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GEOLOaialk StiEMY

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CANADA.

REPORT ON THE NORTH SHORE OF

LAKE HURON.

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PRINTED BY LOVELL & GIBSON, ST. NICHOLAS STREET.

1849.

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CANADA.

REPORT ON THE NORTH SHORE OF

LAKE HURON.

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PRINTED BY LOVELL & GIBSON, ST. NICHOLAS STREET.

1849.

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.

REPORT ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE HURON.

Montreal, 17th January, 1849.

Sir, — I have the honor to request you will do me the
favor to place before His Excellency the Governor Ge-
neral, the accompanying Geological Report on the North
Shore of Lake Huron.

I have the honor to be.
Sir,
Your most obedt. servant,

W. E. LOGAN,

Provincial Geologist.

To the Honorable James Leslie,

Provincial Secretary, Sfc. &c, Sfc.

TO HIS EXCELLENCY

THE RIGHT HONORABLE

JAMES, EARL OF ELGIN AND KINCARDINE, K. T.,

BARON BRUCE OF KISROSS AND OF TORRY,
ONE OF HER MAJESTTS MOST HONORABLE PRIVY COUNCIL,

6afiernar <Scn«raI of SBritiitft) i^ort^ ^mttin,

AND

CAPTAIN-GENERAL AND GOVERNOR-IN-CHIEP

IN AND OVER

THE PROVINCES OF CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, AND THE

ISLAND OF PRINCE EDWARD,

AND VICE ADMIRAL OF THE SAME.

Montreal, 29th December, 1848.

May it Plbase Your Excellency : —

In proceeding with the Geological Survey of the Province during
the season which has just terminated, it was my intention, after a
further examination of the Eastern Townships and the country in
general lying south of the St. Lawrence, between the Richelieu
and Chaudiero Rivers, in continuation of the previous summer's
operations, to follow out the investigation of the rocks which run
through the district in question in their prolongation to the
Temisquata Road, and farther down the St. Lawrence if time
should permit, — thus to join the work already done in Gasp§ with
that in more western parts of the Province ; but having
been given to understand that it would be desirable to eflFect, if
possible, a visit to the North Shore of Lake Huron, on which
several mining locations had been claimed of the Government,
and a considerable capital expended by the various parties
interested in them, in ordsr to investigate the general nature of
the mineral ground of the district, and ascertain facts to elucidate
the probable productiveness of the mines of that part in particular
in which the development of the metalliferous veins had been
carried to the greatest extent, the months of July, August, and

part of September, were devoted to these objects. Two months
had been previously occupied in the Eastern Townships and the
adjacent seigniories ; and, having left an Assistant on the ground,
on quitting this part of the Province for Lake Huron, with instruc-
tions to trace out, as far as possible, the distribution of certain
rocks and useful minerals, and to collect specimens in illustration
cf them, the month of October and part of November after my
return from Lake Huron, were spent in verifying various facts
ascertained by him, and in further personal examinations in the
same vicinity, continued until the increasing severity of the
weather, and a fall of snow, gave intimation that it was expedient
to discontinue field work for the season, and return to winter
quarters.

My Assistant, Mr. Murray, in the early part of the season,
devoted his attention to the examination of the coast of Lake
Huron between Penetanguisheno and Sandwich, and, having
joined rae on the North Shore, at the Bruce Mines, I had the
benefit of his aid in a survey of the Rivers Thessalon and Missis-
sagui. We ascended the former about twenty -five miles, coasting
the shores of three lakes occurring on the distance, and the latter
nearly forty miles, aa well as seven miles of one of its tributaries
and four miles of ^'nother, in addition to two lakes on the Grande
Batture Portage, emptied by this tributary, one of them five, and
the other eight, miles long, with breadths of one and two miles.
Mr. Murray subsequently examined about sixty miles of the
Spanish River, with about fifteen miles of two of its tributaries,
and also about fifteen miles of the lakes and stream flowing into
Lake Huron, in the immediate vicinity of LaClocho ; after which
he visited the Wallace mine and various other parts on the coast
and islands of the main lake, a& he returned to Penetanguishcne.

The several rivers, with their tributary streams and lakes, which
have been mentioned, were not only geologically but geographi-
cally surveyed, the measurements being determined with the same
expedition as on former occasions, by Rochon's micrometer teles-
cope ; and I would take this opportunity of stating as a farther
evidence of the accuracy of the instrument when carefully used,
that a topographical survey of the Mattawa, a tributary of the
Ottawa, having been recently completed by Mr. D. Sinclair, for
the Crown Land Department, the total distance (nearly thirty-

four miles) as determined by the chain, does not, on u comparison
of resulting maps, at all differ from the same as determined by
micrometer on my exploration in 1845, whilo the details bear as
striking a resemblance as can be expected from two surveys of
the same ground by different persons, wherein points on ) distant
shores of lakes, being fixed by intersections, an eye sketch is
given of intermediate parts.

