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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right end top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fiimte A dss taux da reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, il est film* A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre d'images nAcessaire. i.es diagrammes suivants iiiustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 » M. J. (Sage & Company's €xamiuation IJvimcv .^enes. GAGE'S NEW PRIMER OF MAP GEOGKAPHY, FOR r'upils preparing for Promotion Examinations. Pupils preparing for Entrance Examinations. Pupils preparing for Junior and Senior leaving Examination*, Students j^reparing for Teachers^ Certificates. And all Official Examinations. REVISED EDITION. TORONTO: W. J. GAGE & COMPANY, 1892. Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, In the year li'ss, by W. J. Gaok & Company, lu the office of the Minister of Agriculture. Revised Edition copyrlghtoi 1892. PREFACE. In compiling this Primer of Geography the aim of the editors has been, not to produce a literary work, but to present, in a simple snd systematic forai, all the material necessary for the various promotion, entrance, ^wimarj/, Junior and senior leaving, and other official examinations. To overcome the great difficulty of preparing students for these examinations, some masters throughout the province have ta^ieii the ordinary text-books in uao. and from the multitude of sentences, selected what they deemed necessary to be learned by the pupiL Others again have used the blackboard or the dictation book for the facts to be memorized. These ])lans are objectionable, as the one does not present the words from the text-book so as to be remembfered readily, and the others necessitate the loss of imieh valuable time. Further, the pupil does not recognize the word in its written form, and thus tlie spelling is not taught. Of still more importance, and what of itself should commend the work to teachers and the public generally, is that the exercise book required for the dictation exercises in Geography alone costs as much as this Primer. The work is arranged in tabular analyses, to prevent the waste of time in poring over a prosy text-book. Brief notes are inserted at intervals to convey information of special interest. Although merely preliminary, this book will be found to contain all that is necessary to fit a student for any of our examinations in the subject. Geography. As to what and how much to teach, those in charge must exercise their own Judgment.s. Since many geographical terms are spelled two ways, it has been the endeavor to present the most general form, for instance : ListoweH. Chippawa, Deseronto, Porto Rico, Mines, Guadalquivir, etc. , etc. The attention of both teacher and student is directed to the Railway Map and to its analyr s as special features of the book. (OVER) I • ' u PltBFACB. PREFACE TO NEW EDITION. The following littlo work on Geography has been thoroughly revised ancl considerable new matter added. The arrangement of tabular analyses has been more extensively applied, as it is found to present the information in a classified form to the mind through the eya The new matter thus added relates to such interesting portions of the earth as A nstralia and parts of Oceania, Africa, the West Indies, and Central America. These places, containing as they do sister colonies, claiming a common origin with ourselves from British stock, cannot fail to be of deep interest to all loyal Canadians. The statistics of the various countries, particularly those sjieaking the English Language, have been brough*- ' own to the latest date ; this is possible at this juncture owing to the prevailing custom of taking the census every decade. The Railway map and letter press instruction accompanying it, which forms a si>ecial feature of the v/ork, is also brought down to latest date, and will be found to almost furnish a ' ' travellers' guide ; " as nearly every place of importance will be found therein. It will be noticed that the older parts of Canada are as well supplied with railway facilities as any part of the world. The natural products, manufactures, trade and commerce have received special attention ; and, while not claiming that it contains everything essential to a complete knowledge of Geography, it is contended that as much useful information has been packed into the limited space as is either wise or prudent, and it is hoped that it will answer the end for which it was prepared more successfully than over. January 5th, 1892. ; INDEX. Africa Aiaei'ica, N America, S Asia Australasia Austria — Hungary. . Belgiiuii British Columbia. . . . Canada Central America. . . . Definitions Denmark England and Wales. Euroi^e France Geri-riany. Greece Holland Ireland Italy 'AUE 55 9 37 58 57 17 1!> 28 11 3fi 5 52 41 39 4b ¥', 52 52 41 48 VAOE Mexico 35 New Bruiiswick 2B Ne\vf(jundlan(l 28 Norway 50 Nova Scotia 27 Oceania 57 Ontario 16 Portugal 51 Prince Edward Island 28 Quebec 21 Lailwaj's of Ontario 21 Russia 47 Scotland 43 Si)ain 49 Sweden 50 Switzerland 51 Turkey. 50 United States 29 West Indies 8^ mm GEOGRAPHY. GeofH'npliy* A descriptim of the envtli. There nre three departments : Matheinatiral, Phjsl- cal, Political. Nnllifnintical. The form, motions, ond magniladelof the earth. PhyHfrnl. ! The natural divisions of the earth's surface into land and water, the \vln(\, rain, atmos])liere, etc., etc. Politlrnl. The artiticial di%isions, i.e., into countries, cities, {rovcrnmcnts, etc. MATHEMATICAL GEOCiHAPHICAL DEFIMTIOXS. i:artli. Slinpt'of Karth. HlotioiiH. Gravity. Axli^. Uluiiiclcr. Poles. Cardinal Points. liorlzoii. Kqnntor. Latitude. Meridian, longitude. ParalieiM of liHtltnde. A planet, i.e., a cool Iwdy revolvinjj' aroimd an incandescent one. An oblate .spheroid, I.e.. a slifrhtly compressed sphere. Diurnal, or Daily, i.e., turniui."- on it axis from W. to E. once in I'l hours {-'.'ih., .')() m., 4 sec.) Result, day and ni^lit. Annual, or Yoarly, i.e., revohiufj: around the sun in .SH:') dys., i> hrs., min., lO-T sec. Result, Seasons : Spring. '.& days ; Sii Dime )•,'.) I dnys: Aiitinun, H<.i dnys: ]l7«iec, sii days. Rate of tra\'el IT.oiX) miles an hour. I'niversal, movinu: tln'oujrh space as part of the solar system. The reciprocal attraction of natter to matter. The line al«)ut which the earth tarns. A"»^'— All lines referred to in these defini- tions are iinadhiari/. A straight line i)assina: tlirough tlie earth's centre and terminating at both ends at the surface. Etjuatorial diameter, 7,9:.'.t'() nnles : Polar, 7. WO '2 miles. In t/en- eral fenns. S.(X"> niUes; Circii inference. i'/,;, or saij 25,000: Area, 107,000,000 miles: Solid content. 'i, 200 1)11111^18 qf miles. The ends of the axis. There are two : Xorth and South. East, where the sun rises; Wost, where it sets: South, towards tlie horizon di- rectly under the sun at noon ; Xorth, opiwsite the South, or towards the jiolar star in X. Hem. Sensible, where the sky and earth .seem to meet; liutional, a great circle of the celestial si)here whose iilane passes througli the centre of the earth. It is parallel to the sensible hnrizon. Zenith, the \)oint directly overhead ; nadir, the i)oiut di'-ectly underneath. A great circle around the earth, midway between the ix)les. This divides the earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres, and is the base line whence latitude is calculated. Distance north or ... ith of the equator, meiisured in degrees and minutes. Degrees of latitude are all very nearly the same length. A semi -circle passing from ijole to jwle, and cutting the equator at right angles. Distance east or west of the tirst or l)ase meridian. The meridian of Greenwicfi, En(j..is thehase. All cast of it for 180' is I]. Longitude: all icest of it for 180' is W. Lom/itude. 300' mnkes a difference of 24 hours, or r makes 4 miti. Degrees of Longitude I'ory in length from 601-6 miles to 0, Small circles parallel to the equator. tf MAP GEOGRAPHY PKIMER. 4 Iiiiporliiiit Pni'allds. Cii'oat i'ii'i-le. Siuailloi't'irclCH Zoiie!4, or Belts. Ecliptic. 4 iicic of llliiiiiiiiatioii. EoIipHO. £4IllillOX0.S. »|iolstieeH. Zoilinc. Mouu. Sun. Drcliiiattwn. AltitiKlc. nap. Tropic of Cancer. ■2:r ->s' N.: Tnipic of Capricorn, 23' 2S' S.; Arctic, or K. Polar Circle, 23' 28' from the N. ]K)1c : Antarct Ic, or S. Polu r Circle, 23° 28' from the S. polo. One dividing' the earth into t^vo equal parts, i.e., one whose plane passes throutrh the earth's centre. They are : equator, ecliptic, tn^'ridian, rational liurizon, etc. Smaller circles do not di\ide the earth equally. They are : tropics, x>olar circles^ ami parallels of latittcde. Torrid, between 23' 2H' S. and 23" 28' X., i.e., within the Tropics, Tempt rates, be- tween tlio Tropics and the Polar circles, each 4:; 1' wide. Frigids, Mithin the Polar circles, each W .')•)' in diameter. The .arcat circle dosoril)ed liy the earth in a year. It.^ iilano cuts the equator at an I angle of 2:r 2f<' Ju'lijises occur only m'Ikmi the iiinnii is on or near this circle. j The line dividing- liiu-'ht from darkness. Sun: moon comes between earth and sun. Moon: earth comes hetween moon and sun. When the sun is opiwsito the equator, i.e., ojicupics tlie intersectlns' iwints of the ecliptic and the e(inator. Vernal E«|iifiSox, 21st ilar..- Aiitumnul, 23rd Sept Day and night are equal all over the Avorld at these periods. When the sun is nK„>r remote fron\ the equator, i.e., when it reaches the ti'opics and seems to stand before returning. Siininier Solstice, 'Jlst June: Winter, 21st December. A lielt in the heavens '.• on eacli side c the <'elii)tie. The chief planets revolve in it. A secondari/ phoirf, or satellite, /.('., a small body revolving around a planet. Our moon reflects tlie light of the sun, and is the chief cause of tides. It completes one revolution in 27 dys., 7 In-s., 1.') m., but neu: moon occurs only in 2'.i days, 12 hrs., 11 min., a difference of 2 dys., 5 hrs.: Cause, the earth's movinu on in the ccUpfic. A place on the earth directly urider the moon at a certain time is not in the same relative iX)sition 2 1 hours afterwards. )>ut is more than 12 short, i.e., the distance traversed Ijy the moon in its orbit. Therefore the earth must turn on .')! min, to bring the place in the same relative position. Hence on the average the moon rises .")1 min. later each succeedinir day, or one day in each lunar month. The tides are also ">! min. later, i.e. . there are two tides in 2 1 hrs., ")1 min. Jfoon's mean distance, 2n7 .dvo miles; diameter, 2,15.3 m.; size, 50 times smaller than the earth: den sit !i, but little more than half the earth's, hence its attractiveforce is only l-OO as great. The som-ce of light and heat. The centre of our universe. Distance. 03.000,000 miles: size. i.!i(JO,WO times larejer than the earth. Distance of the sun north or south of the equator. Distance above the horizon. Apian of the earth or of a part of it. The top of the map is Xortli, the ' Utom South, the right side East, the left West. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY DEFIMTI()>;S. Land covers 52,oiv>,000 miles, or about \ of the earth's surface, chiefly north of the equator. Cuiiimvnt. A large mass of land. There are si.K :— Europe, Asia, Africa, N. Anierlci, S. Amer- ica, Oceania. Europe, Asia, and Africa are termed the Old World ] North and South America the .\ew World. ■! I MAP aEOGRAPHY PRIMER. Island. Peninsula. Isthntns. Coast» or Shore. Cape. Hill. Monntitin* Platonii, or TablclaiKl. Hlglilnnd. Plain. Valley. Delta. Oeeau. ^ea. t;iiir. Bay. Port. Koadstead. Firth, or Frith. Kstiiary. Marsh. Strait. Channel, r II r rent. Laud sniTXJundecl by water. Islet, a small island ; Group or Archlpalago, several Islands close together. Land almost surrounded by water. A strip of land joining two larger Ixxlios of land. Land bordering on the water. Paiticular names '.— Seaboard, strand, beach, cliffy bluff, bank. Landjuttlng into the water. Localnnmes:— Head, point, ness, naze, mull, bill, promontory, butt. An elevation of less than 2,000 feet above the surrounding country. Other names ;— Hillock, knoll, dune, doton, mound, tor, cap, beacon, low. An elevation of more than 2,000 feet above the adjoining country. Summit, top^ or peak is the highest pai-t ; foot or base, the lowest ; precipice or escarpment, a steep slope. Lovriii tenns :- Ben, pen, berg, mont, alps, gebirge, Cordilleras, andes. Kanare or chain, a continuous line of mountains ; pass, defile, or canon, a narrow opening in a range ; glacier, a huge mass of ice on a mountain ; mor- aine, an accumulation of stones, gravel, or sand along the bases of glaciers ; aralanclie, a snow slide from a mountain ; volcano, a burning mountain; crater, the opening in a volcano ; eai thquake, a shaking of the earth's crust An extent of land more than 1,(W) feet high, nearly uniformly elevated alxjve the sea. A series of irregular elevations •vxitli valleys between. Level country less than 1,000 feet high. Local names '.—Landes (sand heaths), stej^pes (barrens), deserts (sandy), jyrairies (f^rassy), savannas (wet), silvag (wooded), llanos, (grassy and wood), jMmpae (treeless), moor (heath). A depression between hills and mountains. Particular names -.—Glen, ravine, gorge, strath, dale, vale, carse, gully. Alluvial tract of land between the diverging mouths of a rivei*. Bar, a bank across the mouth of a river. Water covers 145,000,000 miles, or J of the earth, chiefli/ south of the equator. A very large di\ision of M'ater. These are :— Paciflc, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic. A large branch of an ocean. In general terms sea means ocean, sea, gulf, lake, etc. Part of a sea or an ocean extending into the land. A hollow bend, or indention in the coast line. Bight is an open bay ; Inlet, a gen- eral nam ■. for all coast openings. Inlet affording shelter to ships. Otlaer names -.—Harbor, haven. A sheltered place for ships to s\ving or ride at anchor. A naiTow inlet at the mouth of a river. Fiord is the Scandinavian name. The part of a river affected by tides. Low wet land. Lagoon, a marsh near the sea coast. Swamp, a wooded marah. Bog, a marsh of vegetable deposit. A passage between bodies of land. Sometimes called Sound. A wide strait ; also, where a river expands into the sea, . The progressive motion of waters. Wave, billow, surge, swell, are rollinur water* caused by the mnds, tides, &c. 8 MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. lidef!. lake. Spring. River. Cnnnl. Ocenii<'iirroiit.s The refrular lising' and falHnp of waters In ocoans, bays, &c. Causes r— The at- traction of tlie Sim and inoon. Flood is the rising tide ; Elb, the falling ; Spring tide, at the new and at full moon ; Xeap, at the moon's first and third quarters. A large Iwdy of water suiTounded hy land. There are four classes :—(«•) Those that only ?*eccu'e waters: [h) those that only (jive out waters; (c) those that hofh receive and give out ; those that neifher receive nor give out. Local names •.—Loch, lough, viere, tarn, water, see, lac, &c Water coming through the earth's surface. A large fresh water stream, flowing into a sea, lake, &c. Source or head, where the remotest part rises ; Month, where the waters i-each the sea : Bed, the channel in which the waters flow ; Ranks, the sides of the sti-eam. The rigM hank ia on one's right side f:omg(lovm gti-eam, the left bank is on the left. Affluent, tributary, branch, fork, feeder, &c., a stream flowing into a river. Confluent, one entering the sea at the same place as another; f'onflnence, where two rivers join ; Basin, tlio whole area drained; Watershed, the ridge separating basins ; Rapid, a s\nft current; Fall, cataract, cascade, the de- scent of a stream over a precipice. An ai"tificial river for pui-poses of navigation, drainage, irrigation, &c. Regular movements of ocoan waters. Causes : — Evaporation, icind, rotary motion, differences in specific gravities and, in temperatures oftvaters, tides. I Republic, nioiiarciiy. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY DEFIMTIONS. Wliere ^he executive and legislative ]x)wers are exercised by persons elected by the people. Where the executive jwwer is vested for life in one person who usually inherits the ofHce. Kinds :— Empire, kingdom, principalitj', &c. Limited Monarchy:— The people's representatives usually control both legislative and executive powers, the sovereign acting on the advice of counsellors chosen from the representatives. Absohde Mona rchy:— The sovereigp. is unrestricted. A settlement in a foreign land by people emigrating from their mother country. Agriculture, Stock-raising, Mining. Lumbering, Manufacttiring , Commerce, Fishing, and Hunting. Such as are governed bylaws emanating from the peopld. Note.— In the text B stands for rejnMic; K, kingdom; E, empire; F, princi- pality. BEITISH COLONIES. Note.