IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 III 28 1112.5 IRI |||||22 1" llllio m U nil 1.6 Vi <^ /}. /. VI s. m .> <-^r '■> . '^ .Pm. ••> y j^ ^ w Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER NY MS80 (7)6 1 B73-4S03 ^ I/a <^ ^^ vV CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHJVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian da microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best orif inal copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiquds cidessous. n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D □ n Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pellicul^e □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ ere de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long do la marge ini^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 4tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti film^es. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes D D D D n n Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet^es ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality in6gale de ('impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc., ont iX6 filmies d nouveau de fagon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. □ Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmA au taux de reduction indiquA cidessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X J 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire film^ fut reproduit grdce d la g6nirosit6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim^e sont filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^- (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre film^s A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 «."( €^^"'' I i.' ... »:> i^ •w..,,v, ;^ lyv^./y V..' Ji;l II-: HISTORY OF CANADA UNDKi; FKKNCII llKiiTMK. 1535-1763. Willi \ii/'s, /7,./.\'.s, .;.\7> /i.i.rsrA'i 771 1' .\orf:^\ nv 11. II. MILKS, LL.D., D.C.L., Si'l i;h- I M-\ li Mil' (_li 1 1 i ' C'.i, ■■ II '.: I'l I'.Mi I \s IKr, ri"\. tlllhn:-,,! ' ThrS.lt.,,,' Hisl'ini •/ I'.Uhldll. ' • I'll' f/l.l'l's H ,. \ w s < ) N r, 1: ( ) r 1 1 i: I J s, Lir i'-vii I T ' '''hi.r :. V. n'v . „..«Pi I .(/^ K«ii^,it4Vri| liy iiiul.uui L.it rii-m.'' C '^i' y 178813 liatcvcd uccordhH, to Act of Parliament ofdummjj;, Dawson liliOTiiiuis, In the Year One Thousand Eiyld I/andrcd and Scvcnty-lwo, in the Office of the MlnUtiV of Ayriculture. % 1 niEFACE. The Historv of Canada embraces two Grrcat sections, of which tli'3 first — tlic sulyect of the work now presented to the public — is complete in itself, and coveis a i)eriod of 2'20 years. It begins with the discovery of the coasts of New Brunswick and Gaspe in ir)34, and of the St Law- rence in 153."), followed by an intercourse, maintained during the ensuing three quarters of a centuiy, between the natives freipienting the great river, and the pe()[)le of France through the agency of their traders and fur-com- l)anies, and resulting in the permanent occupation of the country by French colonists, troops, military and civil functionaries, and religious missionaries. These, having their headquarters at (^)uebec, and their numbers augmented through the natural increase of the settlers, and the fresh arrivals from France from time to time (although, from first to last, the total number of im- migrants furnished by direct importation from the mother country is thought not to have exceeded eight thousand souls, exclusive of the troops sent out in H'AU), and subse- quently during the seven years' wjir), gradually exteutled the settlement of the fertile lands along the banks of tlie 8t Lawrence and the llichelieu, and established numerous b IV PREFACE. outposts, westward and southward, towards the region of the great lakes, the Mississippi, and tlie river Ohio. In this work, the chief incidents attenchint upon the earliest, hut, as it proved, ahortivc efforts, to give effect to the fondly-cherished idea of est{d)lishing a powerful French empire in the west, under the designation of New France, are duly chronicled ; and then, in the order of time, tlie events are narrated whicli transpired in connection with the settlement, government, and social pi-ogress of the French Canadian colony, until, in the year 17lj3, it became a dependency of the Crown of Great Britain. Of late, especially since the era of confederation of the British North American Provinces, there has been evi- dence of a growing demand for a more accurate and more abundant knowledge of the past and earlier career of the inhabitants of Canada of French origin. Even those who professedly devote their attention almost exclusively to the present condition, resources, and prospects of Canada, ex- jjcrience in an increased degree the need of ample and of reliable information respecting the days and people of New France, and the circumstances under which so large a part of the foundation of the existing state of things was laid ; and this fact is, in a certain degree, illustrated by the favour with which the public, both in Canada and the United States, has received narratives of detached portions — published in large and costly editions." * Mention may Iiore be made of the domand for copies of the " Jesuits' IJclations," priiiti'd in French, in tliree thick vnhnnos, and covering the {leriod from It'l;' to 1(372, and of which portions arc to bo found trans- hited into English in some American pubHcations i.s.sued under State authority ; also of the beautiful edition of Champlaiu's works, edited in f m * * f tl TREFACi:. V The objects kept in view in tlie prepnrntlon of tliis work, though it is of hnmbk^r pretensions tlian those just alhuled to, niny be briefly iitatetl. Pains liave been taken to invest it with the characteristics most essential towards renderiniir it useful to the lover and student of hist<»rv, and, at the same time, acceptable to the general reader. As (pialities conducive to the attainment of these ends, accu- racy, completeness, and impartiality in tlie statement of facts, have claimed the writer's first attention ; while, as scarcely secondary to these, the object of rendering the work attractive to the general reader lias not been lost sight of, by presenting the details in a jutain I'ouchot's "Menmirs of the Seven Years' War," laililishel in Unstun. at a enst ui twcnty-five dollars. Several other exanii'les might he aldtil to this list. * Edited liy Dr Akins, (.'oimni-siuner of lleeords at Halifax, liein^' tho first priutc'd portiou of a .selection most judiciously made from the con- VI I'REFACE. ilocumonts, including the Journal of General ]\Iurra\-, from the English llecoril OlHces, have fortunately occurred iu season to admit of introducing in the Appendix a con- siderahle amount of highly interesting and authentic information, whicli has not hitherto been published in any history of Canada. ries[)ecting the value to the student of history, the statesman, tlie lawyer, and the general reader, of a famili- arity with the history of Canada under the French n'gime, it is perhai)S sufHcient to have already alluded to the need of it in enabling any one to rightly apprehend tie state of things existing in Canada at this day. A recent historian justly observes in the preface to his work, " To enable us to judge accurately of the present, and regard our national future with confidence, a correct acquaintance with the past is an ab.solute necessily. ... It is true that many books have been published which sup[tly detached portions of Canadian history, that several excellent statistical works have been compiled from time to time, and that much useful in- formation mny be gleaned from the writings of travellers and residents ; l)ut it is equally true that these are not accessible to the genend reader." IJut, if it were not so needful as it is, on other grounds, touts of two Imndivd volumes of dociiuu'iits colK'ctod ;uul iirrangod by him t'ltjin among the juchivi's of Novu Scotia. Tiie rocovfry of thuso valuable jiaiicr.s has bfon dim in a girat moa.sure to the action of the Hon. Joseph l!o\v(>, of Nova Scotia, who, with an enlightened zeal, for which lie is entitled to the grateful ackuowle«orth American history, prosecuted those objects, and induced the N(jva Si'otian Li'gislature to furnish the moans necessaiy for rescuing the documents from oblivion, and for placing them in a coudiliuii to bo coii- veuicutly accessible in future. PRr.FACE, vu avo i;ui oeeii iii- nut mil iblo is m.l iic Jll- to take particular coi^nizancc of the events whicli transpired, and of tlie laws, customs, and institutions established, while Canada was a French colony, it may he ailhined that to ignore the record of these would ho to exclude from the whole history of this Dominion a narrative which is full of interest and instruction, " of stirring incidents and realities — in these respects rivalling the histories of older conununi- ties, — while it differs from most of them in not having its earlier chapters occupied with myths and fabulous tradi- tions/' In truth, it may be added, without implying dis- respect towards those who have written Canadian history in the English language, that their record of the French regime has been too brief, and, consecpiently, too often characterised by the summary assertion of facts whose authenticity, from their interest and importance, deserves to be made more apparent ; while national and other sources of prejudiced views have imi)arted to the stream of history, in its passage through their hands, a tone and colouring adverse to the claims of strict historical im[)ar- tiality. Tin's procedure has been jirodnctiveof results more injurious, perhaps, in Canada, than it could have been in the case of any other country inhabited by people of a more homogeneous character as respects national origin, lan- guage, customs, and creed. In conclusion, the History of Canada under the French regime brings under the reader's notice a goodly list of distinguished characters — of men whose rpialilieations were such as would have rendered them conspicuous objects of admiration in any country where virtue, wisdom, and heroic deeds might command respect or excite imitation. On vai TREFACE. tliis point an eminent Canadian orator and statesman re- marlved — " No province of any ancient or modern power — not even Ganl, when it was a province of Home,— lias had nol)ler imperial names interwoven with its kical events. Under the Frencli kings, Canada was the theatre of ac- tion for a wliole series of men of first-rate re[)ntation, — men eminent for tlieir energy, tlieir fortitude, their courage, and their accomph'sliments, for all that constitutes and adorns civil and military reputation." Qi'KHEc, Ocli)btr 1871. NoTK. — The autliDi- acknowledgL's, with thanks, the kiiul assistance he has received, whih) preparing this wurk, from private friemls and fri)ni gentlemen oecupying utlleial positions, to wimm he has been indelited for advice and for access to scarce buoks and documents. To ^Ir K. T. Fk>tclier, dranghtsman and surveyor of tlie Canada Crown Lands Otliin', his acknowh'dgmeiits are espeeially due for aid in connection with several of the maps ; and to Mr Daviil Craig, son of the earhest Ihitish setth'r in tin; vicinity of Ste E"ye, for interesting particuhu's concerning the opera- tions of (.niieral I)e Levis in April 17'^". The author also takes this opportunity of stating that the se(piel to thit) liistoiy, luider the title of "Canada under lii'itish liule, from 17oo to 18G7,'' is in course of prei'aratioii, and that he will be thankful for the privilege of acce.-s to original docmnents of historical interest, relating to the period named, which it may be in the power of any to favour him with. CO^^TENTS. luliuduction Cartiei''.s Fir*t \^i\age, CliAl'Tl-R I. 1-8 CHAPTEll II. Carticr's S.-on.] Voy,i;'i--Tlie IJivcT St Lawiviia—Iiuliun I owns Ma.lacr.iia, IIiKlu'la-a — Carliur Wjilns in vaiuuUi, . s-k; CHAPTER III. f'artirv's Tl.inl V..ya-e.-K,.lH'rval-Alk-v,l Fuurtli V,na-c C'lIAPTKIi IV. Tin. r.u.aitinn of Fra.ir.._|.:x],nlition of ll,,. Mavn.iis -IHa Lnc h—IIr. ( ouvicts oil Sal.lf I>laiia_TI)c IVlirv iiatk', ... 2i-;jii CllAPTER V. M. Pnnt,..,,,v.. aii.l ('a],laiii Chauviii— .M. .1,. ( 'l,a|,..-_Ar -Ir .M,,iil,s— chaini.laiii, . . '"•.,, •>. *■ ' • • • • . til i-tj^ ('iiAPTi:i; VI. ''''•""I'^ii"'^ TIiiv.. Ex,H.,!ili.,„. a,ai„., tl,,. Imm,.,!.- Dj.. ;;;vriv nt tl,,. (',.,11.. of il„. iiivrr IJi.ln.li,,,, uf Lak.. < lijniiplaiii, ai„l Lak. ( ;,.ui„._|i„,l l,Mvitl, tl,.- Irnnuuis, ;""' I'.iH'amus rivatuirnt ol' Piisourfs S,.,,,,,,! KM,..,lil '';"N/"i,l Haiti.. Willi tin. lf...,uois--|.:.taMi>l„ii..ui of lra.!mM^Mati,uiii..ai'SaiiltSt l-M,iis ,,,„1 (•n„r,.,..ii.vs with tlu. iu.liaiis-^Allaiis ,,r tl,r ('o,i,ik,i,\— A>.vi,t nf tj... J>aHs an.l \,Ht to tl,.. Ottawa U.:,lnu- Chain, .Iain's ,'"■'1 lvNl;;-iition a-aiiist tlu- Im.jnui. -1!..iuiI.m' an.l Jut)vat..l.lH. Ilnnms, ' CONTEXTS. f 'II AFTER VIT. ('li;iiii]il;iiirs Snjonrn in llic lliin.ii ( 'diinlrv — Iiii]inriaii1 Views fiitrilaiiKMl ill tlif ("nloiiy Kilativf lo its ^\■aIlts — Arrival nfllic First Kiiiiuraiit l-'amily — IV'rilitus ('diulitiuii (.ftlif Cdldiiy liiii'iiin ( 'liainiiliiiirs Altscucc— Indian Cnnsiiiracy — I)uc (Ic Miintnioivncy Viceruy— ("liani)ilain's I'owi'is cxUinlnl —Arrival (•!' Mailaiar ('Iiani]>lain — l\r]>airs anil hii]iri)Vfnicnts at (^MiflK-r— l"'(irt St L(iui< I'Mimicnri'd — Causrs (if anxiety — Rival C'oinjianies and dilliculties- Scrvices of Le Cainn and Sa^ard — Treatv of I'eaii — Sid l\r,r. iiW ').) Pr(i,ui'ess of the Colony- lveli,ui"n.s Deputies to I'rancc — Di'jtarture of Madame Clianiplain — Knu-iy ile Caen,< 'nni- niandant at Queltec, ....... niAPTKU VI H. Coni]>laint.s nLrainst tlu' Conqiany — Jesuit ^Missionaries sent out — Clianiplain's New Connni.-siou — Se'ai'eily at (Jueltec — Surrender t(j Sir I)a\ id Kirlu, (I.'j-T.') CHAPTER IX. Till' Coniymny of "The Ilnnili'dl Associates" — Failure of tlu' Coni|iany's I-'irst Finli'rtakinus — RecoNcry of New France, and l{t'-occuiiation of (^)m'lK'c liy the French - Slate of that i'lace and the Country — (Jreat ( iatliei iu^; of Indians at (^hiehec — TIr' hit^uor Tiallic — "Jesuit.-' Relation-, "" . '')->^-2 CIIAPTKR X. Last Hays of Chani]ilain — Di-ath and {''unei-al— Ilis Character and Sei'vices — Pro^iyss and State of the ( 'olony n]» to the Tinu.' of Chani]ilain's Deceasi — Otlur Eiiro|ican Colonii -, ^:Mii2 ■•■{1- CIIAPTKi; XI. Company of Associates fails t(t fidfd it> EnL:.i,L;enients — ("hamplain's Successors — Iroipiois incursiou- and Auda- city — Iv-tahlishinent-' at Sillery anil (^)iU'hec — Settlement of the 1-land of Montreal — l"'ortilications — l"'arly Trials and Disasters (if the Settlers— (Jallant Conduct of .Maixni- nt'UVe (Jeneial .Account o|' the I'l'oule-s of Montreal up to the \'i ar l(!(!:5- l-'ate of Mai>onneuve -liicur-ious of the Iroipiois — 'I'heir Desiiins against tiie Colon v — De- struction of the Huron Nation lleroi-m of DcM.ird and liis Companion-^, [ii2-l Is CONTEXTS. XI ('IIAPTKII xir. Paitioular.^ ivspcrtini,' tlu- (Juwriiors fn.m IC^n-Uin:"!— ^r(.nt- ausdu- PAQE iiia-iiy— D'AillclKuit— .lean ami Cliarlcs dr L.., l)'Ar-cii<(.ii— D'Avuup.iir— Kcclrsiastu'al Aflairs — :M. Liivel-— Li(iiu.v Trallic— DrploiaMi- Stato of the ('m1..iiv, 1I!>-131> o-J.'Jo (h"5-7.") Louis XIV. iK'ii.l ( CHAPTER XIII. I'S u].uii CoiistitutiiiLj Canada a '• IJoval 'nvt-nniieiit — CdiiiiM.sitinii .,t' tlic Siiiuviiif Cli(i]is, au'l Mo-I Ji CII AFTER XIV PdlMilation of Canada whm tin- R..val G Kstal)Iislu'(l— (Jriu-val ( 'liaiartiT (,r \hr luhn] Rrniarkal-lc Incidents ol' ir.d;]— Celestial I rovcrnnieiit wa:- ntants - lellMliiena Karlli(|uakes— M(iral Ellects I'lodiuvd l>v the Kaitli- (jual 1 i:)-i:)0 CHAPTER XV. Dissensions in the Sujnvmo C.umcil— AiMtrarv Pmcocdin-s— Complaints to tlie KiiiLr— |)e Traev. \ tendant— Death of | )i; Mesy— The' ( Military Prciiaratioiis— F('irt- leel'dV alnll, lll- iii'iLi'iian Ke-uiient — . . 'in the h'irh.lirU- l''il-t, h\liediti(.n^^a,L:ainst the lv(M|U(.is, under M. de ("(anvelje I'iM|iii.is, under M. de onse(|Uenies uf tile ( )iren- nn the — Serond Expedition a-ainst the I '"raey and M. de Courcelh — ( 1 1 1 \vv Operations a-aiiist lln' iroipiui.^ — X ■■ ip'"'-' iippen.h'd to this Chaplei ir.l-ICs CH A PTE II XVI. Internal All'airs of the Coloi,v~( Conijiany — A-iiculture-^-- Inlrnd ninierei — The AVed Indian System -D ( 'olonie." ii'lioii (M the f'eiid.d rparture of I )e Trac\ Nuie .,n the I n-liMi 1 (■>!)- CHAPTEl; xvir. The Governor, De Courcidh' - ( an-es o Indian Trihesof the \Veo\-ernor > l'.\pe>lition t(» the Xorth Shore of LakeOntaiio He, all of he( . — Chariicter of De Coureelle Death of Madann Poltrie and of Marie de llm ariiatiun —Talon— Collierl, . oUleelle ,1 lieir • 'liararlef; ir-'M-^j xu CONTEXTS. CHAPTER XVIII. I'ACiK Coniil Fr(in1('iiap,n()V('rn()r — Dissensions — Arl>itravv Prooeotl- in,;.,'s 111' tlu; Gnvcrndr— Apju-al to tlic Court ilois — hissi-nsions Continueil — Recall of the (lovi-riior ami Intendant— l'i>imlation of the Cojoiiy — Agricultural Resources — K.\]iorts — JCcclesiastical A Hairs — Laval, l''irst Pi.-^liop of (Jueliei, ami the RecoUets — La Salle, 183-1!)3 k CIIAPTFR XIX. Fi'oiiteiiac's Successors, ]\r. de la Rai're and ^^. de Denon- viile — De la IJarre's Alioiiive ivxpcdition a.^ainst the lro(|Uois — IJis Recall — Lishop Laval's Successor, M. de St \'allier— The Eu.ulish Intrigues with the Iro(|uois — Denomille's Fxpedition a,L;aiust theSeiiecas — Foil Xi:i'4ara Luilt — Uesult.-of the War with the Seiiecas — A l)(.ul>tf>d Peace conidudeil — I )is;isti'ous Condition of llu' Colony — Massaci'i.' of Lachint — Plans of the (lovernor aud ^L de ('allien — Designs of tlie i"ji,'^li.>h Colonists — I\uin of the l-'reiich Ctilony Ininiinent — llecall of Deuouville, ami lu-a[>i»ointiucut of Fnjuleiiac, .... l!)-l-2ii,") CHAPTER XX. Frontenac's Activity ami 'Measures for the IJelief of the Colony - Fort l-'ronteuac-- Indian Ciiielties on Loth Sides- Plans of M. de Calli.'n — Frontenac's Elforts to Detach and Conciliate tlie lroi|Uois — Three Invasions of the Territory oi' the l'ai.;lish Colonists Or^anisrd hy the (loveriior— Details and I'esults — K.\|iedition to Michili- iii,dh, with resiieci io tiic Jjidiaiis — Xunieruiis *Miiior Cnuilicts belweeii the Freii' h CONTEXTS. I'M-.i: cc — Mar. Tlie 'V— a ins -La 183-103 XIU rAiii- an.l i1k' Iroquois— Tlin-atfiKMl Xcw Invasion l.v aii Kii--- li^sh Fleet Piviiared t'ur — Admiral Wlieelei's' Ahditivu Expe.litioii— Ell'erts of Fivnch I'livateeriii-- Xirliuhis Perrot— D'flierville— Cail-es of (,)liarrel l.etWeeU tllii Eii,^lif.li and Fr>'ii'li ( ',,1, mists— Fort Frontenac Re- occupied— -The hoijiinis — i'Voiitmar".- Preiiai aliens f.ir a War of Fxtri aiiiiation a-ain>t the ( 'aiiloiis— The K\|Kdi- tion aud lo'>nIl^— In>truetinns to tlie ( n.vetiinr lu'hitive to the ("nniiiir>t of X.w ICn-laiid-M. dv. Xe>nioiid— Treaty of l{y,>\\ ick— ( 'oiresinnideliee hetwecn Fold Uella- iiioiii aud Cuuut Froutrnae — Views ,,f the Iro(|Uuis— ]-)eath aud Character of Frouteuac, .... :i21-::2Tl oii- the nurees of the Cdlcmy under the Tw^o I'rccedin- Cnvrruois I'.iirf Adiuiuistratioiis i,i' J^a ( ialisouiei'e. La Jiini|iiiere, ami the .M.ui|uis Duiimv-iie —Condition aud IJelative liesniuves if Canada aud tin- New Kn.^iand Cnhmies -^ -Aeeessioii of the Scund .Mai'(|uis de Vaudieuil— State ,,f tie' C(,untr\- It- I'liieipal Sta- tions and ()uti.osts--Tlie Chiei' Oili'cials ,,f thr Cuhmv— CuUiUieUceUieUt of the .Seven Vear.s' War, . . ' -loi-d'Jl MG-i22!) CIIAPTFP XXIV. Fortilie(l posts — Pi'e]iaiati(.n< DuriiiL; thr Wiut.r of IT.".! |{eilddrccUieUt> lor the CohilUes— M. df \aildrei|il. C,). vernor— l']u-lisli Colnuists IMau Fuitr lv\|„'diliou<— Shirley's Aliorlive Fxpeditinn ()]ieiati"n- in Aradia Di'ploralile j''veuts"and I (ciMiitatinn of Ar.idiau.- — ( iemial lUa.Idoek's KxinMlition— hattle of La I'.rlle Hiviere— tieiierals Lyman ami .lohii-on — T'orts Lydiu< aud ( Icoi'j-e — Defeat of |)i-kau a! Lakr ( ieor,i;e — Oeeupat iou of Carillon or Tieuudeio-a— Allairs in Canada— i;i-ot— XIV CONTEXTS. Scfircity and ^lismaiia.ui'iiH'iit — ricjiarations liy tlii; Kiiij- lisli ('(ildiiists i'or ITTjCi — (IciHial AlK-iiTitniliif's Mnvr- liK'nts — Ili'iiit'ut'Cfiiiciits rroiii Kiaiict? — (luiicial Miintcalm ami his l*i'iiici]ial ( )llicci's — ()]n'iiili(iiis and Pi'fjiaratiuiis at Lake ( 'liainjilaiii and l^'rontcnac — Monti'alni's ^'i(•t(ll•v r.si.n at Osw (■-(), i92-321 CHAPTER XXV. ("han.Ljc (if Plans (i|'C'ani])ai.u'n liy tlic En,i;lis]i (\il(inists — Lonis- Imnvu — -Muntialnr.s Expedition a;;ainst Edit (n'orn't' — Sii'.uf and Captni'i' of Eort (I<'(ii,l;( — Violation <>f llie Articles of ( 'a]iitnlation liy the lnilians--Massaeic — l^etteis of P.oiiuain\ ille. Montcalm, and Vandivnil — Fiuniue in Canada — ( !and)ling at Qneliec and Muntrual, 321-332 CHAPTER XXVT. ( 'anipaii;!! of 17'),^, 332-312 CHAPTER XXVII. State ami Prosju'cls of the Colony more Ciitical at the Close of l7r)S than ever liefon — Canses 1 'lunierated — Virtual Ahandonmeiil of the Colony liy the Mother Country — Ahsenci' of I larmouy amon,!^' Principal ( *Hiciah and he- tween the tlitf»'rent iSranches of the Pulilic Service — ^Mismanauenieiit hy Pi^ot ami his Accomplices — Pad Harvests, E\cessi\(' Prices, and Eannne — Senlinu'Uts of Montcalm and his ( )|licers — Census and l^lleetive Force of the (.'olony— Cenend Plan of Defeui'e, . . . 342-3.J7 CHAITEU XXVI 11. Plans of the I'hiLilish for the Campaign of 17.")!) — Operations of (leiieral Amhei'st on l^ake Cliamplain- lv\pedition against Niai^ara — Attemjit to Relieve l-'ort Niai;ara — Captuie of Niai^ara and l-'rench Ports South of liake I'hie — I'^orces nf Andierst and Sir William .lohnson unaMe to take ]i;'.rt in the Opeialious at (^)uehec, ..... 3oS-3(l;j ClIAPTEIJ XXIX. Strength of the EnLdiuelieo — Line of Defi'Uce — Wolfe's Manifesto — Positions taken up — Imminent Persons Present at the Siege of Quehec — French Eireships — Pomhardment of the City— Rattle of Jleaui)ort Flats, ' . . 3(13- 4(KS CONTEXTS. XV CHAPTER XXX. The llattlo nf tlu,' Plains of Al.raliam-Doatli of \ ,,1 If—Drat li nl'Munt.'alni— Pin,v...lii,-s ,,r tl • I'llt'lMl liter the JiattlL—Pincrciliii-s (i|'( ]ii-ot— Do 1 ( u' P.iitish ^ii\erii(ii' \'aiiilivuil and PACK tlie Uiiti^li uiid.T y] vaiiic/ay Siuiviid.Ts tin- City— Stivn-tl, ,,r calm— Note to the Chajiter nay— II(,n,, Ills to Wult'e ami .Moiit- 408-4 2f; CHAPTER XXX r. 'injects of De Lrvis— W Cari'isdii at (.(iiehrc inter (if ]7:)!m;o— Siiil mm Dearth eriiiL^s of IJie Ceiieral .Aluiiay's P,,li,v t.>\vard> the I lie] ami ( ',,I,l_ • Inhaliitants I'lv cautions a^a.n>t S,n.,.n>e-Il,.,ilitie> during the Winter —Sickness ana.ns..ftlu. ( itv Oi.lered to Depart- Murray l!,.,alls his (hUun^K and Maivhe> to Ste Foye-Jlattle of Ste Fuve. and Defeat' olMurray--S,e,eol(,.uel,ee-Anivalnf,hel-:n.li>l,Pleet -Ketreat ui I), Lev.s-Plans uf the Cuinniander-in- ''^' ' 4-2(J-l(\\ CIIAPTEU XXX II. Od,.iu.lIIaviland'sCnri,s M„vesduun the i;iel,..li.u-(;,.ne- ijd Murray Advances up the St La\vren.'e-( len-Mal A.uheiMsAdyance-raplure nf Fort Levis and l>e>er- H|.otthelndians-]>a^a„. ,.rU,eKapid>-the Fiviieh ^l->'vs Surrounded at Montreal -^.(apindatiM,, of Mo,,- lleal--( ..nrlusiou—jlelns ,,f ih,. F,,.,„.i, p,,,,,,., ',- J';"''"l I',' Kranee-End of the Fiemh li^-^'iine-Mditarv ' '-upation ol Cuimda-Treuty ul Peace in 17fj;3, . ij.'-.i" XVI CONTEXTS. ArPEXDIX. T. Fi^rt Xc(i's?;sity, 17')4, T[. (ifiH-ial I'.i.nlddik. 17")"), 1 1 f. 'I'lic A(',i'li.iii>, IT.j"), . IV. (IniiililiiiLr lit (^)uc1p(m- ami Montreal, 1759, \'. (ItiiciMl Aiiiliii^-t, 1751), VI. Caiiiiiainii (if 175!), VII. Ivxiiitlitimi aLTaiiist Quflicr, 1750, VIII. Stivii^lh (if (ItMicral Murray's (Jarrisc in at (^hiobec 1751)-)7';i>, .... IX. Tivatiucnt <>{' ilic Inlialiitants according to tlio Aitidc- of (!a]>itulati(in of October 1759, X. ( loviviiiiv (If ^'all(l^^■llil'^ ( "ireiilar, 1759-60, XI. The ikitilc of Sic Foyc, ]7(;o, XII. (!o\cnior (Ic A'audrcuil's (Jircular, 1700, XIII. (miiivuI Murray, 17G0, XI\'. I'oil .ia'(|ucs ('artier, 1700, . .W. Tiic tJajiids of tin- St Lawrence, 170 \ XVI. The ( 'aiiiiulatioti of Montreal, September 8, 1700, XVII. The Tn-aty of Paris, February lo, 1703, . XVllI. Tlh' (,'aiiitulation of Montreal, 170O, XIX. (uiuial Oi'iUrs and Disjiatch of CJeneral Amherst 170O. ..... XX. William I'iJt, 1700, . rAi;B 479 4Sl 482 4^0 4S7 4SS 491 494 495 497 498 500 5(^1 1 501 501 502 5( 18 .509 510 511 M A P S. ^lap of Xew Fr.inco and New England — to fitct tklc-parjc. Miifi slmwiiig the Militiiry Routes into Ciuiada, . ofaccpn • ! 03 rian of Montreal in 1751), „ 29(5 riau of (^lebon in 1759 „ 003 Map to illustrate the Sioc^e of (Juebee, 1759, . . . „ 373 Map of tlie Vioiiiit Y of Quebec, to illustrate the Operations of Do Levis and [Murray, 1759-(i'^>, to face purjc ^^1 TAiiB 471) 481 482 4sf5 4S7 48S 401 404 IXTRODUCTIOX. 405 407 498 500 500 501 501 502 508 500 510 511 P>i • \ 03 29(J 303 373 jevis y»":/c -127 MARITIME DISCOVERIES OF THE PORTroUESE IN' THE FIFTEEXTII (TX- TURY-DISCOVERIES IX THE WESTERN nEMLSI'IIERE HY COLFMULs SIR JOHN AXD SEBASTIAN CABOT, VERRAZZANI-EARLY FiSHEUIFS or xXEWFOUNDLAND-DlSCOVERY OF CAXADA-ABUilRilXKS. Before tlie close of tlio fiftecnlli centurv, tl,o (Example of the Port uguosc excited among the othei'iimritinie nations ot l.nrope a great spirit for adventure and ch'scoverv by sea. That p'cople had undertaken many naval expedition's ))etween the years 1410 and l-iDO, l,y means of which <^eo- graphical knowledge had been increase.!, followed ],y\he openmg up of additional opportunities for the extension of commerce. * Previously to this, ai,ri„s tlio MMUc Anes, tra,!. i„ lie nch i.n„I„cts of tl.o Eist was c».Rl,.ctc,l il.ro,,-!. „ve,- lana ro.Uos by way of PcrsU an.l Arabia, aemss tl.o lersmn GulJ a>ul lied Sea. by Onnn, and A.hn, AUj,po, I.L Let..;, t,.. t::^ «;'';,..!;;;:;' .?ci;: ;;a;':'";„:^r'"" .will IXTRODUCTIOX. ['4'P- J'hnnnscHs, nnd the port of Bcyront, and Ijy means of iiKTcantile depots cstablisliod in Ivj^yi)t. Tlio ordinary track of Oriental commerce was, in those days, beset by daiiLrers and didiculties, bv wliieh the cost of mercliandise was lieii;htened, — so tliat it seemed very important to l)e enabled to reacli " China and tlie Indies" by cheaper or easier modes of access. The naval expcvlitions of the Portngnese. however, pro- duced other resuUs, which were perhai)S of still greater value than trade with the negroes of Africa, or a proof that lliere was a way to the " liulies" round the southernmost point of that conliuont. JService in their shi})s proved to be, at that period, the best school of training in the arts of navigation. Although I'ortugal was one of the smallest of European kingdoms, yet the fame of her discoveries attracted seamen and adventurers from other countries in the hope of obtaining employment and riches. Navigators from England and France, and especially from Italy, whoso previous experience had been limited to mere coasting vovages, were thus enabled to gain the skill and courage rc(piired for bolder nndertakings n[)on the ocean. Amongst these were ('liris((t[>livr Cubonhus, of Genoa, Sir John Cobof, of Venice, Wrrazzanl, of Florence, Cortereal and Amcrujo rt.spucci, by whom, after serving in Portuguese ships in the East, great enterprises were conducted across the Atlantic into the Western nemis})liere, Christo[)her Columbus, by the results of his experience iioKN 14 vs- ^'''^^ ^^^^ studies in geograj)hy and astronomy, be- "" " 'S'J^'- came convinced that it was possible to reach " the I utiles" by navigating the Atlantic westward from Europe. Alter encountering many obstacles, being at length fur- nished by the Court of 8i)ain with the means of e(]uipt)ing two small vessels, he sailed from Palos on August 3, 14i)2, and, pursuing a westerly course for A.n. 1492, 1534.] INTRODUCTION*. xi\ Ic'sf; (,f ^'^ A. n. 150-:). A.l). 1507. seventy dnys, made tlie first discovery of land in the Xuw AVorld. Jolin Cabot and liis sou Sebastian, conitnissionod ])y Kitif; Henry VII. of Eui^land, discovered New- a.i>. 1497. fonndland and Labrador, and explored the Amcri- ''•"• '■^'^^' can coast more than IjOO miles southward to lat. !)(r. Anieri<;o Vespucci made four voyages to the Western Hemisphere, in coiu'sc of whicli he ex[)lored the coast of ]*razil, and otlier portions of tlie main- land. He also constructed rude maps, and wrote a narra- tive of his vovai^es, in wliich lie set ui) tlie claim of beinic the first to discover the continent. l»v this time Columbus was dead, and as Ameriij^o Ves[)ucei's pretensions seem to have passed uncontradicted, in the end, tlie New World was named, after him, America. Verrazztini, commissioned by the court of France, ex- plored tlie coast of Carolina, and thence north- ward to Nova Scotia. In behalf of the Vwv^ by whom he was employed, he claimed sovereiu^nty over the whole rei^-ion, and gave to it the name of Nciv France. During most of the time occupied by the voyages and ex}»lorations of the great sea captains, whose names have been mentioned, vessels belonging to tlie Sj)aniards, Portu- guese, French, English, and Dutch, visited the shores of Newfoundland for the purpose of prosecuting the fisheries. These were first established by the Portuguese in l.'")00, in consc(iucncc of information brought by Cortereal, one of their navigators, respecting the great abumlanco of codfish found on the Banks. As early as 1517 there were, it i.s said, more than fifty vessels employed in that [)ursuit. Occasionally, through accident or otherwise, the com- manders and crews of fishing vessels would extend their voyages to the neighbouring shores of Labrador, and even of Nova Scotia, and tlius be instrumental in increasing the V XX INTRODUCTION'. ['334- A.I). 1534- knowledge of those parts of tlie Nortli American continent. Amongst tlio men wlio became innred to Atlantic naviga- tion, through making passages to and fro in fishing vessels, was Jacques Cart'ior, afterwards renowned as the dis- coverer of Canada. Some years after the voj-age of Verrazzani, the French court resolved to take advantage of the claims which had been .set up over the western regions named, as lias been stated, by him, New France. Accordingly, in '\i')?iA and 15:^5, other expeditions were dis})atched from France, under Jac(pies Cartier, which resulted in the discovery of the great liver Si Lawrence ; the banks of which, and adjacent territories, now e<>nstilute the country whose historv is nari'ated in the ftillowinir pau'cs. Before entei'iug upon that hist<>iy, it seems proper to furnish some preliminary information about the people fctyled " TudidUfi,'" of whom very freipicnt mention will be made. Columbus, and the eai'lv navigators bv whom he was succeeded, supposed that the lands which they discovered were parts of Asia or of the *" Indies.' Accordingly, they gave to the natives the name of " J/nlt'dJis." The geo- graphical mistake began to be found out in the year 1517, when Vasco Nunez made his way across a part of the American continent, and behelil the Pacific Ocean stretched beyond it. r>ut by this time the appellation given to the natives had become establi.shed, so that it has been retained in use to the present day. In some respects, the uncivilised inhabitants of America appeared to their first European visitors to resemble Asiatics. Their dusky complexion, their paganism, and some of their habits, strengthened the notion that they belonged to the ^longol tribes of Asia. Exclusive of those found inhabiting the islands of the 1 534-] TXTRODUCTIOX. XXI liVO- •rica iiblo and hey the Gulf of Mexico, tlic native inliabitaiits of Xortli Aineric-i have been estimated not to have exceeded in nunibei""J(H),(M )0 souls. Tliey required extenbive huntinii; ,L,n(»inids, support- iiJLj themselves chiellv bv tlie chase nnd bv li>liiti-j:. lioam- inuj about, mostly in detached Ixnlies or /ril" •<, they were e;[)read thnaiL^diout the vast rei;ion lyini;* l»et\V(iii the At- lantic and the Kockv iMountains, M!id from llie shores of the (iulf of ^Mexico to the Laurenlian hills, nortli of the river St Lawrence; and also btyond these, in Labrador, nnd the territoi'V Ixirderinir on Hudson's IJav. About eii;-ht tlistlnct languaL;-es or dialects were spoken amonii^st them, in ci'nse<|Uene(.' (»f which tiny have been classitied as havini' si)runir oiiirinallv fit mi a lik' nmnber of distinct families. Jhit of these (»nly three oi; four had huntinur Lri'ounds in the reuion stvled Xew France, of which that since called Canada I'oi-med apart. lender various names, subordinate tribes of the thive or four i^rincijial families referred to were dis[)er>ed llu'oUL^h the valleys and forests, and al(.)nLC the marii'ins of the rivers aad lakes, all the way fnan the Gulf (tf St Lawrence to the country be- yond the western shores of Lake Michii^an. A brief summary statement may be made to include all tliat it is necessai'V to sav, bv wav of inlrodiictioii to the liistoiy of Canada, relative to tin.' na.mes'aiid huntin;^ grounds of the ditfereiit tribes ; foi' it would be useless to atteni)»t io s<'t foith nccui'atelv the names (»f all ami their boundaries, since these antock, includini^ those named J/fcncif'i or Siois, KlvJicinin^, J/x hc/nis, and fSo/.'oZvV, to the number of about lOOO in all. Farther inland, and occupying chieily the north bank of the Sfc n XXll INTRODUCTION'. ['534- Lawrence, were tlic Montagnais of Sngiienny and Lake St Joliii, liaviiig for neiglibours to the north tlie Enquinaiux of Labrador and the regions bi^rdcruig on Hudson's Bay. \\i the valley of the Iliver St IMaurice, and occupying the iiorlii bank oi' the St Lawrence, in the vicinity oi the site of Three Hivers, were the Bidl-hvads or Attikamegues. Kext to the.se, extending westwards along the St Lawrence and on tlie banks of the Ottawa, were the Algon(piins proper, including a tribe named Xij}is.si)i(/s^ around the lake of tliat name. Tiie Ottawas and Chip[)ewas were near the outlet of Jiake Superior, to the south of which hiy the Foxes, the Sacs, the Mc)io)uonee6\ the Masconkns, and Kil'dpoos. The Harons — a term originally used by the French as a nickname — whose pro[)er name was Wcjuhits or Wi/amlots, nund)ei'ing, it is believed, not less than ;j(),()()(), occupied settlements in the peninsula adjacent to Lal'c Slincoc and (leorginn Bay, having for neighbours, on the south-west, the TioiwnUden or l^cl/nis. Next to these latter, to the t^outh, a!id extending eastward as far as or beyond the Falls of Niagara, were ii great many kindred tribes, col- lectively named the Ncufral Kalum, on account of their abstaining from taking any part in the wars of their neigh- bours, and preserving terms of amily with them all. The whole of the above-nameil tribes, viz., the Jlionac.s or Souri(<)is, Ffc/ionui.s, AboKujnis, Scliol'i.s, Montarinals, JlnU-luails or AHlk(t)iiv(jm's, Alijonqulns, Kij)lfi.suujt<, 01 la- urts, C/iipiK'icas, Foxcfi, Sacs, Mcno)u<>nccs, Masconhus, Kiknpoos, lliirons or Wyaadals, Tionoulatcs or Vchnis, together with some other minor tribes south of Lake Fi'ie, and extending to the valleys of the Ohio and the ]\lississippi, are considered as belonging to, or derived from, the great Alijonquin or Ahjic stock. On the south of the St Lawrence, west of the river riiche- I 1534] IXTRODUCTIOX. XXIU lieu, and extending southward and westward alon*,^ llie shores of Lake Ontario, were tlie principal settlements and hunting grounds of the Iroquois — sometimes called lluron- Iroquois — the most famous of all the tribes of Indians Concerned in the history of Canada and New England. They consisted of five considerable tribes: the JIo/iuwLs^ the Oueida.s, the Onondagas, the CdijiKjtifi, and the Scnecas, to whom were joined, in tlie year 171'2, the Tn-scaroras iVom Carolina. They formed the celebrated lengue or con- federacy of ''Five Nations^" having their head(|uarters in the north-eastern parts of the Stale of New York. Such were the warlike spirit, ferocity, and C()ni[)arative superiority of the Iroquois Indians, that, previously to the times when Europeans established settlements in Canada and New J'^ngland, they had made the [) .erof their league felt and dreaded to a great distance auKnigst the other savage tribes. They made hostile incursions into distant hunting grounds, as far as 1500 miles south of the St liawrence, and west- ward beyond the river Mississippi. IJefore the coming of the French, intense enmity and increasing warfare had sub- sisted between the Ircxpiois and the Indians of Canada — more especially the llurons, Algonquins, and Abenaqnis, with whom, it will be seen, the Ereiich took part against the Iro(piois. The Indians named above as the (ihnr/'tj/ucs of Canada and New England were all savages and heathens. In some cases, as amongst the llurons and the Ii'oquois, ihere did exist the knowledge and forethought itMniJivd Ibr planting iuakc, gathering it when ii[)e, and storing- it away in caves for future use. Ihit their methods of agriculture were of the sinqtlest and rudest kind. The women only perfornied the work, since the men esteemed that, as Well as all other mainial labour not connected with war or the chase, as degrading to warriors. They possessed y XXIV IXTRODUCTTOX. ['534- 110 Avrilteii l;in!:i;nn,c::o. Yet, ns spoken, their dialects were ]>errect ciiouL^li to admit of tlio practice of oratory arnoiiij^ tlieiiiselves, and also to l)econie snbiects of recrnlar stndv to Europeans. As they wei-e dependent npo!i oral tradition, almost exclusively, for their kno\vledi:;e of past events, this was found to be of the most limited and imperfect desci'i[)tion with res])ect to (>ccurrences cxtendin.iij back- wards bevond the ])eri()d of a simile "reneration. Thev had ]iot. like the ancient IMexicnns and reruvians, made anv progress in methods of procuring and using metals, nor in the construction of permanent habitations, nor in the arts of life generally. They entertained some confused notions of belief in the existence of a Supreme Ijcing, and in a future state. This state, to the meritorious Inditin, — one who had been a brave warrior, and had contemned hardship and bodily sulTering during his lifetime, — was to be a scene of per})etual freed(^m fi'om hunger and from pain, in happy hunting gi'ounds. Tiiey were also credulous and superstitious, l)elievers in witchcraft, and placing im[)licit confidence in omens and dreams, so that to these latter recourse was usuallv had before undertaking any enterprise of importance.'*'' In warfare they were remarkable for the exercise of cunning and ferocity, em[)loying treachery whenever occa- sion olfered, an (umld be inflicted, were regarded as unpardonable defects, — injurious to tlie character even of tlieir women. According to a Frencli writer, Charlevoix, wlio collected all accessible information relative to the Indians throughout Noi'th America, a general similarity of disposition, habits, and external a})pearance pervaded all the tribes. '• To see one," he says, " is to see uU." All had the same reddish or ('(ijqKt'i/ co!n[ilL'xion, the same form of visage, with eyi's bright and deeply set, their locks long and coarse, and their chins beardless, owing to tlie universal euslom of j)idling out the hairs from their faces. There was the same corres})ondence in their ini[)lem(Mits of war, consisting of bnics and arroivs, fotnahairl's^ sciil/>i/i(j-Ji'/ti'c( s, and Ire- qu'nitly shields. In their modes of conducting intercourse witli each other and with strangers, in their rites and cere- monies, in their ways of dealing with enemies, friends, and prisoners, as well as in theii- belief and ideas ol' i-ight and wrong, the Indians, from the shores of the (Julf of ]\Iexico to the banks of the St Lawrence, were virtuallv one peoi '.* It IS only necessary to add, in this place, that the con- version of the Indians to Christianilv was, thi'oughoul. ;i primary object witli the French in all their plans for settling the country. t Itliat I '.HIS liclo i: to * " 111 fiirin, in tnannor-?, ninl iti 1 ,'JiiK-, tin' Indi.ui triluvs pri'Si'iitnl an alniu.st uniform .ipiM'.iraiu'i! ; huiguugu fwriiuil tlie lci I'lt ilisliiictivc in;iil< to tho Kiiropi'an, tliou^'li iho .lUscnco nf u fcallirr or a lint! of paint (liscln.-uil to tlio iiativi! tho trilio of tlu- wiuidi'ivr wlinin he mot." Siua. t Tiio roador will lio intiTo.-^tod in liarninL' .-"ino pai't ioni.o'.s of tip' inod.iiii Canadian indiaiiri tliat i.s, nt" tlioso wii'i ipus (i>ri ) livo undor tho guvi rn- inoiit iif tho Dninininn of Canada. Tho total Indian populalinn of tlio I'uur I'mvinois ajipoars to lio ovi r 2'), (Kill, iiuL iiu'hiding thosi- of Labrador, lindt^on Hay Company '.i Toiii- t'liios, &c. Thoy arc distriljiitcd ...s fulhiwti; — In ()ntario, on tho CSrand liivor, Iliy of l,)uinto, liiver Thames, aliont 4000 fi'irpiois; about CUUO Chii'i'Ctcus, including suiiio OU'iwan and J'onic XXVl INTRODUCTION. [1534- vnttiinifx !it TiikoR Superior, ITurnn, St Clair, and other parts; T"*^ Mis.^is.-idiid.t at llice Lako, the Scuf^oEr, , when tlu'V niii,'rated from the United States under their great chief .Tox'ph r.randt, who had sujiported the royal cause during the war wliicli followc(uois of Lower Canada (Quebec) are descendants of those whom the French missionaries formerly converted to Christianity, and who passed from their native cantons, south of Lake Ontario, to settlements provided for them near the St Lawrence. The Iroipiois, and many e|)artmentof State (Indian Affairs) aid is distributed amongst the tribes, fnr procuring seed, grain, implements, building of schoolhouses, teachers, medical services, pensions to the old, infirm, and destitute, and for other objects. Ill the schools fnr Indian children, of whom more boys than girls attend, the total number of scholars for Out irio and (Quebec is short of 2000, with about titty paid teachers. Very few schools for Indians have yet been opened in Nova Scotia and New Lirunswick. I i ri534. T parts; 7(>0 '(Old in Jxland to upwards of 'no at Cauph- fo)if/i(i)>s aiul iiicmir, 250 ; n tlie regions ith scattered lelioc i,s thus re are 2000, lior parts of ipd tliem in • great cliiff war which s, originally considerable ^hofsc wlioiu who pass(>d ts provided idians, now arrying on partly by r •d amongst <"'l houses, 'itute, and I'ls attend, of 2000, 3 yet been THE HISTORY OF CANADA UNDER FRENCH Rl^GIME. CHATTER I. CAUTIEIiS FIRST VOYAGE. A.I). 1534. 1. Canada was discovered in the year 1534, by Jacques Carlicr (or (^uartier), a luarinor l)elon,i2;ing to the Rinall Frciicli seaport Si 3faIo. lie was a iiinii in wliom were combined the qualities of priidenco, industry, .skill, perseverance, courage, and a deep sense of reli.^ion. C(nun)issioned by the King of Frnnce, Francis I., he conducted three successivx* ex[)editions across the Atlantic, lor the purpose of prosecuting discovery in the Western Ileniisphere ; and it is well understood that he liad previously gained ex[)erience in seanianshi[) on board fishing vessels trading between Europe and the Banks of Newibiindland. He was selected and recommended to the King for appointment as one who might be ex[)ected to realise, for the benefit of France, some of the discoveries of his pre- decessor, Verraz/.ani. which had been attended with no i lT!STni<\- (»!•■ CWAI'A. fl5,U. .siibstiuiliiil result, since lliis iiiiviLT-'itor and liis compauiDns luul scarce! ly d one more lliaii f view, in tin a (listance t1i( CW ccKists of tlio extensive ref:;ions to which tiie name of i\ /'V('//r6' luidbeeii i;iveii. Jl; was also expected of Ciirtier that, through liis endeavours, valuable lands would be taken j)ossessioii of ill the Kin!j;'s name, and that places suitable for settlement, and stations for cairyiii^- on trallic. would 1 )e established. ]\b>reo\er, it was hopeil that the precious metals would be [)rocured in those parts, and that a passage onwards to (Jliiua ((Jathay) and the lOast Indies would be found out. And, iinally, the ambitious soV(.'ieigii of France was induced to believe that, in s})ite of the pretensions of Portugal and Spain, he might make good his own claim to a, share in transatlantic territories, With such objects in view, Jacques Cartiei' set sail from St Malo, on Monday, the l2()lh of 2\\m\ iriM.]- His com- mand consisted of two small vessels, with crews amount- ing to about one hundred and twc nty men, and provisioned ibr four or live months. 2. On the KMh of May tlie little s([uadroii ari'ived olf Cape iMtiKivista, ^Newfoundland; but. as the ice and snow of the previous winter had not yet disappeared, the vessels were laid up for ten days in a harbour near by, named St (Id/I/crii/i 's. From this, on the l21st, thev sailed northward to an island north-east of Cape IJonavista, situated about forty miles from the mainland, which had been called by * Tiio I'liiirls iif Spuiu mill i'nrtii'.Ml hail lUMtpstccl ;ii,';unst iiiiy fresh cxpeditinii from Fraiici; to tlio west, iilltyiiiL,' that, hy riy;lit of prior ilis- covcry, as wi'll a.s tlic I'opo'rt grant of all tlio western ri'gioiis to tlieinsclvos, tho i'^i'i'iicli could not go there withoiit invading their [irivileges. Franeis, oil the iitliiT li^ind, tr.Mted thi'se jn'etensioiis with dcii.-ion, i'!Ker\-ing Hairastieally, that lie would "like to see the eluix; in nld {''ather Adani'8 will by which an inheritiauee so vast \v,is hcnueathed to lu.s brothers of Spain and Torlugal." !' 'I'he d.,ti< in this, ;oid iil'si ij\unt liagep. 110 111 acc'iiidaaee wiih the '■ vhl uli/h " of rtiivuiu^. I 1 I I 1 ri5,u. •534] CARTIKR'S FIRST VOYAGE. iipaiiions ^ncc, tlic "^' New Oai'ticr ''f Uikvn >sii!tal>l(' l)reci()ns l)a,ss!i<;<' 'oiild 1)0 Franco sions of 1 claim til from is com- moiint- i«ioijo(l ■C(l ofK low of t'ssols K'd JSl iward al)(,)ut ed by V fresli ir I US- Selves, 'aiiois, iviiig ('.'-.S (if ii lliv llio Portngnese tlie "/x/*' 0/ lairds." Hero were found several species of birds which, it a[)pears, frequented the island at that season of tlie year in i)rodii;'ions numbers, so lliat, acconHnLT to Cartier's own narrative, the crews liad no dilUcnlty in capturing ononu'h of tliem, l)otii for their inuncdiate use and to fill eii^-lit or ten lari;^} ])arrels (/*/y/y^r,s) for fnlure consnm[)lion. ]>ears and foxes arc descrilxid as passini;- lr<>m tin.' mainland, in oi'der to feed upon the birds as well as their oi^-u's and yonn'j;. From lh(^ Isle of I'irds the sliips procecdeil norlliward and westward, until they came to the Sti'ails of JM'lleislo, when thcv were detained bv ftuil weatlii'r. and bv ice, in a harbour, from tlie 'JTth (»[' ^lav until the 'Jth of dmio. The ensuiiiLi; fifteen days were spent in exploriiiL;' {\\o coast of Labrador as far as Dhiuc Hohhrii and the western c< ast of Newfomidland. For the most ])ai1 these rei:i(»ns, inelnd- in,U" conli,L;uous islands, were pronounced hy (,'artici- to Ik^ unlit for settlement, especially Labrador, of which ho remarks, ''it mi:;'ht, as well as not, be taken for the cduntrv assiLiiied byMjod lo (,'ain." I''i'om the shon' of Newfoundland the vessi'ls were sl(>ei'ed westward aiM'oss the CJulf (jf St Lawrence, and abi»ut the liolli of .Imi", arriveil In the vicinily of the J/"//'/ //r// Jyhhnl--^. Oi an island, named " Isle I'rveii," ("artier savs it cnnlalned the best land lliey had yet seen, and tliat " o//c (i^rr ' elejihants, wlileli, when M[)[)roached, lea[)ed sudlaily into ih' sea." Tliei'i^ were very fine irees and rich tracts of ground, on which were seen <;'rowinL;" (piantities of "" ici'J cur.i, jxax in jhnri r, oiiiviid^, sh'iitrhvrrics^ rnsrs and swa f //cy7/v.'' Cartior noticed the character of the tides and waves, which swept liigh and slronj^ among the islands, and which suggested HISTORY OF CANADA. [1534- l(» liis mind llie existence of an opening between the soutli of Newfoundland and Cape Breton* Towards the end of June the islands and mainland of the north-west part of the tenitory now called New ]>runswiek came in sight, and, as land was approached, Cartier hegan at once to search for a passage through which he nu'ght Fail farther westward. The ships' boats were several times lowered, and the crews made to row close in sliore in the bays and inlets, for the piu'pose of discovering an opening. On these occasions natives were sometimes seen u})on tlie beach, or moving about in bark canoes, with whom the French con- trived to establish a friendly intercourse and ti'aflic, by means of signs and pi'csents of hatchets, knives, small crucifixes, beads, and t(»ys. On one occasion they had in si""ht from fortv to fiflv canoes full of savaiijes, of which seven paddled close up to the rreneh boats, so as to sur- round them, and were driven away only by demonstrations of force. Cartier learned afterwards that it was customary for these savages to come down from parts more inland, in u'lvat nund)ers, to the coast, durliiii- the iishing season, and that tliis was the cause of his finding so many of them at that time. On the 7tli dav of the month a considerable body of tlie same savages came about the ships, and some traflic occurred, (^ifts, consisting of knives, hatchets, and J- * This iiiiivos (',iiticr".s siigacity, siiK-e the oiuK-t from tlio (iiilf of St Lawn-ucc into the Atlantic, l)L't\vcc'U Capo liiiy niul Capo Noi'th, was of course, uiikiiown to him, I'ortioiis of tho coast of Capo IJrotou had, liowovcr, bocii vi>itccl by tlio French fislicrmoii of thoao days. Tho following words arc those in whicli Caiticr himself refers to the idea of the passage in (picstion: — "Aux environ d'icelles illos y a do grande.s maioes, (p\i portent coimnont Sliest ct Noronaist, Jo presume mi(;lx cpie autrcment, ii co quo j'ay vow, (]u'il luy aict aidciin passaigc entro la Torre Neullue et Li terro dcs Di-etons. Si ain.si estoit, ho soroit ime grande abrouiaoion, taut pour lo temps que pour le chomyn, so ti Olive parfectiun en ce voyage." 1534-] CARTIER'S FIRST VOYAGE. tcys, along with a red cap for their head ciiief, caused them to depart in Lireat ]ov. 3. Early in July, Carlier found that lie was in a con- siderahle hay, which lie named " La Baic des Chaleurs," lie continued to employ liis hoats in the examination of the smaller iiduts and mouths of the rivers flowing into the hay, hoping that an opening nu'ght he (liscovereil similar to that hy which, a month Ijefore, he had passed round the north of Newfoundland into the Gulf. After the l(Jth the weather was hoisterous, and the ships were anchored for shelter close to the shore several days. During this time the savages came there to fish for mac:kerel, which weie ahundant, and held friendly intercourse with Curtier and his people. They were very poor juid niiserahly clad in old skins, and sang and danced to testify their pleasure on receiving the presents which the French distrihuted among them. HailiniT eastward and northward, the vessels next passed along the coast of Gas[)e, upon which the French landed and held intercourse with the natives. Cartier resolved to take formal possession of the coujitry, and to indicate, in a conspicuous manner, that he did so in the name of the King, his master, and in the interests of religion. AVith these ohjects in view, on Fridax', the 'J 1th of tluly, a huge wooden cross, thiiiy feet in heigiit, was constructed, and was raised with much ceremony, in sight of many of the Indians, close to the entrance of the harhour ; \]nxv /Icurs dc ff/s lieing carved under tlie cross, and an inseiiption, "Vive le Hoy de France." The French formed a circle on their knees around it, and made signs to attract the attenli(ni of the savages, pointing up to the heavens, "as if to show tjiat hy the cross came their redemption." These ceremonies Ijeing ended, Cartier and liis people went on hoard, followed from the shore hy HISTORY OF CANADA. [1534- many of tlio Tndiims. Anioii:^ lliese tlie [)rincipal cliirf, witli liis l^rotliLT and tliree sons, in one canoe, came near (Jaiti(M''s sliip. He made an or.ilion, in course of wliicli lie pointed towards llie lii^'li cnx'^s, and then 1o the sur- ronndinic tei'rilorv, as mueli as to say tlint it all belonired to liini, and tliat the Frencli ou;.;iit not to have planted it there without his i)erniission. The sight of hatchets and knives displayed before him, in such a manner as to show a desire to trade with liii de 1 m, made mm approa(;n nearer, and, at the same time, several sail«)rs, entering his canoe, easily induced him and his companions to pass into the ship. Cartier, hy signs, endeavoured to persuade the chief that the cross had been erected as a beacon to mark the way into the harbour ; that he Avould revisit the place and bring hatchets, knives, and other things made of iron ; and that he desired the friendship of his people. Food ana urnu^ were ouerea, oi wmcn mey parrooR ireeiy, wnen Cartier made known to the chief his wish to take two of his sons away with him for a time. The chief and his sons appear to have readily assented. The young men at once put on coloured garments, sujiplied by Cartier, throwing out their old clothing to others near the ship. The chief, with his brother and remaining son, were then dismissed with presents. About midday, however, just as the ships were about to move farther from shore, six canoes, full of Indians, came to them, bringing presents of iish, and to enable the friends of the chief's sons to bid them adieu. Cartier took occasion to enjoin upon the savages the necessity of guarding the cross which had been erected, u[)on which the Indians replied in unintel- ligible Lmguage.* Next day, July 25, the vessels left the i * Tlio ;\cci-iK'il to train as interpreters, as well as to 1 534-] CARTIKR'S FIRST VOVAGK Jie liiirbour witli a fair wind, makiiii^ sail iiorlhward to lat. ^0", It was iiitciidcd to proseculo tlie voyaij^o farther westward, if possible; but adverse winds, and llie api)ear- aiice of the distant hcadhiuds, discourai^ed Cartier's hopivs so much, that on Wednesday, Aui^ust 5, after takiiii; counsel with his oilicers and |>ilots, he decided that it was not safe to attempt more that season. The little S(piadron, therefore, bore (»11;' towards the east and north-east, and made Blanc Sal>lon on the Dth. (Jontinuini^ thence their passage into the Atlantic, they were iiivoured with fair winds, which carried them to the mitldle of the ocean, between Newfoundland and I'retagne. They then en- countered storms and adverse winds, res})eeting which Cartier piously remarks: " We sullered and endured these with the aid of God,' and after that we had good weather and arrived at the harbour of St j\Ialo, whence we had set out, on tSeptember 5, I.kj-I." Thus ended Jacques Cartier's iirst trip to Canada. As a French- Canadian historian of Canada has observed, this Iirst expedition was not " sterile in results;" for, in addition to the other notable incidents of the vovage, the two natives whom he carried with him to France are understood to have been the first to inform liim ctf the existence of the great river St Lawrence, which he was destined to discover the following year. It is not certainly known how nearly he advanced to the mouth of that river on his passage from Gaspe Day. Uut it is Ijelieved that he passed round the western point of Antlcosti, subsequently named by him Isle de I'Assump- tion, and that he then tuniod to the east, leavini; behind the entrance into the great river, which he then supposed instruct tlioiii in reli^'ion and tlie Imbits of civilised life, pliiCfs lii.s ccinduot in a very invDuniljIe light a-s coiniiiired witli the pruoffding.s of euiincnt navigators in some other parts of the world. Some autiions have.stronglv condemned Cartier as having practised cruelty and treachery ou this uccasiou J but the facts here recorded diriprove the accuaatiou. HISTORY OF CANADA. [I5.0- to be an extensive bav, and, eoastincr alon^r tlie sliore of Labrador, came to the river Natachfpwin, near ^Monnt Joli. whence, as already stated, he passed eastward and north- ward to Blanc Sabkm. CHAPTER II. CAIlTIEIl'S SECOND VOYAGE — THE RIVER ST LAWRENCE INDIAN TOWNS, STADACONA, IIOCIIELAGA — CARTIEK WINTERS IN CANADA. 1. Cartieu and his companions were favonrably received on their return to ^ com nice rii Tl le expectations of his em ])loyers had been to a certain extent reahsed, while the narrative of the voyasje, and the prospects which this afToided (.f that seven weeks were oocnpied in sailinij^ to tlie Stniits ; f Bclleisle. Tlience tlie s(ni;i(h-on made for tlie Gvlfof St Lmvrcncc, so named by (dirtier in honcnir of tlie (lay upon which he entered it. Knil)<»ldencd by the infor- mation derived from his Indian interpreters, lie sailed np llie ixreat river, nt first named the river of CdiKuht. or of JIoc/tcI(ir/a. The montli of the Sagnenay was passed on Se])teml)('r 1. and the island of Orleans reached on the Dth. To this he j^ave the name " Isle of 15acchus," on acconnt of tlie ahnndance of grape-vines upon it. On the Kltli, the ships arrived off the headland since known as Oape Diamond. \ear to this, a small river, called by Cartier St Croix, now the St Chcrlvs, was ob- served flowing into the St Lawrence, intercepting, at the confluence, a piece of low land, which was the site of the Indian village Stachrama. Towering above this, on the left bank of the greater river, was Cape Diamond and the contiguous high land, which in after times became^ the site of the Upper Town of (^ueb(>c. A little way within the mouth of the St Croix, Carlit-r selected stations suitable for mooring and laying up his vessels; for he seems, on his arrival at Stadacona, to have alrcnidy decided upon wintering in the country. This d(sign was favoured, not o!dy by the advanced i)eriod of the season, but also by the fact that the natives appeared to be friendly, and in a ])osition to sup[)ly his peo])le abundantly with ]u'ovisions. Many hundreds came otf from the shore in bark canoes, bringing (ish, maize, and fruit. Aided l)y the two interpretei's, the French endeavoured at once to establish a friendly intercourse. A chief, Dnint- coua, made an oration, and expressed his desire for amical)l(^ relations between his own people and their visitors. Car- tier, on his part, tried to allay apprehension, and to obtain information respecting the country higher up the great If lO lilSTORV OF CANADA. [1535. liver. Wisliing also to impress upon the minds of tlic sav'ages a conviction of tlie French power, he caused several pieces of ailillery to be discliarged in the presence of the chief and a number of his warriors. Fear and astonish- ment were occasioned bv tlie sight of the fire and smoke, followed by sounds such as they had never heard before. Presents, consisting of trinkets, small crosses, beads, pieces of glass, and other trifles, were distributed among them. G. Cartier idlowed himself a rest of only three days at Stadacona, deeming it expedient to proceed at once up the river with an exploring party. For this purpose he manned his smallest shi}), the Erincrillon, and two boats, and de- parted on the IDth of September, leaving the other shi{)s safely moored at the mouth of the St Cliarles. He had learned from the Indians that there was another town, called IIocJf('hi(/a, situated about sixty leagues above. Cartier and his companions, the first European navigators of the St Lawrence, and the earliest pioneers of civilisation and Christianity in those regio) moved very slowly up the river. At the part since called Lake Si Peter, the water seemed to become more and more shalkAv. The L^nnenlluii was therefore left as well secured as possible, and the remainder of the passage made in the two boats. Frequent meetings, of a friendly nature, witii Indians on the river bank causcnl delays, so that they did not arrive at Iloclielaga. until the 2d of October. As described by Cartier himself, this town consisted of about lil'ly large huts or cabins, which, for purposes of defence, were surrounded by wooden i)idisa(les. There wciv ui)\vards of twelve hundred inhabitants,* belonging to some Algon(piin tribe. i M ^ * It li;is not bi'on BatLsfiictorily scttlotl to what triVx) the Indians ho- litiimul who woro found by Cartiorat llochfLiga. Soniu havo nven doubted tho accuracy of hi.s doscriptiou iu relation to their uumbcrd, the characti;r ['535. ! of the [ several ) of the "itonisli- snioke, before. f, i)ieces hem. (hiys at up the na lined lid de- n- shi{).s le had ' town, above. i.i,^^lors iisalioa vly up i\ the Tlie ssibh,', boats, ins oil arrive ed of s(\s of ^ riicrc' iiLiini:- UlS 1)0- ul)to»l iraL'tt.'i- '3j:) ] CARTIER'S SECOND VOYAGE. rr 'i At Iloclielaga, as previously at Stadacona, llie Freneli were received In' the natives in a friendlv maniKa-. Stin- pUes of fisli and maize were freely ollered, and, in return, presents of beads, knives, small mirr<)rs, and crucifixes were distributed. Entering; into C(nnmuiiicatioii with them, Cartier sou,i;ht information respecting; the country luL^her up the river. From their im^u'ifect intelligence, it ap- pears he learned the existence of several great lakes, and that beyoud the Lirgest and uiost reiiKJte of these there was anotlier great river \vhich llowed southward. They conducted him to the s.mmit of a mountain behind the town, whence he surveyed the prospect of a wilderiK^ss siretchiiiLT to the south and west as far as the eve could reach, and beautifully diversilied by elevations of land and bv water. Whatever credit Cartier attached to tlieii- va'-ue statements about the geography of their country, he was certainly struck by the grandeur of the neighbouring scenery us viewed from the eminence on which ho stood. To this he gave the nanu^ of Moi/nf Jio/jaf, whence the name of Jllonfrcal was (.'(inferred on the cily which has grown up on the site of the ancient Indiaii town, llochdarjn. According to some accounts, ITochelaga w;is, even in tlitise il;iys, a place of importance, having subject to it eight or ten outlying settlements or villages. i)i their h;il)it;itiiiii.-i, jiiul u{\o'V circ'iiiiist;iiic''-i, ninliT tlic I'olii-f tint allnw aiice must lie miuli; for oxa^-i^crutinii in the accmiiiis ui the lir.st Jiiiroiiuin viiiitur.-i, who wen; (lc;.--ir(iuH that tlnir ailvuiitun'-i shmilil rival thn.M. ot Cortt'z ami i'i/.irrn. It has also ln'iii MiL,'i;'t.'wti'il that tin' iiropli- wcfc not lIiifoHs, hut icuniaiil.s ol' the Ifonimis tiilics. \slio tni_rht have iiii'^^'iTeil theio ou their \\:\y .Kouihwaid. At w\\\ lale, w h. u the place wa.s revi.siteil hy Frenehiaon tiiore than half a eintniy al'terwanl.s, very t'ew sava';^' .i were seen in the neiL^hhourhixxl, and these ditl'ereut from tho-.e met I'y Cartier, while tliu town itself was no 1oh:;.m- in existeiiee, (.'hainjilain, npwards of suvonty years after .huMpies Culier, vL-iteil Ifodnlaga, Imil luadu nu uieiition iu hi.i narnitive eillior of the town or of inhabitants. I 12 HISTORY OF CANADA. [153: 7. Anxious to return to Stadacona, and probably placing little confidence in the friendly professions of the natives, Cartier remained at Hochelaga only two days, and com- menced his passage down the river on the 4th of Octol)er. His wary mistrust of the Indian character was not ground- less, for bands of savages followed .along the banks, and watched all the proceedings of his jiarty. On one occa- sion he was attacked by them, and narrowly escaped massacre.* Arriving at Stadacona on the 11 th, measures were taken for maintenance and security during the a])proacliing win- ter. Abundant provisions had been already stored up ])y the natives and assigned for the use of the strangiM's. A fence or ])alisade was constructed round the slii[)s, and made as strong as possible, and cannon so placed as to be available in case of any attack. Notwithstanding tliese precautions, it lui-ned out that, in one essential pai'ticular, the preparations for winter were defective. Jacques Cartier and his companions being tiie first of lMii's of ice began 1(> come down the St Lawrenct' on Novembi-r ir)lh, and, not long afterwards, a bridge of ice was Ibrnied o[)- })osite to Stadacona. Soon {ho inh'iisily of the (!o]d, — such as Cartier's ])eoiile bad ncvci- before experienced, — and tlie want of suitable elothiiiir, occasioiUMl nnich snd'cr- 4 1 o? ig. Then, in J)ecember, a disease*, but little known to ing '"* r>y ."OHIO wrihorn it. \a n,lli".ri'il (liat. the iittaok npdii Ciirtior's |iiirty, wliilf rcluniiiig I'i'oiii lly a wojiini ji.iiiH'il I'nncona, the squaw ol' i)iui ot" tin' young Indians wlu) had t'OL'ii can it'll ofl' to France the precedin;.^ yoar. 1535-] CARTIER'S SECOND VOYAGE. 13 'g taken Europeans, broke out amongst the crews. It was 11 le i:iciu'v?/, named by the French mal-de-teirc. As described by Cailier, it was very painful, loathsome in ils svm])toms and effects, as well as contaLjrious. The legs and thighs of the patients swelled, the sinews con- tracted, and the skin became black. In some cases the whole body was covered with purple spots and sore tumours. After a time, tlie upper [)arts of the body — the back, arms, shoulders, neck, and face — were all painfully affected. The roof of the mouth, gums and teeth fell out. Altogether, t'lie sulferers presented a de[)lorable spectacle. Many died between December and April, during which period the greatest care was taken to conceal their true condition from the natives. Had this not been done, it is t(t be feared that Donacona's people would have forced an entrance and put all to death for the [)m'pose of obtain- ing the property of the French. In fact, the two inter- ])relers were, on the whole, unfaithful, living entirely at h>ttidacona; while Donacona, and the Indians generally, showed, in many ways, that, under a friendly exterior, uni'avourable feelings reigned in their lieaiis. Ijut the attempts to hide their condition from tlie natives might have been fatal, for the .Indians, who also snlfere(l fi'oni scurvy, were accjuainted with means of curing ihe disease. It was only 1)V accitlent that Cartier found out what those means wei'o. He had forbidden the savages to come on board the ships, and wlnii any of iheni came near the only men allowetl to bo seen liy tliein wvw those who were in health. One day, l)omagaya was observed aj)- pr(taeliing. This man, the' youngei' of the two inter[)reters, was known to have been sick of the scurvy at Stadacona, so that Cartier was nnich surprised to see him out and well. He contrived to make him relate* the particulars of his ?v- covery, and thus found out that a decoction of the bark 14 HISTORY OF CANADA. ['535- find foHnpje of the wliito spnico-trco furnislied the savngos ^vith ji remedy. I[;ivinijj recourse to this enabled the Frencli rii[>l;iiii to arrest tlie prop^ress of the disease amon^^'st liis own people, and, in a short time, to brin^ about their restoration to he;dlh. The ineetinij: Avith Doninii'iiva occurred jit a time ^vhen the French were in a very sad state, — reduced to the brink of desi'-.'iir. Twenty-five of their nund)er had died, while forty more were in expectation of soon following; their de- ceased comrades. Of the remaining;' fortv-live, includinir Cartier and all the surviving ofHcefs, only three or four wei'e really free from disease. The dead could not be buried, nor was it possible for the sick to be ju'operly cared for. in this extremity, the stout-hearted French captain couKl think of no other remetly than a recour.se to prayers an:ht ot' the sulferers. " lUit," he piously exclaimed, " (Jod, in his lioly p^race, looked down in pity n[)on us, juid sent to us a knowledLi,e of the means of cure." lie had givat appre- liensions of an attack from the savasres, for he savs in his narrative: '' We wei'e in a. marvellous state of terror lest the peo}ile of the counlry ,-liould ascertain our pitiable con- dition and our weakness.'' and then ^'oes on to relate arti- fices by which he cimti'ived to deet'ive them. One of tii'> ships liad to W abandoned in course of the wintci'. her ci'ew and eonti'nls Ijeiui;* removed into the other two vess.'ls. The dest>rt<(l hull was visited by the savaL^'es in seai'cli of ])ieces of ii'oii and other tliin,L;'s. Had they known tlie cause for altamloiiin;.'; her, ami the d('S[)erate condition oC tlie French, they would ha.ve soon forced their way into the other shi[)S. They were, in fact, too numerous to !>(> resisted, if they lind made the attempt. t>. At length the protracted winter came to an end. As [1535- •53^1 cAirrii'.irs srcoxi) \'(iva(;i". 15 m As Mxiu as the sliips were clear of ice, Carlier made piepaia- tions for retiirniiiL:; at once to France. On IMay 3, ir)3l), a wooden cross, thirty-iive ieet lii,i;'li, was raised upon tlie I'iver l)ank. Donacona was invited tit approach, alon;^ with his people. When he did so. Cartier caused him, together with the two inter[>reters and M'ven warriors, to he sei^^ed and taken on ])oai'd his ship, llis (/liject was to convey them to France and pivsent them to llie KIn«4'. On the (')[h, the Iwo vessels di'parted. I'p- wanN of six weeks weic s|)ent in descending' the St liaw- rence and traversinii; the ()(\\\i. Instead of passinii; thi'(iu;.di the Straits of I'elleisle, Cartier this linu' made foi' the south coast of Newl'oundland, alonir which he saih d out into the Atlantii' Ocean. On Snndav, Julv ITlh, l.yAil, he arrived at St I\lalo. I). l»v the results of this second vovaiie, dacinu's Cartier estahlished for himself a, re[»utation and a name in history which will nevei' ceasi; to l)e reniemln'rcd with resjx'ct. lie had discovt'i'ed one of the laru'cst rivers in the woi'ld, had exploi'cd its hanks, and navigated its dillicult channel, more ihaii SOO miles, with a dei;'i'ee of skill and coiu'a^'e which has never l)een surpassinl ; foi- it was a i;i'eat m.ittcr in those days to penetrate so fai' itito uid^nown ic^ions, to (.'nconnti'!' tlie hazards of an unknown navi-ation, and to risk his own safety and that of his lojlowei's amon'jst an unknown people. Moreovei'. his aceonnls of t!i(> incidents of his sojoiii'ii of cii;ht months, and of tlie I'eatiU'es of the country, as well as his estimate of ihe two principal sites upon which, in afler times, tin- two ciiies, (^nehec aihl Montreal, have •..•lown up. ilhisliite l);ith his lidellly and his saL;"acity. l!i,- dea!iii,L;s with ihe natives ap[)i'ar to have hei'ii snch as to pi'ovi' his tai-l, prudence, and sense of Jns- tice, notw ithstandin'j,' the ol)jectionalile procedine of cap tniin'.-; ;!nd earrsiii.r "if hoiiaeona, w ilh oilni clilef,> am' J 6 TITSTORY OF CANADA. [• 53^'- warriors. This Ifittcr iiieasnue, liowevcr indefensible in itself, was consistent with the almost universal practice of navii^atoi's of that period and long afterwards. Doubtless, Cartier's expectation was that their abduction could not but result in their own l)enefit, by leading to their instruc- tion in civilisation and Christianity, and that it might be afterwartls instrumental in pi'oducing the rnpid conversion of lai'ge munbers of tlieir people. However this may be, considering the inlierent viciousness of the Indian charac- ter, Cartier's intercourse with the Indians was conducted willi ■' ;•:. ;id benevolence, and was marked by the total abse:'L'( *'i uloodshed — which is more than can bo urged in beiialf of other eminent discoverers and navigators of tliose diiy , . " di;i <.-, the ensuing two centuries. Car- tier was undoubtedl} <'uu of tlie greatest sea-captains of liis own 01- any other country, .and one who provided care- fully for tlie s.'il'ety and welfare of his followers; and, so i'ar ;is we know, enjoyed their respect and confidence ; nor were his plans hindered or his ])roceedings embarrassed by disoliedienee on their part or the display of nuitinous conduct calculated to mar tlic success of a maritime expe- dition. In tine, Jacipies Cartier was a noble specimen of a. mariner, in an age when a maritime spirit prevailed.* * As hii.s 1)0011 alroady uioiilimu'il, tlic ilnds given in th(> toxt :iio of tho Old, si lilt: According to moilcni reckoning, those of this chapter would Htaiul as fnllow,-; ; — Arrival at Stachicona ttept. 27, LVJo, ])oiiarl lire for IFochehigu ....,, 3(), „ Arrival at IlMchclaga ..... Oct. II?, ,, .l)o|iartiiro I'ldiii llochelaga ....,, 15, llotuni to Stadacona ...... 'Jl', Jco ll'iatiiig down river .... Nov. 20, liivaking n\) of ice-bridge .... I\Iar. 4, l.'iul). Sliips clear of ice AjirillO, „ 1 )c|i. Ill lire from Stadacona .... !\lay 17, ,, ,, ,, Capo l;a( 1 . . . . .Iiiiio ;i(), „ Aviiva! at ol M do .li.lv >js. ., I540.J CARTIER'S THIRD VOVAUL:. ClIArTLU III. CAllTIEIl S TIIIUI) VOVAOn— Tlor.FJlVAL — ALLEGED FOURTH VuVA(iE OF LAUTIEIl. .ft!1 10. A SEVERE (lisa])]ioitiiiiient awjiited Carlier on liIs ro- liiin lioiiic li'citi liis sfcoiul vovairc. Fi'aiice A.ii. I s 5'), 1^57. was {'iiu'aL^'L'd in ii i'dfci^'n war : r.iid at llie same lime, llie minds di llie people weiv distracted by reli!j,'i()U.s dissensions. In consecpienee ol' these untowtiid eirennistances, l)(»lli tlie Conrt and the people liad eeas(>d to ii'ive heed to tlie ol)iects which he had been so l";iitln'ull\' enrnl attempts were made to introdnee the project of establishiii'j,- a Fivnch colony on tin' banks of the St fiawi-eiice. 3b'an- while, 1 )onac()na, and the oilier Jndian warriors who had been broimiit ca,[itives to France, pined away and dieil. 11. At length, after an interval of about four vears, ])ro[)osals Ibi- another voya;j,\' westward, and I'or colonising' the conntrv, came to be so far enter- taineil that jilans of an expedil imi were pei'initled to b(» discussciL J)Ut now, instead of receivini;' the nnanimoiis support which had lieen accorded to previous umltM'tak-im^-s, the project was opposed by a powerful party at Court, li A.O. 1510. I i8 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1540.- consisfiiiG^ of pcr.^ons who tried to tlissunde tlic KIiil^ from grantin^ij; his nssent. Tliese allcu'ed tli.'it enough liad already been done for tlie lionr)iir of tlieii- country ; t)i;it it was not expe(h*ent to take in liand the snhjug-ation and settlement of tlioso far-distant reg'ions, tenanted only by sava>j"sand wild animals ; that the intensely severe climate, and hardships sncli as had ^jroved fatal to one-fourth of Cartier's peo})le in ]^>?>~), were certain evils, whicli there was no prospect of advanta^'e to outwei^'h ; that the newly- discovered country had not been shown to possess mines of gold and silver; and, iinally, that such extensive terri- tories could not be effeclively settled without transporting thither a considerable part of the population of the king- dom of France. Notwithstanding the apparent force of these objections, the French King did eventually sanction the project of another transatlantic enter[)riNe on a larger scale than heretofore. A sum of money was Lrranted bv the Kinir towards the purchase and e([uipmcut of shi[)s, to be i)laced under the command of Jac(pies ('artier, having the commission of Captain-(i!eneral.'' Apart from the navigation of the lleet, the chief commaiid in the undert;iking was as- signed to J/, (le lloiicrvnl^ who, in a, ctminiissioii dated Januiuy 1."), I;') 10, was named Viceroy and Lieut. -CJene- ral over Newibundlainl, Tiabrador, and (^tnada. lioberval was emjiowered to engage volunteers and emigrants, and to supply the lack of these by means of ])risoners tt) be taken from the jails and hulks. Thus, in about live years from * Commission d.itcd *20tli Oototjor loiO. In tlii.s docnment tlio French King's api>reoiation of Cai'tiei''.s nii'i'itH i.s .strongly shown in the tonus om- ployod to express lii.s royal conliilenoo ''in the eharacter, jmlgniont, ability, loyalty, dignity, hardihood, great diligence, and experience of the gaid Jac(ine.s Cartier." Cartier was also authorised to select lit'ty prisoners "whom he might judge useful,'" &c. '^v{i [1540.' n^^ from gli had ; tJi.'it it ion Jind only \)y climate, ourth of :li tlioro } iiewlv- 4/ ^) mines re tei-ri- |)()rting c kill! I54I-] CARTIER'S THIRD VOVACr. 19 ^^^- ection?!, '^jeet of e tli.'in nls the li'l" llio iilssioii of the as Ms- dated -(lene- bci'val md to la ken from Frouch MIS flU- b'liient, of the isoners tlic discovciy of the river 8t Lawrence, and, ^ix years after, of Canada, measures were taken for founding a C(>l(»ny. Ijut from the very connn('ncement of the underlakiiig. which, it v.-ill ho seen, prowd an entire failure, ditliculties presented themselves, lloherval was unahle to provide all the reijuisile sujjpliesof small ai'ius, .immuniliiui, .'ind other stores, as he had engaged to d>, during tlie winter of IT) 10. It also was found diilicidt to induee vinni- lation. (,'artier determined to take sueh steps as might seeure liimsi'li and followers from suH'oring through theii' resent- ment. Two of his shi[»s he sent back' nt onee to France, with letters for the King, and for ieilHjrval, reporting his movements, and soliciting such sup[)lies as wei'e needed. With the remaining shi[)S he ascended the St Lawrence as far as Cup-llotnjv, where a station was ehost'ii cdose to the month of a stream which flowed into the great river. Here it wasdetermined to moor th(.'shit)S and to erect such store- liouses and other works as might be necessary for security 20 iriSTORV OF CANADA. [1541. niul convenlenco. It was also dccltlcd to raise a small fort or forts on the liif men, in two barges. On the })assage Uj) he found the Indians whom he had met in "ir>r>r) as friendlv as bei'ore. The natives of jrochehii-a seemed also well disjjosed, and rendered all the assistance he sought in enabling him to attemj)t the pa.s.sage up the rapids situated above that to\v!i. Failing to accoinplish this, he remained but a short time amouList them, i^'atheriu"- all th(i information they could fui-nish about the regions bordering on the I"[)[)ei- St Lawrence. He then hastened l)ack to Cap-liouge. On his way down he found the Indians, who, a, short time bet'ore were so friendly, changed *lli,s description is substantially as follows :—" t )ii lioth siiles of tlio rivL'i- wen! veiy gonil lamls tiilcd with as beautiful and vi^orou.s troe.s an aro to bo aevu in tlio world, and of various sorts. A gmat many cxdfi, tlid liiicst 1 have over seen in my life, and so full of acorns that th»^y .seemed like to break down with tlii'ir weight, liusides these tiiere were the most beautiful VKfiilca, ('(ildvn, hirc/ns, and otlier kinds of trees not to be seen in Kranoe. The f(M'est land towards tlie south is covered with rhiCKf \\hich aro found loaded with grapes as black as brandileberries. There weiv also many hawthorn trees, with leaves as lai'ge as those of the oak, and fruit like that of the medlar-tree. In short, the country is as tit for cultivation as one could find or desire. We sowed seeds of aihhai/c, lettuce, tttrni'iKt, and others of our country, which ckihc up in ei'jht days'* II fort or -! station Indians ) people LM'.S WCl'O cr liin]- xeellent s of the for tlio and for already Till of On the met in chelaL;;i ^i.stnnce up the )Jiiplish therijii;- reg'ions astened lid tho hanged ?s of the i trees as iiy txdn, liat tlley ere weie es Hot to 1-0(1 with ebonies. le of tlie >' i.Sius fit cnhhaijc. 154:.] CARTIKk'S THIRD VOVAC.I". 21 and cold in their demeanour, if not uetually hostile. Arriv(Ml at Cap liouge, the lirst thing lie learned was, that the Indians had ceased to visit the station as at first, and instead oi coming daily with supplies of fish and fruit, that they oidy approached near enough to manifest, hy their demeanour and gestures, feelings decidedly licstilo towards the Fn-neh. In I'aet, during Cartier"s ahsence, former causes of enmity had heen heightened by a <[uarrel, in which, although some of his own people had, in the first instance, heen the aggressors, a powerful savage had killed a French- }nan. and threatened to deal with another in like manner. AV inter came, but not Fioberval with the ex[)ected sup- plies of warlike stores and men, now so much needed, in order to curb the insolence of the natives. Of the incidents of that winter passed at Ca[)-riouge, there is but little reliable information extant. It is nnderstood, however, that the Indians continued to harass and molest the French throughout the period of their stay, and that Cartier, with his inade(piate force, found it dillicult to repel their attacks. AVhen spring came round, the inconveniences to which thev had been exposed, and the discourau'inu" character of then- pros[)ects, led to a unanimous determin- ation to abandon the station and return to France as soon as possible.*' * Early in the siiriiig of ].' 12 C.irtier soiMns to h;ivo niii'le soveriJ sinull <'xeursi(i)i.s in .«e;u-ijh (if <,'(ilil uiid silver. Tluit these existed in theeountry, eHpeeially in the re;^n()n of the S;i'j;ni'nay, \v;i.s intimated to hini hy the Indians ; and this information probalily led Kohcrval afterwards to under- take his inifiii-tiinate exenrsion to Tadousae. Cirtier diil tiiid a Vfllowi.-li material, whieh he styled " jiot'drc iCoi;" and whieli he touk to Fraiiee, after exhibiting it to llolierval when he met him at Xewfonndland. It is likely that this was merely fine sand intermixed with jKirtieles of viioi. lie also took with him small ti-ansii ireiit stones, wliieh he siipjMjsi'd to be r//(n»o/((/.s', but whieh couM have been no other than transjiai'eut ci'vslal.s of (luai't/. Cartier's desire to find gold was undoubtedly stimulated by the reports HISTORY OF CANADA. [154- 1-]. At iLo XQvy i'luu) lliat Cartier, in Canatlii, was or'(,'n|)io(l in T)r('j)arations for tho ro-onil)arkati()ri A.i>. 1542. . ' '■ ^ ol llii.' peonlo who liad wintered at C;ii)-li()n,L:;e, li.)berv;il, in 1'" ranee. w;ts cc ^\el•e enihni-ked two Inuidred jiei'sons, consisting of g'entleinen, soldiers, sailors, ,'nul colonists, male and female, amongst whom was a considerable nnmber of criminals, "tiik-cn out of the pnldic prisons. The two srpiadrons met in the liai'lxtur of St John's, Xewfoundland, when Cartier, after making his report to lioherval, was desired to return with tlie ontward-l)(Mnid expedition to Canada. Foreseeing the failui'e of tlie undei'taking, or. as some have alleged, iniwilling to alhtw anoth;'r to participate in the credit of his discoveries, Cai'lier disoheyed the ordei'sof his superior oilicer. Various aceounis have heen given of this trans- action, according to some of which, Cartier, to avoid deteiition or inipoi'tunitv. weiglied anchor in the night- time and set s;dl for France. L">. lioherval resmned his voyage westward, and hy the close of July, had ascended the 8t Lawrence to (,*a[)-rion.ge, where he at once estahlislied his colonists in the (piarters recent Iv vacated liv Cartier. It is unnecessary to nai'rat(> in detail the incidents which transpired in connection with rioberval's expedition, as this jiroved a signal faihu'e, ;ind produced no results of consecpience to the futui'e fortunes of the countiy. It is pufiicient to state, that although lioherval himself was a man endowed with courage and i)erseverance, he found himself powei'less to co^.j with the dilHculties of his position, which inchided insubordination that could bo Y.liic'h li;ul rcaehod Europe moro than twMity yrars lioforc, of tlio lari^^e (piantitics of the procions iiictal.-i fuuud by the Spaiiiardsi iu tho West liuUos, Moxioo, and Peru. 154--] CARTIER'S THIRD VOVAGK. 23 i f ivi^rossod only by means of the r«-allo\v.s and otlier extreme nuuli's (»f punislmiL-nt ; disease, wliieli carried oil' a quarter (if liis followers in tli.-' course of the ensuini;' Avinler ; unsuccessful attenijils at ex[)loi'ation, attended with con- sidi'i-ahle loss of life; and linally, famine, whieli reduced tlie surviviuL;" IVeneli to a slate of ahjeei ilependence upon tiie natives for llie salvation of their lives, lioherval had sent '.)ne of liis ve>>els liaek to Trance, witli ur'^'eiit demands for siccoui' ; l)n1 ihc Kinu', instead of accedini;' to his peti- linn, :li>palc!ied ordei's for him to return home. It is stated on somewhat d(»uhtful authoritv, tliat Cartier him- self WIS (le})Uled to l)ring home the relics of the exi)edition ; and, it so, this di>lln';'uishc 1 navigator nm>t have made a lburthvo\ai;e out to the I'c uions which he h;id heen the lirst toma.ke known to the world. Th ,s ended lioherval's ahoi'ti\e attempt to estahlish a Trench colony on the banks of the ^t Lawrence. 10. 'Ji' the principal actors in the scenes which have been ("escribed, but little ivmains to bo recorded, llooerral. af'ler bavin''' distiuLruished himself in th' Mnrojxan wars cai'ried on by Francis L, is stated to ha'e tilted oui. anolliei- expedition, in conjunction with his bnthrr, in the year l.VJ'.), foi- the pui'pose of njakinf^ a seoiid atlem[)t to t'eiuiil a colony in Canada ; but he, and al with him, ])eris])ed at sea. TIk,' intrepid Cai'lier, by wo.se sei'vices in the AVestern Hemisphere so extensive an ndilion had been made to the dominions of the King of F[uice, was suH'ei'ed to I'etii'c into obscuiity, and is sup- p«e(l to have pnsse(l the reinainder of his days on n siall estate ])Ossessed by him in the neighbourhood of his iitive place, St ]\bdo. The date of his decease is unknown.* A. 1 1. 1549. 1: Cartier \va.-< li<,rn Dor^mlior ;]1, l-l'.'l. ]I.' was therefore in the jirimo olh'e when lie (lis(>()Vfre(l Caniidii, ami nf)t more than furty-nine years of ni at the tiuie when he returned home from hia last trip tu the West. 24 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1547. CHAPTER IV. THE CONDITION OF FRANCE — EXPEDITION OF THE MARQI'IS I)E LA ROCHE— THE CONVICTS ON SAI'.LE ISLAND— THE PELTRY TRADE. 17. After the events recorded in tlie preceding cliipter, about luilf a century elapsed before attein})ts to cdonise Canada were renewed. In tlie interval, some slight inter- course of a commercial kind was maintained witii the country hy French merchants, ns there were a few fading ])osts along the banks of the St Lawrence, whithe* these came, from time to time, in order to trade with the Indians in the skins of beavers and other wild animals. In the lower St Lawrence Jind Gulf, the vast abundjince of uarino animals jmd of fish, would of course serve to brim; numbers of fishing vessels every season ; and thus ;> c(n- stunt communication would be iiiiiintained, while tie interior of the country was left to the undisputed occu[)ati)n of the Indian tribes. 18. At the time when the expedition luidcr (^irt?r and Iioberval was fitted out, the throtie )f France was occupied by Francis I., whoso reiiti continucnl about four vears aftei'wards. His successoi. Henry II., Francis 11., Charles IX., and Henry III., wej constantly engaged in political intrigues, and in war wil ibreigu enemies abroad and insurgents at home. li- tigious dissensions prevailed throughout the kingdom b« tween the Jh(guenofs,^ jind those who adhered to tl * FiTiu^li Pnitcstaiits, iiml iiKiluilhig tliu Cdln'm'st," or followoi's c>f Jo\ Calvin (CauviiO, a native uf Noyon, in I'icanly. A.n. 1547. i5^^7-] THE CONDITION OF FRANCK. 25 ]^ til ^ nntional failli, attended willi imitiial persecution and iiiueli bloodslied. Under .such circumstances, and until the celebrated Henry IV. was firmly established on the throne, it was impossible for the Government of Franco to concern itself about Canada.* * It iiifiy Iifi wiill to note, in this place, a striking proof that generous sentiment, and tiie inclination for inaritiino enterprise were not wholly extint;uishetl dining the dark periods of hi-tory alluded to in the text. Subsecpieutly to the year 1541, the .Spaniards, impelled by a thirst for gold, had made several fresh attempts to establish themselves in Florida and on the banks of the lower Mississippi. Tiie track of S[ianish invasion, wa.s, as nsual, marked by bloodshed and by cruelty towards the aborigines; and the Spaniards generally, both at home and abroad, were in those days indisjiosed to entertain any feelings of indulgence towards the so-calUnl Ler(!sies of the Calvinists and Jiuguenvits of Fran(,'e, S(«iiie of tlii'se lattei', xmdta' the ausjiiees of (.'oliijiiii, having failed in their endeavours to found a colony in J'.razil, between the years l-'J-O;') and 15.')S, renewed their eil'orts in Floiida \inder tlie guiilaiiee of A'/Arrfn/ in l.'id'J, and of Lnmluinihrc \n l.')!.).'). The coast of I lorida liecame, in conM(|U('nee. the theatre of a sei'ies of bloody enciuuiters between the natives and tin,' Furopeans. ;uid between the Spaniards and I-'reiieh. The moiistious triiielu'iy and cruelties of the Spaiiiaids under MdiiiJc, perpetrated upon Jiilaiid, l.audouniere, and their followers, on the groiuids that thi'V \vt re "heretics and enemies of (lod," \Ceie sueli as to aliuo.-t pass beyond the liouuds of credibility, and crented, wlieu tiny became known in France, a prufound sensation. Although the victims, amounting to between nVht and nine iiundred, had been 1 lu,i,Mieuots, religious animosities for a season sub>id<'d into indigna- tion and a de.-ii'c to avenge tiie atrocious tieat nu'ut of their couutryuieu. The (lovernnu'ut could not or wouM not adopt measures. I'.ut a noted military oflicer and enthusiast, named Doiiiini'/itf di (loiyni.t, expended all the means he possessed, together with all he could raise aiuoug iii- friends, in eipiipping ;i liaiid of abmit two hundred and lit'l y cli"seu im n. 'I'i e>e he conducte([ to the viiy scene of S|iiUiis|i peilidy and eiiclty ; ami. o>.vitig sminounted all ol'stacles, with the aid of uitivc uaniors, whese peo]ile had also sufl'ered at tiie hands of the Spaniards, lie hiLTually aveUL'ed the fate of Kil)aud aiitl I, ludoiiniere. This oecuri'ed in I'liir, only livi' years before the massacre of .St Dartholeinew's, ;iud the facts are well authenti- cated, ail'ording an instance of t/ic fnl/ii;in nj nice predominating over religious antipathies, at a period when these operated most powerfully. The chivalrous enterjuise of M. de ( lorLiiiPs, nf a romantic eharact. r in all its incidents, was no less reiuaikable for th(! heroism of t!ie leailer aiKl his followers, than for the skill with which it was executed, and its com- plete BUcccHS. It may bo added, that the people of France, a[iart from f * I r-|it:»BgJ«ITtnrr1lii-|liniOTMMgifr 26 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1598. 10. At ]en,i>ili, in tlio year 1;")08, accordini:^ to the best „ niilliorities, {lie j\[ar(niis de la lioclie, liaviiiui: A.I). I^QS. . ' .... . obtained a connnission as Viceroy, embarked with a ixtinue, and abont fil'ty convicts selected iVoni the prisons and galleys, and set sail westward for Canada. lie never reached the river St L.'iwrenee, and his exjiedition was rendered niemorahle only by the suherin,L;'s and late of the iinhap])y convicts. About fort}' of these were set ashore on Sable [dau was prevented from ever returning;' to look after his uni'oi'tunate peo[)le on the island. These contrived to sustain a miserabl(> existence, makin^ijj use of seal-skin garments, and sheltering themselves in caves, and rude huts made of materials cast ashore by the waves, until, at the end of live vears, thev were thought of, and a vessel sent out for th.e purpt)se oi a,scertaining their fat(\ llai'd- ship and suirering. in addition to (juarrels amongst them- selves, had 7'educed their number to twelve, who were conveyed back to France, and their former oli'ences par(lnned bv King llenrv IV. in consideration of what ihey ...d endu.i'ed on fSa,ble Island. Thus, nothing what- ever was ellected by the I\hir(piis di> hi lloche in the way (if Ibimding a colony in AV/r Framr:'' •Jt). liefore })roeeeding further witli this history, it is necessary to refer more particularly to the trallic in skins llu' l-'i'i'iu'li ci'iirf, (Ikmi iiuiliT tin; iulliu'iiiN! nf Ciiflii riiic ns (if tlio ciiast worn ini[H'i'lVuMy (.'xiilnri'tl, caiiic to lio aiiiiliiMt nmro p ariicnlaily til tlio torritury bDi'dcring on the river iSt Lawniijoi.', iiud the great hikod iu [1598. > tlie best ?, liaviiii^ rkcd with 10 prisons He never ition wns ite of the .it as] lore I)pear, of labled to uilf. A I'd across lappened )nlv after I rived to HL'id-skin md rude nnlil, at i 'd vessel Ilard- ■it tlieiH- !i() wei-e olieiices of what I'-;" wliat- the way ty, It IS in skins id t'oi'L'igu "irtimis nf irliL'ulirly at liiktis iu i5'A] THE PELTRY TRADE. and furs — tlic peltry trade — wliich wis alhided to in the IjO'dnninsx of tliis chapter. It was destined to become a cliief cause or instrument in originating and promoting the actual settlement of the couniry. The skins of several of the wild animals which wei'e ])leiitiful in Xoilli America were esleemed valual)le in Eurii|)e, and could be s<»ld at prices wliich enabled merclianls lo Ijear the cost of sending out slii[)s and agents in order to procur(» them from tlie savages. To cany on the ti'ade, fixed stations were n.?cessary, accessible to Enr(.i)(\'nis and to tlie Indians themselves, not only as [)l;ices of rendezvou*! wlare the Indians and the ti'adcrs could have certain ojipoilunities of meeting ;ind of dealing wiiii each otluM", but also as pi.'rmanent siles for dwellings and sloiehousi'S, to aceommoilate the people eni[>lo\\'d, and to cont;iiu the mei'chandise inquired in the traliie. Tlu' lirst station established on the St liawrenee 1)V the Fi'ench was Tiifhmss'K'^ at the mouth of the Saguenay. Ai'terwanls, others wei'(^ pi'oviiletl at (Jinti(c, at I'ln'a' lUvtrs, at ]\!(i)i/)'('(i^ ( r/Z/e J/fZ/vV), and at otiier ]iges, were sometinu^s included in the terms of the chiirters; and, es[)eel;dly, it was, for the mo.'«t piut, enjoined U[)on the companies to ]»roniote the conversion of the native inhabitants to ('iiristianity, and to exclude, both as re- spected the colonists and the Indians, all religious doctrines anil systems excejit those appertaining to the failh pro- fessed by tlu> court and people of France. Thus, in three leading points which have been stated — namelv, the selection of sites for establishing forhs ajul stations — tha,t is, the sites of the future villages and towns— the importation of settlers to clear and cultivate I [1598. colonists 5 friendly ir sjivuf^e ninod to ' «tep in struction it came ! tradinsi: cist and ways in 3ntal in to time, L'orpora- Lo tliem s. The ch as to ilHilaled g til em ces thus i.uht of ns and vilei;es, i.'irtei-s; d upon native as I'e- K'ti'ines h pro- fitatoil ^ I'orls es and Itivatc 159S.] THE TELTRY TRADE. 29 the lands, and the conversion of the natives, whieli iinjjlied the employment of many missionaries, the fur trade must be regarded as the one essential foundation and resource which originated the colony and sustained its irrowth, until, after an infancv of more than one hundred and (ii'ly years, its permanence Wiis assured. As will l)e gathered from the couise of early Canadian history, almost eveiy rpiestion of any im[)()rtance that arose amongst tlie French colonists themselves, or between them and the In- dians, or affecting their relations with the nearest I'iUi'opean Colonists, was connected dii'cctly or indirectly with that Irallic* Jii short, it supplied to the C!i])i(lity oC com})anies and tradei's that sort of food, which, to the S[)anish adven- tureis in I\lexieo and Fern, was presented in the form of the j)recious metals; and it was a chief cau^e wliit-h, in con- * Ol' tin) wiM :iniiii;ils ot' New l'"raiico licii^ alliiiicil tn, t.lio iiio.^t useful wcro tif /:iiim; iddum', cariboo, the bear, tin o/fir, tlic inartm, n'o/j, j'o.r, the /iiiiiKi, ii-ihl cot, (riiiinc, V).iifi/,--rat. Vx'fove jMiropeaiis came, tlio .sava^ijes (it.'.-t iMyt'ii ami inadij usr of iIu'm.' I'l'i'atiirt.'s niily aco.'nliiig" as tlii'ir safely >:.'• tlu'ir wants dictat.cil. lii tin' fiU'csts, t InTchiri', ami esiiccialiy in tin; lake ii'yions, ami nortliwanl to iiml.son's Hay. wild aiiiiiial.s alioundi'd, and may I'C sujiposcd lo lia\olii'rn 011 tlm Im^i'tMsc. Tlic! pi'ltry t I'ndc, into \\liii'li not, I'lily tlu> J''rem'li oiitrrrd, Imt also the l']nL,'lisli and Dutch traders, \slio e.--tal>Ii,-^ln'd po.-ts in New I'ln-iand, soou iiii|iarted to tlio Iniliaiis a hii^dn.r estimate of the pi'oduets nf the ehase, ami, in course of time, was ext'.'udod far inland, noithwai'd and westwanl, until all tin! uanderinij trihes particiiiated. 'riieii the multiplication of some of thu nnire valuahle speci.'s (especially the heavei') was i;'ri'atly diiuini-hed, ami, j'i'oportionaliy, the iiicrca.-ed prices oll'cied liv the traders eomiicnsati.'d for the coinpai'ativi) scarcity of animals. J/. l'< I'htiiil, in referenci' lo Tadous-.-ic ami the S,eruenay. thus remark.^ Mpoii the \aiue of furs ] ii'ocui'al ile in thejr vii'iiiity 'J'i'i yeir.s a<,'i) ; — "... ilis(,M.du Monls') oiiserviUious in tJ:e m'i^'liliouriiooil of Tado'issae, di.^gusted him with tin' coinitry cxtendin;.,' northward. The traders, on the contrary, made foi' those parts, heeause there tlmy found their ]iroht. The Sai^uenay, in truth, did imt. I'ontain eiihei' u-old iidiu's or pre. cious stom's, as was at Ih'st, sup[)ose 1 ; l)ut it furnished oiher soiu'ces of I'ielies. 'I'luMo C(jnsi,-,te(l in its valualilo furs, which at lliat time here ,v hie;h prict; in lOurope — tln^ lU'irli'ii, th'* oUii', tho bcnnr, and ahove all tlio black fox (a jj'ijod skin in tho prosunt day fctclios lt)(J dul, on tliu coast of HISTORY OF CANADA. [1559 -CO. jiinciion \vltli llic pirms aims of tlie zealous Catliolic niis- sioiuiric's, cxtoiulcd discovery westward and sonlliward into tlie vcrv lieart of tlio continent. In the earlier davs of Canada, tlie sjioils of tlie chase constituted her riclies — her oidy produchs available for market abroad. CIIArTEPt V. ',r. rONTECn.WK AND CAPTAIX CITArVlX — :\r. DE CIIATES- l\. DE JIONTS— CIIAMPLAiy. lil. Ix th'^ years l.";!;) and Ib'OO, :\I. rcntegrave and '},l. A.n. 139';, Chauvin, who seem to liave been .skilled both in "'"^''' seamanship) and in mercantile pm'suits, were as- siu'iatcd t(\L!,'e1hcr in njakini;' voyages to the St Lawrence. Tluy had procured a. cbartei' from l\ing Henry IV., by Avhich, in i\'tui'ii Coi-tliL' exclusive right oft raflickini; in furs, they beeami' bound to ti'ans[)ort to New France five lum- (hvd Colonists. ^J'he conditions seem to have been verv impei'feetly fulfilled. Those whom they took out under tlK! name of colonists w(>re sim[)ly I'aclorsand male servants of the associates. ]\Iany of theiu died fi'om disease and hardship, aggravated by the tardy manner in which the necessary !su[)plies from Franco were furnished. At the Liibi'ailiir, and liOil tlol. in .!iiis^ia\ wvyq liii^lijy osteomiHl on account of tlio valiio of tlioir skins, wliicli coniinamlcd a roiuly isalo at lii^li j'riccs'. Tiiis noi'lh hMo was therefore, in s[iit(j of tlio rigour of its climate and isteiility of its soil, lunch fre([nentcd liy merchants, who procuri'd tho richest furs in exi'haiige for articles of little worth — such aa hatchcti. i [^550 -Co. olio iiiis- ^•;n-d into (lilVS of lies — her ATES- ■ .'111(1 },l 1 bolli in were Jis- awiviK'e. IV., hy ;■ ill furs, ive hiiu- 'eii very t under servnnls ase and lieh 11 10 At the ccuiint (if ;h i'i'i('e,«. iiiat(i and :ui\'(l the hatchctSf 1559-C0.] M. rOXTEGRAVf^ AND CArTAIX CIIAUVIX. 31 same time tlie privilen^es conferred upon M. ronte2:rnve and Chauviii were not secured to them, nor respected l»y others, since private merchants Ijelonginp: to Diejijie, St 3Ial(>, Eouen, and liochelle continued to prosecute the fur trade on their own account. It is not clear that they carried out any actual settlers or colonists. Chauvin ai)pears to have been the more active l)artner; and beiiiu; a IIu;j;uen(»t, as well as indillerent about matters not immediately conducive to profit, he certainly ne^xlected the condition of the charter whereby he was bound to establish a svstem of reliLrion to which he was opposed. His associate. I'ontes^'rave', accompanied him up the 8t Lawrence, into Lake St Peter, where it was pi'o- posed to have a tradini; post at the Ideality since called T/rrec Jiiucrs. l^.ut Chauviii objected in favour of T():'», Champlain, in conjunction with Ponte- irrave, matle his first vovage to the St Law- \ 1). I()0''. V r> rence. At Tadoussac they left their ships and ascended the river in boats, to the then farthest attainable point — the Sault, Si ijouis, now known as " Tlie linpids," above the city of i\b)ntreal. The features of the country, so far as they could be examined from the river, were care- fully observed. The Indian towns of Cartier's time, Sta- dacona and Hochelaga, were no longer in existence; but Champlain regarded with attention the scenery around their sites. Hochelaga is not even mentioned by liim, although, acting as Cartier had done nearly seventy years [i6o3. I'^o;,.] CIIAMrLAIX. 33 high in to other le means ed as tlie ' a noted lie enter- 'd in the Soutli of met him position, ;'ion, and will also -^s whieh le native ays able, J to the williiiiif an who, [lis, first )' annals I'onte- it \i\\\\- ips and a ilia hie ip/'ils," ountiy, ■e care- 10, St;i- ; Ijiit lU'ouiid ^ liini, f years 3 A.I). U1O3. ]i;'i'i)i'o. he ascended jIdviiI Hojid m order to obtain a .l^o^ d vit'NV. llfiuniiii:;' 1') Tadonssac, where tlicir throe small vessels ]i;i(l been \^A\, Cliaiiiplalti and runtegrave, t(,)\vards aniUinii, M't <;iil inr Franco. J )l' Cbiilos liiid died diii'iiig their absence, and the com- ]i;iiiy I'onnotl by him w;is already almost broken up. (.'!i;im[»laiii, however, ])ix})ared a narrative, and a map 10 illiistrale wh;il he had seen, and sulmiitti'd these for the iiii'ormntioii ol Kin;j," Henry, who expressed his willing'noss to eoiuileiiaiiee the resuni[)lion ol" plans I'or sellliiiLj; the count ly. •J 1. Almost ininiediatoly afterwards the company was re()ri;"anised by 31. do J^donts, of whom mention has ali'oady l)een made. ]Ie also wa> a Jhiguenot, ])ati'iolie, of great abilities and experieaice, and i)osscssliig nnieli inilneiiee at court, without wiiieh he could not have .■surmounted im[)edinients that were purposely raised against his designs i'nau the iirst. The King, unmoved l)y the objections to J)e .Monts, iippoinled him iiioulenant-General of till' Xortli American territory between lit. 40' and 40' X., with insliuelioiis to establish colonisls, cultivate the soil, search for mines of gold and silver, build forts and towns, and wilh ])ower to confer gi'ants of land, as well as the exclusive right of trading with the natives in fui-s and all kinds of morehandise. Altlumgh a i'rotestant, while J)e flouts and his friends were to enjoy the free exercise of their religion, hci was bound by the charter to [irovide for the conversion of the natives, and llieir training, exclu- sively, in the princi[)les and wor>hip of the Ciiurch of lioine. The King was the more willing to grant a charter ou these terms, because Do j\[onts and his com[)any were to bear all the costs that might be incurred in their enter- 3^ HISTORY OF CANADA. [1604. prise, rropnmtions were tlien made for tlie dispatch of an expc(liti(jii on a larger scale than any that had yet left Franco for Aniei'ica. 25. Early in the sprlni^^ of l(j()4, De !Monts sot sail ^vitli four vessels, well manned, and eonipiHxl with all A.D. 1604. ' . . means recpiisite, hoth for carrying on the fur ti-ade and for starting a colony at any place that might be judged suitable, lie had under him Cliam])laiii and Pontegrave, also a French nobleman named Fontrinconrf, who was iroinr>: out to settle with his family in America, and tlic subsequently celebrated historian Lcsarrhut. Two of the shi[)S Avere specially intended for the fur tratllC; and, in the first instance to scour the coasts and inlets, for the purpose of driving away or ca])turing all jiersons found illeg.ally trading with the natives. The other two ships had on boa'rd the intending colonists ; amomist whom were soldiei'S and work[)eople, priests, ministers, and some gentlemen volunteers. This expedition did not steer for Canada, but for that part oi New France then called Acadia (Xur((, ^>cotia), De i\ronts being under the impression that he should there iind localities more favourable for settlement than by ascending the St Lawrence. ]jut it carried with it those whom L cscarhut ']\i^\\y styled " the hoj)e o/C'inada ;" for besides De ]\r()nts, there wei'e Champlain and Fonte- grave, and })robably many ofinfei'ioi- grade, who.se partici- ])ation in this attem[)t to found lui Acadian colony must have greatly assisted in rendering their future services more valuable else where.'- * Tlic details of pniceediiig.s of the Acadiin expedition, from tlio tiino of their iU'iiviiig on the co;i.st in IGOi until its virtual de.structiou in 1613, are deeply inteiestini^, although out of [ilaee in this lii.story. A good (U-al of time wa.s lost in deciding upon a place of landing. They coasted along till they reached the /'a// (if Finnlii, when, warned by the approach of ivinter, De Munts made a .somewliat hasty and very unfortunate selec- tion of a spot for winter quarters, where there was a dcliciciicy of wood lCo-1 CI I AM PLAIN'. ."3 lil with ,vitli all ir trade; ju(li2;e(l t'grave, ho was Liul the of tlie I, in tlu3 purpose ne,L;'ally liad oil .sohhei'S itleiiK'U ida, hut . {Xur((, that ho tlomcnt willi it u(ii: JJuimoiid, jud;j;ed the situ- ation favounihle lor [jernianent seUlenienl. Ai'tisans, pro- visions, niereliiindise, (U'lns, and tods wei'O l)rou,L;iit on slioi'e, and a comniencenient made in the work of con- si rncting Wooden building's and defences. At the same time [)re[)a rations were made for cultivatiii^- the ground, and lor testing the ])roductiveness of the soil, hy sowing various seeds hrouii'lit from France. Jn these operation.-., beii'un (in July 15, l(!i)S, ('hiunplain had in vi(,'W the establi.slunent of a lixed trading station for tlu^ advantage.' of the Company he I'eiii'c.'-ented, as well as the more inunediate pui'pose of providing for the security and acconunodation of his })eoj)!e durinLT the ensuinL;,' winter, jhit on the site of these rude works the city of (^hiebec grew u[) in after times. Cham- plain is, therefore, entitled to be regarded as its founder, and the dale last mentioned as that of its foundation. IJuring the autmnn, the works were continued, Chani- ])lain himselt' su[iei'iutending them with indefatigabl" activity.''' rontegraA-e returned to France with th n- dts of the season's trailic at Tadoussac. 2S. Cham[)lain"s experience, previously accpii. atPort- * .\t (Hie timo tlioro was (laiii;or of tlie proceediiig.s beiii;;^' brouglit . ,i prt'mat\n<.' clo.so tlirougli a ctni.spiracy devi.sed l)y some discontented arti- sans. A few of these plaunetl the niui-der of Chani[ilain, after whicli tlie iiiai^azines oi provisions and mereliandi.se were ti) Ije plundered, and aa esca]io eil'eeted to Spain on hoard one of the foreign vessels then in the river. Shortly before the time li.Ked for the e.\eeution of the plot, one of the conspirators, impelled by remorse for having entered iutu designs 112^ at Ta- i,i;iie tliei'o t'oiitiiHR'd ICO wliuio some dis- cards tlie the situ- aiis, ])r.)- >ni;!it on c of coii- 10 saiiio jund, and g various jlishuieut CJompany iir})oso ot lis poo|)!o lose rudo CliJiin- foundor, ion. 1, Chani- iatiu';!))]" 1 fc dts atPoi't- foiight > ,1 xnited arti- ' winch tlie •ed, and ;iu ;hen in the ! plot, Olio itu dc'tti^'iLS 1 ''•'^O- ] CIIAMPLAiy. 37 Ilnyal, doubtless was of sorvifo in i;"iviu'_;' ('ikct to liis iVirc- lliouu'lit and eiiLri;T as reL;';irds pr('[t;irations for llio wintrr ; for it is rocordod tliat tlie thirty persons conqtosin.;' Ids ii;irtv were comfort ahlv ])rotected from llii- ordliuirv riunurs of tlie climate. I'ut there \v;is on" enemy a;j;ainst whose insidious approaches he could not i;'uard — tlr.' .v/i'/t//, called l»y the French '"' //r'/ oV /rnr.'' In thos;^ days pre- ventatives aL^'ainst that terrihle disease were unknown. All Champlain's worlqiroplc were afllicted witli it, altlioUL;]i they do not seem to have hetai exposed to any hardsiii[), or to anv hard work', hevond hriuLi'lne' in fuel from the con- ti'j,'Unus forest. Only ei;;lit survived tlie comparatively short winter oi KilKS-It, whicli came to an end early in April. '2\K On the retui'u of s{)i'in;4", Cliam[ik'iiu's activity of disiMt-^ilion did not suffer him to await the comiu''' , , , , A.I'. Ilioy. of roiiteu'rav(' fi'om France. He set out at once up the St Lawi'enee. ]\hjetin'j,' ])arties of Indians hdon-iu-j; to Ali;dn((uin and Iluron trilies, he entei'ed into friendly eommunication with them. J'etweeii these trihes and the Iroipiois, or I'^ive Nations, n state of warfare subsisted. Ohampkiin. on his jtart, desired to secure the friendship of tliose natives who were to be the nmre immediate nei;_;li- bours of the Friiieh on the l-^l Le.wrence, while the A1,l;'iui- piins and lluroiis wei'c e([ually solicitous about Ibrmini;- an alliance VN'iih the Furo[)eans for the sake of aid a;_;'aiiist their enemies. An imd'.'i'standiiiL;" was soon established. The Indians enii-aired to visit the Freneh tradiue' i)(ists nL'.'im liim .'I! ^t tl f til le nic (U tlie funi;i il)]e C the infant eol 1 11 IV iani[ilain, ^'.ive intMniiatinti wnicli si\-c lur ^)( tiie lea'h'r.s were at on ee si'izea aii'l }'l,ieed ill iai,loriiiij^ tliL'ir country westward. On llie oilier hand, Cliaiiiplai!i undertook to liel}) them in their conflicts with the Irotpiois. In pnrsuance of this ag'reenieid, the French, niider (Miain- ])lain, lii'st intei'vened in Indian warfare. lieturnin,c>" to (^uehec, Chani})lain pi'dcnred reinforcements and siipplies for his estahllshineiit fioni roiitep'ravo, who had hy this time aiaived at Tadoussac from France. Ijcfore the ennM,Al\, AMI l.AKi: (iFOR(;K — BATTLE Wri'U Til 10 IUO(JU()F<, AM) l!ARF!AROUS TK.KATMi;.N T OF FinsoNiaiS — sia;< )M) FXI'KDITIOX, AND liATTI.i; WlTil Till'. nioijFois -i:srAi;i.isiiM;;.NT oftuadixo .vr.viToN .ni;ai! saflt 8T I.OFIS, AND (■(iNF,.in;NCi;s WITH Till, INDIANS — AFFAIRS OF THE C()>n'ANV — A.^CF.NT i.'^(Tjvr:;;v A.Mri.AlX, ITLi; WITH AH .SAl'LT {S OF TIIK : OTTAWA lUUCjL'OlS IC Iniin- consisls nplaiii, lendoiit tails ol' I no, 01 ■1 I 'IS .siLTacitv, and of iiidefatiiralde industrv, of self-denial and ji.itienee. Avliieli will always entitle liini lo ti liii^li rank an)on,L;' tlu; celehi'ated in tlie annals of mankind. In pni-suance of the alliance he had entered into with llie aboi'ig'ines of Canada, as well as for the [)nr[)ose of extendini;" his diseovei'ies, he enu'aged in three dill'erent warlike exjiidiiioiis into the eountiy of the Iro(]^nois, viz., in the years 1G()1», lOlh and ICd."), tlie particulars of which must fni'ju the main snliject of this chai)tcr. ;)]. in his iirst eX[»edition lie passed with a, l)ody of Alijominins and Monlmjiuii^ up the river liiehelieu, which then, and su])se([Uenlly, was the [)rinci]i)al route followed ]iy ilie JriKpiois when making incui'sidns into Canada, lie discovered that this river formed the outlet of the waters of a heauliinl lake, which he was the Iirst ol" Euro[)eans to l)ihuld, and wliieh he called '' Jiake (.'hamplain," after his own name. Fnitlier on he entei'cd and crossed a. smaller lake, then named '" .//^'/Az/vc/c'' hy the Indians; subse- ([Utiitly '' ^1 ^(iri-diiiLnl" by the J'^rench ; and later still '' J.dl,-'' (fdnyi'" by the English, lie was now in })arts fieijiieiited by the li'oijUois. According to ( "iiam[»lain's de.-cii[»lion, it was a region aljounding in game, iish, beavers, liears, and other \\ild animals. >iot far from the site U})Mn which, long aflei'wards, Tort 7V'"/^r/f /v,7f/ was constiiicle'l, the invaders fell in wiili a, bo.ly of two liandre(l Iioipmis, who weiv ea>ily beaten and ])Ui to lllght, chi;i!y owing to the chivalrous valour of Champlain. and the terror in-pireil by iire-arms used by him and his two atlenilanl I'Venehnieii. 1 iei'e ( 'ban I plain witnessed I'or the lir.-t time the eruelties and hoi'i'oi'.^ allenilant U[)ou Indian waiiai'c ; and he appeal's to have exerted his utmost imluence \ainly in entlavoui'- ing to save the wounded and ea[)tive Iroijuois from being tortured. To his indii^iuiut remuiistraiices the conijiieror.s 40 HISTORY OF CANADA. 'iCio. US I''"! Iiirnod a deaf onr, alleging;' tlial llicy were o]\]y inillciiii'j^ upon llu'ir cncmioH the snlFeriiigs wliicli tlicir own pc'0[)lo liad oflcn eiulurci] at tlieir liaiuls, and wliich were reserved for llieiiiselves slioidd lliey ever fall into the |»ower of tlio Iroquois. After this llie allies made their way haek to tlic St Lawrence, \vlieii the llurons and Al,Li'on(|iiiiis retui-ned to tlieir setth^iients towards the Ottawa ]('L;ieii, wliilo Champlaiu and tliu ]\Iontagnais descended tlie river to (^)neh(.'c. ',)'2. Tlio 1)attle willi tlie Troqiirus took place on 'Tuly ,30, 1(109, so that n[)Wai'ds of iwo and a halt ni(»nths had l)een occupied in the eani})aiL;'ii, In Septend)er followiii'x, Champlaiii set sail for Fi'ance, accompanied hy l*onte!4-i'avo. Before he left Quebec he made all the arr;;nu(Mnen1s in his ])ower for the safety of those left to winter theiv. A tnist- "Nvorthy conunander was ap|)ointed; and in oi'der to [)revent the necessity of outdoor laheur dui'iu'j; th(^ time of severe cold, a supi)Iy of i'uel was }>i'ovidetl in the antnmn : (or it was su[iposed that exposui'e and hard woil; eomhined weie amonu' the causes of the tei'rihle nialadv wliich had alllicled ' Champlain's people in the winter ot K'.CS. [Vo. (.)n his arrival in h'tance, he reported his adventures and the cotidilidU of New iM'aiice to the Kiii'.:'. hy whom he was treated with the utniest- consideration an«l kindiu^ss. Nevertheless, owin^L;' to oppnsition and clamour, it was found impossible to brinij; about the renewal ol' the charter, which had expired. in spite of this, I)e ^fonts succe(>ded in procuring' the means of littini; out two vessels in the s])i'in;4' <»f l()|(>. in which Chauiplain and Tout eu'i'jivi' set sail from ilaillenr nbout the uiiddle of AjU'il, and ai'iiveil at 'radeiissiu! on the !L!(>lh (»f May. At (Quebec (Miamplain found his people in !L;'ood bealtli and undiminished mnnbei's, the winter liavinuf been passed throUL;h without the endui'anee of anv pa All to [fio. iCno] CIIAMTLAIX WOUNDED, 41 ]);irt!('ul;ir liardsliip. His Indian allies, also, tlio Iliirons, Ali^onqiiins, and ^[()ntaLi;nais, were eagerly waitin.u,- for liiiii to rejoin lliein in another attack upon the Iroipiois. ?A. In the middle of June, Chain]i)lain, with a few Fi'rnchincn, ]ri\ ( MieluH.' and ])roceeded ni) the St Lawrence to the month of the I'iver Iiichelien, Xearh) tliis, oti asecndiirj:; that i'iver, and eni[»loyin'j; the ser- vices of sconts, it was f'onnd that a body of Troipiois liad estahlishcd themselves in a po>t fortified by means of great trees which had been felled, sc hat their branches, inter- laced with each other, presented a strong wall of (U'fenee. The Alu'oncinins and .Alontairnais immedialelv commenced an attack; when, althongh assisted by the I'^rench witli theii'artjnebnses, it was for a long time fonnd im[)ossible to force an entrance into the ])osition. In th(i end, however, the Inwpiois llfd, leaving fifteen of their mnnber prisoners. The con(|nerors had three killed and abont tifly womided, among whom was (Jhani[)lain himself. Again was he compelled to witness the perpetration of the mo-t revolting cruelties n[)on the nnfortunate Iroipiois captured by his allies, whom he could not, restrain, although now I'egarded bv thrill with fceliini's amounlin-'' to veneration.-'- I'."). Champlain was now in a jtosition to do soni"thIiig towards I'oi'wartling his own plans llirou'rh the goodwill and as^istallc(> of the llurons anil AlgoiKpiins. To extend * ( 'li;llll]i'i;lill ri'l;lt''S (Iiat tlli'y willliirnW to nlH' n\' []\i\ suilll isluhts 0[i])(isiti' tln' llliilltll i>l' tin) Uicllclicll, iii\- til' JUll'I'n.-c (if (•(ilil]il"til)^ till- ci'lfliiMtinii (if tlicii' viclmy. Here llic victiiM hct^xd; tlii'insc'ivi's to tlic I'l'i'dcidiis j(;(liim' dl' tditiiriiiL:; the t'aiil ivcs, tiv iikmii.-! ot" every clevico I'aiiiili.ir I" ill'' ^:iva;^'e iiiiiul, and ended witli e.sjm.'iii.,' tlnir still livin;.^ liddies Id the lii'e, and liaekini^ thdii into small pieces, with the (-xee]iti(iu dl' a t'ew wild were reserved t'or the ent'Ti liniiieut, of the liui'iin wonicn. Jiesjiectin^L,' these iatti-r, it is added, that it was wd-.^e for Ihe victims, since tlio f 'male navages, converted into (lends on such oci'isidii-i. exeelle(l the men in in.,' ennity, aiul in the ik'.\terity with which they ap[died vafioud modes of lurUire, 42 IIISTORV OF CANADA. [iGii, tilt' knowlcdixo of llic country westward, and to find out a |);iss;iu(.' tln'onu'li llie continent to China, were to liim as iniicli objects of desire as tliey liad been to Cartier ])efore liim. The Indian eliiefs promised to furnish all the facili- lies he reijuired ; and they placed in liis care ;i youni^' Huron, whom he afterwards took to Paris. At the same lime a youn-j,' Fivnchman was entrusted to a chief named Ji'txjuvt, for ilie pui'pose of learning the Algontjuin lan- guaii'c. and of visit im;' the lakes, rivers, and mines which were stated to exist in the interior of the country. When these arrangements had been niade, Champlain and his allies parted. On arriving at (Quebec he learned the sad intelligence of the death of his powerful frie-nd and [)atron, Iving Henry IV., who had l>een assassinated three months before in the streets of I'aris. Although the season was not far advanced he immediately took his departure for France, accom])anied by Pontcgrave. !](]. In the spring of IGU, Champlain returned to Canada* During the winter, allhouuh it was now impossible to recover the exeliisive pi'ivileges wlilch had formei'lv been accorded to his eomiianv, he and rontegravi' had again succeeded in procuring llie means of e(pii]>ping several vessels. De JMonts still enjoyed the tille of A A ///< ii(!ti/-(i< U( I'd/ ()/' y< ir J''j'(iHcc, but was greatly ('riii]il('d in his ios((urci'S and inlluenee in ccMisecpience of the King's death, and the large expenses aitendant on pre- vious undertakings in co'Miection with the establishments in Acadia, at Tadoussac, .uul (»),uebec. Wni the most dis- coura'j,ing circumstance, which now cut (»ll' all hope of iT(K'eming his losses, was the virtual throwing open of the A. II. l6l I. * AImiuI, 111!' ('iiili)f liil(1, (iri'ai-ly ill lilll, ('li.iiii|iliiii. in I'm is, I'siioiiscd !i \evy yoiitlil'ul l.uly, iiaiiicd Ili'lrin' I'loullr, daugliti'i' nf IIk' |\iii;^".», privali; si'iTt'taiy. SliiMvas ,i lliiL^inMiiit, t Imugli .Kiili.