After descending the Mississagui and separating from Mr.
Murray, my attention was bestowed on an examination of the
coast between that stream and Echo Lake (discharging into Lake
George, on the River St. Mary,) a distance of about seventy miles ;
and pedestrian incursions were made at intervals from the coast
into the interior, for distances not exceeding five miles. In addi-
tion to this, a very detailed examination of the Bruce mines, on
the Cuthbertson location, was made. The various lodes, as far
as known, with their branches and all the workings upon them,
were carefully measured and mapped. About 1500 tons of copper
ores lying on the surface were sampled after the Cornish mode ;
drill-holes were driven across the lodes in some places at intervals
of two fathoms, and in others of three and five fathoms on
the surface, in the shafts, and in the under ground levels
for the purpose of sludge sampling the same, as it is term-
ed ; and fifty-five samples resulting from these operations, were
forwarded to Montreal to be assayed by Mr. Hunt, who has
since made an analysis of each to determine the quantity of copper
contained in them. A considerable collection of specimens was
also forwarded to illustrate the rocks and minerals of the country,
several of the packages containing which only arrived in the
beginning of the month.

The foregoing narrative will display to Your Excellency the
extent to which our investigations were carried on the North
Shore of Lake Huron in the short period devoted to it, and
although, since my final return to Montreal, sufficient time has not
elapsed for a perfect arrangement of the facts ascertained, and,
perhaps, the number of these facts is scarcely suflScient to fully
elucidate the geological structure of the area thus partially
examined, yet as a desire may naturally be felt on the part of
the Government to be put in possession, with as little delay as
possible, of some account of a district in which private enterprise

has recently cxpondcd a considcrablo amount of capital on what
may hereafter become an important branch of trade, I have the
lienor to place before Your Excellency such a Report as cir-
cumstances permit, reserving for a future occasion what is to bo
said on the general progress of the Survey in other parts.

The North Shore of Lake Huron, on which twenty-two mining
locations have been claimed of the Government, in so far as it has
come under my observation, presents an undulating country, rising
into hills which sometimes attain the height of 400 and 700 feet
above the lake. These occasionally exhibit rugged escarpments
and naked rocky surfaces ; but in general, their summits are rather
I'ounded, and their flanks, with the valleys separating one range
from another, are most frequently well clothed with hard and soft
wood, often of large growth, and of such species as are valuable in
commerce ; in many places giving promise of a good arable
soil. Many of the slopes are gentle, and many of the valleys
wide.

Five principal rivers, besides several of inferior note, flow through
the country, and it appears to abound in lakes. The principal
streams are the Thessalon, the Mississagui, the Serpent, the Spa-
nish River and the White Fish, of which the mouths are from fif-
teen to thirty miles apart. The Mississagui and the Spanish Ri-
vers are the largest two, the reported length of the former being
120 and of the latter 200 miles; the other three arc probably not
much over fifty to sixty miles each. In the distances measured,
the Thessalon and the Mississagui flow from the north-west to the
south-east, the Spanish River from the north of east to the south
of west, and this is navigable for craft drawing not over five feet,
for thirty-five miles from its mouth.

The series of rocks occupying this country from the connecting
link between Lakes Huron and Superior to the vicinity of Sheba-
wenahning, a distance of 120 miles, with a breadth in some places
of ten, and in others exceeding twenty miles, it appears to me,
must be taken as belonging to one formation ; on the west it seems
to repose on the granite which was represented in my Report on
Lake Superior as running to the east of Gros Cap, north of Sault
Ste. Marie ; on the east the same supporting granite was observed
by Mr. Murray north of LaCloche, between three and four miles
in a straight lino up the Riviere au Sable, a south flowing tribu-

tary of the Spanish River ; and again, about an equal iftance U[
another and parallel tributary joining that stream cigii iles far
ther from its mouth, in both cases about ten miles from the coast.
The series is to be divided into rocks of a sedimentary, and rocks
of an igneous origin.

The sedimentary portion consists of sandstones, conglomerates,
slates and limestones. The sandstones ure sometimes grey, but
more generally white, they are almost purely silicious, and prin-
cipally fine grained, but the granular texture is often lost, and
great masses assuming a vitreous lustre present the character
of a perfect quartz rock, which is met with of both the colours
mentioned ; and when white, it sometimes exhibits precisely the
aspect of the milky or greasy quartz of mineralogists. The
quartz rock, in addition to white and gray, is not unfrcquently of a
reddish colour, and sometimes a decided red, seemingly derived
from minute and thickly disseminated spots, or a diffused tinge of
an orange red, probably due to the presence of iron ; but the
spots are sometimes of a larger size, and so arranged as to give
the stone a speckled appearance. In the granular varieties consi-
derable masses of the rock sometimes present a white with a faint
tinge of sea-green, which seems to arise from a small quantity of
finely disseminated epidote. The rock often becomes coarse grain-
ed, assuming the character of a conglomerate, the pebbles of which
vary from the size of duck shot to that of grape and canister.
These pebbles are almost entirely either of opaque white vitreous
quartz or various coloured jaspers ; some few are of lydian stone,
and some of hornstoue and other varieties. The pebbles are often
disposed in thin layers at the top or bottom, or in the midst of
finer grained beds ; but they are sometimes arranged in thicker
bands, which swell into mountain masses, and blood-red jaspers
often disseminated in these to a preponderating degree on a near-
ly pure white ground, giving a brilliant, unique and beautiful rock,
appear to characterize some ranges of considerable importance.
When considerable masses of a fine-grained or vitrified quality are
met with, it is often difficult if not impossible to determine the bed-
dingj ; and the rock in such cases, having usually a jointed struc-
ture, with planes of division in several directions, some of
which are frequently nearly horizontal or moderately inclined, it
would not be safe to assume any of them as indicating the dip, un-

til bands distinguished by difTcrcncca of colour, or changes in the
texture from fine to coarsegrained, or the /ccurrence of a Hne or
surface of pebbles, may give the moans of deciding. The bedding,
however, is often well defined by such indications as these, and it
not unfroquently happens that surfaces present ripple-mark, and
strata display elementary layers oblique to the general plane.
The sandstones sometimes, but rarely, exhibit a slaty or flaggy
structure, and they appear then to hold a small quantity of mica.