— Those in h\acl<.ty];)ehn.vc responsible govemment; those in italics, representative ; those in Roman, Croicn. C'olony. Ocoiipiitlons of the Human Race. Civilized Xatious. li Enritpenu. American. Afr' in. Asiatic. Anstrnlniiilatic. (Cyprus), Gibraltar, Malta, Channel Islands, Isle of Man. Canada, Newfcnndland, Bahamas, Bermudas, Honduras, Jamaica and Turks, Leeivards, Windtuards, Falklands, Guiana, Trinidad. Ascension, Cape of Good Hope and dependencies, Gambia, Gold Coast, Lagos, Mauritius, Natal, St. Helena, Sierra Leone. Aden, Ceylon, Cyprus, Hong Kong, India, Labuan, Perim, Straits Settlements. Fiji Islands, Rotumah, Xew Sontli Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, South Ans- tralia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia. MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. 9 Boundaries ; NORTH AMERICA. Area, Si millions of miles; length, 5,000 m.; breadth, 3.120 m. Coast line, 28,000 m.; Latitude, 10' -80' N.; Longitude, 55' -les' W. Mean height above the ocean, 700 feet. C A^orf/*;— Arctic Ocoaii and Baffin Bay. 3 ires<;— Pacitic Ocean and Behiing Sea. ) >;'(««.•— Atlantic Ocean. ( South:— CariMteai. Sea and Pacific Ocean. 1 If Counti-y. i §• :j rf c. > Capital and its Location. Exports. 3.3 S-^' o-n;-< o 2(5 3100 § United States R Washinerton on the Potomac Breads tuffs, raw cotton, and 1 o manufactured gcwtls of cot- 1 ton andof iron, etc. Alaska. 5 ' 600 Sitka on Sitka island Fisii, seals, furs, and fish-oils. Canada 28 3370 1 Resp Ottawa on the Ottawa Lumber, timber, breadstuffs, manufactured poods. Newfoundland 1-3 40 ii St. John's on St, John's bay Fish, oils, seals, furs, etc. (Including Lab- rador) Jamaica and Turks Brit. Honduras. iV Cr'n Kingston on Port Royal Sugar, rum, tobacco, fruit. 13 ti Belize on Honduras bay Fruit, coffee, mahogany, and or Belize! 1-9 other cabinet woods. Bermuda))! 1-42 Repr Hamilton on Long island Potatoes, bananas, oranges. Bahamas oi (4 Nassau on New Providence Salt, si)onges, oranges, pine- ani)les. Brit. Leewards 1 (( St. John on Antigua ilolasses, rum, sugar, arrow- root, cotton and tobacco. " Windwards i! " i Bridgetown on Barliadoes Sugar, molasses, rum, and turtles. Guatemala 1-3 40 R New Guatemala on the ;\Iontagua Coff(;e, cochnieal, maliogany, ' sarsaparilla.and dyewoods. San Salvador 7 (( San Salvador on the coast Indigo, coffee, tobacco, sugar, l)alsam, hides, rice, cedar. Honduras 1-3 40 kt Tegueigalpa on the Choluteca Fruits, cotton, sugar, tobacco, indigo, rosewood. Nicaragua 1-2 58 ti ManaguaonlakeLeon,or Managua Fruits, cotton, sugar, and to- bacco. Sugar, tobacco, corn, cocoa, Costa llica 2-9 2t> (( San Jose on the '^^rthago dyewoods, and fruits. SanDoniintro, 1-6 20 (( San Domingo on the south coast Sugar, cotton, lime-juice, cabi- or Dominica net woods. Hayti and 1-12 10 i ( Port-au-Prince on the west coast Mahogany, logwood, honey,cof- Tortuira fec, cocoa. Mexico 6 742 i* Mexico near lake Tezcuco Fruits, dye- and cabinet-woods, mediciiies, india-rubber.gold, silver, tobacco, coffee, hides. Danish Colonies : Greenl.wu 3-8 4(5 Cr'n Godshaab, Upperna\ik, etc. Eider-down, seal-skins, whale- Iceland 1-3 44 Repr Beikiavic bone, and oils. St. Ouoix "1 St. Thomas V St. John J Cr'n St. Thomas and Christianstadt Unrefined sugar, raw cotton. Spanisli Colonies : Cuba 1-3 43 Repr Havana on Cuba Raw sugar, tobacco, cigars. Porto Riro 3 San Juan on Porto Rico French Colonies : MlQlTELON \ St. Pierre / 1-5 u St. Pierre Pish. GUADALOUrE 2 II Basse Terre Sugar, coffee, cocoa, fruits. Martinique 1 II Port Royal It II II Dutch Colonies : 11 Cr'n Williamstadt on Curaqoa Fine woods, dyes, fruits,cuttle, salt, 1 10 MAP GEOGRAPHY PIUMER. Note 1.— The Itritish Isles, area Il'I/xki miles, is tho l)asi>t nf foinparlsoii. L'.— Crown Colony : Tlie Citowx, nr Iloino i.-ovcriiiiicnt. liris tin- ontire control i)oth oi higislation and of atlmiiiisiratliin. llepresentatlve government colony : The Crowx ri'tains nimvly a veto on luyinlntinn, but controls the (i(lmi»ist ration ; i. e., apiwints all orticcrs to execute the laws. Itesponsible government colony : The Cuowx retains merely a veto on legislation, and haa no control over any executive or administrati\X' offlc(?r except the governor. 3.— The imports of till' above countries are chiedy manufactured cottons, woollens, hardware, etc. 4. — Iceland is by some considered a part of Europe. i: ? Sti'aits,Soiiiiils, anil CiiaiiiK'ls. «;nlfy)aiii. Lslaud^i. Peuiiisula»>. €ape!9. Oti Ihc north : Smith. .Tones. Lancaster, Barn^w. ^lelville. Banks, Victoria. Frank- lin, ^IcClintock, Fury and Hecla, Dease, and Fox. On tlifi cast .-—Davis, Hudson, Frobisher. Belle Isle, Nortliumlierland, Canso, Ijong, Florida or Bahama. Yucatan, Windward, and Mona. On the 7ri'Dt :—^\v\\\ do Fuca. Haro, Posario, Georgia, Johnston, Bi'oughton, Queen Charlotte, Scott, and Behring. yircf?f.'— Baffin, Disco, Melville, Boothia. Coronation. .4<7rt«^/t':— Hudson, James, Ungava, Penny, St. La\ATence, Chaleur, Chedabucto, Halifax. Fundy, Passamaquoddy, Mines, Annajiolis, Chignecto, Massa- chusetts, Cape Cod. Delaware, Chesapeake, Charleston, Appalachee, Mexico, Campeachy, and Honduras. Pacific .•—California, San Francisco, and Georgia. Off the north coast .•—Greenland, the Arctic archipelac/o, and Cumbei^land. Off the east coast .-—Iceland, Cockburn, Fox, Southampton, Newfoundland, Anticosti, Magdalcns, Prince Edward, Ca])e Breton, Miquclon, St. Pierre, Sable, Nantucket, ^lartha's Vineyard, Long, Bermudas, Bahamas, Key."? (Caicos, or Tni-ks\ Cuba, Dominica (Haj'ti and Sau Domingo), Jamaica, Porto Rico, Virgins, AVindwards, and Leewards. Off' the irest coast .-- Vancouver. San Juan archijyelac/o, Scotts, Queen Charlotte, Princcof Wales, Sitka. Aleutians, Kodiac, St. Lawi'ence, and Santa Bai-baraa. North .-—Boothia and Melville. FMst .-—Labrador, Nova Scotia, Gaspt5, Cape Cod, Maryland, Florida, and Yucatan. West .•— California and Alaska. NdTi;.— Nearly all peninsulas, except Yucatan, Labrador, and Jutland (Denmark), ])oint .southerly. On the Arctic Seaboard. Murchison. -Lisburn, Icy, Barrow, Demarcation, Bathurst, and On the Atlantic seaboard .-—Farewell, Chudleigh, Wolstcnholm, Henrietta Maria, Jones, Charles, Ray. Race, Gasi>e, Canso. Breton, Sable, Ann, Cod, May, Hcnlopen, Cliarlea, Henry, Hatteras, Tancha {Sable), Catoche, and Gi*a(;ias a Dios. On the Pacific Seaboard ;- Corrientes, San Lucas, Conception, Mendocino, Blanco, Flattery, Cook, Scott, Romanzott', and Prince of Wales, MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMEtt. MOUXTAIXS. il KaiiKG. Location, Highest Teak. Height in feet. _ f Latitude. Kocky From till- Ai'tie ( )ccnn to tlic Isthmu? of Dnr- ("Brown icM, aloii^- tlie ^\•(•st^'rn central jjart of tlie Hocnjki'r l.-.,9iiO 5i" 3.-) ir.,(ifO 5J' l.V contiiicnt. \ PoiHK'atajK'tcl 17,S8.<{ IH" 53' Coast Fronitliemoutliof thcFraserilvortoAlaslca, j St. Elias 17,!'(M) tin' 20' iiloHK" tile coafit. (. Fairweathcr 14,750 .5!t' L»' Casrade From the Frnser river month to southern California, along the coast. Hoofl 17,000 45' 4' Nevada Between California and Nevada. | fv/Jftngy 1 1, 100 l,"i,0(>0 41' li' 3ii' 3:;' Iliiiiiboldt In Xevada. 1I,K()0 .... Souora In ^Mexico, alonpr the Gulf of Califofnla. Collnia li'OIK) Ozark Ai)|mlacliiaii, or Allctrliauy In Arkansas and Alissouri. The main ri00 feet higlu Hecla, in Iceland, is 5,100 feet in height. Kofe 2.— The Rocky s.vstem is 5,000 miles long and from 570 to 1,040 wide ; average height 5,000 feet. Thi3 AUeohany system is 2,0(X) miles long and from 150 to 200 vide : average height 2,500 feet. l*laiii.s. i 1. Jfississipjn yaWoy, including the area drained hy the Missouri, the Ohio, and other brandies of the ^lississippi. 2. Snskatcherriii, comprising all the country drained into Lake Winnii)eg. 3. ^fackl'»zil\ or Great Xorfhern, sloi)ing towards the Arctic Ocean. 4. Atlantic, or Great Eastern, embracing all east of the AUeghanies. ■>:\ PLATEAUX. A ame. Kemarlis. 1. Labrador 2. Laureiitian 3. Acadian 4. Coheqiiid and North 5. OHtario ' ^. Maine 1 7. Utah lUanco, A\-erage lieight 2.000 feet. In nortliern Ontario & Quebec. In New lirunswick. In Xova Scotia. Between Lake Huron and the Ottawa. Average height 5,000 feet. " "' 8,000 " Name. Remarks. 8. Nevada Average height 0,000 feet. !». tit. Western In X^ebraska. Colorado, anil I New Mexico. 10. Arizona Average height 5,300 feet. 11. Height of Laud Along 111 parallel. 12. Anhuar or f Mexican Average height 7,000 feet. 14. fJuatemala I '• " 5,000 " 15. Gt. Eastern Among the AUeghanies. MAP OEOOKAPHY TKlMT^B. '''"'' " .„,,„e Great FiBb' Back). II:. V - '■" '^^if sag r:::::^' -. - -» -^""" "-* T be //."SO"''^ ^•'^^^^r\t laU'^nV ^1 y^"';"^ T«h«'-'«-^'"^ tTom the South MAP (!EO(!IlAPHY I'RIMKR. u LAKES. Con- mac, Alta- ibine, Kal- 3olum- and tun on Mt. vitovies, f. andii^to ifflneiits : iiolv L^ko .vhk'U flow ined, over rained over the Canada tJie South. veveives :-• /south; a»d lutavicaaie:— Area ^ ■*-J *J Name. in Tfc "i Tf; Amucuts. Outlets. Mika J 420 KiO '3 Hi 027 Superior S-'OOO Kaiiiinisti(iiiiii, Nipitjon, Pic, Michiiiicotuii. Canals Ctwo. nwo on Canadian shore, and onntario. and IJrin canal into Hudson river, and lake On- tario. Ontario, and bay 7300 180 05 232 Niagara, Credit, Trent, .S'^ Lawrence river to the Gulf. of QuiNTE Moira, Genesee, Oswe- go, Black. iNlpIifon 1050 r,o 60 850 Nipiqon into lake Superior. Sinicoe 300 30 18 701 Holland, Beaver, Talbot. Severn into Georj.'ian l)ay, throupfh lake Coudnclnnijr. Mpissinir 400 40 15 G3t Sturgeon. French into Georyrian hay. Teniisoainlngne 120 (!7 15 650 Ottawa. Ottaira into St. Lawrence. Cham plain 5()7 KU 15 93 Mlssissquoi, Winoasld. and Horicon from lake Georjio. Richelieu (Sorcl) into St. Lawrence. St. John 500 , , 300 Mistassinl. Sar/uenn;/ into St. Lawrence. Great Bear Great Slave 11200 lOKX) 2(H) 350 •• 230 580 (Jrcdt B'j'tr into Mackenzie. Mackenzie into Arctic Ocean. Great Slav .'i-iay. Athabasca ■1100 240 000 Peace, Athabasca, Stone. Great Slav: into Great Slave lake. Wollaston 21 too Deer. Stone into lake Athaliasca. Deer 30(K) lis Deer. Great Deer into Cluirchill, and V^t'cr into lake Wallaston. i Winnipet^ 9400 280 700 Saskatchewan.Little Sas- katehewan, Red, Win- nil leir. Nelson into Hudson bay. Winnlpegosls 2300 120 .. 728 Red Deer, Swan. Shoal. Wafer Hen into lake Manitoba. Manitoba 1900 •• • • 720 White Mud, Water Hen. Little Saskatchewan intolalie Win- Woods 1500 977 Rainy. nipejJT. Wintripefj into lake Winnii)cg. Lonely, or Seul 500 9() English into Winnipeg river. Miliar lakes. -—Tezcnco and Chapala, in Mexico; Nicaragua and Leon f Managua J, in Nicara- gua; Great Salt and Utah, in Utah; Humboldt, in Nevada; Itasca, in Minnesota; Okanagan, in British Columbia ; Abittibi, Balsam, Sturgeon, Scugog, Pigeon, Chemong, Stoney, Rice, and Mississippi, in Ontario; George, or Horicon, in New York; and Memphram»ig:>sr, Megantic, Temlscouata, and Manonan, in Quebec. Note L— The lake expansions of the St. Lawrence are :— Tlionsand Islands, St. Francis, St Lonls, and St. Peter. 2 — Lake Superior Is 1,200 feet deep; Michigan, 1,000; Huron, 600; St. Clair, 20; .Ei1», 200; Ontario, 600. u j,AP OEOGKAPHV PKIMEK. CANADA. ^,^^^^^^^^^,„,^^ ,,«,«. H4 (i««t). Boundaries: ©overnnicnt. Capital, Ottawa. tS.)^-.- -^" '- 7/';:: rr^M" i^--' «'"'^7"':" ; N ; t-mclfte ocean ; ,So,./r- ^,,) Fn.»i /«'•''"{/''! '\^^,es, and Pigeon i-lver- .^, ConiuY^Zl? St Croix rivers. .„ci«hited as follows :- ,. ^a a parliammi constituieu as Canada. » The leaisUitive. iwver is a 1 nr ^ ^^ the people oi v. |,. TheJ.r/* ,,hosc members are e ^ ^,^^^,^i,k,ir,; Mom- •1 r.f P'mada, and to mafeis''^ I Council of Canaa , ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^,„. 1^^"'""" ueisderlvedchieayfrom: (.) ^"«*««'^' ^'^^^e^nr^cl in Canada ; 1 The revenue ^^ ^^^^ ^^ uquors, tobaccos, etc.. rnan^ rt ; Ofl •V^)^"^^^''^''"'''^''^'" . f. tnt.r^Bt on the public debt, sub- (c)rost Office, ^ ; account of: tnter st; ^^^Maries, 8ur^'eys, The Kxpendlture is chieily legislation, penitentiaries. sss-cwo. MAP (.iEOdUAlMIV I'KIMEIl. 16 PROVINCES OF CANADA. th-— itnde. rith a wall; ) ; and )})pxti- \m and >nada. ; Moni- ■th-w'st Name. 5 = =- ,;!!ll''^Mn tlioiwands. Capital. Ontario i<-'^, 220 tluli. Kcniainln^.'' cilii's and towns u itii ni)\\in(l-> ol" .''stKKt iiiliahitaiit.-. Quebec Nova Scotia and Cape Itreton New UriinHwick Manitoba British Columbia Prince Edward Island 20 28 12J 311 'J 2,112,!tH!t Toronto 181 Lake Ontario 188 l,488,.'i88 Quebec 63' St. I.nwrcnfC rivor 4.'io..-)22 Halifax 32 .')i'l,2!t4:Frederic- tou 7 Winni- peg 25 Victoria 17 151,452 !)2,()77 10t),O88 Charlotte- town 11 Atlantic, or llnlit'ax liay St. John river Rcdand Asfiinl- lioinc rivi'rs Juan (111 B'uca strait IliUsboro' bay llandlton ll». Ottawa 11. London .'12, Kingston I'.i, Urantt'ordU'. (inclnh 12. St. Tlioma.s 10. Windsor 10, Jli'lli'vlllcio, L't'tcrhoroio, Strat-i fordio, St. Catharinfs'.i.Cliatliam !i. UrofkvilK'lt, NVotxlstoek'.t, Ualt 8. OwiMi Sound 7, llirlin 7, (."orn- wall 7, Sarnia7, Lindsay 'i. JSarrlc 11. 1'ort Ho|M' .5, C'dUhifiirooil ,5, Co- hiiiiri/ ft, Orillia .'>, Toronto Jr., .l. Montreal 217, St. Henri i:!. Hull 11, Slu'riirooke lo, St. Cuuijrondi' u, Trnis Kivieri's 8, Levis 8. St. Hya- t'intho 7, Sorul 7, Valleytield li.' Dartmouth fi. Yarmouth (!. Truro 5. St. John 3'J, Monckton !». None over 5, Brandon 4, Portage la I'rairk 11 Vancouver 11, New Westminster 7, Namtimo .5. Noneo\er.5, Summerskle'iS, George- town 2. Ontario, formerlv Scotia, which include on July 1st, 18(j7. In . . . -. 1873 Prince Edioard Inland. y Ui)i)or Canada, Quebec, formerly Lower Canada, Neiv Brunsicick. andA'ora es Cape Hreton island, were united under the nnuie, " The Dominion of Canada," i 1870 Manitoba was admitted Into the union, in 1871 Britioh Coluiiib/n, and in "^ ' ' The Territories were acquired in 1870, but were organized in .May, 1882. TERRITORIES. eneral and f the doml- } and Com- nent. y the Pi-ivy uncUsofthe .^ 'c ^ Name. Area thou, sq. m Places of Importance. Boundaries. /'Assiniboia !i5 Refjiiui, Moosomin, Moose Jaw. South, United States, or 49th parallel; Qu'Appelle, Whitewood, and Medicine Hat. West, Alberta; Eant, Manitoba ; North, ■r- Saskatchewan, or 52nd parallel. 3 -i Saskatchewan 114 Prince Albert, Battleford, Sas- South, Assiniboia: 1F6',9^, Alberta ; East, Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg, and Nelson river; North, North- West Territory, or .55th parallel. c katoon and Duck Lake. '- ?-i V.41berta 100 Calpary, Lethl)ridge, McLeod, South, United States ; West, British Col- Edmonton, Red Deer and umbia, or Rocky Mountains ; East, Banff. Assiniboia and Saskatchewan ; North, Athabasca. Athabasca 122 Dunvegan and Vermillion. South, Alberta ; West, British Columbia; East, North-West Territory, Athabasca river and lake, and Slave River ; No7-th, North-West Territory, or (iOth parallel. Keewatin 3r.o Fort York, Norway House and South, Manitoba; West, North-West O.xford House. Territory ; East, North Territory and Hudson bay ; North, Arctic Ocean. The remaining territories unofflciall.y named North-West. North, and North-East, cover al)out one-half of Canada. Population, includl'ng Indians, of «// the Territories, 97,000. Of tha above, Assiniboia, Saskatcheicun and Alberta are being rapidly settled. I 111 I n Bovsvxnw.^- LhUcs. OiTTAHlO. ( «,,lta«. Toronto. ^' , .: r • Govt" «•"'"*'"'• '■"t:;::;:.::^"".-' "^--t ;:::::— ore— . , ,,„,.,■„ ._Loi.cl.v, Wo-U. K«l>«. ■ ■ TcmUcamlnb-iK. "'»' "" ""; 7 W 0„..*, Thoas»«l wan..., S.. Inauc.,. . " '., N-,„,.,l„.-, CoxcWcWnS. Si."- Cleav. Scugo., K.O, ^^_ ^^^^.^^ g, Vn-li^i, Winnipeg, Rai"^' -^'^ „„„,„t«S»j,-'- -J;^^^ ^^ ,^.„„, MaUlaa... Bayl>cM, Au «»'«^"""'°"' , ., M.™,.ete.a„, M"*""". Sevevn, ^ot-wa^ . ^^^^^^^ ^^^^,^, ,,,,.es, and St. aair. jnto laKe SL ' «- • ^^^.^.^^ ,,^,,,,, ,,d Otter. ^„,,,er. I„fo late Erie .— Oianu, .._>'iagara, Cieclit, Lo '<*» 0...* «. ^^^»;'Xo.orS„a.non,.»c;:.ap.nee. MAP OEDfiUAl'IlY rlllMKU. 17 ImIiiikIm. CiriiiN. Kldfiiii. Iictwoni Klim'-'ton luul <»llaw:i. imx^liiL- X'^n-hnyn, f^mlfh'n FnUK.nnd M,'rrirl,nlli\ Xnff.- A liniiicli niii?* I'ldm Smith '^^ I"'all>< to I'lrth. ^V<'ll:i)iil. iK'twcfi) Inki'S Eric nndOiitnrlo, iiaf-'lnjr /'/)(7 Cnlhonw, M'rlhnnl. . iiri/h, Tlinrnlil, ^1' rriflmi, SI, C'athtiHni'S, and J'mi J)(it- li<>v»ic. Ht. Iiinvrt'iiot', t( ) ovorcoiuc tlio viiiioiw rniiiil-< mi \\w St Lawrence, pftRsljig /ro- iliinia, Miiiitxhiirn, Piihhison'i* Lmiflhi!/. "nd Cuninnll, A'()/<' 1.— ThicliMin (ii'liUcm 111 Victorin mid Pctcrlioro «'oinitio>< Is rctidcrofl llil\l!,'iil)lc li.V IiicIh at ll'iliriii/if nil. l.hidsKj/, Ji'ittirul,', \'(,iiiii/'f> Point (near Lnl,'rjl, niul I'l't/'rlmro. Sti-aiiicr^niiilM-turcii I'ort I'crry, on lake Scuvon. and Hrldp'UDrtli, on ('liiniuifj' \:\kr, within I'liiir mill's of ri'tt'rliori). Thr Trriit Valley (•.■mni will past throiidi this chain. Murray canal connects iiay of Quinto westward with h\Uf Ontario. a.— Lakes Superior and Huron are joined by n canal, tlic Sault Sto. Marie, on the United States shore. ;).— Tile St. Clulr Flats canal is simply ii dredged channel in lake St. Clair. ■1.