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 CANADA. 
 
 REPORT ON THE NORTH SHORE OF 
 
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 REPORT ON THE NORTH SHORE OF 
 
 LAKE HURON. 
 
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 1849. 
 
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 41 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 REPORT ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE HURON. 
 
 I 
 
 Montreal, 17th January, 1849. 
 
 Sir, — I have the honor to request you will do me the 
 favor to place before His Excellency the Governor Ge- 
 neral, the accompanying Geological Report on the North 
 Shore of Lake Huron. 
 
 I have the honor to be. 
 Sir, 
 Your most obedt. servant, 
 
 W. E. LOGAN, 
 
 Provincial Geologist. 
 
 To the Honorable James Leslie, 
 
 Provincial Secretary, Sfc. &c, Sfc. 
 
1 
 
 / 
 
TO HIS EXCELLENCY 
 
 THE RIGHT HONORABLE 
 
 JAMES, EARL OF ELGIN AND KINCARDINE, K. T., 
 
 BARON BRUCE OF KISROSS AND OF TORRY, 
 ONE OF HER MAJESTTS MOST HONORABLE PRIVY COUNCIL, 
 
 6afiernar <Scn«raI of SBritiitft) i^ort^ ^mttin, 
 
 AND 
 
 CAPTAIN-GENERAL AND GOVERNOR-IN-CHIEP 
 
 IN AND OVER 
 
 THE PROVINCES OF CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, AND THE 
 
 ISLAND OF PRINCE EDWARD, 
 
 AND VICE ADMIRAL OF THE SAME. 
 
 Montreal, 29th December, 1848. 
 
 May it Plbase Your Excellency : — 
 
 In proceeding with the Geological Survey of the Province during 
 the season which has just terminated, it was my intention, after a 
 further examination of the Eastern Townships and the country in 
 general lying south of the St. Lawrence, between the Richelieu 
 and Chaudiero Rivers, in continuation of the previous summer's 
 operations, to follow out the investigation of the rocks which run 
 through the district in question in their prolongation to the 
 Temisquata Road, and farther down the St. Lawrence if time 
 should permit, — thus to join the work already done in Gasp§ with 
 that in more western parts of the Province ; but having 
 been given to understand that it would be desirable to eflFect, if 
 possible, a visit to the North Shore of Lake Huron, on which 
 several mining locations had been claimed of the Government, 
 and a considerable capital expended by the various parties 
 interested in them, in ordsr to investigate the general nature of 
 the mineral ground of the district, and ascertain facts to elucidate 
 the probable productiveness of the mines of that part in particular 
 in which the development of the metalliferous veins had been 
 carried to the greatest extent, the months of July, August, and 
 
6 
 
 ii 
 
 part of September, were devoted to these objects. Two months 
 had been previously occupied in the Eastern Townships and the 
 adjacent seigniories ; and, having left an Assistant on the ground, 
 on quitting this part of the Province for Lake Huron, with instruc- 
 tions to trace out, as far as possible, the distribution of certain 
 rocks and useful minerals, and to collect specimens in illustration 
 cf them, the month of October and part of November after my 
 return from Lake Huron, were spent in verifying various facts 
 ascertained by him, and in further personal examinations in the 
 same vicinity, continued until the increasing severity of the 
 weather, and a fall of snow, gave intimation that it was expedient 
 to discontinue field work for the season, and return to winter 
 quarters. 
 
 My Assistant, Mr. Murray, in the early part of the season, 
 devoted his attention to the examination of the coast of Lake 
 Huron between Penetanguisheno and Sandwich, and, having 
 joined rae on the North Shore, at the Bruce Mines, I had the 
 benefit of his aid in a survey of the Rivers Thessalon and Missis- 
 sagui. We ascended the former about twenty -five miles, coasting 
 the shores of three lakes occurring on the distance, and the latter 
 nearly forty miles, aa well as seven miles of one of its tributaries 
 and four miles of ^'nother, in addition to two lakes on the Grande 
 Batture Portage, emptied by this tributary, one of them five, and 
 the other eight, miles long, with breadths of one and two miles. 
 Mr. Murray subsequently examined about sixty miles of the 
 Spanish River, with about fifteen miles of two of its tributaries, 
 and also about fifteen miles of the lakes and stream flowing into 
 Lake Huron, in the immediate vicinity of LaClocho ; after which 
 he visited the Wallace mine and various other parts on the coast 
 and islands of the main lake, a& he returned to Penetanguishcne. 
 
 The several rivers, with their tributary streams and lakes, which 
 have been mentioned, were not only geologically but geographi- 
 cally surveyed, the measurements being determined with the same 
 expedition as on former occasions, by Rochon's micrometer teles- 
 cope ; and I would take this opportunity of stating as a farther 
 evidence of the accuracy of the instrument when carefully used, 
 that a topographical survey of the Mattawa, a tributary of the 
 Ottawa, having been recently completed by Mr. D. Sinclair, for 
 the Crown Land Department, the total distance (nearly thirty- 
 
four miles) as determined by the chain, does not, on u comparison 
 of resulting maps, at all differ from the same as determined by 
 micrometer on my exploration in 1845, whilo the details bear as 
 striking a resemblance as can be expected from two surveys of 
 the same ground by different persons, wherein points on ) distant 
 shores of lakes, being fixed by intersections, an eye sketch is 
 given of intermediate parts. 
 
 After descending the Mississagui and separating from Mr. 
 Murray, my attention was bestowed on an examination of the 
 coast between that stream and Echo Lake (discharging into Lake 
 George, on the River St. Mary,) a distance of about seventy miles ; 
 and pedestrian incursions were made at intervals from the coast 
 into the interior, for distances not exceeding five miles. In addi- 
 tion to this, a very detailed examination of the Bruce mines, on 
 the Cuthbertson location, was made. The various lodes, as far 
 as known, with their branches and all the workings upon them, 
 were carefully measured and mapped. About 1500 tons of copper 
 ores lying on the surface were sampled after the Cornish mode ; 
 drill-holes were driven across the lodes in some places at intervals 
 of two fathoms, and in others of three and five fathoms on 
 the surface, in the shafts, and in the under ground levels 
 for the purpose of sludge sampling the same, as it is term- 
 ed ; and fifty-five samples resulting from these operations, were 
 forwarded to Montreal to be assayed by Mr. Hunt, who has 
 since made an analysis of each to determine the quantity of copper 
 contained in them. A considerable collection of specimens was 
 also forwarded to illustrate the rocks and minerals of the country, 
 several of the packages containing which only arrived in the 
 beginning of the month. 
 
 The foregoing narrative will display to Your Excellency the 
 extent to which our investigations were carried on the North 
 Shore of Lake Huron in the short period devoted to it, and 
 although, since my final return to Montreal, sufficient time has not 
 elapsed for a perfect arrangement of the facts ascertained, and, 
 perhaps, the number of these facts is scarcely suflScient to fully 
 elucidate the geological structure of the area thus partially 
 examined, yet as a desire may naturally be felt on the part of 
 the Government to be put in possession, with as little delay as 
 possible, of some account of a district in which private enterprise 
 
 il 
 
8 
 
 has recently cxpondcd a considcrablo amount of capital on what 
 may hereafter become an important branch of trade, I have the 
 lienor to place before Your Excellency such a Report as cir- 
 cumstances permit, reserving for a future occasion what is to bo 
 said on the general progress of the Survey in other parts. 
 
 The North Shore of Lake Huron, on which twenty-two mining 
 locations have been claimed of the Government, in so far as it has 
 come under my observation, presents an undulating country, rising 
 into hills which sometimes attain the height of 400 and 700 feet 
 above the lake. These occasionally exhibit rugged escarpments 
 and naked rocky surfaces ; but in general, their summits are rather 
 I'ounded, and their flanks, with the valleys separating one range 
 from another, are most frequently well clothed with hard and soft 
 wood, often of large growth, and of such species as are valuable in 
 commerce ; in many places giving promise of a good arable 
 soil. Many of the slopes are gentle, and many of the valleys 
 wide. 
 
 Five principal rivers, besides several of inferior note, flow through 
 the country, and it appears to abound in lakes. The principal 
 streams are the Thessalon, the Mississagui, the Serpent, the Spa- 
 nish River and the White Fish, of which the mouths are from fif- 
 teen to thirty miles apart. The Mississagui and the Spanish Ri- 
 vers are the largest two, the reported length of the former being 
 120 and of the latter 200 miles; the other three arc probably not 
 much over fifty to sixty miles each. In the distances measured, 
 the Thessalon and the Mississagui flow from the north-west to the 
 south-east, the Spanish River from the north of east to the south 
 of west, and this is navigable for craft drawing not over five feet, 
 for thirty-five miles from its mouth. 
 
 The series of rocks occupying this country from the connecting 
 link between Lakes Huron and Superior to the vicinity of Sheba- 
 wenahning, a distance of 120 miles, with a breadth in some places 
 of ten, and in others exceeding twenty miles, it appears to me, 
 must be taken as belonging to one formation ; on the west it seems 
 to repose on the granite which was represented in my Report on 
 Lake Superior as running to the east of Gros Cap, north of Sault 
 Ste. Marie ; on the east the same supporting granite was observed 
 by Mr. Murray north of LaCloche, between three and four miles 
 in a straight lino up the Riviere au Sable, a south flowing tribu- 
 
tary of the Spanish River ; and again, about an equal iftance U[ 
 another and parallel tributary joining that stream cigii iles far 
 ther from its mouth, in both cases about ten miles from the coast. 
 The series is to be divided into rocks of a sedimentary, and rocks 
 of an igneous origin. 
 
 The sedimentary portion consists of sandstones, conglomerates, 
 slates and limestones. The sandstones ure sometimes grey, but 
 more generally white, they are almost purely silicious, and prin- 
 cipally fine grained, but the granular texture is often lost, and 
 great masses assuming a vitreous lustre present the character 
 of a perfect quartz rock, which is met with of both the colours 
 mentioned ; and when white, it sometimes exhibits precisely the 
 aspect of the milky or greasy quartz of mineralogists. The 
 quartz rock, in addition to white and gray, is not unfrcquently of a 
 reddish colour, and sometimes a decided red, seemingly derived 
 from minute and thickly disseminated spots, or a diffused tinge of 
 an orange red, probably due to the presence of iron ; but the 
 spots are sometimes of a larger size, and so arranged as to give 
 the stone a speckled appearance. In the granular varieties consi- 
 derable masses of the rock sometimes present a white with a faint 
 tinge of sea-green, which seems to arise from a small quantity of 
 finely disseminated epidote. The rock often becomes coarse grain- 
 ed, assuming the character of a conglomerate, the pebbles of which 
 vary from the size of duck shot to that of grape and canister. 
 These pebbles are almost entirely either of opaque white vitreous 
 quartz or various coloured jaspers ; some few are of lydian stone, 
 and some of hornstoue and other varieties. The pebbles are often 
 disposed in thin layers at the top or bottom, or in the midst of 
 finer grained beds ; but they are sometimes arranged in thicker 
 bands, which swell into mountain masses, and blood-red jaspers 
 often disseminated in these to a preponderating degree on a near- 
 ly pure white ground, giving a brilliant, unique and beautiful rock, 
 appear to characterize some ranges of considerable importance. 
 When considerable masses of a fine-grained or vitrified quality are 
 met with, it is often difficult if not impossible to determine the bed- 
 dingj ; and the rock in such cases, having usually a jointed struc- 
 ture, with planes of division in several directions, some of 
 which are frequently nearly horizontal or moderately inclined, it 
 would not be safe to assume any of them as indicating the dip, un- 
 
1. 
 
 10 
 
 til bands distinguished by difTcrcncca of colour, or changes in the 
 texture from fine to coarsegrained, or the /ccurrence of a Hne or 
 surface of pebbles, may give the moans of deciding. The bedding, 
 however, is often well defined by such indications as these, and it 
 not unfroquently happens that surfaces present ripple-mark, and 
 strata display elementary layers oblique to the general plane. 
 The sandstones sometimes, but rarely, exhibit a slaty or flaggy 
 structure, and they appear then to hold a small quantity of mica. 
 
 In addition to those already mentioned, conglomerates of a dis- 
 tinctly different character belong to the formation. They arc 
 composed chiefly of syenitic pebbles, held in an argillo-arenaceous 
 cement of a gray, and more frequently of a greenish colour, from 
 the presence of chlorite. The pebbles, which are of reddish and 
 gray colours, vary greatly in size, being sometimes no larger than 
 bwan shot, and at others boulders rather than pebbles, measuring 
 upwards of a foot in diameter. The quantities too in which they 
 are aggregated vary much ; they sometimes constitute nearly the 
 whole mass of the rock, leaving but few interstices for a matrix, 
 and sometimes, on the contrary, they are so sparingly disseminated 
 through considerable masses of the matrix as to leave spaces of 
 several feet between neighbouring pebbles, which are still in such 
 cases often several inches in diameter ; with the syenitic pebbles, 
 are occasionally associated some of different coloured jaspers. 
 The matrix appears often to pass on the one hand into the gray 
 quartz rock by an increased proportion of the arenaceous parti- 
 cles, and on the other into a thin-bedded greenish fine-grained 
 slate, which is sometimes very chloritic. A third form the matrix 
 sometimes assumes is one in which it is scarcely distinguishable 
 from fine-grained greenstone trap. In the slate the stratification 
 is often marked by slight differences of color, in the direction of 
 which it is occasionally cleavable : the bands in other instances 
 are firmly soldered together, but in both cases joints usually pre- 
 vail, dividing the rock into rhombohedral forms, which are some- 
 times very perfect. 
 
 The limestones belonging to the formation are probably confined 
 to one band, the thickness of which in different parts may range 
 from fifty to 150 feet. The texture of the rock is usually compact, 
 but sometimes partially granular, and its colours are green, buff 
 and dark gray, the two former prevailing ; some of the beds are 
 
n 
 
 occasionally mot with of a dull white with a waxy liistro, which 
 weather to a yellowish hrown on the exterior and appear to be 
 dolomitic. The wliole band is in general thin bedded, and a 
 diversity of quality in the layers, probably arising from the 
 presence of more or less silicious matter, causes the surface of 
 weathered blocks to present a set of bold but minute ribs of va- 
 rious thicknesses, whicii, when the beds are much affected, as 
 they often arr, by diminutive undulations, contortions and dis- 
 locations, exhibit on a small scale, a beautiful representation of 
 almost all the accidents that occur in stratification, affording very 
 excellent ready-made geological models. Interstratified beds of 
 chert are very frequently met with in the band, and they vary 
 in thickness from mere lines, to the measure of several inches. 
 The same diversity of colour belongs to the chert as to the lime- 
 stone. 
 
