IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
/
Z
?<J
^
1.0
■SIM 1123
ISO ™^^ IIIII^S
urn
■^ 1^ IIIII2 2
i lis IIIIM
•
I.I
1.25
IIIIM
1.4 1 1.6
^ 1 —
■^ — ■ —
6" fe.
V
<^
#
/i
/.
7
PhotooTdphic
_,Sciences
Corporaiioii
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80
(716) 872-4503
iV
iV
'^
<>
."'i^
' <»
'%
^
\<^^<^
K^ 4is
CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibtiographiques
The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.
n
n
v/
n
D
D
D
n
n
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagee
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde
Cover title missing/
I.e titre de couverture manque
Coloured maps/
Cartes g6ographiques en couleur
Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
Bound with other material/
Relie avec d'autres documents
Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
La reliure sarree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge int^rieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es
lors d'une rrstauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas et6 filmdes.
Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl6mentaires;
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la m6thode normale de fitm.-jge
sont indiqu^s ci-dessous.
□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
□ Pages damaged/
Pages endommag^es
□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes
Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
\/
n
x/
Pages d6color6es, tachet^es ou piqu^es
Pages detached/
Pages d6tach6es
Showthrough/
Transparence
Quality of prir
Quality in^gale de I'impression
Includes supplementary materic
Comprend du materiel suppiementaire
I I Pages detached/
I I Showthrough/
I I Quality of print varies/
I I Includes supplementary material/
Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible
Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6vk film^es d nouveau de faqon d
obtenir la meilleure image possible.
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous.
10X
14X
18X
22X
26X
30X
J
12X
16X
20X
24X
28X
32X
The copy filmad her* hat b««n reproducad thanks
to tha ganarosity of:
University of British Columbia Library
L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grAca A la
ginAroalt* da:
University of British Columbia Library
Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality
possibia considaring tha condition and legibility
of tha original copy and in Itaaping with tha
filming contract spacifications.
Las images suivantes ont 6tA raproduites avac la
plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at
da la nattet* da I'exempiaira f ilmA, et en
conformity avac las conditions du contrat de
filmage.
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies ara filmed beginning on the
f i/st page with a printed or iiiustreted impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
Les exempiairas originaux dont la couvarture an
papier est imprimis sont fiim«s en commen^ant
par la premier plat at en terminant soit par la
darniAre page qui comporte une emprainte
d'impression ou d'iilustration, soit par la second
piet, selon le cas. Tous las autras exempiairas
originaux sont fiimte en commen9ant par la
premiere page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'iilustration at bu terminant par
la darniire page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain tha symbol —^ (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever eppiies.
Un des symboies suivants apparahra sur la
darniire image de chaque microfiche, selon le
cas: la symbols — »» signifie "A SUIVRE ", le
symbols V signifie "FIN".
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction retios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right end top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre
fiimte A dss taux da reduction diffArents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre
reproduit en un seul ciichA, il est film* A partir
da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite.
et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre
d'images nAcessaire. i.es diagrammes suivants
iiiustrant la mAthoda.
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 1
»
M. J. (Sage & Company's €xamiuation IJvimcv .^enes.
GAGE'S NEW PRIMER
OF
MAP GEOGKAPHY,
FOR
r'upils preparing for Promotion Examinations.
Pupils preparing for Entrance Examinations.
Pupils preparing for Junior and Senior leaving Examination*,
Students j^reparing for Teachers^ Certificates.
And all Official Examinations.
REVISED EDITION.
TORONTO:
W. J. GAGE & COMPANY,
1892.
Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, In the year li'ss, by W. J. Gaok & Company,
lu the office of the Minister of Agriculture. Revised Edition copyrlghtoi 1892.
PREFACE.
In compiling this Primer of Geography the aim of the editors has been, not
to produce a literary work, but to present, in a simple snd systematic forai, all the
material necessary for the various promotion, entrance, ^wimarj/, Junior and
senior leaving, and other official examinations.
To overcome the great difficulty of preparing students for these examinations,
some masters throughout the province have ta^ieii the ordinary text-books in uao.
and from the multitude of sentences, selected what they deemed necessary to be
learned by the pupiL Others again have used the blackboard or the dictation book
for the facts to be memorized. These ])lans are objectionable, as the one does not
present the words from the text-book so as to be remembfered readily, and the
others necessitate the loss of imieh valuable time. Further, the pupil does not
recognize the word in its written form, and thus tlie spelling is not taught. Of
still more importance, and what of itself should commend the work to teachers and
the public generally, is that the exercise book required for the dictation exercises
in Geography alone costs as much as this Primer.
The work is arranged in tabular analyses, to prevent the waste of time in
poring over a prosy text-book. Brief notes are inserted at intervals to convey
information of special interest. Although merely preliminary, this book will be
found to contain all that is necessary to fit a student for any of our examinations
in the subject. Geography.
As to what and how much to teach, those in charge must exercise their own
Judgment.s.
Since many geographical terms are spelled two ways, it has been the
endeavor to present the most general form, for instance : ListoweH. Chippawa,
Deseronto, Porto Rico, Mines, Guadalquivir, etc. , etc.
The attention of both teacher and student is directed to the Railway Map
and to its analyr s as special features of the book.
(OVER)
I
•
'
u
PltBFACB.
PREFACE TO NEW EDITION.
The following littlo work on Geography has been thoroughly revised ancl
considerable new matter added. The arrangement of tabular analyses has been
more extensively applied, as it is found to present the information in a classified
form to the mind through the eya The new matter thus added relates to such
interesting portions of the earth as A nstralia and parts of Oceania, Africa, the
West Indies, and Central America. These places, containing as they do sister
colonies, claiming a common origin with ourselves from British stock, cannot fail
to be of deep interest to all loyal Canadians.
The statistics of the various countries, particularly those sjieaking the
English Language, have been brough*- ' own to the latest date ; this is possible at
this juncture owing to the prevailing custom of taking the census every decade.
The Railway map and letter press instruction accompanying it, which forms
a si>ecial feature of the v/ork, is also brought down to latest date, and will be
found to almost furnish a ' ' travellers' guide ; " as nearly every place of importance
will be found therein. It will be noticed that the older parts of Canada are as well
supplied with railway facilities as any part of the world. The natural products,
manufactures, trade and commerce have received special attention ; and, while not
claiming that it contains everything essential to a complete knowledge of
Geography, it is contended that as much useful information has been packed into
the limited space as is either wise or prudent, and it is hoped that it will answer
the end for which it was prepared more successfully than over.
January 5th, 1892. ;
INDEX.
Africa
Aiaei'ica, N
America, S
Asia
Australasia
Austria — Hungary. .
Belgiiuii
British Columbia. . . .
Canada
Central America. . . .
Definitions
Denmark
England and Wales.
Euroi^e
France
Geri-riany.
Greece
Holland
Ireland
Italy
'AUE
55
9
37
58
57
17
1!>
28
11
3fi
5
52
41
39
4b
¥',
52
52
41
48
VAOE
Mexico 35
New Bruiiswick 2B
Ne\vf(jundlan(l 28
Norway 50
Nova Scotia 27
Oceania 57
Ontario 16
Portugal 51
Prince Edward Island 28
Quebec 21
Lailwaj's of Ontario 21
Russia 47
Scotland 43
Si)ain 49
Sweden 50
Switzerland 51
Turkey. 50
United States 29
West Indies 8^
mm
GEOGRAPHY.
GeofH'npliy* A descriptim of the envtli. There nre three departments : Matheinatiral, Phjsl-
cal, Political.
Nnllifnintical. The form, motions, ond magniladelof the earth.
PhyHfrnl. ! The natural divisions of the earth's surface into land and water, the \vln(\, rain,
atmos])liere, etc., etc.
Politlrnl. The artiticial di%isions, i.e., into countries, cities, {rovcrnmcnts, etc.
MATHEMATICAL GEOCiHAPHICAL DEFIMTIOXS.
i:artli.
Slinpt'of Karth.
HlotioiiH.
Gravity.
Axli^.
Uluiiiclcr.
Poles.
Cardinal
Points.
liorlzoii.
Kqnntor.
Latitude.
Meridian,
longitude.
ParalieiM of
liHtltnde.
A planet, i.e., a cool Iwdy revolvinjj' aroimd an incandescent one.
An oblate .spheroid, I.e.. a slifrhtly compressed sphere.
Diurnal, or Daily, i.e., turniui."- on it axis from W. to E. once in I'l hours {-'.'ih.,
.')() m., 4 sec.) Result, day and ni^lit. Annual, or Yoarly, i.e., revohiufj: around
the sun in .SH:') dys., i> hrs., min., lO-T sec. Result, Seasons : Spring. '.& days ;
Sii Dime )•,'.) I dnys: Aiitinun, H<.i dnys: ]l7«iec, sii days. Rate of tra\'el IT.oiX)
miles an hour. I'niversal, movinu: tln'oujrh space as part of the solar system.
The reciprocal attraction of natter to matter.
The line al«)ut which the earth tarns. A"»^'— All lines referred to in these defini-
tions are iinadhiari/.
A straight line i)assina: tlirough tlie earth's centre and terminating at both ends at
the surface. Etjuatorial diameter, 7,9:.'.t'() nnles : Polar, 7. WO '2 miles. In t/en-
eral fenns. S.(X"> niUes; Circii inference. i'/,<Sv>;, or saij 25,000: Area, 107,000,000
miles: Solid content. 'i, 200 1)11111^18 qf miles.
The ends of the axis. There are two : Xorth and South.
East, where the sun rises; Wost, where it sets: South, towards tlie horizon di-
rectly under the sun at noon ; Xorth, opiwsite the South, or towards the jiolar
star in X. Hem.
Sensible, where the sky and earth .seem to meet; liutional, a great circle of the
celestial si)here whose iilane passes througli the centre of the earth. It is
parallel to the sensible hnrizon. Zenith, the \)oint directly overhead ; nadir,
the i)oiut di'-ectly underneath.
A great circle around the earth, midway between the ix)les. This divides the
earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres, and is the base line whence
latitude is calculated.
Distance north or ... ith of the equator, meiisured in degrees and minutes. Degrees
of latitude are all very nearly the same length.
A semi -circle passing from ijole to jwle, and cutting the equator at right angles.
Distance east or west of the tirst or l)ase meridian. The meridian of Greenwicfi,
En(j..is thehase. All cast of it for 180' is I]. Longitude: all icest of it for
180' is W. Lom/itude. 300' mnkes a difference of 24 hours, or r makes 4 miti.
Degrees of Longitude I'ory in length from 601-6 miles to 0,
Small circles parallel to the equator.
tf
MAP GEOGRAPHY PKIMER.
4
Iiiiporliiiit
Pni'allds.
Cii'oat i'ii'i-le.
Siuailloi't'irclCH
Zoiie!4, or Belts.
Ecliptic.
4 iicic of
llliiiiiiiiatioii.
EoIipHO.
£4IllillOX0.S.
»|iolstieeH.
Zoilinc.
Mouu.
Sun.
Drcliiiattwn.
AltitiKlc.
nap.
Tropic of Cancer. ■2:r ->s' N.: Tnipic of Capricorn, 23' 2S' S.; Arctic, or K. Polar
Circle, 23' 28' from the N. ]K)1c : Antarct Ic, or S. Polu r Circle, 23° 28' from the
S. polo.
One dividing' the earth into t^vo equal parts, i.e., one whose plane passes throutrh
the earth's centre. They are : equator, ecliptic, tn^'ridian, rational liurizon,
etc.
Smaller circles do not di\ide the earth equally. They are : tropics, x>olar circles^
ami parallels of latittcde.
Torrid, between 23' 2H' S. and 23" 28' X., i.e., within the Tropics, Tempt rates, be-
tween tlio Tropics and the Polar circles, each 4:; 1' wide. Frigids, Mithin the
Polar circles, each W .')•)' in diameter.
The .arcat circle dosoril)ed liy the earth in a year. It.^ iilano cuts the equator at an
I angle of 2:r 2f<' Ju'lijises occur only m'Ikmi the iiinnii is on or near this circle.
j The line dividing- liiu-'ht from darkness.
Sun: moon comes between earth and sun. Moon: earth comes hetween moon and
sun.
When the sun is opiwsito the equator, i.e., ojicupics tlie intersectlns' iwints of the
ecliptic and the e(inator. Vernal E«|iifiSox, 21st ilar..- Aiitumnul, 23rd Sept
Day and night are equal all over the Avorld at these periods.
When the sun is nK„>r remote fron\ the equator, i.e., when it reaches the ti'opics and
seems to stand before returning. Siininier Solstice, 'Jlst June: Winter, 21st
December.
A lielt in the heavens '.• on eacli side c the <'elii)tie. The chief planets revolve
in it.
A secondari/ phoirf, or satellite, /.('., a small body revolving around a planet. Our
moon reflects tlie light of the sun, and is the chief cause of tides. It completes
one revolution in 27 dys., 7 In-s., 1.') m., but neu: moon occurs only in 2'.i days, 12
hrs., 11 min., a difference of 2 dys., 5 hrs.: Cause, the earth's movinu on in the
ccUpfic. A place on the earth directly urider the moon at a certain time is not
in the same relative iX)sition 2 1 hours afterwards. )>ut is more than 12 short,
i.e., the distance traversed Ijy the moon in its orbit. Therefore the earth must
turn on .')! min, to bring the place in the same relative position. Hence on the
average the moon rises .")1 min. later each succeedinir day, or one day in each
lunar month. The tides are also ">! min. later, i.e. . there are two tides in 2 1 hrs.,
")1 min. Jfoon's mean distance, 2n7 .dvo miles; diameter, 2,15.3 m.; size, 50
times smaller than the earth: den sit !i, but little more than half the earth's,
hence its attractiveforce is only l-OO as great.
The som-ce of light and heat. The centre of our universe. Distance. 03.000,000
miles: size. i.!i(JO,WO times larejer than the earth.
Distance of the sun north or south of the equator.
Distance above the horizon.
Apian of the earth or of a part of it. The top of the map is Xortli, the ' Utom
South, the right side East, the left West.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY DEFIMTI()>;S.
Land covers 52,oiv>,000 miles, or about \ of the earth's surface, chiefly north of the equator.
Cuiiimvnt. A large mass of land. There are si.K :— Europe, Asia, Africa, N. Anierlci, S. Amer-
ica, Oceania. Europe, Asia, and Africa are termed the Old World ] North and
South America the .\ew World.
■! I
MAP aEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
Island.
Peninsula.
Isthntns.
Coast» or Shore.
Cape.
Hill.
Monntitin*
Platonii,
or TablclaiKl.
Hlglilnnd.
Plain.
Valley.
Delta.
Oeeau.
^ea.
t;iiir.
Bay.
Port.
Koadstead.
Firth, or Frith.
Kstiiary.
Marsh.
Strait.
Channel,
r II r rent.
Laud sniTXJundecl by water. Islet, a small island ; Group or Archlpalago, several
Islands close together.
Land almost surrounded by water.
A strip of land joining two larger Ixxlios of land.
Land bordering on the water. Paiticular names '.— Seaboard, strand, beach, cliffy
bluff, bank.
Landjuttlng into the water. Localnnmes:— Head, point, ness, naze, mull, bill,
promontory, butt.
An elevation of less than 2,000 feet above the surrounding country. Other names ;—
Hillock, knoll, dune, doton, mound, tor, cap, beacon, low.
An elevation of more than 2,000 feet above the adjoining country. Summit, top^
or peak is the highest pai-t ; foot or base, the lowest ; precipice or escarpment,
a steep slope. Lovriii tenns :- Ben, pen, berg, mont, alps, gebirge, Cordilleras,
andes. Kanare or chain, a continuous line of mountains ; pass, defile, or canon,
a narrow opening in a range ; glacier, a huge mass of ice on a mountain ; mor-
aine, an accumulation of stones, gravel, or sand along the bases of glaciers ;
aralanclie, a snow slide from a mountain ; volcano, a burning mountain;
crater, the opening in a volcano ; eai thquake, a shaking of the earth's crust
An extent of land more than 1,(W) feet high, nearly uniformly elevated alxjve the
sea.
A series of irregular elevations •vxitli valleys between.
Level country less than 1,000 feet high. Local names '.—Landes (sand heaths),
stej^pes (barrens), deserts (sandy), jyrairies (f^rassy), savannas (wet), silvag
(wooded), llanos, (grassy and wood), jMmpae (treeless), moor (heath).
A depression between hills and mountains. Particular names -.—Glen, ravine,
gorge, strath, dale, vale, carse, gully.
Alluvial tract of land between the diverging mouths of a rivei*. Bar, a bank
across the mouth of a river.
Water covers 145,000,000 miles, or J of the earth, chiefli/ south of the equator.
A very large di\ision of M'ater. These are :— Paciflc, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic,
and Arctic.
A large branch of an ocean. In general terms sea means ocean, sea, gulf, lake,
etc.
Part of a sea or an ocean extending into the land.
A hollow bend, or indention in the coast line. Bight is an open bay ; Inlet, a gen-
eral nam ■. for all coast openings.
Inlet affording shelter to ships. Otlaer names -.—Harbor, haven.
A sheltered place for ships to s\ving or ride at anchor.
A naiTow inlet at the mouth of a river. Fiord is the Scandinavian name.
The part of a river affected by tides.
Low wet land. Lagoon, a marsh near the sea coast. Swamp, a wooded marah.
Bog, a marsh of vegetable deposit.
A passage between bodies of land. Sometimes called Sound.
A wide strait ; also, where a river expands into the sea, .
The progressive motion of waters. Wave, billow, surge, swell, are rollinur water*
caused by the mnds, tides, &c.
8
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
lidef!.
lake.
Spring.
River.
Cnnnl.
Ocenii<'iirroiit.s
The refrular lising' and falHnp of waters In ocoans, bays, &c. Causes r— The at-
traction of tlie Sim and inoon. Flood is the rising tide ; Elb, the falling ;
Spring tide, at the new and at full moon ; Xeap, at the moon's first and third
quarters.
A large Iwdy of water suiTounded hy land. There are four classes :—(«•) Those
that only ?*eccu'e waters: [h) those that only (jive out waters; (c) those that
hofh receive and give out ; those that neifher receive nor give out. Local
names •.—Loch, lough, viere, tarn, water, see, lac, &c
Water coming through the earth's surface.
A large fresh water stream, flowing into a sea, lake, &c. Source or head, where
the remotest part rises ; Month, where the waters i-each the sea : Bed, the
channel in which the waters flow ; Ranks, the sides of the sti-eam. The rigM
hank ia on one's right side f:omg(lovm gti-eam, the left bank is on the left.
Affluent, tributary, branch, fork, feeder, &c., a stream flowing into a river.
Confluent, one entering the sea at the same place as another; f'onflnence,
where two rivers join ; Basin, tlio whole area drained; Watershed, the ridge
separating basins ; Rapid, a s\nft current; Fall, cataract, cascade, the de-
scent of a stream over a precipice.
An ai"tificial river for pui-poses of navigation, drainage, irrigation, &c.
Regular movements of ocoan waters. Causes : — Evaporation, icind, rotary
motion, differences in specific gravities and, in temperatures oftvaters, tides.
I
Republic,
nioiiarciiy.
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY DEFIMTIONS.
Wliere ^he executive and legislative ]x)wers are exercised by persons elected by
the people.
Where the executive jwwer is vested for life in one person who usually inherits the
ofHce. Kinds :— Empire, kingdom, principalitj', &c. Limited Monarchy:—
The people's representatives usually control both legislative and executive
powers, the sovereign acting on the advice of counsellors chosen from the
representatives. Absohde Mona rchy:— The sovereigp. is unrestricted.
A settlement in a foreign land by people emigrating from their mother country.
Agriculture, Stock-raising, Mining. Lumbering, Manufacttiring , Commerce,
Fishing, and Hunting.
Such as are governed bylaws emanating from the peopld.
Note.— In the text B stands for rejnMic; K, kingdom; E, empire; F, princi-
pality.
BEITISH COLONIES.
Note.— Those in h\acl<.ty];)ehn.vc responsible govemment; those in italics, representative ;
those in Roman, Croicn.
C'olony.
Ocoiipiitlons of
the Human Race.
Civilized
Xatious.
li
Enritpenu.
American.
Afr' in.
Asiatic.
Anstrnlniiilatic.
(Cyprus), Gibraltar, Malta, Channel Islands, Isle of Man.
Canada, Newfcnndland, Bahamas, Bermudas, Honduras, Jamaica and Turks,
Leeivards, Windtuards, Falklands, Guiana, Trinidad.
Ascension, Cape of Good Hope and dependencies, Gambia, Gold Coast, Lagos,
Mauritius, Natal, St. Helena, Sierra Leone.
Aden, Ceylon, Cyprus, Hong Kong, India, Labuan, Perim, Straits Settlements.
Fiji Islands, Rotumah, Xew Sontli Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, South Ans-
tralia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
9
Boundaries ;
NORTH AMERICA.
Area, Si millions of miles; length, 5,000 m.; breadth, 3.120 m.
Coast line, 28,000 m.; Latitude, 10' -80' N.; Longitude, 55' -les' W.
Mean height above the ocean, 700 feet.
C A^orf/*;— Arctic Ocoaii and Baffin Bay.
3 ires<;— Pacitic Ocean and Behiing Sea.
) >;'(««.•— Atlantic Ocean.
( South:— CariMteai. Sea and Pacific Ocean.
1 If
Counti-y. i §• :j rf c.
>
Capital and its Location.
Exports.
3.3 S-^'
o-n;-< o
2(5 3100
§
United States
R
Washinerton on the Potomac
Breads tuffs, raw cotton, and
1
o
manufactured gcwtls of cot-
1
ton andof iron, etc.
Alaska. 5 ' 600
Sitka on Sitka island
Fisii, seals, furs, and fish-oils.
Canada 28 3370
1
Resp
Ottawa on the Ottawa
Lumber, timber, breadstuffs,
manufactured poods.
Newfoundland 1-3
40
ii
St. John's on St, John's bay
Fish, oils, seals, furs, etc.
(Including Lab-
rador)
Jamaica and
Turks
Brit. Honduras.
iV Cr'n
Kingston on Port Royal
Sugar, rum, tobacco, fruit.
13
ti
Belize on Honduras bay
Fruit, coffee, mahogany, and
or Belize! 1-9
other cabinet woods.
Bermuda))!
1-42
Repr
Hamilton on Long island
Potatoes, bananas, oranges.
Bahamas
oi
(4
Nassau on New Providence
Salt, si)onges, oranges, pine-
ani)les.
Brit. Leewards
1
((
St. John on Antigua
ilolasses, rum, sugar, arrow-
root, cotton and tobacco.
" Windwards
i! "
i
Bridgetown on Barliadoes
Sugar, molasses, rum, and
turtles.
Guatemala 1-3
40 R
New Guatemala on the ;\Iontagua
Coff(;e, cochnieal, maliogany,
'
sarsaparilla.and dyewoods.
San Salvador
7
((
San Salvador on the coast
Indigo, coffee, tobacco, sugar,
l)alsam, hides, rice, cedar.
Honduras
1-3
40
kt
Tegueigalpa on the Choluteca
Fruits, cotton, sugar, tobacco,
indigo, rosewood.
Nicaragua
1-2
58
ti
ManaguaonlakeLeon,or Managua
Fruits, cotton, sugar, and to-
bacco.
Sugar, tobacco, corn, cocoa,
Costa llica
2-9
2t>
((
San Jose on the '^^rthago
dyewoods, and fruits.
SanDoniintro,
1-6
20
((
San Domingo on the south coast
Sugar, cotton, lime-juice, cabi-
or Dominica
net woods.
Hayti and 1-12
10
i (
Port-au-Prince on the west coast
Mahogany, logwood, honey,cof-
Tortuira
fec, cocoa.
Mexico
6
742
i*
Mexico near lake Tezcuco
Fruits, dye- and cabinet-woods,
mediciiies, india-rubber.gold,
silver, tobacco, coffee,
hides.
Danish Colonies :
Greenl.wu
3-8
4(5
Cr'n
Godshaab, Upperna\ik, etc.
Eider-down, seal-skins, whale-
Iceland
1-3
44
Repr
Beikiavic
bone, and oils.
St. Ouoix "1
St. Thomas V
St. John J
Cr'n
St. Thomas and Christianstadt
Unrefined sugar, raw cotton.
Spanisli Colonies :
Cuba
1-3
43
Repr
Havana on Cuba
Raw sugar, tobacco, cigars.
Porto Riro
3
San Juan on Porto Rico
French Colonies :
MlQlTELON \
St. Pierre /
1-5
u
St. Pierre
Pish.
GUADALOUrE
2
II
Basse Terre
Sugar, coffee, cocoa, fruits.
Martinique
1
II
Port Royal
It II II
Dutch Colonies :
11
Cr'n
Williamstadt on Curaqoa
Fine woods, dyes, fruits,cuttle,
salt, 1
10
MAP GEOGRAPHY PIUMER.
Note 1.— The Itritish Isles, area Il'I/xki miles, is tho l)asi>t nf foinparlsoii.
L'.— Crown Colony : Tlie Citowx, nr Iloino i.-ovcriiiiicnt. liris tin- ontire control i)oth oi higislation
and of atlmiiiisiratliin.
llepresentatlve government colony : The Crowx ri'tains nimvly a veto on luyinlntinn, but
controls the (i(lmi»ist ration ; i. e., apiwints all orticcrs to execute the laws.
Itesponsible government colony : The Cuowx retains merely a veto on legislation, and haa
no control over any executive or administrati\X' offlc(?r except the governor.
3.— The imports of till' above countries are chiedy manufactured cottons, woollens, hardware, etc.
4. — Iceland is by some considered a part of Europe.
i: ?
Sti'aits,Soiiiiils,
anil
CiiaiiiK'ls.
«;nlfy)aii<llta}>i.
Lslaud^i.
Peuiiisula»>.
€ape!9.
Oti Ihc north : Smith. .Tones. Lancaster, Barn^w. ^lelville. Banks, Victoria. Frank-
lin, ^IcClintock, Fury and Hecla, Dease, and Fox.
On tlifi cast .-—Davis, Hudson, Frobisher. Belle Isle, Nortliumlierland, Canso, Ijong,
Florida or Bahama. Yucatan, Windward, and Mona.
On the 7ri'Dt :—^\v\\\ do Fuca. Haro, Posario, Georgia, Johnston, Bi'oughton,
Queen Charlotte, Scott, and Behring.
yircf?f.'— Baffin, Disco, Melville, Boothia. Coronation.
.4<7rt«^/t':— Hudson, James, Ungava, Penny, St. La\ATence, Chaleur, Chedabucto,
Halifax. Fundy, Passamaquoddy, Mines, Annajiolis, Chignecto, Massa-
chusetts, Cape Cod. Delaware, Chesapeake, Charleston, Appalachee, Mexico,
Campeachy, and Honduras.
Pacific .•—California, San Francisco, and Georgia.
Off the north coast .•—Greenland, the Arctic archipelac/o, and Cumbei^land.
Off the east coast .-—Iceland, Cockburn, Fox, Southampton, Newfoundland,
Anticosti, Magdalcns, Prince Edward, Ca])e Breton, Miquclon, St. Pierre,
Sable, Nantucket, ^lartha's Vineyard, Long, Bermudas, Bahamas, Key."?
(Caicos, or Tni-ks\ Cuba, Dominica (Haj'ti and Sau Domingo), Jamaica,
Porto Rico, Virgins, AVindwards, and Leewards.
Off' the irest coast .-- Vancouver. San Juan archijyelac/o, Scotts, Queen Charlotte,
Princcof Wales, Sitka. Aleutians, Kodiac, St. Lawi'ence, and Santa Bai-baraa.
North .-—Boothia and Melville.
FMst .-—Labrador, Nova Scotia, Gaspt5, Cape Cod, Maryland, Florida, and Yucatan.
West .•— California and Alaska.
NdTi;.— Nearly all peninsulas, except Yucatan, Labrador, and Jutland
(Denmark), ])oint .southerly.
On the Arctic Seaboard.
Murchison.
-Lisburn, Icy, Barrow, Demarcation, Bathurst, and
On the Atlantic seaboard .-—Farewell, Chudleigh, Wolstcnholm, Henrietta Maria,
Jones, Charles, Ray. Race, Gasi>e, Canso. Breton, Sable, Ann, Cod, May,
Hcnlopen, Cliarlea, Henry, Hatteras, Tancha {Sable), Catoche, and Gi*a(;ias
a Dios.
On the Pacific Seaboard ;- Corrientes, San Lucas, Conception, Mendocino, Blanco,
Flattery, Cook, Scott, Romanzott', and Prince of Wales,
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMEtt.
MOUXTAIXS.
il
KaiiKG.
Location, Highest Teak.
Height
in feet.
_ f
Latitude.
Kocky
From till- Ai'tie ( )ccnn to tlic Isthmu? of Dnr- ("Brown
icM, aloii^- tlie ^\•(•st^'rn central jjart of tlie Hocnjki'r
l.-.,9iiO
5i" 3.-)
ir.,(ifO
5J' l.V
contiiicnt. \ PoiHK'atajK'tcl
17,S8.<{
IH" 53'
Coast
Fronitliemoutliof thcFraserilvortoAlaslca, j St. Elias
17,!'(M)
tin' 20'
iiloHK" tile coafit. (. Fairweathcr
14,750
.5!t' L»'
Casrade
From the Frnser river month to southern
California, along the coast. Hoofl
17,000
45' 4'
Nevada
Between California and Nevada. | fv/Jftngy
1 1, 100
l,"i,0(>0
41' li'
3ii' 3:;'
Iliiiiiboldt
In Xevada.
1I,K()0
....
Souora
In ^Mexico, alonpr the Gulf of Califofnla. Collnia
li'OIK)
Ozark
Ai)|mlacliiaii, or
Allctrliauy
In Arkansas and Alissouri.
The main ri<lKe in Tennessee and AVesl Va.
3,000
The main ri(l"(' in Peiniss'lvania.