-ciUK'iitly coiivi'i'ti'tl liy Ikt liu.-ibaiul. (She visited Ciuiada in IGlHj uud reiuiuiiod about fuur yoars. [i6ii, intl out a ) liiiii as ior befoi-e 1k' facili- a young I.I10 same f uninecl [uiu lan- es wliicli AVhcu and Ill's 1 the ,sad 1 patron, J niontlis I was not ' France, uikhI to I I fl was >i'i\i logos ', lie and moans O'od the s groat ly lenoo ot L on pro- sliinonts lost dis- liopo of 1 ol' the csiioiisi'il ;'.-; IM'ivato ''1 liy luT ycar.i. 161 1.] CIIAMrLAIX RETURNS TO FRANCE. 43 JA'i;^ peltry trade in the St Lawrence, of wlileh the l-i'aders l^'longing to French maritime ports availed themselves in ci»nsideral)lG numbers ; for when Champlaiti and Fonto- uravt' arrived out at Tadoussao, towards the end of ^May, thiy I'ound traders already there doing hn-iness with the savages, and that others had jireeeded them in the ri\cr ahuve, as far as the ra}tids near Ihichelaga. ('hamplain liastened to the latter place, with the di'termiiiation of o young Frenchman who halt' aeiiuaiiited with their laiigiia'.;(\ and w; s nov; abli.' to act as an iiilerpi'etcr. ('lianiphiin rcstoinnl to thiMii tlio indjan whom he had taken to Faris. ami nto ])erni!;t('d two more l-'rciichiiun to accompany the trii)es on their return to their own settlements, 117. < 'hamplain went to France before winter, and was there detained nearly two years by the afl'airs (*!' the eoni- ]>aiiy. .Mtliough his zeal and his hi p >s of founding a colon}' ne\'er llag'^ed. even F Mouts retired from partiei- patioii iu further undertakings, owing to the nneerlaint ies alt<'ndan1 upon the ])"ltry Irallie, and thi' lo^^-es iiKairred. it apjK'ars tiial Chaniplain deeiiieil it iihlispeiisably necivs- sary for the colony, and for the l lading- eoinpany with which it might be conneele(b to possess, as chief, soine per- sonage iu France wiio had inthieiiee and rank at court ; therefore, on the retirement of J)e i\lonts, the L'uimt de 44 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1^13. Soiisons^ wns npplicl I0, mid nftcrwards, llio rrlnce JF.c'iiii dc ('oii(h'. Coiidc bciiiL,^ created Viceroy of Xew France, Cliainplaiii was a|)|)oiiited liis lieutenant. -f* ^Miicli lime was then oecnpicd in negotiations, with tlie oliject of cfrcclinu; a ('oinpr(tinis(> willi tlie merchants and tradei's of Dieppe, Hi i\Ialo, linclicllc, and Jtoucn. In tlio end some Idnd of arranucinfiit was made, securing" for the wants of the colony at (^^nchec a C('i'(ain portion of the resuUs of tlie inv ti'al'lic to 1)0 paid hy tradei's; but it seems that no jier- fectly satisfactory arran;^ement was ])racticahle at that time, owiiiL;- to the state of affairs at the court (^f France, wliicli wonld not i-ene\v tlie former exchisive privilei^es. 38. Early in .Alay l(')i;), Cliaiiijilaiii arrived at (,)uehec. ^ The people! whom he had left then; in KJll A.i). i6r_3. ^ ^ had passed the two pi'ecediii'j; wintei's with- out any notahle occurrence^, and free from sulferitiL:; or disease. After a short delay, he proceeiled U[) the I'iverto f:uiiilt A^^Y A(*///,v, at the foot of the Ihijiids, where he ex[)ecled to find many (tf his former Indian friends nssemhled in readiness for traflic. In fact, his mind was now intent upon a loll';' JouriMy of ex[)loratioii westward, in company with soino rctiiniiii;.;' chiefs, jhit this season few Indians c'lnie, which Chanijilain atfrihntod to misconduct on the ]tai't of tliC tradeis the ])revioiis }'ear while he was absent in France. Takiiii;' with him two canoes, manned by four I'Venchm''n and an Iinh'an u'liide. he contrived to jiass the llapids and to surmounl all the other dilliculties of a lirst IM * Cliiirli's (If UiMirlinii, Count ill.' Soissntis. unilcrfmik to lit'ooiiic tln'Iic'iil of the (•Hiiipaiiy I'l' N''W i''i'aiii'.', ;iii(l In ,'^usl aiii t lu' I'-t at liislimciit at (,liH'lifC, C'liii'llv tlu'oii^ii I'l'ligioiis iiiotivi's. JIo iioiuiiiati'il Cliaiiiiilaia lii.s liou- t(.'ii.'Hii; and aLcnt. lir.t (lii''l a few wiiolv.s after liis aii|niiiitiiK'iit. t Tliis luniiinatiiiu u\' Cliami'laiii as liiuti'iiaiit of the Vii'croy of Xcw I'^ratice was dati'il Octnlu'r 1,1. li'il'J ; lu'tu'c, in Ints of ddlciai fmu'tiun- arii'S (if CaiKula, this ilatf. is fii'i^iiciitly put as tiiat on wliiiili tlio ruli' of iiunrnors coinnieuccd, Chaniplaiu 1 icing set down us tlio lii'sft. wn ;ir,i3. 1613.] CIIAMTLAIX'S VISIT TO TIIK OTTAWA, 45 thiit p;iRsni;-o ii}) the river Ottawa, imlil li<^ arrivi'd nl /^A; ^//,^/- iiu'lics, where I'esidcfl a frieiisa;j,e to Cliina W()nhl lie foninl AVo now ]-tor.t Ohauiplain tlierelor(\ wilh ivhietanc(\. sorrow- fully eonnneneed his journey homewards to (^)uehee. wlienee, towards the laller part ol' Auu'ust, he a-ain sailed I'or ]•' ranee, in order {0 promote the interests ot' th(3 colony, so '" J// llmh'iii^ in lillo, Hn aviis ,-iIso tin- (lirfcovcrcr nf t,h,,> river Jliiil.m ill I'lH',!^ wli'ii in ilif SI rvic! ot' l)iiirli iin'iriuinls. On Imtii tlicst- (ii'iM.-iiilis, till" (ilij'Tt (if his I'Xpi'diti'ills \v;is tn i/i,-:i''ircr ti jiU.'y jm eailiirs. who mulinii'il against him. t 1)11 N'iu'iiau i]iit;lil Iriv,' hfard aeCDimts nf this iiil.uiil si't, or '• l.i u\vr (hi Nniih" fr'ilii Iihliias wjio had ]ia-sr(l lie I ween its smith shnrcs a.nil t Im lii'ad watrr.s of the Ottawa ; lniL Tossouat cIiMrly disprovi'd his assiT.iou ;il)i)ut hi.s having' visited it duriiiL,' his stay hi that chiefs st infcJIi'/at/ persons in the voJonn" The arrangements agreed upon comprised, ill addition to dispositions of a ])ermanent nature at the tliive principal localities named above, tlie sending for\v;ii-d one of the liccollets, Joseph, hi Carou, iiiti> the distant regions occupied by the Huron tribes, Avhicli, U[) to tliis time, had not been visited l)y any European."' Thus, under Champlain's auspices, Avere the first foundatifuis l;iid for establishing in Canada the faith and services of the Church of lionie ; and especially, in the first instance, ibr connnencing the ^^ JFissioiis to the. In'li'nis," Avliicii have survived the vicissitudes of moi'o than two cciitui'Ics, ;uid subsist to this day in forms and localities regulated by the progress of civilisation on this continent. 4"2. The year IdlT) proved an evenU'ul c»ne for Cliam- plain and for Canada, both on account of the additions made to the u'cou'ranhical knowledge of the intiM'ior. and the circumstances as well as consequences ntlcndant U[)on his //lint wnrhke expedition against the Ii'o([Uois. He started from ()uebec, acci^npnnied by Jos(^]ih le Caroii, ;nid, on reaching the vicinity oi the i-;i])ids nbove 3b 'n1 real, held a conference with linliaiis, nmonust Avhoni Avcre a mnnber of M'/jaixtols (lluroiis), who liaIviiiiM- tli,.;ii in an iiuairsiou which they were alioiit to iiiak'c upon the country of the InM[uois. Le Caroii was at once sent for- wai'd witli some of the savages and abont a do/in l-'rencli- meii, Chani[)Iaiu himself following in a few days. *■ Ifeiu't'fiii'ward, tli" lii-tniy of tli-^ colnny. as wrll as tliat df t'ni-> ^'vailual cxtfiisi'iii of disiaivi'i-y wi'stwafd, is iiis.'|iaralily assuciatfil wiili till' in'i.iCH'editi^s (if tln' r('!i_:icius luissiunarics, win) wcro tliu ical pidiiLTi-.s iji French iutliuiioc aiming the tribes of the iiiteriur. 48 HISTORY UF CANADA. [16 )r lie pasKed up llic Ottawa, nntil, in aLont lallliule 40' 1i)\ lio readied tlie bend of the river where tlie small stream J/c/A (ilC'J'il 11 (t\v: vl s m, wlience no pr()eee( h (led \ve>-l- Av;ii-d, thi()nL;!i several small lakes into L(il:c A'^ipissiur/. Tlienee he I'olhiwed the route of French Iliver into the dcorijidii ]}'iij of Lake Huron. lie next coasted eastward and southward, until he came to JldfcJwda.sh lion : when, on landing', he was informed l»y his Wyandot ^'uides that he had arrived at the settlements of the Jlurons, situated in a sort of peninsula lyin.i;" between XoUaicamfja Bay ami the sheet of water now called Lake Sinicoe:'''' To aecom})lisli so protracted a journey from (j^uebee, along a, route of full three hundred leagues, fre(piently carrying on their backs their canoes and baggage, wading thi'ough shallows over pointed rocks, sustained all the while by very limited sup})lies of coai'se food, uuist have occa- sioned intinite fatigue and hardship to Champlain and his ])arty of Frenchmen. Even the pi'iest Le Caron, who, as has been stated, preceded him with another body of French and Indians, is I'eeorded to have been obliged to participate in the most severe b(jdily labour, such as row- * Slica, in liis interesting "Ili.stDry of tln> American Catholic ]\ri.s- ! miles by twenty-four ; a territory more cir- cumscribed than that of any other Ameriein nation, for in these nari-ow limits, four trilies, containing' at least uO,000 souls, lived in eighti'eu p. i]uilous villages." ,\nd again, '" This group, suiJcrinr to the Alu'-nipiins in many respects, ^vith well-built and strongly-defended towns, thriving lields of corn, beans, scpiaslies, and tobacco, with active traders ami lirave warriors, idways acquired a stiperiority over their neighbours." Their route to reach Sault St liouis and 'i'luee Rivers was along tlie west shore of (Jeorgian Lake, French River, and the Ottawa ; in fact, that lung and painful one by which Chanii)lain's guides conveyed him to the lluruu settlements described iu the text. [ir„s. r't5-] niAMPI.AIX'S TIIIRT) EXrEDITloX. 49 itude 4(\ lie small .'(1 AVOl- into lilt' east \Vi I I'll ' ; \\\u'\), ides lliat uatcd in Batj and (^uol)ec, oqnently , wading- li(j wliilo ve occa- and his who, as bodv o'i liged to as ]'ow- lolic ]\ris- iif JliirailS : Attho I strip ui ]jay, not mi)i\' fif- ■■st> nariMw t'iglitcru l!;<'niiiiili3 , thriving mil Iiravo llic'ir vest .sluiro Iniii^' and 10 llurun itm" Avilli all Ills ]ni,:;h1 and pnslilri!;- his way tlimu^-h rapids and thickets, hurdrni'd witli a load, and cwr hnrrying on- wards lor fear of fallini!; behind his savai^'O escort. Jii lh(»s(j days, the coni'sr.s ol streams, iVnm wliicli, liowevei-, fMMjneid: shoi'i diversions'" were necessary, I'urined the only lines of ti'avel. di). (.'liamplain remained some time amoni;- the Ilurons, cliielly stayini;' at their princii)al town ( '(n-licjox//'! \(J(i- Iii'hiiir)^ snpposed to he the same as that afterwards called hy llie French /S7 ./re/;/ /^/y^'/.v/r, and sitnaled wilhin the linuts of the modern towns]u[) (JrlUni. Tlii'onL;Iioiit his jniirney in the r{)per Oltawa reuinn and th(> vicinity of i.ake llnron, called hy him M( r Doi'rc, he Constantly eii- dravouretl to conciliate the <;X)od will of the nnmerons Indian tidhes wiih whom he cam(i into eoiilact ; anioiii;' which may he mentionetl the PctnuR. Xipis.siiis, (Jlldiras, AVyamlots (llin'ons), and AlL;'on(piins. At CaihaL;uuha, he fonnd the devoted ])riest Le Carun already established, and prepai'ed to commence his ivji-ions laboin's, to the siircess of which, however, the slmly of the native liuigiie Vv'as c('n>idered indis[iensal)le. Jn ihe meantime, pre[iaralions were made for the expe- * Tas.-^nL,'!'.-! niailf alnni,' tlio Irnik-; or ai'mss intiM'vriiini^ pathwavs tln'ou^'li tilt' I'mv.st Kkiriiiii,^ tlu; livtTs wi-n- rallt'il "//'//■/■'.'/(. ^•." Tlu'.-!." won! (if various lcn,:,'tli.'^, .snuutinic.- cxttanlinL,' as far as si'V.'U ^r fi-Iit luilcs. 'i'iicy wiMo iK'cesrtarily liad rrroinve to in ordfr to avoid twrrcni.s and vatcrlalls, al-o to cscaiic marcliiiii; I'omul li,nids of rivors wIum'c it wa.s diilieidt or inip.iH.-il.le to make canous pass anion'^- tin; r.^'k.-, ; and, linallv, to uiako ,1,'ood tlinst; ],arts of tlio route wlii.^h lay lutwrrn tlio waters of noiglitiouring .streams and lakes. At tiie time of wiiieii we write, tliu wIihIc re,i;-inn w.as n..t!iiii- barter (li:in a vast wilderness, wliirh in these day.s would be considered iini>assable. Chainplain himself speaks of live pi»-t'(:/cs, some of ninie th.an ten miles, as h.ivin'j; suljsfqnently been on hi.s route between the sliri't of water now cdled Unlmin I.nLr and tho shores of (Jntaiio. The diliieulties eneountered by ChampLiin and tlie early nnssi(niiirie,s of Canaihi cannot rightly be estimated liy those who are ouly coiiversaut with modern fiicilities of travel. D 50 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1615. (lition into llio country of the Irofjnois, to reach wliicli it was necessary to nnderlakc another lon<:^ niarcli to the nortli ()(' Ti.'iko r)iitari() ; and thence, passinjjj to its sontli sliore, to land williin a moderate distance of tlieir settle- ments. A distant tribe, liostile to the Iroquois, and called the Aiida.sk'.s, were notified to i"urnisli ^AK) warriors, as they liad previously ])romised. ■44. Setting out irom the Huron settlements, Champlain, wllli a i'ew Frenchmen and several hundred Indians, crossed Lake Siincoe. Thence they marched to Lake I'alsam, and followed the route of a chain of small lakes to the courses of the rivers Olonahce and Trviii, until they arrived at Lake Ontario by the bny of Quud6. Instead of crossing the great lake, they ])assed round its eastern ex- tremity, iiud, after a march of four or five days, came to the river now called ()>iwc(jo, not far from the bourgades of the Oiio'/idar/as, which seem to have formed the pi'in- cij)al object of attack. L^]i)\vnrds of a month had been sjient in eft'ecting the march from the Huron settlements to the point of disemharkation on the south-east shore of Ontario, and then the invaders were full eightv miles dis- tant from the intended field of operations. This di.stance, therefore, thev would have to make good on their retreat to tlieir canoes, should their designs fail. As they neai'cd the settlements of the Irotpiois, they several times fell in with their outlying bands, and skir- mishes occurred, resulting in victory to the invaders and the c:ii>ture of prisoners. The customary cruelties ensued, the coiupierors not sparing even women and children.* 4."). On reaching one of the principal settlements, the $ * C\mu\\A:un aquin ujjoiI his influence in pn'vcnting, as much as pos- Hible, the re))etition of what he had formerly witnessed in the practices of his allies. FiTuling liis interposition u.seless at fir.st, he threatened to withdraw French aid ; upon which, tho wondering Ilurons agreed to [.6i; if,i5.] CIIAMPLAIN'S THIRD EXrEDITlOX, =;i * s, the invaders found llioir ciiomics mucli more strongly posted than tliey had looked fur. Vlio llurons, however, were elated with the small suceesses they had ah'eady aehicvtM], and, luifortiinately tor thcnisdves. \vouhl not listen to Chain[. Iain's counsels when he reconnnended llieni to fol- low some detinite plan ol' tissanlting the strongliohls ot' their foes. It happened to be harvest-time, and the Ircxpiois were oecupied in gatherin.L;' in their erops of maize, melons, and ])unipkins, about the second week of Oetober, wIkmi the Jluidiv forces approached the principal d<'fensive po>t. U'liis consisted of four rows of strong stakes, surmounted by heavy branches of trees, so ari'anged as to form a sort- of ini[)enetrable wall, on the to[) of which were }i]aced wooden gutters, intended to conduct water to any part of the f(jrtilication in case of an attempt to bui'u them out. Within the }>alisades, which were thirty feet high, was a small pe'id, capable of furnishing any (piantity of water which the liesieged would be likely to re(piire. On the lii'st alarm the Jnxpiois retired from their fields into their fortified ))ost, and awaited the approach of their cneniies. Had tlie ilurous left the direction of ad'airs to Chaniplain, they would, in due season, have made tli'Mu- selves masters of the position, since the fire-arms of the French and tlieir own num])ers alfoi'ded immense advan- tages to the attacking force. r)Ut they advanced in a heed- less and desullorv manner, as if confident of success, and without any conceiled plans of assault. The first impres- sions created by the iire-arms of the rrench passed olf after a time, and the disconnected endeavours of the llurons to apply torches to the palisades, thwarted by a contrary alistain frnni torhiriiif,' women and cliiUlicn, but (leclarcd they would coni- pL-nsato tlionisilvi's hy their dealings with tiueh uf tiio Iiuquois warriors au Khoiikl fall into their power. 'fa .J ' i ill "'^ HISTORY OF CANADA. [ir,is. \\\\v\, nti'l ('xriiii:,uis]RHl by tlx^ .'ibundanoo oi water ponrcil ouL aloiii;- tlie ij-iiltcrs, wei'e easilv resisted hv llio Irociiiuis Avitliiii. The liiv;t assault was, in iaet, C()ni[)]ct(;ly re[)ulseil with ('oiisi ]i;;rapct was elcarcd, (if delenders. Sueeess seenred eei'- 1 dn hut, I'or the o[)[iosition of the wind, whieh ju'e'/ented lire from i^enclraliirj," amonu; llu! d;im[) hranohes, and espe- cially th<' disorder .'nid dlsoliCMlienee ^>[' the sa\'aL;'e assail- aids. AVith a di ,L;i'ee of e()ni'a'j,'e and of iudiilerenee to liiO terrors whieh hiiherto had been in-plr('d by I*]in'opean \\'ea[)ons of war, the li'ofpinis au'aiii uianned theif para[)et, kilHu'j,' and W(»undin;_;' muiibers of the enemy, (.'liamplaiii himself w:(S Iwiee wounded, and eouiiielled le; remove I'iom Ih-j front. 'IMie Jlui'ons, ln'e(aninL;' disci »ui'aL;( d in ])ropor- tion to their pie\ious ovei'weeinn;_;' conlid' nee. relii'ed onl of i-racli of the missiles of the lro(piois. iVflera hasty council oi' war held by I lie Huron chiefs, il was dceidod to Ldve up the cenllicl and ret I'eat homewards in spile of tiie earnesl r.'mon^tranees of their rrcneli allies. The reaMHis for iuloplinii," (his sudden coiu'se a[ipeai" lo have l)een ;; convic- tion on llu pail of the Hurons that thev were not- strom;- onoULi'h t » force the (hionda<;'a fortress, bi fore its nehec ; Imt his allies wiadd not assent, pretend- i!ig that neither men nor snital^le boats Cduld l)e t'ound to escoi't him ami bis J-'reneb f'oHowei's. lie i-eceived their (xcnsf.s wilb ;i godd uTace, and ai;rerd to ;icce[»t their Iims- pitalily inilil the fobowiii'j; ;-[))'ii)!j;, the Ilui'ons l»tan'j; par- ti'/ular'y anxious to I'etain liiiu among'st them, with the view of li( iiclilin'j; by liis assistance in case tbo IrixjUDis sboidd (Mine to i'('\'i;n'i'e ilicjuselves on account of tlie recent in\'a- .';ion of their ti'rrilory. Tbo rdreat to Lake ()nIar;o seems to have been condueted with far beljer discipline, and in ]ietl( ]• older, than the advance bad been. ^Fbe sick and disabled Were placed in the caitre, and teaided with as mucb care a^ was pos-'ble under the eiriaimstaiices. h^coiils, to warn them of the vicinity of any < nemy. were Ini'own oiit on be'lli wind's, wbih^ !lie bravest and inosl able- bodied iii' 'he \\'afrio"s \';erc' dispused >o ;is to "uard the front and ll;e rear of 1 he r^trea! Inu" bn'^t. 'I'lie ronte iiorih- wards I'roni ()nlario lay in the dii^'ction of /.'/"'■<■ Ao/.v, iicur t he bank-< o'' w hieli ;i eduvidei'abje del;iy oeruri'ed in (irder to alh'W ll (^ InrMii-: (>pp(ir1uniti''S of secnrini;' st avs of lish and o|' Li'anie. w lib wh'eb the re-ion abounded, lbr their winter u<". I'he riturn to Cailiau'dnba was nut acentn- plished before tbo liiM day of I )eccini)'r. Thus ended ("haniplain's third and most celebiated expedition a-.-'ain^L the Ircjuoi.^. It uad. [)roved unsui'ccssful as reL'-aid;s iss M 8 '^Ti 54 HISTORY OF CAXADA, [rr,r5 immc'di.'itr' objocts. Tii its consequences it proved liiglily disastrous to tlie Huron nation, for, willi ti'itlini^ intermis- sions, duriniijtlio cnsuiriL^tlu'rty-iivc years, the Ti'o(|Uois. more vi;]dictiv<'ly than hefhre, prosecuted a war of extermination !i,t^ainst them, until they uttci'ly desli-oyed Iheii" settlements, and put an end to their existence as a distinct people. Th(» pai't which Champlain and Ww French had tak(Mi in furnishinii; active assistance in wai' lo l!ie Ilui-ons and Alp:onfpu'ns, had the effect of throwinjj^ the Irf)(|Unis in closer alliances with the Dutch and other European colonists, by whom they were in course of time supplied villi fire-arms, to the infinite injury ui. the (janadian Indians. CIIATTKR VI I. .iUAMPLAINS SOJOURN IN THK UUIION eol'NTIlY -IMrOUTANT VIFW^ KNTIOUTAINKO IN THK COLO.NV Itia.A'l IVl': TO ITS WANTS — AlUilVAl, OI' TIIM I'[i;sT KMKIHANT I'A.MUA' — rKRIL'JCS CONDITION OF THK coi.oNY ])rinN(i ciia>U'i,.\in's ai;-^i,X( r: — imman cjnsimiiacy — I)L;c ])i: MirNTMoiU'Ncv vici'.iiMV-ciiAMi'i ,\i\",s i'owi;i;s i;\ri'NDKi) — AitKi VAi, o]' MA^A^n; ( iiami'I.ain — iMMwuis ami i.\n'i;o\i;.Mi';Ms AT (ji;j:iux' — loirr .st i,oi;i,s commknci;!) — 0Arsi:s ok anxuty — riVAL C()Ju\VNn:s and i>n"i'icn.Tn:s- .shkvu'i.s im' i.i: cauon and SAOAIU) -Tlil'.ATY OK I'lvACI': SI.OW I'liOfUUlSS oi' 'IIIK COLONY KKLiiiious Diii'UTN's TO Ki; A Nci:- -I )i:i'A I! inu; oi' MAnA."\u: eiiAM- ri-Ai;; — i;>n':KY di; oaln commandant at (^n i!i;(.>. 4(». PrniNo th(> winter of hlir) and the followin'.::; ^prlii'.::, Champlain oeenpied liimsolf in iioMinL;' iutercoui'se withal! the Indian trihes whose settleiuenls were accessihie to him i'lom Carlui^ouha, where his headipiu'lei's wtM'(> esl.ablished m ['^^5" i6i6,] Tin: WANTS or TiiF. ror.oNv 55 d liii;]ily intcrniis- ois, iiioro ninnliori IcMiciits, people, akon ill 'IIS and • lis in uropcau ui])p]i(Mi madiaii r vrKws; MilMVAl, OK Till-; liACY — TKNDM;) KMKXIS !CIKTV — :o.\ AM) I.f)\Y - ; I'MAM- j)nn'j:, liiiall '> liini ishoil in the lodpjo (tf a cliict iiatiKMl DaronlnJ. In his visits ho contrived to (;oncih"alo ihu natives eveiywhere, liavini]:; in view the twoi'dld [ini'[iMso of iheii' eonviM'sioti to Cliris- tianllv and the loundiii'j: of allianees wliieh ini'j,'lit suhse- queH{l;\' pi\)ve useful to the Freneli in reij^-ard lo trad(> and \ks' \\lension of L!,"eoL;Taphieal disein'eiy. The Ihii'ons t>rideav()ured in \aiii to indu^'e liiiu lo ac'C'oin[iany them upon ati'tipr incursion into tlie eonntr\' of the Iroipiois. At h'h^ih. in dune idld, he sot out wilh doscpli le Cai'on, ipist of ills l''i'cn('h folh)\vers, and a nunilxT ol' jndian>, ou his retnrn to (>iiehec A. I). It;!''). Icaviii:,^ l)cliind a few of Ids counlfynien to {x'l'feet tlieiu- selves iii llic native dialects. His people at (Jinehee had "idViTed fi'oni his ion'.;'-continued absence tliat he wasdead, !nd were, on tins acc'>nnt, tlie inoiH» ixjoienl to see him hac'" ainoni;-st them in \ iL;-oi'ous health, and as full as ever of projects for pronioiinL;- the welfare and advancement of the colony. 17. In view ef its further })r();;ress, Champlain saw that tlie ciijony rr(piiretl foi- a t'onndation somcthiiiL;" lie'yond mere tr;'dln;_;- inti.'i'esls. l'e(ipl!> and sui)plies on a lai'-'cr scale than heri'tofere wert! iKH'essaiy, ami especially the iiilro- (hiciion of fannli(s r> dep(Mid upon the cleaiihL;' and culti- vation of ilie lands for a subsistence. The K'^'ollels nri,^ed the nci d ('f ini'ans for c>l.d)li>hin'j,' a seminaiy for the instruclion of Indian chililrrii. Tiiosc of llie iidiahitanis whom ( 'liainiilain consulleii enli'rlalni'(l the opinions of him-eli and the prii'>.ts, ivcdninpiidiii'^' ifat nieaHires shouM he taken to au-nn'iil the numher of r ddenls, lo ihiow open to all !''i\ nelnn n lli'' p<'ilrv trade wilh ihe savaL;-cs. to exclude Huguenots, lo.vuppor: ihe reli;..;ious mis- sions that hid heen coinmeiu'eil, and io render lh(> na;i\(_'s stationary in ihoii- hahils of liie. a-« well as to a''cu>!om them, if pos.-i!;le, to l''rcnch customs and laws, in adopt- mm 5^' HISTORY OF CANADA, [i6i' in^L,^ IliC'se iniitorlMnt viows, we Ifohold Cliamplaiii si riving* 1() (.■iiHTLrc In ail llic position of a iiK'TO coiniiu'i'cial coiu- ]t;uiy s iaclor. ;iii was hindei'ed liy the usual diniculti(^s and by serious disputes relative to the Com- jtany's allairs, ( diam]>lain's ell'orts, supporte(l by the repre- itations of the two IJecollets, met with S( ht seniaiions oi ine nvo iiecoueis, luei wiin some sn^Lriit, .success. Jle was fui'nished with fresh snpplles for his colony, and some ])eoi)l(\ amoncrst whom was a A. 1 1. 1617. , . "^ ' '- ' . ' iamily named Jldxrf.^' Ihit tlu> ])assau'e baclv- wai'ds to Canada was, most unfortunately, not (»nly dan^'er- ous, hut vi'ry jiroli'aeted, so that on his ari'ival at (^Miebcc the sleek of provisions was almost, exhausteil. ]\Ioi-eover, bad news awaited him there. I'^ood had become exti'emely scarce, and his pei'olIii- ■ iry of I'aris. \v]i..S(> jiartir.iil.ir tiistt's, ImwcNcr, led liiiii tn ]iracli(H' aL;rii'tilt urc. lie had liccn nn(> df -fn- I'lirt -IJcyal anVi'Mturcrs uinlrr riuitiiiicdiirt, and lluTo aciinircil cxjicn. rni'c ill ciiltivat iiii; l'I'ouikI. O11II10 faiiiiri' of tlie Acailiaii mtorpri,"*!' ho liail !■( turiiril 111 Franco. IIi' is in (U'l'iy s"iiso I'Utitled tu the liDiuniraldo lit'isiguution of tlu' " lil■^l imljraiit to C;'.u;uhi." "^ [i6i; iriS.] Till-: FIRST EMIGRANT FAMILY. 57 A.I). lOlS. tlicsn rtinp^ himself to ]M'(icure sui>plles of food, ammunition, and otlua" necessari(^s, and in cndcavomin'j: to induce artisans and lahourers \o l^o out. the members of tlu^ Company and the court mani- fested extreme iudilFerenee in re'j;ai'd to his ('()l()ui--inL;" ])rojeets. 'J'he nirmci' carcil only tor trailie, and the latter wci'e far fiiau deeminp^ it expedient to eiieoiu'au'e the actual settlement of the country hy emi,L;rants. The chief of the Company, the Viceroy lleni'i de Condt', had been conlincd iu prison sinc(^ ](II(!. .atnl. al- thoULrh never a veiy active ])romoter ol" ( 'hamphuu .- views, was now unable to rtuider him any service whate\'er. louder 1h(>se uiilMwai'd circinus|anc(>s he couM only resi-'u himseit' to ihe lerce of events, in ihe hope ol' more auspicidiis days, lie reiuaiiiiil ill l''r,iuc(\ but d"spatclied such siipitlies and as>isla!ice as he could jaixau'c. l'(a- ihe use of liis people at C*iicbec. An attenipt, liappily inetleciual. hail ( \-en been luaile by SMnic pnliiicd pai'ti-aus and mei'cautile p-isiais lo cauM> ( ■iiam|ilaiii 1m be superseded by his fri^aid and com- mercial ceadjuler I'liiileua'ave. f)*). I)iu'iM'_;- the wiiit(a- ot' HHS, the ('(ilduy wa< ivduced b> the V(ay vcI'l^'c of extinct I. lU tluMirjIi the dei'eeiiou of its (ickle allies, the Indians. The statinu ;i| Three Uivci's ha(l become to ihem a 'j;\vt\t place o\ re^di't : and win!" many hundreds of savaL;"es wei'e assembled l!ie!'>. a (piaiavl occurreil at (^)uebee bctwecai some ludiaiis aud colonists, the particulars of which have not been verv clearlv ti'iuis. «1 ». . ! «?*7 i 58 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1620. Tuillci]. r)iil tlic result was similar to that which had been expericnccil in the time of Jacques Cartier, for the Indians hccanic discontented and hostile, manifesting a dis})osltion to lake advanta.i::e of" the ]iel[)lessness of the handful of Europeans estahlished in their midst. Two Frenchmen were muidei'ed, and this outrage was followed by a con- f<|)iracv, which was entered into bv the Indians at Three liivers, with the object of consummating the destruction of the entire colony. The llecoUet brother Duplessis dis- covei'eil the ploi, and, while the Fi'cnch at Quebec remained closely shut up in their fort, contrived to disconcert it. In Ihe end. the savages, who seem to have had originally no very serious caase of oil'ence, proposed a reconciliation, which was acceded to by the French, on condilion that the case of ihe nun-derers should be (lecid<'d on Cham})lain'H return, and that in the meantime hostages should be jjiven. 51. Champlain's abst'iice continued for the space of about three vears, as he did not return to ()uebec fc V.' until duly IG^O. I\v this time the course of events had talcen a favoui'able tuin. The VIcerov ('ondo I'egalned his liberty, and, in considei'ation of a suna of money, suri'cndered his vice-royalty In favour of the Dulce of Alonl noi't )ii-ii, a godson of tlie late King. Montmorency confirnKMl Ciiamplain In his post of Ijieutenant-tJeneral, ami the King himself. Louis XIII., favoured him with roy;il letters/'' expressing his j'ecognition of the appoint- * " Cliainntain. Iiavinu; lioi'ii ;i])jiriso(l nf tho coninniiul conri'iToil mi you by my <''>usiu lAtontiUDi'inicy, Adiuinil vi Fi'iuict-, aiul my Viceroy in New Fraiici', to jin)t'otHl to that oouiiLiy as his ijiiMitenant tliuro, to talce chariro (if luy si'iviei', \ 'Ic.siro to write to you tiii« letter, \n onler to a.s.sui'o you that I ios,>iiiie eoiifoniialile to the laws of my kingihiin, and liavinsj; reusud to lliu Catliolic relitiiou, to tlie end tliat liy this means you may Innng down ujion yourself the tlivine Ijlessinu', wldeli ke your eui/erpriacti and iclioua redoiuul to tho glory of LjovI, of .A.H. lfi20. will UKl [1620, •(>0 'iictioii ■is dis- imineel m r'oo.] ARRIVAL or MADAMK rilAMPr.AI Y. 59 lu'.'iit, and of his services. Tims foiiified, and clKiri^iM] hy llie new Viceroy to return to ()u('l)ec and inipi-ove tli'» defences of llie colony, Cluunplain induceil a nund>er ct" jiersons to end)ark with him for the piu'jiose of sellliii'j; in llic conntry. Jle himseli' nrran^T'd all his private affaii's, and tonic out with him his wife and several relations. r>'J. The return of Champlain, accompanied Ijy ^ladame Cliamiilain, then only twenty-two years of ap:;e, was C(de- hrated at Quel)ec with all the manifestations of rcjoiciiii^ and of respect that it was possihle for the peo})le lo evince. It was an epoch in the hi>loi'v of the colonv. The Indian savages were especially deli.i;"ht('d v.'ith tlu> amiahle de- meanour and the beauty of IMadame Cham[)lain,* who at once set about learninir their laniruaire, and in manv wavs testified her concern in their weli^are. Slu^ s'c.l (if m(>, to all'.ird you alway.s licltor niran.s ol .sii'o.si.sti'ncit', ami tu coiilinuo in your ;,':iod work, in n'uarm the ■:l,is.<, anlcs (if llie C;itlit»lic rc'lli;'i(»n ; for, lli(iiiij;li i'Di'iiicily ;i Jliiuuciiol. slie ^Vils now ;i devout ndlioroiit of llie ('inircli to Aviiich Ik'T Imsltand Ijclon^j^cd. (.'lininplaiti found tlic (Mlificcs al <^)u('lii'(; in ii (]ila])idated condition, so thai liis fii-st care was lo circrl repairs on tlie inaua.'^ine, the old lorl, and (tllier linildiiiLTs, as well as to ])i-ovide temporaiT 'jnarters for lils family. h'-le})s wei'e also taken for eoiiuneneinu: a stiaictui'e extensive enouuh to alford ])i'oteetion to all tlu; iidialiilants and tlu> intei'esls of llio Conipanv, in ease ol' serions attaek' from any enemv, and so situated as to eommand tlie liarboni". The site chosen was that now icnown Pnrhani Terrace," where, subse- quently, when (*liam])lain"s desiL;'n was ])i'actically carried out, the famous I'\)rl SL Louis stood — the I'esidence and oflieial h(adijnartei's of many ij,-ovei'n('rs of Canada. 'J'he .Keeollets liad already, hejhi-e Champlain's return, laid the foundation of their convent near to the river V-t Ci'oix ;'Hl Chai'les . on ilie site now oecn])ied hxihi' (ivncT'd JI()Sj^)ila}. 'J'he materials i'((]nired in the constrnetion of ])ermanent woihs in those days weiv not easily ])roem'ed, hince Utiic and shlc had ti> lie im])oiied (Vom France.''' fn"). Champlain mie:hl havo n;)\v enjoyed a ]M'i'iod of comparative repose hnt foi' two causes of anxiety wliieli soon [tressed themselves upiiii his attention. The (ii'st of these was, his knowledge (4' the ciaicl state of war suh- sistinu; hctween the Ii'oipiois and the natives of Canada. ]n ICriO the lornici' mado inenrsions in considorahh^ foi-ee, and, altlionL;h few or none of them at that time ap[ii'oaehf(l 'lore llifir cnini'iil was ('(iiniilcii'il. ^['^'i, iuul lli. c;ui.'m[)any and to the court ot" France fur succour, .") 1. The other cause arose out of the news wiiieli r(>aclii'd (}uehcc oCfresli dissensions ri.-ialive to the peltry li'ade, and whic'li gave hirtli to the jirojectxU" a rival L'i)m[)aiiy. headed hv \\ llli nj. ^\lt hough tlie old Com[iany, estahlislied under the vice-royally of Comle, had also been sanctioned hy his successor Me.nt- liiorency, yet it neglected to fnllil its ohligations, hoih in re^-ai'd to settlinu; the countrv and i)i'oviilinLr for religion. IMontmorency, therefore, with the i\ing's approval, a.ccorded {irivilcges to the new society, and orders were sent out to ('ham}ilain,in liis capacity of Lieutenant ( uaieral of the \'ice- I'ov, to reeoirnise i ts cl; urns. ]\1 eanwh :ie 1 us o|( I fi'iend a! I'lvet iheCa ront( ;i'ave, represent mg tlu' old Lompan\ A.l). iT) yi\. 1 oil' (.hkhec ahout the sami; time as 1 le a'jvnts (,i ens. ])i llicadties, injnrious to the welfare of t' le C( i;(»IlV Were occasioned hy th(> pro.H'cutiive rie'hts in the peltrv Irahic, whicli in- diiced the inhalatants to make a special ap[ical to the King their own hehalf. The resnl was a decision, in tlui year \y\'l'l, in virtue of wiiieh the two ('oinpanies were united intt) one, designated, "The Company of Mont- morency." Ti-ivileges were accord(,'d to it for the spat-e of twenty-two years, but permLs.siun was giveu at the same time 62 HISTORY OF CANADA. [iro4. Id all the Kiiii;-"s sul)jec;ls to become mciiil)ers of it. and to |);iilicl[)al(! in its expenses and jtrofils. In the A.I). 1622. eliarler prnvisidn was made securin<^ Cliamplain's precedence and authority as governor over all within the colony; also for furnishing; ;i revenue for the [)nym'.'nt of hi.s appointments and retinue, and of a ceilain numher of families of artisans and labourers. For the main- tenance of religion, it was stipulated that the Cals for a. general cessation of strife. Caron and :igard aecompanied a llotilla of sixty ITuron canoes (h)wri the Ottawa and St Lawrence to Three Livers, at v.hich })lace, in the jiresence of Cliam[)lain, it was intended to atrree upon and ratifv a general treaty. On the way to this rendezvous they were joined by twenty-five canoes S 1624.] TREATY OF PEACK. 63 honring tlio Troqnois (l('])ntic^ niid thlrtoon of tlio Alij^on- (juins. The ])roliniiiiaric's liavitii:; been arrai)^t:;c'(.], liap))ily without the occiirronce of (jiiatTels so likely to take place ill siu;h a concourse of individuals belon.i^iiiL,^ to dill'erent nations, the ceremonies and eu^tomary distrilmlidn of jiresents were followed by a mutual intcrchanijje of stipula- tions, rendered intelligible to all by means of inter[)reters. The iinal result was a treaty of pvace, to which the chief contracting parties were the French, the Ifurons, the Algonquins, and the Iroquois, who agreed, theneci'orward, to remain on peaceable terms with each other. The peace thus established was not of long dui'ation. .")('). In the meant ime, the inrprdvcmcnts projected by Cham[)lain in 1(520 were steadily prosecuted. \"ery (.'x- tensive repairs and additions to former structures, and a number of new ones, were completed or in progress. The De Caens and the governor, notwithstanding the dith'i'enee of their religious views, continued throughout to discharge their respective functions in a maumr that (h'liMtcd mutual respect and personal friendship. Yet, from whatever cause, the number of inhabitants, exclusive of a few factoi's or agents at the trading [)osts, and the I'hvnch- nien, who, from choice, had taken u[) their al)odes amongst the Indian tril)es,* remained less than sixtij, Ju fact, every person who ])estowed a transient thought upon Canada, placed a very low estimate upon it as a, coiuilry lit for settlement, exce]:)ting ('ham[>lain himself, wliose faith in the luture of his c 'luny seems never to have wavered. f)?. \\\ August IGi^l, Champlain made arrangements * Wluni Lo C;iroii, wlio, it will Ijo rucollcctt^l, was willi (,'liiuiijilaiti at tlio distant Huron settlements in 1G1;"j, returned tn tlu'in alnnj^r with Sat^'anl in IG'i.";, lii> and \i\a companion were a.stoni.-~hed tn iind si'vcn or i-i^dit Fiin''li- i.H'U living with the pavage.'*, familiar with their ImL^uage, uud cunforming themselves to the habit.s and u.. C^ (/J fA 1.0 ^■■|28 III 2,5 ■■ m 2.2 m ^ ,40 2.0 I.I 18 1.25 II — 1 1.4 1.6 w ^ /}. A 02 ■d. ,^ ■■^ x'm w p>~ C*/J-' c*^* (9: r>, -55 -«% o^ -^ Photogrdphic Sciences Corpordtion 23 WIST MAIN STRKT WEBSTER, NY MS80 (7)6) 872-4503 iV A '^ V N> % V r."^. # A > C'. ."'# ■«. ^ ^<5 .<<■ H HISTORY OF CANADA. [1624. inr revisiting Friiiicc, wliorc frosli (li.-^.sensioiis IkkI arisen in rt\i,'.'ii(l to Ihe Cuiiipany's rights and privileges. His cliicf purpose was to ag.iin urge at home an appeal for a more generous support in behalf of his unilcrtakings. Tiie liea.'llets, also, having I'ouml ihenistlves utterly unr(jual to tl le oecupalion ot" their immense and cons 4anlly m creas- ing field of missioii.iiy work, liad dclennined to appeal for aid to some of the religious comnumilies of France; and, with this view, deputed Sauard and a [uiest to sail for i'iUrope in the suite oi the governor. JJefoi'c his depaiture Ciiamplain nominated the younger J)e Caen comiii.indant at (^hiehec during his ahscnce, and gave instructions that the woi'ks in progress should be ]irosecuted with the utmost vigour, especially the com[»letioii 01 the F(»it !^l Louis. 'JMiese jirep;ir;itions being made, he set s;iil on the l.Hli of August Idl^l, accoiiipanie'd by his wife- and the two liecollet depul'es. Til il.l lis iitinaiiii' lu rsnii s 'j'llini iVt llllili.'C ll.lil (Mlltillllril illii.llf, f. IIP \i','irs, ulnii .-111' ill Third iipMii av.iiliii^' In r.-tll nt tlii.s I'lijitPi iiiiuty ol timt- tiii(< llic ciiloiiy iniiruina's aiiiomitiii;^ to actual liai(lslii|i.s in tlio im-jo of 0110 \v!io liatl lii't'ti tTinliily mii'tiiicd in the niiiifit of the rt'liiKMiu'iits of ]i ijito ry ilic |iriv.i" tioiis \s liicli olio ill licr jiositioii iiiii.-t liavo exiicrioiicul from tho ii;^..ro\is N\ inters and various doliciciu'it's, and I'voii daiii;'rs, incideiitil to <'oloiiial lifo at Qiiiiboi: in tiiosc days. It was during' hur sojourn, in Sc|itiiulicr lii'i'i, tliat a llii't of tliirty caiiorH, maniii'd liy Iroiiuois, aiipioaclu'd as near us jio,-.-ilil(f to the I'l'it, into whieh all the women .md ehildiiii in tne i>laei' lied for refuge, ('Iiamplain and nio.st of liis men lieing absent at tlie tiiiio ; and, although the l)arliariai)H contcnii'il theniselves with makini^ a feeblo attaeli. upon tUo IvucoUut cHtal^liuhmuut uuar iSt (JharluH rivur, If.24.] CIIAMl'I.AINS rr.RSKVKRANCF.. ($ Tlie people left at Quebec muler the ehnrL,'o of Etnerv (le Caiin were reduced, by the departure of Charnphuu and his suite, to lllty kouIh. ciiATTrji viir. COMri.ATNTS AGAINST Till; C ■MI'ANY— .II>nT MISSIONA HI I'.S STNT (a:T—( II AM plain's ni.w (((Mml-siun - sc akcmv at (^Li:i!ia' — SUrUltNI'KU TO Sl» DAVID KIKKT, nS. CiiAMrLAix, di'lained in France two years, uiieeas- iiiiilv and eoiiraiieou^lv advocated the claims of his colonv, In Kpite of the interested oppo>ition he encountered, as well as theconditinii dC public allairs, whieh, at that lime, were not auspicious to hisebjt'cts. J lis highly honouralde dispositicwi Would lU't permit him to have reeourse to any cone*, alment n^. wliifli was easily rcpiilsod, tlic inoiilriit was cilciilati'tl to iti!^[i!rc M:ul,iiiii' ('liiiiiililaii\ witli a livi'ly t^i use of the iii.-^ccui ity nf her pnsiMoti. llirlius- liaiiil ami her t'livouiito bintln'r, L'tibldc/m lloidU, wlm was tlioii otniilnycd ill th" ( 'oiiijiaiiy's airairs, wcie lu'ci'^sarily often abwciit oil iiio biisiiu'H.s o£ llic Ci'lniiy, ami it was niily in irj,Mril tn siu-h ncija-iuiis, wli'Mi lifl, witliniit tlifir Hocit'ty, that ulic hiTurlf t-vor alludod t'l di,sadvaiitaL,'Oi to wiiich slm may liavcfi'lt hcisoll' Kulijri.'tt'il. On foiiHultiii^' huoh ncnnln of her lifo ixa vvf have had acefss to, we tiiid no dthrr eausc nf (Miiii'Iaiiil cin matin;,' Iruiii one Willi was riin n k iMi' fur her 'lit Ic and uiiCMniiiluiiui;^ n,it \n\\ Wo firo loft t(> oonjt'fturo what Wfii' the diiict olh'rts of hor iiifliiiiieo and teaching's u]>nn the youthful Indian mind and hal'its, IJut we may ^.lfely assume that thi' exanijile of her devotion and eourau'i.' was not loht, Biiice, in ftft er yeai's, not a tew aefompli-In'il and dijir.itc lailics came out from France to uiako ("anada the tie aire of tlnir uuMo helf-Biicrilico iu behalf of religion and the service of the eolciiiy. She Hurvivcil her husband many years, having' retii^d, soon after hiu dicriHe in Id;}.'), to au Ursuliuo e.^tulilishmeut in Lor nuiivc country, wLero feLe died in lOol. I I- '' 66 HISTORY OF CANADA. [ir)24. or oxcnscs in behalf of tlio Company's neglect to fulfil its oblig.'ilions. AVilli the very sanie causes of complaint which, three years before, had led to the sui)i)ression of the previous Company's charter and [)rivileges in the interests of the colonists, lie probably ex[)ected a similar result to follow on his present representations, supported by those of Le Cnron and Sngard. Apnrt from certain considcnitions affecting religion, the principal points on which those re- presentati(jns were grounded were as follows: — Tluit the Company had neglected, or were unable, to maintain the fort juid establishment at Quebec on a i)ro[)er footing, and liad not erected new forts when necessary ; that husband- men, artizans, jmd labom'ers were not encouraged by it, or imported into the country ; that it had not sufliciently contributed to the means of em[)loying ofllcers and soldiers for the defence of the colony and its allies; and, finally, that it failed to provide adecpiately for the sup[)ort of a corps of religious missionaries, so that those already on duty in the (M.lony were forcd to have recourse to other sources of aid in their work. In r(>gard to these various matters, Champlain, on the occasion of his present vi)-it to France, could not succeed in obtaining nnich relief. Ihit liis endeavours certaiidy prep:u-ed the way for the important cbimges which were eflected about three years afterwards. ;")!>. Some changes, liowever, did occur at this time in the organisation of the existing Company. ]\lontmorency, disgusted with the perpetual dissensions which prevailed njuongst its members, sold his inteiest in the concerns of New France, together with his vice-royalty, to his ne])hew, the Dnc ilr Vcnlwloiir. This nobleman was intluenced in the transaction by religious motives and a desire to aid in l)romoting the v,onversion of the savages. Jle therefore listened favourably to the a})peal of Le Caron and Sagard, and not only n]>proved of their plan of api»lying to the 1(>2S.] JESUIT MISSIONARIES SENT OUT. P7 A.n. 1625. Jesuits for assistance to cany on the missions in Canaila, })ut contributed from liis private resources to their support, lie also obtained tlie King's sanction of liis assumption of the vice-royalty and the employment of Jesuits, wlio wktq objectionable in the eyes of tliose members of tlie Company who were Huguenots. These entertained no objections to the poor Recollets, but dreaded the influence of Jesuits, because, having friends at court, they couhl ahvavs make their remonstrances reacli the ears of tiie King and his advisers. i')0. Under the auspices of Ventadour, it was immediately arrari;;ed that several Jesuit priests and brothers i-hoiild go out to Canada, to Ije followed by others according as their services might be retpiired. The Jesuit order in France, which received the ap})lication Ibr assistance tlu'ough the Ilecollets of Paris, placed no ob- stacles in the way, but, on the contrary, responded in a ni.'inner which evinced their satisfaction at the demand. Five of the order,* together with an additional llecollet priest, embarked for Quebec on board of one of i\I. do Caen's vessels, in the sj)ring, and arrived at their destina- tion in June 1G2;"). Cham plain, however, who on ])rinci[)lc disapproved of the intermixture of Call.olics and Huguenots as coadjutors in attempts to establi.^h colonial settlements, was desirous that some further provisions should be adopted in regard to religious matters. He caused his own representations * Ain()nj,'.st ttu'-sa wore tlio iiotetl Charhii /.iiis(lvos wcro on frioiully toriiis with Champlain, •IS hius ln'cn alivaily htatctl. Tlio latter cxpri'sAstHl hiiiLsi'lf, hevcitho- lc.«fl, (lissatisfii'd with thi; oIiIit Do Caon'a iiiditToronce ahniit many thinL,'8 whii'h he, at any rate, ifLjjareh'd as impintant, ami as fallinj^ within the range! of He ('aiin's ihity. It i.s impmbaWlo tiiat ho and Do Caen ovor (liscMissoil rcHgiiius (piostinnH hotwoen thcuisulvea on abstract grounds. His c'onruhnco in Emory do Caon waa oxomphfied by his making the latter liis th'puty at Q\icbec during his own absence from 1024 to l»i2t). t The oontrast pnsontod, on cotnparing the terms of this doomiont with the e.\tr(.'iii('ly foiblo at.tu of hii) uoiumuud ut Quebec, at the very 1625.] CIIAMTLAIN'S NKW COMMISSION. 69 A.n. iC)2G. C)2. Cliamplain, liavini; accomplished all that seenit'il nl that time attiiinable in France, returneil to (.^J'lebec in the summer of 102(5, accompanied by tlie priest Le Caron, and his brother-in-iau', Boulle, as his lieutenant. lie found the works scarcely advanced beyond the con- dition in which he had left them two years before. His people also were in a somewhat enfeebled condition. They had been ill-supj»lied with necessaries the preced in K'adi;d in extenuation that tlicro wa.s even an intojitioii to support him conformably to the terms of hi.s commi.sj^ion ; for in \v.>a than two years coni]>laint.s were bruu.'ht from Cana(hi to Ventadour that Champlain and his people were suflVring fmtn want of tlie necessaries of life, and about two years later still, lie was forced to surreniler Quebec, and with it " jVcw framr," to Commndnre Kirkt. On this last occasion th'ie waH a lack of all necessai'ies and nuaiis cf dufcni'c — food, ammuni- tion, men, of whom he had not a Kcori-of ablebndied under his command ; will Iras, with a couple of htiiidrrd I'fsulute followers, liaviiig provisiourt and mateiiaU fur the guns, he eoidd not liave failed to make f>, successful resistance. * in the vicinity of Cap Tourmente, abtiut thirty miles below the city, on the left bank of tin; St l.awrinice, there was a tract of intirntl land, or nuLuril meadow, yiihiing grass from year to year in al)uudtnce and with- out cultivation, where the agents of the Company were in the habit of pro- curing fodder lor the animals wintered at '^Juubec. At the proper seaHou Workpeople were tient down to cut the tjratjs, and, when dried, to make it : ■* f .' ■ I (I -^ HISTORY OF CANADA. [1626. cidcd that tlio operations had been begun on too small a «cale. lie therefore proceeded to lay out the foundations and enclosures so as admit of the erection of a more spacious structure than had been previously projected, and set his people diligently at work upon this undertaking. Also, to avoid future hindrances and loss of time from the other cause named above, he directed sheds to be constructed at Cap Tourmente, and sent the cattle down thitlier. 63. In the meantime, the Jesuits, who had come out tlie year before, were industriously engaged in })roviding for their own wants. Sagard relates that their arrival at Quebec had been preceded by the circulation of reports to their disadvantage, so that when they made their appear- ance, in Juno 1G25, they were very coolly received. No one, at first, ofi'ered them shelter, and, it is said, they were on the point of availing themselves of De Caen's proposal to convey them home to France, when the Ilecollets came forward and tetidered them accommodalion in their quar- ters near the river St Charles.* into bundlcB for transport up the river. Much time and l.iliour wore ex- pondfd in thus work. Subisequcntly auimiils were kept there in nuiubers to graze. * Soon after the Jesuits took up tlioir abode with the Eocollots, they chose a Hite for theni.solves in the iifi^'lilioiirhood, close t(j ^]\^' c'liiduciico of the small river Laint with the St Charles. A tract of land adjacent was granted to them ns a sehjnory in the following .spring. TheyIo.st no time in begiiuiing to clear the surface of treses and stones, and preparing it for immediate cultivation, 'ihey, as did also the lliHMllots, worked with their own hancLs. The Jesuits were imt, like the Franciscans, a mendicant order, and those who first came to (Jiiel)ec were po-ssessed of ain[)le funda for paying workpeople for building, and for discharging expenses of equip- ments, &c., for missionary work. Uy a deed of gift, dated March h*), Ki'JG, the Manpiis de tJanuinche assigned for their use tl> • sinn of 48,OUO livres, besides 3000 livrcs per annum. During the ensuing twenty years the Jesuits of Quebec received for mi.ssionary and other purposes an amount of at least 150,000 livn>s (a large sutn in those days, equal pi-rhapd to 1,000,000 now), furnished liy pious aiul benevolent persons iu France. The livro may bo taken as & franc, or teupuuce sterling. 1^27.] ?CARCIT\- AT QUEBEC. 71 CA. Notwitlistandin;^ tlie exertions wliicli liatl been made liy Chanii)lain to prevent a recurrence of the former suller- iiiLTs of tlie colony, ov.-inir to tlie nedectof the Company, lie and his peojde \ver'? doomed to struggle on precisely as heretofore. Scai'cely any land had be[»ly of neces.saries. Uut when the summer had passed away, and autumn came, although the season of trallic had been very profiiable, the slii[)s (le[)arted, leaving the establishments in the colony very insufliciently provi- sioned. The colony contaiiu'd but oii' i'arnicr — Lani.-^ llvhtrl*' — who could maintain hinisch' and those (le[)endent on him by the cultivation of the ground. Ihit about fifty persons t had to endure the rigours of the winter of l()-!7 * Ho clioil in tlw; course (if tliis soasipii. ChampUviu, in hi-s tm^iuuirs, uu-u- tiims him with apiuohiitioii and rcspi'ct. t Sometime duiiii:; tlio prt.'viutis Huiniiicr the company of Joauits in Fr.inco hud pioviilod Hii['plie.s of all kiudrt for thuir cstablisliUK-'ut at Quebec, with which u vessel w.i.i loaded, liut De Caiiii, couaidoriuy this i!»i': W ih! 72 HISTORY OF CANADA. [I'2«. on sliort nllownncn ; and snoli bocnmc tli'Mi' pli.i^lit, tlint own Clianiplain's patienoo and powers of cndnrancc wcro severely exercised. Wlien at lenu^tli tlio arrival of sprini:^ afi'ordod sonic ponrces of relief, derived from huntinu^ and , o fisliinir, Chanii)lain and liis unfortunate colonists A.I), ir;28. 1 at Quebec were arnnzed to find that Dc C^ien's ships came not as usual with succours. With infinite anxiety they contrived to subsist until the month of Jidy, wlien it became known that the river behnv the Island of Orleans was in possession of the Enu^lisl), at thnt time enemies to France. In fact, on the lOth of July Kt'IH, Cliamplain received a summons from Sir David Kirkt, then at Tadoussnc, with several sliips under his command, to surrender tin? fort and station of Quebec. Notwith- standinjj^ his weakness, whicli would have ]n'evented him from ollerinuj atiy eil'ectual resistance had Kirkt followed up his summons by an attack upon the ])lace, Cliamplain r('Sj)onded with tliujnity and firmness, deelarini^ that he would defend his post. Kirkt, therefore, for the present, deferred his hostile intentions upon (Quebec, and contented liimself with ado})ting measm-e.s to intercept supplies and succour from France. (]l). Cut olf from communication with France, Cham- ])lain exhorted his now isolated band of priests, colonists, and labourers, to foHow his own example of patience and courage. A single small ship, with very scanty supplies, succeeded in making its passage good through the English a. violation of his lawful riglits, caiisoil .in ombarpfo to bo plaoiil on this fliip, BO that it «liloynient, tliua relieving the colony as much as pos.siblo. This left Chaniplain with ahout fifty dependents, for whose 8np]>ort, before tho winter ended, only u few ouucoa of food per day could be allowed to each person. i629] SURRF.N'DER OF QUF.r.KC. 73 vpsscls to Qiiol)cc, witli intelUgonce tliat at lonst ton inotillis must cl.'ipse before adequate succour from Franco could 1)0 expected to reach tlio harbour. To cope with tlic present emerpjency, and to prevent absohite starvation, measures were taken to crop all the cleared ground in the neighbourhood. At tho same time recourse was liad to hunting and fishing for the purpose of collecting food for tho ensuing winter, and Champlain'.s Ijrother-in-law, Eustacho ]>oulle, was despatched with a small ves.sel and twelve m"U down to (Jaspe, in the liope of falling in with French fishing vessels and procuring intelligi^nce and assistance.* h^omc steps were also taken for obtaining aid iVom the Abnaquis. These responded favourably, promising to furnish maintenance suflicient for about three-fiiths of Chnmplain's people until succour should arrive. Tho other Indians, liowever, the Montngnais and Algonquins, tof'k advantnge of the emergency, and mnnife.^ted, both in demeanour and hostile acts, their enmity to llio French. f)7. Having contrived to sustain a precarious exi.stence u[) to the middle of July IG'il), the French witnessed, instead of the expected fleet from France, the Eng- li.^h, under Louis and Thomas Kirkt, brothers of Sir David, who remained at Tadoussac, making their a])pearancc oil' Foint Levi. Frovisions were very scarce, as well as ammuni- tion and all other means of defrnc^e; ;iiid there S(}emed to be no prospect of immediate succour. Jleliad with him only sixteen persons who could in anv sense be stvled comba- • It .ipMi'iir.s tli.'xt IjduIIu .y I'.iiumv dc Cu'ii, wlio inrcinuc'l liini that a licet fri)rn France was on it.s way out, ami fuinislu,-.! .supi)iie.s of pr >- vi.^iuns. On hi.s return up tlio rivor, lloullo had thti great iiiisfortunc to t)o captured hy a largo English vessel, and from some of his crew tlia Fnjlish extorted infurtnation of tho stale of things at QuoIh";, l>y wluoh they were induced to dotermino upon an early attack on the place. A.I). iGZ'j. 74 HISTORY OF CANADA, [1629. tiints. An ofTicer liintled, bringing witli him very liberal lurnis, upon wliich Clianiplain and liis followers might honourably surrender a post which, in their ci;cumstances, was utterly untenable. Cliamplain and Pontegravc, who was present, acceded, and the conditions having been ratified by Sir David Kirkt at Tadoussac, the English, without resistance, took possession of the fort, magazine, and habitations of Quebec. Before actually yielding up liis post, the high-minded Champlain went on board the vessel of Captain Louis Kirkt, and stipulated for the security of the place of worship and quarters of the Jesuits and llecollets, as well as for the protection of the property of the widow ITebcrt and her son-in-law, Couillard. On the 24th of July IG'29, Champlain and the priests, to- gether with all who chose to depart, embarked on board the vessel of Thomas Kirkt, and after some delay at Tadoussac, were carried to England, and thence suffered to pass into France.* Thus ended, for the time, Champlain's effort to found * When CliiiTn]il;iiii, accoiiipaiiiod liy Pontegravc^, went on board Louig Kirkt";-! voHwol, on the liOtli, ho ileinamli'd to he .shown the conmu.s-iion from the King of Enghmd in virtue of whicli tht' seizure of the country was nuide. The two, as being persons whoso reputation liad spread tliroughout iMirope, were received with profound respect ; and after Chani[ilain's request relative to the commission had been complied witli, it was stipulated that the inhabi- tants should leave with their arms and bag'.'age, and be supplied with pro- visions and means of transport to Franco. About four days were needed to procure the sanction of the Admiral, l>aviil Ivirkt, at Tadoussac, and then Champlain, with a heavy heart, attended by his followers, embarked in tiie l^nglish shii>. Ho .says in his memoirs — " .Since the surrender every day Feems to me a month." On the way down the St Lawrence, ICmery de ('aiJn was met, above Tadoussac, in a ves.sel with supplies for Quebec. Kirkt is said to have desiied Champlain to \ise his inlbience with Do Caen to induce him to surrender without resistance, which, however, the noble- minded man declined. Bazilli was reported to be in the Gulf with a French fleet, but nevertheless De Caen felt ol)liged to surrender, as the Kirkts had two ships to oppose his one. De Caijn told Champlain that he believed peace was already signed between tho two crowus. 1629] THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES." 75 and cstablitih a colony at Quebec — an attempt persevered in during twenty years, in spite of discouragement and obstacles which would have conquered the zeal of any man of that age excepting Cliamplain, who alone, even now, when taken prisoner and carried out of the country, did not despair of ultimate success.* CHAPTER IX. THE COMPANY OP "THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES "— FAILURE OF THE COMI'ANY's FIRST DNDEIiTAKINOS — RIX'OVKIIY OF NKW FRANC!:, AND RE-OCCUPATION OF QCKRKC RY TIIH FRKNCII — STATK OF THAT PLACi'5 AND THE COUNTRY — GltEAT GATHI^KING OF INDIANS AT QUEBtIC— THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC — " JESUITS' RELATIONS," fiS. Cardinal riiciiKLiEU, the Prime Minister of Louis XIII., founded the society called the " Coinpan>j of tJtc One Hundred A.HSociatcs!' It was estal)lished, n"t merelv to put an end to the various obstacles and evils under which the colony languished, but also to place its fiifure upon a strong and durable basis. Its organisation was completed in the year 1G27, and the first expedition under its auspices was entered U[)(>ri in MVl^. but provcil an entire faihu'c, owing to the Eiigli>h having then the eoiilrol * A few, by Cli;i!n{)l;iin'.s ;i(lvico, accepted tlin ofT'r-^ "f tli" l'Ti.,';isIi to remain uiuU-r tlieir iinjti'ction in the possession of tlicir liiil»it;itioiis and c'l( arings. Tliey were to enjoy tlie same privilfgi's as tiio ICnyli>h thein- K<'lves. A number of the French traders also remained, but betook them- Kvlves to the west and into the Huron country, where they lived with the Indians until the country was restored to France about three years Bubso- queutly. Louis Kirkt was left in counnaud at Quebec. 76 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1629. r than the (]i't:lai'atioti (jf p(Mc!(; betwri'ii France ami ICn^Iantl in May lii"Ji>. Kiikt lias lieeii acciiMJil by soino writt'ivs (if liaving been aciiuaintoil with thin fact wlien ho Moved finally upon Quel)oc to (lejeet in l']n;^'land, with ii view to obtainiin^ iedre.s.s. Owing to several cau.ses-tho French beinj^ enyayud in under- takinj,',s in comparison with which the restoration of Quebec seenuul an in- tj company, which, ;is haa been atatcd in a furmcr page, I'hainpiain'.s reports made known in I'rance, aud probably led Jlichclieu to delermino upon some eil'ecttial remedy. ir>29.J THE NEW COMrANV'S ARRAXGEMEXTS. In conipciisniioii f<»r ilio cxpc^nscs atteiulant upon tlicir great inulertakinp^, Iniiiionse powers and privileges were conceded, subject to certain conditions set forth in detail in tlieir chart t'r. Tlie associates were empowered to exercise Fovereignty ovci' New France and Florida. Two vessels of war, armed anil e(pii[)p('(], were to bo furnislied by tlie King. All necessary supj)lies and merchandise for the colony were to be exempt t'n>m taxes or duties in France. The descendants of the colonists, as well as all natives who miufht be converted to Christianitv, were to be regarded as lawful subjects of the King, and (Mititled to all the usu.d ri'dits and i)rivilegos without being oblii-'ed to tidvc cul, letters of naturalisation. All persons not mcmbci-s of llie ('hurch of liome were to be excluded from the colonv. Sovei'eign powers were to be exercised over New France and Florida, subject oidy to a i;im[)le act of homage to ihi.' King and his successors on the thi' ne. ^Moroovei', while trafUc and commerce of all other kinds wei'c gnai'antei'd to the Com])anv, under such regulations as thcv mi-ht do- termine from time to time, the iish(a'ifs of cod and whale were reserved to be freely open to all Frenchmen.* 70. The claims of religion were not forgotten in the arrangements of the new Company. It was slipnlated that three i)rlesls shonld be maintained at each ivgular shillon during fifteen years, and ke[)t snpplied witli everything necessary for the exei-ciseof their fiitiet ions, ihit when the time came to settle wli;U ord rs of the pi-i ;lhooil snnu Id employed, ]li(!helieu and his eo.uljntois ileeided that It w.is not exiieflient to have in the eo!o!iv more than a siir-ie order — preferring that of the di snits.f * 'J'hc (itlicr iiiliiOiitaiits of tlio Cdnn'i'y wlm woyr not tiitint liiicil l)y oi' dcpi'iidt'iit upon tlio Coin[iiny'8 resonivci W'li' to lie at ii'ocrty to tiiih! witli tlio nativort, oti ooinlitioii of «li'livi;i'iiii3' all liLMV«'r-.--kins .so iHMcirnl t,o the ('oin[i;iny'rf iigt'iits at, a fixi'il [)rii;o. 'in 4 ioii arKUUii-'i it usoil wiuj to the fll'ect tliut, (siucu ft.>r u luiig tiiiio lli :!,^' 78 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1632. 71. "When, after consideraljle delay, tlio restoration of Quebec was actually couceded })y the EuLijlish, 1 ' t 1 ^ ' ^ ^ /■< ^ A.I). I032. there existed two causes by which the Company of One Hundred were pi'evented from immediately taklnpj possession. In the first place, although it had been agreed I0 provide a large ciipilal, shi})s and crews were not ready for their ])urp()ses ; and, secondly, the De Caens were justly entitled to be allowed some opportunities of recovering Iheir losses, and, if possiljle, some portion of their property in the colonv, which had of course fallen into the hands of the cnptors in l()2f). It was therefoi-e settled that one of the De Caens, with an oflieer named DupJcs.sis Bocliart under him, should, in the first instance, proceed to Quebec to resume possession, making up the expedition by means of the ships and em- ployes of the old Company. At the same time, the space of one year's continunnce of traflic was granted to the De Caens for the other purpose mentioned above. At the coluiiy must bo jioor, it would bo iiionii.sisteiit to attacli to it a M( iiillrmit onler, .such ati tho llocollet.s wero. The Jcsuita ji>yfully ivsuiued their tnissiouiuy work in lii.'J'J, while tlio KecoUeL.s were not alioweil to i>i-oceeh them on the land, witli means of subsistence for tlireo years — to do wiiatever was recpiisite for the protectio'.i of tho colony, and for the administration of justice among its people — to regulate com- iiieree. in regard ;^)I5, ami landed amidst nhuiifestations of great joy on the paii of tlio French inhabitants, more especially of those who had re- mained in the country after his forced dep ii'ture. Tiiere were several foreign vessels, mostly jjiglisli, in tin; river at dilferent points, engaged in the p-llry tralhe. With becoming prudence, Chani[)lain resolviMl \\n\. to liav,; recourse to force for the recognition of ids ji'-hts, iuduin"- it l)etter to come to an understanding with the Indians belonging io the Upper St Lawi-ence, Ottawa, and tin.' Huron territory, whom he soon succeeded in restoring to cuuuuercial intercourse with the French. Tiic Isipissings, A.I). 16;-; JJ- 8o HISTORY OF CANADA. [1633. juul Ilurons, as wtll as A];j;onquins, ^vllO at first, however, desired to intercept tlie trallieof their iiei^'libours in [)assiiii; ])}• their settlements near AlliUiiellc Idand, came in hir;^c iiunihers* to re-establi.sh coiuniunleations witli the French id Tliree llivers and (^iiel)ec. Witii sonic trilUng excep- tions, the sava_L;es clieri.slied the most friendly sentiments towards Cliamiilain and liis people, inchidini:; several priests who were known to many of them from havinir formerly olliciated in thrir country, (ireat feastings and conferences or counci 01. jcurred, which lasted several dav^ rp n le object of Champlain was so to gain over the Lulians tiiaL the French alone might enjny the whole [)elliy' trallic wilh them, excluding the l'in;ilish, and all other straiiLTcrs who fre(juented the ►^t Lawrence. Of the extent and value of this traliic some opinitHi may be Ibrnied when it is statetl, that the De Caeiis, in carrving it on, were in the habit of em[)loying about LjU men every season, besides interpreters ; and that the produce of a season's o[)erations was, in aiiditiou to (tther kinds (»f skins in large quantity, iVoni Ji/letu (o Ucihlij (hottHind U(ii'ti;s, each worth ono ^ialole.t '* I-arly in Au;^Mi.-t Id:'.", it i.s locordod, that iipwanls of 500 Ifurons, wiih l;"i(l LMiKH'.s lacli'ii witli furs, made tluir ajijicaraiico at Qiiuhoo, in euu- (•('(lucnoc! of the pofsdasion of ('liainiiIaiii'Hi'niis.--aii<'s, dospatchod tt) odiifir wiili tliciii Ku(in afiiT Ills rt'tiirn. 'I"li''y wtru fiillnwt.'d do^n liy dtlicr btidity, (jcL'iq.yiii;^ [liutH ihidugh or near wliioli tlio lliirotid propur had to pass in onU'i- to w.vh tho St Lawri'uce, and who thiinuMl thu right uf oun- Cfding or witldiolding passage— especially an AlgoiKiuin tribe mentioned in the tixt. At Ihe ,>ame tiiiic many Mnutagiiais were present. t A piflJc was ten li\re.s Frmeli, <.r Ss, 'Id. Jlnglidi; .so tiiat twenty tliunsaml beavei -.skins would b^' reckoned worth upw.ird.-, of .fJ^OOU .sterling, a very huge' smn in those days. Tho J)e (.'aiins, at the time wlieii t!ieir company was about to bo K)iperseded by tiiat of the Hundred Associates, represi'nted th.it thi! valui' of their Ktook of meiehandise, and of tlieir stationary property at Quebee and Tath)U.ssae, needed in carrying on their buHincs.s, exceeded 10 UOO vrowhs. Some of tiieir emphiye.-^ were allowed not only j.ay ami pruvisious, but uL-mj the perquisite of u certain lixcd uumber of bcaver-skiud. roius, eiiii- ni,f,r dtlicr .1 to 01)11- miii-'d ,•(•11 ty ti) 1)0 lie i)f c aiiut, fi'om this time forward, increasing; difTiculty was ex[)erienced in dealini^ with the Indians, owini; to the introduction amongst tliem of intoxicating liquors, by the independent traders, both French and English. The un- fortunate savages were encourag^'d to indulge I'reely their taste ibr these, which grew into a conlirmed propensity. Tlie consequences were most disastrous — to an extent that might be called nxdioii tl. Not only were the most hideous traits of the savage character made to manifest themselves upon trifling occasions of exc;itement, but also the mortality amongst them was largely increased. It will be seen that the cause now as of detail, of ihe '■avels and other ]iroceedings of thosv' indomiialile ecclesiastic-, who ha\e been surpassed l.y \u> other class of men in their di>[ilay of coura^'", pe!sev"ranc'% and contempt of human suii'ering, when this had to be encountered by theiu- i-elves in the cause for which lliey laiioured. Written on the siiot— one of the earlier llelati m-; is si;^'nillcaiitly d.itcd, '' /'/''///t (In: ui'idd of a fond of more tJhiii c'ojld Imu'lrtd hn'/Kt .■< ni' (.>■'■ ,i', An'jo.^f 'I'^ffi, lt;:jL'." — Thrir geographical ile.-criptious, and very full accounts (,f the Indians, as well as their incidental .statements of historical facts, must always render these writing>^ extremely valuable as records (in tiie llelation of ItlJ^j wi're in.-ei-ilied tln'se words, " I have true.l this U-Iaiiuii in haste, sonio times ill one place, soiu.'tinu's in another; sonutimes on the watoi'.s, sometimes on land ; and 1 llnally conclude at the roidenco of Notre Dame, near to (.^)uebee, in New Fianei', this 'JSth August lilot!." i\fter the destruction by lire of the (Jucbec Legislative Assendily ruildiiigs, with the valualde library, in 1S.j4, endeavours were made to recttver the " lielatioiis" which had been consumed, together with many preeioup historical works thought at the time to i>e irrecoverably lost ; and this was accimplislu'd with such success th it, after several years s{)eiit in laborious research, those relating to New Franco were com[)Ieti'ly restored, and are now, in three thick volumes, printed under the auspiicea of the Ciuuidiau tioverumout. itJJ4-35-] LAST DAYS OF CIIAMPLAIX. CIIArTER X. LAST DAYS OF CnAMrL.VTX— DHATH A\I) FDXERAL— ITIS CIIARACrrU AND .sKuvicKs — rKu< iui:.-.-; and .statt: of riii:: colony vv to run T1MI-: OF CllA.Mri.AIN'ri liKCKA.-Si: — OTHER LUROPEAN COLOMKS. m^ ¥>■ W'f i T"). TiioM llio inoMiont of liis return to Cannda until lii'^ decease, Clianiulaiii oecuuied liiinselt dili'j;entlv ... . . ' -^•"- '''34 35- In providing for the material proL;'ress ot" the Colony, and at the same time c()-o[)erated heartily in all measures for securini;' its religious welfare, and I'or convert- ing the savages. It will l)e seen from facts subseijUently stated, that the Ci>in[)any was not wanting on its part, so lung as Cham[)Iain lived. Although not actually founded during his lifelime, a college or seujinary was })rojected at (^luehee for aliui'ding • u cdncation suitable to the religious wants of the countrv, and such as even the butter class of families from France bject, luiiiht have recourse to lor their c th diild ren. Tl us o whieh had been so far })rovi(kHl ibr by the gilt of a benevolent person already mentioned,* had engagcil the attention of Champlaiu and tlie Jesuit priols for some tune. rr Th le prelimmanes were all setlk'd, except the (pies * The ]\l,iniuis dc riaiiiam'hi''s crift of "li,!"""' livrcs in tlu' year IdliO ; or, ratluT, tiiat (jf his son lloiiu' di- lloliaiit, a .Ksiiit prir^t. It is iuitt a iniie f,'il't. i r tiicrcly an olTi'T. It is stated iirst uu the list ut'
  • i:atiuii-, lutwoun liiLliiand 10;")."), to the Jostiit MissiiiiiH of Quebec. At any rate, it lueaiut' avail ilile in lOJ", two yi'.us lifter ChiunpUiiu'd death, wheu tlio Colhyc of Qmbcc wus actually Uniiideil. 84 HISTORY OF CANADA. [l'''34 j o- tion of fi site. Wliile orcnpiod witli tliis nnd various ollior duties appertniuiriLi^ to his posiliou, nl)out October lOth, 1()35, Clinuiplaiu was laid prostrate hy a stroke of para- lysis. Ho never rose airaiu from lu's coueli, nor w.'is lio ever again able to sign his name to [)u1)lic or private documents.* In his last illness, he Avas attended ])y his friend and spiritual adviser, (,'/t(ir/cs Laleniant, th(^ author of the lle- latiop of 1(J2(I,-'' and. dui'in!.: the jirevious ten years, a most, ofiiciont coadjutor in his work. Jrreproaoliahle as his life had ])een, his behaviour on his dcallibcd astonished those around him, seemini; to them to eont'cr perfection on his virtues by the grandeur of his expressions of p/iely, resig- nation, and love. ]Ie slied tears when he spt»ke of the families in the colonv, Scvinir thai tlicv must lie power- fully assis led lU tl KMr new be '!j:irunir. aiK 1 al wavs suc- coured as nuieli as possible for the good of the country — which, he d(>clared, \w intended they should be, had fJod continued liim in heallh. At leiiuth, o\\ (Mu'istmas Day, 1(135, the pious and amiable founder of Quebec breathed his last, be(]ueathing his blessing to his bereaved people, ioi::ether willi the memory of his virtues and of his irreat * Fi'i-liUid retnarkH in a note, " Sovcral acts wcii' cIommI at tliis tituowilh a iloclaiMtioii that (hi'il trcrr not si'jutil h' ■nnse Clniinplnin v'/ix nirk. It is astdiii^hiii},'," lu^ adils, ''tliat \i|) to tin.-, day tluTt; lias not been found at Quebec a sinjzle diuMuneiit s'lL^iu'd by < 'liuini'lain." i' Tlii.s ]irust was une nt' tlio thri'(> .K'suits who weri; sent out to Quebec ill lii'J't. Jle was a favourite of Chaniiilain. l.alcinant himself, in tlie I'elaiioii eited in the text, says: — " Mmisirur ('hanijilain is always very atl'i-'ctionately disposed towards lue, he has taken nie as the director of Ins conscience, tione( In Le .Icuiic's liclatiou for ]t!l'>i), l.alcmant is nicM- -" He (Chani[ilaiii) had {nepared a leiigtlu'lied general confession of his wliole life, which he rendered witli great pain to liidcniant wlueii lie honoured with Ids frini.s pL'rsun.ige, who cuntcrrt'ti .so nuuiy (ilili.'iticins ii|t(in Xtnv France." Since tin.' funeral toolc place in tlio dead (if wmtef, it .-eetus prohaliie tliat tlio sepulchre, or at le.i.st the exterior of tiie Luiiii), u:i.s iidL con.iileinl uiiiil .soiiietiuio afi.erward.s. Ilo\vi;ver this iii:iy lie, we lind ni'iitinu ouli.-eipiently made of a Imikiing .styled " Chum- j'liiht's C/i'ijiil," in which nne or tnore Imi'i.d.s -wo. stated to liave taken I'lace. The very site of this liuihliiig has ree( ntly lH:conie thi' srdijeet of cciiitro\'ersy. Ahuul t\vel\e years -a'^o. Mr llmih (>' l^'unnU, in eotidie'tiny >^.i!ue excavations euuuecli d uilh t!ie Queljee Waterwoiks, found a stone- I'Uilt vaidt, with cuflin and human liones tiu'rein, which were prfinonnoed to 1)0 the remains of tlie fouiuU'r of tiuehec. Mr 0'l)oiniell carefully placed on ri'cortery ;i8 was formerly tin; spot where they ha^'35. r'^fiis^cd to go to law about liis cfTocts. lie loft no clc.-:ceii- (Innts. 7<). The (lisHnp:iiislic(I value of the services of SaTun.el (lu (Jhiuiiplnin. and the genuine nol)ility of liis eharacter and disposition, may bo deduced from tlie staterucnts co'.i- tained in tlie foregoing pages. On sucli worthy topics, liowever, it seems pro])er in tliis place to offer some addi- tion;d o])servations, with llie view of endeavouring to cdh- teniphite those ohjt^cts of history more closely. We have seen that his comiection wilh C.-mnda lasted about twentv- eight years, between IGOT and H')?>~). lie is tliought to have accomplished, in all, nearly a score of voyages across the Atlantic Ocean ; and it is worthy of u >tice that, so far iis our information extends, he was fortunate cnouirli never to have sull'ered shipwreck on any of his uumerous passages between France and the St Lawrence. As regards the ex- tension of geographical discovery, in addition to the results of bis explorations npon the coast of Xova Scotia and in the Gulf of St Lawrence, it has been stated that he first made known to Europi^ans the course and oi-igin of the river lUchdieu^ the existence of lakes Lliuel)ec. In Fi'ance, shifts, sordid pai'siniony, and delays on the part of the Company; jeal- ousies, encroachments, lawsuits, on the part of merchants, strangers to the Coin[)any ; intlilference of the coui1, which neilhei' was able nor willing to properly occupy those far-olf possessions. On the sea, voyages, tedious, troublesome, and often dangerous. In America, scarcitv of food and disease among the Fj'cneh, as well jis lickleness and malevolence on the part of the natives. Such were the ever-recurring trials which Chanii>lain was condenmed to undeigo. Yet, so strong was his faith in the ultimate success of his work, and so ardent and persevering his desire to found a French empire in America, and to im- part civilis[ition and Chiistianity to tho savages, that nothing could extinguish his devotion or lessen his conti- dencc in the protection of God." The only two defects, of any moment, alleged against him, seem to have been absence of penctraliou or proper forethought in involving himself in the <|uarrels of the Indians ; and also crcdulousiuss, of wiiich latter he has been accused by Lcscarhot.'^ The former of these charges t :^lir '.\ 111 •, :.' * Liscnrlnit, a Fronch Lnvyer and writor, atnl a iii:in nf vcrsatili; f,'.Miiu.'^, may liavo founded hi.-! ojiiiiioii iipnn his own personal t'xiifriciiL'o of Chatn- jiliiin diiiiug liis inti'rcoiirsi! witli liini, in coniit'ctlon witli the Acadian ex- pudiuon, ct'upk'd with au after-kuowledgo of Lis rotaiuing his faith iu the ss HISTORY OF CANADA. [ I ''34 35- Ims been nlrcndv sufTieieiillv noliceil. The lattor niav be fnuikly answered in tlio words of the historlin Charle- voix: — "This defect is one appertainint; to .straightforward, lionesL dispositions: in tlic i!npossil)iIi(y of Ijeing abs;o- bitely faultless, it is a beautiful (pialily in a man to })ossess those faults only which would become virtues if all men were such as thev ou'dit to be." Champlain must have been blessed with a very strong constitution, and must have enjoyed <;ood general health during the greater part of his very active life ; for without these advantages he would not have i'elt able, or even dis- po.'^cd, to encounter the dillicidties necessarily incident to his numerous sea-voyages and his expeditions amongst the savage tribes. His appearance and (hMUcanour were pre- possessing. His countenance was rcmarkal>le I'nr earnest- ness and mildness of expression ; the latter not altogether indicative of the chivalrous spirit and courage with which lie several tiuK^s led the Tlurons into combat with the Iroquois. In manners, address, and conversation, he was remarkably insinuating, and this (pialily rendered him ac- ceptable to all with whom ho came into contact. The polished Frenchman, the soldier, the priest, and the un- o.st.'iblisliinetit of tlio oniony on the biuik;^ of the St Lawrencf, nutwith- utaiuling the iniiunieralilc trials, enibarrassint'iit-', obsta^'lo.-), ami failures, with which every well-informed j)ersun in France nni.-^t have beeome aecjuainted. The ease of Xlfn/dH iln Vijmtu, who so ogro^'imi.sly inislud Chaini'Luii liy his pretended diseoverj' of the Northern Sea, allbrd.s a nntable in- Htance of liis liiini'.-,t willingne.ss to dejiend on another's veraeity. In the beginniiifjf of his aeiinaiiitance with the llnrnns. and for smne time aftJ'I-'^ of cov- rcsjwnding icorUi." In another ])lace, the same worthy priest ])laces on record Cham[)lain's just claims to the character of a ti'uly honourable man, in the simple words, " lie has truly spent his life in the practice of justice and 1^34 33-1 CHARACTER OF CTTAMrLAIX. 91 equity, in loyally towards his sovorciixn, rind in perfect fidelity towards tlic gentlemen of tlic Conipnny." Such was the character of tlie great and good man whoso name heads the long list of Governors of Canada. — a natne whicli must always occupy a conspicuous position in history, on account of tlie discoveries, the deeds, and tho virtues of its possessor. 77. Before Champlain's deatli, tlie colony wa=; far from having attained to such a position of grovv-lli ami strength as to Avarrant a confident hc^lief in its permanence. Iti tlie summer of 1(533 thc^'c mnv have been fi'oin !.")() to ISO persons of the class of actual resid(Mits or sdllers, locate 1 principally at Quehec or in its vicinity, anil the majority of these were workpeople or single men eii. ployed on the worlvs aiMl at the trading stations. In addition to tlicse there were the Com{)any's agents at the ])osts of Tadous^ae and Three llivers, at which latter ])lace ( Miamplain cau^(^d some I'ough huildings to he enn'tiMl, and a platform with one or two small pieces of artilhry mountcnl for de- fensive purposes. During the summcM- seasi^n the numbers would of course he augmented hy the ])eople eniployed in the trading vessels — hut these eamiot he counted as colonists. The straggling Frenchmen, int(M'i)reters iunl others m(Mii; tm'lo I'olativo f'l tlii> voar li!00, four v>'ar.s afirr ('liiiiu[ilaiir.s death, will tliiMw .-iiinc li'.^lit dii llw siiliji'ot oi' tlu.s iirtiflo — it i.s talvon from "Tluj llistory of tlio risuliiifs df tiuobtu'," ]>. 'Jfi : — "Tilt! i)ii])ulatiiin of (Jnclu'o was only alumt 'J.'o I'lviicli ; in tin' cnviroiis thciv waniliTL'd Homo liumlit'ds of .sava,i,'es, Ali^^HKiuiiis, ostahlislicd liy l/di'uiant at Sill(.'ry, and govoi'in-d liy tlio .Ii'suit itrioHt.-j. In truth /.s-A, wa.s vriy abundant — but it was u.-Jtde.ss to counf u["in tin.' products of tho .suil, 02 HISTORY or CANADA. [i<^'34-35 78. It lias been already mentioned that while Chfunpluin lived, or during the years 1G32-1G35, the Company of One Hundred Associates were not wanting on their part in fur- thering the progress of the eolony. They founded and main- tained, under the designation of JlcsuUnrcs, at least live eslahli>hments in the territory of New France,* be- sides the forts, trading iuarts, and dwellings for the accom- modation of the colonists in dillerent places. As regards the I'amilies and the individual colonists whom they introduced into the country, they exercised the utmost precautions in the endeavour to exclude all but persons of irreproachable character and habits. Le Jeune. who furnishes a somewhat minute account of the state of the colony at this time, expresses great joy at the increase of nund)ers, specifying tv.o families in particular which alone comprehended forty-five persons ; and the worthy priest's mind being not cniirely absorbed by the spiritual bearing of all'airs, he })iously adds, '" \Vhat a subject for thankful- ness it is to sec, in these countries, delicate ladies 'and children of tender age, landing from their wooden prisons, like the briglit day issuing fre)ni the darkness of night, and, after all, enjo3ing such exeelk'nt health, notwilh- slanding all the in('(>nvenieiu'(.'s of these lloating habitations, just as if they had j'ur.^-ued their reiute comfortably in a (;hariot." The lielations which had infe)rnK'd the people of France of what had transpired on the banks of the !St I'vcMi ill the iici;:;lilH)iirli()iiil ol' (|>U( Ix'c, cr uinni tlit; rfsultrf of tlio rliiiHO iti (ho fdi'i'.st ; the t'oiitiimal ihini^iT.s wliirli tlu) cnhnii.-ts iiicuiri'd pic vontcd ovcry (Hii! from ilaiiu^' U> stray f.ir i'ih>iii Uu' Utile ftnt.s built lu te ami tlioro. At tliat tiiuc, ami lor a miinln'r of hiilisi (jucnt y< ars, tho fdlotiy c'oulil mit cali'iilati" "U suh.iiolonco cxcopL upon llie inuvi.-^iuus iiml (supplii'S liroiij^'ht from fraiici-." FurtluT on in tlio yamo work, it id stulcU thiit huusus (Lhonatira, auiung the Ilurons. i634-35l STATE OF THE COLONY. 93 Lawrence, hnd not onlv created an intense eai^orness in tlie minds of religious persons to assist in the conversion of the savages, but also, by tlie particulars furnished, hnd at- tracted much attention in respect of the material advantages of the country. Various questions were asked by ])eoplo in France to which Le Jeune returns full replies. Was the country exposed to the incursions of the hostile l^^iianiards? If the lands were cleared and work'Ml, would thcv vield encMigh to support the inhabitants ? Were tluie apples or other fruits to l)e raised ? How long a time would it take twenty men to clear an acre? What sort of pro- visions would be re([uired, and how nuich wi^dd it cost to maintain each man a ye;u- y Ibtw huge and deep is the St Lawrence, and how far up can lai'ge vessels go y To these were added other (piestions of a iM'aetieal natun^, in order to elicit inHn-mation about the fpialily of tlic soil in regard to tillage, pasturage, and whether the hibotir of oxen and liorses could be employed? — whtUhor ,sf()Ui', vhnj^ sand, lime, au'" Hier rcrpiisit(>s Ibi- building wen^ abundant!-' — what natural products, animal.';, fisli, and bii-ds, wei'o to bo found ? — also what desci'iptions of UKM'ehaiidisc, miii'"- rals and necessaries for shi[ibniMl!ig could be cxporlcd to France? — and finallv, what was tho character of tlio more remote regions, such as those occupicil by the lliu'on ]) ■•opl(\'> From the answer.^ given to thcs^ (pieslion^, and ihe various rellections and details supplied liy liie worthy ecclesiastic, we are (Miabled to fonu snme nniioii of lhe con- dition and pros[)(M'ts of the colony about th(> [tiM'iod of Chaniplain's deatli. L(? .feune sums up the rceoiu- inendations of the country under the foiu' lieails of excellence of its soil, its foriiii<'d posts,"*' the cpiality ami i^i * Till' foititird placrs alliuU'il to were Qucbtc -.stn-n^'thcnrtl liy (Jiiiuu- jil.iiii oil liirt rettirii in ]()o3, ami continiuMl ixdiliHotis tiiiulo to its ilt'foucjs isubdt'queutly — I'hrie /iittrs, iviul " L'/sld dc Richelieu," mm 94 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1^^34-35. imnibcr of its inliabitanfs, and what he designates as its ^^ civil and cceJe.siaslical 'iioUvc." Such means of defence as existed in l(i3r), the Coni[)any of Associates pro[)osed to continually increase, by establishing new posts up the river as far [is or beyond " Sault St Louis," * and they looked forward to the day when they should entirely command the whole extent of country througii which flowed the " Grand Iliver " or Otlawa, and when their occupation of it would reach to the shores of Luke Huron. U[)on the other points referred to, Le Jeunc thus ex- j)resses himself : — ''As to the inhabitants of New France, they have increased beyond ex[)ectation. When I came iirst there was only (;ue family ; now, every season we witness the arrival of a goodly mimber of highly honour- able persons, who come to throw tlieniselves Into our vast inrosts as into a [leaceful retreat for piety and liberty. The sounds of palaces, and the thunders of serjeants-at-law, pleaders, and solicitors, could only reach us here from the distance of a thousand leagues ; and it is only once a year that the papers and gazettes, which some bring from Old France, ai)[)rise us of the existence in the world oi\'Xuclioji8, j'rainls, ruhht rirs, inKi\It/-s, and (lunilicfi. Of course we are not without our maladies, but they are of easy cure and inexiiensive. Thank Cuxl, the amiable souls in this country can ex[)erience the sweetness of a life far remote from thousands of su})ertluous compliments, from the t\ranny of leg;d pi'ocesses and the ravages of war. . . . Here we have honourable gentlemen and soldiers, whom it is a. ]>leasure to behohl going through warlike exercises in the midst of peace, and to hear the re[)orts oi nmsketry and cannon only on occasions of rejoicing re-echoed from our grand forests and mountains. The other 'uhabitants con- sist of a maiss of various artisans and a number of houour- * LacLiue. 1 able are i and tlierc is to I ^34-35 •] STATE OF THE COLONY. 95 able flimillcs, notal)ly increased of lafe. Even oiir sava^^cs are astonished to see so many of what they call ' ca plains and youiuj vnpfafns.' AVlien tiny tell us at Quebec that there is a number of persons at Tadoussac, and that nothing is to be seen below 'but men, women, and little children com- iiiLf to iticrease our colonv, and that auioncrst them are younij: Indies and young children as In'ight as the day, 1 leave you to judge how joy and surprise take possession of our hearts. AVho cares now for the diliieiillv of crossinL;: the ocean, when such young children, and girls, and women, naturally timid, make nothing of the long sea-V(yage r* . . . As to our civil and ecclesiastical police, I have ahvady intimated we have no practice here for cavillers. All our disagreeme'nts hitherto have quickly disai)[)e;ired ; every one is his own advocate, and the first person one mcts is a jndg(> of last resort without a[)peal. .But if tliei'o be any case which deserves to come before the (Jovernor, he disposes of it in two Words. It is uot that w cannot have here any judieial [)vo- cess, but as there arc no great occasions of dis[)nte, so tliere cnnnot be great lawsuits, and conseipientiy in that resjiect all is uiild and tigreeable. Of course in all st.cieties there are souio discontented s[)irits to whom the' very mildest I'erm of restraint seems odious. All such are [>rovided Ibr here ; for, on the 'J'dth December 1 (J; '>.'), notices and p!-o- liihilions were afli.Ked to a pillar in front of t!ie chureh specifying the penalties for blas[ilicmy. iiiti'ni[HTane(', IK Lilect of mass or of divine service on Irle-davs. Al-o a }tillory was attached to the same, which was had rceour.-o to on the Kith of Jamiary to punish a drunkai'd and hlasjihemcr ; and ou the 2-id one of our jiewple was eou- dennied to ])ay a fine of fifty livres Ibr having suj[jplied intoxicating liipiors to the savages. As to ecclesiastical inrisdictioii, this is onlv exercised as vet in the hearts and consciences. At first when we came to this country we f 1 li ) 96 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1634-35- had only a VTctched little hovel in wliicli to ccleLrate divine service, and wliieh now would make vis aslinmed ; tlieu wo. had an apartment in a house ; next we built a chapel, and now wo aim at convertiui^ this into a church. Tiie first services held in this large chapel or little church were so attended that tlie place was filled from one end to the other. ... I have forirotten to say that the establish- ment ol'a College serves much to benefit the country, and a nu!nl)er of honourable people have intimated to me that they never would have crossed the ocean to New Fi'ane(\ but that they knew there were here already })ersons able to guide their consciences and care for their salvation, as well as to in>ti'urt their children in viitue and learninij:." From what has been stat<.>d, it may justly l)e inferred that an auspicious beginning, at least, had been made in laying the foundations of a colony. Had the Company of Associates followed up their first eflorts by continuing ye;n* by year to \):\y the same* regard to the fulfilment of its obliu'atioiis, then would this colony of New France soon have become considerable in nundiers and resources, and have been in a position to ward oil' the lamentable train of misei'ies by which it came to be afilictt'd afterwards through neglect, internal weakness, dis.sension, and ex- ternal hostility. 71). It is necessary, in this i)lace, to make mention of other European colonies which were growing upon the continent of North America, and whose presence there inlhienced the future destinies of Canada. In 1(107 the English took ■ ^'rst step towards colonising Virginia by founding J ..u'iuown. In I()()l) the river Hudson was navigated by i.'.e . utch, who soon afterwards established settlements at ManlidtUm {New Yorh) and at Orange (Albany). la 1(521. the pilgrim fathers conunenced the settlement o{'J\I(is- sachusctts. In process of lime powerful colonies Kprung i^VI-SSl KNCLISII AND DUTCH COLONIES. 07 \wm these l)('i,nnniiiL;s, vvliiclj increased in i)t)puliition and resources niueli more rapidly than New France, o\vinj:j to Sf^vcral canscs. Jn the first ])lace, tlic ])romoters of tlie Frencli colony were I'ar more particular about the quality tliati tlie nuniln'r of settlers, \vliilc the conversion of tlie Indians formed a }irirnary oliject of care; besides wliicli, th lere was less real desire anion:/ the F rench peop le to eini- urate and establish new homes for themselves in America. On tlie other hand, in the othrr l'iUro])ean colonies, the in- (lucem<'nts of trade and commerce, united Avilh 'M \ and that while it became diHi- enlt, s()v>n after (Jhamplain's death, to induce French lamilies to i;o out to Canada, such was the llow of emi- grants to New Kmdand, that the (lovernment took steps to check it. It could uot have been I'eli^i^ious exehisiveiiess alone that made the French colonv inci'ease less I'apidU' in numberH than New i-hi^'land ; for the puritans and zealots of iMas- sachusetts and Ni'W York wei(! pecaiiiarly harsh towards those of a dilferent [lei'suasion from their own. indeed, Ihey Hometimes ex(>rciscd u decree of intoleraticc that pas.sed all bounds of moderation. The French {luthorities, both in the mother count rv and in Canada, did their best lo exclude improper characters at the same time that they suuuht to lir Hill 1 ''.- hM 98 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1634 J 3« liave their cmiG^rants all of one faith ;* ko tijat what was lost in res{)cct of niimhers must have been in a degree com- pensated for by unity of sentiment and the quality of the .settlers. The climate also was less rigorous in Massa- chusetts and Virginia than noilhward at Tadoussac and Quebec. 80. The presence of those other European colonies in Nortlj America was not a source of advantage to the French in Canada, but, on the contrary, a cause of trouble and disaster. Apart from the influence of the feelings which might have been expected to stimulate rivalry be- tween bodies of colonists of ditlering nationalitv, much evil was occasioned by the neglect of their respective Govern- ments to fix, in a proper manner, the boundaries of their transathuitic possessions. It is not necessary, for the purj)oses of this history, to enter into all the details embraced in this important sub- ject, but only to confine ourselves to such' as principally affected Canada. We have seen that while the French were engaged in endeavours to settle Acadia and tlie region liordering on the 8t Lawrence, the English and Dutch were * Tlin support which the French Court jiffdi-do.l to the schemes of the ciiinpanii's, hito whose c.iro the proc?\s.-( of .settliiiLi; New Franco wa.s en- tnisied, wfis Jilways pl•l)fe8^ FitMicii people jjjeiierally. Cliaiiiplaiu liad not only acquiesced to tliirt extent in exelusiveness as regards religion, luit, also desired to avoid all display of n'iigious dissen.sion in the presence of the untutored savages, as bi'iug cnlculated to inj\ue his own people in their estimation. There are iustautts of his showing himself desirous of a-suaging the bitterneHS of that sort of dissension during hi,s eoiniceWoii witli the De Caeiis. 15ut he was entirely averse from making religion a cloak for proceedings unjust t I the savages. Harmless, indeed, and praiseworthy was his biijotry in oori'iiarisiiu wilh that of the first concpusrors of Mexico and Peru, who m ide r'digion a mere itreteiiee, and a mask for their cupidity and trcacheiy and wholesiie cruelties towards tho unhappy natives of thotio legiouii. i\U-35-] l.XC;ilSII AND DUTCH COLOXIKS. similarly occupied in Viri^nnia ami Massaclmsolls, in New YiM'k, and aloiiu^ the banks of the Hudson. The kini^s (if France claimed territorial jurisdiction over an im- mense tract, extendini^ all the way from the St Law- rence to Florida, niuKr the title of '' Nouvelle France" — a name which was iirst assii;-ned hy Verr.izzani, al- though not adopted into general use until the time ot Henrv IV. Other ( iovermnents, as those of the English and Dutch, also claimed jurisdiction over portions of that. vast domain. In course ot" time, as we have seen, settle- ments came to he foi-med. The kings of Murope made grants, based on their respective claims of discovery, to (.nterprising individuals and companies. Sometimes these grants were very extensive indeed, including })ortions of the continent stretching from the Atlantic to the I'acilie. (.'are was not taken to be particular about boundaries, or about the titles of the sovereigns who made the grants, or about the grants previously made by other polenlates. The C(»nsequence was, that whenever the European (Jovermnents went to war with each other, the uncertainty and hostile claims relative to boundaries became convenient causes of dispute, and led to bloodshed among tlieir Atnerican sub- jects. They attacked and destroyed eacli other's stations iuid villages, under the pretext that their occupants were intruders and trespassers. Moreover, tlie trading opera- tions of the French, Dutch, ami Miigli>!i brought them into collision in dealing with the same Indian tiibi's. They tried to outbid each othei', in order to secure- iidvanlages in trallic, and to form alliances with the savages. The KiU'opeans, in their eagerness to extend their dealings with the natives, and to strengthen their alliances with them, forgot their own substantial interests so far as to supply the savages with fire-arms and ammuni- tion, and did not scruple to furnish them freely with intoxi- lOO HISTORY OF CANADA. [•^'34-3.v (•;itiiiiit, as lias been already staled, priority of discovery was always a convenient excuse for a<;- gression. To illustrale what lias been said al)out the uncertainty (if boundaries, it may be mentioned that .lamcvs I. (»f JMicr- land made irrauts, between the V(\ars JiOf) and Ki'21 to several distinct companies, authorisint^ them to establislt settlements — plantdfions — between lat. 1)4 and 48' N. On November 3, IG'21, the same King made a grant of iS\'w KnfihnnJ, defined to lie between hit. 40' and lat. IS X. This s])Mce included Acadia ami iK^nly all Catiada. liater still the l"iiiglish Government made special grants extending to the St Ljiwrence. in utter disregard of the [''rench claims, founded both upon prior di.^covery and actual settlement. Again, afterwards, when the French had pushed their discoveri(>s westward beyond Lake I\Iic]iigan, and soutli- ward into the valleys of the Ohi(^ and .Mississippi, it w;i.s claimed that the ]']nglish had no lights to the west of the Alleghany Mountains, it Ix^ng im])ossible to dispute their title to the territory lying east of that range. These adverse claims were not even adjusted when {\\v l^nroj^ean nations came to mahe peace with each other. In sliort, it seemed a> if there was an intentional neglect of the imjiortant ques- tion of boundaries, in order that tluy might, whenever th(\v saw fit convert their American settlements into battlefields. So iar as the savages tluinselves were concerned, wc shall see that the Iroquois sup])orted the pretensions of the Mui'lish, while the French colonists had as allie.-> i<''34 35] GKNKRAL NOTE. I I tlu; Iluroiis. Al^v)ii(]irms. AImiukhus, and othor C;iiiatli;in tribes. PVHWWi ,\;i- \()TK — Many (Ti't lils illnstiMtivo <4 tlio roliLMOn-s anil snci.il .-tate d' t!i<- felony ;ilinut the time of ('li;iiiij)Iain'rf 'loath iiiii,'Iit liavo Lctn iiul!i' fori>;;i)iiiL,' ili.ijitcr l>ut for the r.ecefi.sity of curtailing' its lengtli. iS.'iii.- iii'iilfut.s, >-lio\\ iiii,' tlio uiaimcr of lift; inid the ptTsonal trials ami siin'iriiiLrs of the Jesuit piirsts, will bo inoiitioiifd further i;n. These, of courM-, from thoir sujurior culturo ainl intolliKoiicc, ac'iuirpil ,L,'rt' it liitlueiu'f in ,ill the afFairn of the colony. Thoy nunibcroil tlitu about tiftoou pi'isnu^. Charuplaii/s uifo wa.s not, ineroly tho lii'.st fnnr/i. /'('///scon in tho country, but, (luring h'-r .^tay of four years, she was the only one. Tlie iinpre.s.sion mailo on tho then rudo colonits atul on tho wonderinj^ t^avajes by li< r preiioH.^i'ssini,' anpoarance and h'^r '^f^ntle niainier.s has been already aliud' d to. Ilcgistors began to bo kv'[)t in (Jueboc about tho year li)21. Tho fir.-t haptiHrn entered wan that of one /.'u4irhc Martin, .son of " Mutsfcr A/tr<> hunt Mardn," from wli'se christian name was derived that of the trait ueir the city known as the /'/,(///.•,• of Afixihinn, Th" first w'dding was that of one t'lmillnnl ami a daughter of the earliest oniigrant, I.<>iii:{ II. hcrt. Soino aTiinials, rnirn, shi'i'/i, )o. Th(! Coni]iany of Associates were bound to bring in two or three hun- dred .settlers oviM-y year. In order to carry on the work of ostablishiug settlors on till! land, .--everal subordin ite cntupani'S or associations were formed in l-'rinee a'lout this time. One of the leaders in such enterprises was M. (jillaid, a j hysician, who s[)ent no loss than thirty years of his life ill promoting tho advancement of tho colony. In retui'u fiu- his si>r- vices, tho Conipiiny of Associates conferi'od on him an extensive^ tract as a .-'/'//(('"/'// at Jlf'injKir/. iit-ar (^uebi-c, where he employed aitisans and ! ibourer.s in cleaiing land and eonstructiiig a man.sion for his own family. A village soon grew up there in eonseipiciKio of these laV)ours. In cour.so of tliis ehipter there is seircely an allusion inailo to the Iro.iuois. iS'i'verthi'less these eontinueil to be persistent enemies loth to ll.o Canadian Indians and tho French colonists. Incidents connected witli lle'ir imiilacablo hostility form .a noti'ulo p u"t of tho sulis 'ipieut history. When the Ursulinos and tho Hospital nuns — three of each order — came out with Madame do la I'oltrie, the foriniM- were placed in a small building m the h)wer town, where they remained three yoar.s, till 1612, when their liouso and convent were built in the u[>per town. They immediately coaiiaenced touching young ludiau and Fieiich girla. The Hospital nui.s !> 4 1 Ml ii ?t*)i I02 HISTORY OF CANADA. [163^-63. WHio (iccnmnKxIiiterl at Sillory. Fmrn Aiijjiist 1039 to Fehrinry 1040 tlu^ Miiall-pox ragi;il and occiiaioiieil much iiiixiety ami li'noiir tu tho uudh. In do.-'Ciil)iii!,'th'ir first winter out of Fraiio-, tlu; Ur.suliiies nay of tiiern^tlve.s -" Alth()(ij,'li I'liiifincd in a ^niall liole, witii in.siitHi;iciit .lir, we yet uontimu" ill health. If in Fnincu; one eat only bacon and .salt-fish, as we do here, one mif^ht belli without a word .sdd ; but we are well, and wing better than in France. Tlie air is excellent, and this is a terrestrial jiaradise, where the difficulties and troubles of lift; eoino so lovinudy, that the uioif ojie is piqued, the more one's heart is filled with amiability." CIIAPTKn XI. (.'••MI'ANY OF ASSOCIATES FAILS TO FULFIL ITS FNti AOEMKNTS — CIIAM- I'LAIN's SUCCKSSOUS — IIUJQTOIS INCURSIONS AND AUDACITV — FSTAI5LIS1IMFNTS AT SILLEliY A\D QUKIUX' — SKTTLFMIA'T OF THK ISLAND OF MOXTliKAL — FORTIFICATIONS — FAllLY TRIALS AND DISASTKUS OF TIIH SKTTLERS — GALLANT CONDUCT OF MAISON- NKUVF — CKNKRAL ACCOUNT OF TIIH FROORKSS OF MONTREAL I I' TO THE YEAR KIO:) — FATE OF M.MSONNEUVE — INCURSIONS OF THE IROQUOIS — THEIR DESKJNS ACAINST THE COLONY — Di:- STRUCTION OF THE HURON NATION — HEROISM OF DOLLARD AN1» HIS COMPANIONS. () 81. The Compnny of Ono Iluiidrcd Associates soon lici^an to relax in liieir efforts. Like their nre- ^ ^ , 1 41 c ] 41 • • 1 • ^•^'' ^^36-63. (lecessors, they touiul their coininercial gams iniieh interfered \villi by niercliants and adventurers, ^vll not only denounced their exclusive privilci^es at the court of France, but, in the colony itself, set at defiance all endeavc)ii!'s to prevent them from trading with the natives. In France, the head official or Viceroy, though a personage of high rank, was unable to protect the Company in the enjoyment of their rights ; nor could those who conducted their local business efficiently discharge their duties to the colony. MHM ■HH i6y'>-Gy] DIFFICULTIES OF THE COMPAW loj Tliese duties, which inchuled the security and defLMice of tlie irdiidjitauts, as well as scmmui^ that tlie conditions of the Company's charter were luKiiled in respect of tlie support of relij^ion and tlie supi»ly of net" ssaries to the colonists, came at length to be very inelliciently performed. Long beforethe time originally sj)ecified for the introduction of not less than four thousand emigrants, the settlement of the country by them resolved itself into the sending out of mere factors and servants to work out their commercial interests alone. In consequ(uice. owing to their failure to sustain an adequate military force, and their neglect of the wants of the inliabi- tants, so far as these were dependent upon the care of the Associates, their chief oilicers were left to contend with dilliculties similar to those which had formerly beset Cham- plain. Aflded to these evils were others growing out of internal dissensions and the hostile attacks of the Inxiuois. Hence, between the time of the death of Champlaiu and the ye \r 1GG3, when tlie Company's charter was abolished, the history of the colony is princifially that of a struggle to suetain a precarious existence ; for it will be seen that at any time during the greater part of that period, the colony, with all its inhabitatits, might have perisheil, unable to bear up against the combined effects of neglect, scarcity, and some sudden assault of their ferocious adversaries, liefore the year last mentioned, whether from death of members, resignation, or loss of interest in the concerns of New France, the number of Associates had dwintlled to less than one half of their com})lement. Although in this (u-ticle it has been judged necessary to refer in a summary manner to the Company of Associates, nevertheless, during the period adverted to, tlu; history of the colony is replete with other incidents which it is proper' to describe more fully. 82. After Cham])lain, M. Chateauforl presided over the ifcl }! m\r: 1^4 HISTORY OI- CANADA. [ir,;A .'illairs «)f tlio colony at Quoboc un til tl 10 arriva 1 of permaiiont ^successor, il/. de J\Io'/i//n(i(jtt//, \vlile;li occurred in May MyM). In all, there were seven (;liief functionaries or (Jovernors between 1035 and !()();>, namely, ilA. Monf/nntpii/, M. d' A ilkbovf , the J)i' Lnn.soiis, latlier and son, J/. d'Ar(/(')isf»f,, arnl M. dW roiiijour* These exercised their functions und(>r the most didicult conditions, some of which have been alluded to in tlnj pre- cedini^ nrlicle. Indeed, there is so much similarity in the; record of events of their successive j;'overnorshi[)S^ that to rec'iunt all in detail would seem to be, in many cases', u mere repetition. (SI). Durini^ Montniaujny's governorshij), iVnm UVM') tc 1G48, while the tradinu^ operations of tlu; Company of Associates were beinijj prosecuted us W(,'ll as external cir- cumstances permit-ted, uiu'cmitiinu^ att.enti('n continued io be devoted to two juincipal ol^jc ;ts — the co'^'ersion of the Canadian Jndians, and the defeiKje of the • .mtry a^-ainst the Iroquois. 'JMiese barbai'ians committed s'-rious depre- dations atid ati'ocities, makinu;; iVe(pient ii'ruplions into (Janada for the purpose chiclly of attacki!)i; the Ilurons, who coidd scarcely make head a,i::a. it them with all the aid they could derive; from their I''i'enfh allies. ]\b)ntma;^ny, to whom \\w Jlurons and Al^ompiins i^ave the name of •' Oiionthio," I notwithstanding the display of much courage Mi)iitni;>,i;ii D'Aill cinm.-'l l)e li.uisdii, j.'lli.SI) Do I U'AillcliouHt, II (mod), IVA D'A I'l'onHon, Viiiimmr, HMS Iii.'il. 1' IC. '-.(). 1 •.;■><; i(i.^.7. 10,07 -1 Oils (naiiu! a.s fnuii 1(1 IS to ltir)lK 1(108- -KK! J. Iti'il u>ij;5. ■Mil! COlllIlll'tl! )l" (3i jvornors m pai Ml. f In tho Indiiiti toii^^iio, ni'iunhiiu i>v r/rcnt viountttin : tlin King of Fr^n they (JusiKiutud ;ia " 'I'lio (treat Onou/hioy wsmm 1636-^)3.] IROQUOIS INCURSIONS AND AUDACITY. 10; and nkill, \v;is mialilo to secure any porinanont snncef?si in }ii,sdofensiv(3 operations. After one assault w.is re[)elle(I, anotlier St Lawrence to the I'^rciich trading posts at Three liivers and (Quebec, and this alTorded their malignant enemies opportunities of indulg- ing at the same time their cruelt; and their cupidity.* On one occasion, the (jlovernor had contrived to induce the Inxpu/is to M.Mid de[)uties to Tlnee llivcrs i'or tlie i)ur[)Ose (if n(\goti;it,ing terms of peace. JJuring the conference, several Jluron canoes came in sight on the river, when the harharian negotiators sudderdy broke up the meeting, and opc^nly pushed olF from the bank to attack and pillage their unsuspecting enemies. At the conference referre(J to, the Iroquois demanded, as one of the conditions of peace, that the French should ahandon the Jlurons and Algoiupiiiis to their mercy — a 'leniand whicb ])roves how necessitous the case of the eolonisls was regarded lo be by those with whom ]\ront- iii;igny was desirous of coming to terms. With such ad- versarl(>s and on such conditions no satisfactory [>jace could he established. Si. Meanwhile, chiefly tbrou-^li the benevoh-iiee and /eal of [)rivale individuals in i^'ianecv, accessions were being ' 'riiiH rallit! nf Uic IiMijiioiH jit, t.lii.s tiiiio \v;i.i wit !i till! Diitdi culdiiiHLrt 01: till' river llii Isoii. Jly wiiyl.iyiiij^ till' lliiioii parties mi tlioSt, |,;iwri'iii!t\ tliry wci'i' rlilllilt'il lo t;ik(* pOH.SCS.siiill of t.lld frlvius |»ln(!UrL'(l ill til'! luiiil ill;.^- '.iDuiiits of their li.it.e(i eiieiiiii.'rt. 'I'lio ciiioe.i wet'" dest.ioyed or taken, uiui tlio iiiiformiiato iluroim luius.iacrod or carried oil" to bo tortiuiid to death ill till) JroiiuniH viilaL;(!M, In rutuni for nkiiis thn Dutch Kiijiptied Iho Troquoin with :xrni:i, iunm\i- iiitioii, and iiiil(!iib 8|)iiit-i. At ('((itain HCaHona of the year, tlio Iliironn UM'd to paaH dowu in hiigo uuinbcra, liuving thuir Oiiuucu Imlon with furs. .,- tiii iyjmB H mm io6 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1636-63. made to tlie moans of cxtondinp^ religious missions among the Indian selllenients, as ^vell as founding permanent religious ostaUlisliments at Quebec, Three Elvers, and on the Isl;ind of Montreal. Undeterred hy the calamitous condition of the country, numerous clei-ieal and lay persons devoted themselves to those works. In l(Vo7, an institution for converted Algon- quins was begun near Quebec, and named Siller^/* after the gentleman who founded it. In 1G39 and 1G4() the Jfofti Dlcu,-\ as an hospital for the sick, and the UrsuUnc ConvcniX for the training and education of female children, both French and Indians, were established within the limits of that citv. 85. In IfMO another society, under the designation of " La Conipafjnie de JfontrealJ' was formed in Paris for the promotion of religion in the colony. This company consisted of upwartls of thirty ]>erso!is of wealth and inlhi- encc, who entered into a kind of partnership with the object oi est;iblishinga permanent settlement on the islatid where Ilochelagji once existed. Here it was proposed lO * M. do. Sijlcry w.is a Kiiij^'lit of Miilta and oiio of the C"iiipany of Asso- ciiites hut fiiriiislu'd tlie nn'aiH of founding tlic cstabHslinu'iit out of liis own iiocki't. From licinj^ a gay courtier at tlio court of Louis XIII,, he bectuu' .'1 jirii'st, and dt'Viitrd liis wealtli to luous works. He dii'd in 1(!40. The I'stalilinliincnt najued after him was inteinh'd to incUido a houj^e for the Jeaiiit.s, to be cMlh'tl St Jiisi'|i]i ; also habitations in;d grounds for tho.se converted AlgntiiiuinH aii'.l ^binlagnais who could bo imlucod to leave their wild liabitH of life and t.d;e up their residence near to their Ji'snit jiast'irs. t ilie Hotel D'low was fo\iTi(hMl by a I'-rench Dueliess, MixhimciV AhjnUloti, who took iM\u'h intenst in the welfare of the Canadian IndiaiiH. X The lTr>uline Convent was founded hy another tidy of rank, Mti arrivitiu; at Quelicc in Ititl, tlicy woro sdlicilti] not to prociu d liii^lior up tin- rivor. The colony had only two or tliicn humircii (it'isou-, ami woniil profit much by thi.s riMnt'oivi'MHiit. They \\v\r oll'i ft d tin; I.-l;ui(l of Oileans for en-etin,!,' tlioir I'stalili.-linn'iit, aini » tlniis w.tc nia 1'' to iiitiniidato thi'in liy acconnt.s of tlie IroqU'iis, who ovfiriii th-' coimtiv, and wore still aliont tins Island of Moiitival. Mais.^niHMVi' r.pli' d "I liavn jiot oonu' todt'lilicratf, hut to fXi-fute : it' th-Tc w it.' us many lrcH|iii.i,>, at Moii'i'dd as trees, it, is my duty and a milter of hi-nonrto j^o tii'Te ami estuhlisii a colony.' He went wirliout ,-i iW ,*'-C'3'] HIS c;ali.a\ r conduct. tTrrr T - iTiYii't^MiiiiMltaiiiMilMlii 109 St Lawroru'O. Fortiinatclv tlioso savnircs failed lo disoovcr llie ])reseiico of tlie Frencli on the island niitil llio spriiii:; of l(rli3, by which time tlio colonists were enabled to (juit their temporary cabins of bark and oecnpy habitations of a more permanent character. I'lit no sooner did the Iroqnois heconie aware of the vicinity of the l"iUropeans than they louan to harass them after their I'asliion. Lvinsr in wait. and watehiiiL;; their op))ortntiity from behind the tiauiks of trees and Inrkiti-j^-phices in th.e forests, they attacked all wlio ventured outside the enclosures, fre(pieiitly su(;ceedin,<; in cutting" olF strai^Li^lers. and in killing;" or makiiiL^ the'tu Ciiptives. In fact, the colonists, during; the y(>ars li'A'A and Idtd, lived in a state of siepje. In spite of the discontent and solicitations of his peo]»le, Maisonneuve persisted in reiiiainins; on the defensive, until at len'j;tli, when charujed with downriii'ht cowardice, he deemed it necessarv b(»th to jTove Ids own courage and to convince his followers of th<^ wJMloni of his course in ivfraining from offensive operations. Aceom[»anied by dogs trained to discover tln^ Iro;[uois in their places of concealment, and at the head of thii'ty ai'nied men, he marched out itito the forest, where u{)wards of two hundred savages speedily fell upon the French and (■iiin[>elled them to I'eturn. .Maisonneuve was tiie last to retire. With a pistol in each hand, he moved slowly back- wards after his diseonililed Itand, covering their retreat. "*" A niuid)er of Frenchmen wei'e killed and woumled in this oncouiiter, which liad, however, the ell'ict of salislyin'j; all lliiit they could ])i'eserve their lives only by I'emaining riihler the protection of their l'oililie;it ions, huriiig the veai's above mentioned the losses ol' the i'Veneh. through lli(.' vigilant hostility of their en(,'mies and their crafty * It is paid tl\nt ttio spot upnn which tliis si'^'iial pri'of "f valour \v;w (li.-- I'liyil was tliat wliicli, tiow siumted in tlie heart of tht; tiKiiliTii city, in Ivimwu ;w the " IMuco d'ArnifH." "-IS iiiniminnrm I lO HISTORY OF CANADA. [1636-6: iDodcR of nltack, were siicli that, notwithstanding consider- able reinforcements from France, the total number of colonists on tlie island decreased, while it was found im- })ossible to provide adefjuate accommodations for the sick and wound(Ml. SI). It will ])e seen from the statements made in a future article, that iwai'ly the whole period subsequent to the settliui^ of the Islaud of Montreal, up to the year 1GG3, w^;is calamitous to the French throui'^hout Canada. But confining our attention, for the present, to the eiuiy history of Montrer^ \ -rn that Maisonneuve, foreseeing the probable ruin .1 peo[)le under his more immediate command, visited Frjince in 1()15, during a temporary suspension of h .s ''h\s '■■' ^ the Irocpiois, in order to obtain succour, Jle left D'AillcLoul in charge, with instructions to augment the fiu'tifications as much as possible. In U! 1(1, the iiotpiois renewing their attacks, D'Aillebont also went to France, in the hope of hastening the (U'ri\al of reinforcements so urgently needed. Fortimately i\laison- neuve was iben on his way out with recruits and supplies. Jn J(M8 D'Aillebont was promoted to the position of (jrovernor of Cnnada, and, in conjunction with jMaisonneuve, now his subordinate, adopted measures whi(;h were effectual in saving from destruction the colonists on the island. During the four succeeding vear.s of earnnge, these were }j(!arcely jible to )»reserve their existence; but such was their intrepidity and heroism, that they always re})ulsed tluMr foes. On one occasion (]{'),~)2) a small band of twenty-four J^^-enchmen defeated a body of two hundred Iroquois in the inuncnliate vicinity of JMontreal. In the same year ]\raisonneuve again ro'j:;ress exceeded that at Quebec, and excited some jealousy, which led the people of the latter city to endea\'our to pre»'ent recruits and supplies, intended for IMontreal, from passinuj upwards. In 1()G3 tlie "Companv of iMontreal " was dissolved, thev haviuG^ already sold their riglits to the religious order of St Sulpice, at Paris, by whom was founded the seminary belonging to that order still existing in the citv. About this period, the inhabitants of the island snifered much from the Irocpiois, who committed such .'iti'ocities that the colonists scarcely dared to leave their dwellings, either to till the soil or to gather in their harvest. Not long afterwards, M, Maisonneuve, notwithstanding his great services to the colony and his exalted })ersonal character, was forced to relinquish his command and to leave the colony, in consequence of the arbitrary proceedings of the Governor.'}" Tlie example of courage and endurance which Maisonneuve set to his followers during the whole time of his government — upwards of twenty three yeai's — contributed mainly to the preservation of tlni'' lives, as well i'M ifrli tii • '■P't m *' 111 IiiThS, the "Conc:regiiti(in (UHu Xutre Daiiu- " \v.i>: tUiiiiili"] liy ;i M.'ulanui Uuurgiiois. A nuinljer of young wnmi'ii, a.-; wives for tlic foionists, wore sent out by Aniu: of Austria, 1I10 (>ut'i'U of Fr.uice. By this time iiuiiicrous cH)iices.-.ioiiri of l.uid on tlu' island liad lioon niadi', and tiio iiuinluT iif liahilat.ioiis greatly extondt'd. Wc (iiid. howcvii', no ]inci>i' iccnril of the population until the year lt)7'2, wh-n it had I'l' icIi-mI lli'toeii liuudird. t .1/, (ie Mcsi/, tlie sixth Govern^.:' aflci Mont 111 i;,'ny. ^laisoniimvo siuxls forth in the early history of Canada as one of jis hriLrlitcst, uriia- iiii'iits. He mi^diL h ive beeu (Jovernor in I'll^ had In- ilesirrl tin- pro- lu'i'inii, but he declined it and reconitnended ! >'Ailli'li()iir. his rxpulsidn hy l)e Mesy was a result of the (strong j'alousy of (h" Cotnpany of 'l"ho Hundred As.soeiiites towards the Company of Montre.d. during tin- governor* ■■-liili of />M vjcnson iunl of his successor, D\lraii;/()ur. iMaisonueuve appears t'l liav(> retired to Paris, where the Seminarists allowed him a pensiou for lii^ support. »B wmfmmammmm 112 HISTORY OF CANADA. [i63^-/>3. c'iH to tlic safety of the whole colony. It will ])e seen that one of his people, named ])ollard, performed an extra- ordinary exploit in IGGO, narrated in a fuiiu'C article, by which tiie fortunes of the French in Canada were sustained at one of tlie most critical periods of their history.