 The igneous rocks, which, from what appears to me their pe- 
 culiar relation to the stratification as overflows, it will be con- 
 venient to consider constituent parts of the formation, may 
 be classed as a whole, under the denomination of greenstone 
 trap. The masses they present are sometimes very great, and 
 in such cases, the trap usually consists of a greenish-white feldspar, 
 and dark-green or black hornblende. The feldspar, however, is 
 sometimes tinged more or less with red, and the trap then occa- 
 sionally appears to pass into a syenite by the addition of a very 
 sparing amount of quartz. These two forms of the trap arc almost 
 always highly crystalline, and in general not very fine grained : 
 the greenstone, however, sometimes displays a fine texture, and 
 in such cases, a large amount of it frequently holds much dissemi- 
 nated chlorite, giving a very decided green colour, and patches 
 are found containing so great a proportion of the mineral as to 
 yield with facility to the knife, affording to the aborigines of the 
 country an excellent material for the manufacture of their cal- 
 umets or tobacco pipes. In addition to the chlorite, epidote is a 
 prevailing mineral in this quality of the trap. Associated with the 
 chloritic greenstone, amygdaloid was in one place seen, some of the 
 cellules oi which contained quartz, others calc-spar, a third set 
 held bitter spar, and some few specular iron. The amygdaloidal 
 trap was very distinctly arranged in layers, which, though they 
 did not exceed two or three in number, gave with beds of porphy- 
 
19 
 
 H 
 
 ritic greenstone, containing large crystals of feldspar, occurring 
 near the amygdaloid, a stratified aspect to the whole of the mass 
 of trap associated with them. No such decided appearance of 
 stratification was met with in the more crystalline greenstones. 
 They usually displayed, however, parallel planes of division in 
 several directions, and it frequently happened, that some of these 
 parallel planes were only moderately inclined ; but there were 
 observed no distinguishing marks on the surfaces, or in the quality 
 of the rock, to lead to the certain inference that one part was 
 placed prior to another ; and no columnar structure at right angles 
 to any set of planes, such as so clearly indicates the overflows of 
 trap on the north shore of Lake Superior, though carefully looked 
 for, was anywhere found. In respect to the last species of evidence, 
 however, it must be remarked, that the trappean hills of the 
 Huron region under description, are so generally rounded into 
 mouttonne forms, by supposed glacial action,— ^the parallel grooves 
 resulting from which are seen on almost all exposed surfaces, with 
 bearings seldom exceeding or even reaching forty-five degrees on 
 one side or the other of north and south — that few bold naked 
 vertical precipices are met with in which the display of such a 
 columnar structure, if it exists, might be expected. It is, there- 
 fore, in most instances, only by a reference to its immediate rela- 
 tion to the sedimentary rocks on each side, that the general 
 attitude of any band of the greenstone can be made out. In very 
 few places, indeed not over two or three, were there met with ex- 
 posures, such as to show the trap in actual visible stratigraphical 
 contact with the sedimentary rocks ; but in many transverse 
 sections on the different lakes and rivers visited, in rising in- 
 clined flanks of hills in the strike of the stratification, while sedi- 
 mentary rocks, with a very moderate dip, constituted the base, 
 greenstone was found to compose the summit ; and exposed parts 
 of the two rocks in this relation were frequently brought so near 
 together, though not seen in contact, v^hile there was no evidence 
 of dislocation between them, that little doubt was left of the one 
 resting on the other. 
 
 Of the members thus constituting the formation, the sandstones, 
 or quartz rock, with their subordinate conglomerates, both in in- 
 dividual ranges, and in the aggregate, appear to possess the largest 
 volume ; the greenstones seem to be next in importance, some of 
 
13 
 
 the bands attaining 60O to 1,000 feet; the syenitic conglome- 
 rates and their associated slates follow, and the limestone band, of 
 which the thickness has been stated, though very persistent, is of 
 trifling comparative amount. 
 
 The stratigraphical position of the several descriptions of rock, 
 in their relation to one another, as parts of a whole, has not yet 
 been well determined, and although it may turn out that a pre- 
 ponderating amount of each may occupy some specific place in the 
 series, it seems probable that none of them, with the exception of 
 the limestone, will be found wholly absent from any considerable 
 grade of the vertical thickness, in some part of that grade's geo- 
 graphical distribution. With the exception of the limestone, the 
 different descriptions of rock, whether of small or great mea- 
 sure, appear to dovetail among one another, individually thin- 
 ning down to an edge both ways on the strike. This thin- 
 ning down was more particulary observable in the syenitic 
 conglomerates, and in the greenstones ; their extension appearing 
 to bear some proportion to their thickness. Between great neigh- 
 bouring masses of the quartz rock, and the syenitic conglomerates, 
 there usually appeared a passage from the one to the other, by 
 the interstratification of smaller bands ; but this did not seem to be 
 the case between great neighbouring masses of igneous and sedimen- 
 tary strata : small bands of trap, however, when obscurely exposed, 
 may perhaps occasionally have been mistaken for dykes, which exist 
 in very great abundance. The hmestone band is neither at the 
 base nor summit of the formation, but how far it may be from 
 the one or the other, it is not yet possible to say : from a sec- 
 tion at LaCloclie, it appears probable, it may be farther from the 
 bottom than the top. Whenever seen, it was found in contact either 
 with syenitic conglomerate or quartz rock, both above and below, 
 with the former oftener than the latter ; and there appeared to be a 
 greater tra.isverse continuance of these rocks, particularly the latter, 
 under than over. The limestone has not yet been seen in con- 
 tact with any of the greenstone overflows ; but on Echo Lake, 
 there is a great body of greenstone over it to the south, with a thick 
 band of syenitic conglomerate associated with quartz rock in- 
 terposed between them, and a range of quartz hills above. On the 
 Thessalon Lakes, great mountain masses of quartz rock, with 
 subordinate jasper conglomerates, appear to underlie the limestone, 
 and at LaCloche, a band of 3,000 to 4,000 feet rests upon it. 
 
14 
 
 Ihi. 
 
 Independent of the overflows, igneous rocks are connected with 
 the formation as intrusive masses, in numerous parts of the area 
 occupied by it. These intrusive rocks consist of greenstone 
 and granite. The intrusive greenstones do not seem to differ 
 much in mineral character from those composing the overflows. 
 They constitute dykes which run in so many directions, that 
 it is diflicult to determine the prevaiHng ones. These dykes 
 vary in breadth, from a few inches to several hundred feet. They 
 cut all the interstratified rocks of the formation, igneous as well 
 as sedimentary, and splitting into branches, which often join one 
 another and enclose great fragments and masses of strata, con- 
 stitute an intricate labyrinth. The intrusive granite, in so far 
 as it has come under my observation, is in general of a decided 
 red colour, arising from the presence of a largely preponderating 
 quantity of red feldspar, which is mingled with translucent white 
 quartz ; mica is not very abundant, and hornblende sometimes ac- 
 companies or replaces it. From large masses of the rock, both 
 these minerals arc frequently wholly absent, but epidote in gen- 
 eral forms a constituent, sometimes in great abundance, whether 
 with or without mica and hornblende. The intrusive granite 
 appears to occupy some considerable ar^^as, fracturing, tilting, thrust- 
 ing aside, and metamorphosing the strata around them, and cut- 
 ting them by a complexity of dykes which emanate u-om the 
 nuclei, and reach to considerable distances. The quartz rock in 
 its immediate vicinity becomes more perfectly vitreous, aid some- 
 times assumes the red colour of the granite ; thinly interstratified 
 quartz and slate become gniess ; and numerous fragments of the 
 strata caught and enclosed by the granite, and thus changed, are 
 penetrated with epidote, and exhibit as much of it as the granite 
 itself. The different intrusive rocks, as related to one another* 
 display a succession of events in the history of the formation. 
 There are, of course, a set of dykes — greenstone no doubt — cutting 
 the sedimentary rocks, and giving issue to the greenstone over- 
 flows: it is difficult, however, to identify these. But another 
 set of greenstone dykes are seen cutting both the sedimentary 
 and igneous strata ; intrusive granite thrusts all these antece- 
 dents aside, dykes as well as strata, sending forth dykes of 
 its own order, intersecting all ; and then another set of greenstone 
 dykes cuts through the intrusive granite, its dykes, and all that 
 
cted with 
 ' the area 
 reenstone 
 to differ 
 jverflows. 
 ions, that 
 se dykes 
 let. They 
 IS as well 
 1 join one 
 rata, con- 
 in SO far 
 a decided 
 nderating 
 lent white 
 jtimPi ac- 
 ook, both 
 te in gen- 
 
 whether 
 3 granite 
 ig.thrust- 
 
 and cut- 
 irom the 
 rock in 
 id some- 
 stratified 
 its of the 
 iged, are 
 c granite 
 
 another* 
 ormation. 
 — cutting 
 one over- 
 
 another 
 imentary 
 e antece- 
 dykes of 
 reenstone 
 d all that 
 
 15 
 
 previous causes had placed Evidences of disturbances and disloca- 
 tions accompany all these successive intrusions, those connected 
 with the granite being the most violent. But there is in addition, 
 another set of disturbances of still posterior date, and it is to these 
 that are due the presence of those metalliferous veins which give 
 the country its value as a mineral region. 
 
 The metalliferous veins intersect all the rocks that have been 
 mentioned. They are probably themselves intersected by cross 
 courses, breaking their regular continuity ; but that slips or dis- 
 placements of the country on opposite sides of the veins have 
 occurred, when the fissures were formed that constitute their mould 
 or receptacle, is not left in doubt. Numerous instances were 
 observed, where both granite and greenstone dykes, cut by the 
 metalliferous veins, were suddenly heaved considerably out of 
 their course. This fact may by some be deemed valuable, as shew- 
 ing the probable great depth and distance to which the veins may 
 run. The metal which these veins hold in the greatest quantity 
 is copper, and the ores in which it occurs are vitreous copper, varie- 
 gated copper and copper pyrites. Iron pyrites is sometimes 
 associated with them, but in general not in large quantity. Cop- 
 per pyrites in one instance was accompanied by rutile, and in 
 another by the arsenuretted sulphuret of iron and nickel containing 
 a trace of cobalt. The gangue or vein stone in which the copper 
 ores are contained is in general white quartz, and there is very 
 often present, but not in very great quantity, white compact dolo- 
 mite, which in druses assumes the forms of pearl spar, and brown 
 or bitter spar ; calc-spar also appears occasionally in druses in dog- 
 tooth crystals. 
 
 The veins vary in breadth from a few inches io sometimes 
 thirty feet, but when of this last great breadth, or even much less, 
 they usually contain a considerable amount of brecciated wall 
 rock mixed up with the gangue ; many of them range from one to 
 three and four feet, and their slope or underUe varies from about 
 50" to GO*'. From such as might be considered master lodes, 
 innumerable branches of various sizes start, some of which visibly 
 diminish before proceeding far, and dwindle to nothing, while 
 others maintain moderate widths, mth much regularity, for con- 
 siderable distances, and may run to a junction with parallel lodes. 
 The lodes have a bearing agreeing with the general strike of 
 
Ji 
 
 11:^, 
 
 16 
 
 the formation, which roughly coincides with the general trend of 
 the coast. They are thus, in a rude way, parallel to one another, 
 and run in a direction between west and north west, more nearly 
 approaching the latter. 
 
 The quantity of copper contained in the lodes is very various, 
 ranging from what might result from mere specks of ore in some 
 to the contents of large workable quantities in others. But to 
 ascertain what an approach to an average might be would have 
 required more time than we had at command, and more expendi- 
 ture than the funds devoted to the Survey would authorize, as it 
 would have necessitated the determination of the produce of 
 several — a work requiring the labour of many practical hands in a 
 totally uncleared country. Specimens of ore were taken from many 
 lodes ; but it would be a very distant approach to the probable 
 contents of a lode that would be ascertained by means of mere 
 hand specimens, with whatever fair intentions they might have 
 been selected. It appeared to me a preferable plan to ascertain, 
 with all the precision possible, the produce of the lodes which had 
 been most uncovered and worked on the locations, being persuaded 
 that though some of them vastly surpass in richness any that came 
 within my observation in the interior, others will yet be found to 
 equal them. In no part of the country visited, from the vicinity 
 of Sault Ste. Marie to Shebawenahning, was any great area 
 wholly destitute of cupriferous veins, and it would appear singu- 
 lar if a region extending over a space of between one and two 
 thousand square miles, and so marked by indications, did not in 
 the course of time yield many valuable results. 
 
 In regard to the productiveness of the lodes, it is to be re- 
 marked that it appears probable it will be diifcrent in the 
 different qualities of rock they may intersect. From the described 
 arrangement of the strata, it will be perceived that the lodes 
 must vertically pass from one quality of rock to another ; and as 
 they keep a rudely regular course, they must do the same thing 
 horizontally, from the effects produced in the geographical distri- 
 bution of the rocks, by undulation or denudation of the strata. So 
 far as my observation went, it appeared to me to be a fact that 
 the copper was most abundant in the greenstone, least so in the 
 sandstone or quartz rock, and more copious in the slates than in 
 the syenitic conglomerates. In the quartz rock the white quartz 
 
17 
 
 veins often appeared nearly destitute of ore, presenting but a fcv 
 straggling specks of the yellow sulphuret, at great intervals from 
 one another ; and when a vein charged with ore in the greenstone 
 could be traced to the quartz rock, it seemed gradually to lose 
 what richness it might have had, as it approached the latter, 
 finally presenting when it reached it, little else than veinstone, its 
 breadth remaining undiminished. When by dislocation or the 
 presence of a dyke, quartz rock was brought opposite to green- 
 stone, a cupriferous vein would occasionally be found between 
 them, and what might be considered an encouraging quantity of 
 ore was sometimes met with in it. But if a rule is to be derived 
 from what the rocks appeared to shew, if will probably be where 
 the lodes cut the greenstone and have that rock in both walls, or 
 greenstone in one and slate in (he other, that their contents will 
 become economically available. How the productiveness of the 
 metaUiferous veins may be affected when they may meet with any 
 considerable body of the intrusive granite, it is not yet in my 
 power to state. None of them were observed cutting the granite 
 nuclei, though they were the granitic dykes emanating from 
 them ; but those dykes were usually too narrow to produce any 
 perceptible difference in the quantity of the copper ore. 
 