In western Xorth Carol'na. Unnka
0,01 id
CCMBERLAXI)
In eastern Tennessee and Kentucky. Look Out
.-),000
Blue
In West Virjrinla, Maryland, & Pennsylvania. { ot'ter ""'^^
(!,400
.o.-lOO
GliKEN
In Vermont.
Mansfield
4,4.S0
41° 33'
AVhite
In New Ham])shii'e.
Washington
(•),4<X)
44° -'5'
Cat SKILL
AlUHONDACS
In New York, West of the Hudson.
" " Lake Chamnlain.
5,400
Marcy
LAWKEXCEOr
Laukextiax
Xorth-west of the River St. Lawrence.
3,000
Xotft 1.— The West Indies are all mountainous, many peaks being from f5,n(i0 to 7,;>00 feet higlu
Hecla, in Iceland, is 5,100 feet in height.
Kofe 2.— The Rocky s.vstem is 5,000 miles long and from 570 to 1,040 wide ; average height 5,000 feet.
Thi3 AUeohany system is 2,0(X) miles long and from 150 to 200 vide : average height 2,500 feet.
l*laiii.s. i 1. Jfississipjn yaWoy, including the area drained hy the Missouri, the Ohio, and
other brandies of the ^lississippi.
2. Snskatcherriii, comprising all the country drained into Lake Winnii)eg.
3. ^fackl'»zil\ or Great Xorfhern, sloi)ing towards the Arctic Ocean.
4. Atlantic, or Great Eastern, embracing all east of the AUeghanies.
■>:\
PLATEAUX.
A ame.
Kemarlis.
1. Labrador
2. Laureiitian
3. Acadian
4. Coheqiiid and
North
5. OHtario
' ^. Maine
1 7. Utah
lUanco,
A\-erage lieight 2.000 feet.
In nortliern Ontario & Quebec.
In New lirunswick.
In Xova Scotia.
Between Lake Huron and the
Ottawa.
Average height 5,000 feet.
" "' 8,000 "
Name.
Remarks.
8. Nevada Average height 0,000 feet.
!». tit. Western In X^ebraska. Colorado, anil
I New Mexico.
10. Arizona Average height 5,300 feet.
11. Height of Laud Along 111 parallel.
12. Anhuar or f
Mexican Average height 7,000 feet.
14. fJuatemala I '• " 5,000 "
15. Gt. Eastern Among the AUeghanies.
MAP OEOOKAPHY TKlMT^B.
'''"'' " .„,,„e Great FiBb' Back).
II:. V
- '■" '^^if sag r:::::^' -. - -» -^""" "-*
T be //."SO"''^ ^•'^^^^r\t laU'^nV ^1 y^"';"^ T«h«'-'«-^'"^ tTom the South
MAP (!EO(!IlAPHY I'RIMKR.
u
LAKES.
Con-
mac,
Alta-
ibine,
Kal-
3olum-
and tun
on Mt.
vitovies,
f.
andii^to
ifflneiits :
iiolv L^ko
.vhk'U flow
ined, over
rained over
the Canada
tJie South.
veveives :-•
/south; a»d
lutavicaaie:—
Area
^
■*-J
*J
Name.
in
Tfc
"i
Tf;
Amucuts.
Outlets.
Mika
J
420
KiO
'3
Hi
027
Superior
S-'OOO
Kaiiiinisti(iiiiii, Nipitjon,
Pic, Michiiiicotuii.
Canals Ctwo. nwo on Canadian shore,
and on<M)U United States sliore),
and river St. Murij (Sault Sto.
Marie)into lake llnron.
Michigaii
25000
360
80
578
Fox, Maiiistco, Grand, St.
Chicdi/o canal into Illinois river.
Joseph, Kalamazoo.
and straitsof J/(u-/ii««»fc- into lake
llnron.
Huron, ^\ith
210(H)
2S0
190
578
Simnisli, Fvfiicli, Mnira-
Sf,. Chtif river into lake St. Clair.
SA(ii\Awan(l
ni'ti'wnn, Miiskoka,
Georgian hays
Severn. Snuiicen. Mnit-
lanil, St. .Mary, Maeki-
St. Clair
3(50
30
24
570
ni'w.
TliaiiH\=<, Sydenham or
Hoar Creek. St. Clair.
Detroit into lake Erie.
1
Erie
96(X)
250
80
565
Detroit, Grand, Jlaumec,
Otter, Kettle.
^'iifinrn river and Weihind canal
into lake ( >ntario. and IJrin canal
into Hudson river, and lake On-
tario.
Ontario, and bay
7300
180
05
232
Niagara, Credit, Trent,
.S'^ Lawrence river to the Gulf.
of QuiNTE
Moira, Genesee, Oswe-
go, Black.
iNlpIifon
1050
r,o
60
850
Nipiqon into lake Superior.
Sinicoe
300
30
18
701
Holland, Beaver, Talbot.
Severn into Georj.'ian l)ay, throupfh
lake Coudnclnnijr.
Mpissinir
400
40
15
G3t
Sturgeon.
French into Georyrian hay.
Teniisoainlngne
120
(!7
15
650
Ottawa.
Ottaira into St. Lawrence.
Cham plain
5()7
KU
15
93
Mlssissquoi, Winoasld.
and Horicon from lake
Georjio.
Richelieu (Sorcl) into St. Lawrence.
St. John
500
, ,
300
Mistassinl.
Sar/uenn;/ into St. Lawrence.
Great Bear
Great Slave
11200
lOKX)
2(H)
350
••
230
580
(Jrcdt B'j'tr into Mackenzie.
Mackenzie into Arctic Ocean.
Great Slav .'i-iay.
Athabasca
■1100
240
000
Peace, Athabasca, Stone.
Great Slav: into Great Slave lake.
Wollaston
21 too
Deer.
Stone into lake Athaliasca.
Deer
30(K)
lis
Deer.
Great Deer into Cluirchill, and
V^t'cr into lake Wallaston. i
Winnipet^
9400
280
700
Saskatchewan.Little Sas-
katehewan, Red, Win-
nil leir.
Nelson into Hudson bay.
Winnlpegosls
2300
120
..
728
Red Deer, Swan. Shoal.
Wafer Hen into lake Manitoba.
Manitoba
1900
••
• •
720
White Mud, Water Hen.
Little Saskatchewan intolalie Win-
Woods
1500
977
Rainy.
nipejJT.
Wintripefj into lake Winnii)cg.
Lonely, or Seul
500
9()
English into Winnipeg river.
Miliar lakes. -—Tezcnco and Chapala, in Mexico; Nicaragua and Leon f Managua J, in Nicara-
gua; Great Salt and Utah, in Utah; Humboldt, in Nevada; Itasca, in Minnesota; Okanagan,
in British Columbia ; Abittibi, Balsam, Sturgeon, Scugog, Pigeon, Chemong, Stoney, Rice, and
Mississippi, in Ontario; George, or Horicon, in New York; and Memphram»ig:>sr, Megantic,
Temlscouata, and Manonan, in Quebec.
Note L— The lake expansions of the St. Lawrence are :— Tlionsand Islands, St. Francis, St Lonls,
and St. Peter.
2 — Lake Superior Is 1,200 feet deep; Michigan, 1,000; Huron, 600; St. Clair, 20; .Ei1», 200;
Ontario, 600.
u
j,AP OEOGKAPHV PKIMEK.
CANADA. ^,^^^^^^^^^,„,^^ ,,«,«. H4 (i««t).
Boundaries:
©overnnicnt.
Capital, Ottawa.
tS.)^-.- -^" '- 7/';:: rr^M" i^--' «'"'^7"':" ; N ; t-mclfte ocean ; ,So,./r-
^,,) Fn.»i /«'•''"{/''! '\^^,es, and Pigeon i-lver- .^, ConiuY^Zl?
St Croix rivers. .„ci«hited as follows :-
,. ^a a parliammi constituieu as Canada.
» The leaisUitive. iwver is a 1 nr ^ ^^ the people oi v.
|,. TheJ.r/* ,,hosc members are e ^ ^,^^^,^i,k,ir,; Mom-
•1 r.f P'mada, and to mafeis''^
I Council of Canaa , ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^,„.
1^^"'""" ueisderlvedchieayfrom: (.) ^"«*««'^' ^'^^^e^nr^cl in Canada ;
1 The revenue ^^ ^^^^ ^^ uquors, tobaccos, etc.. rnan^
rt ; Ofl •V^)^"^^^''^''"'''^''^'" . f. tnt.r^Bt on the public debt, sub-
(c)rost Office, ^ ; account of: tnter st; ^^^Maries, 8ur^'eys,
The Kxpendlture is chieily legislation, penitentiaries.
sss-cwo.
MAP (.iEOdUAlMIV I'KIMEIl.
16
PROVINCES OF CANADA.
th-—
itnde.
rith a
wall;
) ; and
)})pxti-
\m and
>nada.
; Moni-
■th-w'st
Name.
5 = =- ,;!!ll''^Mn tlioiwands. Capital.
Ontario
i<-'^,
220
tluli.
Kcniainln^.'' cilii's and
towns u itii ni)\\in(l-> ol"
.''stKKt iiiliahitaiit.-.
Quebec
Nova Scotia and
Cape Itreton
New UriinHwick
Manitoba
British Columbia
Prince Edward
Island
20
28
12J
311
'J
2,112,!tH!t
Toronto 181 Lake Ontario
188 l,488,.'i88 Quebec 63' St. I.nwrcnfC
rivor
4.'io..-)22 Halifax 32
.')i'l,2!t4:Frederic-
tou 7
Winni-
peg 25
Victoria 17
151,452
!)2,()77
10t),O88
Charlotte-
town 11
Atlantic, or
llnlit'ax liay
St. John river
Rcdand Asfiinl-
lioinc rivi'rs
Juan (111 B'uca
strait
IliUsboro' bay
llandlton ll». Ottawa 11. London .'12,
Kingston I'.i, Urantt'ordU'. (inclnh
12. St. Tlioma.s 10. Windsor 10,
Jli'lli'vlllcio, L't'tcrhoroio, Strat-i
fordio, St. Catharinfs'.i.Cliatliam
!i. UrofkvilK'lt, NVotxlstoek'.t, Ualt
8. OwiMi Sound 7, llirlin 7, (."orn-
wall 7, Sarnia7, Lindsay 'i. JSarrlc
11. 1'ort Ho|M' .5, C'dUhifiirooil ,5, Co-
hiiiiri/ ft, Orillia .'>, Toronto Jr., .l.
Montreal 217, St. Henri i:!. Hull 11,
Slu'riirooke lo, St. Cuuijrondi' u,
Trnis Kivieri's 8, Levis 8. St. Hya-
t'intho 7, Sorul 7, Valleytield li.'
Dartmouth fi. Yarmouth (!. Truro 5.
St. John 3'J, Monckton !».
None over 5, Brandon 4, Portage
la I'rairk 11
Vancouver 11, New Westminster 7,
Namtimo .5.
Noneo\er.5, Summerskle'iS, George-
town 2.
Ontario, formerlv
Scotia, which include
on July 1st, 18(j7. In . . . -.
1873 Prince Edioard Inland.
y Ui)i)or Canada, Quebec, formerly Lower Canada, Neiv Brunsicick. andA'ora
es Cape Hreton island, were united under the nnuie, " The Dominion of Canada,"
i 1870 Manitoba was admitted Into the union, in 1871 Britioh Coluiiib/n, and in
"^ ' ' The Territories were acquired in 1870, but were organized in .May, 1882.
TERRITORIES.
eneral and
f the doml-
} and Com-
nent.
y the Pi-ivy
uncUsofthe
.^ 'c ^
Name.
Area
thou,
sq. m
Places of Importance.
Boundaries.
/'Assiniboia
!i5
Refjiiui, Moosomin, Moose Jaw.
South, United States, or 49th parallel;
Qu'Appelle, Whitewood, and
Medicine Hat.
West, Alberta; Eant, Manitoba ; North,
■r-
Saskatchewan, or 52nd parallel.
3 -i Saskatchewan
114
Prince Albert, Battleford, Sas-
South, Assiniboia: 1F6',9^, Alberta ; East,
Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg, and Nelson
river; North, North- West Territory,
or .55th parallel.
c
katoon and Duck Lake.
'-
?-i
V.41berta
100
Calpary, Lethl)ridge, McLeod,
South, United States ; West, British Col-
Edmonton, Red Deer and
umbia, or Rocky Mountains ; East,
Banff.
Assiniboia and Saskatchewan ; North,
Athabasca.
Athabasca
122
Dunvegan and Vermillion.
South, Alberta ; West, British Columbia;
East, North-West Territory, Athabasca
river and lake, and Slave River ; No7-th,
North-West Territory, or (iOth parallel.
Keewatin
3r.o
Fort York, Norway House and
South, Manitoba; West, North-West
O.xford House.
Territory ; East, North Territory and
Hudson bay ; North, Arctic Ocean.
The remaining territories unofflciall.y named North-West. North, and North-East, cover al)out
one-half of Canada. Population, includl'ng Indians, of «// the Territories, 97,000. Of tha above,
Assiniboia, Saskatcheicun and Alberta are being rapidly settled.
I 111
I n
Bovsvxnw.^-
LhUcs.
OiTTAHlO.
( «,,lta«. Toronto.
^' , .: r •
Govt" «•"'"*'"'•
'■"t:;::;:.::^"".-' "^--t ;:::::— ore— .
, ,,„,.,■„ ._Loi.cl.v, Wo-U. K«l>«. ■ ■ TcmUcamlnb-iK. "'»'
"" ""; 7 W 0„..*, Thoas»«l wan..., S.. Inauc.,. .
" '., N-,„,.,l„.-, CoxcWcWnS. Si."-
Cleav. Scugo., K.O, ^^_ ^^^^.^^ g,
Vn-li^i, Winnipeg, Rai"^' -^'^
„„„,„t«S»j,-'- -J;^^^ ^^ ,^.„„, MaUlaa... Bayl>cM, Au
«»'«^"""'°"' , ., M.™,.ete.a„, M"*""".
Sevevn, ^ot-wa^ . ^^^^^^^ ^^^^,^, ,,,,.es, and St. aair.
jnto laKe SL ' «- • ^^^.^.^^ ,,^,,,,, ,,d Otter. ^„,,,er.
I„fo late Erie .— Oianu, .._>'iagara, Cieclit,
Lo '<*» 0...* «. ^^^»;'Xo.orS„a.non,.»c;:.ap.nee.
MAP OEDfiUAl'IlY rlllMKU.
17
ImIiiikIm.
CiriiiN. Kldfiiii. Iictwoni Klim'-'ton luul <»llaw:i. imx^liiL- X'^n-hnyn, f^mlfh'n FnUK.nnd
M,'rrirl,nlli\ Xnff.- A liniiicli niii?* I'ldm Smith '^^ I"'all>< to I'lrth.
^V<'ll:i)iil. iK'twcfi) Inki'S Eric nndOiitnrlo, iiaf-'lnjr /'/)(7 Cnlhonw, M'rlhnnl. . <n-t
I'dhiiihiiii, .\lhiiil>iiri/h, Tlinrnlil, ^1' rriflmi, SI, C'athtiHni'S, and J'mi J)(it-
li<>v»ic.
Ht. Iiinvrt'iiot', t( ) ovorcoiuc tlio viiiioiw rniiiil-< mi \\w St Lawrence, pftRsljig /ro-
iliinia, Miiiitxhiirn, Piihhison'i* Lmiflhi!/. "nd Cuninnll,
A'()/<' 1.— ThicliMin (ii'liUcm 111 Victorin mid Pctcrlioro «'oinitio>< Is rctidcrofl
llil\l!,'iil)lc li.V IiicIh at ll'iliriii/if nil. l.hidsKj/, Ji'ittirul,', \'(,iiiii/'f>
Point (near Lnl,'rjl<Id >, niul I'l't/'rlmro. Sti-aiiicr^niiilM-turcii I'ort
I'crry, on lake Scuvon. and Hrldp'UDrtli, on ('liiniuifj' \:\kr, within
I'liiir mill's of ri'tt'rliori). Thr Trriit Valley (•.■mni will past throiidi
this chain. Murray canal connects iiay of Quinto westward with
h\Uf Ontario.
a.— Lakes Superior and Huron are joined by n canal, tlic Sault Sto.
Marie, on the United States shore.
;).— Tile St. Clulr Flats canal is simply ii dredged channel in lake St.
Clair.
■1.— A Cana<lian cnnal is boinp constructed at Saiilt Ste. Mari •, to ))c
ready lor nse in May, 1h:h'.
Silver and Michipieoteii, in Superior: .lo><()ih and Mauitonlin, inllnron: Pelee
nnd Loiif,' I'oint, lu Erie; Amlinrst, Woli'e, and Garden, in Ontario: and
Thousand, in St. Lawrence. Druimnond, in Ilnroii ; flraiid and Goat, in
the Niii^ni-:' • and the Diieks, in Ontario, IicIohl;' to the United States ; Allmn-
ettc ind Calumet, in the Ottawa, heloiiM' to Quebec.
Thnnder, Ulack, Nlpliron, and ^liehipieoten. in lake Superior; Manlton and
(ieorj^sian, with its i)orts— Parry Sound, Matehedash, Xottawasai;a. owen
Sound, and Coliwy— in lake Huron : Koiideau, Ijoufr I'oint, and Mail land, in
lake Erie: aiulBuiiinuton. Toronto, Presqu'Isle, Wellers,WollInL;ton. Sduth,
and Quinte, in lake ( intario.
An hicnijwrated villairp is supiKSsed to contain 800 to 2,W0 Inhabitants.
A town " " 2,UfK) to 0,t)f)0
A city *• " above !i,oOO
JV^o<c.— Charters of incoriwration are granted by the Legislative Assembly, and confer priviletres
in the management of local allairs. ^lauy villages, not incorporated, are lander than
some incoriwrated.
A township is a subdivision of a cotuity, surveyed into lots or farms.
A county is a division of a province, for jjolitical, judicial, educational, and local hnproveincnt pur-
poses.
A i»rovlncp, in Canada, is a subdivision of the country, with power :— To amend its laws: to manage
and to sell its public lands and timber : to establish and to maintain ])ublic reformatories, prisons,
hospitals, charities, etc.: to control its municipal institutions: to manage tavern licenses for
revenue puiTxises ; to administer justice ; to direct its educational interests, &c.
Note.— The authority of the Parliament of Canada extends to :— The public debt, trade and com-
merce, raising money by any system of taxation, ]X)stal service, census, militia, naviga-
tion, currency and coinage, banking, weights and measures, criminal law, marriage and
divorce, etc.. and all classes of subjects not e^rpressli/ stated as coming under the author-
ity of the provinces.
Buys niKl CiiclTM
\H
18
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
Oovmties of Ontario.
The figures indicate in liundreds the population.
A^o^e.— Unless otlierwisc stated, the,^/-8< named \» the*' county town," i.e., vrhere the GounW
Courts sit, the Ckjunty Council meets, the county buildings (goal, court-house, etc.) are.
ON THE GEORGIAN BAY.
Counties.
Cities, towns, and villages.
Simcoe
Grey
Bruce
BtinleC,[\Co\linsiv!oodf>o,Or\\Ua\' .Hmdf o rd 12, Allistonll,Midla7)d 20 Penetangui-
shene i'<», Stayner V), Sunnidide. Allandalc 7, Angus o, Beeton 11, Belle Ewart 6, Bond-
head, TotteBham 4, Coldwater, Cookstown 7, Creenioro 5, Waubaushene.
Owen Sound 74, Meaford 20, Durham, J/<. Forest in part, Wiarton in part, Flesherton,
Hanover 12, Dundalk 7, Markdale 8, Thornbury 9, Chatsworth 5, Clarksburg 4, Hep-
worth, Newstadt.
Walkerton 30, Kincardine 27, Port Elginn, Lucknotv 1 , Paisley 12, Southampton
(Saugeen) 12, C'hesley'.t, TeesivaterU, Wiarton H, TaraG, Tiverton 6.
ON LAIvE HURON.
k
m
Counties.
Bruce
Huron
Lambton
Counties.
Essex
Kent
Elgin
Norfolk
Haldimand
Welland
Counties.
Linooln
Wentworth
Halton
Feel
Cities, to^^^ls, and villages.
AUenford 2, Fonnosa 4, Ripley, Burford 7, St. George 8.
Goderich 89, Clinton 27, Seaforth 21, Windham 22, Exeter 19, Blyth 9, Bayfield 7, Wrox
eter «, Brussels G, Lucknow (in part), Crediton (>, Ford^^•ich, Gon-ie4, Hensall5, Zur-'
ich 5.
Sarnial)9, PetroHa 44, Forest 20, Point Edward 1\. Watford 11, Wyomingd, Alvis-
tnn 8, Tlied/ord (Widder Station) 7, Arkona G, Oil Springs! ,Gouxixishtb^xigAQ\\b,
Florence o.
ON LAlvE ERIE.
Cities, towns, and \illages.
Sandwich 11, Windsor 104, Aniherstburjr 22, Leamington 20, KingsvillelO, Belle River G,
Colchester, Essex Centre 18, Walkerville (J, Comber 3.
Chatham 90, Dresden 21, Kid^^etown 2S, Wall acebtcrg 21, Blenheim 17, Bothwell 10,
Thamesville 7, Rondeau (Shrewsbury), Tilbury Centre.
St. Thomas 100, Aylmer .'2. Po7't Stanley 7. Springfield G, Vienjia 5, Dunwlch (Wal-
lacetown), Port Burwell G, Button >>, Rodney 3, \v est 1-iorne 3,
Simcoe 27, Port Dover 12, Waterfordll,Vo\-t Rowan 5, PortRyerse, Delhi 3, "Vittoria4.
Cayuga 20, Dunville 17, Caledonia 13, Jarvis, Hagersvillle lo.York, Canlield 4,Canboro 4.
Welland 20, Thorold 22, Niagara Falls (Clifton) 31, Port OolbornelS, Chippeioal , Fort
Erie 7, Driunmondville 2o, Ridgeway 7, AlUuiburgh.
ON LAKE ONTARIO AND BAY OF QUINTE.
Cities, towns, and villages.
St. CatharinesOl, Niagara 15, Merrittonl^,Port Dalho%isiel2, Grimsby! ,Beanisville7 ,
Smithville (j, Queenstou 4.
Hamilton 490, Dundas 35, Waterdoivn 10, Ancaster 8, Stoney Creek 2, Lynden 4.
Milton 13, Oakville 18, Georgetown 15, Burlington 11, Acton 9, Bronte3,Noi*vaU, Glen
William 4.
Brampton 33, Strectsville 8, Bolton (Albion) •>, Alton 5, Mono Mills 3.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
19
ON LAKE ONTARIO AND BAY OF QUINTE (CoNTixuKD),
Counties.
York
Ontario
Durham
Northum-
berland
P. Edward
Hastings
Lennox
Addington
Frontenac
Cities, towns, and villages.
Toronto 1810, Newmarket 21, Aurora 18, Markham 11, Stouffvilled, Richmond Hill <),
Westoji 9, Holland Landintj 6, Scarboro, Thornhill (!, Georjrina (Sutton) 5, West
Toronto Junction 50, Woodbndge 11, Sehomberg 4, Mt. Albert (!.
Whitby 28, Oshawa 41, f^.r?)?7(?.(/e 20, Port Parry 17, Canningtnn 10, Beavcrton 12,
Picltering (DuiHn'a Creek) 8, Brooltlin 5, Prince Albert .5, Claremont 4, Sunderland 4.
Port Hope 50, BoirmanTilleSS, Millbroook 11, Newcastle 11, Orono 8, Betiiany 0, Flamp-
ton G, Cartwright (Williamsburg) 2, Blacltstock.
iVo<e.— Durliam and Northumberland are united ; County town, Cobourg.
Cobourj<49, Camphellf07-d2r>, Briqhtnn 15, Colbome 11, JrasfeHfifS (in part) 7, Balti-
more 4, Harwood 4, Castleton 3, Warkworth 8.
Plcton 33, Wellington 6, Hallowell (Bloomfield) 0, Consecon 4.
Belleville 100, Trenton 44, De.seronto{Mill Point)-d'd, Madoc 10, Stirling 9, Wallaston
Marmora 5, Frankt'ord H, Tweed 7.
Napanee 35, Adolphustown.
Note.— LiGiinox and Addington are united ; County town, Napanee.
Newhxirgli 7, Bath 0, Odessa 7, Tamworth 5.
Kinifston 192, Portsmovlh 20, Garden Island 5, Loughboro (Sydenham), Sydenham.
ON THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE.
Counties
Leeds
Grenville
Dundas
Stormont
Glengarry
Cities, towns, and villages.
Brockville 90. Gananoque 37, Neioboro '<. Fannersville 7, Athens, Delta 4, Lansdowne
37, Lyn 3, Wcstport li.
iVoie.— Leeds and Grenville are united ; County town, Brockville.
Prescott 30, KemptvilleVl, MerrickciUeu, C'lriUnal, North Augusta!, Oxford Mills.
Morrishurnh 18. Irni/iiois 10, Chcsterville 0, Winchester, Ancastor.
A^oie.— Dundas, Stormont, and Glengarry are united ; County town, Cornwall.
Cornwall 70, Dickenson's Landing 3, Avonmore, Farran's Point 3.
Lancaster 9, Alexandria 17, Martintown4, Williamstown .">, Maxville.
ON THE RIVER OTTAWA.
Counties.
Cities, towns, and villages.
Kanfrew jPembroke 44, Arnprior 33, Renfrew il, Eganville 5, Cobdcn.
Carletoa [Ottawa 442, New Edinburgh IT, Richmond 5, Manotick 4.
Russell 'Russell (Duncanville) 3, Casschnan, Rockland s.
I iVoiti.— Russell and Prescott are united ; County town, L'Original.
Prescott L'Original 0, Ilawkesburg 2<>, Vauklcek Hill '), St. Eugene 4.
NOT ON THE BOUNDARIES.
Counties.
Lanark
Peterboro
Viotoriu
Duiferin
Cities, towns, and villages.
Perth 32, Almonte 30, Smith's Falls liu, Varleton Place in, Lanark:^, l'ackeiihani2:\
Peterboro 98, Ashburnham 17, Hastings 9, Lalcejield 11, Norwood 9, llavcilock.
Lindsay (51, Fenelon Falls 12, Bobcaggeon 10, OmemeeS, Oakwood, Woodvillei;, Kin-
irtouut, Cobocoiik 3.
Orangevliie 3(>, Shelhurne 8, Dundalk 7, Grand Valley.
■il
%■
20
W
Hi
Pe
. OS THE BOU^■DAI«ESJPO«n<»^>
iBrant
loxford
'^'^^ '^ f^.1 burton '2, Snowden. ■
OK THE GEORGIAN BAY.
To^vns cindvmages-_
i)
V,
L^e^^^^^^ -TTTiT^ventorst !«, Seven BuA^^ sundridgc _ ^^y Mills,
' ON LAKE SUPERIOR.
"Towns and vTll|^
pr. AvtbuvV Vai)<^i"g ^', ^ I
r Port ArtUuv ^i-
-Uipissing, contaiiuiin
(bounties.
Ulgoma
mipissing
iTbunder Bay
Bainy Ri^
Note.-
. PTTTES OF ONTARIO ARE :
THE FOURTEEN CITIES O
Toronto,
Ottawa,
London,
Kingston,
Brantford,
181,220.
.18,080.
41,151
31,0'i'<.
li»,'-'<>4-
12,753.
111,539.
St. Thomas,
Windsor,
BellevlUe,
l'eterl)orougli,
Stratford.
St. Catharines,
Chatham,
10,370.
10,322.
0,914.
9,717.
9,501.
9,170.
9,052.
yellcslcy < •
ililverton 6,1
:.v.0tterville7,l
Craia 9, Olen-
X. Bryclges i.
adbury-DayMma- |
Ottawa river.
ii
II
m
•\ '■ '
k
f;
P E N N i S Y
Lontrltiido
7!) West
1^
I N
Itudo
EAILWAY MAP
OP THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
s" "y" "l "v" 'a n|
SCALE cr miles:
10 10 20 30 40 BO 60 MILE8.
I A
I
West
12
from 78
tji'Lunwii'h
76
75
#1
if:
>»-.•.;«««,«)«. !,,.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PHIMER.
21
RAILWAYS OF OXTAKTO.
Kaihvay.s.
Grand Trunk (:Main Line)
Xortheru Uirisioa
Southern Division
Xortlieru & Nortliwcstern Division
(Toronto to North 13ay)
Iluniilton A Xortliwestern Division
(Hamilton to Allandale)
Midland Division
{u) Toronto to Midland.
(b) Bldckvater to Port Hope
fill Peterhoro.
Bkllkvim-e Bhaxcii
Haliuukton 13KAN(JH
jMkaford Branch
BEETON and COLLINGWOOn
Branch
ConocoNK Branch
Hah woo I) Branch
Lakkkikli) Branch
North Simcok Branch
SfTTOX BUANCH
Whituv Branch
Madoc Branch
Old Road
.Welland Division
iLoop Line Branch
jBrFFALO & GODERICH BRANCH
Georgian Bay and Lake Erie
I Branch
;LoNDON, Huron and Bruce
Bkanch
Wellington, Grey & Bruce
Branch
Sarnia Branch
IWellington, Grey & South
Bruce Branch
Bhantford andTilsonhuro
Branch
Durham Branch
Galt and Elmira Branch
London Branch.
Milofl
708 •(!
220
05
121-.
71-8
05
GO
52
30
38
15
12
4(»
20
33 '
22
15
33
115
167
117
74
128
57
07
43
27
25
33
Towns, Crossinj^s, and Jnnctions.
Portland, Mc; Richmond, P.Q.: Mnntronl. I'.Q.: C'ntoan,
I'.Q.; Lanfasli;r. Cornwall, MnrrislinrL:. l'n>.'*t'(jir. IJrock-
vilhs, Kini^'ston, Nai)an('c, lidluvillo, Trcnron. ('oliiinri:',!