— A Cana<()ih and Mauitonlin, inllnron: Pelee nnd Loiif,' I'oint, lu Erie; Amlinrst, Woli'e, and Garden, in Ontario: and Thousand, in St. Lawrence. Druimnond, in Ilnroii ; flraiid and Goat, in the Niii^ni-:' • and the Diieks, in Ontario, IicIohl;' to the United States ; Allmn- ettc ind Calumet, in the Ottawa, heloiiM' to Quebec. Thnnder, Ulack, Nlpliron, and ^liehipieoten. in lake Superior; Manlton and (ieorj^sian, with its i)orts— Parry Sound, Matehedash, Xottawasai;a. owen Sound, and Coliwy— in lake Huron : Koiideau, Ijoufr I'oint, and Mail land, in lake Erie: aiulBuiiinuton. Toronto, Presqu'Isle, Wellers,WollInL;ton. Sduth, and Quinte, in lake ( intario. An hicnijwrated villairp is supiKSsed to contain 800 to 2,W0 Inhabitants. A town " " 2,UfK) to 0,t)f)0 A city *• " above !i,oOO JV^oo,Or\\Ua\' .Hmdf o rd 12, Allistonll,Midla7)d 20 Penetangui- shene i'<», Stayner V), Sunnidide. Allandalc 7, Angus o, Beeton 11, Belle Ewart 6, Bond- head, TotteBham 4, Coldwater, Cookstown 7, Creenioro 5, Waubaushene. Owen Sound 74, Meaford 20, Durham, J/<. Forest in part, Wiarton in part, Flesherton, Hanover 12, Dundalk 7, Markdale 8, Thornbury 9, Chatsworth 5, Clarksburg 4, Hep- worth, Newstadt. Walkerton 30, Kincardine 27, Port Elginn, Lucknotv 1 , Paisley 12, Southampton (Saugeen) 12, C'hesley'.t, TeesivaterU, Wiarton H, TaraG, Tiverton 6. ON LAIvE HURON. k m Counties. Bruce Huron Lambton Counties. Essex Kent Elgin Norfolk Haldimand Welland Counties. Linooln Wentworth Halton Feel Cities, to^^^ls, and villages. AUenford 2, Fonnosa 4, Ripley, Burford 7, St. George 8. Goderich 89, Clinton 27, Seaforth 21, Windham 22, Exeter 19, Blyth 9, Bayfield 7, Wrox eter «, Brussels G, Lucknow (in part), Crediton (>, Ford^^•ich, Gon-ie4, Hensall5, Zur-' ich 5. Sarnial)9, PetroHa 44, Forest 20, Point Edward 1\. Watford 11, Wyomingd, Alvis- tnn 8, Tlied/ord (Widder Station) 7, Arkona G, Oil Springs! ,Gouxixishtb^xigAQ\\b, Florence o. ON LAlvE ERIE. Cities, towns, and \illages. Sandwich 11, Windsor 104, Aniherstburjr 22, Leamington 20, KingsvillelO, Belle River G, Colchester, Essex Centre 18, Walkerville (J, Comber 3. Chatham 90, Dresden 21, Kid^^etown 2S, Wall acebtcrg 21, Blenheim 17, Bothwell 10, Thamesville 7, Rondeau (Shrewsbury), Tilbury Centre. St. Thomas 100, Aylmer .'2. Po7't Stanley 7. Springfield G, Vienjia 5, Dunwlch (Wal- lacetown), Port Burwell G, Button >>, Rodney 3, \v est 1-iorne 3, Simcoe 27, Port Dover 12, Waterfordll,Vo\-t Rowan 5, PortRyerse, Delhi 3, "Vittoria4. Cayuga 20, Dunville 17, Caledonia 13, Jarvis, Hagersvillle lo.York, Canlield 4,Canboro 4. Welland 20, Thorold 22, Niagara Falls (Clifton) 31, Port OolbornelS, Chippeioal , Fort Erie 7, Driunmondville 2o, Ridgeway 7, AlUuiburgh. ON LAKE ONTARIO AND BAY OF QUINTE. Cities, towns, and villages. St. CatharinesOl, Niagara 15, Merrittonl^,Port Dalho%isiel2, Grimsby! ,Beanisville7 , Smithville (j, Queenstou 4. Hamilton 490, Dundas 35, Waterdoivn 10, Ancaster 8, Stoney Creek 2, Lynden 4. Milton 13, Oakville 18, Georgetown 15, Burlington 11, Acton 9, Bronte3,Noi*vaU, Glen William 4. Brampton 33, Strectsville 8, Bolton (Albion) •>, Alton 5, Mono Mills 3. MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. 19 ON LAKE ONTARIO AND BAY OF QUINTE (CoNTixuKD), Counties. York Ontario Durham Northum- berland P. Edward Hastings Lennox Addington Frontenac Cities, towns, and villages. Toronto 1810, Newmarket 21, Aurora 18, Markham 11, Stouffvilled, Richmond Hill <), Westoji 9, Holland Landintj 6, Scarboro, Thornhill (!, Georjrina (Sutton) 5, West Toronto Junction 50, Woodbndge 11, Sehomberg 4, Mt. Albert (!. Whitby 28, Oshawa 41, f^.r?)?7(?.(/e 20, Port Parry 17, Canningtnn 10, Beavcrton 12, Picltering (DuiHn'a Creek) 8, Brooltlin 5, Prince Albert .5, Claremont 4, Sunderland 4. Port Hope 50, BoirmanTilleSS, Millbroook 11, Newcastle 11, Orono 8, Betiiany 0, Flamp- ton G, Cartwright (Williamsburg) 2, Blacltstock. iVo, Briqhtnn 15, Colbome 11, JrasfeHfifS (in part) 7, Balti- more 4, Harwood 4, Castleton 3, Warkworth 8. Plcton 33, Wellington 6, Hallowell (Bloomfield) 0, Consecon 4. Belleville 100, Trenton 44, De.seronto{Mill Point)-d'd, Madoc 10, Stirling 9, Wallaston Marmora 5, Frankt'ord H, Tweed 7. Napanee 35, Adolphustown. Note.— LiGiinox and Addington are united ; County town, Napanee. Newhxirgli 7, Bath 0, Odessa 7, Tamworth 5. Kinifston 192, Portsmovlh 20, Garden Island 5, Loughboro (Sydenham), Sydenham. ON THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. Counties Leeds Grenville Dundas Stormont Glengarry Cities, towns, and villages. Brockville 90. Gananoque 37, Neioboro '<. Fannersville 7, Athens, Delta 4, Lansdowne 37, Lyn 3, Wcstport li. iVoie.— Leeds and Grenville are united ; County town, Brockville. Prescott 30, KemptvilleVl, MerrickciUeu, C'lriUnal, North Augusta!, Oxford Mills. Morrishurnh 18. Irni/iiois 10, Chcsterville 0, Winchester, Ancastor. A^oie.— Dundas, Stormont, and Glengarry are united ; County town, Cornwall. Cornwall 70, Dickenson's Landing 3, Avonmore, Farran's Point 3. Lancaster 9, Alexandria 17, Martintown4, Williamstown .">, Maxville. ON THE RIVER OTTAWA. Counties. Cities, towns, and villages. Kanfrew jPembroke 44, Arnprior 33, Renfrew il, Eganville 5, Cobdcn. Carletoa [Ottawa 442, New Edinburgh IT, Richmond 5, Manotick 4. Russell 'Russell (Duncanville) 3, Casschnan, Rockland s. I iVoiti.— Russell and Prescott are united ; County town, L'Original. Prescott L'Original 0, Ilawkesburg 2<>, Vauklcek Hill '), St. Eugene 4. NOT ON THE BOUNDARIES. Counties. Lanark Peterboro Viotoriu Duiferin Cities, towns, and villages. Perth 32, Almonte 30, Smith's Falls liu, Varleton Place in, Lanark:^, l'ackeiihani2:\ Peterboro 98, Ashburnham 17, Hastings 9, Lalcejield 11, Norwood 9, llavcilock. Lindsay (51, Fenelon Falls 12, Bobcaggeon 10, OmemeeS, Oakwood, Woodvillei;, Kin- irtouut, Cobocoiik 3. Orangevliie 3(>, Shelhurne 8, Dundalk 7, Grand Valley. ■il %■ 20 W Hi Pe . OS THE BOU^■DAI«ESJPO«n<»^> iBrant loxford '^'^^ '^ f^.1 burton '2, Snowden. ■ OK THE GEORGIAN BAY. To^vns cindvmages-_ i) V, L^e^^^^^^ -TTTiT^ventorst !«, Seven BuA^^ sundridgc _ ^^y Mills, ' ON LAKE SUPERIOR. "Towns and vTll|^ pr. AvtbuvV Vai)<^i"g ^', ^ I r Port ArtUuv ^i- -Uipissing, contaiiuiin (bounties. Ulgoma mipissing iTbunder Bay Bainy Ri^ Note.- . PTTTES OF ONTARIO ARE : THE FOURTEEN CITIES O Toronto, Ottawa, London, Kingston, Brantford, 181,220. .18,080. 41,151 31,0'i'<. li»,'-'<>4- 12,753. 111,539. St. Thomas, Windsor, BellevlUe, l'eterl)orougli, Stratford. St. Catharines, Chatham, 10,370. 10,322. 0,914. 9,717. 9,501. 9,170. 9,052. yellcslcy < • ililverton 6,1 :.v.0tterville7,l Craia 9, Olen- X. Bryclges i. adbury-DayMma- | Ottawa river. ii II m •\ '■ ' k f; P E N N i S Y Lontrltiido 7!) West 1^ I N Itudo EAILWAY MAP OP THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. s" "y" "l "v" 'a n| SCALE cr miles: 10 10 20 30 40 BO 60 MILE8. I A I West 12 from 78 tji'Lunwii'h 76 75 #1 if: >»-.•.;«««,«)«. !,,. MAP GEOGRAPHY PHIMER. 21 RAILWAYS OF OXTAKTO. Kaihvay.s. Grand Trunk (:Main Line) Xortheru Uirisioa Southern Division Xortlieru & Nortliwcstern Division (Toronto to North 13ay) Iluniilton A Xortliwestern Division (Hamilton to Allandale) Midland Division {u) Toronto to Midland. (b) Bldckvater to Port Hope fill Peterhoro. Bkllkvim-e Bhaxcii Haliuukton 13KAN(JH jMkaford Branch BEETON and COLLINGWOOn Branch ConocoNK Branch Hah woo I) Branch Lakkkikli) Branch North Simcok Branch SfTTOX BUANCH Whituv Branch Madoc Branch Old Road .Welland Division iLoop Line Branch jBrFFALO & GODERICH BRANCH Georgian Bay and Lake Erie I Branch ;LoNDON, Huron and Bruce Bkanch Wellington, Grey & Bruce Branch Sarnia Branch IWellington, Grey & South Bruce Branch Bhantford andTilsonhuro Branch Durham Branch Galt and Elmira Branch London Branch. Milofl 708 •(! 220 05 121-. 71-8 05 GO 52 30 38 15 12 4(» 20 33 ' 22 15 33 115 167 117 74 128 57 07 43 27 25 33 Towns, Crossinj^s, and Jnnctions. Portland, Mc; Richmond, P.Q.: Mnntronl. I'.Q.: C'ntoan, I'.Q.; Lanfasli;r. Cornwall, MnrrislinrL:. l'n>.'*t'(jir. IJrock- vilhs, Kini^'ston, Nai)an('c, lidluvillo, Trcnron. ('oliiinri:',! I'ortllope, Bownnanvillo, Usliawa, \A'hitl»y, Scarlporo',1 Toronto. ] Toronto, Brampton, Goorjrctown, Gnulnh, Berlin. Strnt- Ibrd, St. ]Mary">t. Lncan, Ail.^aCraiii-, I'arkliill. Fornst,' Sarnia (Point Edward . Port Hnron. and l>etr()ir. .Midi. Snsjjonpion Ilriiko, N.Y.; Nin:;"ira Falls, Mi'rriton. Si.< Catliarines, (Trim-shy, ILnmiltdii, Dnndas. Ilarrisl)ur:j-.! Drnnibo, Pnris, AVo('i(' toelc, InKcrsoll, London, KoniDliM. nicneoo, Tliamesvllle, Cliatliam, Belle Kiver, Windsor, Detroit, Mieli. Toronto. Kichmond Hill. Anrora, Newmarket, Rraill'ord, Allandale, Harrie, Orillia, Gravenlun'st, Braeebridu'e, Oidlandar, North Bay. Hamilton, Burlington, "Milton, Georgetown, Allandale. Toronto, Scnrhoro, Markham, Uxhridge, Blackwater, Lornevilli", Orillia, Coldwator, ^Midland. Blackwater,' Manilla .Te, Lindsay, Omemee, Petcr1x)ro, :\Iillhrook. Port IIoi)c. R(!lleville. N. Hastings .Ic.. Cam))hellt'ord. Peterhoro. Halihnrton, Myles ,1c., Fnrnace Falls, Irondale, Kin- mnnnt, Eenelon Falls, Tjindsay. ^leat'ord. Tliorahiiry, (jollingwiwd, Stayner, Coiwell. Al- landale. Beeton, Alliston, Creemore, Collingwoud. Co))ocoid£. Lorneville, Camphavy, Lindsay. Colionri^, flarwdod. Lakefield. Pett>rl)oro. liarrie. Coiwell, Elmvale. Wyovale. Penet.ancnishene. Stontfville, Mt. Alhert. Snttdn, .laclvsons I'oint. Whithv, Myrtle. Port Perry, Manilla J n. El Dorado," N. Hastina'.s. Millhrook, Brunswick, Omemee. Port Dalhousie. St. Catharines, Merritton. Welland, Port Colhorne. Allanhurir, Niaj^ara Falls. Fort Erie, Welland Jc. <3antiel(l, Cnyuira, Jar%is, Simcoe, Tilsonhnr?, Avlnier. St. Tlioma.s, Glencoe. i Buffalo, N.Y.; t'ort Erie. Port CJolhorne, Canfleld. Cale-' donia, Brantt'ord, Paris, Tavistock, Stratford, Seaturtli, Clinton, Goderich. Wiarton. Tara. Hanover, Harrison. Paimerston, Listo- well, Stratford. Tavistock, Woodstocli, Norwicli, Sim- coe. Port Dover. London. Hvde Park Jc, Lucan Crossing, Exeter, Clinton, Mlytli.AViniiham. Harrishnrii, Gait, Guelph. Fergus, Drayton, Paimerston, Harriston, Walkerton, Paisley, South'ampton. j Sarnia, Petrolia, Stratnroy, Ivomoka, Hyde I'ark Jc,,| London. i Paimerston, Listowell, Brussels, Wingham, Kincardine. Harrishurg, Brantford, Norwich, Tilsonhurg. Paimerston. Mt. Forest. Durham. Gait, Berlin, Waterloo, St. Jacoh's, Elmira. London. Tliorndale. St. Marv's. Stratford. MAP QEOOEAPHY PRIMER. ' RAILWAYS OF ONTARIO (CoxTiNUEn.) Railways, i< Port Dovku Branch Port Stanlky Bhanch South Norfolk Branch Toronto Branch Pktrolia Branch Elmvalb Branch Canadian Pacific Railway (Transcontinental Line.) Sault Ste. Mahik Buaxcu Ontario & ({ii«>bec Division St. Thomas Branch Ottawa & Bkuckvillk I 13RANCH Ottaava & Prkscott Branch Toronto & Owen Sound Branch Orangeville. Wingham & Tkeswater Branch Toronto, Orangeville & Elora Branch Michigan Central (a) Buffalo to Detroit (6) Amherstijurg Branch St. Clair Division Petrolia Branch iXiak^ara Division iWellandJc. to Niagara F'lls , Canada Atlantic Railway I Kingston & Pembroke Hallway Ontario Central Railway Cobourg & Rice Lake Railway Napanee, Tamworth & Quebec Railway Brockville, Westport & Sharbot Lake Railway Erie i Huron Railway Leamington & St. Clair Railw'y Miles 40 21 17 3!» it 9 2875 1S2 5(52 33 73 .")2 122 72 60 238 lU (>:> 15 30 80 fil 109 15 08 60 70 23 Towns, Crossings, and Junctions. Port Di>ver, Jnrvis, Hapersvllle, Calerlonin, Hamilton. Port Stt'nk'y, St. Thoma<3, Westminster, London. Simc'oe, Vlttorla, Port Rowan. Toronto, Oalcville, Burlington, Hamilton. Potrolin, Wyoming. Elmvale, Hillsdale. Halifax, N. S. ; Quebec, P. Q.; Montreal, P.O.; Ottawa, Carleton Jc, Almonte, Arnprior, Renfrew, Peml)roke, Clialli River, Mattawa.Callandar, North Bav, Sudbury, Herring liay, Jacklish River, Nipigon, Port Artliur, Fort William, Rat Portage, Winnipeg, Man. : Brandon, Man.; Regino, Asainiltoia ; Calgary, Alberta ; Banff Hoi Springs, B.C.; Westminster, B.C.: Vancouver, B.C.; Port Moody, B.C. Sudbury, Algoma Jlills, Bruce Mines, Sault Ste. Marie. Montreal, P.Q.; Vaudreuil, P.O.; St. Polyearpe Je., Dal- liousie Mills, Kemptville, Smftli's Falls, Perth. Sliarbot Lake, Twecid, Central Ont Jc, Haverlock, Peterboro, Myrtle, Toronto. (Toronto), Streetsville, Milton, Guelph, Gait, Drumbo, Woodstock, London, Komoka, Appin Jc, Chatham, Belle Rivei% Windsor. Woodstock, Ingersoll, St Thomas. Ottawa, Carleton Jc, Smith's Falls, Clark, Brockvllle. Ottawa, Kemptville, Prescott. Toronto, Weston, Woodbridge, Cardwell, Orangeville. Shelburne, Flesherton, Owen Sound. Orangeville, Mount Forest, Han-lston, Teeswater, Wing- ham. Toronto, Streets\ille, Brampton, Cataract, Fergus, Elora, ilillville Jc, Orangeville. Buffalo, N.Y.; Victoria CFort Erie), Niagara Jc, Wolland Jc, Canfield, Hagersville, Waterford, Hawtrey, Tilson- l)urg, St. TliomaH, St. Clair Jc, Ridgetowni, Fargo, Oluiring Cross, Cliomberg, Tilbury, Essex Centre, Saud wich, Wind.sor. Essex Centre, Colchester, Amherstburg. St. Thomas. St. Clair, Loop Line Jc, Petrolia Jc, Oil City, CourtilghL Petrolia Jc. (near Oil City and also Oil Springs), Peti'oUa, Wyoming. Buffalo, N.Y.; Fort Eile, Niagara Jc, Chippewa, Niagara Falls, Queenston, Niagara, Welland Jc, Niagara Falls, Ottawa, Chaudlere, Alexandria, CJoteau Landing, F.Q. Kingston, Tamwoith, Sharbot Lake, Mississippi, Ren- fraw, Pembroke. Picton, Consccon, Trenton. Central Ontario Jc, El Dor- ado, Bamiochbuni, Coe Hill. Cobourg, Baltimore, Harwood. Nai)anee. Newburg. Yarker, Tamworth, Marlhank, Tweed,' Bridgewater, JIadoe, Harrowsmith, Kingston. j Brockville, Fannersville, Newboro, Westport, Sharlwt, Lake. Rondeau, Blenheim, Fargo, Chatham, Dresden, Tuppers-| ville, Wallaceburg, Port Larabton, Courtright, Porti Huron, Mich, Blytheswood, Comber, Stony Point, Ruthven, Windsor. Note.— The G.T.R. owns all those divisions and branches down to the C.P.R. The C. P.R. owns those down to the M.C.R. ; and the M.C.R those down to the C, A.R. The rest are independent lines. MAP OEOQRAPHY PRIMER. 23 JllTers. Tuppevs-1 igUt, Porti Ports of Ontario. Saugeen ;— Soiithnmpton, Paisley, Walkorton, Teeswatcr, Chealey, Hanover, Dur- ham, Clifford, Mount Foiosc. Maitland ;— Goderlch, Winyham. - North branch :— Wingham, Wroxeter, GoiTle, Fordwich. Harriston. Little Maitland .-—Wingham, Bluovale, Palmerston. South branch .•—Brussels, Cranbrook, Trowbridge, Llatowell. Bayfield ;— Bayfield, Clinton, Seat'orth. Aux Sables: — Arkona, Ailsa Craig, Exeter, Lucaji. Sydenham, or Bear Creek :— Wallaceburg. North branch .-—Wallaceburg, Oil Springs, Petrolia. Soxith 67-a«c/i .-—Wallaceburg, Dresden, Florenee, Alvinston, Watford, Strathroy. Tliamea ;— Chatham, Thamesville, Bothwell, Wardsville, Komoka, London. North branch .—London, St. Mary's, Mitchell. Avon .-—Stratford, Shakespeare. South branch .-—London, Ingersoll, Beachville, Woodstock. 0««;-.-— Port Burvvell, Vienna, Tilsonburg, Otterville, Norwich. Grand .-—Port Maitland, Dunnville, Cayuga, York, Caledonia, Brantford, Parla, Gait, Preston, Breslau, Conestogo, Elora, Fergus. Nith .-—Paris, Ayr, New Hamburg, Baden, Wellesloy, Millbank. Sjjeef?.-- Preston, Hespeler, Guelph, Erin. Conestogo .-—Conestogo, Glenallan, Drayton, Arthur. Credit .-- Poi-t Credit, Streetsville, Orangeville. /f«?/ibe)-;— Lambton Mills, Weston, Wcxxlbridge, IvK;inl)urg, Nobleton, Bolton. Holland :— Ne^vmarket, Aurora, Holland Landing, Bradford. Trent .-—Trenton, Frankford, Campbellford, Hastings. Otonabee .-— Peterlwrough, Ashbuniham, Lakefield. Scugog ;— Lindsay, Port Perry (on lake Scugog). Gull .-— Coboconk, Minden. A'o^e .-—Fcnelon Falls is between Sturgeon and Cameron lakes; Bobcaygaott, between Sturgeon and Pigeon lakes ; Omemee is on Pigeon river. Moira .-—Belleville, Bridge water, Tweed. Raisin .—Lancaster, Williamston, ALartintown. Eideau ;— Ottawa, Merrickville, Smith's Falls. Perth is on the Tay. Mississippi .•— Packenham, Almonte, Carleton Place, Lanark. JV^d^eow.-— Plantagenet, Ricevllle, Pendleton, Casselman, St. Albert, Chesterville, Spenceville. Lake Sitjjej-ior ;— Michipicoten, Niplgon, Fort William, Prince Arthur'.'^Liuidiiijj;. Georgian Bay .-^Parry Sound, Maganetewan, Midland, Penetanguisheuf, Col- lingwood, Meaford, Owen Sound, Wiarton (Colpoy Bay). Lake Huron .-— Sarnia, Bayfield, Goderich, Kincardine, Elgin, Southamnton, Bruce Mines, Little Current, Manitowaning. Xafce £rie.-— Rondeau, Stanley, Burwell.Rycrse, Rowan. Dover, Maitland.t'olbovne, I 24 I m INtrtM of Ontario. lii>4 Oiilarlo. of MAr GEOOUArilY I'lUMEIt. Lake Oxturin ami Buy cf Qiiiiit>:—'Slapar!\, Dnlhonsie, TInmilton, Oakvlllc, Credit, Toronto, LivuriKK)!, Wliitliy, Oslunva, Uowiiianville (Darlington), I'drt Hope, Pre.s(iu'l.Hl{> (IJri^'liton), Trcntou, liellevlllo, Descronto (Mill Point), Nnpanco, Pk'ton, Kingston. .S?. Lawrence .•— Ganano(iuu, Urockvillc, Prcscott, Dickinson's Landing-, Cornwall. Farminfi /—All except the pai-ts north oflakca Huron and SuiKjrior is well mlairted lor fanning;. />»))('»('/ 7/).^/.-— C'oiulucted on a large scale In the Oeorf,'ian Bay and Ottawa and Trent river districts. Mini 11(1 :—lro\\ in N'ictoria, Petcrhoro, Hastinjrs, Frontcnac, Lanark, etc. ; Kold. silver, copijor. aslmstos, lead, etc, in nbiindancc, north of lakes Huron and Superior, and Eastern Ontario. I'etrolemn al)Ounds in Lambton, and salt In Huron. Jf(inv,f the Privy Council of Canada South of the St. Z,aa"reHce;— Champlain (in Part), Memphramagog, St. Francis, Megantic, Temiscouata, Matapedla. Noi'th of the St. Lawrence : — Manouan, St. John. Expansions of the Ottaica .•— Temiscamingue, Chat, Two Mountain"- Expansions of the St. Laicrence .•— St. Francis, St. Louis, St. Peter Ottawa .