondence, which has brought from the archives of diplomacv into the full light of day, the fulness and clearness of our title — n coriespondeiice vt-hich will add to the herctofinewi'le-spiead fame of the Secretary of fstnte; a fame wIio-jc laurels time — which corrodes and destroys so much of human achievement — will, year after year, only freshen and renew. After that correspondence, if we must go into this con- test, we shall feel the full force of the sentiment: *' Thrice is lie urniM wlio liitti-, jtiii quarrel jiisL" If this contest is lo come — for we are not per- mitted to lift the veil of futurity, and sec what is in reserve for ns — humanity will weep. The iingcl of peace will unfurl his'fairv wing, and take liis ca^le fliu'ht to the sky. It w'ill he a contest that will not only sweep from the ocean a vast imrtion of conim'eice, but will retard the great iHiievolcnt operations of the day, and, as 1 believe, arrest the march of civilizalion for more than half ii century. It was for considerations such as these, that 1 was anxious to pause, that we might see whether our o))ponenls would plant themselves direcilv it) the face of the President's Message, of our title, and of the correspondence. Hilt the House has de; iiled otherwise. We are here discussing this g-e:M question, and in a few days we must vote upon it. f shall now, there- fore, brjeilv and planny give li- the committee the reasons wliicii have operated on my mind, and which will induce me to vote for the resolution which the chainnan of the Committee on Foreign Alliiirs subniilli:d. " Much has been said about the consequences of a eonrtict between Great Britain and this coiinlry. If it comes— and I, for one, covet not for my country " the plumed troop, the big wars, Ihe shrill trump, the siiirit-slirring drum, the ear- piercing fife, mid all the pride, "pomp, and eir- cnnistance of glorious war" — but if it comes, it will do one tliiiiu: for us that has not yet been meii- tiiiiied; it will free us forever from 'the looms of Manchester and the workshops of Birmingham. It will emancipate us forever from the manufac- tures of Great liritain. She will lose one of her best customers; and that I believe lo Imve been G IIV, ish one of Ihe great pn'vailing consideiMiions which have hitherto lielil her in peuceftil relations with us. Mr. Chairman, after the most careful consider- ntion which I have been able lo give to this ques- tion, I conscientiously believe that, if war is to come, it will come whether you give this notice or not. I believe that we have now reached a point in Ihe history of the Oregon territory which will tin longer admit of this joint occupation. I should like to know IVmn British statesmen how long this chrysalis slate of civilization — this inchoate system of government — is, in this state of things, to last. It was very well in 1818 — it was well in 1897 — when this great country wos uscul only as a place to receive from Ihe Indian tribes the furs they col- lecleil, and as a iilace at which our whulemen and other ships mii;lit water. It was very well while Great Britain and ourselves merely used the terri- tory for the purposes of cmnmerce, without refer- ence to actual settlement. But, sir, in pursuance, I suppose, of that destiny lo which my eloiiucnt friend frinn Indiana referred the other day, whose onward jirogresa we cannot resist, our people rapidly have passed to Oregon, not for the purpose of conimerce, not to obtain the furs of that vast cininlry, but to settle, to build houses, and to till the soil. In this slate of things, look for a moment at the eomlition of Oregon. Our citizens are now there without a governineiil, and without protection from the coiintry. They arc entitled to both. Uefiise to pass a hill to pro- vide that government ami to give that iirotection, and what condition arc you in.* Why, if a British subject assaults and beats an American citizen, by whom, under the present system, (which some gentlemen wish to continue,) is he to be tried .' B your American judiciary? No; but by o Brit court. If there is no British court near, then he is sent to some distant cslablishmeiit of the Hudson Bay Company. Can any man I elieve that, look- j ing to this eonllict of jurisdiction, if it is contin- , lied, peace can longer he mainlained? Daily and hourly must be the cmiflict. An American citizen | is indebted lo a citizen of Great Britain; where is he to be sued? — In an American court. If a British subject is indebted, he must be sued hi a | British court. i But the iibsnrdiiv of the thing does not slop , here. Our i-itizens liave gone to that territory for the purjiosc of settlement. From whom are they to obtain their titles to the soil? The treaty .says ' that the sovereignty is in alieyance. I appeal to j the good sense cf gentlemen to say, whether it can \ longer be left so? It has been said by travellers, ; that the collin of Mahomet is suspended between heaven and earth; but a greater miracle will be seen if this matter of title to ilie sovereignty of this ' soil can longer be kept in abeyance. Whether you i; give the notice or abstain from g'ving it, a couHict i must come unless