I'ortllope, Bownnanvillo, Usliawa, \A'hitl»y, Scarlporo',1
Toronto. ]
Toronto, Brampton, Goorjrctown, Gnulnh, Berlin. Strnt-
Ibrd, St. ]Mary">t. Lncan, Ail.^aCraiii-, I'arkliill. Fornst,'
Sarnia (Point Edward . Port Hnron. and l>etr()ir. .Midi.
Snsjjonpion Ilriiko, N.Y.; Nin:;"ira Falls, Mi'rriton. Si.<
Catliarines, (Trim-shy, ILnmiltdii, Dnndas. Ilarrisl)ur:j-.!
Drnnibo, Pnris, AVo('i(' toelc, InKcrsoll, London, KoniDliM.
nicneoo, Tliamesvllle, Cliatliam, Belle Kiver, Windsor,
Detroit, Mieli.
Toronto. Kichmond Hill. Anrora, Newmarket, Rraill'ord,
Allandale, Harrie, Orillia, Gravenlun'st, Braeebridu'e,
Oidlandar, North Bay.
Hamilton, Burlington, "Milton, Georgetown, Allandale.
Toronto, Scnrhoro, Markham, Uxhridge, Blackwater,
Lornevilli", Orillia, Coldwator, ^Midland.
Blackwater,' Manilla .Te, Lindsay, Omemee, Petcr1x)ro,
:\Iillhrook. Port IIoi)c.
R(!lleville. N. Hastings .Ic.. Cam))hellt'ord. Peterhoro.
Halihnrton, Myles ,1c., Fnrnace Falls, Irondale, Kin-
mnnnt, Eenelon Falls, Tjindsay.
^leat'ord. Tliorahiiry, (jollingwiwd, Stayner, Coiwell. Al-
landale.
Beeton, Alliston, Creemore, Collingwoud.
Co))ocoid£. Lorneville, Camphavy, Lindsay.
Colionri^, flarwdod.
Lakefield. Pett>rl)oro.
liarrie. Coiwell, Elmvale. Wyovale. Penet.ancnishene.
Stontfville, Mt. Alhert. Snttdn, .laclvsons I'oint.
Whithv, Myrtle. Port Perry, Manilla J n.
El Dorado," N. Hastina'.s.
Millhrook, Brunswick, Omemee.
Port Dalhousie. St. Catharines, Merritton. Welland, Port
Colhorne. Allanhurir, Niaj^ara Falls.
Fort Erie, Welland Jc. <3antiel(l, Cnyuira, Jar%is, Simcoe,
Tilsonhnr?, Avlnier. St. Tlioma.s, Glencoe. i
Buffalo, N.Y.; t'ort Erie. Port CJolhorne, Canfleld. Cale-'
donia, Brantt'ord, Paris, Tavistock, Stratford, Seaturtli,
Clinton, Goderich.
Wiarton. Tara. Hanover, Harrison. Paimerston, Listo-
well, Stratford. Tavistock, Woodstocli, Norwicli, Sim-
coe. Port Dover.
London. Hvde Park Jc, Lucan Crossing, Exeter, Clinton,
Mlytli.AViniiham.
Harrishnrii, Gait, Guelph. Fergus, Drayton, Paimerston,
Harriston, Walkerton, Paisley, South'ampton. j
Sarnia, Petrolia, Stratnroy, Ivomoka, Hyde I'ark Jc,,|
London. i
Paimerston, Listowell, Brussels, Wingham, Kincardine.
Harrishurg, Brantford, Norwich, Tilsonhurg.
Paimerston. Mt. Forest. Durham.
Gait, Berlin, Waterloo, St. Jacoh's, Elmira.
London. Tliorndale. St. Marv's. Stratford.
MAP QEOOEAPHY PRIMER. '
RAILWAYS OF ONTARIO (CoxTiNUEn.)
Railways,
i<
Port Dovku Branch
Port Stanlky Bhanch
South Norfolk Branch
Toronto Branch
Pktrolia Branch
Elmvalb Branch
Canadian Pacific Railway
(Transcontinental Line.)
Sault Ste. Mahik Buaxcu
Ontario & ({ii«>bec Division
St. Thomas Branch
Ottawa & Bkuckvillk
I 13RANCH
Ottaava & Prkscott Branch
Toronto & Owen Sound
Branch
Orangeville. Wingham &
Tkeswater Branch
Toronto, Orangeville &
Elora Branch
Michigan Central
(a) Buffalo to Detroit
(6) Amherstijurg Branch
St. Clair Division
Petrolia Branch
iXiak^ara Division
iWellandJc. to Niagara F'lls
, Canada Atlantic Railway
I Kingston & Pembroke Hallway
Ontario Central Railway
Cobourg & Rice Lake Railway
Napanee, Tamworth & Quebec
Railway
Brockville, Westport & Sharbot
Lake Railway
Erie i Huron Railway
Leamington & St. Clair Railw'y
Miles
40
21
17
3!»
it
9
2875
1S2
5(52
33
73
.")2
122
72
60
238
lU
(>:>
15
30
80
fil
109
15
08
60
70
23
Towns, Crossings, and Junctions.
Port Di>ver, Jnrvis, Hapersvllle, Calerlonin, Hamilton.
Port Stt'nk'y, St. Thoma<3, Westminster, London.
Simc'oe, Vlttorla, Port Rowan.
Toronto, Oalcville, Burlington, Hamilton.
Potrolin, Wyoming.
Elmvale, Hillsdale.
Halifax, N. S. ; Quebec, P. Q.; Montreal, P.O.; Ottawa,
Carleton Jc, Almonte, Arnprior, Renfrew, Peml)roke,
Clialli River, Mattawa.Callandar, North Bav, Sudbury,
Herring liay, Jacklish River, Nipigon, Port Artliur,
Fort William, Rat Portage, Winnipeg, Man. : Brandon,
Man.; Regino, Asainiltoia ; Calgary, Alberta ; Banff Hoi
Springs, B.C.; Westminster, B.C.: Vancouver, B.C.;
Port Moody, B.C.
Sudbury, Algoma Jlills, Bruce Mines, Sault Ste. Marie.
Montreal, P.Q.; Vaudreuil, P.O.; St. Polyearpe Je., Dal-
liousie Mills, Kemptville, Smftli's Falls, Perth. Sliarbot
Lake, Twecid, Central Ont Jc, Haverlock, Peterboro,
Myrtle, Toronto.
(Toronto), Streetsville, Milton, Guelph, Gait, Drumbo,
Woodstock, London, Komoka, Appin Jc, Chatham,
Belle Rivei% Windsor.
Woodstock, Ingersoll, St Thomas.
Ottawa, Carleton Jc, Smith's Falls, Clark, Brockvllle.
Ottawa, Kemptville, Prescott.
Toronto, Weston, Woodbridge, Cardwell, Orangeville.
Shelburne, Flesherton, Owen Sound.
Orangeville, Mount Forest, Han-lston, Teeswater, Wing-
ham.
Toronto, Streets\ille, Brampton, Cataract, Fergus, Elora,
ilillville Jc, Orangeville.
Buffalo, N.Y.; Victoria CFort Erie), Niagara Jc, Wolland
Jc, Canfield, Hagersville, Waterford, Hawtrey, Tilson-
l)urg, St. TliomaH, St. Clair Jc, Ridgetowni, Fargo,
Oluiring Cross, Cliomberg, Tilbury, Essex Centre, Saud
wich, Wind.sor.
Essex Centre, Colchester, Amherstburg.
St. Thomas. St. Clair, Loop Line Jc, Petrolia Jc, Oil
City, CourtilghL
Petrolia Jc. (near Oil City and also Oil Springs), Peti'oUa,
Wyoming.
Buffalo, N.Y.; Fort Eile, Niagara Jc, Chippewa, Niagara
Falls, Queenston, Niagara,
Welland Jc, Niagara Falls,
Ottawa, Chaudlere, Alexandria, CJoteau Landing, F.Q.
Kingston, Tamwoith, Sharbot Lake, Mississippi, Ren-
fraw, Pembroke.
Picton, Consccon, Trenton. Central Ontario Jc, El Dor-
ado, Bamiochbuni, Coe Hill.
Cobourg, Baltimore, Harwood.
Nai)anee. Newburg. Yarker, Tamworth, Marlhank, Tweed,'
Bridgewater, JIadoe, Harrowsmith, Kingston. j
Brockville, Fannersville, Newboro, Westport, Sharlwt,
Lake.
Rondeau, Blenheim, Fargo, Chatham, Dresden, Tuppers-|
ville, Wallaceburg, Port Larabton, Courtright, Porti
Huron, Mich,
Blytheswood, Comber, Stony Point, Ruthven, Windsor.
Note.— The G.T.R. owns all those divisions and branches down to the C.P.R. The C. P.R. owns those
down to the M.C.R. ; and the M.C.R those down to the C, A.R. The rest are independent lines.
MAP OEOQRAPHY PRIMER.
23
JllTers.
Tuppevs-1
igUt, Porti
Ports of
Ontario.
Saugeen ;— Soiithnmpton, Paisley, Walkorton, Teeswatcr, Chealey, Hanover, Dur-
ham, Clifford, Mount Foiosc.
Maitland ;— Goderlch, Winyham. -
North branch :— Wingham, Wroxeter, GoiTle, Fordwich. Harriston.
Little Maitland .-—Wingham, Bluovale, Palmerston.
South branch .•—Brussels, Cranbrook, Trowbridge, Llatowell.
Bayfield ;— Bayfield, Clinton, Seat'orth.
Aux Sables: — Arkona, Ailsa Craig, Exeter, Lucaji.
Sydenham, or Bear Creek :— Wallaceburg.
North branch .-—Wallaceburg, Oil Springs, Petrolia.
Soxith 67-a«c/i .-—Wallaceburg, Dresden, Florenee, Alvinston, Watford,
Strathroy.
Tliamea ;— Chatham, Thamesville, Bothwell, Wardsville, Komoka, London.
North branch .—London, St. Mary's, Mitchell.
Avon .-—Stratford, Shakespeare.
South branch .-—London, Ingersoll, Beachville, Woodstock.
0««;-.-— Port Burvvell, Vienna, Tilsonburg, Otterville, Norwich.
Grand .-—Port Maitland, Dunnville, Cayuga, York, Caledonia, Brantford, Parla,
Gait, Preston, Breslau, Conestogo, Elora, Fergus.
Nith .-—Paris, Ayr, New Hamburg, Baden, Wellesloy, Millbank.
Sjjeef?.-- Preston, Hespeler, Guelph, Erin.
Conestogo .-—Conestogo, Glenallan, Drayton, Arthur.
Credit .-- Poi-t Credit, Streetsville, Orangeville.
/f«?/ibe)-;— Lambton Mills, Weston, Wcxxlbridge, IvK;inl)urg, Nobleton, Bolton.
Holland :— Ne^vmarket, Aurora, Holland Landing, Bradford.
Trent .-—Trenton, Frankford, Campbellford, Hastings.
Otonabee .-— Peterlwrough, Ashbuniham, Lakefield.
Scugog ;— Lindsay, Port Perry (on lake Scugog).
Gull .-— Coboconk, Minden.
A'o^e .-—Fcnelon Falls is between Sturgeon and Cameron lakes; Bobcaygaott,
between Sturgeon and Pigeon lakes ; Omemee is on Pigeon river.
Moira .-—Belleville, Bridge water, Tweed.
Raisin .—Lancaster, Williamston, ALartintown.
Eideau ;— Ottawa, Merrickville, Smith's Falls. Perth is on the Tay.
Mississippi .•— Packenham, Almonte, Carleton Place, Lanark.
JV^d^eow.-— Plantagenet, Ricevllle, Pendleton, Casselman, St. Albert, Chesterville,
Spenceville.
Lake Sitjjej-ior ;— Michipicoten, Niplgon, Fort William, Prince Arthur'.'^Liuidiiijj;.
Georgian Bay .-^Parry Sound, Maganetewan, Midland, Penetanguisheuf, Col-
lingwood, Meaford, Owen Sound, Wiarton (Colpoy Bay).
Lake Huron .-— Sarnia, Bayfield, Goderich, Kincardine, Elgin, Southamnton, Bruce
Mines, Little Current, Manitowaning.
Xafce £rie.-— Rondeau, Stanley, Burwell.Rycrse, Rowan. Dover, Maitland.t'olbovne,
I
24
I
m
INtrtM of
Ontario.
lii<liiMlrl«>>4
Oiilarlo.
of
MAr GEOOUArilY I'lUMEIt.
Lake Oxturin ami Buy cf Qiiiiit>:—'Slapar!\, Dnlhonsie, TInmilton, Oakvlllc,
Credit, Toronto, LivuriKK)!, Wliitliy, Oslunva, Uowiiianville (Darlington),
I'drt Hope, Pre.s(iu'l.Hl{> (IJri^'liton), Trcntou, liellevlllo, Descronto (Mill
Point), Nnpanco, Pk'ton, Kingston.
.S?. Lawrence .•— Ganano(iuu, Urockvillc, Prcscott, Dickinson's Landing-, Cornwall.
Farminfi /—All except the pai-ts north oflakca Huron and SuiKjrior is well mlairted
lor fanning;.
/>»))('»('/ 7/).^/.-— C'oiulucted on a large scale In the Oeorf,'ian Bay and Ottawa and
Trent river districts.
Mini 11(1 :—lro\\ in N'ictoria, Petcrhoro, Hastinjrs, Frontcnac, Lanark, etc. ; Kold.
silver, copijor. aslmstos, lead, etc, in nbiindancc, north of lakes Huron and
Superior, and Eastern Ontario. I'etrolemn al)Ounds in Lambton, and salt In
Huron.
Jf(inv,f<icturi/i(/ .'—Carried Kn extensively in the cities and larger to^vns.
FishuKj and Sliipphir/ employ a large number of men, chiefly in lakes Superior
and Huron.
Railways :—\ large number of men also find employment in connection ^^ith the
railways in Ontario. .
I
Lnkest
Vlvers.
Quelsec.
Capital, Quebec.
Population, 1,488,586.
''Korth
BOUNDAKIES : -
Ciovci'unicut.
North-East teri'itory and Lat)rador.
.Soj^</( .-—United States and New Brunswiclt.
East .•— Gulf of St. Lawrence.
^ West ;— Ontario, or the Ottawa River.
A Legislative Assembly of sixty -live members, elected by the people of Quebec.
A Legislative Coiineil of twenty-four members, appointed for life by the Lieu-
tenant-Governor of the province.
A Lleuteuant-Uovernor, appointed b> the Privy Council of Canada
South of the St. Z,aa"reHce;— Champlain (in Part), Memphramagog, St. Francis,
Megantic, Temiscouata, Matapedla.
Noi'th of the St. Lawrence : — Manouan, St. John.
Expansions of the Ottaica .•— Temiscamingue, Chat, Two Mountain"-
Expansions of the St. Laicrence .•— St. Francis, St. Louis, St. Peter
Ottawa .-—Rouge, Nation, Lie\Te, Gatineau, Coulonge, Moine.
St. Lawreyice from he iV^o?'</t .-— Assomption, St. Maurice, Batiscan, St. Anne,^
Jacques Cartier, St. Charles, Montmorency, Saguenay.
St. Laicrence from the South .-— Chateauguay, Richelieu, Yamaska, St. Francis,]
Nicolet, Becancour, Chaudiere, Etcherain.
The Temiscouata flows into the St. John, and the jlfe<aj?e(Zia into the Restigouche
On the boundaries .-—Ottawa, St. John, Restigouche.
Hamilton, Oakvllle,
anvUlo (Darlington).
Ho, Dcscronto (Mill
8 Landing, Cornwall,
lierlor Is well adapted
Bay and Ottawa and
•, Lanark, etc. ; gold,
li of lakes Huron and
1 Lambton, and salt In j
art?er towns. •■
efly In lakes Superior
in ccmnection ^\ith the
586.
y the people of Quebec.
d for life by the Lieu-
)f Canada
toamagog, St. Francis,]
Mountain"-
i, St. Peter
[oine.
rice, Batlscan. St. Annej
lay.
I, Yamaska, St. Francis.l
edia Into the Restigouche
r I
u
€iiual»e
Islands.
Bays and 4iiilfs.
Industries.
MAP GKOGRAPUY PKIMER. 8S
Lachinc, from Montreal to Lachinc, on the St. Lawrence.
St. Aiut's. a lock at the western extremity of Montreal island, to enter the Ottawa
from Lake St. Ijouis.
Lake St. Peter requires dredf^rinf:: annually, to preserve twenty-five feet of water.
//( the Ottau-a ;— Allumette and Calumet.
At the junction of the Ottawa and St. Laiorcnce .—Montreal, Perrot, Jesua
(Laval).
Below Qi<ebec .•—Orleans, Blc.
In St. Laivrence flfM^/';— Antlcosti and Magdalens.
Murray (Malbale), Cacouna, Rimouski, Gasi)t5, Chaleur.
Farming, lumbering, mining, shipbuilding, fishing, and manufacturing.
TOWNS OF OVER FIVE THOUSAND INHABITANTS.
Towns.
Population.
Towns.
Popidatiou.
Montreal
21(5,051)
Three Rivers
H,,s:!i
Oiicbec
03,090
Levis
7,3(1
St. Heuri*
13,115
St. Hyacinthe
7,010
Hull
11,-J05
Sore!
0,0()9
Sherbrooke
li\l()l
Valleyfleld
5,.'ilt;
TOWNS OF OVER TWO THOUSAND INHABITANTS.
Name.
Pop.
Name.
Pop.
i Name.
i
Pop. 1
St. CuneKonde *
9,293
.Toilette
3,:il7
Nicolet
2,587
SpriiiK Hill
4,813
Cote St. Antoine
,'!,ii7i;
Xotre Dame de Grace
2,31)7
St. Jean
4,772
Cote St. Louis
L',97(;
Chicoutimi
2,279
Fraservllle
4,175 !
Farithaiii
2,882
Ituckinxham
2,229
Lachine
3,701 ,
St. Jerome
2,808
MatrOK
2,1(K)
Lau7.
3,.-)51
Loiiurueuil
•.',7.M
Aylmer
L',(KM)
"• Sul)urbs of Montreal.
Other places of note are Oaughnawa l,'.i30, Lachute 1,751, H)erville 1,719, Granby 17,10, Mont-
magnyl,(;97, Beauharnois 1,.590, Bedford 1,571, St. Boniface 1,5.">3, Berthior 1,537, Point Gatincau 1,.52(),
Rimouski, Father Point, Cacouna, Richmond, Lennoxville, Laprairie, Coteau.
iV()<e.— The Grand Trunk and the Nortli Slioi-c Railways connect Quebec with Montreal. The
Canadian Pacific and tlie Canada Atlantic join Montreal and Ottawa. The Grand Trunin coimecta
ilontreal ^\^th Ontario, whilst several otluu- roads run east and south-east to the States alunjf the
border. Sherbrooke is a railway centre of imiwitance.
rj
I
26
Boundaries
Ooverunieut.
Klvers.
IslniKlN.
Itay» niid tiulfs
Iiidiistrleo-
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
ITev Bmnswiclc.
Popniation, 321,294. Capital, Frederlcton.
A'or^/t;— Quebec, or bay of Chaleur and river Restigouche. i
East:St Lawrence gulf.
South:— Bay of Fundy.
West;— 'Maine, and the St. Croix river.
A Learislative Assembly, elected by the people ; a LeKlslatlre Conncil, appointed
by the Lieutenant-Governor ; and a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed ?)y the
Privy Council of Canada. An Executive Council of the Assembly ad\ises
the Lieut. -Governor.
On the boH}Hlaries:—R{istigouche, St. John, St. Croi.x.
Into the Gulf of St. Z,a?t've?jce;— Miraniichi, Richibucto.
Into the Bay of Fundy:— St. John, Kcnnebeccasis, Petitcodiac
Shippcpan, Miscou, Campobcllo, and Grand Manan.
Chaleur, Miramichi, Richibucto, Shediac, Verte, Cumberland, SheiX)dy,Ciilp'i'.ecto,
Fundy, St. John, Passamaquoildy.
Lumbering, shipbuilding, tishing, farming, mining.
TOWNS.
ft'
Name.
Pop.
i Name.
Pop.
Name.
PO]).
Name.
Pop.
St. .lohii
3il,17f»
Cliathaui *
3,000
Shediac
,')00
Qnaco
....
Moncton
H,7(i5
St. Stephen
2,080
Sackville
,500
Dorchester
800
Fredericton
0,502
Xewcastle
2,,500
Richibucto
8(X)
Batkurst
600
Carletoii
.|,HIK)
Militown
2,146
Dalhousle
000
Sbippepran
500
Woodstock
:j,-.'!)i)
St. Andrens
1,S00
St. CJeorinre
....
....
*Chatham generally goes by the name Miramichi.
Note 1.— The St. John is navigable to Woodstock. There Is only one lak' Orrnd— in New Bruna.
wick ; and one— (/Irand— on the Maine border.
2.— Shipliuilding is extensively canled on along the shores of the bay of Fundy, and ' x the
Miramichi district.
3.— The Intercolonial Railway connects St. John with Moncton, Shediac, Sackviile, Newcastle,
Bathurst, Dalhousie, Halifax, Quebec, etc.
St. Stephen and St. Andrew are on the New Bruns^vlck and Canada Railway, which runs
near Woodstock, through Maine, to Quebec province.
Fredericton is on the New Iiruns\vlck Railway from St. John up the St. John valley, kny^,
northern part of the province.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
27
ITova Scotia.
inted
iy the
ivises
p:i'.ecto,
w Brutia.
nd \ the
jjcwcastle,
hlch runs
alle: ^'«^ >
Capital, Halifax.
iiKS : J, S(
Popnlatfoii. 450.523.
JS'o/'i/t;— Xorthumberlaiicl straits and prnlf of St. 1 ,a\viciice.
BOUNDARIKS : -J South-east:— Attantic Ocean.
[_ West:— Bay of Fund}', Cluf^necto Imy, and No'.v Brunswick.
€lov(>rniiieiat.
I<4l]i:i(l.s.
Industries.
The same form as New Bmnswicli has.
Cape Breton, Sable, Lon^'•.
Fishing, shipbuilding, lumbering, farming, mining.
BAYS AND GULFS.
On the Atlantic sealioard.
On the northern coast.
1
On tlie western coast.
Chedabucto,
Verte,
Fiindy,
Ship,
Pugwash,
St. JIary,
Halifax,
Pictoii,
Annaix)lis (Port Royal ,
Margaret,
Antigonish,
Mines,
Mahone,
St. George,
Co))cqui(l,
Liverixwl,
Bras d'or,
Avon,
Shellx)urne,
Sydney.
Chignecto,
Yarmouth.
Cumlierland.
TOWNS.
On the Atlantic coast.
Halifax,
DartniGUth,
Yurnioutk,
Lunenburg,
Liverpool,
<iiiiys)»oro',
Arichat.
Pop.
G,:.>40
0.(189
4,0-14
2,007
2, IGd
On the northern coast. Pop.
In Cape Breton :
Sydney,
North Sydney,
Sydney Mines.
New 'ilassrow,
MUlsville,
Pictou,
Stellarton,
Antigonish,
I'ntrwash.
3,000
2,57.5
1,.50(,)
;!,777
.'!,;uo
2,000
2,lll>
i,r.io
7i>0
On the western coast.
I'op.
Truro,
1
Amherst,
;i,7M
Windsor,
2.s:is
Annapolis,
2,;; 11
Digby,
1.051
Kcntville,
l,-.si!
Londniiderry,
S il ,
:\Iarshall.
Scotch Village.
A^ote 1.— Louisburtr, on Cape Breton island, Avas taken from the French liy Anilierst, Wolfe, and l!os-
cawen in 1758.
2.— The Out of Canso connects Northumberland straits with the Atlnntie, iiud separateo Cape
Breton from the mainland.
3.— The Intercolonial Railway coimecl.s llalil'a.K with Truro. Pieton, New Glawgow, Auuier.st,
St. John, Quebec, etc. The Windsor and AnnaiH.)lis Railway runs from Halifax to
Annapolis via Windsor, Bridjretown, etc.
H
p?
"^-.^i
I
i
m i<
i
28
MAP CJEOORAPHY PRIMER.
Prince Edxrard Island.
Capital, ("liarlottctown. Population, 109,088.
Boundaries* ^ yortli. J^(isf.,uu([ liv-s^-— GulfofSt. Lawrence.
•■ -S'oi/^/(;—Xorthuinlierlan(l straits.
Ciovcriiiiioiif.
BiiyH autl 4>iill's
Towns, Ac.
Iiidiisti'lo.s.
The same form as Ne\v Brunswick has. <
Hillsboro, Cardigan, Becleqnc, Richmond, Murray.
Charlotti'town, n,.'i71 ; Siiiiiinerside, t'.'JlO; Georgetowu, Alherton, C'ardigaii,
Tignish, Souris East.
Fishing, farming, shipbuilding.
British. Columbia.
Capital, Victoria. Population, »r «l'i.
B<trxi-)Auii':s ;
4»OV«TIIIII<'lll.
Lakes.
Kivors.
Islands.
Itays and <.Hlfs
Straits, Soniids.
< ilics, Ac.
Iiidusfrlcs.
I Smith
N'oi'tli-Wcst territory, or '"nth i)arallel.
'th: ■ States, or l;»th parallel,
K'isf:—,\ and Athabasca territories.
^^t's^•— Pat < )ceau and Alaska.
The same form as Ontario has.
Okanagan, Arrow, Kootenay, Francois, Quesnel.
Fraser, Columbia, Kootenay, Quesnel, Thompson, Skeena, Flndlay, Parsnip,
Peace, Athabasca, Okanagan.
"Vancouver, Queen Charlotte, Scotts, San Juan archipelago.
Georgia, BuiTard, Bute, Jervis, Nepean, Poi'tland. Xootka, Barclay.
Queen Charlotte, Dixon, Johnston, Broughton, Juan do Fuca.
Victoria, lii.f'll : Vancouvei', IS.ns.') ; New Westminster, 0,1)11 ; Esquimau, iNana-
uno, 1,")!)'); Yale, Cassiar, Kamloops.
Mining, fishing, farming.
A'o<«.— The chief i)assps throua-h the Kocky ]\rountain3 are ICootenny, Crow Xest, Kananaskls, Ver-
million, Kicking Horse, Athaliasca, Ycilowlicad, IMne Ki'ver, Peace River.
Newfoundland.
Capital, St. John's.
BouxiiARiES :— Atlantic Ocean, gulf of St. Lawi-cnce, straits of Belle Isle.
(liovornuicnt.
i'itk'H, Towns,
Ac.
ludustrh's.
Same form as Xew Brunswick has, but the Governor is appointed b}' the Privy
Council of Great Britain and Ireland X.B.— Xewfomidland is not yet in
the Dominion of Canada.
A^o<e.— Lakes, rivei-s, capes, islands, bays, etc., abound.
St. .John's, Sii.oao, on St. John's harbor; Harbor Grace, and Carbonear, on Con-
ception bay ; Heart's Content, on Trinity bay ; and Plaeentia, on Placentia
bay, are the most imiwrtant towns.
Fishing, of cotl, herring, salmon, and seal.
N.B.— The coast of Labrador is under the government of Newfoundland.
^ I
1
BOUNDARIKS: .
gall.
MAP OKOGRAPHY PKI.AIER.
UNITED STATES.
Capital, WasJihipton,
Area, 3,100,000 miles. Population, «'2,«*22,5!50.
/ North:— Canada, and the great lakes.
1 SoM<7t:— Gulf of Jlexico and Mexico.
\ 7?«s^:— Atlantic Ocean.
( iresi;— Pacific Ocean.
ii^
Ooveruiiieut.
arsnip,
, ^iana-
ds, Ver-
he Privy
ot yet In
, on Con-
Placeiitia
1. Legislative: — A Conj^ress, conslstinf?of :—
(a) Senate, whose mcmhers are choi^en for six years l>y tlic State Legislatures,
two being sent hy each.
{b) House of Representatires, whose members are elected, every second year l)y
iwpular vote. Tlie number which each state is entitled to send is determined
by the decennial census, there being one for every 135,239.
The President hag a veto power on legislation, but this may be annulled
T)y a two-thirds majority of the members of each House.
2. Judicial: — A Supreme Court, made up of a Chief Justice and eight Justices,
appointed for life by the President, by and \vith the consent of the Senate.
3. Executive: — A President, assisted by seven heads of departments, eliosen hy
him, but who must be appi'oved of hy the Senate.
Note 1.— Each territory is entitled to send a delegate to the House of Representatives. He may not
vote at all, but has the right to debate on questions concerning his ovm teiTitory.
2.— The States possess lowers somewhat similar to those held by the Provinces of Canada, ^\ith
the important exception that all sulyects not e,7'J>)•cs8^// mentioned as coming under tlio
authoritj' of the Federal government belongs exclusively to the States. Each state con-
trols its militia.
3.— Mode of Electing the President.— Each State chooses by popular vote " Electors," equal in
numl)er to the Senators and Representatives sent by that State to Congress. These
"Electors "meet at their respective State capitals on an apix)intcd day — the same day
throughout the United States— and there vote for President l)y ballot. The ballots are
then sent to Washington where the President of the Senate, in presence of Congress,
counts them. The candidate who has received a majoHtif of th". whole number of
electoral votes cast, \» diQcXaveA President. If no one hns a majoi'ity, then, from the
three highest on the list, the House of Representatives elects a President. The Vice-
President is e.T!-of^'c?'o President of the Senate. In case the President dies the Vice-
President becomes President ; after him the 2'>'''o. tern. President c2 the Senate, and
after him the Speaker of the House of Representatives, succeeds to the vacant Presi-
liency.
As soon as the " Electors " are chosen it is knowii who is to bo President, because it is gen-
erally w«ll understootl how each " Elector " will vote.
If
p
1
80
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
States and Territories.
Note 1.— The territories are In italics.
2.— The state capital Is placed first.
3.— The figures after the name of a city or town indicate in thouaancia its iwiHilatlon.
MM
ON THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD.
■Si ■'
I
lit
Name.
Mainoi Me.
Pop. 601,000.
New Hampshire,N.H
Pop. 370.500.