 It would perhaps be premature to say much respecting the 
 general geological form of the area under description, though 
 something may bo gathered from the attitude noticed in the strata 
 on the coast and up the rivers, and particularly from the position 
 and attitude of observed masses of the limestone band. The dips 
 of the formation over extensive tracts appear to be more mr. jratc 
 than might be anticipated from the presence of so much igneous 
 rock. The forces originating the greenstone dykes do not seem 
 in general to have exerted any very great influence on the slop© 
 of the strata, and it is mainly on approaching the underlying or 
 intrusive granite that a precipitous inclination is perceived. But 
 there is no doubt, whether the result of intrnsive forces, or other 
 causes, that there are indications of the existence of several undu- 
 lations of some importance. A trough connected with one of 
 these appears to occupy longitudinally a tract extending from Root 
 River, near Sault Ste. Marie, to within a short distance of the 
 mouth of the Thessalon; the evidences of it are found in the dis- 
 tribution of the limestone, and the dip of the strata between the 
 
1 / 
 
 f 
 
 ,:■ i 
 
 18 
 
 Thessalon and the coast. Ascending the river in a general course 
 N. 40 W. the limestone band is met with about nine miles 
 up. It shews a dip towards the coast, and it follows the river and 
 two of its lakes for a distance of ten miles, with a strike of N. 55 
 W. pointing in the direction of Echo Lake about seven miles fur- 
 ther on. The band crosses Echo Lake, which has a breadth of 
 one mile, and curving a little more to the westward it is again 
 seen, as I am informed, about eleven miles still further on, removed 
 about a mile from the shore of Little Lake George near Root 
 River. In the whole of this distance, about thirty miles, the 
 south-westerly inclination of the band ranges between 15° and 20". 
 On the other side of the synclinal axis the rock emerges from 
 Lake Huron under three quarters of a mile westward of the 
 French Islands, and it is traceable along the coast westwardly for 
 about a mile and a half, when it again returns to the water. In 
 this part, the distance between the two opposite outcrops is 
 about seven miles : but as the limestone is not again met with 
 striking into the land farther west, and a space measuring four- 
 teen miles across from a point, midway between Echo Lake and 
 the Lakes of the Thessalon, to the head of St. Joseph Island, is 
 occupied by other rocks of the formation, it is probable the trough 
 widens westwardly until lost beneath higher unconformable strata 
 in that direction, on the west side of River St. Mary. The calca- 
 reous band was not met with coming out on the coast between (he 
 Thessalon and the Mississagui, but it was found about a mile from 
 the left bank of the Little White River, a west-south-west flowing 
 tributary of the latter, three miles up in a straight line from their 
 junction, which occurs twenty miles in a north-Avest straight line 
 from the lake. The dip was about east, or a little south of it, 
 with a slope of 10", and supposing the band to sweep round from 
 this point to its lowest position on the Thessalon, it would cross the 
 Mississagui somewhere below the Little White River ; but in such 
 case though we must have passed over its intersection with the 
 main stream, it was not observed. Its dip in the valley of the Little 
 White River appears to intimate the probability of another undu- 
 lation. In a third locality, the outcrop of the band was seen on the 
 north side of a trough in the vicinity of La Cloche, where it was 
 traced for five miles on the north limb of La Cloche Lake, between 
 (wo and three miles from the coast. It there plunges southwardly 
 
 
19 
 
 1 course 
 le miles 
 iver and 
 )f N. 65 
 lilos fur- 
 eadth of 
 is again 
 removed 
 lar Root 
 liles, the 
 and 20°. 
 jes from 
 of the 
 irdly for 
 iter. In 
 tcrops is 
 met with 
 ng four- 
 Lake and 
 Island, is 
 le trough 
 ble strata 
 rhe calca- 
 itween the 
 mile from 
 st flowing 
 Tom their 
 aight Hne 
 >uth of it, 
 )und from 
 [ cross the 
 ut in such 
 n with the 
 the Little 
 :hcr undu- 
 een on the 
 lerc it was 
 e, between 
 luthwardly 
 
 under a great mass of quartz rock and intermediate syenitic con- 
 glomerate, which again rise into the mountains ranging along 
 Lake Huron, but the south outcrop of the limestone is lost in the 
 water. There appear, however, to be traces of it in a small island 
 off the coast. The axis of this synclinal seems to run in the mid- 
 dle of the south limb of La Cloche Lake, a mile and a quarter from 
 the coast, and the south rise appears to result from an intrusion 
 of granite, which is seen in several of the islands along the coast 
 in front of La Cloche ; but what relation this synclinal may have to 
 others, has not yet been ascertained, the coast between the 
 Spanish and the Mississagui Rivers being still unexamined ; and 
 although a patch of intrusive granite extending fourteen miles 
 along the coast west of the Mississagui, to the Grande Batture, 
 throws the strata into an anticlinal form at the mouth of the river, 
 which the granite crosses at the lower falls, I am not able to state 
 whether it runs to a junction with the intrusive mass at La Cloche. 
 Probably the Mississagui granite starts from a wedge point east- 
 ward of the river ; for although narrow on the river, it appears 
 to widen westwardly, as what may be taken for the north side of 
 it was met with on the right bank of th3 lower of the two lakes 
 surveyed on the Grande Batture Portage, where it would thus 
 have a breadth of about three miles. These transverse miles, 
 however, were not examined, and the granite on the tributary 
 lake may be an independent mass. 
 
 In respect to the geological age of the formation, the evi- 
 dence afforded by the facts collected last year by Mr. Murray on 
 the Grand Manatoulin, La Cloche, Snake, Thessalon, Sulphur, and 
 other Islands, points ranging along a line of ninety miles out in front 
 of the coast, is clear, satisfactory, and indisputably conclusive. On 
 these islands, the Potsdam sandstone, the Trenton limestone, 
 the Utica slates, and (he Loraine shales, successive formations of 
 the lowest fossiliferous group of North America, were each in one 
 place or the other found, in exposures divested of all vegetation, 
 resting in unconformable repose, in a nearly horizontal position, 
 upon the tilted beds, and undulating surface of the quartz rock, 
 and its accompanying strata, filling up valleys, overtopping moun- 
 tains, and concealing every vestige of dykes and copper veins ; 
 and it would appear that some of these mountains have required 
 the accumulation of the whole thickness of the lowest three, and 
 
 H 
 
! I 
 
 20 
 
 part of tho fourth fossiliferous deposit, equal to about 700 feet, to 
 bury their summits, which were then about the same lieight over 
 that part of the Huron base of the first known recipient of 
 organic remains, as tho present neighbouring mountains of tho 
 formation are over the surface of the lake. 
 
 Tho chief difference in the copper bearing rocks of Lakes Hu- 
 ron and Superior, seem to lie in the great amount of amygdaloidal 
 trap present among the latter, and of white quartz rock or sand- 
 stone among the former. But on the Canadian sido of Lake 
 Superior, there are some considerable areas, in which important 
 ijasses of interstratified greenstone exist without amygdaloid^ 
 while white sandstones are present in others, as on the south sido 
 of Thunder Bay, though not in the same state of vitrification as 
 those of Huron. But notwithstanding these differences, there aro 
 such strong points of resemblance in the interstratification of 
 igneous rocks, and the general mineralised condition of the whole, 
 as to render their positive or proximate equivalence highly pro- 
 bable, if not almost certain ; and the conclusive evidence given of 
 the age of the Huron, would thus appear to settle that of tho 
 Lake Superior rocks, in the position given to them by Dr. Hough- 
 ton, the late State Geologist of Michigan, as beneath the lowest 
 known fossiliferous deposits, a position which, as will be seen by 
 a reference to the Report of Progress I had the honor to submit to 
 Your Excellency in 1846, appeared to me to derive some support 
 from evidences on the Canadian side of Lake Superior itself. 
 
 Bruce Mines. 
 
 Of the twenty-two mining locations claimed of tho Government, 
 on the north shore of Lake Huron, that which, in the Map of the 
 Crown Land Department bears upon it the name of Cuthbertson, 
 being at present the eleventh from Root River, and the sixth from 
 the exit of Lake St. Joseph, displays a collection of mineral 
 veins, which have been more thoroughly tested by the works of the 
 parties interested in them, than any others on the lake. These, 
 therefore, were selected for examination. 
 
 In the Report I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency, 
 on the mineral region of Lake Superior, some general remarks 
 wcro made, which I am desirous shouM be boriio in mind, on the 
 
 :l 
 
feet, to 
 
 ht over 
 
 »iont of 
 
 of the 
 
 CCS Hu- 
 Jaloidal 
 T ^and- 
 >f Lake 
 portant 
 ffdaloid^ 
 iith side 
 ition as 
 lere aro 
 it Ion of 
 ) whole, 
 ily pro- 
 [];iven of 
 t of tho 
 Ilough- 
 c lowest 
 scon by 
 ibinit to 
 support 
 ilf. 
 
 jrnmcnt, 
 
 ip of the 
 
 ibertson, 
 
 xth from 
 
 mineral 
 
 s of the 
 
 These, 
 
 cellency, 
 
 remarks 
 
 d, on the 
 
 21 
 
 uncertainties that must unavoidably attend tho search for such me- 
 tals as occur in mineral veins, particularly in a now country. 
 These uncertainties arise chiefly from the difllculty of estimating 
 before hand, with exactness, tho quantity of the metal sought, that 
 any area in tho plane of the vein may produce. This results from 
 three circumstances, the '' ying proportions in the thickness or 
 form of the vein, the varying proportions of the pure ore in its 
 distribution in this irregular form, and the varying proportions of 
 the pure metal in the irregularly distributed ore. The form of the 
 vein may be compared to that of a very extensive and profound 
 rough-surfaced fissure, (without known limits either way,) the op- 
 posite sides of which having slipped on one another, do not fit, but 
 touch in some parts, stand asunder in others, and approach and re- 
 cede in endless fluctuations, while multitudes of fragments, cracked 
 off and fallen from the walls, caught and suspended in the crevice, 
 and often resting upon one another in a loose mass, block up various 
 parts, leaving a general space, so irregular, as to defy all attempt 
 to determine it with precision by any rule. The swelling and at- 
 tenuating, knotted, peifjrated and ragged sheet which would fill 
 this mould is the vein, and it is composed of a mechanical mixture 
 of earthy and metallic minerals, as irregular in their proportional 
 distribution as the sheet is in the measurements of its thickness. 
 In some few spots it may be wholly pure ore ; in many large and 
 small areas, it may consist of the earthy minerals without any ore 
 at all ; and in the remainder, it may consist of any indefinite pro- 
 portion of the two that lies between all and nothing. The pure 
 ore or metallic minerals are definite chemical compounds, in which 
 the metal is held in fixed proportions, according to the species of 
 the minerals, as found described in mineralogical works ; and the 
 irregularities in regard to them arise from two or more species be- 
 ing frequently mechanically mingled together, in proportions as 
 indefinite as those relating to the earthy and metallic minerals. 
 It is evident from this, that the quantity of pure metal, in any 
 given area in the plane of a mineral vein, can be only approxima- 
 tively ascertained, by arbitrarily assuming as data for calculation 
 the results of experiments on parts. The more numerous and ex- 
 tensive the parts selected the nearer will be the approximation 
 to the truth ; and those portions of a lode available for such a 
 purpose, are the outcrop when uninjured by atmospheric influences, 
 
1?! 
 
 1 1 
 
 I 
 
 • 
 
 1' 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 , ., : ■ ^ 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 H 
 
 1 ! 
 
 m ^ ^^ 
 
 1; 
 
 i H 
 
 horizontal galleries or levels, and vortical or inclined shafts. Tlio 
 edges of tho concealed metalliferous sheet, as displayed in these 
 natural and artificial exposures, may bo assumed to represent tho 
 whole included within Ihem to moderate distances, and by measur- 
 ing and sampling them, data fur practical purposes arrived at. 
 Nino times out of ton, the results may bear out the calculations 
 from such data ; but it should be borno in mind, that any particu- 
 lar case may turn out to bo tho tenth one, and give results much 
 beyond, or very much below tho computation. 
 
 As affording tho best criterion of tho quality in tho present in- 
 stance, the ores and vein-stuff which had been brought to tho 
 surface from the various levels, shafts and excavations, were sam- 
 pled as near to tho Cornish mode as circumstances would permit. 
 When copper ores are sampled for sale in Cornwall or at Swansea 
 in Wales, the whole parcel having previously been broken up into 
 pieces not exceeeing an inch or half an inch cube, is arranged into 
 a square, even-surfaced pile, not exceeding two or two and a half 
 feet in depth. Two trenches at right angles to one another are then 
 cut from side to side opposite through the centre. The sides of 
 these trenches are next scraped down into the bottom, and what is 
 thus obtained is mixed together and bruised much finer than beforei 
 being passed through a seive to insure tho fineness, and then made 
 up into a small flat pile which is split as before. This operation is 
 repeated three times, a smaller-holed seive being used at each, and 
 a requisite degree of fineness and mixture thus obtained. If the 
 resulting quantity is too largOt for a sample, it is made up into a 
 small flat circular pile, marked into quadrants, and two opposito 
 quadrants removed. Tho remainder is mixed up again and tho 
 operation repeated generally about five times, when the resulting 
 quantity is about small enough to bo sent to the assayer for his 
 purposes. In the present instance it would have been too expen- 
 sive and tedious a process to break up the ores to a uniform size. 
 The piles were consequently split as they stood on the ground, but 
 the resulting quantity was carried through all the other operations. 
 The weights of the piles were roughly estimated by measure- 
 ment. When there were no parcels of ore to experiment upon for 
 produce, tlie lode having been previously measured for average width 
 generally at every fathom was drilled across at an angle of about 
 45° at regular measured intervals^ and the powder coming from 
 
 
 i!l 
 
23 
 
 ri 
 
 I. Tho 
 
 thoso 
 iont tho 
 moaaur- 
 ivcd at. 
 ulations 
 particu- 
 ts much 
 
 esent in- 
 t to tho 
 ere sam- 
 1 permit. 
 Swansea 
 n up into 
 nged into 
 id a half 
 r are then 
 ) sides of 
 id what is 
 An before, 
 hen made 
 )cration is 
 each, and 
 d. If tho 
 ) up into a 
 opposite 
 n and tho 
 e resulting 
 yer for his 
 too expen- 
 iform size. 
 ;round, but 
 operations. 
 r measuro- 
 nt upon for 
 erage width 
 r\e of about 
 ming from 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 the boro-holos taken as samples ; when, from great width in tho 
 vein, ono hole would not roach from wall to wall, then two or more 
 wore drilled as tho case might require. Two gangs of men of three 
 each, with ono to superintend and collect the borings, wero employed 
 at this work for upwards of a month. At first tho distances wore 
 appointed at every two fathoms apart, subsequently at every threo, 
 and as my time drew to a close, they were extended to five fath- 
 oms ; but even thus, the lodes wore in some places so wide and tho 
 exposures so long, that it was found impossible to drill-sample 
 the whole satisfactorily, particularly on the west side of tho location. 
 