-—Rouge, Nation, Lie\Te, Gatineau, Coulonge, Moine. St. Lawreyice from he iV^o?'3, Berthior 1,537, Point Gatincau 1,.52(), Rimouski, Father Point, Cacouna, Richmond, Lennoxville, Laprairie, Coteau. iV() Capital, Halifax. iiKS : J, S( Popnlatfoii. 450.523. JS'o/'i/t;— Xorthumberlaiicl straits and prnlf of St. 1 ,a\viciice. BOUNDARIKS : -J South-east:— Attantic Ocean. [_ West:— Bay of Fund}', Cluf^necto Imy, and No'.v Brunswick. €lov(>rniiieiat. I<4l]i:i(l.s. Industries. The same form as New Bmnswicli has. Cape Breton, Sable, Lon^'•. Fishing, shipbuilding, lumbering, farming, mining. BAYS AND GULFS. On the Atlantic sealioard. On the northern coast. 1 On tlie western coast. Chedabucto, Verte, Fiindy, Ship, Pugwash, St. JIary, Halifax, Pictoii, Annaix)lis (Port Royal , Margaret, Antigonish, Mines, Mahone, St. George, Co))cqui(l, Liverixwl, Bras d'or, Avon, Shellx)urne, Sydney. Chignecto, Yarmouth. Cumlierland. TOWNS. On the Atlantic coast. Halifax, DartniGUth, Yurnioutk, Lunenburg, Liverpool, 40 0.(189 4,0-14 2,007 2, IGd On the northern coast. Pop. In Cape Breton : Sydney, North Sydney, Sydney Mines. New 'ilassrow, MUlsville, Pictou, Stellarton, Antigonish, I'ntrwash. 3,000 2,57.5 1,.50(,) ;!,777 .'!,;uo 2,000 2,lll> i,r.io 7i>0 On the western coast. I'op. Truro, 1 Amherst, ;i,7M Windsor, 2.s:is Annapolis, 2,;; 11 Digby, 1.051 Kcntville, l,-.si! Londniiderry, S il , :\Iarshall. Scotch Village. A^ote 1.— Louisburtr, on Cape Breton island, Avas taken from the French liy Anilierst, Wolfe, and l!os- cawen in 1758. 2.— The Out of Canso connects Northumberland straits with the Atlnntie, iiud separateo Cape Breton from the mainland. 3.— The Intercolonial Railway coimecl.s llalil'a.K with Truro. Pieton, New Glawgow, Auuier.st, St. John, Quebec, etc. The Windsor and AnnaiH.)lis Railway runs from Halifax to Annapolis via Windsor, Bridjretown, etc. H p? "^-.^i I i m i< i 28 MAP CJEOORAPHY PRIMER. Prince Edxrard Island. Capital, ("liarlottctown. Population, 109,088. Boundaries* ^ yortli. J^(isf.,uu([ liv-s^-— GulfofSt. Lawrence. •■ -S'oi/^/(;—Xorthuinlierlan(l straits. Ciovcriiiiioiif. BiiyH autl 4>iill's Towns, Ac. Iiidiisti'lo.s. The same form as Ne\v Brunswick has. < Hillsboro, Cardigan, Becleqnc, Richmond, Murray. Charlotti'town, n,.'i71 ; Siiiiiinerside, t'.'JlO; Georgetowu, Alherton, C'ardigaii, Tignish, Souris East. Fishing, farming, shipbuilding. British. Columbia. Capital, Victoria. Population, »r «l'i. By tlic State Legislatures, two being sent hy each. {b) House of Representatires, whose members are elected, every second year l)y iwpular vote. Tlie number which each state is entitled to send is determined by the decennial census, there being one for every 135,239. The President hag a veto power on legislation, but this may be annulled T)y a two-thirds majority of the members of each House. 2. Judicial: — A Supreme Court, made up of a Chief Justice and eight Justices, appointed for life by the President, by and \vith the consent of the Senate. 3. Executive: — A President, assisted by seven heads of departments, eliosen hy him, but who must be appi'oved of hy the Senate. Note 1.— Each territory is entitled to send a delegate to the House of Representatives. He may not vote at all, but has the right to debate on questions concerning his ovm teiTitory. 2.— The States possess lowers somewhat similar to those held by the Provinces of Canada, ^\ith the important exception that all sulyects not e,7'J>)•cs8^// mentioned as coming under tlio authoritj' of the Federal government belongs exclusively to the States. Each state con- trols its militia. 3.— Mode of Electing the President.— Each State chooses by popular vote " Electors," equal in numl)er to the Senators and Representatives sent by that State to Congress. These "Electors "meet at their respective State capitals on an apix)intcd day — the same day throughout the United States— and there vote for President l)y ballot. The ballots are then sent to Washington where the President of the Senate, in presence of Congress, counts them. The candidate who has received a majoHtif of th". whole number of electoral votes cast, \» diQcXaveA President. If no one hns a majoi'ity, then, from the three highest on the list, the House of Representatives elects a President. The Vice- President is e.T!-of^'c?'o President of the Senate. In case the President dies the Vice- President becomes President ; after him the 2'>'''o. tern. President c2 the Senate, and after him the Speaker of the House of Representatives, succeeds to the vacant Presi- liency. As soon as the " Electors " are chosen it is knowii who is to bo President, because it is gen- erally w«ll understootl how each " Elector " will vote. If p 1 80 MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. States and Territories. Note 1.— The territories are In italics. 2.— The state capital Is placed first. 3.— The figures after the name of a city or town indicate in thouaancia its iwiHilatlon. MM ON THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD. ■Si ■' I lit Name. Mainoi Me. Pop. 601,000. New Hampshire,N.H Pop. 370.500. Massachusetts, Mass. Pop. 2,239,000. Rhode Island, B. I. Pop. 345,500. Connecticut, Conn. Pop. 746,200. New York, N.Y. Pop. 5,9f 7^00. New Jersey, N.J, Pop. 1,450,000. Delaware, Del. Pop. 169,000. Pennsylvania, Pa. Pop. 5;260,000. Maryland, Md. Pop. 1,043,000. Dist.of Columbia,D. O. Pop. 230,000. Virginia, Va. Pop. 1,656,000. North Carolina, N.C. Pop. 1,618,000. South Carolina, S.C. Pop. 1,151,000. Georgia, 6a< Pop. 1,837,000- Florida, Fla. Pop. 391,000. Cities and towns Augusta 11, Portland 36, Lewlston 21, Bangor 19, Blddeford 19, Bath 8. Concord 17 , Manchester 44, Dover 19, Nashua 19, Portsmouth 9. Boston 448, Worcester 85, Lowell 78, Fall River 75, Cambridge 70, Lynn 56, Springfield 45, La\vrence 41, New Bedford 41, Holyoke 36, Salem 81, Haverhill 28, Taunton 25, Wal- tham 19. Providence 132, Pawtucket 28, Woonsocket 21, Ne^vjwrt 19. Hartford 53, New Haven 81, Bridgeport 48, Waterbury 28, Meriden 21, New Britain 19. Albany 94, New York 1,515, Brooklyn 806, Buf- falo 25<), Rochester 133, Syracuse 88, Troy Products, Grain, butter, cheese.lumber, wool Grain, dairy produce, lumber, minerals, manufactures. Manufactures, dairy produce, grain, fish, minerals. Manufactures, farm produce, tobacco, lish. Manufactures, tobacco, grain, dairy produce. Grain, wool, butter, cheese, manufactures, minerals. Fruits, grain, manufactures, minerals. 60, Utica 44, Binghampton 35, Yonkers 32, Long Island City 31, Elmira 29, Newburv 24, Auburn 24, Cohoes 23, Oswego 22, Pough- keepsie 22, Schenectady 20, Lockport 16, Rome 14, Ogdensburg 12. Trenton 57, Newark 182, Jersey CHy 163, Pat- erson 78, Camden 58, Hoboken 43, Ehza- b.'h 37, Bayonne 19, New Bruns\vick 18, Orange 18. Dover 8, Wilmington 61, Newcastle 7, Smyrna Fruits, grain, butter, cheese 7. I Harrisburic 39, Philadelphia 1,046, Pittsburg Grain, fruit, minerals, as 238, Allegheny 105, Scranton 78, Reading coal,iron, lead, zinc; manu 48, Erie 40, Wilkesbarre 37, Lancaster 32, j factures. Willlamsport 27. Annapolis 8, Baltimore 434, Cumberland 13, Fruits, grain, dairy produce, Fredrick 8. tobacco, oysters, minerals. Washington 23(S, Richmond si^Norfolk 35, Peteraburg 23,Lynch- Tobacco,grain,dairy produce, burg 20, Roanoke 16, Alexandria 14, Ports- 1 minerals, mouth 13. I Raleigh 13, Wilmington 20, Charlotte 11, Ashe- Cotton, tobacco, rice, lumber, ville 10, Newbern 8. I pitch, resin. Cotton, tobacco, rice, mo- lasses. Columbia 15, Charleston 55, Greenville 8. Atlanta 66, Savannah 43, Augusta 33, Macon Cotton, rice, com, potatoes, 22, Columbus 17. I lumber. Talahassee, 3, Key West 18, Jacksonville 17, Cotton, fruits, molasses, lum- Pensacola 11. I ber. MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. 81 ON THE GULF OP MEXICO. Name. Cities and to^v^l3. Products Florida Alabama, Ala. Pop. 1,513,000. Mississippi, Miss. Pop. 1,290,000. Louisiana, La. Pop. 1,119,000. Texas, Tex. Poll. 2,L'3r),000. See " Atlantic Seatoard." Monti^omery 22, Mobile 31, Biru.lnghain 2G, Cotton, potatoes, rice, mo- Annlston 10. | lasses, lumber, minerals. .Tackson 11, Vicksburg 13, Natchez 10. Cotton, molasses, rice, lum- ber, potatoes. New Orleans 212, Shreveport 12, Baton Roupe Cotton, rice, molasses. 10. Austin 14, San Antonio 38, Dallas 38, Galveston Cotton, com, live-stock, min- 29, Houston 28, Fort Worth 23. erals. ON MEXICO. Name. Cities and towns. Products. Texas See "On the Gulf of Mexico." New Mexico Santa Fe6, Mesilla. ""•old, silver, live-stock. Pop. 153,000. Arisona Tucson 5, Prescott, Arizona. Gold, silver, live-stock. Pop. 60.000. California, Cal. Pop. 1,208,000. Sacramento 2fi, San Francisco 3o:), Oakland 18, Los Angelos 3i), San Jose 18, San Diego 1(5. Grain, fruits, gold, silv coal, luml)cr, fish. er, II .'^^ ON THE PACIFIC COAST. Name. Cities and towns. Products. California Oregon, Ore. Pop. 317,000. Washington, Wash. See "On Mexico." Salem 7, Portland 40, East Portland lo. Olympia 7, Seattle 42, Walla Walla 8. Grain, gold, silver, lumlier, fish. Grain, gold, silver, lumber. ON THE MISSISSIPPI — WEST BANK. Name. Louisiana Arkansas, Ark. Pop. 1,128,000. Missouri, Mo. Pop. 2,680,000. Iowa, Iowa Pop. 1,912,000. 1 Minnesota, Minn. Pop. 1,302,000. Cities and towns. See "On the Gulf of Mexico." Little Rock 26, Fort Smith 11, Pine Bluff !>, Hot Spring 8. Jefferson City 7, St. Louis 4.52, Kansas City 1.32, St Joseph 52, Springfield 21, Sedalia 14, Hannibal 13, Des Moines 50, Dubuque 30, Davenport 27, Council Bluffs 21, Ket;kuk 14, Ottumwa 14, Cedar Rapids 18. St. Paul 133, Minneapolis 168, Duluth 33, Win- ona 18, Stillwater 11. Products. Cotton, grain, live-stock. Grain, tobacco, live-stock, iron. Grain, live-stock, lead, coal, etc. Grain, lunil)er, flour, live- stock. ",'l.'l!Wi''.~.l"''U-t-'J- i' 83 MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. ON THE MISSISSIPPI — EAST HANK. Name Cities and towns. Products. Louisiana Mississippi Tennessee, Tenn. Pop. 1,707,000. Kentucky, Ky. Pop. 1,858,000. Illinois, 111. Pop. 3,820,000. Wisconsin, Wis. Pop. i,(;8<),ooo. See "On Gulf oi' .Mexico." i< a it Nashville "•>, Memnliis Ot, Cliattanooj?a i'!>, Kno.wille S-i, Jaclison lo. Frankfort lo, Louisville lOi Ck)vinp:ton 37, New- port a.'), Lexington 22, Paducah 13, Owens - , borough 11). Sprlnfffleld 25, Chicafro 1,0!)9, Peoria 41. Quincy31, Rockford 2 4, Hloominfjrton 2(), Aurora 11, Decatur 17, Belleville].'), Rock Island 15. Madison 13. Milwaukee 20t, La Crosse 25, Osli- kosh 23, Racine 21, Shelwyfran Ki, Fond du Lac 12, JIarinette 12, Supeiior City 12. To1)acco,cotton,trrain.lnnil)er, live-stock, minerals, licnip. Tobacco, corn. lioinp.Uunher, live-stock, petroleum. Grain, live-stock, minerals, manufactures. Grain, live-stock,niinerals.as, iron, copper, lead : lumber. ON CANADA AND THE GREAT LAKES. 1% fifif Name. Cities and towns. Products. Vermont, Vt. Pop. 332,000. Michigan, Mich. Pop. 2,l)iM,000. Montpelier 5, Burling'ton 15, Rutland 12. Lansinir 13, Detroit 200, Grand RapidsOO, Sagi- naw 40,Bay City 28, J ackson 21, Kalamazoo 18, Port Huron 14, Battle Creek i:i, Mar- quette 10, Ann Arl)or 10. Grain, dairy jiroduce, min- erals, manufactures. Grain, lumlier. salt, minerals, as iron, copi)er, etc. Xotc— Maine, Xew Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, IVisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Wasliinjfton an; described elsewhere. •fl ON THE OHIO. Name. Illinois Indiana, Ind. Pop. 2,102,000. Ohio, Ohio Pop. 3,<>72,000. West Virginia, W.Va Pop. 703,000. Kentucky Cities and towns. IMvKlucts. See " On the Mississippi— East liank." Indianapolis 105, Evansville 51, Fort "Wayne Grain, lumber, tol)acco, livS' 35, TeiTe Haute 30, New All)any 21, Soutli .stock, minerals. Bend 21, Richmond 1", Lafayette 10, Lo- gansixjrfc 15, Muncie 12. j C'olnmbus 88, Cuicinnatl 207. Cleveland 2i)l, Grain, lumber, live-stock Toledo 88, Dayton (!1, Springfield 31. Akron coal, lend, petroleum. 2S. Canton 2(!, Zanesvllle 21, Hamilton IH, Sandusky 18, Findlay 18, Wheelingr 35, Parkersburg 0, Martinsburg 9. See "On the Mississippi— East Bank," Coal, iron, grain, uetroleum, lumber MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. ON THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN' PLATEAU. 88 Name. Cities iiml towns. I'rcHliicts. Kansas, Kans. I'op. 1,Jl'7,o(K). Topeka 31, Kiinsas City .'W, Leavenworth I'J, Atchison 11, Fort Seott 12, Lawrence 10. Grain, coal, iron, li\i'-at(H'k. Nebraska, Neb. Pop. 1,058,(K)(). Dakota, Dak. Lliifolii 55, Omaha 110, Beatrice 11, Hastings 13, Nebraska 11, Plattsmoutli 'J Yankton 10, Sioux Falls lo. Grain, coal, live-stock. Grain. Pop. 512,000, Colorado, Colo. Pop. 412,000. Denver 107, Pueblo 21, Leadville 12 Colorado Si)rings 11. Gold, silver, grain, live-stock, lead. Wyoming, Wyo. Pop. (;o,(HX). Montana, Mont. Cheyenne 12, Laramie 7. • Helena 11, Butte 10. Gold, silver, lead, live-stock, grain. Grain, gold. Pop. 132,000. Oklahoma (iutlirie 1). Grain, live-stock. Pop. 01,000. Utah, Utah Pop. 207,000. Salt Lake City 44, Ogden 15, Provo City 5. Lo- gan 5, Spanisli Fork 3. Grain, gold, coal, silver. Nevada, Nev. Pop. 46,000. Idaho, Idaho Carson 0. Virginia 0, Gold Hill 2. Reno 1, Car- son City 4. Boise City 7, Idaho City, Moscow 3, Pacatello 2. Silver, coal, gold. Gold, grain. Pop. 8J,000. iVo^c— Indian Temtory is set apart for Indians oidy. ^ater Courses of the TTnited States. ON THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD. .Vn^'.— Those in italics are on the navigable part of the river. Courses. Penobscot I Kennebec Androscoggin Saco Merrimac Blackstone Connecticut Hudson Mohawk Delware Schuylkill Chesapeake Susquehanna Potomac James Ajypomatox Savannah Cities, towns, etc. Bangor, Rockland, Belfast. Bath, Augusta. Brunsivick, Lewiston, Auburn. Saco, Biddeford. Newbury port, Haverhill, Bradford, 'LsLW'XQncQ, Lowell, Nashua, Manchester, Concord. Providence, Pawtucket, Woonsocket, Worcester. Hartford, Springfield, Brattleboro, Lancaster, St. Johnsburg. Brooklyn, New York, Jersey City, Hoboken, West Point, Newburq, Pough- keepsie, Albany, Troy, Cohoes, Saratoga. Cohoes, Schenectady, Utica, Little Falls, Rome. Wilmington, Camden, Philadelphia, Trenton, Easton, Port Jervis. Philadeljyhia, Reading. Baltimore, Annapolis, Yorktown, Eaaton, Cambridge. Han-isburg, Wilkesban-e, Scranton, Elmira, Binghampton. Alexandria, Washington, Georgetoicn, Harper's Ferry, Cumberland. Norfolk, Portsmouth, Richmond, Lynchburg. Petersburg. Head of tide water navigation. Savannah, Augusta. : f ( I "-ffscsEaBKWcsr; I i I' ';! 34 MAP OEOUKAPHY PRIMER. ON THE GULF OF MEXICO. Ck)urse8. Mobile Mississippi Des M0INE8 Missouri Arkansas Red Wisconsin Im-inois Ohio Grande del Norte Cities, towns, etc. Mobile. !, Vicl'slnirri, Greenville, Napoleon, Mem- JIannihal, Quincy, Keokuk, Muscatine, Neiv Orleans, Baton Itom/e, Natche, ))liis, Cairo, ,St. Louis, Alton, iock Island, DX) St. Louis 451,800 Detroit 206,000 Providence 132,000 Boston 448,500 Milwaukee 205,000 1 Denver 107,000 Baltimore 434,400 Newark 182,000 Indianapolis 106,000 San Francisco 298,900 Minneapolis 165,000 Allegheny 105,000 Cincinnati 296,900 Jersey City 163,000 Cleveland 262,000 Louisville 161,000 Note \.—New York, Maine, Maaaachusetts, rennsylvania own over two-thirds of the mercantile navy of the United States. 2.— The "Original Thirteen "are r— New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennayivaaia, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 8.— The " New England " States are :— Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut. 4.— New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, arc the most populous states. They contain one- third of the entire population. 5.— The railway system of the United States extends to all parts of the country. MEXICO, Capital, Mexico. Area, 700,000 sq. miles; Population, 12,000,000, most of whom are of Spanish descent. ^ North .'—United States. East .•—Gulf of Mexico, Campeachy Bay, and Caribbean Sea, South ;— Paciiic Ocean, Guatemala, and British Honduras. West .-—Pacific Ocean. Boundaries Rivers. Cities. Industries. East Coast .-—Grande del Norte, Tr.-ripico. West Coast .-—Grande de Santigo (iiuin lake Chapala), San Josd, De las Bassas. In the Interior :—M.67Aco 320, Leon 130, Durango 60, Puebla 70, Guanaxuato, Guadalajara, Oajacee. On the East Coast :— Matamoras, Tampico, Vera Cruz, Tfupan, Campeachy, M6rlda 38. On the West Coast ;— La Pas, Culican, Mazatlan, Manzanillo, Peurto Angel. Mining, fruit-growing, cattle-raising, gathering dye and medicinal woods, luml)er- ing in mahogany and other cabinet woods. MAP OBOORAPUY PUIMER. ■ 'i ■ ■ I' w 'l! Kotr.—T]w cnpltnl Is Kivcn first and tlio liwrncs tlir i»()puliitloii. WEST INDIES. after It, and the chief towns indicate in thouaanda l.sllllKt.i. To whom ))elonK- Hnytl.thcN. nartan iiidep. repuolic, Hnyli -l Siiiito Domin^'o, or tlm Douilniciiii re- ]iiilili(', an Indep. v rcpuljllc. Culm, Porto Itlco, Isle of Spain PlneN. The HaliaiiiaN,.Tainaica,and, Great Britain most of tlu! Lesser Antilles ( ijoc ward, Windward), Trinidad. Of the Leeward :— Antltrua, Montserrat, St. Ghristo- plusr, Dondnica,Bar))uda, KeviSfcAnKuilla, Vir^rlns, Tortolla. Virgin Gorda, Anc^atla. Of the Windward :-Barba- does, St. Vincent, Gre- nada, Grenadines, Toba- go, St. Lucia. BerniudaM Guadeloupe, Degirade, France Martinique, Marie Gal- ante, St. iMartin (in part), Saintes ; allin Lesser An- tillles. Curaooa. Buen Ayre, Orul)a, Netherlands Los RcKjues, 'St. Eusta-i tins, Sa))a, and S. part of St. Martins. \ St. .lohnSfSt. Thomas. San- Denmark ta Cruz (Virfjln Island), i St. Bartholomew Sweden Marf^arita, Tortuga Venezuela Population. Produi'lM. 575,0(H) ' 140,000 Cal)iiietan(i(lyewoods a,3(X),0,Man tanaz 7 (Cuba), San Juan 20 (I'orto Rico). Nassau (Provl- videncc) 12, Ba- hamas. Kingston .