In addition to those already mentioned, conglomerates of a dis-
tinctly different character belong to the formation. They arc
composed chiefly of syenitic pebbles, held in an argillo-arenaceous
cement of a gray, and more frequently of a greenish colour, from
the presence of chlorite. The pebbles, which are of reddish and
gray colours, vary greatly in size, being sometimes no larger than
bwan shot, and at others boulders rather than pebbles, measuring
upwards of a foot in diameter. The quantities too in which they
are aggregated vary much ; they sometimes constitute nearly the
whole mass of the rock, leaving but few interstices for a matrix,
and sometimes, on the contrary, they are so sparingly disseminated
through considerable masses of the matrix as to leave spaces of
several feet between neighbouring pebbles, which are still in such
cases often several inches in diameter ; with the syenitic pebbles,
are occasionally associated some of different coloured jaspers.
The matrix appears often to pass on the one hand into the gray
quartz rock by an increased proportion of the arenaceous parti-
cles, and on the other into a thin-bedded greenish fine-grained
slate, which is sometimes very chloritic. A third form the matrix
sometimes assumes is one in which it is scarcely distinguishable
from fine-grained greenstone trap. In the slate the stratification
is often marked by slight differences of color, in the direction of
which it is occasionally cleavable : the bands in other instances
are firmly soldered together, but in both cases joints usually pre-
vail, dividing the rock into rhombohedral forms, which are some-
times very perfect.

The limestones belonging to the formation are probably confined
to one band, the thickness of which in different parts may range
from fifty to 150 feet. The texture of the rock is usually compact,
but sometimes partially granular, and its colours are green, buff
and dark gray, the two former prevailing ; some of the beds are

occasionally mot with of a dull white with a waxy liistro, which
weather to a yellowish hrown on the exterior and appear to be
dolomitic. The wliole band is in general thin bedded, and a
diversity of quality in the layers, probably arising from the
presence of more or less silicious matter, causes the surface of
weathered blocks to present a set of bold but minute ribs of va-
rious thicknesses, whicii, when the beds are much affected, as
they often arr, by diminutive undulations, contortions and dis-
locations, exhibit on a small scale, a beautiful representation of
almost all the accidents that occur in stratification, affording very
excellent ready-made geological models. Interstratified beds of
chert are very frequently met with in the band, and they vary
in thickness from mere lines, to the measure of several inches.
The same diversity of colour belongs to the chert as to the lime-
stone.

The igneous rocks, which, from what appears to me their pe-
culiar relation to the stratification as overflows, it will be con-
venient to consider constituent parts of the formation, may
be classed as a whole, under the denomination of greenstone
trap. The masses they present are sometimes very great, and
in such cases, the trap usually consists of a greenish-white feldspar,
and dark-green or black hornblende. The feldspar, however, is
sometimes tinged more or less with red, and the trap then occa-
sionally appears to pass into a syenite by the addition of a very
sparing amount of quartz. These two forms of the trap arc almost
always highly crystalline, and in general not very fine grained :
the greenstone, however, sometimes displays a fine texture, and
in such cases, a large amount of it frequently holds much dissemi-
nated chlorite, giving a very decided green colour, and patches
are found containing so great a proportion of the mineral as to
yield with facility to the knife, affording to the aborigines of the
country an excellent material for the manufacture of their cal-
umets or tobacco pipes. In addition to the chlorite, epidote is a
prevailing mineral in this quality of the trap. Associated with the
chloritic greenstone, amygdaloid was in one place seen, some of the
cellules oi which contained quartz, others calc-spar, a third set
held bitter spar, and some few specular iron. The amygdaloidal
trap was very distinctly arranged in layers, which, though they
did not exceed two or three in number, gave with beds of porphy-

ritic greenstone, containing large crystals of feldspar, occurring
near the amygdaloid, a stratified aspect to the whole of the mass
of trap associated with them. No such decided appearance of
stratification was met with in the more crystalline greenstones.
They usually displayed, however, parallel planes of division in
several directions, and it frequently happened, that some of these
parallel planes were only moderately inclined ; but there were
observed no distinguishing marks on the surfaces, or in the quality
of the rock, to lead to the certain inference that one part was
placed prior to another ; and no columnar structure at right angles
to any set of planes, such as so clearly indicates the overflows of
trap on the north shore of Lake Superior, though carefully looked
for, was anywhere found. In respect to the last species of evidence,
however, it must be remarked, that the trappean hills of the
Huron region under description, are so generally rounded into
mouttonne forms, by supposed glacial action,— ^the parallel grooves
resulting from which are seen on almost all exposed surfaces, with
bearings seldom exceeding or even reaching forty-five degrees on
one side or the other of north and south — that few bold naked
vertical precipices are met with in which the display of such a
columnar structure, if it exists, might be expected. It is, there-
fore, in most instances, only by a reference to its immediate rela-
tion to the sedimentary rocks on each side, that the general
attitude of any band of the greenstone can be made out. In very
few places, indeed not over two or three, were there met with ex-
posures, such as to show the trap in actual visible stratigraphical
contact with the sedimentary rocks ; but in many transverse
sections on the different lakes and rivers visited, in rising in-
clined flanks of hills in the strike of the stratification, while sedi-
mentary rocks, with a very moderate dip, constituted the base,
greenstone was found to compose the summit ; and exposed parts
of the two rocks in this relation were frequently brought so near
together, though not seen in contact, v^hile there was no evidence
of dislocation between them, that little doubt was left of the one
resting on the other.