 The position of the location will be well indicated by stating that 
 the 84th meridian of west longitude from Greenwich passes length- 
 ways through the middle of it nearly. It is one of those which 
 belong to the Montreal Mining Company, and in it are situated tho 
 Bruce Mines so well known throughout the Province. The sizo 
 of the location, or sett as it would be termed in Cornwall, like that 
 of most of the other locations is two miles in front by five in depth 
 running exactly north. The surface is gently undulating, the 
 ridges ranging from S. E. to N. W. The rocks which compose them 
 are greenstone, syenitic conglomerate with its associate slate, and 
 quartz-i ock. The rear and nearly the whole of tho front are oc- 
 cupied by greenstone spread out to some breadth ; quartz-rock, 
 syenitic conglomerate and slates, with bands of greenstone (proba- 
 bly dykes) are met with in the intermediate space. The limestone 
 band which has been mentioned in the goneral description has not 
 been observed on the location, but it approaches to within about 
 half a mile of it on the Thessalon in the roar; and a similar 
 rock occupies the water-line of the farthest off half-front of the 
 next location westward, in the position already mentioned as three 
 quarters of a mile above the French Islands. If continued south- 
 eastwardly in its strike until abreast of the south-easterly extremity 
 of tho second Island, the band would be about a mile and a half in 
 a transverse direction from the Bruce Mines' wharf, apparently in 
 about tho same relation to the greenstone of the front, as the Thes- 
 salon rock is to the greenstone of the rear. There are copper 
 lodes in both the ranges of greenstone, but only those in the front 
 part of the location have been opened. 
 
 The front lodes are several in number, and occupy positions 
 toy irds both sides of the location. There is a rude parallelism to 
 
 9- 
 
 3^ 
 
,f 
 
 i>!l 
 
 I 
 
 
 >li 
 
 24 
 
 one another in some parts of the lodes and an apparent conver- 
 gence in others, and the whole arc attended with a great complica- 
 tion of branches, whicli probably run from ono to another and con- 
 nect the whole into ono system, emanating from aomo ono groat 
 disturbance, the results of which, will no doubt traverse all the 
 western locations in succession which cross its direction, mineral- 
 ising the country through which they pass, according to tho 
 quality of tho rock encountered. At tho Hruco Mines the surface 
 rock these lodes and their branches intersect, is wholly green- 
 stone, and the branches as well as tho main veins, have copper 
 present in them in various proportions. In tho configuration of 
 the coast, there is a conspicuous peninsula joined to the main land 
 by a narrow marshy strip, about ono third of the location's breadth 
 from tho western boundary. If a north-west line, or a line with u 
 bearing approaching to N. 55 vV., bo carried through tho neck 
 of this peninsula, and another be drawn parallel to it across tho 
 location, at the distance of twenty-five to thirty chains farther in, 
 they will probably inchideall the mineral ground related to tho front 
 lodes ; and the belt thus formed, starting from the western boundary 
 with its full breadth, will como obliquely upon the coast, its north- 
 cast sido terminating on the lake, insido of a point which is about 
 three quarters of a mile from tho east boundary lino of the loca- 
 tion, and limits a deep bay occu[)ying the distance. Tho length 
 of the belt would thus bo about ono mile and a quarter, and it con- 
 stitutes a low ridgo rising to between sixty and seventy feet 
 above the level of tho lake. 
 
 From the immediate vicinity of the poin„ j.*. t mentioned, one 
 of tho main veins runs nearly a straight course, N. 40 W., for 
 rather over three hundred fathoms. The first ono hundred and 
 seventy-five of these fathoms not offering an encouraging nuantity 
 of ore, have had no work bestowed upon them ; natural exposures 
 of the lode occur at intervals only in three places, making up 
 seventy fathoms, and the intermediate spaces are still covered with 
 trees and vegetation. The average breadth of the lodo in those ex- 
 posures is six feet, but the traces of copper in them were so scarce 
 that it appeared to me useless to sample them by drilling. In the 
 succeeding thirty fathoms, there was but one exposure ; it occupied 
 the first eight fathoms and shewed a breadth of four to six feet. 
 About four fathoms of it displayed a surface bunch of ore promis- 
 
 \ 
 
, convor- 
 ;otnplica- 
 aiul con- 
 )no great 
 all the 
 minoral- 
 g to tho 
 surface 
 y groon- 
 
 copper 
 iration of 
 nain land 
 3 breadth 
 no with a 
 tho nock 
 cross tho 
 arther in, 
 >tho front 
 boundary 
 its north- 
 
 1 is about 
 f the loca- 
 'ho length 
 ind it con- 
 renty feet 
 
 oncd, ono 
 [) W., for 
 idred and 
 y quantity 
 exposures 
 naking up 
 /ered with 
 n these ex- 
 c so scarco 
 ig. In the 
 it occupied 
 to six feet, 
 re promis- 
 
 20 
 
 ing about half a ton of 15.00 per cent ore per fjithom. The Com- 
 pany, howovor, having Hot miners to stope, (or excavate) those four 
 fathoms, tho estimated quantity soon diminished to a llttlo over 
 half the amount ; these four fathoms are marked on tho Company's 
 Map as Slope No. 24. A fow drill-holes (from the position of tho 
 exposures at irregular intervals) were bored in tho 205 fathoms. 
 Tho sample resulting, gives a produce of only 0.01 per cent. ; the 
 chief part of tho copper being probably from tho last portion of tho 
 distance. 
 
 Tho succeeding eighty fijthoms, reaching up to tho oast end of 
 what is called tho Trial Shaft, were drilled across at intervals 
 of five fathoms along tho outcrop, tho borings from tho drill- 
 holes of each twenty fathoms, being kept seperato for assay, and 
 the average width of tho lode in the same spaces determined. Tho 
 results are as follows : — 
 
 Width. Proauce. 
 
 Ft. In. Percent. 
 
 iMt. ... 20fathomfl 4 4 2.52 
 
 2nd... 20 " 6 11 3.84 
 
 .3rd.... 20 " 2 8 4.56 
 
 4th.... 20 '• 2 11 3.48 
 
 The remaining fifteen of tho 300 fathoms, including that part of 
 tho lode occupied by the Trial Shaft, were not sampled, but they 
 will probably not differ much either in produce or width from tho 
 last section of tho eighty fathoms, in tho whole of which tho species 
 of copper ore prevailing appears to be almost altogether the 
 pyritous, neither Lio vitreous nor the variegated having been met 
 with in any rjuantity. The second score in the above list includes 
 four fathoms, situated near the powder magazine, and marked as 
 Stope No. 1 in tho Company's Map. Before my departure from the 
 mines these four fathoms had been excavated to tho depth of about 
 .six feet, and tho ore presented on the bottom a much better ap- 
 pearance to tho eye than it had done on the surface. The last 
 six fathoms of the fourth score constitute Stope No. 2, and being 
 situated next to tho Trial Shaft, may probably without much 
 error, be taken to represent what the produce of the shaft was at 
 the top. If such be the case, the lode must have improved down- 
 wards in the shaft. About forty tons of vein-stuff, taken from the 
 shaft, and lying on the surface, when the depth was between four 
 
rT 4' 
 
 
 I 
 
 26 
 
 and five fathoms, just as it had come from the lode (nothing having 
 been separated from it with the exception of such fragments of 
 wall rock as had been detached in blasting and accidentally fallen 
 among the material of the lode,) having been sampled and assayed 
 give a produce of 7.68 per cent. When the shaft was subsequently 
 inspected by me, its depth was five fathoms and a half, the aver- 
 age width of the lode at the bottom four feet one inch, and there 
 did not appear to be any material diiference in the aspect of the 
 ore raised in the meantime. The underlie or slope of the lode in 
 the shaft is northwardly about eighty degrees. 
 
 About twenty fathoms to the north-east of the lode, which has 
 thus far been partly described, there is another, apparently running 
 almost exactly parallel with it throughout the last seventy-five 
 fathoms, and it may continue in the same parallel course in a di- 
 rection towards the lake. It has been, however, but partially 
 examined, and its position is merely surmised, from a natural ex- 
 posure of fifteen fathoms at the south-east end of the distance spe- 
 cified, where it has a breadth of two feet six inches, and nineteen 
 fathoms, with a breadth of two feet, which have been stripped at 
 the other ; but though the intermediate forty-one fathoms are 
 much covered with trees and loose blocks of trap, a few fragments 
 of veinstone are met with in one or two spots among them. The 
 fifteen fathoms contain some spots of copper pyrites, but not in 
 large quantity, and were not sampled. The nineteen fathoms 
 were drilled at intervals of twelve feet, and the sample resulting 
 yields a produce of 9.76 per cent. The last north-western six fath- 
 oms of this part constitute Stope No. 3, which displays variegated 
 copper ore, mingled with the pyritous. 
 
 At the point to which these parallel lodes have been thus far 
 followed, they appear to be interrupted, neither having been yet 
 traced in a continuous course farther to the northwest ; but about 
 fifteen to sixteen fathoms removed to the right, (facing north- 
 west,) two parallel lodes are met with about the same distance 
 apart as before, which have not yet been traced in a direct course 
 to the south-east. It seems to me probable, therefore, that they 
 are the same lodes heaved to the north-east by a cross course, the 
 bearing of which would be about 25° to the east of north and west 
 of south. The bearing of those lodes, beyond the cross course, 
 remains about N. 50 W. for twenty fathoms of the right and thirty 
 
27 
 
 ing having 
 agments of 
 tally fallen 
 nd assayed 
 bsequently 
 the aver- 
 and there 
 pect of the 
 the lode in 
 
 which has 
 tly running 
 eventy-five 
 •se in a di- 
 it partially 
 natural ex- 
 istance spe- 
 id nineteen 
 stripped at 
 i,thoms are 
 r fragments 
 ;hem. The 
 but not in 
 en fathoms 
 le resulting 
 3rn six fath- 
 \ variegated 
 
 en thus far 
 ig been yet 
 ; but about 
 cing north- 
 lie distance 
 lirect course 
 >, that they 
 i course, the 
 rth and west 
 ross course, 
 
 \ 
 
 fathoms of the left hand one. They then bear more westward, 
 and keep parallel in a direction about N. 70 W. leaving out 
 minor terms, for nearly forty fathoms, beyond which the left lode 
 continues in the same direction for ten fathoms farther, when the 
 right, (which may be called the north branch,) bending to a course 
 first west, and then south of west, joins it. 
 
 Commencing at the cross course, the left or main lode has been 
 sloped to the depth of five feet, up to what is called Davia* Shaft. 
 The excavation, however, being full of water and rubbish, it was 
 impossible for me to obtain a sample, but I was informed, good ore 
 had been raised from it. The width of the lode in the distance, 
 which is a little over fourteen fathoms, in so far as it could be 
 judged from the open channel, appeared to be about five feet. Da- 
 vis' shaft is sunk to the depth of five and a half fathoms, the un- 
 derlie is slightly northward, the breadth of the lode, in the bottom 
 is five feet ; but at the top it is eight feet in the east and twelve 
 feet in the west end ; both ends, however, contain much wall rock. 
 The whole of the east end, and the lower four fathoms of the west, 
 as well as the bottom, appeared to hold but a small quantity of ore, 
 but in the upper part of the west end there was a fine bunch, 
 which, from its absence in the east, would seem to be sloping down- 
 wards westwardly on its lower edge at the rate of about four feet 
 in nine feet, which is the distance from end to end in the shaft. 
 The succeeding six fathoms in the lode constitute Stope No. 4, be- 
 yond which the lode horses^ as it is termed, or bifurcates, giving 
 off a branch on the south side. The average width of Stope No. 4 
 is six feet nine inches, and the sample derived from drilling yields 
 6.80 per cent. About eight tons of ore raised from this part of 
 the lode yields 8.56 per cent. The south branch, which has a 
 bearing a little north of west, has been found available for only thir- 
 teen fathoms, in the last six fathoms of which Stope No. 5 is placed ; 
 variegated and vitreous copper are much mingled with the pyritous 
 in the lode, the average breadth of which, in the thirteen fathoms, 
 is ono foot six inches, while the produce of the drill sample 
 from the same is 6.96 per cent. In the main lode from the point 
 of the horse, or bifurcation, the first eight fathoms, in which the 
 turn of the lode occurs, were considered too poor to deserve sam- 
 pling ; the average breadth was two feet three inches, and the 
 average produce would probably not exceed 1.00 per cent. Beyond 
 
4"i 
 
 I 
 
 k 
 
 28 
 
 this, there occur seven fathoms, with an average width of one foot 
 ten inches, and a produce of 2.80 per cent; then eleven fathoms, 
 including Prideaux' Shaft, with an average breadth of three feet 
 three inches, yield a produce from drill-holes at every twelve feet 
 of 9.60 per cent. ; and in continuation there are seven fathoms, with 
 a breadth of three feet, and a produce of 8.24 per cent., vitreous 
 and variegated copper still mingling with the pyritous. In the 
 last twenty of these fathoms, saving three, are comprehended 
 Stapes No8.6,7, and 8 ; Prideaux' Shaft being in the middle of No. 
 8. The shaft is four fathoms deep, the lode in it is very nearly 
 vertical, but may have a slight underlie southwardly ; in the 
 bottom it is four feet nine inches wide, and contains good yellow 
 ore calculated to yield three tons of 1 5.00 per cent, per fathom ; 
 but the top must have been of a very rich quality, containing 
 vitreous and variegated copper, as a sample resulting from twenty 
 tons of ore which I was informed were raised from the shaft, gave 
 a produce of 20.00 per cent. To the junction of the north branch 
 and main lode there still remain twenty-four fathoms ; these with 
 seven fathoms beyond, in general appear to be of a poor quality ; 
 their average breadth was about three feet, but they were not 
 sampled. Before my departure, however, the Company's Agent 
 gave a trial to four fathoms, not far removed from the end of the 
 twenty -four, placing on them Slope No. 9. The yield was at first 
 estimated at one ton of 15.00 per cent ore to a fathom, but after 
 three weeks working, it diminished to less than half the amount, 
 and the stope was abandoned. 
 