^o, (Jamaica). Bridgetown 30, (Antigua). Fort of Snain i.*), (Trinidad). 40,000 Spice.s 40,000 5,000 coll'ee, fruit. Hamilton 5, (Bermuda) f Basse Terre 12, i Port-a-P? •e25 I, (Guad'' 5), Port Bo 5. St. Pierr I (Martliuiiue). sugar-cane, Willemstadt (Curaooa). Christiansted lO (Santa Cruz) Charlotte. Am- Fruit, sugar, cotton, alie(StThm's), I vegetaljles. toliacco. GuBtavia 2. 35,000 Fruit, sugar, coffee, 'AflSUn'Dtion 5 ' cocoa. ^^^^^^_'^(Mari rga^a). CENTRAL AMERICA. Area, 175,000 sq. niileN ; length, 900 miles ; greatest breadth, 300 miles ; population, 2,685,000. /North .'—Mexico, Yucatan. „ .„._. /?««<.--Caribbean Sea. j SoutJi .•—Isthmus of Panama. \ West .'—Pacific Ocean. Kate— Thii iiopulation and area are expressed in thousandg. Country. < 46 Pop. Gov. R. Capitals and Chief Towns. Products. Guatemala 1,357 New Guatemala , Coffee, cabinet and dve-woods, cocoa, sugar. San Salvador ! Indigo, tobacco, vanilla. San Salvador 7 651 R. British Hondu- ras (Belize) 6 28 C. Belize Mahogany, rosewood, tobacco, cochineal. Honduras 46 458 R. Tegucigalpa, Truxillo Mahogany, sugar. Mcaragua 51 259 R. Managua India-rubber,mahogany,cofTee, sugar, cocoa. Mosqultia M. Greytown Cabinet and dye-woods. Costa Kica 23 231 li. San Jose, Puiita Arenas Cofi;c, cocoa, sugar. MAP OEOORAl'HY I'HIMEll. 37 Boundaries SOUTH AMERICA. >lrm, 7,500,000 wt'^'s: /«««ean8, caltl- net-woods, dyes, cocoa, fruits, grain. Cabinet-woods, minerals, liides, (lyes, tobacco, coflFee, cocoa, india-rubber, Imts. Coffee, cocoa, cotton, suprar, tobacco, dyes, tine-woods, menerals. i Cocoa, vefJTOtable ivory, nuts,; cotton, rnl)ber, barks, ndn- erals, tobacct), fruits. Guano, intrate of soda, sheep, alt)aca wool, sugar, Ijarlts, silver. j Minerals, rice, barley, maize,' cotton, cocoa, indigo, niedl-l cines, fruit, IJarks. | Fann produce, minerals of all kinds, manufactures of. earthen and copper wares,' linens, cordage. I Wool, liides,tailow,live-8tnck, ' wheat, maize, flax, coclii- neal, cocoa, barks. Maize, rice, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar-cane, ".nate " or tea plant, dye-woods. Wlieat, barley, maize, live- stock, wool, hides, born, hair, tallow, gold. Sugar, coffee, cotton, line- waxls. Sugar, line-woods, dyes. Sugar, fine-woals, dyes. Sugar, cocoa, pitch, rum, cof- fee, fruits. Wool, hides, tallow seal skins, oil. Kote 1.— By the treaty of Buenos Ayres, 1881, Patagonia ai.d Terra del Fuego were divided be- tween Chili and Argentine. Chili lias the mountains and all west thereof, whilst Argentine liaa a]/ east of tliem. Note 2.— In 1890, Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, was quietly displaced, without bloodshed, to make room for a republican form of government =;;3= ; MAJ. j^fc^j ' jsi'. ' ji'. s si i aL't' 11 88 Bays aud Ciulfs §traits. Islands. I'apes. Mountains. Plateanx. Plains, liakcs. MAP GEOGRAPHY 1*KIMER. Darien, Venezuela, Paria, All Saints (Bahia), Rio Janeiro, San Matlas, Guayaquil, Panama, Magellan. Trinidad, Marajo (Joannes), Falklands, Tierradel Fuego, Juan Fernandez, Chiloe, Chinehas, Galapagos, Pearls, South Georgia. Gallinas, San Roque, Frio, Corrientes, Horn (Hoorn), San Diego, Blanco, San LorenzOi San Francisco. Anfos, Parime, Brazilian. Bolivia, Peru, Quito, Brazil. *' Llanos " (Plains) of the Orinoco ; " Selva.? " (Forests) of the Amazon ; " Pampa.9" (Treeless plains) of the La Plata ; Great Shingle Desert of Patagonia. Titicaca, Maracaybo, Xarayea. RIVERS. Name. Area of basin in miles. Length in miles. Tributaries. Amazon La Plata Orinoco 2,5lX),0(W 1,250,000 310,(H>() 3,5iJi) l,fiOO On the right bfiHfc;— Huallaga, Yuoayali, Yavari, Purus, Maderia, Tapajos, Xlngu, Tocantins. Para (outlet). On the Iqf't J)a»jt.-— Putumayo, Japura,Negix). 50,000 m. navigable. Uruguay and Parana ; the Parana receives Paraguay and Salado ; and the Paraguay, the Pilcomayo, and Vermejo. Has 20,000 miles of navigable waters. Guaviare, Meta, Apure. Has 8,otX) miles of navigable waters. Note 1.— The Cassiqulare flows from the Orinoco to the Negro. Vessels can thus ascend tha Orinoco and come do^vn the Negro and Amazon. The island formed by these rivers is Guiano.. Venezuela, east of the Orinoco, was Spanisli territory ; Brazil, north of the Amazon and east of the Negro, was PortugueNe ; i)etween the Maroni and the Oyapok was French ; be- twoen the Corentyn and the Maroni was Dutch ; and west of the Corentyn to Venezuela is British. 2.— Tides rise only li feet in the gulf of Darien, but 20 feet in the bay of Panama. a.— The total value of the trade of all South America is only about one-third as much as that of the United States. 4.— The rivers of minor note are : Magdaleno, Essequiljo, Demerara, Berbice, Corentyn, Mi^ronl, Oyapok, Paranahiba, San Franclrco. MAP GEOGEAPHY PRIMER. 3» Boundaries; EUROPE. Area, 3| millions of miles : length, 3,400 miles ; breadth, 2, 150 miles. Coast line, 17,000 miles ; Latitude, SG"-?!* . Longitude, 0' Tr.-G5' £. (East.— Ural mountains, Ural river, Caspiui. sea. J SoM^ft;— Caucasus mountains, Black sea, Sea of Marmora, Mediterranean sea. I West: — Atlantic Ocean. l^iVo;'i'nhagen on Sound ExiKirts. Imiwrts. Clviue, hams. I wines, sugar, tea, coffee, spice, to- bacco. Wheat, wool, tim-jTropicaLproduce, ber, glass. I manufactured I goods. Tallow, wheat, fla.x,|Cotton yarn, sugar, liemp, timber,! wine, silk, nianu- leather. ' faoturod gcxxls. Silk, olive oil, rice. Tronical fruits. man- fruits, straw hats utactured goods. and l)onnets. I Wine, wooL Tropical produce, manufactured goods. Agricultural pro-iTea, sugar, coffee, duce, manufactur- wine, raw mate r- ed goods. I ials. Iron, timber, tar, i Wine, sugar, manu- salt, fish. j factured goods. Raw cotton, 8ilk,jTTOpical produce, wool, tobacco, manutactured fruits. goods. Wine, fruits, oil. Tropical produce, cork. salt, provisions, manufactured goods. Tea, sugar, etc., raw material.". Colonial produce, timber, wheat. cot- ton, and woollen gfXKlS. Manufactur'd goods, , sugar, tea, coffee, | iron, and wine. i Manufactur'd g(x k!s, i tropical protluce Same as Turkey. * 4C MAP GEOGRAPHy PKIMER. §eas. €iiilfsniidB)iyN. limits C'huiiiM'lH, mill ^Olllltl!!*. IslaudH. IN'iiiusiiIn.s. It»tliniiiMV.s. Cniies, etc. Iiakes. Arctic .-—White. Atlantic .•—Baltic, North, Irish. Mediterranean:— ^yxv\\ii\\\A\\, Ionian. Adriatic, .T^gean, Marmora, Black, Azov, UoM?jrfaj'j/ :—Marmoro, Mediterranean, Black, Ca3i)ian. Xnrtli ;— Cheskol. Oneg-a (White soa\ ,%}< d. Cliicl'Sinnniit nid Height in Feet. Psrrenees Alps Carpathians Apennines Balkan Caucasus Ural Scandanavian Between France and Spain. In France, S\vitzerland and Italy. | In Austria. In Italy. In Turkey. Between Asia and Europe. " Europe and Asia. In Norway and Sweden. Maladetta (11, IfxV). Mont Blanc (1.'.,7ik)). Monte Rosa (l'),10O). Poyana -Ruska (!),!HJ()). Corno OSo'H)). Sharra-taprh (10,000). Klburz(lKUMh. Konjakovski r5,.30O). Snceiiatten (7,<)3o). Volcanoes ^tna in Sicily, Vesuvius In Italy, Hecla in Iceland. 1 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Capital, Lontlou on Thames. Population, :t7,74U,OOU. BOUNDAIIIES ; Engrland and Wales. Population, '29,001,0«0. / A''ori/(.*— Scotland. j iJasi;— North Sea (Wash, Mouth of Thames, Strait of Dover). ■ ,SiO!/i'/(;—Enfrlish Channel, Portsmouth, Solent, Weymouth, Pljnnouth. i IFes^;— Bristol Channel, Cardigan Bay, ^lorecanibc Bay, Menai Strait, Solway V, Firth. Counties. County Towns, With their Rivers. Counties. County Towns. With their Rivers. SU 1 Northern. Foiiri een :tfi. Bedford l^edford (Great Ouse'i. Norfolk Norwich (Wensum). Huntingdon Huntingdon (Great Ouse). NufToik Ipswich (Orwell). Northampton Northamjiton (Nen). Essex Chelmsford (Chelmer). Itutland Oaldiain (Wreak). 42 MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. Counties. County Towns, Witli tlieir Rivers. Counties. County Towns, With their Rivers. « Nine Southern. Six Western. Kent Maidstone fMedway). Cheshire Chester (Dee). Surrey Guildford (Wye;. Shropshire Hereford Shrewsbury (Severn). Hereford (Wye). HusNex Lewes (Ousej. Berkshire Reading (Kennetl. Monmouth Monmouth (Wye). Hampshire Winchester (Itchln). (Gloucester Gloucester (Severn). Wiltshire Salisbury (Avon). Dorchester (Froine). Somerset Taunton (Tone). Dorsetshire Devonshire Exeter (Exe). Cornwall Bodmin Caraell). Six of South Wales. I Six of North Wales. Anglesey Beaumaris (Menal Strait). Cardigan Cardigan (Teify). Caernarvon Caernarvon " Radnor Radnor. Denbigh Denblprh (Chvyd). Brecknock Brecon fUsk). Flint Mold (Allen). Glamorgan Cardiff (Taif). Merioneth Doltrelly (Maw) Caermarthen Caermarthen (TowjO. Pem)>roke (Milford Haven). Montgomery Montf,'6in('ry Pembrok? KivorH. Lukrs. Ports. Largest Towns. I'lipes. BayM anil Inlets Mountains. Islands. Industries. Exports. East:— Tyuc, Teese, Ouse (Including Swale, Ure, Don), Trent, Humber, Great Ouse, Thames, Medway. /SiOM*7t;— Avon. Tl'e«<;— Severn, Avon, Dee, Mersey. Windermere, Ulleswater, Coniston Water, Derwent Water, Bala. -Eos*.'— Newcastle, Sunderland, Hull, Yarmouth, London, and Dover. SoM<7t.'— Portsmouth, Southampton, Plymouth, and Falmouth. iresf;— Bristol, Swansea, Milford, Pembroke, Liverpool, Fleetwood, and White- haven. London 4,211,000, LiveiTXiol 517,000, Manchester 505,300, Birmingham 429,200, Leeds 367,5r)0, Sheffield 324,000, Bristol 221,000, Bradford 216,000, Nottingham 212,- (too, West Ham 2a5,000, Kingston-upon-Hull 199,991, Salford 198,000, New- castle-upon-tyne 186,000, Portsmouth l59,ooo. On East Coas^:— Flamborough Head, Spurn Head, Naze, North Foreland. On South C'oasf;— South Foreland, Beachy Head, Portland Bill, Lizard. On West Coast:— hsuuVa End, St. Da\id's Head, St. Bee's Head. On East C'oaai;— Humber, Wash, Mouth of Thames. On South Coas^'— Portsmouth Harbor, Plymouth Sound, Falmouth Harbor. On West Coas^-— Bristol Channel, Cardigan Bay, Morecambe Bay, Solway Firth. North:— Cheviot and Pennine. Highest peak 2,684 feet. Smith:— T>e\oma.\\. llVsf.-— Pennine and Cambrian. Highest peak 3,571 feet East:— Ko\y, Fern, Coquet, Shoppy. .So Mi US Monty Firth to Loch Linne. Ireland. Capital, Dublin. Population, 4,706,000. Boundaries JNDARIES rxorth Channel, Belfast Lough, Dundalk Bay, Drogheda Bay, Dublin Bay, Youghal AND J Harl)or, Bantry Bay, St. George's Channel, Dingle Bay, Galway Bay. Clew Coast Waters: \ Bay, Sligo Bay, Donegal Bay. Counties. Chief Towns. ' 1 1 Counties. Chief Towns. Ttcel ve—Leinster. Nine- Ulster. Loutli Dundalk. Doneiral Lifford. Meath Trim. Londonderry Londonderry. Dublin Dul)lin. Antrim Belfast. Wicklow Wicklovv. Down Down Patrick. Wexford Wexford. Armagh Armagli. Kilkenny Kilkenny. iMona)fhan Monaglian. Carlow Carlow. Tyrone Omagh. Kildare A thy. Fernianai^h Enniskillen. ({ueen's Maryl)orough. Cavan Cavan. Kinir's 1 Tullamore. Westmeatli ] Mullingar. Six-li funster. Longford 1 Longford. Five—C'onnaught. Tipperary Clonmel. Waterford Waterford. Roscommon Roscommon. Cork Cork. Leitrim Carrick-on-Shannon. Kerry Tralee. Sligo Sligo. Limerick Limerick. Mayo (liaiway Castlebar. Ciure Ennis. Galway. ] MAP GEOOllAPHY PRIMER, 45 To%vn8. On Rivera. Londonderry, Llfford Foyle ColtTiilne Hivnn Belfast LaKKi^n Navnn, Droghedn. Boyn(! Dublin 1 Affi'Y Enniacorthy, Wexford Slaney Towns. On Rivers. Athy, Carlow Barrow Clonnul, Waterford SiUr Youjfhnl Blaekwater ( 'ork. (inecnatown Lee Carrlek-on-Slutinion, i c!u»^«„.. Athlone, Llnicriek | Shannon LiirgCHt TowuM. ScaportH. liOllgllH. Dublin ,352,000, Belfast 2.5r),!)0(), Cork 7,^,000, Limcrlek 37,Oi)o, Londonderry 98,000, Waterford 21,C0O, Galwuy 14,000, Newry l.S.rxKi. Londonderry, Belfast, Drofrheda, Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Qucenstown, Limerick, Galway, Sli^ro, KinKatown. Neaph (in Ulster), Ree (Lelnster , Dery lin Alunster), Klllaniey, Corrib, Mask, Conn. Foyle. Rivera. Foyle Banii Laggan Royne LiiiTey S'ianey « Barrcw Suir Blaekwater Lee Shannon (224 miles) Direction. North-East Noitli Noifli-East South South and East East and South Eaat South-Wcst Counties throufjrh which they flow. Tyrone, Dono^'al. LondondeiTV. Down, AiMiia^'h, Antrim. Londonderry. Down, Antrim. Wcatmeath. Meath. Wicklow. Kildaro, Dublin. Wiclilow. Ciirlow. Wexford. Kildare, Queen's, Kins^r's Carlow, Wexford. Kilkenny, Tii)|KTary, Waterford. Kerry. Cork, Waterford. Cavan, Roscommon. Galway, Clare, Leitrim. Loufrford, Westnicatli. Kintr's, 'llpperary, Limerick. MtHiiitaiiis. Ca|>ef4. IiidiiKtrlcs. Kxport*^. Antrim. Kerry (Macgillicuddy's Reeks, hifjrhest Carrantual SjlW), Donegal. North .—Bloody Foreland, Malin Head, Fair Head. East .•— Howth, Wicklow. .S'o!<vines, spirits. The population of Cities and To^vns is expressed h\ thousands. Cftpltol, Berlin. GERMANY. Area, 208,000 square miles. Population, 40,866,000. Boundaries Kingdoms. <'npitnlH. (North .-—North Sea, Denmark, Baltic Sea. East .-—Russia, Austria, South .-—Austria, Switzerland. West .-—France, Belgium, Holland. Prussia, Berlin. Saxony, Dresden. Bavaria, Munich. Wurtemberg, Stuttgart. Rivers. To\vns on or near Banks, or in Valleys. \ Rivers. Towns on or near Banks, or in Valleys. TIstuIa Oder Warthe Elbe Saale and tributaries Dantzic, Thorn. Stettin, Frankford-on-the- Oder, Breslau. Posen (capital of Prussian Poland). Hamburg, Magdeburg, Dres- den, Wittenberg. Halle, Eisleben, Lutzen, Er- fui-t. Havel and Spree Rhine Main Moselle Weser Ems Bradenburg, Potsdam, Berlin, ii'rankford-on-tlie-Main, Dus- seldorf, Cologne, Barmen, Bonn, Coblehtz, Treves Alx-la-Chapelle. Hanover, Gottlngen, Minden, Bremen. Emden, Munster, Osnabruck. * : Mountains. Seaports. Largest Towns. Industries. Exports. Swabian, Jura, llartz, Black Forest, Vosges. Hamburg, Bremen, Dantzic, Lul»eck. In PrMsaia . •— Berlin 1,500 (capital), Breslau 310, Cologne 170, Frankfjrt 180 Konlgsbcrg 155, Dantzic 116. In leaser German States .-—Hamburg 310, Munich 270, Dresden 250, Leipzig 180, Bremen 150, Strasburg 120. Agriculture, stock-raising, mining, manufactures. Grain, live-stock, wool, timber, cotton, silk, wine, spirits. N.B.— In 1871 the King of Prussia took the title " Emperor of Gennany." MAP GROORAPHY PRIMER. ^7 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Capital, TIenna. Area, 240,000 nqnare mileN. Population, 8V,640,000. A'or^ft .•—Germany, Russia, £a«^•— Russia, Rouinanla. South ;— Roumania, Servia, Turkey, Adriatic Soa (inchuliiis: jrulf of Venice), Italy. West : - Italy, Switzerland, Germany /)«mt>)n«;— Eiglitecn Provinces, groui)edln two divisions (German and Hungarian). B0UNnA.RiE8 :- Rivers. Towns on . .i- near Banks. Rivers. Towns on or near Banks. Dannbe Bnda ThelHS Pro8l)urpr fold capital) 6(), Co- morn, Vienna 1,ther Towns. IndiistrleH. Exports. Seaports. Balatron, Neuseedler Sea (in Hungary). . Alps, Carpathian, Transylvaniau. Vienna 1,000, Buda-Pesth (capital of.Hungary) .'i'Hi, Prague (capital of Bohemia) 170, Trieste 150, Lemberg lio, Griltz !»!i. Brunn 85, Cracow 68, Presburg h(\ Link, Salzburg, Kliigenfurt, Austerlitz, Inns- bruck, Zara. Agriculture, manufactures, commerce, lumliering, mining. Grain, flour, fuel, timber, beetroot-sugar. Trieste, Flume, Pola. RUSSIA. Capital, St. Petersburg. Area, 2,080,000 square miles. Population, 91,861,000. (North:— Arctic Ocean (including White Sea and Gulf of Clieskoi). i3»rrxTT.AnTr.a .J Eust .-—Vral Mouutains, Ural River, Caspian Sea. BOUNDARIES .< ^oM«7^.•-Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea, Roumania. Mountains. Cities. Ol'**^'— Austria, Germany, Baltic Sea, Sweden and Norway. Ural, Caucasus, Valdai Hills. In the Baltic Basin:— Ht. Petersburg (on Neva River), Croiistadt. Revel., Riga, Helaingford 43. In the Dnieper Basin:— Kiev, Kherson, Nikolaiev, Kharkov, Kichenev. On the Black Sea;— Odessa, Sebastopol 2t!. Rivers. Towns on or near Banks. ! Rivers. | Towns on or near Bank.s. In North : Petchora Dwnla Onega In West: Neva Niemen Vistula Archangel, Yarensk. St. Petersburg, Cronstadt Wilna. Warsaw. In South: Dniester Dnieper Don Tolga Odessa. Nikolai V, Khersoi Kiev, Alexandrov. Taganrog. Astraklian,Saratov,Nijni-Nov- gorod, Moscow. I 1 48 MAP (iEOCiKAI'HY PKl.UKU. LakcH. I Latlopa, Onepa, Saiiiia, Ilmeii, Pelpous. HeaportH. | St. Potcrslmrtr. Riga, Archangel, Asfrakhan, (Messa, Klierson. Other TowHH. Moscow, Taganrog, Stavropol. larKOHt Towns. St. Petersburg 1,(HX), Moscow S(X), Warsaw 410, Otlessa v\'\ Riga 17.'), Kazan i50, I Kievl.'iii. GoveriiUK'nt. j Absolute monarchy, the Czar is rlie ruler. • liMliiHlrlcH. [ Agriculture, tisheries, chase, grazing, nianufactiu'os, mining. ExiiortH. Wheat, timber, flax, wool, cotton, tea, iron, petroleum. it" ill I Capital, Itonio. ITALY. Area, 110,000 s({nare miles. Populetion, 20,043,000. BOUNDAKIES; - MoiiiitniiiM. Uivcrs. Lakos. titiCM. Oilier Towns. Towns in fSicily MraiiorlM. fiiovcrnnK'iil. Indn (rl4*M. fiKportN. North .-—Switzerland, Austria. 