* 1)0. ]\Iean\-hil(^ the successive Governors, including Mi))ii)nwjn>j, J)'Aillehovt, the De Lansons, D'Argenson, D'Avangour, and I)e 3[csi/, a(lminist(M-ing the affairs of the colony between the vears IGIjG and IGG;), as has been already stated, and residing for the most part at Quebec, experienced every species of diiliculty in the performance of their duiies. But the princi})al source of their end)ar- rassment was generally the hostility of their deadly enemies the Iroquois. The proofs of cmnity were not confined to acts of open warfare, or exliil)ited ordy when a recognised state of war subsisted. Treachery, and bad faith in observ- ing conditions of peace entered into with the French from time to time, chai'acterised the conduct of those savages. Sometimes they would solemnly agree to a truce, and then. under the slightest pi'etext, attack and murder those whom a trust in their professions had })ut off their guard. Some- times, on the river, or in the forest, they would butcher Frenchmen, alleging that their proceedings were the result of some untoward mistake, or falselv throwing the blami' upon other tribes of Indians. Under all circumstances, whenever an op[)ortunity occurred, they plundered and All anec'diite is joconlcd of ]\l,iis(iiiiH'uv(> illu-itrativo of his j imu- instincts. On one oci^asioTi a .s\ul(l''n frcsliet tlircati-in'il to ovcrvvlu'liu tlio habitations and (storehoii.sos of the infant settlement on tlie i.si.uiil. The water, ritsin,^ lii^'her and higlier, seemed ahop.t to eiif^ulf the preci'iiis n-.sults of the culoniritw' lahoiirs, wlien, in the extremity of tlie danL,'ei, hi' ed that if, hv divii le aid tl le eahunitv had recour.se to prayers, and vow should be averted, he would transport ii lieavy wooden cross on his shoulders to the summit of tlie mountain, and there erect it. The watns .soon afttjr sul)sided, and Maisonneuve aa early as possible duly fuhidrd hid vow, in tlie presence of all the iiiUabitauts, with much ceremony. t(>/>-G^.] CAT^AMITOUS STATE OF THE COLONY. 113 sl;mgliterc»l llic Tmliau allies of the coloiiisls. AVilli fiii- jiriiis and aniiimnitioii siipjilicd l)y the Dutch traders — the li'()(j[U()i.s at times oeeii[)ied the wliole countiy except the interior of the principal French posts. No dtirahle peace could 1)1' made with them, as was sIkavu in li!l.">, when, in ,'~))ite of a treatvmade with them hv the (Governor, French- men, Ilurons, and Algouijuins, were indiscriminately attacked and slain without the semhlance of a cause. I'rlests and missionai'Ies also wr re sometimes captured hy them, mutilated, and ])ut to death. A\'liile at work in their ticlds. the I'^rcnch were ohliged to have at hand their arijue- hiises a!itaiiL use. At one time ]\I. d'Aillchout made overtures to the Xt'W IjiLiland colonists with the view of arraneinu; an alliance, oll'ensive and defensive, and C()U[)led with ;i condition that assistance should he ivndered in puttini;' down the lro(jU(»is. ]')Ut [d'ter s(»me deliheration, the New FiUi^landers rejected his pi'oposals on account of that stipulation. I'lie neL;'otia- tinns hecame known to the Iroquois, during' one of the hrief intervals of re[)ose fi'om active warfare. Suddenly hreaking the ti'ue<>, the (iei'ce savages resumed hostilities on a. lai'ge scale, and with the douhle pur[)ose of extei'ininating the Canadian Indians, ami of di'iving all the French out of the c'luntrv. ^i'hev fell uixmi tin; e>la1ilisliment at Sillei'v, and ill a slioi't time destroyed it hv lii'c, after a fearful ma- m 114 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1G36-63. tlicir settlements rutlilessly destroyed, Ijnt tlio French missionaries also were tortured iuid put to death.''' These atrocities continued to l)e comniitled from time to lime during the fi;reater part of the period when the (Jovernors named at the commencement of tliis article ruled the country. Both the (government of France and the Company of Associates neglected to furnish succour, or did so to an extent which failed to repair the actual loss of lite suft'ered hy the colonists in tiie unequal contest. The colony at length reached the verge of ruin, for Frenchmen could neither till their lands nor ])ass from one post to another without the risk of being killed or carried off into captivity, liespecting this calamitous period, it is recorded * In 1C4(), the Jesnit priest Isaac Jor/ucs, who had formerly suffort'd friglitful tortures and been nnitilated by the Moliatrk.f, wan put to death by these barbarians, while on an embassy to treat of peace. In 1G48, Anthony 2>ti?u'c^ was killed, and his body hacked and thrown amon;^' the burning embers of his missionary station in the Huron country. In 1G19, Oahrid Lalcmant and John Brcbwjif, two of the most disting)u:shed of the Jesuit missionaries, were taken at their station among the Hui-f)ns by an invading band of Iroquois, and murdered, after suiFering, during many hours, all the torments which the barbarians could devise. IJrebocuf was the most noted of all the Jesuit missionaries of Canada. Tiie frightful details of his •leath, and that of Lalemant, are described hy John Shea in his "History of the Catholic Missions," pp. 188-11)1. This author, after mentioning the other particulars, thus describes the closing scene: — "While the rest like liends danced around him, slicing ofl' his flesh to devour it befcjre his eyes, or cauterising the wound.s with heated stones and hatchets, tliese placed a cauldron of water on the fire. 'Echon,' cried the mockers, 'thou hast told VIS that the more we sufl'or here the brighter will be our crown in heaven. Thank us, then, for we are laying up for thee a priceless one.' When the water was heated, they tore off his scalp, and thrice, in derision of baptism, poured it over his head amid the loud shouts of the unbe- lievers. The eye of the martyr was now dim, and the torturers, unable, from first to last, to wring from liis lips one sigh of pain, were eager to closo the scene. Hacking off his feet, they clove open his chest, took out his noble heart, and devoured it." Some portions of the remains of Breboeuf were afterwards carried to Quebec, and his head enclosed in a silver bust sent from France by his t'iiuiily, which belonged to the nobility u£ that country, and was connected ir,36-r that ;:iid Iraccf were tlicir ;i]lies, (li recti been a ;it lir: V>ni \ iiiassac will) w lliu'on S59i 1^36-63.] CALAMITOUS STATE OF TIIK COLONY. that "from Tadoni^snc to Quebec, theiicc to Tliree Rivers, ;iu(l all tlie way to Ville ]\[arie, there was iiotliiii^L; but 1 races of bloudslied and liavoe." Tliose towns, indeed, were kept by the Iroijiiois in a. state of siege; nor couhl their defenders derive any assistance from tlieir Indian allies, since tliese liad been cunipilled to disperse in every direction. Several hundreds of the unha}){)y fugitives had heeu allowed to take refuge on the Island of Orleans, where at first they seemed to be safe IVom their merciless foes. I'ut the result i)roved thai even there they were ex{)osed to massacre, so that at length only a small remnant siu'vived, who were brought wilhin the enclosures of Quebec. The llurons and Algonrpiins were, in fact, as a people, utterly destroyed.* with tlie Englbli Earls of Arundel. Tlie bust i.s .still ut the Hntel Diuu, (Quebec. In adilitioii to the above-mentii-iuHt Ciwes of priests captured and killed or maltreated t)y the Iroquois, a number of others might be eited, especially that of M. Vignal, on the island of Mnntreal, in October KlCl. On the 'J5th (lay of the month he, with a party of Frenchuien, went to inspect the works connected with the building of the house of the St Sulplieians, in front of Ville Marie. The Iroquois, with the ferocity of huui^ry wolves, threw themselves upon the French, killed some and wiunuled Vignal, so that he could not escape being captured. Seizing him, they dragged him over the t.",>uuul amongst the bushes and through the water. J [is womuls ami the viiihnce with wliich he was treated, .soon put an end to his life, when jiortions of his body were rousted and oaten, and the rest thrown into a tire and consumed. * The Jfitrons here referred to, liefore these disasters befell tliem, con- foisted of upwards of thirty thousand souls, and occupied a very fine territory liotweea Lake Simcoeaud Lake Huron, containing neaily twenty populou.-* villages. The AJ'jonquhiK were spread in detaelnnl bodies throughout C.mada, IjHt some of their more numerous tribes, previously to this period, occupied l)ortions of the Upper Ottawa district and the AlliinitUc Island. in the year 1649, bauds of fugitive Hurons were located on the Island of Orleans under French protection, and in July 1().'^^0 were joined by the relics of their people from above. Between then and 1G59 they continued hum time to time to be harassed by the Ii'o(piois, even up to the very u. losuresof Quebec. Eight years later (in the time of Tracy), they were i r ^- ^"Wi ss no HISTORY OF CANADA. [163^, r,.3. Duriiic^ ilio ten or twelve yenrs follnwlii!:^ upon the fearful disasters wliicli befell the lliiroiis and Ali^onqnins, the triiuiiphaiit Iroijuois, -without tear and interruption, over- ran the dej)opu];ited liuntinLi-^-rounds. while they continued their warfare ujhmi tlie French. Tlie laltiM", about the vear 1 •;(",( ) reduced to irreat extreniitv, h.id every reason to a])preheiid that their enemies would juako their long meditated attnek in force suflicient to eiTect their complete ruin or e.\]iul>i()n innn Canada. Had the Iroquois, who now commanded ;dl the means of access to the principal posts witli large bodies c»f their warriors, resolutely followed \\\) their i)roj(.'ct, they might have been successful. But they were induced to relinquish their design by an incident which deserves es[)ecial mention in this place. 1) J . Towards the close of the winter of IG.jO-GO, a party of Ilurons from amoni;- those who had taken I'efuu'e in (,)uel)ec started on the war-i)ath. with th(.^ view of destrovinii" such (tf the prowling bnnds of the Inxjuois as they might en- counter nil their old hunting-grounds near the Ottawa. At Three lii\-ers they weie joined by a few Algonquins, and ])ursued tlieir I'oute thence to ^Montreal. Ilei'e sixteen Frenchmen, along with their captain, 3f. JJcjIlanJ, swelled tiieir numbei'sto upwai'ds of sixty combatants. Ascending the I'apids above A'ille j\hirie, they tui'iied to the right, as if to make for the llui-on hunting-gi'ounds. At a spot on the bank of tlu> (Jdawa they established themselves as securely and secretly as possible, lying in wait for their enemy. The snUliul at St Foy?, and twontj'-six years later still, m IHO", tliej- woiv jnado to fnriu the settlement i)f Old Lorrttc. Lastly, in 1700, the settle- ment of Nuo Lorctlc, seven miles from Quebec, was established, and hose their descendants are si ill to bi; seen. Those of the unfortunate survivors of this once numerous people who did not come to Quebec, scattered themselves in all directions ovei' th.' continent. Thus, us stated in the text, their destruction as a people was complete. ■H 1636-63.1 iii:roi.sm of dolt.ard. 117 IifKjuoissoon (liscovdvil tlu'iii. and udvaiu'cil [n attack tlicii' {Kisiliou with iipwai-tls ol two liuiidivd uMi'i'idi's. Tlirse were re[)elled witli >laiii;iik'r, l)iit l)L-iii;;' rriiilorccd by alioiit five liiindivd luoiv, llie Fixiieii and tlicirallies fdiiiid lln'iii>t.'lvc.s ('tiiplt'U-'ly Mirroiuidutl l»y a lOux' ivoin wliicli it Ijecainc impossible to esca[)e. Diiriirj; about ten days tliey reslstcil the most slremious exertions (jf assailants ten tinu'S tlicir number, irritated by their resistain-e, and tliirslinL;- Ibr vc!i<;eanee. JJeing' at lenuth overpowered, the u'allant JDullurd and Ids baud were all Idlled, exeej)lini;- live Freiieli- ineu and four llurons, wlio wei'e ea[)iured and reserved lor a fate more terribh' than that (-1 their slaughtered com- rades. Tlie ea[)Lives were carried oil' and distributed, uiuonix the several tribes of the live nations, ])v wb in, wilh every eireumstance of barl)ari!v, thev were nearlv all sub- 'octed to bodilv torments until released 1)V death. Tlu'ee ii the captives, liowevei'. .llurons, contrived to esca|>e, inilependently of eai h oilier, and eventually made their wav to (.hiebee, each bi'im;inL!r information which disclosed tlie details of the terrible tra'''edv. AecordiuiC to their narratives, the heroism of the seventeen devotfnl J''reiich- inen was such as to inake a deep im[)ressi()n on tlie nnnds el' the Iroquois saA'nges. Witnessing the vulour and powers (•reiiduranee by which the assaults of seven hundreil assail- ants had been resisted, during ten days, by so small ;i iiuniher of .Frenehmen, as wi'll as the cabnness and enn- tcnipt of bodily torture which the survivurs manifested, tliev came t(» the conelusiou that their meditated attack iijidu the French posts at Thive iiivers aiid <^)uebee was tee hazardous. AccordiuLilv, tln'V abandoned tlieii' main design,* and thus the gallant conduct and self-devotion of ■lii! MU% * Tlie plans of tlic Iroquois furiiccotiiplisliing tlie oxtiiioti' m of Freiu'li rule ill (.'aiiada may bu thus m'li. Tally statoil : — l'[>\v;irils of twi/lvt! lunuln'il war- riuisi wore to asscmblo iu the vicinity of Ville Marie (Montreal) iu the spriuj^ I '■'■ TiMffiiaggiOja i iiiu i iBi^ HWI iiS HISTORY OF CANADA. [1636-63. Dollard and his coinpiiuions, though fatal to themselves, were probably instrumental in rescuing the entire colony from destruction.* of IGGO. They were to descend the St Lawrence to Quebec, and, niakiiicj their uttaek wliile most of tlie inhabitants were out in the fiekls, plon<^h- i.jg and sowing seed, to destroy tliat city and all settlenii'nts in its vicinity, and to kill or capture the inhabitants. This done, ihey were next to assail Three Rivers, and finally Montreal. News of the project was brouLilit to (^iiebi'c by fiiendly Indians, and (jccasioned great alarm, especially when the Ursulinennns were seen to qnit their wore exposed habitations and take np their quarters in the buildings of the Jesuits. The people flocked from their dwellings into the houses of the I'cligious bodies, (jr liarricaded themselvt;s in the lower town. A garrison of twenty- four niun Wi thes stationed in the Ursuline buildinu;s, redoubts raised near anc 1 a dozen largo dogs placed to guard the gates. Nearly every one was very nim;h frighteneil. The alarm sulisided as soon as the escaped llurons lirought word of JJollard's ex^jloit and tiie consetpient retirement of the Iroquois. * ]\Ir (iarneau, in his lli.-torj', gives a rather confused account of this epis!)de, styling the I'^reneh K'luluv Jhin/nc. Charkrolx mu'itti to ..lentioii ons 1 I the aflair. For tii(> original authority the reader is I'eferred to "Relati le.-ni ts -1! elation la X. ouvilli? Fi'ance I'li raniiee IGiJO, vol. HI. (t fCi/. OtI ler woi'Us, j iroti sm ' to lie Ann;i ir // t'.-i'!l "if Citnada, Inj VA^hr Brat< ■II I'l'. Jur/iiiiif. with h IS we 11- liuown eariie.i fnlelitv, does not fail to narrate the leadin.r fact.^ •uiiaiiiM 1636-63.] MONTMAGXV. 119 ■r.j 'His .% CHAPTER XII. r.VKTlCULAKS rwESPECTlXCl TIIE GOVERNORS FROM 1636-lfiG3 M0NTMA(;NV— d'aIL[.EHOUT— .JEAN' and CIIAULES I)E LAl'SdN — d'aRGENSON- ])'aVAU(;OUR — ECCLE-SIASTIOAL AFFAIRS — M. LAVAL- I.TQIOII TlJAniC -DEPI.ORAIihE .STATE OF THE COI.ONV. 02. M()NT:\rAGXY, who was Governor from IHod to U) 18, aiul nearly all liis «ucces;-;ors from lluit year to l(jl)3, were men of great eourage and ability, presiding over the aflairs of the colony during a period which lias been styled "the heroic age of New France." The character oF Montmagny is sunnned np in the '' History of the Ursulines of Quebec" as that of a man who 'deft behind him an eternal memory of his prudence and sagacity." He was remaik- able no less on account of his devotional spirit, manifested on {dl occasions, than lor his courage and dignitied demeanour. The chiefs of the Canadian Indians, and even those of the Iro(piois, entertained a great respe(;t for him. He built Fort llichelieu in IG4'2, iti order to check the incursions of the Iro(piois. Although he was desirous of reliii([uisliing his ofliee on several occasions, because th(i res[i()nsiblo duties could not be efliciently porlornu'd in tho ah.sence of ade(|uate a.ssista.ice from France, which he njiplied for in vain, yet, at ihe instance of the Comi)any of As.sociates, his commission was renewed from time to time by the King, until the year KIIS. At length his re- quest to be recalled was complied with, and he returned to his native land t<) die. During his ailmiiustration of twelve yenrs, he proved himself to be a loyal servant of his King, a faithful promoter of the iutereists of the Company, a true Mir iiljl I,- I20 son of Ills Chnrcl HISTORY OF CANADA I, and posscsse [163G-6: (1 of much tact in coneluct- ini^ tlie critical alYairs of the colony. Lv Mcrcier, in the " Jesuit lielati(^ns," bears tlie follow- \\vx, testimony to tlie noble character of 3[ontma<;'ny : — " All the |»rinei[)al persons in oiu' colony honour reli- jjjioii, and virtue here holds her head hi^-h. Is it not a luu'hiv commeiulablo sii^ht to behold soldiers and artisans. Frenchmen and savages, dwelling together peaeeahly, and enjoying the good-will of each (»ther ? This sort (A miracle has been brought about l)y the i)rudenee and sagacity of ]\I. jMonlmagny, our (Governor ; and, in saying this, I believe I express the sentiments of all under his li-overn- ment. W e owe very great obligations to our great Ivmg, to the Cardinal, and to the members of the I'ompany, for having given us a man so valiant and so conversant with all kinds of knowledge, so lilted for command, and, atiovc all, so greatly interested for the glory of (unl. His ex- ample (h'aws all alter him. Justice reigns here, insulenco is banished, and inqiudence dare not I'aise her head, ]]ut when this our (h)vernor leavi's us, we know not who may succeed him ; so, may (jJod preserve him for us a long time, as it is extremely ini})orlaiit to introduce good Inws and virtuous ce 'oius in these early beginnings, ;ind tho-e who are to come after us will easily Iblhcv in our t'oolsU'ps the examples we allbrd them, wliclhcr of u'ood or oi'evil." *^' \)\\. AI. (/\i i//< (>()///, on the recommendation of Mai son- neuve, the I'ounder of iMontival, was ap[»ointed to succeed ]\lontniagnv. .lie bccamo liisi connected wilh Canada as a memliLi' of the Coinpanv of Montreal. He brought out 111 llDllnll 1- (if (lii.s ( i(i\(-rii'ii' t lu' i,>l:iinl iMw (mII('(1 " f.- if J CSIIS f iriiii riy nann'il " // /s/i lU Mdiifniii;/!!!/,^' According to the aiuiviit (K'sciiji- tiou givoii in the Udatioiis, it was bouiKled on tlio iiortii by tlio rivor >'. Jut II, ami on iho isoutlt by the river " /ks i'cd //•/(. v." Tlie.se are nienly l>nrt3 of the I'ivcr Ottawa, noi'tli nf the Isluud of Jloutrcal, from which I-k' Jertiis i^ Henarated by ilie i'es Trairios. '; msm l!*Hltf.>.p isMitmm 163G-63.] D'AILLKBOUT. 121 a body of sixty retainers in 1G45, and settled on tlie island. During tlie times when Maisonncuvo was absent lie p i'- inrnied the duties of commandant, and rendered vahi.iltlo services in devising and snperinten' Inuist! of tin' ri.-iiliiii'-i. in tln' iiiL,^lit <•( I )i>('('nili('t' "". 1 (').")(•, wa.s an event in which the wlmlc culMny iVlt tlie (I>'i'|iest eon- orn, l''n]l accounts of it are given in th' Ifi-i'ny nl" tho ^|•,■^ulilU's nf (Jiiclicc and also in the ilclatinns. AUhoi'^'li it in'-nn at'ti 1 all had retired tu ri'.-rt, aii'l, liy its sU'liUuuuss and vinlcnre, cnniiulled llir iniinli's t.p i'>raiie a.s they best ounld, in their niyht-clothe.s, yet no liv'.-. were le,-t. Tlie Weather at tlio tinio wa.s intensely o'd, and the ^'round covered with Miow. Tlu) I'r.sidini's lost all they had. They were at'terwartls en- t'uuragc'tl to rebuild, iustcad vi returning to Franco. The other relii;iou,i 122 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1636-63. In inni, he was Rupcrsedecl by a new Governor, 31. de Lauson, into whose hands D'Aillebout resigned his power bodies, as well as M. d'Ailleboat, assisted them in doint^ so with loans of money and tlieir credit. The Governor himself and ]\Iadame d'Aillebont furni.-^hed the designs or plans ; and the former, as temporal father of the conuiiunity, did all he could towardrj the restoration of their useful establishment. One of tiie most touchinf» incidents connected with the disaster of the Ursulines occurred a short time after the fire, when tliey were tempo- rarily lodged in the Hotel Dicu, where the IfoKpituIiin.'i received them with the utmost kindness and cliarity. Proofs of .sympathy had reached them from i^very quarter— all classes of the French and the Indians com- bining to manifest the concern so universally entertained. But the poor Hunuis, who then occupied at least 400 cabins in the mughbourhood (jI the hospital, excelled otliers in tliis respect. They hrld a council, and llnditig that their utmost wealth consisted in the possession of two jiorcclitiu coIlKra, each composed of TJOO grains or rings, they resolved to go in a body to the Hotel Dieu, ami offer these as a i)resent, along with tlieir condiilenci's. Their chief, Taicrutik, made nu oration, commencing : " You behiild in us poor creatures the relics of a flourishing nation now no more. In (Hir Huron country, we have lieen devoured and gnawed to the Very bones by war and famine ; nor could the.'^e carcases of (jurs stand upright but for the support we have derived from you. You have learned from others, and now you see with ymu' own eyes, the extremity of miseiy to which we have lieen reduced. \j)>>k well at us, and judge if in our own case we have nut much to l.uuent, and to cause us, witlunit ceasing, to shed torrents of tears. Jhit, idas! this deplorable accident which has befidlcn you is a renewal of our atllietioiis. To see that beautiful habit.i- tion burnt, — to see that house of eh;irity reduced to cindeis, — to see tlio flames raging there withotit respect to your sacred persons — tiiis reminds us of that universal conthigration whicli destroyeil our dwellings, our villages, and our whole country ! ^lust fire, then, fijllnw us thus every- where i" .... Lut courage, sacred beings ! our first present of I'JOO grains of porcelain is to confirm your resolution to continue your afl'ection and heavenly charity towards us poor savages, and to attach yi)ur feet to the soil of this coimtrv, so that no regard t\)ry()ur own friends and native laud will be strong enough to tear y(ju away. Uiir second present is to desig- nate the l.iying anew of the foundations of an edifice which shall again be a house of Ciod and of jwayers, and in which you can again hold your chusses for the instruction of our little Huron girls." This fire is known aa the " first fire of the house of the Ursulines of Quebec," for the second edifice, erected on tlio same foiuidatious us the former one, was subseipiently burnt down in the year 1G7-. omaOBiaiBUUi 1636-63.] D'AILLEEOUT. 123 in the month of October, and retired to the Ishind of i\Ion- treal, where, during tlie al)sencc of ]\Iai.sonnouve, he per- formed the duties of his former superior oflicer and friend. Some years Liter, D'Aillebout was again called upon I0 exercise the functions of Lieutenant-Governor of Canada, prior to the arrival of ]^I. d'Aigenson, in 1G;")8. Duiiiig the year in which he thus ofliciated a second time, the course of events aflorded him fresh op[)ortunilies of dis- playing his sagacity and fitness for the supreme conunaml. The Iroquois had now iov ten years maintained the prac- tice of using the ancient hunting-grounds of the liiirttns as their own ; Jind also carried on hostilities against the French, infesting their posts and settlements everywlici'e. Occasionally there were intervals of doubtful [)eace, during which the colonists found it necessary to be always on their guard, since the Iro(piois were only treaelierous friends, scarcely less to be dreaded than o[)en enemies. One of their objects was to detach the AIgon(|uins and the relics of tli'' Huron nation from their alliance with the French, and to induce as many ol them as possible to I'cmove and settle in their own terrilorv, south of Jiulce Ontario. In this design, they partially succeeded, lor, dis- tributed amongst the Iro(piois cantons, there were already many Iluroiis, either as ea[)tives or fugitives, wlio had llii'own themselves on the mercy of tlnir destroyers siuee liMS. IMoreover, it was insiilioiisly re[irrsented to the Canadian Indians, that a. remu\,d to the eaiilnus wuuld enable them to rejoin manv relatives and friends, in maiiv instances, however, parlies of Ilurons and Algon(piins, who liad listened to these [)ro[)osals oi the Jroi|Uois, were trea- clieiuusly robbed and nuu'dered on the route to the bour- gades of their pretended friends. About the time when D'Aillebout resumed the governor- ship of the colony, the Iroijuoiis were very active in nego- 124 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1636-6^ tialing ^Yitll tlie Ilurons en tlie Island of Orleans. These liad even pi-oniised to migrate in (i body, l)ut \vlien the period arrived for fnllilling the promise, tliey refused ; and, not feeling safe on the island, applied to the Governor for protection. Tliis D'Aillebont accorded by allowing the remnant of llieir number to move to Quebec and establish their cabins in the vicinity of Fort St Louis. In the course of 1G5S, several Frenchmen were hilled by Irofjuois, although a truce existed at the time. D'Aille- bout, in conse(pience, issued oi'ders to c.'i])ture all Jro([Uois Avho shouKl present themselves about any of the French posts, and that the prisoners should be held as hostages, and as means of exacting penalties for the murders which bad been conunitted. This wise measure brought de})uties i'rom the ]\Iohawks to (Quebec to endeavour to recover the ca})tivt>s belonging to tlieir tribe. In the cont'ei'ence which was liohl, D'Aillebout severely reproached the Iro(pU)is for their liad faith, and refused to release the ])risonei's or to acce[)t the pi rieri'd present; After a time, he set a fe w at libertv, still relalnin''" the others as hostaevs. liv such means, the semblance of amily. at least, was forced u[)on the Jro(pK)is, who dreaded no'hiiig more than that iheir captive friends should be made responsible for wi'ongs done to the French. 1 )'Aillebout reliii(jiii>hed the government vX Ihe colony in July Id.'iS, on the ai'rival of ]\r. d'Ai'genson. He nu'ain I'etired toMonli'cal, where he died in IGGO. * '' 1 am snrpri.'^i'il," said tlio rjnvcrnor, " tliaf- ynii re'^'anl liio as a child, Ymi (nvvb iiic liki." a <\n<^. ^\'ll"^l a il'rj; is cliastisftl, it is expouted to iv- Ivu'ii and I'awn uihui tho Inuid which heat it. Ymi ir(i.(iinis, kill my I'cnjijt', and thou ciimc to lilt' wiilia [loici'lain C'lllar. Jh' ipiii't, you say, wo ail! I'l'iond.s. Jhit listen I Tlic Fiench tindurstand wai'. I'lioy \v<^^l no longer permit your di'oeptions. I have only ono word for you, and th.it is, give satisfaction. Ahandon treason. Make war if you will not have jieaee. If my wishes ure not respected, the collars which yon brin^' as j^Tesciils will be used as haltoni to hang yuur people as enemies." m» 163G-63.] DE LAUSOX. 125 04. Dc Ijmson snccccded to the ![];ovcrnorsliip in 1 G,")l . I lo •\v;is ail inlliu'iitial moniber of the Com})aiiy ot One Hnndred Associates, His appointment as Govci-niM- was niiide at his own iXMpiest, for lie supposed that by proceed in l;- to Canada in person he could restore- llie tortuncs ot the e()h)ny. C)ii lu*s arrival in October ]('».") I, he liuuid its afhiirs in a nuieh worse condition th;ui ho had su]>pii>L'd. The audacity of the Iroquois, and their active h()>tility ai;"ainst the I'lvnch, liad readied their highest pitch, and at all the pi'incipal posts tlie distressed colonists couKl save their lives oidv bv remaininir in a state of sieii'e. It was In the vt'ar ibllow- inir this (Governor's arrival that l\\o conllict alreadv alluded to occurrcMl, in wliich the coniinaiidant at Tlirre llivers (.1/. du 7Vc.s.b7*s' JjocIkii'/), and lifteen of his followers, were hilled in an attempt to repulse the enemy. This was the most disastrous cliech' which the IVench arms had sustained, for besides those slain a consldrrablc number had fall'ii in- to the hands of the Jroipiois as prisoners, and wer(> carriinl olT to the cantons. jMoreovei', the conlidenee of the Ji'oquois was increased, whil(> distrust and alarm s])r('ad lhi'ouL;h the colony. Fortunatelv, in October followiiiu'. the J'^'eiich jiartially neutralised the elfects of the disaster by iu- llictluL;' a signal defeat upon the IroijUMis. In |(i.^;'). Do j.auson caused it to be intimated to lli(Mii.'niy thai tlu; cdIoiiv was on the point of reeci\'iuL!,' reiiifoi'eemi'uts whieli Would enabh.' him to re[)u!so all their atta'/ks, and to eluis- tise them severely. He referrei] more jiartieularly 10 the expeet(Ml arrival of }\. Maisoniiou\i\ who, in eflect, did ]i aeh (^)uebec on the lITlh Si'plember, with a hundi'ed re- cruits, Ju the meantime, the majorily of the ii-oijuois tribes suddenly made proposals oi i^eai^'. Al'l-'r the ciisloinary Conference with de[)Uties, and the celebration of many ceremonies, these were accepted. To the French, (^n many accoimts, a cessation of hostilities was indispensably neces- i, III fit 126 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1636-63. snry;* but Do Laiison lins Ijocn censured for granting two important concessions. One was the permission to a con- sick'ra})le number of Hurons under his protection to secede and join tlie Ii-oquois, in accordance with their demand. 1'he otlier consisted in ac(piiescing in the destruction of the Eries or Cat liub'ans, wliose ])art the Iroquois stipulated should not Ik? taken by the French. Tlie Eries were a liaughty and powerful tribe, inliabiting the soutliern shore * 111 tlif Jlcl.itidii 111' ]t!5o, oliap. vii., a striking iiocoiint is given ui the ciMriniiUs f;illiiig-uir in tiic; material r'sniiroos of the culi'iiy owing to the state of warfare witli the Iroquois. The trade in br'iv()'-sJii)i!f, the use of the rivers and lakes for iishing. and the cultivation of tlie soil — in fact, all the ordinary means to which the eoloni^t■^ could havt> recourse for com- merce and for subsistence. — were interrujitcd, and for the most part brought to ail end for the time being. It is stated, that "never were there so many beavers in our lakes and rivers, but never so fev,- skins seen in our mairazines. llcfore the ruin < f the Hurons, hundreds of canoes loaded with beavers used to come. The Algniu|iiiiis, also, brought them from all ]>arls. Kvtry year, we used to have from two to thi'ee hundred thousand Hvns' worth. Without this suince of reveniu', how could the mn.f the jealousies which led to tlii.s decisive war, "i!d in the " History '.st times of ('aii;uli;ui lii.story, woro usually received with till the tlistinction tliat the circiunstances of tli' C'llniiy athiiitti'il of. As soon as JJ'Ai'i^'i'iisun'.s .-hip (.'ast audio:' oil' (JuoIh'i', D'Aillebout went on ])oaril to |iay his lesjieels, leaving all tho male iii- hahitants of the city umier amis on the hank of tho river. Tlie new (rovcrnor then laude(], haviuL; .'^ent before him his secrotarj', with M. D'Ailieliout, to deliver his aekiiowledgments to tho ]iooii]e. I'laeing him- w\i at their head, DWillobout coudueted D'Argcnsou to tho Fort or Castle of St I.,onis, all marchiug in good order. There the keys of the fort were handed over, while the eaiuion on the ramparts and un board the vessels ilred a salute, which resounded i.iver the waters and forests. The (iovenmr thiMi, after taking formal possesKiou of the Castle, [laid visits t(j the Parish Church, Vw Chajiel of t!ie Jesuits, tho Hospital, and the Ifouse of the Ursulines. On tho next day, when sitting down to dinner with his invited pui'sts, tho a!,irm occurred which is meutioned iu the text." — liclatlon of 35S0. mmamm !.Tl'iiHni — \ — nrrmr-ssisaeitaiaiti 1636-63.] D'ARGEXSOX, 1-9 one who lins In Lis habits always oxhiljitcil an example ut rare virtue." Altliough he made several excursions at the head of such forces as could be mu>tered, he was unai)le to a(lmini>ter any elVectual check to the licrce persecutors ot tlie colony. All the French posts were continually infested l)y them, and, within the s[)ace of a few months, upwards of eighty Frenchmen were killed, besides many carried into captivity. The ILurons and AlgoiKpiins were dealt with in the same vwhere, even in the innnediale neiL;h])onrhood manner evei of the forts. The Moliawks (A'//i/\rs) especially seemed to take delight in massacring the unfortunate I'enmant of those tribes wherever they could be found. D'Argenson's health gave way under the fatigue and annovance of his fruitless efforts to chastise the invaders. The Superior of ihe Ursulines, in allusion to these, says — " 3L le Governeur has made ap[)ear from day to day his zeal for the preserva- tion and augmentation of the colony; he a})plies himself to render justice to all. I have informed you of his care for our safety during the alarms cniised by tlie Iroquois, coming himself several times to our convent to visit and fortify the ji];iees and station guards. lie is a man of exalted virtue and witliout reproach ; but, I tell yon in conlidence, that he has sullered much in this country, having no power to bring succours from France. Jlis obvious inability to re[)el the Iroquois has helped to weaken his health. He has aH'orded a good example to both French and savages."' * * The Imqunis, in fai.-f, \vi'ri> virtu:illy iiia^tiT.-i of tlio (.■'Hinlry. TIio fiLinlsts, ill spite (jf the cxani|)le of Dollanr.s devoted band, were ^n'lduiilly li).-ing tlie .'spirit and cuurago of Fronclmien in cou.-^equeiice of the inces.sanb yier^eoution of their nnineron.s and feroeiou.s enemies, .sd that tlie bravo Ouveriior .D'Ai'Lvn.son wa.s .soai'eely able, on iiru iit oeeasious, to indueo them to folluv.' him into combat. The pass to which things liad come may be inferred from the following extract from the lielation of lliGO, pp. 4, .0 : — "The Iroquois interrupt uU our joys, and are the great evil of Now H^gp 130 HISTORY OF CANADA. Amon^; the events of moment wliicli occurred diiriiipf flie .'idniini.stration of 31. d'Argcnson were tlie coming out of J/. Lavcl, of ^vllum more particular meution is made fur- ther on, and tlie arrival of very considerable supplies nnd inhabitants for the I>^land of ]\r()ntreal, in the year IG.VJ. About this time, al.-o, the Iroquois were mnkiiiL; their pre- piarati(ais for a linnl and decisive assault upon the enfeebled colony, which, !is has been already narrated, was indebted foi- its salvation from ruin to the heroism and devotion of Dollard, and the small force under his conunand. Not- withstandin'j: the relief allbrded to all bv the event last Fr.arcf, wliicli is in dang'T of coinplcti' desoLition, unless France fnrnislios jironipt and wtrong succour.s ; for, in truth, nt)thing would bo eanior than for these liarharians to destroy all our liabitation.s amidst fire and blood, excepting' only Quebec. The source of this advantage to the enemy is the absence of deft'nces at tlie country setfl<'iuents, wliich arc oiglit or ten leagues apart along the banks of the 8t Lawrence, with only three or four men generally in each house. The Iroquois warriors are so crafty in their approach, so sudili u in their attack, and so prnui|it in their r^'lreat, that ordinaiily, their departui'o gives the lirst intelligence of their coming. They ap);roaeh like foxes, attack like lions, and then flee like birds, dis- appearing more swiftl}' than thej' came, What would bo more easy than fur the eight or ten hundied Troipnas spread through the counlry to makit one general surprise, and, killing all our inen in a single day, to carry olf Hie women and childnm into captivity .* Fven with superior numbers, we dare not follow them into the forests. It is a sort of miracle that they have not alreaily destroyed us, seeing how eas\- fc.r them that would be. Last spring the alarm was such that the Injuses in the country were all abandoned, and all the fieople, crowding into (Juebec, gave theinslves up f.ir lost, when M. d'Argeiison, our riovernor, endeavoured to reassure them by his courage and wise conduct, placing all the posts in the city into P' order. . , , l'>ut if France would send only two regiments of soldiei Iroquois could be exterminated. The greater part of our pco[ilo are 1 aceustomcd to use the hoe than the sword. A short time since, Governor chased a party of Iroquois in boat.9. The Iroquois made for tin; bank and retired. The PVenoh were ordered to land and jjursuc. But not a man stirred. It was onlj' when the Governor threw himself into the stream, and waded ashore up to the middle in water, that the crews took courage and followed him. Good soldiers would have advanced before their general." r^.v.,-- Ynfii i'Tnagi .193G-63.] I/ARGEXSOX. I -I mentioned, tlio ](^s.s of tliose l)r;ive men, coupled willi the .leath of 'S\. d'Aillelioul on tlie l21st of :\r;iv 1 <;<;<), ;it jlonlreal. \v;is wvv sen^iMv felt. The (iovei'iior, ;iniiisis I'runi I'uin, and to eirtelually chastise tlie li'0(|Uois, hy carivini^ the war into their own ti'riitorv. Willi the our- }i(»se of hringing the ease [)ro})erly under the cognisance of t!ie court, recourse was had to Le Jeune, the ancient friend <>[ Chani[)lain. lie had heen recalled to Fi'ance in ICnID, liut had never ceased to feel ;i deep coneei'n in the welCaro I'f a colonv in whose earlier struLTules he had taken so active a p;irt. Le Jeune inteieeded with Louis Xl\'.. to whoni the condition of his distant province was ex[)laineil, and from whom a promise of succour was ohtained. r)Ut Louis, "occupied with fetes in celehration of the birth of a Dauphin, had little leisure for concerning him- self ahout an obscure and distant C(»lonv, consistinui; of onlv a few hundred Frenchmen ; while the Company of ( )iie Hundred Associates would troul)le itself no more al.)out New Franco, except to [)ress its elaini for the thousand-weight of beaver-skins, which the country was unahle to pay." * Me.inwhile, M. d'Argenson, in addilioji to his (»l]ier culties, found himseli involved in einharras>ments with M. Laval, growing out of ({uestions about precedence and f! iquor trallic, against Vv-hich, ahhough it was sustained by a strong party both in the colony and in Fi'ance, the ecclesiastic resolutely set his face. With broken health, and hopeless ( the future of the province, he determined, impossible, to withdraw from the scene of so much suffering «nd uncertainty, and his application to be recalled was *Fcrlaud, vul. i. p. 105. 1 '»ii 11 1 ; i-'Xi ^ti 1 m\ ■ m ' *'^V^ ■■■ .•>j»i H: i;;2 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1^36-63. nccG(lo(l to. His successor, I) 'A vdiKjonr, ari'Ivcd at QucLcc Au.i^nsi 31, 1()(U, and 011 tlio I'Jtli of the following month D'Ai',i;"(Misf)n sailed for France. J)G. The new Govei'nor, Ihrron d'Accifr/m/r, a brave old soldier, occniiied liiniself, during the first few weeks after liis arrival, in visiting the several i)osts, and making him- self acqnaint'.'l with the affairs of the colony, His ex})lora- 1ions finislied. hi; expressed his astonishment that his pre- decessor sIk-uM have been able to bear up so long under such diseouraging eli'cnnisiances. An almost cuuiplete desnlMtioii pi'cvailed. ]\rany of the French colonists were undei'going cruel sufferings in ca|itivity in the Inxpiois settlements ; whence, from time to time, news r arlifd (^l^uebec of the resolution to inflict the fi. lal blow lliat shonld rid the c mntry of I'.uropeans. riesomces were wholly wanting, w.H'IIkm- for standing a ■■''/. i,e or for repelling any concerted attack which their (aiemies might choose tack. lieluetant as the colonists were to conlide in the dechirations and ^-roniises of envoys from a peo[)le who liad .'i hnndi'ed times bef^ ore peri rneti'ated acts of treacherv, l»otli towards their I'WU counti'ymen and towards their Indian allies, yet, .such was the extremelv (■ritieal state of their I'oriunes, that the\ decided ni)on releasing the eight prisonei's, and on allfwiiig a Jesuit pi'iest to accompany them to the Jrinpiois settle- ments. In theliclation of 1('>(U it is I'cciii'ded, that " >Sinioii le.M(yne had the honour to be called U[)on to ex[)ose his life "' in the canton ijagerly responded.' s o f tl leu' enenne.' a call to which In TV] US opportune occurrence, whu'h resulted in the immediate restoration of nine Frcncdi piisuners, and a }ironii>e to release eleven more, together with Le 3Ioviie. in the spring ensuinu'. allbrded breathing- time {o the distressei d col oni; U\i their wav back, the [KU'lyof i)risoners, under thechargeof iichiel", (intli!c \ m with a i)and uf ()nondagaSj pur- iinl a lew v/arriofs, "filing their route to the canions. TIu'sc men li;ii| ree-nlly d 1 laassacreil some rreucli colonists ue.ir M' >nl I'eai, and wei'c lelurnlng with the >ici([ps — the hidenus trophies oi suc- cess, (larakonthie'l" had soim; dillieully in pi'cvcnting his * (,)n /oH/' funnel" (U'cas'iniifi lu' lia'i \i>',l.'a iIh' Irii.|iini.s soUlciiu'iiis ut t'aO ri-k of lii.S lil'.'. lie \\:l-i Well IvUiiWll I" .SeVi.Tal h th le ('M!itinned exorcise of (iiira kontl lie's influence ^vere restored in An,u'ust 1(>(!*J, to the very .irreat joy of al! in tlie colony. The hopes of the colonists were enconra;^'ed l>y othei' circumstances of a favourable nature. One wa^ the aiTival, in \CAy2, of a. company of re;xular soldiers fn»ni France, who were desjtatched by th'> Kiii'j,' as an earn'.'st of his gdod intentions. Tlie inhaliitants had dei)uted J/. J)ouc/i('r, connnandant of TIum^o liivei's, to follow up tli'' ap])eal through Le Jeune, and afterwards by D'Argensoii, on his retiu'n to France, and to imploiv his ]\la jesty to fur- nish innnediate assistance. The Kitiij; promised, at the same time, to send out year, t'or the purpose • [uarters. The troops, d(^<]):i'iiii(uif, who received directions to investigate and report on the state of the colony, a w diol e re iient the followin f attaching the Iroipiois in their ow On l)oard the same .ships upwards of two hnndre(l ( O M uists sailed I'oi' Canada, in chai'ge of M. l^oiicher. Th- arrival of the troi)ps and of this coiisidei'able bod}' of eini- *.'iants inspired the iidiabilants with givat Je,y, i\notlicr soui'ce of encoiiragenient was the dinilnisheil activity of the warfare within the territoi'v of the cohmv. 'i'h(> ^lohawks and ( hieidas continuefl, on a smaller scale. to harass them willi ho-iJIiii^.s ; Ini'lln* ne;;o1iations wlii'']; hail been carried on wlili the ( )nonda'j;as and (\avu'.':as h;: 1 not bound the other cantons to a state of peace. At thi-- ntluT vices. ll(> fiitui'cs coti jiiciiDUsly ;is ;i iicai'i'iiialicr aihl iiPLToHatni In'twcfii tlio Irniinni-* and (iovcniors I ('Ar-cii.-on, li'Avauuour, 1)0 Tia z^. J>o Courct'llo, and li:i liarro. ^!5S!!*JS*^0^ ** • £]T"' •'■K^wj*; 1636-63] SLXCESSES or THE FRENCH. lime, however, tlie mnjority of the Iroquois warriors wcro eiii^aged in making war upon other tribes situated in the south and west, and ii})on Iho A1)enaquis and I'.lclieniins in tlie east. For this reason no considerable force could be spared for executing tluMr fornivM- designs ui)on Canada. ]\[oreover, in several of their expeditions against other ti'ibes, the Ii'o(]UMis met wiih repulses. Tbo Abenaipiis, as •I ti'ave as inemselves, jn'oved cqua 1 to tl icir own (Ictence The Olf'iu'iis, near T/da' llui'on, including the (Jliippeicas, indicted a s(.'vere defeat upon tlie invading ]\lolia\vlcs and Oiieidas, al'ler drawiim' them into an ainbu>cade. 'J'l le Onondaixas, Cavu'jras, and Senecas, while advancimr, as if to an easy concpiest. a- '-a inst the Amhisti's, fonnd them- ^^L•l\es balHid by su[)erliir tactics, and were foi'ced to retire, ciriyiiig aJMiigwitli them an infeclious disorder [tlie svudl- ■pf>r\ which s[)read through their villages, and caused much less of life. Q'iuis the French cnjoyiMl a sjKH'ies of respite fi-oin war- f'lre and massacre on tlie large scale to which, of late years, they had lieeii exposed, and were at least, able to face and repulse the diminished bands of adversai'ies, thou-h in- caOMiili' (»i lursmn ir th lem into their own sellleinents an nil d iiillieting the ])nnishmi'iit 1 hey deserved. Th(d)r;!Ve( loveriKU'was chagrined at his Inabilily to])ut an em Itotl: eiraL;'L;'rcssioiis hv a si'j,iial dele lb was a man ^l energyjmpcrious wilbandolislinale; and when the pronused Mieeotirs iVom J'^ranee faih.d to arrive, the di.-appi>in1ment, ailded to other grounds of vexation, soureil his temper, and impaired his ability to toK^rate oppesilion. or to dial judi- ciously with the civil business of the cdjcny. Tiie I'elaxed etl'orts of external foes admitted ol' u'l'cati'r attention than lieretofore to inteinal ah'airs. Faiticular causes of dissen- sinn, which, though not allogether new, now maiiifesteil iheni.selves more plainly, produced a want of harmony he- 's ■ • '1 1 1^.6 HISTORY OF CANADA. "1636-6^ twccn tlio civil and ecclesiastical authorities. The full statement of these causes uuist bo reserved for a future article. For the present, it is sufficient to say that the Governor and the chief functionary of the Church, ]\[. Laval, disagreed on several subjects, principally on that of the liquor trajjic. Thedillerence was attended with conse- quences of so niunh importance, that Laval deemed it to be his duly to proceed to France, and com])lain to the King, I^Ioved by Laval's representations, Louis recalled the (go- vernor, and appointed M. de ]Mesy in his stead. Although thus superseded, D'Avaugour retired without any discredit to his military reputation. Soon after his return to J'^urope he was promoted to a command in the service of the Em[)eror of Austria, and was killed in iGG4, defending a fortress against the Tnrks.'' 1*7. Wc have arrived at a period of Canadian history when important changes were about to be made in what may be called the "Political Constitution" of the coliuiy. Ihit in order to a[)prehend rightly the coui'se of events some lime before and long aftia' this epoch, we nuist here enter into some i)artieulars ridative to its religious alfairs, and to causes 01 dissension among the (.'olomsts. It has already been recordul in this hist(ny that thetirst teachers of religion came out to the cohmv in I'll."), and * It is wortliy oi incntion ihat, l>",\.v;in;'uiir. duriiiL^ tlu' fiiv-f year of lii.-< rc'siili'iu'i' ill ('aii:til;i, aini :\l'lrr In' had iii.h' tin; tunr nt' iiHpoctiuii iic]ti(\'il ill tlictt'xt, i)n'[);n'oi! and s.ait iiuiuc to tlio 1 runch Miiii.stiT a n'inarkabl(> ri>[i(irt iif tln! ^stato of tlu' country, it,s iiatairal iv.soiirtu'M, rivers, lalcc.-j, and lioaiitifnl scenery, and iiieludiiiL,' various siiL,';,'estioiis. His siiliordinato also, _M. I'ioiulicr, w lifii 1k' went to I'lanee as deputy of the iuha'iitants to the court, piililisheil an exposition of the eireuiii>tance,s l(■nde^iIl^ Canada ili^il'le as a [ilaco of hettlenient. Au'aiii, when D'Avaugour tinally relin- (piisheil liis [lost as (iovenior, he prepared a nieiiioir on the stato of the country, rt'eoinniemling Mi.' l''reiu'h nation to establi.sli itself Htrongly fliere, to fortify (tiieliee and I'oiiit Levi, and to send out tliree tlKllsjaiid Holdiers to settle oil the lands. ■aswa 1636-63.] M. LAVAL 0/ tliat they wore of tlie Franciscan orJer of 17ccolJrf.s\ In 1(j25, Jesuit missionaries joined them, and performed missionary services. Tlic Company of One Hundred As- sociates, and subsequently tlie inhabitants, were liound to maintain ilw clergy in consideration of being allowed the advantages of the peltry traflic. In 1(157 a head was ap[)ointed, ]\L Laval, under the tltlo fif ApodoJic Vicar. ]\[. Laval was also of the episco[)al f Fclra'a* From his fii'st cominir to raniv as Bisl lop o Canada lie exercised ei)iscopal functi(Mis. IV-foi-c Laval, M. (le QiiPijhis;^ the founder of the Srmni'ir// il, wImu ils restoratinn to France by Fngland took pi;ice in \C)'.V2. Tlw ffcsuil onlT ;ilone v,-as then had recourse to for snpplying the colonists' religious wants, and many years elapsed before the lecollcts a-'iiin obtaine(l a footing. Laval, as chief ecclesiastic. orLranised a svstcm in viidie el which dl tl .f] le oinees o f rel ler 1 igioii wci'o |)ertMniii' lis own supi'rviHon d 1 >v [\U\ die seenlar [)riesthood uik government. Wiien he visitcnl France in 1()('l\ he sefanv(l aiithoi-ily to found, at (^hiebec, an institution called the Hcin'uauuf, ilestined foi- the preparation of yonng men Ibi' holy orders, * Was uut fiiMiially iiiatuUed aa Dii^linimf (^jiiubec until MTl. If 133 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1636-63. nnd to {urnisli a supply of cures or priests to tlio parislicvs. For the inainteiiaucu of tlie f^cminary, as well as for the Mi[)port of the priests, the iuhabitants ^verc taxed. The amount of the tax, Avhicli was imposed under the name of Hikes', was jit first one thlrtccntlt of all revenue derived from labour and from the natural [)roducts of the soil, forest, and waters. There was subse(|uently a reduction in the amount to oii'' ficcnff/sixt/i. It will be seen that grave dissensions sprung up on tlie subject of tiie tilhes. 1)8. Another matter necessarv to bo mentioned here was tlie commerce in intoxicating li(piors, or, as it has been styled, the /A/./o/' irajjic. This was, perhaps, the wwA fruitful of all sources of dissension between the civil ami ecclesiastical authorities of the pv(»vince. Ch.implain him- self had witnessed some of the evil conse(j[Uences which the introduction of brandv and otlxa' ardent s))iritsanionu'.>l the savages was calculated to produce ; and, with his charac- teristic benevolence, and dee[) sense of virtue and religion, a lopted measures of prevention. Ijut, in course of time, especially dui'ing' the occupati(ai of (Quebec by the lOnglish under Kirkt, the Indians became familiar with the use of '■ eau-de-vie.' in the times of D'Argenson and D'Avaugour. th(i evil attained to a great lieight, so that excessive drunkenness was permanently added to the other intem- ]»erate habits of the savages throughout (./anada and New England. liaws were made prohibiting the sale of li(piors, vliich those Cioveiaiors Ibund it. dillicull to enfoi'ce. Laval and bis clergy exerted themselves strenuously in favour of the laws, both as res[)ected the French colonists and the Jndians, but were not always cordially su[)ported by the civil authorities. Dissensions on the subject grew U[), and J)'Ai'genson's princii)al motive for retii'ing from the go- veinorship was, doubtless, founded on this cause. D'Avtui- mm i6.;r> ^^3] LIQUOR TRAFFIC. 139 p;onr, ns wo Imvo scon, caino to nii nn.'ti I'npiunMvilli Liivnl rcppccliii^i^' tlio liijuor traf'lk.'.* For nearly 0110 liiniilroil yoars afterwards, tlie succoodinL:; lilsliops and cler^T \voi\' s(ddoni in acconl with the state aullujrities on account ol lliis vexed question.! '^ {J Tlio i:iuiiO(liatc pret'wt of J)'Av;in:'inii' f..r co.i.-iii:,' to enforce tlie 1 i\s ■ was the apparent incunsi.stency of tin- Jisnit [iriots, towards wlium, it. aj'poars, he eiitertainod a dislike. A pei-snii had iiicurre(.l tin; iienalties at- tacjii'd hy law to tiie act of selling liipior to tlie savau'cs, and h.nl recinu>f to tlicir int''rces.-:nii witii tlio (Jovrnor. 1 )'Ava'u.'iHir rt plicil sarcastically. and then added, that he wmuM in future cause nu dir.ndcr ti sillier on tliat account. It should be ob-erved that, a short time bef'ire, tic; t lr\d f;au' acciamt tic native fondness for liquni-in tlieir bar^'ains I'or .-kins, nbtainiic,' these at far less than their real v;due. Thus tlu're was the double injury d.uie of di'- ftaudinir them, and at the >anit; time ruiiiiic'' them niorallv. in course of time, the Ufc of c,ui-dc-\ie. oi', ;is the Indians caUei 1 it, '• liie-w lier, lie came known amone'>L all tic Indim tr iie,> \\\\i 1, direcilv or indiri'ctlv, had any intercourse with Ilurop 'an 1 dietlcr I'Veich, J)utcli, or l-'ti'.di.'^h, and uor liecaiu'' an mdispeii- al'Ie ailed'! o| commerce uiili them. 'i'l, d; nioi'alising results may lie imagined wheii it, ks stated tliit the j.oof for drink far t'.KC.-edin:' th.it of the nc.,t aiJiiei i!e natives manifested an depraved cla.s.-ie.s of civiii.sed people. 140 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1636-C3. CHAPTER XIII. LDUJS XIV. DECIDES UrOX COXSTITUTlXr; CANADA A '^ ROYAL OOVERX- AIENT" — COMPOSITIOX (tF TlfE SlTJll^II' COUNCIL— ITS TOWERS AXJ> DEI'KCTS — LIST (.I' CoVIUNORS, lilSIIOES, AND ROYAL IX- TEXDAXTS EJIO-M IGGo TO ITGO. 'J9. The attention of tlic Kinir of Franco havintc l)ocn fi;aincd by the representations Avliich readied him relative to tlio decay of tlie Company of One Ilnndred Associates and llie de[)lorable condition of New France, measures \verc at length taken for })lacinL:: the allairs of the colony on another Ibotini!;."' It Avas, in fact, dotermined to constitute Canada a " royal govermnent," under the control of a ^^Suprcme Coimcil," like tlie l*arlianicnt of l*;!i'is, the principal func- tionaries of which should bo ap[)oiuted by the King, and bo innnediately responsible to him. Tliere had already existed ji species of council for advising wilh tlie (u)vcrnor, con- sisting of the chief odicials and such of the princi[)al in- habitants as lie miglit choose to summon ; but, up to the year \(}Cu), the Governor himself, althougli, in his military caT'acitv a king's oflicer, was vii'tuallv the head agent of the Comiiaiiv for admiiiislcriiig their allairs In the colonv, and appointed by the King on theii' request or nomination. Now, however, the King was implored to resume to himself * Till' rcpn'si'iitalioiis Ipmi' refrrrcd to wore tlinsc uf I )'Aviui^'i)ur, T.av;il, till' iuli;i1ii(uiit.s tlirnM^h M. ImiiicIut, aiiil ^M-iu'ially siicli as had inr si'Vcral j-fars past Ik'cii made tlii()UL:li tlie KiIl^■.s Minister, M. Colbert. Aecurdiii^? to some aeeoiints, a special eoinmissioiier, named r>iimon(s, wass despatehoil to Now France to re^iort on the condition of allairs before decisive mea- sures of amelioration were adop.ted. The King is .said to have been niueli moved by the accuunts bronght tu him. 1663.] SOVEREIGN COUN'CIL all control, and it was docide'd to relieve tlie colon v j gothor from tliat of the Company.* 100. On the l.")th of September 1(103, the ])rincipal f tionaries who were to g'overn Canada under the new regime landed at Qnehec.'*" The new scheme of government in- cluded the following provisions : — (1.) A sovereign (su[)rL'me) Council, consisting, in tlie iirst plaee, of the Governor, JMsliop, and linyal Tntendant, with five J councillors, {ittorney-genci-al, and chief clerk. (2.) The (/orrr//(>r, representing the King, to have abso- lute control of the military force ; to have sjn^cial charge of tlie external relations of the cohmv, and to 1)0 tin.' recoi;;- nisei 1 organ of connuunication with the parent slate, The Bisliup, as head of the Church, to govei'U in all matters spiritual and ecclesiastical. ThQliO>/al 1 nfindanf, iohc chargcil witlitlie regulation and •onduct of airairsajtpei'biiniiig to linaiice, police, an^ Ijust ice. The lli'c councillors, io be chosen amiuidlv, or to be con- d -ATi tiiuied m olUce as nu'ght seem best to the (loveriioi" and Jjishop, to see that the ordinnnces of ihc Sii[)i'cme Council were dulv executed, !Uid to act ;is jud'-vs in i)etlv causes. {?).) The Supreme Council, in its collective c;i[i;icily, to have control over all alfairs and persons in llic colony, and csjtecially to be the highest law tribun.d and a ci»url of ;i[t[)eal ; but the execution of its decisions and m^'asiu'cs to rest with the functionaries to wl 1 1 ISO (Ifpai'tnicnts th (lute of till! edict ropl.'icmg the govijiiiiin.nl n\ tlio Ctn,tpin>>/ oj Oi/i'. //iiiiilnil Agaodnti.i liy Unit wliicli i.s iLv-crilitMl ill tl \<'\f, \v;is March ;i, I'k; liruicip il i'mictiiiiiarirJ wIid canit; mit, I'l'im ralirO 111 iSi'ptL'i.ilior lit' that year, wen; the lu'w ( i.i\erii..i'. .1/, /A Mi >■;/. tiio eliiet' cccle.siastie, J/. Lavul, viear-aiiu.stujii; ami .siil'.-t'^iii'iuly i'i-li"p, al..'o a 'V a iiimilieT I'uval eoiuiiii.-i.siuner, M. (inud Ills. Tl lev were aee'impameil (if military and l.iw ulUei'rs, some M)lili('r.>, and ,-;"ViTa Bottler.", hi'iuging auiinul.s and innileiiieiit.s lia'idry. 1 hundred lue i Tlii.s mnubfr wa.'i al'terward:^ iaoreasod t U 6'( l\ I I, then to ticiU i' ■ It I.p HISTORY OF CANADA. [1663. Jiii<;lit refer. The Supreme Council had tlie (lisposul of the revenues of the coloijy, 101. It is reniurkalile that while the Council was invested wllh sovereiL;n autluirity in niaii}' respects, yet, in reirard to llie inipdrtaiit matter ol taxation, it had no power to l(ny imposts except l>y the express [jcrmission of the Kiiiij;, who r(.'served tliis piivllc^'e in his own liands. Nor did tlienev,- ai'ranL;enients comprise any provisions cnaLlini; the people to exercise n direct inlluence over the proceedings of the Council or of its tlu'ce cliief oflicials.* In all its enactments relati\*e to the administrnlion of justice the Council was bound to keep in view the laws, customs, and procedure established in the kingdom of France, and, as heretofore, no persons professing opinions hostile to the (>slal)lis1ied religion of the kingdom were to be lolei'aled in the colony. 102. The Supreme Council, constituted as has been de- scribed, \vas vii'lually a triumvirate of the chief function- aries — foi' all real power was lodged in the hands of the liovernor, r)ishoi),and Inlendant. It will be seen that these three oilicials figured conspicuously in the annals of Canada . during a century up to the period when it ceased to be a French colony. 31. de ]Mesy and M. Laval, when the council was lirst estaldished, lilled two of those high oflices, but the (irst Ihtyal Intendant never made his iippearance at * The ccleltiwted ^I. Ccjibei't, who at that timo exercised tlie frrcate.st infliieneo in France, appears to liave ecuiteinplateil einliraeiiig in the new schenK! of colniiial icuvernmeut smne .slight A\ow of what would now ])e called iinmir/^Ktl frtuJom. Tiie iieoplo were to elect ollleers for tho conduct of ee! tain local alVairs, and to repre.si;Ut them before the su]irenio couneil. But this \irtually disajipeared in a short time, owing to the principles laid di)wn in I'rance for the guidance of colonial anthoriti<'s conformably to a set of regidations recommended by ]M. de Tracy and M. Talon. It was stated to be necessary "to provide against undesirable re- volutions tending to render the young state of Canada either aristocratic or democratic, instead of continuing strictly tnonurrhicul." ir,63.] SOVEREIGN COUNCIL. Quebec* It will also be seen tliat tlie nintiial ivlalioiis ot the Governor, Bislioj), and Intendant were not so elearly defined as to prevent niisapprebensions juid discord, lly some it lias been represented tliat tlu.^ oi'i^inal source of the d(?fects of tlie Council must be ascribed to ilu' jealous and arbitrary di.'^position of Louis XIV., who tlieti ruled in France, and who was disinclined to delcLiate to anv ( if his sub- jects, at home or abroad, such powers as nii,L;ht at any time, even in appearance, render them independent of himself.t 103. The new order of thinii-s was at once initiated with due solenuiitv. M. Gaudias, who had arrived with tlic Governor and Ijishop in the capacity (>(' royal comii)issionei", took formal ])osse.ssion of the country in the KIii'j;'s nam\ The same otlicial administered the oath of allegiance to tho inhabitants, and established the i)rocedure of courts judicature. He returned to France with a report of tl condition of the colony prepared durln^i;' his brief s( jouiii in Canada. The Supreme Council, wliicli held its fu'st ^iltin;; on the third dav after the (Governor's arrival, caused the ik'W constitution to be })ronudgated. Various local appoint- ments were made, measures were taken for c-tablishini;- inferior courts, and for reirulatin':; allairs at ]\lonireal and Tliri.'e Elvers. * M. licilieit Wiis iiatnod Intendant in the docroo of ^ImitIi '11, liIGu. II. • was siiccocded by .M. Jciii Tulon, wlio ariivcd in (^tucluN'. and a-sunied tiie ilutit's nf his ollice in IW'). Xoarly all we kiMW nt M. Kobfrt may be siuiiiiii'd up by stating that h<' was a Cuniirillor uf Stati.' in l^'iMiiee. t This Kiiij,s"althon<,'h styled in history " Louis the h'rtat," n.is far from meriting that distinction in regard to his per'^onal (|nalities. His over- wlielniing pride and pretensions involved his eoiuitryiii blDody wars (luring most of his pnitraeted reign; wliile at Imuie his s>jlti^hne.ss, higotry, and dissolute life constituted an injui'ions example to Ids eonrfc ■uid subjects. The infinite evils thus occasioned to the people of ilie great and hiyal French nation were not remedied in the reign of his successur, ■111(1. eventually, were instrumental in bringing about a state of thin .s in I'Vauce which is without parullel in the history of any uther cmuitry. M 144 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1663. lOi. We nliiiU close tills chapter with a tahlc cxhlhitini^ the successive chief lunctioiiiiries of llie 8ni)reme C')o TO 1700. Ooreri'Or.^. Intenihlnlx. I61 :\-\Mr, M. do Mc'sy. ICiO'.-l rr-J M. do Cnuirello. IfiT'.'-K'iSL' Ciiuiit I''riiiiiriia(;. ]»•.>•_'-] r.s") ! M. do la Harro. Ifh.'i-liMJ M. do Deiiiiiivillo. JiiihO/iS. IfiSlt-H'i'.tS l-i:i»3 17ilM-17'J'. 1 747-17 )!' 17-1'J-17J2 17:)2-17r,5 il75r)-l7(jii Count FrniiU'iiao. M. lie Ciillioro. M. do Vaiidieuil. F. do L'lval. »> M. SLVallier(ffoinlC3S). I .V. nahi'rt. ', M. Tulnn (M. Boutcrone]. I .1/. J)ur/i,:-i)}aa, M. ynrinj. M. liniHhnrnri'.it (to 1700). MM. liudntu (t(, i71-J). i .1/. y.V;/M/i (t.) I72ri). .M. do JJoauli.'U-iKjis. .V. Vltdzal -awA M. Diqnuj ?il. dcMoni;iv(l7-'>-33). to 1731). ■ i M. Ilof.iunit (1731-1747). ' M. Do-q.iot (to 173<.i). M do l;\r! dissoiiiere. M. do l;i .Joiic[uiorc. M. lin Qufisno. M. do V.LU'lroiiil. M. Dijiut (lioin 17iS). M. 1'. I.. A. liivioio (ci 1741). ; JI. do i'oulbriand ^I'rom 1741;. I Note. — During the poric^il ut time included in the I'oreginng table, Fiance had only tv,t>succe.ssive Kings, viz., Louis XIV., who. ciiArTErt XIV. i ! rOi'LLATION OF CANADA ^V^1 Till llDVAL GOVF.IIXMKNT ^TA^^ KSTAIJMSHKn — OKNKIIAI, CIIAnK IKK Ol Tlli IMIAI;HANT.'5 Ri;MAUKAIil.K IXnUKNTS OK IHC •CHi.i;.sriAL i'iii:.\().Mi:NA- KAKTIl(,)LAKi;.S — M"ilAJ. EFFIXTS i'KoDI'^'l.i) \'.\' T IK KAUTH- gUAlvLS. ™ 1(*.">. 'J'liK iiiacliiucry of nillllary, civil, and ecclesiastical »veniniciit, organised as lias been described in the fore- ig cliaptei', was devi>ed in tlie conlidenl antici[)alion di' i,'OU I laru'c fut ui'e increase ot tiie resources ol tlie colonv )1( At tlie lime when the new government was introibicfd, llio whole pO[)ulali()n was, it is believed, le.-s than three thousand >i r rencli oriu'ui — a number .scarcelv exce^Mliii''- tiiat ol the inhabitants of an inconsiderable modern town. Snmo French annalists, Indeed, ignoring its lavvious history, date I'loni this period the first real establishment ol the cokaiy. Pnil this is clearlv a mistake, and it has been shown in liie preceding pages that the substantial loimdations h;id li'ea( lyi )een laid lor th le L''rowth of a vi-'umus and sell'- ri'hant nalinn. Otl IC! V reneh writer, w Ml !i ]Kiriioiial>le -; 'MU^tilutiii'-r ]>ride, refer to the French cnlonlsis ot' I an acclimated Ijody kA material, su[)eri<)i', on the whole, to the people of any other Euro[H'an colony, as a foundaliou for building up a future colonial em[)ire. It becomes, Iherefore, a matter of some interest to us to inform oui'- selves, at this stage of Canadian history, upon what grounds such claims have been made in behalf of those earlv iuha- bitants of Canada. K 146 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1663. Tlic liistoi'ian Frrhvd snys, " The old writers, wlio know llic e;irly Fi'eneli in'i;iliil;Mi1s, Imvc 1;ikeii plcjisnii- in niuli_r- ixiL;' {lie most liondnniliU' 1(--iiniHnv in tlulr beliallV 1 >nol- in^- the wi'ilcr Lr Cl( rl\ he adils, "1 was told thiir \ shuuld he snrpriscvl to find so many line (•liai'ae((a> iii Xew Franee; that no [trovince 01 Ihe Idn^'doni had an ((jnal jH'ojK/ition of jici'sons '.rifted 'vith penetration, poliiiauss, i'fL;-ard ^nr a|)[)caranees, e'.nr.i;.;i'. inli'epidity, and L^diius for L;-i'ea*. entei'prises ; that avc shonld find then' even a langiia^'e inoi'o polished, an ennncI;ition more eleai' and piii'e, and a, prununeialion wilhont had accent; l)ut, when I cainu to live tlier(\ 1 saw tliat I had not been iin[)osed upon, and that ><'ew {'''I'ance was, iii those respects, more I'orlnnate than new settlements in other [lai'is of tlie worM." Fer- land (jUotes oth"r (<|rtally stroiii;' testimony to the same edeet. Chai'levoix sa_\ s, " One should do New Fi-ancc the iuslii'C to state that tlie ori^'in ot' neai'lv ;ill the families was good, . . . for tlw^ fir.^t inhahilants were either work- men who had been alwavs emraued in Viseful oceuiKiti ions. or persons of .':ood fandly, who Went out with tiie sole view of living in tran([uillity, and the moiv sn.uly to ]ire- serve their religion ; and I have the less tear of contradic- tion as I have lived Avilh s(»me of these eai'ly colonists, all ]><.M>ple mort} respectable on account- of their jtroliity, eandoui", and solid, piety, than by llicir white bail's, and the memory of services lonu' since I'cndercil to the colonv." As regards courage and ]»hysical (piaiilies, in which those ancient (\in:Mlians excelled, intelHgible causes are allc'j'i' 1 : ''A hea'thy ll'ough rigorous eiimate, liiigal modes of hfe, pr(ttraete(. jiid dangerous marches in war-iime, iia.rd work on tl'' lands; b» \diich, combined, all the l'eel>ler constitil- lic'ps succuTnl)ed, I"aviag, as the real founders (»!' the race, only the robust, ihe acclimated, and the long-lived." "It is astonishing," Bavr? an authority cited in the liistory of ^ •roa' 111(1 a 10 to , ami utiatc 1 CI' Kiuue ?c tile nilios won n<'ll^ s<»lt' ) ](r('- radir IIISIS (iiinv (Itlir As 1i:cso Wiil'IC rai'i.', "It foriiu'd, ariiw, \ i::i:ri'!is, licaltliy, and capalilc ei' ,L;'ri'al I'lidnvaiifi', as well as warlike. SIiIjKiwncrs and caplains e;oncral 'hai'aeter of the I'V' neli (*aiiadian eohaiists who oc(ai|ii((I the t.'oinitrv when il l"'r;inie a roval u'ovei'iiineiit ; and sn( li Were some of llie eiiic f reasons advanocd (o ac-. imt toi- the like ([italities. which, it is ciainied, were jxa'jHtnaled in tliclr |)osiori{y. Jim;, licfore we pi-oceod to narrate lli(> Icailinv;' events \\\\\r\i belonir to llie hi^tol■v of Canada fi'uni We time when it heeame a royal 'j,ii\-cnnnent inn>t Hoi; (ii;iil, to make nenti'ai of \.\>. luu: soni" r'lnai ]iVv\ k- ineiileiits of the eveiili'iil vi ai' id*;;). Ihirin'j- th<' ioii'< two years, iu addition to the irttnlijis arisiti;^^ n internal dissension and the eontimied Ipi^iihh- uf 11 1 h ->'■ MiHpiiiis, the eonnliT was ravaevd ny pe>i iiiaic,-. A seoiirgo. iu the foiaus of eoiii;!! and pleurisy, carried ell' inanv of the iuliahitaids, hotli l''ren(di a!al sava-as, [vy ef I i's[iecially iiilan's. i>y the liegiuuiuL; of IC'd.') iIk; malady HISTORY OF CANADA. [l66: lind ulolcfl, \)u\ its scvoi'ilv, nlotiLr with other cnusos. liiul crcitctl nil nliiio^i iiiiivrisal j(vlln'_^^ of (k'spondency in llic minds of tlic coloiiisls. J-A'cii tlio pi'icsls ^vorc von iniicli disc()ur;iL;(Ml by the untowni'd aspect of afVairs, aiui esncciallv liv liiidiir'' llicii' eiidcavoui's in bolialf of tlie licallicu iiiid ill" ('(iiivc.'ilcd savaL;'"s nlil;o iieiitralisod llii'dii'di tlie iKiw diH'ii cxtrti-ioti of ill!" ]I(|iior tfaflie aiiioii-st llic'in. TIktc is I'Lasun t«» In'licve. al'-o. that m-l only llii' sava,i;(.s, hut al>) nrniv iul)!("^, tlr nttcnliiin of all. and he foars of many, won' ex('il''d to thi utinosi hy a. siicecssK-n ot: natural oeiairreii'-i's lollowiui;' closely npon cadi clhc!'. Short!}' hcfore tlio clo-o of KJCrJ, a hi'illianl metroi-, lif:e a L;'r''at ;j,lol)e of (ire, ajiijcavcil 1 null ill till' air ovrt' (.Miebee, rciMlci'in''' the mu'lit th 111 (lav; which wa: dso S('(Mi h, the inhaliitants of iMontrral to [)"ss ovri' their hahilalious, and iinally to di.-ap[)eai' l)(.nind th' nioiinlaii,. ^ h\ daiinary 7. 1''!m), and a-iain eveiiiii';' ei I'\'hriiary .">. lho!5, and conlinueil, af in1rr\als, until !'■' folli.wiiux August. Aecoi'dlni;- to the accounts, jrivt'ii in * Sol' L'liiin. 1, '•Jesuits' Ivi'laiiiHi.-'," year liii;;!. 'J'Ik' wurlliy iui.v>;"iMi;) ulii) ii-ciiiili tlnvo coli'.-iiu'iia, lofi T.s in tin mhuo oliaptiH' to .hi t'('li|>,«i' (if till' hiiii, iiliii'i t. I'ltiil, wliicli (u'curi, cl (.11 t!in Ist. SiMiti'tatii.'f fnlinwinir. Ill' •-■IV.-*, " I '.Kvi n-lwi'lt'llis dl' the ili.-o \v;i> t.l'-cini'd, r.'!ul"riii^ tlio aspect .i|' our I'liri'strt [laK', .siimbio, iiiitl iiu'laiiuliuly. U lii'i.;aii iii tli" al'ii'iiinnii al twi'iily-riuir niiimtrs fMi'ty-twn scciiul.s |)a.st mio, ainl i'i:iK'(l *'. fifty-two uiuuitort fi)rLy-f')Ui aucoiuU [)ii.-»t iLi'i'o o'l.'I'Jvk.'' •■'l.i'jUt li i^"3.] r.ARTIini'AKES. 149 dctai] in \]\" "Jesuits' riulnliuiis," tlicsc earthqunlccs Awre felt llii'onulir.iit (';ii!;ii];i aiul Xrw ]''ii^l;'1uii(1. They are ]v[i(irt'j(l to liave clianu'iHl the surCace ui llie wlidlc valley ?'S {jii^ices, and 1h^o\vin^• down liills iii the mass. The "■ ^ ahilants, both Frent'ii and Indian-, wwo. insjiired wilh greatest tvrmr, and llie fears 01' llie sn[i' iMilit/Us wxi'e further excited by the n'[>()r(s of uniiMial ^i-hts and s^ainds and pr- idi'ji'ies said to lri\e been wiitu.'ssrd bv inanv. The ['ioii.- na.i.itor {LaJriit''n/), after slalin^Li,' lliat ihe clleets i^f ihe eartlu^i lakes extiiiilcd over ;i surf ae- of I wenly thoUNiml ^i[iiare leaL;ues, w hoiit anv loss of liir to uian or b( ast, di cliu'-s di;.t the grraler part of llie inli;diilaids. Indians and 1u:.j!i, believers and unbelievers, wore essentially beniTilid with respect to morality and the salvat ion oC their mmiIs. Ko nlxi'rves, thiit "wIumi tlu; AlmiL;'hty spiaks, mon mu>t \nvd^ listen, es[)eeially wh Ml Ho ex[»re:-;is a happv change to modesty and humility and the toars ol' a pnfoet, penitence. Ne\'ei' wt're oonfcs.sions moi'o silicon', nor sjarlts more tiailv sensililc of (IihI's jude'iiu nts." In allusion to the previous wicked conduct of many relative to inteni[)cr- anee and (he unlawful sale of lifpiors, many baideiird persons were v< [> oi'ti'd to hav e oron ciin\'i' 'led bv what they saw and bearl ; and, it is a.ddi'd. the protracted eoti- 1niua!ice 01 llie convulsions ii]i plic'i nil I't' runy r>, ]*'<*] .1' >it li.ilt' piisl livi! iu iIk; t'vuiiiiii,'. Thf wi.'icIk r was 'jaltii aliil .scl'i'lp ■«r n'5 IIT.^TorU' OF CAXADA. [i66;,. Tf slicnild 1)0 ()l)scrvc(l lliiii, at tlio pcrioil of tlio o-i-eaf (\iiilu|u;il^es, the Fi'cii'.'li iiilial)ilnnls of tlio CMlony W(M'e al] located (•lnsc- to llio v'wvv St li'nvrcucc, \]\o]\ jlio only high- Avay — at i\I out real, ^riu'co Kivcrs, Quebec, ami Tadoiissa'', (>v scatteivd in smaller bodic-s in settlements along- the banks between those prin(;i[)al stations. wlic'i \vi' lifiril ;' t'^^Til'lo noi-i^ riivl Iiumiiiiii^ smni'l Wko lli.it of ri gi'iM; iniMi'icr of lic'ivy iMrri;t'4'-s rol'i'irj; over ;i I'.-ivi-il llooi- .<\viftly. After tlii- one lioani, Imlli iil>ov(> ;ui]-s ojicnrd and :^lnit of tli"ni-i'lve.-!. TIm' Ix'lls of all our elinr<;lii:.s and clocks sounded of tlicins''lvcs; and the .steeples. as Well as houses, .swayeil to and fro, like trees in a great wind. And all this In till' midst, of a hi.i-riiile coiifu.don nf furniture luriied over, scones f:dlin'_% Iio;irds lireakiiig. walls craekiu'/, and, the cries nf domestic' animals, (>i which SI Mil" entered t he houses and somi' went out. ; in a word, it se'.'iiied to he tlit^ eve of the day of judgment whose si'.nis were witnessed. A'ery diil'^renl impressions were made on us. Siaue went fniih fi>r fg a-; if made of oard, others pr">t rated Ih^nisc'lves at tiu' fni,i of the altar, ;is if to die there. ( )!!•■ gMod lay sider was so terrili"d that her hody trenihhd for an liMiir wit,hout ahiiity to st'ip III,' agitation. Wli n the s.'Ciiid shock iMUie, at ei^ht o"('loek the sanii' evening. \\ e w ere all ratr.'ed iii o,ir stalls at liio choir. Jt, was verv violent, and we all expecleil death cv eiy monenl , and t'> hi engulfed in the iiiins of the luiilding. . . . iSo jtersou was killed. The (ainversion.s Nvere cxtraordinai'v, red ono cceli'.-lastii; ass.iied nie that, lie alone had taken moi'u than ciijht hundred ciiifessious." — Uii'.orj <>/ the L'r.uiliuts of rmmmmmmmsttlfaKS ^^^. !>■■■; Vis ■ ml iL3yr>-.] Ui: MESV. CIIArTElI XV. lii DISSENSIONS IN Tin: sri'KKMi: rDrxcii, — Ai;iiiTn.\nY proceedings— (OMIM.AINT.S To 'i'lll-; KIN(i— UK 'lUXi V. V K i;i;< >Y— 'I'A l,< 'N. IN- TKNOANT- DEATH oE ItE 's\i:>\ Tin: CMMCNAN IM.uIMIAT — MII.ITAKY riliJ'AHAlloNS — EDIITS UN Till', EJi 11 El.l l.l IIKST EXPEDITION ACAINST TJli; IKOtilOlS, rM>l E M. ME ( i T i;ri;i. j.E — SEfoNI) EXl'IIDrnoN AC \IN>T ','JiE li;(Mir, INDl.i; M. DE li; AtA AND AE hlC col ECl.I.Ei;— coNSEorENi'llS oj' Tin; (iJl'lX^IVE Ol'EKATInXS A(;A1N>T Till-: lUiHiUOLS — NOTH <)N Till: lEoolOlS Al'l'ENIii:!) 'J'o TJIls ('11 M'j'i.i;. 107. Tin: now Onvcrnor, M. de i\Iesv, on assumin'j,' liis p(»silii)ii in 11)0 colony, ajjplii'd liini^cir vI--oi-- OUS Iv in 11e' clisclijii'i'-o of lii> (hitios at'cordiii'' to .\.|i. I Ob: liis own view of llio powoi's dfk'ualod lo him. ]le loolc lor Lcrantod lliat llio now conslilution. in viitiio of wliicli L'aiiada, ])ooaine ;i I'oyal L^'ovciTinnnl, oonrcnrf] ^Tcalor |)o\vors llian licroloforc (111 ils cliiof, \villionl loMiiiii'j, llif [trivilo,i;'os whioli liad lucn chiiiin'd and (.'iijoycd liy foinicr ;.;ov(,'n)oi's nndi'i' llic I'lilo of tlio Coinpany ol' ( >no llinidriMl As.sooiatos. Ill' rr-a{))>oinlod ^Iaisoniiiii\'o lociil (iiooriior owr tlic Isl.'ind of ]\loiilroal. Al Tlino Illvcis lio oslali- lisliod lAl. IJtau'lioE ;is ( 'oininaMdanl. Willi llio drjuilics of llio J I'oiinois, who rami' to (^Mh'Im'O )irofc->Iii'4' a drsirc o» lU'U'dlialo lor poaoo, lio assnnicd ;i conlidciil lono and OiamuT, slaliiiL;' liis disholiof in their )iromisi'S, and his iiiU'iilion lo osl;il)lisli a, lasliiiL;' jx'acc hy clEi-li-iii^- thcin. and onishiii'j,' all o[i[>osition on ihoir |iarl. In fai'I, as lie li;id lirou,L;hl out a rcinforoomoiit of troops from I'^raticc, ••iiid L'XpL'clod inure, lie felt able lo menace them with J'.2 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1663-6; ofTcnslve ■\varfnro in tlicir own toiTilories, lie also made arrantj^eincnts for enforcing the laws against the liquor li'anie, 108. r>nt before long, Use existing causes of dissension, ;ind llie defect l\'e composition of the Supreme Councii. wliich h;is 1)c(mi already adverted to, combined with the hasty temperament of Do JMesy, brouglit about a coHision. The people objected I0 p.ny tithes to the extent whicli Laval li;id Itecn [luthorised to exact, and wci'e, in this respect, supported or favoured by llu? Governor/''' More- over, diireivnees arose on tlie subject of the election of ;». Si/udic or ilcucoii of huhitations bv tlip inhabitants, in I'egnrd to which the Governor and a majority of the Council were 0[>[)0sed to each other. I)e IMe.^y then proceeded to disnu'ss several members of the Council, one of whom, M. Hounhiii, vv'as a councillor not by ap])ointment, 1 ut in virtue of his oiHce as attorney-general. ( )nly two of the councillors sided with De I\Iesy ; but the peo])le, who came to know that a, want of hannonv subsisted, ixenorallv lavourcd the (bivernor's views. l)e 3Iesy proposed, according to the constitution, th;it nominations to re])lace the dismissed councilloi's should be made by biinseH' aiid I'ishop i.a\al jointly. Tho Uishop, however, reluscd to concui", an'rvR'i~s. Tin; new ooiistitutioii autliori.ii."] tl I'.isli"]! to collect one f/th'hi iil/i of tlic fruits of lalioiir. of whati'vor sort, for llic iiiaiiiti'iiaiicc of (lie Sciuinaryof (,)iu'l)('c ami ;hc clcri^'y. 'J'in' (o'vcriinr, allcuiiit; their poverty, .su[)portecrson who Mas tlu' oliji'i:fc of liis animosity. In proof of this may lie citiil the I'li.-liop's reply to M. >lj>riti':^ to ri';.,'uI;ito til. it wliicli coucTiis the i^uvt'i'iiiiiciil mid a'liuiiii.>Lr;i.i.ii>ii of tlio civil ulliiic^ ')f this cuuntiy, I ilo not tVol ;iMc to foii.-^fut to tliose t'!ianL;".s iH'foiv ti.o ..iriv.il of tlio said 31. d-' 'rracy." "■" 'i'lit^ IlishoiTs inllui'iiL'c at fotirt i'XC''CMl.'d iiiat I'l' tlic (invoriii'i', wlio. l'"ing well awaiv uf tlii.- I'act, rcailily ['i'i';-iiad d Idni-' It tint to Ltval wi i-o "wii'u' varloii.s soiin-cs of disaii[ioiiit niciit which lio cxMrrii nO' d. In coin -u "I the ih'>iiiit''s, ho Mcsy CM st a.sidc al coii.-i.lci-at ions of aiicii'id fi'iciid- liip. and cvcii i^f pci'S'Hiid I'oiii'tcsyj towards l.a\al. t.Mi olic occasion, it is icci nlod, he caused placards to lio po.slt'd \ili. to llic sound i.if tin; dnun, MH'cifyin.,' various cliar^'c.s "against tlu' r>i-hoii and others." On .iiioth.'i, li'Uiarcln,! with his j.?uanls and soldicis of the garrison to tlio liislioji's iMiartcrs. a.s if to .soi/c his jicrson. The King wa.s jiarticulaily ollcudcd hy l)c Mcsy'^ couiluct in v.ial^iiii^ .'^]>!u.'als to po[iular opinioi;. 154 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1663-67. .'!)ip(t)iif('{l Viceroy over tlio coldiiial pos.sossions of France, sli'tuld pi'dcced lo Canada and recllfy its dlstiirl)ed con- dill'tn, .V iii'W loeal ( J(»vci'nor, J/, (le Conrcdlc, was nomi- nated to supersede 1 )e 31esy ; and J/. Tahn, as lioyal Jnlendant, was directed I.0 unite with 1 )e Ti'acv and C(nn'- cellc (o f(»i'in a trii)niial I'oi' l)rinL;inL;' He ^lesy lo trial ; and. ii' tliey slionld conviet liini, to send lilni to France under arrest. Jn tlic meant inie, Ix'i'ore llie jirrival of tlios(^ who were iei l)e liis indii'es, .M. de Tdisv died at (.Miebec on ^lav ;">. J (;(;.■). 110. I)i' 'J'i'aey saileil from llocludle in ]"^'])i'uary KJiJd. and, aecordinu to the KinL;''s iirsti'uclions, pro- A.l'. 161.4. ^ _ ' _ , . ceeded lirst to tlie ^Inlillis, or West, Indies, wliere lie s])ent some time in I'e-nlatinL;- tlie al'l'airs of the Freneli colonies in lliose ])ai'ts. On his [)assagc thence totlielinli and liiver St La\vrcne(\ aiid in makimr "'ood liis ascent I" (^^uehee. causes of delay oeeuri'ed, so that he did not reach his destination until the IjOth oi" dime lilii.j. A])out a fiM'tinuiil earlier, ionr compaides ol' regular soldiei's had arrived diieet from I'ranee, who, with those which had * So .;i ;ife'r tlii> csliil'lisliiiii'iit ui the rnyiil ^"^'''''"1'"'"^ ''^ (';ui:x(l;t, aiii'tlier cnniiii'Triai ci.niii.iny wiis orii'aiiiseil, .stylod tho '• Wc-^t Indian (.'.in![)aiiy," \\\{\\ jiiri--'iiL'Uon over all tlic I'nlonir-i nf J'^ranee, inelmlinu' CaiKula. it was at llie in.>tanuo ul' llii.s new cnnipiny tliat )i\. do Ti'aey was named Viceroy. 'i' J'lefore his decease, ])e Mesy ]M'")i;ned a lu'ief record ot' his course, in whicii lie endeavoured ti) cxeul|iato Idnisolf in tlie opinion ol" i»e'i'rae\. to wliotn til" doeununt was ;uldres Salieres. Subsequent arrivnls in t!P' UKiiitlis of. July, Augu>t, aii'l Septemhcr alionuMl ui-cnt ii'lii'T to the iniiids of the inlialiitaiits, who iimw Ixli'-jii a!!ion,L;'st llieni the uicaiis oi protecliiiii frnin thrir iin[)lac- ahie eiiciiiles, tlie Ji'mpiois, and of cliaslisiit'j; these hy cni'i'v- inu' war into llieir own cantons. .M. de ('ouieelle and 2d. '^Fiilon arrived al)oul tlie iniddl I.' ol Si-|)l<'in])e The late (Jovei'iior, De ^Lesy. lieinu' dt'a(h it was judu'iMl unadvisable to jiursue any measures of iiKjuiry in relalinn 1o his con(hict ; lait the displaced ciameilha's were I't'slonul to iheii' farmer positions, and ^uilalae slc})S tal^m in iv-ard to the liijUor ti'allic, tithes, and olher oee;i>ions ol' discord, t 111. De Tracv then turned his allenlinu lo that unpor- i;inl part of his inslructioiis which related to tiie lro(|ueis. wlinin he was chai'u'ed to conipieraiid to exterminate. ."|. ll was too late tliat season to enter up'>n ori'en>ive opci'alions against them, sinei' llie hulk of the troops coiiM noi ha\'e hceii dispatched fi'om (^)U('hee licfure tlie montli of Oelolioi'. X') \'\\w\ however, was lost in making' liic necessaiy pie- pai'atious foi' an expedition on a cousiderahltj ,L'liiiiL,';iiy to nol'l.' I-'i.ik li faini- lii.-, ami till' iiirii tintril I'.ir tlicir l.ni\iTy anil pii'fy. Tip y I'l.riiinl. in ;ill, a Imily of aliout tliirlecn liuiuhod g'/od .Mililii is s\ lim flit tli" rn!n[;uiios dr.--; incit for C'iuuula Lad laudod. i' Tiic .siil)j('ct of ^7//(.s', about wluiji till' lato (lovi^rnnr and lli.' cltTjy ll id ilillV'Tt'd, was arran^'od on a foniinu' tnori' ao'i'jiiaMi' t tlie c^'loui-tM tlir laU' liriiiy' soon ri'diicid from (iiin tlii rht nlh to lihi' tw-iity-.-ixtii. :|: 'I'Ik'si' liu'liatians had cnnt inufd tli' ir iiH'ui.-idiis duiin;^' tin; i.^ri'at(>r I'urt of tlu! years lOiio and tdtll. Not only tlio li,dians of Canada, and tlmso who canic in from rr;ni'li' rt'^ions to s-'il thrir I'tlti-y ai, thr I'Vcni-li stations, liut the t'rfn'di thcm.--olvos wii'i' sMhjfi'ti'd to iiicij--ant attaclv>. Kii'i[UL'iitly the Fitiich were assaulted close to tlioir dwellings and iu lln'iv liclds, and uccatiioiiatiy suinu were carried ull into ca|iti\ity. ': i fSB* i=;6 HISTORY OF CANADA. [iCCyGj. »!S. an-ivc'd curliest, four fompanics wore orderc'd forwiiid to occupy tlic most ixlvaiilnLi'f'ous positions, niid tlius secuie ;i free passn<:je into the Ir(i(|uois territory. The «> tmnps, \villi voiunteci-s (Voiu lli(> conntry. left (,)uebcc for Three llivers on July 12.'>, iiii'l were joyfully received at that post which, up to the veiT time of their arrival. h;id continued to sutler from the customary depredations and attacks of the Ir(vpi< After ;i short detention at Thi'ec Iiivers, they crossed Lake St I Vter, and commenced the occu})ation of positions on tlic river riiehelieu — then styled the TfoqiKj'n^ lliccr. Other hodies of sohliers ;ind volunteers were sent on durinir the remainder of the summer season. TI'J. The principal object of the movement referred to in llie last ailicKf Vv'as to construct several forts on the route towards the li'oonois conntrv, in order to sei've as m.iuu- /ines and places of retreat for sick and wounded soldiers. One fort was built near the' mouth of the liiclielieu, and was named St JjOin'f^. This was accomplished under the direction of ?,I. Sonl in connnand of live companies of the Cariiijiian liCLriment. A second, orl M. deCh«hihhi, at th iy named I''<>rl niclnlinf, was built by oo; dl the liielu'lieu ra[)i(b Colonel de Salieivs himseli' direeted the construction of a third fort, called /SY TInrcsc, at a point about three icafrues hiu'h ei' ni) le I'lver, J'etween this last ]>osition and Lake Chaniplain there were no I'apids ov oilier ini])e(liments to the passai;'e ot boats laden with troops or niilitaiy stoi'es. These sevei';d works were pushed fervtaid with such vii^our, that even St Thercse, which was eonnnenceil latest, was completed be- fore the close of October KJC);"). They may be descrihed •/enerallv as consistini;' of inclosnres within double wooden jtalisades, from twelve to lifteen feet high, ei'ected u[u)n lew banks of earth, slrenirthened at the anu'ley and on one or more sa 166-67.] MILITARY rUKI'.\RATr>XS. 137 sides 1)}' h'istiuiis, or projecting biilw.irks, for tlie |»nr]>oso of coinmniiiling 1lie outer walls of llic forliT.-s. Jii^ide wl'W sheds and wooden buildings for the magazines ami the accommodat i( m « >t' garrisons. In addition to the foregoing forts, another small 0110, called Sf Aiui(\ was huih, in the ensuing year on an island in liake Champlain. {Such were the earliest measures taiccu hv De Tracy for )rovidiiiL!: airainst future incursions of i)UOi: am it til e saim^ tune for secunni'' to thi3 eolonisls iVcc nrj,'ress into the terriloiy of their enemies wh^iiever it shoul iud'jod necessary to attack th(vm in their (»wn ouarter.^ 1 I «• )e A.I I. 1666. 1 1 ;>. The lii'st ofl'ensiye military cxpi'dilion against the (r(^i|Uois was orgrmised during the winlci" of M'A')7)-{'>{\ . In Oi'tohci' preceding, tlie Onondagas had sent an endi;issy to ()uel)ec, undca- (iaracon licit peace and amily with the Freiieh, and tu pro(au"e :' to th( li- ti'ihe. Ihie, t o Sil lho restoi'ation ^f thi'ee prisoners l)elong De T d ( racy receiyed ijiaraconuue yei'y a th ifal )iy auM, aiicr listening to his address, instantly ccmolied with his re- quest, and ]»romised Ihr his natiMii hnih [)eace and the 1 irote •clion of the I\in; ][ eals( ) held iiut a prospect 01 the s;im<' fayiau's for the other Irorpiois nations, If I hey would ]e>train them.-elves from hostile acts, and conduct theni- * S'liiie (if ill'' T'li'ts tueiitiii;u .1 in tlic t'-xh were nftorw.inl- kii-wn ii;i;iiL.s uf tlic oiiiciT.s t Ictmhli;. In voai- iukLt will SI' .xiiiii'i'Vi -wn tlit'V \vi/r. t.uilr, ;ui(U tinn tu iho oiiiL-iileratili' inliihii-v f'H'i H-oir-iit to (laiiad.i in t.I l')u'), tlii-TO were many new ((/( '';//•" /-^v. inoluilin'^' ;il)unt. two liini'lri'd y .vuil;' wonun .-out nut as wives for tlio roli)ni:-ts. 'I'Ik' ffl'Ttivi; .^lfcn;j;di of tin; colony, in jieople iiiid various su]iiili".-', was ulino.-t doulilt'il. Alit)ufc tlu^ tinio of Dtr Ti'a''y".s arrival, /i(ir.-;rtt. sliipp.;!! at tlio port of J/. are ni 'ranct', wore lamk'il at Uue ibcc 111' lU'lnns wrre in.-pnrd \s uii ;i'liniraOon liv till! Ijcauty, stroiigth, and douiliiy of tlieso animals. 'J'lio I Illy lior.io hilhcrto seen in tho country was one bruuglit out l>y CJovcruor Montuiagny, about a i|uartor of a century before. ^iftHii' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I "m iiiiiM 12.0 III 32 18 1.25 1.4 11!!^ — 111= — ^ 6" ► V2 '^j. el V^r /. /A '-^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STMET WEBSTER, NY 14580 1716) 873-4S03 ^ .^ L«y Cr f> ifil .58 HISTORY or CANADA. [1663-6; selves so as not to require u resort to force of arms on the art of llie Frencli. 1 U \v; IS not, however, ju( iLTed exp cdient to wait for prac tical proofs ol" the impression Avliicli the fore^i^oin'^' intimation mii'lit make ni)o!i tiie other trihes. P»v tlie Dth of Januaiv 1 (»()(», ])rei)arations l)eing complettHl, M. (jonreelle set out, with tliree liuii(hv(l r(\^ulars, and two lumdred vohuitcers from amoMLC the Freneli eoloiiists, — everv man, iiieluihiiLf llie commander liimself and all the oflicers, on snow-slioes. and ean-yiiig from twenty-five to thirty pounds of bread and otiier necessaries. The little army reached Thiec Iiivers on tlie 24lh, and jjroceeded thence in the direction of Forts St Louis, lii(;helieu, and St Therese ; atwhiehlast station, ap[K)inled iis the place of fiiuii rendezvous, they jiriived on the last day of the month. A consideiahle number of the men became disabled on the march, owin" to IVo/en limbs, and injmies from the roui;h surface of brola'U ice (tver which their route lay. To n-pair the losses, fresh men .vere 8Upi)lied from the forts, and tin; march was continued with j;reat dilliculty U[) to February 11, when tliey came wiliilu twenty leagues of the nearest li'0(piois settlements. ]lere the prodigious depth of the snow, and other unforeseen obstacles, rendered further i)ro- jU'ress almost impracticable. Their Alj;'on(iuiu j;'uides lag'^cd behind, leavin»n (if his hiiccc-h to tin' Iii'liau K'liidoH, wlio, it iippears, had liy Honio moaiiH olitaiiu'd tlio (iii|i(irtiiiiity nf iiiti.xicatiiiu; tliouiHt'lvcs just hct'nro thi-y readied the Mohawk villages, and at iiiiuu dt'bortod. Sulwoinu'iitly, Imwovir, when th.' I''ri'iicli wcro Hiill'r- ini,' from want of food, thi'ir Indian auxiliarii'S rojoinid tlr 111, and rcu- licic'd good servicu iu procuring the much-ueodcd fjui>iiliu«j of provisions. '• il ;- I rHt| • t; 1 r Jl ! j: i6o HISTORY OF CANADA. [1663-67. and even tlie Mohawks, sent representatives to negotiate a durable ])ence. 114. ]M. de Tracy appears to have placed some sli<^lit confidence in their professions, for he consented to accept the customary presents, and to send some French emis- saries to the cantons with the Oneida deputies, to ascer- tain by personal inquiries amon2;st the tribes themselves if there existed really good grounds for believing that they would faithfully observe the conditions. The Oneitla dei)uties left behind hostages for their own nation and also for that of the jMohawks. 115. A few days after the departure of the Iroquois deputies, word was brought to Quebec that a band of IMohawks had surjiriscd a number of French officers and men belonging to Fort !St Anne, of whom some were killed and the survivors made prisoners. De Tracy immediately recalled the French emissaries, and dispatched M. Soiel with three hundred men to recover the captives, retaining; in })ris()n the hostages left by the Oneidas. Although the force under M. Sorel was met, before they liad })assed beyond Fort 8t Anne, by another body of deputies bringing back tlie captives, witli apologies for the outrage which had been perpetrated, and with assurances that the cantons had unanimously authorised them to con- elude a durable peace, yet De Tracy deemed it expedient to resume hostilities for the purpose of eU'eclually humbliiii;' the IMohi'wks. Fivparalions for a second invasion of the c'Uitons were pushed forward, and the veteran, who had reluctantly abstained from accompanying the first ex[)edi- tion on aecoutit of his advanced years, the rigorous season, and the representations of his subordinate ollicers, resolved tt) take the command in person. 110. The second expedition against the Iroquois cantons was conducted on a much larger scale than the one com- 1663-67.] DE TRACY'S EXPEDITION. i6[ manded by Courcelle. "VYitli the aid of the Intondant, ]M. Talon, everything that could be foreseen as reqiiisite to insure suceess was carefully ])rovided. 8ix hundred regu- lars, selected from the several companies of the Carignan Ilegiment, as many French Canadians, and upwards of one hundred Ilurons and Algonquins were eipiipped, and ready to march early in Se})tember. It was the most formidable host which had ever vet assembled in arms in New France. The Viceroy had under him Governor Courcelle, at the head of four hundred men forminur the vansjuard, and directed to precede tlie other divisions by four days ; also, Colonel de ISalieres, Ca[)tains Chambly and Berthier, and other officers. The route Iny along the line of forts on the llichelieu, into lakes Champlain and St Sacrament (St (ieorge), and thence through forests and marslies, and across rivers, into the nearest Iroquois settlements — the ho>fr(/a(h's of llie jMohawks.* lj[)wards of three hundred liglit hatfcaus and canoes inade of bark had been prepared beforehand at tiie proper points, for tlie purpose of transporting the force across tiie la!hed inside with boards and joiner-work. A council (if war was held to determine upon the measures it might be now expedient to adoi)t. The enemy had withdrawn beyond their immediate reach, and it was necessary to decide whether to j)ursue them or to punish them by the destruction of their habitations and means of living. The lateness of the season, and the considerable interval between the ]Mohawk canton and that of the Oneidas, upon which the ]\b)hawks would i)robably retire, and there be in a position to oiler a serious resistance, admonished De Tracy that it was more prudent to follow the latter course, and then retreat iuto Camula. Accord- ingly it Avas decided to set fire to all the liabitations, stores of provisions, and other prcperty in the ]\b)hawk villnges. A vast conflagration was made to consume the palisades, cabins, maize, fish, drii'd (K'sh, beans, and fruits. All the villages were burnt in like; maimer, and all the surroundiiig fields devastated. Those who knew the disposition ami customs of these people judged that famine and w..nt oi" shelter, consecpient upon their losses, would soon excite (juar- rels and bloody conlliets amongst them, and that thus they would sudor the most severe chastisement for the ravages which they had inflicted upon the French territory duriiiir pubt years, iuid for the massacres and atrocious cruelties I6C3-67.] DE TRACY'S EXPEDITIOX. lOr ])crpotratcil, without cessation, upon the colonists. Tluis, De Tracy and liis officers, althougli tluy liad failed to bring about a pitched battle between their own disciplined troops and the Iroquois warriors — the result of which could scarcely have been doubtful — had recourse to the only remaining means of punisluiient. Its ellects, as will be seen, endured for about a generation, and inspired their iiitliless adversaries with a salutary dread of the French arms. On the retreat great dlfTiculties were encountered, owing to the lateness of the season, the rains, and the swollen Ntate of the rivers; but, ultiniately, I)e Tracy arrived at Quebec in the ilist week of November,''' with the greater [)art of his force. Tlio only loss of life sullered by the French in the expedition occurred on the march home- wanls.f 118. The cfleets of De Tracv's expedition upon the Innpiois became soon apparent. From famine alone mr)re than four hundred perished. Several emissaries made their at)pearance at Quebec, soliciting peace, bringing liostages, and restoritig a number of French prisoners, f^onie of whom had been held in captivity so long as to have lost their mother-tongue. They re(piested, also, that inifsionarles might be sent amongst them, and manifested oilier symi)toms of a sincere desire to observe terms of iiiaity in future. In addition to these favourable results, ilie English colonists on the Hudson, who had by this time (lisi)Iaced the Dutch, opened conununications of a friendly nature with De Tracy, notwithstanding his operations a4,'aiust the Irocpiois. Moreover, to strengthen and per- * In tlii,s and other iuculfntiil refi'i-eiu-cs to diten, the old style of rpckiiiiing is iiiijilieil. Accnniiiig to modern reckoning, tho date of De Tnu'y's return tun.st bo understood to be about the 15th of November. t On one occasit)n, wlule the force was crossing Lake Chatnplain, a teiiipeat ciuisud the death of t.dght persons, including one or more ulliccrs. ' n i 166 HISTORY or CANADA. [1663 6r potuate tlie motives by wliich tlio Iroquois wore now nniniatod in tlic interest of peace, De Traoy, wliilc accept- in"^ llieir overtures, caused it to be intimated to tliem tliat, in case their en!j:au:enients should not bo faithfully observed, the French forces would aijaiu move upon their settlements. NoTF. — To enahlo the re.ider of Canadian history to follow intelligently the ci>ur.so of event. s ill ri'lation to the savages, it is neee.-isary to furni.-L Morne (lofinito particiil.irs of tin; IiiKpiois confederacy, or Fire Nnflons, hy whom, collectively or individually, the French colonists were so grievonieriod. The account here given refers generally to the time when Canada l)eeaiu(! a royal government under Do Mesy, Ih; Tracy, and M. Conrcelle ; and it is inserted in this place in order not t" interrii])t tix^ narrative in (he text. Some other necessary particulars have heen aln:ady stated in the introduction to this history, to which also the leader is refened. Of the li>)(iu(ii.-!, or Fire Nati(nii<, whose cantons, separated by intervai'i, extended westward of the river Ifuilson and .^^outh of L:ike Ontario to a di.-tance of aljout one hundred ami llfly leagues, in the region now I'orniiiij,' the north-eastern portion of the State of New York, the ilAuAaH/w {Af/uier,<), occupied two or three villages in tlie territory farthest east, and therefore nearest to the line of march followed by Tracy anetions, dissembling, and prosr- Citing actual warfire. Fifteen leagues farther west lay the (>noiidiifitant were tiie ('(i;/ii J'loth the Cayugas and the Senecaa had hitherto observed a species of neutrality, never making war openly upon the French. The region occupied liy the Five Nations was fertile, and well watered by lakes and streams teeming with fish. The woody portions incluJcil 1603-67.] TIIK IROQUuIS. 167 iTttiiaivt' grove? of oak, cliesnut, and walnut trfon. Tlio cliinato wan iiiilil, iiiul siieh tliat niu.st of the fruits of France Uuuritlnnl aiul i;uiiif to maturity in thu open air: t!ie winters of inixifrate leii;,'th, attfiuioil with liut little 8U0W compared with Quebec, wlit-ro it covered the ground live iiioiiths, and to tlie ilepth of four and live feet every season. These savage people carried on warfare a.,'aiiist other triljes and against the Froneii witii extraonlin.iry f>rocity, cunning, and valcur. They usually ti-ated tlie va«(jui."hfd and their piisoners with api>alling cnieltj', emph>y- jilt; every device wliieh a hendish ingenuity could suggest to protract the I'lnuents of tljeir victims, and to extnrt from them the crifs and groans fxpressive of human suirtor.s. Tliey, howi'Ver, dr igired him .along in the shallow water without mercy, his head and fact; downwards, almost round the island. One of the slain Frenchmen was M. ViL,Mial. a priest, wlidse body the\' stri[)t and carried aw ly along with their thret? living captives. j\rriving at tiieir camp, M. lirigeait and his two companions, will) were unhurt, were secured to trees for the night, while the Indians proceeded, after their fashion, to scalp the defunct priest, and devour his tK'sh before the eyes of his compatriots. In the nnuning the barbarians .-'■parated and set out on their way homewards, those of them who were .Mohawks taking one of the prisoners, named liufresne, while M. Ibii,'eart and the remaiiiing captive, iJene, fell to the lot of the Oneidis, who hap- jioned to be the m.ijority. llenc, stri|it of his clothing, was compeili'd to 1 irry a load of Ijaggage like a Ijeast of burdi'n, and I'.rigenrt, remiered slow by his wounds, was urged along at the utmost pos-jlile speed. Aftereight days the two bands re-uuitcil, and two < f their nunil" r wire sent forward to carry intelligence to the Iroiiuois villages. On their arrival at the . 'ttlenients of the Oneidas, Ib-jgear: and Rene were first painted like s;»vages, and compelled to run the gauntlet between two rows of Indians, aimed with cudgels, with which they l)eat the unhappy Frenchmen. After this, a powerful Inxpiois lea{)elace of her deceased brother, which, after some hesitation, was accorded. INI. Brigeart, how«.'ver, was delivered over for execution. During a whole night the sav.igo fiends tortured hiia by applying fire to various parts of his body. Tired of tliis, thoy next cut off his fingers, nose, cheeks, and eyebrows, when, happily, a desperate savage administered a fatal blow on the sufferer's head with a tomahawk, cut open his cliest, tore out his heart, and devoured it. Throucdiout this bloody execution the poor Frenchman prayed without ceasing for his tor- mentors. Bene and the captive AlgoiKpiiu were spectators without ability to succour their fellow-prisoner. Iroquois women, and even obildren, were active and excited participators in the cruel propess. In the meantime, Du Fresne, amongst the Mohawks, was sufl'cred to live in captivity. During nine motiths ensuing he was forced to accompany his captors on hhort hunting expeditions, and employed in menial services similar to those which were exacted from llem^. The latter finally escaped in coju- pany with two other Frenciimcn, who had been made prisoners some time previously, and the three, after undergoing infinite suffering and fatigue, made their way to the French settlements, bringing accounts of what had passed." From the foregoing particulars, not unlike in kind and decree to those which had attemled the death of Biebn^uf, Daniel, and others, twelve years earlier, when the Iroquois rtiined and dispersed the Huron tribes ..niongst whom they served as missicmaries, we may infer with what sentiments the French host under De 'I'raey and Courcelle were now marching to inflict chastisemeut upuu the Iroquois iu their own territory. i667.] COMMERCE. 169 A. I). I()0 7. CflAPTEn XVI. INTF.nNAL AFFAIRS OF TTIE COLOXY— rOMMKTICR — TITE WF>T INDIAN' COMPANY — AORinLTURE— INTIJODlf TION OF TIIK FIl'DAL SYSTEM— DEPARTURE OF DE TRACY— NOTE ON THE ENGLIsl[ COLONIES. 110. The snccossful issue of the war willi tlic Iroqnr.Is left De Tracy at liberty to attend to other imnor- tiint objects of his mission. These related to the re-organisation of the Supreme Council, and to the reixula- tiou of all affairs atfectinjj^ the internal government of the colony, agriculture, and commerce. JMost of the original members of the Council had been already replaced, and, on Its new footing, that body proceeded to re-enact former l)rohibitions respectin:;^* the li(pior tralUc. To sell intoxi- cating drinks to the Indians was made a penal ollence. I'iO. The commerce of the country, notwithstanding tlu^ recent change made in taking it out of the hands of the "Company of One Hundred Associates," had been, after the lapse of about one year, confided to a new coitipany styled the " West Indian Company." This was charlend with nearly the same privileges as the former company, but with a jurisdiction more extensive, and including, as well as Canada, all the other transatlantic regions over wliich France claimed sovereigntv. Tliev were to import various sujiplies required in the colony, and to promote its fuither settlement, receiving, as compensation, the right to carry on the fur trade with the natives. Their representative ia the colony was to have a seat ia the Council, and prece- i I fft 170 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1667. (Icnce next after the Iloyal Inteiulant. They were even to enjoy the privilege of nominating councillors and judges, as well as the governors and intendants of the colony. But it ap[)ears that this last })rivilege reverted to the King, who was petitioned by the Company to reserve it until they themselvTS should be in a condition to exercise the right of nomination. The inhabitants, however, were not to be excluded, as formerly, fr^m trading with tlie Indians and amongst themselves, except at the Tadoussac station. But they were to })ay a duty of one-fourtlt its value upon the l)urchase or captiu'e of every beaver, and onc-fcnth upon some other animiils, for the Company's benelit. Ten directors in Paris regulated the general affairs of the Company.'*' The West Jiidinn Company contimied in existence only up to the year 1()74, when its charter was revoked, on the ground that it had not force enough to secure and retain for the King's American subjects the advantages to whieli their courage and industry entitled them. 121. In conjunction with the Intendant, M. Talon, De Tiaey encouraged agriculture, mining explorations, and external ccnnmerce. In consecpience, the colonists culti- vated liemj) and flax, and began to manufacture coarse clolhs and other domestic articles. All the connnon grains were soon produced in an abundance exceeding the wants of the colony. An exi)()rt trade w;is begun with the West Jnilies in dried tish, salted sahe.on, eels, and oils extracted from the sea-wolf, the porpoise, and the seal. Oak planks and boards, and samj)lesof dilferent woods, were sent even ((> France, in j)r()ofthat the country could furnish products serviceable in the royal dockyards. At a later date, resin- ous extracts and pitch were included among tlio exports. 122. In the meantime, while the colonists tilled their * In tlic edirt croatitiii; tliis ('i)nip;uiy, tlie Kinii: reserved ''no otluM' rijjlita ami ducd than allcgianoe and liomatjo to himself and Buccessors," (atWil*!?.**;?*. />. ^ 1G07.] IXTRODUCTIOX (»F TIIK I T.rDAL SV.sTK.M. 171 lands in their new state of freedom from the predatory in- roads of the Iroquois, tlic population steadily increased. Wives for the male inliabitants were l)rou;^ht t)ver from France, and many of the oflicers and soldier.s of the Cari'j,"- nan Il-^ij^iment married and settled on the lands. Alto- i;ether, the colony entered upon a condilion of prosperity it had never known before. Canada now was no longer tlie country of" horrors and cold,"" sucli as it had been called in lormer years. The number of inhabitants soon liecame the double of what it had been a few ye.ars befoi'e ; and they could now without ap[)rehension extend themselves over the country, instead of being hindered by fears of the Inxpiois from cultivatini;' the soil even within reach of the cannon of the forts. V2?). In regard to the tenure of lands and the adininis- tr:iti(»n of the hiw, the customs of the mother country j" Wire permanently introduced. The military oflicers and other persons of good family received grants of land as seir/nitun'cs, upon which, under the dcnominatiou of coisi- In/ns, the soldiers and others were encouraged to settle. This was part of the feudal system, the only motle of occu})ying the land and of social existence known to the rrench. llegisters of births and marriages had begun to be kept as early as the year KrJl, and still conlinnetl in (,^)uebec. The colony now had assuuh'd ain'llur plia-e of existence in regard to all its affairs; and, although many fulure I'o- verses "were in store for it, had taken root and become established permanently on its I'oiindalions. jM. de Tracy having successl'nily aceomjilishcd the objects of his mission, took his de[»arture for I'Vanee in the autumu ol 1007. * Ki'liitioii of l(!tl7, p. -. t I'iirtieiilaily tUe system culloil Cuutinne id: I'lru. t . i 172 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1667. Note on the Enci.tsh Colonies. — In the toxt mention lias been made of somo comnuinications bttweon M. de Tracy and the English colonists on the iriidsnn. As Canada ^tow in population and resources it will be Heen that the interconnso with the noigliliouring iMiropcan colonies in- creased, and tliat the causes wliich liave been already referred to in this history brou.i^lit aliout unfriendly relations. It will be well, therefore, for the hjiirncr to beeonie acquainted with the following brief outline of the oriL'in and proirress of those other colonies up to the time when Do Tracy's mis.'-ion in (.';iii;n!:i eaiiie to an cud. Art early as! •'"(). J,im!(i, founded in the New World. In 1 (iOn, //( //;•// Ilii(hiu), in the Dutch si'rvict>, navi^'ated the lliuhitii liiro; which led to the fust Dutch scttlcmi!nts in New York, subsc(piently ceded to the English. In ]fi1 j and following years, settletnents began to be f, orine( 1 at \afious points iif the coa.st of New England. In l<>:2n, the PnritiiuK of i'ngland cstabli-hinl themselves on. the coast of MiiKunrlnDntt^i. In DI'J:], tlie eoluiiy o^ Nai: Jirxi ji was begun, but vaiioiis other st'ttieincnts were established, in- cluding thos(! in XciD Jldwpnii'n'i', Munjlioid, Vnninct'icttt, lihodc hln.id^ Vtviuunt, S'niidi Curollixi, and I\nii!ii/lran('ii. These (dlonics, dui'iiig a long ])eriod called by the English themselves the American '" riantatious," for the most ]>art increased much more lapidly than those nf l-'rince in ('anada and Acadia. They wore ruled by (lovcrnors and Couui'ils deriving their authorit}" from the sovercii,'ns of I'nglaiid, cither directly or indirc'.'tly, through corporations and leading per.-ons cmii'oyed to jiroinotc tlieii' settlement. At times, wlien war brola; out in lairopo between France and England, their respective colonies in America usually took jiart against each other. Thej' had. besides, local causes of ho.stility, growing out of jcalou-ji' and uestions aliout boundaries and tialKc with the Indian trib During ■ibout a century from the days of Do Tracy, the soldiers and sailors of tlh- two mother coimtricH were from time to time di.>patched to co-operate with their resjieetivc colonies against each other, until, in 17'I'f. the autho- rity of France iu North America was superseded by that of iMigland. 1667-72.1 M. DE COURCLLLE. 173 CHAPTER XVII. Ti[E GOVERNOR, DE COURCKI.LE— CAUSES OF TROUHLE AMONG THE INDIAN TUIIJE.S OF THE WEST— THE GOVEUNOll's EXI'KDITION TO THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE 0NTA15IO— UIX'A 1,1. OF DE C'OURCELLE — CHARACTER OF DE COLRCKM.E — DEATH OF MADAME DE LA PELTRIE AND OF MARIE DE L'INCARNATIuN — THEIR CHARACTERS — TALON — COLBERT. 124. ]\I. DE CouRCKLLE, wlio liad boon a]>])OHitod Gover- nor under De Tracy in IDO."), continued in ollico until tlie year 1(172. He was not only an in- trepid f^oldier but a man of remarkable SM*^;;city and, con- siderable aptitude for government. Under bim, and tbe in- A.i). 1G67 7J. defati,i;'able Intendant, Talon — wliom, liowever, tbe (gover- nor did not always sui)p()rt in ellbrts to furtber agrii'ullure and connnerce — tbe resources of tbe colony contiiuied to increase nqjidly. Courcelle was also strictly im})artial in administering^ justice, even in cases wben bis own com- patriots sullered severely l)y bis dcei>ioiis. ■ Tbe Indian tiibes eidertained a bir. DE COURCELI.E. I/:) De Coiircclle, however, contented himself with cansinj; an intimation to reach them to the effect that, unless they refrained from aggressions, he woukl lead an adequate force against them and deal with them as had heen done with the Mohawks a few years before. The astonished Senecas at once complied with all his demands, and thus De Courcelle, by his energy and forethought, maintained the prestige of the French and prevented the outbreak of a general war. The health of the Governor was injured by fatigue and by the hardships he encountered upon this his last expe- dition, and he demanded his recall. Accordingly, M. de Frontenac, one of the most remarkable men of those times, was appointed Governor by the court of France on the 7th April 1G72. On the l'2th of September following, De Courcelle, accompanied by the Intendant, Talon, embarked for France. 125. The character of Courcelle has been generally de- scribed in the pi'cceding article, lie was sincerely esteemed by tlie colonists, and his departiu'e, which occurred at a critical period, was much deplored. 12(j. The loss to the colony of two such faitbCul ]>ro- nioters of its interests as ]\I. de Courcelle and Talon had proved themselves to be, was all the more acutely lelt be- cause it followed closely upon the removid of two other persons, who, in another s[)here, had been its most constant and most zealous friends. The firr^t (^f these w;is Jfaihunc '/<; la PvUriv, who, more than tliiiiv vtars before, b;id C(»nie to found the Ursuline Convent at (\)ucber. inid wli(» i.s n'purtod to have bocn a lady of relino(l uiauuots and tastes, and of great personal beauty. The oppo.sition whiiib her reUi- tive.s in Fi-anoo made to her project Laa been adverted to in a former Dote (p. lUlJ). 1667-72.] INTENDANT TALOX. 17 in in, the lose iiur ■lous 10111- il a lliis the a to the •iilow Duors rola- irmer biiiklings, iiifeiJe and out. Slie was chai\:;cd with all the afFaii's of the convent. >She learned the two native lan- gunges, Huron and Algonquin. Slic composed, for the use of the Ursuline teachers, a dictionarv, sacred historv, catechism, and a collection of prayers in the Algonquin, as ■well as vocal)ularies and catecliisms in the Huron and Inxpiois languages. Her letters and meditations were jiriiited in France after her death." Her compositions an>l letters contained, from time to time, information rehitive to .the state and progress of the colony, including notices of the governors, nearly all of whom were in the hahit of paying vi.'^its of courtesy to the Superior of the Ursuline Convent. The virtues and character of the foundress, ]\[adaine dr la Peltrie, and of the first Superior of the institution, un- doubtedly exercised a i)owerful inlluence upon the disposi- tions and manners of the colonists — directly upon those oi the females, indirectly upon the inhabitants at large.'*" 1'27. Talon, who (piitted Canatla at tlie same time as Governor Courcelle, was a man of very great al)ilities, ami rendered great services to the colony. His ollice of Uoi/ il Inloiddiit placed him, under the constitution of 1(IG3, in cliarge of the police, finance, and administiation of justice. His letters and re[)orts to the French minister at Paris {(jJbcrl) furnish many instructive details respecting the coldiiy. Tliese prove that lie, like Ohamplain, saw clearly wiiat measures were rcipiisite for buildlug up llic colony on substantial foundations. He urged tiie milii.slei- to concern himself in promoting the welfare of Canada, by whicli, he said, he would consult his own glory. He advised freeing * Tlio " Jli.iliiiy of tho I ■rsiilinea uf f^Micbec " I'ui'iii.-lif.s lists of n.uuus ot' the girls educatcil there. From the eai'^y tl.iys ul' thu colony u[) to the lireseut, the establishment has been a principal means of eiUication to young women belonging to tho better classes of Bocicty in Canada. The t.st;ib!i.~htnent3 fuuuded by Madaim liourycuU performed the same oiliees iu MuutreaJ. M I ! ill i 17S HISTORY OF CANADA. [1667-72, the iiiliabitants from restrictions in roij^ard to commerce, c'sj)ecially from tlie linnds of commercial companies, wlio \voultl care only for tlieir own ,i^ains. lie devoted his attention to tlie most minute details relating; to ai^ricultnrc and to the industiial occupations of tlie colonists — of whom he ])oastful!y remarks, in one of liis letters, that his "{icasants of New France could clothe themselves from In-ad to foot with apparel cf their own nnmufaclure."'*' He encourii,<>;ed the manufaclure of salt and potash, and the biiiUlini;' of ships, and sent diiVorent kinds of wood and of extracts to France, to show that the King's dockyards could he su])plied from Canada. The cultiva- tion of flax and hemp was also promoted by him. Talon ])roposed expeditions for extending the boundaries of New France northward and westward, and which subsequently resulted in the discovery, by an overland route, of the North Sea {Ifmlsou's Boy), as also of the river ^Mississippi and its tributaries. Among other useful projects encouraged by the personal exertions of Talon, were the exploration and ojiening of mines as a source of in(histrial occu])ati(tn to the people and profit to the colony; but, although the iron of 'I'hiee liivers was abundant, of good qualily, and easily worked, many yeai'S elapsed before the sagacious Intendant's scheme met with anv favour in the mother countrv. Jle mv- jected better plans of dividing the country into fic/h or seigniories, and of providii]g for the peo})le the means of access to justice in all civil cases at little cost and witiiout delay or uncertainty. * Up to this period nearly .nil kinds of manufiicturcs wore forbidden in the colony, and the inliabitiiuts rcqnired to depend almost exclusively npon articles, even of clothing and for domestic use, imported from France. About this time s(mie of the restrictioiii, relative to iinen and fabrics of other maturiala were removed. aial Di; of hrec 'ine |11'0- |s or isol iiout hi 111 |upou \nce. 2S of ir,67. CHARACTER OF TALON. 179 Talon has been stvleci the Colbert of Canada. CoUtcrf was the most enlii;lileued statesman of France at that period, and comhined uilhiii liimself most of the qualilications of his predecessors, Jiivhdieu and Mamnn, the chief ad- visers of Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. He was disi inny was hnally seyered from the mother I'luntry. Even the warlike disposition which tlu; French Canadians dis])laycd subsecpiently to his days was mainly sustained bv the arrangements introduced ))y Talon, and which seemed a succession of military Seignieurs— those "1 Portneuf, l>ecancour, Sorel, Chambly, and others — whose names: are noted in the struggles of the colony. To what lias already l)eeu said in commendation of this remarkable luan, it may bo added, that lie was wellvei'sed in ])hiloso[)hy and learning, and that he was loyal anil honest. Had his suc- ffssors been equally gifted and capable, as well as e(pially liouourable in the management of atfaii's contided to them ii^ lutendants, it may be conjectured that the resources and progress of the colony in all res[)ects would have been yery imicli greater than they were found to bo at the close of '"Hillier century. Kot long after Talons departure for I'lauce, where he continued to promote the interests of ■I i-^o HISTORY OF CANADA. [i6^; Canndn, liis noi)]icw, M. Pcrrot, became Governor or Coin- ujanilaut of the Island of IMontreal. Tlie colony, under tlie auspices of M. de Courcelle, and especially of Talon, had made very considerable proc;i\'>s. Between the years 1GG.5 and 1070, the Euro[)ean populaticn had increased from about three thousand to upwards (.t .six tliousiind souls.* Talon had ,i;one on a visit to France in IGGS. nnd when he returned in 1G70 lie had brouglit out six liecollets, whose .arrival occasioned great joy anion^' the peoj)le, witli wlioni the religious persons of that order were fjivciuriles. j\Ianv ircntlemen, also, "with ofiicers and soldiers of the Cari^nan Ke^'iment, came in the same ye;tr to occupy sei<^qiiories and lands granted to them on tlie banks of the St Lawrence. There were at this time more Ihnn a hundred scholars taught by the Jesuits in their colleg(} at. (Quebec, including both French and Indians.f Quebec had already begun to be styled a cllij, includin;' numerous religious ediliccs, as well as groui)s of houses vi stone and wood occupied by the Fi-ench, and the cabins or wigwaius of Indians, X located within reach of protection from the principal structure, Fort St Louis. In Vill" * In the year lt;7i)-71 the birtli.i of nearly seven Luudred infants wtiv regl.slei'etl at Qiubee. t As regards the results of efforts made tn train and instriict tlie ImXhv.x children, it is recorded tliat they -were, on the whole, nnsatisfactory. Tli" Jvhig of France ropealt'dly .sent outdireciion.s to s-pare no jtains in reducin,' the .•iavnge.s to the 1 ivnch habits iiud modes of lite ; but all that could 1a done, whether for children or adults, failed to effect any peimanent chair.' ' in their tastes and disposition, or t(j wean them from their preference fur forest life. Un the other hand, many French went to take up tLeir (luarters among thi' savages, and adoitteil their wild ways of living. i The Indians here referred to were mostly llurons, the relics of tlio dispersed Huron nation that had taken refuge in Quebec. About th' period indicated in the text they were all removed to lit Foi/e, westward of the city. Some years later, about 1 (J74 or lt)75, they were again roninvcii. and settled about nine miles north of the city at Lorctte, where their »li- scendauts are still to be ueen. anil ir/,7-72.] PROURESS OF THE COLONY. iSi ^lai'ie (jVIontrcal) there were about seven hundred Euro- jican inliabitants, and tlie place began to be hi Id out into streets \vilhin a spaee surrounded ])y a sort of wall and of quadrangular shape. M. I'errot, Talon's nephew, liad been appointed Commandant by the Semi- nary of 8t Sul[)ice, who had jurisdiction over the Island oi 31(»ntreal. About tliis time a number of converted Iroquois mIgrat(Hl to Canada, and were located, at first, on lands at La Trairie. Subsequently, as it was found that the soil and aspect were unsuited to the cultivation of their principal article of food, ?7?.rff, the Cos^:;^ek chief, said t'j I)r .lenner in 1814 — "Sir, you have extinguished the most pestileutial di-s- erder that ever appeared ou the banks of the Don." i '..