Of the members thus constituting the formation, the sandstones,
or quartz rock, with their subordinate conglomerates, both in in-
dividual ranges, and in the aggregate, appear to possess the largest
volume ; the greenstones seem to be next in importance, some of

the bands attaining 60O to 1,000 feet; the syenitic conglome-
rates and their associated slates follow, and the limestone band, of
which the thickness has been stated, though very persistent, is of
trifling comparative amount.

The stratigraphical position of the several descriptions of rock,
in their relation to one another, as parts of a whole, has not yet
been well determined, and although it may turn out that a pre-
ponderating amount of each may occupy some specific place in the
series, it seems probable that none of them, with the exception of
the limestone, will be found wholly absent from any considerable
grade of the vertical thickness, in some part of that grade's geo-
graphical distribution. With the exception of the limestone, the
different descriptions of rock, whether of small or great mea-
sure, appear to dovetail among one another, individually thin-
ning down to an edge both ways on the strike. This thin-
ning down was more particulary observable in the syenitic
conglomerates, and in the greenstones ; their extension appearing
to bear some proportion to their thickness. Between great neigh-
bouring masses of the quartz rock, and the syenitic conglomerates,
there usually appeared a passage from the one to the other, by
the interstratification of smaller bands ; but this did not seem to be
the case between great neighbouring masses of igneous and sedimen-
tary strata : small bands of trap, however, when obscurely exposed,
may perhaps occasionally have been mistaken for dykes, which exist
in very great abundance. The hmestone band is neither at the
base nor summit of the formation, but how far it may be from
the one or the other, it is not yet possible to say : from a sec-
tion at LaCloclie, it appears probable, it may be farther from the
bottom than the top. Whenever seen, it was found in contact either
with syenitic conglomerate or quartz rock, both above and below,
with the former oftener than the latter ; and there appeared to be a
greater tra.isverse continuance of these rocks, particularly the latter,
under than over. The limestone has not yet been seen in con-
tact with any of the greenstone overflows ; but on Echo Lake,
there is a great body of greenstone over it to the south, with a thick
band of syenitic conglomerate associated with quartz rock in-
terposed between them, and a range of quartz hills above. On the
Thessalon Lakes, great mountain masses of quartz rock, with
subordinate jasper conglomerates, appear to underlie the limestone,
and at LaCloche, a band of 3,000 to 4,000 feet rests upon it.

Ihi.

Independent of the overflows, igneous rocks are connected with
the formation as intrusive masses, in numerous parts of the area
occupied by it. These intrusive rocks consist of greenstone
and granite. The intrusive greenstones do not seem to differ
much in mineral character from those composing the overflows.
They constitute dykes which run in so many directions, that
it is diflicult to determine the prevaiHng ones. These dykes
vary in breadth, from a few inches to several hundred feet. They
cut all the interstratified rocks of the formation, igneous as well
as sedimentary, and splitting into branches, which often join one
another and enclose great fragments and masses of strata, con-
stitute an intricate labyrinth. The intrusive granite, in so far
as it has come under my observation, is in general of a decided
red colour, arising from the presence of a largely preponderating
quantity of red feldspar, which is mingled with translucent white
quartz ; mica is not very abundant, and hornblende sometimes ac-
companies or replaces it. From large masses of the rock, both
these minerals arc frequently wholly absent, but epidote in gen-
eral forms a constituent, sometimes in great abundance, whether
with or without mica and hornblende. The intrusive granite
appears to occupy some considerable ar^^as, fracturing, tilting, thrust-
ing aside, and metamorphosing the strata around them, and cut-
ting them by a complexity of dykes which emanate u-om the
nuclei, and reach to considerable distances. The quartz rock in
its immediate vicinity becomes more perfectly vitreous, aid some-
times assumes the red colour of the granite ; thinly interstratified
quartz and slate become gniess ; and numerous fragments of the
strata caught and enclosed by the granite, and thus changed, are
penetrated with epidote, and exhibit as much of it as the granite
itself. The different intrusive rocks, as related to one another*
display a succession of events in the history of the formation.
There are, of course, a set of dykes — greenstone no doubt — cutting
the sedimentary rocks, and giving issue to the greenstone over-
flows: it is difficult, however, to identify these. But another
set of greenstone dykes are seen cutting both the sedimentary
and igneous strata ; intrusive granite thrusts all these antece-
dents aside, dykes as well as strata, sending forth dykes of
its own order, intersecting all ; and then another set of greenstone
dykes cuts through the intrusive granite, its dykes, and all that

cted with
' the area
reenstone
to differ
jverflows.
ions, that
se dykes
let. They
IS as well
1 join one
rata, con-
in SO far
a decided
nderating
lent white
jtimPi ac-
ook, both
te in gen-

whether
3 granite
ig.thrust-

and cut-
irom the
rock in
id some-
stratified
its of the
iged, are
c granite

another*
ormation.
— cutting
one over-

another
imentary
e antece-
dykes of
reenstone
d all that

previous causes had placed Evidences of disturbances and disloca-
tions accompany all these successive intrusions, those connected
with the granite being the most violent. But there is in addition,
another set of disturbances of still posterior date, and it is to these
that are due the presence of those metalliferous veins which give
the country its value as a mineral region.