7;«s^-— Adriatic Sea ( including Gulf of Venice), Strait of Otranto. • Siiidh:— I Jiediterranean Sea (including Gulf of Taranto. Ionian Sen, Strait of 1^ nVs/;_ I Messina, Tyrrhenian and Tuscan Seas, Archii)elago, Gulfof Genoa.) I -■ nennlnes, AIj)s. To. Arno, Ti})er. Adige. ^Maggiore, lugano, Como, Garda. /w II Vv/.—Tm'in L'lo, Genoa II'), Alessandria;!!. A'n^'.— Cagliari, cai)ital of Sardinia, is a plat, of great trai). Agriculture, sheep-raising, tisheries, manufactures, mining. Wine, fruit, metals, oil, and cork. f'npe.<4. ; Ortcgal, Finisterro, Trafalgar, Tarifa. iVo,»0n,000. B0UNDARlH8:—A''()r«. Brussels 4.'10, Ghent l.W, Antwerp 21o, Liege Ito, Bruges .'in. Antwerp, Bruges, Ostend. A'o^t'.— Waterloo and Ramilies are near Brussels. Bowers. InduMlrleH. Mining, manufactures, agriculture. ExpnrtN. I Coal, iron, lead, r.nc, cotton, linen, silk, machinery, com. k ?3ij rrraer sszcs: It BO MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Cspitals, Htockbolin and ChriRtianla. Area, 295,000 Hqnare miles. Popnlatlon, 6,7S8,000. /'JVorare Capital, Lisbon. MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. PORTUGAL. Area, 84,000 square miles. 61 Popnlation, 4,708,000. f North and East by Spain. Boundaries: \ y South and West by Atlantic. Klvera. Cities. Seaports. Mountains. Capes. Exports, etc. Industries. Sov^rnment. In Atlatitic ;— Douro, Tagus, Guadiana, Mondego. In the North ;— Braga 14, Mirandella. On the Douro .-—Oporto (birth-place of Magellan) 106. On the Mondego :— Coimbra 14, Busaco. On the Tagus .-—Lisbon 2.50 (capital), Vimiera, Torres-Vedras. Lisbon, Oporto, Setuval. Sierra Estrella. St. Vincent, St Maria, Roca. Wine, corn, wheat, cork, copper ore, onions. Agriculture, manufactures. Limited monarchy. pltalV SWITZERLAND. Capital Berne. Area, 15,400 square miles. Papulation, 2,038,884. (North .-—Germany. ' East .-—Austria. \South :—Ita.ly, Boundaries Mountains. BlTers. Lakes. Towns. Industries. Exports, etc. Government. West .-—France. South-West .-—Mount St. Gothard, Lapontlne and Pennine Alps. West .-—Bernese Alps. East .-— Rhaetian Alps. Rising near St. Gothard : — Rhone, Ticino, Ridne, Inn, Aar. Constance (Boden Sea), Geneva (Leman), Lucerne, Zurich. On the Aar .-—Berne 45 (capital), Neuchatel l'(>, Lucerne, Sempach, Altorf, Zurich 88. In the Rhine Basin .-—Basle 65, St. Gall i','). In the Rhone Basin .--Geneva 70, Lausanne .so. Agriculture, manufactures, dairy produce. Silks, cottons, clocks, watches, cheese, condensed milk. Republic. i 62 MAP QEOOKAPHY PRIMER. HOLLAND. Capital, Amsterdam (commercial) ; The HaKiie (political). ropulation, 4,»90,000. Area, 12,648 square miles. Boundaries Cities. Senports. Ciller ToM'iis. IiidiiHtri<'» anrceiain tobacco, opium. and merchandise. Afghanistan 50 2 Cabnl, Kandahar, Ghazni, Madder, assafretida, Tea, silks, cottons. 4,500,000. ! Herat. f i-uits,horse3. tobac- co, furs, hhawls. cutlery, dyes, Ivo-j rv. etc. 1 Beloochistan 14011-6 Kelat, Gundava, Sarawan, Butter, liides, wool, Rice, tea, dyestuflfs,! 350,000. Bela. drugs, dried fruits, spices.and Euro-; vegetaltle oil. iieanmamifct'res British India 1620 13 Calcutta, Allahabad,Benaros, Opium, cotton, grain. Cloth, velvet, iron,! 260,000,000. Aprra, Lucknow, Laliore. Delhi, Jubbulnur, Bombay, Camipore, Miulras, Poo- nah, Surat. & pulse seeds, hides, | tirearms , f r u i t s, i indigo.eottongoods!. | wnc, tea and Eu-i coffee.wool, silk,oil, r o p e a n manu- 1 timlKM'. faetnres. 1 Burmah 190 n Mandalay, A v a, Moncholx), Raw cotton, feathers.' " " | 4,070,000. Siam Bhamo. ivory, gums. i 150 ll-C Bangkok, Paknam. Paklat. R i c e. suurar. gu m s, Onlieo.linen.cutrry, 5,750,000, ludes.dvewools. glass, maimf'tres. Cochin China \ Anam / 240 K Hanoi (Kesho). / Caoiitchouc. s )ice3. Hue. \ . dycwi^xls, b des. ** * * French Cochin China Cambodia 22 i Saigon, Mitho. ik »k (4 H Pemmpeuh, Kampot, Odonjr. U &t i* 41 Straits Settlem'ts 1 [Singapore, Penanpr, Ma- ) Guttnperclia. iK'pp(M*, SlN(}APOHE Pknang Wellesley tk li f lacca, Georgetown. '] tapioca, sugar,sago. 1 Malacca ; 'v Ceylon 20 1-5 Colombo, Trlncomalee. Cinnamon.cocoanuta.. 14 14 coti'ee.oil, spices, tea. Chinese Empire 378,711,000. 1300 11 Pekin, Nankin. Ningix), Can- (^ ton, Lassa, Tientsin, Foo- 4i 11 (. It chow, Shanghai, Hanhow. ' Independent Turkestan "iO 2 Bokhara, Khiva, Mer\'. \Vool.cotton,silk,rice, Iron, velvet, lirass, fruits, etc. ■ fur,leather.cutrryi tea, and manufac- tured articles. Asiatic Russia 6202 51 Tobolsk, Irkutsk, Tomsk, Minerals, fish, furs. Woollen and cotton 13,145,0001, Omsk, Yakutsk. cloths, .silks, tea,| jMireelain. | Japan 36^7,000. 160 li Tokio (Ycdo), Salkio (Kioto \ Raw silk,tea,tol>acco. \\ ooUeri, cotton, fUld K a n a g a w a ( Yokohama) , wax. rice. cami)b(>r. linen dotbs.sngar Nagaski, Ozaka. coiii)or, iwrcelain. spiees, till, iron. jYo«e.— Great Britain and Ireland is taken as the unit. 64 SeaH> Bays and HulTit Straltii. Months of RlverH. PeiiliiNulati. Capes. Islands. MountatuH. Deserts. Lakes* Cities. MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. Parts of Atlantic:— Biaclx^, Mediterranean, Marmora, ^gean, The Levant (east- ern Mediterranean). Indian Ocea»j;— Arabian, Red. Pacific Ocean:— China, Yellow, Japan, Okhotsk, Behrlng. Arctic Oceow;— Hara. Indian Ocean:— Aden, Oman, Persian, Cutch, Canibay, Manaar, Bengal, Mar- taban. Pacific Ocean;— Slam, Tonquln, Tartary, Anadir, Pechelee. Arctic Ocean;— Obi. In the ire«<;— Bosphoma, Dardanelles. Indian Oceon;— Babelmandeb, Ormuz, I'alk, Malacca. Arctic Ocean;— Behring. Pacific Ocean;— La Perouse, Corea, Hainan. Ow-So!<, Osaka 3'50, Kiota 260. MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER 65 } AFRICA. Popnlation, 127,000,000. Area, 11,500,000 square miles; length, 5,000 miles; breadth, 4,100 miles; coast line, irt.ooo miles. Boundaries :— Mediterranean Sea, Istlimas of Suez, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean. ON NORTH COAST. Divisions. Morocco Algiers Tunis Tripoli Egypt ^re^PopT lOOO's' in sq. m. lOOO's 220 123 45 250 400 5,000 3,750 2,100 1,000 7,000 To whom Be- long. Independent. France. Turkey. Turkey. British Pro- tectorate. Capital and Chief Towns. Horocco 50, Fez 150, Tan- ffiers. Algiers 75, Oran 60, Constan- ttne 40. Tunis 145, Kairwan. Tripoli 30, Murzuk. Cairo 375, Alexandria 230, Suez 15. Products and Exports Maize.datcs, almonds, beans, ])ca.9. Olives, tobacco, cot- ton, rice. Olive-oil, wheat. 41 it Cotton, cereals.suprar, dates, flax, licui)). ON EAST COAST. DivisioVis. ^rea lOOO'a sq. m. 200 in lOOO's To whom Be- long. Capital and Chief Towns. Products and Exiwrts Egyptian Soudan Independent. Khartoum 40, El Obeid 30, Date."?, cotton, indigo, *'*^ (Nubia) Suakim. tobacco, grain. Abyssinia 200 3,000 Independent. Gondar 6. Cotton, sugar, coffee. Somali Italy. Unexplr'd Berbera, Magadoxo. Golddust.ivory, gums Brit. East Africa 1,097 13,050 Great Britain. Jnba. 11 11 German" " Germany. Ujijl, Kagehyl. Golddust.ivory.gums, ostrich feathers. Zanzibar •625 240 Arab Sultanate. Zanzibar 60, Quiloa. Ivory, india-rubber. Mozambique *! 80 Portugal. Mozambique. (1 i« Sofala / Sofkla, Bangwe. Zululand 45 English Pro- tectorate. Grain and stock-rais- ing. Wool, sugar, hides, Natal 45 450 British Colony. P'etermaritzbnrg 10, D'Ur- 1 ban 18, Port Natal. feathers. Cape Colony 213 1,458 Great Britain. Capetown 62, Grahamstovra 12, Elizabeth 2(), Kimber- ley 30. Wool, hides, cojjper- ore.ostricli feathers, goat's hair. IN THE INTERIOR. Area Divisions. lOOO's sq.m. n lUJO's 810 20,000 3,740 360 1 150 To whom Be- long. Capital and Chief Towns. Products and Exiwrts Massina Gando Sokoto Adamawa -^ Congo Free State Brit. South Africft S.AfirioanBep'bIio Orange Fr«a State 163 827 988 112 45 Independent. Internat'nl Af- ricpn Asso't'n Great Britain. British Pro- tectorate. Ind. Republic Timbuctoo 20. (jando. Sokoto, Yokuta 150. Tola. Boma. Tete, Sesheki. Pretoria 5, Barl)erton 7. BIoemrontein3. Cereals, cotton, indi- go, tobacco. i ti It 11 11 Palm-oil, rubber, ivo- ry, gum. Stock-raising. Grain, stock-raising. Wool,hide3,diamonds i 56 'W ll MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. ON WEST COAST. •Ivisions. Area 1(HK)'8 sq. m. 150 Pop. in lUlO'g To wlioni Be- long. Capital and Chief Towns. I'roducts, etc. Oer. West Africa Low«r Guinea Gennany. Karmfn, Walflsli Bay (Great Britain,). Rul)ber, ivory. Congo AmbriK, Sansalvador. Angola Benguela 200 f=.2 Portugal. Cuio. Quihita. Ivory, feathers, gold- dust. Congo Free State 9 2 Gaboon 75 France. LibrerlUe. Ivory ,gold-du8t,gum. Cameroon Coast 50 -w Gennany. Palm-oil. Upper Guinea - ■ • Ibodah -) Dahomey / 20 British Protec- torate. Abom(>y 30. Abbeokuita. Palm-oil and kernels. Gold Coast Ivory Coast Slave Coast J Lajfosfio, Elomina. 5 1,40(5 Great Britain. Cape Coast Castle. Accra. Gold-dust, i«alm-oil, ivory. Liberia 11 1,0(58 Ind. Republic. NonroTia. Ivoi'y, palm-oil. Sierra Leone a 75 Great Britain. 1 Freetown. Ivory, palm-oil. British Gambia Senegambia 15 11 Great Britain. 1 Great Britain 1 and Franee. Rathurst, Georgetown. St. Louis. Ostrich featliers, gums. Ostricli feathers. gums. BiiyH aiKl CiuIfH iSlniitH. t'aiii'.>i. lMlaud.H. MouiitaliiN. LakCH. Suez, Aden, Dclagoa, Algoa, False, Taljle, St. Helena, Guinea, Cabes, Sidra. Babel-mandei), Mozambique. • , Mediterranean and Ked. '- Nile, Niger, Zambezi, Congo, Gambia, Senegal, Orange, Limiwpo. Guardafui, Delgado, Corrientes, Agulhaa, Good Hoi)e, Negro, Lojiez, Palmos, Verde, Blanco, Bon, Ceuta. JVo(K> ona 1,(XH) :.'i! N. 45 S. 55 1,1()0,(HH» Capitals and Cliief Towns. Industries and Exiwrts .Melbourne Kn. H.iljnrat |i', Sandburst ;i7, ticflon^'' l'5. 1,(KX),(XK) Sj. NewZealaad -I s. 55 ; Y'^h^*> l)unedinr,i),Cl«rl.steliureli I'i (Island.) i Sbei'p fanninfr.aKriculture, nun- iuK', \>(wi, f,'oid, and suf:ar. Atrrienilin'iMnininjr, sluM'p-farm- '\\\\i, wiuc-iiiakini;, wool, wboat, eotl'ee. j \Vool, li'adore. Af.'ricnlturc, fruit-raisiufj. wool,; j tiint)er, tin, f,'oid. Sboe]) fanninijr..Virri('nlttn'(Mnin \\\ii, wiK)i, lirain. uold. '• i Mountains. RlverN. LakON. IManufnctnres. Government. MAF OEOOKAPHY PRIMES. iluAfralto:— Australian AI|)S, Orampians, nine, Liverpool, New England, Darling. Tasmania ;— Criulle, Ben Ijoinond. Xew Zealand ;— Cook. Enniont, Southern Alia. Australia .•—Murray. Diirlin>,', Lacliltui, Murrumbiilgec, Brisbane, Flinders, Vic- toria, Aslibaiton. Swan. Taamania ;— Der^vent, Tamar. Neto Zealand ;— Waikato. Clutlia or Molyneux. Australia :—'E,yrG, Torren.s, Gairdner, Amadens, Alexandria, George. Tasmania :— Great Lake, St. Clair. New Zealaml :—'Tua,\»o. Wine, tobacco, tallow, iron, leather. In each New South Wales, New Zealand, and Queensland, the parliament consists of a Legislative Assembly, elected by the people ; a Legislative Council, appointed for life 5 and a Governor-General, appointed by the Cromi. In each South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania, both the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council are elected, a certain percentage of the latter retiring yearly in succession, and a similar number being elected, i.e., on the same principle as the tnistees in t», irio public schools. The Governor is appointed. West Australia is governed by a Council of twenty -one, seven being appointed and fourteen elected, and an appointed Governor. IH MAP OBOOKAPHY PRIMER. 19 TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY WITH LANGUAGE LESSONS. 1. OFR smoOL.— In what street, or on what nmd Is it? Name and iiolnt toward other balldinffs near It Tell the direction of each from the schooihouse. Point toward and doxcrilie any public building, park, hridne. railway station, library, .store, and factory near the soliooi- house. Let your descriptions always be In your o%vn words. Write your name and the date on your letter or composition. 2. Drnw a diagram to represent the Hchool-yard or play.^rrounds, in as nearly the i)roj)er shape as you can. In this diagram, locate the school-house, patlw or walks, and the grass-plots. 3. In whnt rtlrcrtloii does the Imilding face ? In what direction docs c.uii road or street near the school-house extend ? In some part of your diagram, draw an armw iiointiiig toward the north. Across this, draw a straight line i)ointing e.xst and west. iThis armw may be itainted on the floor of the school-room.) Are the grounds level or sloi)ing? In wiiich direction do ilioy slope ? VvTien it rains, in which direction does the water run? From which iliroction does the river flow ? 4. At what town, state, country, or water would you arrive, sliould you t-^'-'-l irom the school -house toward the north ? Toward the east ? Toward the south? Wliat is the differenco between north and ii|>? Between Hoiith and down ? Point np,— down ; north, —soiilli. 1. THE WOniiO.— The Earth, the globe, or planet. We live on its surface. 2. Shape, nearly round, like a ball, marble, or range. 3. Size, 8,000 miles in dianiftor, L'.'>,000 miles in circumferrtice ; forty -nine times as large as the moon. The Sun is one aneoKra|ihy, a description of the World, or Earth, its oci tiis, continents, mountains, rivers, plains, and countries ; also of its winds, clouds, plants, animals, and people. 5. M'hnt the land yields,— I'lants «nd animals, for our fcxnl and dothlnir : animals, also, for lalwr ; minerals, for fuel, tools, and machines ; also, for building our houses and shii)S, and for making our furniture, etc. 6. Write on the blackboard, slates or pajiers. tlio names of ten trees or plants which furnish food; twofi-om which our clothing is made; two used in Imildiny. Write a short description ot each. 7. Write the names of animals useful for food ; for jwrforming lalior ; for our clothing. H. Write the names of miner.als used for fuel ; for making tools and machinery ; for Imilding our houses. 0. Write the name of a river or a lake near the school -honsc. Where does tuc water come from? Where does it go? What grow on its hanks, or shons? Is the water fresh, or salt ? Why was that mill, house, or village built alongside ot the strenin. each in a certain jilace ? Are there steamboats or other vessels on the river or the lake? Hetweeii what i>'aces do they go? What do they carry from the town in or near which you live ? What do they l)rlng in return V 10. Climate.— The conditions of heat, cold, and moisture ; deiienils on latitude, winds, and heU'lit al)ove sea-level : becomes colder, gradually, as one travels from the Ivjuator toward either poie, or ascends alKive the sea-level •• modified by warm, ocean winds, inclination of Earth's axis, and motion around the Snn 60 MAP OKOOKAI'HY PUIMKR. I. iP II. IToiH')*, or ItcltH of (llffereut climate; Torriil, North TtjiniH^rate, South Temperate, North Frij.'i(l, Hoiitli FrlKtd. I'i. Torrid Xoin", or hot bolt, 17 (lej.'r(H«i In width, i.'U (Icjjrreos on onch sidu of the lOqimtor ; ^rnat liL'iit and constant rains nialte alxniiiant vi'vitation anci nniniai iifo ; ncitlier 8ao\r nor ice, except at tliu tops of lii^li mountains ; inlialtitants, indolent, and of darlc compiexloii. i:t. T«' III lie rate X»ih>m, situated Itetween tlie Torrici and tliu Fritrld Zones ; 43 deprrees in widtii ; ciiniale, usually iniid ; year divided into four seasons ; iK'Opic inteill>,'cnt, enerKctic, and of liKlit com[)lcxlon ; nations eniiKlitened and iwwert'ui. 14. I'rluid ZoiM'H surround tlie i)iiles, from whidi tliey extend '2:i\ deprrees in every direc- tion ; lee and snow, i)er|)etual ; day and niKlit, eaeli six inontlis lonjf ; iniial)ltants of Nortli Frigid Zone, Ksciuimaux. savage, l)Ut not warlike, andilwarfed in size; little or no vegetation; animals noted for their tldck fur. 1.%. .MollwiiA of llH' i]ii.Hiir4'iii«>iitK of «ii«laiHM*.— Distances measured, and iwsitlons described In degrees of latitude and longitude ; total distance around the Earth, 300 degrees ; distance from jioles to Eciuator, itu degrees. 17. Lulllii') degrees, liehig at greati'st disUuice from Eciuator ; length of a degree of latitude, 7u miles, nearly. 18. LoiiKitiido, the distance east or west from meridian of Greenwich, or other selected meridian: length of degree of longitude at the Equator, nearly 7o niiles, decreasing towards the ix)k'^<, where it is 0. IW. Tlu' lioiiilsitiicroH, two equal parts into which the globe may l)e divided. 'in. lV«-sl<'rii ll<>iiiis|»li('r«', sometimes called New World. Land surface embraces conti- nents of North America, South America, iMirtion of Asi.i, Vietoiia Land, the coral Islands of I'oly- nesia, and islands of Greeidand, West Indies, New Z(!aland, and Iceland. Water surface com- jirlses parts of the Atlantic, Pacitic, Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. 'il, K«sl«*rii liciiiiNiilicrc, sometimes called Old World. Land surface eml)raccs continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and part of Oceania; Nova Zt'ml)la, Ihltish Isles, .Iai)an Islands, and Madagascar. Water surface conqirises Indian Ocean and parts of Atlantic, Pacitic, Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans. II. M y 1. \OltTli .i.MmiK'A.—Siirraro.— Great mountains and highlands on the west, and lower range in tlie east; great i)lains in the middle extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. •!. itinff norttierii regions ; white inliabit.ints, the descendants of Europeans ; and blacks, of Africa, inha- biting central and soutliern part. n. >Vril«' the name of each country, and a short description of its surface, climate, auiumlSi plants, people, and employments. Name its capital and one or more prinei))al cities. MAP GEOiiUAPIIY ruiMIOK. ei 1. SOI'TH AMKIIKM.