■■>• wm m '"l!l'i'l iS: HISTORY OF CANADA. [iC67 i!^ aftonvards tlie Fctllenient at Sillcry was nearly depopulated, and Tadoiissac, for a time, quite deserted. It was also about tliis tiiuo that tlio Iroquois began to ostablisb, on a considerable seale, a regular trailic willi the northern and western Indians, iu such manner as to draw ofF the trade in sldns fi'din the route of the Lower St Lawrenee, and so as to make themselves the ehannel nf connnunicatiou wiih the traders of the KiiLilish colonics, who paid higher prices than the French. De Courcelle, foreseeing that Canadian commerce with the western tribes would be ruined in that way, undertook the expedition to the north shore of Ontario in order to menace the Seneca^, as has been already described. The same cause led that Governor to pi'ojcct the establishment of a fort and military station at Cnfaracoxi (Ki.nj.sfon), which was afterwards built by his successor, and called Fori Frontcnav. This proceeding, of course, displeased the ])eople of the cantons, as being calculated to defeat their plans, and to interce[)t the northern Indians bringing in the spoils of the chase. ■ * It was (luring tlie goveriior.sliip of Do Couredlo that Charles II. of Kni^'Iaiul gra!itL'eharui;e ol'the duties of hisolliee. Innnediately alter hia iiii'ival in 1 (IT'i, he took in hand the pi'oseeul inn of plans (Itvised i)y his predecessor De Coureelle, and by Talon. * In lt'i7t'. 'ii'iliT,'. wi'iM si'ii^. to Ki'iinti'nii: \n iiivtsstiLjato ]iarl it;iii(.'<'(if twoiity-i'.uir ihtsmus ell, , sell fruiri til" iiili.iliit'int.s ; Init lio was diivclfd, at, tin; saiin' tinier, not to hIImw tilt' action of the t'(!clc.'''isti(:iil .'mtlioritie.s to take tlic iilact; of tli') Kind's ill a malUT .statrd to lie one of policf. and of a civil natnro. ']'li,> ii.ajority of tlio twcniy-fonr jn'ivon.s d'Tlai'cd in favonf of cmuI inniiii,' the ti! 111(1 on til'' irronnd.-i of ncft'^-.sity, si in llici'w; ;■• all tin- f ralTK; of the In- il:aiH wonid l'o to tlio l'liij,diwh and huicli. .\ report, to this cd'cct \v;is iliawn U[) and .ti()ii was ri'lVricd to tlio .\rc'lil)i.>lioii of I'.iris and .'uiotluM' I ' li sia^ti(•. Tim iinal I'l'^ult was, tli it onlci-s wiTi' sent out to ('atiada |iioiiiliiiiii^' th" {'"rciii'li from carrying,' li(|iior to th'' woo(ls or to the lialti- tations of tin! Indians, I, aval coiild ill' rt no nniic, and afdr occiipyin'j: Irnis.'lf about two yr.u's in ■•ii'('oin|ilishing that nnicli, ho rt'turinil to l^n hoc, wlicr(> he and his clir;4y continued (stronuonsly to opiiosc tli.j jMiicticert of whit'li they had comiilaincd. :J I t : Si 186 TirSTORV OF CANADA. [16-2-S2 Tlio former bad, as already nientioncd, proposed the coii- structicni of fortifications at Cataracoiii. Fronteuac, per- ceiving the wisdom of that design, set about its execution. Batteaux, canoes, artillery, ammunition, and all requisite supplies were forwarded to the place in the summer of IGTii, aloni>- with four hundred men to construct the works and form the gai'rison of the post. In the course of a week the place was made fit for occupation, and about twenty acr^s of contiguous land enclosed for cultivation. The })lans for interce[)ting the traffic of the northern tribes included the building of a barque to navigate tiic lake, as well as the construction of another fort at Niagara. In these undertakings Frontenac had the aid of a very useful coadjutor, J/, la Salht.^' 132. Frontenac concerned himself in furthering another important project which had been recommended by ^1. Talon, namely, the exploration of the great river, which the Western Indians reported as running southward from the region of the great lakes. Louis Jolicl, an enterprising merchant of (Quebec, was deputed to conduct a party on this s('r\ ice. lie first wont, with five Frenchmen and v. ])riest named Jlarqucf/c, to j\Iichih')ii(i/iinac,-]' in December 107'2. Early in the spring they made for the country of the Illinois, and 2)assed by the way vi' Fox lliver and the ]yi.s('0)i.shi, into the ilZ/.s'smv)^^)/, which they reached on June 17, IGTo. They then descended the jMississi[)])i as far as the coniluence of the river ^iiiiUims^X but returned * Soo the skotch of tliis ciittTpri.siii}^ nian givi'ii in Artirlu 139. f Micliiliinakiiiao ;\i the slniit.s ItetwiH'U Lakes Mi('liit,'an aiul Hnrnn. ^;Tlu' iiiiiueiliato cause of thfir t\ii'aiiig back, al'tur going so far south iia to arrivo in lat. 3;J°, was thoir inability to niako any further use of Mar- (Hiettt's knowlodgo of the! Indian dialects, which had hitlicrto serveil their purposes in hohling intercourse with the scattered tribes along tln> banks of tlie river. The earlier French writers, Charlevoix, La Potherie, &n\, and their nuTuerous copyists, who have related the discovery of the Mississsippi, do- » ,»«i>*jli i — i'M i a i iJi'" 1G72-S2.] DISCOVr.RV OF THE Mississim. IS7 )(M' of ilS as lar- v.mI tin' icir to winter at St Francois Xarier, a Frencli iiiissionnrv station south of the " Bide ihc Puanls," on the west of Lake ]\Iichigan. Thus was made the first discovery l)y Europeans of (lie ^reat river Mississippi. Joliet separated from 3Iai(pictle in the spring of 1G74 , and, after an eventful and dangeions journey, in course of which, at the rapids ahove IMontreal, he lost his i)a])ers and almost his life, reached (^)uehe('. Kis report to Frontenac was transmiltfd to (Ailhert, to whom it was stated hy the Governor : " Tliis givat liver, which hears the name of CuUmi, IVom having- heen dis- covered Uitely in consequence of the orders iiivf.n hv vou. passes from heyond lakes Huron and j\Iichigan, and llows through Florida and ^lexico into the- sea, inter- ^:^■l'il)l! many interesting incidi'iits iMiiiu'cttMl n itli tin- [UMooediiiLrs of the intrt'iiiil exi'lorers. At iii>t tlioy had ;,uiili'.s to accoiniMiiy tiicni, hiit t!ir.-e soon dt'sertid, Icaxint; tiicui to pmcfid alono on their unknown (Miur.-o. Soon at'tor loacidni^ tlic ]\lissis,-i[i)d, they h>.st riii^ht ot ail traeisof human inhalutaiits, and lor a di.slance ot luaily iwo lomdicd mile- saw n.) signs of hiinianiiy. On leaving or.e paily of Indian-, \^ ii h wh^m tiicy spent six da^s, the iliief atdatdied to Mai'([Uette".s nock the head feallier.s of a pavtienhir hird, as a syndud of peace and safeguard aming the ninuths nf th^' Mis-ouri and < dii.i, ami dlli'T trilmtarios of the L'rcat river, thev eanie to le'doiis wle I'e thei'e wa- ,1 'iisihle cliai lU'e ot I'limate, T liries disajipeai-ed, and were n ailil oilier le .MIU \\a,-. in.-ll|ilnil tal, thi'ii' sullerin; OeiliL hy forests of walnuts. They found abumlanee of wiitl ri llowers. hut the' heat He' iku th, ohsurving, as they readied hit. GS", regions of iiieoin[iarablo heaniy and fertility, and the prairies eovt-rcd \vith hullaloes ami deer, along with iu* nutuorablc ycoso, diiuka, aud wild-fowl. \ 1' I 11 : ! 1 88 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1672-S2. sootin^G^ tlie most beaiUilul region that is to bo seen in the About eiirht vcars after the discovery, La Salle com- ])!eted the work of Joliet and ]\Iar(j[uette by navigating llie j\Iississi|)pi all the way down to its entrance into the Gulf of jMexico. 133. Diu'ing the administration of Frontenac, although the cdony eujoyc'd a continuance of repose from actual warfare with its ancient enemies the Jr()qu(»is, yd there were frequent occasions when p(nice came into jeopardy, Tiie Five Nations kept u[) hostilities with other triljes to the south and west, and in the latter direction made themselves felt as far as the river Mississippi. The Illinois and ]\Iiamis, and some wandering bands of Ottawas and other nations, although known to be friends and allies of the French, were continually attacked by the Iro(pi(iis. The latter were also dis])l(>ased by the erection of Foi'ts Fron- tenac, Niagara, and of others farlhcr west, at which the indefatigable lia Salle had established trading ])0sts. In consequence many negiili;iti(»ns occurred between Frontenac and the Iroquois, who displnyed a, growing indiilerence to the maintenance of amity with tlie French. In the meantime, (Jaraconthio, the great friend of tli.' I'rench, died in IGTT, and his loss increased the danger of a rupture. At length Fi'ontenae Invited (ho Iroquois to send depu- ties to Calai'acoui to arrange all diflicullies, The savages demanded that the meetiiig should tal^c place at Clionagcii (Oswego). The (bn-ernor refused to accetle to this pro- posal, and, when the Jro((uois subseqncntly expressed their willingness to come to Cataracoui, Frontenac haughtily declared that he would go no farther to meet them than ]\rontreal. In the eiul, the Governor's firnmess prevailed, and a great meeting was held at Montreal in IGSO. On M ii'ummiiMW'^* I672-S2.] rROCEEDIXGS OF LA SALLE. 1S9 1 10 this occasion tlie brilliant qnalities of the Governor afforded much delii^'lit to tlic barbarian negotiators. lie appeared before them with great pomp, and, seizing the liatehets from the hands of the Iroquois, thr.'W them into the river, exclaiming, that nut only the ITnrons and Algonquins, ])ut also the Ottawas, Illinois, and ^liamis. wt/re his chil- dren, and under French protection, i'rok'ssions of uniity uere made, but the Iroquois, alihi)Ugh willing to yield to the Governor's wishes in other respects, would not accede to his deniiuid for the discontinuance of all lioslilities against the Illinois. The relations between the cantons and the French colony remained on the same uncertain footing u[) to the time of Frontenac's recall in 1(;82. 13-b The ll'r.sf JmJuiii Coniimhtj had already been de- ])rived of its privileges in Canada ahont^ tlie year h'u'). I^a (Salle, who was deputed, in I(J77, to visit i'^rance, to i)roeure authority for prosecuting the ex[)lorations of Joliet and Marquette, received a grant of }>o\\'ers as S' njn'tcur over a considerable tract, including Fort- Fj'ontenae, juid soiiie islands on the lake. In return, he was to ei'cet stone walls and i'ortilications in i)lace of tlie wooilen ones, anil to main- tain the gan'ison ther(\ ]ja Salle also eslablishcd miiny other foi'ts and trading })osts, comprehending tlii>>e at Lt '/o-si j)/t, togetlua- willi i''ort ('i'fr< <(,/i,\ among tlie Illinois, and some othei^. At iH're Were manv Fi'eneh traders distributed among tln' tiihrs in various directions to whom the extslriic(> of these military and trading posts was iiighly uselhl as a source of protection. Jt was customary then for the (Governor to issuc^ what were called " cony'fi," permitting their owners to carry articles of connnerce amongst the Indian tribes for the purpose of bartering for skins. But the class of French traders. r H 1, i I'll' 190 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1672-S2, Iniown as tlio '' Cn)ir<')ii's cJcs Jjoi-s"* had become very muiierons, exceed i 11;^;, it is said, five Imndred — more tlian oiie-tweiitietli of the eiitii'e European population. It ^vas tlierefore determined to enforce more .strictly tlie law whieli ])rohil)ited the ahseiice of a Frenchman in the woods longer tlian twenty-four houi's without the ex[)ress ])ei'mission of the (Governor. Ihit the pi'actice which it was desired to counteract was scnrcely alfected. 1.']."). ^Meanwhile the dissensions described in the secouil article of this chapter not only continued, but attained a pitch that seemed to render concord among the chief authorities of the colony im[)ossible.t To put an end to tliis state of things, the court of France recalled both (Jovei'iinr and Intendant, and appointed as successors il/. dc la lUirrv and M. do J/n/Jhs in ICS-J. 13(>. The year liefore Front enac's I'ecall, the totnl })opu- latlon of the colonv, accoi'diiiir to the census tahen, was about ten thousand, of whom about two tiiousand were al)le to bear ai'nis,'; At the same time thei'e were about twentv- two thousand acres of land under cultivation. The airri- cultural pi'o[)erty of the colonists comprised seven thousand * They ciiiii-istoil, fnr tlio iiii'^t I''"''- <'f y'>nii^; and vigonms iiu-n, \\h> fiiiployt'il tlu'iiiselvi'.s in ]uii'.'traliiii^ aunniijst ri'inntc tiiln's of iinlians fur till' |iiirp()si.',s of trallii'. ]\I,uiy vi tlitiui oarricd thu ^killi^ obtained to ♦:lie >yi'\v iMiuland cnliiuit's, wliiTc they ifccivod urici's twciityfuld tlu^so jiro- ciiralilo at till' I'Vciu'li .■stations. TIk' means of rootrainiiig ami jniiiisliiiiL,' i\ni courmrtf inK /. /.s Incanic !v f^iibjict of oonlruvi'isy amongst the meui- bors (if 1' .' '■ • r.id. !- ; \y ■ .1".':'J «if his adMiinislralioti, FiMntciiac's ovci'laMrinj; C('' . 1 ''.iit "<• chii'f tniMiibers nf tho ('t)uncil became intolerable. Acriiii' i.:i»i.r' ; >h tidns oceunvd, Tlio lntendant'.s son, a youth ot' HOVenteMii^ v,H '•:!!<' isoned for conijilaining that the Ooveiimr had struek him. tMio of the oilleial.-j, on refu.siiif^ to sign tho minntef; of a meeting, was tannted and threatened byiho eiovernor, who rudely jnvvented him from leaving the apartment in whieh tho councillors had assembled. t Tho population of tho Ihmlisli colonies was far more numerous, and iuchided at least thirty-live thousand men able to bear arms. 1672-! liorn( hun( colon and lifty IP- by wl destn .3^ 1672-82]. rXCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS. liorncd cattle, about eighty horses, and upwards of six liiindred sheep and goats. The annual exports of tlie eok)ny were wortli ahdut three liundrcd thousand francs, nnd the government expenditure about three hun(h'ed and lifty tliousand. 137. In tlie vear 1(582 a great fire occurred at ( Quebec, bv which nearly all the buildings of the lower town were destroyed. 138. The ecclesiastical affairs of the colony had, soni(> years before the recall of Frontenac. been placed on a more definite footing. In 1G74, M. Laval was installed as the iirst Bishop of Quebec. With the increase of the [)opula- lion and of the settlements on the banks of the St Lawrence, the number of regular priests and of }>arishes was aui mented in proportion. Bishop Laval, altliough a man of ^rent zeal in the cause of religion, and eai-nestly desirous of promoting the establishment of an eilieient church sys- tem in the colony, was of an arbitrary and intolerant dis- jiosition in his manner of dealing wl;h those who op])osL'd or thwarted his plans. With res[)ect to tlu.' establishment (if parishes and the appointment thereto of cuic's, or jiarish priests, an ordinance of the court of France retjuired that the positions of these ecclesiastics shouM be pcM-manent — so tliat the Bishop was allowed to appoint, but not to "emove ei- dis[>lace them. In order to neutralise this resti'ii'tion. wliieh the Bishop esteemed inconsistent with the pioper iiilministration of ecclesiastical aflairs. it was an'angci'. that in the case of every appointment the eui'i' sliouhl enter info •I written agreement, one sti[>ulation of which provideil that at the end of certain periods tlie engagement slionid tvaso or bo renewed as might seem l)(\st. Tlius tlie irrevi c- ahlu nature of the ofFice of parish priest was antici|)ated. One of the most vexatious causes of trouble to the haughty 'Spirit of Laval was a controversy which arose between him 192 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1672-S2. ! M and tlio Ticcolk'ts. These, as lias been stated, were aij;ain introduced into tlie colony by Talon in 1G78. They were rephiced on the lands Ibrnierly occupied by them near Quebec, on tlie banks of the St Charles, where they built a monastery, named " Notre Dame do St Anges." Desirini; I0 have a looting within the city limits, Laval permitted them to erect an hospital in the Ujiper Town, but expressly forbade their opening a public place of worship, on the ground that the citizens, less than live thousand in num- ber, were already sufliciently provided for in the churches of the ]Iotel Dieu, the Ursulines, and the Jesuits, and in the Cathedral. The EecoUets, taking advantage of the pretext that a chapel was needed for the use of the sick, added a place of worship. One of their order hai)pening to die, they made arrangements for his burial in their chapiel, and for a public funeral. L;ival prohibited these pro- ceedings, od'ering the Cathedi'al for the burial-service and the interment. The llecollets proved refractory, and in si)ite of the l]isho})'s prohibition and subsequent interdict, celebrated the obsequies of their deceased brother jjuldicly in their own chapel, with great pomp, and amidst a large concourse of tlie citizens. Laval was deeplv chaQ'rineil at these occurrences, and wrote to the Su[)eriors of I ho llecoUets at Paris, complaining of their contluct. ]lis dilii- culties with the (lovernor on the subject of the li(pior tnil'iic, and relative to the exercise of his functions in matters appertaining to the Supreme Council, together with his growing inlirmities, added to the other troubles which have been mentioned, caused Laval at length to apply to the King for a successor. 1311. During the period of Frontenac's administration, liobert hi Salle, a man of enterprising genius, who had come to Canada in IGGG, was busily active in extendi 11 !4' the outposts and inlluence of the French among the I iiT-iitJiOTiiiiWimnwwateWPga 1672-S2.] ROBERT LA SALLE. 19.3 western ti'il)cs. While in occiipalion of Fort Frontonac, as Commandant, lie had been vi.sited by Jolitt, on iiis way down to Quebec, when retnrniiig from his expedition to the Mississippi. La ^Salle's ardent imagination was excited by the report relative to the magniticeut valley of the great river, and he passed over to France to snbmit i)lans of coloni- sation to the French minister. Eeturning in .1(')7S, he enu- t;trnctecl a vessel and navigated Lake Erie, at the westi^'rn extremity of which he founded a station on llie site of the modern city IJdruit. Thence he passed through and named Lake St Clair ; and traversing Lake Iluruu, hounded a trad- ing post at jMichilimakinac (IStraits of Makinaw). EnU'ring Lake jMichigan, he sailed across to the Jidic da ruditts (Green Lay), from which lie proceeded southward to the river St Joseph, on the banks of which he established ]'\al I\[iamis. U[)(»n the site of modern Chicago, and at other places among the Illinois Lidians, he also Ibunded trading posts. Li the following year, IGSii, La Salle conducted an expedition to the Mississip[)i, down which he descended to the sea. lie formally claimed the entire valley of the great river for the King of France, in honour of whom he con- ferred ii[)on it the name of Luuidiana.''' * At'tcr l''niutcuao'rf dip.uturc, La Sallu inciirroj tlie di.spk'a.suro vt the Uoviinmr, M. do la Larre, by whom ho was accii.->e 1 of (iL-tMsinuiiig tmuhlfs with the wontern tribes. La Salle jici-i.^hwl kduh! tiiuo at'lirwai'tls (in liiu biirhiy of 10S7), in cuuiac uf atteiniit-s to coluui.-o thr valloy cf the Missis- .sii>pi, near it.-s )nouth3. Uu hi.-s voyago dcwii thi^ ^lissis,-^i[i[a hu wns accuiiiiianiod liy a llucoUet priest, naiued //utinjjiii, who wroti; an account »if the undertaking. The dute of La Salle's iirsit arrival ou tUo Misai.'s.sipiii from Canada wad I'cbruary '2, lQb'2. ll 111 H 194 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1672-S2. CHxVPTEPw XIX. FROXTEXACS ^UCCFPSOR?!, M. DE L,\ BARnR AND M DE DEXONVILLB — i)i: LA uarhe's abortivk i:xri:i)]Tiox against the iroqiiois — HIS RECALL— BISHOP LAVAL's SUCCESSOR, M. DE ST VALLIER — THE ENGLISH INTJIKIUES WITH THE IROQUOIS — DENONVILLF/S EXREUITION Aam;te»i^mammi 1672-82.] BE DEXONVILLE. 197 1 10. Do Dcnonvillo bronglit ont instrnctions Kiniilnr to iliosc f/iVQu to liis predecessors relative to tlio Ccinndiaii ln(]iaiis. lie 'svas to see lliat \]v'j were led to abandon savage life and adopt Freneli ni.inners and cnstonis. lie was to support and defend the Freneli allies in the west, and to cai'iy tlie war into the territory of the Irocpiois. if, by so d'HiiLc, he could humiliate them and secure the Illinois, 3Iiamis, and Oltawas. 147. Denonville, after being a. short time in the colony, saw that it was impossible to convert the Ilnrons and Al- gonquins into civilised beings, and he reported that '' the savages who ai)])roach us do not become French; but the French who associate wiili the Indians l)ecome savages." He found that the English colonists intriirued with the Iroquois, sustaining and encouraging them in acts of hostility tow.ards the French. French refugees also weu cncourag .'d to come to New Yoi-k, and were em[)loyed as guides to lead English merchants into the Indian settle- ments on the borders of the great lakes. The Iroquois also behaved with great insolence towards the French, slaugh- tering their alhes and pillaging their ti'aders. Colonel Dongan advised the Iroquois not to visit the French sta- tions for the purposes of traffic, and directed that ell'orts be made to conciliate the Canadian Indians bv restoi'iug to tiiem their prisoners, and also that tlie Iroquois at 8fc Louis should be solicited to return to tlie cantons. Under these circumstances, the Governor saw tliat war was in- evitable, and made his preparations accoi'(lIngly during the years IGS.") and IGSG. The arrival of eight hundred recruits from France, in addition to about six hundred furnished to the colony during the time of ^l. do la I3ai're, at length enabled Denonville to mature his plans. 148. In the spring of 1GS7, the Governor a.'Jscmbled at Montreal a force consisting of one thousand militia, eight mttt-iffiiB b u ia 198 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1672-82. linndred rc:!:nlars, and about three hundred Iiidians, llurons, Al^^oiupiins, Ahenaqiiis, and Iroquois of Sanlt !St Louis. lie caused a large uumher of Iroquois chiefs and warriors to be enticed to Fort Yv( .itenac, and there seized and placed in confinement. Thence tliey were f-ent to France to \vork in the Kinir's Lralleys. T(> acconi])li^h tliis act of treachery, he cni[)loyed the services of two Jesuit priests, who unwittingly co-operated in the design * Moving up the St Lawrence with his army, Denonvillc crossed Lake Ontario to the south slnre, where he con- structed a small stone fort near the mouth of the river GencsHCi' to serve as a 'protection for the boats and batteaux of the expedition, and a place of refngo in case of disaster. Four hundred men were left to guard the post. Thence he marched towards the settlements of the Senecas. About the middle of July, a conflict took place between the French and about eiiiht huiidred Senecas advanta2:e- ously ])Osted, by whom the western allies woi'o sj dily pat to liight and some disorder occasioned in the runks of the regulars. Eventually the victory was gained by the French with a loss of six killed and twenty Avounded. The Senecas retired into the forest, and Denonvillc wiih his army moved upon, their nearest bourgade. After a slight skirmish the pe(^ple of the village set lire to their own habitations, and then betook themselves to the woods. No less than four hundred thousand bushels of Indian corn were ibund and destroyed, besides a large number of hogs. The destruction of the provisions and growing crimps of the Senecas occu[)ied about ten days. At the eml of this time, Denonvillc judged it expedient to retire, as there was no enemy to fight, imd as the troops were attacked by *■ Tho Governor hail root'ivLvl instruction-^ from tlio court of I'^-ancu to Bolect roljuat nion from ;uuon^'-;t Lis Iroi^uois prisoucrs to be scut homo to mau tlic King'd galle^-s. 1672-S2.] FORT NIAGARA. 199 cl^'pcnteiy. The Scnccas also caused it to be intimated to liiin tliat they ■would 1,^0 to attack the French isettlenieuts, then defenceless, owing to the absence of mo>t of the male inhabitants capable of bearing arms. The army, there- fore, retreated to Fort ISable, where the boats had been left. On crossing the lake, the whole force passed to its western extremity, where, near to the Falls of Niagara, on the right bank of the river, a fort was f[uiekly constructed and garrisoned bv one hundred men* Tlio effects of this campaign were disastrous to the Senecas, who were rednced to about one-half their former number hy famine and disease consequent U})on the destruction of their habitations, property, and provisions. At the same time, the attack upon and discomfiture of the ►^enccas disarranged, for a season, the plans and specrda- tions of the English traders amongst the western tribes. But the more inuuedialely beneiieial elfects to the French were soon afterwards neutralised by renewed incursions on tlie part of the Iroquois, who endeavoured to revenge themselves by invaeling the colony and ravaging the country around Fort Chambly and along the banks of the liiehelieu. For the defence of the colonists from these assaults, a body of one hundred and twenty courcurs dv.s l/oi.s was * The garrUou Mas placed uinler Uic ooinmaml of an oirit'or iiamcil Dc Tro>/is. It liaiiiieued that the jilaco wua fiinii.-Iicd with dauiau'ed jno- vision?, which occasioned dvsoiiturv and scurvy, m that tlic cnmiuaiiihuit and nearly all his men perhshcd. 'J'ho cafecldcd ronuianl ulianduurd tho fort, much to the Covornor'.s cha'.';riii, when ho perceived that hiri hchenio luul failed. His plan had hecn to istahlish a chain of fiirliliod po.sl.s, hc- ginninc: with Fort Frontenac, and txlcndin.;' all the way to the country of the Illinois. Fort Niagara was the second of these posts ; then came Dulaili, at the month of the Detroit Uiver, MkhUiiuitkUnW, l^f, Joscp/i, and ^Y LoHis, on the Illinois l»iver. The failure at Niai;'ara cndan^^ered the whole system. m i ■" \i ?'■ -■■^^mm, j.i .A 11 II )iiij^»mipp^ iZOO HISTORY OF CANADA. [1672-82. armod and placed under il/. (?e Vaudrcuil ; while on the Island of ]\lontreal, where M. Oc Ccdlierc was then com- mandant, twenty small forts were constructed for the in- hahitants to retire mto for shelter 011 the approach of their merciless enemies. 141). jMcanwhile, James II., who then sat on tiio throne of England, and Louis XIV. of Fi'ance, by mutual .Mgreement, sent secret orders to their representatives in America to abstain from hostilities. Denonville, in reply, sent word to the French minister that it was important to continue the war with the Iroquois, and demanded a rein- forcement of eight hundred soldiers, with one hundred and fifty labourers. The French minister informed Denon- ville that the King had need of his soldiers elsewhere, and, as only three hundred men could be spared, counselled him to mahe peace with the Iroquois on almost any terms. In consequence, several Iroquois negotiators' were invited to come to j\bintreal in June 1G88 to treat of [)eaco. These demanded the demolition of Fort Niagara, and the restoration of the prisoners who had been so dishonourably seized and sent to France. To the former of these condi- tions the Governor willingly acceded, as he could not •isoners carried 1' V oft', he slated that he had already wiillen to the court requesting th;it they should be sent back. The result was a dubious state of peace. The chief of the Fnglish colo- nies, Sir Edmoivl Andms^ successor of Dongan, denied (he right of the Ire(piois to enter into treaty with the French, unless the terms were sanctioned by the King of England ; while the French, denying the sovereignty of the English over the cantons, sought to conclude a separate peace. Again, almost at the very time when Denonvillo was negotiating with the Iroquois chiefs, the English Governor, resenting the attacks of the Abenaquls both on tfBMI Mi 1672 -82.] CONDITION OF THE COLONY. 201 llie Iroquois bands on llie rticliclicu and on tlio English scitlcments, marched v/illi a force of seven hundred men, smd devastated tlio settlements of tli(3 French allies, in- ilictini^ severe chastisement on the Ahen.'Uinis. liA). The years ](;88-81) proved disasti'ous and almost fatal to the French colonv, now numberinij: nearlv twelve thousand souls. In the lirst place, the Inxjuois were stimulated by the advice and the im[)ortunilies of the Eiiirlish colonists to cist oit'their obliu:ations biudiiiLf them to keep peace with the French. (Secondly, the treachery or duplicity of an iutlucntial Huron chief, named Kondin- ronk^ caused the French to l)e suspecleil ol jjad faith. This savage was celebrated for his prowess in war, and for his elo(|uence and address, which <;'ave him immense in- iluence amongst his own peo[)le. He attacked ;hu1 slaugh- tered the Iroquois when the supposed peace subsisted, nnd then jnvtended that the Fjvnch had induced him, releasing at the same time the ca[)tives taken, and ])rofess- ing a desire for amity between the Iroquois and Jlurons. Under such circumstances, the Iroquois resumed hostili- ties, animated by an ardent d(^sire to wreak vengeance iqH)n the French on account of their supposed double dealing, !is well as tlio retention of their cliii'ls who had heen sent to France, and the late destructive Fi'eneh in- cursion upon the Senecas. Then the troubles of the un- fortunate colonists were u'l-ievouslv inei eas^'d bvd iseasc, u\ the forms of small-po.\, dysenteiy, scurvy, and fevei', by which tliev were adlieti'd to such an extent that about fourteen hundred persons perishetl dui'ing a single y(\ai'. Added to these causes of sul'feihig was tlie I'efusal or inability of the mother country to all'ord sneeonr to the colonists. * Nirkiianicd by (he French " l.c Hut," llo was stylcil liy Cliarlcvoix., the ablest uiiil most morilorious siivaijo tlie Fronoli bail known iti Caiuidu. ^'1^; ii 202 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1672-S2. 1.51. In tlie year IGSl), tlie Iroquois made a fearful on- slaup,Ut upon tlie Island of Montreal with fourteen hundred warriors. The niirlit of the 4th of Auiifust was sip-nalised by an attack upon the dwellinj^s of the inhabitants and ^settlements on the borders of the ISault St Louis, of whom several hundreds were ruthlessly killed and made cajitives. Shocking barbarities were perpetrated on this occasion, which is known in Canadian history as the " Massacre of Lachine." One French writer, in allusion to the cruelties of the Iroquois, says of them, that ^^ ilioj surpassed ntcmsdvcs!' Within the brief space of one hour about two hundred persons were cruelly butchered, and about the same num- ber cari'ied off to be sul)jected to captivity and torture. The whole island, excepting the fortified posts into which the soldiers and colonists threw themselves for protection, and out of which they dared not move, continued in the occupation of the Iroquois more than two months. In one of the posts, named Fort liohnd, M. do Vaudreuil remained shut up with a considerable garrison, under strict orders from the commandant, M. do Callicrc, not to quit the defences under any pretext or provocation. In conse 204 HISTORY OF CANADxV. [1672-S3. u America, accessible at all sonsons of the year, aiKl of a region possessing a fine climate and fertile lands, which the English themselves conqnered from the Dutch." The French King and his ministers approved of the plans sub- mitted to them ; and the divisions subsisting among the English colonists, in consequence of the haughty conduct of Governor Andros, as well as the animosities prevailing between the parties who quarrelled about the rival preten- sions of James IT. ;unl King William III., nppeared to render the oppoi Vi ^."avonrable one. Nothing, how- ever, was done towavf. ; c , v mg those plans into execution, because the Erench Ooui't would not, or could not, spare the necessary men an.... ;•, 'jr-s, .uoi-eover, a state of open war between France and England did not exist at that moment,"' notwithstanding the undisguised intention of Louis XIV. to su})[)i)rt the pretensions of the exiled James IT. I)e Calliore, who had gone to France to advocate in person the designs which have been described, returneil, after his fruitless endeavour, to the colonv, with a small reinforcement of men nnd provisions. The country became more and more alHicted wltli its troubles, and absolute ruin seeme(l imminent. The jniimositv of the English colonists was naturally augmented when they became acquainted with the Fivncli designs, and thev redoubled their etforts to injure Canada, and to restrain the Iroquois from listenin;^ to any terms of accommodation.*!* In fact, tlie English, * W'lw w;».s (loclaroil soon aftorward.s, in ^Muy 1i'<^'^. The expulsion of Janu's from J'ji'j,'laii(l, and tlio liovohiLiun wliicli placed William on tho throne, oeiMirred in l^iSS. i* The Iro(]noi.s M'ero not entirety f?ati>jficd wltli tlieir Kncrlisli allic, on account of tiieir claiming' soverei^Mity over tlic cantons. These l)arharians (kfiired (0 be inilopendent of botii partic^^, Mnglish and French, and wero oven (lispo.-ed lo come to terms with tlio latter rattier tlian admit tiicir fiulijection to tliO former, beinij all tho time solicited by the French mis- 1672-S2.] RETURN OF COUNT FRONTKNAC. 205 arrivin2^ at the same conclusion as tlic French, namclv, that the rival colonies coukl not exist and thrive in the pre- sence of eacli other, became earnest in devising projects for makinuj themselves entire nrasters of the countrv. When war was declared in Europe, active preparations were com- menced by the English colonists for eftecting a conquest (jf the French colony, as complete as had been made about sixty years before, in its ini'ant condition, under its first Governor, Champlain. Tims afUicted at home, and menaced abroad, tlie doom of Canada seemed certain, when tlie reappointment of Frontenac to the governorship infused new lite and vigour into the French councils. The gallant but unsuccessful D'^nonville was recalled to occupy a post at court in his native land.* His successor, Frontenac, arrived at (Quebec on the l;"3tli October IGS'J, and entered upon his second administration amidst the universal rejoicings of the in- habitants of that city. all it. nrs if.. -. i I fciiiiiai'ifd amongst thoiu to make peace. But the noighbourliood of tlic Kiiuli.-rli colonists, a;s well as their superior strength and niu. .ers, and the greater advantages derivable from trallu: at New York, iudueed the Iro(|uois to refuf^e tlic overliire.s of the French. ' l)enonville".s character was that of a brave and honest man. He had seen luiieii military service. He has been blamed fur entering unneces- tfarily upon hostilities against the Iro(piois, whom, by so doing, and liy tlio in;i)iiicr in which their chiefs were seized and sent to serve in the Frcneli galleys, lie converted from dinibtful and troublesome neighbours into open ami iu'plaealile foes. He also failed to complele I lie eliastisemeut of the Iroquois when his successes against the Senccas i)laced that in his i)ower ; anil is further censin-ed for establishing tlie outpost at Niagara, 'whieh lie cuuld nut sustain, and which was a standing ullence tu the Irocpiois. Other grave errors are cited against iiis administration by French writers. Oa theotlier hand, his earnest and industrious eflbrts to promote the wclfaro of the eolony, seem to liavc been of little account in the face of tlio overwhelming dillieultiea in wliieh it was phmged. Denonville's in- terest in the colony did uot ccuso ou his rotiremciit from the governor- bhip, 206 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1GS9-90. CHAPTER XX. FROXTEN'ACS ACTIVITY AND MEASURES FOR THE RELIEF OF THE COLONY — rORT FI^)NTEXAC — INDIAN CRUELTIES ON IJOTH SIDES — PLANS OF JI. I)E CALLIERE— FRONTENAC'S EFFORTS TO DETACH AND CONCILIATE lilE IROQUOIS — THREE INVASIONS OF THE TERRITORY (JF THE ENGLISH COLONISTS ORCANISl'.D V>Y TIIi: (JOVERNOR — DETAILS x\.ND RESULTS — EXPEDITION TO MICHILI- :MAKINAC— CONTINUED ATTACKS OF THE IROQUOIS— FRONTENAC and thi; indians at 510ntrkal — advance of a naval forli: to assault queeeu — frontenac's enerojitic meascres uk dkfenci; — sicinal defeat of the invaders p.efore queijix'— d'iherville. 15;"). As tlio critical condition of affairs admitted of no delay, Frontcnac, three or four days after his arrival, has- tened to Montreal, in order to further the measures neces- sary for the relief of tlie colony. In spite of his advanced age he displayed a Avonderful energy and activity. Having learned that, in addition to the evacuation of Fort Niagara, the lato Governor had ordered the demolition of Fort Frontenac, he caused the instant equipment of twenty-livo canoes, ^vi1ll provisions and ammunition, which, with an escort (»f three hundred men, were intended to succour the latter post. Emissaries were sent forward bearing infor- mation of the reinforcement, and in the hope that it miglit not be too late to prevent Denonville's orders from being carried into effect. To Frontenac's great chagrin, M. do Varennes, the commandant of Fort Frontenac, arrived at Lachine with his garrison just as these succours were about to depart. Ho had destroyed the defences, ammunition, and pro\ isions, to prevent the Iroquois from profiting by iGSq-Qo.] FROXTEXACE'S MEASURES. 207 tlicin on tlic cvacuotion of the post by tlie Froncli. T'no Governor'^ annoyance wns increased by receiving news of the massacre of twenty Fi-enclnnon, wlio fell a sacrifice to one of the bands of Iroqnois then on the island. Piosolving, however, to reoccnpy the aljandoned fort on Lake Ontario as early as possible, and providing, as well as circnnistances permitted, for the immediate safety of jMontreal, Frontenac retnrned to Qnebec, to mature and carry into execution his plans for dealing with the Iroquois, and for retaliating upon the English colonists. His pro- jects embraced the twofold purpose of detaching or concili- ating the Iroquois, and of organising incursions into the New England settlements. 1;')G. In order to gain over the Iroquois, Frontenac sent messengers to the cantons, inviting them to depute nego- tiators, and announcing to them the return of the cai)tivo warriors from France. He had brought these out with him. On the passage across the Atlantic ho liad employed K opportunities of exercising personal interest, with such success, that ho insinuated liimself completely into their good graces. One of their number, Oourcoupare, a chief of the Cayugas, became much attached to Frontenac, and was, subsequently, a useful and inlluential mediator between him and the people of the cantons. The Governor considered it the more necessarv to come to terms with the Iroquois, as intelligence had reached him from the West, to the effect that the Ottawas mid olher Western tribes w'cre on the point of abandoning the French cause, to enter into alliances with the cantons and tho English. But in order to recover prestige amongst the savages generally, both friends and foes, it was indispen- sable for the French to exhii)it some practical proofs of tlieir military prowess, and to show that their late disasters had not extinguished their courage or destroyed their 20S HISTORY OF CANADA. [16S9-90, ability to fii^-lit tlieir European adversaries. This object also received the Governor's prompt attention* and was prosecuted in a manner as relentless as liad been the recent incursions by the Irorpiois into the French territory. 157. As has been already indicated, the case of the colony admitted of no delay in the execution of measures for restoriniir its fortunes. Accordini:;lv, as soon as the Iro(ju()is bands had withdrawn for tlie winter to their own quarters in the cantons, the Governor caused three bodies of French Canadians and savages to be e(piii)ped at ]\Iontreal, Three llivers, and Quebec, which were destined to leave their respective stations simultaneously, and, by three dif- ferent routes, to penetrate into the New England teri'itory. In spite of the snow and the rigorous weather — for the time of departure was the very coldest season of the year — and regardless of the distances to be travelled, as well as the scarcity of j)rovisions, more especially among their Indian auxiliaries, each of the three parties started on its murderous adventure about the end of January. The division from Montreal, consistini*; of two hundred French Canadians and Indians, made for the Dutch and Ent>'lish settlements on the lUver Hudson. Tassing ou snowshoes across the intervening forests, rivers, and lakes, on Saturday the 18th February IGOO, they came int(-) the vicinity of Corliier (ScJicncctadij) , then occupied by about eighty families, chiefly of Dutch descent. The town was surrounded by a high fence or palisade, having gatc- wavs on the north and south sides. The invaders arranged their plans for penetrating tlu'ougli the northern entrance, and for commencing a general assault at two o'clock on the morning of the 19th. But, stinuilatcd by hunger and cold, tliey commenced the attack full three hours before the ap- pointed time. The inhabitants were buried in sleep, having retired wholly unconscious of the vicinity of their merciless ^Y;lS '•ale- red o nice, tlio jold, liless 16S9-90.] MASSACRE OF SCIIEXrXTADV. 209 foes. The French and Indians, mectuig with no obstacle, penetrated witiiin the inclosnre, and spreadinj^ tln-ougliont the town, broke into the lioiises, and everywhere commenced an indiscriminate slaughter. In a short time neai'lv all the buildings were set on fire, about sixty persons ruthlessly put to death, and a like number taken prisoners. Amongst the latter there were found to be thirty Mohawlcs, hold in captivity, whom, after a hasty consultation, the Fi'ench leaders, from motives of policy, set at llljcrty. Having completed the terrible massacre, almost without resisinncc or loss to their own party, the French, with their Indian auxiliaries, at once retreated towards Canada. Encumbered by their booty, which included fifty horses and their pri- soners, the march homeward was slow, and the people from the nearest settlements assembled in pursuit .'uul cut oil' many stragglers. This unexpected blow inspired the in- habitants of Albany, and the peo2)le of the English colony generally, with ahirm, so that many with their families resolved upon removal to j\Ianhattan (New York) for safety. Tlie Iroquois, however, came lO the rescue, and iK^t only a.ssisted in the pursuit of the retreating invaders, ])ut also re-assured the colonists with promises of further aid, and of vengeance.'"' * The narrative given in the text difTers somewhat from the one in rrust'b"Iiiritory of the Uiiited Stati.'-," iiuolcd by ljoll,tlie traiir^hitor of Gar- iicau's lilstory : — " Tiie French Guvoniur, old Count dc FroiUfiiac, collectcil a hody of French and IndiaiiH, and di^jiatclicd them, in the dojith of winter, against New Yorlc. This party liaving wandered fur twenty days througli the deserts rendered trackless by the snow, aiiproached tlie village of Schenectady in so exhausted a state that they had determined to surrender tliemselves prisoners of war. J!ut arriving' at a late liour on a stormy night, and finding, by means of their spies, that the inhabitants were asleep and without guard, they suddenly resulved to refuse the morey v.-hich they had just been on the point of imploring ; and, dividing them- selves into several parties, they set fire to the village in many jdaees, and attacked the inhabitants as they fled from the flames. Men, women, and children shared the same fate. Sixty persons were massacrcil and O 1 1 m l|i ! ^'\3 ■ i'-- M i; i mMM 210 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1689-90. hi ^■ Tlie cxpocHtion from Three Eivers, under the command of Francois IleiieJ, wlio had with him liis three sons and about fiftv otlier Frenchmen and Indians, took the route of the rivers >S'^ Francis and Connecticut. After a In,borious march of two months, they came to a place called Salmon Falls (Portsmonth, New Hampshire) on the 27th of IMarch. Here another tragedy, similar to that of CorUier, w'as enacted. About thirty of the inhabitants were mas- sacred, and a number of prisoners taken, exceeding that of the invaders. The houses and outbuildings were destroyed by fire, all the domestic animals, to the number of two thousand, perishing in the flames. Only one Frenchman was killed on this occasion. The third expedition, from Quebec, under the command of M. de Porlncnf, moved along tlie valley of the Chandicre into the territory now called Maine. It consisted of lifty French Canadians and about sixty Abenaquis. Pursuing their course along the valley of the Kennebec, their force was increased by the addition of other warriors belonging to the same nation.* On starting, the Indian auxiliaries were almost without provisions, so that during the march they could subsist only by spreading themselves through the forest, hunting for game. The design, in this case, was to attack and capture the fortified stations on the bay of Cttsco, near to the modern city of Fortland. Owing to the Iwcnty-s'ovcn cnrricd into captivity. ... Of tlio fna;itivos who escaped, twcnty-iive lost their limb;! l>y the frost. . . , Tlio French retired loaded with plunder. This atrocious proceeding roused tlic indignation of all the colonies." It is added hy the same translator : — " ^I. Boucher (' History i)f Caniula,' vol. i. p. 151) states that the minister of the place was butchered, along with a number of women and children." — Garnctdt, vol. i. p. 824, * Portneuf's command, on its way southward, was further augmented Ly falling in M'ith the retiring band from Salmon Falls, a number of wl'.om diverged from their homeward route and took part iu this third expedition. iViiiiiHMimr-----'----"^-"'-;g||'**^"^''^'' I'CO Igll ase, of the Ithc i-y of cred, 24. intcd r of hird 16S9-90.] EXPEDITION TO CASCO BAY. 21X cniiso wliicli 1ms boon named, as well as the impodimonts occasioned by tlie rough state of the regions throiigli whicli tliey had to pass, Portneuf and his foUowers spent four iUonths in proceeding to tlie destined points of attack. Tho town of Casco, on Casco Bay, was defended by a consider- able fort, well supplied with cannon, ammunition, and pro- visions. There were also four smaller forts, which were speedily captured. The defenders of the principal fort made a show of resistance, and when summoned to surrender refused to do so. Two or three davs were occupied by the invaders in digging ti-enches and sur- rounding the place, when it was yielded up on tlie terms which had been proposed. About thirty had b(>en killed, and the prisoners included seventy men and a largo num- ber of women and children. The French lost only two or ihree men. After burning all the habitations, and de- molishing the defences, the invaders commenced their re- treat on the 1st of June. On the march, great cruelty was exercised by the savages upon the heli)less women and children, many of whom were sacrificed. This band effected its return to Quebec on the 23d of June. Thus, with forces, whose total strength was less than four hundred men, Frontenac succeeded in inilieting three heavy blows upon the English colonists, which nut only created a profound impression amongst them, but also en- couraged him to assume a confident and lol'ty tune towards the Indians. In fact, the French prestige was so far re- stored, that the Iroquois, in spite of the endeavours of tho English colonists to dissuade them, resumed negotiations for peace, and sent deputies to congratulate the Governor on his return to administer the affairs of Canada. But the lamentable incidents and results of these preda- tory incursions excited in the minds of the English generally a desire for revenge, and a determination to put forth all mm ft/ 212 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1689-90. their strcngtli in nil endeavour to destroy the Frcncli power ill North America." 158. Allh.ouiili a state of war had now for Fome time subsisted between tlie Governments of Franco and l]n''land, it is remarkable that the former, well informed of the need of succour-;, failed to su})ply these to its snifcring colony. In fact, the renewed representations of De Calliere, now CJovernorof iMontreal, supported by the recommendations of Frontenac, only drew from tlie minister of Louis 'XIX. a species of rebuke. His Majesty, it was alleged, " had occa- * llcspccting the tlirco oxi)C(Iitions, and some .subsequent ones, of Avliich an accouut lias liccu funii.-hcd in the text, it i.s riylit lo inform tiic Vi-atlor tliat dillVrent opinio^^; have liccu cxiircs-ed Ijv writers, botli lay and clcrieal, as n'ji:ardrf their real character. If they are to lie viewed in the ,«ame liulit a.s the nia-sacres of the preccdiniir year in the Island of ^lontreal, com- mitted by the .savage Irui[noi,s alone, and nnaceompanicd by any of ilio ]''n!j:Ii.sh coloni.st.-', who were alleged to liave instigated their Indian auxili- aries to make incursions, it is but fair to take into account the fact that the Iroquois themselves alleged, as a cause of their hostility, tiie treachtr- ous C(uuluct of Denouville and the Intcndant, in .-•ei/in'^-, imprisoning, and dispatching their chiefs and warriors to France, .shutting them down during the sea-pas.iagc of several weck.s in the liolds of the small vessels of those day.s. The personal presence and participation of a majority of French cidoni.-ts in the proceedings at Corliier and Salmon I'alls, would have conferred the character of leu-it imate w.arfare, had the suH'crers been men with arms in tlieir hands, instead of helnless families taken unawares in their ;-let'p, and, Avith scarcely any resistance, consigned to sudden destruction by tire and tomahawk. 'IMie histoiian ^.o'^rrn', while he styles the massacre at Corliicr a " fright- ful tra'jfcdy," designates the invaders as "intrepid bands," and speak., of their doings as " victorious." The Iroquois delegates to tlie colonisbs at Albany fold them tluit what had been done at Corliicr was " not a victory, but a proof of cruel deceit," as if iinmiiulful of the liabit of the people of the cantons to juactiso the Bamo species of cruelty and deceit when they had the opi>ortunity. The historian Fcrhmd jialliates, and, to a certain extent, justifies, the conduct of the French and Alienaqiiis, citing, in defence, the shocking massacres in Canada, and (he encouraL^eiuent all'orded to the Iroipiois by tliC English coloni. ts (vol. ii. p. :j05, liuO). i.-ts llic ill 1.1. iiul lit- uf IKlt ho ho 1GS9-90.] EXri-:DITI()X TO MICIIILIMAKIXAC. 213 sion for all liis soldiers in Europe; tlie demrinds of hi^ colonial officer were inopportune, and a deCensive policy ^vas the pro[)er one to pursue." Thus the mother country left the colony to struu'gie unaided. The English colonics also made appeals to their own (lovernment f(»r aid to en;d)le them to fit out etl'ectivo expeditions hy sea and land ngainst C'aundn. AVilliani 1 [J., howevei', and his Privy Council were, at that time, loo intently occupied with alTairs at home to give heed to their desires. 15'J. The Iroquois continued their incursions durini:^ the whole season of IGOO. The Ottawas, and nauiy of the Western Indians, wei'o actunlly in treaty willi the [X'ojilu of the cantons with a view to hreaking with tlie French. Frontenac, therefore, judged it necessary to Inllow r^) the blows inliicted at Corliler niul Cnseo I^av, hv oilier de- cisive measures for i-egaining the confidence of the Otl;i.\v;is and (dlier western tribes. For this purpose he selected the celebrated yiculas Pcrrotr' and d/". Lonri'jn'/, an ol'li- cer of uierit, to proceed by the route of the Ottawa river to ]\[ichilimakin;io witli a largo convov, and to carrv pre- sonts iind various sui^plies of mercliandise, such as llie savtiges required for warfare and the chase, as well as ("or domestic use. On the way thither tliis expedition fell in with hostile bands of Iroipiois. Tu Ihe li'jliling which ensued nuich loss to both sides was occasione<], and pris(»ners taken by the French were taken on to ^Iichilim:d;inae, where, for the gratilicatifni oi the natives, an Iroipiois captive was cruelly handed over to t(a'ture.|- The I'esult 01 the expedition was a restoration of amity b>'t\veen lli(» tribes and ihe French, owing principally to the exertions * Sec Article 17'J, p. 22S, for some pai'tioular,-: of the hiatory uud ssor- vices of this reiiKukalilo uiaii. t .Sec fout-notc uu p. li:M, 214 HISTORY OF CANADA. [16S9-90. and influence of Pcrrot. IMore tiian one liimdrcd canoes, laden \vitli the spoils of tlic chase, soon afterwards set out for IMontreal, where a irreat council was held, attended bv numerous savage cliiefs. The v\d Governor haransi^ued them, and by his demeanour aifDrded them mucli deliglit.* The negotiations terminated with renewed professions of amit}' and nuitual support. l(j(>. The New England colonies determined to retaliate upon Canada on a large scale, both by sea and land, and I0 acct)mplish the utter destruction of the French colony. The late bloody incursions into their own territory, and the known design of the French to carry into ehect the plans of Do Calliere, Avhenever circumstances sliouul per- nut, had convinced the English leaders that peaceable 01 friendlv neiirhbourhotxl was impossiljle, Thev were de- termined, besides, to estal)lish and extend their conunercial intercourse with the savagc^s around the great lakes and in the west, with whom the French would never perniiL any such relations I0 sul)sist. Accoi'dinglv, a force of thirteen hundred men, under General \Vinthrop and ]\l;ijor Schuyler, was (>(pii[)[)ed for a movement upon j\[ontreal, 1>y the route of Lake Cliani- plain ; while a Jleet < '' upwards of thirty vessels, manned by fifteen hundred sa.iors, and carrving thirteen hiuidivd militia, was dispatched from Jjoston, under >Vi/' W'llli'na rhipps and 3l(ijur WaUeij. The resolution to lit out the>e armaments had been taken at a congress of the English * Ou tlio oct'asimi rot'crrcd to, l'"niu(oiiao is roiiortod to liavc displavcl all the energy ami vigorir ui a ymiiii;' man. all ho,. ^1' li^' was itu'ii tcviiity years old. Ik; joiuod in llie >ava;^c uar-danccs and war-Hun-s, gesticulat- ing' and brandishing- a tomahawk to tluir intense deligiit. Tiie assendilcd Indians, eonsistiny of Iroiinois of Siinll St LmdA and tlie Tiri) Minintniii^, Vll(iir((s, //aroH.'<, Nij>(il vai-JMii.-, I'l'i. ucli posts oil tlio cuufit of Ai-'adia ur Muva Scotia, ami tlio vc^scLs ciiiiiloyjd had reliirncil laden with l)Oiity .^iiliioioiit to cowv tlio oust. A I Casco Lav, where, as wc have seen, the I'reiieli ami Indian foreo fium (^iiiehcc and Three IJivers operaltd in the laltcr part ol' May, t;niT'oiiis arrived jii4 us tlie hostile bands were retiriiii? with their eaiiLives iil'ler demol* i.-ihiuij the Uefeueos and hubilutious — loo late to be of any aerviee. zi6 HISTORY OF CANADA. [i6S9-9a iiniiiediatcly embarked for liis lieatlqnarters. Tlio Gover- nor of ]Montreal, ]\[, do Culliere, was directed to reinforce the gari-ison of Quebec at once, witli all the troops, militia, and al)lo-bodied men whom ho could collect. As he passed down tlie 8t Lawrence he gave similar directions at all tho minor stations, and especially at Three liivers, where I\[. de liamezay connnanded. Tii the neighbourhood of Quel)ec, in the seigniories of Beau^ne, Beauport, Lauzon, and Orleans, all the men able to assist in the defence of tho city were ordered to remain in readiness for marching on the instant when required. Tarties also were dispatched down tho I'iver to obsei'vc the fleet from the banks, and to transmit intelligence of its progress. 1(»l\ In the city itself, where the approach of the Ihig- lish had been known some time, and where the arrival of the gallant Governor inspired confidence and joy, 31. Pro- vost, his lieutenant, and the other French olUcers, had ali'cady taken measures for strengthening the defences. The gates were barricaded, and batteries of cannon mounted at all eligible points, with the aid of strong beams of timber, bags, and barrels, lillod with stones and earth. As the news of Ihe expected attack, and the orders of tho Governor, reached the outlying settlements, tho people poured into the place for protection, and to take an active part in the defence. Wo. '^'h' William Thipps, in fi vessel of forty-four gims, accompanied by ihe force under his conunand, at length arrived on the l(!th of October IdDO, and immediately, in a somcnvhat inflated summons, transmitted by an otlicer, and addressed to Count Frontenac, demanded the sur- render of tho city. The messenger, on landing from a boat, with his Hag of truce, was blindfolded, and conducted to tho Castle of ►St Louis. There Frontenac and his ofli- cers, and all tho chief men of the colony, were assembled, 16S9-90.] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. !I7 and heard the rcadiiip; of tlie summons willi a burst of indiirnalion, tlic Enirlish ofHcer liavinir concluded willi a statement to tlto cllect that one hour only would be allowed for deliberation. The old Governor, whose aML;-er for the moment overpowered the sense of dignity by which, on solemn public occasions, he was usually intluenccd, at first addressed the bearer of the sunnnons in disconrteous and menacing tones. Then, with a spirit sn liable to the occasion, ho rejoined that he did not recognise any other King of England than James II., the guest and ally of his master. King Louis ; and that AVillinm, in whose name l*hipps liad demanded the surreniler ot (^)ii(.'])ec, was only a usurper. lie further intimated to the J'higlish ofticer, that, in place of an hour, ho did not require an instant for deliberation. On l)eing recpiested by the oirK'(a' to give an answer to the summons in writiii':', Count Frontenac hanghtily refused, saying, that he woul 1 transmit his re[)lyto the English commander from the cannon's mouth. The messenger was reconducted to his boat, and soon after his return to the English admii'al's ship, the baltcries in the lower town opened lire on the lleet. One of the lirst discharges l^rought down a flag I'rom I'hipps' own vessel, which di'opped into the rivor, and iinincdiMtcly several young Canadians, leaping into tlie water, swam out lor it under tii'o, and conveyed it ashore.* ](;4. On the .18th, the troo^is were landcil, undtn* .Alajor Wallty, near the mouth of the h^t (Jharlcs I'ivi', and the shl[is of the Sfpuuh'on opened a caniioiiade against the city. * This flag w;h prcsorved many ycai's as a troiiliy in tlio jMiiMi clau'i'li of Quol)L'C. 'J'lic f^liot liy wliirli it was l)rouulil dnun is snid (o Ii.ive in'n- ooodod from a cannon pointed l)y .1/. /.' Moijnc dc >, that further attempts to capture the place would be useless, and might prove disastrous to the entire force, as the ship^:? ffirintna 16S9-90.] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 219 were much damaged, and the situation of the troops under Walley had heconie criticjd. AccordiuLi'lv, amidst much confusion, and leaviu'' behind them live of the six })ieces of artilleiy which had been talne was wreekcd on the coast of Aiitieosti. and out of sixty men who escaped 011 shore, ujiwards of forty perishetl duriui;' a few weeks' foreed residence on the island, rhijips himself, with the main [lart of his si|uadron, reached Boston about the end of Xovemher. His failure eiuscd urcat disaiipoint- mcnt to the inhabitants of the colonics, Avho had cuniidcntly cxiiceLcd a dillcrcnt result. About live years afterwards he (lit d in Ihi^land. + ^\'e learn several interestinjj; incidents connected with the sicu'c iu iniKi from the " History 'if the Ursidinesof (^Miebcc." The llr.-t news of the eomiui^ of the fleet arrived, it is stated in that work, on October 7, and uccasioMcd extreme surprise. The [dace was wholly unprepared for resist- ance, there beiniv in the city only two hundred male citi/.ens abli' to bear arms, while the (iovernor and all the troejis were ali.-ent at .Montreal. A canue was instantly dispatched with iuforniation to Frontenac. The Commandant, prolitini^ by the delays wliich contrary winds forced upoix the enemy, sent for people from the vicinity to assist in constructin'-C de- fences and placing cannon. It was at hr>t intended to send away the innnitcs of the convent to Lorctte ; but ten days elapsed before the hostilo licet came up, oceupyinjr, it is said, nearly all that time iu niakiuj; L'ood a distance which, with favourinij winds and resolution, couhl have been accomplished in as many liour.4. When the summons to surrender uas lirought, the Cioveruor replied, "rts thc)i dcucnxil," t-ayin.ir, " Ciod will not favour those wlio arc traitors to their King aud their religion, und I have 320 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1689-90. IGG. Tims, witlihi about fi j'car of liis retnrn to resume tlic adniiiii.stration of tlio affiiirs of the colony, Fronteuac had rescued it from its former deplorable couditiou without receiving any essential aid from the parent state. ]\Iore- over, the gratification experienced from the repulse of the formidable ex[)edition which had been sent to effect the conqiiest of Canada, was enhanced by the receipt of intelli- gence from M. d'Iberville, intimating the success of opera- tions conducted by him a^-ainst the En'>'lish in Hudson's Bay and on the coast of Xewfoundland.* no other answer to give tli.in that wliich shall come from the month of my cannon." Cannon balls, di.seharged from the ]-]iigli«h vessels, frequently fell within the convent premises. One burst through a window shutter and sash, and finally lodged at the bedside of an inmate ; another luill l>a.-scd through the apron of one of the sisters ; but no person belonging to the establishment was injured. Throughout the siege the premises of the Ursulincs were crowded with people, and moveables brought for se- curity. The rooms for the c.iicrns and the savages (Indian scliolars,'*, the boarders' cpiarters, refectory, and collars, -were fdled with families from the city, women and children, so that the Ursulines themselves could scarcely pass to and from tlicir kitclien, and ate their food standing and in haste, ''like the Israelites wlien they eat the Pasclial lamli." "When the siege was ended, and the English fleet a few leagues down the river, they sent back to demand an cxehangc of ])risoners. About twenty French jirisouers Avere returned, and the l^nu'lish received only .sixteen, mostly chihlrcn (proliably of those brought in from the raids niado on the Xew I'jigland settlements the preceding season). The religiou-i ceremonies in honour of the victory, building of the new chapel in the lower town, tiie estiibli.slunent of an annual fOte on October II, and tlio medal struck in France, are all duly clironicled liy tlie pious women whose letters ami siiyiiiLis form so large a portion of the " History of the Ursu- lincs of Quel)LC." After the fleet had linally departed on its periion.s Toyago homeward, there was intense cold, by which the St Charles was frozen over, and much ice along the margin of the St Lawrence, almost in-eventing the landing of supplies from vessels newly arrived from France. This was on the l;jth, liJth, and ]"tli of Xovember, just as the garrison and people were beginning to bo threatened willi famine. It was also feared that no vessel eouhl leave for Franco to curry news of the victory ; but suddenly a thaw came, and on the 'Joth, the ships departed for Franco with a fair wind, and l)earing dispatches from Fronteuac. * See Article 17-2, p. '230, for some particulars of the services and c.\ploits of this celebrated Cumuliau olUccr. uly Uid 169I-9S.] HOSTILITIES CONTINUED. 221 CHArTEK XXL CONTINUATION OF WARFARE BY THE INDIANS— SUSriCIOUS CONDUCT OF THE CONVERTED IROQUOIS — UNCHRISTIAN CONDUCT OF COLONISTS, BOTH FRENCH AND ENGLISH, WITH RESPECT TO THE INDIANS — NUMEROUS MINOR CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND THE IROQUOIS— THREATENED NEW INVASION BY AN ENGLISH FLEET PREPARED FOR — ADMIRAL WHEELERS ABORTIVE EXPEDITION — EFFECTS OF FRENCH PRIVATEERING— NICHOLAS PERROT— d'iBER- VILLE — CAUSES OF QUARREL BETWEEN THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH COLONISTS — FORT FRONTENAC RE-OCCUPir:D — THE IROQUOIS — FRONTENAC'S I'llEPARATIONS FOR A WAR OF EXTEIIMINATION AGAINST THE CANTONS — THE EXPEDITION AND RESULTS — IN- STRUCTIONS TO THE GOVERNOR RELATIVE TO THE CONQUEST OF NEW ENGLAND — M. DE NESMOND — TREATY OF RYSWiCK — CORRESPOND- ENCE bi::twei:n lord bi:llamont and count fronti:nac— mlws OF THE IROQUOIS -DEATH AND CHARACTER OF FR0NTI:NAC. 1G7. Frontkxac would have rcsnmcil tlio olT< nsive arainst the Enirlish durinuf the winter of 1G'.)()-!)1 had it been in his power ; but deartli of provisions, and its usual accompaniment, disease among tlie people, prevented him. The scarcity alluded to was occasioned in part hy the smallness of the s!ii)])lies received from France durinir the preceding season, but chiefly by the presence of the Irorpiois, who had everywhere hindered the inhal)itaiits fi-om culti- vuting their lands.*' The Abeiiatpiis, however, contiiuied * In those times of ncccs^sity, the wives and dauglitors of the colonists rciulcrcd iiiiu'li assi.sfunccin tlie way of tilliiiLi: the soil, while the men M'ero occupied in lighting or In guarding their homestoad.-i. This sort uf work vas nut eonlincd to the females of families aceustoined to manual lalnjur. Ill fact, there were some almost destitute families of nohlc descent, of whom the female members were seen holding the plough and cultivating mai/.o. To aiford some relief from this state of things, the King of Fruuce cou I'' mi] ■ 111 ■ ;»'■;! ■■'■■' i |i* ^'li \iv in m HISTORY OF CANADA. [1691-98. tlioir inro.ifls ; nnd occasionally extended their predatory attacks as far as the coast of ]Se\v England in IMaine and INIassachn.selts. In the spring of IG'Jl the first vessels from France brought out a supply of provisions and aninuniition. 1G8. The Iroquois, notwithstanding some professions of reluctance to continue the war, and some show of a desire to negotiate about peace, persevered in their customary modes of liarassing the French. All Frontenac's endea- vours to conciliate them failed ; but lie had learned from ex})erience that the safest mode of dealing with them was, while mistrusting their professions, to appear to give them some credit for sincerity, and to assume a bold front when their deputies came with threats. By means of emissaries and the missionary priests, he strove to keep alive a war- like spirit, favourable to the French, amongst the Ottawas, Illinois, jMiamis, and other western tribes. Tiie Iroquois, at one time, sent word that thev would come with warriors enough to devastate the colonv from Montreal to Throe llivers, and that they would give them no peace except in their graves. Accordingly, in May IG'Jl, a numerous band established themselves in the vicinity of the confluence of the Ottawa and St Lawrence, another body attacked a settlement at Point aux Trembles, while a third appeared near Montreal. As usual, great cruelties were })ractiscd U])on such of the inhabitants as fell into their hands. 1G9. j\luch ])erplexity was occasioned by the conduct of the Indians settled at Sault St Louis, and of others living amongst the French. On occasions wdien their aid was most required, whether to fight invaders, or to pursue a retiring band, it was observed that they were hesilating in their movements, as if afraid or unwilling. 2U. Bienville, sontcd to free people in the colony of nolilc birth from tlic restrictions ac'i-ordiuu,' to wliieli persons of tlioir chiss were forbidden to liave recourse lo manual labour and trade, on pain of degradation from their rank. the e( 1 a ared d •ictiona 1691-98.] HOSTILITIES CONTINUED. IT' --J dlspatclicd witli two Imndrcd of tlio converted or R:uiU Rt Louis Indians to di'ive awny the Iroquois from the vicinity of Montreal, reported tliat liis men luing back and \voukl not fight when tliey approached tlieir enemies, makiiiL;' a k^'surelv retreat. Similar conduct on several other oecasi(jns rendered the French suspicious of their allies. In fact, deputies from the cantons had been amongst the Indians of t^ault 8t Louis ; and although they did not succeed in in- ducino; them to abandon the settlement, were not altogether unsuccessful in dissuading them from entering into combat with their own kindred, especially the ]\I()hawks. The French officers at length came to the conclusion that there existed some secret understanding, and that in future thev CD ' fc would be unable to rely upon the services of their converted Indians belonging to the Iroquois stock, when engaged in operations against members of the trilje from which they themselves had sprung.* 170. Throughout the years IGOl and 1G1)2 the coh^nial subjects of the Kings of England and Franco in North America were actuated bv a most embittered state of feel- ing against each other. This was manifested, not only by their assiduous endeavours to direct against each other the ferocious instincts of all the Indian tribes with whom, re- spectively, tiiey had influence ; but also by entering u])i)U l)ractices which have been universally condemned as dis- graceful to civilised beings — not to say Christians. InAh parties made the utmost possil)le use of the services of llieir acknowledged savage allies, — the I'^nglish colonials on the one hand tampering with tlie Abenaquis, making tliem otters of every inducement, in the way of gifts and advan- tageous traffic, that could avail to tempt them from the cause of the French ; the latter, on the other hand, * Frontonac i^pnke of tlii,-< matter to the .Tosuit missionaries, wlio defeiuled the Indians of Sault St Louia, alleging" tlie suspicion to be ill -grounded. 224 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1691-98. spared no pains in efTorts to gain over those barbarians from tlio cantons wliose warriors were ail the time slangh- tering their ]ieo})le and destroying their property. But the most odious feature of this species of competition for the favour of the savages appeared when the Europeans on both sides held out rewards in money and goods for tlie bodies and scal[)S of Indians. It is recorded tliat the Frencli ofTered premiums of fifty francs for tlie scalps or dead bodies of Iroquois, and one hundi-ed francs for })risoners bronght in alive* Corresponding prices were offered in the English colonies, varying however, in amount, accord- ing as the rewards were claimed by soldiers or by volunteers. But the English paid no premiums for prisoners, althongli a larger reward was considered due when the scal[) of an Indian was taken after hunting him like any other wild animal.i* It was quite in character with a state of things so revolt- ing that a disregard for the life and sufferings of a savnire shonld sometimes lead to the handing over of a living ca\)- tive to be tortured to death, when it was an object to pacify or to please Indian auxiliaries.! * The reason wliicli has been assigned by Frcneh -writers for paying the larger price for a living tlian for a dead Iroqnois, was tliat tlie priests and missionaries recommended tliis from religious motives, as there might iic II chance of oouvcrting those who should be saved from massacre and made captives, tOarnean's "History of Canada," vol. i. pp. 32G, 327, axnongst others, may be cited as autliority for tliis almost incredible statement, :[. Several instances of this criminal and atrocious deference to savage customs and tastes are on record. Charlevoix relates the case of an ok) man (stated by the writer M. JJouchcr, to have been one hundred years old) which has been copied into other French and also English luvrrativcs. AVhen Count Frontcnac was engaged in conducting an expedition amongst the Iroquois in 109G, he detached one of his officers to ravage the lands of the Oneidas, who all abandoned their bourgades except one aged person, who was at once handed o\ er to the tender mercies of the auxiliary Indians. " He awaited his fate with the same intrepidity as the Eomau seuuiors tlic iCqi-qS.] HOSTILITIES COXTIXUED. 22!; 171. Frontenac could not, as he desired iind intended, orgunise any force adequate to tlie invasion, on a sullieiont fanicd a convoy from Montreal to lliut place, and wlio liad huflercdmuch on iheir way thither from tlie attacks of marauding Irocpiois. It may bo regarded as probable that in those instances when French otticers ordered or permitted the perjtetraiion of sucli cruel practices, there may have been some peculiar circumstances wliicli demanded at least the Bcvero punishment of the victims, with possibly some form.s of previous trial and condemnation. Oarneau mentions tlio burning alive of Iroquois pri.-ouers as an exorcise of the right of reprisals in retaliation for airocilies committed by the bands to which the captivts had belonged. Bell quotes from Frost's "History of the United States" the following case as an exercise of the right of reprisals Ijy the (iovernor in I'jOl : — " Count Fruutenae succeeded in capturing two Mohawk warriors, whom he cmi- (1' iiiiiril t.i il'ichy torture. One of tliem, liowever, dispatclicd himself v,iili .0 thrown into his prison liv some Frenchman. The other, disdain- in:^' Lo follow the example, Avalked boldly up to the stake, singing, in hi.-i d'.ath haunt, that he was a JMohawk warrior from wliom all the power of mat. ii!d not extort an cxiu-ession of sufllring, and that it was ample consolation to him to rctiect that he had inflicted upon many a ]*'rcnchnK.u tlic same pangs tliat he must now undergo. . . . After eniluring v>it!i composure for somo hours a .series of barbarities too atrocious to be reciteii, his suflerings wi lirminated by the intercession of a French lady, who prevailed with the Governor to order the inlliciion of that niurfal blow to wliich human cruelty has given tlie name of conp-de-'jrda^, or stroke of favour." Assumin ;; the accuracy of this account, we are left to infer that Frontenac not c 'v sanctioned the terrible execution, but that he, and at hast two humauL and disapproving spectators, were eye- witnesses. :: V il '^1 7 111 *^K|. 226 HISTORY OF CAXADA. [iTiqi^qS. 1001 nnd 1002. Early in the year last mentionccl, Colonel J^clniyler of Now York planned an invasion, to bo conducted ])v liimsolf at llio liead of a considerable body of colonial militia and Indians, and as soon as bis preparations Avero completed, advanced towards Canada willi tlie intention of reacbini^ IMontrcal and eflecting its captui'o. On putting Lake Cliann)lain northwards, bo was encountered by a band of Canadians uuder JL dc Cyriqnc, m conunand of a fort at La Prairie dr Ja 3far/('leJeinc, and compelled to «.five ground afler a skirnu'sb. ^^oon afterwards, bo was met by anotber Canadian force, M'bicb bad be(Mi dispatcbed by Prontenac from Montreal, under .1/. ,v, for the purpose of protecting Cbambly. A pilebed Iviltle ensued, in wbicb 8ebuyler was defealrd, witb tbo loss of many of Ids m(^n, as well as bis coln'irs and baggage. This pnt an pnd to tbo movement upon ^bmtreal, but Var';,!..ies was unable to follow tbe enemy on tlieir ix'treat. Tbo Frencli losses bad be(Mi considei'ablo, and tbo IrcKpiois continued, during tbe wbolo of tlio winter of lOD'J, to maiiitaiu an active wai'fare. Altbongb often def(.'at('d, froli warriors from tbe cantons conslaiitlv reinlui'ced tbo nunua'cus ])ands of invaders. On J."I:i' Cl/annih 11 uqiianK on lUo river i ahvi y 4- at Si .Loidirr/'s, at tbo lake of tbo 7Vv> ]\J()inila lilS, it JJo/fchcrvi/lc, LaliC St Fj\'nicis. and abo on tbo .A/o "j' t/isi'.v, lbor(> W(M'o sniiguinaiT conUicts, in wliicb tlio 1^'rencb, tbou'j,'b vietois, experienced great dlilicnhy in maintaining tbeir ground. 17ii. In the meantime, the Frencb fleet in Europe baviii'j; boon (lofoated by tbe I'aiglisb (May 1'.), lOO'J), tlioro was Tory little prospect of immediate a^^sistauce from tli^ pai.'iit Btato, allbomib it was known tbat tbo X w J'ai: dand colonies were preparing, willi tbo aid of a lloet fi'om Ihilain, to make anotber formidable Jitlempt upon (^)uebec by sea. Tbe Governor displayed wonderful at'tivity in devising 01 ri ci I69I-9S.] HOSTILITIES CONTINUED. !27 mod, 11 all ridi'S at '/ llio ill aviiv-; (' was •av.'iit 'laiul 1 ilaiu, sea. ■i^inj: nionsiircs for mcclinp; this tlireatcncti attack, wliich it was fully expected would be made in the coiir.sc of l()i)."J. The Abenaijuis were instructed to observe by uieans of spies, and to bring iiunicdiate inhirmaliou of any hostile pre[)ara- tions in the Xcw England harljoui's. Additions were also made to the defences of ^lonlrcal and (^>uebec. ]u the latter citv now i-ednubts were eonsirucled, and the moans of defence further im[)r()Vod l)y iho completion oi piteways surmounted l)y balllemenis at the two westn'n ])oints of exit.* The iidiabllantsouthe lands above and below (^)uebeo w(M'C directed, iu case of aii invasion, to ix-niove their families and properly, for concealnienl, into the recesses of the neiuhbourinLi; forests, and then to dispaleh their tihle-hodied men to the defence of the city. All these pre- cautions and ])repai'ations tuiaicd ont to bo unnecessary. An ]']nL;'lish Jleet, under Admiral Wheeler, did, indeed, sail with U})wards of four thousand sailors and soldiers, t'or l!ie ])m'p()S0 of lirst ca[)turing Marliniiinc in the A\'est Iii'lie^j and of ]);issinL;' thence on iis way to (^Mub^'C, to T'ostoii. to lake on Ijoanl addilioiial ti'oo[)s, to l)o fiiiiil>hed by the 2Nlw l']n'j,'landers. Hut, at 3Iarlini(|ii'', the allmipt t'> capture the island ended in a. iepuls(M\ iih ln-avy joss, iu'ler which an infectious (bsoi'dcr broke out, and eaiiii'd (if moiv thiiu tlu'eo-ibui'ths of the soldiers and crews. i\r- rlviiiL;- at l.)Ostou the lleet conn.oiniealod the disease to tlio eilizi'ns, of whoui a Ln'go nuinl)er perisheil. The Admiral, *■ St .Iciliirs auil SI. T.niiis !.'ati'.^. l''iMiitAMiac"s anxiety to (lrl"i.-iiil tin' oity frnm tlio apjiroacli of on rf.ciiiv on till' west — thai is, fi'tiia the ilireccii'ii ol tin iil'iina — Icil to LMicruafhiin-'Uls iil'iin the pi'Miiorty ol' till' I'r.-iiliin; OKiivi'iit, uhnsi: gruuiiils. 'jfarileii, cri'liarJ, a!iil imtliiiildiii^-i, iwli'n.l.'d tnwavils that, (luartcr. In At ly 1 il','.; the ( invcr- li"!' ami luti'iiilaiit. annnuni'dl to tin' I'rsnlini'.-i (hat th'' > ih'ly nf th,: city rripiir,.(l the erection oi deieiiccs nearer to their niaiu IniiKiing, to ell'ect \\iueli their trees hud to bo cut down and outhiiildlng.s removed. Thr pro. I'vletors con.sidereil tliis a great saerifice, ('ntailiii:; ;i Io.-m of ten tliou.siml I'nnes, ultlioiigli tliey only n.'cived two thousand franc.-j ad iudeumily. aWKSi»fSS»?-Ki. S ■ KM 22S HISTORY OF CAXADA. [1G91-9S. tlicreforc, dLscoin'aci:ed 1)V his failure in the West Indies, and unable to repair his losses ^at Boston, relinqnislied the idea of proceeding to Quebec, and returned to England. In fact, the merchants and shipowners of j\rnssaehusetts had sulFered so severely from an active system of jHivateer- ing kept up l)y French vessels, that the colonists generally began to desire i)eace. When news of the fate of the abortive expedition under Wheek^' reached Canada, all tears of aiiother invasic^u, similar to that of W.)0, innnediately suhsi(V.'d. 171. The Iroquois also became tired of hostilities Their inclinjitions in that respect were influenced by a destnicliv sion into their cantons made bv the ImvucIi in ih incur cours e of 1G1)3. They sent several emissaries to .Montreal and Quebec to negotiate a treaty, and, after some delay, a truce was agreed to in ]()04. \7'2. It is prctper in this place to make more particular mention o'i two persons, already refei'red to in these pag(^s, Avho, in diflercMit spheres of ac^tion, remlei'cd very valuable services during and alter the administratie'n of Count h'rontenac, NicoJcf^ P( rrof, a Canadian ro'idijiin'^ trader, and dii'lii- 11 latist, was a man of remarkalde talent and addri d 'j;e eminentlysuecesslul in acfpiiring inllueneeamong thesav, triheswithwhom,in Frontenae's time, the French had to(k';d. lie belonged orieinallv to a iiood French familv, and hiliig ii'il'ted Avilh excellent; natural abilities, had d Ci 1\ ei Ih earlv (M lueat 101 Irom ,b ~uit inslrucKtrs. 11 IS nielniaiKUis led him to exteiul his travels anioiig-t the di^;la,nt western tribes of Indians, with whose dialei'ts, habits, anAS TERROT. 229 from the west, whom he had induced to march in aid of llio French from their remote settlements. Ihit for Perrot's exertions and great personal influence with them, it would have heen im})ossi]jle to prevent these savages, ii-ritated at the ahoVtlve result, from violating the conditions wliicli had hcen just entered into. Perrot in various directions, hy liis address and liappy faciHlv of ingratiating himself. ])re])nred tli(> wav for the I/O O ■ J 1 t future eslahlishment of French ()ui[)<>sfs amongst tin.' Out I' ''am IS, II lamis, 111 inois, and other tribes, oi'ti'ii, how- ever, at the risk of his life. It was he aloncMvlio prevenlcil tlie Oltawas and scattered AlgoiKpiins and lluvons, in the neighhoiirhood of the lakers, from concludi'vg alliances with the Iroipiois, at the period when the lattei* almo-t sue- CtH'deil in persuading the Fi'ench. allies that the' Fi'ench cause was ruined. He went to Froiitenac with reliahlo information of the critical state of aflaii's, and gave judici- ous counsel, in consecpience of whicdi the (governor resoiled to the oulv cei'tain means of recovering e-rouud with those wavering children of the forest. Merchandise and presents luide'r a iruard of soldiers wei'C sent to ^Michilimakinae. as CD has 1)(\'n recorded in a former page, PiM'i'ot accompanying tiie expedition as the (lovcaaior's agent and represenfalive. On various suliseqiient occasions Perrol's nanu^ oi'curs in ccnnection villi negotiations ahout alliances and atlempts to estahlish peace amongst th'* Inilians.* l!(>aIso prejiarcd, f^ le einighlenmeiit ol a suhseipient Oovminr o 4 th colony,j- a memorial, respecting the interests of the J'Veutdi in the west, and was tlu^ authoi' (^f a worlv upi'n "The iMainiers, Customs, and lleligiou of the North Anra-icaii * On ilio ooc;isioii of a grout ODimcil of Iiiillin.s at '^^•mllt fauMUs I'roncU l'aua his despatches in a eanne. These reached Fronteuac on tlio day after the rotiroment of tlio EuLiliah licet. '"? "' ■ ' mi^tuMgnBaBaaaM fuul ■;er- luljoi't (if ilio a' ion, ■aiiU'l icn 111" juelioO' Is ill a jt tho 1C91-9S.] D'lLERVILLE. 2.11 liini, in snccocdlncr rears, cno-acrcd in condiictino: a Lrilliant scries of attacks ii[)()ii the forts ami ships of the EiiL;-Iis]i in Iliidsou's Ixiy, Xcwfoimdland, and on the coast of the luainhmd of Xor'.h America. Some of the naval ex[)loits recorded as liaviiic;- l)een ])L'rfurnu'd l)y liim would be re- i!;arded as incredible iitdess su[>i)orlcd by tlie most reliable testimony* He was undoubtedly the principal naval hero produced Ijy New France. After a ^i^reat many other ex- ploits not immediately connected, in their eilects, with Canada, tho great merit of D'lberville induced the rrencli Government to [)]acchim inconnuandof a force of thirteen ships of war and tliree .smaller vessels, destined for the conquest of Jamaica.*!* Some letters and reports by D'lberville, addressed to the Frcncli minister J[. de Porlchaiirdiii, have Ik'cu preservcil at Paris, amongst wliicli maybe mentioned, "A .Memoir on tlie Position of Boston, New York, ^^c, with a Project for Attacking and Piuining them, ITtH." 173. The truce referred to in article 171 was not only of short duration, but was also very indiU'erently observed ; * Tlicso, taken from cailkr writei'S, may bo fmiml fully iktaili'J in soviral moJorii wurks aii-l hi.storios, incUi'liiiLj thu.-so of Gaiai-MU, Fcilaiiii, (JiK^riu (" Les Xuvigatours FraiKjai.s"), aiul others. Of iJ'Ibei'villc'.s vicLoi-'us in IG'J"!, we read a.s follow.s; — " In July IG'JiJ JJ'Ibcrvillo arrival licfure Lho Engl i.iU /•'';■< Aihun in Iii.s 8lii[) of fifty guns uam'.;i1 the y't//rcni, Ijt ing f^oparated fi'om two otlu'r vossol.-i undm- his cnmmam' Tlit'i-o wori' thro..! Knglibli vcHSi'l.s in tho ofluig, vi/.. tli'i // nii/i.Jn're of iifty-.-ri.v gun.-', th(i Jiihn'iif/ of thirty six guns, ami tlio // iul.^ii;i'i< /Uii/ of thirty two. JJ'Iburvillo, Aviihuut waiting for his (.'Mnsoil-i to como up, fai'i'd thorn all, sunk tho Jfampshii'c, capturod tho ///r/.-'/*i',s' //''V, and oompclh'd tho Ihhrin;/ to ."iTk Bafoty b}' shooring oil' ! Jlotlnn ap[iron, w hi.'li surroii- (lorod af'^or a «hort boniluirdnu'ut. Tliis viotoiy pl.uoil the Eroiioh in poi.^o.ssion of all the stations of tho Iv.igli-h in Hudson's ]]ay. t Tiiis was in ITOl. 'i"ho oxiiedition against Jamaica failod, f(n' tbo allogcd reason that tho I'lukdijli thoro wore found to l)o on thtlr jnnnl, D'lberville had previously est.iblishod sevoral forts near tho mouths of tlie Misaissip[ii, the do,-.ign of oolonisiiig Loui.-iaiia h;iving beeu revived, and, umuiigot the.iO, that u£ MoLlk, He died at sea in 17UG. z-^a HISTORY OF CANADA. [1691-98. if indeed it can be said to liave been otiier tlmn a mere negotiation, uliicli led only to sonic mitigation of the atrocities niiilually jierpetrated b}^ the Indian allies of the colonists. The intrigues of both parties continned without interruption. Tlic French, by menus of their missionaries, and of cliiefs under Frontenac's iiiiluence, lost no oppor- tunity of conciliating the Ii'oquois, while the latter tampered with their kindred at iSault St Louis, and the English l)otli with Iroquois and the Abenaquis. The standing causes of quarrel between tlie Frencli and Eng- lish, apart from the fact that tlie parent countries were at war with each otiier, embraced tlie rival claims respecting sovei'eignty over the territory and people of the cantons, toLTother with tlie constant endeavours of the English to ])ush their trading operations amongst the \Yestern Indians, who were [irofessedly under French protection. Added to these uuist be named the micertain and opposite ideas en- tertained about their respective riglits to the occupation of Acadia (Xova Scotia). Again, on the part of the Iroquois there was the objcrtion they entertained to the re-establish- ment of the Ibrt at I'ataraeoiii (iM'oiitenac), which, ns was well known to them, was a cherished pui'pose of the Governor. This latter design Frontenac determined to {iceomplish in l(il)r),in s})ite of the hostility of the Ii'oquois and l!ie expressed wishes of the (jiovernment of France. The Count had been informed of the King's disjipproval after the force required for repairing and re-occui)ying the fort had been dispatched.* Under M. de Clii'lmsy as * Tlio fiirco consisted of tliirty-six oflicors, four linnili-od snlilifr.s nml CiUiadian iiiilitin, with two Iniiulrod savages. J'^roiitfiiac, in ivjily to tlio injunctions of M. Povtvhartraln, tlio Froncli nnnistor, stated that ho medi- tated, in fntnrt', and in placo of such expeditions against tlio cantons a-i hnd ]ireviously been condiieted liy Do Dononvillo, which accompli.shod no permanent good, to keep up .'sueh a continued series of tormenting attacks aa should make them afraid to conio out of tiioir quarters. To ell'oct thi?. mtam ttl Is anti |o tlio linedi- «il no [tackn 1691-98.] FORT FROXTEXAC RE-OCCUriED. 233 commnndnnt, tlic old fort was rci)airc(l, and restored to a position to hold out aj^ainst assault, in the course of firteen da3's. A garrison of forty-eight soldiers re-occupied llie place, and small parties of ludiaus were sent across the lake to ohserve and harass the inhahitants of the cantons. Colonel Fletcher, who was then Governor of Xew Yoi'k, had held a congress of deputies of Xcw Jersou^ Mas.ri- clniscffff, and Conncclicnf, for the j^urpose of crinfei'ring with the Iroquois chiefs on the suhjeet of the i-ehuiMiiig of Fort Frontenac. At this ineetiug the Irorpiois were en- joiued not to permit that, as it would destroy tlicir li!)orly, and make them slaves to the French, and were further informed that, in case of need, all thetr(V>[).s of the English colonies should be marched to their suppoi't. Th(^ Iroquois subsequently had a council of chiefs of the cantons to (Hs- cuss the same question, when, with some slight objection on the part of theOnondagas, and a poiiiou of the Henecas, an agreement was enttrecl into not to sanction tli'.,' r('1)ni!d- inci' of the fort, and to invite all the Indian allies of the French to join in the decision. In the meantime Frontenac hnd resolved upon accom- l)lishing his purpose, and soon afterwards, as desei'ii)ed above, succeeded in doin;;* so williout molestation. ( 'oloiul Fk^tcher was nmeh iri'ilaled wlicii li!.> leai'iied tliat Fort Frontenac had l)eeu secretly and p'.'oniplly I'e-established, and severely rc^ju'i^ached tlie Iroquois for ilieir supineness, advising them to invest and cinilure the places and di^lri- buling su[)[)lies of anmnuiitiou. 174. The Iroquois prosecuted the wai', in tlieir eu.s- tomarv war, with renewed vii;'our, but suffei'ed reverses in tlieir attacks upon the .Island of ]\Iontreal, as well as in the anil to roUxivj tlio traflK' of tlio Western Imlians, li') i'X|ilaiii('(l that tho in,\inh'ii;u)co of the i'ortillod ^'o^itiuu at Cataracuui wa.i iuilispcu^ably Uvjcessaiy. HISTORY OF CANADA. [1(^91-98, "West upon the lliamis and Illinois. At the same time they continued to secretly entice the allies of the French at 8ault St ]\rai'ie, and the Ilurons, Ottawas, and Algon- qnins. With the last-named tribes they had such success tiiat Frontenac's worst fears were realised, since he knew that it was in the power of the English colonists to offer, through tlie Iroquois, more advantageous opportunities of trafiic til in the French could afford. Under these circum- stances, he determined upon a grand expedition into the cantons, and desired his agents to solicit the co-operation of all the Indian allies. The Ottawas and Ilin'ons, how- ever, under various pretexts, refused to send their warriors to his assistance. IT.h in the course of the spring of ICOG, the Governor caused jjreparations to be made for a decisive campaign. IJiu'Iiig the preceding eighty years which liad elapsed since the French colonists formed their first acquaintance with those truculent adversaries, any peace or pros[)erity whicli the colony had enjoyed seemed to depend, for the most part, upon their having occasionally refrained from perse- cuting the inhabitants with incursions, and from exercising their atrocious instincts in the destruction of life and pro- pei'ty. For eighteen years after I)e Tracy's great expedition into the cantons, the state of comparative repose from those incursions anil persecutions had been attended with an amount of progress which showed that permanent peace with the Iro(juois, or their conquest and extermination, were the only real alternatives to be pursued by a wise governor. Ihit all the arts of conciliation used by succes- sive governors, aided by all the religious intluence which priests and missionaries could enq)loy, had failed to gain ihem over as friends. Xor had the severe chastisements inilictcd when the French visited them in their own quar- ters, served to deter them from re "'uiing their old courses 1C91-9S.] CAMrAIGN AGAINST TIIK IROQUOIS. of bcliaviour. The preservation of peace and gooil neigli- bourliood was further obstructed by their geoL;'r;i[)lueal position upon the borders of territory chiinied by the rival colonies of France and Englnnd ; and, further, by the euui- jilications arising out of tlie extension of the Freneli out- posts amongst distant tribes of Indians, with whom tlio Iroquois miglit choose to wage an aggressive warfare, or the strau'i^'ling Euirlish traders seek to carry on trai'lie. And, lastly, the peo[)le of the Irorptois confederacy, sensible of the value of tlieir support to either party at the times when the European colonists (piarrelled, whether on thoir own account or on that of their respective mother coun- tries — also loving their independence — were not slow to pursue their own interests at the expense of botli. Thoir main reason for siding generally with the English was net so much founded U[)on a greater love for them, as it was upon their finding themselves aide to obtain from tlieir traders more bullets and powtler, and especially more ardent spirits, in exchange for- the products of the chase, than they could from the French. Of late years the conduct of the Iroquois towards the French colony had become absolutely intolerable, and would have ruined U, but for the vigorous ability of C(.iunt Frontenac. Now, as has been already indicated, the Governor pre- pai'cd to strike a deadly blow at tlie heart of tlie con- federacy, and it will appear from the following narrative that, had he only persevered in his resolution to the end, and iinishea the canqiaign after tlie same flishion as ho began it, he might have annihilated the power of the Iro([uois to indict future injury upon the colony. The preparations for an expedition of the kind contem- plated could not be made without much sacrifice, because they occupied the season of spring, and took off nearly tho 236 HISTORY OF CANADA. [169 1 -98. whole adult male population from tlio care of sowing plantinf^, and cultivating the soil. 17(3. Assigning /67c Fcrrot, on Lake St Louis, as the place of rendezvous, Frontenac ordered all the Canadian militia, the Ilurons from Lorette, the Abenaquis from the Chaudiere, and the eight hundred regular soldiers then in Canada, to proceed thither. Provisions and means of transport for annnunition and all other necessary supplies were to be provided, so that a com})letely equipped force, munbering upwards of two thousand three hundred men, might be ready to commence active operations in the field early in the month of July. The militia were rather more numerous than the regular soldiers, and the Indian auxili- aries amounted to more than six hundred warriors. M. do Calliere, Governor of Montreal, M. de iLamczay, comman- dant at Three llivei's, and M. de Yaudreuil, commanded, rcsi)ectively, the three corps into which the army was divided. Frontenac himself, although seventy-si.x: years old, a;x'om]>anietl the expedition as commander-in-chief"'- Freceded by two large hattcaux, and a number ol canoes, cariying a cou])lc of iield-pieces and provisions, the army left Isle Ferrot on July 7, and arrived at Cataraeoiii on the l'.)th. Thence tliev crossed Lake Ontario, and landed at the mouth of the river Chomir/cn — now Osweyo, near to the spot where tlie modern city of that name stands. The advance towards the cantons was conducted with the greatest regularity tind precision, one half of the force, under Calliere and Fitnnezav, followimr the route of the south bank of the river, and the other, under Frontenac and Vaudreuil, that of the north. On reaching a small stream, through which the water of Lake Oneida empties itself into the Oswego, the two divisions reunited and * Tho Iiuli;\u auxillarios were commanclod by 7)c' M!ii:;li a whole month had elapsed since they started from Isle I'crrot, no traces of an enemy were met with, excepting' a rude ding-ram sketched n})on a sheet of bircli hark, depict iiii;-, according to the Indian fashion, the Frenc:li army, with two bnndles of twigs, bonnd togi-tlier, and intended to notify the invaders that a force of moi'o than fourteen linndred wari'iors was ready to recciv(} tliem. Ihit, whe- ther from policy, or in reliance u])on their sup[)0sed fidelity, of wliich they had afforded some previous proofs, two prisoners, formerly taken hy the French from the Senecas, were sent forward as spies, and to briui;- hack information. These two men availed themselves of the opportunity to escape, hut were more useful to their former masters than if they liad returned to them with news of their enemies. They rejoined their own people, hut carried with them such an exa^'irerated account 01 the French force, and of their means of destruction, that the IroijUois vrcre afraid to risk the chances of a contlict, and resolved, after liurning their liahitations, to v/ithdraw into the reces-es of the forest. Accordingly, towards the evening of the day following the ilight of their two prisoners, the I^'rcneh beheld in the distmice the smoke and flames of the boiugade of the Onondagas. It had contained a fort which the l^uglisli had instructed them in building. When the French arrived at the scene of the conflagration, tlicv fomid the village and I'ort entirely consumed. There were a!- o, lying around, the remains of some French captives who had been killed and mangled on the a[)pruacli of their country- if! ; i f! 23^ HISTORY OF CANADA. [1^91-9^. men. Xo living iiilinLItant was found except one very aged man.* All that eonld now bo done, in regard to tlio former inliabitanls of that l)oui'gad(\ was to follow the exami)le of former invasions, aii'l destroy all tie' surrounding crops, with every article of jn-operly which the flames had spared. Til'' woi-lv of destruction was soon completed. Frontenac, judging by past expei'ience, considered it use- less to pursue the enemy into the forest. Dut to enumerate all the reasons which Frontenac and his oflicers discussed relative to their further proceedings, and the best way of punishing an enemy who hid himself in place of fighting, and to describe in detail what was actuallv done, would bo a mere repetition of what had occurred on several })revious occasions, as in the expeditions of ])e Tracy. Courcelle, and Denonville. A detachment, under Yaudreuil, was sent to the Oneida canton, where there remained thirty or fortv chiefs, ex])ecting the I'cturn of a messemrer whom ^ ' V <-J o they had sent to Frontenac to solicit pence, and that their property might be spared. Yaudreuil told them that "if they would accompany the French to Montreal they would not need their cabins, and that, as for their crops, they could not cany them along with them ; so that it was better they should be all burnt, to pi-event an enemy from taking possession." After the execution of the jiurpose indicated in that reply, Yaudreuil rejoined his chief at Onondaga, bringing with him thirty-five Oneida i)risoner.s. * 'T This A\;\.s tlio victim of tlio tragic scene recorded in the note on page 22-1. Contrary to the narrutivo of the writer there quoted, Ferland says, that the Indian auxiliaries, irritated at finding no enemy to light, Avere imjielled by a desire to f^ati^fy their vengeance npon some unf(trtnnato victim. Frontenac is reiiresonted as having questioned him, and endea- voured to induce him to lice, but that tlie Indians hauglitily claimed him as tlieir own prisoner. It is added, tliat " such was tlieir fury that he did not dare to refu.'ie to Jjliver him up to them ! " hey \vas ■QUI )ose \i at ,ers. I page says, [were Imato lulea- luiu it be 1691-9S.] CAMPAIGX AGAINST THE IROQUOTS. 239 At a council of war the Count and liis ofHcers dccldoil tliat tlie villairo of th(3 Cavnii'as shouhl be dealt willi in the same manner as tliosc of the Onondagas and Onoidas. It was even agreed that forts should be built in the three cantons, and that Calliere, with a sulHcient force, should pass the ensuing winter there, and [trevent re-occupation by their former inhabit.'uits. 13ut a lew liours afterwards the (Jovernor announced that he had ciianged his mind, and liation.s willi tlie Ir(M|ii(H,s dcpiilios, {tud umtiial recri- iiiiiialiMis Ijetwceii the autliorities of the Eiiulish and Freucii ccih)iiics. The latter elaiiiied the righi, of treatiii!j,- t;ei)arately ^vil]l llic Jr()(pi(as. The f(»riiier insisted that no treat V of i)eaee Ijetwccn these and tlie .Freiieh eouhl ho valid, unless ratilied, and, in faet, ne--oti;ited by iheni- e^elves, as the territo'T and [)e(>ple vi' the eantons Avere asserted to he umler the sovereignty of England. Although the Iru(piois continued hostilities, the several lines oi' ap[)roae]i hy which tiiey had iieeu aecustouicd to make their atlaelss were now Letter guarded, and atro- cilies were less easily eoniuutted and less freijuent. They also continued their inroads upon the 31i:miis and Illinois. In the latter })arL of UIDG, and the spring of IGI'7, the ( Governor received inslrri.'tinns to hold in readiness all tlie d lSl)OS ihle f »rees 1 th le colon v. uj (*r( ler I o co-ope]"ate in a design hy the I'Veneh (loveiainieid, the ohjeet of whieli wa^ the capture of tlie who'ieoi the I'/iglish eoh)nies. The ,sueces>esli cwItMiv was to he raveu'e 'I'll cxp dil iiHlilion. »\ve\er. I :i;i"( It o cX(H'ute evrii the jireliininary })arts •"'" the ])Ian laid dou'ii. Fronteiiai', in thecorrseo Ir^epli'niher hl','7, leeeivcd im'ni'niation of that re-'dl. 171.). iSoun aflerwardo a treaty of peace was concliKled in '$^^. -0^. llldl U I'V . A A', •s- ■l iho wlinlU Tl'o unary 180. In May IC/JS, Lr.rJ nrllamonf, tlicn Governor (^f Kew York and I\Iassac]iUSL'tts, sent Colcnol Srlmylor. villi nineteen Frciicii [(I'isuiu-r.s and a courlv'nu^ I^'ttei', {o {^>uut Frontenac, inforniiii,!; (lie latler of the conclusion oi })eao(\ and that Colonel Fleteli'"' had hoen recalled. The I'jiu;lish Governor also oflered in his letter to restore all ihe l'V(|iiai«. In .ni C( ]nally couricoi IS re[)!v, Cnuut Frontci; ic promised to restore all ]hii;"lish prisoners; hrd, with re>pecl to the Iroquois, claimed the ri^-ht of dcaiini;- wiili tlirse directly, and not throuj;'Ii the intervention of Jjord Ijellamont. Tiie Count asserted in hisL/tter that the cantoiis ]i;id hccn ^uh- ieet to the rovernmcnt (»i the kind's ul' France l^efore the Fn^i;llhh had even come int(» possession of New Vork. The I/oquois themselves ]n:diit;iiniMl that iIm'V were Fuhjects nf'ill'cr /..irir/c" ''.i\iv K\\\\)[n}M\ jn. WTO ii;ii'tiy.s. Its I'l'ovis.'uiH fiiiljiviccil, alnin.-t o.Kclusivi'ly, iii;ith'r.- «if I'lurupciiti interest. Tlioru was, linv.cvi'r, nui' clans'* ju'uviilin^,' Tir tlio rc.^luiatiou vi l''>rt.s, |ilao'S, ton itni-'u's. .Jcv',, I'a'itnit'il in Aiiiciica. 'I'lu* iiiilinrtaiit (lucstioii ut' l'uuiitl.U'U'.> litflui'cu th' ]')ii|^li.ih ami I''nn<'!i JH^^• Kr.s.xiiiii.s in ^()I■tll AiiKTica \v.v< ninitU.'il ill ll..' U'laty, lint a ■> ii'i'Ifiinii- tary or .•^'■[lar.itc uinli'i-.-taiuiiiig waM inti'O.'il iiitn, having,' in virw the u;i[iuiuliu(.'ut yi comnubsiuncrd to ectMo that qvudtion. HISTORY OF CANADA. [1691-9S. tlio Xew England and Canadian Governors, the Iroquois addressed tlienisclvcs to liotli parties, in order tliat they also might particii^ate in tlio terms of peace. Lord Bel- lamont reqniivd that ihe prisoners in their hands should be delivered up to him at Albany, preparatory to their rest oration to Frontenao. The latter refused to receive them in tliat mariner, and menaced the cantons with force. In consequence, f^ome further correspondence took place lietween the two Governors, of a less courteous character than the former. Kellamont charged Frontenac with con- tinning to encourage the perpetration of l)ar])arilies upon {subjects of Great Ihitain, and declareil that, il" force should be employed against the Iro(pU)is, he would mai'cli to thuir assistance with ev(M'y man at- his disposal. To this Fron- tenao made a spirik'd answer, st.iting that he adhered to h.is foj'mer rc'Sdlutlon ; that tlie Trdijuois did not dt>ire to })'.' under the Firji:-h : and thai tlie threats of ussislanue to tho V ive dl Nat lull' 1 •eiiu h conlr;iry i> tlie treaty of peace, caused iiim no a[)preijensioii. Tlie ti'Jli is, the astute 'JiieG^ of the cantons simply desii'r(l the iiitcrvcniioii (>f the Now Jhigland aulhoi'ilirs witli I lie view of enabling them to obiaiii the best })os.^ible t(^niis of aecommodation IVum tlie French, re[)Uiliating the sovereiuntv (>f biith i);!rtii s, and careful not to adniit that by aiiv "'rinal art of tlicir own. Gduut I'lonleiK'H! did not live to see the end of this con- troversv. ISl. On the 'JSih of Xoveniber iCDS, Count Frontenae bn^athed his last at (Jm bee, aftcM" an illness of a, few days' durati(Mi. lie was in hi- s(.'venlv-eighth veai", and retained the use oC his I'aeiillies up to the moment, of his decease. I lis character is thus summarily desei-ibed by Charlevoix: " lie died as ho liad lived, regarded with allection by many, to lllO .hut ,'OU- line hivs iiu'd In so. |»ix: iiiv. Clir.ivli of Iho ricn/ilfls, ;it Oii/hec. ■■■ AIiIkhiuIi the Llc- lltui, 1 ivoiirci I li liiiii (liu'ii Lis ;Hliiilnl>ti';i- !(.' was uol. a iws ( )ii u'ood Irnns wilh llic 1 ji> ni[» ain I rt'irular clcru'v.-i- As Iio A\as lucliiuil to iiululiie in ucri- iiiDiiiiiiis lVeliiiL;'s to'>vai'ils i!ii)>l' wlio diriVrL''] tVoiii liiin \\l sciiliir.L'iils or imlioy, lie liad soiu' cii(.'iaic;i and dctratlurs. 1 -Ul, 111 Ihof; CO ol his i;'L'iu.ral [jnpulai'ily, Ins hucccss, a Iv. li llld "•■ I'l'iiutoiiao loft (ll;vcti"U.-5 in hi.-, will lulilivc t'l Iii.s hiirl i! in ilji' ( 'hiircli >if ihii iieculk't.-i, in whii'li, .MibrfiMiiieiilly, tlio ivtii.iiiij) ni .•^i.'wr.il .~ii','ecv'iliiiy (nivi iiLTs \vi.'io interred. lie li;iil gnuited to tliat (')nl>'r uf ('fclf.-iiiiHtic4 the Lit uf l.iiul oil v.liirh tlnir hnuso wiis built, h ■-!.ii,-< (itln'rwiso c<>n- IriliiaiiiL,' in tl.vir rsta'ilisliiui u'. 'ii tlio iiity, uud |iri.)i'o.socil in l)c a in-rt oi tru>li'ciu ihoir lichiilf, iw well , a iiroU'ctnr. t Suiin' lime bel'nre his (le;ah lie Wiis oiul^iMil 'il ill dtssciisidiis wiUi tie* lli-lMp iuul elei;;y. To liUUiilV,-t his (li>s;itisl";i'" imi, ho resorted t" liieMH caltMiliiled to le-..st;ii thnn iu ihe eyes of th-.; \ . lie cau.sed ui'tors aiul actres.-ie.s, and male and female dane ts, to ix.lii>it eoiii ■lieH in liioekery of thu eoelesiastics. Thld wa.s duiie imt only in tlio ("astle of St I.ouis, hut, even in the rehV'ioiis hoiiso;!, •\vhoso inmates weru ordered ty bo j>ro;jonL iw tjpoctuturs ; much scandal was thus oooasioiie J. -■•=«OTa3SBMs:._.. 244 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1691-98. Ill's iindouLlod (levollon io liis Kin<:2: nnd coiinlrv, com- plaints liad fnilod I0 ])ro(lnco his recall a second time. The student of Canadian history "will 1)G justified in ren:ardinf; Count Fi'ontenac, notwithstanding some con- ppicuous blemishes of disposition, as the greatest of the governors \vlio ruled in Canada, frorii the time of the death of Champlain down to the period ^vhe^ it ceased to be a Province of France. CJIAPTER XXII. I\r. OK OAUJERP, COVKRNOTl — HIS rOT.TCV A mXTTXrATIOX OF FRONTENAC'S — AIMS AT A CKNFItAL I'ACIFirATroX oF TIIK TN- niAX TUIBKS — modi: OK I'UOOHDUUH TO r.IMNO AliolT I'KACR— <;i;i:at oATiiFnixc oi' Indians at ]\I()Nti:kal--])i:atii of kon- niATUiXK- RFXHWAL OF WAi: EFTAVFKX KMILAND AND FKANfi; — rKKI'AnATIONS J'ol! UKFCXCF oF TlUC COLONY— DF. A '11 1 OFC.M.- LIEUE— STATE OF THE CGUNinY. 182. The experience and military talents of De Calliere liad enabled liim already, as the adviser and coadjutor of Ills predecessors, to I'ender valuable services to th'- colon}'. f5ucceeding now to the govcM'uorship, he adhered to Fi'on- tenac's policy, refusing the interventitai of thr^ English colonial Covernor in i-egard to exchanging prisoners ^vith the Iroquois. In order to accomplish the proposed exchange satisfac- torily, he de('m(Ml it necessary, not only to i'(pudlate the claim (*f FiM'-lish soverei<4"ntv over the cantons, but .also t(y include in tlu^ negotiations the numerous tribes of Indians Avith whom, whether as allies or foes, the Fivnch and the ]ro(piois had been concerned. The Iroc[Uois lield many IS ('- ho lie IV 169S i7o\] DE cali.ii:rk's roLicv 245 persons iti captivity besick'S Frenclinien, iuiil many cn[)tives belunirini;' to llio cantons wore ke])t in slavcrv amoir-'st tlio OiU iwas, JI nrons, Ah fOl n(piins, anil tlie wostoi •n tril )es. I ri slioit, Do Callioro desircHl to brini;' about a i;'('ni'ral and comprehensive treaty of peace, ^vbic]l sliould inckide the restoration (.)i prisoners in tlie liands of all iKirtles. In conjunction with this (.)bjc'ct the (Governor aimed .at unitiuL!' tlie Indian tribes a'-aiii-i the Ihi'^lisli colonists ; and, as respected the Irocpiois, at least to so far conciliate them as that in any future contt.'st the fierce [)eople of the cantons should remain neutral. The greater part of the administration of JX' Calliero A.l). ITOU. was occupied m endeavours to curry out tliose designs. 183. In i'es[)onse to the wishes expressed by dc[)Utics from tlie lro(piois, the (Jovernor sent a French de[>uta- tion, consist iui;' of a priest, ]\r. ]>ruyas, with M.(Jc Marirourl and 31. Juncaire,'' to accom[)a.ny them to th'^ '"an- ions. Great councils were held in the Onondaga canton, the result of which was that the Iro(piois chiefs, exclusive of the Mohawks and Oneidas, agreed to surrender their French captives, and to side with neither [)arty in any future war- fare between the Jkiglish and French colonists. ^J'he astute barbarians understood well that their co-operation was aii important object to both, and determiiKHl to as.-ert their own independence. They tlieivfoi'e signilied to Lord I'el- lamont's agent the terms they had come to with the French. it was also agreed to accept the French Governor's iu- * lirui/as \\i\^ \\v]\ Iviiuwu, iiiul iiiulI;. t-.sU'.'iui'iI in tlu) cMiitmis. M'lri- court w.i.s uiio vi ihu laiuiMis f.e Mnynrs, li.'iiiL,' a ynimi,'!!- lir"tl,ri- of D'l'oLiviik'. Juiicaiiv wud ii I'avoiiiil'j with tlio .Si-'iu'tM.-!, wiio lia'l fdi'iin'rly takfu Liiu captive, but, on uccoutit of Lid ijravc ic^i-iUuce, iuln^-Lud ijiui iulu Llicir tribe. 246 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1695-170^ vitation to nitoiid n ,i;rcat council of all llie nations, wiiicU lie pro]iosx(l should 1)0 held in August ]701, at ]\Iontroal. Tlio ambassadors, IMes-srs Bnivas. ])e ]\[aric;()iirt, and Joncaiic, ^Vl■l•e allowed to search for the cai'tive French, and tu take away with tlieui as many as "were willing to , t^ o i)''rsnaoe 1 11 lem to 1 a'lp peace amo mr themselves, and with tlie Iro- o (jUdis, and to come next season to jMoiilreal to u^'gotiule a gcnc.'ral tretitv. The inlhieiice of Nicolas I'erroL was of great servient in disposing tiie tril)es to listen to the Gover- nor's exhortations and rcfpiest. Jf. oV Tojili, ;i former coad- jutor of La Salle, was sent to ]\[iehi]limakinac, to hi'ing back the French wlio had taken U[t their (piarters tlki'e, r.nd wlio mis- licit- imonnlcd to moi'e than one hundred person A .^ionarv and M. dv V :L luriDur/iritc wcrc emp loved m so ing the chiefs of the w'rsiei'n tribes to cease from warfare, and to l)''ing all their iroqU(,'is prisoners to the [u'oposed lueetniLT a: 31 onlrea 18;"). In the meantime, the agents of the Xew England colonies were engaged in endeavours tocounlei'act the inihi- once of the French a.UKMig the cantons, but wilh no great Fucccss. A severe law against Jesuit priests entering the iS\'W England territory was decku'cd to be valitl in llie cantons as well as other pai'ts. Ford Ik'Ilaniont aho oUered * ^luiiy rofuscd to rc-tKin, haviiiL,' I'l'rii a(i(i[ito(l into Indian fiunilif ^, and jirijfcrring Indian lucidoa of life. Only ton captives Avcnt back ■vvilh tho I'foni.'h di'putatlun. t Uf thcso. nioro than eiglity rofuscd to rcturu ; and, ratlior tlian wait for conipul.sidn to olny tli'j {j'.ivon.or'.s crdurs, they ri'tirod {■•irtlur oW tnwardrt tlie liankd of tlio Misi:i.-:.-5ippi, proforring tu Bpeiid their lives amonix tho savage tribes. lie Inul 1698-1703.] DE CALLTK RE'S rOLICV. to send amon,2;?^t tlicin artisans;, provided tlic Iroquois would at the same time receive a miui.sler of religion." Upon tlic whole, the sagacity of the French Governor, ably sup- ported by the skill and dcxterily of his agents, exercised a i2^reater influence amongst them thaii all the endeavours and threats of the English. This resnll was owing, iu part, to a step taken by Calliere in oi-der [n show the Irorpiois that the English colonists wuiiM neither attack the cantons themselves, nor interfere fur their in'otection, if the French were to do so. For it h;t].i[)cned that tlie sovereigns of England and France had sent out instructions to their re- spectivc coloninl (ioveiaioi's expressly iVirbidding them to eniirure in anv hostilities. Calliere, to whom a copv of the instructions given to the English (jovernor had been for- warded, caused the particulars to be conununieated l(j tiu.' Iroquois, who at once s;ild, that, if they continued to earry on w;ir with the IVench, they would have to act alone, antl without any aid from their English aHies. A species of preliminary treaty was accordingly entered into at ]\b)ntreal, on Ke})tember IS, ITtK), reserving for the trreat meeting (if the following vear the conclnsiou of a convention bv all the triljes, with a general exchanii"'.' of prisoners. This pnjvisional treaty was adopted, with all the custonaiy formalities, by the Jio(piois (iejiiities, (Ml the one liand, and by the Jlnrons, Ollawas, .Vben- aqnis, Algon(piins, and Christian iro([uois of >^ault t>L Louis and Two jMontitaiiis. on the other. The (iovernor- Genera.l, the Inteiidant, M. Vaudreiiil the (ioverno,' (»f Montreal, and the chief ecclesiastics of the colonv, signed if i(iir Imuc * The Iniiudi.s were imlillVn'iit almut flic miiiistcr, lnit \vt>ro very niDiirnis fur tlic artl-ans, CHpuciiilly amilh,-. The [iri.-t llniya-! ri'iitiricd vi tl ; |i'o(|uuia ibcit thoy were then, ui formerly, not ilifpu.sed to receive '.'10 faith. -aaa-Tarr-ii-si; I4S IIISTORV OF CANADA. [ir)9S-[703. the cr)mpact with llic Iroquois deputies. The l.-iUor, befoi'o leaving, requc^tetl that Mcssi's Cniyas, iMari- conrt, and Joncairo .should be allowed to return homo with them, in order to gather the remaining French prif^oners in the cantons. This demand was complied with.*^ 180. AVhilc the plans of the Governor were being thus furtliered through his emissaries in the cantons and amongst the western tribes, some uneasiness was occasioned bv a resolution which he had come to of establishing n fortified post at Detroit. Already the importance of that at Fron- tenac, where 3f. Louvifjny was commandant, was sensibly ll'lt by the Irofpiois, and their concern was increased when they learned that another fort w;'S to be established at a })oint from which it would be easy for the French to check tlieir movcmenls upon the Miamis and their other enemies in the west. The Iroquois remonstrated on the subject, incited by the English, to whose traders such a design was most unwelcome. But Calliere told them that his object was to enable him the more easily to keep peace amongst the tribes, and also to exclude the English from trading ia these regions. The fort was eventually constructed, and occupied by a garrison of about one hundred men. In a short time bodies of Indians came to eslablisli themselves in its vicinily, both for protection, and for the purpose of traflie. 187. Sonic untoward incidents in the autumn of 17(10 prevented Calliere from being entirely satisfied with his position and prospects. In consequence of the arrange- ments for peaco which have been stated, the Iroipiois (lea hei nii nia 1 S(n"' * Fivi^ more Froneli from aiiii>iig the Oii(Miila;j;;i«, imd somo ofliers from tUo Scuccus, were recovorod on thid aecoud \W\i of the iIo[)utatiou. ami I .jsiosassiam 169S-1703.] CONVENTION AT MONTRKAL Imnlcd freely on the nortli t^liorc of Lnko Oiitnrio, wlicro they intnuled upon llie clioseu li;iiints and beaver-dmn.s of their old enemies th.e Ottawas. This led to disputes und qnarn.'ls, .sometimes ending in l)lno(ls]ied, so that the Governor had cause for appielien^ion lest his [)]aiis might yet misearry. Another occasion of dis(pii(^tndo grew out of the very small and bad harvest of the vear 1700. IVfore winter set in there Avas a general scarcity, which ended in famine. The iidiabitants had recourse to wild ro^ts, and sutrered all the pangs of starvation. In ]\Ionti'<'al, Three Hivei's, and (Quebec, as well as in the garrisons and settlements occupied by the Indians, much distress prevailed. 188, IMeanwhile, during the winter and in course of the spring of the yenv 1701, the endeavours of tho . . . , A.D. ["or. French agents to induce the Indian chiefs to ab- stain from hostile acts against each others' tribes, and to agree to attend the gi'eat council at ^Montreal, were success- ful beyond all expectation. But as the time approached for embarking with their prisoners f(jr the purpose of descend- ing the St Lawrence, great difficulties were experienced in dealing with the numerous and discordant elements thus being l)rouirht toii^ether, At anv time some pettv cause might have kine for trallie. As has heen alreadv stated, tliei'e was not at that time much real desire for, or willin;j,ness to receive, rcliirious teachimr anione' the Iroiiuols tribes. But the pc»litic Goverufjr took advanla'j;e of every o[)por- tiniitv ol" tlnvju'linij' the i)roiects of the l^ULilish, and under- laining- their inlhieiice with those double-faced harh.irians. ll)i), Calliere had to a great extent accom}'li>hed hjs de- siifus for i)acifvinir the Indian tribes, ctuieiliating the Iroquois, and intcrce[)ting traflle hetween the Englisli colonists and the lake reiiions, when war ;i;;'ain broke out between ]"]iighiud and France. The < ild pro- jects of invading and ca})turing each other's colonial pios- tecssions wer(^ at once revived, and the French G'ovoriior sot about i)reparations for defending llie colony and ibs princi- pal stations. In .answer to some profjosals for rfComnioneing raids upon the English colonists, Calliere refused his cou- ^^oiit. on the ground that the results of such operations Would only stunulate the New Englanders to greater ell'orts * Nut long afterwards, in the Onondaga canton, the death of another famous Indian chief occurred — that of GaraconihU, a great friend aud ;.kVuuriLe of the Freucb. A, 1>. 