this mailer is arranged by treaty, i Thill it may be so arranged, I fervently and sin- cerely liojie. I do not see that the giving this no- tice can, in any nnumcr, either advance or retjirdn settlement by treaty. I am forgiving Ihe notice, j because we are bound to protect our citizens who have gone to that country upon the fiiith of that ' title which we have again ami again asserted. I : am in favor of giving it, because we must follow it ' up by provision for a goveriniRMl lo protect and defend our citizens who have planted our banner on the shores of the Pacific. I am in favor of ler- iiiipating this joint occupancy, because we cannot give an efficient goveriiinent and a proper prolec- ;• lion to our citizens whilst it remains. But I am in favor of it for another reason. How ii many citizei.s, lo-day , of the United States, are on 1 1 the northern bank of the Cohiinbia river? Not | one, of whom I have any information ! What is the reason? The British Government has now ',! established there u regular system of governmeiit — j ' Ihe Hudson Bay Company, with their forts erected i on Ihe northern side of the Columbia, who so ar- range matters that no American citizen shall make j a liermancnt selllement on the northern side of that river. They have not, I learn, infringed upon the treaty; but, with their great power and wealth, and looking lo the secrecy with which that company [ operates over the whole Nortli American conti- : nent, they have brought other means lo bear than | I that of liircc to turn the emigration from the United ' Stales south of Ihe Columbia river. I will read nn 1 cxlract from a work which describes this organizn- lion. I (iiioie from Greenhow: "In nddition to the assistance and prolnclioii 'thus received from the British Goveriimcnl, llni ' constitution of the Hudson Bay Cnnipuny is such ' as to secure Ihe utmost degree of knowledge and ' prudence in its councils, and of readiness and ex- ' iictness in the execution of its orders. Its alfuirs 'are superintended by a governor, a deputy gov- 'ernor, and a committee of directors, established ' Bt London, by whom nil general orders and reg- < Illations are devised and issued, anil all reports ' and accounts are examined and controlled. The • proceedings of this body ure enveloped in pro- Mbiinil secrecy, and the comiiiunicatioiis made to ' the Government in writing, which are likely to bo ' published, are eipreased in terms of studied cnu- ' tion, and afford only the details absolutely re- ' (|uircd." Here, then, (continued Mr. G.,) is n perfect or- ganization — an established governnient operating in ftivor of British subjects on the northern bank of the Columbia. I am in ftivor of giving the notice for another and yet stronger reason. This matter has been again opened by negotiation. The American Gov- ernment, in that spirit of liberality which has ever characterized its intercourse with foreign nations, has again, and for the fourth time, made the most liberal oilers for a settlement of the controversy by compromise. The American Government bus again proposed lo divide this territory liy the 49th parallel ot latitude, which, in reference to the ex- tent of territory on the northern and southern side, is ainost liberal oflcr of compromise, and will bo so pronounced by the diplnmatists of Europe. It gives England nearly one-half of that magnificent territory. Did nol the offer go even furtlier than that ? Let inc read an extract from the leller of the Secretary of State, of the laih of July, to the, British Minister. Mr. Buchanan says: " He [the President] has therefore instructed the ' undersigned again to propose lo the Government ' of Great Britain that the Oregon territory shall bo ' divided between tlie two countries by the 4!)lh ' parallel of north latitude, from the Uocky mouii- ' tains to the Pacific ocean." That (said Mr. G.) was a most lilieral offer, but it did not stop there. It further says: " OU'ering, at the same time, lo make free lo ' Great Britain any port or ports on Vancouver's ' Island, south of this parallel, which tlie British ' Goveriiinent may desire." Can there (said .Mr. G.) be a more liberal pro- position than that which our Governnient thus sub- mitted? Why, sir, if one were unacquainted with the his- tory of Great Britain, be would be struck with amazement that such a proposition should be re- jei^lcd. But wl.en we trace her history from the day that the Norman conqueror )ilanted his iron heel ujion that sea-girt isle, down the stieani of lime until the day that she chained her honor to the rock at St. Helena with its royal captive, when lias Great Britain evtn' abandoned any claim of ter- ritory she has made, esrept she has obtained the lion's share by treaty, or has first tried Ihe wager of battle ? W hat is her proposition now ? What has it always been? " Give me the north of the Columbia river. Give me two-thirds of this ter- ritory U) which I acknowledge I have no claim; give me more tlian two-thirds of that territory in which I iiave never claimed the sovereignly of the soil." Now, sir, however we may dilTer upon llie offer, or acceptance of the parallel of 49 degrees, I do not