— Hiirfurr.— Mouiitaiiis on eastorn, northcaslorn. and wcsiorii border; plains, Uanris, and Holvas, or forots, in nortli and ccnlral regions, pampas in south. 'i. I'lliiiiitc— Hot intho north, witli altornatf wot and dry seasons; constant rain« between Kiinatorand Troidoof Capricorn ; cold in south ; western coast, mild aniKneso doHccnt. LanKuaKo: -In Hrazii. l'ortu>,'nese; in Hrilish Uniana, KnRlish;in Dutch (Juiana, Dutch ; in French Guiana, French ; and in all the otl.rr coutitries of South America, Spanisii. W. Wrilo the names of tho countries of South America in a column, and opposite each the name of its capital; also tho nanjos of lis principal productions. 1. KrilOI'E.—Siirl'acc.— Southern, or high Europe, mountains with L.gh plateaus; northern, or lower Kuroiie, level plains sloping toward tlic nortii. 't» i'lliiiaU'.— youthern and western parts, niilfl and hciiltliful, modified by winds from warm ocean currents and drifts ; and from tho Groat Desert of Africa ; northern part cold and moist. ;{. rnMliiflH.— Grain, iron, coal, . ilver, fruit, wine, silk, linen ; export manufactured article!^, cloth, wine, fruit. 4. Animals.— llcindecr, wolf, wild boar, bear, chamois. 5. IVopIe.— Ciiietly of Caucasian race, hiulily civilized, educated, and powerful; ^lagyars {tnoiV jorx) inhabilinK Hungary, of Mongolian descent. U. Write a short description of each country, its surface, climate, plants, products, animals, people and their occupations. Name the capital of each, and one or more princi pal cities. Lild ker, \'o\U ting liha- 1. A.HI A. -J^iii'laiM'. — Frozen swam;is along the Arctic Ocean, plains and forests in Bouthern .Siberia, mountains and liinl>, barren plateaus in central region, fertile valleys along southern parts ; region about (Jaspain Sea lias no outlet to the ocean. 'i, Clliiiulc— Very cold in north, cold and dry in central region, hot and moist insontii. .'{. l*r«MHi«'(s.— Grain, rice, cotton, furs, tea, coffee, silk, medit;ines; exports, tea, silk, opium, colloe, carpets, rugs. 4. Animals. -Iteindeer, catucl, elephant, buffalo, lion, tiger, leopard, tapir. &, PVrll«* the names of the countries of Asia in a colunui, and opposite each the name of its prineii)al city and products. 1. AriSM'A.— Sni-raoc— Xorlliern coast, inonniaiMoiis and dry ; nortii central, a vast desert; south central and southern, diveivilied by bigii inouiitains, large lakes, deserts, forests, and fertile valleys. 'i. <'liuiat<'.— Hot and dry in the north, hot and moist in the central region. .'t. I*rodin'(j*.— Ivory, diamonds, ostrich-feathers, colfee, t'otton, dates, gum ar'abic. 4. Animals, <*t€'.— Klephunt, hipftopotamus, camel, lion, gorilla, giraffe, zebra, ostrich, crocodile, seriients. 5.— l»co|>U'.— In tho north, swarthy complexion and half civilized; in the central regions, savage tribes of the Mcgro race ; in the south, European colonists. T; ^^^ ■~z:'\"SS',:~:: sssx: 62 MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMGIl. I. «M'K.IM.1.—I»IvIhIoii»*.— Malaysia, STicroncsia or pmall islands. Melanesia or, Negro (black) islands, I'olyntsia or many islands. Australasia or southern Asia; climate and vegulation, tropical. 'i, Mnlaj'Hla.--Supposcd to have onco been a part of the continent of Asia; surfafo mountainous and volcanic; iidiabitants. ]\Ialaysand JHia aii«l WIcroni'Hia.— Volcanic Islands, fringed with reefs of coral; ilavvaiiaii Islands, a kingdom ; exports, sugar and rice. «. Write the names of the largest islands, or Island groups, of Malaysia and Austra- lasia; iVrile ilic name • f eavii eitv iiioiinfaiii. aiii! ri^ «'f. aiiti one 4»r tno Meiiteiiees fleserMii \ii «'aeli. |)oiMra;i(iiis;'re IS csUmatcil in ISiKi.) (Til. THE LAUIir.MT 4 ITIi:f^ 1% Tin: w»uij». Xo. Cities. l'o)mlation. 1. London J,:<,._'.(i(':i 2. Paris .'.iJi.'ndtK X N'-.v York 1,.')1;{,(hiO 4. Pekiii l,.")On,()()0 .5. Canton 1,.')(IO.O()() fi. Be'-lin l.:{i(),(M)(i '.. Vienna 1.I04.(KK) 8. Chicago . .l,(«)8,(KtO 9. Philadelphia l.Ol.i.oOD 10. Tienltiiu OJO.OOt) T^iii' iiM.kM:sT noi \- Tin: lo\<;i:mt KivKitH i:v x\i\ii> w Tin: WOULD. I Tin: wokli». No, 1. '2. 3. 4. 5. 0. 7. 8. y. 10. ^lountains. Feet. lOvensl '2!).0(!!) Aconcagua 2;U)(K) Chimborazo.. 21,JiM .Sorata 21.2S(J lllimani 21,11!) Kenia 20.(100 Wrangel 20,00(» Kilima N.iaro IH.'iOO Popocatciiell 17. .SO!) Xo. Rivers. Miles. 1. Amazon l,(i(K) 2. Nile 4,000 3. Mississippi S.ltiO I. Missouri 3.100 o. Niger inijcr) 2,700 (i. Congo 2.(MM» 7. Yang-tse-Iviang 2.5(iO . '.ena 2.I(K) 9. Venesei (j/cn-P-.9Oj/'f)..2.30(» El boors . 17,800 i 10. Amoor' 2,200 MAP GKOaUAPaV PIUMKR. m SPECIMKX PROMOTION EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. jrXIOU TO SKNIOR TIIIIM). 1. Mention two <'acts to prove iliat the Iviith is nuiml. 2. Delino:- Continent, County Town, Cape, Outlet, Prodiul, Kxport. 3. Name the river th tt drains each of the following :—8inicoe, Krie, Si.icrior, Itico, Rideau, and tell in what di; ; ction each flows. i. Xanio the inland counties and the county town of oacli. 5. Draw un outline nuxp of L. Ontario, and mark the position of XiaKarii. R., Hamilton, Toromo, Helleville, Kingston, Cobourg, Amherst. C. What and where are:— Si rath roy, Ingersoll, Harwell, Bracebridge, Quintc, Corn- wall, Bonnecherc, Colpoys, Kincardine I 7. What Ih a lake, strait, peninsula, canal, river / 8. Give the boundaries (minutely) of Ontario. 5). How many slopes iji North America? Name the principal rivers in each slope. 10. What provinces and territories make up the Dominion of Canada I 11. Name the lakes of Ontario, and tell the rivers that are the outlets of Lake St. Clair, Liike Tenuseamingue, Iiako Xipissing, and Lake Mississij)pi. 12. X'^ame five principal products of Ontario, and four of British Columbia. 13. Give the counties and county towns on Ljike Ontario. 11. Naino the subdivisions of the Dominion of Canada, showing which are province-- which districts, and which territories. 15. Give tho principal boundaries of Canada. 10. Whatand where are :- Albany,Chaleur, Sault Stc. Marie, Welland. Rice, Waterloo 17. What are the leading occupations of the pt'oplo of Ontai io I 18. Describe a trip by boat from Matchodasli Bay to Toronto. 19. Mention as many facts about Lake Superior as you can. 20. Draw a map of the 8t. Lawrence River, marking the position of Brescott, Leeds, Montreal, Quoboc, 21. Trace the following rivers, and name one place on each :— Niagara, Trent, St. Law- rence, Mississippi, Grand. 22. In what county, and on what water are: -Toronto, St. Catharln«\'<, (hiflpli, .strat- font, ./Umontc, Be'.ioville, Cobourg, Gananoque, Gravenliurst, Owru Sor.inl I 2:1. Draw a n apof Georgian Bay, and locate— Severn River, Colpoy^s Lay, (Jhristian Island, French Fiver, Parry Souml. 21. Dcttne a 1 i ver ha-^in, and tell In what basin the town in which you nre is situated. 25. Name the Provinces of the Dominion, and tell where the capital of each is sit ui'ted. I I *^!i) m»iA^ < ifr ■ •-' tyy u '» i a gaiy ' ; > TnnniTiir - ■- 64 MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMEK. 26. Name the counties on Lake Erie, with one important town in each. 27. Name tlie jjrincipal centres in Ontario of :— Iron Trado, Lumber Industry. Salt, Copper, Coal Oil, Cheese. 28. Explain the meaning of Township, Lumber District, Imaginary Lines, Meridians of Longitude, Political Divisions, Horizon, as used in yoiir geography. 29. vVrito notes on: (a) the Salt Wells of Ontario, (b) The Vegetation of South America. .30. Wo can see the sun, moon and stars, although thousands of miles from us. Explain why we cannot see objects on the earth's surface which are more than a few miles from us. Illustrate your answer by a diagram. 31. Give a short description of the Great Prairie Region of North America. 3*. Where does each of the following rivers rise, and into what body of water does each empty :— Ottawa, Detroit, Ohio, Madeira, Orinoco, Nelson J 33. Name in order the waters through which a vessel would pass in peaking a voyage around the West Indies, starting at a point in the Gulf of Mexico, and pushing along tlie north of the islands, then to the east, then along the south and back to the point of starting. 31. Nanu! and locate four lakes, four capes, and four islands of North America. 3.5. Draw an outline map of South America, marking in, with names on the map, the principal mountain ranges and the two largest river systems. Use, as nearly as you can, a scale of 800 miles to the inch, considering South America to be about 1800 miles long, and 3200 miles wide. 36. What is a zone ? Name the zones on the earth's surface. 37- What is a canal ? Name and locate two canals, 38. What waters would a boat sail on in going from Port Arthur to Montreal '/ 39. What, wato's make Florida, Labrador and California peninsulas? 10. What and where are :— Winnipeg, Oswego, Vancouver, Fundy, Hchring? 11. Where in America do we get the principal part of our supplies of wheat, llsh, lumber, furs? 12. Write notes on " Tho vegetation of the torrid zone." 13. Draw an outline map of North America, marking in, with names on the map, the principal mountain ranges aiul the two largest river systems. Use, as lu-arly as you ( nn. a scale of 8(K) miles to the inch, considering North America to be about 1800 miles long and 3200 miles wide. SENIOR THIIJI) TO . I I'NIOU FOURTH. 1. in) Define Longitude, Parallels of Latitude, Tropics, Zones, Equinoxes, (b) Name two plants, and two animals of each of the zones o*" North America. 2. State, {a) what bodies of land are separated, and (b) what bodies of water are joined »^v:—Behring Strait, Davis Strait, (Jut of Canso, Strait of Mackinac, Detroit lliver? 3. Draw a full page outline luap of Ontario, and mark on it, to show where ttie follow- ing products aro most abundant :— Iron, copper, nickel, salt, petroleum, barley, fruit, pine woods. 4. On the above map draw the main lines of the G.T.R. and C.P.R., and mark the position of the cities they pass ♦ hrougli. 5. Give the jjosition of the cainils of Ontario, and tell why each is necessary. 6. Where and what are:--St. Catharines, Thames, Manitoulin, Quinte, Nii)egon, Boothia, Chidley, Queenslon, Lindsay, Rice? 7. Write a note on Prince Edward Island under the following heads:— (a) Position. ib) Extent, (c) Cllnnito. (d) Products, (e) Occupations of the inhabitants. 8. Why is Vancouver likely to become an important town ? MAP (JEOORAPHY PKIMKU. 65 9. Where are the following .-—Cleveland, JMinneapolis, Bay City, Monlival, Uaitiinore, Lowell, Pittsburg, Hull / lu. Draw an outlino niaj) of Lake Ontario, ami mark on it Hamilton, Niagara River, Toronto. Trenton, Northuniborlantl, Oswego. 11. Define and give an example of cacli : -Slniit, Hay, Valley. City, ( 'anal. 12. What railways terminate at Whitby. Port Hope, (.obourg, Picton. Hellcville, Kingston ? 13. In what province and on what water is each of the following:— Winnipeg, Kam- loops, Victoria, St. Catharines, :Medi(ino Hat, Hcllevillo, .Sorel, Fredoricton. 14. Xame the products of the mines of Ontario. 15. Define fully:- Ocean, Tributary, Desert, Province, Map. 16. Name and give the direction of all the reeders of Lake St. Clnir. N.une a town »r city on each. 17. What railways would a persoji take to go from Almonte to Kincardine through Toronto? 18. What bodies of water must a person pass througli in going from NNiiid^or to Montreal by boat? 19. Sketch a map of Manitoba and place Winnipig, Lake IManitoba. Albany IJ. and Emerson. 20. What and where are :— Anticosti, Canso, Victoria, Kamloops, Uegina. Peace, Hran- don, Ncpigon, Saguonay Tlirco Hi vers? 21. Name the outlet of : - St. John, Huron, Winnipeg. L. of tlie Woods, Alhabaska. 22. Name five exports of Ontario. 23. Define Ocean, Gulf. Strait, A^alley, Sliore. 21. What counties of Ontario arc east of Frontcnac? 25. Wliere are the following:— Northumberland Strait, .luaii de Fuca Strait, Hay of Fundy, James bay, Wclland Canal? 26. In what counties are Cornwall, Kingston, Kemptvillc, Prescofl. Pembroke, Perth. Arnprior, Hrockville, Morrisburg, Ottawa? 27. Give the boundaries of North America, and name three of the principal mountain chains. 28. Where are the following :—Hehring Strait, Hudson Strait, Vancouver Island, New Orleans, St. Louis, Milwaukee. 29. Name the chief Rivers and ISIountains of South America. 30. Name pnd locate the cities of Ontario. 31. Explain the terms Roadstead. Longitude, Avalanche, Parallels of Latitude. 32. («) Name the districts of the Dominion of Canada. ('*) Write a note on tlio Oil Wells of Ontario. 33. Name the Zones on t ho earl h's surface and gi ve their boundaries. 3t, Through what river-mouths and lakes would you pa - in sailing from (Jodcridi to Montreal, and iii what fiircclion docs each of the rivci's flow .35. Name in order, bcgininngat the west : (ff) Tin- couni !<• ■ of Oniario thai inncli tlie St. Lawrence River, (/j) The States of the American Tnion that toucii the St.LawniKc River. 36. (a) Give some points of ditrerence between a city and a town, {h) Men; ion th rue natui'al circumstances that vould tend to nuikc a city or a town important. 37. What and whei-oure: Winnipeg, Florida, Chaudiero, Hudson, .\ndcs, Matlaua? 38. Draw a map of Ontario, sketching neatly the southern boundary, Willi namoH written on the map. 39. Through what waters would a ves.sel pass in going from Collingwo«xJ to Halifax? 40. Make a drawing of a globe, marking on the greater circles, and al^o the clrclen 'which bound the ^onos, and write on It the names of the /.oncb. ^11 m MAP GEOORAPHY PRIMER. II. fa) What is latitude? (b) What is longitudoJ (r) Ijocnto a point on the earth's siirliuc which has neitiier latiludo nor longitude, {d) Name two points on Mic earth's surface whicli have the greatest possible latituominion of Canada, markinj.' and naming its bound- aries, its chief rivers and four of its principal cities. 45. Give the names of the three principal countries of North America., their rjlative position t and their eai)itals. 46. Name the provinces of Canada, their positions and their capitals. 17. Name five of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence in the Province of Quebec. 48 Name I'ivcrs of Ontario which flow into each of the following bodies of water:— Georgian Day, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair. Lake Erie, Day of Quinte. 49. Wiiat and where are :— Vancouver, Niagara, Fundy, Uiehelieu, St. Maurice, Dia'th, Trent, Dclleville, Gaspe, Laehine? .%. Naujc the bodies of water and the cities and towns of Canada you would pass in sailing from Hamilton to Quebec. 51. Define Desert, Oasis, Diver, Lake, Longitude. 52. Draw a map of the counties of Glengarry, Stormnnt and Dundas, showing, {a) tl»cir boundaries; (/■>) their townships ; (r) the railw.iys passing tlu'ough tliem ; {d) the positions of Cornwall, jMorrisburg, Alexandria, Chcsterville, Lancaster, Newington. 53. Name the counties bordering on Lake Huron and Georgian B..y, with the county town of each. 54. What countries of North America touch the Pacilic Ocean? Arctic Ocean? Atlantic Ocean ? Gulf of Mexico ? 55. Name (a) a large island east of North America, another south of it, and one rn its west coast ; {b) name an island in each of the following lakes, viz :— Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario. 5(i. Into what bodies of water do the following ri\crs empty, viz. :— Mississippi, St. Lawrence, ]\ia(kenzi(s Frascr, Columbia, Ottawa, Nation, Detroit, Niagara and St. Mary ? 57. Name in order, beginning at th'5 Pacific Ocean, the Provinces and Territories of Canada. If .HNIOH TO SKNIOU FOURTH. 1. What is a map? How do you.distinguish the cardinal points thereon? What is the use of I lie scale i 2. Detlno Promontory, Sound, Watershed, Kstmvry, River, Slope. 3. Give the boundaries of the United States, Spain, and Dominion of Canada. 4. What river drains each of the following lakes: -Rice, Champlain, Geneva, Winni- peg, Nipissing, St. John, Constance, Erie, Slmcoe, Great Hear? 5. Name the States bordering on the Atlantic. 6. What parts of the Dominion are noted for Iron, Copper, Phosphate, Gold, Coal? 7. Draw an outliiu) map of South America, marking the principal mountains and rivers. 8. What rivers and lakes vould yoti ptiss in sailing from Duluth to Montreal ? 9. From what lountries do wo get Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Spice, Cotton, Cork, Orangoa Silk, Tobacco, Grapes? MAP GEOORAIMIV PUIMER. 67 10. Xame one important place on each of the following :— Clyde, Mersey, Danulie, Ilhino, Severn, lllu)i\c, Seine. 11. N nic anil locate the fisheries of the Dominion of Canada. 12. Name tlie country from which we get each of tiu? Jollowing:— Starch, Hardware, Coal, Lace, Toys. Cotton. 13. Define Zone, I'lateau, Township, Axis of the Earth, Isthmns, Gulf, Peninsula, Lake. 14. Name the slopes of South America, and two rivers iiueacli. 1.5. Name the states with their capitals that border on {a) Gulf of Mexico, {b) lAxkc Krie, (c) Pacific Ocean. 1(3. Define:— I'Mrst Meridian, Solstice, Horizon, Neap Tide, Delta. Give causes of tlie two last. 17. Describe clearly the position of the main watershed of South America, and the same of Europe. 