1703. r* y n ; ? i. i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I m iiiiM nil 1 2.2 i!" 1112,0 18 L25 illU 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation m ^ i\ \ <^ ^^ ^ 4c 33 WIST MAIN STRIIT WIBSTERNY 14580 (716) 873-4S03 ^ them, per- haps, tlio severity of its climate and the ierocity of its Indians were better known than other features calculated to attract Europeans to it as a country for settling in — a country which one of their most infhiential writers, fifty vcnrs later, Farcasticallv defined as ''a few acres of ice." woalfhy, find onji^ycil pro.it iiiQuonco. Tlio ptato ofTicial-), on llio ron- tr.uy, wt i\! j^o ini.-''iMl)ly ri'iniuifratL'il, in the way of hti|i"ii(is, for tlicir sor- vi' ;■, dial uiilf.-s llioy availed tli(Mnsclves of tijijKirtnnitii's of roiiijionsating tlu'nisolvos by means of traflio, or uiil-^ss tlicy had privati' rosourci'f, which 1VMS not nsiial, tlicy had imt enough to livo tipoii deocntly. Also, when a Ffi^'uior (T man of iirtipiTty dird, his o:4ato was diviilod ainong.st iii.s chil- dren, su that, in the cnurseof tinu', Ids dt'sooiidants would lifcoiuo inipover- islinl, ;dtliiinidi of noblo Mrtli. 'I'lioKc! who pcrvod in tlii' ndlitia rco- ivcd only olntliing and jirovlsioiis, hut 1:0 jiay. They could dfrivo little or 110- tluiig from tho cullivation of the soil, as they wiTo constantly, from year t'l yeir, cdled upon f-r nulitary servii-o. It is little to lie wondered at if, niid.Tsueli ein'um.slanceB, many left the Rervioe of the colony and went to live among the savagi>j|. J)e Calliere, who, l>y hi.-> Rood sen-c, lionotiraMe cmduet. and eliivalroun Pi'iU'agp, had accjuiied great perBonal iiilluenee lioth among his own people nnd with the Indians, wis»dy preserved a good umh-rstanding with tha T' ligions orders. Nevertheless, deeming it ineompatilile with tie- g'l'ueral Welfare that their wealth should incre:is(> indefinitely, he proein'e(l nn e(li(!t fitiii the crown to limit their aecjuisition of projierty, whether liy j»ur- cliaKo or hy gift of juivato iudividuals, to a certain fixed amount. r^jtf' fr-i ■; T»«>YJJ 254 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1703-55- CHAPTER XXTII. M. nr VAT'DKETJIL, f:OVrn\OR— lIISClIAnACTl'r and ADMIXISTRATIOy — CimU' INCIDI.NTS- .SUCCKKDKI) 1!Y TllK MAIIQLLS DK liKAU- 11AI:NoJS .sTA'lKAM) JMlSoli:* IvS (;F TlIK (OLcjNY INUMR THK T"\V() riir.cr.DiNc; oovkknoiis— r.niri' administhations of la r, ALISON IK RE, LA .TONCJUIKUK, ANP TIIH MAlKiriS 1M-QUE: Vandreuil, roininandant at IMontreal, to preside over tlie afValrs of llie colony until tlie Kiiii:^>iliould appoint n now (Jovornor-CJeneral. Do Vaudreuil was very popular, ami was considered l»y the colonisls to l)e tlie person best fpialified to fill tlie vacant post, lie liad been tlie fi'iend nnd coadjutor, not only of tlic late Governor, but also of the lamented l^rontcnac. To secure bis pei'inanent nppoiut- uuMit, all tlie [)rincipal inhabitants joined in Ji petition to the King, the prayer of which his ^Majesty was jdeased to |L;rant, and a, coinniissiou to that cd'eet was .signed at Taris oil Auf;ust 1, J7(Ki. Al the same time the lioval Intendant, M. do Cham- pigiiy, was rt placed by Jf. Jicduharnois. IDi. As Jiu two niutiicr cuuiitrios were now at war,* * " A strong alliance Wii« entered into liy England, Holland, lUid tlio l-ui- phe, ill 1701. Ihn.siiis, the fii-.^t niagistnito of Holland, and two illus- trious goucialtf, I'linco J'ugcuo for Austria, aud tha Duko of Slarlboruuijli 703-55- I703-5S-] INDIAN INCURSIONS. «55 rnATTON K HEAL- i)KU TlIK S OF LA HE Ni:w ;tati(^ns Y — CU.M- preside appoint )()pul;ir, u l)CSt friend odf tlie ppoint- liou to used to t \.\m^ :(> Cliaui- li war* 1 tlio Ilia- two illiis- the colonists, as formerly, soon found themselves animated by mutually hostile feelinirh'it\-i //iy'or;/ ./ * Tlu'so ov(»rturc8 wero begun by tho Onoinlngas. The Reiipca.-i, thnMieh tlio great iiiJluence of Joncaire, if not positively frli.'iidly towanl.i tlio rn^ueh, were at least prevented from aeiim,' as enemie.s. Tlio other three Iroquuia tribes romainod, for a time, etriotly neutral. il (I i i. ■f\- VW I ■■■■( . ! HI ,! I ( m rll 256 HISTORY OF CANADA. [17^3-55- persons planghtcrcd without resistance, and upwards of one liundred prisoners carried off. Subsequently another raid was effected against tlie town of Haverill, but with (lie dincrcncc that the attack was, in tliis instance, made in open dayliglit, and there were about fifty sokliers present, aiding the inliabitants in their fruitk\ss resistance. Tliese bloody incursions were disnp]n'oved of by tlie authorities in France, who reminded M. Vaudreuil that Do Callicre had set his face against such operations, as they were calculated to create in tlie English colonists a deter- mination to plan the entire destruction of the French colony, and to employ all means to induce the Iroquois to snpport them. Tlie French Minister, in his dispatch on the Rultject, remarked, " the French have always been the first to couuncnce hostilities in Canada." These anticii)atiuns proved to be correct, for in 1709 the })eoi)lc of New England, in conjunction with the Govern- ment at ho!ne, made preparations on a large scale for annihilating the French power in Newfoundland, Acadia, and Canada. Already, in 1707, a formidable sea and land force had moved against Port lioi/al (AnnapoUa), and two attempts had been made to capture the place, which were with diHiculty repelled. 195. r>ut now, in 1709, information reached Quebec that several British regiments were to be sent from England, .to unite with a force raised in Massachusetts and llhode Island, for an attack upon that city, while another army, levied in New York and the other colonies, was to advance by the way of Lake Champlain. It happened, when all was ready, that the deb;tination of the troops about to sail from England was altered. But the movement from New York was actually commenced. A cousiderablc number of English colonists, A.D. 1709. -55- » 703-55] CONDUCT OF INDIAN AUXILIARIES. :57 along with a largo body of Iroquois, advanced towards I^ako Chaniplain, with the intention of first c;ii)turing Forfc Chambly, and then of falling upon JMuntreal. Vaudreuil dispatched the Governor of Montreal, M. de llaniezay, with seven hundred and iit'ty Canadians and regulars, sup})orted by Abenaquis warriors and Indians I'roni Sault St Louis, to op[)ose the invaders. A singular cjuise interfered at the same time with the operations of both armies. Tlie Sault St Louis Indians, after proceeding a certain distance, refusc'i to march farther, alleging that it was nnicli better tor the French to remain on the defensive in tlieir own advanced posts, than to risk making an attack upon th(^ enemy, who could intrench himself within reach of rein- forcements from Albany and Schenectady. In conse(pience, a council of war was held, and a resolution come to, of retreating to Montreal, Meanwhile, the Irocpiois auxili- aries of the English force under General Nicholson were en^-a'^ed in manoeuvres calcalated to mislead him and his officers, and to induce them to abandon tlie expedition when they were just about to embark in tlie boats which were to transport them across the lake towards Canada. It is said that these treacherous allies poisoned the water used by the troops, and caused the death of many soldiers. The result was that the English troops, as well as those under De Ilamezay, were at the same time in full retn-at towards their respective homes. Tlie only rational ex[)lana- tion which has been suggested of the conduct of the Iroquois (tu both sides is, that the converted Iroquois, and their countrymen of the cantons, were bound to each other l>y some secret understanding, in virtue of which they were to co-operate in preventing either of the European colonies from conquering the other, and thus to hold in their own hand the destinies of both. Sus[)icious conduct on the pait It 258 HISTORY OF CANADA. ['703 J-33' I li i< -I i 1: I Hi' mi of tlio Iroqnols of Sault St Louis lias been noticed in a former page.* V.)i). In the following year a naval force from Boston, with the assistance of four colonial regiments, effected the capture of Port Fioijal, in Acadia, on the Gth of October. Tlie French garrison capitulated, and the name of the place was clianged to Annnpolh, in honour of the reigning Queen of England. 1117. It has l)een already stated that the strengtli and resources of the colony were small in comparison with those of New England. The latter were now able to furnish for war about sixty thousand men, between the ages of sixteen and sixty, while the total number of males in the French colony able to bear arms, including about six hundred regulars, amomited to little over five thousand. At the same time the English colonis'is carried on a large conunerce by sea, wliieh enal)led them to equip consider- able squadrons for the transport of troops, and the conduct of naval operations. In 1710, General Nicholson went to England for the purpose of urging the Government to resume their scheme for con(]uering Canada, and the other French possessions in North America. His appliciition was supported by a petition of the New York legislature, which deputed Colonel ^^chuyler to present the address.f In consequence, a power- * Sic, art. 100, p. f.'J-J. + Tlio iijipcil to Hit Miijfsty set forth tlifvt, '" The French penetrate .ill tlie coviiitry boliind your Majesty's plantationn, among numoroiia tribes u£ Indians ; they send a^i'iits and ))riosts with toys and 'lillcs, next traders, tlien soldiers, and, finally, build forts among them." Sohuylfi- took with him live Iroquois chiefs, who had an audience of the Queen. These stated that tlie warriors of the Five Nations were willing to assist in the conquest oi Canada. The Queen's ministry agreed upon a plan of campaign, acced- ing to the requests of the colouists. in pn eon the »703-55] CANADA SAVED FROM LWASIOX. 259 truto nil Irllx'rt ft tr;ulers ,)k with e stateil 11, llCCOll- fill fleet of war vessels and transports, conveyinj]^ five regi- ments of troops, was dispatclied to Boston, in the snmmer of 1711. In the end of Jnly this armament sailed for the St Lawrence, to elTect the ca})ture of Quebec. At the same time a land force under General Nicholson beii^an its mnrch northwards, destined for the attack of ^lontreal. M. de A^audivuil imitated the conduct of his predecessors on similar occnsions. The defences of (,>uel)ec were im- l)roved as nuich as possible. AH the force of the colony was summoned to repel the expected invasion. A body of three thousand Canadians and Indians was stationed at Chambly to 0}>pose General Nicholson's army. ICmissarios also were dispatched to ascertain the intentions of the Iroquois, who bi'ought back word that tlie 8enecas and Onondagas would remain neutral, and that the other three tribes would side with the English. These measures hav- ing been adopted, the Governor calmly awaited the ap[)roach of the invaders. The weather and the difTicuUics of the navigation of the St Lawrence proved to bo the colony's most eilicient auxiliaries, since they caused the hostile expedition to mis- carrv. Arriving in the St Lawrence about the middle of August, the fleet under Admiral Walker was obstructed in its movements by a thick fog, followed by strong winds. Several ships were wrecked, and upwards of eight hundred men drowned. Tlien it was discovered tliat ihon' wen; l)rovisions suiTicient for onlv ten weeks. And, iiiiallv, a council of war was held, when it was determined to abandon the enter}>risc and return home. General Nicholson, on his march towards Lake Chnmp- Inin, received tidings of the disasters which had befallen the fleet, and prudently decided upon a retreat. Thu8 were the inhabitants of Canada spared from con- zCo HISTORY OF CANADA. [1703-55- •! t v i ' ml tcndinuj for tljclr existence wUli forces far superior to any that had ever been broiifrlit nu;ainst them. 198. Al)()iit this period fresli trouljles were occn.siuned iti the west amongst the Indian tribes, by whieli tlie safety of the post at Detroit was endangered. The utmost eflurls oi' the Trencli in tliat quarter were refpiired to be exerted, before tliey and their allies would put an end to tlie peril which menaced them. In the result, the Indians of the Fox tribe, or Ontuciamls, who were alleged to have been incited against them by the Lnglish, were almost exter- minated. JDIK The course of events in Kur(i]:)e proved humiliating to the court of France, and the enormous ex|)enses of the war ruinous to the nation, so that the French wimv; forcc(l to accept i^eace on unfavourable terms. The spirit of the King had been broken bv the I'cverses of the nation abrcid, complaints and sufl'ering at home amongst his own peop!'\ and by domestic alilietions.''' Negotiations for peace had been commenced in Januai-v 1712, l)ut the contending parties did not iinally settle upon the terms until ^larch 1713, when the pleni[)otentiaries of Spain and Fi'ance, 011 one side, and of I'aigland, Holland, Frussia, the Germnn states, Sav(»y and Denmaik, on the other, signed a treaty at UtrccltL 200. Fy the " Treaty o/Utrcc/tl," France ceded to Great t u iii' * " Tiu! pcoiilo wero pcrii-hiiig of uu'sory aiul starvation ; tlio Kiiip;, who li;ul laviched tlio rosoiirccs of the country on niiigiiiiicent displaj', was now oliligod to ovirwliohii liiri ini.sorablo 6u1>ject8 with taxation. Tlio allies, iibu.sing tlit'ir Bviiitriority, atlocted to demand inipos.sililetMudit ions. Thry even ivcpiirod him to dothrono his grandson. Louis XIV. I'clt hinL-iolf liuniblc'd; ho had also ainiitioiipi in liis family ; he f-aw the death of hi.s only son in 17]1, and in 171 "2 that of his grandson, the Duke of Iliirguudy, a young prince of great promise, the presumptive heir of the crown."— roir/uit's History of Fntncc. «:o3-55-] TREATY OF UTRECHT. 2C>1 ircli •iniv.i as iu)\v J allies, Th.y luin.--i.l£ \inily, ."v )\vu."— A.n. 1713. Britain all licr claims to the posts and teniiorlcs in and adidininur to Hudson's iKiv.as well as XL'\vf(Mind- land and Nova Scotia, retaining certain privileges in respect of the fisheries. It was also stipulated that the American suhjects of Kincj Louis should ah.^tain from molesting the Tnupiois, and all other Indian suhjects or allies of the English. The iminjrtant (piestion of bvumJcirics was left still unde- cided.* 201. The Iro(piois nations, as hnd been the case after they were informed, in KIl'S. of the peace concluded by the Treaty of llyswick, vehemently protested that they and 1 heir territory were not subject to any of the conditions agreed to by those who were parties t(> the Treaty of Utrecht. In short, tiny claimed, as heretofore, that the lands they oeeu- }>ied were their own, and that they were subjects neither of France nor of EnLiland. About this time their numerical strength was augmented by the accession of the Tuscororas, a warlike tril)e of the Carolinns, which had been driven from its hunting-grounds by the English colonists. Tiic Irorpiois received them into tlieir confederncv, which henceforward came to be stvldl that of the "Six Nations." The Iroquois had learned, from declarations made by the Ennlish. th.-it thev were considered as beloniriiiii' to tlu» crown of England, upon which they applied to \':iudreuil * It Iris Ifocn .siigijosted liy some wiitrrs tlint tliis cMiii^Mon was allnwcl tit occur a.s if nu purpeLSi.', lliat l-'.iij^lantl and J'laiico luiglil at jiny I'uliiro tiino rt'SDi't to disputes about Anu'rican bouudaiics a.s couwuii-iit jiictcxt^ fiT pi'iiig ttj war. It is more probable that the true causes were imliiriTenci' al.Mut iiiattera wliii.'h nmro iunnediately aHectod tlie iuterots uf reiiiote culoiu'.-its ; and, "U tlie j)art of the plenipotentiaries of Enylaiid and France, ii^U'iraiice of the localities. i i| • i ■ ' ii ' 262 HISTORY OF CANADA. ['703-55. for cxplanntion, who informed tliem that tlicy wcm-o not even mentioned in the Treaty of Utrcclit. Their desire evidently was now to be considered as at peace with the colonists of both European nations ; and on many occa- sions they acted as if they thought it rested with them- selves to pres(U-ve in North America the balance of power. 202. In the vear 1714 (Jovernor Vaudreuil went to France on leave of absence, and remained there till 171(1, leaving ]M. de llamezay to preside over the affairs of the colony till his return.* 20:3, About this time the attention of the French Govern- ment was more particularly attracted to (Jape Breton or Isle liofjale, separated fi'om Acadia or Nova Scotia by the Strait of Cansecni. The iisheries on its coasts were very productive, .Mnd it jKJssessed numerous inlets suitable for harbours. The loss of Nova Scotia with Fort lioval, and its occupation by the English colonists, whose shi[)S were now in great numbers engaged in exporting fish from those coasts to the West Indies, Spain, the IMedi terra noan, and ot-her parts of the world, caused the French to attach more importance than before to Cape l^reton. One object held in view was, to establish a convenient harbour of refuge, * M. V.uidn'uil liail spoilt most of his lite iii Ciiiiawed to make the liest market they could for th(>mse]ves, nor to manufacture necessary articles for their own use. for fear of iinurin'i* trade at home.* Under the Intendants Tahnwwd Jloquarf * Tlic Fi'cTicli Cmailian lumttM--' au'l lu'liaiis were strictly forbidden to Hf'll fill's ti) fnicigiKM-.-', as wiTO also til" fur companies, who wi'ro authorised liy law to cxart or kee]) liaek from tlie s>'llers a certain part — usually iiii'-. ioin-l/i —of the stated value. This .-tated value wa.s only aliout one lia!/ tlio iU'lual value. Tlie purchase of coniinoditiea not of Frencli ninnufactnrt' or origin v>as also prohibited. 'J'o cvadi' tlu'se regulritijiH it beeanii' a praetiec with yming Frciieli ('anat. liad prices fixed, not })y those who sold, but by tlie Inleudant or the cliartered companies who bought. And when we read that any given quantity of peltry, or of gi'ain, fish, or hides, w;!s exported in any year, we are not entitled to draw any inf(\rence re- lative to the well-doing of the colonists themselves, wlio wei'c wholly at the mercy of those C(^nipanies and of govern- ment oflicials. The allcgi-il ro.ifly were not alluwrd tu di-jHisc of the goods to the Kiij^lish m- forfii^Mi nicrcliant-;, in ciin-iN[U"nci> nf wliich any f-urpbi.s remaining on thcii' hands had t'> he (U\stniyiMl. * In tlic autumn (if 17"") the customary animal supply of linen and other Fiviich fahricswaslo.-t tliroUf,dx the wreck oF one of the KitiLj's ships on itfjwny out from llochollo, paid to havi- on ho;ivd a car'^'o woi'th a m'llion franco. In coiisccpicncc, tilts people of the colony ".vore put to very m'eat inconvenience, having to supply the deficiency, us far as }io-pputigny, who has made from the bark of trees //, ,(/■,/ 01' foitrsc h((tid-it/(, from fibn- of luttlc, co'ti'sc clot/t liki linen, and from tlic wool of sheep, a fpcclcs of driKj'jct — tho whioh is a great succour to the poor iiihabitauLs." ( ■■ ' \: I i ■ " I'l fin III' i .' 2C6 HISTORY OF CANADA. ['703-55. Tn fact, sncli was the corrupt systoni under l)otli Louis XIV. and Louis XV., and so slenderly were all the state ollicers in the colonies remunerated for their services, that the latter, from the Governor downwards, found it often absolutely necessary to sui)i)lement their incomes ])y parti- ('ipatini:; in the plains derivable from the tradic in furs and in lirpiors sold to tiie savages. A great many accusations to this cir« et are on record, previously to the times of whieii we write, affccling the highest functionaries of the colony and the commandants at the different military posts,* Louis XI v., whether for good or evil in the interest of the colonv, countenanced the iiuthorities both in France and in Canada, in their determination to exclude those who were not members of the lioman Catholic Church. It was assumed that the Huguenots, or Trotestanls, would not be good subjects when abroad, and that fcllow-colonisls dift'ering in faith would not get on well together. Experi- ii jiij * Evi'ii till' cMvalrcu^ Frontt'iinc. wlm was \»»i\\ ainl flu' Tiiti'mlaiit.-! (>[ \\\a tiiiii', wcio accused of iiruiithig liy the aluirio of the li^iiur l.uvs, and likewise M. rerrut, Covcniur of .M.intreal. Ill irO'^, a (■niiiinis.sioinT, wIm had bt'cii sent otit l)y the Fi'ciich Minister to inspect all the post.s. repdrteil that '• Vi. de Vaudreuil concerned hiin.-dt in tratlic and peiauitted cua ilc tie to ho hnniLjht to^Iontreal for the use of tlie Kavagc.x," also that " he sent nuicU iiicrchandiso to Michillimakinac." Similar cIiarL,'e.s were brouf,'lit against Ca[itain do Lnuvigny and M. de \:\ Molte t'a'iillac, Conunandint at ])cti'oit. Tiiu salaries of iiigh puMic functionaries were then, indeed, less than respeclaMe clerks wouM u><\w receive. In rcLrard tn tin' ahovo accusations against Cioveriior Vatidrcull, it does pet appear that the Minister, to whom the reinn't was made, was particu- larly strnek nr disgusted, for on the margin of this report ho made a note in Wolds importing, " M. de Vaudreuil i.s juior — that is the grcar, inisfortune." Abuses of this sort, howi'Vir, were as nothing in eniiqiarisdn with tin; corruption which i)revailed fnrty year.s later amongst many of the colonial funct,ionarie:«, and which aided materially in the de.-triiction of French powtr in America. 1703-55] IXTOLERAXCK OF LOUIS XIV. once miller n rcyiine of j^reater freedom tluui prevailed in his day lias liap[iily disproved the ancient doctrine, since I'rotestants and llonian Catholics are found U) dwell harmoniously together, when participating equally in the enjoyment of free inslilulions. But Louis, far frum heiiig tolerant towards the ministers (.)t' religion, and determined to rule a pe(>[)le i)rofessing only one faith, thought and acted upon other princijiles/'' The Canadian euluni>ts, who oidv heard oi' the Kiiiir of France through their head olHeials, soldiers, hishops, and prie.^ts, and the Indians, who styled him " fl/r (ire'd Onnn- f/n'o," were trained to regnrd Louis as the most exalted of human heings. On a small scale, several of the (loveiiiors — espeeiidly Do Tracy and Frontenac — all'ected to exlilhii, in the Castle of til I^ouis at (,>uehec, the style and manners of the monarch in Versailles. Such conduct was undouht- edly that which Louis himself deemed the most proper ; for on one occasion, when reproving Count Frontenac for his irritahilitv regarding small mattei's of eontroversv with the Bishop and the Litcndant, the King desired him tobeahove considering such trifles, reminding him that he enjoyed *' the high honour of being his rej)resentative." * " tJiit the <:ri-oat.i'.ii.-:iiloring that tliey were now only pcai'i-'ablo, iiulii.stridus, uutl ol.i'iliont .suljocts, l^oiiis XIV, revoked the odiet given in their favour by Henry IV. Desjiotic in his temper, ho wonld have every l'"i'(iieln nan wo r.ship (io 1 in IIks •■•aiue way as hiin. i :CS HISTORY OF CANADA. [1703- :>:>- It is worthy of rciiinvk tlint every one of King Louis's noniiiic'cs to the governorsliip of Cantuln, while endeavour- ing to niMintiiin a sort of colonial court as a representa- tive of royalty, and to impress upon tlie minds of the colo- nists iind natives the greatness of his master through CD Ci dis])]jiys of pomp on all puhlic occasions, was j'et, happily for the colony he canie to govern, irreproachable in life and morals — and so far a strikinti' contrast was exhibited to tlie personal character of the monarch. Tor Louis XIV., great in regard to his schemes and his undertakings, great in his victories as well as reverses, and rendering Franco great by calling to his aid the services of men renowned in the field, the cabinet, and in literature, was also conspicuously great in his personal vices. It nmst be admitted that Louis's chief concern about the colony durinu* his lon'j; reiu'ii was t/ CJ if CD manifested respecting two objects, namely — First, to main- tain the supicmacy of royal authority over every concern or interest that could possibly arise ;* and, secondly, to carry out the idea, instilled into his mind by his mothei', that it was his destiny to establish the faith amongst the savages and idolaters of North America. lie dieil on 1st h?eptember 171;"), in the seventy-seventh year of his age, after a I'eign of seventy-two yc^ars.f * Tin- antlinritios in C;inn(1a were pr)]ul)ito(l from imposing taxes upon llic jii'iiplu' for any purposo whatcviT, iinloss ox[uvssly .intluivisod to do so by ;il ]ilacc.-<, ;i.s tliosi! at Liuurtbuurg, (^uel)oc, Mdiiti'^al, iVc, \vt iv uiuU-r ilu' .-^oK- juiiftilictiuii of lluj authorities in Franco, ami wero only uadoitakcu uudcr cipicd^i urdcis .■scab out to the colonial ollicci'ij. i I S; 270 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1703 J~03' public business. It was a time of peano, wlien sucli ini- provenients could bo atteiulod to uninterruptedly. Althou_L;li the occasional outbursts and complicated subjects of quarrel amon;^ the restless western tribes required French inter- vention ii'om time to time, yet most of the ancient causes of retardation being absent, the colony made considerable i)ro- gress during Vaudreuil's governorship. Before its close the population had reached to about twenty-five ihousand souls. 200. Some of the other improvements and changes in- troduced, as stated iu the preceding article, merit more particular mention iu this place. During upwards of thirty years previous to 1718, arti- cles of commerce were connuonly bought and paid for })y means of hillcfs or cartes, having expressed on their faces the sums for which they were good, dates^ stamps, and signatures of high oi'liclals. There were als"> arrangements to prevent uierchants i'rom obtaining bir.i of exchange, payable in Fj'ance, without the use of these billets. They circulated, therefore, as coin, and no other money was seen or accunudated in the colony. They were replaced by new ones from the treasurv, when the old ones were defaced or worn out. Towards 1714 or ITl."), owing to fuiancial difliculties in France, bills of exchange were not promptly honoured there. The billets began to bo of less than their nominal value. The merchants of Quebec then offered to give double the statcil amount of billets for bills of exchange, provided the authorities in Paris would midertako to piiy Ihem when presented. The proposal was accej)ted by the court, but iinally, towards 171 S, the circulation of coin was resumed.* * Uiiwnnts of (1110 niilllnii of fiaiics' worth of thef5e bilU'ts \\a^ caiicellfil by burning the imiierf, tLcir vise being proUibitcd. Some cvil^, lio\vt'Vt.'r, J,'OV( J'l'noe than wliic Til four # with but prohi t'V.idt I703-55.] THE INDIAN COMPANY. 27r llllill the coin :elli''I ,cvor, With respect to official reports, altlioii,2:li, in Franco, cverytliin^r was done in the name of the KiiiLT, vet, chirini' his minority, the conntiy vras ruled by a regency, under tlie Bulze of Orhans. By it the afFiilrs of tlie colonies were intrusted to the charge of the Council of j\Iarine, presided over by the Count of Tliordouse. The Murine Council directed that, in future, different subjects of report should never be included in the same letter. Again, in the reports from the colonies, those of subaltern ofiicers engaged in tlic public service were accustomed to ])e addressed to tlie Secretary of State. It was now provided that, in place of the ibrmer practice, all reports should reach the 3larine Council through the superior oilicers. Thus, mih'tary ofiicers were to report to the Governor ; officers of justice, police, and finance, to the Intendant ; and, fiuidly, these head functionaries reported direct to the Minister in France. 207. About the same time the whole business of commerce in Canada began to merge in a single great corporation, called the '^ Imluni Compani/J'* Tliis Company, which, to the immense injury of tlie country, subsequently in- cluded several of the leading functionaries of the colony, soon acquired a predominating influence. Its affairs were governed by directors in Paris. Its agents in Canada gave receipts for furs and other products purchased from the inhabitants, which receipts were aftei'wards taken in return procoodod from tho cliango, becauso tiiorc nioney went (^it of the coimtiy tl.;m the King sont in to \K\y tho various charges fnr whicli ho \vas liahlo, Avliich crtusod a scarcity of coin. Tiio billets used to bo of tlio imnunal values nf thirty-two, sixteen, and fuur livres, forty sous, and twenty snus re-peclivel}', * Several companies had nndertakcn to carry on business in Tauada with exchisivo privileges — such as tlio solo ri^ht to import certain article-*; but most of these eitlier failed or discontinued operations, as tliey wero prohibited from sending or selling peltry to foreigners, while many colonists evaded the prohibition. J f 11. >i it\ w < ^m 272 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1703-53. for bills of excliati<;jo, payable in Paris during the first four months of the following year. In the meantime the receipts constituted a species of money, as they would be accepted at thelnagazines in })ayment of merchtnidise and necessaries. The Compimy ini})orted Jind sold to the inhabitants all the merchandise, luxuries, and necessaries consumed in the colony. Its agents at the magazines dealt ^vith the Indians and colonists, returning recel[)ts, or furnishing necessaries, in exchange for the furs, grain, fish, oils, hides, and other })roducts Ibrming the articles of trallic. Annually the Company "s agents exported those products to France, Every season from one hundred and iii'ty to two hundred canoes, from the country of the Oltawas, loaded with peltry, would c(jine down to ]\rjntreal for trallic. In a few days tlie business wouhl be concluded, and the Company's agents in i)ossessi()n of from three hundi'ed thousand to four hundred thousand francs' worth of furs and other spoils of the chase. On a smaller scale the same process was carried on at Three liivers, as the point most convenient of access to the Si. Francis and St ]\Luu'ice districts. Jlontreal, however, l)ecame the great mart, and was visited, at least, once or twice a year by great numbers who came I'rom distant parts to procure all kinds of neces- f^aries at the magazines. 208. The useful and comparatively prosperous adminis- tration of M. de Vaudreuil was brought to an end ])y his death at Quebec on Octt)ber 10, 1725. lie was nmch antl universally regretted, having preserved to the end of his life the popularity by means of which alone he had been i)romoted to his high oflice.* * Althoiigli not born in Canutla, lie had lived 8o long there aa to le virtually a Canadiun. Tliis ('iii'miistance, and the fact that his connoctiond by uiarriago wcro culoalal, are said to liavo becu used aa arguuiouts at coil whl aftj I703-55-] PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. 273 209. During the period from 1713 up to 1744, Canada enjoyed the longest peace slie had ever known. Her old enemies the Iroquois had discontinued their harassing in- cursions, and the relations subsisting between the mother countries prevented the jealousies and petty causes of dif- ference between the English and French colonies from leading to actual hostilities, M. dc Beauliarnois, who succeeded Vaudreuil, pursued a policy similar to that of his predecessor, vigilantly watch- ing over the internal interests of the country, while he kept constantly in view any movements on the jmrt of the Eng- lish and of the Indian tribes by which the safety or the future welfare of Canada might be afTected. The French colony, therefore, made much progress dur- ing that long interval of peace, and the population advanced to fifty thousand. Of its internal condition a fair opinion may be formed from the statements of the historian Charle- voix, who visited Canada in 1720, and, after spending some time in making personal observations, recorded what he saw and thought. He described the country above ^lontreal as wholly unsettled by Europeans, excepting several in- significant fortified posts and blockhouses — as at Fron/oKic, Niagara, Detroit, Michillimakinac, and other trading stations in the west. Charlevoix's remarks respecting the state of the people of the colony were based chiefly upon his observations in and near the city of Quebec. He says, " Tlierc are not more than seven thousand souls at Quebec ; but one finds nothing but what is select, and calculated to form an agreeable society. A Governor-General, with his staff of i; ■. t laa to le linoctioni iouls at court against his nouiiiiation as Governor. TIio only other Cauadoin who filled the office was his son, who succeeded Du(|uesue, thirty years after the death of the first Marc|iiis Vaudreuil. 8 274 HISTORY OF CANADA. [I703-5S- If n 1 PL I''. 11' 3 -■ I Ir m: high-born officers, and his troops ; an Intendant, witli a superior council and inferior courts ; a commissary of marine, grand provost, grand voyer, and a superintendent of waters and forests, whose jurisdiction is certainly the most extensive in the world ; merchants, in easy circum- stances, or at least living as if they were ; a Bisliop and a numerous seminary, llecollets and Jesuits, three female religious conmiunities, well established ; other circles else- where, as brilliant as those surrounding the Governor and the Intendant. On the whole, it seems to me there are, for all classes of persons, means of passing the time agreeably. Every one contributes to liis utmost. People amuse them- Belves with games and excursions, using calechcs in sum- mer, sledges and skates in winter. There is a great deal of hunting, for many gentlefolks have no other resource for living in comfort. Current news relate to only a few topics, as the country does not furnish many. The news from Europe comes all at once, and occupies a great part of the year, furnishing subjects of conversation relative to the past and future. Science and the arts have their turn. ''The Canadians breathe from their birth the air of liberty, which renders them very agreeable in social inter- course. Nowhere else is our language spoken in greater purity. One observes here no defective accent. " There are here no rich people, every one is hospitable, and n(tl)ody amuses himself in making money. If a person cannot ulford to entertain friends at table, he at least en- deavours to dress well. " The best blood of our country is here in both sexes. There is a general love of pleasure and amusement, with polished manners, and a total absence of rusticity, whether in language or habits, throughout the country. It is not the same, they say, with our neighbours, the English colon- c ol ar: pr. 8U(. at -i i« 1703-55] MANNERS IN CANADA AND NEW ENGLAND. 275 lexes. with ether not oloii- ists ; and those who do not know the colonies, except hy their daily habits, actions, and Iani:junge, would not hesi- tate to say that ours is the more flourisliini:f. In fact, tliere prevails in Xew England an oimlenco which the people seem not to know how to use ; and in New France a po- verty which is concealed under an unstudied air of case. New England is supported ])y the culture of the plantations, New France by the industry of its iidiabitants. The Eng- lish colonist amasses well, and incurs no superfluous expense ; the French enjoys that which ho has, and sometimes makes a parade of that which he does not pos- sess. The former works for his heirs ; tho latter leaves for his descendants the same state of necessitv which was his own lot, to escape from it as they best can. The Anglo- Americans do not desire war, because ihev have much to lose ; nor do they meddle much with the savages, because they do not think they retpiire them. On the contrary, the French youth detest a state of peace, and like to dwell among the natives, whose admiration they gain in war, and their friendship at all times."* 210. The administration of IM. de Beauharnois besran in 1720, and ended in ITlT.f It^^ earlier portion was occupied in endeavours, both by negotiations and menaces, to deter the English colonists from encroaching upon Canada. Beauharnois did not, however, succeed in hin- * The description tjf the CanadiiUis ;uiil tlicir inaniUT.-!, li>ri' (juoted from Charlevdix, accords with that of rr(ifi'.-s(ir Kaliu'.<. diMivi d fr. 111 jKn-soual observations made by the latter about a (jii.ntfr of ;i c-nniiy later. tin the interval between the deatii oi Vaudreuil, in 17:jr<, and the arrival of r.eauharnois, in 1720, the IJan-n do Loiiyuiii, a Cihu'Iudi (lover- nur of Montreal, presideil over the aflains of the colony. I'leadiiii,' a8 precedents the cases of Calliere and Vaudreuil, he .solieitiMl fur liiiiis^elf the succession to the office of Governor-General, but had not interest enough at court to support his claim. LeauLaruois was a brother of the former lutendaut of that uame. i % ! ■ \ : 276 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1703-55- deiinpf tliem from constructing a fort and magazines at Chouagcn {Csiayo), on the south shore of Lake Ontario. The Eiigli.sli had recourse to this undertaking for the pur- pose of encouniging and protecting tradic witli the Indians from the north-west, and to neutralise as mucli as possihle the advantages the French derived from tlieir stations at Frontenac and Niagara. The French Governor regarded the building of Fort Chouagen, and its occupation, as a hostile intrusiiai, but, in a time of j)eace between the mother countries, was obliged to content hlmsell with protesting against it. lie contended that the English colonists, con- formably to the Treaty of Utrecht, were bound to confine themselves within the limits of the AUcfjhanics, as their western boundary. But instead of that, they now advanced their posts as far as Lake Ontario, and their traders pene- trated into the valley of the Ohio, in spite of the French Governor's prohibitions, and his orders to seize and con- iiseate the property of all intruders. Similar encroachments were complained of in the direc- tion of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. The French Government, in the meantime, prosecuted the works at Louisbourg. 211. Beauharnois encouraged the prosecution of dis- covery westwards, in the regions of the Upper IMissouri, and those lying between Lakes Superior and Whmipcf/ and the Rocky ]\Iountains. For this purpose he employed an intrepid ofKcer, named Varrenne de la Varcndr/je, who occupied about fifteen years in conducting those ex- plorations. Before his time nothing was known of the territory between California on the south, and Hudson's Bay on the north. M. Varendrye was the first to make known the existence of the Rocky Mountains. About 1740, the state of afiairs in Europe betokened 1703-55] EXPEDITION AGAINST LOUISBOURG. 277 the probable rosumpHon of hostilities between Franco and England. The latter power had already declared war af]fainst Spain. France, inclining to the view.s of Spain, was desirons, nevertheless, of abstaining from another con- flict with (Jreat Britaii). I3nt the course of events proved highly unfavourable to the Spanish, whoso commerce in the West was being injured, and that of the English aug- mented. The court of France began to apprehend that England would acquire all the colonies of Spain. To com- pel England to make peace "wiili Spain, the French court resolved to take sides with the latter. At the same tinio encouragement was given to tlio disaffected subjects of (Jreat Britain, who, in Scotland and in Ireland, were conspiring to restore the exiled Stuart famil/ to the thnnie. Other sources of dispute, consequent upon +he dealo of the colony over whom ho had ruled so long, and who testilied their deep regret on the occasion of iii.s ouibariting for PVance, on October 14, 1747. II: .la.at^'WtaS^iBia*'***-''**^ 1703-55-] M. DK LA GALISSOXIKRE. 2S1 sionors wcro to ha appointed to settle tlio question of boundaries in America. The result of tliesc important provisions was, tliat Loui-shourr/ was restored to France. Of the four commissioners for settlin"»i«-i«»iaji«*ii; tm 'I 282 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1703-55- the territory claimed by the English. One of the priests — the Abbd le Loutre — was very successful in executing the Governor's wishes. Eventually a considerable number of the Catholic Acadians removed to settlements at Bai/ Verte. Some also, both French Acadians and Abenaquis, removed to the neighbourhood of Quebec. One of the causes of Galissoniere's desire to perfect his plans with respect to French inlhience in Acadia and Cape Breton grew out of the commencement, about this time, of a new establishment and naval station by the English within the Bay of Chebuctou — since called Halifax. Count Galissoniere per- ceived clearly the value of such a station on the Acadian coast, and desired to counterbalance this by inducing the Acadians to settle in large numbers at Bay Verte, and in the vicinity of the forts at the isthmus, Beauscjour and Gasparcmix. The departure of Galissoniere on September 24, 1741), left the further prosecution of these designs to his successor, jM. de la Jonquiere."'' 210. During the whole of the administration of M. de la Jonquiere, in spite of the existence of a state of peace between the mother countries, and in disregard of the wishes of their Govei'nments to await the results of the commission to which the question of boundaries had been referred,i' the French and British colonists persisted in all their former proceedings, acting towards each other with ( I * At this tiino Professor Kahn, a Swedish naturalist, was on a visit to Canada. Somo of hia observations upon the state of the colony are very interesting. Kalni was a spectator of the ceremonies attendant upon Jonquicre's reception at Quebec, of wliicli ho published an account. + A French writer, M. Dusaieux says, that the only result of this com- mission was the seudiug iu of a voluuiiuoua report iu thirty-two cpiarto volumes. ■ ,^>;..-,i£iiaS*i4i«((l»«l«-«SS«*^----' 1703-55] BOUNDARY DISPUTES. 2S3 views directed solely to the furtherance of their rc«;pectivo locnl interests. The claims of the New Enirlanders extended far bcvond any limits which could be entertained by the French. According to those claims, the lands from the sea-coast as far as the south banks of the St Lawrence belonged to tlie British, while the Frencli colonists were to be conlined to the remons north of the Great Iviver and of the lakes. In the west, so far from admitting Frencli jurisdiction in the territory between the Allcghanies and the Mississi[)pi, the English, as early as 1748, had formed a company for colonising the valley of the Ohio, fortified by a parliamen- tary grant of six hundred thousand acres. The I'rench based their riglit to that valley upon La Salle's discovery of Bdlc lilvmre (the Ohln) in 1G70-7L But the English colonial Governors, repudiating that claim, contiiuied to gi'ant passes to parties of traders desirous of prosecuting traffic with the hordes of savages who hunted in those regions, thougli regarded by the French as portions of New France and Louisiana.* Under such circumstances it was impossible for any accommodation to be arrived at which could satisfv the colonists on either side. Both parties built forts and established trading-posts wherever it seemed advanta- geous to do so, and wherever it was thought possil)le to maintain these in behalf of their respective pretensions. f ■•Mi 1: "I ■"■'ii * In those vast r.nd fertile regions which are here referred to — inclvuling now the territory of seven or eight ytutes, Michigan, Ohio, Imliana, Ken- tucky, Illin(M.s, Mi.sHouri, Iowa, VVi.seon.-iin — a imiltitudo of re.-itleci.s Indian tribes watidered and hunted. Amongst them were the Maccontivs, Kicka- poo.1, MalhomiM's, FoUcs-Avoincs, Sioux, Scikts, Mlamis, Jl/unnn, Poutcoa- tcimis, and Outurjamls or lienards, sumo of whom, especially the last nametl, wore bitterly hostile to the French. t See the uotice of tho lines of forts giveu in the next chapter. "^■■«&iat«iia£si«i^,„ai»-. 5- ,■ {• s» 284 HISTORY OF CANADA. 11703-55- These onf posts came to be established nearer and nearer to each other, until collisions and bloodshed became unavoid- able, even before a recognised state of war again existed between the mother countries. At this period there were three routes, or lines of com- munication, between Canada and Louisiana. One of these led iVdni the south shore of Lake Erie by the Rivwre aux Ikevj's and the Itiver Allcyhmiy to the Ohio, and along this to the ]\Iississi})pi. A second, starting from the south of Lake ]\richignu, passed along the Iliver Illinois into the same great highway. The third was that of the rivers Fox and Wisconsin. Fort de Chmircs, some distfince north of the confluence of the Ohio with the Mississippi, was tiie first or most northei-n outpost of Louisiana. It will be seen that a number of the fortified posts which were consti-ucled westward and southward of lakes Ontario and J'irie derived their importance from their positions with respect to the first of the three routes which have been described. Much of the attention of Jonquiere, and of his succes- sor, Du(piesne, was occupied in establishing, providing for, and secnring the safely of these numerous forts, by means of wliieli the French colonists endeavoured to protect their communications with the west and south, and to antici- pate the encroachments of the New Englnnders. The most advanced military post of the English — that of Chouagen (Oswego), commenced in 1722 — had been constructed, as lias been already mentioned, in defiance of *•;? protests and menaces of the Governor Vaudreuil, and ! ' 'ained, a long distance beyond what the French con- .si(jcred the Biitish frontier, in spite of the continued remonstrances of his successors. 220. M. de la Jonquiere, who was reproached by the 1703-55] CHARACTER OF DE LA JOXQUIERE. 285 French Minister liouviUe for not prosocutirifij the plans of (jrulissoniere with sufficient energy, governed dnring throe years. He was well advanced in years, and accused of avarice, and of being connected with people in the colony who made gain out of the liquor traffic. On several occa- sions he was embroiled in controversies with the clergy on that account. He was unfortunate in presiding over the alTairs of the colony at a time when great abuses began to I)revail among the leading officials, who lived extravagantly, took part in commerce, and amassed private f(.»rtunes at the expense of the King and the colonists. Complaints against the Governor were transmitted to the court, in consequence of which he demanded his recall. But his administrnlion was brought to a close by his death at Quebec, in ]\Iay 1752.^^ 221. On the death of Jon(|uiere, the Baron Longueil,in virtue of seniority of office, became the temporary head of the colony. He applied for the governorship, as his I'atiier had done twenly-seven years before, but was refused. In the meantime he devoted his attention to the mainti nance of the position in which allairs stood when Jonquiere died. The court had appointed M. Duquesne Governor-General in March 1752, and this functionary arrived at Quebec in foUowi July JilV. •t * The remains of Do la Jonquiere were interred iu the Chuicii df the Kecollets, near to those u£ .several of his ijretleoessors in oflici*. At the time of his decease ho was sixty-seven years old. He was said to have amassed a million francs (jL'IUUOU) by his gains in Canada, alihou^h lii^ htiited salary was only about seven thousand franc.-!, out of which he had to pay his guards, &c. t In regard to tlie succession to the governorship of Canada, a remark- able pas.sage occurs in a memorial addressed some years before to the French Minister by a priest, iu which it was sl.ited, "The (Jovernni'-Gene- ral ought not to bo a Canailian, nor have relations in Canada. He .should be a man of quality, at least a general officer, and decorated with the ■ ' '•■iin*«*aaM3uiiF,j ■mm i ^ r.' . I ' ; - ? t r ■ n ; fin 286 HISTORY OF CANADA. [i7'-53-55- 222. M. Dnqucsne found, on his arrival, the state of affairs such as to warrant the complaints already noticed. Bi^'ot was Intendant. ]\Iany of the commandants of posts were concerned in traffic, and careless ahont their proper duties. Tiie colonial (officers were reluctant to take active service, and the composition of the troops was defective. The soldiers were insubordinate and disrespectful towards their superiors, and desertions were common. These sub- jects were complained of by Duquesne in a letter to tlie French Minister of Marine, dated in October 1753. In tlie same letter, disorderly conduct, and even dishonesty and cowardice, on the part of officers of the colonial troops, are specified. The Governor, however, applied himself vigor- ously to the work of correcting the evils. The number (»f the ])opula1ion was such that the militia could now be raised to fifteen thousand. He re-organised them, and had them thoroughly drilled. In the course of eighteen months, ho effected a great reform in their composition, behaviour, and discipline. He had received orders to persist in excluding English traders from tlie valley of the Ohio. In obedience to these he established new posts. Tender his directions an officer I* i. ;i •! ! 1 ^ ! 1 i J ''1 iL. Cross of St Louis. Hi; (mi.;ht to bo c]iil(lle.«.=!, and not tlio lunbaml of a young imd wuililly woman. Ho slumld bo brave, c':i[iabln ul entbiiin,:^ boilily fatigui', (if pmiular juanncrs, bumanc tnwai'tls Fivncb and pavayi'.-', l)\it insuil'tTably lianghty towards tbo I"n^li.-li, \vb .«agi' and oautinns. He ebould Oducorn liiiu.sflf cxfbi^ivfly ubciit matters ai'pertaininjj to tlio bon<*■*-:■ \l 288 HISTORY OF CANADA. m [1703-55. Government. Tlie latter decided that the proceed hi gs of the Frencli were iudefensihle and aggressive. 224. Tlie other occurrence alluded to was of a still more grave <)liaracter. In 1753, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia resolved upon more decisive steps than hefore relative to the occupation of the Oliio valley, appealing for assistance to England and to the other Ihitish colonies. It had already, alter the aftair with the Miamis, been decided by the King in Council tliat the territoiy in dispute formed the western ])art of the Virginian colony, and that any active opposi- tion by the Frencli colonists in that quarter shotild be resj^arded as hostile, and be resisted by force. At the same time Dinwiddie was imsuccessful in his applications for inmiediate aid. He therefore determined to act alone, and dispatched a body of men under George Washington into the country between Fort Necessity and Fort Duquesne, with directions to establish himself, and to notify the French that they were unlawfully occu])ying British territory. Washington, now a young officer of twenty-two, passed with his command along the banks of the Monongahela in May 1754. His advanced guard, under Ensign Ward, con- structed a small fort or blockhouse, which was forthwith attacked by the Frencli, and the party in occupation made prisoners. Contrccoeur, the commandant at Duquesne, sent an officer, il/. (Je Jumonvillc, with an escort of thirty-four men, to seek the English leader, and to warn him off French territory. Jumonville arrived in Washington's neighbourhood about the end of May, in the night-time. He and his detachment were seen by the scouts belonging to the English force, whicli surrounded the French party in the midst of the forest. Washington himself has stated ,-i>-i««!»«-!*^*«""'-''****''t 1703-55] WASHINGTON AND JUMUNVILLE. 289 in defence of his proceedings, and in pallijition of tlio tragedy which ensued on the following morning, that he considered a state of war existed owing lo the attack pre- viously made upon Ensign Ward, and that as he was under orders to repulse the Fiench as heing aggressors and in- truders within the New England frontier, he ordered his men to fire upon the su})i)0sed enemy ; adding, that Jumon- ville did not indicate his character by reading any sum- uions ; that the French party ruslied to arms as soon as the English became visible to them ; and that the result was a skirmish and legitimate warfare under the circumstances. This result, however, included the slaughter ot'M. Jumon- ville and nine men of his party, the remainder being taken or escaping by flight. On the English side one was ki'led and two or three were wounded. Governor IJinwiddie sustained the })roceedings of his officer, who, he said, had only done his duty, while the French officer was alleged to have owed his fate to his own imprudence and that of his followers, since they had all abandoned or concealed the clk'U'acter of mere emissaries bearing a summons, by rush- ing to arms when the English troops came in sight. This aliair, when it became known in the Frencli colony and in France, excited intense feeling, and produced com- ments expressing the most odious imputations. lu public documents as well as private letters the death of Jumou- villc was characterised by the terms t^urdcr and a.ssa-ssi- 7mtiou* After the untoward encounter with Jumonville and his i '.f! * Governors Duquesne and Vaudrouil applied these tcnnn to tlie caw in tlieir letters to the Frencli Ministry. Contrecusur and t)thfri>flicerK inCanada uniformly held the same language. M. de Villiers, who su1).si'i|iiently txilc Wa.shington prisoner of war when Fort Necessity .surrendered, not oidy caused the term assassination to be made use of in one of the articles of capitulation, but is also reported to have said to him — " We can avunije an T I »'-«:43' part}', Was! 11 nekton established himself in Fort Necessity,* on the Monon^ahela. ContrecoMir, at Diiquesne, on learnini::^ the fate of his Ruhordinatc officer, immediately commissioned M. de Villiers to conduct a band of six hundred French, with one hundred savages, aji^ainst the English, to seek and attack them wherever they could be found. These instruc- tions were given Juno 28, 1754. Villiers, arriving in the vicinity of Fort Necessity, at- tacked it on July 3, having disposed his troops within gun- shot on the contiguous high land, but concealed amongst the bushes and trees. In the English position there were live hundred men and nine pieces of artillery. After sus- taining the fire of the French musquetry during ten liours, Washington capitulated. He had lost ninety men, and his position was untenable. The French loss w^as two killed and seventy wounded. Terms honourable to the English garrison were accorded. In the first article it was stated that the purpose of the attack was, " not to diisturb the peace and good feeling which subsisted between tlie two friendly Kings, but solely to avenge an assassination com- mitted upon an officer, the bearer of a summons, and his escort."t Washington, who signed the articles of capitu- assassinatioii, but uot follow the example." Villiers was Jumouvillc's brother. Voltaire, -writing in allusion to Jumonvillc's fate, and also to the capture of French nierchatitnieu by English cruisers, said, in a letter dated July 1*2, 1757 : — " I was formerly of the Englitsh party, but am that no longer, since the English assassinate our oHicera in America, and have turned pirates on the sea." * According to some accounts, Fort IN^ecesgity, which was merely a stockade, situated in a hollow between two eminences, and surrounded on three sides by forest trees, was not constructed until after the afl'air with Jumonville. Washington purposed to march against Fort Duquesue, but Vvas obliged to wait for reinforcements from Virginia. t See Appendix relative to the capitulation of Fort Necessity. ■^i.*'**w^v?f^^*"-*-^^'ft»^ ' 1703-55] WASHINGTON AND JUMONVILLE. 191 10 3 lation, houncl himself to restore the prisoners formerly of Jumonville's imrty, and gave up us hostages for the fulfihnent of this condition two of his own oflicers,* who wore to be detained in the meantime in Canada. The victors destroyed the Enirlish fort, while Wasliinujton, with his surviving followers, retired across tlio Alleghanies into Virginia. 22r). Althoni;-h the occurrences narrated in the forowinir article did not lead to immediate hostilities beiween the mother countries, yet prepai-ations were made on both sides, as it was foreseen that another war was now inevitable. The French Government equipped .""or Canada a lai-ger body of troops than had ever before been sent out. The English at the same time dispatched General Braddocl-, witli two regiments of soldiers, to New York. In fact, the decisive struggle between France and England in America was inevitable, and would commence as soon as the Governments of the two countries should feel readv ; and the shots cxchanired between their colonial oflicers on the banks of the Monongahela may be regarded as the first of the i;:reatwar which was to end in the transfer of XewFi'ance from the parent state to Great Britain. Several remarkable events, however, occurred, and a series of deadly conflicts between the colonists, aided by regular troops on both sides, intervened, during the two years which ela])sed before war was foi'raaliy declared ; for England and France were nominally at peace while their respective subjects were shedding: each others' blood in America. II ■■ y a on ,-ith but * Captains /«foi ]Vamlram and Rohcrt Stoho •\vero tlio liostagcp. The latter, according to tLo allegations of the French, ruined liis reputation for honour, and placed his own life in jeopardy, by his conduct while detained as a hostage in Canada. (See p. 307.) P^WPHiiili 292 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1755-56. CIIAPTErt XXIY. FORTIFIED POSTS— rREPAr.ATIONS DUPIXG THE WINTER OF 1754 — REi>:Foi;ri:MENTs for the colonies— j:. devaudreuil, gover- nor— English COLONISTS I'LAN FOUR EXPEDITIONS- SIIIRLEY's abortive EXPEDITION— IPKRATIONS IN ACADIA— DEPLORAELE EVENTS AND DEPORTATION OF ACADIANS— GENERAL BHADDOCK's LXPEDITIUN — BATTLE OF LA BELLE J;1VIE1;E— GENERALS LYMAN AND JOHNSON- FORTS LYDIUS AND GE0R(;E — DEFEAT OF DIESKAU AT LAKE GEORGE— OCCUPATION OF CARILLON OR TICONDEROGA — AFFAIRS IN CANADA — BIGOT— SCARCITY AND JIISMANAGEMENT— PREPARATIONS BY THE ENGLISH COLONISTS FOR 1756- GENERAL ALJEUCROMIUK'S MOVEMENTS — KEINFfly to cheek Indian and Canadian raids, but not necessary to be specified here. Extending northward from the colonv of Xew Yoi-k, and westward of Pennsylvania, IMaryland, and Vii'ginia, there were several fortified places which became the objects of contest, or the theatres of important occurrences in the course of the ensuing campaigns of the war. Some of them, however, were not actually completed before the war, but were constructed on particular occasions, and as re- quired, for the support of military operations. Of these the chief were, Fort Lijdiufi (Fort Fhrnrd), at the northern extremity of the lliver Hudson ; Fort George {Fort JVilliarn IFnrfj), onlA}k(} George; Fort St Anne; Fort Carillon {Tlconderoja) ; Fort Frederick {Crow)i FoinI) ;* * This was coiifjidored tlio most important of all tlie Froiidi jjosts in the noighliourhood of Liikc Chain])! i in, and was const rmitod liy liu' nnlerot" (jovernor Bcauharnois in 17ol. It was sitnatcd on an iiicotisidi'ralihi sito, fomning a sort of causeway pvojectinc^ into the lako, and fl inked on theotlier tilde by a pond or bog, called " Lc Orand Ma7', its capturo and defence became, to the two contending jiartics, prime ulijcets of attention, which led to desperate oncnuntcrs in other neigldtouring locali- ties ; but the fort itself was never the actual scene of a cnnflict. Tho reasi>ns for selecting the site originally, and which ma^.. ^jiirposcs — to re[)el the encroach- ments of the Engl Nil colonists, and the ingress of their traders into New Frai.wi-, ii^l n;C|'t the Indians of the west and north-west, and secure the trailic with them, instead of leaving it open to them to go and trade with the New Englanders. Many of these stations were further rerpiired to sustain French iniluence among the tribes, to protect them at times from each other, and to answer the purpose of depots for the connnodities for which the savages were accustomed to barter their furs and skins of wild animals. Proceeding upwards on the south side of the St Law- rence, there were Forts Frescntation (O'jdenshurf/), Levis, near the outlet of Lake Ontario, Forts Niagara, Fresquisle, liivitre aux Bojit/s, Machault, Venango, and Duqiiesne — the four last mentioned extending southward from Lake Erie, to keep u}) comnumications with the Ohio region, and ishut out the English colonists. Du(piesne, as has been the English, nucl shall be in a position to fall upon thorn when they least expect attacks. If the English anticipate us in occupying the site, then they ■will have the advantage of preventing us from showing ourselves on tha lake, in place of our being enabled, when masters of that post, to constantly harass them with small bunds of raiders, such aa wero had recourse to between 1080 and 1099." 1755-56.] FORTIFIED POSTS. 295 stated, was constmcted under the orders of the Governor of that name, at a fork of the Eiver Ohio, and was the most advanced of the French posts, and nearest to the English posts, Fort Nccessilif, the scene of George Washington's defeat and surrender, and Fort Cumhcrland, on the rivTr Potomac. Fort Duquesne was pLaced in good order to resist an assault, and defended by cannon and a numerous garrison. It was also important as being the headquarters of the French commander, to whose care was confided the charge of the chain of forts lying between it and LtdvC Erie, and which have been enumerated above. On the north shore of Ontario, at the place anciently called CoAaracoui {Kingston), was Fort Frontcnac, originally })lanned by Governor Courcelles, though erected by, and called after liis successor, Count Fronten;ic. Next in order of position was Fort Toronto {York, Toronto), constructed under the orders of Governor do la Jonquiere, and originally named by him Fort liouville, in honour of the French ^Minister of Marine. At the western end of Lake Erie was Fort Port- chartrain (Detroit), and farther west, Fort Mianiis, Fort St Joseph, a blockhouse named Chicagoii, Fort Crcvccceitr, on the Illinois river, and a fortified pu. . on the jMississippi, near to the junction of the Missouri. The six last namoil stations served to keep open the conmumications between the lake regions and the firF', outpost of Louisiana, Fort dc Chartrcs, on the Mississippi, situated some distance below the modern city St Louis. Tiiere were other forts and stations occupied by the French in the lake regions to the north — as at Mich ill imaJc! new, at tlie mouth of the Fox river, and in other parts ; it is unnecessary, however, to refer to them more particularly.* * To tbo foregoing account of some of thu fortified Ktationa of the French and Engliali colonists, it should be added that iuteruitdiate coni- U '< ? i m \U r: 296 HISTORY OF CANADA. ['735-5^'- At jMontrcal a low fitono wall or fence had been in pro- v.osa of construction since the year 1722, with scarcely any other means of enablini^ the city to hold out against military operations. In fact, the defences there were not desii^^ned for resisting an enemy practising tactics different from tliose of the Iioquois, the ancient foes of the colonists. Even r.t the time of its greatest peril, in 17(i(), the city was wholly unprepared to stand a siege. A passage which occurs in the biography of the foundress of the IMontreal General Hospital, quoted from an official letter of the date Septem- ber 25, 1700, sets forth, that " The city has nothing but a terraced wall, built for the sole purpose of preventing a sui'i)rise or coiqy de main, and quite incapable of resisting artillery." 228. louring the winter. of 1754, preparations were made both in France a!id England to reinforce the American colonies with troops and nnmitions of war. inunication between the more important places was maintained by chains of minor fort.s. Thna between Albany and Oswego there was Fort JIuntcr, about twenty inilo.s distant from Schenectady ; next Fort Cntuxitrhndvy, np- wards of thirty miles beyond Fort Hunter ; then, in pucce.-.sion, Koiran, Fort WUltams, and Fort Bull, the last situated near the small lake Oneida. To cut tliis line of communication, by which the Engli-sh sent provisions jind reinforcements of men to Chouagen or Oswego, Governor Vaudreuil, iu Ma7-ch 175(), sent a party from ^lontreal, by way of Ogdensburg, under M. de Levy, who crossed the country to Fort Bull, and surprised the place, capturing eighty-six men, and a large qnantity of stores and provisions, greatly needed in the French colony at that time, where the inhabitants were already reduced to the use of horseflesh, and one pound eacli of very bad bread daily. Vaudreuil was very uneasy a\)out the English position at Oswego, froni which they could descend to ^lontreal in three or foin- days. Soon after De Lery's expedition, he sent a stronger one nnder Da Vil/li'i'ii, wlio, with eight hundred men, fortified a i)osition at the mouth of Black Jiinr, not far from (S/f/i't/^'s 7/«>'&o«r, and from which he made frequent attacks on convoys bound for Oswego, rendering communication with Schenectady and Albany very difficult. pro- ' any itaiy ijjned those Even holly rs in neral )tem- but a insj a isting made rican chains Junter, '7/> "P* Kowart, )ncidit. visions (Ireuil, under 3 place, -■i.iiiins, bitants )f very 1, from n after >, witli •cr, not oka on lectady ■ ! 1 HW^ '•i', i \ irii I / m Ik h I': i * 1 ^ I^^J-I-^ fcl ^. ** ^ » ■ ,-*. r_-l . 1 1 755-56-] ARRIVAL OF M. Dp: VAUDREUIL 297 Fiold-Marslml Baron Dioskau was appointed to command six regiments of French soldiers, nnnibering 33")!) men and officers, •who embai'ked at Brest, in tlie end of Ai^ril . ■•^•i"'- 175'- 1755, on board tlie fleet of Admiral de la Motho. Tliis sqnadron consisted of fonrteen line-of-battle sliips, fonr frigates, and numerous transports bearing supplies of all kinds. The English Government had alrendy dispatched to New York troops under General Braddoclc, as has been stated in the preceding chapter, who arriv(>d at their destination in the month of Februarv. An English ileet also, com- manded bv Admiral Boscawen, was sent to cruise^ near the Gulf of St Lawrence, with the hope of intercepting the reinforcements for Canada. The French fleet liad a long and liazardous passage. In June, on its arris'al ofT Cape Race, three of the ships of war, which had separated from the others, were attacked by the English, who captured two, while the third made its escape into Louisbourg. The remainder of the S(piadroii arrived safe at Quebec in the month of July. Notwithstanding the a'Ssenco of a formal declaration of war, the ships of Boscawen, after missing the main body of the French fleet, proceeded to make captures of flsliing vessels and merchantmen, to the number, it is said, of three hundred.* 229. With the French reinforcements, the successor of Duquesne, who had resigned, arrived at Quel)ec — ^l. de Vaudveuil, son of the former Governor of that name. Military operations on the part of the English had * Dussienx states that tho French Ios.soh ainountod to thr^'o liuiuh'f'd millions of francs, and that ten thousaivl bailors fell into tho han^Ls of tho Fngli^h. Louis XV., on learning the fact.-*, .still abstained from declaring war. But he withdrew his ambassador from London, and tho warlike pre- parations were actively prosecuted. V? 2^8 HISTORY OF CANADA. U: :>:3~> ;^. »1 ready been commenced in the valley of the Ohio, and in ■n\ Acnd Til la. G( d % the di new uovernor entered of his ofllce, holding councils of war at Quebec with Dieskau and his officers, and making every effort to prepare for the a])proaching struggle. 230. The English colonists, who had concerted their plans innncdiately after Braddock's arrival, made prepara- tions for assailing New France in four different directions. The general object of the projected military operations may be stated to have been the expulsion of the French from the whole extent A territory claimed or occu[)ied by them south of the line of the St Lawrence and of the great lakes.* With that end in view, at a great council of colonial (governors, attended by the English general Braddock, as well as a number of the Iro(|uois chiefs, it vras determined to dis[)atch four expeditions — one to the valley of the Ohio, another against Fort Niagara, a third in the direction of Lake Champlain, to capture the position at Crown Point, and a fourth to expel the French from those por- tions of Acadia which remained in their possession. '23L At the time when the above-mentioned operations were decided on by the English colonists, GovernorDiiquesne still ruled in Canada, for, although he had sent in his resig- nation, his successor had not arrived ; nor was it possible * It is not to be understood that the aim of the New England colonists, at first, was to drive the French entirely out of North America, As already stated in the text, the French colonists considered that the English Lad no territorial rights behind or beyond the line of the Alleghanies, or beyond the isthmus which connected Nova Scotia with the mainland ; the English, on the contrary, had set up claims to all the laud comprehended between the seaboard, the St Lawrence, the great lakes, and the Mid- Bibsippi. 1755-56.] ARRIVAL OF M. DE VAUDREUII. 299 for the authorities at Quebec to know precisely Ijofore- hand what measures their enemies were about to pursue. They resolved, however, as early as possible in tlie cnsuin<; season, to drive the English back from the south shore of Ontario, by means of an expedition to be directed [igainst Oswego. The commandants of all the military posts throughout Xew France were ordered to be vigilant, and, in case of attack, to maintain their positions to the last extremity; and everything was done which the condition of the colony permitted, in the way of placing those stations in a good state of defence.* Such was the position of affairs up to the time of Governor Vaudreuil's arrival, and that of the reinforcements from France. At first Vaudreuil entered heartily into the plans for effecting the capture of Oswego. The troops at Quebec, to be united with forces directed to assemble at Frontenac and other convenient points, ^vere put in readiness for the undertaking. But, by this time, the news received of the operations of the English, and other circumstances, | occa- sioned a change of plans, so that the proposed attack upon Chouagen was deferred. 232. It would bo inconsistent with the objects of this '» * It must be borne iu mind, however, tliat au almost universal svstem of fraud and peculation in the use of the supplies destined for thedillereiit French posts prevailed at this time amongst those to whom the care, man- agement, and distribution, were conlided. These evils, throughout the war, paralysed the I flbrts of all the honest defenders of the colony. + Dissensions soon broke out at Quebec. The Canadian otlieers and those in command of the regulars from France did not agree well together. Two parties sprung up ; that of the Canadians, being generally favoured by the Governor, whose most trusted counsellors were unfortunately some of the very officials who were more concerned about making private for- tunes than about the real welfare and effective defence of the country. Jealousies between the regulars and the French Canadians prevailed throughout the war. ;oo HISTORY OF CANADA. [1755-5^- liistory to enter into a narrative of all the details connected with the military operations of 1755, a full account of which would fill a considerable volume. Of the four cxi)edilions referred to in a former article (230), the first under Braddock was disastrously unsuccess- ful. That ai^ainst X iac^^ara, undertaken by General Shirley of jMassachusetts, was also a])ortive, chiefly in consequence of Draddock's faihuv. The otlier two expeditions proved more fortunate to their projectors, although that whicli was directed against the French in Acadia was the only one which can be said to have entirely accomplislied its pur- pose. Beginning with this last-named undertaking, the events of which transpired first in the order of time, the leading incidents are recorded in the following article: — 233. The Government of i\Iassachusetts"' furnished six or iicwn hundred troops of their militia, and a sufficient number of small transports, for service in Nova Scotia, and to act in conjunction with the forces alreadv there. Two or three frigates also entered the Bay of Fundy to co-operate in the proceedings about to take place. Lieutenant- Governor Laurence appointed Colonel Moncton to command the forces at his disposal, with a i)orlion of which the latter Tuoved upon the isthmus, at the extreme end of the Bay of Fundy, for the purpose of capturing tlio French forts. Other troops were sent to rort .Iio)/nl and (rran'ljm', under Colonel "Winslow and Captain I^lurray, for objects which will appear in the se(piel. Foils Ih'(i2usrJoin','f G((.'^pa7'ea'tu', and a third small one * At this pori' a ..N'uva Sontia was govornod by a Tiieutonunt-Oovornor, siibdi'ilinato to tho aiitlioritios of JlaK.saclinsctts. t Tho coiimiaiiihmt at iR'aiLsojuiir was xM, Vcrjor Diichdvihon, accused of being Concerned in tlic niisniaiiagcinontand peculation of wliich niontiuii han been made on a former page. Ho was a son of the coniinandant who capitulated at LouisViourg in 171.'5. Thi.s Vergor Duchanibun was under >755-5^-J THE ACADIAN S. 301 at Bay Verte, surrendered to the Eii^i^lish with scnrcely a kIiow of resistance. The entire isthnnis thus fell into tlie liands of tlie Enirlish colonists. The lirst ohjects of the expedition liaviiig been attain(>d, the next step was to deal with the Acadians, who, to the number of about eight thousand, inhabited the peninsula and the isthmus. AlthuULih by the Treaty of Utrecht Nova Scotia had become an acknowledged possession of Great Britain, yet its French and lioman Catholic inhabitants had generally refused to swear allegiance to tlie Kinri- tish, revoUefl on occasions, or been found in arms on tlio French side. The resolute J^iglish colonial authorities of that day could perceive no way of rendering the AcadiaiiS contented subjects. At the same time it has been alleged by many writers that, U[)on the whole, the Acadians \v(>re an inoH'cn'^ivi' and peaceable peo[)le, ivm'ji'kiible for honc-ty. sobriety, and sin)[)licity of ciiaracter and habits, as wrll as tolerably suc- cessful in iuilustrial iiursiiils, and the euliivation of the' • lands. Their own Government had, bv tivatv, severed their the iulluciico ul llu- [utLiul;uiL ni._;<'t, wlm li.iil iivicuri'il I'or luiu his :i[Mi')iiil- liu'iit i'roiii N'iUiiliouil. Ho is also said t«i iiiivi' hri'ii tho s;u;ic cllin'r wl.n milisi'iiuontly, im the iiiglit vi SepteiJilier I'J, ITiVJ, wa.s in ouuiiuainl df thu Trench picket near Uio spot where (iiiicral Wolfe elleoted a landing pre- pai'atory to scaling the heiglit.s of Abraham. Vergor Duchainbuu is s[)oken of by Fixnch writers as a lai're ereaturi! u£ liigot, uud unworthy of tho imiturtant couiiuuud ho beld ut Boausejuur. 302 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1755-56. connection witli France wlion Nova Scotia was ceded, merely .'-tipulating in their belialf that tliey should he allowed to continue in the free exercise of their relii) Traii-iactimia of thn Quclj^c Liti'rary and Historical Society for 1S70-71, Paper rcail by Dr AndtTsoii. *' Scarcely had tho Aiiglo-Aiiiorican troopa di.scliargfd tlio laiiiontalilc duties which had been aasigiicd to thoni, when the auldier.'j wero struck !:'/.,' "' 3 304 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1755-56. Although the embarkation of so many people, under such painful circumstances, could not but be attended with great disorder, tlie Acadians themselves, for the most part, offered no resistance to the military, and but few lives were sacri- ficed. In the villages hqhv Port-lioyal several hundred liouses were burnt by the soldiers in the sight of their for- mer occupants. These, collected in detached bodies and surrounded bv guards, viewed the destruction of their homes with looks betokening despair or resignation, accord- ing to the varieties of their dispositions, none making any ellort to slay the hands which applied the torches. When, however, a place of worship was a|)proached with the pur- pose of consigning it to the flames, a rush was made, on one occasion, upon the soldiers, and twenty-nine of these ■were killed or wounded in the conllict which ensued. with horror at their situution. Standing KurroniHlcil liy rich and well- cultivated fiehls, they found themselves, nevertlieless, in the midst of jiro- foiind Solitude. They licLeld uo enemy tu attack, no friend to .suceuur. Vuhmies u£ smulvO ascending from tlie sites of the burnt habitaiions marked the spots where, a few days before, happy families dwelt. Domes- tic animals, a.s if seeking the return of their masters, gathered and moved uneasily around the smoking ruins. During ihe long nights tbe watch- dogs howled anmng these scenes of de.>ulation, and uttered plaintive sounds, as if to recall their ancient protectors and the ruufs under which they had been sheltered.'" — l<\rluud, vol. ii. p. r>li(». "There is not an example iu modern times of chastisement inflicted upon a i)caceable and iuoll'ensivc people with su nuich calculation, barba- rity, and samj-fi'iiid as the one in question." — Dunsicux, cited from tturncnu, by whom, however, the actual facts liave been exaggerated. A number of Acadians made their way to the nt.ighbourhood of ^liri- machi, where they were afterwards succoured by means of .ships with jirovisiouii sent out from France for them to tjuebec. When the vessels carrying a part of tlie supplies from Quebec returned from. !Mirimachi, they brought with them many Acadian families. Tliero they fell imder the tender mercies of Varin, and otlier creatures of the Intendant I'ligot, who kept back the bread intended for them, and gave them, instead of beef, hoi'scjlish. These nefarious practices occasioned the death of many of the unhappy Acadians at Quebec through want and misery. See also the Appendix to this volume. J755-56.] SHIRLEY'S EXrEDITION. 305 According to the terms of capitulation, the conihatants made prisoners in the captured ibrts of the isthmus were sent, at the cost of the English, to Louisbourg. 1234. Meanwhile the troops under Shirley and General Jh-addock had entered u[H)n their respective lines of march I'roni Albany and Fort Cumberland in the months of June and July. Of Shirley's expedition it is only necessary to record here, that, on his way towards Lake Ontario, through the territory of the Irorpiols, news readied him of Draddoek's defeat and death, wliieh discouraged his followers, intimi- dated the Iroquois from joining him, and occasioned the disarrangement of his plans so much that he abandoned his enterprise.* General Braddock was detained al Fort Cumbcibuul nearly a month from dciiciency of means of trans[)ort, Init was at length enabled to conmience his march across the AUeghanies on the lUth of June, at the head of two thousand three hundred men. lie had with him the 41th and iStli British infantry regiments, some colonial troops, t and ten or twelve i)ieces of artillery. Scouts brought intelligence that the French garrison at Duquesne were expecting r"in- forcements. liraddock therelbre divided his force, h.-isten- ing forward himself with his two l']iiglish ivgiments, souk^ guns, and a few colonials. The heavier baggage, with the lemainder of his troops and artillery, he left to be brought * Sliirlcy \Vii.s liiortj tluui .six wot'ks ill paH.-uiy to ( l^wci^'d. Mivny (jf liis peoplo liiid ilcsertod. His .suiiplics woro I'uiiiicl to liv iii>uirK'it'nt. Instujiil nf pm.'^L'CLiting lii,s lUovtiiU'iil ujiou >ii;ij^ar;i, ho \v(l u rriiii'nrociiiciit uf nuveu lmiKlr>.il luou \iniU,'r Colonel MncLi' at UriWt'go, ami iiuulo his way Itack to Albany. Tho Iroiiuois, who also luul hoard ot llraildock's defeat, not only declined Slurlfy'.s ovciturf.s, hut raiisod ubjoction.s to his violation vi tlio neutrality of thcii' can Ions. t Oeorje W'ashiiiytoa was thiTi', with several ooinpaiiifs of Virginian militia, and acted as Lradduck's aido-ilc-canip (Ai\liivcs of Nova S'otia). m 3o6 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1755-56. ■J : nr; ri after him, under the command of Colonel Dunhar. Igno- rant of the tactics and character of the enemies he was about to encounter on the ground upon which these were best qualified by their habits and their experience to excel, Braddock marched as if to an assured victory, neglecting the precautions recommended by Washington and other colonial officers. Having emerged, as he believed, from among the worst obstacles presented by the rocks and defiles of the Alleghanies, he crossed the River Monon- gahela, at a short distance from Fort Duquesne, which formed the first obj ect of attack. The French commandant, Contrccceur, had, in the meantime, sent out a party of eight hundred and fifty regulars, Canadians and Indians, under 31. de Beaiijeu, to operate against the English General.* On the 9th of July, Beanjeu's detachment encountered the Englisli with great spirit, having his troops so disposed that his militia and Canadian volunteers faced their enemies in front, while the savages fought on the right and left, somewhat in advance, so as to attack them in flank. Pro- tecting themselves after their fashion, behind trees and bushes, and being practised marksmen, the Canadians and savages, with inferior numbers, were quite able to contend with officers and men accustomed only to European modes of warfare. With useless valour, Braddock stood his ground until more than half his men were shot down, when lie himself was mortally wounded. The obstinate soldier reluctantly permitted himself to be carried away on a litter, and soon afterwai'ds a general retreat was sounded. Tliis presently became a disgraceful flight, in which arms, baggage, and artillery were abandoned, and which was accelerated by the yells of the Indians, as they pursued or * Beuiijou's force (.'nii si-ted of sovcMity-two rcgulivri?, one JuimlrcJ auJ forty-six Cauadiuu lailitiu, nnJ six Lumlred aud tliirtystvcu Indians. 1755-56.] BATTLE OF LA BELLE RIVI£RE. 307 stopped to scalp the helpless wounded. The defeat was so comi)lete, that, had the Indians not heon diverted from the pursuit by tlie opportunities of obtaining plunder, very few of the British force would have escaped death or captivity. The cannon, stores, arms, and papers* of the English fell into the hands of the victors, whose loss was insignifi- cant in comparison with that of Braddock's army. The fugitives, many of whom were drowned in endeavouring to make their way across the Monongahela, continued their flight until they fell in with that portion of the force whicli had been left behind under Dunbar.f The report of the recent conflict discouraged this officer from advancing, and he decided upon retracing his steps to Fort Cumberland. In this affair, which was styled the battle of " La Bello Riviere," upwards of sixty British officers were killed. General Braddock died of his wounds a few days afterwards. On the French side, also, the commander, M. de Beaujeu, was amongst the slain. 235. The expedition against Crown Point was composed of about five thousand men, chiefly militia drawn from Massachusetts and Connecticut. While General Lyman * Amongst General Braddock's jiapers was found a letter, written by- Captain Robert Stoho, one of the hosstages fur the fulfilment of the terms* of capitulation of Fort Necepsity. It contained details of information relative to Fort Diiquesnc, with urgent representations of the f.icility witii which it cor'd be captured. For tlie alleged otlVnco of acting as a spy while detained at Duquesne on his parole as a hostage, Stol>o was tried liy a court-martial at Quebec, and sentfiioed to death. It appears the sentence was not executed. Stobo sul)se(pieiit]y escaped fnjin prison at Quebec, and reached Halifax whence iio returned wlieu the siege was going on under General Wolfe, to whom ho oli'ered his services. f Colonel Washington had been ordered by liradduck to remain with his companies on the otlier side (if the river. When the beaten rrimiants ot the 44th and 4Sth regiments re-crossed, Wa.>hington's command formed the rear-guard, thus maintaining someseiablance of an orderly retreat. Tho wounded bad beeu abandoned to the tender mercies of the Indianf\ 'y\k ■■■■■ ■lli i : ?L 308 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1755-56. J M' i|' conducted this force up the Eiver Hudson, towards the pro- posed scene of active operations, the commander-in-chief, General Johnson* occupied himself in conciliating tlie support of the Moliawks, by whom he had been lield in much esteem during many years. He succeeded in inducing their chiefs to furnish a contingent of three hundred men, with whom he himself rejoined the army at Fort Lydius {Fort Ediuard), early in September. This foi't was con- structed at the northern extremity of tlie Hudson, by General Johnson's orders, before the army resumed its march towards Crown Point, as he was desirous of possessing a place to retreat upon in case of misfortune, and also to use it as a depot for provisions and munitions of war. The fort being completed, and a garrison of several hundred men left to guard it, the army advanced towards the shore of Lake St Sacrament, to which Johnson now, in honour of the King of England, gave the name of Lake Geovf/e. There the army formed an encampment in a well-selected })osition. A French army, under General Dieskau, had been dispatched from Quebec by the route of tlie lliver Kichelieu, to prevent the post at Crown Point from falling into the hands of the English. General Johnson judged it l)rudent to advance no farther at present towards Cham- * William Johnson was one of the most remarkable men then in the ]-]uglish coh)nie.s. He was of Iris^h extraction, and had enlisted in the jirniy aa ,1 private. Sulisocincntly he emigrated to New York and estab- i.shed himself as a settler on the lliver Jlohawk, where ho became well known to the Mohawk tribe of Iroquois, who idolised him. By his won- derful address and commanding personal appearance he ac(purod over the Iroquoi.s genei'ally a very groat inlluence, exceeding tliat of any other ]']uropean, not excepting Joncairc himself, the favourite and adopted chief amought the Senecas. In the course of the war, Johnson's relations with the Iroquois enabled him to render services to the British of extreme value on several critical occasions. He was knighted for his services in this campaign. Sir William Johnson figures conspicuously during the war from 175G to 17C0. 1755-56.] GENERAL DIESKAU. 3^ plain, and, in the meantime, to strengthen, as much as possible, the position of his camp, while he awaited the course of events. Some time in the spring, rnmours had reached Quebec that the English were meditating an attack upon Crown Point, and that a large force was being collected at Albany for that purpose. Later news intimated that the enemy were within two days' march of Lake Chnm])lain. It was stated that, after effecting the capture of Fort Frederick, at Crown Point, the intention was to march upon ]\Ion- treal. Although the information proved false in several essential particulars, it had the effect of leading Governor Vaudreuil to insist upon the abandonment of the contem- plated expedition against Oswego.* General ]3ieskau, ac- cordingly, proceeded to Crown Point with a force of three thousand men, including seven hundred regulars, fifteen hun- dred Canadian militia, and eiglit hundred savages, of whom nearly one lialf were converted Iroquois from Sault St Louis and Two ]\[ountains. Informed of the ei-ection of Fort Edward, Dieskau resolved to fall upon it and take it by surprise ; and, with that view, moved forward from Crown Point with one half of his army on the 3d of Sc[)- tember. On the 7th, when within a few miles of the Enu;- lish fort, the Sault St Louis Indians refused to proceed -¥] m ■i\':-i.mil * It has been already stated tliat councils of war were held at QulOh'o on tho arrival of the troops from Franco. At one of these the ca[i(iirc! of Oswego was resolved upon ; and tho necL'ssaiy 2're[>arations wen! coin- pleted, when the news refinred to in tlio text arrived. Do Vaudreuil, supported by what was called tho Canadian party, insisted that the de- fence of the route by which tho enemy would come to Jlontreal wa.s of more pressing consequence than tho attai.'k of O.swego. I)i<'skau said tliat there was time both to take Oswego, on iiis way scnithwards, and aftcrwani.-i to secure Crown Point and tlje route to Montreal ; but his objections were overnded, and tho troops destined for the assault of Oswegu were dis- patched direct to Crowu Point. * * :■ If' •■ wmmmmmmmmmm 510 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1755-56. farther. At the same moment a scout brought word of the approach of a corps of one thousand men, detached by General Jolinson from his camp to succour Fort Edward. i>ie.skau instantly made arrangements for keei)ing his own men out of sight amongst the trees and buslies, until the unsuspecting enemy should pass by, and afford liim an ()p[)ortunily of attacking them on the flank and in the rear. His savage auxiliaries, however, again foiled him at the critical moment, by allowing tliemselves to bo seen before the appointed time." The English, perceiving tliey were about to fall into an ambuscade, immediately retired in some confusion upon their camp at the lake, followed up by Dieskau, who now resolved to bring on a general con- flict with the whole of Johnson's army. General Johnson had, in the meantime, intrenched his position, and protected it by felling trees to form a sort of breastwork, from behind which his cannon and musketry could be used with deadly effect. The Sault St Louis Indians, as before, hung back. The French Canadians, also, were intimidated by the unexpected strength of the 2)Osition they were ordered to assail. Dieskau's regulars, supported by a few Abenaquis, encountered the fire of the enemy. In the unequal conflict which ensued, and which lasted several hours, the French regulars nearly all perished. The New Englanders, in the end, came out from behind their breastworks and drove off their besiegers with great slaughter. The defeated troops, in their flight from the field of battle, had not proceeded far before they encoun- * The conduct of these savages was based upon their determination not to fight against their own kindred who were serving in Juhn.son's .army. They showed themselves in order to warn their countrymen of tlieir diuiger. Dieskau, before he left Montreal, had his suspiciona excited in regard to the fidelity of his Indians ; but, on mentioning the matter to Vaudreuil, he was assured that his fears were groundless. 1755-56.] GENERAL JOHNSON'S VICTORY. 311 tered another body of New England militia, who were liastening to Johnson's assistance. Another fight took place, which ended in tlie complete ront of the French and their Indian auxiliaries. Only a small remnant of the corps of picked men, whom Dieskau had brought with him from Crown Point, succeeded in efFcetlng their return to that post. The British loss was upwards of two hundred killed and one hundred wounded. General Johnson was slightly wounded, Dieskau mortally* The luss on the side of the French has been variously reported at from '^evcn hundred to one thousand men. 236. After the battle, Johnson was urged to resume his march against the French fort at Crown Point, and also against another, Carillon {I'icondcroga), rcccnily constructed between Lake Champlain and Lake George. He declined, however, to pursue that course, as his men were but poorly armed, and unfit at present to be op[)osed to the well- equipped and disciplined French regulars, with whom they would have to contend. On the site of the recent con- flict he caused a fort to be built, which he named Fort William Henry, Fort Edward was placed in as good a state of defence as was possible. Fort William Henry was also furnished with supplies, and a garrison of New England militia. The value of the position named by the French Carillon, and known by the Indian name of Ticon- * Dieskau, while leaning against a hve during the assault, sufToring from a wound he had received, was fired at, and again wounded, by a renegade French Canadian wlio had deserted souii" yeans Ijefore. After the battle he was carried to General Johnson's own tent, and very kindly treated. He wrote several letters while in the English camp, giving a description of his proceedings. He attributed his disaster to the treacheiy of the Sault St Louis Indians, and the tiniidity of the French Canadian corps. Johnsoa had the greatest difliculty in saving Dieskau's life from the Iroquois, who claimed him as their own prisoner. He lived to return to France, but never recovered from his wounds. ^!^^; <{ ■r ■. iiiil !I2 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1755-56. (](3roga, became more highly apprecinted in course of the operations under Dicskau. Dieskau had fortified it to some extent, and liis beaten troops retired to it on their way to Crown Point. Governor Vaiidreuil accordingly directed Fort Carillon to be erected on that site. 237. From the narrative of the operations of 1755, which lias been given in the foregoing articles, it will be seen that the general result was not unfavourable to the French colonists. Three out of the four English expeditions had failed in the accomplishmentof their purposes — for the French remained undisputed masters of the Ohio valley, and they still held the positions at Niagara and Crown Point. Their success against Braddock's force enabled them to operate against the undefended frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. During the winter of 1755, and the early spring of 175G, their war-parties, issuing from Fort Duquesne, ravaged the settlements of the English, colonists most cruelly, killing or carrying away captive, it is said, more than a thousand persons. But, on the other hand, the advance of Sir William Johnson, followed by Dieskau's defeat, had enabled the English to establish themselves at Fort William Henrv, as well as at Fort Edward, so as to menace the French supremacy in the direction of Lake Champlain ; and the English still held their former position at Chouagen or Oswego. Moreover, the terrible raids upon tlieir defend less frontiers, referred to above, excited the feelings of English colonists to the highest pitch of animosity. In the meantime, the great Prime -Minister William Pitt was about to infuse into the management of affairs in England a spirit which foreboded the worst results to the French interests in America. 238. In Canada the situation of affairs had become very 1755-5''-] MAL-ADMTNISTRATIOX OF BIGOT. 313 embarrassing, tlirongh scarcity of food and other causes. The cultivation of the soil liad been greatly neglected. All articles of consumption, including the necessnries of life, were extremely dear. The Intendant Bigot and his agents, Pcan, Caf wliirji his father was colonel, and had becdine a cohau.'l liinisclt' at the age of thirty-one yeai's, after wliicli. by successive promotions, he r 'se to the rank he hehl in Canada. lie was at this time forty-four years old, in the prime of life, vigorous and active in his habits, sagacious, possessing an extraordinary memory, and an enthusiastic lover of his profession. With jMontcalni came the ChvvitUcr do Levis, 31. dc .Uouijauiville, and 31. dc JlourhDnaqitc, all olliecrs of dis- tinguished merit, and personally nuich attached to their chief, whom they supported with uuwuvcriu^^ lidelily until m ■ 316 HISTORY OF CANADA. UrsS'S^- his (lealli iind tlic ruin of their cause put an end to their military career in Canada. 242. The views expressed by Montcalm and his prin- cipal officers, in their first conipivmications or reports to France from Canada, were very unfavourable in regard to the prosi)ects of tlie colony.* After remark iiii^- upon tlio disorders which existed, Montcalm says of the country in wiiich military operations were to be con(hicted— " Wo have here no other roads than rivers aboundiiiLi; in falls and ra[)ids, and the lakes, whose waves render navigation often ijn[)racticable." 243. General Montcalm soon informed himself of the military position of the colony. He resolved, while prose- * 111 smm' of his earlier letters Montcalm made special mention of t]ii> following' catdl'v/itc of iinfavonralilo cirouinstniices : — (li.' ; and this we are olili'.'cd in most oases to jmt up with." The Chevalier de Montreuil, who had come out the vi'ir before, writes, in Juno 175"!: — "The ofllcers of the several branches do not love oae!i other. It is inerediltle what an amoimt of Inxm'y I'rigns in some circles in this country, and Imw the King is plundered. To all the French who come out, it is revolting to witness that ; also the (Jovernor and Intendant are too lax where great severity should be used. There is no manage- ment. As for tiio t'lnidi/iiiii, he is very good for ' la jk tltc '//Km,' vwy bravo behind a tree, but very timid when ho is in open ground; Ik; is iu- dependunt in his habits, but vicious, lying, and boastful." It should he mentioned, in comn-ction with the abovi; I'cpresontatii/ds, that the opposite, or Cdnddi^in partif, professed to deplore '* the cliuja.v o£ despotism to which tho military sorvico had come." »755-56.] CAPTURE OF OSWEGO. 117 ciitins^ the mcnsurcs alrccady initiated by the Governor for the defence of Niiiirarn, Carillon, and Crown Point, to assail Oswego. The preparations necessarily re(piired a few weeks' time, and, during the interval, he endeavoured to make sueli disj)Ositions of the French forces at Lake Chnmplain as should prevent the English at Albany from sending assistance to the place he was about to attack. De Levis, appointed to command at Lake Champlain, managed with great ability to execute ]\b)ntcalm's wishes, by sending out frequent detachments, as if i'or oHensive <)[)eralions, and by other expedients for occu})ying the attention of the English commanders.* 214. A force of three thousand men nnd the other re- (juisite.^neans of attack were p'-epared at Frontenac. where M. de Ijourlamarpie had been stationed. AVlien all was in readiness, the lake was crossed cii August 10, and on the 13th, Lourlamaipie, in charge of the siege under ]\bintcalm, attacked and ca[)tured one of the outworks ea.lled Fort Ontario. This was occu[)ie(l, and its gmis turned against the principal jjosition. At the same time the (lovernor's brother conducted a ibrce to tlu^ udjacent elevated gnumd, which connnanded Oswego, and planted a batteiT there. The garrison of ]''orl Oswrgo — which in reality included three works, vi/,, Foi't (Jeorgo and Ft^rl Ontario, in adtlition to the principal fort — con- tiisted of one thousand eight hundred men under Colonel * Do Levis li.'ul iiliiiut tliiee tli'iii,<,iiul iiicii, iiiclii'liii^' a iihiuImt i.f regulars. Kiigli.ih \vrit>.i'.s liivf oiiiupliiiiieil uf Abcivroiuliio's iiiacLioii >\hilL' OftWtgti was* in sn tniirli dangiT. liiail.slfi'ut liail even luMuyht Iiai'k \vni(l to AlHTcroiiibie that inrjiaratiuiis aLjaiii.-t O.^wcgu wt'ii! IniiiL,' iiiailc Dv Lfvis I'fpiPili'il--" All this has so tai CHAPTER XXV. CHANGE OF PLANS OF CAMPAIGN BY THE ENGLISH COLONISTS — LOUIS- BODRO — Montcalm's expedition against fort GEoiuiE — fclEUE AND CAPTURE OF FORT GEORGE — VIOLATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CAPITULATK^N BY THE INDIANS — MASSACRE — LET- TERS OE BOUGAINVILLE, SIOXTCALM, AND VAUDREUIL— FAMINE IN CANADA — GAMBLING AT QUEBEC AND MONTREAL. 218. The past successes of the French had given them tlie supremacy in the valley of the Ohio and on Lake Ontario. It remained to accomj^lish, by means ' " " '^ ' of renewed exertions and decisive measui-es, a similar result in the direction of Lake Champlain, so as to drive back the English from the advanced positions into which they had intruded at Fort William Henry and Fort Edward. This object now occu[)icd the earnest attention <»f Governor Vaudreuil and General IMontcalm. Their desiiirns were favoured by Ji change of plan wliich the English colonists adopted at this time. * The sheds, o>itbuikling.«, and a mmilior (jf rafts and liuats near thp fort, with other property, were burnt. Twcnty-aoven moji wn-o lu'^t. X ilr. 322 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1757. ji War had been at length formally declared between the mother countries. Their Governments were more solicitous about combating each other in Europe, on the ocean, and on the coast of North America, than they were about assist- ing the colonists in their quarrels respecting frontiers and inland boundaries. It was, in fact, proposed in England that Louisbourg should be reduced, and that the forces of the colonies sliould co-operate in the undertaking."' In Janunry 17.")7 a conference of colonial Governors, attended by the English commander-in-chief, Lord Loudon, was held at Boston to discuss the matter. The result was to defer, for the time, offensive operations against Canada, and to confine their proceedings to the deience of their frontiers, and the maintenance of the posts which they now held. With this view it was aii;reed to assign to subor- dinate oflicers, Colonel Bouquet, Colonel 8tanwyx, General Webb, and others, the military protection of the several colonies, while the conmiander-in-chief, with six regiments of regulars, and some colonial troops, should take part in the reduction of Louisbourg. The safetv of Fort Edward was provided for, and Colonel ]\lonro, with two thousand men, was placed in charge of Fort Willinm Henry. 2-19. It is not necessary to enter into details respecting the expedition to Louisbourg. It is enough to sny here, that, although Lord Loudon's force was joined at ITaliCnx by a powerful fleet and army from England, yet the under- * The Engli.sli Govormnent, \vheii it culled iipdu tlm AnuM'lcan culoiiiHts to siii)port what might he callt'd more |n'oporly imperial imdortiiking.s than colonial against the power of France, and e,s[)ecially wlien the plans of pro- cedure were devised and laid down in England, agreed to reimburse them their outlay. Encouraged by tlii.'', and desirous of co-operating a.s mucli as possible in lireaking ii[) the French power in America, the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire subsequently agreed to support ICnglaud with fifteen thousand men, to be ready for service by the month of May 1758. 1737.1 CAPTURE OF FORT WILLIAM HENRY. 323 taking was abandoned when it was found that the means of defence at Lonisboiirg had been augmented by tlie arrival tliere of a strong naval force from France. Jn tlie mean- time Montcalm took advantage of the absence of most of the English regular troops to concentrate seven thousand five hundred men in the vicinitv of Fort William llenrv. 250. Many accounts, diflering in some essential parti- culars, have been publi<orts two tliousaiid. Minitcahn, prolialiiy exaggerating hia nimiber of savage iiiixiliarierf, iiitiiiiati il in lii.s Ici^'r of August 14, 1757, atldressed to Lord Loudon, that there v.ere three thousand. ' ;,' . n '■:■ 324 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1757. cries and yells of infuriated savaj:jes were more alarming than tlie roar of artillery. The French officers were well acquainted with these circnmstances, which they turned to account as much as possible.* Of the savages who took part in the siege of Fort Wil- liam Henry, upwards of eight hundred were of the class called '' domic Hies," Indians from Sault St Louis, Two Mountains, Becancour, and other settlements occupied by converted Indians in Canada. They were accompanied by French officers, interpreters, and three priests ; who, it appears, had abundance of occupation with their savage fiocks, as it is recorded that a whole day " scarcely afibrded lime enough to confess them." About the end of July the whole French force destined for the attack on Fort William Henry was assembled at Carillon. Thence it was conducted to a point on the margin of Lake George, where five hundred boats and barges were lying in readiness. In these the cannon for the siege, munitions of war, and supplies, with upwards of two-tliirds of the army, were embarked for the purpose of passing up the lake, while the remainder, under M. de Levis, marched by land. On the 2d of August the two divisions were re-united on the margin of a small bay not far from the English position. Next day scouts brought word th.at the garrison was on the alert; and, in confirmation of this report, the French heard the sound of artillery discharged within the enemy's lines, some miles distant. The English position was defended by about three thousand men, of whom five hundred occupied the fort, and * The French writers frequently mention the "qioxvante" a.nd ^'fraycar inconccvable" uf the English soldier.s in regard to the .savages. Amoiig.-st those present at the siege of Fort William Henry, there were Iruquuis belonging to the Senecas and OneiJas. They formed the more numerous portion of the Indian auxiliaries. 1 757-1 CAPTURE OF FORT ^^TLLIAM HENRY. 325 :rlass tlio rest were posted in an intrenched cnnip hard ])y. A road led sontliward to Fort Edward, where (leneral \Ve1)b was stationed willi a considerable body of troops. The whr)le re2:ion was tlieii one vast forest, and the surface ot the interveninfi: country so covered with obstacles, that it was impossible for Webb to come promptly to the succour of the gari'ison. had he felt disposed to do so. He wrote a letter to Colonel jMonro, while the sieire was o-oinii; 011, to inform him that aid could not be aflorded until the arrival of reinforcements of colonial militia, which were expected daily. In the meantime, IMonro was counselle(l by his superior officer to hold out as long as possible, and if com- pelled to surrender to secure the best terms, • IMontcalm had so arranged his advance upon AVilliani Henry, and so disposed his forces around it, that he could at any moment march to meet Webb, in case of an attempt to relieve the garrison. According to custom, the savages displayed their num- bers, and commenced a noisy discharge of fire-arms in the open ground outside the fort. They had already surprised a foraging party of the British, of whom they scalped foi-ty, in addition to a larger number of their militiamen, with whom they had similarly dealt some time before, between William Ilenrv and Fort Edward. I\[()ntca]m, in fact, made every possible use of his Indian auxiliaries to inti- midnte the besieged, while he professedly consulted their chiefs about his measures, for fear tlu^v should desert him, or act in a way to disarrange his })]ans. On the 3d of August he formally summoned Monro to surrender, with * Montcalm's .scouts intercepted a letter to tlii.s oifect from General "Webb ; it was snftereil to reach its destination in order to discourage Monro and induce him to surrender. W'jbb had paid a visit to Fort Wil- liam Henry, and inspected the defences some time before the besiegeia arrived. If I'' 326 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1757. an accompanying iutiraation, tliat if once his batteries opened fire, it might be impossible to restrain his ferocious Indians from their customary cruelties. Two days after, lie communicated to the British commander the letter alluded to above, in order to convince him of the hope- lessness of his condition, as regarded reinforcements from General Webb. IMonro replied gallantly in terms of defiance. His ener- getic adversary, satisfied that his ov/n hopes of success depended in a great measure upon the celerity of his pro- ceedings, caused a destructive fire to be directed against the fort and the intrenched camp outside. In the intervals be- tween the salvos of artillery the savages made the shores of the hdvc and the adjacent foi'est resound with their yells. The brave defender of the fort resisted as long as his guns, anununition, and provisions held out, and as long as there was hope of relief from Webb. But on the morning of the 9th, a white flag was displayed on the fort, and an oflicer sent out to propose articles of capitulation. Mont- calm, in reply, declared that he nnist consult the Indian chiefs before acceding to any terms, desiring that these shoidd i)lcdge their wild followers to the observance of the conditions that might be framed. On the same day, the English garrison, conformably to the articles of capitulation, moved into tlie intrenched camp, preparatory to retiring upon Fort Edward. Tiiey had lost about three hunch'ed and fiftv, killed and wounded. The prisoners exceeded two thousand five hundred, bc^und by the terms of the capitulation not to serve against France during the ensuing eighteen months. A detachment of three hundred French troops, with officers and interpreters, as well as two chiefs belonging to each of the various tribes, were to accompany them as an escort to Fort I757-] CAPTURE OF FORT WILLIAM HENRY. 327 Edward, and to assure them, on the retreat, from moles- tation by the savages. It had also been stipulated that, between the time of the surrender of the fort and that of tiie commencement of the retreat, the Indian auxiliaries should be kept apart in certain quarters assiurncd to them. There was to be no pillage allowed — no attaclcs by Indians upon ofiicers or men of the captive host. Bougainville, who was employed by Montcalm to reduce the conditions of surrender iiito writing, had visited the English quarters for that purpose. In his words, tlie chief particulars of tlie deplorable incidents which followed shall be narrated : — " Before returning to the trenches, I had taken, according to my instructions, the greatest care to direct all spirituous liipiors among the stores to be destroyed, and to make the English sensible of the importance of this precautionary measure. At noon the garrison moved out from the fort into the intrenched camp, where they were joined by the French detachment, ofiicers, and interpreters, who Averc to be their escort and protection until their retirement to Fort Edward. M. de Bourlamaque took possession of the cai)tured post, with the troops who had served in the trenches. He placed guards over the powder-magazine and the provisions. The rest was abandoned to pilla^'c, which it was imi)0ssible to prevent. " In spite of all precautions, the savages penetrated into the intrenchments occupied Ity the English, andcommenct'd plundering amongst the effects of the officers and men, who oftered some resistance. In the great disorder tliat ensued, acts of violence were connuitted. Montcalm and his officers employed prayers and menaces, aided by the interpreters, in order to put an end to this infraction of the capitulation. The escort was increased, and some sem- blance of order re-established. mi 12'^ IllS'I'Om- (.K rAXAOA. ['757- " The En,u,lisl), (liv;i(]iii'4' a roricwal of savn^^o intrusions, undertook to set out on tlie niarcli Ijefoi'c our detaclnnent could be prepared lnr de[)arture. >S(>ine oi' tlieir soldiers, in s[)ite of ilie advice tlic}^ had received on this suhjeet (and to conciliate the Indians), ,i;nve the sava.t^es spirits. What in ihe world can hold in check two thousand f-;ava,L(es, of thirty-lhr(>e difl'ei-cnt nations, intoxicated with liquor r* Aheiujjuis, who had heeii iri Acadia;, and who prelended that, while there, they had snlFeied iVoin tlie cruel proceediny.s of the I'ai.i^dish, coninienced the dis(/i(l('r ; and the others soon followed the example. They ]>reci[)i- tated themselves upon the ti^arrison, which, in place of showing a l»old front, took fright and Jled. The ])a':!ic s])i'ead unionist them as pilhiL^e and slau,nhter went on. Th(,' savages kihed ahout twenty,* and tooK' ])iasoncrs five or six hundred. All tlu^ I'^reiieh oflicers, and amongst them, i\l. de JMontcalm, .M. de Lc'vis, Jjourlamaqiie, aiifl lilgaud de Vau(hvnil, exciled themselves, at the risk of their lives, to save tlie fugitives. In the end order was re- st.ored. Fnuv hundred ofthe ))rlsoners W(;re rescued, and suh- sccpiently sent on to Fort I'idward ; while, of tho remain- ing two hundred, whom th*; Indians cai'ried oil' to ^Montreal, th( greater part were ransomed i)y Governor Vaudreuil annch i^cncral liivl ml'liM'sscd a IclJcr, dMlrd ^U]\ .Aii,<.ni.'^t 17.~>7, l'» Lord LmikIuii, as stnlcd in rxiii-'aiiivilli-'s ]'e})()i'l. In it .Al'MiJcalm stales lliat ('oloncl .Afi'MVo's lioii- oiirablo (IclVnco of liis post liad Icil liini to acfoid lidiiniir- al)l(.' tf'J'His oC cipitulatioii — wliicli, Ik} adds, "'.V(.nld liavc ])(H'n sti-icllv cxcciile'd if voiii' soiillei's liad not fin'!ii>li<'(! nun to tlic .savai;'<'s, and if llicy liad inai'cli!l!i in !L;'ood oi'dur, ;iiid liad nol taken alarm at .»ni' lndi;ins. wliieii enconrai!;ed tliese to take advantajj;e of tiioii' oifpoiiiniily.' iMontealm's \)V\r\ .statement of tie' ;^•l|•tienlal•s aeeoids Mih- .'^laiitially with llie rejiort of .l>onLi,"iinvl!lo and tlio lelter of (ioveinor Vandi'dtil addicssi-d to M. di- Taiilney, Mini^t'i' of Marine, on tlie same sul»jeet. I'nt it should he moni ioned that IIkmi' ac'onnts ai-e far iVum a:;reein'j,' wiiii the Ntatrm-aits of J'in,L;liMi ol'lieers and wi'ilias resjicel ini;' the mnnh( r oftlio^rj who fell vi^'tims to the fei'oeiiy of _Mont<'.din's Indians. Such, in sidistan(;(\ was the vietoi'y of ilic I'Vcneh at l''ori William jleiii'y, and such were the hadinj; particulars ot' '^ fhc jMas-sdc/'e (>/' Fori (r((trfi<\" which has hceii iu'^tlv re- •••aK^ed as on(^ of the most, deolorahle ineidi/nts recoidcd in r^ 1 the annals of vVmeriean wa:iare,''' irfii.^cd to nit il'y till' tcriiis of iln' ctpii .itition enttM't'il iiilo liriwccn (.' duiiel M liro iili'l 'Jiiicrai .iIoiitr;iliii. * III .^oiii'i oi' till! ii;i''i,it;ivcs of tin? " I'lif. (ifi'Vjn M:i>^s;u'r''" hy Iv'ii^'Iisli \viit<;i'.-<, tin! iMiniuch ol' Moiit^niilm iiiid lii.s oHicrr.s i.s hoviti ly oritit'i.Hcd. ()lik;ir,s wlio witlif,-i*'(l tlio i)ri)ci!c(liiip;.s .-it-iitrd tliut, llio i)roh('ct,inu uH'ordod w.iH ni'Tcly iioiuinii1,aiid Mi.d, tin- f:ivii;,'r.H, of whom, oiil of iiip\>',u'd.,4 of two Ihoiisuid, iiol inofi! tlian liv liiindrod uic stiiU'd to liHVt' liL'rii savrd frmii 'o'iii;,' ma sacii^d op cirriril I'fl'liy tli>' Bivapi.s, Soiiit! of tiic i'"ri'Jii'Ii Mtlict.'fs asciilii'd lln' rrHiiltn to fluMiliai:^' "f Vauiti't:uil, for not having in.si.sti'il iipoii liuttrrdiMMiiliiic amoii'/-t tins anvi- liai'irn. Moiiti'iiInrK foi'i!!' wart Htiong enough to havo cnfor'iK-d upon t.ho fiiVugeB tho ohsi'i'vaiKM; of tiiu ai'lirii'.i of oapitulatioii Tliu uxoii!.s.-!iot» 330 HISTORY OF CANADA. b7S7- 251. After his victory on Lake George, Montcalm vas iniai)le to prosecute his inarcli upon Fort Edward. His army was ahnost worn out by fatigue and the use of infe- rior provisions ; he had no oxen or horses to transport the cannon; and the food, bad as it was in quality, had become scarce ; moreover, in view of the scarcity then prevailing in Canada, he was under the necessity of sending away the militia to attend to the harvest. Under these circumstances he contented himself with destroying the fort and intrenchments recently occupied by tlie English, llis troops were then distributed amongst the garrisons at Carillon, Crown Point, and the military posts ak/ug the liichelieu, between which the work of com- pleting roads was carried on during the remainder of the season. 2r>± In tlie meantime, the troops of Lord Loudon re- turned from Ibilifax. Jiut no further military operations of a regular kind were prosecuted in 1757 on either side. !25;>. IV'fore winter set in, the Ciise of Canadii, owing to various causes already mentioned, became truly d(_'[»lorabIe. The iiai'vest proved veiy delicient both in quantity and quality. I'y February 1758 the scai-city which had pre- vailed was converted into a famine. We learn from the r('[)orts of French ofHcers, addressed to the jMinistcrs at Paris, that " the people are perishing of want. The Aca- dian refugees, during the la.'^t four months, have had no other food than horse-flesh and dried fish, instead of l)read. I\l(»re than three hundred of them have perished by starva- tion. The ('anadians have only a ({uarter of a pound ol bread per day. Horse-flesh is six sous a jiound. A soldier " !SI;i>s;icro ul" FitI, William //(Hcy " wmuIiI lie jiioif cnrrect, us Fort Gaor'jc dill nut exist until two yivirs aftor, when (Icnoral Aniliorst tMuswl the latter to bo coUstnioti.'