Massachusetts, Mass.
Pop. 2,239,000.
Rhode Island, B. I.
Pop. 345,500.
Connecticut, Conn.
Pop. 746,200.
New York, N.Y.
Pop. 5,9f 7^00.
New Jersey, N.J,
Pop. 1,450,000.
Delaware, Del.
Pop. 169,000.
Pennsylvania, Pa.
Pop. 5;260,000.
Maryland, Md.
Pop. 1,043,000.
Dist.of Columbia,D. O.
Pop. 230,000.
Virginia, Va.
Pop. 1,656,000.
North Carolina, N.C.
Pop. 1,618,000.
South Carolina, S.C.
Pop. 1,151,000.
Georgia, 6a<
Pop. 1,837,000-
Florida, Fla.
Pop. 391,000.
Cities and towns
Augusta 11, Portland 36, Lewlston 21, Bangor
19, Blddeford 19, Bath 8.
Concord 17 , Manchester 44, Dover 19, Nashua
19, Portsmouth 9.
Boston 448, Worcester 85, Lowell 78, Fall River
75, Cambridge 70, Lynn 56, Springfield 45,
La\vrence 41, New Bedford 41, Holyoke 36,
Salem 81, Haverhill 28, Taunton 25, Wal-
tham 19.
Providence 132, Pawtucket 28, Woonsocket 21,
Ne^vjwrt 19.
Hartford 53, New Haven 81, Bridgeport 48,
Waterbury 28, Meriden 21, New Britain
19.
Albany 94, New York 1,515, Brooklyn 806, Buf-
falo 25<), Rochester 133, Syracuse 88, Troy
Products,
Grain, butter, cheese.lumber,
wool
Grain, dairy produce, lumber,
minerals, manufactures.
Manufactures, dairy produce,
grain, fish, minerals.
Manufactures, farm produce,
tobacco, lish.
Manufactures, tobacco, grain,
dairy produce.
Grain, wool, butter, cheese,
manufactures, minerals.
Fruits, grain, manufactures,
minerals.
60, Utica 44, Binghampton 35, Yonkers 32,
Long Island City 31, Elmira 29, Newburv
24, Auburn 24, Cohoes 23, Oswego 22, Pough-
keepsie 22, Schenectady 20, Lockport 16,
Rome 14, Ogdensburg 12.
Trenton 57, Newark 182, Jersey CHy 163, Pat-
erson 78, Camden 58, Hoboken 43, Ehza-
b.'h 37, Bayonne 19, New Bruns\vick 18,
Orange 18.
Dover 8, Wilmington 61, Newcastle 7, Smyrna Fruits, grain, butter, cheese
7. I
Harrisburic 39, Philadelphia 1,046, Pittsburg Grain, fruit, minerals, as
238, Allegheny 105, Scranton 78, Reading coal,iron, lead, zinc; manu
48, Erie 40, Wilkesbarre 37, Lancaster 32, j factures.
Willlamsport 27.
Annapolis 8, Baltimore 434, Cumberland 13, Fruits, grain, dairy produce,
Fredrick 8. tobacco, oysters, minerals.
Washington 23(S,
Richmond si^Norfolk 35, Peteraburg 23,Lynch- Tobacco,grain,dairy produce,
burg 20, Roanoke 16, Alexandria 14, Ports- 1 minerals,
mouth 13. I
Raleigh 13, Wilmington 20, Charlotte 11, Ashe- Cotton, tobacco, rice, lumber,
ville 10, Newbern 8. I pitch, resin.
Cotton, tobacco, rice, mo-
lasses.
Columbia 15, Charleston 55, Greenville 8.
Atlanta 66, Savannah 43, Augusta 33, Macon Cotton, rice, com, potatoes,
22, Columbus 17. I lumber.
Talahassee, 3, Key West 18, Jacksonville 17, Cotton, fruits, molasses, lum-
Pensacola 11. I ber.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
81
ON THE GULF OP MEXICO.
Name.
Cities and to^v^l3. Products
Florida
Alabama, Ala.
Pop. 1,513,000.
Mississippi, Miss.
Pop. 1,290,000.
Louisiana, La.
Pop. 1,119,000.
Texas, Tex.
Poll. 2,L'3r),000.
See " Atlantic Seatoard."
Monti^omery 22, Mobile 31, Biru.lnghain 2G, Cotton, potatoes, rice, mo-
Annlston 10. | lasses, lumber, minerals.
.Tackson 11, Vicksburg 13, Natchez 10. Cotton, molasses, rice, lum-
ber, potatoes.
New Orleans 212, Shreveport 12, Baton Roupe Cotton, rice, molasses.
10.
Austin 14, San Antonio 38, Dallas 38, Galveston Cotton, com, live-stock, min-
29, Houston 28, Fort Worth 23. erals.
ON MEXICO.
Name.
Cities and towns.
Products.
Texas
See "On the Gulf of Mexico."
New Mexico
Santa Fe6, Mesilla.
""•old, silver, live-stock.
Pop. 153,000.
Arisona
Tucson 5, Prescott, Arizona.
Gold, silver, live-stock.
Pop. 60.000.
California, Cal.
Pop. 1,208,000.
Sacramento 2fi, San Francisco 3o:), Oakland 18,
Los Angelos 3i), San Jose 18, San Diego 1(5.
Grain, fruits, gold, silv
coal, luml)cr, fish.
er,
II
.'^^
ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
Name.
Cities and towns.
Products.
California
Oregon, Ore.
Pop. 317,000.
Washington, Wash.
See "On Mexico."
Salem 7, Portland 40, East Portland lo.
Olympia 7, Seattle 42, Walla Walla 8.
Grain, gold, silver, lumlier,
fish.
Grain, gold, silver, lumber.
ON THE MISSISSIPPI — WEST BANK.
Name.
Louisiana
Arkansas, Ark.
Pop. 1,128,000.
Missouri, Mo.
Pop. 2,680,000.
Iowa, Iowa
Pop. 1,912,000.
1 Minnesota, Minn.
Pop. 1,302,000.
Cities and towns.
See "On the Gulf of Mexico."
Little Rock 26, Fort Smith 11, Pine Bluff !>,
Hot Spring 8.
Jefferson City 7, St. Louis 4.52, Kansas City 1.32,
St Joseph 52, Springfield 21, Sedalia 14,
Hannibal 13,
Des Moines 50, Dubuque 30, Davenport 27,
Council Bluffs 21, Ket;kuk 14, Ottumwa 14,
Cedar Rapids 18.
St. Paul 133, Minneapolis 168, Duluth 33, Win-
ona 18, Stillwater 11.
Products.
Cotton, grain, live-stock.
Grain, tobacco, live-stock,
iron.
Grain, live-stock, lead, coal,
etc.
Grain, lunil)er, flour, live-
stock.
",'l.'l!Wi''.~.l"''U-t-'J-
i'
83
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
ON THE MISSISSIPPI — EAST HANK.
Name
Cities and towns.
Products.
Louisiana
Mississippi
Tennessee, Tenn.
Pop. 1,707,000.
Kentucky, Ky.
Pop. 1,858,000.
Illinois, 111.
Pop. 3,820,000.
Wisconsin, Wis.
Pop. i,(;8<),ooo.
See "On Gulf oi' .Mexico."
i< a it
Nashville "•>, Memnliis Ot, Cliattanooj?a i'!>,
Kno.wille S-i, Jaclison lo.
Frankfort lo, Louisville lOi Ck)vinp:ton 37, New-
port a.'), Lexington 22, Paducah 13, Owens -
, borough 11).
Sprlnfffleld 25, Chicafro 1,0!)9, Peoria 41.
Quincy31, Rockford 2 4, Hloominfjrton 2(),
Aurora 11, Decatur 17, Belleville].'), Rock
Island 15.
Madison 13. Milwaukee 20t, La Crosse 25, Osli-
kosh 23, Racine 21, Shelwyfran Ki, Fond du
Lac 12, JIarinette 12, Supeiior City 12.
To1)acco,cotton,trrain.lnnil)er,
live-stock, minerals, licnip.
Tobacco, corn. lioinp.Uunher,
live-stock, petroleum.
Grain, live-stock, minerals,
manufactures.
Grain, live-stock,niinerals.as,
iron, copper, lead : lumber.
ON CANADA AND THE GREAT LAKES.
1%
fifif
Name.
Cities and towns.
Products.
Vermont, Vt.
Pop. 332,000.
Michigan, Mich.
Pop. 2,l)iM,000.
Montpelier 5, Burling'ton 15, Rutland 12.
Lansinir 13, Detroit 200, Grand RapidsOO, Sagi-
naw 40,Bay City 28, J ackson 21, Kalamazoo
18, Port Huron 14, Battle Creek i:i, Mar-
quette 10, Ann Arl)or 10.
Grain, dairy jiroduce, min-
erals, manufactures.
Grain, lumlier. salt, minerals,
as iron, copi)er, etc.
Xotc— Maine, Xew Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, IVisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Wasliinjfton an; described elsewhere.
•fl
ON THE OHIO.
Name.
Illinois
Indiana, Ind.
Pop. 2,102,000.
Ohio, Ohio
Pop. 3,<>72,000.
West Virginia, W.Va
Pop. 703,000.
Kentucky
Cities and towns.
IMvKlucts.
See " On the Mississippi— East liank."
Indianapolis 105, Evansville 51, Fort "Wayne Grain, lumber, tol)acco, livS'
35, TeiTe Haute 30, New All)any 21, Soutli .stock, minerals.
Bend 21, Richmond 1", Lafayette 10, Lo-
gansixjrfc 15, Muncie 12. j
C'olnmbus 88, Cuicinnatl 207. Cleveland 2i)l, Grain, lumber, live-stock
Toledo 88, Dayton (!1, Springfield 31. Akron coal, lend, petroleum.
2S. Canton 2(!, Zanesvllle 21, Hamilton IH,
Sandusky 18, Findlay 18,
Wheelingr 35, Parkersburg 0, Martinsburg 9.
See "On the Mississippi— East Bank,"
Coal, iron, grain, uetroleum,
lumber
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
ON THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN' PLATEAU.
88
Name.
Cities iiml towns.
I'rcHliicts.
Kansas, Kans.
I'op. 1,Jl'7,o(K).
Topeka 31, Kiinsas City .'W, Leavenworth I'J,
Atchison 11, Fort Seott 12, Lawrence 10.
Grain, coal, iron, li\i'-at(H'k.
Nebraska, Neb.
Pop. 1,058,(K)().
Dakota, Dak.
Lliifolii 55, Omaha 110, Beatrice 11, Hastings
13, Nebraska 11, Plattsmoutli 'J
Yankton 10, Sioux Falls lo.
Grain, coal, live-stock.
Grain.
Pop. 512,000,
Colorado, Colo.
Pop. 412,000.
Denver 107, Pueblo 21, Leadville 12 Colorado
Si)rings 11.
Gold, silver, grain, live-stock,
lead.
Wyoming, Wyo.
Pop. (;o,(HX).
Montana, Mont.
Cheyenne 12, Laramie 7.
•
Helena 11, Butte 10.
Gold, silver, lead, live-stock,
grain.
Grain, gold.
Pop. 132,000.
Oklahoma
(iutlirie 1).
Grain, live-stock.
Pop. 01,000.
Utah, Utah
Pop. 207,000.
Salt Lake City 44, Ogden 15, Provo City 5. Lo-
gan 5, Spanisli Fork 3.
Grain, gold, coal, silver.
Nevada, Nev.
Pop. 46,000.
Idaho, Idaho
Carson 0. Virginia 0, Gold Hill 2. Reno 1, Car-
son City 4.
Boise City 7, Idaho City, Moscow 3, Pacatello 2.
Silver, coal, gold.
Gold, grain.
Pop. 8J,000.
iVo^c— Indian Temtory is set apart for Indians oidy.
^ater Courses of the TTnited States.
ON THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD.
.Vn^'.— Those in italics are on the navigable part of the river.
Courses.
Penobscot
I Kennebec
Androscoggin
Saco
Merrimac
Blackstone
Connecticut
Hudson
Mohawk
Delware
Schuylkill
Chesapeake
Susquehanna
Potomac
James
Ajypomatox
Savannah
Cities, towns, etc.
Bangor, Rockland, Belfast.
Bath, Augusta.
Brunsivick, Lewiston, Auburn.
Saco, Biddeford.
Newbury port, Haverhill, Bradford, 'LsLW'XQncQ, Lowell, Nashua, Manchester,
Concord.
Providence, Pawtucket, Woonsocket, Worcester.
Hartford, Springfield, Brattleboro, Lancaster, St. Johnsburg.
Brooklyn, New York, Jersey City, Hoboken, West Point, Newburq, Pough-
keepsie, Albany, Troy, Cohoes, Saratoga.
Cohoes, Schenectady, Utica, Little Falls, Rome.
Wilmington, Camden, Philadelphia, Trenton, Easton, Port Jervis.
Philadeljyhia, Reading.
Baltimore, Annapolis, Yorktown, Eaaton, Cambridge.
Han-isburg, Wilkesban-e, Scranton, Elmira, Binghampton.
Alexandria, Washington, Georgetoicn, Harper's Ferry, Cumberland.
Norfolk, Portsmouth, Richmond, Lynchburg.
Petersburg. Head of tide water navigation.
Savannah, Augusta.
:
f ( I
"-ffscsEaBKWcsr;
I
i
I'
';!
34
MAP OEOUKAPHY PRIMER.
ON THE GULF OF MEXICO.
Ck)urse8.
Mobile
Mississippi
Des M0INE8
Missouri
Arkansas
Red
Wisconsin
Im-inois
Ohio
Grande del Norte
Cities, towns, etc.
Mobile.
!, Vicl'slnirri, Greenville, Napoleon, Mem-
JIannihal, Quincy, Keokuk, Muscatine,
Neiv Orleans, Baton Itom/e, Natche,
))liis, Cairo, ,St. Louis, Alton,
iock Island, D<i,venport, Fulton, Galena, Duhu'que, Prairie-du-C'hien
'm Crosse, Winona, JIaatinga, St, Paul, Minneapolia, Croiv Wint/.
La
Keokuk, Dea Moines
St. Louis, Jefferaon City, Kanaaa City, Leavemvorth, St. Joaeph, Nebraska,
Council Bluffs, Omaha, Sioux City, Yankton, t^ort Denton, Helena, Bia
marck.
Napoleon , Little Rock.
Slireveport,
Prairie-du-Cliien, Portage.
Peoria, Ottaica, Joliet, Chicago (by canal).
Cairo, Paducah, Evansville, New Albany, Louiaville, Madison, Covington,
Newport, Cincinnati, Portsmouth, Wheeling, Alleghany City, Pittsburg.
Broionsville,Rio Grande City, Santa Fi, Pueblo (Col.), Matamoi'aa (in Mexico)
ON THE PACIFIC SEABOARD.
Courses.
Colorado (Cal.)
Gila
Sacramento
Columbia
Willamltte
Lewis or Snake
Cities, towns, etc.
Pert Yuma, A.rizona Citj, Aubrey, Georgetown fCol).
ylriiO?'"- Ci'.y, Gila, Tucson (on Santa Cruz branch), Phcenix.
San Francisco (hSiy), Sac uinento, ^haaia
Astoria, Portland.
Portland, Oregon, Salem, Albany.
Walla Walla, Lewiston, Idaho City, Boise City.
PORTS NEAR THE CANADIAN BORDER.
JV^o<e.— Those in black-foced type trade largely with Canada.
Waters.
St. Lawrence
Ontario
Erie
Huron
Michigan
Superior
Champlain
Cities, towns, etc.
Ogdensburg, MoiTistown, Clayton, Cape Vincent.
Sackett's Harbor, Watertown, Pulaski, Oswego, Fair Haven, Charlotte fRoches-
ter), Loc'kport, Oak Orchard, Youngstown, and Lewiston (the last two are on
the Niagara).
Buffalo, Black Rock, Dunkirk, Erie, Girard, Cleveland, Toledo, Monroe, and Detroit
(on the Detroit river).
Port Huron, Bay City, Saginaw, Alpena, Cheboygan, Mackinaw.
Traverse, Manistee, Pfere Marquette. Grand Haven, Chicago, Kenosha, Racine,
Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Green Bay.
Marquette, Houghton, Ontonagon, Superior City, Duluth.
Rouse's Point, Plattsburg, Burlington.
Note 1.— A canal joins Champlain with the Hudson. Used chiefly by lumber and grain barges
from Montreal, etc., to Albany.
The Erie canal joins lake Erie at Buffalo with Albany, on the Hudson.
2.— Calais and Eastport, on Passamaquoddy bay ; Pembina and St. Vincent, on Red River ;
and Olympia, on Puget Sound, have considerable trade with Canada.
MAP OEOORAPHY PRIMER.
TWENTY-EIGHT CITIES WITH OVER 100,000 INHABITANTS.
Names.
Pop.
Names.
."op.
Names.
Pop,
New York
1,.51.5,300
Buffalo
2.^5,0<K)
Omaha
111,000
Chicago
1,009,900
New Orleans
212,000
Kodioster
131,000
Philadelphia
1,017,000
Pittsburg
2.38,700
St. Paul
133,000
Brooklyn
806,400
Washington
230,400
Kansas City
133,(>X)
St. Louis
451,800
Detroit
206,000
Providence
132,000
Boston
448,500
Milwaukee
205,000 1
Denver
107,000
Baltimore
434,400
Newark
182,000
Indianapolis
106,000
San Francisco
298,900
Minneapolis
165,000
Allegheny
105,000
Cincinnati
296,900
Jersey City
163,000
Cleveland
262,000
Louisville
161,000
Note \.—New York, Maine, Maaaachusetts, rennsylvania own over two-thirds of the mercantile navy
of the United States.
2.— The "Original Thirteen "are r— New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York, Pennayivaaia, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia.
8.— The " New England " States are :— Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut.
4.— New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, arc the most populous states. They contain one-
third of the entire population.
5.— The railway system of the United States extends to all parts of the country.
MEXICO,
Capital, Mexico.
Area, 700,000 sq. miles; Population, 12,000,000, most of whom are of Spanish descent.
^ North .'—United States.
East .•—Gulf of Mexico, Campeachy Bay, and Caribbean Sea,
South ;— Paciiic Ocean, Guatemala, and British Honduras.
West .-—Pacific Ocean.
Boundaries
Rivers.
Cities.
Industries.
East Coast .-—Grande del Norte, Tr.-ripico.
West Coast .-—Grande de Santigo (iiuin lake Chapala), San Josd, De las Bassas.
In the Interior :—M.67Aco 320, Leon 130, Durango 60, Puebla 70, Guanaxuato,
Guadalajara, Oajacee.
On the East Coast :— Matamoras, Tampico, Vera Cruz, Tfupan, Campeachy,
M6rlda 38.
On the West Coast ;— La Pas, Culican, Mazatlan, Manzanillo, Peurto Angel.
Mining, fruit-growing, cattle-raising, gathering dye and medicinal woods, luml)er-
ing in mahogany and other cabinet woods.
MAP OBOORAPUY PUIMER.
■ 'i
■
■ I'
w
'l!
Kotr.—T]w cnpltnl Is Kivcn first and tlio liwrncs
tlir i»()puliitloii.
WEST INDIES.
after It, and the chief towns indicate in thouaanda
l.sllllKt.i.
To whom ))elonK-
Hnytl.thcN. nartan
iiidep. repuolic,
Hnyli -l Siiiito Domin^'o, or
tlm Douilniciiii re-
]iiilili(', an Indep.
v rcpuljllc.
Culm, Porto Itlco, Isle of Spain
PlneN.
The HaliaiiiaN,.Tainaica,and, Great Britain
most of tlu! Lesser Antilles
( ijoc ward, Windward),
Trinidad.
Of the Leeward :— Antltrua,
Montserrat, St. Ghristo-
plusr, Dondnica,Bar))uda,
KeviSfcAnKuilla, Vir^rlns,
Tortolla. Virgin Gorda,
Anc^atla.
Of the Windward :-Barba-
does, St. Vincent, Gre-
nada, Grenadines, Toba-
go, St. Lucia.
BerniudaM
Guadeloupe, Degirade, France
Martinique, Marie Gal-
ante, St. iMartin (in part),
Saintes ; allin Lesser An-
tillles.
Curaooa. Buen Ayre, Orul)a, Netherlands
Los RcKjues, 'St. Eusta-i
tins, Sa))a, and S. part of
St. Martins. \
St. .lohnSfSt. Thomas. San- Denmark
ta Cruz (Virfjln Island), i
St. Bartholomew Sweden
Marf^arita, Tortuga
Venezuela
Population.
Produi'lM.
575,0(H) '
140,000 Cal)iiietan(i(lyewoods
a,3(X),0<M) 8u;,'ar, to))aeeo, dye-
wcxxls, salt.
l,300,(MKi |Fruits, turtles, shell-
rish, ca))inet wanls
and salt (Bahamas).
Suffar, mola.sses ■ rum,
fruits, cott'ee, cocoa-
nuts (Jamaica and
Lee\/ardaud Wind-
ward).
Pitch or A.sphalt
(Trinidad).
320,000
Fruits, potatoes, cal)-
bage, onions (Ber-
muda i.
Suifar-cane, coffee,
cochineal, fruit.
f^•lpital.s and
Chief Towns.
Port au Prince
San Domingo 7,
Havana2i(>,Man
tanaz 7 (Cuba),
San Juan 20
(I'orto Rico).
Nassau (Provl-
videncc) 12, Ba-
hamas.
Kingston .^o,
(Jamaica).
Bridgetown 30,
(Antigua).
Fort of Snain i.*),
(Trinidad).
40,000 Spice.s
40,000
5,000
coll'ee, fruit.
Hamilton 5,
(Bermuda)
f Basse Terre 12,
i Port-a-P? •e25
I, (Guad'' 5),
Port Bo 5.
St. Pierr
I (Martliuiiue).
sugar-cane, Willemstadt
(Curaooa).
Christiansted lO
(Santa Cruz)
Charlotte. Am-
Fruit, sugar, cotton, alie(StThm's),
I vegetaljles. toliacco. GuBtavia 2.
35,000 Fruit, sugar, coffee, 'AflSUn'Dtion 5
' cocoa. ^^^^^^_'^(Mari
rga^a).
CENTRAL AMERICA.
Area, 175,000 sq. niileN ; length, 900 miles ; greatest breadth, 300 miles ; population, 2,685,000.
/North .'—Mexico, Yucatan.
„ .„._. /?««<.--Caribbean Sea.
j SoutJi .•—Isthmus of Panama.
\ West .'—Pacific Ocean.
Kate— Thii iiopulation and area are expressed in thousandg.
Country.
<
46
Pop.
Gov.
R.
Capitals and Chief
Towns.
Products.
Guatemala
1,357
New Guatemala , Coffee, cabinet and dve-woods, cocoa, sugar.
San Salvador ! Indigo, tobacco, vanilla.
San Salvador
7
651
R.
British Hondu-
ras (Belize)
6
28
C.
Belize Mahogany, rosewood, tobacco, cochineal.
Honduras
46
458
R.
Tegucigalpa, Truxillo Mahogany, sugar.
Mcaragua
51
259
R.
Managua India-rubber,mahogany,cofTee, sugar, cocoa.
Mosqultia
M.
Greytown Cabinet and dye-woods.
Costa Kica
23
231 li.
San Jose, Puiita Arenas Cofi;c, cocoa, sugar.
MAP OEOORAl'HY I'HIMEll.
37
Boundaries
SOUTH AMERICA.
>lrm, 7,500,000 wt'^'s: /«««<//, l.tioo viiUs; hrea(lth,'.\,-l^*^ miles.
Count line, l.'l.iKH) mitna; latifmli; ir A^.-55' S.; louyitttile, •X't-HV }V.
Mean heiijlit above ocean, \,V,M Jeet,
-Atlantic ocean and Carll)bean aeii.
-Atlantic oceaiu
.'lllc ocean. '
JVofe.— Both tl»e nven and tlie popitlatiim arc expressed in tliousands.
CNorth-east:-
i South -east; -
UV'e«<.-Pacl
(Joiuitry.
Braxil
Columbia or
New tirenada
Venezuela
Kouudor
Peru
Bolivia
Chili
Argentine
Paraarnay
Uruguay
British CJuiana
Demekara
esskquibo
Bebbige
Dutch Guiana or
Surinam
French Guiana or
Cayenne
Trinidad
Falkland Islands
and
South Georgia
Area,
2,118
5 I
431)
248
45.t
503
290
1,108
ill
72
109
4(5
27
2
I'op. Guv.
14,000
R.
3,875
It.
2,225
R.
1,100
R.
2,0f»9
R.
3,303
R.
2,500
R.
3,135
R.
239
R.
648
R.
282
Cr'n
60
Cr'n
30
190
2
Cr'n
Cr'n
Cr'n
Caiiital and ciiiet' towns.
Rio de Janeiro, Rahai (San Sal
vador), Penminbuco, I'araf Hd-
cin),Maranliao Paralilba, Porto
Alcfjny.San Panlo. Natal, Oca ra,
Macelo, Rio Grande do Snl.
Santos.
Bogota, Aspinwall (Colon) Porto
Bello, Cartaf?ena, Santa Mar-
ta, Clinf,'-res, Panama, Hnena-
ventiu'a, Honda, Medellln, Sa-
banllla.
Caracas, LaGuayra, Bolivar, Ca-
bello, MaracaylK), Barci-lona.
Cumann,
Quito, Guayaquil, Cuen(ja, Rio-
bamba, Loja.
Lima, Callao, Mollendo, Arlca,
P yta, Cuzco, Arequipa, Iciui-
(|ue, Pasco.
Sucre (Chuqnisaca'), La Paz, Or-
uro, Potosi, Cohija, Cliocha-
bomba, Caracola.s.
Santiago, Valiiaraiso, Coquini-
bo, Caldera, Tokahuano, Carri-
zaL
Buenos Ayres, Rosario, Cor-
dova, Jujuy.
Asuncion, Concepcion, Para-
guari, Villa Rica.
Montevideo, Maldonotlo, Co-
lonia, Soriano.
Georgetown, New Amsterdam.
Paramaribo (Surinam.)
Cayenne.
Port of Spain, Manzar.llla.
Port Stanley,
Products, etc.
Suj^ar-canc, in(lia-riibl)or,
coftee, tol)acco, ndnerals,
maize, nuts, l>ean8, caltl-
net-woods, dyes, cocoa,
fruits, grain.
Cabinet-woods, minerals,
liides, (lyes, tobacco, coflFee,
cocoa, india-rubber, Imts.
Coffee, cocoa, cotton, suprar,
tobacco, dyes, tine-woods,
menerals. i
Cocoa, vefJTOtable ivory, nuts,;
cotton, rnl)ber, barks, ndn-
erals, tobacct), fruits.
Guano, intrate of soda, sheep,
alt)aca wool, sugar, Ijarlts,
silver. j
Minerals, rice, barley, maize,'
cotton, cocoa, indigo, niedl-l
cines, fruit, IJarks. |
Fann produce, minerals of all
kinds, manufactures of.
earthen and copper wares,'
linens, cordage. I
Wool, liides,tailow,live-8tnck, '
wheat, maize, flax, coclii-
neal, cocoa, barks.
Maize, rice, cotton, tobacco,
coffee, sugar-cane, ".nate "
or tea plant, dye-woods.
Wlieat, barley, maize, live-
stock, wool, hides, born,
hair, tallow, gold.
Sugar, coffee, cotton, line-
waxls.
Sugar, line-woods, dyes.
Sugar, fine-woals, dyes.
Sugar, cocoa, pitch, rum, cof-
fee, fruits.
Wool, hides, tallow seal
skins, oil.
Kote 1.— By the treaty of Buenos Ayres, 1881, Patagonia ai.d Terra del Fuego were divided be-
tween Chili and Argentine. Chili lias the mountains and all west thereof, whilst Argentine liaa a]/
east of tliem.
Note 2.— In 1890, Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, was quietly displaced, without bloodshed, to
make room for a republican form of government
=;;3=
; MAJ. j^fc^j ' jsi'. ' ji'. s si i aL't'
11
88
Bays aud Ciulfs
§traits.
Islands.
I'apes.
Mountains.
Plateanx.
Plains,
liakcs.
MAP GEOGRAPHY 1*KIMER.
Darien, Venezuela, Paria, All Saints (Bahia), Rio Janeiro, San Matlas, Guayaquil,
Panama,
Magellan.
Trinidad, Marajo (Joannes), Falklands, Tierradel Fuego, Juan Fernandez, Chiloe,
Chinehas, Galapagos, Pearls, South Georgia.
Gallinas, San Roque, Frio, Corrientes, Horn (Hoorn), San Diego, Blanco, San
LorenzOi San Francisco.
Anfos, Parime, Brazilian.
Bolivia, Peru, Quito, Brazil.
*' Llanos " (Plains) of the Orinoco ; " Selva.? " (Forests) of the Amazon ; " Pampa.9"
(Treeless plains) of the La Plata ; Great Shingle Desert of Patagonia.
Titicaca, Maracaybo, Xarayea.
RIVERS.
Name.
Area of
basin
in miles.
Length
in
miles.
Tributaries.
Amazon
La Plata
Orinoco
2,5lX),0(W
1,250,000
310,(H>()
3,5iJi)
l,fiOO
On the right bfiHfc;— Huallaga, Yuoayali, Yavari, Purus, Maderia,
Tapajos, Xlngu, Tocantins. Para (outlet).
On the Iqf't J)a»jt.-— Putumayo, Japura,Negix). 50,000 m. navigable.
Uruguay and Parana ; the Parana receives Paraguay and Salado ;
and the Paraguay, the Pilcomayo, and Vermejo. Has 20,000
miles of navigable waters.
Guaviare, Meta, Apure. Has 8,otX) miles of navigable waters.
Note 1.— The Cassiqulare flows from the Orinoco to the Negro. Vessels can thus ascend tha Orinoco
and come do^vn the Negro and Amazon. The island formed by these rivers is Guiano..