believe that, from Nova Scotia to "Texas — from the Atlantic to the Pacific — there breathes a single man even ihis day who will ever permit Great Britain to conic south of the 49th pandlel. Mr. Chairman, Great Britain is perfectly con- tent with the jouit occupancy. It effects all her ob- jects; antl she is willing to trust to time to give her all she wants. It gives her, Mr. Chairman, nil she ever asked or contended for, ns I shall show. The joint occupancy is all she ever asked or contended for. Now, what is the basis of her title? Why, sir, in the negotiation at London between Mr. Gal- latin and the British plenipotentinries, in 1827, wliat was the claim then advanced by Great Brit- ain ? Did she dream at that day of claiming any 83 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Jnn 9, 39tm Conq 1st Sess. ■overeisniy of liile to nny piiri n( the auil of Die- Ron? Let ns hear her own l'lcni|ioiciitinry. In hiH imitnciil, he hi>lds lliin lanKUn^e : " Great Brimin claiiiu no txehuive focertignlii 'iirtr oni/ portion of thai lurilory. Hit prcaent ' claim, not in respect to nny part, l)ul to the whole, ' ia limited to n riRlit of jonit occupancy, in com- ' mon with the other S'lnten, leaving the right of ' exclusive ihmiinion in abeyance." Tlicre is where hIic wants to leave it now. Why, ■Jr.' Why? Becauu iht Itaa no title beyond that. Klic never aHkeil for anythini; Imt the joint occu- |uincy. Well, upon what hn« she foiiiiiled her ciniiii? Why, at the cIuho of thi:* protocol, iihc holds this language: " Such liring the result of the recent negotiation, ' it only remains for Great Itritain to nmintnin and ' uphold the ((ualitied rights which she now pos- ' senses over the whole of the territory in question. ' These rights are recorded and defined in the con- ' vention of Nooiku. They embrace the right to ' navigate the waters of those countries, the right ' to sritlc in and over any part of them, and the ' rit;ht freely to trade witli the inhabitantu tuid oc- ' cuniers of the s;inie." She cliviuicd, then, no sovereignty, no title to the soil, but a risrht in that territory merely for the usual purposes of coniincicc; a right there to pur- sue her coniineri iiil operations, founded ujion the treaty of Nootka Sound. Well now, sir, that was her claim in 1HJ7. That was the opinion of hcrMinisterof herclaim. Was it correct, or was it not .' Can nny man believe — if at that day she believed hcrs.-lf to possess any title to the soil of Oregon — it would not have been embraced in the protocol of her I'Uiiipotcnliary? She founded her cliiim upon the Nootka Sound treaty. Now, this |)rolocol irivca you the opinion of her Minister in 18d7, that that treaty !;ii.c her no right to the soil — that it «ave her but a " qiiali- ficd"riglit. Was it in exisiciice in lHi7? Out of what did it grow? There is something about the history of that trenly which speaks a hsson as to the l'orei'j;n policy of Great Britain. Why, sir, in I7'.)0. the King of Great Urituin made a commu- nicatiim to his I'ailinment, that two Hrilish vessels had been seized by the Spanish Governor upon the northwestern coast of America. Now, I a.Hk (rentlenien to look at the conmiunicntion made to the Pnrliumcnl of Great Biilain upon the 5ih of May, 1790, and which was the commencement of the Nootka Sound ditliculty . Does any geiiilcmiui believe, if Great Uritain at that day believed she had any claim to the soil, that when her King was sneaking to his own I'arliamenl he would not have alluded to it ? That w hen he was calling down at- tention to an ouiiage committed on a portion of (he citizensof his kingdom, he would not have spoken of it as being committed in a country over which hcclaimed the sovereignty, or in which he claimed the right of soil • But we hear not one word of this. He speaks of the injury to the ves.sels-, but in the whole communication Jiere is not one word that upon the soilof the country Great Brildin had nny claim. He docs not speak of the loss of land;. No, sir. He does not speak of the deslruction of houses; but he complains of the caj>ture of two ships and their cargoes. Well, Spain took great pains to clear up this matter. Slie behaved in a liberal mid noble way; and she addressed a memo- rial to the courts f ihat territory. Great Brilaiii and the United Slates looked to its use ineiely as a place for carrying on llie fur trade, and possibly as a iilace for watering their shijis engaged in the I whale fishery ill the Pacific. Jiiiiit occupancy, then, was all ihat the Uniled Sliilcs wanted; joint occupancy was then, and is now, all that Great Britain wants. In 1^:27, things remained in the same condition; and that whii'h was but tempo- rary, by ils own llniitaiioii, was made lo continue during thcjileasureof bo'h parties. But what does itbearon its face? Why, it bears on its face the opinion of both the high cnnlracling parlies, that a I leriod would come when this joint occuiiancy would no longer be advisable. It reserves tlie right for either party to terminate this joint occupancy upon twelve months' noiice. They looked then, as they did in lfnrallel lo Ihe Pacific ocean, and givo you nearly one-half