})()inted a number of excellent ofHcers to commands. AuKnigst these were General AmJicrsi, commander-in-chief, Brigadi-r- Generiil Jtnnes ll'olfe, and Lord Howe. It was enjoined upon the colonial Governments to raise I75S.] FALL OF LOULSr.OURG. JO. r ;is many troops as possible for service in tlic cainpaijj^n or 1758, and the call was responded to at once by oilers ivom Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New lIanipsliire,to furnish, at least, fifteen thousand men. In course of the winter, preparations were made for resuming operations in the same directions as before — Louisbour2^ in Capo IJreton, Carillon and Crown Point on Lake Champlain, and Du- (piesne on the Ohio, But now the views of the British were no longer limited to considerations about colonial frontiers. Having the command of the ocean, and the ability to place far superior forces in the field, the Gin'ern- ment, with Pitt at its head, contom[)lated nothing short of the extinction of French power in America. It is pro- bable, in fact, that at this time the better informed and more sagacious among the authorities in Cana<1a, Icai'iiini the intentions of the English to direct against them opera- tions on a greater scale of mau;nitude than had ever been witnessed before, began to perceive that the strug ;'le would now be for the maintenance of a mere footing on their own soil. It is certain, from the desponding tone of the letters of Montcalm and others, addressed to the French ^iinisliy at this period, that the dreams of generations of Fren(;h- men about establishing the transatlantic " h'uqu're of 2\vio France" were ])assing away for ever. H');"). Louisbourgfell into the h;uids of the l']nglish al'kT a siege and a s[)irited resistance, wiiich lasted from the 7th totliel20thof June ]7.")S. General Wolfe, '^■"' ^'^^' on the side of the assailants, and JA dc I)rn<-i>i\ the coniinan- tiant of the])lace, distinguished tlieniselves. Tiie latter, how- ever, was compelled to sni'rendcr at discretion, after having endeavoured in vain to obtain terms of ca[»itulation. This was the most imp.ortant success yet obtained since the wa- began, for it de})rived the French of their only stronghold on ■ >4 jj^ HISTORY OF CANADA. [175S. 1755 the const of Nortli America. The fall of Louisbonrg plnced in the hands of the victors prisoners to the number of five tlionsand five lumdred, eleven ships of war, eleven military standards, together witli large quantities of arms, military stores and provisions. In conse(|_nence of their victory, tlie English l^ecame undisputed masters of Cape Breton and Isle Iioyale (Prince Edward's Island).* 25G. In the south. General Forbes, at the head of fifteen hundred regular ti'oops, and about five thousand militia, marched from Pl)ila(lel})hia in the beginning of Jul}'. The expedition wns intended to operate against the French in the vnlley of the Ohio. Nearly four months were si)ent in surmounting the difficulties of the route across the Alleg- hanies, as far as the banks of the Monongahela ; but a somewhat ditferent route was followed from that which * Tlie siego and capture uf Louitjbourr; added greatly to the reputation of tl;e ]lrit,i.-ili forces. Tlie principal olllcers employed, Ijoscaweii and Aiulicr.st, received the thanks of rarliameiit. Wolfe, Iteini^ tlicii in a sidiordinate position, was not so honoured, buf, as he had given ani[ili' proofs of tlic highest military genius and heroism, w.is soon alter pi'ouioted to the rank of major-general. Wolfe hail previously made liimself known b\^ his services in Germany and Scotland. At Louislmurg he completely gained the hearts of all by the prom]itituile, daring, and energj' with which ho executed the boldest plans of Amherst, and the aduiiral. "Chosen by Amherst to head the troops at Fresh Water Cove, he was the first to leap ashore and scale tlie clili's, (>xposed to the fire of masked liatteries and crowds of nnisketecrs. Hi- tiien led a detachment through the woods, amidst aml)usea no, a year later, was di'stined to lose his life in the executiou of an ex[iloit Htill more decisive than the taking of Luuisbourg, I75S.] EVACUATION OF FORT DUQUESXE. OJ 35 passed directly tlirongli llio scene of tlio revei-ses fonn(M-ly suffered by the Brilisli forces under Wnsliinsj^ton* and General Braddock. The coniniander-in-cliief was in bad health, and required to be borne on a litter. In order to accelerate operations, he detaclied Colonel Boncpiet with two thousand men, who, in his turn, sent forward an oflieer named Grant to reconnoitre. Grant, intrusted with eii;ht hundred Highlanders, and a body ot" Vii-i^inian nn'Htia, advanced with the careless confidence so fixvpiently dis- l)layed in those days by ofticers in command of rei^ular troops. M. de Ligncy v;i\^ then conunandant at Duquesne. With an inferior force he suddenly attacked Grant's detachment, and repulsed it with the loss of uj)wards of two hundred men. This allair occurred on the '2'.V\ of October. General Forbes, however, on receiving intelligence of the disaster which had befallen his advanced guard, hastened forward with the main body as fast as the nature of the country would permit. The customary tactics of the French, who endeavoured to arrest his pi'ogress, by om- l)loying small parties of Canadian militia and savag(^s to assail his flanks and rear from secure positions in the forests and defdes, failed this time to prev(>nt the English marching upon Fort Duquesne. De Ligiiey, judging that further resistance would bo hopelessly inoUcctual against numbers so superior to his own, decided u])on abandoning the fort to the enemy. Having s(>nt aAvny his artillery and annnunition down the Ohio, with a ])ortion of his people, he burnt and destroyed the woiks :is lar as possible, and then evacuated his ])osilion on the ti^d of November, retiring with the remainder of his garrison * Wii.sliiiigton again served in tlii.s ciunpalgii under Furhcs, and in Llio same capacity as lie Lad l"orincrly under (Jeucral J5raddoclc, \ f ' ; HISTORY OF CANADA. [175S. norlliward to Fort Mticbanlt. Tlie English took posses- sion of the deserted post, the name of whicli was changed to rilldjunj, in honour of tlie British Minister. This operation closed the contest between the people of the two nations for supremacy in the valley of the Ohio. 1257. In the meantime, several months before the close of the campaign at Fort Du(piesne, veiy important events had trans[)ired near Lake Champlain, and also at Fron- tenac, on Lake Ontario. Deferring for the present the narrative of a desperate encounter whicli had taken place on the 8th of July at Carillon, between the forces under Montcalm and General Abercrombie, we shall briefly record the oi)erations conducted by Colonel Bradstreet, whicli ended in the capture of Fort Frontenac. Brad.^treet, as already stated, had formerly, in ITofi, ren- dered good service in conducting reinforcements to Oswego, and had signally distinguished himself on his retreat from that post to Albany. In July, or early in August, he was intrusted with three thousand colonial troops, whom he led through the Iroquois territory towards Lake Ontario. A few of the Ouondngas and Mohawks accompanied the British force across the lake to the north shore, on wliich they landed on the 25th of August. The fort, so celebrated in the past history of the French colony, was almost denuded of defenders, owing to the alleged neglect of Governor Vaudreuil, and the absence of the French troops at Lake Champlain. There were plenty of guns and niortars, but the insigni- ficant garrison of one hundred and twenty soldiers and forty savages could not furnish people to man them. Within two days of his arrival. Colonel Bradstreet had })lantod his batteries in readiness for commencing the attack, when the commandant, i\I. de Xoyau, surrenderctl. 1758.] CAPTURE OF FORT FRONTENAC. 337 Thus tliis post, the marine arsenal of the French, by means of \vhich tliey liacl secured tlie control of Lake Ontario, fell into the hands of the Ijritisli, without llie loss of a single life to the victors.* The captors found provi- sions and nnuiitions of war, as well as a large quantity of furs in the fort, and stored up in the vessels then employed to navigate tlie lake. The whole, excepting the furs, were destroyed, conloi-niably to orders which had been issued by General Abercronibie, and the walls of the f(>rt were razed. After accomplisliii]g this important service, Colonel lirad- street reconducted his force across the lake, and retired to the English station at Fort Bull. 258. Tlie expedition against tlie French at Lake Cham- 2)lain i)roved disastrous. As soon as the ariivul of necessary supplies from France in the spring of 17."')8 would permit, General Montcalm concentrated at Lake Cliamplain all his best troops. He had concerted with Governor Vaudreuil his plan of opera- tions for opposing Abercrombie's advance northward, which was understood to be directed upon ]Montre[il, in case the positions at Carillon and Crown Point should be carried early enough in the season. Arriving at Carillon on the last day (tf June, he found that the trodps there assembled, together with a corps on its way, under Do Levis, to join them, would constitute a total of between three thousand live hundred and four thousand men. The British had already ivached Lake George. I'liey numbered more than sixteen thousand, inchiding nim^ thousand colonial troo[)s, with live hundred L'otpiois, under * GuveriRir Yiuulrcuil is .-I'vciTly censured fm- liavinj^' iicgli'ctrd to sus- tain this important position. 1 le was rvon accuome of the attacking corps lost half tlicir numbers, and of the wounded and slain a veiy large pro- portion consisted of officers. Astonisliud at the resistance which he encounterei.l, where he liad expected to carry all before liini by means of one or two vigorous charges, Al^er- crombie, towards evening, drew otf his troops awhile within the border of the neighbouring forest. At a hastv council of war, held on the spot, no one suggested the expediency of attempting to turn tlie enemy's position, or of bringing up artillery to clear the way in front. Aftei- an hour's interval of rest, the whole streni^rth of the tu'inv was united for one more desperate assault. It was ma0(iO. Montcalm himself, in hia letter of llith July 17£»8, chtiuiutod Lirf own Ions at 375, aud that of the English at nearly 5000. : \ - I75S.] BATTLE OF CARILLON. 341 1758— the capture of Louisbourg and the battle of Carillon — transpired comparatively early in the season, leavinsj more tlian throe months suitable for military under- takings. Colonel Bradstreet's movement upon Frontenac was ended before the close of August. It may be asked, therefore, why so long a time was suffered to pass without a renewal of warlike operations of any moment, since the cam- paign in pi'ogress under Forbes and M. de Lignoy occupied only a small portion of the armed force of either side ? The answer is, it was now the policy of the French to act strictly on the defensive. That course was enjoined upon the authorities of the colony by the ruling powers in France, while it was also necessary on account of the com- parative smallness of the number of men whom the colony could equip and maintain in the field. Moreover, the bloody repulse at Carillon had paralysed the very moderate energies and abilities of General Abercrombie. He merely intrenched himself at Fort George, while at the various French posts the troops and militia were holding themselves ready to repel attack. Abercrombie sent dispatches to hasten the arrival of General Amherst from Louisbourg ; and by the time this officer joined, and could become acquainted with the precise position of affairs, it was too late in the season to resume the march northward. The mere loss of men in the recent conflict was of small importance, because the resources of the English enabled them to repair it v»'ithout d'Hiculty. 2G0. In November 17.")S, the troops were withdrawn to their respective winter quarters. During the five following months the leaders hiid ample leisure to discuss the details of operations proposed for the next season's campaign, which, both in Canada and the English colonies, it was gcuerally believed would bring to au end the contest for ^ y-^"" H' UP M^ ' ^B ^ , '■'■■'-'■■'i ti V t ;l^! i 342 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. supremacy hi America. On the French side (lisquietude and anxiety prevailed, occasioned, not merely hy a know- ledge of the superior numbers and resources of the enemy, but, in a great degree, by the deplorable state of internal affairs and oflicial tuii)itude and mismanagement in the colony, of which mention lias already been made in former ])ages. This subject, highly important in its connection with the downfall of the French m/inw in Canada, will be more fully noticed in the ensuing chapter. CIIAPTER XXVII. f fl STATE AND TROSrECTS OF THE COLONY lilOUB CRITICAL AT TTIE CLOSE OP 1758 THAN EVER BKFORI': — CAUSES ENUMKUATKI) — VIliTUAL ABANDONMKN'T OF THE COLONY BY THE MOTHER COUNTIJY — AIJSKXCB OF HAHJIONY AMONO PUlNCirAL OFFlClAliJ AND EKTWEEN THE UU'FKRKM' lillANC'HK.S OF THE FLI5LIC SKRVICE — MI.SMANA(ii;.Mi;NT BY ]UGOT AM) HIS ACCOM FLICK.S — BAD HARVESTS, i;Xii:s>I\ K I'lilClCS AND FAMINE— SENTLMI:NT.S OF MONTCALM AND HIS oFFICKIiS — CENSUS AND EFFECTIVE FORCL: OF Till:: COLONY — GENERAL PLAN OF DEFENCE. 2G1. In the course of this history it has been several times recorded that the colony was reduced to the very brink of ruin. Yet on each of those occasions, as we have seen, it was enabled to survive the impending crisis, either through some unforeseen occurrence bevond human control, or through the heroic counsels and actions of leaders refusing to despair of their cause while life remained and a handful of resolute men to maintain a footing on Cape Diamond.* * Auiongat tho occasions ruforrod to the following may be iiauieil : — The tbretitened extinction oi tho colony Ijy tlio Iroiiuois in ICCO, when the heroism of Dollard and his followers caused those siivages to abandon their design, then on the eve of nccom[)li:ihmeut ; the disastrous position of or 1 759-] CRITICAL STATE OF THE COLONY. But since 1745, and especially in the campaigns of 1755 and subsequent years, the character of colonial warfare had l)een greatly modified by the introduction of considerable bodies of regular troops. Their employment, if not always successful against the operations of the native militia and savages, yet tended to afl'ord military leaders the grounds of judging more correctly respecting the probable issue of enterprises undertaken on either side. Superior numbers and resources, together with the well-known determination of the English Government and colonists to employ these vigorously in securing the conquest of the French colony, made the case of Canada now, at the close of 1758, more truly critical tlian it had ever been before. This was clearly perceived by General iMontcalni and his principal olHeers, us well as by tlie leading functionaries engaged in adminis- tering the civil aifairs of tiie colony. j\Iaking every allow- ance for the eliect of the battle of Carillon, as proving that the gallant French troops miglit offer a protracted resist- ance, yet the substantial results of the campaign of 1758 were in favour of the Englisli. They had established their supremacy in the valley of the Ohio, and had succeeded in destroying Fort Frontenac, in conse(pience of which suc- affairs in iO^S ami 1<'S(>, wlion the Lucliiiio iniissacro dcoiinvd, aii'l whoa FruntenaCjoiici'i'i'iliii;,' iJo Doiioiivilli', ro.sumed tlio governt'fMtne tho Kiiviiiur of tlio cuuutry ; the foriuulalilc attai'k ii|iiiu (iuoljco in Iti'JO by the English iK'i't uiuKt l'liiii[is, wlnii thai lity w.i.s ili'feiKh'il and ihf ODhiiiy wns savL'tl by Fr"iitt'nu! ; i\u\ nival and niilit.iry LXii"ditiiin.s .a^aiii.^t, the colony in 171'^ ;ind 1711, wln-ii, in thu first instance, an uiioxpoetcd chi\ii},'tf in tho dodtinatitin of the English lloct and «uljsotaiu the Flench c;tuse agaiu-it tln^ J''iigli^li iu America. The then Mini.-ler of War, .1/. dc. l1Mu»h\, wrote to Munt- calm as follows, under date I'Jth February 1759 : — "Besides increasing the dearth of provisions, vhich you already exi)erience, it is to beft-ared that reinforcements,, if dispatched, would fall lutu the power of the Kug- lish. The King is unable to send succours proportional to tlio forees the English can place in the field to oppose you, so that the only effect would be to induce the Minister at London to exert himself the more to maintain the superiority he has gained in that part of the continent. . . . You must oenfine yourself to the defensive, and concentrate all your forces within as narrow limits as possible. It is of the last importance to pre- m 346 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. m Thus, while the American war was highly popular in England, whose people, under the guidance of a gifted Prime Minister, were willing to lavish hotli men and money for its successful prosecution, France virtually abandoned her colony, in behalf of which so much blood and treasure had been expended, so many sacrifices and sufferings en- dured by lier exiled emigrants, and so many hopes and aspinitions respecting a great transatlantic empire had been fostered by her devoted priests and pious persons of both sexes, her princes, nobles, and ministers of state. It is certain that the tenor of the official dispatches from France exercised a most disheartening effect upon the minds of the defenders of the colony,* showing that the home Government had ceased to hoi)e or care for its pre- servation, and that they were expected to prolong a hopeless contest with the bare expectation of retaining for their countrv some " footing on the continent." 2()3. Another grievous disadvantage, affecting theprospect of sustaining a successful resistance, arose from internal dis- cord. Tliere was an absence of harmony between the chief functionaries, as likewise between the officers and men be- I ^1 Bervo some footing in Canada. However small the territory i)reserve J may he, it is indispensable that uii jnal should be retained in North America, for if all be once lust it would become itnpo.-.^ible to recover it." The [Minister of JIarinc, M, dt J3iri'i/cr, wrote in the same strain to Governor Vaudrcuil. * Montcalm and liis principal officers, while deploring the prospect before them, nevertheless replied in terms expressive of unlimited loy.alty and deTotiou. Montcalm wrote — '* For my part, and that of the troops under me, wo are ready to fall with the colony, and to be buried in ita ruins." Also — " I dare to repeat my entire devotion to tlie salvation of this unfortunate colony, or to perish." M. do Levis said — " I see that it is necessary to defend ourselves foot to foot, fighting to the death ; for it vmU he better for the King's service that we should die with arms in our hi.jds than for us to accept disgraceful terms of surrender like those jiermitted at the capitulation of Cape Breton." Bougainville and others expressed niuiilar sentimeuts, [1759- nilar in a gifted 1 money mdoneil treasure ngs en- pes and ire had rsons of ate. It es from pon tlie ;hat the its pre- liopeless or their M'ospoct nal d is- le chief Qcn be- rveil may America, t." The Governor ct before alty iuul le trooprf Oil in its alvation -" I see death ; arms in ke thos« il others I7S9-] DE VAUDREUIL AND MONTCALM. 347 longing to the several branches of the public service, both civil and military. No cordial feeling or mutual coiiiidenco subsisted between Governor Vaudreuil and General ]\[ont- calm. The former considered the commander of the forces overrated as a general, too exacting, and unjust towards the Canadian militia and Indians. Montcalm, on the other hand, esteemed the Governor weak-minded, incapable, and blindly disposed to listen to the counsels of tlie Intendant Bigot, and of his brother and others, forming what was styled the Canadian party. A project was even pioposed at one time by the General's friends, having for its oliject the substitution of IMontcalm as Governor in [»lace of Vau- dreuil. The want of accord between these head function- aries began soon after Montcalm's arrival in Canada, and continued, notwitlistanding an outward semblance of cour- tesy, up to the time of the General's death on the field of battle. Bigot, and his i)rincipal accomplices in the mis- management of the affairs intrusted to their care, sided with the Governor, who protected them, and conunended their discharge of duty in his dispatches to the home Government. But the military officers, both of the regular army and of the colony troops, marine and militia, re- garded Bigot and his coadjutors with nnich disfavour. As for the people, the inhabitants, althougli subjected to many inconveniences and privations on account of the mili- tarv, were almost unanimous in their dislil^o and condem- nation of the Intendant. Again, the ("ffieers and men of the regular army had but little sym[)athy in common with those constituting the colony troops, while the memi>ers of both branches of the service heartilv concurred in affect- ing to look down upon the Canadian militia.* * Dusfiienx relates that the mutual jealousies of the colony troops and those of the regular army gave rise to constant ami very serious discussions i I d M. ^; 348 HISTORY OF CANADA. ['759. If I ^!:'i I 204. We havo next lo refer to one of the most influential of all the proximate causes of ruin — one which has hcen nh-eady several times alhided to. This was the mal-adminis- tration of those departments of the public service confided to tlie lioyal Intendant, or conducted under his auspices. In the first place, and in connection with the war waged between the two mother countries on the soil of their respective colonies, the Intendant and his subordinate coadjutors were charged with the manngemcnt of the material resources of Canada. He had the general control of the finances, the provisioning of the troops and military posts, the supply of the various articles of equip- ment for the soldiers, militia, and Indian auxiliaries, and the importation from France of all the various commodities rc(piired in the public magazines — flour, li(pi()rs, clothing, &c. — within the colony. He was empowered to fix, from time to time,, tlie market pi'ices of grain and fodder, and of the necessaries of life, as well those at which articles were to be bought for the King's service as those at which they should be sold to individuals. It should also be borne in mind that the Intendant, as regards colonial rank, stood next to the Governor, and that he exercised a voice as a member of the 8ui)reme Council in all matters alfecting the interests of the colony. But M. Bigot, the last of the Eoyal Intendants of Canada,* between M. de Vuiulrouil aiul Montt-iilin. " The incap ible and triQing VauJreuil, cmnisellt'd and incited by Bigot, converted into matters o£ eerioua complaint all tUa insignificant differences which coutinually sprung up auicing.st the soldiers, the militia, the savages, and the colonists. Ho complained bitterly of Montcalm, because it was difficult for a good under- standing to subsist between his soldiers and the Canadians, and because of the haughty fashion in which the latter were treated by his officers." * M. IMgot succeeded to the inteudancy in H^S, on the retirement of M. Hocqiiart, during the interval when M. de la Galissoniere acted aa Governor, in place of La Jonquiere. He had previously served aa com- r'759- fliicntial lias been [idminis- confided spices, ir waged of their ►ordinate of the pjeneral oops and )i' eqnip- irics, and I modi ties clothing, fix, from cr, and of ck's were ich they borne in ik, stood )ice as a allocting 1759.] BIGOT'S MISMANAGEMENT. 349 anada,* nd trilling matters o£ illy si)ruiig mists. Ho ood under- because of ;ers." ^iremeut of e acted as id as cum- was altogether unfaithful. While he enriched himself at the expense of the King and of the public service, he con- nived at the most extensive frauds and peculations perpe- trated by others under his auspices. In consecpience, during his intendancy, the ])ublic expenses of the colony in- creased from year to year, until they attained to an enormous amount, far beyond the ability of the mother country to bear. At the same time the troops were insulliciently pro- vided with necessaries, and the inliabitants generally reduced to a state of extreme suffering, owing to the unfaithfulness and exactions of Bigot and his accomplices. Montcalm and other officers of the Kini; had not failed to send to France intimations relative to the mismanage- ment of Bigot, yet the latter usually contrived to escape censure by means of favourable reports of the Governor, who did not perceive or realise the true nature of the In- tendant's proceedings.* In order to explain what these missary at Louisbourg in 1744 and 174.'), in which latter year that strong- hold was captured by the English. IMgnt was regarded as having beea instrumental iu bringing about the di.-:aster through his C(jrrii[it pro- ceedings. * Towards the close of 1758, however, the accusations against r.igot be- gan to have some weiglit with the then Minister of ^lariuo at the court of France. Tins functionary, accordingly, wrote a somewhat severe des|iatcU to IJigot, dated January 10, 17o9, in course of which he said to him — *'l">en yon yourself have caused purchases, on the King's account, to bo made at double the price for which you cnuld have procured the articles bought, efl'ecting this through third i>artics, and thus making the fortunes of persons leagued with you in these and otiiei- enterprises. You are also alleged to bi* living in the most splendid stylo in the midst of a general state of misery endured by the jiublic. I lieg you to reflect seriously upuu the tendency of this fashion of conducting the affairs intrusted to you." General Montcalm said, in a despatch written by hitn in April 17/»9, that he had no confidence either in M. Vaudreuil or in ]5igot. He siiggested that some even wished for the ruin of the colony, so that their misdeeds might be hidden. " It would seem,'' he said, " that all are in haste to en- rich themselves before the country is quite lost to France ; . . . greediness y 1 'iU f -i .1:;' «^. 350 HISTORY OF CANADA. ['759. I r * I really were, wc bhall here advert to the charges brought again.st Bigot and upwards of fifty others, several years later, in a court of justice at Paris. The accusations, which were more or less completely proved, were Kul)slanlially as follows : — That illegal com- pacts existed between Bigot and four other officials, for the })Uipose of monopolising to themselves the commerce of the colony, and which resulted in the conunission of in- numerable frauds ; that false entries were made relative to conuuodities and necessaries purchased for the King's Fervice, in which the quantities and prices were over- stat(.'d, so as to produce enormous gains to those concerned in the transactions ; that on one occasion the cargo of a ca[)tured English merchant vessel had been purchased on the King's account for eight hundred tluMisand francs, and then charged nearly tico millions; that in course of 1757 and 1758, the confederates had realised profits amounting to twenty-four million francs on two single transactions concertiing the purchase of provisions and e(piipments ; that Bigot and his accomplices, for the purpose of effecting these gigantic frauds, bribed the connnandants, commissaries, and guardians of stores at the dilferent forts ; that, under the pretext of provision- ing the difi'erent fortified stations of the colony, charges were made for the transport of supplies which were fictitious, existing only on paper; that at the very time when the soldiers were without necessaries, the King was charged for rations and complete sets of ecpiiinnents never furnished to the troops ; that cargoes of merchandise, im- hiis iiifoctoit every one— officers, storekeepers, clerk", &c." Ei-fore this tles- patchveaclictl France the Englisli fleet and army had appeared before Quebec, and i>ut an end to the ability of the mother country either to piinish or reward her officials in Canada in a way to be of any service to the colony. V a tl r a a vi" hi t( ['759. brought il years iipletc'ly [»l COIll- , for llio lerce of 1 of ill- lit ivo to King's e over- ncerncd largo of rcliascd francs, course profits single •ns and or the cd the ores at pvi.sioii- iharges were y time ; was never se, im- tliisdes- Qucbco, inish or jolony. I759-1 BIGOT'S MISMANAGEMENT. 35 « l)orted at the expense of the King, were foM to contrnetor<5. and then resohl to tlie King at a fourfold ])riee ; that whilt» the King was made li.ihle, by menus of f;dse entries, for tlu- pnyment of supplies two or three times over, the soldicMN and militia were sulU-ring from want, and oMigcd to huy. at their own cost, those ncecssariis which h;id heen ])ro- vided bv the King for their use ; th.it the Intendant and liis subordinates, ns wull as several ollieers, ])i'ing in lengii'* to defraud the King, thos(j who were injui('(l could not obtain justice, or even raise their voices against the adminis- tration, and that no honest merchants were permit t(Ml to liavc any share in the contracts for su[)plies; tlnit ]>Igot caused the sale of peltry, on the King's account, to be made at very low jtrices to liis agents, in order to profit by the subsequent disposal of it in the ordininy wny of business : and, finally, that Bigot and his subordinates were guilty ot constantlv making untrue declarations and entries to conce.d their fraudulent practices, falsifying everything relating to the actual expenses, by changing tiieir title, natuie, object, and amount."' Governor Vaudreuil himself was believed bv somi^ to be implicated in the charges against the Intend:uit.t OiIums. more correctly, imputed to liim a culpable ])arliMlity, and blindness to the disastrous tendency of Digot's administration. 2G5. Apart from the several causes .-ilicady stnted. each one of itself foreboding the early downfall t»f the colony, a succession of bad harvests, attended with a seiucitv of all * It will 1)0 seen tliiit the peculiitions wero continued up tn 1 lie very eml of the war in ITtiO, when estiuiat.'.s of artieKs fraiululeiitly aulliurise'l were paid by tho Intendant at Mnntreal. One it(>iu cli.iriri'd wa> liir«'i« hundred thousand viocassins for .savages. anuiui\tinir to thirty thousand fratif.«, and received by the munitionairc Cadet, ulihuuyh few or none liad been distributed. t Vaudreuil waa aubseiiueutly put upon Lie trial at Paris, but actjuitted. 1,. 1 f. * i / 1 ^1 ■n m l-'U 352 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759- M'?- the necessaries of life, afflicted the unfortunate inhabitants, who were dependent for subsistence upon the products of the soil. As all the able-bodied males were employed in the war, ngod men, women, and children, had been left to attend, as they best could, to the concerns of agriculture. Those serving as militia, although they received rations, clothing, and arms, while on duty, had no pay. At the close of each of the last few campaigns, they returned to their homes without money wherewith to supplement the Rcnntv returns from their lands. To make tlieir case worse, the Intendant's agents scoured the settlements in order to extort, at fixed prices, the fodder and grain required by the troops.* Moreover, during the winter of IToS-.OO, soldiers were quartered upon the inhabitants at the rate of fifteen francs a month per man for partial maintenance, shelter, and fuel. Considering the scarcity of money, the prices at which necessaries could be occasionally bought were excessive.f Before the summer of 1751), the inhabitants, to save them- selves from starvation, began to slau2:hter their workinorfc, btcj] muttmi, from one to two sous per lb. ; and other articles in proportion. Now, in IT^iS and 1759, ?('7tf<(Mvas about forty francs ; butter or lard, forty sous ; ment, from twenty-five to forty sous. A single calharje cost twenty sous ; and m'tlk', forty sous a (piart. AVhereas, formerly, a whole cow or ox ciiuld be bought for less than thirty francs, and a horse of middling qualities for forty, it was now necessary to pay fifteen or sixteen francs for Icatkcr enough to make a single pair of Bboes. [1759- ibitants, [lucts of loved in a left to icultnre. rations, At the irned to lent tlie ie worse, order to lired by 758-59, e rate of teiiance, it wliicli cewsive.f e them- working ire some cr Iju.shol. gilt about ; onliiiary pouml of ton fions; IS per lb. ; was abiuit J tu forty s ji (|nart. lan thirty necesgaiy ingle pair 1 759-] ALIENATION OF THE INDIANS. 353 In contrast witli this condition of dire necessity in Canada, the i)cople of the English colonies were at tlie same time living in the enjoyment of abundance, botli as respects money and jirovisions. While the enfeebled state and dis- mal prospects of the Canadians compelled them to abandon all attempts at liarns.sing their enemies, by making, as of old, spirited incursions into their territory, the Indian allies of both parties did not fail to become cognisant of their comparative situation and resources, or to draw infer- ences, and pursue a course of conduct, extremely preju- dicial to the French cause. In fact, the tribes generally were now alienated, excepting those savages who were in immediate contact with the Treneh at a few western [osts at Niagara, and at their fort i lied stations on the St Law- rence, To preserve the fidelity of these it was necessaiy to feed them, and thus t(; curtail sensibly the sup[)lies available for the sup[)ort of the ti'oops and inhabitants. Kotwithstanding the scarcity, Governor Yaiulreuil caused the Indians to be furnished with rations daily out of the jiublic stores, for which he has been by some severely censured. !2(t(). As the circumstances noticed in the five preceding articles were suiHeiently known to, and ajipeciated by, IMontcalm and his principal olllcers, we need feel no sur- prise at the sentiments whieh they now expressed respect- in<2: the results of tiie coniiu''' camiiaign of 175l» * Even in the moment of viet", t'aiiaila will Iji'long to the iCiiglish in ooiirso of tla.s campaign or the m'.\t. It pi'aec bo made, the colony id lost, unle.'Ssi there Le a total change iu the uiuna.H' lueiit." Z WM r:' \u ?54 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. cfnitest must, in all Iniman prohability, be the loss of the French colony. The valour of his officers and men, aided by some reinforceinents from France, mijijht continue to bnffie the English and to proti'act the strui^gle ; but as to the nature of the final result he did not suffer himself to be deceived. lie at that time solicited his recall, as his only recompense for past services, alleging ill-health, imd the exhaustion of his private pecuniary resources. He desired, in fact, to retire from the evil prospects before him — from a scene of turmoil, dissension, and mismanagement, sufficient of themselves to ruin the cnuse of the colony ; exi)ose(l on every side to the attacks of an enemy, resolute, persevering, and superior in numbers and resources of all kinds. Upon one possible event alone could he and his officers place any hopes of its salvation — flic conchiskm of t' l)ru.(je. between tlie contending mother countries. Accord- ingly, ]\[ontcalni and Levis, as well as Bougainville, who, a little later, was sent home to France to represent person- ally the des[)erate state of affairs, urged the French Ministry to make peace at .almost any sacritice, unless they could send out extensive reinforcements of troops, with provisions, nnmitions of war, and a powerful fleet. Similar sugges- tions were transmitted from Canada by other officers of the King. In short, all thoughtful persons foresaw that the campaign of 17.V.) W(^uld i)r(ibably deliver New France into the hands of the English. The nature of the replies which these ]'e[)resentations called forth from the Government of France has been already stated. The mother counti 'T m fact, substantially decided on abandoning her colony to its fate."^ * Wlieu Bougainville wan ongiiyod in pleailiiig the cause of the colony at the court of Fnuici", he nu't with very little eucouragemont. In his memoir Bcttiuy forth the urgent need of assistauco, he diticussed Beveral plana of I759-] CENSUS OF 1759. 355 2r»7. It rcmnins to bo explained briefly what force Yaiul- reuil and Montcalm had to depend npon for confronting their enemies in the coming campaign of ITi^O, how theso \vere to be disposed, and what their plans of defence were. In the month of January a census was taken of the })opul{ition, which was found to amount to eighty-two thou- sand souls. Of ahle-])odied males Ijetween the ages of sixteen and sixty, about fifteen thousand were enrolled as militia, the Quebec district counting for seven thousand live hundred, Montreal six thousand four hundred, and Three llivers the remainder. It was impossible to enume- rate the Indians who could be counted on for actual ser- vice in the three districts and at the diflerent posts above Montreal. The number of savage auxiliaries who subsequently took part in the operations at Quebec si^Mns to have beei: from one thousand to twelve hundred, nnd it is of little consequence here to inquire how many still professed fidelity to the French in other parts, since, as events proved, they could not bo depended upon in emergencies.* ; • W f urni.sliing succour.'^, to which tho French Mhiistor.-i tunii'it a ea, and liiially arrived at (2uet)ec in May * There uuist have been ucon.-iilrrable number of Tndians in tho-crviee of the French, or at least in nominal fdlianeo witli tlioin, at tho western posts, south of Lake Eric, Detroit, Michilinialiinac, «fcc. According to fv jour- nal found at the capture of Fort Niagara in Julyl7.V.>.tlie force; wliieh inarelied to the relief of that place, di'uwii from the other m-arest forts, consisted ' \ ?! ;■ I 356 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. The troop;?, consistlnf^ of regulars and colony soldiers, or marines, amounted lo about six tliousand. If wo Ktate the whole disposable force of the colony, when hostilities began in 1750, at twenty-two thousand, we must include in this number a small reinforcement brought out from France by Bougainville, as well as the lads under six- teen, and the aged men of from sixty to eighty years, who are said to have flocked to the ranks in defence of their homes and altars. For the local marine and transport service, two frigates of thirty-two and thirty-six guns respectively, and half a dozen smaller vessels, mounted with from twenty to twenty- four guns each, were available at Quebec, together with 11 sufiicient number of batteaux, boats, and rafts. On Lake Champlain, also, there were several armed vessels, and small craft re(piired for the transport of trooi)s and stores ; and the same may bo said of Lukes Ontario and Erie. As the devoted colony was about to be assailed at several and distant points, the forces were distributed or held in readiness accordingly. Captain Pouchat, with three com- panies of regulars and several hundred Canadians and savages, was ordered to occu[)y Niagara, while twelve hundred men, under ]\L de la Corne, were destined for the defence of Lake Ontario. 13ourlama(|ue had upwards of three thousand men for the occupation and defence of the French military posts on Lake (ieorge, Lake Cliamp- lain, and the Iviver Iiichelieu. Finally, as it was held that the fall of Quebec would involve the loss of the colony, it was determined to station the main body there, under of two thoii.sancl fivo Imndred inon, liiiU rronohnion aiul half savages. Hut it Would appear that when they were attacked and defeated by Sir William JoLusuu, tho snvngc iau:i:ili;irica loft tUu Fruucli tu do tho lighting aluue. 1759.] PLANS OF DEFENCE. 357 ]\Iontcalm, Levis, Bougainville, and the Governor in person. Offensive operations formed no part of their plan, be- cause of llic great dispnriiy in niinil)crs and in material resources. Accordingly, Bourlamaque was directed merely to make as good a sliow of resistance as possible when the English forces advanced in the direction of Lake Champ- lain, and to retreat iVom post to jmst wilhont engaging in any serious conflict, or incurring the risk of ca})ture. A defensive system was to be followed at all points. Early in 17")!) the Governor issued public notices, in which he called upon the people generally to defend their religion, families, and property with all their uiight. They were also directed to pre[)iire hiding-places in the forest, in which to conceal their families and movable effects, as soon as the enemy should ap})roach. All the country peoph} in the vicinity of Quebec were to betake lliemselves for refngo to Point Levi, or to the uortli shore of the St Lawrence, opposite the Island of Orleans, bringing with them a, month's supply of food. Finally the Governor intimated that he would agree to uo cnpilulation, alleging that it was better for all to perish with the colony than to fall into the liands of the English. The plan of defence for (Quebec will be stated uku'o particularly when we come to describe the military and naval o})erations of the memorable cam- paign of IT.jD, carried on in the vicinity of that city.* * Yauclreuil has l>oou tniich censured for neglecting to t;ilvi! stojis for augmenting the dofonci'.-i of Quebec until tho near ;ip]a'i>ai'li ot tlio Enylish forces scarcely allowed tlio timu and opportuuity for doing bo efficioutly. ■ 5<'i LIS 3S8 HISTORY OF CANAD.\. [i759t I. i»j fi CHAPTER XXVIIL PLANS OF TITE ENGLISH FOll TIIK CAMPAKIN oF IToO— OPERATIONS OF GENERAL AJIHEUST ON LAKE CHAMl'LAIN — EXPEDITION AGAINST NIAGARA — ATTJ:.MPr TO RELIEVE FORT NIAGARA — CAPTURE OF NIAGARA AND FRENCH FORTS SOLTII OF LAKE VAUV. — FORCES OB" AMHERST AND SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON LNA15LE TO TAKE PART IN THE OPERATIONS AT QUKEEC. 2G8. Conformably to tlie general plnii of operations, wliicli, as stated in a preceding article, wah concerted by the Briti.sli and colonial authorities during tlie autumn and \viiiter of 17;")8, a new coininander-in-chief — General Am- herst — was appointed, and all t'le other principal officers who were to be intrusted with tiie command of the several distinct expeditions against the French. Amherst in per- son was to conduct an army of about twelve thousand men against the French positions on Lake CliMmplain, and thence to the valley of the ISt Lawrence. The lleet and land forces destined to attack Quebec were placed luider Admiral Saunders and I\Iiijor-General James Wolfe respectively, while the operations in the direction of L.'dce Ontario and against Fort Niagara were committed to the charge of Gen- eral Prideaux and Sir William Jolinson.* Although the * In connection with the throe juincipal cxiioditlons nametl in the text, another uiinor (>i>eratinn was to be executed by General Stanirix, having in view the cxpulision of the French from tlie line of pusts e-itablished be- tween Fort Duqueane (rittsbvn'g)anil Lake Erie — as Les Btcufs, Venango, Presquo Isle, &c. It will be seen that this subordinate enterprise was ren- dered comparatively easy in consequence of the witiidrawal of most of the garrisons from th"se stations for the relief of Fort Xiagara. f 1 759k 1 739-] AMHERST'S OPERATIONS. 359 forces under the different commanders enumerated were to be engaged simultaneously in carrying out parts of one connected scheme of invasion, each body was necessarily charged with an indc[)endent sphere of action, unfettered by the proceedings of tlie others. In presenting, therefore, the narrative of details of tlie campaign of 17i)i), it is pro- per to adopt a corresponding division into three parts — the first relating to Amherst's operations on Lake Cham- plain, the second to tliose of Prideaux and Johnson, and the third to the attack upon Quebec by Saunders and Wolfe. liGO. General Amherst concentrated his hoops at Albany and Fort Edward in the month of May. Jle first delaclicd those djstined to move upon Niagara, which were to cotisist of three battalions of regulars, two regiments of New York Provincials, and a body of Indian auxiliaries. In conducting his own advance into the Champlain region, he was obliged to follow the same route as his predecessor the year before — from Fort Edward to the head of Lake George, thence to its outlet in batteaux and on rafts, thence to Carillon and the head of Lake Champlain. 13ut Amherst was prudent as well as resolute, and thei-eforj lie proceeded with great deliberation, taking along with liiai upwards of fifty pieces of artillery, and all iv(|uisile sup- plies of provisions and numitions of war. A wliole montli was spent in the transport of stores atid cannon from Fort Edward, and in providing the necessary batteaux and other craft for his fnture operations, lie arrived in the vicinity of Carillon, the scene of Abercrombie's bloody defeat, on the 22d of July. Not unmindful of the princl[)al causes of his predecessor's failure, he reconnoitred the French posi- tion, and made his dispositions fiu- carrying it on tlio ii "I 1 i. i r , m h i: ] I.' m :/yo HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. morrow* The post liad been greatly strcngthenGcI since tlie (late of Al)orc*ronil)i(j's repulse; but Bourlamaque, in obe.lience to his instructions, bad already retired to Crown Point, on being ai)priscd by liis scouts of Amherst's ap- proach.f On 4tli August the English army took possession of Crown Point, the French having vacated this post also and retreated to Islc-aux-Xoix. IMore than two months were spent by Amherst in strengthening i]iQ works at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and in making further preparations for moving down Lake Chami)lain. The French liad several armed vessels on tlio lake, {uid lie judged it necessary to have two constructed for his own use. Vjv the middle of October, when arrange- ments were completed for pursuing the French to Isle-aux- Koix, the lateness of the season, and the unfavourable state of the weather, pit an end to all further progress. J: Having decided to defer the prosecution of his advance * The failuro of Aborcroniltic to Ciirry the pnpition of Montciilin at Carillon, iiotwithstiuutiiig hi.s .snp -rior nxunlHTS and the undoubted valour and per.sovoring olwtinacy of lii.s soldiiTH, \v;vs occasioned chi(,ny by his having neglected to bring up hi.s artillery. 1 to likewise d<'pended exclu- sively upon attacking in front, -without making any ilink movements for turitin;/ the French position. In consequence, the valour of hia soldiers was useless, and the loss of life unusually great. 'h Ijcfore leaving Carillon, r(iMiis, and of Detroit, to march to his own relief with as many men as could be spared. In consequcneo, a considerable liody was collected and advanced to raise the sieg(\ a few dnvs after the accident to Genei'al I'lldeaux. Johnson, leaving a suflicient force to guard his batteries, immediately turned out to encounter this new enemy with his regulars * In course of tlio season, reports of the total failure of Aniliorst'a expedition were spread amongst the En^'li.-ili troops sorviiig at Qachcc Amherst clid send couriers to commiuiicato with Saunders and Wolfe, but tljoy fell into the bauds of tho Fi-euch on their way down. ' f ^(■ii ■ r .■ stth, ' ;■>,-,. ■ \ ' !:■ jni v . ^WPf ' ' ': M" ik, 1 i i 1759-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 363 William Johnson had conii»letcd his work by the end of July, his troops, united with those of Hnldiniand, could not have made their way down to Quehcc while the outlet of Lake Ontario, Montreal, Isle-aux-Noix, and the banks ot' the Richelieu remained occupied by the French forces. It was plain, therefore, tliat if the English were to succeed in the principal undertaking of the season, the result nnist be accomplished by the armament of Saunders and Wolfe, with- out aid from above. The narrative of the eventful struggle for the possession of tlie ancient capital of Canada is contained in the ensuing chapters. CIIAPTEH XXIX. STRENGTH OF THE ENGLISH ARMAMKNT — AKUIVAL OFF QUI.BEC— LINE OF DEFENCE— Wolfe's jianifksto— positions taki;n up — EMINENT persons PRESENT AT THE HIVMK OF QUEIiliC — FRKXCH FIRESHIPS— BOMBARDMENT OF THE CITY— BATTLIi OF BKAUPUKT FLATS. '272. The armament destined for the reduction of (^)uebec consisted of a fleet of fifty vessels, mider the command of Admirals Saunders, Holmes, and Durell, conveying seven thousand six hundred soldiei-s and one thousand marines. The land forces were connnanded l)y jMajor-Genei'al James Wolfe, having under him Brigadier-Generals Monckton, Townshend, and Muriay. Wolfe had been a[)pointed from considerations of merit alone, for he was comparatively a young officer, being not more than thirty-two years of age. But he had seen a great deal of active service, and ■''\ 11 3^4 HISTORY OF CANADA. ['759. M* n i^ I. ■i .1 le 11 uck cafc?^t cxpccfnlions were entertained from liis already nowlcdged military gjeniiis, prudence, and courage.* Owintc to the enliirlitened policy of the Enjili^h I'rinio IMinister, lie was allowed the privilege of (^electing his own principal ofHcers, which, it was thought, might compensate, in some measure, for the insufficiency of the numher of soldiers, considering the mngnitude of the enterprise. The main body of the fleet was preceded by seven Fail of the line and several frigates, detached from Halifax under Admiral Durell, for the purpose of intercepting in the JSt Lawrence reinforcements arriving from France.f * Wulfc, as well US Townsliciul atid jliirray, had S'lrvcd under the Duko of Cuiubcrlaiid in (Icrinany, aixl in Scothxnd in tlie stiupre^-iou df tho rubcllidn of 1745. Ho had greatly distinguLsht'd hinist-lf uiuk'r Andicr.st at I^oui.sbourg in 17;jS. His father Iiad luen a general in tlie JJritisU army, and Wullo himself Lad been I'ruui his buvhoud enthusiasUeally devoted to the military service. t Durell advaneod up tlie St Lawrence some timo before Sauudera and ]Iulmes, and stationed his sijuadron off Islo (Jo\idre3, about twenty leagues below Quebec. His ves.-^els sailed under Fieneli colours in order to deceive any French commanders who might come in siglit. Ho ca^jtured only two Btore-ships. Eougainville with two frigates (La Pomonc of thirty-two guns, and VAtalantc of thirty-six), and lii'teen or sixteen transports tarry- ing troo[)S and stores for Quebec, had already passed up the river. Tho military force inelud'd eight full regiments (15th, 2Sth, 35th, 43d, 47lh, -ISth, 5Sth, and 7SiIi), and two battalions of the 60th or lloyal Americans, each, of which was nearly of the strength of one of the other regiments. There were also companies of light infantry', rangers, and grenadiers added, as well as corps of artillery and marines. Tho army was divided into three brigades. The naval force included twenty-two men-of-war of from fifty to ninety guns, flvo frigates, nineteen sloops-of-war, and seven or eight cutters for soundings, together with a considerable number of transports, store-ship?, &c. The troops were cijual to any in the British service, and the utmost conliality prevailed between the officers and men of the several branches, naval and military. The whole armament entered upon the expedition in the highest*spirits, and amongst the officers the "prevailing sentimental toast" was '^ JJrltiish culours on every French fort, i^ort, and [jarrison in America." On one occasion, when Wolfe Lad reviewed the grenadier cum- [I759- already unige.* rriiiic lis own )cnsale, iiljcr of 1 f-ail ot:' »c under the ISt the Dulco 111 (if tho Anihor.st iftli ariiiv, evoted to Kler3 anfl ty leagues to deceive 1 o!ily two ,Iiirty-t\vo irts carrv- I". th, 3,'tli, I or Kdyal the other gera, and army was to ninety Littens for ore-ship3, le utmost branches, jdition in iitimental rrison in dier com- 1759-1 SIEGE OF OUEBEC. 365 Admirals Saunders and Holmes came U]> witli Durell's squadron at Isle CowJrcs. Hero the invaders witnessed the first symptoms of hostility. 11 few shots heinu^ fired by gome Indians from the river bank upon a boat's (new en- gap:ed in takin;jj sonndini^s. By the end of June the whole fleet had rcaelied the basin ofl' Quebec. Tiie troops were at once landed and camps formed on tho Island of Orkans. and afterwards on the south gide of tho river, o})posito the city, nrar I'oint Levis. Hos- tilities commenced in earnest aliont the first dav of Julv, before ^vilich date, however, several uiinor encounters had occurred between small ])arties of soldiers and outlvinir bodies of Canadians and Indians, wjio were on tin- watch for opportunities of harassing the invaders, on their arrival, and of scalpini^ isolated stragf;lers. In order to comprehend ligltly any narrative of par- ticulars of the deadly strife which was waged, during eleven weeks, in llie vicinity of the fortress and city to whose possession so much importance was attached on both gides, it is necessary to become acquainted with the lino of defence adopted by tho French leaders. 273. Governor Yaudreuil and Montcalm were at !\ron- treal when Bougainville brought to Canada the first reliable intelligence of the attack about to bo made upon Quebec by the English fleet and army. panics in the garrison prevlou.sly to the doparttiro froni Loui.-jbonrcr, some Cuiuuiuuding ollieovri of corps who cxpi'eted to bo al.«o reviewed in their turn, apologised to the General on account of their regiments having been miable to acquire practice in sume of the new exercine^, since they had been a long time in cantonments, when Wolfe answered sharply, " Pooh ! new exercises I new tiddlestick.^ ; if they are otherwise well dirtcipliued and will fight, that 's all I shall require of them." The armament departed from Louisbourg on its momentous undertaking iu the course of the tirat week of June 17iJ'J. Ail f'f 1 II » ■ -l' ■:■ t ! i 3r.6 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759- Altliongh some general outlines of a plan for defending:: tlie capital had been sketclied out, as already stated, yet iu tlicir uncertainty about the time, mnnner, and place where the first blow would be struck, tlie chiefs had not con- cluded any definite arrangements respecting the defence of Quel)ec in particular.* Little or nothing had been done since the time of the fatlier of the Governor towards improving tlie fortifications — a work which, pro- perly, was under the jurisdiction of the Government of France, fuid not a colonial duty. Now, in 1759, Mont- calm and his principal officers {uid engineers unanimously agreed that it would not be safe to place any dependence U[)on tlui ancient walls in view of standing a regular siege.f It was therefore decided to defend the city by means of intrcnchmonts and redoubts outside, extending from tlie banks of the river 8t Charles northward, through Beau- port to the river IMontmorency. The army and Indian 175' * Some liad even rirgnod tliiit tlii^ allogod dlfnoultics attendant upon the navigation of tlio St LawnMico, and tlie recollection of f./iiuer di.--astruii.s failures, would deter the I'higli.sh Covernniont from renewing attempts tu reduce Quebec by means of any extensive naval expedition. The Govcrunr Linif^elt appears to liavo entertained that idea, and ho deferred attending to the suggestions of !\rontcalni and others relative to the inefficient state of the fortifications of the city. t Such also, it will be seen, was the ruling o]nnion afterwards wlien the jilace was surrendered by capitulation bt fon; the besiegers were ready to fire their first shot. Similarly General ^lurray, in the following ycrr, pre- ferred to incur the risk of inarching out to fight on uiuMpial terms ratliei' than await the result of siege operations about to bo undertaken by De Levis. The walls, in fact, were of little use against an enemy having heavy siege artillery. ^/. K. Ettmcoii, in his work entitled " La France aux Colonies," part ii. p. 70, says, contrasting the waste of means upon fortifications with the niggardly aid fur useful purposes given by Franco to Canada — " From 1730 to 1740 they had devoted one million seven hundred thoUfsand francs annually to fortifying Quebec, but the ordinary disburse- ments for Cauada then cauiu to uo more thuu four liuudred tUouaaud francs a year.'' 1 759-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. .^^'7 auxiliaries being placed behind tbcf^e works, the ri,u;ht of the line would rest on Quebec, with the centre at Beauport, and the left near the Montniorencv, where the roclvv banks ot the cataract would atTord a very sti'oni^ positi<»n of detence. Tlie labour of throwing up the intrenclunents and con- structino; redonl)ts was beiiun imuiediatelv after the arrival of the Generals from Montreal, about the 24t]i of May, and was scarcely completed when the English ileet made its appearance on the 2Gth of June. On the right of the line of intrenchments, comnuuiica- tion with the city across the St Charles was provided for by a bridge of boats. This was protected by means of n Jioiii-icork* on the left bank, situated where Jacques Cartier and his companions are suppo^(^d io have passed the winter of loSo. Lower down the M Charles several hulks of vessels were grounded and made available to support plat- forms for cannon. Nearer still to the moutli of the river :r,W !? * Carnoau expresses himself in siicli a way as to intimate tliat there were ^('■0 horn-works, nnt^ at cacli end of tlie IjridLje of boats, in tlie }>uM!dud ace )unts and plans drawn up at the period wo find only nno indicated, viz., on the left bank, as stated in the text. I'ho horn-work was an extensive inelosiu'e of seviMvil a''res, f.^riiiid hy throwing np a lu;:li Imnk nf cmtli tmvards th.^ieanport -idc, Mr ].<} Moine, tlio aceuniplislied authnr . f many inter'stiiiL' articli'-; lUi t'aindian history, the " IJirds vi Canadi," '• staple Leaver" &e., .luntini,' from Chevalier Johnstone's nari'ative, says of this horn-work, that "its front, facing the River St Charles and tlie heights beyond, was ennipusid nf siroiig, thick, and Iiigh palisadrs, »vitli giin-hnlcs picrcrd \nv several largo cannon." Tie states that it C'Vered idxiut twelve acres, and that its re- mains, standing niore tlian fiftet'n feet above ^.-nmnd, may b" spcn to this day surroimded by a ditch. A lioiisi> stood in tlio centre of it. iMr Lo ^biino adds his opiniuii that at Ica.-t three thmisand men mu-t have beiMi rupiired to construct this ixteu.-ive work within the few weeks devoted to it. Those were the days of vorru.'^ or forced labnur, when, as in Pomr> despotically-governed Eastern countries, largo bodies of men could eanily be brought together at cuuimand in the uamo of the King. It; r ■i ' 36S HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759- a strong boom was constructcil, and protected by a battery of four ^uns situated on the left bank. The position of the brid^i;-e of boats was a little below the bend of the river, near which the general liospital now stands, and not far from the })oint where the liltle river Larry, or Lairc', Hows into St Cliarles. One or more vessels were fitted up as floating batteries, while others were converted into fire- F5hi[)s, to be sent down with the current, as opportunity might oiler, ngainst the English shi[)s, for the purpose of burning them. All along the intrenchments, in front, redoul)ts and batteries were constructed between the boom and the extreme left. The riglit of the line was further protected by batteries of guns and mortars, located on the ascending steeps forming the north and north-west slope of the promontoiy upon which Quebec stands. Kound the base of the clilfs, facing the moutli of the St Charles, and extending into the lower town, every favourable position was appropriated, in like manner, to the purposes of offence and defence. Ships of any size could not approach the line cf intrenchments from want of d'j[)th of water, and, at low tide, on the water side there was nothing but an extended surface of nmd and sand, utterly unfit for the evolutions of troops. By means of the measures which have been de- gcribed, and the natural impediments, it was confidently expected that the enemy would find it impossible to ap- proach the city on the sides facing the north and east. In other respects, nature had done everything that couUl be desired for the security of the place in the direction round the point facing the basin, and upwards a long way beyond (Jape Diamond. The several approaches leading from the lower to the ujiper town being sufllciently for- tified, the distribution of cannon along the crest of the precipice above enabled the defenders to control the passage battery itioii of ic river, not far Laiix'l, ittecl up ito firc- ")rtimity •po.su of 1 front, e b(X)iu farther on tlio slope of md tlio le.s, and )ositioii offence the line , at low vtended tiuns of :q\\ de- lidentlv to a[)- st. t could reel ion iig way leading tly for- of the )ai5«a:';e ^.5 1759-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 3<59 up the river, so far, at least, as to make this more or less liazardous to hostile vessels. Hijj^her up, towards 8illery, Cape Eouge, and Point-aux-Trembles, and most of the way towards Cape K^ante, at the mouth of the river Jacques Cartier, the general character of the northern bank of the Ht Lawrence was preci[)itous, and unfavourable foreifectin;^ a landing. All that seemed necessary in this quarter was, to station guards at different points to prevent surprise. But should the enemy make any serious attempt to land above the city, a moderately strong corps, detached from the main body to confront them at the moment of dis- embarkation, would secure the safety of the city on the western or land j^ide, where the fortifications ^vere weakest. Thus, by the time the English arm;nnent arrived, the French had established an efiective line of defence, extend- hvx from Montmorenev on the extreme h^ft to the heiirhts of Abraham, and thence up the north shore of tlu^ St Law- rence, as far as it could be imagined to be requisite, iu tlie direction of Point-aux-Trembles and the mouth of the Jacques Cartier.* * It will be seen, in the sequel, that although the jilaiis of defcrK.-o nj/reed uyion between the authorities of the colony aiiil the niiiitary were f-ueh aH for a long time to bailie' the invaders, yet they were not siioli ;is (ieneral Montcalm himself con.-idered most wuitable. In f'aet, it is tn the honour of that eminent soldier that ho afterwanls so faithfully ailheii'd to tho [ilaiis laid down for hi.s ijuidanco, by dthers less comi)i>tent. rather than to those .^elected by liiiii-.;i'. The follow iii^' ixiraet from an English military authority ixhibits ^ibiutcalm's views ; — '■ The olan (if the eni-mv"s ooerations w.is to a''|-, i ntirelv on the (h'fcn- s-ive. Ji. do Vaudreuil, the (!oveinor-( ieiii ral, had liiloiigiil to the mariuf, and knew very little of miiitaiy matiiTs. brtween whom and Montcalm there was not a thoroughly good undtM>tanding ; con,sr([ii -ntly thrywcre cel(U>m of the same opinion in eonneil. The French general reailily jiiilged from whence our oiierations aguu>t Qiu'liee woidd be likoly to conunenee, and proposed that a detachment of four thousand men with a proper train of artillery should be t'trongly intrenched at I'l.'int Levi, and that otlicr 1' hi ''' 370 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. The bulk of llic army, to the number of ten thousanrl men, wns stationed behind the intrenchments on the ISt Charles side. Witliin the walls of the city, six or seven Imn- dred men, mostly armed citizens and militia, with colony troops and sailors to woi'k the guns, constituted the garri- son. To keep the army and inhabitants supplied with pro- visions, arrangements were made for transport, in barges and boats, from depots established at Montreal. Tlie archives of the colony were transferred to Three liivers. Families and religious comnuniities wishing to remove beyond the range of the enemy's guns Avcre encouraged to retire to Charles- bourg, Lorette, and other country localities. Montcalm fixed his own headquarters near to the centre of the line of intrenchments at Bcauport, having with him the ma jor part of the regulars mider the command of Sennezergues, as brigadier-general and next in military rank to Do Levis. On tlie riglit were stationed the militia of the districts of Quebec and Tluee liivers; while the left wing, under De Levis and ]3ougaiiivill(\ was composed of militia belonging to the Montreal dist riet , about four thousand strong. A re- serve of upwards of two thousandcolonial troops and Indians, and three hundred and lifty horsemen, was placed on the ascending ground in rear of the centre. In order that the works slioukl be ccn.structetl, liiglior up tho country, at certain dlstancos, for tlio troop.-} to retire to, in caho their works at the point shovild be forced. l)ut ^1, di! Vaiidnuil ovmuleil this most exci'llent pkm, and insisted that, though wo inii,'ht d'Muoli.sh Bonie honscs in the city of Quebec with our nhellH, wo conld not Ijring our cannon to bear across tho river so as to in- jure tlio defences of the place ; it was therefore his firm opinion that it was tlieir duty to stand upon tho defensive with their whole force on tho north side of the basin and not to divide it on any account whatever. To this plan M. do Montcalm was obliged to conform ; ami he made no detachments from his army except hiuch as were absolutely necessary from the different movements made by General Wolfe." — Dcatsona ^^ Naval and Military Memoirs" fro7)i 1727 to 171)0. 1759] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 371 earliest Intel li2;ence mijilit be received of the movements of the api)roacliin(; enemy, the Governor directed that scout- ing parties of Canadians and Indians should keep watch iiiouiX the hanks of the river below. From these, bv means of preconcerted sijj;iials visible between distant points, in- {(.irmation was quickly transmitted up the rivur to Quebec. Governor Vaudreuil, the Intendiint, and tlie nuanbers of the civil government, removed from tliecilyand established their quiulers at Beauport. Most of the clergy remained till July, when the Bishop, J/. l*(j.i/bria/ti, retired to Charlesbourg. 274. Contrary to the anticipations of those who h;;d fore- told disaster to the English fleet in consequence ol" the dif- ficulties of the navigation, the enemy reached the ]>]and of Orleans without having suffered any damnge, and tlie troops disembarked on the Island of Orleans on June "JTtli.* 27 T). On June 'JDth, General Wolfe issued a manifesto, which he caused to beattachedto the doorsof one of tlie jiarish churches. In tliis document he announced that he had beeti sent by the King of I'^ngland to avenge wrongs done to his colonial subjects, and to take from the crown of France tlie Fi'ench North American territories. Tlie Canailian eolonists Were told that they and their families, as \\\\l as their * Tho advent of tlie floet was first signalled to Qui boo wlion it Lad piusst'd Fiithri' Toiiit. A second signal ;innounced il.^ ;iniv,d at I.-le-aux- CDndiX'd oil June I'J. Tlio tli.-jil.iy ni' I'l'.'neli oolour.-i eau-fl tli'ise who wero ^vatcllillg on tho bank to send 'nurier.s to Qiieboo witli the ini''.i'iitatii.Ti that snooours had arrivi'd I'loni l'"iaiiee. Tho perple, both tho.so below and those at Quebec, were a>toni.shed at tho impunity witli whieh a lloet con.-i.sting of line-of-batlle shi[>s, frigates, c^c, ovoreanio the dangons of tho navigation. Tho faet was, although all Ijuoys and other giiide.i had been earefully reniovi'd iVom ihc ii\er, tho English had found some t-xeellent eharts in tho eajitureil Fieneh vessels. Probably they also turned to account some Fren<'h pilots who had uuwit« tiuylygouo ou buurd, misled by tho falso colours ilisplaytd ut lirat. !- « :■, ■IF' 81 i 1 8 , i M « 1: 1 ? i 'V If -S * 37^ HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. ministers of rclii>Ion, were safe from tlie Kin2:'s resentment, for tluit lie liad foreseen tlieircalninitours condition, and de- sired to extend towards them the hand of fiiendsliip, and to afTord them succour. He promised them his protection, and tliat, witliout the least molestation, they sliould con- tinue in the enjoyment of their relijjjion and property, pro- vided they would ahstain from taking part directly or indii'ectly in a quarrel which concerned only the two crowns. But if, on the contrary, with misj)laced ohstinac}-, and imprudent, as well as useless valour, they took up arms, tiny might expect to endure all the cruel evils of war. In course of the manifesto allusion was rtiado to the cruelties alleged to have been practised by the French in America upon English colonists, to the power of England, her fidelity in fulfilling her engagements, and the folly of which the Canadians woidd be guilty in cherishing the hope of UKiking a successful resistance to her will. The following were the closing paragraphs : " On the other hand, Erance, incapable of succouring her peoi)le, abandons their cause at the most critical time. Since the war beLran she has sent them some troops ; to what end have these served? only to make her peo[)le experience more bittei-ly the weight of a hand which op})rerses but does not succour. lict the Canadians consult their own good with prudence ; their future lot now depends upon their own choice," As might have been expected, the manifesto of the Encr- lish general produced no ell'ect upon the minds of the people.* 270. One of the three brigades of Wolfe's army was * Prnbiilily vory few of these inton. I'^.flitru litiHrn itvfrlhf Jtltf, ititi\itii thiri I'lcktL^ 1 l'.QmfiinhaHi4^ no (l.nuvMeM />A»;.\Y7,,V or (tlVHaV.C |;;«?Mf lit I7S9-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 373 directed to land on tlie soutli slioro of tlio St Lawrence, near Point Levi, togetlicr with a portion of the artillery, in order to establish themselves and erect batteries in posilii)ns con- venient for bonibardinc: the city. This briirade included the L"3th, 43d, 48lh, and 78lh rei^inients, numbering ^O.jO men, and was commanded by General ^lonckton. A por- tion of the corps of light infantry and rangers attached to the armv were with this brigade." In the first instance, a division of the brigade was directed to land on the south shore in advance of the main Ixjdv, and was charged with the duty of driving aw;iy any French force that might be stationed there, for the Admiral had sent a message to Wolfe intimating a belief that there were troops and artillery posted at Point Levi. On landing, they had to march some distance through the forest anil along ' s!' Small corps of rangcr.s and light infantry, nuniln'rin!:,' twn humlrt'tl and fuur hundred men respectively, were attaehed to Wulie'.s army. Tlu'y In- longed to /r«j (i NfwButOiy f$t the uftfter ATht Ciiadel 9 n \ p,trf '■ "*. r"^'."^%'- /^<;A//n/|||| ^ hX^ . ARMY .. vwjj J HJ; . J •' » Silt ' ^''^♦"W ^ ^ofl.*!^'"'^^^. ■V\^V»».,^ 's;\i*.:_ v^/j^^ jiuftf>ii££ii^rt^ "^^'^ in il l! !■ \H V J • * i iiiiii >74 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. the shore, v.-hcn fiovcral enconnters, fittoiuled with loss on hotfi sides, occurred hot ween tlic lii;lit troops and French Indians. Several dnvs e]a])se(l before Monckton's briurade found itself securely encamped, and with batteries ready to lire upon the city. General Wolfe, who had already viewed and studied the French p(»sition from other ]>(»ints, pro- ceeded in person to recnimoitre on tiie high ground of the south bank opposite to (Quebec. This was on July 2d, and shortly afterwards a camp was fortilied, and two batteries were in process of construction, under tlie direction of Colonel Burton of the 48th regiment. On tlic night of July li2th, these batteries were completed, and the bombard- ment of the town was commenced with six heavy guns and five mortars, supported by the discharge of shells from several vessels in tlic harbour. While the works were in progress the French maintained a brisk cannonade against them from the batteries of the citv. ''111. In the meantime the other two brigades, with a proportion of the rangers and artillery, and a body of grenadiers,"' had disembarked on the Island of Orleans. General Townshend's brigade, which, on July 9th, was transferred to a position on the north bank of the 8t Law- rence, eastward of the river Mcnitmorency, consisted of the i^Slli and 47tli regiments, together with a battalion of the ()Otli <" r Eoyal Americans, and numbered fourteen hundred and fifty men. The remaining brigade was under General jMurrav. It consisted of the 35th and 5Sth regiments, with another battalion of the GOth, amounting to nineteen hundred men. * The grenadiers consisted of three hundred men, belonging to the 22d, 40th, and 45th regiments, none of which were tlien with Wolfe's army. This corps was commanded by Colonel Giuj Carlcton, afterwards Lord Dorchester, and Governor-Geueral of Canada. [1739. 1759-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 375 loss on French brigade •eadv to vie\v(»(l ts, pro- 1 of tlie 2(1, and >atteriert ;tion of \\iA\t of )nibard- uns and Is fr()ni were in against with a )ody of Jrleans. h, was t Law- of the of the undred av. It mother d men. the 22(1, 's army. (Is Lord As the troops marclied from the landing-places towards the upper end of tlie island, facing the city, the accompany- ing rangers and liglit inf;intrv were obliged to skirmish with parties ot" Indians, in the same manner as those of Monckton's brigade had done at Point Levi. From tlu' upper end of tlie island, Wolfe and his oflicers anxiously surveyed the intrenchments and other prei)arations made by the French for their reception. They were already partially informed respecting the heterogeneous composi- tion of the army by wliich they were to be opposed. Uut now, when they regarded the surrounding scenery, and the dispositions which had been made for turning to account the great natural st"ongth of the position, the British com- manders perceived that the probabilities of success in their enterprise depended not so much upon the ability of a well- disciplined army to fight one that was numerically superior, as upon the possibility of bringing about a pitched battle on anything like equal terms. CJeneral Wolfe then issued the manifesto which has been adverted to, and after making some arrangements about the security of the encampment on the Island of Orleans, where the hospitals for the sick and wounded were established, he proceeded to confer with the Admiral. Thence ho passed over to the south bank of the river to resume his examination of the French position from the heights above Point Levi, as has been already recorded. 278. Admind Saunders and the other naval officers were in like manner busily engaged in acquainting themselves with the localities, and in making suitable dispositions of the dilierent classes of vessels composing the fleet. It is worthy of remark that, among those who were then serving in subordinate stations on board that fleet, there .:w V i *>., , ^ " t 576 HISTORY OF CAXAD.\. [i75> wore some wlio were (leslincd to rise to !;::rcat distinction in the world. In one of the sliips tliere was a young mid- sln'pman named Jerv'is, afterwards the great English admiral, Earl St Vincent. PaViscr also, subsequently the noted Admiral Sir Hugh Pallisor, was there in com- mand of the frigate Jlcrcur//. On hoard another vessel was liohimn, who, a few yeai's later, became a distin- guished i)rofessor of science in Edinburgh, and the co- adjutor of the celebrated James \Vatt in perfecting the theory and ai)})lications of some of the greatest discoveries of modern tiuies. In the same vessel with Palliser, serving in the capacity of sailing-master, was James Cook, who became, in the peaceful i)ursuits of science, the most renowned amongst the many famous navigators of England.* In the conference between General Wolfe and the Admiral, it was settled that, as soon as possible, a com- bined aitack by the land and naval forces should be made upon the French position Beaui)ort. But this could not be immediately attempted until the land batteries were established, not only at I'uiut Levi, for the purpose of * Sec note, p. "77. PK'Hidcs tlu! few named in tlio text, there were others taking part iu the o^ierations at Quelicc in 17;V.) who snii.sL'ijiu'iitly rose to distinction. On the French side tlicre was M. dc IJonuainville, afterwards the first French circumnavigator oi tlie ^dolie, a cajitain in the French licet, and admiral, Bubjecled, however, during the disastrous naval experience of his country, to 8omo personal misfortunes. Biui^ainville survived tlio French llevolu- tiou, and died in 1811, a^ed eighty-two, a mcmher of the Institute of Gcograjihy and the liureau of Longitude, as \vell as a senator and Couut of the Empire. Dc Levis, second in command to Munlcalm, bocame a Duke and a Ficld- Mavbhal of France, and lived till 1787. Several of the English officers <>f Wolfe's army were afterwards noted in British, Colonial, and Canadian history — and amongst them Colonel Cark' ton, afterwards Goveruor-Gcucral Sir tiny Carletou, and Lord Dorchester. [1730- 1 759-1 SIEGK OF QUEBEC. 377 bombarding the town and repelling attack, but also on tlie Island of Orleans, and on the east batik of the Mont- morency. It was also necessary to ascertain the best posi- tions in which to station the men-of-war for firing upon tlie French works, and to place buoys wherever they might be re(iuired.* The month of July came nearly to a close before the necessary preparations for a joint attack upon Montcalm's intrenchments could be completed. 271). In the meantime the French on their i)art were not inactive. Immediately after the arrival of tlie English, taking advantage of the confusion created by a storm, they caused a number of fire-ships to float down towards the transports and men-of-war, in the hope of destr(\ving them. Tlie attempt was several times re[)eated. Although the scheme failed, j'et much alarm was occasioned by the dangerous nature of the artifice. Before Monckton's brigade was well established on the south shore, a detachment of fii'teen or sixteen hundred men from the city crossed the river to attack and destroy * We flud, in tlio '" Jiife of Captiiiu Couk," the fullowiuy ituVrciU!!! to this st'i'vicc tUL'iitiuncd in the text : — " rrcpanitory to the coiiibincd attack on thu po-sition between Boaupurt uii-1 M'UiLuionMiey, it wa^i ncee.s.-iary to proe arc accurate souiiding.s between the L-iland of Oihans and (lie Hlioro iif Beauport — a service of great danger, whieli could only lie [itroinued in the uight-tinio. Captain Hugh l\dli.-;er intru.-led tlxe lUity to Cn,,k, who executed it in the nio.->t complete manner. lie liail scarcely IIiusIkmI wlieii he was discovered, and a number of Indians in c inuc.s .stari'Hl to euL hinj otr. The pursuit was so clo.se, that tk"y J!iiii[K'd in at the Imat'.-i stern as Cook leaped out to gain the protection of tlie Jhigli>h sentinels. The boat was carried oflf in triumph by the Indians. Co^k, imwever, l'urn;.-ili<'d the Admiral with as correct a draft h w re in peaceable possession of Quebec. Not long afterwards Cook was eniployed to make a survey of the whole river below Quebec, and his chart was published by the Admiralty, llo was then promoted, and served on the Halifax statiou all the ensuing winter. »:! 378 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. I# the incomplctG works. Tin's attempt also, which was some- what in viohil ion of tlie imderstanding that an essentially defensive system slionld be followed, completely failed. It liad been assented to by Montcalm on the Governor's recom- raendation, and chiefly in consecpience of the uri^ent repre- sentations of the citizens of Quebec, who apprehended the destruction of their property and lives when the English Bhonld have firndy eslablished themselves on the south side with heavy ordnance. They crossed the St Lawrence several miles above the citv, and then marched throu2;h the woods towards the position of the English. The force was partly composed of civilians and youths beloiiLifing to the city schools. Before they reached their destination they fell into inextricable confusion, one division of them mistaking the other for enemies, and the two then firing n[)on each other. After this, they retired without having done any- thing to injure the E'lulish. Their success, in case they liad reached the works, was, at best, extremely doubtful. Wolfe, in his report, said, " Unluckily they fell into con- fusion, tired upon one another, and went back again, by which we lost an opportunity of defeating this large d(?t;ich- ment." This affair occurred in the night of July r2th. At all the Ih'itish posts and encampments, parties of Indians and volunteers hovered near to harass the soldiers, and to cut oflf stragglers, who were hred upon by enemies from places of concealment in the forest, and then scalped. On one occasion, early in the campaign, they stole upon ('aptain Gorham and his compatiy of rangers near the j\lontmorencv, and succeeded in killing twelve of them close to Townshend'.s encampment, esca[)ing with but slight damage to themselves. Everywhere it became dangerous for the English soldiers to move about, except in consider- able bodies, and maintaining perfect order and discipline. 1759-1 SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 379 This system of petty warfare was kept up dining the greater part of tlie campaign. 280. The fu-e of tlie English ships, in conjnnction witli that of the batteries, on the sontli shore, inflicted inihiite injnry upon the city. The bnildings in the lower town were soon rednced to rnins. Fires in tlie upper town were of almost daily occurrence. Sonietimos several buiklings were seen blnzing at once, presenting the appearance of a vast conflagration. On the 17th of Jnlv, and a2:ain on the 10th, laru-e numbers of buildings were set on fire 1)V tlio shot, whieli continued a long time burning, as if the whole city had become a prey to the flames. Before the siege ended, more than five hundred buildin'j;s were destroyed, including i)ublic and private edifices, tlie cathedral, and other places of worship. Of the iuhabllants, the non-com- batants who had not retired before fled for refuge into the country. jMany were killed and wounded, struck by cannon balls, some in the streets and thoroughfares, others within the walls of public places of resort and private dwellings. By the middle of August, the city was virtually destroyed — most of its resident population having vanished, its ])rin- cipal iiabitations and edifices in ruins, and even the pieces of ordnance on the ramparts for the most part rendered useless. 281. No considerable attempt had yet been made by the British commanders to force Montcnim's iiitrenclimetits, or to draw him out to a battle. On tlie left bank of the ]\[ontmorency, where, as has been stated, Oeneral Town- shend's brigade was encam]i»ed, Wolfe had caused batteries and redoubts to be cstablisheil. From those the left of the French line of intrenchments was cannonaded, wiiile fre- quent approaches for the same purpose were made by the ii; 1 iiii: i!3"i 380 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. : 1 1 ' ■; I ; ' iJ ~ !! pmaller ai'mod craft of the British, which came across tlie channel between Orleans and the niainUind. But these attempts produced no material eflect, because tlie French troops were well sheltered behind their earthworks. En- deavours were also made in vain to find some crossinjjj- place higher up on the left bank of the Montmorency. On these occasions the right bank was found to be everywhere carefully guarded by troops, and artillery posted in impreg- nable positions. The English leader found it impossible to accomplish his purpose of bringing his skilful and watchful opponent to a general action. At the same time, while marching to and fro amongst the thickets which fringed the rocky bank of the Montmorency, his own soldiers were exposed to the constant attacks of the Indians, who fired ii[)on them from concealed positions, and inflicted severe losses. At length a i)lan was matured which seemed to pro- mise success. Towards its outlet the river was fordable at low water. The nearest portions of the French in- trenched line curved outwards. A redoubt and battery mounting five guns, and situated within musket-shot of the earthworks behind which the French troops and marksmen were sheltered, commanded the ford. On the other side of the Mt)ntmorency, occu[)ied by Townshend's brigade, the baidc rose to a great height. There Wolfe had caused batteries to be constructed, from which, with perhaps fifty pieces of artillery, the gunners projected shot and shell against the French left. Lower down upon the I'ocky bottom of the Montmorency he had planted twenty-eight cannon upon the hulls of a cou[)le of sunken small trans[)ort shi[)s, and thence also the French intrenchments could be cannonaded. But the French five-gun battery near the ford was, from the nature of the locality, out of the reach I759-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 3S1 of the EngHsli cannon, the discharges from wliich pns'jed over it. Not far distant from the five-gun battery, on tlie I'iglit of it, in tlie direction of Beanport, there was another redoubt and a battery of three guns. It was arranged that two small vessels, armed witlicnnnon, should be l)rought as near as possi})le to the last-named redoubt and battery in the course of 31st July, and there allowed to be stranded when the time for action ai'rived. At the same time, a ship of sixty guns, the Centurion,''-' was appointed to take up a station in the nortli chjiruiel, between Orleans and the nin inland, opposite to the battery which commanded the ford, for the purpose of silencing the French cannon, and covering the passage of Wolfe's troops towards the intrenchments. All the soldiers who could be s[)ared from the camps of the three brigades were detached for the contemphited attack. Those from Point Levi and the Island of Orleans embarked in barges and in the boats of the squadron before mid-day. When tho appointed time arrived, a strong detachment having been sent U]) the left bank of the ^lontmorency to engage the attention of the French iu that din^'tion, the ('< uJnrion and the two smaller vessels being in tlieir assigned places, a furious eamionade was begun. Including the arlillery at Townshend's camp, and that of the O.uhirioii and of th(^ other two vessels, u[»wai'ds of one hundred ])ieces jilayed u])ou the French works near tin* Falls of ^lontniormcy, while, at the same tim(>, the baU'^rics at Fninl L'vl imureil shot and shell into the town. ]\b)re than li;\(l Hailotl r.iuiul tliL' globe iu hiT. Ansnu hiuisi'If luul rctifcd I'niin tliK nctivo iiavul t-fivice some years before ; aud iu llo'J wan the First Lord of tho Britirfh Admiralty. 14' ,11 382 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759- hi i!.; barkatlon between tlie Centurion and tlie sliallows at tlie month of the ]\Iontmorency. As the heavily-laden boats could not be brought quite close to the diy ground, and as the bottom was rocky and extremely rough, the soldiers could not land without wading, or in an orderly manner. Much delay and confusion occurred. The first troops to land consisted of thirteen companies of grenadiers, with two luuidred men of the GOlh or Royal Americans. The re- doubt nearest to the mouth of the Montmorency was immediately vacated, the French gunners retiring behind ' \'.^\ -enchments. Accoixling to preconcerted arj-ange- me.>i.., :'.c troops already landed should now have formed in four columns, and awaited the arrival of those belonging toM ouciJon - f/V i<5, not yet asliore, and also of the l.)rigades of Townshend anci Muri-ay, which were, at the moment, prei)nring to cross the ford ; but owing to some misunder- standing the General's instructions were not followed. Tn the meantime, Montcalm and De Levis had remained during several hours uncertain as to where the English intended to make their attack. Directions were given for the men to hold themselves readv evervwhere along the whole line.* I)Ut as soon as the French general saw the English boats hastening towards the shallows below the Falls, and the other dispositions preparatoiy to the crossing of the ford by the divisions of Townshend and Murray, he * The attack was not cciminoiiced bufme fivo p.m., altliougli Murray and T()\vnshend'.s brigades were i-i'udy four hoiir.s earlier to march down from Iho camp to the ford, and IMonclcton's nion had embarked in tlio barges at r.oon. The delay funned a part of the plan of operation.^ »)l the English coinnianderH, by who.^e ordei.s the barges conveying the troojis were kept in motion upon the water in different directions until near the hour when the .state of the tide would favour the pas.sage of the ford. The object was to keep the French in the dark as long as possible respecting the real point of attack, and thus prevent tho concentration of their troop'S towards tUo left of their lino of intrenelimeats. [1759- 1759] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 3S3 instantly penetrated tliroiigli tlieir desiijfns. Some newly- arrived militia were at once sent to strengthen the left, and a detachment was forwarded to a point ahove the Falls to reinforce the gnard stationed there. The commander at this point was ordered to force his way across to tlie left iKink, and, descending to the cam}) of Townshend, to fall upon it and capture it, weakened as the position would bo by tlie departure of most of the soldiers, withdrawn to assault the French lines. The skill and ibrcsight of General Montcalm were never disi)layed to greater advantage than on this occasion. But AVolfe, with equal sagacity, had also foreseen what might happen if Townshend's position was left defenceless, and had provided against it by retain- ing, as has been related, a strong detachment on the left bank. We can only conjecture what the result of the opei'ations of July 31st might have been if General Wolfe's orders and dispositions had been strictly executed. According to his own account of the affair, which is to be found in his report of Se})leniber 2d following, the enter- ])risc of July 31st was undertaken with tlie hope that, when Montcalm should see the l>ritish landed, and posted in a position to seriously threaten the left of his line of intrench- ments, he would move forward to defend his de;;.ched works, and risk a general battle ; but, if the French leader should not follow that course, Wolfe judged that he himself would at least gain the op[)ortunity of determining upon the expediency of assailing him behind his intrenched line, as well as upon the particular point where it would be be.^t to make the attempt. With a view, therefore, to the pro- bability of an engagement, a great quantity of artillery stores had been placed upon an eminence on the left, or east side, of the Montmorency, whence some portions of the !f-l i ?! T^r ■' 1 '! 384 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. French line could be cannonaded. But, as has been said, tlie detached outpost was vacated, and it turned out that there woukl be no battle unless one could be brought on by proceeding- to attack the intrenclmients. Wolfe then gave orders that the grenadiers and Royal Americans should commence the assault, after forming in the manner jire- scribed, and after the other ccni)s of the jumy should have arrived to support them. The gi'enadiers neither waited for the other divisions nor formed themselves into four columns, but hurried forward in a confused and disorderly manner. The Frencli remained inactive until the foremost of the assailants came within a few yards of the intrench- ment, when they delivered their fire with such rapidity and deadly clfect, that the British grenadiers were instantly repelled with great slaughter. By the time the siu'vivors, with all the wctuuded who could be brought away, regained the redoubt, Monckton's trooi)s had landed, and stood on the shore in jierfect order. The brigades of Townshend and ]\Iiu'ray were marching to the scene of action, also in ])erfect order. Tlie grenadiers endeavoured to form in the vicinity of the redoubt, but could not do so under liic con- tinuous dischai'ge of nuisketry from the intrenchmcnt, by which many, both oflicers and men, were wounded or killed. In continuation of his leport to the British Minister, Wolfe isays, '' In this situation they continued for some time, unable to form under so hot a fire ; and having many gallant oflicers wounded, who, careless of their persons, had been solely intent u[)on their duly. I saw the absolute necessity of calling them oh', that they might form themselves behind Brigadier IMonckton's coi'[)s, which was now landed and drawn up on the beach in extreme good order. By this new accident and this second delay it was near night, and a storm came on, and the tide began to make, so that I ['759. ISO 111 »759] SIEGE OF QUEDEC. 3^5 thouf];ht it most advisable not to persevere in f-o illfiicult tui attack, lest, in case of a repulse, the retreat of Brigadier Townshend's corps niiglit be hazardous and uncertain. Our ai'tillery had a great elFect on the enemy's left ; and it is probable, if those accidents I have spoken of had not happened, wo should iiave penetrated there. The Frencli did not attempt to interrupt our march. Some of their savages came down to nuuder such wounded as could not be brought off, and to scal[) the dead, as their custom is. If the attack had succeeded, our loss must have l)een cer- tainly great, and theirs inconsiderable from tlie shelter the neighbouring woods all'orded them. The lllver St Charles remained still to be passed before the town was invested. All those circumstances I considered, but the desire to act in conformity to the King's intentions induced me to make this trial. . . . The enemy have been fortii'yiiig ever since with care, so as to make a second attempt still more dan- gerous." After the grenadiers were withdrawn, tlie troops belouiring to Monckton's brigade re-embarked in the barges to return to their positions on the south shore, while tlie brigades of Townsheud and Murray re-occu[)ied the en- campment on the left side of the Falls of Montmorency. The Ccnlurioii rejoineil her division of the ileet, but the other two armed vessels, which had been stranded on the l)eau[)ort shore, were burnt to prevent the French from taking possession of them. In " the fight of the IJeauport Flats," as Wolfe's attack has been styled, the English lost from four liundred and fifty to five hundred men in killed and wounded. It is not known what the loss of the French was.* * Garneau spcaka of tlio lUlUir of July 31st a,s an iuiportiiiit victory, ascribing tlie result to General Levis' iakilt'iil di.siiusition.-). He slates tlio BritLili load to Lavo been live Uuadrcd, incIiuUng ollicerd. Souie antlioritii-.s 2b = (. iM' I if : . • j. .' ■ 1 .' I r.SG HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759- 282. In conjunction with the operations in the immediate vicinity of Quebec, the British commanders sent detach- ments of their forces, on several occasions, to points along the banks of the St Lawrence, both above and below the city. There can be no question but that, while some of these subsidiary or secondary operations were legitimately connected with the main purposes of the campaign — the reduction of Quebec and of the whole colony — they were in munerous instances converted into unjustifiable aggressions upon the property and even the lives of the non-com- batants. Unhappily the annals of warfare abound in exami)les of a like nature when hostilities are carried on in have said four hundred, others as high as seven hundred. The truth is, the precise losses on both sides have remained unknown. On the day after the battle Wolfe censured the conduct of the grenadiers in his general orders : " The check which the grenadiers met with yester- day will, it is hoped, bo a lesson to them for the time to come. Such im- petuous, irregular, and unsoldierlike proceeding puts it out of the power of commauders to form any disposition for an attack, and out of the general's to execute his plans. The grenadiers could not suppose that they alone coiild beat the French army, and therefore it was uecf.s.sary that the corps under General Monckton and Brigadier Townshend should have time to join. The first fire was sufficient to repulse men who had lost all sense of order and military discipline, Amherst's and the Highland regiments, by the soldierlike and cool manner in which they performed their duty, would undoubtedly have beaten back the Canadian army if it had ventured to attack them. 2'he loss, hoivtvcr, is inconsiderable, and may be easily repaired when a favourable opportunity oflers, if the men will show proper attention to their officers." These last words do not import a loss of from five to seven hundred men. AVolfo, hoAvever, probably referred only to the killed, as the larger portion ef the wounded might be expected to recover and rejoin the ranks. Garneau's retlections relative to Wolfe's sentiments on the subject of the check at Jlontmorency, and about the British people, as being in bad taste. Lave been justly objected to. None of the numerous writers in the l']nglish language have given so much expression to unworthy prejudices iu discoursing of Wolfe's and Moiitoalm's career as Garneau has done in French, which is to be regretted, because of the importance of his work in many respects. [1759- mediate detach- ts along low tlie some of :imately i^n — tlie were in ressions pn-com- und in ;d on in nth is, the grenadiers th yester- Sucu im- ;be power ut of tbo that they f that the have time ; all sense cgimeuts, loir dutv, veutureil be easily 3W proper 53 of from d only to pected to ect of the bad taste, IS iu the )rejudico3 s done in his work 1/59.1 SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 387 an enemy's country, so that sunli proceedings, by their fre- quency, are seldom regarded with the reprobation wliich they merit. The memory of them is often shrouded iu tho homage universally accorded to the reputation of successful military and naval leaders. Tliose wlio remained in the settlements along the St Lawrence, whose fathers, husbands, sons, and brothers were in the ranks of tlie army with Montcalm, naturally were unfriendly to the foreign soldiers; and when numerous deserters from the intrenchments at Beauport came, during the montiis of July and August, to gather the crops for the maintenance of their starving families, there was enough of a show of armed opposition to the detachments of rangers and light infantry to justify, in the soldier's mind, tho wholesale devastation of fields, and the plundering and burning of many habi- tations. It is to be hoped that the accounts of tho proceedings of some of the detached bodies of the invading forces have been grossly exaggerated. We are told of places below Quebec where all the habitations were burned, the fruit trees cut down, and the cattle, as well as movables and clothing, carried ofl'.* At St Joachim, a Ca[)tain Jlonl- gomery\ is reported to have caused persons taken captive — * See Garneau, vol. ii. chap, i., who qmitos from an dUI jnurmil : "We burned and destroyed more than fourteen hundred fine faini-houses ; for we, during the siege, were masters of a great p.ut of their country ; so that, it is thought, it will take tlioni manij a cnitin'i/t'> rec.'over the damage." Correctly quoted the italicised wonls should have \)een Ii'i/f n Cditttrj/. f The Christian name of this Montgomery not being givtmin the original record, it has been assumed, until recently, that he was the liichanl Mont- gomery who fell at Quebec iu 177'). But Bi(;hard MontgoUKM-y, in tho year 1759, belonged to the 17th regiment, then serving at Lake Chau)- plain. under General Amherst, and subsequently iu 1700 uuiler Colonel Haviland at Montreal. It has also been shown that there was a Captain Alexander Montgomery of the 43d regiment serving under Wolfe in 1751). It further appears that m It ill 1: 1;: lb: i p Is';:* Mi ! I i:i; ■ if . ■I ■ '.I. ■I • m 388 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. * in this instance with arms in their hands — to bo put to death in an inhuman manner, and then scalped. We read also of excesses committed in a number of other places along the bnrdvs of the St Lawrence, and on the Island of Orleans * In most of the villages visited by the s rs, the religious instincts of the people were offended and their feelings outraged by seeing the churches as well as the houses of the priests converted into barracks. It has been Alexander Montgomery sold out of the service in 1760, while Richard remained in the IJritiah army until 1772. Alexander, therefore, and not llichard ^lontgomery, was the uiau whose conduct at St Joachim is referred to in the text. The merit of clearing up this historical point is due to ^Ir J. M. Le !Moine and Mr Coventry of Coburg, Canada West, who have thus had the satis- faction of rescuing the nionidry of General llichard Montgomery from an undeserved and most odious imputation. * M. Garneau represents General Wolfe as the wilful author r hese barbarities, and his language in this res[)ect is very severe. I s — "After destroying the city, Gmchd Wolfe fdl vpon the cmintry inn ^ues." Again, " Wolfe chose the night-time for committing those ravages ;" and "as the season advanced, this war of brigands extended itself, /c»r Wo!fc indulged in it to avenge hunsdf for the checks he hud received," &c., &c. — See Note, p. 3S9. The following atrocious incident stands on record in " Knox's Histo- rical Journal," vol, i. p. o'2'2 : — *' Captain Starks of the rai gers sent his lieutenant and twenty men on a scout to the southward yesterday (July 8). They returned to-day, and brought in two prisoners, a lad of fifteen and a man of forty, who was very sullen and would answer no questions. This officer (the lieutenant) also took two male children ; and as he and his party were returning, they saw themselves closely pursued by a nmch sui)erior body, some of whom were Indians. He wished to be freed from the children, as, by tlieir innocent cries and screeches, they directed the pur- suers where to follow. The lieutenant made signs to them to go away and leave him, but they not understanding him, redoubled their lamenta- tions ; and finding himself hard pressed, he gave orders that the infants should be taken aside and killed, which was done, though the officer declared to me that it was with the greatest reluctance that can be con- ceived. As the other prisoners (the lad and man) were brought to the post where I was on duty with the ranging captain, I conversed with the lad for some time." 1759-] SIKGK OF OUEBEC. ;S9 suggested, however, without any desire to palliate outrages committed hy the lawless rangers, that during the month of August, when most of these destructive proceedings took ])lace, there were a great many deserters from the arniy at Beauport. It was harvest-time, when their famishing families must gather in their crops or perish. IMontjalni could not prevent desertion at this season, although lie had recourse to scourging and even haniriiiir. Thev left his ranks in scores, and made ofT for their homes and their fields, so that at length he was ohliged to acquiesce in an extorted leave of ahsence for a brief i)eriod to bodies of many hundreds. This being the case, we have a clue to the source of the armed opposition which the detachments of light troops and rangers encountered at St Joachim. Chateau Eiclier, and other plar s — such opposition aj)pear- ing, in the eyes of those reckless soldiers, ample justification for the destruction of houses and other property. In some cases the property destroyed in the country parts belonged to owners resident in the city, who were thus doubly losers, by devastations without and the effects of bombardment within.* The consequences of the ravages committed on the farms * In a mctnoir dr.iwn up l>y Bishop Pontbriant in Xovombfir 175^, for tbe informntion of tliC Fn'uch ^lini.-ster, it i.s .stated th.it tlie Ijuililing.s of tUo Quebec Seminary Were so much damaged in tiie sit^ge that there re- mained only the kitchen of tlie e.stabli.shment for the h)dging of the cure ard his as.sistant, while in the country the enemy had deva.'^tated 1 jur farms and burnt three large mill-!, which at that time furuiahcd nearly all the revenue of that religious comnninity. There is every reason to believe that the English officers and troojis generally were far from deserving the imputation of cruelty tcnvards non- combatants which has been referred to in a former page. Wolfe iiimself is well known to have expressly forbidden violence and plundering on i)ain of his severe displeasure, and, in case of proof, the i)unishment of death. Moreover, the robberies of the inhabitants, ascribed by excited and ])reju- diced writers to the English, were doubtless often committed by parties uf Uf « I: ' u 4v?fl f'l t l^ 1 r "a 390 HISTORY OF CANADA. f: m [»759- of tlio iinfoi'tunate inhabitants were rendered more serious ►still, by the eneniy discovei'ing the places of concealment in the forest in which they had been recommended by the Governor to hide their movables, stocks of provisions, and animnls, at the commencement of the campaign. Thus, left without means of subsistence, without habitations, and Avithout implements of labour, the poor plundered colonists would have to begin life again afier savage fashion, with their families sheltered under bark cal)ins, and no other food thnn the casual produce of hunting and fishing. Bishop Pontbriant, in liis appeal in behalf of the destitute inhabitants, said tliey would rerpiire twenty years' time to enable them to recover their ancient condition. 283. At an early stage in the campaign both Wolfe and French and Indian marauders, especially the latter, whom the; French could not rest I'll in. In one I'reneh account of tlie oampaiLrn (fliat of J. C. Panet, notary of Quebec, father of tlic Hon. J. A. ranet, the Prchitlent of the Old Ifon.soof Assembly of Lower Canada), wu read as f(jllow.s : — "At half-past three A.M. (on duly LMst) the twelve hundred men made a deseent at rnint-aux. Trembles, and were received by the lire of aluait forty savages, who killed seven and wounded as many. They surrounded the liouscs near the church, and made a nimdier of i)risoners, of whom thirteen were women, ladies of the city who had retired to the plaeo for refiiL,'e. Tlie prisnners were treated with all [lossible consideration. General Wolfe headed the troops, and !M. Stubo was there. liut that which was most lamentable was, fhtit t/ic Eiiiilhli C(iui>cd 110 injur)/ to be done, while the savages phmdcnd t/ic houses and dole the i)ropcrt[i of ahuoid all the rcfn;/ci.s. About nine a.m. next day the enemy sent messengers to a parley, ofl'ering to set ashore all the female prisoners on condition of our .ritish forces were obliged to conclude that it was unassailable by any means at their disposal. Again, the French general seemed determined to adliere to his strictlv defensive policv, and would not alTord bi;^ adversaries the opi)ortunity they desired, by coming out to fight, notwitlistanding some temptations which were j)re- sented. He did not try to beat AVoife's army in detail, when he saw that it was divicL'd, and tlie parts distributed in tlie three encam]"tmonts. ;)t tlie ^lonimorLiicy, tlie Island of Orleans, and Foint Levi. Nor did be move out to defend the country from dev;istation l»y the ]']iiglish troops. In short, ^Ionte;ilm's ju'iny lay intrencheil at Beauport, exclusively U)V the purpose of preventing the English from taking the ca[)ita], and it was plain that, I H 1 li' i 51 " s f f if; , ; 392 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. !■ r.'t r ! . excepting in a case involving its immediate peril, he would not ri.sk a battle. When August came, General Wolfe and the Admiral begnn to fear that the whole season would pass away l)e{bre Quebec was reduced. They liad already, in the course of July, considered the question of a possible approach to the city, after effect ing a landing upon the north shore somewhere above. They had together i)assed up in a boat and carefully examined the river bank in that direction. On this occasion, July 18th, several war vessels and two transports full of troops passed by the town to be^'ond Sillery. The result of Woll'e's investigation is best expressed in his own words — '' I found there the same at- tention on the enemy's side; and great dillicultles on ours, arisini:; from the nature of the irround and the obstacles to our commtuiication with the fleet. But what I feared most was, that if we should land between the river and Ca])e Houge, the body first landed would not be reinforced l)efore they were attacked by the enemy's whole ai'my. Notwithstandinijr these difficulties, I thonij^ht once of at- tempting it, but perceiving that the enemy, jealous of the design, were preparing against it, and had actually brought artillery, which, being so near (Quebec, they could increase as they pleased, to play U])on the ship[)ing, and as it nuist h: .0 been many hours before we could attack them, even supposing a favourable night for the boats to pass l)y the town unhurt, it seemed so hazardous that I thought it best to desist." Having for the present abaiuloned the idea of attempting to land a force above the city, ^Volfe returned to Mont- morency. To attract IMontcalm's attention in such a way as to induce him to weaken his strength at Beauport, by 1 759-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 393 keeping a strong delachincnt of liis ai-my between Quebec and Capo Eonge, or higlier up, tlie sbips and troops ■svlneU liad ab-eady passed upwards were left tliero. Colonel Carleton was directed to land at Point-anx-Trembles, which he did, and had a skirmish with Indians. 284. It was about this time that M. do Bougainville was detached from the main body at Beauport, with a strong coi'ps, to watch the movements ot the English on the river above the city. He established his headquailers at Cnpe Ilougo. During the retnainder of the campaign, Bongninville, according to instructions, moved along the north bank between Sillerv and Ca])e Iiouire, following: the motions of the English, ready at all times to charge them in case a landing should be attempted. A battery of four iiuns had been placed on tlio high land near Sillerv soon after the ISth of Julv. 285. Innnediatelv after the check which Wolfe received at Montmorency, he detached General jMurray, with a corps of twelve hundred men, to proceed u}) the 8t Lawrence. A portion of the fleet under Admiral Holmes conveyed the troops. IMurray and Holmes were directed to ca])luro or destroy several French frigates, which were known (o have retired towards Three llivers, and to eiulcavoiir to • open conunnnications with General Amherst, of whoso movements and progress no inforriiation had ns yd been I'cceived. General JMurray was likewise ordered to avail himself of any favourable opportunities that might o(;cur of bringing on conflicts with the French troops. Bougain- ville rejjulsed two attempts at landing which were made by i\Iurray's force near Foint-aux-Trembles. Subserpiently the latter succeeded in eflecting a disembarkation at Deschambault, where a magazine of i)rovisions, and spare clothing, and baggage, belonging to the Fi'cnch army, were 1 i i i III I J. '^!f i 3?4 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. burneJ, and somo prisoners taken. Some papers fell into i\Iurray's hands at this place, which furnished the informa- tion tluit General Amherst had taken possession of Crown Point and was pre[)ai-inf^ to follow Bourlamaque to Isle- anx-Noix. From the prisoners it was learned that Niagara had surrendered to General Johnson. On receivini:r this intelligence General Wolfe ordered Murray to rejoin the ar ly. 28G. During: the month of August, while detachments of British soldiers, consisting chieHy of light infantry and i-angers, were employed in devastating the country parts, as has been already mentioned, the troops and ships above the city menaced the magazines of provisions and ammuni- lion at l'()int-aux-Trend)les. Tiie bombardment of the city from Point Levi was continued as before, and occa- sional demonstrations were made by the English forces, as if they were about to begin another attack upon the lines at P)eauport. At the same time the British general, ex- hausted by fatigue ami anxiety, was laid prostrate by a fever. P)i'ing of a weakly constitution, his illness became dangerous, and for some time it appeared that recovery w;is iiupi'obable. On the otiier side, in the city and the camp, the aspect (if affairs was far from encouraging. Amongst the remain- ing population of the devoted town there was distress ai'ising from scarcity of food, conflagrations, and the in- creasing fire of the English batteries. Robbeifes and violence, perpetrated by the populace and soldiers, were not unfrequent, and very severe measures were resorted to for repressing them.* A general feeling of anxiety respecting * In Panot'H fnigmcntary jiuinial of tho .siogo we read, umlcr date July 'JIJil — " On account of ilic coiisiitcratilo robberios conunitted at Quobec liy the sailors, as iiivicli as by Iho tioldiei's and militia, I reported that it was 1 7 59-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 395 the result of the campaign prevailed in the camp. The progress of Amherst by \\i\y of Lake Champlnin, and tlie surrender of Niagara, greatly excited the minds of tlie French commanders and soldiers, while the loss of numbers by desertion of militiamen threatened to become serious. Food and necessaries* were l)ut scantily serv(>d out to men wliose powers of endurance were all the time sorely taxed by the harassing nature of the service in which they were engaged — always labouring at the intrenclmients, watch- ing and kept on the alert day and night, in the expecta- tion of the enemy's assaults. It had become well known that detachments of English troops had passed U[) the river, as well as many ships of war, and transports cariyitig men and muniti'^ns, and also that Bougainville, with a sti'ong coi'ps, had been dispatched from the camp towards Point-aux-Tremblcs. Apprehensions al)0ut what uiight be going on in that quarter, and distrust relative to the safely of the magazines and their connnunications with ]\b.>ntreal, tended still fur- iii.'ce.'^.sary ior tlui ( Idvcriior and fntondiint to issue an ordinanco fi'r tlio nummary infliction i)f tlio puni.sliment of deatli. . 'J'lu- iil.m was apprnvid and carried (nil." Again on the 2ntli — "A man -was hung for roliKcry ; '' and on tlio Ulrtt -" Tsvo soldiers Were hnng at :3 P.M.," &c. * It is worthy of note that the French poIdiiM's lichiiid tlie inirenih- nients were not always .suirieieiitly su[)pli('d with annnnnitiiui, e\cn on critieal occasions. Tlie authority v.lti X ahove, in explainini,' the state of all'air.s on July ^Ust, when Wolfe's alt:utk was made uu the left of the French lilies, .says — " We had ahnut twelve thousand iii«ii as-eiiililed, l)ut, which is singular, scarcely any luillets in tiie caiiip. 'i'he ri'd'ulit and hattery had been abandoned owiiiu' ti> thi-i want. Jiap|iily tin' tirst twu tli(piisa,nd of our oneniieri were 8o warmly reevived that they re-eiiiliarked in their b.irge.s. Five thousand iii'Me, wiio marched at a slow [laee, and wlio emsscd the ford in order of battle, only came within twu niusket-sliots, anil tlieti letired when they saw the others re-embark. Wlia'ca h.ipjiy oiicnmstanco that they did not know of the scarcity of ball ! \V!iat negli^'cnce there had been on our siile, and what a calamity it would have been had the Eiigli«li eoutiuued their iattuck !" I . 396 HISTORY OF CANADA. [•"9- ■ ■ » 1 ■ tlior to clcprcps the spirits of Montcalm's men. Tlie Frenclj general himself, although he assumed a condilent air, was })eri)lexe(l and disquieted on the suhject of Murray's expedi- tion to the Upper St Lawrence. He felt that his position was becoming daily more ci'itieal, for if his supplies of pro- visions and ammunition should be cut ofF by his adversaries, ho would be com[)elled to quit his intrenchments, and incur the lisks of tighling for their recovery on disadvantageous ground. He caused two of the sentinels who were posted on the river bank above Quebec to be executed lor negli- gence, but found it diflicult to satisfy or re-assure the Governor respecting the sulficiency of his measures for the security of the river bank. The Governor was solicitous about the small coves neju* Sillery, and the pc'ithways lend- ing up to the crest of the i)recipitous bank, and especially about the Ansc-dcs-Mcrcs. j\I()ntcalni wrote to him twice in response to suggestions. It was generally known in tlio camp what was the real nature of Montcalm's and the Governor's nuitual sentiments ; for the general made no secret of his contempt for Vaudreuil's inaptitude for military matters. This, together wdth the state of feeling which was describetl in last cha})ler as subsisting between thedilferent branches of the public service, naturally tended to produce a disheartening influence on all minds, and to diminish the prospects of a happy termination to the campaign. Tlie colours in which the character and disposition of the English had been set before the French Canadians by the Governor's proclamations, and otherwise, had, in the first instance, strengthened Montcalm. Ihit now those re- presentations exercised a contrary effect, and tended to aug- ment desertion, when the poor colonists thought of their defenceless homes, and learned that their enemies were engaged in devastating their farms, and burning their ['"9- Froncli lir, ^vas expodi- [)o.siliori of pro- -M'saries, (1 incur taurcous ) posted r noii;!!- ire the i for the )licitous ys lead- pec ia 11 y 11 twice 1 ill the uid the lade no iiililary ich was ! Ho rent )r()duce ish the it ion of ians hy in the lose re- toaui::- f their s were • their I759-] SIEGK OF QUEBEC. 