 Returning to the cross course in order to state the facts con- 
 nected with the north branch, it is to be remarked, that on the 
 first thirty-six fathoms up to what is called Harris^ Shaft, there 
 has been no surface working at all ; and the lode has been made 
 out in natural exposures only in two places, in which it had a 
 breadth of between three and four feet ; but the exposures arc so 
 short that I do not feel authorised to assert anything in regard to 
 the quality of the lode, beyond the fiict that spots of copper ore 
 were present in it. The nearest of these exposures is upwards of 
 twenty fathoms from the shaft, approaching whii'h, in the inter- 
 mediate space, the vein is so split up into strings that it would have 
 been difficult to determine which of them, or which gronp of them, 
 should be measured for the lode, or what breadth experimented 
 
n 
 
 of one foot 
 in fathoms, 
 f three feet 
 twelve feet 
 ;honis, with 
 it., vitreous 
 us. In the 
 iprehended 
 ddle of No. 
 ^ery nearly 
 lly; in the 
 rood yellow 
 )er fathom ; 
 containing 
 rora twenty 
 I shaft, gave 
 Drth branch 
 ; these with 
 oor quality ; 
 ey were not 
 any's Agent 
 e end of the 
 I was at first 
 m, but after 
 the amount, 
 
 3 facts con- 
 that on the 
 ^haft, there 
 s been made 
 lich it had a 
 sures arc so 
 in regard to 
 >f copper ore 
 s upwards of 
 in the inter- 
 t would have 
 onp of them, 
 xperiraented 
 
 29 
 
 upon for produce. Harris' shaft, with Rankin's Shaft beyond, and 
 the interval between them, occupy a space of about twenty fath- 
 oms. Of the interval eight and a half fathoms next Harris' shaft 
 had been excavated, and again filled up with rubbish previous to 
 my arrival, and could not be seen ; but I was informed that only 
 the first two fathoms displayed a godd quality of ore, the remain- 
 der being poor. The eight fiithoms up to llankin's shaft had also 
 been worked a few feet down, but the bottom of the excavation was 
 visible. The first half was too poor to deserve sampling ; the re- 
 mainder, which constitutes Slope No. 10, with an average breadth 
 of two feet nine inches, gives an average drill-hole produce of 8.40 
 per cent. Descending Harris' shaft, the average width of the lode, 
 exclusive of horses or interposed wall rock, and the average pro- 
 duces are as follows : — 
 
 Width. Produce. 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. in. Per cent. 
 
 Top, exclusive of a Aorae of 1, 9 3 5 10.24 
 
 Middle, exclusive of a Aorse 1, 11 2 8 9.28 
 
 Bottom 5 7.68 
 
 1 ' . >( torn of the shaft is five feet below the ten fathom level, 
 whic. .uts been driven about eight fathoms eastward and ten and 
 a half fiithoms westward in the lode. The width of the lode in the 
 level, which is about six feet high, was averaged, from measure- 
 ments at every three fathoms over-head and under-foot, and from 
 three measurements in the ends, at the top, middle and bottom. 
 The produces result from two parallel rows of drill-holes along the 
 bottom, one towards each side, the object of keeping them separate 
 being to ascertain whether one side of the lode was in any way 
 better than the other ; the results arc as follows : — 
 
 /w the 8 fathoms Eastward of Shaft — 
 
 Width. Produce. 
 
 Ft. In. N. Side. S. Side. Average. 
 
 End 2 9 8.72 
 
 Level 4 6 5.36 7.28 6.32 
 
 Level.. 
 End.. 
 
 Jh the 10 }i fathoms Westward of Shaft — 
 
 Width. Produce. 
 
 Ft. In. N. Side. S. Side. Average 
 
 4 7.92 7.68 7.80 
 
 3 1 7.20 
 
 I'. 
 
•^ 
 
 Ir 
 
 Rankin's shaft is eleven fathoms deep ; the lode in the bottom is 
 four feet wide, presenting good spots of ore, calculated to yield 
 about two tons of 15.00 per cent, ore per fathom ; at the ten 
 fathom level, the average width in the east end, which is six feet 
 in, is three feet eleven inches, and in the west three feet five inches, 
 the estimated yield being much the same as before. Beyond 
 Rankin's shaft, the crop of the lode before my arrival was sloped 
 away to the distance of about eleven fathoms, and the excavation 
 was partly filled up, but I was informed that about half the dis- 
 tance yielded good pyritous ore, mixed with variegated, while the 
 remainder was poor. Several parcels of ore and vein-stuff taken 
 from Harris' and Rankin's shaft, and also from Davis' shaft, but 
 chiefly from the former, and the levels and stopes connected with 
 them, were lying near on the surface. Some of the parcels I was 
 informed were composed of ore taken from more parts than one ; 
 it was, in consequence, impossible to ascertain the exact source of 
 the ore in every case. The parcels and produces are as follows: — 
 
 Per cent. 
 600 tons from Harris' Shaft and the old stopes to the 
 
 westward. The parcel was said to be in the 
 
 condition in which it came from the lode, and the 
 
 ore appeared to be composed almost wholly of the 
 
 pyritous species 7.92 
 
 65 tons from Harris' Shaft ; the parcel was said to 
 
 be from the 10 fathom level, east end 9.36 
 
 28 tons from Harris' Shaft, said to have been taken 
 
 from the 10 fathom level, west end 8.32 
 
 3U tons from Rankin's Shaft, east surface stopes 10.04 
 
 50 tons from Rankin's Shaft 8.64 
 
 40 tons from the top of the lode in the vicinity of Rankin's 
 Shaft. I was informed that this parcel had been 
 turned once and picked twice, the ore selected 
 from it having been sent to Boston and Montreal... 6.08 
 
 75 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel, it 
 was said, had been turned once and picked twice, 
 and the selected ore sent to Boston and Montreal. 5.20 
 
 40 tons, from which shaft uncerlain. This parcel, I 
 was informed, was turned and picked once, and 
 the selected ore burnt or roasted in the open air. 6.64 
 
 12 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel, 
 I was informed, was burnt and turned and picked, 
 two barrels of the selected having been sent to 
 Montreal 9.28 
 
 i 
 
 ^^^t 
 
10 bottom is 
 
 ited to yield 
 
 , at the ten 
 
 h is six feet 
 
 t five inches, 
 
 ■e. Beyond 
 
 il was stoped 
 
 3 excavation 
 
 half the dis- 
 
 ed, while the 
 
 n-stuff taken 
 
 is' shaft, but 
 
 nnected with 
 
 parcels I was 
 
 ts than one ; 
 
 :act source of 
 
 as follows: — 
 
 Per cent, 
 e 
 
 B 
 
 7.92 
 
 9.36 
 
 8.32 
 
 10.04 
 
 8.64 
 
 8 
 D 
 
 it 
 
 I. 
 I 
 
 1, 
 :o 
 
 6.08 
 
 5.20 
 
 6.64 
 
 9.28 
 
 •1 
 
 31 
 
 Per cent. 
 60 tonn, from which shaft uncertain. I was informed 
 
 the parcel was selected from two of the others, and 
 
 then roasted in the open air 5.84 
 
 21 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel lay 
 on the Wharf Island having been selected and 
 brought down for shipment ; but I was not inform- 
 ed from which of the previous parcels it was taken 9.60 
 
 The ore mentioned above, as having been selected, and sent to 
 Boston and Montreal consisted, I am informed, of the following 
 parcels : — 
 
 200 tons sent to Boston before the mines came into the 
 possession of the present proprietors, and there 
 sold for $25 per ton. This, at $2^ per ton for every 
 1 per cent., would give a produce of 10 per cent.; 
 but my informant could not speak with precision 
 in regard to any of the facts 10.00 
 
 200 tons sent to Montreal. A part was there roughly 
 sampled and an assay made by Mr. Hunt. At 
 Montreal the ore was dressed into three parcels, 
 sent to Baltimore, and there sampled and sold, the 
 parcels, produces and prices being as follows : — 
 
 36 tons of 23.75 per cent £17 16 3 
 
 24 tons of 22.25 " 16 13 9 
 
 13 tons of 20.00 " 15 
 
 73 22.59 £16 18 10 9.60 
 
 Pursuing the examination from the extremity of the seven fa- 
 thoms beyond the junction of the north branch and main Inde, the 
 general bearing of the vein gradually turns to about due west, and 
 continues so as far as it has been uncovered. The first eleven 
 fathoms show an average width of two feet five inches, and a pro- 
 duce of 10.72 per cent., there being a considerable quantity of 
 variegated and vitreous copper in the lode. The average breadth 
 of the next eight fathoms is four feet, and the produce will be best 
 determined by the assays of the samples tqken from the parcels 
 of ore extracted from the lode in this part. They are as follows : 
 
 4 tons of variegated and vitreous copper, 
 
 picked quality 40.80 per cent. 
 
 5 tons of the same description of ore, with 
 
 more quartz in it 20.64 ** 
 
 6 tons of the same quality of ore, with atill 
 
 more quartz in it 11.52 ** 
 
I 
 
 H 
 
 ( I 
 
 1 - 
 
 82 
 
 16 tons of smalls or finely bruised refuse re- 
 sulting from dressing the previous three 
 parcels 9.84 per cent. 
 
 16 tons of spallers or rough ore remaining 
 
 from the dressings 6.56 " 
 
 47 tons of the average produce of 12.70 *• 
 
 Upon the last nineteen fathoms are placed Stopes Nos. 11 and 12, 
 nnd the succeeding three Stopes, Nos. 13, I4and 15, occupy a little 
 over the foUowinc; twenty fathoms. The average width of Nos 13 
 and 14, comprehending about twelve fathoms, is six feet, and the 
 average drill-hole produce 9.84 per cent. The width of No. 15, 
 occupying under eight fathoms, is twelve feet, and the produce of 
 forty eight tons of ore, of the the pyritous species, raised from the 
 space, is 12.96 per cent. 
 
 At the time of my arrival, and while satnpling this part of the 
 lode, a considerable interval, immediately to the westward, still 
 remained under about six feet of clay which had originally covered 
 the rock to depths varying from six to three feet for thirty to forty 
 fathoms to the eastward ; but before my departure, about six fa- 
 thoms had been trenched just beyond Stopo No. 15. They wore 
 not sampled, but the average brc.idth of the lode Avas ascertained 
 to be six feet. The distance which ultimately continued covered 
 was between eighteen and nineteen fathoms; beyond this a trench 
 had been cut nnd the lode stripped of six to twelve foot of clay, for 
 a distance of about fifty-three fathoms ; but at the period of sampling, 
 about fourteen of these ftithoms in the middle and four fathoms at 
 each end were still untouched. The average width of the thirty- 
 one fathoms then exposed, was three feet ten inches, and the ave- 
 rage produce from drill-holes at every twelve feet 10.08 per cent ; 
 and, it appears to me, this may be taken to represent the width 
 and produce of not only the whole fifty-three fathoms, but the 
 eighteen fathoms still covered. On these fiftv-throo fathoms, 
 taking four and a half fiithoms from one end, and eight fathoms 
 from the other, arc placed Stopes Nos. 16 to 22, both inclusive. 
 
 In nearly the whole distance to the junction of the north branch 
 and main lode, and in the main lode even to the cross course, va- 
 riegated and vitreous copper ore, but particularly the former, exist 
 at the surface, and arc more or less mingled with the pyritous. 
 They were observed to be in the greatest profusion at about mid- 
 
 I 
 
 'm.. 
 
33 
 
 lit. 
 
 11 and 12, 
 ;iipy a little 
 I of Nos 13 
 ict, cand the 
 of No. 15, 
 produce of 
 sed fvom tho 
 
 part of tho 
 ;st\vard, still 
 ifiUy covered 
 irty to forty 
 .bout six fa- 
 I They wore 
 5 ascertained 
 mod covered 
 this a trench 
 )t of clay, for 
 of sampling, 
 r f^ithoms at 
 f the thirty- 
 and the ave- 
 08 per cent ; 
 t tho width 
 oms, but tho 
 roe fathoms, 
 ht fathoms 
 ,h inclusive, 
 north branch 
 5S course, va- 
 former, exist 
 the pyritous, 
 it about uiid- 
 
 c5 
 
 distance, where bunches, in nearly a pure state, were occasionally 
 met with, six to fifteen inches in thickness. But it seems to be a 
 fact, that the pyritous gradually replaces tho other species des- 
 cending in tho lode, and it appeared in parts completely to super- 
 sede them at the depth of ten to twelve feet. 
 
 What tho quaUty of tho lode may be further to the westward 
 has not been ascertained, nor is its course very certain ; a space of 
 between sixty and seventy fathoms intervenes before any rock of 
 the country emerges from beneath the argillaceous deposit which 
 has been mentioned, and tho exposure is not much marked by 
 quartz veins. A deep a • \ narrow channel across this ledge, nearly 
 due west, and in j tu. ' general course ot «^1", last ascertained 
 one hundred fathoms of tho lode, was tried for it without success ; 
 but in the exact direction of tho last eight fathoms of the lode, 
 Avhich turn up to a course N. 65 W., a quartz vein, marked with 
 spots of copper pyrites, is met with at the distance of seventy 
 fathoms. A few fathoms of it have been stripped ; neither in width 
 nor in copper does it look very promising ; but it is difficult to say 
 whether it is a continuation of the lode, or only a branch emanating 
 from it. 
 
 About 135 fathoms, in a transverse direction (S. 45 W.) from 
 that part of the main lode already described, which is near the 
 powder magazine (say Slope No. 1) a vein is seen emerging from the 
 water of the lake, at a point about thirty-five yards above the 
 neck of the wharf. Where the vein touches the water, it is be- 
 tween four and five feet wide, and rather sparingly marked by spots 
 of copper pyrites. It had been traced about forty-five fathoms, in a 
 direction about N. 45 W. ; but not appearing to promise abundance, 
 its investigation was not continued further. If the cross course, of 
 which there is some evidence in the lodes previously described, 
 were prolonged in its south-westerly run, it would intersect this 
 third lode just about the spot at which it was abandoned. It 
 would, no doubt, heave this to the north-eastward as it had heaved 
 the others ; and if, after the supposed heave, the lode were carried 
 forty-five fathoms farther in its previous bearing, or near to it, (say, 
 N. 30 W.) to a point about eighteen yards west of the engine house, it 
 would there join a lode which is well displayed on the surface, and on 
 which some work has been expended. It appears to me, there- 
 fore, probable, that the exposures at the water's edge and at the 
 
 c 
 
34 
 
 point last indicated aro on one and the same vein. From the vi- 
 cinity of the engine house, this vein is visible on the surface for 
 about eighty -five fathoms, running a course about N. GO W., and 
 carrying an average breadth of about nine feet. It is marked by 
 spots of pyritous copper in the whole distance, but the quantity did 
 not appear to me to be such as to assure a profitable return, and 
 the lode was not considered worthy of being sampled by drilling. A 
 good bunch of pyritous ore, however, had been met with about 
 eighteen fathoms from the point where the lode becomes exposed 
 near the engine house, and MoffaWs Shaft was sunk upon the spot 
 to the depth of twelve fathoms, the breadth of the lode at the 
 place being between six and eight feet. The ore which had been 
 raised from the shaft, I was informed, was wholly the produce of 
 the part between the surface and the bottom of the ninth fathom. 
 The results of the samples taken for assay are as follows : — 
 
 32 tons 5.12 percent. 
 