The metalliferous veins intersect all the rocks that have been
mentioned. They are probably themselves intersected by cross
courses, breaking their regular continuity ; but that slips or dis-
placements of the country on opposite sides of the veins have
occurred, when the fissures were formed that constitute their mould
or receptacle, is not left in doubt. Numerous instances were
observed, where both granite and greenstone dykes, cut by the
metalliferous veins, were suddenly heaved considerably out of
their course. This fact may by some be deemed valuable, as shew-
ing the probable great depth and distance to which the veins may
run. The metal which these veins hold in the greatest quantity
is copper, and the ores in which it occurs are vitreous copper, varie-
gated copper and copper pyrites. Iron pyrites is sometimes
associated with them, but in general not in large quantity. Cop-
per pyrites in one instance was accompanied by rutile, and in
another by the arsenuretted sulphuret of iron and nickel containing
a trace of cobalt. The gangue or vein stone in which the copper
ores are contained is in general white quartz, and there is very
often present, but not in very great quantity, white compact dolo-
mite, which in druses assumes the forms of pearl spar, and brown
or bitter spar ; calc-spar also appears occasionally in druses in dog-
tooth crystals.

The veins vary in breadth from a few inches io sometimes
thirty feet, but when of this last great breadth, or even much less,
they usually contain a considerable amount of brecciated wall
rock mixed up with the gangue ; many of them range from one to
three and four feet, and their slope or underUe varies from about
50" to GO*'. From such as might be considered master lodes,
innumerable branches of various sizes start, some of which visibly
diminish before proceeding far, and dwindle to nothing, while
others maintain moderate widths, mth much regularity, for con-
siderable distances, and may run to a junction with parallel lodes.
The lodes have a bearing agreeing with the general strike of

11:^,

the formation, which roughly coincides with the general trend of
the coast. They are thus, in a rude way, parallel to one another,
and run in a direction between west and north west, more nearly
approaching the latter.

The quantity of copper contained in the lodes is very various,
ranging from what might result from mere specks of ore in some
to the contents of large workable quantities in others. But to
ascertain what an approach to an average might be would have
required more time than we had at command, and more expendi-
ture than the funds devoted to the Survey would authorize, as it
would have necessitated the determination of the produce of
several — a work requiring the labour of many practical hands in a
totally uncleared country. Specimens of ore were taken from many
lodes ; but it would be a very distant approach to the probable
contents of a lode that would be ascertained by means of mere
hand specimens, with whatever fair intentions they might have
been selected. It appeared to me a preferable plan to ascertain,
with all the precision possible, the produce of the lodes which had
been most uncovered and worked on the locations, being persuaded
that though some of them vastly surpass in richness any that came
within my observation in the interior, others will yet be found to
equal them. In no part of the country visited, from the vicinity
of Sault Ste. Marie to Shebawenahning, was any great area
wholly destitute of cupriferous veins, and it would appear singu-
lar if a region extending over a space of between one and two
thousand square miles, and so marked by indications, did not in
the course of time yield many valuable results.

In regard to the productiveness of the lodes, it is to be re-
marked that it appears probable it will be diifcrent in the
different qualities of rock they may intersect. From the described
arrangement of the strata, it will be perceived that the lodes
must vertically pass from one quality of rock to another ; and as
they keep a rudely regular course, they must do the same thing
horizontally, from the effects produced in the geographical distri-
bution of the rocks, by undulation or denudation of the strata. So
far as my observation went, it appeared to me to be a fact that
the copper was most abundant in the greenstone, least so in the
sandstone or quartz rock, and more copious in the slates than in
the syenitic conglomerates. In the quartz rock the white quartz

veins often appeared nearly destitute of ore, presenting but a fcv
straggling specks of the yellow sulphuret, at great intervals from
one another ; and when a vein charged with ore in the greenstone
could be traced to the quartz rock, it seemed gradually to lose
what richness it might have had, as it approached the latter,
finally presenting when it reached it, little else than veinstone, its
breadth remaining undiminished. When by dislocation or the
presence of a dyke, quartz rock was brought opposite to green-
stone, a cupriferous vein would occasionally be found between
them, and what might be considered an encouraging quantity of
ore was sometimes met with in it. But if a rule is to be derived
from what the rocks appeared to shew, if will probably be where
the lodes cut the greenstone and have that rock in both walls, or
greenstone in one and slate in (he other, that their contents will
become economically available. How the productiveness of the
metaUiferous veins may be affected when they may meet with any
considerable body of the intrusive granite, it is not yet in my
power to state. None of them were observed cutting the granite
nuclei, though they were the granitic dykes emanating from
them ; but those dykes were usually too narrow to produce any
perceptible difference in the quantity of the copper ore.