of this ningnilicenl territory. VVewill give it to yiui,too, when you never claiiii- ed ihe mucreignty of the soil, but I'laimed merely its temporary occniiancy." Sir, I believe that the rejection of thai oiler by the British Minister wa» nish and impolitic; and, 1 believe, over it humiuii- ly will weep. Sir, the gcnllenian from Indiana who addressed Ihe cominillee a day or two ago, asked where was the power of ' ongiess, under the Constitiilioii, li> pass this resolution. I point him to section thiril, in tide fourth of the ( onslituliun, which read* thus : "The ('cmgress shall have power to dispose of ' nnd make all needful rules and regulations re- ' specting the territory or other projierty bclong- ' iiig lo Ihe United Stales." Now, here is a power given in the Constiution to pass nil rules and legulaiiona res|iecting our ter- ritory. O, bill, says the gentlemen, it behnigs to the treaty-making power. But no coiifiict can ever come between Congress and the treaty-nia- king power on a qiiestiim of this kind lo which Conj;riss iigrccs. I'o wliimi is the power given under this lesolulion ? To the fiouse of Ileprc- senlalives, the President, and the Senate. Who is the treaty-making |iower? The President and Senate. Whatever, then. Congress improves, th» Irculy-making power will sunciion. "There can bo no coiifiict between them. The hmioiable gentleman from Alabama, [Mr. Yancey,] to whose remarks I listened with so much delight — it was the glowing eloquence of tho sunny South — asked what the late war had acliiev- • ed. Sir, that was not a war for territory; it was a war for the freedom of the sea. Great Britain had claimed supreinacy upon Ihe ocean; and her poet hud boasiingly siud of her — o nrilniiiiin aceilK no bulwark, No tiuvirrt nIniiK the hlccp; Hit iMfirch it* n'l-r tlii> nioiinlain WAVt>, Iter hnnic is dii llic diM-p." We met her on that element; nnd again and again nnd again «as Ihe red cross of St. George struck before that starry banner around which cluster the gushing alleciiims of our hearts. Yes, sir, upon It, before we entered that struggle, we inscrilied "free trade and auilors' rights." 'I'hey were glo- rimisly, nobly maintained ; and nt the treaty of Ghent — over which was placed, as ime of ils min- istering spirits, the venerable gentleman from Mas- sachiisells, |Mr. Ad.vm«1 — the American eaglo Happed its wings triumphantly over the crouchmg licm. Mr. Chairman, much has been said of what the West will do in case of a contest. I hojie, I fer- vently hope, ihat this contest may not come; but if we are lo have it — if wcare lo Iiavc the battle of the warrior " with conl\i.sed noise and garments rolled in bio, id" — I tell my friends from the rich and glorious West, that those I have the hon- or to represent will not be found last when the muster roll is called. Sir, the patriotism and the valor of my constituents need no eulogium from me. They have been written on the field of battle with llic heart's blood of the proud invader; and the same valor nnd the same palrioti.sm which more than thirty year HciMiiin (liii'il, wliiuli nndii r to ilinpnsc of rc};iilaliiiii.s re- jptrty Lcluii^- 10 CllllHtllltioD itclint; mil' ler- , It III liiii|;N to ) ciiiillict dill ;lie (ri'iily-nm- the final issue of that conflict; for " rrcedmnN linllle once tirfliin, ll'iliicntlinl Iniin lileciiinn Klre to son, I'lioiigh bnilli'd nil, is ever won " OREGON aUESTION. SPEECH OF MR. L. H. SIMS, OF Missorni, In the IIoIIIIE of UKPRF.nGNTATIVEa, Jiiniuii°!/ .'>, 184(i. The resohitioim reported to the House by the chairman of the Committee on Foreij;n Relations, giving notice to Great Uritaui of the terininalion il.s ,^Tl,;esty's8hipAn- ' dromache,we, tlieunde ~i','ned, (in in conformity ' to the first article of the Tieaiy oC 3hent, restore ' to the Government of tli llnitii'. States, through ' its agent. J. B. Prevost, Iv^ jiilir, i e scttlementof ' Fort George, on the Colun. Mil .'ivc. Given under ' our hands, in triplicate, lU Foi' lJ;orge, Columbia ' river, this 6th day of October, 1818. " P. HICKEY, " Cnjifoiii of his Majeshi's ship niossom. "J. KEITH, " Of the Mirthtcesl Company." I will also refer the House to the acceptance thereof by the American commissioner, which is laid down in the following language, viz: ^ " I do hereliy acknowledge In have this day re- ' ceiveil, in behalf of llif Government of the United ' .States, the jiossension of the setllenient designa- ' ted above, in conformity to the first article of the ' treaty of Ghent. Given under my hmid, in tripli- ' cate, at Kort George, Columbia rivi i . ihis (ith of 'October, 1818. "J. 1!. PREVO.ST, ",%ni//(ir(Af Uniied Slatef." Shortly after the interchange of this correspond- ence, the British fliig was hauled down, and thn American ensign placed in its stead. Sir, I iisk the members on this floor what means would have been more efl'cctive in the mrrender of the Oregon Ttrritorij than the above? It inny be true that the people of Missouri, whom 1 have the honor, in part, to represent, feel a more warm allcction for Oregon than others in this nation. I cannot, myself, help feeling for it the warmest afl'ection. If, therefore, I