 20 tons 3.12 " 
 
 70 tons 2.80 «' 
 
 A large pile of refuse vein-stuff, chiefly the produce of the lowest 
 four fathoms, lay at the mouth of the shaft; but it was not consider- 
 ed worthy of sampling, not being estimated to contain more than 
 0.50 per cent, of copper. 
 
 Comparing the bearing of this lode with that of the more 
 northern one already described, it will be observed that the two 
 rapidly converge. From Moflatt's Shaft, the transverse distance 
 between them would be about 104 fathoms ; from the extremity 
 of the eighty -five fathoms, it would be about sixty-eight fathoms; 
 but if the southern lode Avere supposed to be prolonged thirty-five 
 fathoms farther, the transverse distance to the point at which the 
 northern still remains concealed would diminish to fifty-five fa- 
 thoms; and notwithstanding the turn the northern lode takes just 
 before reaching the point of concealment, indicating a farther 
 course nearly parallel with the southern one, it yet .appears not 
 unlikely, from the general convergence, that other turns will ulti- 
 mately carry them to a junction. It would require more particu- 
 lar examination to suggest the probable point of union ; but 
 wherever it occurs, it seems not unreasonable to expect, as often 
 happens in si;ch cases, a more than usually fruitful source of 
 ore. 
 
 
 U. 
 
I the vi- 
 faco for 
 W., and 
 rked by 
 [itity did 
 urn, and 
 lUng. A 
 ith about 
 i exposed 
 I the spot 
 le at the 
 had been 
 roduco of 
 h fathom. 
 
 s:- 
 
 tlie more 
 at the two 
 ic distance 
 extremity 
 it fathoms; 
 thirty-five 
 which the 
 fty-five fa- 
 5 takes just 
 a farther 
 ppears not 
 ns will ulti- 
 Dre particu- 
 iinion ; but 
 3ct, as often 
 il source of 
 
 80 
 
 About 340 fathoms, in a line rather to the south of duo west 
 from the point to which the north lode has been uncovered near 
 Slope No. 22, quartz veins, marked with copper pyrites, shew 
 themselves in the western part of the location. Proceeding in that 
 direction, the first collection met with occurs four chains north 
 of the western corner of a cove about 500 yards beyond the neck 
 of the peninsula already mentioned, where the lake and the road 
 to the west approach nearest to one another. These veins, how- 
 ever, appear more like branches than parts of a main lode ; and 
 though one of them was traced about fifty-five fathoms in a direc- 
 sion about N. 80 \V., and was found to be from one to two feet 
 wide, the spots of ore in it were not in suflScient abundance to 
 make it of importance. In a bearing approaching to N. 55 W. 
 from the most western visible part of this vein, and rather over 
 thirty fathoms beyond it, a lode, which there is little doubt is a 
 main one, has been stripped for about thirty-four fathoms in the 
 same direction. Its breadth varies from fifteen to twenty-five 
 feet ; there is a considerable quantity of brecciated wall rock 
 mixed up with the quartz gangue; and there runs through about 
 the middle of it a new feature in the presence of a continuous rib 
 of dolomitic limestone, which is sometimes an inch, and sometimes 
 nearly tvvo feet wide. The lode is much spotted with copper py- 
 rites ; but this did not appear to me to be sufficiently concentrated 
 in any one part to give profitable Avork on the surfp.co. After an 
 interval of 103 fathoms in the same bearing as before, at present 
 covered with trees and a considerable depth of soil, a continuance 
 of the same lode traverses an exposed blufi^, and is displayed run- 
 ning the same course for upwards of seventy-six fathoms. A. 
 breadth of 100 feet of the bluff is so intersected with veins that it 
 is in some parts diflicult to say what should be called lode and 
 what branches ; but towards each side of the stated measure there 
 is a course of quartz, in which the ore is more concentrated than 
 in the rest; the dolomite, which is of the same breadth as before, runs 
 on the south side of the whole, and as it appeared in the middle of 
 the previous exposure, while, in the present instance, the rock on 
 the south side of the dolomite is concealed by soil, it may be the 
 case that there exists a further quantity of ground in that direction 
 of the same character as the denuded portion on the north. Of the 
 two orey courses on the north side of the dolomite, the more 
 
i 
 
 89 I 
 
 northorn one has an average breadth of about five foot five Indies; 
 it has been tried in three places, one in the middle, and one at 
 each end. About seventeen tons from tlio east end, give 6.72 per 
 cent. ; and six tons from tho west, 4.08 per cent. Simpson's Shaft 
 has been sunk in the middle to the depth of about seven and a half 
 fathoms; and two parcels of ore which, I was informed, were raised 
 from tho first five to six fathoms, yielded the following results : — 
 
 40 tons 6.80 per cent. 
 
 28 " 5.84 " 
 
 ()8 
 
 6.40 
 
 Averngc, 
 
 A pile of inferior vein-stuff from the bottom of the shaft, estimated 
 to yield not over 0.50 per cent, was not sampled. A drill-holo 
 sample was taken only in one part of tho lode, being about half- 
 way between Simpson's shaft and the east end, where tho lode 
 was over tho average breadth ; the assay gives a produce of 2.77 
 per cent. Tho southern quartz vein, which is probably the main 
 lode, was found to vary in width from two to thirty-four feet, 
 containing in its greatest thickness a considerable quantity of wall 
 rock ; the average breadth appears to be cabout thirteen feet. 
 No trial had been made by stoping any part of it, and it would have 
 required more time to determine its average produce by drilling, 
 than my stay at the mines ^;ormitted me to devote to it. Only 
 one line of holes was carried across in the widest part ; the result 
 of the sample derived from, which was 1.57 per cent. This, 
 however, it appears to me, is below the average; it is probable 
 that a much higher produce might bo o'^tained in narrower 
 breadths than the average thickness, and that a considerable 
 quantity of ore might be quarried from the top of the lode 
 to give what 's termed good stamp tvork. These two courses of 
 ore, though occupying in the middle, and for the chief part of the 
 length exposed, the extreme sides of the 100 feet intersected by 
 the veins and branches connected with them, are comprised within 
 fifty-five feet at each end, by the deflection of the northern vein 
 towards the southern one, and it may be the case that they come 
 to a junction both ways. Such points of union are in general con- 
 sidered favorable positions for the discovery of ore. 
 
 About twenty-one fathoms beyond the previous exposure in 
 the same bearing as already stated, the lode has been partially 
 
inches ; 
 ono at 
 1.72 por 
 'a Shaft 
 d a half 
 raised 
 suU8 : — 
 
 stimatcd 
 Irill-holo 
 out )ialf- 
 tho lode 
 oof 2.77 
 the main 
 four feet, 
 ;y of wall 
 eon feet. 
 >uld have 
 r drilling, 
 t. Only 
 ;he result 
 it. This, 
 probable 
 narrower 
 isiderablo 
 the lode 
 courses of 
 )art of the 
 •sected by 
 jed within 
 them vein 
 they come 
 neral con- 
 
 cposurc in 
 partially 
 
 37 
 
 stripped for thirty-ono fathoms. Along the bottom of the trcncli 
 excavated in the direction of the ludo, the rib of dolomite is vi- 
 sible, with about the same average width as in the other instances ; 
 but the trench, which is only six to eight foot across, does not 
 display the details of the lode, and it is only in a narrow coateen- 
 Ing trench which has been cut transversely about mid-length of 
 the other, that an entanglement of quartz veins, spotted with 
 copper pyrites, can be discerned, occupying seven feet on the south 
 and twenty feet on the north side of the dolomite, which has 
 at the spot a breadth of throe feet. Tho details of the expo- 
 sure are thus too meagre to give much information beyond the 
 fact of the lode's continuance. 
 
 ^''till farther westward, there is another and last exposure on 
 the location. The distance from the previous ono is about thirty- 
 nine fathoms, and tho bearing of tho lino running over the con- 
 cealed rock surface between them is only a little to tho north of 
 west. On the south side of a bluff insersected by several ore- 
 marked branches, the lode can be followed for forty-seven fa- 
 thoms; in the first half of which it runs about N. 80 W., and on 
 tho other bends gradually round to N. 45 W. The average 
 breadth of the lode is about six feet. It has been tried at both 
 extremes of the exposure, and the parcels of oro resulting from 
 the stopes, after being freed from wall rock, give the following 
 per-centages of copper. 
 
 33 tons from the wast end 13.04 per cent. 
 
 55 " " west " 9.68 " 
 
 88 " of the average 11.78 ♦* 
 
 From tho general aspect of the lode, however, the average which 
 these parcels yield would, it appeai-s to me, exceed that of the 
 forty-seven fathoms, and if the lower of the two produces be taken, 
 if will perhaps be more than amply sufficient. 
 
 The vein of dolomite is not here seen in connection with the 
 lode, and it is uncertain whether it passes to the north or south 
 side of the bluff. To bring it to the south, it would be necessary 
 to suppose that from the point at which it was last left, a sudden 
 change in its course to due west occurs in the covered interval, or 
 that a cross course heaves it and the veins connected with it to 
 the south-west, neither of which cases is improbable. It is to 
 
Il 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 I'Ki 
 
 bo remarked, howovur, that the doluiiiito appears in tlio prcviuiiH 
 instances to maintain a much more straight and regular run than 
 the quartz veins and orcy courses, which wore observed to ap- 
 proach and recede from it in several places. Continued in tho 
 general bearing of all of the other [)osition3 in which it was met 
 with, and p;\rticularly in tho bearing it presented in tl»o thirty- 
 one fathom trench, which is tho nearest, it would keep beneath the 
 soil on tho north side of tho bluff, maintaining a distance of twenty- 
 five to thirty fathoms from the lode ; and if on trial it wore found 
 in this relation, it would not bo unreasonable to suppose that good 
 mineral ground might bo found on tho south side of the dolomite 
 in other parts, and the same on tho north side of it in this. 
 
 This last exhibition of the lodo approaches to within about 
 sixty-fivo yards of tho western boundary of tho location ; and 
 there appears no reason to doubt that this, and such other lodes as 
 come up parallel with it, will carry into tho succeeding location the 
 same characteristics they bring to tho vicinity of the boundary. 
 The same greenstone as exists on the one location, is carried into 
 the other in the prolon<;ation of tlio bolt that has been given as tho 
 area holding tho lodes ; and while this would lead us to expect no 
 change in tho n\ineral condition of tho metalliferous veins, it 
 would at the sumo time seem to point out (the stratified nature of 
 tho whole formation taken into account) that no dislocation of 
 uncommon magnitude has occurred to heave them to any unusu- 
 ally great extent on one side or the other of their continued 
 course and genei-al bearing, such as would render tho search for 
 them in the vicinity unavailing ; and though no traces of the lodes 
 have yet been met with on tho naturally exposed rock surfaces on 
 the west side of the boundary, nor in any of the trenches which have 
 been there cut in tho clay, sand and gravel, there is a probability 
 that a continued and properly conducted search by costeening 
 will ultimately be successful. 
 
 The general parallelism of the set or aggregation of veins on the 
 west side of the location with that on tho east (taking one of (he 
 two lodes there to bo subordinate to tho other), and the apparent 
 absence of tlie dolomite from this part, seems to make it probabh) 
 that the two sets will be found distinct across the location and give 
 two separate sources of ore. In regard to the eastern set — 
 assuming as data for calculation the results derived from tho facts 
 
39 
 
 >rcviouH 
 un than 
 
 to up- 
 
 in tho 
 mn met 
 I thirty- 
 cath tho 
 twcnty- 
 •e found 
 lat good 
 iolomite 
 
 is. 
 
 n about 
 on; and 
 lodes as 
 ition the 
 )undary. 
 ricd into 
 en as the 
 xpect no 
 veins, it 
 aaturo of 
 cation of 
 unusu- 
 ontinucd 
 arch for 
 he lodes 
 riiiccs on 
 ich have 
 obabihty 
 ostecning 
 
 ns on the 
 ine of the 
 apparent 
 probabh) 
 and give 
 irn set — 
 tho facts 
 
 ascertained — it wouUl appear necessary for tho present, in esti- 
 mating tho quantity of copper that may bo expected, to put on one 
 Hide as unavailablo what has been called tho southern lode, on 
 which Moffatt's sliaft 1ms been sunk. On tho north lodo, from tho 
 waters' edge, to tho extremity of the main lodo, as far ns unco- 
 vered, thcro aro, exclusive of tho branches, 502 f: thorns. Of those, 
 205 fathoms appear to be nearly barren on tho surface, and aro 
 therefore also to bo left out. Of tho remaining 297 fathoms, about one 
 eighth or thirty-nino fathoms appear to bo dead ground, and thoro 
 thus aro left 258 fathoms available. Tho average breadth of these 
 is 4.28 feet, the average produce 7.57 per cent. In regard to tho 
 north branch, there aro 153J fathoms from tho most south-eastern 
 point at which it has been met with, to its junctio i with themainlode. 
 Of these, seventy-two fathoms being left out us not having / et been 
 in any way proved, and forty-eight fathoms as poutivo or pro- 
 bable dead ground, there remain 33^ fathoms, of which t'.j avora.'xi 
 breadth is 2.44 feet and the average produce 9.18 per cent. T' i; 
 south branch, as has already been stated, may be available for 
 thirteen fathoms with an average breadth of 1.50 feet hikI a pro- 
 duce of G.96 per cent. Taking the whole together, tlioro is thus 
 an available length of 304 J fathoms, averaging in breadth 3.96 feet 
 and in produce 7.67 per cent. It is very difficult to Jtate with 
 precision what the proportion of variegated and vitreous copper 
 may he in the top of the lode, in comparison with the p) ritous, and 
 I know of no experimental method of arriving at a conclusion. 
 The only resource appears to be the very unsatisfactory one of 
 judging by the eye ; and assuming the proportion to be one-fifth in 
 tho whole loiigth, and the produce of the pyritous to be 30.00 per 
 cent, with a specific gravity of 4.16, and the r)fh,}r species 60.00 per 
 cent with a specific gravity of 5.00, while the specific gravity of the 
 quartz vein-stone is 2.65, then the weight of a cubic foot of the 
 mixture, making an allowance for druses, would be about 186 lbs. 
 From these data there would result as the quantity of pure copper 
 in one fathom in depth of the whole 304^ fathoms in length, 262 
 tons. It has been stated, however, that the variegated and vitreous 
 copper appear to be superseded by the pyritous at the depth of about 
 two fathoms. It would therefore be necessary for the part below 
 this to substitute one fifth of pyritous at 30.00 per cent for one fifth 
 of the other species at 60.00 per cent, or, what would be the same 
 
■SHv 
 
 40 
 
 thing, deduct one sixth from the produce, thus reducing it to 6.40 
 per cent. The weight of a cubic foot of the lode would in this case 
 be about 183 lbs., and the quantity of pure copper in one fathom 
 deep of the whole length 216 tons. 
 