397 habitations. Thus, hv the end of AiiG^nst, there were few in Montcalm's army who would not lia\'e quickened, if that were possible, the advent of winter, to afl'ord a respite from present hardships and perplexities. Early in September it became known throughout the camp that important changes were being made in the dis- ]Kisition of the English forces. It was comprehended by all in the French camp that the enemy must either attempt some decisive operation, or prepare to retire before the approach of winter. 287. While General Wolfe was confined to his cpiarters by fever, he called a council of war, in order to determine the best means of bringing the campaign to a decisive issue. Of this proceeding he says in his report of Septem- ber 2d : — " I found mvself so ill, and am still so weak, that I begged the general officers to consult t<\goiti(jn on the left bank of the Falls of Montmorency. * Colonel Guy Carleton was left in charge at the Island of Orleans, with the 2d Battalion of lloyal Americans and some marines. Colonel Burton, with the 48th Regiment and detachments from other corps, remained at Poiut Levi to guard the batteries. I '|:i: ■M in. i If w hi R m ; }' 400 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. where the Frencli had posts estublisheil, and a strong corps und'jr Bougahiville was held in readiness to move upon the English on tlie instant of tlieir hmding. Wolfe, in fipite of his bodily weakness, accompanied the army, and vigiliintly superintended the general operations. Before this time General Montcalm had detached 31. do Levis with a corps of several hundred men to jMontreal, to superintend arrangements in that (piartcr for preventing the descent of an enemy from above, and also to co-operate with Bourlamnque on the Iiichelicu, and towards Lake Cham[)lain. Thus the French connnander, when affairs at Quebec came to a crisis, was without the assistance of one who has been pronounced the ablest of all the oilicers serving under bin). 21)0. Wliile the English forces were operating above Quebec, some being on board the ships of the sc[uadron, others temporai'ily stationed at St Nicholas, General Wolfe made his linal dispositions for accomplishing a landing on the north shore, at a place which was kept secret, as well from his own soldiers as from the French, until the moment should arrive for executing his project. The French Vt'cre deceived as to the real point of attack by the constant movement up and down the river of the armed vessels and bodies of men in llat-bottomed boats, by whom their posts were menaced for the express purpose of dis- guising Wolfe's intentions. Montcalm himself would not leave his intrenchments at Beauport, feeling satisfied that he liad guarded against all danger from above, and persist- ing in the belief that the bulk of the English troops were still below the town. 29 L Between the Gth and 12tli of September the inten- tions of the English general, disguised as has been stated, 1 759-] SIEGE OF QUEBKC. 401 ['759. ig corps I'o upon ^olfe, ill ny, and >a M. do loiitreal, eventing )-opGrate ds Lake 11 affaiis stance oi: 3 officers Ig above quadron, d Wolfe iiding on as well uitil the t. The l)y tlie ic armed jy whom of dis- ould not led that persist- ops were le inten- sn stated, were not carried into effect, chiefly on account of the nn- i'avourable state of the weather. In tliat interval, while all was in readiness on the part of the assailants, the defenders on the north shore appeared to be everywhere equally ready to repel any attempts at landing. The diverse characters of the opposing forces were manifested in the ways in which their respective movements were conducted. Whenever the vessels cjuiie to anchor opposite places on tlie bank which seemed to be favourable for disembarking, and when the barges, full of men, showed tlicmselves, tlie detach- ments on shore would form in line on the commanding heiii'hts ; the horsemen would then dismount, and while their field-pieces were discharged, expending ammunition to no purpose, the whole would run down the steep bardc, with loud shouts, towards their lowest defences. On the water, the disciplined English soldiers would remain silent and attentive in their boats, unmindful of the noisv demon- strations on shore, reserving their fire for the word of com- mand, and waiting in patience to see whether or not it was the real intention of their officers to attempt a landing. 202. On the 11th of Sei)t ember, in the general orders dis- tributed among the troops, all were directed " to hold them- selves in readiness to land and attack the eneniv; " and all tlie instructions necessary to prevent confusion were made known. The men were told that the French forces were now divided, and that, while there was great scarcity of provisions amongst them, and much discontent, the de- parture of their second ofiicer in command for Montreal gave reason to believe that Amherst's troops were advanc- ing into the colony, so that a vigorous blow " struck by the army at this juncture might determine the fate of Canada." Whichever Imdy of troo[)S should find itself first on shore, it was ordered to march directlv up to the enemv, and cap- 2 c 1:1 ■I- : , f : . ,. 1 ■ ^ ■. i ■ '■ )' ' 11 402 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759- i h r,i ture any station that they niii^lit be found occnpyin;^. The successive battalions, on huiding, were to form instantly on the heights, and be ready to charge whatever should pi'csent itself. The general orders closed in the following terms: — " A corps will be left to secure the landing-place, while the rest march on to endeavour to bring the French and Canadians to battle. Tlie ofBcers and men will recol- lect what their countiy ex[)ccts from them, and what a determined body of soldiers, inured to war, is capable of doing, against five weak French battalions of regulars, mingled with a disorderly peasantry. The soldiers must be attentive and obedient to their oflicers, and resolute in the execution of their duty." 203. In the course of the 11th and 12th, all the troops which were on the south shore at St Nicholas re-embarked on board the ships and barges — the latter occupied by the division which was intended to land first ; and the whole squadron moved farther up the river with the tide. The weather had now become very fixvourable, the nights dark, or illumined only by starlight. It formed a part of the plan of operation that while the troops were droj^ping down the river in the night of the 12th towards the place where the landing was to be elTected, all the boats of the fleet left below the town were to be filled with marines and sailors, and moved towards Beauport, supported by frigates and sloops of war, which were to cannonade the T^-'^tich intrenchments, as if to cover a disembar^'rit! n in that quarter next morning. The bombard from Point Levi was to be continued as usual. By the foregoing arrangements the British g neral and and admirals continued to divert the attention of the French leaders from the quarter where the real attack was to be made. Hi' 1759-] SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 403 204. On tlie morning of Thursday, Sei)tcraber 13th, sonic time before daylight, the British .sf|iiadron of war vessels and barges descended with tlie current towards 8illery, near to whieli, at a place since called Wul/Vs Cure, the troops were to land. The first division had entered the barges at nine p.m. on the previous evening, to th(3 number of sixteen hundred men, each soldier taking his place in silence, now informed fur the first time of tlie particulars of the enter- prise in hand. All were in high spirits, looldng forward to tlie crowning event of the campaign. The flotilla was observed as it passed in front of the sentries posted along the heights ; and some soldiers and sailors were killed and wounded by their fire, directed at random against the moving masses. At the place of landing, the light infantry, under Colonel Howe, leaped ashore. The foremost of thom, following closely the instructions they had received, hastened up the footpath, in single file, to the summit, where they formed, and instantly overpowered a small guard stationed there on purpose to prevent what had now happened.'"" The landing of the first division, accompanied by Gene- rals Murray and Monckton, as well as Wolfe in person was effected without confusion. The empty barges, thirty iu number, passed oft' to the ships for fresh loads of sol- * It Las been fitated in a former note that the guard at this place was coinniaiided by J/. Verger, of Louisbourg and Beausojuur uutoriety. lie had iinagitied las post perfectly safe, and had nut only allowed a nuinberuf the iiit.'n under his command to leave the evening before, in order to visit their places of abode near Lorette, but had also betaken himself tu rest, and was actually made prisoner while iu bed. Some of the French writerd have denounced this man as a coward and a traitor. At that time, how- ever, the access from the river was there very steep and narrow, as well as ru;.'L,'i'd. It is probable that his superior officers (excepting, perhaps, Vau- dri-uil), as well aa Verger himself, judged that an attempt there was highly improbable. •r« (.■; --r,'* t» 6 !5l! lit 404 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. m (Hers. As fnst ns llic summit was rcnchccl tlic troops were formed.'* Two lioiirs after sunrise, four tlioiisnnd eio'lit Inindred men, llio ('lite of General "Wolfe's army, to<;-ether with liimself and tLe tliree bri_i;adier-generals, were estab- lislicd ill a position on the north hank of the St Lfiwrenr-o, whence they conid not he dislodired hv the whole Freneli force without first fighting a pitched battle and gaining a victory, t At a, short distance, towards Sillery, a battery of four guns had been constructed, the same which had played upon the English troops when engaged in wiuling through the Eiver Etchemin on the (Jth. This was taken possession of by Wolfe's order, and a small uefiudiment stationed there. A part of the (lOth regiment of Iioyal Amei'iean'^ having been left to secure the landing-place, and one brasr^ Hi:<.-pounder field-piece having been witli diflifully brought up the stee}) path by which the troops had ascended, the wli"]''' army marched by files towards the city.;j; C(^ming upon tlio J'l(i\ts of Ahra]ians liad lioon hi-onj^ht to t.ik'' pari in llio t'XpL'ctod battle. Tiiese arrived on the gronnd at aV)ont ciglit, o'elnck. t Knox (vol. ii. p. 08) m-^-», "we then faood to tlio riglit, and marched ty files towards the town, till \vc came to the Dains of Abraham." [1759- h'oops were iFiand eig-lit IV, toiretlior wore estal)- , Ln wren 00, lole Frciicli I gaining a pry of four liad played 11^ lhroni2'1i 1 pos'sepsion t stationed American'^ d iine 1)rass 11 V hronti'lit d.tlie wli"^'^ ■ upon tlio ;ipid surviy ere fdi'niin,!;' tle-groinid, ess for llie f llie wlmle f tlie VdUiiir cnrroiit hv\'^w ic liii.-lic's and (I'P (ho ( tli'?rs ll"tll''I' sllnt. '\<>n (if Tl.iynl '!;.■ ]>;u'i in tlm mill nuu'clicil lliam." I759d SIEGl:: OF OUKEEC. 40$ En^'lisli 2:eneral ; and we niav well imasxino that it was with isonie feeling of exultation that he proeeeded to avail him- self of his long-sought opportunity. 13y eight o'eloek A.^r. Wolfe's soldiers had all landed and fallen into the ranks in their assigned positions. 295. In the meantime, during the night of the r2th, General ]\rt»ntealni helieveil that all was safe in the rpiarter where, as the event showed, danger was most immi- nent. Out of deference to the Governor's wishes, he had already directed that the high ground near Sillery should be occupied by a considerable body of regulars. ]]ut it turned out that his directions were either mi>ap[>relKiuled or disobeyed. (Signals also had been agreed u[>un. by ujcaiis 01 which any unusual a[)pearance of dang('r at points above the city was to be indicated. The uiiilit of tlie 12th was iiasscd bv the armv in the O L V V trenches, ready to receive an assault. ]\b»ntcalm himselt' was out hitc, in com})any with several of his olHcers — all lipially at fault respecting the real character of the demon- strations maile by the enemy in tVonl of the lines at jv'au- ])ort. Before and after midnight the; ])i'oeeetliiigs oi the English were such as might be fairly reL'arded as the ])re- liule to the landing of an attacking tbrc'e ni'Xt mnniing.' On that same night also, a fresh su[)[tly of [ii'ovisions from Cape llouge was ex[)eeteil to be brought down th<.' river in barges, »nider the cover oi darkness, (,'onneeted, as migiit * " Wliili' W'.li'i' was iiiatMi'iii^' oiu' of tho !i u-ili".st. i>iit-i'rj)ii;u'y was, i.y tho .-liiinil ilisp. isitimirt dt' llic th'i't, ki'[.t anxious junl inuM.-y ut, ]Jcaii[Kirt. Tins .-^pla-li (jt uars wji.s homvl in va!-i'i\is n<, hut [lai ticularly aliout {in' nioiitli m1 thu McjhI- nioRMioy and aliovo it; thi' li,<,'lit'T ves-ds .-iliiftod tla'ir slation.i .so aa to njijiruach tin; shun', and an incrsMint ciiniiunad*' jiiiarjli'Ml np thi' IkmcIi, aia'aivntly witli tlic view of (.'Icaring ii space for thu del)arkation of troops. This wont on tli(^ wh'ilc ni;.:ht, (he '^cni'i'al every inonu;nt expect hij.,' snmo despenite effort to, Sturm liis lines." — UUimii ili'irrir, wliii" he ^.Mnuicalm) assailed them in front ; o, Tiiat by leaving the Iliiglish in undisturbed posse-^.iion of the aiivantageous pusition tbey had gained, his own leiM'Uir and prestige as a Tiiilitary comniainler, ami also tho conlidence of iiis (iflicer.sand men, would be hcriiiusly afVeete.l. Uiiier minor considerations concurred in dotcnuin- iiig him to attiick at once. We lind less noldo reasuns assigned by some, followed by Garneau and ntlur more recent writcr.s, who would have ii.s believe that the fato of the celduy bung on the i-i-iu' battle, and who have nut scrupled to attriliute its 1<>S3 to Mnntcalm's impatient touiper, jealouty of Van- •heuil, &.C. iV ^ ■ i in I 408 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759- leatly, tlie sldrniisliers wore directed to operate for .1 time in advance of the main body, as if to conceal its movements from the enemy. The commanders were dispatclied to their several posts, and the drummers ordered to beat the charge. CHAPTEPt XXX. THE BATTLE OF T]IH I'LAINS OF Ar.IlAIfAM — DI'ATII OF GEXr.RAL WOLFE— DEATH OF M(3^•TCAL^I— rJtOCKEDlNdS OF THE lUMTI-ir AFTER THE BATTLE— PJIOCEEDINGS OF G'»\'i;UNOU VAUDKEEIL AND BIGOT— DE llAJIEZAY SU1JR1':NJ)ER8 THIO CITY— S TRKNGTH OF THE I'.iaTi-^II UNDI'.R MTRRAY- UONOUHS TO WOLFE AND MONTCALM— XOTE TO THE C1IA1'TI:R. 20(). AccoKDiNG to the most reliable authorities, ]\r()nt- calm's force present in the action of September 13t1i, 1759, consisted of aliout seven tliousand men, with the addition of a few hundred marksmen and Indians scattered amonof the bushes."' There were two or three six-pounder field- pieces. Many of the Canadian militia, althougli armed willi * Tiignt's report a=;sigiis throe tln>n^^;ul(^ five liniiilr''(l regular.-^, Imt dx'-; not give tlio muuber of Caiiiuliiui.s; tho oorpsi ot" lioiigaiiiville i.s put at three thousuiil. Knox and others nv ''o the imnibers of tho Froncli from seven thonsiml to seven thons.uul fivt .'.miihed, and those of tin; I'.nglish four tliousaim eight hundred, Warhurton furni,- reiriments of Guienne and lieai'u. commandiMl bv^Iont- calm's second in command, il/". Scuczergnos.' On the right of the British, General ^[onckton's brigade was pusted, General Murrav's ii: the centre, and General Townshend's, sujiported by light infantry and a battalion df the (lOth or Boval Americans, on tlie left. As tin- I'^nglish forces were advancing towards the town, and taking u[) tlieir positions in the order which has been describetl, skii-mishing occurred in the front and on the left towards the St Foy road, the light troops and field-pieces on both sides covering the movements of the main bodies. The Indians and Canadiau I t ;* if f hi ■' I i I 410 TIISTORV OF CANADA, [1739- mark.smeu fired from amoii^; tlie Inishos. The effects of these desultory operations were decidedly in favour of the French. It soon hecame evident that some new dispositions ■were necessary on the British left, in order to prevent an attack on the flank and rear in that quarter, which, from the nature of the |[>;roun(l, and the j2;reator extension of Mont- calm's line, mii^ht have occasioned serious consequences. To counteract this. General Townshend disposed his divi- sion in an oblique direction, wheeling back three battalions so as to confront the danger. In the meantime, the French skirmishers in front being in^rcatly reinforced, the English light troops were easily driven back upon their supports, while Montcalm, under cover of the desultory fire going on everywhere across the ])Liius, withdrew portions of his battalions from the right and centre towards his left, in order to favour his intended grand assault u])on the ]h"itish right. Some confusion and tenqiorary disorder in the front line of the English were occasioned bv the sudden falling back of the light infantrv. Ceneral Wolfe passed along the line, exhorting his men to stand fii'm, and forbidding them to fire a shot until their adversaries came within forty paces' distance. They were also told to load with an extra bah. The presence and ex- liortations of their young general produced a great effect upon the soldiers, who cheered him and stood to tlieir ground " with muskets shouldered as if on parade ; un- mindful of the galling discharges of fire-arms to which they were exposed, and by which many were killed or disabled." I'resently the French columns were seen pi'essing onwards, tlieir main body, both regulars and Canadians, advancing with great spirit, firing and re- loading rapidly, until they came within the prescribed dis- tance. The English regiments, on receiving the word of »759-3 BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHA^L 411 ronimmid. ilion poured in a (Hscharpjc so cftectivo tlint tlie pi-() : i;i ;p k 412 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759- were mortally wounJctl. Tlie total loss on the French side, iiicliuling killed, wounded, and prisoners, amonnted to nearly fil'teen hundred men, belon^^ing chiefly to the batta- lions of regulars. A great number of French ofHcers were taken on the field.* On the English side, the victory was purchased with the loss of sixty-one officers and men killed, and upwards of six hinidred wounded. Early in the action General Wolfe was struck in the wri.st by a mu?ck, but such ;v state of confusion and disorder prevailed in the ruined city, that neither carpenter nor materials could Ijc pmeurud i'mt niakiuL,' a decent collin t'> hold his remains. At last a person comiected with the Ursuline convent hastily collected a few old boards, with which a rude box was constructed, capacious enough to contain the corpse. In the account from whicii tliis incident is taken, it is stated that "it (the C(jffiii) presented, during the funeral ceremonies, a singular contrast to its precious contents." It happened that the memory of the spot where Montcalm was interred was preserved by an eye-witness of the ceremony, who lived up to the year lioo, and then died at the age of eighty-foiu-. Thi.s spect.-itor of iho mournful proceedings was a young girl, then between eight and nine ycar.s old, who by chance fell in with the funeral cortege, and foUowevl it to tlie grave, in company with another yotuig girl, and who afterwards became n member of the sisterhood. In l^oo, when a grave was being made inside the Ursuline church, for the recep'tion of the l»ndy of M. Charles Jalbert, contvc-maitrc of the monastery, it was suddenly discovered that the spot chosen for the purpcse was the very one iu which the general had been buried seventy-four years before. The digging, howevei-, was proceeded with, unler the personal supervision of M, I' ALL: Md'juirc, one of the authorities of the institution, when some few renniants of the coltin were found, aul likewise a few fragments of bones, so far decayed, that they fell into powder when touched. The skvdl of Muntcalm, hcnvever, was found iu a state of remarkable preservation, the upper jaw being broken to pieces in the act of procuring it. The injury was neatly repaired by means of wax, and the object itself carefully preserved under a glass cover, bearing ou the outside a suitable inscription. Now, in ISii'J, more than a quarter of a century later, the skull of Montcalm is still visible at the Ursuline convent, being iu the custotly of the Rev. M. le M.oyne, whom the author has to thank for an opportunity of viewing it, as well as for his valualilo and courteous explanations relating to that and other objects of interest to the rtudent of Canadian history. It is remarkable that the skull of Montcalm has upon it distinct traces '^^i '•i.'A i 1 ! i: 416 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. command, M. de Senczer^^ucs, died of his wounds on board one of the Eiighsli ships in the harbour. The next officer, M. de St Ours, had cxi)ired on the field of battle. 297. Inmiediately after the action of the 13th the En,i^- lish army was employed in constructing redoubts, and in making other arrangements, both for fortifying their posi- tion on the Plains, and for prosecuting the siege of the town. Bougainville, with his corps, had made his appearance towards the rear of the Biitish left, at the moment when the beaten troops of IMontcalm were retiring from the field. General Townshend placed a portion of his force in readi- ness to receive him, u[)on which he withdrew in the direction of roint-aux-Trembles. The services of the sailors of the fleet, and of the marines, were employed in landing artillery, ammunition, and pro- visions, and in constructing batteries to operate against the defences of the city. More than two thousand men were set to we)rk making fascines and gabions. The whole of the men belonging to the army and ships, who could be si)ared to take part in the labour, were made use of to accelerate the preparations. Within three days after the battle an intrenched camp was established on the Plains, with redoubts and batteries in the foreground, furnished with sixty pieces of heavy artillery and fifty-eight mortars. While these preparations were being made, the guns of the of wounds received by tlie gallant soldier many years before his death, in Italy and ]3olieiniii, where he liadbecu present iu some Lard-fought battles before be came to Canada. In beholding this wonderfully preserved memento of the military prowess of Old France, which e.-rcaped destruction in many a battle on the continent of Europe, as well as the dangers of Chouagen, Carillon, &c., in America, and which has been again restored to view, after surviving a repose of three (piarters of a century in the grave, well may the thoughtful observer ex- claim, "Hie transit jlvviu laundir' [«759- !s on board ext officer, li the En.2j- bts, and in llieir posi- if llie town, [ippcarance it wlien tlie 1 tlic field. 3e in rcadi- cw in the 10 marines, n, and pro- agalnst tlie men were le whole of could be use of to after the 10 Plains, furnished J mortars. ,uns of the his death, in Aight battles itary })ro\ve»s continent of America, and ose of three observer ex- 1 759-] BATTLE OF THE PLAIN.S OF A15RAIIAM. 417 '•itv wer(» directed atrainst the camp of the be.siejrers, l>y whieli a number of their olHcers and men were "wounded. 208. We have seen that the English did not risk the loss of the fruits of their victory by making any attempt to fol- low the French across the St Charles. During n few hours after the battle, the defeated host re-occupied the hornwork and the intrenchments beyond. Jjut in consecpience of the di^\strous issue of the conflict, consternation prevailed, and the greatest disorder, which the Govei'nor, aided by the ])i'incT[)al surviving oflicers, did his best to lessun. While their brave general lay dying in another place, the dis- couragement of the French troops was augmented by the knowledge that all those who might have taken his place were absent, or among the killed and wounded, Cirovernor Yaudreuil, Bigot, and sevend others, took counsel together as to the measures which ought to be adopted. They met in a house within the hoi'nwork. It is said that several of those present were in favour of sur- rendering by a capitulation to include the wdiole colony. 8onie were for uniting with the garrison and the division of Bougainville, in order to fight a second battle ; others for tlirowiufj; reinforcements into the citv, and then retirinii: to Cape liougeand Pointe-aux-Trembles, there to await the airival of De Levis, already sent for from ^b)ntreal. In the end it was determined to retreat during the night of the 13th. It has even been alleged by some that Governor Vaudreuil, in view of the scarcity of provisions in the city, as well as the lack of ammunition and other means of defence, dispatched a letter or a message to the Comman- dant, De Kamezay, authorising him to surrender the place on the best terms he could obtain, so soon as the English 2d I «.I'i' 4IS HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. were roadv to make the assault.* This stntonient, however, has been the subject of dispute, a]tlioui:]j]i the truth of it has never been entirely disproved. The French army, there- fore, abandoned the intrenched position between the 8t Cliarles and the Montmorency, retiring throiii^h Lorette upo!i rointe-aux-Trembles, where they arrived on the even- ing of the 14th. On the following day it came to Jacques Cartier and established itself, awaiting the arrival of ]\Iont- * The truUi rospectln^^ Viiucli-'MiU's directions t'» Do RmiKva}' \\\\^ \vrec:.se in- structions sent to De Kaniezay, mention in thiur reports the sendincjof any order '■'•lutive to capitulation. iJn the contrary, they both express them- selves as if the fact took them by surprise. r>igot, in his letter, dated October 15th, 17r)II, i:,ays — "M. de Vaudreuil, after the battle waslo,-.t, called ca council of war to sec what course it was proper to take. He though', we might resume the attack at daylight after assembling all our forces. . . . I was also of that opinion ; I at all tiie ofhcer-j at the ciuncil insisted upon a retreat to the Jacques Cartier. ]\l, de Vaudreuil, ol serving these gentle- men persist in their sentiments, ar;l '■'earing to enuipromise the colony gave ord .rs f.ir the retreat to begin at ten I'.M. We al)andoned, &c,, . . . and ten days' provisions, which 1 had caused to be brought in waggons. Of all this stock of ])rovisious, I could send into (Juebec only fifty horse- loads, for want of means of transport.'' In aiiotlier passage of the sauie letter we find — "The army, nevertheless, started from Jac(jues Cartier to succour the city. Wo were at St Augustin, four leagu.'s from Quebec, when we learntnl that it had capitut'ted. . . . / (A) unt dltsCKSs the rcc-iniis of M. dc JifinK'.aj/ ; ilicij iro'c donlidiKK nr/Z-f/rotiiii/dl. ' In Yaudreu;r.s brief rejiortof Noveinbcr 1st, 17i"i!), it is stated, "After the afl'air of tlie 13tli. we marched with the army to i][c relief of (Quebec ; Imt this [ilaee caiiitulaUul on the 18th. in ^I'itv of the i^iiccoiirs o-h'icli. I had coni' menccd ihvowinp i'/)to the citi/, mid ihv IdU' ;< vh!rh I hud irrifhn to the Com- Piainlnif.'" In the absence of positive evi.'ence to the contrary, the statement of V.iudreuil, who, whatever may liavi; lieen his failings, is a'\iwe'.l io have been an honourable u.:ui, certiunly appears to be credible. r. i ■ [1759. : lllias thcrc- tlio St Lorctte [) even- racqnos ■ IMuut- 8.sed. It sb. on the \t,r V:\u- ■1(1 in tlio irt'cise in- iiiqof iiny L'8S theni- t(?r, dntiil o.-.t, caAcd lougli'- we .'OS. . . . ■d upon :e jreiitlo- LMjUiny^ :o., . . . waggons. "ty hursie- tl'.e saiiie ■irtitr to (.^Uolll'L', ((• )V ".<"((» 'After tho iljcc ; but had com- the Vol)}- vary, the iilinp:->, i-i credi'ih'. 1 759-] CAriTULATinX OF (U'EUKC. 419 (.'aim's successor. j\I. Jo Levis''' made his a|tpenrance oti tlie ITtli, Avlien the Frencii, now considerably diminished in numbers through desertion, began to retrace their steps towards Quebec. They were too late to strike another blow in its defence, for on tlie next day, when they were Avithin twelve miles of the citv, intellioenceof its surrender reacl;od them. 21)1). On the 17ih of September i\I. de llamezay, under whose orders ii garrison of seventeen hundred and sixty men was })lace(l on tiie retirenient of the army from lieaufort, sent out a flag of truce to the hostile camp, and entered into negotiations preliminary to a c;ipitula! ion. The inhabi- * yi. de Vandreuil, in cho tlisii.itch of Nuvonibcr Ist, M^O. already citod, says nf Do; Leviis — "lie ((Jonuial Muiito.ilni) cnuld not be more winthily rcjiliicud than by the Cbevalior de Levis. It is even *-i) be desired that he (]Je Levis) had eoiuinanded the ainiy from the very eiiiiinuneeiiieiit of tlio canipaigii. The Ijrilliant atl'air of July olst was [H'eeisely the ro.-sult of De Levis's dispositimis ; and I am persuaded that, if lie had been near ^lont- calm on September llith, the course of events would have beim very ditli'icnt from what it has been. De Levis, at that time, was at .Montreal, looking after the sectUMty (jf oiu' frontiers iji the diieetiou of f-ake ('hamplain, where his iiresenee produced the happiest etlVets id bdeaux-Xoix anueh godd I'.aiids, Do Levis had liei'U in the army already twenty-four yeiirs, "and haaigii,s uf l71o-U!, in Italy in 17U»-t8. He came to serve in Canada in I'iiJ'j. '?'.- n n- 420 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. tants of tlic city, knowing that they were al)an(lonL J hy tlio army, witliout provisions and munitions of war, and tiiat tiie defences were inadequate to meet the hombardment and assault to which they woukl presently be exposed, insisted u[)on a surrender. j\Iany of the garrison were militiamen. These liad now but little shelter within tin,), walls of the ruined town, and scarcely any food to t^it. " They refused," says De Ramczay, in his own i" '"'• tlion, " to fight the enemy." They thought of a helpless families in the country, exposed as they had been during many weeks past to all the horrors of war, and decimal d l>y famine and disease. Even their officers, according to llie testimony of M. Joamies, the town-major, added, by their conversation and threats of abandoning their [)o.5t>i, to the evil spirit prevailing an)ongst their men. De lv)'i)'- zav, therefore, without waiting to receive the assault of the English, capitulated on the morning of the 18th, at the verv time when, it is recorded, sixtv horsemen belonij^inir to the advanced -2'uard of De Levis were entering the place. The ai'my of De Levis immediately retired upon Pointo- aux-Trembles and the Jac(pies ('artier. oOO. The terms of ca])itnlation end)raced the following principal })rovisions : — The land forces, n)arines, and sailors of the garrison to be accorded the honours of war, and to bo conveyed in Ih-ilish ships to the nearest port of France ; the propei'ty of the inhabitants, as well as that of the officers, both of those present and absent, to ])e inviolate, and their customary privileges to be preserved ; the free exercise of the lioman Catholic religion to be permitted, and safe- guards granted to all religious persons, including the I'ishop, until the [)ossessioii of Canada should be decided between 1759.] CAPITULATTON OF QU EP.IX. 421 the Kings of Englaml {iiul Franco, nnd guards to 1)C posted at the churches, convents, and principal liabitations ; tiio sick and wounded of bolli sides to he e(pially cared for, and the physicians and attendants upon them to luive every Tacility and assistance in tlie discharge of th(Mr (hitics; tlie artillery and public stores to be faithfully given up, and a proper inventory taken. The articles were signed by Admiral Saunders, General Townshend, and jNI. de liamezay. 301. Thus at length, on the 18th of September 17^.), the capital town and fortress of New France fell into the hands of the English, who proceeded at once to establish tliemselves there. Provisions and stores enough for a wholo year were landed from the fleet. TIk.* regiments wliieh had served during the campaign were appointed to form the garrison, and all the requisite [)re})ai'ations were made for security during the winter. Numerous woiking-})arties were distributed through the town to clear the streets of rubbish, and to repair the buildings for the reception of the troops which remained encamped outside the city until tin; end of Sept end )er. On the 2('»th that portion of the French regular army which had composed the garrison, including t\v(Mity-si.K odicers, forty-nine non-commissioners, and five hiuidied and forty rank and tile, without reckoning sailoi's and militia, was eud)arked for France, conformalily to the terms (»f the treaty. The militiamen j<»yfully received permission to return to their families, on the eondilion lh;it thty should not engage in any hostile acts. A gicat many <•(' the Freiieli inhabitants of the country around (.^Miebee came in to tender their sul)missi()n ami ilieir oat lis not to serve against the King of lOngland. ^I'lnvweiv kindiv received, and tluir most pressing wants alleviated by the liritish ollieers and r.r J! i I- In 422 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. •soldiers, for mnny came also to beg charity in their dis- tress.''- Tire premises of the Roj'al Intendant were prepared as winter quarters for the 48th regiment. There the captors foimd quantities of unused fire-ai'ms, hardware, blankets, and dry-goods of all kinds ; ti'iukets, laces, furs, -wine, salt, sugar, moenssins, clothing, See, all of which were applied lor the use of the En2:lish army. 302. It lias been recorded in a former page that the total strength of Wolfe's army at the commencement of the campaign of 17.VJ was eight thousand six liundred officers and men. The loss bv death durinjjr the season amounted to fifteen hundred and sixty. Portions of the battalions of lioyal Americans, colonial soldiers, and invalids were em- barked for home in course of the month of October. On making deductions for these, there would have remained about six thousand men to compose the garrison of Quebec, and to occiq^y the outposts during the winter of IT.VJ-tiO. But we must make some addition to the munber assigned, * Some brought vegct;il)los ami otlior produce to cxclianqc at the Eng- li.sli catnji for moat and biwouit, wliich v.ore oxtromely scarce tbrouglinut tlio French Kottlement. Tho Knglish soldiers coimiiitm their own rations and suiiplies nf tobauco. As soon as tlio fall of (Juobec became generally known, as well as tho humane conduct of the Ih'itish soldier,- — so dillerent from what thev liad been led to anticipate — the country people brought liack to their liabita- tions the cattle and effects which had been concealed in the forest, and which had esca]ied the ravages of war. The poor ])<.'ople then proceeded vigorously with the labour of securing the scanty crops of the season. Except in one or two caries, and for which the perpetrators wero severely punished, no molestation was sudered by them at the binds of the I'ritish from the time of the capitulation. Some of the inhabitants, liouever, were, from time to time, sid)j»'cted to injury by Hying jtarties of French troops, who thus rotaiiatud upou them fur having yiveu iu their sub- inissiou. DErARTURE OF THE ENGLISH FLEET. cilice, ill the course of the season, recniits had heeii for- warded from the dei)otsor recruiting' quarters of tlie several regiments in England. In all, tiie hind force left in Canada did not fall far short of seven thousand men. 303. The iMiglish estahlished outposts in the neighbnnr- liood of Cape llouge, at k)(.e Foye, Ancient Lorette, and at some other points favourably situated for guarding against surprise during the winter, and for covering the operations of the detachments em[)l()yed in collecting fuel lor the use of the irarrison. Late in October the British fleet weighed anchor and departed, having on board (k'ueral Monckton, who went to New York. General Townshend also returned to England, while General ^Iiirray was left in command at Quebec.''' 3U4. ]Meaii\vhile the main body of the French having retired to Montreal, De Levis left a strong detachment in a fortilied position at the mouth of the Jac(pies Cartier river, with advanced posts at Pointe-aux-Trembles, St Augustin, and Cai)e llouge. J>y means of small parties S(Mit out from time to time, and rumours spread of an intention to recapture Quebec l)y escalade during \\h) winter, the French general hoped to harass the I'^ngli.sh, and to keep them in a state of constant alarm. 30."). JVfore (;losing this chaptei- it is necessarv to revert to those illustrious u'enerals whose lives were sacrificed * A jiart of till' l',i\i;li,-li l!oet was .stationed at Halifax dnriiit,' tlio wiiiti.T of irr.'.t-Gii, ai)(i kept in leadiiio.ss tlu'iv for rc-a>rcii(l:ii;,' tlm St J.awrt'iico t() (.^Mk'Iu'C at till' tiist (/[ii'niiig of tin' naviL,'ati.iii. u)! to which tiuii' tliM utmost caiv ua-i taken to intnorpi any n'.inloiccincnl.s which tho govorn- nu'iit of J'Vancc niiyht .->unil out to Canada. Toward.^ thu close oi navigation in IT-'ili a Fitni:h vos.si.'l, coinniandi'd by M. Camion, i>as.s('d down the river from aliovt* (,» lebec, bcuriug dispatches! from Vaudrc'uil and otlnis fur tLo court i;f Fi'aii'.'o. ii! r III f.i £ ill 424 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759. ill the service of tlioir respective countries in tlio battle of September 13th, 1751). General jVIontcahn died, as has ])een stated, on the morning of tlic 14th, and was interred in tlie clmrch of the Ursulines. Little or nothini^ was done by his countrymen in honour of his memory.* It was left for a future ap^e and p^eneration, to the united descendants of those whose fatliers had contended for supremacy in America nearly a century before, to celebrate his fame })y the erection of permanent memorials. In honour of General Wolfe the King of Eti^land ordered a monument to be raised in AVestminster Abbey. His countrymen, through their Parliament and otherwise, had manifested a deep sense of his meritorious services and reirret for his loss. Subse(piently, to perpetuate the memory of Wolfe in Canada, a stone pihar was erected in 1S32 upon the spot where he had breathed his last, with the inscription — " Here died Wolfe victorious, Sept. xirr. MDCCLix."t In memory of both generals, a handsome montunent had previously been raised on a commanding site, within the walls of the citv. t * Some of his chiUlrcii were allowed small pensions liy the King. A pun was )>roinoti>il to a jxi.st in tlio French army. + Thi.s miinumcnt provfd to b(> not V(M-y durahlo. Tn 181!) another was constructed witli the inscription — '• Tills pillar was erected V)y tiie J'ritisli 184it, his KxcelleiRiy Lieutenant-General Sir irmv in Canad; A.I). Ijeiijamin d'l'rlian Iiein^j; ('unnnainlfr of the l^irces, to re[>laee that erecteil by (Jovernor-Llencral Lord Aylnn'r in lSo'2, whicli was broken and det'aeed, and i.s deposited beneath." Vn another face of the pedestal of the new pillar the inscription wliich had been placed (in the nM one was restored. Tins momnnent is to be seen tn tlie left of tlie St Loui.- gaol, about a mile outside of St John's Gate. Road, near tl le This is the enhimn to be seen in the " (lovcrnor's I'ard en. at Quebec. Lord Dail liiMSI(> tiieu ( lovt ilior-( iell ei'al annmiiu'i d tl; Hoji'ct at a meet- ing of the citizens held i!i theCastlo of St Louis, and the lirststone was laid 1 759-] ADDITIONAL NOTE. 4-5 Note. — As the reptitation of ^lontc.ilin Ins suffered through disparairing remarks and hasty presumptions (by Garneau and others, the eulogists of Giirneau, and animated by his well-lcnown peculiar prejudices, far from being concealed under the plau.sible disguise of affected liberality towanls those differing from them in creed and origin), we present here, in his own words, a refutation of the suggestions about his having ])cen in- fluenced by feelings of jealousy towards Vaudreuil — or, in fact, by any other than those of devotion to his country. His sagacity and foresight are also clearly shown. About three weeks before his death Montcalm wrote to a relative in France as follows : — " Here I am, my dear cousin, at the end of three months still contending with ]\L Wolfe, who has inces- santly bombarded Quebec, with a fury ulmost imexampled in the attack of any place whicii the besieger has wished to retain after it.s capture. Nearly all the lower town is destroyed by his batteries, and a great part of the upper town is also in ruins. But even if he leave not one stone above another, he will never take the capital whilst his operations are contined to the opposite side of the river. He has hitherto made no pro!;;ress towards the accomplishment of his object. He is ruining us without advantage to himself. The campaign can scarcely last another month, in consequence of the autumnal gales, which are here so disastrous to shipj)ing, and so severe. It might seem that after so favouralile a prelude, the safety of the colony can scarcely be doubtful. Such, however, is not the case, as the capture of Quebec depends on a cnnp-dr-mdhi. The Knglish, hav- ing entire command of the ri' er, have only to eth;ct a landing on tiiis side, where the city, without defences, is situated. Imagine them in a position to offer me battle! which I could w> loiKjir dtcl'ntc, and which / oin/ht not to (jaln. " Indeed, if M. Wolfe understand his busines.s, he ha!> only to receive my first fire, give a volley in return, and then chaige ; when uiy Canadians, undisciplined, deaf to the sou7id of the drum, and thrown into confusion by his onset, would be incapable of resuming their ranks. ]\Ion>over, an they hace not bayonets with wli'n'h to oppot^c those of t lie cnany, nothing would remain for them but flight; and then -behold me lieat'ii witliont ri'source. Conceive my situation ! a most painful one, and which causes tne inany distressing moments. Hitherto I have been able to act suceessfidly on the defensive; but will a oontinuance in that course prove ultimately success- ful? Events must decide that (piestion. ( )f tliis, howiviT, you loay rt'st assured, that I shall probubly not survive the loss of the coImuv. Tliese \n November 1827. Th(> ceremony was attended by one (^Tr Thomson^, who had served under Wolfe sixty-eight years beforo, Tiiis gentleman lived till ]8'?0, when he died, aged ninety-eight years, having becu twenty- seven years old when the battle was fought. Mli M ■. I«! 426 HISTORY OF CAXADA. [1759-C0. are circumstances which leave a general no choice, but that of dying with lionour : such may soon be my fate ; and I trust that in this respect posterity will have no cause to reproach my memory," Then fullcnv some remarkable predictions relative to the future of the then Eni^lish cohmios and Canada : — " So all these I']nglish colonists would lonq a.^o have shaken off the yoke, and each become an independent republic if the fear of seeing the French at their doors had not hindered; Ijut when Canada comes to be concpu'red, and when the Canadians and these colonists form one people, do you imagine that they will remain any longer in subjection from the moment England appears to touch their interest ? .... I am sure of what I wi'ite, ami would allow no more than ten years f;;r its accom[)lishmcnt after Canada falls. See then, how, as a French- man, I console myself to-day, for the danger my own country now incurs, in seeing this colony lost to her." CIIArTER XXXI. piio.tects of de levis— winter of 1750-00— sufferings of the gaiunson at qui'llec froim dearth of fuel and cold — general murray's policy towards the inhabitants— pre- cautions against surprise— hostilities during the winter — sickness and mortality in the garrison— de levis ad- vances against the english — the inhabitants of the city orderi-:d to depart— Murray recalls his outposts, and MARCIIKS to STE FOYE — BATTLE OF STE FOYE, AND DEFEAT OF MURRAY— SIEGE OF QUEBEC— ARRIVAL OF THE ENGLISH FLEET- RETREAT OF DE LEVIS — PLANS OF THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 30G. Although it w;is tlioiiglit in Europe and the Anglo- American colonies that the events of 17o9 had ' ' '^ ' substantially disabled the defenders of Canada, and that there would be no more figliting and bloodshed, yet the Clievalier De Levis resolved to prolong the contest. Governor De Vandrenil, while he may not have partici- pated ill all the views and sanguine anticii)ations of the [I759-60. if dying witli this respect 'uturo of the loni.st.s would deiit republic imlered; Ijut ns and tlie.se in any longer leir interest ? lan ten years as a Frencli- f now iiicui.i, STGS OF TIIK ,ND COLD- ANTS— rilE- DIIE WINTER 1^, LEVIS AD- OF THE CITY POSTS, AND DEFEAT OF ISII FLEET— IN-CIIIEF. -he Anglo- 1759 had 3f Canada, bloodshed, he contest, vo partici- ons of the I m\ r : « kdUiiaaita I759-60-] PROJECTS OF Di: i.r.vi 4-7 Chevalier, had much confidence in liis military al)ilili'.'>, and supported his representations that the causo of France in America was not desperate. De Levis ari^ucd that Quehec mi<^ht he retnken hefore the Engli>h could receive reinforcements; that, in the ahscnce of the English fleet, the naval force at his disposal was adecpiale to secure the control of the St Lawrence;* that he had land forces sufficient t to garrison the capital, and to repel the enemy elsewhere on the frontiers, or at least to kee[) them at hay nntil a peace declared hy the Enro[)ean })o\vers should intervene to save the renmant of New France; and that, finally, a fleet from France, hearing succours, might arrive at Quehec earlier than the English in the spring of 17('('.;{; On retiring with the defeated army, after tlie ea[)itulation, De Levis left garrisons at various points, with a view to the subsequent concentration of the whole in an ex[)edition against the capital. The stations nearest to Quebec were Pointe-aux-Trembles and the mouth of the river Jacques Cartier, with outposts in the direction of St Augustin and Cap-llouge. The commandants at these places were in- structed to cause the proceedings of the English to be * The French had in the river about ;i dn/.en sin;iil anut.'il crat't, jukI I'mir frigates of from twenty-six to forty-six guii-s. The Enulish imval I'mfe, left behind by the tU;et, consisted of two sloup,-!, RurrliDiyi and Pnrriij>Iiii\ and three small sehot)uer.s — weakened afierwards, on NovfnduM' -\, by au accident in which Captain Miller of the liacchordc, with hi.s lieutenant and a number of his crew, were killed. t The land forces of De Levis, includin;^ regidars, colony tmop.s, und such uf the Canadian militia as could be a.^.-enibled in aims at siiort notice^ amounted to between 11,U0U and 12.UU(i ; I'lit this num!)er would have been largely augmented by the inhabitants on [lerceiviiiL,', l)y the results of the lirst operations oi JJe Levis, any lair prnsp^'et of ultimate success, J De Levis placed .some dependence on su[i['lies of artillery, ammunition, &c., brought out by a F'rench s!ii[) in the fill, and which had taken refuge- in Cuspe Lay for the winter. This was known to De Vaudreuil and ]»o Levis. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M.O I.I IIM 111112 5 jlllil 124 12.0 1.8 L25 1.4 1.6 < 6" - » V] ^ /}. ^ ^ ^l. ^ ^ /i^. w '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation iV 4 l^ X ^ k s? ^ N> \j "%" O^ 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTER, NY I4S80 (716) S73-4S03 42S HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. il Ik Observed, and to loso no opportunity of harassln.i; llioni dnrinij^ the onsnini!^ winter. (Jarrisons vi'ore also maintained at Three Kivers, Sorel, Clianibly, and St John's ; and there was one at Isle-aux-Noix, wliich formed the most remote post on the Chninpl.iin frontier, and where a new stone fort, within the oKl intrencliments, had heen huilt, capahlo of accommod:itinp^ more tliiui 500 men. In tlie direction of Jiiike Ontario there were two Frencli outposts — one on Isle lioyjile, called Fort Levis, and the other at La Galette, on the ri<,dit bank of the St Lav.'rence, not far from the site of the modern town 0>j:densburjj^. At La Galette, the French liad established a small naval station, after the loss of Fort Frontenac, but the armainent consisted of only two or three small shi[)s employed in niivi^^itiui? Lake Ontario and the upper part of the St Liiwrence. The French head(|uar- ters were established at ]\roiitreal. which was then sur- rounded by a low stone wall, the troops b(Mn,irifhes iieare.st to the frarrinc Ills, and tlieKO. as well an the men belonging to tho militia wlio w. re allowed to retire to their lioineM, were re(|nired to bo ready to asseinM'- in arms at «h(trt iiotiei>, Ivich iiihabitant was expecti'd to liiid s'ibiteiico for one Koldior, for which .service jiaj luent wiw prumised at u low rate. ['759-60. n,u: llicni lintaijied nd tliore it roinoto ew stone , cnpaI)lo ection of e on Isle ilolte, on le site of 3 French s of Fort or throe and tiie oad(jnar- 1011 sur- •di^ed iu s Ishind, ed to be tlie i^»\v n of tlie •0 consi- j)(»sts of LTveninij iter, that iiHoiumI in T the wili- est t(t tlio Wllo W. 10 is(>MiliIi' in 'ili.ti'HcB ■ ratf. 1759-60.] DFXISION OF KRITISII COl'N'CIL OK WAR. 429 coiuniunication witli them seemed to be impossible during the next six months.* The more interesting in<^'idents wldeh ooeurred in the interval between October 17")!) and A[)iil 17<)(> are brielly recorded in tlie following article. 307. The departure of (general ]\I(>ncktont left Cieneral ]\Iurray in sole command of the British troops, which, l)y this time, were quartered within the walls of tiie town. At fiist, when the place was surrendered, as it was in a very dilapidated condition from the elfects of the sie'.;e, (he cliief oflieers of the fleet and army were dis[)ose(l to doubt the exjjediency of retaining it, and of occupying it with troops during the ensuing winter. This (piestion being decided at u council of war, and General 31urrav being appointed to remain as Governor, with all the regiments that had served in the camjKiign, measures were taken to meet a dilliculty which, it was ft)reseen, would be a source of much hardship and sulfering to the troo^ts. There was an insulficiency of fuel on band. Considering the wants * (jjent'iiil Murray diil eiidi'.ivniir twioo t(i transmit iiitclIiL'riic.- tn (Icin-. ral AniluTcit in Now Yt^rk ; t'tn-on 'Jtltli I tfiTuibt r, Li'iilt iiaiil I'.iitlir .n\.s.se(l uvcr to rnini la-vi witli ilispatflifs t'ur ihr ciiiiiiiiainlrr- iiitliii-t', ami tiii'il to laako tluir Wiiy tliiiicc tn Niw l!iiL'iaii>l ; Imt iiturin il alUT ten day.s, having met witli tracks (if linliaiis in tin? .t siu'eeedecl ; for .Mr Mnnlrc-cir, fnllnwiiii,' the eiair.-cs nf tlie rivers Cliaiidit.'re and Amerasemj^' n. rcaclnd ll'>.'ty him was .-t lit fii tn N.u \''\l, wlnneo (ii'iier.d Anilierist, ileeming it lii>:lily iinimii.iiit, m nt, ii l^y t.\|i).>. in (inveruur Liiwrenct! at 15ostoii, w:lh diif'tiniis tn have it, I'niw. uded a,s snuli as pdssilile tn l..nrd Cnlvjlle, W hn tlull Ci'llinialldrd tie' hhijiS nn tllO Nnrih American slatinii. t tieiu'ral Munoktou sailed nn '21ih (i.tnl,. r. wh. n the la-t ]>nrt if tho lleet left the harbnur. lie was aeenmi'ani' d l^y Cnlnnel Liny Cailetmi, \\\\'> was MiU'ering frnm the etl'eets of wmiiiiis leeeived in the caiii|i;ii;^n. Admiral Sauudtiid and (Joucral TowunhL ud had ijuikd uu l&tli Uclubur. J. \n A, 1 V ! Hi 430 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. Mi of so nnmoroiis a garrison alone, the supply found in the public stores, apart from the materials of the ruined houses and fences, was scarcely enouich for two weeks* consump- tion. Accordinufly, General Murray felt the necessity of devotini^ his attention assiduously to this matter. He determined to defer as long as possible the issuing of fuel from the public stores.* and, in the meantime, to increase these by detaching parties of soldiers to the forest as wood- cutters, and by employing the services of the inhabitants and their horses. Detachments for this purpose were sent down to Isle IMadame and the Island of Orleans, whence cordwood might be transported by water. Other parties were employed in the forest lying west of the town, in the direction of Sillery and Ste Foye, which proved to be the principal, and, for a great part of the winter, the only reliable source of supi)ly. None of the v.arious cares which devolved on General Murray, as the chief of the garrison, perplexed and troubled him so much as those which grew out of the necessity for constantly employing the soldiers in the capacity of " hewers of wood,' and in dragging it into their canton- ments. Several causes concurred in ])rolonging the con- tinuance of these labours, and rendering them extremely severe and harassing. It was found impracticable to trans- port any considerable quantity of wood from beU>w (^Juebec, Isle IMadame being too distant, and the transit to and from the Island of Orleans becoming diflicult and dangerous as * A livrgo (in.nitity of fine ccirilwood liad been burnod licftire the fall of the city. Ik't'oro tho llt'L't .saileil, the Hailurs had been cinjjloyL'd to a.-<,siMt in 1 'iilenishing the woodyurd!*, but tho (niatitity delivered by them was greatly over-estimated, which occasioned much disappointment and incon- venience. >«one waa issued to ihe troops until 1st December, and then tinly what was called a fortnight's supjtly. Tho ruina were hail recourso to as long aa they alfjrdod material 'for fuel. [ 1 759-60. (1 in tlio 'd houses onsnmp- essity of er. Ho g of fuel increase as wood- labitants >^ere sent , wlience r parties n, in the be tlie the only General troubled necessity )acity of canton- the con- st reniely to trans- Quebec, nd from erous as the fall of to iissi.it iu tlifin was and iiicdii- aiid then i recoil red 1759-60.] DEARTH OF FUEL. 431 the season advanced. Wlien the weather became cold, the basin between the city and the island was blocked up, beiiii; made impassable by masses of ice floating backwards and forwards with the tides. The detachments there had been recalled, after havinjj^ cut down a large quantity of timber, and disposed the material at dillVrent points convenient for its subsequent removal. But the soldiers could not recross the river, and were detained there nearly a month longer, anxiously watching for an opportunity. In consequence, the fuel required for immediate use was procured from the forest west of the city. But, whether from being umised to the climate and that kind of work, or owing to the fre- quent interruptions occasioned by inclement weather, ren- dering outside labours impossible, the quantity brought in scarcely sufficed for the daily consum[)lion.*" As the winter advanced, it was found necessaiy to largely increase the number of men thus employed — to the extent, at times, of several thousand — until, in December, the procuring of fuel became the all-engrossing object of attention. Knox records in his Journal, " Verv much attention now en- grossed by the subject of fireW(.>od. Not only detaclnnents fn m tliC regiments employed as heretofore, but all men not on duty, even those who have been on guard tlie preceding night." Again, in his entry for December 1(>, he says, " Interrupted by inconceivable cold. Whenever a milder day comes, two subalterns, four sergeants, and two humlred men do all the fatigue dutv within, all the lest of tlie gar- risen off duty sleighing wood." Thus, during about four * Each party oouUl make only oiu.' trip a day ti> tin; fmest, roturniii;^ with a moderate load on a woddslcd, dragged I'V liiiul. 'I'ln- miii wiio iiiipcdod in their movements by havini,' to ;:;" armrd, and to kerp a good look out for fear of attacks liy Iinlians skulking' in tin- neif/liliourhond. Covering parties of light infantry were detached fer the [autcction of tho Wuovl-culters. I ;' 1 r^^ in m m I '-v.- 432 HISTORY OF CANADA. [i759-6o. months of tliat winter, Murray's soldiers toiled unceasingly in labours in(lis[)ensable for saving themselves from being frozen in their cantonments, fiercely cold weather and pro- dii;ious falls of snow augmenting at the same time the demand for fuel and the difiiculty of furnishing it. The General was deeply sensible of the arduous nature of the work thus imposed on his troops, and the sufferings to Avhicli it exposed them ; but it was a consolation to him to observe tliat they bore their hardsliips with undaunted courage and cheerfulness.* lie also learned from time to time that the enemy, in their winter cpiarters, were sub- jected to many priv.ations.-f- It is scarcely necessary to sny that the English soldiers were but ill ada[)ted to bear the low temperature of a Canadian winter. The cold weather set in rather earlier than usual, and became occasionally intense by the middle of November. When engaged in the labours which have been described, or in outside duties more congenial to the feelings of soldiers, their faces, hands, and feet were often frost-bitten. ^Sometimes every man belonging to a detach- * Soliliors innidiiyeil in cutting and bringing in wood were allowed extni rations and pay, at the rate of five .sliillnig.-s a cord. The as.sistance derived from thy country })eoiilo was inoonHidcralile, fur, though they were paid for their .services, the (Jeiieral was di.ssati.-fied with their inefficiency, pronouncing them either blothful or iutentioually slow through diaall'ec- tion. t In the city of Qiiehec, wood was rated at fifteen .shillings a cord, while the prices of liay, straw, oats, itc, were pr.'portionally moderate. In the Frencii garrisons at ^lontreal and Sore), commodities were much dearer; in relation to which Min-ray (jl).served, '* Surprising that, while it costs the troops of the King of (Jreat llritain about tiftet-n shillings for a cord of wood, the King of France, having all the Canadians at his devotion, shovild have lo pay at the same time more than fifty shillings per cord!" The French troops in garrison wore on short allowance of food duriug the whole winter. [ '759-60. I759-60.] SUFFERINGS OF THE BRITISH GARRISON. 433 ceasingly mi being and pro- time the I. nature of brings to liim to iiclaiinteJ L time to rere sub- i soklier.s lire of a 3r earlier le middle lich have al to the ere often 1 detach- owcd extra ice derived were paid nefficlency, jh disuU'ec- cord, wliile lu the cL dear'.'r ; fc costs the a cord of on, should 'd ! " The : the whole ment of wood-cutters, or covering-party, suftered in that way, tlie evil being greatly increased by carelessness, which no amount of vigilance on the part of the oflicers could prevent. It was not uncommon for fifty or sixty severe cases of frost-bite to occur within the space of twenty-four hours; and on occasions when detachments were sent out on military duty against the enemy's outposts, or into the parishes around Quebec, upwards of one hundred men would sometimes be borne back entirely disabled from the same cause.* In consequence, as well from intense cold as from other cau.ses, the hospitals were crowded. Fever, dysentery, and, above all, scurvy, prevailed in the garrison during the whole winter. As a proof that outdoor exposure to hardship, combined with indomitable carelessness on the piirt of the men, formed the chief source of disease, the women attnched to the regiments were at all times in good health. They were always fit for the duties assigned them — wnshing, cooking, nursing the sick, mnking wads and sandbngs tor the artillery — subsisting on two-thirds of tho ration;' allowed for the men. Their nund)er was oiJD, iuid not one perished from sickness. The men in garrison at the end of October were 7313 of all ranks. In February 17()0, the number of men fit for duty was ISOO; two months later, towards the end of April, it was only 3100. * Sentries were n'liovcd every hour. TocnaUK' tlio iii<'ti to tiimvc .ilmut with fiicility, viocanninn and kiiow-s/hxh wcit! imiiti'd \\>v all, as \wA as cnriicrs to be attaolu'd to iho lieol.s of their Imots. Knox says i'ts[ec'« ing the aspect of otlioiT-i ami men in c»U\ weather, " They iiresout si grotesque ai)pearance on grand parade. The inventions to ginvrd against the rigour of tlio chniato are various bcyotul imagination. The nniforndty and nicety of the cU-aii metliodical soldier is lairied in tlio rough for- wrouglit garb of the frozen Laplander. Tliey re-eiuMo rather a mas- querado tlum a body of regular trooi)s. Men cannot recognise familiar aoquaintancea, and movements are always hurried. Notwitlistanding all precautious, men aud officers are froot-bitten la their faces and limits.'* t ;i' 1: I I I !f 'M 'ir TT 434 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. S.I I it ! I n't The bodies of those who clieJ were deposited in the snow, to await interment in the sprin*:]^. There does not appear to have been any deficiency of necessaries, exceptinj^ suitable fuel. Provisions were abun- dant until IMarcli, when fresh meat and vegent wlicni they sent out for the pur- pose to the surrounding settlements.* ;. .4 i 1 1 * Flying parties of the enemy's troops committed some barbarities on the inhabitants known to hold intercoiuft8 to meddle with them. It was stated in fact, and generally believed, that the Governor Lad caused an intimation [I739-60. snow, to ioncy of e abun- ■oulcl no ?(1, were i, in tlie fufitful! )ns con- havinsr keepers, li would crs and ses, and it beinur pound. winter e, and, •ocuring the pur- (iirities on vt Qiiebt'C. icvi, when "ur sale to I wounded JO and in- iistid you, d with the 3 no doubt action ; but icit under- dcrs at the ,8 stated in iutimatiun 1759-C0.] GENERAL MURRAY AND THE CANADIANS. 4:^5 A few details of the course i>ursued by General ^1 array towards the inhidjitants nuist next be given. Jlo was not, as a man, heartless or inaccessible to the infhietice of tlio principles of humanity and justice, nor did liis views con- cerning the Canadian po[>u]ation dill'er essentially from those of his predecessors.* He naturally felt, as a Ihitisli officer intrusted with the command of an isolated force of seven thousand men, that his first and paranunmt duty was to secure their safety. Aecoi-dingly his measures were dictated, in the first i)lace, by the exigencies of his position with respect to the security of his own trooj)s, and the to reach De Vaudreuil and De Levis to the cfroct tliat if his wonil-ciUtcrs should be attacked by their trnojis he would ict.iliate liy uhmiis of hcivy exactions imposed on the inhabitants, convents, and reli^icius bodies. Such an understanding might po.ssibly have bt-in entered into when Do Bougainville visited the garrison on September .'Jn, l7.V.t, uiidfr a llag of truce, and held some hours' conference with ct from liis own refereneo to tliose of Generals Wolfe and ^^^nckton. He says, "Mr Wolfe, after warning the Canadian.s, chasti.^ed them for not returning to their houses and quitting their arms, Mr !M(nickton, lightly considering tliat the con(|uest of the land, if bereaved of inhaliitants and stock, would be of little value, gave them the strongest assurances of safety, and even cii- courageinent if they submitted. Tlu'y confided in his pp'iiiises. 'J'lio country was yet but partially con(pu red, and it wi.iild liave been as iiu- politic to have crushed the inhabitants as it was iiece^jjary to obli;,'i' theiii to give a reasonable assistance to his Majesty's fdrees." .\t the timo when General Miu'ray made the foregoing ol)servatii>ns, the inhabitants of the province, from Cap-Rouge on the north and the Chaudiero on tho south shore of the St I>awrence, had submitted, surrendered their arms, taken the oath of fidelity (neutrality), and had agreed, in consideration of being paid reasonable prices, to furnish bollocks, hay, straw, oats, and other commodities, aa well as to assist in transporting fuel for the garriijou. ! 1 43'' HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. If honour of his kinj^ and country. Tlicso bcinj^ provided for, ho felt hound to consider tlic case of tlie inhabitants and thuir rijjjlits as non-combatants, whom tlie fortune of war had placed at his mercy and under Ids protection, llo was not unmindl'ul of tlic suderinijs they had aheady been subjected to, and wliich .strengtliened their claim to humane treatment ; but, at the same time, ho could not doubt that they were at heart still loyal to their kiuuf, — the King of France, — Ionising for the day when ho should re- sume his own, and disposed, should opportunity occur, to assist in bringing this about by the ex[)ulsioii of his enemies, whose presence amongst them as conquerors would be all the more obnoxious to their feelings and instincts, because they were foreigners, and looked upon as heretics, flaking reasonable allowance for the circum- stances in whieii (leneral ^Murray was ]»laced, the candid reader will probably uot proudunco (Jeneral IMurray's policy towards the inhabitants injudicious or cruel, or that it was executed with a too rigorous strictness. Immediately after the surrender of (Quebec those who had served in arms as militiamen hail been rccpiired to take an oath of ueutra- litv, binding themselves U abstain from all acts hostile to the interests of the King of (ireat ])ritain. After being sworn and disarmed, they had been allowed to depart. jMurray adopted a similar course with respect to the in- liabitauts generally, being unwilling to accept any professions of amity as a guarantee for his own security. All who chose to formally signify their submission by taking the oath were promised protection on surrendering the arms they had in their possession. ►Steps were taken subsequently for disarming all the inhabitants of the parishes understood to be included in the terms of the capitulation. [I759-60. provided iiibitant.s Drtuno ot' tioii. lie ady been laini to ould not w^, — tho lonld rc- occnr, to n of his )nqnci'ors inirs and I upon as circnni- lO candid IMnrray's 1, or that mediately \ in arms ^i ncntra- hostilo to ter ho'uyj; depart. the in- jept any . security, ission hy rendcriu}^- ere taken s of tlic Lis of tho 1759-C0.] GKNERAL MURRAY AND THE CANADIANS. 437 8ach of the popuhition of tlie city as were uni)rovided with tlie means of support (hiring the winter, were ])er- niitted to witlidraw to the country with tlieir families and ellects, these being first subjected lo a strict searcli to pie- vent the removal of anvtliing immediately necessary ior the garrison, or likely to luove useful to the enemy. Soon afterwards, a circular was addressed to the captains of militia and cures of the parishes held to be included in tho capitulation, enjoining upon them to furnish an exact census, s[)ecifying the names, ages, and sexes oi' the peoi)le, with a statement of their grain, cattle, and other i)ro{)erty. This was followed by a circular, ordering the ])eoplo in every parish to give uj) all their arms, bel'ore 1st Novem- ber, to the ca}>tains of militia, who were made personally responsible for their safe custody. On 12th November, when the circumstances under whiijh a raid by the enemy's light troops had been conducted appeared to implicate the country peo})le, (jieneral Murray issued a manifesto, warning the inhabitants not to bring fresh misfortunes ui)on themselves by co-operating in overt or secret jicts of hostility, and represunting how little they could expect from a beaten and dis|)iiited army which had already .nbandoned them and their capital, lie, at the same time, established a court of civil jnrisdiction, appointing one of his colonels chief judge, and a few of the inhabitants, whoso character was good, to fill the other ollices. General Tdiirray entertained mistrust of the Jesuit fathers, a few of whom remained in occuitat ion of the college fountled in the city by their Order in 1032. He dreaded their intrigues, and was apprehensive lest, in place of observing a strict neu- trality, they would be instiumental in maintaining com- munication between disallecled citizens and the enemy 'i 438 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. ' !■■ ■'' :'i(d outside.* For these and other reasons, lie considered it expedient to give them notice to depart, as he intended to convert tlie vast buiMiiig into a nmgazine for i)rovisions and military stores. Tiie fathers rehictantly com[>hed, but tlieir enforced removal, and tiie subsequent occupation of the college as a mngnzine, gave umbrage to the inhabitants of the town. To prevent the iuliubitants from encouraging or conniviiiLc'at desertion, and from administering to the predominnnt vice of his soldiers, drunkenness, General Murray had recourse to very severe measures. For the former oft'ence the pujiishment was death, and a reward of five guineas was otfered for a deserlur's npprehension, to- gether with tiie same amount for information leading to the conviction of those at whose persuasion the crime of desertion had occurred. On one occasion, a soldier of the COth Regiment was captured in the act, when the General having diseovured tliat he and otiiers had been enticed to desert by a citizen who was foi-merly a soldier in the French army, caused the latter to be tried at once, and then exe- cuted, i)ursuant to sentence, nhmg; with a man of the 48th llegiment, who had been convicted of robbing and mal- treating a French inhabitant, ^oon afterwards, the man * According to Knox, the Josuit f.itlicr.^hail iifl'onlotl proof of their aliility to inrtueiice the i)roceciliiig?i of ihe French miUtivry commauiler.s outside. He says, iti relation to the abduction of .some cattle from the general hospital by French cavalry on 2-'5d October, "A message sent on 24th October to the Jesuit fathers, that if the stolen cattle be not returned, their Society should be expelled from the town ; conseiiueiitly the animals were safely returned this evening, tlio fathers having reported the facts to tlie French commanders." Mm ray himself makes mention, in his journal, of the removal of tho cattle as having occurred before rjth November, but does not men- tion the other paiticulars .stated by Knox, who also diflers from Murray as to the date of the expulsion of the Jesuits, and the occupation of the College as a magazine. ['759-60. Idorcd it uncled to revisions •lied, but mtion of labitnnts mrai^inj' ^ to the General For tlie [)\vard of sion, to- ld ing to jrinie of r of the General ticed to I French len exe- he 4Slh nd nial- he niau leir ability '.s outside. ;il lio.si)itul )ctober to ir Society ere safely lie French e removal not men- 11 Murray ou of the 1759-60.] GENERAL MURRAY AND THE CAN'ADLVXS. 439 wlio had tried to desert was also convicted and sentenced to death, but was reprieved on undertaking to prove tlio guilt of a certain priest accused of tampering witli the troops. Anollier i)riest, named Baudouin, was dismissed from tlie town lor interfering with sick soldiers in hospital. Desertion, in a military point of view, being regarded as an unpardonable offence, the reader cannot feel sur})rised at the stern severity with which a general in IMurray's peculiar position would be disposed to punish all concerned in it. To check drunkenness, all the licenses which had been granted for the sale of li(pior were revoked; and it was further ordered that a soldier found intoxicated should be imprisoned, and led out every morning to receive twenty lashes, until he chose to inform against the party who had supplied the drink. On conviction, the property of tho latter was confiscated, with, sometimes, the additional punishment of being flogged through the town. For this olfence the prescribed penalties were inflicted with re- lentless severity, and there occurred cases in which even women were the suflerers.* These measures, which had reference exclusively to the selling of liipior to the .soldiers — for there was no regulation against the sale amongst tho inhaljitants — had the eifect of putting an end to a state of excessive disorder and want of discipline at one time pre- valent in the garri.son.t While the internal affairs of the garrison and town engaged a great share of General Murray's aileution, the * Two women and a man werewhippecl tlirough tho streets on 29th November for selling drink to soldiers contrary to regulations. t Some weeks later, it was funnd out that soldiers had devised a niethod of secretly obtaining liquor from vendors in tho Lower Town, upon which General Murray etrictly forbade any to be sold in the towa and suburbs. I ill ^1 440 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. fi V n exigencies of his po.'^ition, in a military point of view, weie never neglected. As already intimated, it was the policy of the enemy to carry on a harassing system of warfare during the winter by means of the troops stationed at Jacques Cartier and Pointe-aux-Trembles, The river Cap- liouge, near the mouth of which, on the west side, they had a small outpost, served as a boundary between the English and Fi'ench forces. General Murray's outposts at fSte Foye and Lorette were maintained throughout the win- tei", and enabled him both to kee[) the enemy in check, and to procure the earliest information of any important move- ment ; for there were incessant rumours that De Levis, \vitli his whole force, meant to advance upon Quebec and carry the place by escalade. It was alleged that ladders had been provided, and all the requisite prei)arations made for executing that design. First, the time for the assault was affirmed to be about the middle of December, as De Levis and his officers had settled U))on spending Clu-istmas in the ancient cai)ital, under the French Hag; then later periods were assigned, from time to time, along with vari- ous pretexts to account for the delay. Altliough General ]\[urray regarded these rumours as illusory, and intended chielly to impose upon the credulous inhabitanls, yet he omitted no precaution. To guard against surprise, recourse was had to the erec- ti()n of a chain of blockhouses, or wooden forts, between Cape Diamond and St Koehs, outside the ramparts, and fronting the Plains of Abraham. They were constructed at intervals of about 700 yards, and fitted up inside for the occupation of small bodies of soldiers as guards. At the distant outposts, also, the utmost vigilance was exercised.* De Levis certainly succeeded in his purpose, *■ llockcts wcro to be u.'icd fur making ui'.'lit-siL'ualii, but Lorottu was 1759-60.] MILITARY OPERATIONS DURING \VINTI:K. 441 if this was confined to creating false alarms in the pirrison, and thereby add in ur to General IMnrrav's anxielv and the fatijxne of the soldiers, for, on sevei'al occasions, the \vh(»le of the English troops Avere kept under arms all night in expectation of an attack. Although there wis not any yery serious fi<;hling in the course of thr* -winter, vet occasional skirmishes occurred in ^vhich men wqvh killed and wounded, and prisoners caj)tured. In the early part of November the English outposts \vere attacked. The French Avere easily rei)ulsed with l(^ss to themselves. Ill retaliation, Captain Walsh, with a corps of seven hundred men, was detached to beat u[) the French quarters at Pointe-aux-Trembles during the night of loth November, and then to levy contributions on the residents in that neighbourhood, and to incapacitate them for co-operating with the enemy's armed forces. This enterprise, however, was not fully carried out, as the a])proacli of daylight arrested Captain AValshs march when nearly a mile from his destination, so that it ended in making a few prisoners and in burnhig ihe dwellings of some inhabitants who had joined the French troops* Later in the same month, a small out[)ost occupied by a foiuul to be too fiir ofF for this method t(j be ri'licd 011, !ui(l unit is were given to lire a cjiuikjh wlii'iiovcr tlio leiisfc niovfinciit of ti snsjii''iMus ii,it\ii<' ou the part of the enemy \sa8 obsiTVcil — the diMchai'gc to bf ivpcatnl nni il answered from tlie towi:. Hutli at liOrutte and Ste Foyetlie lieailiiuai ter.s of the outpofits were estalilished in the eliurelies, whieh were fnrtilied. * Generiil Murray depliu'ed this failure, which he attrilnitcd tn n mi.*- njiprehension of his orders, and bubst ((uenlly, wlim he tiiuujht it neces! previiitid the enemy from subsisting any body of trmiji.^ this .-.idf <.|' the ,I;i(.v[ii,;s Cartier." It was at this time, 'JStli November, tlial the bl'.xlvhnu.-v.- to Clever the forlilicutiuus of the towu were bet,un. \. n 4 y\ 4 '1 442 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. sergeant and twelve men was assailed by a ranch superior nunil)er of Frencli soldiers, wlio were beaten ofF with loss. In order to deter tlie inhabitants from assisting the enemy in such enterprises, whether by furnishing information to facilitate tlicir o[)erati()ns, contributing suppHes, or by join- ing tlieir ranks, General Murray sent out detachments to enforce the delivering u\) of arms, and to destroy the property of those known to be absent with the Frencli forces. This was effected, as leniently as the circumstances permitted, throughont the neighbouring ])arishes and along the south shore of the St Lawrence. But the inhabitants of the country between the rivers Etcliemin and Ciiaudiere were treated more harshlv tluui the otliers, all their habitations being buiiied by the (Jeneral's order. General Murray published his reasons,* ex[)ressing at the same time the pain which it gave him to be forced to deal so severely witli them. Notwithstanding the reports continually brought in con- cerning the prei)arations of l)e Levis for retaking the town by assault, three months of the winter jiassed away before the English garrison witnessed any hostile movement cal- culated to substantiate the trnth of those rumours. Early * 'J'liose inliiiliitants liad harboured (letiiclmionts of the ctu'iny'.s troop.s on varioufi ocoasion.s, and niurc; purticuhirly when hcstile movoinonts woro made iu the direction of Point Levi and lower down on the south shore. Other rea>on3 assigned for tlio i)uni,shnieiit inflicted on them were, that tht'V had tried to raise a )j;i!neral revolt throughout the (Quebec distiict against the Uritish ; that tln'y had sent all their young antl able-bodied men to join the French troops ; and that in other respects they had dis- obeyed the English Governor's order.", and neglected to attend to tha regulations lie had established with reference to non-combatants and their families, CJeneral Murray stated that false reports were made to him l>y the captains of militia, who were re(]uired by his regulations to bring in information concerning anything that trans|)ired of a nature hostile to the garrison. The false reports riUuded to concerned military nmvements ufl well as retpiisitions made by the enemy's forces ou the iuUabituuta for Hupplies of meat, grain, &o. [I759-60. superior ^ith loss, le enemy lation to ■ by join- luents to property s. This ermitted, he soulli s of the iere were hitfitions Murray the pain th them, t in con- ;he town ly before lent cal- Early ly'.s troops lonts woro )uth sliore. were, tli;it oc district ible-bodiod y had dis- ud to tho ^ and their to him ))y ;» bring in itilo to the onuMits us jituuts for 1759 60.] MILITARY OPERATIONS DURING WINTER. 443 in February, however, it became known that a considorahle body of Frencb soldiers had ])een detaclied to Point Levi, and that Indians had passed into the Island of Orleans. The English had no posts estahlished on the south shore of tho St Lawrence or on the island ; but as the river was frozen over on 3d February, and shown to be passable by troops and cannon on the 12th, (General Murray res(jlved to dislodge the enemy at Point Levi, and 10 occupy the posi- tion with a force strong enough to maintain itself there. Accordingly, after ascertaining that the enemy's detachment numbered about five hundred men, he sent out a party with two pieces of cannon to march directly across and attack the French in front, while a bodv of light infiuitrv was ordered to effect a passtige over the St Ltiwrence higher up and cut off their retreat. Huge bloeks of ice along the south shore made it very diflicult for the Fngll.-sh to land and bring up artillery, and, in consequence of the dehiy, the French hiid time to make good their retreat, which was effected williout encountering the English liglit infantry, by means of a l)reci})itate flight into the woods. Tlie English Ciiptured one officer and eleven men, and the affair resulted in the loss of a few killed and wounded on both sides, (ieneral 31urrav ordered the post to be held, and two hundred men were stationed there in the church and in the house of the cure. On two subsecpient occasions * demonstrations were * On 22d Feliriiiiry, 7"" nicn woro .«ont to crnss tlio icf t'ri>ui Poitito-uiix- Troinblei iuid uiarch towards I'uiiit Lfvi. 'i'lusi; riiir.tl dn (iinliii;,' tho l''.n'_'li.-;h on tlio alort. On 2ltii l-Vbniary a lai^ur \<<\vi\ oi)n.si>tini,' nf nearly I'JUO men, wa.s detaciiud, and, \>v.\i\j; oli.sfrvfd nrnvin^,' tnwards th'- church, Murray in jicrsdii niurchcd out to i)[i|Hi-'f thi-ni, taking' with him three regiments, with light infantry and camMii. 'i'ln! French again retired precipitately, losing a l\;w in killed and wniuided, and about twenty ]iri.soner8, being followed on their retreat liy the Kngli.-h thiouuh the cimntry between the Ktcheniin and the Chaudiere. 'i'he inhaliitauts sup- ported these moveiiieuta of the troops from rointe-aux-Tremljles, I \ 1 : 444 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. I made by detachments of troops from Pointc-anx-Tremblcs to re-occupy Point Levi ; and General Murray became con- vinced that the French commanders deemed that position essential to the success of their desijjrns a<:jainst the town. He therefore caused three blockhouses, similar to those which covered the fortifications of Quebec, to be constructed in positions which commanded the high road to Point Levi, as well as the landing-places, which were completed and occupied by troops and cannon in the early part of March. No further attempts were made by the French to establish themselves at Point Levi, the English remaining un- molested in occu])ation of the wooden forts* there until the 2Gth of April, when Murray needed at Quebec the presence and services of all his men. On IDtli March strong reinforcements were sent to the outposts at Ste Foye and Lorette, with the intention of organising an attack upon the French at Calvaire and Brule, situated at some distance beyond the stations occupied by the British. Next day, after a night-march, Hie design was carried out Ijy bodies of light infantry under the conmiand of Captains M'Donald and Archbold. who had onlv a few of their. men Avounded, although many were frost-bitten on the way to the scenes of action. Tiie French lost several killed, and nearly a hundred prisoners. By this time the English garrison had suffered so much from sickness and death, that General j\Iurray was disin- clined toengnge in any operations against the enemy which could be avoided. Although his troops throughout the winter, excei)t on one occasion,! had been successful in all ■* The blockhouses were used about six weeks. Wheu tlie time eame for abamloning them, they were burnt luid the cannon spiked. f A small party of the IJritish liad fallen into an ainbuseaile on 20th Feb- ruary and been overpowered, losing eiyUt men iu killed and prisoueis. [»759-f'0. 'remblcs me coii- posilioii le town. ,0 those .striieted nt Levi, ted and " Marcli. stabli.^h mg un- ire until bee tlie March ?te Foye attack at some li. Next out by Japtains leir.men 3 wav to led, and ^0 mncli IS disin- ly Avliicli out tlie ul in all imo camo 20th Fob- ouers. 1759-60.1 ArrALLIXG SICKNESS AT QUEBEC. 445 the collisions which had occurred, yet the fnti-^ne and exposure attendant on the petty warfare at the outposts had greatly increased the sick-list. ITe knew not how soon he might be obliged to confront the combined French forces with an armv reduced to less than four thousatul men fit for duty ; and the rumours of what was going on at the French headquarters were assuming a form so definite that he could no longer beh'eve they were intended merely to create false alarms in his garrison, or to keep up the spirits of the inhabitants, lie had even been made aware of the presence of spies or agents, sent i'rom Montreal to entice thither artificers from (Quebec, whose services were said to be required in making preparations for a great expedition.* Towards the latter part of the winter the hospitals were fearfully crowded Vvilii diseased soldiers, a?id there were numerous funerals every day. Every regiment sudered nearly in proportion to its numbers, the most sickly being the 28th, 35th, 43d, 3d battalion of the COth, and the Highlanders. The last named, contrary to what has often * A good (leal of secret oorrosiioiidi nco im-si'd lictutTii (^uri.ti; ,iiiital work. As a preventive of disease an infusi n of sjiruce leaves was administered throughout the garrison, the comnuii.ding ofliicers being made responsible that the men drank of it at least twice a day. Vinegar, wine, ginger, &c., were issued from the stores for a like purpose, to be taken mixed with water. ]\Iurray did not recognise in his general orders, published from time to time, the alarming state of the garrison owing to sickness, from motives of policy. He even suggested in that way, and by the terms he used, that the state of health was not bad, considering the length of time passed in winter quarters and the other circumstances ; but his suggestions were contradict^ed by the crowtled condition of the hospitals and the numerous funerals observed by the men on duty, aud were also at variance with the facts recorded by himself in writing. The spirits of the men were nuich depressed in consequence of the pre- vailing sickness, coupled with the reports spread among them about the French coming down from Montreal in force to attack them. To countur- act this evil iuHuenee Murray resorted to a ruse. A small party of rangers were told to cross the river, and come upon some of the outguards, as if they had been sent express from General Amherst, the news of which soon Bpread in the garrison and among the inhabitants, visibly inspiring the former with cheerfulness but discouraging the latter, whose gratification at the deplorable state of the English had not been concealed. This occurred in the first week of April, when Murray,' to increase the eflfect of if [I759-60. ! others,* the time linst the mded by r ileal ing oops, yet 5e up to y of the ipproacli d one-hulf red female to resume ministered •e.«pon.sib]e :inger, &c., lixed with a time to motives of used, that passed in ious were numerous i with the f the pre- about the 3 cuiintur- of rangers irds, as if hich soon >iring the itification d. This I effect of 1759-60.] ADVANCE OF DE LEVIS. 447 At length precise intelh'gence arrived that the Frencli forces were descending the river to Pointe-aux-Trenihles and Cap-Rouge, bringing their supplies of food and war mate- rial in several armed vessels, accompanied by transports, batteaux, and rafts. On 10th April the ice gave way above the town, and soon afterwards passed down the river, upon which General j\Iurrny made arrangements for sending a schooner with dispatches for the British naval commander, whose coming he desired to hasten. lie knew that the plan of De Levis was to land his military stores at Cap-Rouge, and then march direct upon the city. To prevent this, and to clieck his advance, or at least to gain time by compelling him to make a detour by routes scarcely passable, General jMurray proceeded in person to Cap-Rouge, and ordered the heights to be fortified. To relieve the garrison from any embarrassment or ()])[)o- sition that might be apprehended from the po])ulation of the city, he caused a proclamation to be posted up on all the public places, intimating tliat the enemy wei'o coming to besiege the town, and that the inhabitants must depart, with such effects as they might choose to take with them.* his ruse, published a manifesto, in which he alhidcd to his Majesty's godd inclination towards the inhabitants, and appreciation of ilie valour and fortitude of the troops. Another object which Murray h,id in view was to lessen the effects of proclamations which had been issued by Govornur De Vaudreuil. * Three days were allowed for the nooessnrj' preparations and removal. The people were directed to leave any effects tliey clinsc at thi' (iiiarlcrs of the RecoUets, where two substantial citizens, appointed by the iulialiitants, might remain to take care of them, under tiie protection of a f^'uard of soldiers. The urgent necessity of the measure was stated, and orders given that they should not come back until further notice. The inmates of two nunneries were suffered to ri'maiu, as they had been very useful in the care of the sick. The evacuation was made on S-lth and li.'Jth April, attended with much discomposure and di-itress. The male inhabitants li \ i! '! 1 1 M i ii^: ■ it.- if ' if! t 448 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. De Levis Iniided with his forces at Pointe-aux-Trenibles on the 2(5tli, and, without delay, marclied on Lorette, cross- inij^ the river Cap-Itouf>e at several points above its month. ]\Inrray had caused all the bridges to be broken down, but neither this nor the impediments arising from rainy wea- ther and extremely bad roads, prevented the French from advancing, and occupying the whole forest between Lorette and Ste Foyo. Leading to the last-named place, a rough causeway, passing through the lowland '^Jfarais de Sivcde," enabled De Levis to effect a flank march upon the high ground near Ste Foye church, and, by the unexpected rapidity of his advance, to menace the safety of the English outposts. In order to protect tliese, and to cover the reti'eat of his detachments which had been called in from Lorette and Cap-llouge, the British general marched out to Ste Foye on Sunday the 27th, with some of his regiments, while others followed to take up positions between Ste Foyo and Sillery. The French were seen painfully moving for- ward and sideways through the wooded and marshy tracts, lower down than the ground occu})ied by the British, whom they manifestly designed to oultlank. But they could not venture to attack the English posted so advantageously, or before the bulk of their own troops should arrive, so that were sullen, and prudently refrained from expressing their feelings ; but the women were not so discreet. When their entreaties to be allowed to stay, couiiled with promises to remain ouiet, as well as to give the earliest intimation of Do Levis' proceedings, were disregarded, they exclaimed agiunst what they atlirmeil was a manifest violation of the capitulatio!i, aililing, " We have always heard tho English called a faithless people ; now we aro convinced that they are so." Before the siege the population oi the town was about 0700. That jiortion of it which spent the winter tliero must have been much less numerous. As showing that Murray's precautions, though of a very stern character, were necessary in view of his own safety, the inhabitants of the country generally joined the forces of Do Levis in his subseiiuent siege of the place. [I759-60. Trembles ^tte, cross- ts mouth. lown, but ainy wea- incli from ;n Loretto }, a rouitiiiij them), a.s well as the intrenching tools. Knox states, "An ol)stinato conflict ensued, whicl) lasted two hour.^, the enemy fighting chielly for the obj».-ct of (.uttlankiiig ns, and making their way behhid us to Quebec, for which pui'i^ose Do Levis cnnlinually strength- ened his wings, and endeavoured to get round. Wo were oui-lought by * « i 454 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. I !*• '^ Xotliirif:^ more could now be done but to give tlie troops time and rest, and endeavour to keep the enemy out of the town. The chief en«;ineer being- wounded, I ordered Cap- tain Holland to visit the works, and all the officers and men to parade for work at five next morning. This even- ing the French ships anchored off the Foulon (Wolfe's Cove)." The loss of the British in tliis battle was about three hundred killed and seven hundred wounded, with a few prisoners; but of those known to have remained behind on the field in consequence of their wounds, many were never seen or heard of again, and it was supposed that they were murdered and scalped by the savages who accompanied the French army, to the number of about three hundred. Nor did the victors take the trouble to inter tlie dead bodies of the British soldiers who had fallen in the battle, as was ascertained some time afterwards. The French loss was variously stated, but there is reason to believe that it greatlv exceeded that of the British. Thus ended the battle of Ste Foye, sometimes styled " the second battle of the Plains of Abraham." '"' When the defeated army had re-entered the town, un- pursued by the French, because, according to Knox, they had been too "roughly handled" in the fight, General Murray ordered the g.ites to be closed, and the guards ou the ramparts, who had not been relieved since morning, to be changed. He then issued the following manifesto : — " The 28th of April has been unfortunate to the British arms, but afi'airs are not so desperate as to be irretrievable. nnmliers, many of our nu'U knoo-dcop in snow and sw.xinpy ground. When the u»en wcro ordt-'rod to ' fall back ' they were uuwillin!| to obey, shouting out with an oath, ' What is falling back but retreating .•"* * For aonio other particulars see the Ap[ieudix. 11 le troops out of the Icrcd Cap- ficers and riiiH evc'ii- (Wolfc's )oiit tiireo itli a few cd behind iiany were losed tliat ages wlio of about rouble to lad fallen terwards. is reason British, yled " the town, un- nox, they General uards on »rning, to 'sto : — British riovable. y grotiml. 1739-60.] BATTLE OF STE EOVE w )> » The General has often experienced the bravery of tho troops he now coniniands, and is very sensible they will endeavour to regain what they have lost. Tho fleet may be hourly expected, reinforcements are at hand, and shall we lose in one moment the fruits of so nuich blood and treasure ? Both ofHcers and men are exhorted to i)atiently undergo the fatigues they nnist sulfer, and to expose them- selves cheerfully to some danger — a duty they owe to their king, their country, and themselves." This appeal exercised little inlluence on the minds of the troops, both olhcers and men feeling that they had been exposed to an encounter under circumstances which afforded but very small chances of a successful issue. Many even believed that if tho enemy had immediately followed up their victory, lac town nuist have fallen into their hands. During several subsequent days, tho men manifested a sullen, despondent state of mind, and irregu- larities* occurred in respect of attention to discipline. Tho returns showed that there now remained only two thousand one hundred soldiers fit for dutv — less than one-third of the garrison as it stood at tho begimiing of tho winter. The oflicers, although willing as befoi'e to ol)ey orders, were very much alfected by the discouraging state of affairs, t * Knox says, n^forrinj,' to "Otli April, " A liml state of thiiij;.s in tlu' Rnr- risou ; tlio suldiery breaking into hmi.so.s and .sturos to get at drink ; oiiij lianyed in kvnirtin." To re.storo oi'der and di.seiiiline, ( Jeiieral Murray detached partie.s to arrest all stragglers, with directions to sIkjoI or hang ou tlie spot all niaraudeis caught in the act. t They manifested reluctance to undertake any extra duty, unles.s expressly ordered to do so. When the Cieneral called for volunteera to go out on sorties in tho night, only two or three sergeants and a few privates otl'ered their servieea. 011icer.s said they would go if couimauded, but not otherwibc. ^Kuox'a Journal,) 11 ^ t I 456 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. ii i: [I n t IH; In the course of n, few days, however, the disorders which have heen aUuded to disappeared. The enemy had lost his gohlen opportunity of retaking the ancient capital of New France hy a coup-de-main. Both officers and men recovered their spirits, and zealously entered upon the new phase of their fatiguing duties, resolved to die in defence of the fortress rather than surrender to the enemy. Mean- while, the Racehorse was dispatched down the river to meet and hasten up the English fleet from Halifax, and to make known to the Admiral, Lord Colville, the condition of the Quebec garrison. De Levis, after his victory, advanced upon the Plains of Abraham towards the English blockhouses, at some dis- tance from which siege- works were immediately commenced. He caused the line for his trenches to be marked out, ex- tending from the Foulon on his right, to tlie heights over- looking the St Charles on the left. Such artillery as he had, together with the stores of ammunition and provisions, were landed from the French ships at the same points, and brought up by the same routes as those which were had recourse to by the British after their victory of September 13th, 1750. 300. It would be tedious to narrate in detail the incidents of the brief siege of Quebec by De Levis, which was main- tained by him eigliteen days, from 'iStli April to 17tli Mny ; although, after 0th May, when a Britisli war-vessel appeared in the basin, his hopes of success were damped, and hnally extinguished on IGtli May, by the arrival of several more ships belonging to the British fleet. While the French were vigorously pushing forward their Avorks, General ^Murray was not idle in improving his means of defence. All in the garrison who could work toiled day and night* * Cunviilcsceuta in the hospitala were employed iu uuvUiug vvivda from [I759-60. 1 759-60-] ARRIVAL OF THE BRITISH FLEET. 457 rs wliicli had lost apital of iiid men tlie now defence Mean- river to :, and to ondition *lains of me dis- menced. out, ex- ts over- y as ho 'Visions, its, and 're had teniber cidents niain- liMny; penred finally more •"rencli enerid 'fence, iight* la frutn at the batteries, and in the preparations for rendei-ini:: the service of the guns efiicient. In the course of eight (hiys, tlie Plains bcvond the blocldiouses, and all tlie intervening surface across wliich the enemy mnst pass to assault the ramparts, could be swept by lines of fire from one hundred and forty pieces of mounted cannon. Every night parties of rangers \\ere sent out to watch in suitable positions, and to remain on guard under arms till davlight. A constant fire was kept up against the works of the enemy, whoso approaches reached to within seven hnndred yards of the walls bv Cth ]\Iav. Having unmasked their batteries on the 10th, the French began to bombard the garrison next day, and a fierce cannonade was kept up on both sides during thirty-six hours. The heaviest guns of the French ■were twenty-four-pounders, but although those of the ])ritish were of larger caliUi'o, and though their fire was greatly superior to that of the besiegers, which did but little execu- tion, yet General Murray and all his people felt that their safety depended on the early arrival of the fleet. (Jreat, indeed, was their joy when the Losfoffo. frigate appeai-od •• — on May 9th, as already stated — and saluted the garrison with twenty-one guns ; but the danger of being compelled to surrender, or to retreat from the place, continued to bo imminent until the first division of the liritish fleet came up on the ir)th. On the following morning, the VtuifjiKird, which was a line-of-battle slii}), and two frigates, worked up with the tide to take or destroy the French shipping ut old rope, and also at tliu gates to assist tlio artilU'i'y in (illiiv^ sandliaL's. Even the wunion who cniiUl bo spared fnuii titlicr niUH'ssaiy wmk witd engaged in similar ocenpatiDiiH in i)ri'iiaiati<)ii,s for repulsing tho eiieiny, * Knox recurda that thu olUeers and Koldiors, overooino with jny, mounted the ramparts, and continued to shout ami throw their hits into the air for nearly an hour, while the surrounding country resounded wiih the thunder of the artillory. f • s I ■ '• ' -< 1 f 1 ^ i 1 1 "\i 45S HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. the Foulon, which was accomplished without much diffi- culty.* The English commodore next placed his ship in .such a positiou as to bring the fire of her broadside to bear upon the trenches of De Levis, enfilading them. The consecpieuce was, that the Chevalier, finding he could offer uo resistance to his new assailants, and dreading the results of a sortie from the town, considered his position on the IMains no longer tenable. In the night of the KUh of ]\Iay, arrangements were made for raising the siege. The French retired precipitately as if a panic had seized them, firing a last volley of musketry towards the ramparts of the town. They imagined that a body of fresh British troops might be landed above, to take them in the rear, while the garrison assailed them in front. But some hours elapsed before General Murray became aware of what had trans- pired. As soon as he learned the retreat of the enemy he hastened forth with detachments from all the regiments, hoping to overtake the French, and to have some revenge for his defeat on the 28th of April. lie was, however, too late ; for De Levis, retracing his steps by the route he had followed on his march towards the Plains, had already crossed the Cap-llouge when his pursuers reached Lorette, so that only a few stragglers were captured. The French sick and wounded were all abandoned to the care of the inhabitants, who had done all they could to support the enterprise of De Levis.*!* The cannon in the trenches, the tents, war material, and intrenching tools, fell into the hands of the British. In the course of the siege the French * Captain Viinqiiclin, in command of one of the French frigjvtes, made a gallant though unavailing resistance. One small French vessel escaped. + All the male inhabitants able to boar arms joined him after his vio- tory at Sto Foye. [ir59-Co. uicli diffi- is ship ill tie to beau em. The oukl offer lie resuhs )n on the IGth of "ge. The 2ecl them, rts of the sh troops while the s elapsed ad traus- mcmy lie Jginients, revenge 'ever, too 3 he had already Lorette, French e of the port tlie ;hes, the into the French frigates, ich vessel r hi si Vio'- 1759-60.] RETREAT OF DE LEVIS. 459 loss is reported to have exceeded nine liniidred men,* wliile that of Murray's troops was less than thirty in killed and wounded. All the anxieties of General ]\Iurray and his sorely-tried garrison co;icerning the movements of the French forces were now ended, and the ordinary duties of troops stationed in cantonments were resumed, witliout a[)})rehensions of molestation by an enemy. Markets were establisiied, and the people of the country encouraged to bring in produce, to be sold for money or bartered for salt-meat, and other commodities of which they stood in very great need. Tiie former inhabitants of the city were not, liowever, allowetl to return, until many weeks after the retirement of the French army. As st)on as possible, the convalescents, and all the sick who could be moved, were sent to the Island of Orleans for the more rapid recovery of health, while soldiers not on the sick-list, but disabled for life, were provided with passages to their native country, hi the course of June, definite instructions arrived from General Amherst to General Murray, in consc(iuence of which a part of the garrison, after a re[)()se of two months' dura- tion, was ordered to prepare for an exi)edition u[) the ISt Lawrence. 310. On his retreat, Ue Levis left troops at the Jacques Cartier, Three Rivers, and Sorel, for the purpose of observ- ing, and, if possible, impeding the movements which he felt sure the British connnanders at (Quebec would under- take against the French head(piarters at ^Montreal. The issue of his expedition for the recovery of the capital had * This lixrge number, as coinpareil with the English lo.ss, is aocountoil for chieily by the iinich greater ellieietiey ot' the artillery of the giirriaDii, and partly by the elloct.i of exposure ami privutioii.s at that rieasoii of Lho year. , i ] i '• I f( '■ WII ill 460 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1759-60. rl .li cxtingnislicd the hopes* wliicli ha,d been raised and clier- islicd in the hearts of his soklicrs and of the Canadians, who now deserted hira in hircre bodies, as well as the Indians, to whom want of snccess was a sufficient reason for abandoning tlie Frencli cause. By the time he arrived at his destination, his standard had been left by all except- ing the majority of his regulars, and of the militia belonging to Montreal and its neighbourliood,t so that his numbers were reduced to less than five thousand men. The militia were sent to their homes for subsistence, while the soldiers not retained in quarters at IMontreal and St Helen's Island were dispersed among the inhabitants for subsistence. J 311. The remainder of tlio campaign of 1760, although this cannot be said to have closed until about four months after the operations carried on in the vicinity of Quebec, was cora[)aratively bloodk'ss. The lighting, on a scale of any magnitude, was ended, and the subsequent proceedings of the British might be summed up by saying that but little more was left for them to do than to march in, by different routes, and tnkc possession of conquered territory. * The following occurs in ,'i (lociinicht published by the Quebec Literary and Historical Society : — " The unhappy state of the colony was now past remedy, and may bo compared to (the state of) a man in his last agonies, to whom the physician continues to administer cordials, not from liojies of his recoverj', but to allay and soften the violence of his sutl'erings. All that ccmld now be expected was to oVitain an honourable capitulation, favourable to its inhabitants, the colony being at its last gas[)." But Governor De Vaudreuil professed still to have hope. (See Ajt- pendix. ) t It woidd be impossible to assign with confidence the total number of regtdars and militia which the French leaders now had it in their power to assemble in arms, suiiposing that all willing to continue the struggle could be brought together. Au estimate, cited by a well-known military writer, suggests eight thousand. :J- On the return of De Levis to 'Montreal. Governor Do Vaudreuil issuevi a circular or manifesto, containing statements which the posture of affairs far from warranted. (See Appendix.) it: 1759-60.] GENERAL AMHERST'S PLANS. 461 The details need not to be fully described ; and as the interest of the general reader is naturally attracted by what transpired at Montreal, to the exclusion of minor matters, only a brief narrative will be given of the incidents which preceded the final catastrophe. The commander-in-chief, Sir JefTery Amherst, had passed the winter in New England. lie pro})osed to con- tinue in 17G0 the operations which he had prosecuted in 175D, as far as circumstances had i)ermitted. But, instead of confining himself to the old military route into Canada, from Lake Champlain along the course of the river liiche- lieu, he determined to send only a part of his forces that way, and to conduct in person the bulk of his army from Albany and other points to Oswego, and thence by Lake Ontario and the river St Lawrence.* He likewise sent orders to General Murray to advance u]) tlie St Lawrence. His design was to concentrate at Montreal an ai-my strong enough to crush the French in their headipiarters, after the three divisions composing it should have traversed tlie routes leading thither from their resi)octive i)oints of departure^ mid should have put down all oi)positi()n on tlie way. Although some delay occurred in com[)leting tlio pi'eparations for executing so largo a sclieme, General Amherst's undertaking proved entirely successful. * This part of General Amherst's plau of operations Las been severely criticised by Britisli and Frencli military writers, who liave based tlieir oltjections to it upon tlieeonijjarative length of that mute fnini the liudsnti river to Montreal, and the obstacles to bo overcome in descending the St ijawreuce to Montreal, and especially on the facility with vvlueh his I i nppeared very willing to sell or to furnisli in exchange for other conimoilities. Nearly all the troops of the enemy srward to had been nmanding esolved to immitted on I its dystina- 1760.] CAMPAIGN OF 1760. 469 take por;session of it, and, with this view, invested it in i^iich a manner that the garrison could not escape by flight. It was taken, with some loss on both sides, after a bom- bardment of sixty hours. The Indians claimed the stores found in Fort Levis, and were proceeding, after their fashion, to enter the place in order to massacre the prisoners. But General Andierst sternly forbade them, which gave so much offence that a large number immediately deserted.* Among the prisoners taken at Fort Levis there were several men familiar with the navigation of the St Lawrence between Lake Ontario and Montreal, and who had been accustomed to act as pilots. These the General distributed among the divisions of his army, and their services were afterwards found to be very valuable. He had before him a most dangerous route to traverse, abounding in intricate pas- sages and numerous obstacles, which those only could over- come who had acquired skill by long experience. But the principal difficulty lay in the fact that about forty miles of the passage down to Montreal would have to be accom- plished through swift currents, which at intervals were im- peded by small islands and rocky projections, and were thus converted into foaming waterfalls and cataracts, through which the most stout-hearted boatman would not have the courage to attempt to conduct a single passenger, much less a boatful of armed soldiers, unless he was well prac- tised in that species of navigation. f I I I le same wlio Sir Williaia nen on each Sir James as being estrov them Fort Levis ys were eui- * Those who deserted filled twenty largo bouts. When they were leaving, General Amherst caused Sir Williiun .Johnson to int'oini them that lie thought his forces sufficient to accomplish the objects of the expeditiou without their assistance ; and that, while he wished to retain their friend- ship, he would assuredly chastise them severely if they should commit any acts of cruelty iu returning to their villages — a menace which hud all the etieet intended. t lu regard to the alleged neglect of De Vuudreuii and De Levis to 470 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1760. Leavin,^ a garrison of two hundred men at the captured fort, as well as all the sick and wounded of the arniv amounting to as many more, the expedition passed down the river in safety, until it reached the Long Saut, leading into Lake St Francis, in which three men were lost — the rapids so named extending about twelve miles. From Lake ^t Francis, after a brief halt at Point Boudet, the army entered the channel between the Lakes St Francis and 8t Louis. This was by far the most dangerous part of the route for a distance of about eleven miles. Most of the army must have perished there if the boats had been suf- fered to follow each other closely. As it was, the precau- tions taken did not prevent their being crowded together at some places. The consequence was, that sixty-four boats, of which twenty-nine carried soldiers, and seventeen artillery, were dashed against the rocks, and eighty-eiglit men perished. These belonged to General Amherst's, or the first division of the army. The remaining divisions did not attempt the passage till the following day, when, greater precautions being taken, it was made without fur- ther loss of life. A great many of the boats were damaged, oppose Amherst's descent n*Iamaque's quarter.^, demamling tlie instant release of his otiieor. Boiu'lainaque came outside to confer in porsun on the sulijoct, but de- nuu-red to giving an order for Maloney's release, vipon which General Murray, reiterating his demand, said he would only allow live minutes for compliance ; to enforce which he was proceeding to advance troops and artillery for the assault, when a messenger from Andierst came up and reported that a capitulation had been signi'd, and all Canada surrendei'ed. The foregoing ia substantially the account given by Captain Knox of this curious incident. * For some particulars, see extracts from ofRcial documents in the Appendix to this work. t De Vaudreuil prudently 474 HISTORY OF CANADA, [1760. '• ^ have been indisposed to grant terms irreconcileable with the state of the law and of public opinion in Great Britain, or prejudicial to the public interests, regarded from a British point of view. As respects his refusal to grant those stipulations which more immediately affected the French officers and soldiers, or to allow them to be so modi- fied as to show some deference to their punctilious sense of honour, he declared himself actuated by a determination not to lose so proper an opportunity of manifesting disap- proval of the course pursued by the French throughout -var, in relation to the barbarities pei-petrated by their i . uL allies. Accordingly, the capitulation, of which an abstract will ^- ^/veii u the Appendix to this History, was signed on 81I1 Septeuibei 17G0, after the articles, as proposed by De Vaudreuil, had been corrected in order to suit the views of General Amherst. m Conclusion. — As soon as possible, arrangements were made for transporting to France the relics of the Frencli army, together with all other persons whose passage was provided for by the articles of capitulation. Of those who belonged to the military service, and who laid down their arms at Montreal, the number was found to be two thousand two hundred officers and men * exclusive of the militia, who were allowed to depart after giving in their submission in the usual form. The number just stated was only about the half of the whole number of regulars, and marine, or colony troops, understood to be included in the treaty ; but, at the time of the surrender, many of these * Such was the ntnnber reported by De Levia in his letter to tlie French Minister of ^[iriiie, dated at Rochelle, 27th November 17U0, oil liiti lauding iwni tlie ship iu which he crossed the Atlantic. 1760.] CONXLUSION. 475 were prisoners in the hands of the British * and there were, besides, stragglers and deserters dispersed anionuj the in- habitants, as well as the small bodies cf men still occu])y- ing petty posts on the St Lawrence and elsewliere.t Some, also, had married in the country, with the intention of settling down amongst the inhabitants, irresi)ectivcly of the disposition which might bo made of the corps to which they had formerly belonged. Subsequently, iuclud- in2: the individuals of various grades connected with the French Civil Service, officers and men of the army, sailors, women and children, upwards of 32()0 persons recpiired to be provided with accommodation for passing to France in British ships. Quebec was the appointed place of em- barkation for the majority, but it proved very difficult to secure vessels enough and adequate space for the trans- portation of so many. In consequence, those victims of the fortune of war, and for the most part ill-requited subjects of the King of France, were unavoidably exposed to hardship on the way home. At this time the resident population of Canada numbered upwards of G5,000 souls,:!: now liappily delivered from the state of active warfare which had prevailed since the year 1754. The French regime, which may be said to have * There were numerous prisoners at Quebec, tuul among tlicm tlie regulars captured at Fort Jacques Cartier, which General Miuray, while on liis expedition up the St Lawrence, had ordered Colonel Fraser to invest. Colonel Fraser, on receiving tiie order, had pnmiptly moved against the fort with one thousand men of the Quebec garrison, and had easily taken it, upon wliich the militiamen found there were sent home, but the regulars were detained a.s prisoners. (See Appendix.) t The garrison captured by Andierst's forces at Isle Uuyale had been sent to New York ; those of the remote western posts, Detroit, Miehilii- makinac, &c., and which surrendered to the liiiti.sh authorities in obedi- ence to De Vaudreuil's orders, dispatched after the capitulation, were removed to New England sea-ports, and thence to France. i De Vaudreuil hud reported 70,000. 47<3 HISTORY OF CANADA. [1760. orii^nnntcd at the time of tlie foundation of the colony by Charaplain, and to have been subsequently perfected under tlie Sovereign Council established in 16G3, had now passed away. This council no longer existed. Of the three members mainly constituting the body, and in whom all its autliority was centred, two — the Governor and the Royal Iiitendant — had quitted Canada, while the third was dead.