should say anything calculated to wound the feelings of any who hear me, I assure them that it is not my in- tention. I have witnessed, with deep solicitude, the tears of the mother in parting with her sons and daughters, when I have seen them take u[)the travel for Oregon, which has been said by gentle- men to bo a route so impracicable iind so full of danger; and I have .lymivuhized in the feelings of the aged father, when his children were depart- ing for that country, where they desired to find a fertile home on the borders of the Pacific. I will notice what the gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. Riiett] said, if it be in order, as to this country being the rel'ugc of liberty, and free to all emigrants from every nation who are siiU'er- iiig under tyranny and oppression; and I was sur- prised that he was willing to let Oregon alone, and thus close it to those who may seek, under our pro- tection, a home in that country, which I conceive will be the probable results if we lliil to adopt the pending resolutions. He would leave our rights 111 Oregon the subject of negotiation with a nation which never yielded anything in its diplomacy to us, or to any other people. We have here openly discussed every branch of this question, anil our views upon it arc known to all the world. But you can never tell what are | the purposes of Great Britain from the debates in ! her Parliament, for the decision of such questions j does not depend upon the small portion of the pop- ' uliir principle which is imposed in her system of i government. Being a resident of the frontier, where I have cast my lot for life, I feel very deep- ly the necessity of giving notice to Great Britain 1 lif our purpose to terminate the joint occiiiiancy of Oregon. The gentleman from South Carolina asks for reasons why we should do this, and I wUlgivo them. Proposition after proposition have we made to Great Britain for the setllenient of the question, and the division of the territory between her and us. All these she has .steadily rcfu.sed, and, had I been with the President when he ofl'ered the last compromise of the 49th parallel, I would have ad- vised him against it. But, sir, the gentleman from New York [Mr. Kinc;] was mistaken when ho said that the Presiilent had not made that offer in sincerity. Sir, I have known the President inti- mately for many years, during his whole public and |irivate career. I have known his whole his- tory, and have marked his devotion to republican principles ill every station that lie has filled, and he has occupied no small portion of his country's history. lie never made nn offer in bad faith. In making this proposition he supposed that it would be accepted, anil he intended to be bound by it. (Mr. Preston Kino inquired of the gentleman from Missouri if he referred to any thing which ho had said, when he spoke of the faith of the Gov- ernment .> Mr. Sims said : I reffcr to the rumor spoken of by the honorable gentleman from New York. If so, said Mr. K., I desire to say that I said nothing on the subject of the faith of the Govern- ment. The question of faith, good or bad, was not at all involved in the ofier last made by our Government to Great Britain. If it had been ac- cepted, our Government would have been bound by it, and the line settled nt 49°. It was for this reason he had said he would not have made the of- fer. The ofliT was rejected by the British Gov- ernment, and we were saved from all injury. He (Mr. K.) felt nn ienaitiveness on this subject of the fcith of the Government. The honor of thn coun- try wiw in safe hands, in the care of the Adminis- tmtion. His acis, and the votca of tliose who sent him here, were the testimonials of hia faith for the past, as they would be for the future.] Mr. SiH< ri'N lined. It is ao common on thi« floor for inexpei . diced members to make apnlogiia for their embarnissmenls, I will not ofTcf niiy I'or mine. I hone gintleinen will underxland, wlial I have heretidore said, that 1 do not intend to make any personal alhiMioiis to any gentlemen here de- signed to Imi ofTensiw. I find so much dilHciilty in getting along with all the oiiestioiis that may bo raised by the North or liy tne South, and by law- yers, and inetaphyHieiaiiH, and learned doctors, who abound here, that I shall be compelled to travel slowly in my remarks, I hope, tlierefore, that gendenien will keep cool, and sutler me to gel through, I was about to say, when interrupted by the gentleman, that the fact of the President's hav- ing ofl'ered the 4!)th degree as a compromise, is no rea.snn why he should make it again, or that he sliould take it, if now ofl'ered by the Ibitish Gov- ernment. Sir, suppose that I have a cargo of flour in the Fort of Boston; a gentleman may come to buy it; ofler it for six dollars per barrel, and he rel\ise« it: suppose that he goes out on the wharf, and finds that flour is worth eight dollars per barrel, am I liound to take the ofler of six dollars per barrel on his reUirn and demanding it, or would it bfl good sense to make a similar proposition, thereby losing two dollars on each barrel ? This is pre- cisely an analogous case, A