It would perhaps be premature to say much respecting the
general geological form of the area under description, though
something may bo gathered from the attitude noticed in the strata
on the coast and up the rivers, and particularly from the position
and attitude of observed masses of the limestone band. The dips
of the formation over extensive tracts appear to be more mr. jratc
than might be anticipated from the presence of so much igneous
rock. The forces originating the greenstone dykes do not seem
in general to have exerted any very great influence on the slop©
of the strata, and it is mainly on approaching the underlying or
intrusive granite that a precipitous inclination is perceived. But
there is no doubt, whether the result of intrnsive forces, or other
causes, that there are indications of the existence of several undu-
lations of some importance. A trough connected with one of
these appears to occupy longitudinally a tract extending from Root
River, near Sault Ste. Marie, to within a short distance of the
mouth of the Thessalon; the evidences of it are found in the dis-
tribution of the limestone, and the dip of the strata between the

1 /

,:■ i

Thessalon and the coast. Ascending the river in a general course
N. 40 W. the limestone band is met with about nine miles
up. It shews a dip towards the coast, and it follows the river and
two of its lakes for a distance of ten miles, with a strike of N. 55
W. pointing in the direction of Echo Lake about seven miles fur-
ther on. The band crosses Echo Lake, which has a breadth of
one mile, and curving a little more to the westward it is again
seen, as I am informed, about eleven miles still further on, removed
about a mile from the shore of Little Lake George near Root
River. In the whole of this distance, about thirty miles, the
south-westerly inclination of the band ranges between 15° and 20".
On the other side of the synclinal axis the rock emerges from
Lake Huron under three quarters of a mile westward of the
French Islands, and it is traceable along the coast westwardly for
about a mile and a half, when it again returns to the water. In
this part, the distance between the two opposite outcrops is
about seven miles : but as the limestone is not again met with
striking into the land farther west, and a space measuring four-
teen miles across from a point, midway between Echo Lake and
the Lakes of the Thessalon, to the head of St. Joseph Island, is
occupied by other rocks of the formation, it is probable the trough
widens westwardly until lost beneath higher unconformable strata
in that direction, on the west side of River St. Mary. The calca-
reous band was not met with coming out on the coast between (he
Thessalon and the Mississagui, but it was found about a mile from
the left bank of the Little White River, a west-south-west flowing
tributary of the latter, three miles up in a straight line from their
junction, which occurs twenty miles in a north-Avest straight line
from the lake. The dip was about east, or a little south of it,
with a slope of 10", and supposing the band to sweep round from
this point to its lowest position on the Thessalon, it would cross the
Mississagui somewhere below the Little White River ; but in such
case though we must have passed over its intersection with the
main stream, it was not observed. Its dip in the valley of the Little
White River appears to intimate the probability of another undu-
lation. In a third locality, the outcrop of the band was seen on the
north side of a trough in the vicinity of La Cloche, where it was
traced for five miles on the north limb of La Cloche Lake, between
(wo and three miles from the coast. It there plunges southwardly

1 course
le miles
iver and
)f N. 65
lilos fur-
eadth of
is again
removed
lar Root
liles, the
and 20°.
jes from
of the
irdly for
iter. In
tcrops is
met with
ng four-
Lake and
Island, is
le trough
ble strata
rhe calca-
itween the
mile from
st flowing
Tom their
aight Hne
>uth of it,
)und from
[ cross the
ut in such
n with the
the Little
:hcr undu-
een on the
lerc it was
e, between
luthwardly

under a great mass of quartz rock and intermediate syenitic con-
glomerate, which again rise into the mountains ranging along
Lake Huron, but the south outcrop of the limestone is lost in the
water. There appear, however, to be traces of it in a small island
off the coast. The axis of this synclinal seems to run in the mid-
dle of the south limb of La Cloche Lake, a mile and a quarter from
the coast, and the south rise appears to result from an intrusion
of granite, which is seen in several of the islands along the coast
in front of La Cloche ; but what relation this synclinal may have to
others, has not yet been ascertained, the coast between the
Spanish and the Mississagui Rivers being still unexamined ; and
although a patch of intrusive granite extending fourteen miles
along the coast west of the Mississagui, to the Grande Batture,
throws the strata into an anticlinal form at the mouth of the river,
which the granite crosses at the lower falls, I am not able to state
whether it runs to a junction with the intrusive mass at La Cloche.
Probably the Mississagui granite starts from a wedge point east-
ward of the river ; for although narrow on the river, it appears
to widen westwardly, as what may be taken for the north side of
it was met with on the right bank of th3 lower of the two lakes
surveyed on the Grande Batture Portage, where it would thus
have a breadth of about three miles. These transverse miles,
however, were not examined, and the granite on the tributary
lake may be an independent mass.

In respect to the geological age of the formation, the evi-
dence afforded by the facts collected last year by Mr. Murray on
the Grand Manatoulin, La Cloche, Snake, Thessalon, Sulphur, and
other Islands, points ranging along a line of ninety miles out in front
of the coast, is clear, satisfactory, and indisputably conclusive. On
these islands, the Potsdam sandstone, the Trenton limestone,
the Utica slates, and (he Loraine shales, successive formations of
the lowest fossiliferous group of North America, were each in one
place or the other found, in exposures divested of all vegetation,
resting in unconformable repose, in a nearly horizontal position,
upon the tilted beds, and undulating surface of the quartz rock,
and its accompanying strata, filling up valleys, overtopping moun-
tains, and concealing every vestige of dykes and copper veins ;
and it would appear that some of these mountains have required
the accumulation of the whole thickness of the lowest three, and

! I

part of tho fourth fossiliferous deposit, equal to about 700 feet, to
bury their summits, which were then about the same lieight over
that part of the Huron base of the first known recipient of
organic remains, as tho present neighbouring mountains of tho
formation are over the surface of the lake.