 As far as can be judged from the shafts that have been sunk, 
 the lode seems to maintain its lower yield for the first ten fathoms 
 in depth. It is true that in the bottom of Davis' shaft, and, very 
 probably, from that shaft to the cross course, the quality, taking 
 the shaft as the criterion, has so far deteriorated, as to be worth 
 nothing ; but in Harris' shaft, the lode is good at the ten fathom 
 level, for eight fathoms under surface dead ground on the east, 
 and nearly as much on the west, with good promise in both ends 
 of the level. The improvement, in the one case, compensates for 
 the deterioration in the other, while in the remainder of tlie shafts, 
 as far as they have been sunk on this lode, there does not appear any 
 great change, beyond the substitution of the pyritous for the var- 
 iegated and vitreous copper. There is no doubt, however, as is the 
 case in all copper mines, that changes or alternations of yield will 
 occur descending in the lode, as it will be seen they do proceeding 
 horizontally ; but in so far as the facts ascertained guide us, there 
 is no reason to suppose that one kind will not make up for another, 
 and that we may not take the quantity of dead ground in the first 
 ten fathoms, as represented by what appears on the surface. It 
 would thus seem probable, that in the first ten fathoms there would 
 be the following quantity of copper : 
 
 2 fathoms giving 262 tons each 524 tons 
 
 8 " •' 216 " " 1728 " 
 
 10 
 
 2252 
 
 The produce of the samples in the present experiment have been 
 ascertained in the humid way ; whereas in the practice of the 
 copper smelting trade, all purchases arc guided by assays made 
 in the dry way, by which the whole of the copper is never ex- 
 tracted. Though dry assaying assimilates in some degree to the 
 process of smelting, yet the smelters expect, in operating in the 
 large, to obtain an increase equal to about 3.00 per cent, on the total 
 quantity of copper shewn by the assayers, and there is still a small 
 quantity thrown away in the slags or scoria), equal to about a six- 
 teenth, or from that to a thirty-second of one per cent, of their 
 
 
 i 
 
41 
 
 to 6.40 
 this case 
 e fathom 
 
 )n sunk, 
 fathoms 
 nd, very 
 r, taking 
 ►e worth 
 I fathom 
 the east, 
 oth ends 
 sates for 
 lie shafts, 
 ipear any 
 the var- 
 , as is the 
 yield will 
 roceeding 
 us, there 
 another, 
 I the first 
 face. It 
 2re would 
 
 lave been 
 30 of the 
 ys made 
 never ex- 
 ec to the 
 ig in the 
 I the total 
 ill a small 
 out a six- 
 ,. of their 
 
 weight. A deduction must, therefore, be made on this account 
 from the available quantity of copper. 
 
 It is the case, too,that in dressing ores to a per centage beyond 
 a natural one, a circumstance rendered imperative when a high 
 charge is to be encountered for transportation to a smelting esta- 
 blishment, a waste of a portion of the copper will unavoidably be 
 sustained. Before practical experiments have been made on the 
 ores of the locality, to ascertain how much this may be, I feel at a 
 loss to state un exact quantity. The simplicity of the mixture in 
 the lode, with the decided difference between the specific gravity 
 of the ore and the gangue, which is of a very homogeneous nature, 
 induce me to think, that a tolerably clean separation of the two can 
 be effected ; and it may, perhaps, be sufficient to give one fifth to 
 one sixth, or about 17^ per cent, for the combined allowance to be 
 made for the mode of assay and the loss by dressing. This would 
 reduce the available quantity of copper in ten fathoms to about 
 1860 tonSjWhich distributed through ore of 15.00 percent would give 
 about 12400 tons dry weight, or rather over four tons of such ore 
 per fathom. 
 
 But supposing about one-half of the ore to be raised to 20.00 per 
 centand the remainder to 17.50 and 15.00 per cent, (a part of it being 
 roasted in (he open air, if required, to assist the produce,) and sold 
 in the Baltimore market, the proportions and the prices might be as 
 follows : — 
 
 5000 tons of 20.00 per cent, at £15 per ton, £75,000 
 8000 " of 17.50 " 12 73 " 36,093 15 
 
 2200 " of 15.00 « 10 6 3" 22,687 10 
 
 10200 
 
 £133,781 5 
 
 The freight and insurance on this, adding 
 about 4 per cent for the quantity of water that 
 may be absorbed from the atmosphere, would 
 probably stand thus : — 
 10600 tons at £3 10 per ton, say £37,181 5 
 
 1; 
 
 Leaving as the value of the ore on board 
 
 ship at the mines £96,660 
 
 What the expense of raising the vein-stuft 
 from the lode and dressing it into merchant- 
 able ore might be, I cannot pretend to say 
 with precision ; nor can it be expected that 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 ■ •*Jk"'% 
 
 42 
 
 the Company, uutil its machinery is in regular 
 ' operation, will be able to give more than a 
 rough estimate. The following details, there- 
 fore, are stated more to show the nature of 
 the charges to be met, than with any view to 
 accurate calculation : — 
 
 Sinking, &c. 20 shafts of 10 fathoms : — 
 
 200 fathoms at £16 per fathom X3,200 
 
 Driving galleries or levels : — 
 
 400 fathoms at £14 per fathom 5,600 
 
 Stoping and raising vein-stuff from lode : — 
 
 2700 fathoms at £7 per fathom 18,900 
 
 Dressing vein-stuff: — 
 
 34000 tons at 128. 6d. per ton 21,250 
 
 Contingencies and agencies spread over 3 years 9,000 
 
 57,950 
 
 Leaving, as a margin for profit, in Halifax cy., £38,650 
 
 On the west side of the location the only parts ofthe lode offering 
 facts sufficiently definite to form the basis of a calculation aie com- 
 prised in the last 214 fatlioms. In this space there are three expo- 
 sures ; but the middle one, in which little is seen, and the covered 
 ground, being left out, there remain but 123 fathoms, of which the 
 average breadth is about 5.63 feet, while the average produce ofthe 
 surface, resulting from the samples obtained, appears to be 6.90 per 
 cent. In the present as in the previous case changes no doubt are 
 to be expected in the yield descending, and there having been only' 
 one shaft sunk in which the percentage at the bottom has turned out 
 to be low, it would perhaps be scarcely just to suppose that every 
 other will prove like it. It seems to me more probable that to a 
 certain extent improvement in one virill compensate for deterioration 
 in another, but at the same time it would be injudicious to form any 
 confident estimate of (he whole ten fathoms in opposition to this one 
 fact, until another of a contrary tendency has been ascertained to 
 neutralize it. 
 
 Assuming that the two sources keep separate across the location, 
 and that what is seen of the lodes and has thus been experinif>nted 
 upon may be taken as an index of what is still concealed, there 
 would be, in the case of the east lodes before reaching the western 
 boundary, and the west lodes before entering the lake, room for 
 more than one repetition of the same quantities as already given ; 
 
43 
 
 and it is only the justly proverbial uncertainties inseparable from 
 mining adventures which should moderate the confidence with 
 which such a repetition may be looked for. 
 
 It would thus appear that, even supposing the lodes were available 
 for no greater depth than ten fathoms, there is a reasonable ground 
 for expecting a considerable return. But there do not yet seem to be 
 any very definite facls ascertained which may be assigned as a cause 
 why their productive quality may not extend deeper. As has 
 already been said, variations in the productiveness are to be ex- 
 pected, but the probability appears to me to be that these will about 
 compensate one another until some general deterioration is occa- 
 sioned by a change in the quality of the rock the veins intersect. 
 That there is an indefinite depth at which the greenstone will 
 cease, is be to inferred from what has been said, in the general de- 
 scription, of the stratified arrangement of the rocks constituting the 
 formation of the country ; but without further facts, it is not easy 
 to state at what point this may be, in consequence of several irregu- 
 larities observable in the stratification of the vicinity, which disturb 
 the elements of a calculation. The nearest coast rock eastward of 
 a quality different from the greenstone is towards the east boundary 
 of the location : quartz rock there occupies a point dividing the 
 small bay in that part into two coves, and runs out on the east side 
 of the bay into Eagle Point ; the dip of this quartz rock appears to 
 be irregular. The dip of the formation generally all along the 
 coast to the eastward from the Thessalon, and e^en from the Mis- 
 sisagui after leaving the intrusive granite, up to the Palladeau 
 Islands, is northward , whereas at Eagle Point the dip is west. 
 Those beds which form the point between the two coves dip in the 
 direction of the works on the cast lodes nearly, their least slope 
 being about 12°. which is also that of the beds at Eagle Point. If it 
 be assumed that these beds thus plunge under the greenstone and 
 maintain the same inclination as they proceed, they would have a 
 depth of forty-five to fifty fathoms, where the vein touches the lake, 
 seventy-five to eighty fathoms where the lode begins to be productive, 
 and nearly 100 fathoms at Prideaux' shaft, less of course if the slope 
 moderates; and one difficulty of the case is, that the greenstone does 
 not afford any certain means of determining with the required precis- 
 ion, what change the slope of the rock beneath may suffer. It appears 
 to me to be a necesary consequence, if the quartz beds be thus taken as 
 
44 
 
 ft 
 
 the rock supporting the greenstone, to suppose that the band to which 
 they belong bends round from Eagle Point and runs with a northern 
 dip between the French Islands and the Peninsula, both of which are 
 greenstone. In the lowland fornning the bight of the Peninsula 
 Bay, which would thus be in the strike of the band, I am not 
 aware of the existence of any exposure either to confirm or contra- 
 dict the hypothesis. As the lodes described in the west part of 
 the location would stand nearer the outcrop of the sedimentary 
 rock than those from the eastern, the range of which would be 
 further northward, it is evident that whatever might be the depth 
 of the greenstone in relation to the latter, it would be less in respect 
 to the former. 
 
 But if it be supposed that the bay between the peninsula and the 
 French Islands be underlaid by a transverse continuation of the 
 greenstone and the first visible sedimentary coast rock proceeding 
 westward be assumed as the base, this rock would be the band of 
 limestone occurring above the French Islands. This in strike 
 agrees with the coast rocks on the locations to the eastward, but the 
 dip along the water line instead of north is south. The exposure 
 however is narrow ; it is cut by trap dykes as well as a large 
 spar vein holding iron pyrites, all running with the strike, and 
 there is certainly one twist turning the dip northward for a short dis- 
 tance. These circumstances, combined with the fact that the sedi- 
 mentary rocks immediately north of the greenstone cut by the cop- 
 per veins, dip northward, induce me to believe the south dip on the 
 water line to be a limited irregularity due to the disturbances accom- 
 panying the dykes and pyritiferous vein, and that the true general 
 dip is northward ; or that the limestone is on the crown of an anti- 
 clinal arch. If this limestone and its associated strata were thus the 
 limit of the greenstone of the copper lodes, it is scarcely necessary 
 to remark that a much more moderate general dip than that of the 
 previous hypothesis would give a much greater thickness. The 
 position and attitude of the Eagle Point strata must in this case be 
 supposed to be due to some great transverse dislocation ; otherwise 
 the limestone ought to come in between them and the greenstone in 
 the bay on the east side of the location, whereas no trace of it was 
 seen there. 
 
 In the present condition of the evidence, until other facts are found 
 to contradict it, I feel inclined to think the first hypothesis the more 
 
 
 '\ 
 
45 
 
 nd to which 
 I a northern 
 »f which are 
 Peninsula 
 [1, I am not 
 n or contra- 
 ,vest part of 
 sedimentary 
 
 I would be 
 )e the depth 
 ss in res()ect 
 
 sula and the 
 ation of the 
 : proceeding 
 the band of 
 is in strike 
 vrjird, but the 
 he exposure 
 
 II as a large 
 strike, and 
 
 ir a short dis- 
 lat the sedi- 
 by the cop- 
 1 dip on the 
 inces accom- 
 true general 
 of an anti- 
 vere thus the 
 ly necessary 
 that of the 
 ness. The 
 this case he 
 [1 ; otherwise 
 rreeiistone in 
 ce of it was 
 
 cts are found 
 !sis the more 
 
 4- 
 
 probable, and such being the case, it appears to me worthy of re- 
 mark that, judging from the drill-hole samples of the surface, the gene- 
 ral quality of the lode, from the cross course eastward to Stope No. 1, 
 appears to be less productive than it is to the westward ; that still fur- 
 ther eastward up to Stope No. 24, the quality still further deterio- 
 rates, and that from this point to the lake, the lode where exposed 
 shews very little copper indeed. In this direction from the rise of the 
 sandstone beneath, the greenstone is gradually getting shallower, and 
 it might be a question, whether it may not be in consequence of the 
 approach of the sandstone that the quantity of copper diminishes. If 
 a similar condition of circumstances should accompany the lower 
 part of the greenstone westward, it would subtract considerably from 
 the depth of the copper bearing portion of the rock ; and the sup- 
 posed 100 fathoms atPrideaux' Shaft would be reduced to a produc- 
 tive depth of probably twenty-five fathoms below the level of the lake 
 or thirty-five fathoms from the surface. It is only by adeep shaft that 
 such a question can be decided. But what might thus be lost in 
 depth might possibly be compensated for at the surface ; for in regard 
 to that part of the east lode beyond the point to which it has been 
 uncovered the analogy would be that running nearly parallel to the 
 supposed outcrop of the sedimentary strata outside of the Peninsula, 
 and keeping therefore in an equal and steady thickness of greenstone 
 it would hold a quality similar to that of the known productive part, 
 and there would then be room for three repetitions before attaining 
 the western boundary ; whereas, if the barren character of the east 
 end is due to some cause independent of the sandstone, one half of 
 the westward continuation may be expected to be like it.* 
 
 *Thfi view taken of the physical structure of the front of the Bruce Mines location 
 is prinlicated upon the supposition, that the true dip of the limestone band above the 
 French Islands, is northward, and that the band is not to bo found between the 
 Thessalon and the coast, on this location, or any to the eastward. Althouj^h it was 
 not observed, it is so narrow that it may, notwithstanding, be concealed on the 
 north side of the front greenstone; should it bo discovered there, the problem of the 
 structure would be very simply solved. The greenstone would then evidently ap- 
 pear to bo on the crown of an anticlinal, and all the phenomena of the locality 
 would be accounted for. The bend of the arch would account for the fissures which 
 have given space for the secretion of the mineral veins, and the sandstone of Eagle 
 Point would do the greenstone's supporting rock, approaching which, the quantity of 
 copper in the lode diminishes. This structure would be the most favourable for the 
 mines, as the probability would be, that the lode would maintain its productive qua- 
 lity westward, with an increasing depth all the way. It appears to me it would be 
 well worthy of the Company's attention, to make diligent search for the limestone 
 band in this position, not only on the Bruce Mines location, but on those to the 
 eastward. 
 