great deal has been said hero about war, I wish to be distinctly understood what banner I fight under — it is for Oregon, all or none, now or ncrrr. Not only I, but the people of Missouri, whom I in part represent, will stand up to this motto. Around it we will rally, and for . ' we will fight, till the Briti.sh lion shall trail in the dust. The lion ha.'f cowered before us before; and I have no fears, in the event of our being iinifri', but ha will do so again. I believe that there is unity and strength enough in the American people to enforce ilieir rights and repel aggressiona. Talk of whipping this nation ! Sir, it is fully — the height of folly. I have not been br might up in the tented field, nor accustom- ed to make war an exercise, and do not so much thirst for marshal renown as to desire to witiies,i .such a war as America and Britain would make. Sighing and moaning would be its consequences; deep aflliction would locate itself in the cities, towns, and rural scenes of our wide-spread coun- try. Notwithstanding all this, I cannot fear the war, nor doubt its success on our part, should we be forced to meet it. The gentleman from Ohio [Mr. Giddings] had brought several other topics into view: and I be- lieve that he would sufler much if he' did not say something about abolition and slavery. As he is now delivered of his tiring load, I liofie that he will not again impose upon this House similar re- marks. I do not wish to say anything against the South. No, God forbid; for she has too often dis- played her patriotism on the battle-field, and her devotion to democratic principles. I do not, sir, de- sire to witness the shock of war, its pomp and parade, and its bloody fields; nor do I wisli ever to iienr the shoiiLs of those triumphs which I feel that we should achieve in this struggle; but I do hope that we shall never submit to British dicta- tion. When I was a boy, sir, a small boy, in 1815, 1 was with my father at church, where he was ofi'ering his prayers to the Almighty; and it was tlien that tlie news of the victory of New Orleans reached the spot. I never felt so happy as at that moment. At that moment my love of country commenced," and from that hour it has increased more and more every year; and I shall be ever ready to peril every- thing in my power for the good of my country. Sir, I do not fear, if the resolutions now being de- bated are adopted, tliat war will be the result. Will Great Britain make war upon us for taking and using that which is our ov/n ? Will she do this, when the treaty itself provides that either Government may terminate tne joint occupancy by giving no- tice? If she desires to have a war, let ner see to 1 it. Sir, I am for the whole of Oregon, and for I nothing else but the whole. Should it require of li. ■->. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 Hfi^ 1^ II i'-i^ ^ m 1.25 1 1.4 p M.» r^ <^ V] >^ o;^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 53 WBST MAIN .TREET V«iii>ST?* '! V. ;4580 (716) a72-4503 £# ^r.^s l.% "W vHT itfe % 11 I ' I ' W 84 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE. [Jan. 5, 29th Cong 1st Sess. 'JTie Oregon Question — Mr. h. H, Simt. Ho. OF Reps. us, in seir-(li;lciico, lo iiinkr bloody the ilccks of oiir Btiips, crimson our rivrrn IVom their ijiotintnin sources to the ocean, and cover our land with the slain in baltle, we are prennred for the sacrifice. I cannot hold tlio idea tnat some gentlemen do, that Britain could defeat lis; the thing is impossi- ble. Why did she not coifqncr us in iormer sirug- (,'les? Because we were strasjijlini; Tor liberty and the rights of man. Our elfoits were aided by the Ruler of the destinies of nations, and the strong arms of the lovers of liberty — ay, that very liberty which dreads mt comparicon with glorvl Why should we give up Oregon, and cut olTtlic West from the trade with China, and give it all to Engl.'ind? If we show that wc are afraid of (ircat Bri'ain, the loss of the countr, will lie certain. What is peace without honor? If we once give way on one point, we shall be soon called on to vL'ld another, and so on, till we have nolbing to l.ise. The situation of things on the Northeastern boundary I do not wish to st^c in the West. Those iieighhoi^s on one side of the line see in those on the other bittir foes. Talk about settling the cnuntry, extdiding our laws with the joint occu- pancy in existence, is a great absurdity. To see two judicial tribunals on the same square mile — one under the Uriiish Crown, the other under that of the United Siittes — American militia and British soldiers niusteriuL': in the same field in the time of peace — would be the result of the ]«ilicy unjcd by gentlemen oppo.xing the notice. IVr|ietunl hos- tility must be expected whenever two Govern- inents attempt or desire equal jurisdiction and rights, held and relaiued on tlieir respective pans. It would be tnniatural to expect peace and har- raony to prevail under such exisfing circumstances. Mr. Sijoaker, I slunild have much at risk in the event of war — not in wcalih — but I h.ivn a wife and children, and I love them with all the heart and soul that I possess. No one