Venezuela, east of the Orinoco, was Spanisli territory ; Brazil, north of the Amazon and
east of the Negro, was PortugueNe ; i)etween the Maroni and the Oyapok was French ; be-
twoen the Corentyn and the Maroni was Dutch ; and west of the Corentyn to Venezuela is
British.
2.— Tides rise only li feet in the gulf of Darien, but 20 feet in the bay of Panama.
a.— The total value of the trade of all South America is only about one-third as much as that of
the United States.
4.— The rivers of minor note are : Magdaleno, Essequiljo, Demerara, Berbice, Corentyn, Mi^ronl,
Oyapok, Paranahiba, San Franclrco.
MAP GEOGEAPHY PRIMER.
3»
Boundaries;
EUROPE.
Area, 3| millions of miles : length, 3,400 miles ; breadth, 2, 150 miles.
Coast line, 17,000 miles ; Latitude, SG"-?!* . Longitude, 0' Tr.-G5' £.
(East.— Ural mountains, Ural river, Caspiui. sea.
J SoM^ft;— Caucasus mountains, Black sea, Sea of Marmora, Mediterranean sea.
I West: — Atlantic Ocean.
l^iVo;'</i.'— Arctic Ocean.
Political
Divisions.
Great Britain
and Ireland
France
Germany
Austria-
Hungary
Russia
Italy
Spain finclud-
ing Balearic
Islands)
Belgium
Sweden and
Norway
Turkey
Portugal
Switzerland
Holland (in-
cluding: Lux-
emburg)
Denmark
Greece
Boumania
Servia
Montenegro
1
Area ir
thou, ot
sq. mis.
Unit
of
Size.
K
li'l
1
R
2:)4
13
E
208
13
E
K
241
2
E
2178
17 1-5
K
114
5-6
K
103
li
K
11
1-11
K
293
2 2-0
E
130
11-11
K
34
3-11
R
1.')
3-22
K
13
1-11
K
14
l-'.»
K
10
1-0
K
4!)
i
K
P
18
3
1-7
1-40
Capital and Location.
liOndoii on Thames
Paris on Seine
Berlin on Spree
Vienna on Danube
St. Petersburg on Neva
Rome on Tiber
Madrid on Manzanarcs
Brussels on Senne
Stockholm on Lalce Malar
Constantinople on Bos-
pliorus
Lisbon on Tagus
Berne on Aur
Amsterdam on Anistel
Hague iolitlcal)
C'o]>i'nhagen on Sound
ExiKirts.
Imiwrts.
Cl<x?ks. watches,
.iewellery, toys.
Afrricultural pro-
duce, dioL'se, but-
ter, cattle.
Butter and otlier
dairy produce.
Athens near Gulf -Ei,'iiia Cotton, grain, cur-
rants, liiTS, olive
oil.
Bucharest on Dumlio- Same as Turkey,
vitza
Belgrade on Danube
C'ettgne
Manufactured arti-, Grains, cattle, raw
des (cottons, silks, matenal, hides,
woollens, leather,! etc.
etc. ). 1
Jewelleiy, fancy ar- Raw cotton and silk,
tides, wine and metals, wool, coal,
brandy, silk and. Tropical fruits.
woollen goods. \
Corn, timber, wool, English go( ids, Fr.
linen, >viue, hams. I wines, sugar, tea,
coffee, spice, to-
bacco.
Wheat, wool, tim-jTropicaLproduce,
ber, glass. I manufactured
I goods.
Tallow, wheat, fla.x,|Cotton yarn, sugar,
liemp, timber,! wine, silk, nianu-
leather. ' faoturod gcxxls.
Silk, olive oil, rice. Tronical fruits. man-
fruits, straw hats utactured goods.
and l)onnets. I
Wine, wooL Tropical produce,
manufactured
goods.
Agricultural pro-iTea, sugar, coffee,
duce, manufactur- wine, raw mate r-
ed goods. I ials.
Iron, timber, tar, i Wine, sugar, manu-
salt, fish. j factured goods.
Raw cotton, 8ilk,jTTOpical produce,
wool, tobacco, manutactured
fruits. goods.
Wine, fruits, oil. Tropical produce,
cork. salt, provisions,
manufactured
goods.
Tea, sugar, etc., raw
material.".
Colonial produce,
timber, wheat. cot-
ton, and woollen
gfXKlS.
Manufactur'd goods, ,
sugar, tea, coffee, |
iron, and wine. i
Manufactur'd g(x k!s, i
tropical protluce
Same as Turkey.
*
4C
MAP GEOGRAPHy PKIMER.
§eas.
€iiilfsniidB)iyN.
limits
C'huiiiM'lH, mill
^Olllltl!!*.
IslaudH.
IN'iiiusiiIn.s.
It»tliniiiMV.s.
Cniies, etc.
Iiakes.
Arctic .-—White.
Atlantic .•—Baltic, North, Irish.
Mediterranean:— ^yxv\\ii\\\A\\, Ionian. Adriatic, .T^gean, Marmora, Black, Azov,
UoM?jrfaj'j/ :—Marmoro, Mediterranean, Black, Ca3i)ian.
Xnrtli ;— Cheskol. Oneg-a (White soa\
,%}<</* ;— Salonika, Corinth (Lepanto', Taranto, Xaples, Gi-noa, Lyons. Navarino.
TFesf ;— Biscay, Zuyder Zee, Dantzic, Riga, Finland, Bothnia.
nV'«<;— Skager Rack, Cattegat, between Sweden and Denmark; Sound, Great
Bolt and Little Belt, connecting Cattegat mth Baltic ; Str. of Dover, between
England atid France ; English Channel, between England and Prance ;
Nor h Channel, between Scotland and Ireland; St. George's Channel, be-
tween England and Ireland.
.Sf()H«7i;— Gibraltar, between Spain and Africa ; Str. of Bonifacio, between Corsica
and Sardinia ; Str. of Messina, ))etween Italy and Sicily ; Str. of Otranto,
between Italy and Turkey ; Str. of Dardanelles, between Sea of Marmora and
iEgean ; Str. of 13osphorus (Constantinople ), between Black Sea and Sea of
Marmora ; Str. of Yonikale, Kertch or Kafta, between Azov and Black Sea.
Arctic:— 'iiio\ a. Zembla, Spitzbergen, Lofoden.
7i(//</c.-— Gothland, Oesel, Dago, Alands, Danish (Zealand, Funen), Kugen, Bom-
holm, O'.and.
^<;a«^«c .•— Iceland, Faroe, BiUish (consisting of Great Britain, Ireland, and
niuTierous small islands), Peligoland, Azores.
Mediterranean .'—Balearic (largest Mnjorca, Minorca), Elba, Corsica, Sardinia,
Sicily, Malta, Gozo, Ionian (Cephalonia, Zante, Corfu), Crete, Comino,
Lipari.
West .•— Scandinavian (Norway and Sweden), Jutland (Denmark).
,SV)H^/,' . -Iberian (Spain and Portugal), Italian, Grecian (includes peninsula of
Moica . Crimea (south of Russia).
South .-—Corinth, connecting Morca \\1th Hellas ; Perekop, connecting Crimea
with Russia,
ylrchf .--Nordkyn, North.
Atlantic .-—Naze (S. of Norway), Skaw ("S. of Denmark), Duncansby Head (N. of
Sc'otlandi, Malin Head (N. of Ireland), Clear i S. of Ireland;, Land's End
(S. W. of England), La Hogue (N. of France), Ortegal (N. of Spain), Finisterre
(N. W. of Spain), Rooa (W. of Portugal), St. Vincent (S. W. of Portugal),
Trafalgar (S. of Spain).
Mediterranean .-— Tarifa(S. of Spain), Spartiveivo and Leuca (S.of Italy), Pyssarc
(S. E. of Sicily), Matapan (S. of Greece).
liiissia .—Onega, Lmloga, Saima."
Sweden .-—Malar, Wener, Wetter.
a, Black, Azov.
yons. Navarino.
; Sound, Great
Dover, between
id and France ;
's Channel, be-
etween Corsica
tr. of Otranto,
f Marniora and
ica and Sea of
md Black Sea.
Kiigcn, Born-
Ireland, and
ca, Sardinia,
etc, Comino,
peninsula of
'ting Crimea
Head (N. of
Land's End
), Flnisterre
f Portugal),
ly). Pyssorc
K1
L'j '
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
41
Rivers.
Arctic— Pctchora, Mezene, Dwina, Onepa.
Baltic:— Dawa., Momel or Niomen, Xcva, Vistula, Oder, Meiise, Maas, Scheldt.
North Sea:— E\hc, Wescr, Rhine.
English Channel :—fiiiine. ■ -
Bay of 77/.ycr«//;— Loire, Garonne. "
Atlantic:— Xiimxo, Tagus, Gaudiana, GuadaUiiiiver.
South:— Y^n■<^, Rhone, Tiber, Po, Danube. Dniester, Dnieper, Don, Volpa, Ural.
MOUNTAIN RANGES.
Ran^'e.
Where Situii> d.
Cliicl'Sinnniit
nid
Height in Feet.
Psrrenees
Alps
Carpathians
Apennines
Balkan
Caucasus
Ural
Scandanavian
Between France and Spain.
In France, S\vitzerland and Italy. |
In Austria.
In Italy.
In Turkey.
Between Asia and Europe.
" Europe and Asia.
In Norway and Sweden.
Maladetta (11, IfxV).
Mont Blanc (1.'.,7ik)).
Monte Rosa (l'),10O).
Poyana -Ruska (!),!HJ()).
Corno OSo'H)).
Sharra-taprh (10,000).
Klburz(lKUMh.
Konjakovski r5,.30O).
Snceiiatten (7,<)3o).
Volcanoes
^tna in Sicily, Vesuvius In Italy, Hecla in Iceland.
1
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Capital, Lontlou on Thames.
Population, :t7,74U,OOU.
BOUNDAIIIES ;
Engrland and Wales.
Population, '29,001,0«0.
/ A''ori/(.*— Scotland.
j iJasi;— North Sea (Wash, Mouth of Thames, Strait of Dover).
■ ,SiO!/i'/(;—Enfrlish Channel, Portsmouth, Solent, Weymouth, Pljnnouth.
i IFes^;— Bristol Channel, Cardigan Bay, ^lorecanibc Bay, Menai Strait, Solway
V, Firth.
Counties.
County Towns,
With their Rivers.
Counties.
County Towns.
With their Rivers.
SU
1
Northern.
Foiiri
een :tfi<Uan<l.
Northumberland
Newcastle (Tvne).
Staflford
Stafford (Sowl.
Durham
Purhani (Wear).
Derby
Derby ( Derwent).
Cumber land
Carlisle (Eden).
Nottingham
Nottingham (Trent).
Westmoreland
Applebv (Edenj.
Leicester
Ijiiicoster (Soari.
Yorkshire
York (Ouse).
Warwick
Warwick (Avon'.
Lancashire
Lancaster (Lune).
Worcester
Worcester (Severn).
Oxford
Oxford! Thames*.
Vii
e Eastern.
lluckinKham
Aylesbury (Thaines.)
Middlesex
London (Thames).
Lincoln
Lincoln (Witham).
Hertford
Hertford ( Lea ).
Cambridge
Cambridge (Cam >.
Bedford
l^edford (Great Ouse'i.
Norfolk
Norwich (Wensum).
Huntingdon
Huntingdon (Great Ouse).
NufToik
Ipswich (Orwell).
Northampton
Northamjiton (Nen).
Essex
Chelmsford (Chelmer).
Itutland
Oaldiain (Wreak).
42
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
Counties.
County Towns,
Witli tlieir Rivers.
Counties.
County Towns,
With their Rivers.
« Nine Southern.
Six Western.
Kent
Maidstone fMedway).
Cheshire
Chester (Dee).
Surrey
Guildford (Wye;.
Shropshire
Hereford
Shrewsbury (Severn).
Hereford (Wye).
HusNex
Lewes (Ousej.
Berkshire
Reading (Kennetl.
Monmouth
Monmouth (Wye).
Hampshire
Winchester (Itchln).
(Gloucester
Gloucester (Severn).
Wiltshire
Salisbury (Avon).
Dorchester (Froine).
Somerset
Taunton (Tone).
Dorsetshire
Devonshire
Exeter (Exe).
Cornwall
Bodmin Caraell).
Six of South Wales. I
Six of North Wales.
Anglesey
Beaumaris (Menal Strait).
Cardigan
Cardigan (Teify).
Caernarvon
Caernarvon "
Radnor
Radnor.
Denbigh
Denblprh (Chvyd).
Brecknock
Brecon fUsk).
Flint
Mold (Allen).
Glamorgan
Cardiff (Taif).
Merioneth
Doltrelly (Maw)
Caermarthen
Caermarthen (TowjO.
Pem)>roke (Milford Haven).
Montgomery
Montf,'6in('ry
Pembrok?
KivorH.
Lukrs.
Ports.
Largest Towns.
I'lipes.
BayM anil Inlets
Mountains.
Islands.
Industries.
Exports.
East:— Tyuc, Teese, Ouse (Including Swale, Ure, Don), Trent, Humber, Great
Ouse, Thames, Medway.
/SiOM*7t;— Avon.
Tl'e«<;— Severn, Avon, Dee, Mersey.
Windermere, Ulleswater, Coniston Water, Derwent Water, Bala.
-Eos*.'— Newcastle, Sunderland, Hull, Yarmouth, London, and Dover.
SoM<7t.'— Portsmouth, Southampton, Plymouth, and Falmouth.
iresf;— Bristol, Swansea, Milford, Pembroke, Liverpool, Fleetwood, and White-
haven.
London 4,211,000, LiveiTXiol 517,000, Manchester 505,300, Birmingham 429,200, Leeds
367,5r)0, Sheffield 324,000, Bristol 221,000, Bradford 216,000, Nottingham 212,-
(too, West Ham 2a5,000, Kingston-upon-Hull 199,991, Salford 198,000, New-
castle-upon-tyne 186,000, Portsmouth l59,ooo.
On East Coas^:— Flamborough Head, Spurn Head, Naze, North Foreland.
On South C'oasf;— South Foreland, Beachy Head, Portland Bill, Lizard.
On West Coast:— hsuuVa End, St. Da\id's Head, St. Bee's Head.
On East C'oaai;— Humber, Wash, Mouth of Thames.
On South Coas^'— Portsmouth Harbor, Plymouth Sound, Falmouth Harbor.
On West Coas^-— Bristol Channel, Cardigan Bay, Morecambe Bay, Solway Firth.
North:— Cheviot and Pennine. Highest peak 2,684 feet.
Smith:— T>e\oma.\\.
llVsf.-— Pennine and Cambrian. Highest peak 3,571 feet
East:— Ko\y, Fern, Coquet, Shoppy.
.So M</t.-— Wight, Channel (Jersey, Guernsey, Aldemey, Sark), Scilly.
West.'-hundy, Holy, Anglesey, Walney, Man.
Manufactures (textiles and hardware), commerce, agriculture, mining.
Cotton goods, woollens, iron (in all forn-^;, machinery, coal, linen.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
48
Population, 4,038,100.
Scotland.
Capital, Edinburgh.
(North:— Atlantic Ocean.
£as«;— Pentland Firth, Moray Firth, Firth of Forth.
iSoMWi;— Solway Firth, Wigtown Bay, Luco Bay.
Tresi:— Firth of Clyde, Ix)ch Fyne, Jura Sound, Firth of Ijorn, Ijoch Linno,
Sound of Mull, The Minch, Little Mlnch, North Chaniu-l.
Ciountiea.
County Towns.
Counties.
County Towns.
Eleven— 1
^nrthern.
Souther 71—
Continued.
Orkney and Shetland
K;irk^vall.
Dumfries
Dumfries.
Caithness
Wick.
Kirkcudbright
Kirkcudbright.
Sutherland
Dornoch.
Wigtown
Wigtown.
Ross
DiMpwall.
Ayr
Ayr.
Cromarty
Cromarty.
Renfrew
Renfrew.
Inverness
Inverness.
Lanark
Lanark.
Nairn
Nairn.
Peebles
I'eebles.
Mora)- or Elgin
Banff
Elgin.
Selkirk
Selkirk.
Banff.
Aberdeen
Aberdeen.
Nine— Midi a nd. |
Kincardine
Stonehaven.
Forfar
Dundee.
Thirteen-
-Southern.
Perth
Fife
I'erth.
Cupar.
Kinross
Kinross.
Linlithgow
Linlithgow.
Clackmannan
Clackmannan.
Edinburgh
Edinburgh.
Stirling
Stirling.
Haddington
Haddington.
Dumbarton
Dumbarton.
Berwic i
Greenlaw.
Argyle
Inverary.
Roxburgh
Jedburgh.
Bute
1
Rothesay.
-^
<,■■♦
Rivers.
Ness
Doreran
Dee
South Esk
Tay
Forth
Towns on Bank.
Invemes.?.
Banff.
Aberdeen.
Montrose.
Perth, Dundee.
Stirling, Edinburgh, Liclth.
Rivers.
Tweed
Nlth
Ayr
Clyde
Towns on Banks.
Pee))los, Kelso, Berwick (Northum-
berland.
Dumfries.
Ayr.
Lanark, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dunbar-
ton. Port Glasgow, Greenock.
liargcHt Towns.
Ports.
Capes, Ac.
Glasgow .Wo.TOO, Edinburgh 261,000, Aberdeen 84,836, Dundee 84,400, Leith 43,.S0O,
Greenock 34,832, Paisley 33,700, Perth 24,900, Kilmarnock 1.5,000.
£as<;— Inverness, Peterhead, Aberdeen, Stonehaven, Montrose, Dundee, Leitli.
SoM</t;— Wigton, Kirkcudbriglit
TFes<.-— Greenock, Glasgow.
North Coast;— Wrath, Dunnet, Duncanaby.
East Coast;— Tarbet, Buchan, St. Abb's.
South Coast;— Burrow, Mull of Galloway.
West Coast;— Corsill Point, MullofCantire,Buttof Lewis.
I
44
MAH (iKOdRAI'HY I'HIMER.
ImIiiikIn.
LtM'llH, Av.
HouiitiiliiM.
IMaiiis.
Iiulii^rlcs.
ExiiurtM.
(1) .S/(e<?rtHf?s;— Chief one, Mainland, on North,
(•i) 0'/'''"7/-—Cliief one, Mainland, on Northeast.
(.i) Jlebri'lcanr Wcsfcni:— Two lUviskma :—
Inner Hcbridea—Skye, Mull, Jura, Islay.
Outer Hebrides— Lewis, Harris, North and Soiitli Uist
(4) Islands in the Firth of Clyde:— Bute and Arran.
Lomond, Awe, Ness, Shin, Marec, Tay, Katrine.
Northern Kan^e ; chief summit, Ben Attow, ■l,(n)0 feet.
Grampian; chief summits ( ^ ESlli^^St.
Boundaries of Strathinoro : -Canijjsic' Fells. Ophill Hills, Sidlaw Hills.
In Southern Counties :— Pentlaud Hills, Mtiorfoot Hills, Lammermuir Hills, Low-
ther, Cheviot.
Glenmore, Strathmore.
Mining, manufactures, commerce, apricnlture, pasturaf,'e.
Cotton, woollen, silk, and linen k'ooiIs ; machinery, coal, cattle.
Note.— Calednnid tUinal ji>i US Monty Firth to Loch Linne.
Ireland.
Capital, Dublin.
Population, 4,706,000.
Boundaries
JNDARIES rxorth Channel, Belfast Lough, Dundalk Bay, Drogheda Bay, Dublin Bay, Youghal
AND J Harl)or, Bantry Bay, St. George's Channel, Dingle Bay, Galway Bay. Clew
Coast Waters: \ Bay, Sligo Bay, Donegal Bay.
Counties.
Chief Towns. '
1
1
Counties.
Chief Towns.
Ttcel ve—Leinster.
Nine-
Ulster.
Loutli
Dundalk.
Doneiral
Lifford.
Meath
Trim.
Londonderry
Londonderry.
Dublin
Dul)lin.
Antrim
Belfast.
Wicklow
Wicklovv.
Down
Down Patrick.
Wexford
Wexford.
Armagh
Armagli.
Kilkenny
Kilkenny.
iMona)fhan
Monaglian.
Carlow
Carlow.
Tyrone
Omagh.
Kildare
A thy.
Fernianai^h
Enniskillen.
({ueen's
Maryl)orough.
Cavan
Cavan.
Kinir's 1 Tullamore.
Westmeatli ] Mullingar.
Six-li
funster.
Longford 1 Longford.
Five—C'onnaught.
Tipperary
Clonmel.
Waterford
Waterford.
Roscommon
Roscommon.
Cork
Cork.
Leitrim
Carrick-on-Shannon.
Kerry
Tralee.
Sligo
Sligo.
Limerick
Limerick.
Mayo
(liaiway
Castlebar.
Ciure
Ennis.
Galway.
]
MAP GEOOllAPHY PRIMER,
45
To%vn8. On Rivera.
Londonderry, Llfford Foyle
ColtTiilne Hivnn
Belfast LaKKi^n
Navnn, Droghedn. Boyn(!
Dublin 1 Affi'Y
Enniacorthy, Wexford Slaney
Towns. On Rivers.
Athy, Carlow Barrow
Clonnul, Waterford SiUr
Youjfhnl Blaekwater
( 'ork. (inecnatown Lee
Carrlek-on-Slutinion, i c!u»^«„..
Athlone, Llnicriek | Shannon
LiirgCHt TowuM.
ScaportH.
liOllgllH.
Dublin ,352,000, Belfast 2.5r),!)0(), Cork 7,^,000, Limcrlek 37,Oi)o, Londonderry 98,000,
Waterford 21,C0O, Galwuy 14,000, Newry l.S.rxKi.
Londonderry, Belfast, Drofrheda, Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Qucenstown,
Limerick, Galway, Sli^ro, KinKatown.
Neaph (in Ulster), Ree (Lelnster , Dery lin Alunster), Klllaniey, Corrib, Mask,
Conn. Foyle.
Rivera.
Foyle
Banii
Laggan
Royne
LiiiTey
S'ianey «
Barrcw
Suir
Blaekwater
Lee
Shannon (224 miles)
Direction.
North-East
Noitli
Noifli-East
South
South and East
East and South
Eaat
South-Wcst
Counties throufjrh which they flow.
Tyrone, Dono^'al. LondondeiTV.
Down, AiMiia^'h, Antrim. Londonderry.
Down, Antrim.
Wcatmeath. Meath.
Wicklow. Kildaro, Dublin.
Wiclilow. Ciirlow. Wexford.
Kildare, Queen's, Kins^r's Carlow, Wexford. Kilkenny,
Tii)|KTary, Waterford.
Kerry. Cork, Waterford.
Cavan, Roscommon. Galway, Clare, Leitrim. Loufrford,
Westnicatli. Kintr's, 'llpperary, Limerick.
MtHiiitaiiis.
Ca|>ef4.
IiidiiKtrlcs.
Kxport*^.
Antrim. Kerry (Macgillicuddy's Reeks, hifjrhest Carrantual SjlW), Donegal.
North .—Bloody Foreland, Malin Head, Fair Head.
East .•— Howth, Wicklow.
.S'o!<</t;—Canisore. Clear, Mizen.
West ;— Dunmoi'e, Keny, Looi), Slyne. Achil, Rossan.
Agriculture, stock-raising, pasturage, manufactures, commerce.
Grain, cattle, dairy produce, linen goods.
I
^r
Capital, Paris.
FRANCE.
Area, '204,000 square miles.
Population, 38,218,000.
BOUNnAttlES
North .•—English Channel, Str. of Dover, Belgium.
East .•—Germany, Switzerland, Italy.
Soutii .•—.Mediterranean Sea (Including Gulf of Lyons), Pyrenees Mountaina.
West ;— Bav of Bicsiiy.
Rivers.
Towns on or near Banks.
Rivera.
t
To\vns on or near Banks,
Seine
Al.SXE OlSK
Marnb
Loire
Havre, Rouen, Paris.
Xantes, Orleans, St. Etienne.
1 (iaronne
! Adour
Itlione
Bordeaux, Toulouse.
Pau. Bayonne.
Avignon, Lyons.
46
ScaporU.
Other TowuH.
IiarKPNt TownM.
Mountalnft.
IfllnndH.
IndiiHtrleH.
E\portH.
MAP OBOORAPHY PRIMER.
• Marseilles, Havre iWi, Bordeaux, Nantes, Roohcllc, Dunkirk, Bouloflrne47, Toulon
71, Brest 72, Rochefort, Calais 60, Dieppe, Cherbourg.
DlJon, Montpelller, Nlsmes, Limoges, Poitiers, Nice, St. Malo, St. Etlenne 120,
Rouen lio, Nantes 130.
Paris 2,.5(X), Lyons 420, Marseilles 390, Bordeaux 250, LUIo 200, Toulouse 15 1.
Notfi. — AJocclo, the capital of Corsica, where Napoleon was l)oni.
Alps, between France and Italy ; Jura, Jxitwecn Franco and Switzerland ; Vosges,
N.E. of Jura; Ccvennes and Auvergne, W. of the Rhone River ; Pyrenees,
between Fronce and Spain.
Ushant, Belle, Hoirmountler, Re, Oleron.
Agriculture, manufactures, mining, fishing, silk culture.
Silks, procelain, dairy produce, leather, >vines, spirits.
The population of Cities and To^vns is expressed h\ thousands.
Cftpltol, Berlin.
GERMANY.
Area, 208,000 square miles.
Population, 40,866,000.
Boundaries
Kingdoms.
<'npitnlH.
(North .-—North Sea, Denmark, Baltic Sea.
East .-—Russia, Austria,
South .-—Austria, Switzerland.
West .-—France, Belgium, Holland.
Prussia,
Berlin.
Saxony,
Dresden.
Bavaria,
Munich.
Wurtemberg,
Stuttgart.
Rivers.
To\vns on or near Banks,
or in Valleys. \
Rivers.
Towns on or near Banks,
or in Valleys.
TIstuIa
Oder
Warthe
Elbe
Saale and
tributaries
Dantzic, Thorn.
Stettin, Frankford-on-the-
Oder, Breslau.
Posen (capital of Prussian
Poland).
Hamburg, Magdeburg, Dres-
den, Wittenberg.
Halle, Eisleben, Lutzen, Er-
fui-t.
Havel and Spree
Rhine
Main
Moselle
Weser
Ems
Bradenburg, Potsdam, Berlin,
ii'rankford-on-tlie-Main, Dus-
seldorf, Cologne, Barmen,
Bonn, Coblehtz, Treves
Alx-la-Chapelle.
Hanover, Gottlngen, Minden,
Bremen.
Emden, Munster, Osnabruck.
* :
Mountains.
Seaports.
Largest Towns.
Industries.
Exports.
Swabian, Jura, llartz, Black Forest, Vosges.
Hamburg, Bremen, Dantzic, Lul»eck.
In PrMsaia . •— Berlin 1,500 (capital), Breslau 310, Cologne 170, Frankfjrt 180
Konlgsbcrg 155, Dantzic 116.
In leaser German States .-—Hamburg 310, Munich 270, Dresden 250, Leipzig 180,
Bremen 150, Strasburg 120.
Agriculture, stock-raising, mining, manufactures.
Grain, live-stock, wool, timber, cotton, silk, wine, spirits.
N.B.— In 1871 the King of Prussia took the title " Emperor of Gennany."
MAP GROORAPHY PRIMER. ^7
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Capital, TIenna. Area, 240,000 nqnare mileN. Population, 8V,640,000.
A'or^ft .•—Germany, Russia,
£a«^•— Russia, Rouinanla.
South ;— Roumania, Servia, Turkey, Adriatic Soa (inchuliiis: jrulf of Venice), Italy.
West : - Italy, Switzerland, Germany
/)«mt>)n«;— Eiglitecn Provinces, groui)edln two divisions (German and Hungarian).
B0UNnA.RiE8 :-
Rivers.
Towns on . .i- near Banks.
Rivers. Towns on or near Banks.
Dannbe
Bnda
ThelHS
Pro8l)urpr fold capital) 6(), Co-
morn, Vienna 1,<KK).
Buda-Pestli CM), Maria Theres-
ienstadt.
Tokay, Szegedin, Debreizin,
Thel8»(C'ntin'd;
TlHtnla
Elbe
Klausenlierg, Kennanuatadt,
Aurrani.
LnkeH.
Moiiiitains.
Chief Towns.
4>ther Towns.
IndiistrleH.
Exports.
Seaports.
Balatron, Neuseedler Sea (in Hungary). .
Alps, Carpathian, Transylvaniau.
Vienna 1,000, Buda-Pesth (capital of.Hungary) .'i'Hi, Prague (capital of Bohemia)
170, Trieste 150, Lemberg lio, Griltz !»!i.
Brunn 85, Cracow 68, Presburg h(\ Link, Salzburg, Kliigenfurt, Austerlitz, Inns-
bruck, Zara.
Agriculture, manufactures, commerce, lumliering, mining.
Grain, flour, fuel, timber, beetroot-sugar.
Trieste, Flume, Pola.
RUSSIA.
Capital, St. Petersburg. Area, 2,080,000 square miles. Population, 91,861,000.
(North:— Arctic Ocean (including White Sea and Gulf of Clieskoi).
i3»rrxTT.AnTr.a .J Eust .-—Vral Mouutains, Ural River, Caspian Sea.
BOUNDARIES .< ^oM«7^.•-Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea, Roumania.
Mountains.
Cities.
Ol'**^'— Austria, Germany, Baltic Sea, Sweden and Norway.
Ural, Caucasus, Valdai Hills.
In the Baltic Basin:— Ht. Petersburg (on Neva River), Croiistadt. Revel., Riga,
Helaingford 43.
In the Dnieper Basin:— Kiev, Kherson, Nikolaiev, Kharkov, Kichenev.
On the Black Sea;— Odessa, Sebastopol 2t!.
Rivers.
Towns on or near Banks.
! Rivers. | Towns on or near Bank.s.
In North :
Petchora
Dwnla
Onega
In West:
Neva
Niemen
Vistula
Archangel, Yarensk.
St. Petersburg, Cronstadt
Wilna.