18. Name one chief natural product of each of the followinr: .sections of North America:— ^Manitoba, Cuba, Pennsylvania. The .Soutli P'.astern ^^ atcs, Tli'i .*^outh Centiiil States, The P.ocky ]\Iountain States, Tiie Niagara I'eninsula, Newfoundlaiul. 19. A party of Irish immigrants land at Halifax, bound for Victoria. Hriiish t 'oluinhi.i, via Intercolonial and C. P. Uailways. Ui) Draw a map sulllcicntly large to .-how tl.iii- route, (ft) Place on the map the names of six rivers tht y must cross and four cities they must pass through. 20. Give («) sou7'CP, {!>) direction, (c) outlet, of each of the following lake-draining rivers:— lihine, Mississippi (U.S.), Slave, Richelieu, French, Winnipeg. Neva. Niagara. 21. What are and where are :— Vienna, Uuenos Ayrcs, The Skaw, ISlatapan, Coiv-ica, Trinidad, Bosphorus, Magellan, Chesapeake, Cobequid ? 22. Define Eriuator, Promontory, and contrast (a) Current and Uiver, *ft) Strait and Sound, ((•) Limited Monarchy and A huolutc Monarchy. 23. Contrast the occupations of the people of Eastern (Canada with tho.se of the people of ^Manitoba and the North We.st. 24. Doscrib ) British Columbia and hence state the occupations of the people there. 25. Name t'le outlet of Erie, \\ innipeg, St. Clair. Athabaska, Grand, Itice, Itasca. 2(5. Trace the Atlantic seaboard if 'he U.S., and mark position of Portland, Long Isl ind, Newport, Chesapeake Bay, Boston, Hat! eras, Charleston, C\po Sable. 27. Name the tributaries on the west side of the ^Mississippi. 28. What and where are :— Clear, Corsica, Na/.c, Bosphorus, Eciuador, Cayenne. Juan do Kuca, ^lalaya, Yucatan, Bonifacio? 29. Name the Canadian centres of each of the following industries: -Salt, Cotton, Coal Oil, Commerce, and name the products of the mines of Ontario. 30. Explain the terms— Public Institutions, Climate, L ititude, Tropics. First ^Meridian, Degree, as used in your geography. 31. Write notes on:— («) the Saw-mills of Ontario, stiting where most extensivel.\ found, how worked, etc. (ft) The shipi)ing trade of Great Britain. 32. A an.l B each start from the point on earth's surface w here the First Meridian cuts the Eriuator. A goes directly north 20 degrees and if goes dircctlj west 20 degrees. Give the latitude and longitude of each at tiie end of his joui ney. 33. Where do the following rivers rise, through what conn; rles «lo they flow, and into what waters do they empty :— llhine, Yukon, Rhone, Amazon ' 34. Compare, or contrast, as fidly as j-ou can, the government of Canada with the government of the I'ldted States, 35. Mention the principal coal centres of (a) Canada, (ft) ITnited States, (c) Great Britain. 3G. What and where are Chicago. Ortogal, Nelson, Azov, Venice, Saugoen ? 68 MAP QEOORAPHY PRIMER. £' 37. Draw an outline map of the Dominion of Cnntuhv, nkclching neatly the boundarioa, with names printed on map. Use, as nearlj' as you can, a scale of 400 miles to the inch, considerini,' Canada to extend 32(K) miles from east to west and 2000 miles from north to sotitli. 38. A vessel startint^ from J^iverpool would pass through what waters in succession before reaching Lake Huron J Ex])lain fully how it would reach the higher level of Lake Erie from I.ako Oniario. 31). What and where are Chidley, Titicaca, Orkney, Duluth, Blanc, Geneva, Belfast, Portland ? 10. Name some bridges over which railway trains pass Ingoing from Oniario to the States, tell where they are situated and what waters tliey span ; also say at what points trains arc conveyed over by ferry. 11. (ft) Name five of tlie principal exports of Ontario. {l>) Which is the better market for barley, Oswoko or To- onto J About how many cents per bushel diirerencc? Explain as fully as you can the causes for the difference. 42. Whence do wc get the principal part of our supplies of Carpets, Sugars, Colfeo, Canned Salmon and Wine? 43. Make lists of :—((») Five inland counties of Oiitario, with county towns, (h) Five British possessions outside the British Islands with the most important city or town in cadi. 44. ]Makc lists of:— (o) The llepublics of Europe with tl>o capitals. (/>) The principal rivers emptying on the west coast of Europe, (c) The principal islands along the south coast of l''iirope. 45. A person starts from the point on the earth's surface where the First ^Meridian crosses the Eciuator, and goes directly west one-quarter around the earth, he then turns directly nort ii and goes to the aictic circle ; what will then bo his latitude and longitude? What will be his lalitmlc! and lont;ini) the v.idth of each in degrees. .'i(i. Draw a map of the Western I'cninsula of Ontario, showing i(() the boundai ies : (^t chief rivers; {c) ](ositions of (Joderich, Sarnia, Owen Sound, Barrie, l^ondon, (iuelp'i, Hauiilton, Stratfonl, t:iiathani, Bra.Uford. .">7. What are the principal tributaries of the ^lackenzie L'ivei? (Jive the names of two rivers llowing into Hudson's Jkij'and two llowing imo l^ake Winnipeg. .W. In what parts of Canaiia are the following found in the native form:— Iron, Gold, Silver, Coppei', Coal, Petroleum, Salt? 51). Name t he natural and artificial bodies of water passed over by a vessel in a voyage from Port Art luir to Montreal? tin. What and wluiro are the folio -ing: Trinlilad, Honduras, Montevideo, Lyons, Madrid, Venice, iJomhay, Formosa, Hong Kouk, 'I'okio/ (II. What are the causes of t^pring, Suininer, Aiil miin and AVInler ? (JU. Why Is a dogreo of Lonifltude longer at the Equator than at the Ard Ic Circle? V- .: 1 ( MAP (UOOdUAl'UV I'UIMKU. 69 BRITISH COLUMBIA. rapital, Victoria. Poiiiilatioii, OT.Ol'. Ar(!ii,:\\]Mi^) squdve milcn : t/reatest extent from north to south,!')'.) iiiihis, mnl /mm Pdst to irest, .Otiii )iiUitK. Vaucducar Ishiii'l —Greatest length, 21^ miles; ijreatest breadth, w luilc.s ; iireratje l>rnulls 1. Let/is/ atir(i:~-lA'y;ls\ati\(^ Assembly, consistinj,' of :^ (a) Tliirty-eijrlit nieiniicrs elccti-d l>\- tlie people. (f>) A Lieutonant-(iovernor «j>;quot, Nootlca, Quatsino, I'lyne.s. Into the /'ia:/y/c:— C jl!'ml)ia, llellaCoola, Salman, Skecnu, Naas, Stikine. /;(/() the Oulf of Georgi • .•— Fra-^er (l.niio miles). Into the i-^/user ;— Thompfion, Uridi;e, Cliilcotin, Quesneilc, Nechaco. Pence, into Lake Athabasca. Finlay, into I'aace. Kootenay. into (3i)lmnliia. Liard, intii Mackenzie. Kettle, into Columl)ia. Similkameen, into Coluniliin. V^aucouver. Queen Cliarloite Gmup, Sail Sj)rin(.', Gaiiriola, Denman, i"e.\ada, I M \yn(>. IjuIu. 1. Hock) —flii/hest Peaks :—Hv')Wi\ fl'l..')i)!>feet^, lloolcer. Murchison. ChieJ' I'lisseii a/x'.-— Kickinir Hor.se, Yeliowhead, Vermillion, Knotenay, I I'eaee Kiver. ' 2. Cascade: -In tlie \\e>tern ])art of the mainl.ind ; no very IiIkIi peaks; ter- i minatos In Mt. St. Ellas on lionndary line of .-Viaska. ;». Si'lhirL- Geld :—'R:xw^i}H]ydr:\\U'\ \\\i\\ (lie K leky Mountains. I. C'o't.N^ A'i(/((/(j;— I'jXUindiii!,' tlinuiifh the islands nii the wcsl coast, has f)r il^ hi^'liost peak Mt. Victoria (al)oiit 8,()0i) feel), on Vancouver Island. These mountains inclose t'le valleys of the Fra.^cr, Tiiompson, Cdlnmlda, SUeena, Stikine, and I'eaee Iti\i'rs. Owiii^i^ to tli(! \\arm .J.ipan current, it is milder in the Islands than in ;uiy other part i)f tlie D milnion ; on tlie mainland it i.s dry and siiliject to extremes of heat and cold. 70 MAP GEOGRAPHY PRIMER. Miirfiice. IiiiliiNtrlrA. MlncralH. 4'i(l<'N. TOWIIM, etc. Navnl Mtiitioii. IllllltlllN. DIvlHlnnM. Gcnernllv moiintainoug. Tlio moiintnhis arc covered with fiirestsof Doiifrlaa |)iim. fir, liiilsam, lu'inlock, f('(iiir, niul other uwhIs. The Doiijflaa pine, whieh (it'tuii jrrowH to the hei;.'ht of fl(K) feet, la hirKcly exported, bohifc c^*iieeially vivluiil)Ic for niast.s of ships, etc. In tlie Interior of tlio mainland are vast traets of land which afford every faeility for fltoek-raisinK'. These lauds, If irrigated, would become cxeeilent nRrieiiltural districts. The soil la very fertile, prodnciny cereals. root.<». etc., similar to those of the o:her imtvlnces, and la especiallv aund In all partsof the province, hiit tlio principal mines are located In Nanaimo. Couiox. and \Vellln;,'ton ; the yield, beinty of excellent q-ialitv. is larpelvex)K)rt(d. ra»ico»n(.'y- /,<»7«>)rf;— Vlctiirlal'i.H II ('capital'). Nanaimo J, r)0.'),Eanulmalt700.'Wel- lini,'ton L'..1oo. Uoinox -lOO, Cinnlieriand 8i'o. Huncan .^(»(i. NorllUield 1.0()0. The Mabddiid :—V^m'o\\\GV l.'i.Osr,, Rf)asland 7.0(i(), New Westndnster r..(iii, Nel-ion 4.(KV), Kaslo 2,no(). Kamloopa l.c.K), Vernon l.KX), Kevelatoke l.WK). uhllliwack.'iiiO. Ladncr's Landing .'KM), Trail 1.200. Green wood 1,000, Grand Forks l.WK), Sandon l.oflo. Golden (iO!), Mission City .'KiO. Esquimalt. poss'ssing a splendid har))or (whose entrance Is Ro.val Koada). and containlnff a fine dock-yard, la Her Majesty's naval station for the North Pacillc. Chiefly located on reservations. They gain a livelihood by fishing, hunting, trappincr and aurriculture. Priuciftal tribes a;'e;— Flatheada. Fort Ruperts, llelia Rellas. Hella Coolas, T-*iinp«heans. Hydaha. Shuawaps. Kootenava. (^arrlera. ("hilcotlna. The province is divided into nineteen electoral district?, as follows :— Vancouver Island. The M.ainland. Victoria City. Alherni. North Victoria. Nan.iimo CItv. South Victoria. North Nanaimo. Kscinimalt. South Nanaimo. Cowiclian. Comox. Vancouver City. Carihoo. New Weatminster Citv. Eaat Kootenay (2 Ridings). Westmlnater ( t Ridings). West Kootenay (1 Ridings). Yalef.1 Ridinps). Cassiar, Lillooet(-' Ridings). RAILWAYS OF RRITISH COLUMniA. Railways. Cities or Towns. Canadian Pacific. Shuswap and Okanagan. Esquimalt and Nanaimo. Columbia and Western. Columbia and Eootenay. Nakusp and Slocan. Easlo and Slocan. Nelson and Fort Sheppard. Slocan Branch. Victoria and Sidney. New Westminster Southern. Halifax, N.S., St. John, N.B.. M(mtre.al, P.Q., Ottawa, Out . Sudbury, Ont., Winnipetr. Man., Calgary, All».. Field, B.C., Golden, Donald, Revelstoke, Slcamoua. S.almon Arm, Kamloopa, Ashcroft, Lytton, Yale, Atrassiz, Miasion City, Now Westminster, Port Moody, Vancouver. Slcamous, Mara, Enderby, Armstrong, Vernon. Victoria, Esquimalt, Duncan, Chemainus, Nanaimo, Wellington. Rossland, Trail, etc. Nelson, Robson, etc. Sandon, Nakusp, etc. Kaslo, Sandon, etc. Nelson, Ymir, WanetA, etc. Slocan City, Slocan Junction, etc. Victoria, Saanich, Sidney. New Westminster, at Blaine, Wash., connects with Northern Pacific Ry. Cii the discovery of extensive jipold fields in IS.W, in this part of Canada, two Crown colonies were formed, viz. :— Vancouver Island and British Columbia. These colonies were united in 18C6. In 1871 British Columbia became a province of the Dominion. AlthouKb the leaat of the provinces in population, it is the greatest in extent, .ind is the first in exports in proiwrtion to population, as well as in the amount expended for education compared with revenue. rests of Doiifi-Jas h(! Douglas iiiiie, ■ oxportfd, boiiiK ilch afford every , would become ir to those of the ire. 1 Southern Yale. lines are lopfvted ng of excellent inimnltTOO.Wel- Norlhticld l.ooo. atniliistcr fi.fiii, ■KX), Rcvolatoko Jrconwood 1,000, (y r>oo. vnl iioads), and station for the jhing, hunting, s. nella Coolas, I'hilpotins. >ws :— (2 Ridings). (1 Ridings). . 1 P.Q., Ottawa, Jalgary, Alb.. :e, Sicamons. -•vtton, Yale, ilnster, Port ernon. la, Nanaimo, >nneets with own colonies nltcd in 18C6. nd is the first ion cf mpared M 1 .ponoopjNB U«' X^ftyftMjIj >r««f lK)''A'>m ^ MAP OF MANITOBA. Enptllsh Miles. Id to iO 40 to 60 J 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 1.0 :f« I.I 2.8 1^ 1^ I— |||M izo 1.8 1.25 M ^ •• 6" ► (? '/# o CM ^ /i ^v y yy ^. " * %^' Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER. N.Y. 14580 (716' 872-4503 C^ J^ •'»■> ludi Iroin L .- MAP OF THE PROVINCE OP ONTARIO SCALE OF miles; 10 to 20 30 40 so 00 MILE8. iZ N N S Y L V A N I A uiUjritiule kert from 78 Greenwich 70 1 75 *^ "•■'*'i ^y^ i^ ■'/ j^ ■ > f^ rlM^'- W.J. Gage. & (\' Toronto i bM.l'tJutiiliUBM' A- Co 1H(I ir.ri l-Vfi I'M I ia> l^(t i: 1^(1 11 r. no 105 100 !)■ ILe Zdinbm'gli Gvnj^i'tifjKicHl Iiuititiit^ diic ^J<^^-^''mor„nto U0_ H6 80 7 5 70 { - v-tl^/^;-' \ T \ \ K^ ' roi° Chan>< ^i^!?l.^>.5 \s<*^ To.Syx^°' \ V/^ ^^y -^^ ^'^'^^^o Liverpool , ;S««}5!9!>3M«;^'feS^ ^'1 W*^ DOMINIONOF sijce: ^40 V «I3 s^ A 5( 85 ^^-t^r-* .^la^,^^ i Sio 55p ioo mo' 80 75 70 G5 ■.S r 2 'I iK^- ^ 'IffTF brajj S-si I e^ is BO 70 (iO \CAR IB BE A .^^7 EA " 'oyestLxdia «4,aJ?.v.. pr^L.. .1 ^?^ J^ . „ • Islands AMERICA/ . l^^0tp^.^fL^^ (^ S fraitcLtco Triuiilad .y ftif i>tn\i Jl- ' ' .\/lUl'l.'^ llliU'lL, _9^ _E I*" ^o 10 20 Oi ■•>'./;«■> '*7.r/(/s, •; in»"^' ^f^- •*■*,,, 'Vur "'""'"te;tj Callao viiatua. .^("r . vs 4 ■■■''^*- '' Atu 1 /w-//;! JSfnii t\nmbra Trop.t?...e ■?"flr--'"^ vinttf"° Cbfloel.J \ Arch.° \ ^'' ■U, * to. 1 3tihuiBltii i'A -^ ^;^ ^^ TBfaheaB^ jion-er -30 .S'.' (reon/es £ PortDetire Stc.«*W 40 J^S'i>uM Fpldand.!! ^ .Strait of '^/^PortStnnl^. j <> £ngUd\ MUtt too moo IDO 80 "ISO 70 J»/i^'' W'ffr 60 u^' (mnmich SO / ^i'. Gtorgild. 40 30 20 riir Eilinlim-tfk 'T^oj^rarli.r.t i i:i*ti" tt^J <;f/4:/<» d£- ^ ^Jc/3 ^ 5 >- 1 q ,t' ^=-1 5ts «i 3"* ^ '^ .'' 1? '/>( 'Ayv h\ 55 Diuufcies £SIKBUROH , „ lerwick nolyl. ■'■'•Fame If J'-nvdtfal\ EngUsh. Miles \ , d lis ?o 3o io rfe So 70 flo 3rt ilio ^ S^ NO^THUMBtRLANDS V'^?- "^, Lyiie fAM ■WhiteUaveii/ ^'^" I M^auLsey 90, ■ J{l/n,r,\ ^flutb Shidds ai?tlepool estoroutjii ■/7 //w^ &ouglaS B»^" , ^1^/^Lan^stirl® Y -t-n-Zi!)// b E A neetwoodNl^ ^^ b "^ i Je./fi**k::^T5NCA*SHIRf \,_, •"''li*-''^ I / BiiivT.iri«J)H-il»' •HiuldiTsficIfl >fiamboroiyh b4 Hull .'(li Hdl^ea -?. aTBr roiigli f'"nhef 55'- ClipslH'fl.cld gy HHOTTINGHi ? ... .. , \ _ ™.__..T / V _... /AAV ..0* Camar^ S**'% DENBIGH' XJ-i'"^^""'^/ ' "' MONTGOMERY/ SHROPSHIRE "a ,_ , __zi LEICESTER ^u'mKi ' COLN lu oil •* ..5\^ NORTHAMP „^,; > RADNOR < < ,-<,„ „V JWAftWrCK ~~~" BRE,CKNOCKt 'T^2^"^?»*a™^ -^Ijf^ ' NORTOiK « :..iK, YiU' "S''^ 5 Soiwicli--^J knith [.OWl'S .... ii>iilliiK^> ~ J^CJouf'cs'iii' OX FOR M. y I dA .ii •kiilifh HCKINGH BEDFORD, HERTFORD 'eiitl'niil* ^iyd .s\'JU'iin.<\ '\ rolcUestci' ESSEX Olu'luislDiiT ^CardiffV istol. •\^ 3risto] Q^ ^Jinel xBERKSl^ I \ Reailiii LOJ .>v!il& .lu''!^""'?' tt^*^*/ ''»*; '«iinAj i!'""^ XForr/.m, '/.» \WILTSmRE r , ) SURREY /~ 'Cniililford MaidstuiM KENT ClUltcl^ll^^V' irXunhriiif Well.'' Bodiuju UL ^ DlEVONT.xrtnr 'V DORSET ^^^^ 'X .\v* [itliaiiU)tcnL sus: Bri kLewP' Bouth 'aatiugs ^^ cl'iiouiuipi'y ),Wm»poit nouthv Sbryuo)' FV lOUtll ^Start P! Jhrtlwid J>! ^•ntb'^' Isle oF I E N G L I a^H C HjL N N E jL ^^ 5 Lonut'ttuie Wi>,vt 2 fjtim (ireMiwii'h 1 llu'Ecliubur^ Geo^aplucftT tn.^tiiuu HCi/ (nif/e. Jfc . Toronto Jo..uIUl-lh..lDI.,.-.Vc^! £tijfUsh Miles d 10 tS 30 1<3 3*0 Cape Wratli! 4 ORKNEY . ISLANOSf . ^^ DuiuietHf^ A ^Pth I S8 '^ mirso \ ' CAITHNESS '^'^^ StOl'UOK-; ■^J£j Lewis V S^THERLAND^ XJ? ^J <^^ 4JJ"i', 'flo' :.rF^^ . r.nch SHlTLkN islands". 6 -■« i^_ iSttr itvnaM" •dB-i iienbeovii* W. irtipp . ^ ^-^=^V W^ / >< CL Ifiichabers V - -^ N -- ROSS & CROMXRTYy ,.o>/r3-«^. r^°""''*' M Tr.i.l, L ■ .. \ 7 . te J^ ^ / ^:\ .ri^-^ss^^^ /i ^ I N V^ R N E S S ;.!v: Ifee f*; r ^ Staji* T^illl " '' Dundee ( j iloiitrosb ! » P_^E R T H ''L.Eam Iaua/7/ Tith ofTay ndrews W ColonsaT/^ fslf ^l erwicfc ^ • /.- / j->^ ^CTf iv->'S""' ^^^r^ iVwIaru -""fiViv-Mrj C!i;e™law* ^a ^ MtjiUofJ ,^ 4^' Stra PortPatric J.JR WIGTOWN lonfjituile West 5 fh*m Orpenmch E ]N G V 1 )L A 1^ D Thn Zd'.nbui'j^ ricoj^'i-nfibiriil lijititul*" W.J. (rage. A Co. Toronto i^ __fifi 1 &a nedWf ^ .'i5 I^ D iiirtTioliimnr * Tn 10 -Eii^lijtft Miles \ ^ 6 'ih — is — io — is — io i ^looc^ Fof^eianti, ! ^il %. All f»)l(i;iiiu' j ErrUE'fX BelmuUe Downpa DO'n EGA L # - LONDoijDERRY "t\ \" ' " ' ^ -Ji!^^''^Stral.ajii>--j rustic ) ),.ai'ii^? ^"^'^?^;,^'i^*l^'=*^7-^'^ ";jfe^' DOWN ^Wy . * ^ ^^ ^MONAGHAN ,., ^^ ,:,!. Achill yj^^.f 'CastJfbai' , ' - BlpMn.. ^^^^ ^ i Af^--^. -.,/^.m«mara ;^-*J '^ ft^'^^'-'iS. / .X 2^ ^^_^/ ■"-= .--• # / L E I l*s ,T E-TO„iHicj»Liw ^ Enmstimon^'' CLARE °7i^ . '"■•■/ iblitylri Kiinis.l'ji^f',, , ]v.iini,ui.,ip 'r • iC . TT-ii J' « > / /^ ..,.', --^ \3^ (CARLO nCKLOW stuiiiiw' TArtklow limericki ■ IxyTHV J -^ hill ^.i r wui '^ Tu^*hitJiock ^ c7 ^' JJauiliui [oil "6b,„. >' rioimlollTii ^*^„ ''■5Ji/-fconr ie StDavixln H-ff ..0' 6 longitude West 8 -fivnv GreenwirK 7 Till. i:,lml„i"ifli n..,.;^rr.nmi-,i: ly.nuiute . Ltai/e I'o I'lironto 'LI. u r*.titlinli'!utv.- A Co. Iio 30 ■ lO in ID Ml b(l / A U S T R I A HUNGARY 5 A R M j^ ^ vrK an / / c/2; S K , / -, I 'FKZZAN ...... ' ■ '^^ '"'-^ f^ f.:..^.,,.. . ; *l O iJ G r'e A^"T ■ 7:) E S E R T ''S ^ S A R AJ SI JTu f- - Mfic.i Rsina VO U D A N r 4 10 J 30 ^>^ Bh\ % - '"(& U B 1 .\\ "S. H.msBii. States iV'i.. *. .S/ ■•'jrC vKi^*>'/! ^—^<^'\' C<^^ 1,1. - =*, , ■•fl^jiiSCrt'T"'"'"' ' ' -K&'n Saljg^TK Nikfi 111 * A T ^nmih,. ^CJo/wri FREKC "CONOC lake L,i;IMr iiiyu O C E A W I .S*Helenak. ; ,. <,>, \Ua9T AII^CA_ W" -'■ I Mos.tiuutkli'sy / ' ??^-i > Jhfpu; of \Cdf>rifqrn. ' Vaitis Jngr ^ j fr yg ftf/i Miles ''*<-^GtaimAifil^;^a.|tI-'»"l''" O C £ 4 ^ | s.'/r^^ loda _L 30X««h/tO«fe B-^j't 10 tVimi Oreeruvifh O UnufitiuJe East 10 TliB ildiiibiii'j^li ripo)^rm^tTiii:aJ luilitiitt* W-Jiriiffe ft /"