can love his family more than I do mine, unless his stronger intellect may irive him more strength of atl'ection; and that family would be exposed to the merciless savages, who will, as ever, become the allies of Great Britain in every war with us. They will be exposed to the horrors "f the tomahawk and scalping knife of the cruel anu unrelenting sriva!;e. But, sir, in the face of this ilanger, the peitple of the frontiers, wiih all the West, will daringly press, with the rillc in one hand and the imple- ments of hnsbauilrv in the otlwr, to the valley of the Columbia. AVith the former they will mark their enemies; with the latter subdue the forest, and erect habitations lor themsrives aiul laitiilies. It is not inipo.ssible that I may In- nmon'rs' those who will be seen in this onward and western march. I am far west tVinn the home of my birth. In early life, eri^ my mind nasmied, I w:i.s conveved, in the laj> of my mniher, across the mituntains, and was located, without the volition of my own will, on the waurs of Cumberland, Middle Ten- nessee. I have since that time, by choice, foinid my (iresent home on the Ozark Hri'.'lits, in .sniitli- western Missouri, where the sisins of savage life r«n yet be traced, but where the inroails of civiliza- tion are obliterulin;r the footstei»s of tin* warlike Kickapoos. The Indian and the white man alike love tin; tonibs and the rtjstin;; plact! of their sires; but destiny moves them both; yet their spirits linsrer about the Innues of their birth. We talk about aL'gfession ir)ion liritish rights. I hold in my hand, and submit to the hnuo.able membersupon thisflnor, a compiled catalogue of the foreign raimcities of Great Britain, which shows, eonclusi\'plv, her thirst for power, ajul wantonness in her seizures of ilie rights of others, and her grns))- ing desire ti- bird it over land and sen. But to the catJtlogue; THE FOHElr.S nAr\CITlES OF GREAT BRITAIN. Names of Prorinff i. From vkom Date, Sq. mites. Iiiken. J«mnica Spain Ifi.'i.')... .(),a.')0 Honduras Spain I(i7(t.. . ..l.fiOO St. Helena Dutch Mu'.i 4fi Oibmltar Spain 1704 'i LowerOnada France I7.')!I..2,')().(HK) Upper Canada Prance 17110. .KMI.OOO Grenada France I7fi2 Dominica France 17(i;) St. i'incent France 17().1 Trinidad.. Malta 2,000 ...98 Tobago France 1703 H8 Ceylon (in part) Dutch 1796. .. 12,500 'France and ) ,_, •••• \ Spain... <*'' < Knights of) ,„,^, ••••\ St. John, r**"" Go7,za do IHOO Deiuarara Dutch 18U;j ) lOssequibo Dutch 180:i ) 7fi,000 Berbice Dtitch ISOH ) St. Lucia Dutch 1803.. . .3,000 Cape of Good Hope. . .Dutch 1806.. 13(1,000 Heligoland Denmark.. ..1807 .I Mauritius Prance 1810 75G hnian Islnnils, viz: Corfu Pmiice 1814 227 Cephnloiiia Prance 1814 348 Zante Prance 1814 l.'iG Barbadoes IfiO.'i. Rcriniidas 1(!09. St.Kitts 1()23. Gambia 1(131. Montsemit ifi32. Antimia iri;)2. 1814 180 1814 44 1814 116 1814 2G 181.i.. 12,000 .1844. .800 .do. . . ...17i;.'. .do. . . ...17(i(i .do... ...1715 .do... ...1770 .do. . . ...1778 Bahaniu^. S France and it Spain. 17c3.... 5,424 Santa Maura France Ilaca Pnince. . . Ceeigo France. . . Paxo Prance. . . Ceylon (in part) Native kinj Chusan China.. . . Ilrilish India, i-i:: Twenty-four Pcrgun- nahs Native princes. 17.')7 Mnsalipaliui do Itiri Burdwnn do 1760 Manapoor do I'tiO Chiltagong do 17t)0 Bengal ..." do 176,1 Bahar do 1765 Orissa do 17(i5 ('hingleput .?, Northern Ci(;ars Geniindarv of Benares. . Island ofSalsctte Nagore Gtmtr Circars do 1778 Pido I'enang do 1786 Malelmr. ilo 171)2 Dindignl do ]7!12 Salem do 17112 Barramahl do 1792 Coriulmtorc do 17!l!l Canara do 179!) Wynaad do 17!)!) Tanjore io 1799 Dist's of Tippoo Saib lo IKIK) I V:' ttic do imii Goruckpore do |8I) Bejnpoor (in part) do Ikoo Sins;apore do 18'>4 Malaccti do \f^'iii Assam do |K'J6 Aracan lo |H'>6 Tavov do IHOfi Ye..; do I,-;.'6 Coorg do Ip;i4 .ISLOaO Slates poifing black ma', in Iniliu, ri:; Bernr, Oudc, Mysore, Tr^wiincore, Cochin, Salln- rah, Dominions (»f the Xizani, Doniiriions of the Ibijpoot chief. Dominions of the Bundlecmnl i chief. 433,000 ' SrHtemeiits of (t'rent Urit.iiii. T)nte. .SV/twrc mites. ' New Brunswick 1.T10 27,704 .N'ovaScniia , . . .1510 ( ,„ ,.,, Cape Breton 1510 l "'•'''-• Prince F.dwanI 's Island 1510 9,131 Newfoundland 1510 35,913 ...1G4 ....67 ....20 ....46 ... 108 Portola 1666 43 Sierni Leone 1787 SO- New South Wides 1787 > Van Dieman's Land 1803 \ 50,000 Western Australia 1829 ) New Holland, parts unsettled 3,000,000 RECAFITULATIUN. SiiUiiremitm, British nccptisition by seizures from oth- er riaitons 1,620,694 British acquisition by peaceful settle- ments 135,007 British acquisition by claim without settlement 3,000,000 Sir, you will see from this catalogue llint Great Britain has acquired, by force, one million six hun- dred and twenty thiaisaiul sjx hundred and ninety- four square miles; by peaceful settlement, one hun- dred and thirty-five thousttnd and seven squaro miles; by claim, without settlement, three millions of square miles. What nation has she not plunder- ed of her territory ? Ask Prance how she (Kiig- land) got the Canadasi' France will answer, by conquest and blood. Ask Spain and India, nay the world, how she has acquired posses.sions be- longing to them. And shall the American people or the .