Warsaw.
In South:
Dniester
Dnieper
Don
Tolga
Odessa.
Nikolai V, Khersoi Kiev,
Alexandrov.
Taganrog.
Astraklian,Saratov,Nijni-Nov-
gorod, Moscow.
I
1
48 MAP (iEOCiKAI'HY PKl.UKU.
LakcH. I Latlopa, Onepa, Saiiiia, Ilmeii, Pelpous.
HeaportH. | St. Potcrslmrtr. Riga, Archangel, Asfrakhan, (Messa, Klierson.
Other TowHH. Moscow, Taganrog, Stavropol.
larKOHt Towns. St. Petersburg 1,(HX), Moscow S(X), Warsaw 410, Otlessa v\'\ Riga 17.'), Kazan i50,
I Kievl.'iii.
GoveriiUK'nt. j Absolute monarchy, the Czar is rlie ruler. •
liMliiHlrlcH. [ Agriculture, tisheries, chase, grazing, nianufactiu'os, mining.
ExiiortH. Wheat, timber, flax, wool, cotton, tea, iron, petroleum.
it"
ill I
Capital, Itonio.
ITALY.
Area, 110,000 s({nare miles.
Populetion, 20,043,000.
BOUNDAKIES; -
MoiiiitniiiM.
Uivcrs.
Lakos.
titiCM.
Oilier Towns.
Towns in fSicily
MraiiorlM.
fiiovcrnnK'iil.
Indn (rl4*M.
fiKportN.
North .-—Switzerland, Austria.
7;«s^-— Adriatic Sea ( including Gulf of Venice), Strait of Otranto. •
Siiidh:— I Jiediterranean Sea (including Gulf of Taranto. Ionian Sen, Strait of
1^ nVs/;_ I Messina, Tyrrhenian and Tuscan Seas, Archii)elago, Gulfof Genoa.)
I -■ nennlnes, AIj)s.
To. Arno, Ti})er. Adige.
^Maggiore, lugano, Como, Garda.
/w II Vv/.—Tm'in L'lo, Genoa II'), Alessandria;!!.
A'n^'.— Cagliari, cai)ital of Sardinia, is a plat, of great tra<le.
In Kortli:— Milan 3t)0, Venice 135, Verona 00, Padua, I'avia, i5ologna 110, Ravan-
na, Modena, Reggio, San Marino, the capital of the oldest republic in
existence.
On Mediterranean Wojjc.-— Florence I.'IT. Leghorn so, Lucca, Pisa 3S, An('ona32,
Ro'.ne iAf), Naiiles ITn (the largest city in Italy).
Hari, Potenza, Parma.
Palermo 2111 ( capitrd \ Messini, Catania, Syracuse.
Genoa, Leghorn, Civita-Vecd.ia, Najjles, Palermo, A'enice.
Free constitutional monarchy.
Agriculture, dairy prmHice, manufactures.
Silk, wine, olive oil, fruit, eggs, sulphur, raw cotton, straw liats, artilicial tiowera
m
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
49
311 a 32,
Capital, Madrid.
SPAIN.
(INCLUDING THE BALEARIC ISLANDS.)
Area, 198,000 Nqnare mileH. Population, 1 ;,64o,000.
Boundaries : ,-
/ North:— Bay of Biscaj' anrl Pyrenees.
1 East:- Mediterranean.
\ .*?r)!<<7(;— Atlantic, Mediten-anean, and Straits of Gibraltar.
' Tre8<;— Portugal and Atlantic.
Names of Townis.
Where situated.
Names of Townis.
Where situated.
San Seliastian, Bilbao, Santaii-
der, Orunna.
Valhulolid, liiuvos. Seijovia.
Salamanca.
Toledo, Maxlrid.
Badajas. Medelln, Tiuxillo.
Cadiz, Xeres, Seville, Cordova.
Granada
On nortli coast.
In Douro Basin.
" Taj-nis
" GiuKiinnaBa.iinl
" Guadalquivcr '
Malaga. Almiria. Alicanlo.Car-
tagfiia. Murcia, Valencia,
Harc»'lona,
Saragossa, Pamjieluna, Vit-
toriii.
Palnia, Mahon.
Palinas, Santa Cruz.
On the South and
East coasts.
IiithoEbroBa,sin'
i
•'B.ileariclsrnds
"Canary "
1
Rlvor.s.
IMoiiiitnliiM.
IiidnHtrlCH.
ExportH.
Ebro, Tajrus, Douro. Guadiana, Guadal<iuiver.
Pyrenees, Castile. Sierr.as of Toledo, Moreua. Nevada, Cant.alirian.
Barcelona, Valencia, Alicante, Cadiz, Ferrol, Viyo.
Madrid .5()!», Barcelona 25 1, Seville 1 lit, Granada 78, Valencia 1 1;'., Malaga 120, Mur,
cia!).'i, Cadiz (with suburbs) 2f>i).
Agriculture, sheep-raising, tisheries, manufactures, mining.
Wine, fruit, metals, oil, and cork.
f'npe.<4. ; Ortcgal, Finisterro, Trafalgar, Tarifa.
iVo<e.— Madrid. on the Manzanares. is 2.(K)() feet aliove the sea.
BELGIUM.
Capital, RriiNsels. Area. 11, 870 square miles. Population, .'>,»0n,000.
B0UNDARlH8:—A''()r</i;— Holland. .Sfx/^/i. — France. /•.V»s^•— Germany. llV«r-— Nortli wea.
RI»-er.H. 1 Scheldt, Meusc (Maas).
TOWIIH.
Sea mid Klvrr
l*«»r(!>«.
Brussels 4.'10, Ghent l.W, Antwerp 21o, Liege Ito, Bruges .'in.
Antwerp, Bruges, Ostend.
A'o^t'.— Waterloo and Ramilies are near Brussels.
Bowers.
InduMlrleH. Mining, manufactures, agriculture.
ExpnrtN. I Coal, iron, lead, r.nc, cotton, linen, silk, machinery, com.
k
?3ij rrraer
sszcs:
It
BO MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
SWEDEN AND NORWAY.
Cspitals, Htockbolin and ChriRtianla. Area, 295,000 Hqnare miles. Popnlatlon, 6,7S8,000.
/'JVor<A:— Arctic Ocean. i^ast .-—Russia, Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea.
Boundaries :
Towns.
RIvert).
Indnstrles.
Exports.
Govemmeiit.
\ South .-—Baltic Sea, Skager Rack. West: —Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.
East .-—Stockholm 220 (capital), Upsala, Carlskrona.
South .-—Carlskrona, Gothenburg 9.5, Christiania 130, Mallno 4,5,
West .-— Stavanger, Bergen 47, Drontheim.
Hammerfest is the most northerly to\vn in Europe ; the Maelstrom is west of
Norway ; the lakes are numerous, (Malar, Wener, Wetter).
Tonica and Dal.
Agriculture, mining, fishing, seafaring, forestry, maimfactures, ship-building.
Timber, metals, grain, fish.
The Executive Government is vested in a Sovereign. The Legislative Govern-
ment rests ^vith a Great Court or representative assembly for each kingdom.
Note.— The two nations have one king, but in every other respect they are separate. Compare
Great Britain of the time from James I. to Anne.
Boundaries
TURKEY.
Capital, Constantinople. Area, 125,280 sqnare miles. Population, 0,277,000.
North .-—Austria, Sei-via, Roumania.
East .—Black Sea.
South .-—Sea of Mannora, iEgean Sea, and Greece.
^ West .-—Adriatic Sea, Montenegro, and Austria.
Balkan, Dinaric Alps, and Pindua.
Danube, Maritza, Vardar.
Crete, Rhodes, Scio, Patmos, Thasos.
MonntaliiM.
Klvors.
■•lands.
Cities.
Seaports.
Chief Towns.
Industries.
HoverelKU.
Constantinople (capital), Rodosto, Gallipoli, Adrianople (the former capital),
Salonika.
Constantinople, Salonika.
Constantinople 9fio, Adrianople 100, Salonika 60.
Carpets, silks, leather.
The Sovereign is called a Sultan ; the porte is a legislative body.
Note.—TmkQy has five seaboards . Black, Mannora, Ionian, iEgean, and Mediterranean.
•ii
n.
>are
Capital, Lisbon.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
PORTUGAL.
Area, 84,000 square miles.
61
Popnlation, 4,708,000.
f North and East by Spain.
Boundaries: \
y South and West by Atlantic.
Klvera.
Cities.
Seaports.
Mountains.
Capes.
Exports, etc.
Industries.
Sov^rnment.
In Atlatitic ;— Douro, Tagus, Guadiana, Mondego.
In the North ;— Braga 14, Mirandella.
On the Douro .-—Oporto (birth-place of Magellan) 106.
On the Mondego :— Coimbra 14, Busaco.
On the Tagus .-—Lisbon 2.50 (capital), Vimiera, Torres-Vedras.
Lisbon, Oporto, Setuval.
Sierra Estrella.
St. Vincent, St Maria, Roca.
Wine, corn, wheat, cork, copper ore, onions.
Agriculture, manufactures.
Limited monarchy.
pltalV
SWITZERLAND.
Capital Berne. Area, 15,400 square miles. Papulation, 2,038,884.
(North .-—Germany. ' East .-—Austria.
\South :—Ita.ly,
Boundaries
Mountains.
BlTers.
Lakes.
Towns.
Industries.
Exports, etc.
Government.
West .-—France.
South-West .-—Mount St. Gothard, Lapontlne and Pennine Alps.
West .-—Bernese Alps.
East .-— Rhaetian Alps.
Rising near St. Gothard : — Rhone, Ticino, Ridne, Inn, Aar.
Constance (Boden Sea), Geneva (Leman), Lucerne, Zurich.
On the Aar .-—Berne 45 (capital), Neuchatel l'(>, Lucerne, Sempach, Altorf, Zurich 88.
In the Rhine Basin .-—Basle 65, St. Gall i',').
In the Rhone Basin .--Geneva 70, Lausanne .so.
Agriculture, manufactures, dairy produce.
Silks, cottons, clocks, watches, cheese, condensed milk.
Republic.
i
62
MAP QEOOKAPHY PRIMER.
HOLLAND.
Capital, Amsterdam (commercial) ; The HaKiie (political).
ropulation, 4,»90,000.
Area, 12,648 square miles.
Boundaries
Cities.
Senports.
Ciller ToM'iis.
IiidiiHtri<'»
an<l l*r<»(liicts.
Exports, etc.
Goverunieiit.
(North .•— Nortli Sea. East .-—Prussia.
J South ;— Belfriuin. West .-—North Sea (including Zuidcr Zee, Eaater Scheldt,
t Wester Scheldt).
(Welcheren Island, capital Middleburg, is situated on the west.)
Scheldt, Maas (Mouse), Rhine, Waal, Yssol, Leek.
On or tifiar the Const .---Amsterdam, Haarlem, Hoom, Saawiam, Camperdown.
On the lihine :—hcyi\pn, Utrecht.
On the Mnas .-—Rotterdam.
At the North ;— Leeuwarden, Croningen. ,
At the South .-— Lu.xemburf;, Maastricht.
Amsterdam, Rotterdam.
Amsterdam sso, Rotterdam 180, The Hague 148, Utrecht 80, Leyden.
Shipbuildinp:, dairy products, fi.shinp manufactures.
Grain, fruits, Ijutter, cheese, herring cod, iKjttory.
Limited monarchy.
DENMARK.
Capital, Copenhagren. Area, 14,700 square miles. Population, 2,108,000.
BouNDAKiES.— Skager Rack, Cattegat, Little Belt, Great Belt, Baltic Sea, Germany, Nortli Sea.
Includes.
<'itieH.
Ciller Towns
iiikI Seaports.
liKliislrles.
Exports, etc.
Danish Islands ."Zealand, Funen, Bornliolm, Laaland).
Coiwnhagen .SoiKcapital, on Zealand and Amager islands), Elslnore, Aarhuus 25,
Odense 21.
Copenhagen and Elsinore, Aalivuus, Aaltorg.
Agriculture, mining.
Butter swine, cattle, hams, hoi*ses, grain, procelain.
GREECE.
Capital, Atliens. Area, 25,000 square miles. Population, 1,710,000.
Bousr)AUiES.—iVo?'</), Turkey ; East, Archipelago ; South and West, Mediterranean Sea.
niviNiollM.
Chier < itIeM.
islands.
Relies or
Anliqiiity.
Men ports.
Industries.
Exports, ete.
4«overiinient.
Hellas, north of Gulf of Lopanto ; Morca, south of Gulf of Lepanto.
Athens'.* wcapitnl I, Lepaiito. rira'us 1*2, Patras 20, Corfu 18. •
Negroi)ont, Hydra, Cyclades, Ionian.
Acrojwlis, or citadel ; Partlienon, or Temple of Minerva ; Areopagus., or Mars Hill.
Syra, Hydra, Nauplia. Plnrus.
Agriculturi!, navigation.
Currants, oil . lead.
Limited monardiy.
Other Countries.
Capitals.
Population.
Remarks.
Roumani.i
Sorvia,
Montenegro.
Bucharest
Belgrade
Cettin.ie
6,.')00.(MK)
2,(KK),(K)0
2»),<KK)
Created by Treaty of
Berlin, 1n78, Indepeiident
States
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
63
Boundaries
ASIA.
Population, 830,000,000.
Area, V&\millions of miles; length, 6,7()0 miles; breadth, 5,400 miles.
Coast line, W,000 miles; latitude, V-IS' X.: lonf/itude, 2fV-i70' ir.
, /Ai'ctic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian, Black,
\ Mediterranean, and Red Seas.
(
!
lOOOl
les.
of
Name.
•Si
1^
5^
Capitals or Chief Cities.
E-KlwrL*.
Imports.
Asiatic Turkey
729
6
Smyrna, Scutari, Anprova.Sin-
Ojnum, dried fruits.
Hardwares.colonial
Pop. 16^57 ,ooa
ope, Trel )izond, Tarsus, Er-
wine, etc.;siIk.cot-, pro<luce, watches,
zoruni, Diarbekir, Alepjx),
ton,leatlier,tobacco. : etc.
Damascus, Beyrout. .Jeru-
1
salem, Acre Mosul, Bagdad,
Mecca.
Muscat or Oman
1220
10
Muscat, Ryad.
Coftee, pearls, dates, 'Anns, steel, iron.'
horses,camels,gums lead, cloth, and
'
myrrli, spices.
other European
articles. 1
Persia
637
5
Teheran, Ispahan, Tauris,
Meshed, Bushire.
Pearl3,silk.cott'n.car- Indigo.coffee.sugar,!
7,663,000.
petSihorses. camels, fnvs,tea,iK>rceiain
tobacco, opium. and merchandise.
Afghanistan
50 2
Cabnl, Kandahar, Ghazni,
Madder, assafretida, Tea, silks, cottons.
4,500,000.
!
Herat.
f i-uits,horse3. tobac-
co, furs, hhawls.
cutlery, dyes, Ivo-j
rv. etc. 1
Beloochistan
14011-6 Kelat, Gundava, Sarawan,
Butter, liides, wool, Rice, tea, dyestuflfs,!
350,000.
Bela.
drugs, dried fruits, spices.and Euro-;
vegetaltle oil. iieanmamifct'res
British India
1620
13
Calcutta, Allahabad,Benaros,
Opium, cotton, grain. Cloth, velvet, iron,!
260,000,000.
Aprra, Lucknow, Laliore.
Delhi, Jubbulnur, Bombay,
Camipore, Miulras, Poo-
nah, Surat.
& pulse seeds, hides, | tirearms , f r u i t s, i
indigo.eottongoods!. | wnc, tea and Eu-i
coffee.wool, silk,oil, r o p e a n manu- 1
timlKM'. faetnres. 1
Burmah
190
n
Mandalay, A v a, Moncholx), Raw cotton, feathers.' " " |
4,070,000.
Siam
Bhamo.
ivory, gums. i
150
ll-C
Bangkok, Paknam. Paklat.
R i c e. suurar. gu m s, Onlieo.linen.cutrry,
5,750,000,
ludes.dvewools.
glass, maimf'tres.
Cochin China \
Anam /
240
K
Hanoi (Kesho). / Caoiitchouc. s )ice3.
Hue. \ . dycwi^xls, b des.
** * *
French Cochin
China
Cambodia
22
i
Saigon, Mitho.
ik »k
(4 H
Pemmpeuh, Kampot, Odonjr.
U &t
i* 41
Straits Settlem'ts
1
[Singapore, Penanpr, Ma- ) Guttnperclia. iK'pp(M*,
SlN(}APOHE
Pknang
Wellesley
tk li
f lacca, Georgetown. '] tapioca, sugar,sago.
1
Malacca
; 'v
Ceylon
20
1-5
Colombo, Trlncomalee. Cinnamon.cocoanuta..
14 14
coti'ee.oil, spices, tea.
Chinese Empire
378,711,000.
1300
11
Pekin, Nankin. Ningix), Can- (^
ton, Lassa, Tientsin, Foo-
4i 11
(. It
chow, Shanghai, Hanhow.
'
Independent
Turkestan
"iO
2
Bokhara, Khiva, Mer\'.
\Vool.cotton,silk,rice,
Iron, velvet, lirass,
fruits, etc.
■ fur,leather.cutrryi
tea, and manufac-
tured articles.
Asiatic Russia
6202
51
Tobolsk, Irkutsk, Tomsk,
Minerals, fish, furs.
Woollen and cotton
13,145,0001,
Omsk, Yakutsk.
cloths, .silks, tea,|
jMireelain. |
Japan
36^7,000.
160
li
Tokio (Ycdo), Salkio (Kioto \ Raw silk,tea,tol>acco.
\\ ooUeri, cotton, fUld
K a n a g a w a ( Yokohama) , wax. rice. cami)b(>r.
linen dotbs.sngar
Nagaski, Ozaka. coiii)or, iwrcelain.
spiees, till, iron.
jYo«e.— Great Britain and Ireland is taken as the unit.
64
SeaH>
Bays and HulTit
Straltii.
Months of
RlverH.
PeiiliiNulati.
Capes.
Islands.
MountatuH.
Deserts.
Lakes*
Cities.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
Parts of Atlantic:— Biaclx^, Mediterranean, Marmora, ^gean, The Levant (east-
ern Mediterranean).
Indian Ocea»j;— Arabian, Red.
Pacific Ocean:— China, Yellow, Japan, Okhotsk, Behrlng.
Arctic Oceow;— Hara.
Indian Ocean:— Aden, Oman, Persian, Cutch, Canibay, Manaar, Bengal, Mar-
taban.
Pacific Ocean;— Slam, Tonquln, Tartary, Anadir, Pechelee.
Arctic Ocean;— Obi.
In the ire«<;— Bosphoma, Dardanelles.
Indian Oceon;— Babelmandeb, Ormuz, I'alk, Malacca.
Arctic Ocean;— Behring.
Pacific Ocean;— La Perouse, Corea, Hainan.
Ow-So!<<ft;— Shat-el-Arab (Euphrates and Tigris), Indus, Ncrbudda, Taptee,
Kistna, Mr ihanuddy,GANGE8, Godavery, Brahmaputra, Irawaddy, Salwen.
In Pacific:— Aiunor, Hoang-Ho, Yang-tse-Klang, Mekon, Melnam.
In Arctic:— hena, Yenisei, Obi.
£a8<;— Kamschatka, Corea.
SoMf?i;— Arabian, Indian and Malay.
ir«<;— Asia Minor.
^flrean ;—Baba.
Indian ;— Ras-el-Had, Comorln, Negrais, Roumania.
Pact/Tc;— Cambodia, Lopatka.
yirctjc;— East, and North-Eaat. '
A"o<e.— Isthmus of Kraw connects Malay Peninsula with the mainland.
iVo?*t?i;-Liakov or New Siberia.
£a8«;—Saghallen, Japan, Loo Choo, Formosa, Hainan.
/SoMt/i;— Nicobar, Andaman, Ceylon, Maldive, Laccadive.
ire««;— Perlm (In Red Sea), Rhodes, Samoa, Sclo, MItylene, Cyprus.
Aldgn, Altai, Thian-Shan, Kuen-lun, Himalayas (Everest, 29,002 feet, the
highest In the world), Hindoo Eoosh, Ural, Caucasus.
Gobi or Shamo, Great Indian, Great Salt, Arabian.
Caspian Sea, Aral, Baikal, Balkaah, Dead Sea.
/ndia ;— Calcutta 900, Bombay 800, Madras 420, Hydrabad 370, Luoknow «70,
Benares 210.
Siam ;— Bangkok 600.
C%tna ;— Tientsin 1,000, Hankow 800, Shanghai 400, Foochow 640, Cao^'oa 1,700,
Pekin 1,(J70.
Japan :— Tokio l,r.5L>, Osaka 3'50, Kiota 260.
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER
65
}
AFRICA.
Popnlation, 127,000,000.
Area, 11,500,000 square miles; length, 5,000 miles; breadth, 4,100 miles; coast line, irt.ooo miles.
Boundaries :— Mediterranean Sea, Istlimas of Suez, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean.
ON NORTH COAST.
Divisions.
Morocco
Algiers
Tunis
Tripoli
Egypt
^re^PopT
lOOO's' in
sq. m. lOOO's
220
123
45
250
400
5,000
3,750
2,100
1,000
7,000
To whom Be-
long.
Independent.
France.
Turkey.
Turkey.
British Pro-
tectorate.
Capital and Chief Towns.
Horocco 50, Fez 150, Tan-
ffiers.
Algiers 75, Oran 60, Constan-
ttne 40.
Tunis 145, Kairwan.
Tripoli 30, Murzuk.
Cairo 375, Alexandria 230,
Suez 15.
Products and Exports
Maize.datcs, almonds,
beans, ])ca.9.
Olives, tobacco, cot-
ton, rice.
Olive-oil, wheat.
41 it
Cotton, cereals.suprar,
dates, flax, licui)).
ON EAST COAST.
DivisioVis.
^rea
lOOO'a
sq. m.
200
in
lOOO's
To whom Be-
long.
Capital and Chief Towns.
Products and Exiwrts
Egyptian Soudan
Independent.
Khartoum 40, El Obeid 30,
Date."?, cotton, indigo,
*'*^ (Nubia)
Suakim.
tobacco, grain.
Abyssinia
200
3,000
Independent.
Gondar 6.
Cotton, sugar, coffee.
Somali
Italy. Unexplr'd
Berbera, Magadoxo.
Golddust.ivory, gums
Brit. East Africa
1,097
13,050
Great Britain.
Jnba.
11 11
German" "
Germany.
Ujijl, Kagehyl.
Golddust.ivory.gums,
ostrich feathers.
Zanzibar
•625
240
Arab Sultanate.
Zanzibar 60, Quiloa.
Ivory, india-rubber.
Mozambique *!
80
Portugal.
Mozambique.
(1 i«
Sofala /
Sofkla, Bangwe.
Zululand
45
English Pro-
tectorate.
Grain and stock-rais-
ing.
Wool, sugar, hides,
Natal
45
450 British Colony.
P'etermaritzbnrg 10, D'Ur-
1
ban 18, Port Natal.
feathers.
Cape Colony
213
1,458 Great Britain.
Capetown 62, Grahamstovra
12, Elizabeth 2(), Kimber-
ley 30.
Wool, hides, cojjper-
ore.ostricli feathers,
goat's hair.
IN THE
INTERIOR.
Area
Divisions. lOOO's
sq.m.
n
lUJO's
810
20,000
3,740
360
1
150
To whom Be-
long.
Capital and Chief Towns.
Products and Exiwrts
Massina
Gando
Sokoto
Adamawa -^
Congo Free State
Brit. South Africft
S.AfirioanBep'bIio
Orange Fr«a State
163
827
988
112
45
Independent.
Internat'nl Af-
ricpn Asso't'n
Great Britain.
British Pro-
tectorate.
Ind. Republic
Timbuctoo 20.
(jando.
Sokoto, Yokuta 150.
Tola.
Boma.
Tete, Sesheki.
Pretoria 5, Barl)erton 7.
BIoemrontein3.
Cereals, cotton, indi-
go, tobacco.
i
ti It
11 11
Palm-oil, rubber, ivo-
ry, gum.
Stock-raising.
Grain, stock-raising.
Wool,hide3,diamonds
i
56
'W
ll
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
ON WEST COAST.
•Ivisions.
Area
1(HK)'8
sq. m.
150
Pop.
in
lUlO'g
To wlioni Be-
long.
Capital and Chief Towns.
I'roducts, etc.
Oer. West Africa
Low«r Guinea
Gennany.
Karmfn, Walflsli Bay (Great
Britain,).
Rul)ber, ivory.
Congo
AmbriK, Sansalvador.
Angola
Benguela
200
f=.2
Portugal.
Cuio.
Quihita.
Ivory, feathers, gold-
dust.
Congo Free State
9 2
Gaboon
75
France.
LibrerlUe.
Ivory ,gold-du8t,gum.
Cameroon Coast
50
-w
Gennany.
Palm-oil.
Upper Guinea
- ■
•
Ibodah -)
Dahomey /
20
British Protec-
torate.
Abom(>y 30.
Abbeokuita.
Palm-oil and kernels.
Gold Coast
Ivory Coast
Slave Coast J
Lajfosfio, Elomina.
5
1,40(5
Great Britain.
Cape Coast Castle.
Accra.
Gold-dust, i«alm-oil,
ivory.
Liberia
11
1,0(58
Ind. Republic.
NonroTia.
Ivoi'y, palm-oil.
Sierra Leone
a
75 Great Britain.
1
Freetown.
Ivory, palm-oil.
British Gambia
Senegambia
15
11 Great Britain.
1
Great Britain
1 and Franee.
Rathurst, Georgetown.
St. Louis.
Ostrich featliers,
gums.
Ostricli feathers.
gums.
BiiyH aiKl CiuIfH
iSlniitH.
t'aiii'.>i.
lMlaud.H.
MouiitaliiN.
LakCH.
Suez, Aden, Dclagoa, Algoa, False, Taljle, St. Helena, Guinea, Cabes, Sidra.
Babel-mandei), Mozambique. • ,
Mediterranean and Ked. '-
Nile, Niger, Zambezi, Congo, Gambia, Senegal, Orange, Limiwpo.
Guardafui, Delgado, Corrientes, Agulhaa, Good Hoi)e, Negro, Lojiez, Palmos,
Verde, Blanco, Bon, Ceuta.
JVo<e.— Tlie Isthmus of Suez connects Asia with Africa.
Socotra, Seychelles. Zanzil)ar, Comoro, Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, St.
Helena, Ascension, Cape Verde, Canary, Maderia.
Atlas, Kong, Blue, Kilimandjaro.
Tchad, Deml)ea, Albert Nyanza. Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika. Nyaasa, Bang-
wcolo, Ngami.
MAP OEOOBAFHY PllIMER.
67
OCEANIA.
Area, 4,A00,000 Nquare miles; length, 11,000 miles; nidtli, A,20n miles. Population, »0,500,000.
iiiviMioiiH. Malaysia, Australasia, Polynesia, Micronesia.
3IaUiif8ia .-—Comprises Siindna (cliief Sumatra, Java\ Horneo, rhiUppiucs (1,2(X)
in number), Celebes, and Molucoa.s.
Australasia ; -Consists of various islands lyiiiir soutb-oast of Malaysia. Tbc eldof
are Australia, Tasmania, New Zeal.and. New (liiima.
Polji}wi'la:—QQ\n\n''\^v9, tlie eastern ^'roups soutli of tlie ^(luator : Friendly. Xavl-
frators. Cook's, Soeieties, Maniuesas, Fiji, Pitcalni.
Microwsi'i :—'iSOY\\\ of tiic t'((uator: Sandwleli, Caroline, Ladrunc, Midirravf,
Peiew.
AUSTRALASIA.
Area, !t,000,000 sqiiure miles.
PoiMilation, ;(.000,000.
las.
St.
Ing-
Divisions.
. m Popu-
?§.■=' lation.
Victoria
New South Wales
Queensland
South Australia
West Australia
<:- = l
8«
3-'5
(>(K>
ona
1,(XH)
:.'i!
N. 45
S. 55
1,1()0,(HH»
Capitals and Cliief Towns.
Industries and Exiwrts
.Melbourne Kn. H.iljnrat |i',
Sandburst ;i7, ticflon^'' l'5.
1,(KX),(XK) Sj<lney .'WO, Maitlan<l. XfW-
I ea.'^tlc. Paramatta, Hatluu'st,
all over lit. ;
.5(K),(M)() Hrisbane 40, Rockbiunpton &
Marylwrouj.:!! , eaeb over 1' \
:t.')i),(K)<),,V<lelal(le7<i, witb suburb.s i.'.n.
Sbi^cp-fai'iiiiHii-.a^rrii'ultiin'.niiM-'
iiiir, w(H»l and uold.
Siiocp-fanninir.airrienIturc.min-|
'\\\M, \vo<.)l, eorn, eoal, and tin.
5IVKI0 I'ertli.
1 lo.oa) Hobart 30, Launceton.
Tasmania
(Island.)
„ „ , , f N. 45 "I ,.,^ ,aui Aiirkland Oo Wdlinu-ton M>.
NewZealaad -I s. 55 ; Y'^h^*> l)unedinr,i),Cl«rl.steliureli I'i
(Island.) i
Sbei'p fanninfr.aKriculture, nun-
iuK', \>(wi, f,'oid, and suf:ar.
Atrrienilin'iMnininjr, sluM'p-farm-
'\\\\i, wiuc-iiiakini;, wool, wboat,
eotl'ee. j
\Vool, li'adore.
Af.'ricnlturc, fruit-raisiufj. wool,;
j tiint)er, tin, f,'oid.
Sboe]) fanninijr..Virri('nlttn'(Mnin
\\\ii, wiK)i, lirain. uold.
'• i
Mountains.
RlverN.
LakON.
IManufnctnres.
Government.
MAF OEOOKAPHY PRIMES.
iluAfralto:— Australian AI|)S, Orampians, nine, Liverpool, New England, Darling.
Tasmania ;— Criulle, Ben Ijoinond.