40 
 
 In tlje greenstone, on the rear of the local ion, a lode three feet 
 wide, and marked with spots of copper pyrites, was inspected* The 
 exposure continued only a few faliioms, and no experiment was 
 made to ascertain its productiveness. From the position of ihe green- 
 stone in relation to the limestone of the Thessalon, the strike of this, 
 and the general coincident bearing of the mineral veins, it appears to 
 me probable that this may be a continuation of one of the lodes of the 
 South Eciio location, on Ei:ho Lake, my visit to which last locality 
 was too short, and my examination too cursory, to authorise me to 
 make any remark in regard to its productiveness. 
 
 The quantity of copper ore and undressed vein-stuff above ground 
 at the Bruce Mines at the time of sampling them in the beginning of 
 July, it will be perceived, by a reference to a table in the Appendix, 
 was estimated at 1475 tons. The average produce is 8.01 per cent, 
 (equal to the average of the dressed ores of Cornwall), giving about 
 118 tons of pure copper, which, allowing for the mode of assay and 
 waste in drevssing, would yield upwards of 650 tons of 15.00 per 
 cent ore. At the time of my departure, much activity prevailed 
 in working the lodes, and an expectation was entertained by the 
 mining captains that 250 tons of such ore might be raised monthly. 
 One hundred and sixty-three persons were employed in carrying on 
 the operations connected with the mines, consisting of seventy-seven 
 miners, sixty-five labourers, four boys, eleven blacksmiths, carpenters 
 and other artisans, two mining captains, one engineer, two clerks, 
 and a superintendent, constituting a population, including the fami- 
 lies of the workmen, of about 250 souls. Three frame buildings 
 and about thirty log houses had been erected for stores, workshops, 
 and lodging accommodation ; and the foundation of an engine house 
 was commenced, in which was to be placed a steam engine of about 
 forty horse power, for clearing the mine of water and crushing the ore 
 for dressing. A pier, or planked platform road, had been carried out 
 about 180 yards, to an insulated rock, on which a wharf had been 
 constructed ; and three stone-loaded cribs had been sunk in ten feet 
 water beyond this, for an additional wharf, for the accommodation 
 of steamers and vessels frequenting the Iiarbour, which is a commo- 
 dious one, well sheltered from most winds, and not tlifficult of ac- 
 cess. There is abundance of timber for mining purposes and for 
 fuel on the location, and in the vicinity; and ontheThessalon, good 
 pine, hemlock and spruce were met with in some quantity. On 
 
 Im 
 
u t!jree feet 
 3cted. The 
 ;riment was 
 of ihegreen- 
 rike of this, 
 it appears to 
 I lodes of the 
 last locality 
 lorise me to 
 
 bove ground 
 beginning of 
 B Appendix, 
 .01 per cent, 
 giving about 
 af assay and 
 f 16.00 per 
 ty prevailed 
 ined by the 
 sed monthly. 
 I carrying on 
 jventy-seven 
 IS, carpenters 
 
 two clerks, 
 ng the fami- 
 ne buildings 
 , workshops, 
 engine house 
 'ine of about 
 shing the ore 
 n carried out 
 arfhad been 
 ik in ten feet 
 jommodation 
 
 is a commo- 
 ifficult of ac- 
 oses and for 
 jssalon, good 
 lantitv. On 
 
 47 
 
 this river, which joins the lake nine miles east of the Bruce Mines 
 there are, in or near the intermediate locations, four falls, about 
 thirteen, eighteen, eight, and three feet respectively, affording excel- 
 lent mill sites; and some of the land in the valley is well fitted lor 
 cultivation. Little good land, however is met with along this part 
 of the lake shore, and the front of the Bruce Mines location is parti- 
 cularly rough and rocky ; but on Saint Joseph Island, opposite, there 
 is an ample extent of excellent land, at present well clothed with 
 maple, birch, and elm, in some parts, and good pine in others, and 
 bemg underlaid by the rocks of the lower fossiliferous formations, it 
 abounds in limestone, affording good material for either burning or 
 building. 
 
 I have the honor to be 
 
 Your Excellency's 
 
 Most obedient servant, 
 
 W. E. LOGAN, 
 
 Provincial Geologist. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 CONTENTS OF LODES. 
 
 The following table is given to shew, in a consecutive manner, thi> 
 contents of the lodes, resulting from the lengths, widths and produces, 
 ascertained by measurernont and experiment. 'J'he third column is the 
 length in fathoms n)ultiplicd by the breadth in feet, to {rivo the means of de- 
 termining the averap;c breadth ; and the fourth column is the product of tlu; 
 figures of the third multiplied by those of the produce, from the result of 
 which is ascertained the average produce. The sum of the third colu* ui 
 multiplied by 36, the number of teet in a fathom forward by a fiitln>m 
 vertical, will give the cubic contents in I'eet of one fathom in depth of tlu- 
 whole length of the lode (the probability being that the horizontal will repre- 
 sent the vertical dimensions), and this product by the weight of a cubic foot 
 will give the weight of the vein-stuff' in the same. The fourth columi) imil- 
 tiplied by the same figure«i, and divided by 100, will give the weight of pun; 
 copper in the same space. In the copper smelting trade there are reekoiied 
 2352 lbs. or 21 cwt. to a ton of ore. 
 
 EASTERN LODES. 
 Main Lode. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Width. 
 
 Produce. 
 
 
 
 Fathoms. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 q^cont. 
 
 
 
 175.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 
 1050.00 
 
 
 30.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 
 150.00 
 
 
 205.00 
 
 5.85 
 
 
 1200.00 
 
 
 20.00 
 
 4.33 
 
 2.52 
 
 86.60 
 
 218.23 
 
 20.00 
 
 6 91 
 
 3.84 
 
 138.20 
 
 530.68 
 
 20 00 
 
 2.66 
 
 4.56 
 
 53.20 
 
 242.59 
 
 35.00 
 
 2.91 
 
 3.48 
 
 101.85 
 
 354.43 
 
 14.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.50 
 
 70.00 
 
 385.00 
 
 7.50 
 
 6.75 
 
 6.80 
 
 50.62 
 
 344.21 
 
 8.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 0.00 
 
 18.00 
 
 
 7.00 
 
 1.83 
 
 2.80 
 
 12 81 
 
 35.86 
 
 11.00 
 
 3.25 
 
 9.60 
 
 35.75 
 
 343.20 
 
 7.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 8.24 
 
 21.00 
 
 173.04 
 
 31.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 0.00 
 
 93.00 
 
 
 11.00 
 
 2.42 
 
 10.72 
 
 26.62 
 
 285 36 
 
 8.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 12.70 
 
 32.00 
 
 406.40 
 
 12.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 9.84 
 
 72.00 
 
 708.48 
 
 8.00 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.96 
 
 96.00 
 
 1244.16 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 36.00 
 
 360.00 
 
 18.50 
 
 3.83 
 
 10.00 
 
 70.85 
 
 708 50 
 
 53.00 
 
 3.83 
 
 10.08 
 
 202.99 
 
 2046.13 
 
 297.00 
 
 4.09 
 
 6.88 
 
 1217.49 
 
 8386.27 
 
 39.00 
 
 2.84 
 
 0.00 
 
 111.00 
 
 
 258.00 
 
 4.28 
 
 7.57 
 
 1106.49 
 
 8386.27 
 
50 
 
 North nRANCii. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Length. 
 
 Widlli. 
 
 I'roducc. 
 
 
 
 Fathoms. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 ^)ccnt. 
 
 
 
 .)<).0() 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 140.00 
 
 
 19.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 y.7G 
 
 .38.00 
 
 370.88 
 
 Ifi.OO 
 
 3.50 
 
 
 50.00 
 
 
 20.00 
 
 2 00 
 
 0.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 
 3..-,0 
 
 3.41 
 
 10.24 
 
 1 1 .93 
 
 I22.1»; 
 
 10..50 
 
 3.00 
 
 00 
 
 31.50 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.75 
 
 8.40 
 
 11 00 
 
 92.40 
 
 1.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 3(1.00 
 
 5.50 
 
 3 00 
 
 7.92 
 
 I (i.50 
 
 130.()8 
 
 5.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 0.00 
 
 1(1.50 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 0.00 
 
 24.00 
 
 
 15.{,5() 
 
 2.54 
 
 
 389.93 
 
 752.12 
 
 120.00 
 
 2.56 
 
 
 308.00 
 
 
 33.50 
 
 2.44 
 
 9.18 
 
 81.93 
 
 752.12 
 
 South Branch. 
 
 LiMlgtIl. 
 
 Fathoms. 
 
 Width. 
 Feet. 
 
 Produce, 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 13.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 G.9G 
 
 19.50 
 
 135.72 
 
 llECAriTUIiATrON. 
 
 Main Lode,... 
 North Branch, 
 South Branch, 
 
 Length. 
 Fathoms. 
 
 Width. 
 Feet. 
 
 Produce. 
 ^ cent. 
 
 
 258.00 
 33.50 
 13.00 
 
 4.28 
 2.44 
 1.50 
 
 7.57 
 9.18 
 6.96 
 
 1106.49 
 81.93 
 19.50 
 
 304.50 
 
 3.96 
 
 7.67 
 
 1207.92 
 
 8386.27 
 752.12 
 135.72 
 
 9274.1 1 
 
 9274.11 
 
 100 
 9274.11 
 
 — «36 ft. H 185 lbs :.=2C2 tons of Copper. 
 
 100 
 
 -less one-sixth m 36 ft. « 183 lbs.=216 tons of Copper. 
 
 W 
 
 i 
 
 WM. 
 
 af 
 
51 
 
 VVRSTERN LODES. 
 
 Length. 
 FathoiiiH. 
 
 Width. 
 Feet. 
 
 I'loJuce. 
 ycont. 
 
 p. .■■iryrt jjb;j:. r-. 
 
 -rL-.vr-*.TC'. j:..ii 
 
 I!).00 
 lU.OO 
 1)».00 
 1!).00 
 47.00 
 
 .'5.41 
 5.41 
 5.41 
 3.41 
 (J.OO 
 
 .>.(J3 
 
 6.72 
 2.77 
 6.40 
 4.08 
 !).6H 
 
 102.7!) 
 102.7!) 
 102.7!) 
 102.7!) 
 282.00 
 
 690.74 
 284.72 
 6.57.H/I 
 419..'I8 
 2 72!), 76 
 
 123.00 
 
 6.90 
 
 6!)3.16 
 
 4782.4.'> 
 
 4782.45 
 
 100 
 
 )^ .'16 ft. M 185 lb,s.=iHt5 tons > ('oppcr. 
 
 Copi'KR Orbs, &«\, 8Ampi.ei) at tub Brucb Mim:s, in Jcly. 184S. 
 
 From Trial Shaft 
 
 " IlarriH* Shalt and West Slopes,.. . 
 
 " Harris' Sliart, 10 lins. level, Eaat, 
 
 " Harris' Shaft, 10 fins, level. West, 
 
 " Uaiiliin's Shaft, East Stopes, 
 
 " Raiiliiu's Sliaft, 
 
 " Top of lode near of Rankin's Shaft, 
 
 " Rankin's and Harris' Shaft,... 
 
 Davis' Shaft, West Slopes,. 
 
 " Prideaux' Sliaft,. 
 " StopeNo. 12,.... 
 
 " Stope No. 15,... 
 " Moftatt's Sliaft,. 
 
 " Expos-'re of 76 fnis. East End,.. 
 
 West End,., 
 " Simpson's ShafY, 
 
 " Exposure of 47 fms. East End,... 
 
 West End,.., 
 
 Toiig. 
 40 
 
 Troduco 
 
 7.68 
 
 600 
 
 7.92 
 
 65 
 
 9.36 
 
 28 
 
 8.32 
 
 30 
 
 11.04 
 
 50 
 
 8.64 
 
 40 
 
 6.08 
 
 75 
 
 5.20 
 
 40 
 
 6.64 
 
 12 
 
 9.28 
 
 50 
 
 5.84 
 
 8 
 
 8.56 
 
 21 
 
 9.60 
 
 20 
 
 20.00 
 
 4 
 
 40.80 
 
 5 
 
 20.(i4 
 
 (i 
 
 11.52 
 
 16 
 
 9.84 
 
 16 
 
 6.56 
 
 48 
 
 12.96 
 
 32 
 
 5.12 
 
 20 
 
 3.12 
 
 70 
 
 2.80 
 
 17 
 
 6.72 
 
 6 
 
 4.08 
 
 40 
 
 6.80 
 
 28 
 
 5.84 
 
 33 
 
 13.04 
 
 55 
 1475 
 
 9.68 
 
 8.01 
 
 Copper. 
 
 3.0720 
 47.5200 
 6.0840 
 2.3296 
 3.3120 
 4.3200 
 2.4320 
 3.9000 
 2.6560 
 1.1136 
 2 9200 
 
 .6848 
 2.0160 
 4.0000 
 1.6320 
 1.0320 
 
 .6912 
 1.5744 
 1.0496 
 6.2208 
 1.6384 
 
 .6240 
 1.9600 
 1.1424 
 
 .2448 
 2.7200 
 1.6352 
 4.3032 
 5.3240 
 
 118.1520