Tho chief difference in the copper bearing rocks of Lakes Hu-
ron and Superior, seem to lie in the great amount of amygdaloidal
trap present among the latter, and of white quartz rock or sand-
stone among the former. But on the Canadian sido of Lake
Superior, there are some considerable areas, in which important
ijasses of interstratified greenstone exist without amygdaloid^
while white sandstones are present in others, as on the south sido
of Thunder Bay, though not in the same state of vitrification as
those of Huron. But notwithstanding these differences, there aro
such strong points of resemblance in the interstratification of
igneous rocks, and the general mineralised condition of the whole,
as to render their positive or proximate equivalence highly pro-
bable, if not almost certain ; and the conclusive evidence given of
the age of the Huron, would thus appear to settle that of tho
Lake Superior rocks, in the position given to them by Dr. Hough-
ton, the late State Geologist of Michigan, as beneath the lowest
known fossiliferous deposits, a position which, as will be seen by
a reference to the Report of Progress I had the honor to submit to
Your Excellency in 1846, appeared to me to derive some support
from evidences on the Canadian side of Lake Superior itself.

Bruce Mines.

Of the twenty-two mining locations claimed of tho Government,
on the north shore of Lake Huron, that which, in the Map of the
Crown Land Department bears upon it the name of Cuthbertson,
being at present the eleventh from Root River, and the sixth from
the exit of Lake St. Joseph, displays a collection of mineral
veins, which have been more thoroughly tested by the works of the
parties interested in them, than any others on the lake. These,
therefore, were selected for examination.

In the Report I had the honor of addressing to your Excellency,
on the mineral region of Lake Superior, some general remarks
wcro made, which I am desirous shouM be boriio in mind, on the

feet, to

ht over

»iont of

of the

CCS Hu-
Jaloidal
T ^and-
>f Lake
portant
ffdaloid^
iith side
ition as
lere aro
it Ion of
) whole,
ily pro-
[];iven of
t of tho
Ilough-
c lowest
scon by
ibinit to
support
ilf.

jrnmcnt,

ip of the

ibertson,

xth from

mineral

s of the

These,

cellency,

remarks

d, on the

uncertainties that must unavoidably attend tho search for such me-
tals as occur in mineral veins, particularly in a now country.
These uncertainties arise chiefly from the difllculty of estimating
before hand, with exactness, tho quantity of the metal sought, that
any area in tho plane of the vein may produce. This results from
three circumstances, the '' ying proportions in the thickness or
form of the vein, the varying proportions of the pure ore in its
distribution in this irregular form, and the varying proportions of
the pure metal in the irregularly distributed ore. The form of the
vein may be compared to that of a very extensive and profound
rough-surfaced fissure, (without known limits either way,) the op-
posite sides of which having slipped on one another, do not fit, but
touch in some parts, stand asunder in others, and approach and re-
cede in endless fluctuations, while multitudes of fragments, cracked
off and fallen from the walls, caught and suspended in the crevice,
and often resting upon one another in a loose mass, block up various
parts, leaving a general space, so irregular, as to defy all attempt
to determine it with precision by any rule. The swelling and at-
tenuating, knotted, peifjrated and ragged sheet which would fill
this mould is the vein, and it is composed of a mechanical mixture
of earthy and metallic minerals, as irregular in their proportional
distribution as the sheet is in the measurements of its thickness.
In some few spots it may be wholly pure ore ; in many large and
small areas, it may consist of the earthy minerals without any ore
at all ; and in the remainder, it may consist of any indefinite pro-
portion of the two that lies between all and nothing. The pure
ore or metallic minerals are definite chemical compounds, in which
the metal is held in fixed proportions, according to the species of
the minerals, as found described in mineralogical works ; and the
irregularities in regard to them arise from two or more species be-
ing frequently mechanically mingled together, in proportions as
indefinite as those relating to the earthy and metallic minerals.
It is evident from this, that the quantity of pure metal, in any
given area in the plane of a mineral vein, can be only approxima-
tively ascertained, by arbitrarily assuming as data for calculation
the results of experiments on parts. The more numerous and ex-
tensive the parts selected the nearer will be the approximation
to the truth ; and those portions of a lode available for such a
purpose, are the outcrop when uninjured by atmospheric influences,

1?!

1 1

•

, ., : ■ ^

i 1

1 !

m ^ ^^

i H

horizontal galleries or levels, and vortical or inclined shafts. Tlio
edges of tho concealed metalliferous sheet, as displayed in these
natural and artificial exposures, may bo assumed to represent tho
whole included within Ihem to moderate distances, and by measur-
ing and sampling them, data fur practical purposes arrived at.
Nino times out of ton, the results may bear out the calculations
from such data ; but it should be borno in mind, that any particu-
lar case may turn out to bo tho tenth one, and give results much
beyond, or very much below tho computation.