Xew Zealand ;— Cook. Enniont, Southern Alia.
Australia .•—Murray. Diirlin>,', Lacliltui, Murrumbiilgec, Brisbane, Flinders, Vic-
toria, Aslibaiton. Swan.
Taamania ;— Der^vent, Tamar.
Neto Zealand ;— Waikato. Clutlia or Molyneux.
Australia :—'E,yrG, Torren.s, Gairdner, Amadens, Alexandria, George.
Tasmania :— Great Lake, St. Clair.
New Zealaml :—'Tua,\»o.
Wine, tobacco, tallow, iron, leather.
In each New South Wales, New Zealand, and Queensland, the parliament consists
of a Legislative Assembly, elected by the people ; a Legislative Council,
appointed for life 5 and a Governor-General, appointed by the Cromi.
In each South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania, both the Legislative Assembly
and the Legislative Council are elected, a certain percentage of the latter
retiring yearly in succession, and a similar number being elected, i.e., on
the same principle as the tnistees in t», irio public schools. The Governor
is appointed.
West Australia is governed by a Council of twenty -one, seven being appointed and
fourteen elected, and an appointed Governor.
IH
MAP OBOOKAPHY PRIMER.
19
TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY
WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS.
1. OFR smoOL.— In what street, or on what nmd Is it? Name and iiolnt toward other
balldinffs near It Tell the direction of each from the schooihouse. Point toward and doxcrilie
any public building, park, hridne. railway station, library, .store, and factory near the soliooi-
house. Let your descriptions always be In your o%vn words. Write your name and the date on
your letter or composition.
2. Drnw a diagram to represent the Hchool-yard or play.^rrounds, in as nearly the i)roj)er
shape as you can. In this diagram, locate the school-house, patlw or walks, and the grass-plots.
3. In whnt rtlrcrtloii does the Imilding face ? In what direction docs c.uii road or street
near the school-house extend ? In some part of your diagram, draw an armw iiointiiig toward the
north. Across this, draw a straight line i)ointing e.xst and west. iThis armw may be itainted on
the floor of the school-room.) Are the grounds level or sloi)ing? In wiiich direction do ilioy
slope ? VvTien it rains, in which direction does the water run? From which iliroction does the
river flow ?
4. At what town, state, country, or water would you arrive, sliould you t-^'-'-l irom the
school -house toward the north ? Toward the east ? Toward the south? Wliat is the differenco
between north and ii|>? Between Hoiith and down ? Point np,— down ; north, —soiilli.
1. THE WOniiO.— The Earth, the globe, or planet. We live on its surface.
2. Shape, nearly round, like a ball, marble, or range.
3. Size, 8,000 miles in dianiftor, L'.'>,000 miles in circumferrtice ; forty -nine times as large as
the moon. The Sun is one an<l one-quarter million times as largo as the Earth.
4. 4>eoKra|ihy, a description of the World, or Earth, its oci tiis, continents, mountains,
rivers, plains, and countries ; also of its winds, clouds, plants, animals, and people.
5. M'hnt the land yields,— I'lants «nd animals, for our fcxnl and dothlnir : animals, also,
for lalwr ; minerals, for fuel, tools, and machines ; also, for building our houses and shii)S, and for
making our furniture, etc.
6. Write on the blackboard, slates or pajiers. tlio names of ten trees or plants which furnish
food; twofi-om which our clothing is made; two used in Imildiny. Write a short description ot
each.
7. Write the names of animals useful for food ; for jwrforming lalior ; for our clothing.
H. Write the names of miner.als used for fuel ; for making tools and machinery ; for Imilding
our houses.
0. Write the name of a river or a lake near the school -honsc. Where does tuc water come
from? Where does it go? What grow on its hanks, or shons? Is the water fresh, or salt ?
Why was that mill, house, or village built alongside ot the strenin. each in a certain jilace ? Are
there steamboats or other vessels on the river or the lake? Hetweeii what i>'aces do they go?
What do they carry from the town in or near which you live ? What do they l)rlng in return V
10. Climate.— The conditions of heat, cold, and moisture ; deiienils on latitude, winds, and
heU'lit al)ove sea-level : becomes colder, gradually, as one travels from the Ivjuator toward either
poie, or ascends alKive the sea-level •• modified by warm, ocean winds, inclination of Earth's axis,
and motion around the Snn
60
MAP OKOOKAI'HY PUIMKR.
I.
iP
II. IToiH')*, or ItcltH of (llffereut climate; Torriil, North TtjiniH^rate, South Temperate, North
Frij.'i(l, Hoiitli FrlKtd.
I'i. Torrid Xoin", or hot bolt, 17 (lej.'r(H«i In width, i.'U (Icjjrreos on onch sidu of the lOqimtor ;
^rnat liL'iit and constant rains nialte alxniiiant vi'vitation anci nniniai iifo ; ncitlier 8ao\r nor ice,
except at tliu tops of lii^li mountains ; inlialtitants, indolent, and of darlc compiexloii.
i:t. T«' III lie rate X»ih>m, situated Itetween tlie Torrici and tliu Fritrld Zones ; 43 deprrees in
widtii ; ciiniale, usually iniid ; year divided into four seasons ; iK'Opic inteill>,'cnt, enerKctic, and of
liKlit com[)lcxlon ; nations eniiKlitened and iwwert'ui.
14. I'rluid ZoiM'H surround tlie i)iiles, from whidi tliey extend '2:i\ deprrees in every direc-
tion ; lee and snow, i)er|)etual ; day and niKlit, eaeli six inontlis lonjf ; iniial)ltants of Nortli Frigid
Zone, Ksciuimaux. savage, l)Ut not warlike, andilwarfed in size; little or no vegetation; animals
noted for their tldck fur.
1.%. .MollwiiA of llH' i]<irlli.— Two ; sjdns or rotates on its axis every Jl hours, caasint,' the
successionof day and night; revolution or Journey around tiie sun, once a year, causing change
of seasons.
10. .'n<>ii.Hiir4'iii«>iitK of «ii«laiHM*.— Distances measured, and iwsitlons described In degrees
of latitude and longitude ; total distance around the Earth, 300 degrees ; distance from jioles to
Eciuator, itu degrees.
17. Lulllii<i«', tlie distance north or south from the Equator; latitude of poles, {>') degrees,
liehig at greati'st disUuice from Eciuator ; length of a degree of latitude, 7u miles, nearly.
18. LoiiKitiido, the distance east or west from meridian of Greenwich, or other selected
meridian: length of degree of longitude at the Equator, nearly 7o niiles, decreasing towards the
ix)k'^<, where it is 0.
IW. Tlu' lioiiilsitiicroH, two equal parts into which the globe may l)e divided.
'in. lV«-sl<'rii ll<>iiiis|»li('r«', sometimes called New World. Land surface embraces conti-
nents of North America, South America, iMirtion of Asi.i, Vietoiia Land, the coral Islands of I'oly-
nesia, and islands of Greeidand, West Indies, New Z(!aland, and Iceland. Water surface com-
jirlses parts of the Atlantic, Pacitic, Arctic and Antarctic Oceans.
'il, K«sl«*rii liciiiiNiilicrc, sometimes called Old World. Land surface eml)raccs continents
of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and part of Oceania; Nova Zt'ml)la, Ihltish Isles, .Iai)an
Islands, and Madagascar. Water surface conqirises Indian Ocean and parts of Atlantic, Pacitic,
Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans.
II.
M y
1. \OltTli .i.MmiK'A.—Siirraro.— Great mountains and highlands on the west, and lower
range in tlie east; great i)lains in the middle extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic
Ocean.
•!. <iliii«l<'.— C'<jld and periHjtualiy frozen in north, less severe in center, wann in south, mild
and uniform on Pacitic coast. .
:t. rrodiirls.— Fur and skins, lumber, grain, cotton, sugar, tobacco, and rice ; gold, silver,
iron, coal, copper, lead, and salt ; exiKtrts grain, provisions, and petroleum to Europe.
4. AiiliiialH.— (According to zones.)— Walrus, white bear, seal, bison, moose, deer, wolf,
beaver, alligator.
."i. Pt'oplo.— Native Indians, copper-colored, savage and warlike; Esquimaux, inha)>itinff
norttierii regions ; white inliabit.ints, the descendants of Europeans ; and blacks, of Africa, inha-
biting central and soutliern part.
n. >Vril«' the name of each country, and a short description of its surface, climate, auiumlSi
plants, people, and employments. Name its capital and one or more prinei))al cities.
MAP GEOiiUAPIIY ruiMIOK.
ei
1. SOI'TH AMKIIKM.— Hiirfurr.— Mouiitaiiis on eastorn, northcaslorn. and wcsiorii
border; plains, Uanris, and Holvas, or forots, in nortli and ccnlral regions, pampas in south.
'i. I'lliiiiitc— Hot intho north, witli altornatf wot and dry seasons; constant rain«
between Kiinatorand Troidoof Capricorn ; cold in south ; western coast, mild an<l uniform.
:). Froducln.— Iiidia-rnbber, cod'cu, f-.'^j^i^c, medicines, dye-woodH, suKar, wool,
diamonds. ,
4. AiiliiiaU, etc.— Tapir, jaKuar, llama, condor, boa-constrictor. *
5. IN'O|il0.—Chietly mixed races, descendants of .Spanish and Indians; Brazilians, of
Port>iKneso doHccnt. LanKuaKo: -In Hrazii. l'ortu>,'nese; in Hrilish Uniana, KnRlish;in
Dutch (Juiana, Dutch ; in French Guiana, French ; and in all the otl.rr coutitries of South
America, Spanisii.
W. Wrilo the names of tho countries of South America in a column, and opposite each
the name of its capital; also tho nanjos of lis principal productions.
1. KrilOI'E.—Siirl'acc.— Southern, or high Europe, mountains with L.gh plateaus;
northern, or lower Kuroiie, level plains sloping toward tlic nortii.
't» i'lliiiaU'.— youthern and western parts, niilfl and hciiltliful, modified by winds
from warm ocean currents and drifts ; and from tho Groat Desert of Africa ; northern part
cold and moist.
;{. rnMliiflH.— Grain, iron, coal, . ilver, fruit, wine, silk, linen ; export manufactured
article!^, cloth, wine, fruit.
4. Animals.— llcindecr, wolf, wild boar, bear, chamois.
5. IVopIe.— Ciiietly of Caucasian race, hiulily civilized, educated, and powerful;
^lagyars {tnoiV jorx) inhabilinK Hungary, of Mongolian descent.
U. Write a short description of each country, its surface, climate, plants, products,
animals, people and their occupations. Name the capital of each, and one or more princi
pal cities.
Lild
ker,
\'o\U
ting
liha-
1. A.HI A. -J^iii'laiM'. — Frozen swam;is along the Arctic Ocean, plains and forests in
Bouthern .Siberia, mountains and liinl>, barren plateaus in central region, fertile valleys
along southern parts ; region about (Jaspain Sea lias no outlet to the ocean.
'i, Clliiiulc— Very cold in north, cold and dry in central region, hot and moist insontii.
.'{. l*r«MHi«'(s.— Grain, rice, cotton, furs, tea, coffee, silk, medit;ines; exports, tea, silk,
opium, colloe, carpets, rugs.
4. Animals. -Iteindeer, catucl, elephant, buffalo, lion, tiger, leopard, tapir.
&, P<M»|»lo.— First inhabitants of the earth ; of dark complexion, except in Turkey;
many nomads or wandering tribes; in eastern and southern part generally civilized, of
^longolian race, their food is, chiefly, rice and H^h.
0. >Vrll«* the names of the countries of Asia in a colunui, and opposite each the name
of its prineii)al city and products.
1. AriSM'A.— Sni-raoc— Xorlliern coast, inonniaiMoiis and dry ; nortii central, a vast
desert; south central and southern, diveivilied by bigii inouiitains, large lakes, deserts,
forests, and fertile valleys.
'i. <'liuiat<'.— Hot and dry in the north, hot and moist in the central region.
.'t. I*rodin'(j*.— Ivory, diamonds, ostrich-feathers, colfee, t'otton, dates, gum ar'abic.
4. Animals, <*t€'.— Klephunt, hipftopotamus, camel, lion, gorilla, giraffe, zebra,
ostrich, crocodile, seriients.
5.— l»co|>U'.— In tho north, swarthy complexion and half civilized; in the central
regions, savage tribes of the Mcgro race ; in the south, European colonists.
T;
^^^
■~z:'\"SS',:~::
sssx:
62
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMGIl.
I. «M'K.IM.1.—I»IvIhIoii»*.— Malaysia, STicroncsia or pmall islands. Melanesia or,
Negro (black) islands, I'olyntsia or many islands. Australasia or southern Asia; climate
and vegulation, tropical.
'i, Mnlaj'Hla.--Supposcd to have onco been a part of the continent of Asia; surfafo
mountainous and volcanic; iidiabitants. ]\Ialaysand J<hir'))u!aii colonists; exports, spices
rice, colTco, su^ar, dye-woods ; animals, elepluint, lapir, orang-ouIanK.
3. .MolaiM'sln.-Comprisos New Guinea and Caledonian Islands; surface, mountain
ous ; people, negroes of degraded type ; bird-of-parauise.
4. AiislralaiHia.— Comprises Australia, New Zealand, Tasn)ai'ia ; people, (iiiefly
l']uro|iean colonists ; export s, gold, wool, grain, tin, Iii('i s ; curious animal, the kangaroo,
iyre-birk, rhca.
5. l*oI.vii<>Hia aii«l WIcroni'Hia.— Volcanic Islands, fringed with reefs of coral;
ilavvaiiaii Islands, a kingdom ; exports, sugar and rice.
«. Write the names of the largest islands, or Island groups, of Malaysia and Austra-
lasia; i<y.d ;i iioii. dcscrii)tionof tlie surface, climate, vegetal ion, and products of each.
5. !»f'%crlbea voynge from Mont i-c;'.I to Calcutta, by way of the Suez Canal. Name
liio bodies of vvat(!r fa which you wor' " -^'I'l, and the countries and [-""ports you would
iiass. What prodn'-t,- would .von got at L '.'i^utta?
*5. Wrlle I'le names of il'.'j (iuuiitrics in Africa, and the name of one city in each
sountr.v.
>Vrile ilic name • f eavii eitv iiioiinfaiii. aiii! ri^ «'f. aiiti one 4»r tno Meiiteiiees
fleserMii \ii «'aeli.
|)oiMra;i(iiis;'re IS csUmatcil in ISiKi.)
(Til.
THE LAUIir.MT 4 ITIi:f^ 1%
Tin: w»uij».
Xo. Cities. l'o)mlation.
1. London J,:<,._'.(i(':i
2. Paris .'.iJi.'ndtK
X N'-.v York 1,.')1;{,(hiO
4. Pekiii l,.")On,()()0
.5. Canton 1,.')(IO.O()()
fi. Be'-lin l.:{i(),(M)(i
'.. Vienna 1.I04.(KK)
8. Chicago . .l,(«)8,(KtO
9. Philadelphia l.Ol.i.oOD
10. Tienltiiu OJO.OOt)
T^iii' iiM.kM:sT noi \- Tin: lo\<;i:mt KivKitH i:v
x\i\ii> w Tin: WOULD. I Tin: wokli».
No,
1.
'2.
3.
4.
5.
0.
7.
8.
y.
10.
^lountains. Feet.
lOvensl '2!).0(!!)
Aconcagua 2;U)(K)
Chimborazo.. 21,JiM
.Sorata 21.2S(J
lllimani 21,11!)
Kenia 20.(100
Wrangel 20,00(»
Kilima N.iaro IH.'iOO
Popocatciiell 17. .SO!)
Xo. Rivers. Miles.
1. Amazon l,(i(K)
2. Nile 4,000
3. Mississippi S.ltiO
I. Missouri 3.100
o. Niger inijcr) 2,700
(i. Congo 2.(MM»
7. Yang-tse-Iviang 2.5(iO
. '.ena 2.I(K)
9. Venesei (j/cn-P-.9Oj/'f)..2.30(»
El boors
. 17,800 i 10. Amoor' 2,200
MAP GKOaUAPaV PIUMKR.
m
SPECIMKX
PROMOTION EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.
jrXIOU TO SKNIOR TIIIIM).
1. Mention two <'acts to prove iliat the Iviith is nuiml.
2. Delino:- Continent, County Town, Cape, Outlet, Prodiul, Kxport.
3. Name the river th tt drains each of the following :—8inicoe, Krie, Si.icrior, Itico,
Rideau, and tell in what di; ; ction each flows.
i. Xanio the inland counties and the county town of oacli.
5. Draw un outline nuxp of L. Ontario, and mark the position of XiaKarii. R., Hamilton,
Toromo, Helleville, Kingston, Cobourg, Amherst.
C. What and where are:— Si rath roy, Ingersoll, Harwell, Bracebridge, Quintc, Corn-
wall, Bonnecherc, Colpoys, Kincardine I
7. What Ih a lake, strait, peninsula, canal, river /
8. Give the boundaries (minutely) of Ontario.
5). How many slopes iji North America? Name the principal rivers in each slope.
10. What provinces and territories make up the Dominion of Canada I
11. Name the lakes of Ontario, and tell the rivers that are the outlets of Lake St.
Clair, Liike Tenuseamingue, Iiako Xipissing, and Lake Mississij)pi.
12. X'^ame five principal products of Ontario, and four of British Columbia.
13. Give the counties and county towns on Ljike Ontario.
11. Naino the subdivisions of the Dominion of Canada, showing which are province--
which districts, and which territories.
15. Give tho principal boundaries of Canada.
10. Whatand where are :- Albany,Chaleur, Sault Stc. Marie, Welland. Rice, Waterloo
17. What are the leading occupations of the pt'oplo of Ontai io I
18. Describe a trip by boat from Matchodasli Bay to Toronto.
19. Mention as many facts about Lake Superior as you can.
20. Draw a map of the 8t. Lawrence River, marking the position of Brescott, Leeds,
Montreal, Quoboc,
21. Trace the following rivers, and name one place on each :— Niagara, Trent, St. Law-
rence, Mississippi, Grand.
22. In what county, and on what water are: -Toronto, St. Catharln«\'<, (hiflpli, .strat-
font, ./Umontc, Be'.ioville, Cobourg, Gananoque, Gravenliurst, Owru Sor.inl I
2:1. Draw a n apof Georgian Bay, and locate— Severn River, Colpoy^s Lay, (Jhristian
Island, French Fiver, Parry Souml.
21. Dcttne a 1 i ver ha-^in, and tell In what basin the town in which you nre is situated.
25. Name the Provinces of the Dominion, and tell where the capital of each is sit ui'ted.
I
I
*^!i) m»iA^ < ifr ■ •-' tyy u '» i a gaiy ' ; > TnnniTiir - ■-
64
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMEK.
26. Name the counties on Lake Erie, with one important town in each.
27. Name tlie jjrincipal centres in Ontario of :— Iron Trado, Lumber Industry. Salt,
Copper, Coal Oil, Cheese.
28. Explain the meaning of Township, Lumber District, Imaginary Lines, Meridians of
Longitude, Political Divisions, Horizon, as used in yoiir geography.
29. vVrito notes on: (a) the Salt Wells of Ontario, (b) The Vegetation of South
America.
.30. Wo can see the sun, moon and stars, although thousands of miles from us. Explain
why we cannot see objects on the earth's surface which are more than a few miles from
us. Illustrate your answer by a diagram.
31. Give a short description of the Great Prairie Region of North America.
3*. Where does each of the following rivers rise, and into what body of water does
each empty :— Ottawa, Detroit, Ohio, Madeira, Orinoco, Nelson J
33. Name in order the waters through which a vessel would pass in peaking a voyage
around the West Indies, starting at a point in the Gulf of Mexico, and pushing along tlie
north of the islands, then to the east, then along the south and back to the point of starting.
31. Nanu! and locate four lakes, four capes, and four islands of North America.
3.5. Draw an outline map of South America, marking in, with names on the map, the
principal mountain ranges and the two largest river systems. Use, as nearly as you can,
a scale of 800 miles to the inch, considering South America to be about 1800 miles long,
and 3200 miles wide.
36. What is a zone ? Name the zones on the earth's surface.
37- What is a canal ? Name and locate two canals,
38. What waters would a boat sail on in going from Port Arthur to Montreal '/
39. What, wato's make Florida, Labrador and California peninsulas?
10. What and where are :— Winnipeg, Oswego, Vancouver, Fundy, Hchring?
11. Where in America do we get the principal part of our supplies of wheat, llsh,
lumber, furs?
12. Write notes on " Tho vegetation of the torrid zone."
13. Draw an outline map of North America, marking in, with names on the map, the
principal mountain ranges aiul the two largest river systems. Use, as lu-arly as you ( nn.
a scale of 8(K) miles to the inch, considering North America to be about 1800 miles long and
3200 miles wide.
SENIOR THIIJI) TO . I I'NIOU FOURTH.
1. in) Define Longitude, Parallels of Latitude, Tropics, Zones, Equinoxes, (b) Name
two plants, and two animals of each of the zones o*" North America.
2. State, {a) what bodies of land are separated, and (b) what bodies of water are joined
»^v:—Behring Strait, Davis Strait, (Jut of Canso, Strait of Mackinac, Detroit lliver?
3. Draw a full page outline luap of Ontario, and mark on it, to show where ttie follow-
ing products aro most abundant :— Iron, copper, nickel, salt, petroleum, barley, fruit,
pine woods.
4. On the above map draw the main lines of the G.T.R. and C.P.R., and mark the
position of the cities they pass ♦ hrougli.
5. Give the jjosition of the cainils of Ontario, and tell why each is necessary.
6. Where and what are:--St. Catharines, Thames, Manitoulin, Quinte, Nii)egon,
Boothia, Chidley, Queenslon, Lindsay, Rice?
7. Write a note on Prince Edward Island under the following heads:— (a) Position.
ib) Extent, (c) Cllnnito. (d) Products, (e) Occupations of the inhabitants.
8. Why is Vancouver likely to become an important town ?
MAP (JEOORAPHY PKIMKU.
65
9. Where are the following .-—Cleveland, JMinneapolis, Bay City, Monlival, Uaitiinore,
Lowell, Pittsburg, Hull /
lu. Draw an outlino niaj) of Lake Ontario, ami mark on it Hamilton, Niagara River,
Toronto. Trenton, Northuniborlantl, Oswego.
11. Define and give an example of cacli : -Slniit, Hay, Valley. City, ( 'anal.
12. What railways terminate at Whitby. Port Hope, (.obourg, Picton. Hellcville,
Kingston ?
13. In what province and on what water is each of the following:— Winnipeg, Kam-
loops, Victoria, St. Catharines, :Medi(ino Hat, Hcllevillo, .Sorel, Fredoricton.
14. Xame the products of the mines of Ontario.
15. Define fully:- Ocean, Tributary, Desert, Province, Map.
16. Name and give the direction of all the reeders of Lake St. Clnir. N.une a town »r
city on each.
17. What railways would a persoji take to go from Almonte to Kincardine through
Toronto?
18. What bodies of water must a person pass througli in going from NNiiid^or to
Montreal by boat?
19. Sketch a map of Manitoba and place Winnipig, Lake IManitoba. Albany IJ. and
Emerson.
20. What and where are :— Anticosti, Canso, Victoria, Kamloops, Uegina. Peace, Hran-
don, Ncpigon, Saguonay Tlirco Hi vers?
21. Name the outlet of : - St. John, Huron, Winnipeg. L. of tlie Woods, Alhabaska.
22. Name five exports of Ontario.
23. Define Ocean, Gulf. Strait, A^alley, Sliore.
21. What counties of Ontario arc east of Frontcnac?
25. Wliere are the following:— Northumberland Strait, .luaii de Fuca Strait, Hay of
Fundy, James bay, Wclland Canal?
26. In what counties are Cornwall, Kingston, Kemptvillc, Prescofl. Pembroke, Perth.
Arnprior, Hrockville, Morrisburg, Ottawa?
27. Give the boundaries of North America, and name three of the principal mountain
chains.
28. Where are the following :—Hehring Strait, Hudson Strait, Vancouver Island, New
Orleans, St. Louis, Milwaukee.
29. Name the chief Rivers and ISIountains of South America.
30. Name pnd locate the cities of Ontario.
31. Explain the terms Roadstead. Longitude, Avalanche, Parallels of Latitude.
32. («) Name the districts of the Dominion of Canada. ('*) Write a note on tlio Oil
Wells of Ontario.
33. Name the Zones on t ho earl h's surface and gi ve their boundaries.
3t, Through what river-mouths and lakes would you pa - in sailing from (Jodcridi to
Montreal, and iii what fiircclion docs each of the rivci's flow
.35. Name in order, bcgininngat the west : (ff) Tin- couni !<• ■ of Oniario thai inncli tlie
St. Lawrence River, (/j) The States of the American Tnion that toucii the St.LawniKc
River.
36. (a) Give some points of ditrerence between a city and a town, {h) Men; ion th rue
natui'al circumstances that vould tend to nuikc a city or a town important.
37. What and whei-oure: Winnipeg, Florida, Chaudiero, Hudson, .\ndcs, Matlaua?
38. Draw a map of Ontario, sketching neatly the southern boundary, Willi namoH
written on the map.
39. Through what waters would a ves.sel pass in going from Collingwo«xJ to Halifax?
40. Make a drawing of a globe, marking on the greater circles, and al^o the clrclen
'which bound the ^onos, and write on It the names of the /.oncb.
^11
m MAP GEOORAPHY PRIMER.
II. fa) What is latitude? (b) What is longitudoJ (r) Ijocnto a point on the earth's
siirliuc which has neitiier latiludo nor longitude, {d) Name two points on Mic earth's
surface whicli have the greatest possible latitu<le.
42. (o) In what dllfenMit dinn'tions does the land of the Dominion of Ca»iada slope?
How can you toll? ib) Name two provinces of the Dominion and x've the boundary of
eacii.
43. For what are the following places chiuHy noted and where is each situated :—
Goderich, Sudbury, The Saull, Calgary ?
44. Draw an outline map of the l>ominion of Canada, markinj.' and naming its bound-
aries, its chief rivers and four of its principal cities.
45. Give the names of the three principal countries of North America., their rjlative
position t and their eai)itals.
46. Name the provinces of Canada, their positions and their capitals.
17. Name five of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence in the Province of
Quebec.
48 Name I'ivcrs of Ontario which flow into each of the following bodies of water:—
Georgian Day, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair. Lake Erie, Day of Quinte.
49. Wiiat and where are :— Vancouver, Niagara, Fundy, Uiehelieu, St. Maurice, Dia'th,
Trent, Dclleville, Gaspe, Laehine?
.%. Naujc the bodies of water and the cities and towns of Canada you would pass in
sailing from Hamilton to Quebec.
51. Define Desert, Oasis, Diver, Lake, Longitude.
52. Draw a map of the counties of Glengarry, Stormnnt and Dundas, showing, {a) tl»cir
boundaries; (/■>) their townships ; (r) the railw.iys passing tlu'ough tliem ; {d) the positions
of Cornwall, jMorrisburg, Alexandria, Chcsterville, Lancaster, Newington.
53. Name the counties bordering on Lake Huron and Georgian B..y, with the county
town of each.
54. What countries of North America touch the Pacilic Ocean? Arctic Ocean?
Atlantic Ocean ? Gulf of Mexico ?
55. Name (a) a large island east of North America, another south of it, and one rn its
west coast ; {b) name an island in each of the following lakes, viz :— Huron, St. Clair, Erie,
and Ontario.
5(i. Into what bodies of water do the following ri\crs empty, viz. :— Mississippi, St.
Lawrence, ]\ia(kenzi(s Frascr, Columbia, Ottawa, Nation, Detroit, Niagara and St. Mary ?
57. Name in order, beginning at th'5 Pacific Ocean, the Provinces and Territories of
Canada.
If
.HNIOH TO SKNIOU FOURTH.
1. What is a map? How do you.distinguish the cardinal points thereon? What is the
use of I lie scale i
2. Detlno Promontory, Sound, Watershed, Kstmvry, River, Slope.
3. Give the boundaries of the United States, Spain, and Dominion of Canada.
4. What river drains each of the following lakes: -Rice, Champlain, Geneva, Winni-
peg, Nipissing, St. John, Constance, Erie, Slmcoe, Great Hear?
5. Name the States bordering on the Atlantic.
6. What parts of the Dominion are noted for Iron, Copper, Phosphate, Gold, Coal?
7. Draw an outliiu) map of South America, marking the principal mountains and
rivers.
8. What rivers and lakes vould yoti ptiss in sailing from Duluth to Montreal ?
9. From what lountries do wo get Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Spice, Cotton, Cork, Orangoa
Silk, Tobacco, Grapes?
MAP GEOORAIMIV PUIMER.
67
10. Xame one important place on each of the following :— Clyde, Mersey, Danulie,
Ilhino, Severn, lllu)i\c, Seine.
11. N nic anil locate the fisheries of the Dominion of Canada.
12. Name tlie country from which we get each of tiu? Jollowing:— Starch, Hardware,
Coal, Lace, Toys. Cotton.
13. Define Zone, I'lateau, Township, Axis of the Earth, Isthmns, Gulf, Peninsula,
Lake.
14. Name the slopes of South America, and two rivers iiueacli.
1.5. Name the states with their capitals that border on {a) Gulf of Mexico, {b) lAxkc Krie,
(c) Pacific Ocean.
1(3. Define:— I'Mrst Meridian, Solstice, Horizon, Neap Tide, Delta. Give causes of tlie
two last.
17. Describe clearly the position of the main watershed of South America, and the
same of Europe.
18. Name one chief natural product of each of the followinr: .sections of North
America:— ^Manitoba, Cuba, Pennsylvania. The .Soutli P'.astern ^^ atcs, Tli'i .*^outh Centiiil
States, The P.ocky ]\Iountain States, Tiie Niagara I'eninsula, Newfoundlaiul.