\mericnii Congress invite (jieat Britain to come here and take from our children their inher- itance ? It has been said that the r»ute to Oregon was im- pnicticable; that it is \)eset with dangerous ene- mies, and that we could not send troops to Oregon, 'nor provisions to feed them. Now, sir, we of Mis- •ouri cini fit out ten thousand wagon loads of pro. visions for Ori^gon at any lime, and ten thousand wagon boys to drive them, who, with their wagon whips, can beat and drive oil" all the British and Indians that they find in their way. Sinue say that the ships of England will bring soldiers aim provisions, and block up theiiiouth of the Columbia, qiiarier her troops upon the terri- tory, and starve us out of the country. Both parties would have to participate in this ; and, take my word for it, Her Majesty's troops woulil have their share of h';nger, from the fact, that her hireling muskets could not com, .e with llio deadly aim id' the western riflemen in felling game, sc plentiful in that portion of our western do- main. If the Pilgrims, who landed at Plymouth over two centuiies a;;o, h:id landed at the mouth of the Columbia, the .same lare.ssiiy for wcupying the whole North American cinitinent would then have existed that now exists. We shoulil have pressed easlwai'il, until we occupied the shores of thc'At- laniic,and Houihward to the Gulf of Mexico. We have heard it said that Oregcni is poor and sterile. Then why does Great Britain want it? We have agricultural lands in the vast valley of the .Mississippi, and we desire to have some ii'in- uliiciurers mi the Pacific, and a share in its loni- menc lo'd navigation. If the fact does exist, that a portion of the <'oun(ry is not so well adapted to fariniiff, it is only an argument in favor of our holding on lo it ; for it is evident that this Govein- nienl, at a fuliire day, must enter largely into iho manulhctui'c of her products; for even now, afler supplying In iself at home with articles to satiate her peojde, the remaining surplus is so large, in connexion with that of other countries, that our f'n>ilncers are poorly rewarded for iheir industry. t| then, itntsf happen that on the Colnmiiia and the Pacillc there u ill be established (as at the Kiist find .Vorth, upon the Atlantic and the lakes) man- ufactinies; that portion of our country adajiled to agriculture is iob(!f'>unil in the fertile vaiiey of the t\lissi.s.sippi— 110 part of the habitidde globe being its e(pial. If t)regon is not so well supplied with VMiter power as somi' have urged, the •>bjci'- tifui it! Iftsi by the successful operation of steam upmi machinery. But, sir, much of Oregon is a fine grazing country. There are, already, Hocks of cattle leediiig upon her luxuriant and fi'rtile fasture, continuing ihroiigh all seasons of the year, ler bills beneath the Niiow-peaks are alriady bleached with Ihe (leece of the sheep, giving reward [Jan. 5, 1846.] APPENDIX TO THE CONGiiESSIONAIi GLOBE. Sir o. OF Reps. 1605 1G4 lliO!) 'JO 1(123 fi7 ifisi eo 1(132 4(i l(i;)9 ion lf,6(; 43 1787 SO- 1787 > 1803 S ....50,000 1839 i 3,000,000 Square milps. )m otli- 1,C20,694 sfUle- 135,007 without 3,000,000 Inloffiie timt Grcnt le million six liiiri- imdrod and ninoty- lllenient, oneliiin- and Hcvcn sqiinn; lent, three millions us she not plundor- '.e how she (En;r- e will answer, liy in and India, nny id possessions lie- : American people e (ireat liritnin to lildrcn their inher- to Oregon was im- li dangerous ene- 1 troops to Orei^on, ow,sn',weof Mis- ii;,'oii loads of |iro- and ten thoiisiind , with their waj;on >ll the British and •ay. Midland will liriner k lip theinoulli of IS upon the lerri- ; country, limh iile in this ; and, ily's troops would om tbe fact, that com, .e with llio en in fellin); same, our western do Plymouth over the mouth of the r (K'eupyinfi; llio would then have iild have pressed iciiTS of the At- if Mexico. '>.'iin is poor and liriliiin want it? the vast valley of have some n"in- liare in its >om- t does exist, that well adapted to t In favor of our lh.it this Govein- r lar;^ely into iho even now, afler articles to satiate IS is HO lrti\'e, in iiinlries, that inir r llieir industry. le C'olumhia and ■d (as at the East 1 the lakes) nian- counlry adapted the fertile vaiii-y ' haliitahle ^lohe so well supplied urired, the ^Mijcc- leraliiin of sleani h of t)rei;on is a ulr'Nidy, flocks iriant and ferlili- iisons of the year, nks ar'.' alriady ji, srivin^ reward 29th Cono 1st Skss. The Oregon (Question — Mr. Yancy, Ho. or Reps. and comfort to our settler there. Go with me, in imns;intttion. to the plains of Oregon. Let us i^iko an impartial look at this lovely country. What do you heliold? Rich and fertile lands, awaiting; only the industry of toilinp; thousands, soon to be rewarded with an increased and plentiful harvest — with every wave that shall leave the shores of the Pacifiir, bearing olT her surplus products, in exchanije for the gold of India and the manufac- tures of China. How it '8 possible, sir, that gentlemen from the 1 South should feel so ir.difTercnt to the ^acquisition