* As Great Britain and France were still at war with each other, the ultimate lot of Canada could not be held to be settled by the capitulation. It remained to be seen wliether the terms of this would be finally ratified by the Governments of the two countries when peace should be declared, or whether the colony would revert to its former status as a dependency of France. In the meantime, it devolved upon the commander-in-chief of the British forces serving in Canada to determine upon some definite mode of governing the country. Into the details of the system established — necessarily of an intermediate and temporary character — it is not intended to enter in this ])art of the history of Canada. It is only necessarv to say, generally, that Amherst established a military system of government, in virtue of which all the afi'airs of the colony were placed under the control of councils of officers ap- pointed for the three ancient districts of Quebec, Three Hi vers, and Montreal. General Murray, as chief ruler, was placed over the Quebec district, while General Gage and Colonel Burton conmianded at Montreal and Three Kivers respectively. It was provided that the local affairs of the inhabitants, and the adjustment of differences among themselves, should be, as far as practicable, deputed to the ■* Bishop Pontbriiind — who died at Montreal in June 1760 — was the last tjpiiscopal member of that body, and, in the existing deplorable state of the colony, no suceesdor hud been appointed. c ; 1763-] CONCLUSION. 477 charge of the Canaclian captains of militia. The coni- mauder-in-chief, General Amherst, after he had made all the arrangements which appeared to him necessary for guarding the colony agninst external attack and internal disorder, departed for New England, leaving a military force in Canada adequate to support the authority of his subordinates stationed in the conquered province. The war in Europe continued until towards the end of the year 1762, when negotiations for peace between the belligerent powers were brought to a favourable issue, and preliminaries agreed upon, which resulted in the Treaty of Paris, signed by the respective plenii)otentiaries on lOtli February 1763. In virtue of the provisions of this treaty,* Canada and all its dependencies WTre ceded to Great Britain, and the future lot of the inhabitants decided by their becoming thenceforward subjects of the sovereign of England. In the interval between the capitulation of Montreal and the signing of the Treaty of Paris, tranquillity reigned in Canada.f The population remained as happy and con- tented as could have been looked for under the rule of officials who, though alien to them in nationality, religion, language, and manners, were nevertheless distinguished for their honourable and humane conduct, and for their earnest zeal in promoting the well-being of those placed under their guardianship and protection. I- * See " Extracts from the Trcnity of Paris," No. XVII,, Appendix. + The only hostile attempts of France against Great Britain in America were undertaken in 1762, and these were not of a very serious nature. Four French ships of war and 1200 troops were directed against St John's, Newfoimdland, at which place an.Engli.sh garrison (of sixty men) was compelled to surrender. General Amherst subsequently detached a Britisli force from New York to dislodge the French, which was effected in September of the same year. i "h'-i t i 'i= ., 'f APPENDIX. I.— F R T NECESSITY (page 290). Abstract of the Articles of Capitulation. Prmw^^.— Stating tlie intoTitions (of the Firiich) to l>o " not to disturb peace and harmony, hut only to revenge an iiKsuK/iiiintiiiii,"' kc. Article 1. Grants liberty to depart, prnniises proteoti'Mi from injury by the French, and also by the savages, "as far as it sliall be possible." Article 2. Grants liberty to take away all property excipt artillery. Article 3. Accords the " honours of war" in proof of future amity. Article 4. The English flag to be struck. Article 5. A French detachment to take possession on the niori'ow, kc. Article 0. Grants permission to leave concealed such jirojierty as cannot bo removed at once, with ]iersons to watch it, on condition of desisting from establishing any settlement for a year, either in the same place or higher up the river. Article!. The English to give up prisoners made ^' at f/ic of/sassinatiuii of DcJumonville,'' and to give hostages (I'aptains AVabrain and Htobn). (Signed in duplicate) Jamks M'Kay, Gi:. AV.\shix(;tov. CouLON Villi Kits. Note. — Tlie full text of the articles of capitulation ha? been given by Dus- sicux (pp. 120-128) and other French writers, copied from duplicate original documents preserved among the archives at I'aris. Tlie following sumiimry of tlic ovidenrt' wliicli lias liecii adiliued on both sides, relative td the charge of K VArnuKiHi, the successor of Duquesne, reported, "I hnvo the honour to transmit a list of those wlio accompanied M. De Jumonville. . . . You will sec tliat nine men, to^'ctlier with M. De Jumonville, were assassinated by Colonel Wemchestoii ( WaskiiKjton) and his troops." ; ■ Ii 111 inlditioii to the f(irc',L,^oinif, cniitaiiu'd in documents presorviMl anionL,' tlie Puiisiiin archives, otlu;r evidcince, to the .same purport and procured fj-om the same soui'ce, mi.ijlit Vh* adduced — the chief feature |jein,i4 that the accusation rests ultimately on the veracity of the savages referred to by Contrecour, and on the testimony of the tw- I'.iitish oii,'iiU'or corps. ;>ih1 wlm wi-; a I!ri:;;i>Ii'- IM^jdriii 17'il, j,'ives tlie following lucunl ('* History of tin; Late War iii North .Vnierica," liUiiddii 1772, \t. I'A) :— " This capitulatiuii was writtoii in I'rLMich ; as tioitht'r Mr Wasliingtun \uiv any of Ids nfUci'rs undi^rstood tliat laii'^ua.m', a fnrL'ii;nt.'r was eniiddyi'il to rrail it to thoni. ]Jnt, instead of actiiii; t!io jiart of a faithful intcr|)ri'ttM', wIumi Ir; c inie to tlio word * assassination' (l'(i,'<.:iis.-oth as men and as soldiers, as not to jirefer any extre- mity rather than submit to thedisgraee of heing hrand'-(l witli the imputation of so horrid a crime. . . . Aftt-rall, had theyheen really guilty, they could not liave been worse used than tlii'V wer<^ ; for no --ooner was the capitulation signed than it was most sliamefullj' iu'oken by the French (and s iv.igts), who kept the English otliccrs ])risoners some time, i)htndereil tlio whole of tluir baggage, and killed all their horses ami cattle on the spot." II.— GEXERAL r.ltADDOCK (pi>. n(»;V:^()7). J-J.it nicf from the Instriictioii.^ to Cn'ni.'Viil liUADitocK. " The most .strict discipline, at all tiui' s reipiisite, is more jcirlieularly so in the service you arc engaL,'ed in. "Wiarefore His Koyal Higimess (Com- mander-in-Chief of the liritish army) recommends to you tiiat it be con- stantly observed among the troo]>s under your ccnnmand, and that you be particulai'ly careful to guard against their being thrown into a iianic by the savages whom the French will certainly employ against them. His Koyal Highness recommends to you tlu' vi--iting of yoiir posts night and day, and tiiat your colonels and other otlicers be careful to do it, ... . and to give your troops ]>lainly to understand that no excuse will be admitted for any surprise whatever. ... It is unnecessary to i)Ut you in mind huw careful you must be to prevent Uiii'j surpritsed.'' £jtract{i from the Xuva Scot'ui Arehive-^ {[>\>. 41o— II!)). " Letter <>fan officer in the army with Colonel Dmih'ir."' "r am sorry to tell you our army, at least that part of it the General, went out with, bt-ing picked men, aie entirely defeated. . . . Tiie common men behaved extremely (?) in the engagement ; the ollicers extremely well, but to no effect ; for the men were so surprised and thrown into con- fusion (though it "s imagined the enemy were very few), that they were obliged to run away and leave the baggage, and everything elsi,-." Letter from ^lajor Kuthkrford. " Sir, — TIeforc you receive this, you will have heard of the most shocking blow the IJritish troojis ever received. General ];radd(;ck marched within seven miles i)f Fort Dmiuesiu' witii loOO men, well ei[uipiied, and a very fine train of artillery, leaving Colonel Dunbar, with whom I was, with almost half the troops behind. . . . He was attacked by not more (Ijy the best accounts) than 300 Indiana and Canadians, who entirely defLated him, with the loss of Sir Peter Halket and most of his best otlicers, most of his men, 2h 1 I ' ' ' ; i 1- i! { \ I f 482 APPEXDIX. :m(l ill! Iiis nriillory, iirovision'^, 1)a_'gnj;o, aiul animun'tion ; nnd ruined all our holies and schenie.s. . . . The C;cnt.ral diui-L-iuu.sly wuuiidLd." Governor Dklancet to Guvviuor Piiipr.s. " \i;w YoiiK, Ji'Jii 27, 1755. "Sir, — 1 enclose you a copy of a lottcr T vcctived from Ciiptain ItoKcrt Ornie, aiili'-dt'-canip of tlie hite (ieneral Hraddock, wliich gives an undoulitcd iiei'ount of tht! hite defi-at. I have also roceiveil from him a list of tlu; oHictMs killed and woundrd, hy wliich it aiijiears, tliat ix'sides the General, wlio died of his wounds, there were twenty-five oiiieers killed, thiity-seven wounded, and twenty-two unhurt; and that, accordiim to the most exact return that couhl he tlien gotten, there were al)out (iOO men killed and wtuuiiled. This disaster will make the French insolent, endjoldeu their Indians, and dishearten ours," E.'inict fruiii Captain Okmi;"s Lrller, referred to in fJce alorp. " Four CrMBKRi.AND, .//'/// IS, 1755. "The ofTicors were ahsolutely sacvilicey tlie particular disposition of tlie Fnii'li and Indians, it was impossible to judge of the numbers they had tl; .t ilay." IJxtriirf froi'ii a Frciidi lu'port of tin; lintOe of La DdU Tiivur {Pilcc K'C), Till. o-l(i."), Ar'Jiii-,^ dn iX^iol de la (lUnrre) — Translation, " Next morning y\. De I'.eaujeu marched out of tlie fort (D\niuesue . . . His delachment was composed of 7- regulars, IKi Canadians, an sue). nd (107 savages. The eneijunti r took jdace four leamms from the fort on didy'.), at 1 P.M., and the action lasted till 5. jM. J)e Jieaujeu was killeil. The savages, who loved him, revenged his death witii bravery, and obliged the eruniy to Hee. This is not extraordinary, as iheir fashion of tigliting is Very ditlerent from that of our K'iroiie:ins, which is of no avail in this country. The ihiglish drew up, presented a front, to what ? To men ci>n- cialed beliind trees, who at every shot brought down one or two. Their (.Jeneral was killed, and we captured, iVe. . . . ]f our savages had not ((nin.^cd themselves with jilundeiing, not one of the enemy would ha\o escaped. We have lost tliree otiicers, Iweuly-tive Canadians ami savages, and aliout as many wounded." III.-TilK ACADIANS (pi). 3(Ki-3(>4). /■ytrnd {Artlrle.-i ML awl X/l'.) from the Treattj of Utrecht. Arii'-k VI. "The most Christian King shall cause to be delivered to the <,)ueen of (Ireat Ihitain, on the same day on which the ratilications i/t tliis treaty shall bo t'\chauyed, solemn uu'l uutheiitio letters or instruiiieuts, An'ENDIX. 4^: by virtue wlioroof it shall appear tliat the i.sland of St Cliristoplior is to ho pcissossod hereafter hy J'.iitisli sulijcuts ir,-^ dh Ihe L'uidtinai [Arclticts ojWoru /S''v//((, \>. 'Si~). " IIai.iiax. /I :/iisi 11, ]jr,rt. " Sru. — The success tliat lia'i attemled his .Majesty's aims in .liivin; tlin Freiicii from the encroaciimi'iits lliey Inid made in tliis province, furnished me witii a favoiirahle oiiportunity of reducing tlie l''ieiicli inhaiiitaiits of this colony to a ju'oper oijei Hence to his Maji'sty's Covi'innieiit, or forcing tlieni to ([uit the country. These inhabitants were ]termitted to lemaiii in ipuet possession of their lands, up(m coiidilioii tlu'y should take the oath of alle- giance to tlie King within one year after the 'I'reaty of Ctrecht, by which this province was ceded to (lieat i'litain. With this condition they have ever refused to comply, witiiout having at the same time from the ( lovernor an assurance in writing that they should not be called upon to bear arms in tho defence of the province. .\iid with this Ceiieral I'liilipjis did comply, of which step his ^lujcsty (.lisa))provcd ; and the iuhabitauts prolcudiny tliero- F ■ ii Hk U:: 484 ArPENDIX. from to he in a stnte of noiitrality between his ^lajesty and liis enemicH, have continually fnniislied tlie French and Indians with intelligence, riuarters, provisions, and assistance, in ainioying the Oovernnient : and wliile one jtart have abetted the Frcncli encroachments by their troacheiy, the other have countenanced them by open rebellion, and three hundred of them were actually found in arms iu the French fort at lieauscjour when it surren- dered. "Notwithstanding all their former bnd behaviour, as his IMajosty was pleased to alh)W ni(! to extend still further liis royal i^'race to such as would return to their duty, T offered such of them as had not been openly in arms against us a eoiitinuiince of the ])ossession of their lands, if they would take the oath of allegiajice, unqualified with any reserviition whiitsoever ; but this they have most audaciously, as well as unanin^.ously, refused ; and if they would presume to do this wheji there is a l!irc;e fleet of shijis of war iji the harbour, and a consideialile land force in the ]irovince, what might not we exi)ect from them when the approMching winter di'inivcs us of the former, and when the troops, which are only hired from Xi,'vv England occasionally, and for a small time, have returned hon)t' ? "As by this 1)ehavionr the inhabitants hitve forfeited all title to their lands and any further favour from the Dover-iment. T cidled together his ]Majestv's Touncil, at which the H"!'.l)le. Vice-Admiral lloscawen and Kcar- Adniind ^lustyn assisted, to consider by what means we could, with the greatest security and effect, rid ourselves of ;i set of people who would for ever have been an obstruction to the intention of settling tliis colony, and that it was now from their refusal of the oath absolutelj- incund)ent upon us to remove. " As their numbers amount to near 7000 persons, the driving them off. with leave to go whither they pleased, would hiive doubtless strengthened Canada with so considerable a nundier of inhabitants ; and as they have no cleaved land to give them at present, such as ai'e abb; to bear arms must have been immediately emidoyed in annoying this and tlie neighljouriiiu; colonies. To ]»ievent such an inconvenience, it was judged a necessary, and the only jiracti- cablo measure, to divide them among the colonies Avhere they may be of some use. as most of them are healthy stroiiL;- people ; and as they cannot easily collect themselves together again, it will b(> out of their power to do any miscliief, and they may become profitable, and it is possible, in time, faithful subject.s. "As this step was indispensably necessary to the security of this colonv, 'ipon whose preservation from French encroachments the jirospcrity of North America is esteemed in a great measure d<']iendent, I have nt)t the least reason to doubt of your Excellency's concurrence, and that you will receive the inhabitants T now send, and disjujse of them iu such manner as may best answer our design in preventing their re-union.'' Extracts from the Ofjiciid Insfrnrtiim^ (/inni Jiy Goyvmnr Lawri:\i'i: tn the Milrtiinj (Ufu'cra ((ii/inhilnl (o , rrruli' tin' Onhrfi for the, TraiuportdtioH. of the Acndians {Arc/drcs vf Xura aSVo/A', pp. 271-27(5). "Instu' CTioNS for Lieut. -Colonel WfNsr.nw, commanding his Majesty's troops at Mines, or, in his al sence, for ("a]»tain AM'AAN'itKlt ]Mri;i!AV, comuKinding Iris Majesty's troo]is at l'izii|uid, in ivlation to the trans- portation of the iidnibitants of the di-tricts of Mines, I'iziipiid, River of t^inard, 4'obei|uid, kc, out of the province of Nova Scotia. — Halifax, Augntst 11, 1755. ArrEXDix. 48s iAWRKxri; "Sir, — Having in my letter of the 31st of July last acquaintoil Captain jSltn'ra}' with tlie reasons whicli induced liis Majesty's Council to come tu the resolution of sinding away the French inhahitants, ami clearini;- the whole country of such liad sul)jects (which letter he will communicate to you to- gether witli the instructions I hive since that sent him), it oidy remains for ine to give you tlie necessary orde s and itistructions for putting in practice what lias been so solemnly deteiniined. " Tliat tiie iniiahitants m:iy not have it in tlicir ]iower to return to this ]irovinco, nor to join in stri'iigtliiiiing tlie Kreiicli of Canada or Louishourg, it is resolved that tliey shall be dispersed among his Majesty's colonies upon the continent of Anunica. '• For this purpose transports are sent up the bay to ship <»1f those at Chignecto, and Colonel Moncton will order thosi; he cannot lill tliere into ]\Iines I'asin to cairy off some part of tiu> iniiabitants of tiiese disti'icts. You will have also from IJoston vessels to transport one thousand jiersons, reckoning two jiersons to a Ion. . . . U[)on the arrival of these vessels in the basin of tlie Mines, as many of the iniiabitants as can be collected liy any means, particularly the heads of families, and young men, are tu be shipped at the rate of two to a ton, as near as possible. "As Captain ^Murray is well ac(iuaiiited with the )>eople and with the country, 1 W(juld have you to consult Avitli him ujioii all occasions, and ]>a!- ticularly with relation to the means nrcssary for collecting tbe jieople together so as to get tliem on Ijoard ; and if you lind that fair means will not do with them, you must jiroeeed by the most vigorous measures jmssible, not only in comjielling them to embark, but in depiiving those wiio siiall escapi^ of all means of shelter or supjiurt l)y burning their houses, and by destroying everytliing that may atford tiii'in the means of subsistence in the coiintiy. " To be sent to X'ortli Carolina, oUO. To be sent to Virginia, JOOO. To be .scut to Jlaryland, 500, or in in'opoition, if tlie numlier (('■(., whole luiiiiber from said districts) shotild be found to exceed 2000." " IxsTlUCTloNS for jMajor John 1Ianfii;i.I), commanding his ^Majesty's garrison of Annajiolis Royal in relation to the transportation of the in- habitants of the districts of Annapolis iviver and the other French iu- h.iliitants out of the province of Nova IScotia. — Halifax, vl ii'iUKt 1 1, 1 "'>•">. (Same as the above to Colonel AV'inslow, excejit as respected the numliers to ])e transported.) "To bo sent to lMiilad.'li>hia, ;W0. To be sent to New York, L'Oi). To ho sent to (Connecticut, ilOO. To l)e sent to IJoston, L'OO, or ratiiei' more in pio- ]ioition to tiie province of Connecticut, should the whole numlier to bo shiliped olf exceed lOUO persons." JS.'i I'd ('!■'< fnnii fill- Triiii^'irli'iii.'i nf tin ihiihn' Lih ran/ (iinl lli^liyricdl /^ocictj/ {Svssimt (if lM)I)-7t', A'm'" t)irrii..'<, I'liii I'll., /'(///'/• r//" l>i' A iidrr-'^oii). "The first census (of the Acadians. after the Treaty of I'trecht;, or estimate by Colonel Vetch, in 1714, amounted to li.'iOO souls. " According to Coveriior Hopson's census, in 17.');!, they had increased to ',173 families, or 4sed to the river St .lohn, ami went thence to (^)uebec, where, instead oc a welcome, he received bitter reproaches from his bishop.' He embaiki'd for I'lance t'.ie following August ; but on the passage the shi^i was captured by tlie 15ritish, and the Abbe de la Loutre was taken iirisoner, iind sent to inizabeth Castle, in .lersey, where he remained eight years in conlinement. He returned to France at the conclusion of the peace in 17, and probably dieil in obscurity, as nothing further is known of him."' I'mndliniiK i\f the Hint. Suriil// -// Qinliec; Kiiox'a .Imirnnl, vol, i. p. 144, quvttd liii Dr (f'Calloi/haii in his A'o/('« (0 the ^\ Y. Col. Due. IV._(;A^nvrJXfl AT QUKIVFA' ANT) MONTREAL (p. 3.12.) Kvtmd from Iji.slioj) Pontmuian'd's Jf((vihtfe to tin: (7erfe, ddteil at (Jacbcc, Ajii'il 18, 17')!). "And what nniy still create further fear in us are the lu'ofane iliveriiinns to which We are uddicled with greater attachment than ever, the iiiisiixkraljlc I ArrEXDix. 4S7 excesses of the f/anies of chance, the van(tus crimes agiiinst heaven tliax have I'oen multiplied in the couistj (if tliis winter. . . . l'j,^liteen years have nnw elapsed since the Lord called us to watcii over this extensive diocese. A\'o have frecjuently seen you sutler hj' famine, hy diseases, and by alniust cdii- tinual war ; nevertneless, this year appears to us in all respects the most altiiotive and deplorable.'' v.— GENERAL AMHERST, COMMANDER-IX-CMIIEF (p. ;3;)2). {ExtracttAl Jroiii the ArchiccA of Xuva Seat id, fool not'/, p. 444.) "Sir Jeffery Amherst, afterwards Lord Amherst, was the son i>f a countiy gentleman of the county of Kent, luii^Iand. Horn in tlie year 1717, he en- tered tiie army at tlie early i,;,'e of fourteen. Jle was aide-de-eaiup to Lord Ligonier, .ind distinguished himself at the battles of Koueou.x, Del tiiij;en, and Fontenoy, under that (General, and afterwanls at the battles of Latfeidt and IListeiibeck, on the start' of tiie Duke of ('uml)erland. In 17.''i.S lie attained the rank of 3[ajor-( General, and on tlie recall of Lord Loudon was apjioiiited to the command of the army in America. His first enler|)rise on this conti- nent was the exjieditioii a.icainst Loni>bourg. In I\I ly 170^ he arrived at Halifax witli tlie army and tieet destined for the attai:k. They sailed from Halifax, 3Iay L*8, and Louisbourg surrendered on the 'Jlitli .hily following. Wolfe and Lawrence served under him at the siege, v.'hile lioscawen was the commander of the naval force. Fortius iminn'tant service lie received the thanks of the House of t'oinmons and the sinecure ollice of (Jovenior of Virginia (the government of that inovince being tlu:n administered by a resident Lieut. -Governor). In the following November, he iilaiined and ac- complished the capture of Fort Diujuesne, one of tiie keys of Caiuubi ; and the f(jllowing season, the reduction of Niagara, under (ieneral .lohnson. On the 2(»th July 17.")!), the day after the taking of Niagara, Ticoiidemga surrendered to liis forces, and on the 14th of the following month, tlio strong jiost of Crown Point, on Laki- Champlain. Tliese \ictories wi're fol- hiwed by the ineniorable fall of (Quebec. On tiie iStii Septembir 17(iO, he signed the capitulation of Montreal, and was appointed CioV( rnor-(;eneral of Canada. On tliis occasion he was made a Knigiit of the Jl.ith, a Lieut.- General, and a member of his Majesty's I'rivy Council. " Sir Jetl'ery Amherst returned to iuiglaiid in 17ti.'), on t!ie eonelusion of the peace. A misunderstanding, some years after, ai'ose iietwt en liini and the Ministry of the day on tlie subji'Ct of Ameriean atfaiis, iind seveial favours were refused liini, He had obtaiiird tlie government of N'irginia as a reward for liis military services; it had lieen given him on the diftlinct un- derstanding tliat lie should not be re(piired toresi(h' in that province ; indeed his military avocations for some time altogether )ireclu(ied him from le.-.id- ing tliere ; yet in 17t'pS he was superseded in liis goveinni''nt by l-oid llotte- toiii't. a court favourite, on tlie mound tliiit it was necessary tin' (ioveinor should reside in his piovince. lie ^pleaded in vain the terms upon which lie accepted the a]i])ointment, and that it liad been conferreil upon him as a re- ward for his military services in the conquest of ( 'anada, instead of a pension, lleiiig deprived of his ofiice, he made applii'atiou for a grant of certain .lesuifc (.'states in Canada, as a eoinpeiisation for ids loss ot' ihe Nirginia go\erument, Itut his reouest was refused. His ebiims during liis lit'i'time were ia\er fiiirly , treated; tiiey were, however, compromised many years afttr his death by an annuity to his successor in the title. " Ho was raiscil to tiie peerau'c, as F.aron Amheri'.t of Montreal, in .May 17(It», but having no family, he aftcrward,-s obtained a new patent with liniita- I I' 1 j ■■• ■" 4S8 APPEXDIX. tion to tho lioirs-inalc of his hrotlior, Sir "Willitim. He finallj- rose to be a full fJeneral and Cdniniaiuler-in-Clui'f of the Ilritisli ami}', His last public service was tlie ?i.t!aus lie ailojited in (|uelliii;4' the riots in London in the year IT'SO. He died at his seat, Montn-al, in Kent, in August IT'.t", in tlie ^ilst year of his age." — C/tfihiur^f liini/nqihival JJictiunari/; Ann// Lint; N. Y. t'lAonkd Ducumciits, vol. vii. '\tA. VI.— CAMPAIGN OF 1759 (pi.. 358-301). Kxtni.rt from Littiv r;/" General Amiifjjst to (Jovenior Lawre>'CE (^Archici.i of Xocu iSrotia, p. 442). " Xi:\v YoliK, iVarrh j/c mii, 1759. "Dkar Srii, — I have re'-eived his ]Majesly"s orders for sending a number of his forces in Xortli America (as you will see by tlie enclosed list) to rendez- vous at Cape IJretnn as near as may l)o about tiie L*Oth of April, wiiich forces are intended for an expedition against (|)uebec under tiie direction of Eriga- dier-(ieneral A\'olfe, whom the King ha.s appointed for that service, and he is to have the rank uf IMajor-Oeiieial for the expedition only. " You will please to order that the forces under your command in Xova Scotia do immediately prepare to embark as soon as the transports arrive at Halifax, for whicli purpose I have directed that (iOOO tons of transports shall be hii'ed at Hostoii, this place, and I'liiladelphia, for fear tliat tiiose which are ordered from Mnglaiid may not arrive in due time, and that no dehiys or disappointments may iiappen from tiieir late arrival, or from any accidents that may render them unlit for immediate seivice. " Twenty tliousand tons of transport vessels were preparing in England to be sent to tliis jdace, but tliough tliey are ordered liere. some may very ])ro- bably drop into Halifax harbour, in whicii case you will be so good to order tlieni to remain tliere, at least as many as will lie sutlicient for receiving the garrison of Halifax, allowing .a ton and a half to eacii man. " If more transports arrive at Halifax tlian will be sutHcicnt for the em- barkation of the garrison, pray send some directly to lloston, as tiie .'lOOO tons 1 have ordered to ho, taken u]> tlnre, with forty schooners intended for llie service u)i tiie river St Lawrence, wUl not l)e enough for tlie artillery, Webb's regiment, and the I'rovineials. "Tiie pacUetdjoat arrived tlie 14th instant at night. I immediately ordered Frasers regiment to march, for that regit. lent is now the most utiluckily situated of any on the continent, being at Fort Stanwix and the ^lohawk river, iinil it will take up some time to get it down to this place. " The .'IOOO tons of transports 1 take up at this place and Philadelphia will serve for Lascelles' and Praser's regiments, which will sail directly from hence for Louisbourg. " 1 have wrote to Governor Powiiali for 1500 IVovineials to join the 5(10 that will be detached from ^lonckton's and Lawrence's battalions for the protection of Halifax, Xova Scotia, and the l>ay of Fundy. . . . " As it may hai>pen that some part of the troo|is may not arrive at Halifax so soon as the others are n ady, it is the King's pleasure that the whole d this important service should not wait, but that the forces should be sent to be at the rendezvous at Louisbourg by the time afore-mentioned, and the re- imiiuing part to bo sent with all expedition as soon after us possildo." ArrEXDix. 4S9 SV'RENTE Extract from a Civifuhiifial Letter (in oiphi'r) from Clciiornl ^roxTCALM to the French MinUer of ira,', >!<('., I A^n'd IJ, 17.M). '"Quebec, rennemi pent vonir si nous n'avoiix jioint (Vt'scinlie ; ct \)\\v' bee pris, la cnlonic est jicrduo ; cciicuilant iiulU; ])i\''caufion. .I'ai Ociit, . . . j'iu fivit utl'rtMlo niettrede rurdro [de juuudrc] uiii' disiiosirioii jtnur I'lii- pecher uiie fausso nuuiojuvre ;ila inoiiiit-iL' alaniio ; la it'jxiusc: * Nous avirous le temps.' Je ne sais rien des i>ri)jets de 31. de Vaudreuil ; encore luoins co qu'il pourra niettrc eii canipagne de C'anailiens, cuniine 7U)Uh soniiiu's eii vivres et on munitions. Le pul)lic m'aiipii'nd \\\w nuns sdnmics nial sui' I'vin et I'aiitre article, et ce public ciuit touJKiirs la ]iaitie des vivres nial -ouvernt'o. .le tlevrois m'estimer heun'ux dans les ciicunstanees de ii"etre pas considte ; niais, devoue au service de S. M., j'ai doiine nns avis pai' eeiit ]n)ur le mieux, et nous agitoiis avec courage et zele, M. le ciievalier de Levis, .AI. de ]>()\ir- lama([ue et moi pour retarder la perte prociiaine du Canada " 8i la guerre dure, le Canada sera aux Anglnis ])eut-etre e reunira jamais plus de IdOO Canadiens; et si, faiit-il <|Vie ee ne soit ]>as dans le temps des semences on iles reeoltes ; autreiiient, en faisant toiit marcher, les terres seroient incultes, la famine s'ensuivroit. Xos iiuit ))atail- lons feront o200 homines; de la colonii'. au ])lus l.")()() li(immes a iiiettre eaia- pagne. — Qu'est-co coiitie au iiioius oO,OUO (ju'oiit les Anglois '.' " Ei'trncf from, a Letter of Geneva] Amherst to (luveninr I..\wki:n\ i., dated Albanij, Jlay 2!), 175!) {Arcltivrs if yarn Scnllu^ )>. 4-1:);. "SlU,— . . . T did not intend to write to yuu from this place on this day. I expected to have l)eeii advanced fartlier. I liowever hopf I shall he soon enough, and I really ladieve, though my hatti'au iiuii and leani-drisrrs have failed me, and that I have made a large detachinetit, f yet shall have men enough to carry on the operations of the campaign wilii sueei'ss. I shall do the most I can towards it. J. shall try to disappuiiit. confuse, and beat the enemy. Apiiearanees look widl in every ediiier. ami 1 hiness may attend you, are the sincere wishes of him who is, with the greatest regard and esteem, dear sir, your most humble and most obedient servant, '• dr.i f. AMiiKii-r, ''^ Briyr.-Gcncnd Lnwn nee.'" Ldtcm of Cciicral AjtiTKHsr fn ( !i'\iiiii>r La\vim;\i 1:, d,i/.d ,if T,',,,,,. diroiitt and ('r()i>'ii I'nlut, d n/ij -27 and A "iii/.-lace, after having also attempted to bluw lip the fort, in wliich thoy have succeeded only in part, and that I am in pos- sion of the ground ever since the 4th, wliere [ proiiose building such a stroiig- hohl as sliall iiKist effectually cover and secure all this country. '■ The night of my arrival h<.'re T received letters from Sir William Johnson, with the additional good news of the success of his Alajesty's arms at Nia- gara, which surrendered, by capitulation, on the 2;"'»th to Sir William Joliu- Kon, upon whom the oommand had devolved by the demise of jioor Urigadim-- General I'rideaux, killed in the trenches on the night of the 20th. Tlie gar- rison, etnisisting (jf ('>07 men, beiii.c prisoners of war, and now on their marcli to New York, tugether with 17 officers and V\0 men more, part of a corjis of ]2(K) assembled at Detroit, Venango, and Tresipi 'Isle, under the command of IMessrs AuViry and Delignerv. for raising the; siege ; but Sir William .roliiisoii having intelligence of their a]i]iroai,'l), ]irovided so jiroperly for their recep- tion, that on the morning of the 24th, when they meant to march straiglit to the fort, they met with such an oi>ii(isition as tliey little expected, being entirely routed, with the loss of all tlieir officers, and a great number of their men killed, whilst the loss on our side is iiu'inisiderable. "This signal success, added to the other advantages, seems an happypresago of the entire reducti(ni of ( 'anada tliis campaign, or at least of circumscribing the enemy within such narrow bounds as will ever after deprive them of the ]iower of exercising any more encruachuients, on which I hope I shall have tlie satisfaction of congratulating you, as I now do on these late great events, and am, with great regard, sir, your most obedient litunble servant, " Jeff. Amherst. " His ExccUcncii Governor Latcrcnrc.''^ E:drnct from Ooiicval Amtikrst's lAtt0. " The enemy's force is now divided ; great scarcity of provisions in ilicir crimp, and universal disci)ntciit among tiie Canadians. The second otlicer in tommand (Levi) is gone to ^Mmitreal or .St .loim's, which gises reason to thiidv tliat (ieneral .\nilierst is advancing into the colony. A vigorous blow struck by the army at tiiis juncture nniy determine tlie fall of Canada. Our troo[),s lielow are in readiness to join us. All tiie Ugiit Artillery and tools are embarked at the l*oint of Lev}', and the troops will land where the French seem least to expect them. "The first body that gets on shore is to march directly to tlie enemy, and drive them from any little post they may occupy. Tlic otHois must bo careful that the succemling bodice ilo not, by any mistake, lire upon tlioso that go on before them. "The battalions must form upon the upper ground with expedition, ami be ready to charge whatever presents itself. m 492 ATPEXDIX. 1(1 i ii * 1 m 1 i^' i 1 " AVliou the artillery and troo]is are landed, a corps will he left to secure the l;iiidiiii;-iil;ice, while the rust niarcli on and endeavour to bring the Frtticli and Canadiiuis to a hattle. " Tiie iilHctrs and men will reincnihcr what their country expects from thcTu, and wliat a determined ))(jdy of suhliurs inured to war are capiil)le (jf doing, against five weak French hattidions, ndngled with a disorderly l)easjintry. '■ The soldiers must he attentive and obedient to their officers, and resolute in tlio execution of their duty." Strength of the British Army at the Battle of ^September r.i, 175!). IIFG'MKN'TS. OFFICKRS AXI) SrAFF. RANK AND FU-E. TOTAL j:)tii, . 27 ;!7!> 4()t) 4.id. . l'» oOS o27 Tsth, . 27 «i4:) (-.72 4St]i, . ;u (;.-.2 0.s:i L'Sth. . 2."» :i'.»> 421 47th, . »>•> liliS ;i(iO OOtli. 2d Datt. ir» :iu7 822 :-;.")th, . 2'.> 4W 51!) r.sth, . 1!) •Mi) 8;j5 60th, . 24 r>ni 540 GrenailiiM'fi ]\: mgers. J... ... 250 22'J 241 and Light lid antry, als, Tot 4570 482G ^1 licfiirn of the KUhd ciihl JI'diuKltd of the Arm)/ vmhr the eonwhiiiA of (Jeacro.l JVulf; at tlie Jkitfle of the I'luiiif of AOrahum, SeptemiA 13, 175!). KILLKD. ' i WOLX«E», t c- 6 I xf. b tn P^ e KKGIMKNTS. a OT "S a cn K rs .2 , ? w' ! rt •" C3 a) a H -3 ■J! 2 ' a S ' § 1 ei a , B ei a rt ■/. 7t ■a to ^ a is *j tL tj a .:4 J2 a £ r: i Ensi Serg 3 1 3 V 13 - 3 § M i c 6 1 ^ r 1 1 1 5 i 15th ... 1 ... » • •• 4 5 52 ... f'l 'iSlll, 1 ... 1 y ... 1 i 4 1 39 ... ■•J Sotl 1 6 ... 4 1 •.. 28 ... -li 4:;.l • •• ... ... a 1 , , 1 2 ... 18 ... -^ |47tl. 1 1 1 2 4 1 26 ... '1 4sth ... ... ■ •• • ** ... 3 ... •' r)Stii 1 1 s 1 1 3 80 ... ' ••'' G til. 2(1 H;itt., ... ... ■•• ■•• 5 1 3 ') 2 1 80 .. » tlOt.l. .".(l liHtt., ... (■* ••• ... , ... 2 ... '■ Ili,L'lil;ni(lcis 1 *> ... 1 i'-i !' 2 5 3 7 ... 131 ... 11'* (ireuuiiiers, ... 1 ... ... i '^ ... i: 1 1 4 1 ! ... ... ... 1 47 ... ... ■'* Totii , 05( * General Wolfe, killed. t Brigadier Monckton, Colonel Carlton, JMajoi Bany,j Major (Spittle, wounded. ArrEXDix. 493 s, and resolute Stafi^menl of the Frinrh nod Cauaduin Forctti in the CanqHiifpt nf 1751) {tS- ri'iiir/ ill and near (Jiiulii.c). (^Hiobec Brigade, rcKiilurs and militia, Tiiree Kivirs lUi-ado, ('orps, all rt'gulars, I\[oiitreal Iiiigade — militia, lirigade of Island of INIontreal, Cavalry— eliietly ro;;idars, Tjiglit Troops — Caiiailiaiis and Acadians, Indians, exclusive of scouts, scalping-parties, i^c. Total, ll.',()U() N'otc. — The nunilier of the Fivncli iiroscnt in tlic hatllo of l.'Uh St'ptcniluT lias been variously stated at fro)ii .TiUO to 7.")()() men. It is inip(i>siliK' to procure relial)le returns. IJritish ofiicers, jiid:;iiig from tinir appiaraiicf. and the way they weie drawn up, (>stiinatfd tlu'ir miinhcrs to he nioiv tliaii one-third greater than tlioso of the Itritish. The l""rench accounts, exropt jierhaps that of IJigot, leave us to infer that their forces were le.->s nuiiicrous than the liritish. STRKSCTH IM. St. Ours, . ;>.".( 10 :m. De Iloinie, !•<»() i\r. Sciii'/.erLcnc-i, . I'DOi) :\r. I'lUilIiuninie, . lilll) M. lLerl)in, , . 110!) •) • . I.M) Extract /mm Knox's Journal, vol. ii. p. ~-2, " Srptcmhfr I'.i, 1750. — There is one thing very reniarkahli'. and which I can affiiTn from my own i)ersonal knowlcilge, — that the tMieniy wcie exticnnly apjirehensivo of bfing rigorously treated ; fen', conscious of thcii' inhuman behaviour to our troops ujion a former occasion, the otlircrs wlio fill inti) (un- hands most ])iteously (witli hats olf) sued for ipiartcr repcatciUy. diclaring they were not at Fort William Henry (called by them Furt -St (>'l'ii-'Ii.) in tlio year 1757." n, Blajor Bany,' Extracts from a Jourval entitled ".1 Short Account of fhi Exprditioa a^iaint^t Quchcc, <.0c., by a)i Emjincer upon that ExpnUiinii, from, a Manmcriiit Copi/ in the Rojal Engineer Ollire, (Jnelnc." [Ifotc. — This journal has marked on it the initials P. M., and has liecn ascribed to the jien of Mnjnr Moiirrief. It is dated .Soptemljer I7.V.I, and is accompanied by a large jjlan of the campaign.] " Mai/ 31.— Arrived Brigadier IMonckton with four l)attalions from llalifiix and two from the Bay of Fundy ; whole force now assenibleil (at l.Duisbcjurg) being ten battalions, three comjianies of grenadiers of the Louisljoui-- garrison, a detachment of artillery, and five companies of rangers— in all, S'>',')') men, lit for duty, including otHcers." "June 27. — TrooM-i 'anded fi'om the ships in the south channel of Island of Orleans. General Wolfe went to the end of the island to view the enemy's encampment. Coast fortified all .along, theii' l)eing also floating baUeries, launches, kc. No judgment covdd l)e formed with certainty of their strength, but we had good intelligence tlicy were 15,000 to KJ.OOO men."' *■'■ kieptcmhlr 4. — Dispatches fri)m Amherst confirming former news (relating to captttre of Niagara, Crown Point, &:c.)" "September 13. — General Wolfe fell mortally wounded when the affair was almost come to a crisis. We had more killed and wounded by the .-.Uii- m.sueis thau in the general action. Brigadier Muucktou and Colonel Carl- . r: 494 ArrENDIX. t'lM w.miuk'd (/Lr Inf/rr hmj-ii), mid carricMl off Ivcforo the general cliMivf. "Wliiilij loss: Ivillcil, 1.^S; wdumlfil, ril(7; total, 7^>~>. f^ioiiiy's loss: Mijnr- ciiliii iiiortiilly wound ed ; T>n,;,'.'idic'i- Honozor^iics killed; 200 otHci^rs ami imn ^\ Soon after the action the enemy at- tempted to retake tlie Samos liattiiy, Tmt were repulsed with loss. Jjetweiii twtdve and one o'elork, IJ.iu^.iiiiville's e(imiiiaml appeared in rear of ear left on the St I'tnv lload. The party attacking; Saiiios battery liad hecn de- taclied from his corps on its niarcli. lie withdrew on learning,' that tlio nmin action was lost, ''ml on seeing some of our Viattalions and artillery nioviu.' tov.ards iiim.'' ^^ S( /itciiibir IS. — Our wlioh' Io^h in the eam)iiii;,'n : killed, lSf)fficeis ainl 202 iion-CDmuiissioned olll.t is and ne'ii ; wounded, lU7 olliecis, 2')2 non-com- nnssioiied otHeeis and men ; total, 1\'X'>. '■(jciu'ial Moiiekton, lieiiig a ;i,'ood deal recovered of his wouml. resutmd command . . . Th()U:.,'lit d(jnl)tful whetiier to demolisli and abandon tlie place or keep it. Doubts, liowever, soon vanislied. Jhigadier Murray ap- ])oiiited (Joveiiinr, and Colonel lliirtoii l.,ieutenaut- 104 47th 4Sth 5Sf 1 i 475 (;!!7 -1 170 214 15.^ 305 4S3 324 2d 3d Cat. a 00th Total,. . . Siek, . . . 4:V2 504 101) ; 200 040 2S5 355 100 108 103 215 804 104 : 580 1 24 Fit for duty, :i23 ;504 272 237 253 314 171 1 Sinn mar I/. Total oflicers and men, ,, Sick, . • . ,, Fit for duty, 5053 2312 3341 ArPENDIX. 4'^5 ipr,il clinr.'o. l"-is : Mont- UTS ami imii J 000 to iL'dO le t'lK'iuy lit- is. J]t't\Vt.'tll rear of oav l!l(l llffll (Ic- liiit tlie liiiiin llory moving' 1 officf'rs Jiml ml, ri'suini-il ibiiiidou till! Murray »\>- th such statf lAY'S talit.s rter- i.sou, r/f:- •2'n r.i.s 7N-i3 4817 ic 2 111 SI 14 uSO I'M ; 1.'4 ;J14 171 i IX.— TRKATMENT OF THE IXIl AlUTAXT.^, ArconniXd TO THE AiriTOLES OF OAI'l'IT f.ATloN. AVITII JlE- SPECT TO I'EKSON.S, P1101'E1!TV, AM) JiElJClON. [Xiitr. — In aildition to what is statid [v. the te\t of tliis liistury, the general onlers issiied from time to tinn', and the entries recorded in the journals of (J.'neiul Murray and Captain Kimx, enalJe the iiader to form a coiifct oiiinion with lespect to the points now iiiuler ctnisideralion. A few extracts aie subjoined. j Ej:triict-< fruin S/o.nJiuj Cm riil ftnh cr.-f. Sr/tl',iil()' IS. -Tlie capital of Canada haviu;; surrendered to ]\U liri- taiinic 3lajesty's anns forhiihlen. all acts of vitjh'Uee, jiiluiL:'!'. or cruelty are stiii'ily It is the hi,i;hest offence against tliu King's service toinfi'iniju an order, which, hy the Articles of War, is death. After this warning no person can exiiect mercy upon conviction before ii court-nuirtial. This order to he read at the head of every company." ^^ Scjttcinhcv 21. — The outposts are to take uji all stragglers and maiaudeis. Tliey arc also to take care that no insult is shown to any of tlie iniiahitants. The (iencral (IVIoncktou) again assures the army tliat all plunderhig will Ije punisheil with death." *'' Nornnfur 4, 175'.'. — The French inhaliilints of (^)ueliec hy the caiutula- tion being entitled to the possession of their eli'eets, and his Maj\-.iy".s procla- hiation for the free exercise of their leligion, it is determined to jiuni^h all robbing and ]dundering, or insult olfcred to their person.-, in an exemplary manner; and when any of their pmci'ssions are made in the pul)lic streets, it is (n'dered tinjt the uffiixrs juiji them the euiiiiilinii id of the hat, Ixroiisr ii in (I cirilitii due tu the pcofile who hnee vhn.ftn to lire (inilcr thi jimli rtimi nf hws. fihoiild thin jiitre of ccremoni/ he rejtiiiiindit to the Coi(,u'tLHei6 oj the// must retire vlien the proresKioii (i/iirnaehefi." Note. — The italics copied from original. Tim BUiop KTote, Xuvemlcr 10, IToD. " I have not paid my respects to you in cnnse(inence of bad health ; but as scon as I am able to return to (^>uebec, I will endeavour to live as the ]]i>]iop of a diocese surrendered to his iJritannic Majesty should do."' iiiir umi. Extracts from General Murray's .T^o/o'/cy/. {Note. — This diary has already been refericd to in a footnote. It is at this time ((October liS7i) in co\nse of publication by the (j)u( liec Literary aiid Historical Society. The extracts here given are cited chietly to illustrate the General's dealings with the inhabitants.] '' Srptcmhcr 21, I'o!).— Settled the form of an oath of alli\L,iance to be taken l)y the inhabitants to the King of (Jreat liritain ; and it was accord- ingly administered to the companies of militia which had been doing duty in the town, who, after performing this, and delivering uj) their arms, had hberty to depart to their respective homes ; the same meiliod was continued, and the names regi.stered. This night it was resolved, in a council of war, cu.isisting of the Admiral and Cenerals, tliat we should keep posaessiou of •.w'uchcc, and I should remain with the commiiud. It 490 G ArPEXDIX. hi > " Ortolcr IS. As from tlio liegiiiniiig orders liiul been given tliat no French inliuhitiiiit should twku iiiiyrliiiig out of town witliout a jiassport from me, in oidi'r to }>n.'vent tlieir carrying out what might he useful to the Frencli army, it was now allowed them to carry out any kind of ))rovisions which they might have bartered for with othei-rs or soldiers. This day, Admiial Saunders, with the greatest ]>art of tlie llect, sailed for Kritain, having first laid i'shore the I'Drrniiinc and Hufc/tnrsr sloo]is-of-war, the only naval force that was left liere, beside-* three small sl()oj)S and schoonei's. " JS'tir( iiil)( r 7. -As I had sent tlie sick into the nunneries, being large and convenient liuildiugs, where they were used to take care of the si(;k, I had now an aiiplicatidn nntde to me from the (Jeneral Hospital for wood, it bein;' imjiossible for tliat houst; to procure tlie quantity it re(juired. I therefnit. onlered three of the n('ighl)ouring parishes to furnish fifty cords each fur that itnrpose, to he paid by tlie King. "" Anrrnilin' VI. -iritherto the necessity of covering the troops and pre- jiaring for the winter kept us ([uiel; but this being pretty well effected, and the enemy having had the iniimdeuce to conic and eairy olf cattle from the iieighbourhooil of the town, to ]ire\ent these incursions for the futuie, and any surprise during tin; winter, 1 tliougiit proper to march a strong detacli- incnt out, which, after ici'onnoirering the country myself, J t(Kik ]iost in the churclies (d' St Foix and L no of my princi]ial oflieers, ordeied them to bo elos(dy conlined. *■' Jiiniurrii 1"_'. rublished an order this day. forbiddiiiu, on pain of death, any one to send up or leceive letli'rs from Montreal witlu)Ut first slio\\ii.,' them. Forbid also an.ything to be > arried otit without a passpoit. " ./■(0/('(N7/ l(i. — Jt was re]iorted lo me that seveial shot had been stelen ofl' the batteries; and it was '.cmarkabU' that it was especially those which fitted the Fn-nch guns. ''Jiiiiian'i/ 18. Mavi ig received inforniation that one of the Frcnchnnii 1 had given a civil employment t(t held corresp.aulence witli the enemy, and having no positive proof, banished iiiin to the Island of Orleans. ArPENDIX. 497 at no French ; from mo, iu > the Fri'iicli I'i.sioiis which Jay, Adiiiiial , having tirst y naval force " Jiiini'irii 10. -Being informed that the boatmen of Point Levi had passed over French suhliers in disguise, ordered for the future tliey sliould, as soon as arrived, come and make a deehiratioii of the people and goods *hey p.isscd over, on pain of being severely punished. " Jdiiiiii)'// L",>. Soldiers liad found out a methoil of getting strong liquorn from inhabitants, who still had liberty to sell to their own people. I forbid to retail anv, either in the town or suburbs. FiliriKirii 14. ^Ordered caj'tains of militia of soutli i)arishos to come m. that 1 might be informed of the iiroccedingsof the French commanders (vela- ticc ti> t/ttir rcquixHiitiis for HiippUi'.^, At.) 'c'n'iii irn iti. —Several came in, and informed, kc. " 7'W;/v(ro7/ 17. — Iteceived intelligence that the captains of militia liad made false reports. ''^ Fchrnai'ji "12. — Captains of militia not having given true leports, I sent moi'e pressing ilile to procure fresh provisions. i}fKrch L'4. - Sickness continuing, oldiged to raise blanket s among tl 10 country jieople on promise to return or pay on arrival of the shipping. "^1^//'// 21. -Garrison very sickly. . . . Ordereeoi)le to depart from the town, giving them three days to remove tlii'ir elfi'cts, and to leave what they jtleased at the IvecoUetsin care of that eoinmunity, and pn iiiised a HUalt 1 of sohliers. Two sulislantial inhabitants to take charge of things. I allowed the intnates of the two nunneries to remain, as they were very use- ful in caring for our sick. "" Ajiril 2i'). — Having given the ]ieople suflicieut time to withdraw tli .v effects, I ordered the ijalis to be .s7/h^" Caiilniii Kno.x'.s Jonrind. '■'■ Novrmtirr 14. — .\ cotirt-maitial (coloiul, six cajitaii s, and six lieutenants) sentenced a delimpieiit soldier to death for idbbery on the house of a I'reneh inhabitant. The (iovernor a])i>roved, and ordered his iimiiediate execution. "^ Koixiitltrr 18. A Frencliman hanged for enticing soldiers to desert. ^^ Nnrauhcv L".t. — Two women whippeil thioiigh the streets for selling lii^uor contrary to orders, and a Frenchman the same." :li _ X.— iLXTHArT Fi!o:yi A {'iiici'LAi; issriii) r.v con'I'Ij. KOR J)K VAri)Ki:riL, AND SKNTTOTIIK CAI'TAiNS OF MILITIA IX ALL TIllC I'AUISIIKS IN TlIK FALL OF 1751). *' His most Christian Majesty haa sunk, burned, and destroyed the greatest (leet that ever ilngland put to sea, and lias made an entire conf|Uest of Indand, and put to the sword all the troops and natives who were in arms ; so that tiic next sliijis will certainly bring us an account of a peace being con- cluded; (^)\U'liec will be restored, and Canada once more made to llniriiih under u French governmeut." 2 I '.-¥ 498 ArrEXDix. XL— NAEEATIVES OF THE BATTLE OF STE FOYE, April 28, 17G(>. [Nnfc.~A\fh(mi;]i niimorovis narratives of this battle liavo been dven. in addition to Mimay's, as furnisliod in the text, and which nmy be regarded as official, it may bo remarked that the Froncli official statemonts on the subject are very meagre. The following are inserted here to supplement General Murray's.] Extract from Coloni'l ^Malcolm F[{arer's (a Lieutenant 2Ji'csent in the action) JS'arratiee. " On April 2S, 1700, about ci;^ht o'clock in the momiucr, the whole gar- rison, exclusive of tlie guards, was drawn u]) on tlie parade, and about nine (six) o'clock we marched out of town Avitli twiuity jiicces of fiehl artillery— tliat is, two to eacli regimeni;. Tiie men were likewise ordered to carry a pickaxe or spiide each. AV^iien 'vc had marched a little way out of town, wo saw the advanced parties of .;he enemy nigli tlie woods, about half a league distant from us. When we were about tliree-'iuarters of a mile out of town, the General ordered the whidc to draw up in line of battle, two deep, and take xtp as much room as ])ossiVde. 80011 tlicreafter. he ordered tlie men to tlirow down the intrenching tools, and tlie wliole army to advance slowlv, dressing by the right. . . . Our loss was about oOO killi'il, and about 700 "wounded, and a ft'w ofllcers and men made prisoners. We had about iiOOO in the field, one-third of whom had that very day come voluntarily out of the hos])italH ; of these, about 500 were employed in drauuing the cannon, and 500 more in reserve, so that we could have no more tlian 'JO(H) in the line of battle, whereas the enemy must have had at least four times as manj-, beside a larg.' l)ody in reserve ; and notwitlistiuiding their great supfiiority we sutferi'il very little in tlie retreat. Some regiments attemiitcd to rally, but it was ini)iossiblo to form in any sort t)f order with the wliule till we got within the walls. "When wo marched out, wo tluuight the General did not intend to give the Frencli battle ; and as lie ordered tlio army to carry out intrencliing tools, wc thouglit he meant to tlirow up works on the rising ground before the town, if the enemy should not choose to attack him that day; l)ut it seems ho changeil his mind on seeing their situation, whieh Liave him all the advan- tage lie could tlcsirc with such an inferior army. The bait was too tempting, and his jjassion f(n' glory getting the better of his reason, he ordered the army to march and attack the enemy. " It .'>\)pcars they allowed the savages to scalp all (he dead and most part of tho wounded, as we found a great many scalps on the bushes. " I have been since informed by Lieuloiiant M'd'reuor, of our regiment, whowa^ left oil tho held wounded, and narrowly esca]ied being killed, having ri'ceivL^l two stabs of a liavimet from two French regulars, that he saw the savages niurderinv the wonndi'd and scaliiing them on all sides, and exi>ected (Very moment to share tin* same fate, but w.is saved by a French ollieer, who luckily spoke a little English." AccnjDit of the Fxiftle of Sin Foije from a Froirh source. ^yofr — The f(dlowing is understood to have been writt mi by t Srotrh Jacobite officer or refugee, then serving against (Jreat Driiain with the French army in Canada.] "Tho English army had the advantage of ])osition. They were drawn n;i in battle upou riaiug ground, their front armed with tweuty-two brass lleld- APPEXDIX. 499 pieces— the r.ilace hnttory, -wliifli De Tliimsay rofnsod to sond tn >r. ,],^ ;\Iuiit- cJilra. The oiv^'n^cnieiit Iu'liih liy tlic !itt;vjk of n liouse (Duiiiont's) lu'twecn the right wing of the Eii;j,li.sh army and the Frencli L'ft win^', which was alrernutely attacked and th'fench d hy tlie Scoh-li Ili-Idand.'rs and hy the Froncli OronadiiTS. oacli of thiMii takln'j; it and losin-- it hy turns. "Wortliy anta;^onists I — tlic Cuvnadii'rs, with their haymiots in tlit ir liaiulx, t'orct'd thi! Hij,diiandoi':; toijo out of it hy tin' wind'uvs ; and tlic lli;,ddandi'rs ^'tttinu; into it again hy the (hxn', ininieiliatcly ohli'^eil the (Iicnadiers to evacuate it hy tho same road, with their daggerH. P.otli of tliem h>st and retook tho liouso several times, and the contest woiihl liave continued wlii]esh(jt. M. De Levis. )>erceiviiig their had |)osition, sent M. De Layiause, Adjutant of the (Juienne Hegiiuent, with ordeis fur tlie aiiny to retire some stei>s hehind them, in o iler to occupy an eniiiKMice jiaralhd to tho rising ground oc-noied hy the Miiglisli ; hut wliether tliis ollieer did not comprehend M. De Levis' intentions, or whctlier lie delivered ill the oi-ders ti> the ditferent regiments, hy his stuiiidity the hattle was very near heii<^ 1 ..-,5 irremediahly. He ran along the line, oi-deiing each reu'imeiit to the right ahout, and to retire, without .iiiy further explanation of M. J)e Levis" orders. Some of tho left of th<; Frencli army heing so near as twenty paces to tho enemy, tho hest-disciplined ti'oops in that case can scarce he evpeeted to he iihle to retire without the greatest disorder and confusicni, or without expos- ing themselves evidtuitly to he defeated and slauuhtered. Upon this niovo- ment. tho Knglish, helievmg them in flight, (|uitted their advantage of tho rising ground ii; ordei to imrsue them, complete their disorder, and lu-eak them entirely, M. Dalquier. who commanded ther.earn Ke','inieiit, with tlie troops of the colony iijion the left of the l*'i'eiieh aimy, a hold, intrepid old officer, turned ahout to his soldicn-s when Laiiauso g;ive him M. De Levis' order to retire, and t(dd them, ' It is not time now, my hoys, to retire wleu at twenty ]>ai'es from the enemy ; with your hayonets upon your muskets, let us throw oursidves headlong amongst them that is hetter, ' In an instant they fell upon the Ihiglish iiii]>etuous]y witli thrusts of hayonets liand to liand, got ])ossession. like lightning, of their guns; ami a h.ill which went through Dahpiier's hody. which was alieadv (piite eov. ivd with scars of oil M'ouiids, did not himhu' hiui from <'oiitiiiuing giving his orders. I'oiilaiies, who was upon the right Hank of the army, with his re-ina-nt of Itoyal Koussillon, and some of the ('miadiap militia, seeing 1 ),di)uier stand firm, and all the troojis of the centre having retired in di-order, leaving a sp.iee lietweeti the two wings, he caused his resilient with tln' ( 'aiiailinis to wheel to tho lift, ill order to fall u)i(ni the left ll.ink of the Kn-lish ainiy, the l-'remdi army extending further to the right heyond the IhrJ'sh left wiii','. The cMemy no somier iierceived Toularies' movement, than they immediately ih'd with ]U'eiipit:ition and eiuifusioii. and wei'e so )) mle stricki'ii that not an Ivi'.;lish soldier could he rallied l>y their olHeers, several of whom were taken pri-^. iiiers. " 'I'he French liJul nhout two thousand killeil ami woiimleil in this hattle of the 'J7tli (? L'Stli) of Ajnil, of which nuiiiher then.' was an hundred anil ten iidicers of the regular troojis, hesides a great many olllceis of the Canadian militia: so thev mi ,'lit say with I'yiahus. the div of his victcfv' ijver the lUtiiuins— * Again sucli auullier victory, ami 1 would he undouo I ' " 'II I 500 APPENDIX. m ('I t ■( XII.— GOVERXOR I)E VAUDREUIL'S CIRCULAR AD- DRESSED TO THE CAPTAINS OF THE CANADIAN MILITIA AFTER THE PRECIPITATE RETREAT OF DE LEVIS FROM QUEJ5EC. [Note. — The ports italicised arc tliose which De Vaudreuil is suppnsod to have known wore false statements, l)iit to whieli, in his despair of the cause of France in Canada, lie had recourse iu order to put a stop to the geiieral desertion which was taking place.] " IMoNTUEAi-, Ju))c 3, IZr.O. "Sir,— The Chcv. de Levis is just returned to this town ; lie has reiieuttd to me the strong testimony he had before given me of the good-will, tlie zeal, and bravery of your company of militia. 1 exjieeted no le.is from tlie fidelity of the ))rave Canadians, and from their attachment to their native country. His Majesty, wiio is V)y this time iivohalily iiifoimetl of your g]ori(f Eiiiiliniil ennnut jins.sifili/ Kruul siihgcrihinii to sura tervi.i us our miivdrcJi xhiill luire iiii}insfuehec to JMontreal. whidi is only sixty lea- gues, and didusduring ids marcli more harm by his iiolicy than by his army. He .stiiiijied often in the villages ; spoke kindly to the inhaliitants lie found at home iu their houses — whom hunger and tuniine had obliged to lly from our APPENDIX. 501 army at Moutreal ; gave provisioiis to those miliappy creatures perishing for waut of sul)sistencc. He burned, in some cases, the liouses of those wlio were absent from home and in the French army at Jlontreal, publishing everywhere an amTiesty and good treatment to all Canadians who wouhl return to their habitations and live there jteaceably. In short, tlattering some and frightening others, he succeeded so well, that at last there was no more possibility of keeping them at ^Montreal, It is tiue we had now only ueed of them to make a good counleuance." XIV.— CAPTAIN KXOX'S ACCOUNT OF THE TAKINC OF FORT JACQUES CAirilEK. {Juurna/, S.^d. «, 17G0.) "Colonel Eraser's detachment was KUIO men and oflicers, with artillery. Late on the Dlh (August) they landed above the fort without opposition, for the enemy suspected luttliing, as tiiej' believed the (Quebec garrison too weak to assail them or undertake such an enterprise. Coloiud Fraser secured all the avenues leading to the fort. Next morning the giirrison took tlie alarm, and beat to arms. Captain Albergetti, the Freneli commandant, when summoned, refused in the usual terms, tiiat he would defend the post to the last extreiuity. Colonel Fraser tiiim disposed his men for tiie assault, and at the same time played on the garrison with bis artillery, wlien Albergetti 8urrenderi!d at discretion. . . . Tiie garrison was about .'>0 regulars and l."»() militia. Tlie Canadians were sworn, and allowed to dep;nt, the icgulars taken prisoners to t^uebec. Three otlicers and iifty regulars of ours then occupied the fort as a garri>ion." XV.— THE RAPinS OF THE ST LAWIIENCE. The )'(ij>iil.i on the route of Ceneral Amherst's forces, wjien descend- ing to IMontieal, in 17')(), were the following the specilied lengths of tlio together are about five miles Imig. '2d, Ilnpi'fn il( Plait, just above ;\l;.ii,it('wn (Nuitli Shore); tiie canal is four miles long. .'/s. Culnrn. and (\i.frritannic IMajesty, and of his most Christian Majesty, sohliurs, inilitia, or seamen, who shall have deserted, or left tlic service of their sovereign, and carried arms in North America, shall be, i ivuie houses, shall enjoy the yrivileye of the cartel, and be treated accord- ingly. Ansiccr. " The sick and the wounded shall be treated the same as our own people. Articled. "The English Ocncriil shall engage to send back to their own hoiut-'s the Imlians and 3Ioraigans who make part of his annics, ininicdi:itely after the signing of the present cajntulation ; and, in tlio moantime, in order to i)rcvent all disorders on the i)art of those who may not be gone away, tbe said (ieneral shall give safeguards to such persons who shall desire them, as well in the town as in the country. Answer. "Tlie first part refused. There never have boon any cruelties committed l)y tlie Indians of our army ; and good order shall be i)re- served. Article 10. " His Britannic Majesty's General shall be answerable for all disorders on the part of bis ti'ooi's, and oblige them to pay tlie damages they may do, as well in tbe towns as in country. Aiisircv. ■' Answered by the preceding Article. Article \1. "The English General sliall not oblige the Marquis do Vau- drcuil to leave the town of Montreal before the , and no person shall be lodged in his house till he is gone. Tlio Chevalier Levis, commamler of the land forces, and of tlie colony trooiis, the engineers, ollicers of the artillery and cnnimissary of war, shall also remain at ^Montreal to the said day. and shall keep tlieir lodgings tliere. Tiie same slndl be (tbserved witli regard to M. JJigot, intendant, the commissaries of the marines, and writeis, wliom the said M. Bigot shall have occasion for, and no person shall bo lodged at the intendant's lunise before he shall be gone. Answer. "The I\hu<[uis de Vaiulreuil, and all these gentlemen, shall be masters of their houses, and shall embark when the King's ships shall be ready to sail to Europe, and all possible conveniences shall be granted. Article 12. "The most convenient vessel to be provided for the IMarquis de Vaudreuil and his suite ; ... to take his papers without examination, plate, baggage, kc. Aaswir. " Granted, except as to archives necessary for the government of the country. Article lo. "If before or after the embarkation of Mar(|uis de Vaudreuil news of peace should arrive, and that, ))y tiie treaty, Canada sliouhl remain to his most Christian Majesty, the Martpiis shail rt'turn to (^)uel)ee or ]\I(in- treal, everything shall return to its former state under the dominion of his most Christian Majesty, and the present capituhition shall be null, and of no effect. Ansiccr. ""Whatever the king may have done on this subject shall lie obeyed. A rticlc 14. " Two vessels to be appointed to convey to France the Chevalier de Levis, his staff, otticers, &c. , and suite ; to be victualled ; dlllcers to take tlu'ir papers, kc, unexamined ; and the nnuried to take their wives and childien, who shall also be victualled. Answer. " Granted, e\ee]>t that all shall faithfully deliver up the charts and phuis of tlie country. Article 15, "A vessel shall also be a])pointed for the pnssage of M. Bigot, the intendant, with his suite, in which vessel the )iro|ier accommodatiuns shall lie nnide for him, and tlie persons he shall take with him. He shall likewise embark with him his papers, which shall not be examined, his equi- 504 ArPEXDIX. pages, plate, .and baj^gasjc, and tliose of liis suite. Tliis vessel shall also be victualled as liefoi-e nioiitionod. Aiitiicer. "Granted, with the s.ame reserve as in the preceding Article. Article 10. *' Vessel to be appointed for M. de Longueil, governor of Tliree Eivers, the staff of the colony, and commissary of marine, with their families, &c. Answer, " Granted. A rticfe 17. " Sufficient .and convenient vessels to be appointed to convey all the land and sea officers witli families, baggage, &.C., and to be victualled. Ansiva: "Granted. Article 18. "Officers .and soldiers, and .all in their suite, having effects in the country, may send for them without hindrance. Answer. " Gr.anted. Article 19. An hospital ship to be provided and victualled for conveyance to France of wounded .and sick, .able to be moved— and for the others wlien lecovered — with their families, kc. Answer. " Granted. Article 20. " A commissary and one of the King's writers to be left to take care of hospit.als, and of all affairs of the King of France. Article 21. " Ships to be provided for the supreme council, police, and admiralty officers, all having commissions from the King of France, any that please to st.ay to look after their affairs, kc. Answer. "Granted, with proviso as to papers. Article 22. " If there are any military officers whose aff.aii's should require their presence in the colony till next year, they shall have liberty to stay in it after having obtained the permission of the Marquis de Vaudrciiil for that jiurpose, and without being reputed prisoners of war. Answer. " All those whose private affairs shall require their stay in the country, and who shall have the INIarquis de Vaudrcuils leave for so doing, shall be idlowed to remain till their affairs are settled. AHicle2S. "The commissary for the King's provisions to be allowed to stay till next year to answer the debts contracted. He and his clerks, witli their families, to stay iu the country or go to France, and to carry off pai)ers unexamined, kc. Answer, "Gr.anted. Article 24. " The provisions, .and other kinds of stores which shall be found in the nnigazinos of tlie commissary, as well in the town of Montreal, and of Trois Kivieres, as in the country, shall bo ])rcserved to him, the said pro- visions belonging to him, and not to the King, and he shall bo at liberty to sell them to tlie Frcncli or English. A7isirer. " Everythhig that is actually in the mngazinos, destined for tlie xise of the troops, is to be delivered to the English commissary fur the King's forces. Article 25. " Passage to France to be provided for officers of the Imlia Conip.any, and their agent to stay till next year if tliought i)roper ; paiieis to be not inspected. *^ Ansicei'. "Granted. Article 20. "The India Company's property (furs, kc.) in IMontro.al to he respected, and may be sent to France in the King's ships, paying freight at rates charged to the English. " Answer. " Granted, excepting as respects any property belonging to the King of Franco. 1 ■ ! i APPENDIX. 505 Article 27. " The free exercise of the C.-xtholic, Apostolic, ami Koman roli- pion shall subsist entire, in sucli jnanner that all the Status iuul jioople of tli« towns anil country, placca .and distant posts, sliall continue to assemble in the churches, and to frequent the sacraments as heretofore, without V)fini? molested in any manner, directly or indirectly. Tlit-se peojile sliall be obliged, by the English Government, to pay to the priests tlie titlu's, and all the taxes they were used to pay, under the Government of his most Christian Majesty. Answer. " Granted, as to the free exercise of their religion. Tiie obli- gation of paying the tithes to the priests will depend on the King's pleasure. Article 28. " The chapter, priests, cures, and missionaiios shall continue, witii an entire liberty, the exercise and functions in the pari.«ilies of the towns and country. Answer. "Granted. Article 29. "The grand vicars named by the chapter to administer tlie diocese during the vacancy of the episcopal see shall have libiuty to dwell in the towns or country parishes, as they shall think jjropcr. Tliey shall at ;ill times be free to visit in different parishes of the diocese, with the ordinary ceremonies, and exercise all the junsdiction they oxerciseiluiuler tlie Frencii dominion. They shall enjoy the same rights in case of deatii of the future bishop, of which mention will be made in the following article. Answer, "(f ranted, except what regards tlie following article. Article 30. " If, by the treaty of peace, Canada should remain in the power of his Britannic Majesty, his most Christian Majesty shall contiiaie to naiiio the bishop of the colony, who shall always bo of the llomaii comiiuinion, and under whose authority the peoj)le shall exercise the Koman religion. Anstcer. "Refused. Article 31. " The bishop shall, in case of need, establish new parishes, and provide for the rebuilding of his cathedral and liis episcopal jialace; and, iu the mean time, he shall have the liberty to dwell in tlie town or parishes, as he shall judge proper. He shall be at libeity to visit his diocese with the ordinary ceremonies, and exercise all the jurisdiction which liis predecessor exercised under tlie Frencli dominion, save that an i>ath of lidflity, or a pi<»- niise to do nothing contrary to his Dritannic IM.ajesty's service, nu'.y bo re(iuired of him. Answei'. "This article is comprised under the foregoing. Article 32. "The communities of nuns shall bo jireserved in their constitu- tion and privileges, Tliev sliall continue to obsei vc their rules. Thoy shall be exempted from lodging any military, and it sli.ill he forbid to trou'iilo tliem in their religious exeifiscs, or to enter their nionastoiii.s ; s^ifegu.nds shall even be given them if they desire tlieiii. Answer. "Granted. Article 3.3. " The pix^ceding article shall likewise be executed with regard to the communities of .Jesuits and llecoUets, and of tlie Innise of the priests of Baiiit Sulpice at ]Montreal. This last, and tlio Jesuits, shall prescrvo their right to nominate to certain curacies and missions, as lieietof.u'e. Answer. "Refused, till th.e King's i)leasure lie kimwii. Article 34. "All the communities, and all the priests, shall preserve their movables, the property and revenues of the seigniories, and other estates which they possess iu the colony, of what nature soever they may be. And the same estates shall be preserved in their piivilegcSj rights, honours, uuU exemptions. Answer. "Granted. { t h t ; SO APPENDIX. Artirk '^^. "If the canons, priests, missionaries, the priests of the cere- mony of the foreign missions, and of 8t Sulpice, as well as tlie Jesuits and tlio llecollots, clioose to j^o to France, passage shall be granted them in \m iJritannic Majesty's ships : And they shall all have leave to sell, in whole or in i)art, the estates ane at lilierty to keep or to sell them ; and they may al.'VJ coutiuue to Ining tliem ui> in the Roman religion. Answiv. " Granted, excej)t those who have been made prisoners. Article A'!^. "The Marquis de Vaudrcuil and all ol'lcers to have liberty to appoint attornies to act for them in reference to their Inisiness (i>roperty, ^;c.) until the ]ieaco. And it' by the treaty between the two crowns, Canad.i does not I'oturn under the I'rencli dominion, these otlicers, or their attornies, may sell their property, iVc, carry away or suud to Fvanc(;, . . . as in tliu 37th article. Answer. " Granted. Article 49. "Inhabitants who have siilTered damage! in their goods which remained at Quebec, under the faitii of the capituhition of that city, may make representations to tlie Rritish Government, by wliom due justice sh.Jl be rendered. Answer. " Granted. A rticle 50, and lust. " The present capitulation shall be inviolably executed in all its articles, and hiiu<( tide on both sides, notwithstanding any infrac- tion and an}- other i)retext with regard to preceding capitulations, and with- out power to make reprisals. Answer. " Granted. P.S. Article 51. "The English General shall engage, in case any Indians reuudn after the surrender of this town, to prevent their coming into tuo M 50S ArrEXDix. I- V ■:■• mm i-i ! M-. •! hv towns ; and that they ilo not, in any manner, insult tlie subjects of his most CbriHtian Majesty. Ansvrr. "Care shall be taken that tlie Indians do not insult any of the subjects of liis most Christian Blajesty. Article 52. " The troops aiid other subjects of his most Christian Majesty, wlio are to go to France, sliall be embarked, at latest, fifteen days after the signing of the present cajiitulation. Answer. " Answered by the 11th article. Article 5:}, '• Tlie troop-i and other subjects of his most Christian Majesty, who are to go to France, shall remain lodged and encamped in the town of Montreal, and otlier posts wliich they now occujiy, till they shall bo em- barked for their departure : passports, however, sliall be granted to tho^e will) shall want them for the different places of the colony to take care of their affairs. Ansirir. " Granted. Article 51. " All the officers and soldiers of the troops in the service of France, who are ])risoners in New England, and who were taken in Canada, sliall be sent back, as soon as possible, to France, where theii ransom or exchange shall be treated of, agreeably to the cartel; and if any of these oliicers have affairs in Canada, they shall have leave to come there. Aamcir. "(Jrantcd. Article 55. "As to the officers of the militia, and the Acadians, who are prisoners in New England, they shall lie sent back to their countries. Answer. "Granted, except as regards the Acadians. " Done at ]\rontrcal, the 8th Sept. 1700. " VAunuF.riL. " Done in the camp before Montreal, the Sth Sept. 17()<). " Jeff. Amheu.st." XVII.— EXTRACTS FIJOM THE TREATY OF TARIS, FEURrAiiY 10, 17(53. \Note. — The Treaty comprised 27 Articles, besides some separate and sup- plementary stipulations. Tliose only which have special reference to Caiiadii, Is'ova Scotia, kc, are included in the following extracts. Tlie parties to the treat}' were — Great 13ritain, France, 8i)ain, and Portugal.] Article A^. "His most Christian IMaje.sty renounces all pretensions whii'li be has heretofore formed, or might form, to Nova Scotia or Acadia, in all its ]>arts, and guarantees the whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Ihitain. IMoreover his most Christian IMajesty cetles ami guarantees to his .said IJritannic Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the Island of Cape Breton, and all other islands ami coasts in the (iulf and iJivcr of St Lawrence, and, in general, everything that depends on the said countries, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, pro- jterty, ])osse»sion, and all rights acciuired by treaty or otherwise, which the most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over tiie said couuti'ies, islands, lands, places, and coasts, and their inhabitants, so that Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, with- out restriction, and witliDiit any liberty to depart from the said cession and guarantee, under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the above- APPENDIX. 509 mentioned possessions. His Piiitannic Majesty, on liis sitlo, a;^roos (<• f;i;mt the liberty of the Catliolic riligimi to the iiihal)itants ot" Caiunhi: he will conHei|ueiitl)' give the nn^st effectual orders, tliat his new Jlmuan Catholio sulijects may profess tlie worsliip of thi.'ir reliuiuii aeounlin^ to tlio rites of the Kunian Chureli, as far as the laws of Great liritain jierniit. His J'.ritaiinio Majesty also agrees, that the French iiiliahitants, or others, wlio had hecn the sul)jt'its of the most Christian King in Canada, may retire witli all safety and freedom, wlierever tiiey sliall tiaui< iirojur, and may sell their estates, l>rovided it l)e to siibjeets of his liritanuic IMajesty, and bring away their effects as well as tiieir poi'sons, witliout being restrained in tlieir enugration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal jirosecu- tions ; the term linnted for tins emigration sliall be fixed to the si)aee of eighteen months, to be comiiuted from the day of the exchange of the ratifi- cation, of the jiresent treaty. Article'), "ilenews VM\\. Article of the Treaty of X'trecht, relative to liberty of fishing and drying on part of coasts of Newfoiindhind, extept what relates to the coast of Cape Itieton, i^c Vnd grants liberty of fish- ing in the (Julf of St Lawrence, to a distance not nearer tlian tiine miles of the coasts of the islands and continent — but not nearir than fifteen leagues from coast of Cape Breton, out of the said Culf. Fishing on tlie coa.st of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, to be regulated by former treaties. Artlrle G. " Conceiles to his must Christian Majesty islands of St Pierre and Dligueloii in full right, to serve as shelter to Freiieli tishi inii.'n, but not to fortify or build ou them, and to have a guard of only fifty men for police." XVIII.— IXCIDEXTS CONNECT!:!) WITH CAPITULATION OF MONTKEAI.. THE [Note. — Although it is certain that the F^rench would have been una1)le to oHor any effectual resistance to General Amherst's forces, yet Jlontreal was not altogether defenceless. It then had about ."lOOO inhabitants. Its defences consisted of a surrounding low stone wall, having, at intervals, eleven re- doubts inst(!ail of bastions. Inside, in a central position, tiiere was a citadel, or fort, from which the aitillerj' could be made to sweep the streets from end to end. The alleged projxisal of De Livis to retire with tlie troops to St Helen's Island, would, if true, show that he considered the ])Lice as not tenable against Amherst's army. Neverthidess, tlie conduct of tiie l-'ieneh (Joneral jiroves tliat he believed his troops entitled to IjelLer conditions than tiiose granted.] Letter of De Levis to Gnicral Amherst. "MoNTIiE.VL, Sps by the capitulation, and to wliicli it would not l)o possible for us to sul)scril)e. IJe pleased to consider the severity of that article. 1 flatter myself you will be pleased to give ear to the representations that officer will make to you on my part, and have regard to them. — 1 have the honour to be, kc, "Lt: CltEVALILlt DE LEVI.si." To this letter Amlierst replieil : — " All I have to say in answer to it is, that I cannot in the least alter the conditions which I have otfered to gruut to the Martiuis do Vaudreuil, uud 1 SI 510 ATPEXDIX. iV . . On every nth.-r export, his di'Tinitivc answer by tlic licaror on his return, oc'.-ii.siun,"' \c. Dc Levis then jiiiru'il willi lii-^ nlliccrs in a prntost acrainst tlie aflVont iille^edto In- juiton llictronji-^ liy ivfusiivif tiieni the "Ikmiihiis l>e surrendi-ri'd in virtue of tlie articles uC ca])itulatioii. IFc askeil for tlie French reuinieiital colours, and for Fnolish standards tnat had falh'ii into the enemy's hands diirinn' the war; U]»on whieli, according' to (^iptain Iviiox, lliey (h'ldarcd th lU'KOKK MONTni-AI,. !^r/it. 0. IT'lO. P,irol(>, King CJeorgo and f'ninda. The (itiicral sees witli inliu'tc ])K':eairc +he success that h is crowned tie- etforts df his Majesty's troops jind faitl.t'ul KU'ijects in America. 'J'lie Maniuis de Vaudi'euil lias cajiitulated ; the troops of France iu Canada havu laid down their aim <, and ni'e not to serve di ring tlie war ; the wiiole country suhmits to the domiinor of (Jreat Ih'itiiin, The three arm!' s are entitlel to tlie (ieiierars thani\.r^ on this iiccasinti ; iind lie assures theui that he will take the o]i[po*'iauity of ac'i'.iniuw'ng his I\lajosty APPENDIX. 5n C01I.--I'- in-cliicf iiiiniiil v\' the tlirir nf lliC 11 silllH! ColnlllS CIAf. loa-iiliv faitl.ful ' trii"i'H (h liii^' i. The :niil liu >I,ij.-,sty with the ;^e;il nnil bravery which lias always ho<^n oxorfo.l hv \]\o ofTi'-ors mthI sohlicis of the rcgvilur ami luoviiicial truops, and a):,u liy lii.s I'aitlit'ul Iii.li.m allies. The General is confident that when the trooi>s are informed that the conn I rv is the King's, they wil] not disgrace themselves by tlie least aii]i(';ii-,iiK-' of inhnnianity. or by nnsoMiirlike behaviour, in tailing any iiliinder, nioro os|ieci.illy as tlie (/amulians become now good snbjrrrs, ;ind will fee 1 the vood elt'ecfc of his Majesty's protecliou. (^^igned) Amhkust.'' Extract from General Am;ii;ust's Dhprifch unnotnuinfj tin:. CajiiitHliition cf Monu\'i(f. "I should not do justice to General Mi.rray and Cnloiiel Ifavilaml if I did not assure you they liavo executed the erders I gave them to the utmost of my wishes. I nnist also beg leave to say, .! :>ni oldiged to I'.ii-adier-(ieneral Gage for the assistance, he has given me, and I ha\-e taken tlie liliei ty to give, in public ordias, my assurances to the three aimies, that I would lake t!io first opjiortunity of aci|uainling you with the zeal ;;iid Inavi'ry which lias always bi lmi everted by the ofliceis and soidiers of tiie rei'ular and ]>rovineial troops, as also )>y your Majesty's Iiidiui allies. !Sir AVilliam doheson lias taktii unwearied [)aiMs in kee])ing the I m'ians within hnmane bounds; .iiid I have ti\e pleasure to assure yoii, tliat not a peasant, wom:in. (,v child, lias been hurt by tliem, or a house burnt since I entered the enemy's comiUy." XX.-"\VILL[AM riTT (FTIIST LOUD ('irATl[A>[\ f7/'oarty and of jK iNDual cotisideiMVioii>. lii> const I'l' ly set bcfon' h's eye ; t he hi^Iie-^t duty of a public nnin, to further the intenssls of Ids species, lie disregarded alike the flew is of jiowei' and the gales of jiopiilar apphiuse, and ex]>osed himsi'lf luiilanntod to the vengeance of the Gouit, wliile he battled against its cor- luiitioiis. ... '■ Xothing could be more entaiudi'd than the foreign iiolicy of this r i.intry lit the time when he undertook the supreme direction of her atl'airs. Xi I liing C'uld be more d.isastroua than tlie aspect of her fort'.iin's In eviiy (|iiaiter of til.' .;lolte. Witli an iu my of insignilieant amount, and commanded by men oal Asirousuf jiraspiny at the emoluments, without doiii;,' the duties or 512 ArrEXDix. iiicnrriiig the risks of tlicir profession ; with a navy that could hardly kccj) llic Koa, and whusu cliiefs vifd with thuir comradfs on slioro in earning tiic; cliaractc'i- given theiii l)y the new Minister —of being utteily unfit to be trusted in any entirjirise of tlie least appaient danger; with a generally prevailin;^ dislike of botii services, wliicli at once repressed all des re of joining eitiicr, and damped all public spirit in the country, by extinguishing all hope nf success, and even all love of glory — it was hardly possible for a nation to I'C placed in eircunistanoes more inansiiieious to military exertions; and yet war luged in every ((Uiirtrr of tlie world wliere our donanion extended, while tiie territories i>f our only ally, as well as tliosc of our own sovereign in Oerniaiiv, were invaded by France, anil her forces by sea and land menaced oui' ^]\f'\ . In the distant possessions of the Crown the sajiu; want of enter]>i' '.1 of spirit prevailed. Armies in tlio "West were ])iiralysed by tlie i' ■ t. , . :i eiiptaiu wlio Would hardly take' the pains of wiiting a dispi' eiironicle the nonentity of liis operations; anu in the East, frightfui .1. asters were l)i-ouglit upon iiur settlements by barliariau powers. . . . In this forlorn stat" of ali'airs, wiiich rendered it as impossible to think of peace, as liopeless f- continue the yet inevitable war, the l)as(j and soidid views of jioliticians kei paee with tin; mean s])irit of the military caste ; and paities were s]ilit ur united, nut uium any ditlVrence or agreement <>f public principle, but upen mere (piestiniis of patronage and of share in tiie public sjioil, while all seeuinl alike actuated by one only passion the thirst of power and of gain. As seon as ritt took the helm, the hand that held it was instantly felt in C'V" motion of the vessel. There was no more of wavering c(ainsel, of t>i|;l ina' tion, of listless expectancy, of abject •lospondcncj'. Ills tirmness ^, • • conlidence, his sjiirit roused courage, his vigilaiii^e secured exertion, in eveiy !,j and nR;naci(l on others, was compelled to I'etire from (lermany, soon at'ttf wards suliered the most disastrous defeats, and, instead of threatening I'li^^ land and her allies M'ith invasion, liad to defend herself against attack. Nc less than sixteen islands, and settlements, and fortresses of imjiortance, wei< taken from her in America, Asia, and Africa, including all her West Indiai colonies (excejit St Donungo), and the whole important province of Caiiad was liivcwise con([Uere(l. . . . " Ihit it is a more ghuious feature in this unexampled administration wliiil liistory has to record, when it adds, Miat all pul)lie orting witlmjl muiinur a widely-extended and costly war, and ii people, hitherto torn wif conllicting )'arties, so united in the service of the ctunnumwealth that t| voice of faction liad ceased in the land. 'Tiiese'fsaid the son of his tir>t ; mo-it formidable adversary, WaIl>ole),--' These are the doinys of Mr J'iit,aii they are woudroUb iu our eyes I '" [1(1 hardly keep ill earning tiie fit to be tvustctl rally prevailing joining eitlifr, ing all hdpe of r a nation to le IS ; and yet war [ided, while the ^'11 in Gerniah_\, icod our sh(.'!\ s enttTi'i' • .1 ic i' ,t . luuniclu ... .i.sters wei'c lis forlorn Ktat^' i, as ht^ieless • liolitici;iiis ktj 's were split nr cijile, Imt iipoii r-liile all seenic'd id of gain. A.s tly felt in e'"" Luisel, of t ii : 1 .s tirinness ^.y^ ■ ertiou, in every f the Adiiiiraliy ^h soldier, fioia niiui.ssarv— now lye of one who would very cer- [■ tlirougii iKUi- 11 wealth iiii.uliti llueiiee swit'lly ed. ... e pulilii' Ini'-i-j eir e\i euiiiiii,! 1 .some piiiiit'^.J ly, sodii at'ti r-j eatening i'li'-C-j t attaek. N( lortaiice, wiiC AVest liiiliHl lee of Caliad stratii'ii wliirl disaiipeiirc'll rent state, \to ise sutl'ered he sulijeit. .'land, fill II trtiiig with' crtti torn wi^ imUIi that )f his llr-t at if Mrl'iU.al INDEX. AnF.Rcr. "iMniE, Ocncral, unsuccessful at- tack till (,'arillon, :;a!i, otlO. Alnahaiu, liultk' of I'laius of, 415; second battle, 454. Acailia, (irifrin of colony, 34, 35; forced iloarinsr of, -W^. Ai;iii'iiltnre, li-x' of Canadian, 170 ; early growth of. l!to. AiUeli'vut. M. dr, arrival of, in thf^ Tslnnd of .^lolltrl'al. I'lS : military iirci'irations of. against the Iroi|uoi-.. Ins ; .-.uceess- ful Liovernoisliiji. 110; jirdjiosal to New Eiif-'laudurs, ll:i; character and ser- vices. l'.il, rJ4 ; firm policy of, ri4 ; rctireinent and death, rj4. Aini.'ri;,'o Vesiiucci, voyages and jiretcn- sions. lii. Ainlii-iv-t. (rPueral, a)ipointinont as coni- inand'.'r-iii-cliicf, :;'i2, li.'ih ; eauti'ius tnovt'ineiits npcui r,ake (,'hain]ilain, Ji.V.t, 31)0 ; failure to cOeel a junetidii with Saunders and Wolfe, oOl ; exjieditinn aiiainst Montreal. 4t)1 : liis I'lan of operatiiHis criticised, 4tJl ; strict treat- ment of the Indians. lilvJ ; perilous nioveineiits on Mmitreiil, 4t)7.47i ; ins force, 4tlT, 4al. 472. Andeisou, l)r W. J, author's olili;,'ations lo, 4'iO. Aniiaiiolis, settlement at, •"..■> ; destruction of, by the Kn.u:li.-.h, 35; origin of mime, •i.'is. Anson, (lai:-«hip, 3S. Ariitnson. .\I. de, eovernorshiji of, l'2S-ir,'2 ; eharaeiernnd eapahilities. I'JS : iiistalla- tioii, li;s ; inaliilitv to rep. 1 the Iroi|iiaiH, I'J'.t ; ell'ect on lieiiUh i'l. I'JIi ; coiir- n.ueolis coiiilnct, i:!U: de-per.'lte .Tppeal lo Trance, 131 ■ disgust and letircnunt, I'Jl. A.ssociatp-!, ("omi'auy of One Hundred, orj.'anisati(ui of, 75 ; failure of Hist cx- pidition, 75; (ir.-t practical siint, 7(i; hr.st composition, 7''i ; pleilces, 7'1 ; pri- vileges, 77 ; slii'Ulalious iu regard to relitrion, 77 ; i^^^wers and clili.cations, 7S ; first dilliciilties, 7"< : fir>t )iroceed- inirs, 'J'l ; eompaiiies siitiordinate to, ISl ; troubles ,ind einbarr.issinents. lii'J ; unpatriotic claim, i:il ; dissolution. Iti!.'. Avani-'our, liaroii de, eovi'rnorship of, i;'/2- i;'.t) , dismay at the critical posture of atVairs, V-Vl ; Indian ]iro].(is:ils of jieaco to, l.'!'.J ; conseipieiit consultation ami decision, l^i'J, loii ; chajrrin. 135 ; recall, 13t) ; report and memoir of, on the si itu o." the colony, 130; after services and deail; 13ii. riAnRK, ^\ de la, antcceili-nts, ^'.'^ ; governorship, 194-irir) ; abortive cxjii'di- ti(pn a'_'aiust the Iroipioi.s, 11)5; recall, 190. Ih'auharnftis, M. di?, povi'rnnrship of, 27.'!- 'Jso ; imliey, '273 ; complaints oi Kiij-'li^h encroachment, 'J7*i ; enti^rprise, '«T'i ; last acts anil recall, 'JSO. Pi'avers, abiiii, lance in Canada, 1-ii ; value of, I'Jd. Pell.amoiu, I.ord, threat of, •:42. Iblle Kiviere, battle of 30i>. lii.L'ot. Inteiid.ant, ami his atrents, luibli.; frauds of, ;il3, 314, 331, 3.j0, .351 : m,. popularity of, 3,47. lioulli', lieutenant to Champl.ain, t;7 ; reconiioitering expedition and cai'ture f)f. 73. Urebociif .John, ij'i'eatcst of the .Tesuit mis- sionaries, 114; terrible mariyrdoui, 114; remains and bii-t. 1 14. 1 15. IJreton. Cape, importance lo France, 'y,2, CaiioT, discoverer of N'ewfonndlan 1, vis-. Cai'U. Kiiiery de, >up' rsedcs Kli'.t as (lo- veriior of ipiebe(\ 7!*. Cal'ii, William de, rival company uiid'Ti (il , co-opt'rati"n with Chainplairi, ti3. (.'allien-, l)c, i>ro,iect of oii3 ; its failure, •Jo4 ; jrovernorshiii of, •J44-'J53 ; imlicy, '.'44, 'J45 ; embas-iy to nej.'otialea (.'enei'al treaty between the Fn nch and Indians, 'J4ii : sa^'acious priicerdiiii.'s, •247. -j^s ; crecliou of Fori Detroit, -4^ ; nneusiuca.i, 5H INDEX. 249 ; poaco proposals, 2.')0 ; thwartinc? i)f the Eiiirlisii, 251 ; fear of England, 251 ; death, 252; ellect of liis mlminis- tration, 252, Canada, discovery of, 2 ; winter in, 12 ; jircparatinris for first Kiiropean eoloiii- satioii of, 18 ; failure of tlie attempt, 23; early trade with the eoast of, 24 ; first expedition to, 2-7 ; second expedition, h-\H ; failure of first attempt to colonise, 22 ; of second attempt. 20 ; the French name for. 2i) ; tlie early peltry trade witli, 27-2!) ; wild animals, 29 ; founder of, ;i2 ; appointment of M. do Monts as first lieut.-f.'eiieral of, ;5li ; the hope of,* 'M -."I'rince ("oudu viceroy, 44 ; e.stal)- lishment of (.'liristianity in, 47 ; early explorations in, 48 ; ori^'inal wildness of, 49 ; first emifrrant to, 50 ; first French f.'overiior. 59 ; an eiuicli in the liistory of, 59 ; Kuropeau population in 1020, 03 ; ■surrender to Enjrland, 74 ; restoration to France, 70 ; pojiulation in 1033 and 1()39, 91 ; dependent .state in 10.39, 91 ; proL'ress, :r> ; state at Champlain's death, 93-90 ; crisis in the history of, 90 ; colonies that atlected, 90; causes of the slow frrowtii of, 97 ; estimate of life in, l(i2 : early strus^u'es, 102 ; povernors of till 1003. 104 ; disastrous state, 114-110; rescue by self-sacrilice of DoUard, 117 ; lieroic ajre, 119; dependence of i)ros- perity on i>eace or war witli tho froipiois, 120; wealth, 120; extreme ])eril, i;!2 ; gleams of hope to, 134, 135 ; division into parishes, 137 ; poimlation in 1063, 145 ; qual ityand character of lirst inhabitants, 140, 147 ; visited ))y]iestilence, 147 ; he- pinning of real prosjterity, 171 : pros- perity under Courc^elle and Talon, ISO ; population in 1007, 180 ; at close of Frontenac's administration, 190 ; worth of exjiorts from, 1082, 191 ; settlement of the ecclesiastical alfairs in, 191 ; populatidu in lOSS, 201 ; dis- astrous state in 1088-89. 201, 202; im- minency of ruin, 204 ; abandonment hy France t>> its own resources, 212, 213; nn-uccessful invasion by the Eiifrli.-h, 220 ; state under ('allien", 252 ; indilTer- en(H' of France. 25!! ; undue wealtli anil influence of the clerjry, 253 ; cession of territory to Entrland, 201 ; mean and ruinous policy of the home government, 20ti ; internal improvements. 209, 270 ; population at close of Vaudreuil's tro- vernor>hip. 270 ; money curri'ncy, 270; oflieiality. 271 ; lont' peace of, 273 ; fraud and peculation in the jrovernment, 2!t!t, o04, 313 ; dissensions of the military authorities, 299-309 ; stat-' in l7o5. 313"; cost to France, 314 ; important accpiisi- tions in 17o0, 315 ; frij-'htful picture of 1750, 310 ; deploralile state in winter 1757-ri8, Ii30, 331 ; peculation and fjamblin?. 3:11 ; crisis in llie history of, 342 ; e>'ectou, of ciiuipuigu of, 1758, 343 ; desperate condition of prior to r.v- tinction of French rule, 344-357 ; mal- administration of the material resources, 848, 349 ; dearth, 352 ; virtuiil abandon- ment by France, 345, 340, 354 ; military population and resources of, in view of canipaij^n of 1759, 355, 356 ; pojiulation in I761I, under military rule, 407 : cession to Great llritain, 477. Cai)-Kou,i,'e, station at, 19, 20 ; firstcolony at, 22. Carifrnan Repiment, notice of, 155. Caroii. Jos. le, mission of, 47 ; hardships, 49 ; establishes himself, 49 ; promotes peace, 02 ; re-visits France, 04 ; returns with Champlain, C.t ; (h'ath, 78. Cartier, Jacques, character and seaman- ship, 1 ; commission from Francis I., XX.. 1. 2 ; first voyape and equiimients, 2 ; harbours in St Catherine's, 2 ; arrives at the Isle of IMrds, 3 ; visits and aban- dons Labrador, 3 ; discovers Masrdalen Isliinds, 3 ; and New Urunswick, 4 ; trollies with natives. 4, 5 ; sagacity, 4 ; essfiys a westwards inlet, 4, 5 ; lands at (iaspc, 5 ; takes formal possession of the country, 5 ; buys up the natives, 0; returns home, and arrives at St Malo, 7 ; is welcomed, and re-eijuiiiped for a second voyage, 8 ; sails and enters the St Lawrence, 8, 9 ; arrives olf Cnjie Diamond, 9 ; is on friendly term;; with the natives, 9 ; takrs stejis to prevent undue familiarity, 10 ; jienetrates to llo(;helaga, 10 ; scans the interior from !in eniini'iiee, 11 ; cidls the eminence Mount Royal, 1 1 : is attacked by the natives, 12 ; in'epares against winter, 12 ; sutlers from the severity of the season and scurvy, 12 ; is distrusted by the natives and in peril, 13 ; discovers by artifice the natives' antidote for scurvy, 13 ; was nearly losing all his men, 14 ; has recourse to the Virgin IMary, 14 ; credits God witli liis cunnin.tr, 14; prepares with the spring to return home, 15 ; arrives at St .Malo, 15 : fame as a discoverer and sea-captain, 15, 10 ; is ri.'ceived with apathy and even un- friendliness ai honit>, 17 : receives not- withsvanding, after four ye'ars, char'/e as caiitain-general of a third expedition, 18 ; obtains a royal certilicate, 18 ; is appointed locarrya colony out with him, 18 : has to have the colony behind, 19 ; establishes himself at t'ap-Rouge. 19 ; makes iire)iarations for a settlement, 20 ; is distrusted and thwarted by lie- Indians, 21 ; juisses his second Canadian winter. 21 ; believes he has discover-d gold and diamonds, 21 ; prejiares to 1 - turn home, -'2 ; meets a colonial cxtH'ili- tion iit St Johns, refuses to join it, and sails to France, 22; retires into obscurity, 23. Cattle, importixtion of, lOlv Cayugus. i^ee Iro'iuois. INDEX. 51S I seainan- rancis I,, uipmi'tits, 2 ; arrives and abiin- Macrdalcn swick, 4 ; frai'ity, 4 ; ) ; lands at •session of lativi's, () ; it Malo, 7 ; iclain. Madame. Iier connections. 42; accompanies lier husband to Canada, f>9 ; intlueucc upon the natives, 5H-fi4 ; devotion, self-sacrilices, and death, 04, 65, 86. Champlain, Samuel do, character and an- tecedents, 32 ; first voyaj-'e to Canada, 32 ; careful exi)loratiuns, :;2 ; narrative, 33; service under l)e Monts, 34; sue;- ge.-tions. 35 ; founds Quebec, 30 ; con- spiracy a.L'ainst baflied, 30 ; forethought 37 ; concludes a treaty with the Inilians, 38; memoirs, 38; e.xjieditlotis ajrainst the Iroipiois, 3'J ; discovers l,akes Champlain and (ieorfre, 39 ; defeats tlic Iror England, and returns to France. 74 ; lieart-i eaviness, 74 ; revived aciivily, 79 ; heads a new colony, 79 ; jiiudi'iil policy. 79 ; inlluenee over the Indians, (Si ; dilliculty in view of the driiiUing habits of the Indians, HI ; regard for Die eduealional wants of the colony, S3 ; his bisl days and death, s4 ; funeral of, 85 ; last \yillof, 85 ; rostlng-plucu of, 85 ; rc- sume of his life, SO, R7 ; defects of his character, 87 ; his plivsiijue, characer, Ac, 8.S-9I. Charlevoix, remarks on Cannda. 273. Chauviii, fate of, 31. See I'linteuravi"!. China, early attempts to find ti north- west jtassage to. 45. Colbert, IS8 ; and Canada. 179. Colonies, not Canadian, of English at Virginia, 96 ; at Massachusetts, 96 ; of l)utch at Albany and .New York. 90 ; rapid rise, 97, 98 ; presence disa>trous to French colonisation, '.is ; friendly overtures from English. 10") ; note on I'higlish, 172; iioiiulatiiui of English in 10S2, 190; F'rench preji iratlons to sub- jugate the English, 24o ; the English colonists, intrigues of, 197, 2U1 ; dissen- sions with the French. 2(io ; animosity towards French, 204; alliance with thts lro(iuois. 204 ; designs. 205 ; expedition from Montreal against, 20',t ; alarm, 209 ; exjiedition from 'i'hree Itivers against, 210 ; expedition from (iuebeo against, 210 ; cruelties undergone', and losses, 209-212; piniioses of revenge, 212 ; vain ajipeal to England for assist- ance, 213; determination to ex]>el tho French from Canadi'.. 214 ; letalijitions, 215 ; abortive expedition against .Mon- treal, 214 ; uusuceessfnl naval arma- ment against (Quebec, 214, 215 ; ]ire- jiarations tor another attack on tluebec, 220; disastrous issue of this, 227; efforts to uiiilermine French Intluencu over the Indians, 240; frightful sullcr ing from Indian and French incursions, 255 ; indignant resolution to aiinihilato the French jiower, 250 ; successful ap peal to tiueen Anne's (iovernnient, and warlike preparations, 258, 251) ; dis- astrous issue of the exiiedition, and retreat, 259 ; iileas in reg.ird to bound- aries, 2S3 ; n.'solute deeision to resist the claims of the Freneh to the Ohio valley, 28S ; original designs as agaiiiit the French, 29S ; four projected expecli- tions of, under liraddnek, against the French, 298 ; account of these, ;!uO-307 ; dilemma and har.sli iiroeenlinLS in re- gard to \ov;i .^cotia, ;i02-.'iii4 ; jiersecu- tion of. 1750 58, 320 ; reverses in Ohio valley in 1750, ."il7-321 ; entanglements with imperial military schemes, ;;22 ; successes of, in campaign of 175H, 3:i.'i, Colonists, early French, eharacler of, 140, 147 ; enterprise, 170, 171 ; increase, 171 ; ravages of sciiivy and small-pox among, IHI ; agricultural wealth iu 10S2, 191. Colonists, French and En 'lish, standing cause (if (|iiarrel between, 232 : relatiiui - ships with the Iriiipiois, 234, 235 ; (piarrels as to riirlit of suj.eriority over the Ironuois territory, 240, 241 ; i>eaci! between, in conseiiuence of Treaty of llysvvick, '^'ll i ruuuwul uf LoDlillties hn- u6 INDEX. tw'ot; , 255 ; intricues arnonj; tlio Tn- diiins, •!55 ; hnstilc 0|)crMti<)ns tor sujire- n.ucy frnstr;itey tlie cuniiii);< jiolicy of tlio liuliiinrt, '2r)~ ; conii)iivative mili- tary rcsourrt'S, 25H ; pi^ace liy Treaty of L'trc'cht, liiiO, 201 : comiiarativi; esti- mate, 275 ; outlireak of war Ix'twceri, 277 ; (li-;ri'g:ir(l of aj^reeiiieiits iK'twceu till- mother countries, 2S:i, 2.S-i ; colli- sions on the border territories. 287; ■|irei>ar!itions for a decisjve s'.rujrLile, 2lil ; acenunt of the fortified staiioiis of 2(»2-2!t5 ; homo succours, naval ami military, 2!>7 ; resjiective territorial claims. 208; relative military positions of in 175.:., 2!W-ol5 Colonisation, French, of Canada, oritrinal aims of, 2; first attempt at, 22; second atteni})! at, 26 ; the peltry traIaints at lioine au'ainst, 00; embarrassment Irom, 0!», 71. Coui)iany. Indian, exclusive trade trans- actions of, 271. 272. Cnndc. I'rinee, bccouies Viceroy of C.mada, 44 ; can do UDtliinL' for the culony, 57 ; resi.uns his viceroyaUy. 5S. Confessional, the, the Indians ami, .'{24, Con;rre):ation de la Notre Uame, founda- tion m' the. 111. Con.-titiition, I'liliticid, of (';inad;i, chanfres in, "ilM ; establishmi'iit of .-i new. 1 iO- 14:1 ; jtroelamation, 143 ; b:ul workins.', 15;!. ("iwivent of the Heeollcts, foundinfri fa, 00, Convint, ('rsulinc, foundation "f an, lOG ; buruiii'/ "f, 121 ; I'liorts to restore. 121, li;2 ; Indian syminithy with the iiuuscf, 122 ; uccesjary sucritice of, 1.27. Corv.'o.^, day? of, .^67. Cook, Captain, services at siecre of Quebec, 377. Council, Supreme, ap]^ointment of a, 140 ; arrival of, 141 ; comjiosition of. 141 ; ].>owers of several memlnrs of, 141 ; col- lective ]iowers of, 141 ; restriction u]ion, 142 ; installation of, 143 ; di^seusions in, 1.52, 1,S3-185, 19o. Courcelle, M. de, expedition a.irainst thir Iroquois, 158,15!) ; trovfrnorsh;]) of, 173- 175 ; character and service to the colony, 174, 17.5, 180-iS2. Coureurs de bois, hazardous and illicit trade, 190; bootless ]irosecution, 19o ; cmidoyment against the Iroquois, 109- 202. Crises, in tlie history of Freueli Canada, 342. Crown Point, military importance of, 293. Dkxonvillk, M. de. antecedents. 194 ; frovernorshiji of, 190-205 ; successful ex- pedition ajraiust the Iroi|uois, 197, 198; ei'ibarrassments, 200-202 ; representa- tions to the court of France, 203 ; reeiill, 205 ; character and administration, 2 '5. I)e (.'hati'S, alliance of, with PonteLrravL-, 31 ; with ('liam])lain, 32. Diamond, Cajie, first arrival at, 9; chosen by Chaniplaiu for a permanent settle- ment, 30, Dieskau, (Jeneral, army, 297 ; overruled by Vaudreuil, 309 ; defeat and fate, 311. UoUard, M. desi)erate euterprise of, 116, 117. Duipiesne, M., poveinorsliip of, 2S5-297 ; vi;-'orous rel'orn>s in the ailminisiration. 280 ; defence of French claims 10 the Ohio valley, 287 : resiunation, 297. Du Vignan, imposture of, 45. EAKTHQrAKHS. a succession of, in 10'"!. I4S, 140 ; reported elfeets, phvsieal and moral, of, 149, 1.50. Kebiwe, almost total, in 1C03, 148. Kn^;land, territorial lu'etensious of, 100, 2'.iS ; ci'ssion to, of (Canadian territoi-y by Treaty of Utrecht, 201 ; cai)lure by, of Louisbourff, 27.8 ; resolute iletemiina- tion loextinguish French rule inCanada, 313, 344. Enulish troops, sutl'erinu'S of, in (Juebee, 4:;2, 4;!:'. Uries. or Cat Indians, foolhardine^s and extir|iation of, 127. Kxpi'dition, Acadian, history of the, '14. F,xpe(lition, KuLdish, in 1755 a^rainst Nova !t Fort AVilliani lleniy, ITo'i, 3-0. '.\-l ; iiLTiiiust Fort Geor'-'o, 1707, Fkidai. elenirnts, importation of, 171. Fi:'>t military t'.\]H(|ition iiL'ainjt the Iroijuois, 157, 16S ; retreat, 109 ; coni- li-irativu siicces.s. 16'J ; CourctUo's opinion of, l.i'.» ; second, or I)e Tracy's, ItiO, 161 ; dilliculties in the march, iVrJ. lti.3 ; uuexpicti-d food sujiplii'<, lii'j- 164 ; its rava;.'es, and return, Itjl, ICO ; its elfect u]iou the Iroiiiiuis, Itio. Forts, military, erection of, a;jainst the Iroijuois Indians, 100. 107. LSS. 18'J ; liordi'r. of French and Kni;li.->li colonists, Fort Nia,irai'a, calamity at, l!i9. Fort St l-ouis, prnjected buildini; of, TO ; slow progress of the works, O'.J ; new plans for, and operations, 70. Foye, Ste, account of battle of, 401-400 ; re- giments engaged at, 402 ; loss of liritish, 4.54. F'rauce, relijrious and political troubles in, 24 ; colonisation of Canada l)y, 28 ; in- sincerity of the court to (.'hanijilain, O'J ; territorial preten.-ions, 'M ; Indian name for kinir, 104 ; imbreiliiy of the court, 2o4 : territorial claims of, 21)8 ; conts of her Caiuidian colimy, ol4, Francis I., iinibition of, 2; satcastic say- intr, 2; his appreciaiion of Lartier, 18.' Francisciin order of llecollets, immicrration of, 4tj ; exclusion from Canada, lo7 ; .Seminary. 00 ; amonj,' the Ilurons, 02; apjieal to France, 04. Frontenac. Count, .governorship, ISIMOO; clniracter and antecedents, 170-ls:j ; liau'jhtincss of. and dissi'iisicuis with l)ishop and intendant, Is;!, 1^4 ; ccu- pured. 180 ; schemes, Isii ; tirmnessand ilecisi'.n, 188, 18U ; arbitrary proeei'd- inus, I'.iO ; recall, lOo ; reaii]K>intnient, 200 ; vigorous nu'asures, 2o0 ; two- fold project, 207 ; desiuns against the J'ngli.-h, 208 ; measures against the Engli-h colonists. 208-211 ; successes, 2U0-21I ; congratulations from tbi- Iro(|Uois, 211 ; decisive mt the Kn::l!sh llee't, 210, 21t) ; rcjily to tin' l-hrjli>h summons to surrend'-r (juebcc, 217-210 ; .judicious ('.^■fcni'e of (^iieliec, and defeat of the English. 218 ; recognition of this service, 210 ; succe.-,s of his Mdmini.-.tration, •J20 ; fmbarni-^sinents, 221 ; iiome succour, 222; failure to conciliate the Iroijuois, 222; compiirative military weakness, 220 ; successes ne\ . rtheless against tlo' English and the Iroquois, 220 ; bone of coiiti'ntiiui with tiie iro(|uois, 2-2 ; pri'- jiar.aiions for a deci.^ivl• camiiai.LMi ugaiiiat the Iroquois, 2o4-2u'J ; uccuuui of campaien. ir.'i-^^O : death, 242 ; char- acter, 242, 24;). Frontenac, contention a'lout, 2oo ; cap- ture of, m1, G.',i.issiiiNri-;r,r:, M. t,\v la, governors). ip of, 2sO-l:>\2 ; pro]iosals in curb the Fni;li.--li jiower, 280 ; appointment as a boundary commis-ioner, 281 ; failure to establish a {)ririting-prrss in Canada through the parsimony of the home government, 2>(I ; services, 281, 2^2; retirement, ~ 282. (r.uuanche, Marquis de, gifts for niissieii purpo,-es. 70 ; tor education, 8:j. Garalxontliie, tie' moral charactrr and intliieuee of, 1;j;j ; emba.^.--y under, I.'m ; death, 188. Gaspe. French take furmal possession of Canada at, 0, Georjie. Fort, siege and capitulation of, ;i'j:j-;;20 ; massacre of, ;J27-;;2'J. George, Lake, discovery of, 30. (iillarcl, Services to Caiiiida, lol. Goruiies, M. de, chivalrous euterjirise, 20. (iovernors of Canada, list of, till lOO:!, 104-112; similarity of ta.-k, 104; com- plete list, 144 ; chief embarrassments, J 12 ; general char.actcr, 110 : eerrmonial reception, 128; qiialilieations required, 2s0. Guyart, >rarie (Mere Marie de T Incarna- tion 1, c!iar,a(,'t'r, I7'i : Frrland's discii|i- tion of, I71I ; inllueucc upon colonial manners, 177. llAvii.ANn, Colonel, movements on Mon- treal, 402, 40:i. llenrv III., lettefs-roval el'. toCliamplaiu, 08, 00. Henry IV., interest in coloni-iition of Can.ida, 20, ;i;j ; grants a cluirter to trade with, and cohmise' Caiiad.i, liu ; ellect of <|eath on tlie colony, ;.!^. Herbert, l.ouis, history of, .'jO ; lamily of, 00 ; iiuleiielideuce of, 7l ; widow and son-in-law of, 74. Ilneludaga, frencli station at. 10 : visited ly Champlain, ;.)2 ; site of Montreal, 43. Il'a'.-es, importation of, l.",". Ilwtel Dieii, establishment of, 100, Ilii'iM.ui, llenrv, di.-)Coverie.>, ;iud fate of, 40. Ilu'-'.n's Uay ('ou'.ii.iny, charter of, 1S2. Humii'iiots. per?''Ciitions HL'ain.it, 24, 20 ; exclusion from Canadian coi(uiisaiion, 60, 77. 78 ; jealousy towards Jesuits, 07 ; disfavour sli'^wu to, and disabiliiics of, 08. Hiinns, the French alliance with, 37 ; friendline-s, 42, mi, |iio ; territory, 48 ; elation, 00 ; over-eoii(id(.'nci', def.'i.t and retreat, 62 ; strategy of, 63 ; attack of JrrxiU'iis on, 100 ; aiinihilatifiii of, 1 10 ; niimlpirs and territory. 110 ; desct'Ud- uuis, ilti ■ ^peech of chief, 122. Si8 INDEX. Ibkrvii.i.e, PioiTO Ic Movno d', father, 200; services, 'SM. 2.'j1 ; naval feats, '2:il. Indians, orijrin of name, xx. ; iiunilter.s, xxi. ; region and occ'Ui)atioii, Aic. xxi. ; lianas and liuntinn' - grounds of the Canadians of New Kiifrland, xxi.-xxiii. ; sava^'e stale, xxiii., xxiv. ; religion, xxiv. ; war es by F'reiich and English, 223 ; criminal defer(;iice to their cruel vindic- tiveness, 222 225 ; concourse for confer- ence at Montreal, 249-251 ; extermina- tion of a tribe incited by the English, 200 ; treachery, 310 ; fickleness, 320. Indies. Kast, early attempts to liud a north-west passage to, 45. Iroquois Indians, expeditions against, 39; hostility to the Frencli colonists. 39 ; first defeat, 39 ; second defeat. 41 ; third exjiedition against, 60 ; defences, 51 ; attack upon, 51 ; courage and victory, 52 ; revenge upon the Ilurons, 54 ; obtain lire-arms, 54 ; trouble the rising colony. On; agree to peace, 03; friendly to the Knglish, 100 ; depredations, 104, 105 ; treachery, 105, 112 ; l)arbarous jiroposal, 105 ; ambuscading ways of, 109; atroci- ties of, 111, U3-115, 1 17 ; all but success- ful plans for extinction of Frencli rule, 117; designs against the Ilurons, 123; audacity, 125; defeat, 125; complaint against, 120 ; the dominaiicy of, 129 ; Frencli horror of, 129, 130 ; "cha meter, ]3i) ; preparations of, for a last assault, 130 ; unexiiected jiroposal for peace, 132 ; rejailses, 135 ; continued incur- sions, 155; warlike preparations against, 150 ; treachery, 100 ; successive re- treats, 102, 103 ; jialisaded camps of, l'i4 ; embassy for peace, 105 ; account of, lOti-lOS ; tribes and geographical dis- tribution, 100 ; region, 100 ; cruelty, 107 ; value to the colony, 171-180 ; settlement of converted, 181 ; preference for English, 182; disatt'ectiou of, 188- 194; defeat by Deiioiiville, 198, 199; renewed incursions, 199; dubious peace with, 2iiO ; fearful b.arbarities, 2n2 ; alliance with the English, 204 2o9 ; new inroads and cruelties, i;22 ; French dis- trust of tlie converted, 222, 223 ; com- jiarative value of a dead and a living, 224; tired of hostilities, 228; renewal of hostilities, 234 ; alliance with the culuuists, 234, ^35 ; great e.xpeditiou against, 236; di.sastrous plight, 2P, . .Srit'llniollj rur sottle- bo ; arbi- trary conrlnrt of, 101 ; controversy with the Recollets, V.>'2 ; appliL-ation" for a succossor, 192; retirement, 1U6; char- ' acter, 196. Lauson, I)e, povernorship of, l2r)-i2S ; de- feats the InMinoi-;. and coiicliules a peace with them, 125 ; two conci'ssiotis censured, 126; unpopularity and retire- ment, 127. Lcscarhol;. accompanies De ^font's expedi- tion, 34; his opinion of Champlaiu, 87. Levis, M. de, character and services of, 4l9 ; scheme to retake Quebec, and re- cover Canada, 427 ; forces under him, 427 ; advance to recapture Quebec 44s ; victory at Ste Foye, 453, 4."i4 ; mistake after, 456 ; siejre preparations, 4.')6 ; their defeat, 45'J-458 ; his losses, 459 ; dispiritment. 460. Limestone, importation of, 60 ; discovery of, 60. Loui.s XIV., promise of aid to the colony, 131 ; apathy, 131 ; send.-, an earnrst of aid, and promises more, 134; aiipoints a government, 140 ; Jealous and arbi- trary disposition of. 143 ; charaeUT and reipn, 143 ; humiliation, 200 ; unhappy policy with regard to Canada. 204-26S ; mistaken concern for the halters of Paris, 265 ; greatest mistake, 267 ; groat- ne.ss of, 267. 268 ; the two objects of his colonial policy, 268 ; death and last con- fession, 268. Louisbourg, strong fortification, 263 ; sur- render to the English, 278 ; failures to retake, 278, 279 ; restoration to France, 281 ; siege and final capture, 33.3, 334. M.\ODAi.EN Islands, discovery of, 3. Maisonneuve, M. de, magnanimous reply, 107 ; devotion, 108 ; prudence and cool courage, 109 ; forced retirement of, ill ; disinterestedness of. 111 ; example of, 111; anecdote of, 112; Ville Marie, consecration of, l(i7. Manee, M. devotion of, 107, 108. Manufactures, rise of, 170 ; veto upon, 178. Mesy, M. de, governorship of. 151 ; vigor- ous government, 151 ; collision with Laval and the majority of the euumil, 152; arbitrary and violent proceeding, 163 ; appeal to the people, l.")3 ; charges against, 1.d3 ; preparations to impeach, and death, l.j4. Mines, encouragement to, 17'. Missions, Catholic, inlluence on the history of the colony, 47 ; the eneouragenient, 65 ; Shea's History of American, 4S, 1 14 ; new extensions, 62 ; embarras.-ments, 64; fresh aid to. 67; royal favour ghown to, 68 ; Knglish concession to, 74 ; extension of, 106. Mississippi, account of the discovery and exploration of, 186, 187 ; original name of, 187 ; discoverer's dcscriptiou of the region of. 188; first thorough naviga- tion of, IS:*. Mohawks. Si:e Iro(iuois. -MoMtealm, General, arrival, antecedents, and character of. 315 ; colleagues, 31. "1 : cataliigui' of diseouragi'iiwnis at the outset of his military rule, 31ti ; ulse of a formid- able attack on Carillon, li.'JS, 339 ; esti- mate of the WL'akriess of las jiosition at Carillon, .';4o ; his policy henceforth, 341 ; instrueiions from heaihiuartors, 345 ; devotion, 346 ; 520 INDEX. 4\'2 ; takes and fortiflos Point Levi, 443 ; rust; to ri'vive tlie .sjiirits of liis men, 44t) ; piN'^>iir.Uion-< iiL'iiiiist l)e I/cvis' at- tack, 447 ; .journal, 450 ; imiiruiient liazard of Itattle, 4'il : narrative of Ijattle of Ste Foye, 4r>l-4;')4; manifesto, 4.")4 ; snllen drsiiondent siiirit of liis troojis, 4o5 ; re-assurance, 4.")0 ; nit'ssafre to the fleet, 456 ; expedition ui> St Lawri'iiee, 45!> ; expedition auaiiist .^fontrt•al, 403; military rule of Caiiaila, 470. Nations, Five. Sm thelroqnois ; Six. 201. Xewfoundlanil. early eod f' ,heries, xix. ; Cartier's eom]iarativo estimate of, .'> ; M. de Uoberval, lirst Freneli viceroy of, IS. Ni'W France. .SVc Canada. Colonisation of, ;!'). ,S('C \ova Scotia. Newspapi'r, lir>t, Canadian, 2S1. Kova f^cotia, De Mont's preference for, S4 ; ci'ssioii to F.ntrland by Franci', '^01 ; Knplish exjiiMliiioii airainst the French ill, :!iil-.'iii4 ; resistance on the jiart of the French to Kurdish rule on relifrioiis prounds, .001. :5n2 ; dilcmina of the Fnjr- iish in reirnrd to, ;5it2 ; exjmlsion and liardshii)S of Frencli colonists, '.Ml'.), M04 ; resultin,' desolation, ;iii4 ; character of French settlers in. iJ'i'J, 'MU. Nuns, Ursuline, establishment of, 101; couteutedness, lii2. O.vTH of neutrality. -103. Oneidas. Siu: Iroiiuois. Onondajras. Sa; Irorjuois. Orders, religious, laws to limit the acqui- sition of property l)y, 2"i3. Oswc^'o, Fort, fall oi', aiS ; its effect on French influence with natives, 320. Ottawa, discovery of, 45 ; traversed as far as 40° 20' north latitude, 48, Pki.TRIK. Mad. dela, arrival of, 100 ; devo- tion, 100, l(i7, 170 ; connections anil per- sonal attractions, 170; influence upon colonial nninners, 177. Perrot, Nicolas, character and antece- dents, 22S ; knowh'dL'e of and inlluence with thi> Indians, 228. 220 ; services to ' tlie colmiy, 221» ; pood olVices of, 240, 250. Perrots, the, notice of, 184. Pestilence, ravages of, 147. 148. Phipps, Sir W. squadron, 214, '.'10 ; sum- mons, 210 ; llaf,', 217 ; attacks on Quebec, 217, 218 ; discomfiture, 219 ; death, 219. Pitt, William, anti-French policy, 312; viRorons measures, ;'i32. Plantations. Si'C Cohniies. Purt:ni:m>se, discoveries of, xvii. ; effects of their example on maritime enter- prise, xviii. Qrr.in:c, origin of, 9-15 ; French tn-adinc- statiiin at, 27 ; rude lie^riiiiiinn;s, 30 ; population iu IGIG, 50 ; early troubles, 50, 57, 69 ; projected fortification. 50 ; made capital of Canada, 5!» ; famine in V'-t), 71 ; blockade of, and demand to surrender by the Knf:lish, 72 ; sur- render, 74 ; foundation of collefre at, 83 ; reu'isters first kejit iu, 101 ; first baptism in, 101 ; first weddincr in, 101 ; jealousy of Montreal, 111 ; births in ]ti70, 1071. 180 ; prowth into a citv, 180 ; U'reat fire in, 101 ; preparations at, a.'ainst theEnirlish, 210-210 : summon.>4 of to surrender, 2|0 ; successful resist- ance of, 2 1 8, 219 ; state of (lurin? siepre, 220 ; adh. 371 ; futile at- trlisli fleet and dis- ■vatioiis, ;577, 379 ; dnienton buildings, 3tion. 079 ; all-'ged s and ilevastation in lie Knfrlisli, a^O-:;!!!); fe's ojiinion of tlie M-ate condition, nit-t- tlie sii'fre, 416 ; sur- ofcajiitulalion, 4-0 ; Knjrlish, 421 ; lianl- fuel after fall, 4^50 ; ish frarrison, 432 ; ice of frarrison "U nfrs of Knjrlish L'ar- '1! attemiit of the 15(i-45S : joy of the the appearance of ed, 45S, 459. Mif-'th of. 25. -fliihtinar and scalp- ^2 : original name, and passes, 44 ; Eltedition and the, lerst'sanny in. 470, institution of, 171. SI ; value of. 8 J ; ,S2 : history as :t of the pubiica- es, 118, 120, 126, patriotic inven- Qeut of, 92 ; sites icw colonial com- •lesuits, 77. lintnient as first iKi-nor of Canaila, a colony, 22 ; loa^j .enipt, 23. failure to found a lada, 20. i^.M.i.K T.'-'.i.AXii. (onviot colony at. 20 ; fate id' the lirst loloiii-ls, '^iO. Saiirard, (ialirii 1, services in priiinotinLj l)eace anioiif; tlie nntivi,' Indianti. 'i:' le;it:ue with I h.o .Ipsuifs, 07 Halle, l,a, lirst iiavi.L'ator of the Mississipi'i. ISS, l!»:!; his cstalilishnient of forts and tradin;?-]io-ts, ISS, ISO ; death, lOI!. Jiaunders, Admiral, aiiimintment to com- mand naval siiuadnm ajrainsl (Jii'diec, ;;"iS ; (listinf,'uished suhordinates. ;>7ti. Scurvy, symptoms and ellects of, V\ ■ In- dian antidote for, 14 ; ravages of, 14, .';7. .',(1, IS I, 201. Seminary, the .lesuit, at tjucboc, institu- tion of, i:i7 ; attendance, ISO ; trans- formation of. If'O. i^enecas. t^ce Irofiuois. Settlers, the tirst,in Ami'ri<'a,(|uarrils ami jealousies, fiO ; injudicious conduct to- w.'irds natives. 00 ; conlliciinprclaims, 100. Sillery, M. do, benefactions of, liK!. Simon le Moyne, setf-sacrilicc of, i:j3. Sheni'ct.ady, massacre of, 20'J. Slate, importation of, (10. Sm.-iU-iiox, rava,i,'es of, ISI, 20l. Soldiers, Lnglisli, horror of the Indians. o2;!. Spain and Portn-ral, iiretcnsions. 21. Spaniards, treachery and cruelty of thi\ 2.5. ytadacona, French station at, 0; visited by Chainplain, :;2. St l^awrence, the. discovery of, 7, 0, lo ; forests on the banks, 20. St Sulpice, the order of, foundation of, in .'Moiureal, 111. ment at, 27 ; second settlement at, 31. TAnticss.vc, first French (radinar settle T Ti iieronk, chief of tlie llurons, speech of, 122. lion, Intendant. arrival of. l')5 ; co- operation with l)e Tracy, 170 ; services to the colony, 177-lSO "; boast of, 17S ; character, 170. Three lUvers, tradimr-post at, 27-;;i ; enii- si)iracy at, ijs. 'I'illies, imjiosition of, 13S ; chan.ws in the ralint, liritish, 304. 'i'ourmente, Captain, the hay-field of, <10. Trade, early, witli Canada, 24 ; in .--kin-- and furs, 27-20 ; srUleinents for. 27 ; e.xti'iit and value of ilie peltry, SO ; in beaveis' skill^., 120 : dein'iulent on the friendly or unfriendly n lation.-, with Iro.juois, 120 ; export, 170 ; import. 170. Trade^ free, eU'eets id', 43; infant struL' jiles of, 44. Tratl'ic. liijuor, preventive measure l.y Cliamidain. 13S ; Fn,i:lish eiiuouraj-'e- meut to, 138; increase of, |3S ; dissen- sions arisiiiL' out of, |3S, l.'jo ; demoralis- ing eU'ccls on tlie Indians, 130-148 ; dis- sensions about, 1S4 ; inquiry into, ami decision regardin.L', 185. Tracy, .M. do, appointiiieni a- viceroy, l:'i4 ; arrival of, l,'r4 ; vi'_'orou> measures auainst the Iroiptois. I'l.'i-ltlO ; eour.airi', 100 : fxpediflun au'ainst the Iroiinni-'. lOO-ltlii ; colnniiil iii.'inaL'emenl, Io0-I7l ; return to France, 171 rruKcnr. Treaty of, 2')S. V.M.i.IKU, .M. de St, installation ,ts liislmp, loc. Vaudrenil, M. 4-272 ; impolicy with the Knirlisli edlonisls, 2;'i0 ; wife, 202 ; anti-Knt:li>li policy, 200 ; in- ternal iiolicy, 200 ; denlh, 272. Vaudrenil. .AI. dt; (the younger), governor- ship, 207 ; opinion ai tlie Canadians, and their treatment by the i-e;;ul;irs, 310 ; military ]irojeet for 17.")7, 321 ; ojiinion of .Muntc.ilm, 347; culp,«lili> jiartiality. 3,11 ; m.inifesto of, ;!,')7 ; cun. duct at tlie surrender (pf (Quebec, 417, 41S ; ( ondiict at .Montreal, 472, 473>. A'eiitadour, Ihic de, JM'eomes vie'iny, fO ; forwards tlie mission of Le Caroii ami Sagard, 0(), ■\'errazy,ani, mi sioii (if. \i.\. ■W.VSin.NliTiiN. appiiinliUent of. to ilelelld liritish soil against French pretensions, 2S8 ; mistaken conlliia witli tlie Frencli, 2SS, 2so ; defence, 'JSO ; cliarg.! a.gainst, of murder and .-issassinalion, HSit ; enjii- tulalion to the French, 200; ri'ar i;uarii in a retreat. 3o7. West Indijin Conip.'iny, charter, 100, 17o ; di>solution, 170. Wolfe, (ietieral, eondnet at .--iege fpf l.ouis- bonrg, 334; characti'r and antecedent 303, 3ii4 ; c.xcdnsivi and drill, 305 ; respect for coura^ri manife.--to in nann' nf ttUll Ulill, Oll'f , lllit Hill .^LU 111 11(11111- 111 King of I'Jngland, 371,372; disposition of troo)is against (^iielne, 372-37') ; failure to provuke .Alontcalm to general action, ;;.so-3S:j ; defeat at lieaiipoi-t Flats, 3S4, 3S.') ; ci'iisure of tlio ra^ili- iiess of the' grenadiers, 3S0 ; attempt to stain the menmry of, 3s,8 ; ah; i.an-^ i»» .-iLiiiii Lii'.; iiu-iiii'ijr »'i, O'O , iin.lll- donmeiit ;l;ind, 307 ; ocecnp.'itinn of I'ort Levi, a prepar.ation to ti';iii-pori;it ion, 4oO ; di.sguisi.d moveinent.s', 400-40.; , •_'ener;il ..nier of, Se]it. 11, 40l, 402 ; landiiii; mi nnrtli shore, Sept. i:!, 40.3 ; si.'eure position, 4o4 : choieo of liattle- •-riiiind, 4o4 ; number and i|uality of his .irniv, 40'J ; its disposition, 4oo, 410, victory of, 411 ; fall of, -Ipj ; lu.>t words, 413 ; monuments to the iiu'iuory of, 424, U'nmen, services and consi;iiuent eiiianci- pation ol, by France, 22l, 222; English, ill winter ijuaiters, 433. 2 L