19. A party of Irish immigrants land at Halifax, bound for Victoria. Hriiish t 'oluinhi.i,
via Intercolonial and C. P. Uailways. Ui) Draw a map sulllcicntly large to .-how tl.iii-
route, (ft) Place on the map the names of six rivers tht y must cross and four cities they
must pass through.
20. Give («) sou7'CP, {!>) direction, (c) outlet, of each of the following lake-draining
rivers:— lihine, Mississippi (U.S.), Slave, Richelieu, French, Winnipeg. Neva. Niagara.
21. What are and where are :— Vienna, Uuenos Ayrcs, The Skaw, ISlatapan, Coiv-ica,
Trinidad, Bosphorus, Magellan, Chesapeake, Cobequid ?
22. Define Eriuator, Promontory, and contrast (a) Current and Uiver, *ft) Strait and
Sound, ((•) Limited Monarchy and A huolutc Monarchy.
23. Contrast the occupations of the people of Eastern (Canada with tho.se of the people
of ^Manitoba and the North We.st.
24. Doscrib ) British Columbia and hence state the occupations of the people there.
25. Name t'le outlet of Erie, \\ innipeg, St. Clair. Athabaska, Grand, Itice, Itasca.
2(5. Trace the Atlantic seaboard if 'he U.S., and mark position of Portland, Long
Isl ind, Newport, Chesapeake Bay, Boston, Hat! eras, Charleston, C\po Sable.
27. Name the tributaries on the west side of the ^Mississippi.
28. What and where are :— Clear, Corsica, Na/.c, Bosphorus, Eciuador, Cayenne. Juan
do Kuca, ^lalaya, Yucatan, Bonifacio?
29. Name the Canadian centres of each of the following industries: -Salt, Cotton,
Coal Oil, Commerce, and name the products of the mines of Ontario.
30. Explain the terms— Public Institutions, Climate, L ititude, Tropics. First ^Meridian,
Degree, as used in your geography.
31. Write notes on:— («) the Saw-mills of Ontario, stiting where most extensivel.\
found, how worked, etc. (ft) The shipi)ing trade of Great Britain.
32. A an.l B each start from the point on earth's surface w here the First Meridian cuts
the Eriuator. A goes directly north 20 degrees and if goes dircctlj west 20 degrees. Give
the latitude and longitude of each at tiie end of his joui ney.
33. Where do the following rivers rise, through what conn; rles «lo they flow, and into
what waters do they empty :— llhine, Yukon, Rhone, Amazon '
34. Compare, or contrast, as fidly as j-ou can, the government of Canada with the
government of the I'ldted States,
35. Mention the principal coal centres of (a) Canada, (ft) ITnited States, (c) Great
Britain.
3G. What and where are Chicago. Ortogal, Nelson, Azov, Venice, Saugoen ?
68
MAP QEOORAPHY PRIMER.
£'
37. Draw an outline map of the Dominion of Cnntuhv, nkclching neatly the boundarioa,
with names printed on map. Use, as nearlj' as you can, a scale of 400 miles to the inch,
considerini,' Canada to extend 32(K) miles from east to west and 2000 miles from north to sotitli.
38. A vessel startint^ from J^iverpool would pass through what waters in succession
before reaching Lake Huron J Ex])lain fully how it would reach the higher level of Lake
Erie from I.ako Oniario.
31). What and where are Chidley, Titicaca, Orkney, Duluth, Blanc, Geneva, Belfast,
Portland ?
10. Name some bridges over which railway trains pass Ingoing from Oniario to the
States, tell where they are situated and what waters tliey span ; also say at what points
trains arc conveyed over by ferry.
11. (ft) Name five of tlie principal exports of Ontario. {l>) Which is the better market
for barley, Oswoko or To- onto J About how many cents per bushel diirerencc? Explain
as fully as you can the causes for the difference.
42. Whence do wc get the principal part of our supplies of Carpets, Sugars, Colfeo,
Canned Salmon and Wine?
43. Make lists of :—((») Five inland counties of Oiitario, with county towns, (h) Five
British possessions outside the British Islands with the most important city or town in cadi.
44. ]Makc lists of:— (o) The llepublics of Europe with tl>o capitals. (/>) The principal
rivers emptying on the west coast of Europe, (c) The principal islands along the south
coast of l''iirope.
45. A person starts from the point on the earth's surface where the First ^Meridian
crosses the Eciuator, and goes directly west one-quarter around the earth, he then turns
directly nort ii and goes to the aictic circle ; what will then bo his latitude and longitude?
What will be his lalitmlc! and lont;ini<le if hv continue his Journey to the north ])olc.'
h). What counties of Ontario border on the Ottawa River ^ On the St. Lawrence? On
Lake Ontario?
17. Dellne:— Estuary, Delta, Antipodes, Zenith, Latitude, Longitude, Zone, Climate,
Zodiac, Isothernal Lines.
IS. What and wlicre are the following:— Cairo, Bombay, Natal, Cej-lon, Hong Kong,
Delhi, I'ekin, l^'i.ji, Nyassa, Yukon.
49. Draw a map giving the outline and relative positions of Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
w/ick and I'rince Edward Island.
50. Name 11 vi; of 1 lie largest rivers of South America and five of their triVmtaries.
61. From what countries do we getoiirsiii)))liesof Sugar, Cotton, 'I'ea, (^»lfeean(l Coal?
n'2. ThrouKh what bodies of water niii. jiast what cities and towns in Canada woulil a
vessel pass in sailing from I'ort. Arthur to Halifax?
;")3. Draw a diagram representing the Mariner's Compass, and mark and name the
eight most important points.
.')l What is the latitude and longitude of a place situated on the Equator at its inter-
section by the ^leridian directly opjiosite to that of (Jreenwich !
."»'). Show by a diagram (o) the names, positions and boundaries of the Zones; {!>) the
v.idth of each in degrees.
.'i(i. Draw a map of the Western I'cninsula of Ontario, showing i(() the boundai ies :
(^t chief rivers; {c) ](ositions of (Joderich, Sarnia, Owen Sound, Barrie, l^ondon, (iuelp'i,
Hauiilton, Stratfonl, t:iiathani, Bra.Uford.
.">7. What are the principal tributaries of the ^lackenzie L'ivei? (Jive the names of
two rivers llowing into Hudson's Jkij'and two llowing imo l^ake Winnipeg.
.W. In what parts of Canaiia are the following found in the native form:— Iron, Gold,
Silver, Coppei', Coal, Petroleum, Salt?
51). Name t he natural and artificial bodies of water passed over by a vessel in a voyage
from Port Art luir to Montreal?
tin. What and wluiro are the folio -ing: Trinlilad, Honduras, Montevideo, Lyons,
Madrid, Venice, iJomhay, Formosa, Hong Kouk, 'I'okio/
(II. What are the causes of t^pring, Suininer, Aiil miin and AVInler ?
(JU. Why Is a dogreo of Lonifltude longer at the Equator than at the Ard Ic Circle?
V-
.: 1 (
MAP (UOOdUAl'UV I'UIMKU.
69
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
rapital, Victoria.
Poiiiilatioii, OT.Ol'.
Ar(!ii,:\\]Mi^) squdve milcn : t/reatest extent from north to south,!')'.) iiiihis, mnl /mm Pdst to
irest, .Otiii )iiUitK.
Vaucducar Ishiii'l —Greatest length, 21^ miles; ijreatest breadth, w luilc.s ; iireratje l>rn<i<llh,
(i!i iiiileti.
' A orth : -"Sorth-wcHt Territories, «ir tin; imralli!! of (10° X. latiUitU;.
yw/.*/;— North-west Terrilorio?", or ilic Hocicy Moiiiitiiiiis and \.]u\ line ot'li'o" \V.
I$oi;ni)AUIKS : - lon-iuitlo.
South: - United States, or tlic iiaraliol of l!)°X. liilitiulc.
, ll'ii.'Y.- -I'ac'ilie Ocean, and a strip of coast line forming part of Alaslta.
t.ovcriiuiviit.
Lakes.
4>ulls<ii-slraltH
liilols.
Ulvoi'H,
l»«laii«iN,
Moiiiitaiiis.
<'liuial<>
1. Let/is/ atir(i:~-lA'y;ls\ati\(^ Assembly, consistinj,' of :^
(a) Tliirty-eijrlit nieiniicrs elccti-d l>\- tlie people.
(f>) A Lieutonant-(iovernor «j>;<o//it«< by tlu; I'rivy Council of Canada.
2. I-^xecutive:—\n Kxrciitive Council, ci)m;)Osed of the Lieutenant-Governor
.rnd leaders of i he ruliuf? party in the Assonihly. Tliese must he iMeiii-
I)er8(»f the Assonilily.
Tile renntie is derived chiefly from tlie following" soiircca:— Dom-
inion of (Janiida, ttie sale of Oown ^'ranis and timlier limits, minin;r
iicenses, taxes, etc.
Tlie crpcnditure is chiefly on account of •.—Civil (tovcrnment,
education, adndnisiration of justice, i)ul)lic works, etc.
On the Mainlniid : —Harrison, Okanagan, Kootenay.S! )Ciin,<)soyoo.s, Sluiswap.
Qucanelie, Francois, Deasc, Stuart, lJal)ine, Teslin.
Oh Vancouver Ishnul :—Ht)okc, Gowiclian, Quamichan, Shawni^an, (Jreat
Central, Ximkish.
GeorK-in, .hum de Fuca, Ilaro, Queen Charlotte Sound, Hecate.
The Mdiii/'i nd :—Burr!xr(\, Rute, Howe Sound, .Tervis, Knipht. Rivcrn. M n; inck
Arm, Mill)ank Sound, Gardiner. Doii;,'la3 (,'liannel, ()l)servalory.
Vaucourttr I.'ilaiid—Sounds : — Marclay, Clay<>quot, Nootlca, Quatsino, I'lyne.s.
Into the /'ia:/y/c:— C jl!'ml)ia, llellaCoola, Salman, Skecnu, Naas, Stikine.
/;(/() the Oulf of Georgi • .•— Fra-^er (l.niio miles).
Into the i-^/user ;— Thompfion, Uridi;e, Cliilcotin, Quesneilc, Nechaco.
Pence, into Lake Athabasca. Finlay, into I'aace.
Kootenay. into (3i)lmnliia. Liard, intii Mackenzie.
Kettle, into Columl)ia. Similkameen, into Coluniliin.
V^aucouver. Queen Cliarloite Gmup, Sail Sj)rin(.', Gaiiriola, Denman, i"e.\ada,
I M \yn(>. IjuIu.
1. Hock) —flii/hest Peaks :—Hv')Wi\ fl'l..')i)!>feet^, lloolcer. Murchison.
ChieJ' I'lisseii a/x'.-— Kickinir Hor.se, Yeliowhead, Vermillion, Knotenay,
I I'eaee Kiver.
' 2. Cascade: -In tlie \\e>tern ])art of the mainl.ind ; no very IiIkIi peaks; ter-
i minatos In Mt. St. Ellas on lionndary line of .-Viaska.
;». Si'lhirL- Geld :—'R:xw^i}H]ydr:\\U'\ \\\i\\ (lie K leky Mountains.
I. C'o't.N^ A'i(/((/(j;— I'jXUindiii!,' tlinuiifh the islands nii the wcsl coast, has f)r il^
hi^'liost peak Mt. Victoria (al)oiit 8,()0i) feel), on Vancouver Island.
These mountains inclose t'le valleys of the Fra.^cr, Tiiompson, Cdlnmlda,
SUeena, Stikine, and I'eaee Iti\i'rs.
Owiii^i^ to tli(! \\arm .J.ipan current, it is milder in the Islands than in ;uiy other
part i)f tlie D milnion ; on tlie mainland it i.s dry and siiliject to extremes
of heat and cold.
70
MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER.
Miirfiice.
IiiiliiNtrlrA.
MlncralH.
4'i(l<'N. TOWIIM,
etc.
Navnl Mtiitioii.
IllllltlllN.
DIvlHlnnM.
Gcnernllv moiintainoug. Tlio moiintnhis arc covered with fiirestsof Doiifrlaa
|)iim. fir, liiilsam, lu'inlock, f('(iiir, niul other uwhIs. The Doiijflaa pine,
whieh (it'tuii jrrowH to the hei;.'ht of fl(K) feet, la hirKcly exported, bohifc
c^*iieeially vivluiil)Ic for niast.s of ships, etc.
In tlie Interior of tlio mainland are vast traets of land which afford every
faeility for fltoek-raisinK'. These lauds, If irrigated, would become
cxeeilent nRrieiiltural districts.
The soil la very fertile, prodnciny cereals. root.<». etc., similar to those of the
o:her imtvlnces, and la especiallv a<lai)tcd to fruit culture.
^Tinintr, Intnherlnjjr. lishinff. stock-raisin).', n^rricultnre.
Tlie principal iroldtieidaare In Carihoo. KtMitenav.Cusslar, and Southern Yale.
(ioid, sliver, lead, copper. Iron, etc., abound.
Coal 1st >und In all partsof the province, hiit tlio principal mines are located
In Nanaimo. Couiox. and \Vellln;,'ton ; the yield, beinty of excellent
q-ialitv. is larpelvex)K)rt(d.
ra»ico»n(.'y- /,<»7«>)rf;— Vlctiirlal'i.H II ('capital'). Nanaimo J, r)0.'),Eanulmalt700.'Wel-
lini,'ton L'..1oo. Uoinox -lOO, Cinnlieriand 8i'o. Huncan .^(»(i. NorllUield 1.0()0.
The Mabddiid :—V^m'o\\\GV l.'i.Osr,, Rf)asland 7.0(i(), New Westndnster r..(iii,
Nel-ion 4.(KV), Kaslo 2,no(). Kamloopa l.c.K), Vernon l.KX), Kevelatoke
l.WK). uhllliwack.'iiiO. Ladncr's Landing .'KM), Trail 1.200. Green wood 1,000,
Grand Forks l.WK), Sandon l.oflo. Golden (iO!), Mission City .'KiO.
Esquimalt. poss'ssing a splendid har))or (whose entrance Is Ro.val Koada). and
containlnff a fine dock-yard, la Her Majesty's naval station for the
North Pacillc.
Chiefly located on reservations. They gain a livelihood by fishing, hunting,
trappincr and aurriculture.
Priuciftal tribes a;'e;— Flatheada. Fort Ruperts, llelia Rellas. Hella Coolas,
T-*iinp«heans. Hydaha. Shuawaps. Kootenava. (^arrlera. ("hilcotlna.
The province is divided into nineteen electoral district?, as follows :—
Vancouver Island.
The M.ainland.
Victoria City. Alherni.
North Victoria. Nan.iimo CItv.
South Victoria. North Nanaimo.
Kscinimalt. South Nanaimo.
Cowiclian. Comox.
Vancouver City. Carihoo.
New Weatminster Citv. Eaat Kootenay (2 Ridings).
Westmlnater ( t Ridings). West Kootenay (1 Ridings).
Yalef.1 Ridinps). Cassiar,
Lillooet(-' Ridings).
RAILWAYS OF RRITISH COLUMniA.
Railways.
Cities or Towns.
Canadian Pacific.
Shuswap and Okanagan.
Esquimalt and Nanaimo.
Columbia and Western.
Columbia and Eootenay.
Nakusp and Slocan.
Easlo and Slocan.
Nelson and Fort Sheppard.
Slocan Branch.
Victoria and Sidney.
New Westminster Southern.
Halifax, N.S., St. John, N.B.. M(mtre.al, P.Q., Ottawa,
Out . Sudbury, Ont., Winnipetr. Man., Calgary, All»..
Field, B.C., Golden, Donald, Revelstoke, Slcamoua.
S.almon Arm, Kamloopa, Ashcroft, Lytton, Yale,
Atrassiz, Miasion City, Now Westminster, Port
Moody, Vancouver.
Slcamous, Mara, Enderby, Armstrong, Vernon.
Victoria, Esquimalt, Duncan, Chemainus, Nanaimo,
Wellington.
Rossland, Trail, etc.
Nelson, Robson, etc.
Sandon, Nakusp, etc.
Kaslo, Sandon, etc.
Nelson, Ymir, WanetA, etc.
Slocan City, Slocan Junction, etc.
Victoria, Saanich, Sidney.
New Westminster, at Blaine, Wash., connects with
Northern Pacific Ry.
Cii the discovery of extensive jipold fields in IS.W, in this part of Canada, two Crown colonies
were formed, viz. :— Vancouver Island and British Columbia. These colonies were united in 18C6.
In 1871 British Columbia became a province of the Dominion.
AlthouKb the leaat of the provinces in population, it is the greatest in extent, .ind is the first
in exports in proiwrtion to population, as well as in the amount expended for education compared
with revenue.
rests of Doiifi-Jas
h(! Douglas iiiiie,
■ oxportfd, boiiiK
ilch afford every
, would become
ir to those of the
ire.
1 Southern Yale.
lines are lopfvted
ng of excellent
inimnltTOO.Wel-
Norlhticld l.ooo.
atniliistcr fi.fiii,
■KX), Rcvolatoko
Jrconwood 1,000,
(y r>oo.
vnl iioads), and
station for the
jhing, hunting,
s. nella Coolas,
I'hilpotins.
>ws :—
(2 Ridings).
(1 Ridings).
. 1
P.Q., Ottawa,
Jalgary, Alb..
:e, Sicamons.
-•vtton, Yale,
ilnster, Port
ernon.
la, Nanaimo,
>nneets with
own colonies
nltcd in 18C6.
nd is the first
ion cf mpared
M
1 .ponoopjNB
U«' X^ftyftMjIj >r««f lK)''A'>m ^
MAP OF
MANITOBA.
Enptllsh Miles.
Id to iO 40 to 60
J 1
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
//
1.0 :f«
I.I
2.8
1^ 1^
I—
|||M
izo
1.8
1.25
M ^
•• 6"
►
(?
'/#
o
CM
^
/i
^v
y
yy
^.
" * %^'
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER. N.Y. 14580
(716' 872-4503
C^
J^ •'»■>
ludi
Iroin
L .-
MAP OF THE
PROVINCE OP
ONTARIO
SCALE OF miles;
10 to 20 30 40 so 00 MILE8.
iZ
N N
S Y L V A N
I A
uiUjritiule
kert
from 78
Greenwich
70
1
75
*^ "•■'*'i ^y^ i^ ■'/ j^ ■ >
f^
rlM^'-
W.J. Gage. & (\' Toronto
i bM.l'tJutiiliUBM' A- Co
1H(I
ir.ri
l-Vfi
I'M I
ia>
l^(t i:
1^(1 11 r. no 105 100 !)■
ILe Zdinbm'gli Gvnj^i'tifjKicHl Iiuititiit^
diic
^J<^^-^''mor„nto
U0_ H6 80 7 5 70
{ - v-tl^/^;-' \ T \ \ K^
' roi°
Chan><
^i^!?<cC,, \
ft."
1,0^
^..nU-V.^V
>l.^>.5
\s<*^
To.Syx^°'
\
V/^
^^y -^^ ^'^'^^^o Liverpool ,
;S««}5!9!>3M«;^'feS^ ^'1 W*^ DOMINIONOF
sijce:
^40
V
«I3
s^
A
5(
85 ^^-t^r-*
.^la^,^^
i Sio 55p ioo mo'
80
75
70
G5
■.S
r
2
'I
iK^-
^
'IffTF
brajj
S-si
I
e^ is
BO 70 (iO
\CAR IB BE A .^^7 EA " 'oyestLxdia
«4,aJ?.v.. pr^L.. .1 ^?^ J^ . „ • Islands
AMERICA/ . l^^0tp^.^fL^^
(^ S fraitcLtco
Triuiilad
.y
ftif
i>tn\i Jl- ' '
.\/lUl'l.'^
llliU'lL,
_9^
_E<luator
O;
,>
I*"
^o
10
20
Oi
■•>'./;«■>
'*7.r/(/s, •;
in»"^'
^f^- •*■*,,,
'Vur
"'""'"te;tj
Callao viiatua. .^("r . vs
4 ■■■''^*- ''
Atu
1 /w-//;!
JSfnii t\nmbra
Trop.t?...e ■?"flr--'"^ vinttf<Mi-.t»7
30
1 S.A"i'^"
S.Ititi' Ciiiti
_^ -.... , —...,umi/'"totia
«io Janeiro
*A I '''"■"4- ^; ;^"'"' ^
leu*
?XlLGENT«jIE'
piEPITBLU
Cop if
Fs.Ju.uf'""'""i Slf'tV^ ^/ '-i. /■..„,;
\ (l^^ Buenos AviesV^^^te Video )
40
50
^ Cotu;ei>"°
Cbfloel.J
\ Arch.°
\
^''
■U,
* to.
1 3tihuiBltii
i'A
-^
^;^
^^
TBfaheaB^
jion-er
-30
.S'.' (reon/es £
PortDetire
Stc.«*W
40
J^S'i>uM Fpldand.!! ^
.Strait of '^/^PortStnnl^. j <>
£ngUd\ MUtt
too
moo
IDO
80
"ISO
70 J»/i^'' W'ffr 60 u^' (mnmich SO
/ ^i'. Gtorgild.
40 30
20
riir Eilinlim-tfk 'T^oj^rarli.r.t i i:i*ti"
tt^J <;f/4:/<» d£- <V'. Xovofjto
# 1
1 1
- i
%
r"'
'>^
^Jc/3
^
5 >-
1
q ,t'
^=-1
5ts
«i
3"*
^ '^
.''
1?
'/>(
'Ayv
h\
55
Diuufcies
£SIKBUROH , „
lerwick
nolyl.
■'■'•Fame If
J'-nvdtfal\ EngUsh. Miles
\ , d lis ?o 3o io rfe So 70 flo 3rt ilio
^ S^ NO^THUMBtRLANDS
V'^?- "^,
Lyiie
fAM
■WhiteUaveii/ ^'^"
I
M^auLsey
90, ■ J{l/n,r,\
^flutb Shidds
ai?tlepool
estoroutjii
■/7 //w^
&ouglaS B»^"
, ^1^/^Lan^stirl® Y
-t-n-Zi!)// b E A neetwoodNl^ ^^ b "^
i Je./fi**k::^T5NCA*SHIRf \,_, •"''li*-''^
I / BiiivT.iri«J)H-il»' •HiuldiTsficIfl
>fiamboroiyh b4
Hull
.'(li
Hdl^ea
-?.
aTBr
roiigli
f'"nhef
55'-
ClipslH'fl.cld
gy HHOTTINGHi
? ... .. , \ _ ™.__..T / V _... /AAV ..0*
Camar^ S**'% DENBIGH' XJ-i'"^^""'^/ ' "'
MONTGOMERY/ SHROPSHIRE "a ,_ , __zi LEICESTER ^u'mKi '
COLN
lu
oil •*
..5\^
NORTHAMP
„^,; > RADNOR < < ,-<,„ „V JWAftWrCK
~~~" BRE,CKNOCKt 'T^2^"^?»*a™^ -^Ijf^ '
NORTOiK
« :..iK, YiU'
"S''^ 5 Soiwicli--^J
knith
[.OWl'S
.... ii>iilliiK^> ~ J^CJouf'cs'iii' OX FOR
M.
y I
dA
.ii
•kiilifh
HCKINGH
BEDFORD,
HERTFORD
'eiitl'niil*
^iyd .s\'JU'iin.<\
'\ rolcUestci'
ESSEX
Olu'luislDiiT
^CardiffV
istol.
•\^
3risto]
Q^
^Jinel
xBERKSl^
I \ Reailiii
LOJ
.>v!il&
.lu''!^""'?'
tt^*^*/
''»*;
'«iinAj
i!'""^ XForr/.m,
'/.»
\WILTSmRE r ,
) SURREY
/~ 'Cniililford
MaidstuiM
KENT
ClUltcl^ll^^V'
irXunhriiif Well.''
Bodiuju
UL
^ DlEVONT.xrtnr
'V
DORSET
^^^^
'X
.\v*
[itliaiiU)tcnL
sus:
Bri
kLewP'
Bouth
'aatiugs ^^
cl'iiouiuipi'y
),Wm»poit
nouthv
Sbryuo)'
FV
lOUtll
^Start P!
Jhrtlwid J>!
^•ntb'^' Isle oF
I
E N G L I a^H C HjL N N E jL ^^
5 Lonut'ttuie Wi>,vt 2 fjtim (ireMiwii'h 1
llu'Ecliubur^ Geo^aplucftT tn.^tiiuu
HCi/ (nif/e. Jfc <i>. Toronto
Jo..uIUl-lh..lDI.,.-.Vc^!
£tijfUsh Miles
d 10 tS 30 1<3 3*0
Cape Wratli!
4 ORKNEY .
ISLANOSf . ^^
DuiuietHf^ A ^Pth I
S8
'^
mirso
\
' CAITHNESS '^'^^
StOl'UOK-;
■^J£j
Lewis
V
S^THERLAND^
XJ?
^J
<^^
4JJ"i',
'flo'
:.rF^^
. r.nch
SHlTLkN
islands".
6 -■«
i^_
iSttr
itvnaM"
•dB-i
iienbeovii*
W.
irtipp .
^ ^-^=^V W^ / >< CL Ifiichabers V - -^ N --
ROSS & CROMXRTYy ,.o>/r3-«^. r^°""''*' M Tr.i.l, L ■ .. \ 7 .
te J^ ^ / ^:\ .ri^-^ss^^^ /i ^
I N V^ R N E S S
;.!v:
Ifee
f*;
r ^ Staji* T^illl
" '' Dundee (
j
iloiitrosb
! »
P_^E R T H
''L.Eam
Iaua/7/
Tith ofTay
ndrews
W ColonsaT/^
fslf
^l
erwicfc
^
• /.- / j->^ ^CTf iv->'S""' ^^^r^ iVwIaru -""fiViv-Mrj C!i;e™law* ^a
^ MtjiUofJ ,^ 4^'
<T? Ca?.tire^ ^,,^^
^ -^ --■■J- \ tu..'\ Laii^QlMf
56
I
.ir.a.U ^loUMFRIE^f^M^
™ ' (,Ga]loway\ •VDiunfries ^.^
Annaiu
y.4':"::r:"^ i^i-Riib*^
«>Stra
PortPatric
J.JR
WIGTOWN
lonfjituile West 5 fh*m Orpenmch
E ]N G
V 1
)L A 1^ D
Thn Zd'.nbui'j^ ricoj^'i-nfibiriil lijititul*"
W.J. (rage. A Co. Toronto
i^
__fifi
1 &a
nedWf
^
.'i5
I^ D
iiirtTioliimnr * Tn
10
-Eii^lijtft Miles \ ^
6 'ih — is — io — is — io i
^looc^ Fof^eianti,
! ^il
%.
All
f»)l(i;iiiu' j <?>
ErrUE'fX
BelmuUe
Downpa
DO'n EGA L # - LONDoijDERRY "t\ \" ' " ' ^
-Ji!^^''^Stral.ajii>--j rustic ) ),.ai'ii<A/i.,..A) ./ouf/i
^ ^. >^? ^"^'^?^;,^'i^*l^'=*^7-^'^ ";jfe^' DOWN ^Wy .
* ^ ^^ ^MONAGHAN ,., ^^
,:,!.
Achill
yj^^.f 'CastJfbai' , ' - BlpMn.. ^^^^ ^
i Af^--^. -.,/^.<I^ IRISH
>m«mara ;^-*J '^ ft^'^^'-'iS. / .X 2^
^^_^/ ■"-= .--• # / L E I l*s ,T E-TO„iHicj»Liw
^
Enmstimon^''
CLARE °7i^ . '"■•■/ iblitylri
Kiinis.l'ji^f',, , <ifNcjiao|i - \ ' v^
Kiiuu»-j> ]v.iini,ui.,ip 'r • iC .
TT-ii J' « > / /^ ..,.', --^ \3^ (CARLO
nCKLOW
stuiiiiw'
TArtklow
limericki
■ IxyTHV J
-^ hill ^.i r wui '^
Tu^*hitJiock ^
c7
^'
JJauiliui
[oil
"6b,„.
>'
rioimlollTii
^*^„
''■5Ji/-fconr ie StDavixln H-ff
..0'
6 longitude West 8 -fivnv GreenwirK 7
Till. i:,lml„i"ifli n..,.;^rr.nmi-,i: ly.nuiute
. Ltai/e
I'o I'lironto
'LI. u r*.titlinli'!utv.- A Co.
Iio
30
■ lO
in
ID
Ml
b(l
/
A U S T R I A
HUNGARY
5 A R M j^ ^
vrK
an
/
/
c/2;
S K
, / -, I 'FKZZAN ......
' ■ '^^ '"'-^ f^ f.:..^.,,.. . ;
*l O iJ G r'e A^"T ■ 7:) E S E R T
''S ^ S A R AJ
SI JTu f-
- Mfic.i
Rsina
VO U D A
N
r
4
10
J
30
^>^
Bh\
% - '"(& U B 1 .\\ "S.
H.msBii. States iV'i.. *. .S/ ■•'jrC vKi^*>'/! ^—^<^'\'
C<^^ 1,1. - =*, ,
■•fl^jiiSCrt'T"'"'"' ' '
-K&'n
Saljg^TK Nikfi
111 *
A T
^nmih,.
^CJo/wri
FREKC
"CONOC
lake L,i;IMr
iiiyu
O C E A W
I .S*Helenak.
; ,. <,>, \Ua9T AII^CA_ W" -'■
I
Mos.tiuutkli'sy / '
??^-i
><!^-^"'
C.JVio*
BBxaSH
f'CEBIHAI. ATBlCt
••'/'■ i''
■ a ♦
Muz;irablijt
iiin»iivi>
Jhfpu; of \Cdf>rifqrn. ' Vaitis
Jngr
^ j fr yg ftf/i Miles
''*<-^GtaimAifil^;^a.|tI-'»"l''" O C £ 4 ^ |
s.'/r^^
loda
_L
30X««h/tO«fe B-^j't 10 tVimi Oreeruvifh O UnufitiuJe East 10
TliB ildiiibiii'j^li ripo)^rm^tTiii:aJ luilitiitt*
W-Jiriiffe ft /"<i. Toront/i
lolm. H(u-tJuiun»eM'^ lo
-^ •