As affording tho best criterion of tho quality in tho present in-
stance, the ores and vein-stuff which had been brought to tho
surface from the various levels, shafts and excavations, were sam-
pled as near to tho Cornish mode as circumstances would permit.
When copper ores are sampled for sale in Cornwall or at Swansea
in Wales, the whole parcel having previously been broken up into
pieces not exceeeing an inch or half an inch cube, is arranged into
a square, even-surfaced pile, not exceeding two or two and a half
feet in depth. Two trenches at right angles to one another are then
cut from side to side opposite through the centre. The sides of
these trenches are next scraped down into the bottom, and what is
thus obtained is mixed together and bruised much finer than beforei
being passed through a seive to insure tho fineness, and then made
up into a small flat pile which is split as before. This operation is
repeated three times, a smaller-holed seive being used at each, and
a requisite degree of fineness and mixture thus obtained. If the
resulting quantity is too largOt for a sample, it is made up into a
small flat circular pile, marked into quadrants, and two opposito
quadrants removed. Tho remainder is mixed up again and tho
operation repeated generally about five times, when the resulting
quantity is about small enough to bo sent to the assayer for his
purposes. In the present instance it would have been too expen-
sive and tedious a process to break up the ores to a uniform size.
The piles were consequently split as they stood on the ground, but
the resulting quantity was carried through all the other operations.
The weights of the piles were roughly estimated by measure-
ment. When there were no parcels of ore to experiment upon for
produce, tlie lode having been previously measured for average width
generally at every fathom was drilled across at an angle of about
45° at regular measured intervals^ and the powder coming from

i!l

I. Tho

thoso
iont tho
moaaur-
ivcd at.
ulations
particu-
ts much

esent in-
t to tho
ere sam-
1 permit.
Swansea
n up into
nged into
id a half
r are then
) sides of
id what is
An before,
hen made
)cration is
each, and
d. If tho
) up into a
opposite
n and tho
e resulting
yer for his
too expen-
iform size.
;round, but
operations.
r measuro-
nt upon for
erage width
r\e of about
ming from

[

the boro-holos taken as samples ; when, from great width in tho
vein, ono hole would not roach from wall to wall, then two or more
wore drilled as tho case might require. Two gangs of men of three
each, with ono to superintend and collect the borings, wero employed
at this work for upwards of a month. At first tho distances wore
appointed at every two fathoms apart, subsequently at every threo,
and as my time drew to a close, they were extended to five fath-
oms ; but even thus, the lodes wore in some places so wide and tho
exposures so long, that it was found impossible to drill-sample
the whole satisfactorily, particularly on the west side of tho location.

The position of the location will be well indicated by stating that
the 84th meridian of west longitude from Greenwich passes length-
ways through the middle of it nearly. It is one of those which
belong to the Montreal Mining Company, and in it are situated tho
Bruce Mines so well known throughout the Province. The sizo
of the location, or sett as it would be termed in Cornwall, like that
of most of the other locations is two miles in front by five in depth
running exactly north. The surface is gently undulating, the
ridges ranging from S. E. to N. W. The rocks which compose them
are greenstone, syenitic conglomerate with its associate slate, and
quartz-i ock. The rear and nearly the whole of tho front are oc-
cupied by greenstone spread out to some breadth ; quartz-rock,
syenitic conglomerate and slates, with bands of greenstone (proba-
bly dykes) are met with in the intermediate space. The limestone
band which has been mentioned in the goneral description has not
been observed on the location, but it approaches to within about
half a mile of it on the Thessalon in the roar; and a similar
rock occupies the water-line of the farthest off half-front of the
next location westward, in the position already mentioned as three
quarters of a mile above the French Islands. If continued south-
eastwardly in its strike until abreast of the south-easterly extremity
of tho second Island, the band would be about a mile and a half in
a transverse direction from the Bruce Mines' wharf, apparently in
about tho same relation to the greenstone of the front, as the Thes-
salon rock is to the greenstone of the rear. There are copper
lodes in both the ranges of greenstone, but only those in the front
part of the location have been opened.

The front lodes are several in number, and occupy positions
toy irds both sides of the location. There is a rude parallelism to

i>!l

>li

one another in some parts of the lodes and an apparent conver-
gence in others, and the whole arc attended with a great complica-
tion of branches, whicli probably run from ono to another and con-
nect the whole into ono system, emanating from aomo ono groat
disturbance, the results of which, will no doubt traverse all the
western locations in succession which cross its direction, mineral-
ising the country through which they pass, according to tho
quality of tho rock encountered. At tho Hruco Mines the surface
rock these lodes and their branches intersect, is wholly green-
stone, and the branches as well as tho main veins, have copper
present in them in various proportions. In tho configuration of
the coast, there is a conspicuous peninsula joined to the main land
by a narrow marshy strip, about ono third of the location's breadth
from tho western boundary. If a north-west line, or a line with u
bearing approaching to N. 55 vV., bo carried through tho neck
of this peninsula, and another be drawn parallel to it across tho
location, at the distance of twenty-five to thirty chains farther in,
they will probably inchideall the mineral ground related to tho front
lodes ; and the belt thus formed, starting from the western boundary
with its full breadth, will como obliquely upon the coast, its north-
cast sido terminating on the lake, insido of a point which is about
three quarters of a mile from tho east boundary lino of the loca-
tion, and limits a deep bay occu[)ying the distance. Tho length
of the belt would thus bo about ono mile and a quarter, and it con-
stitutes a low ridgo rising to between sixty and seventy feet
above the level of tho lake.

From the immediate vicinity of the poin„ j.*. t mentioned, one
of tho main veins runs nearly a straight course, N. 40 W., for
rather over three hundred fathoms. The first ono hundred and
seventy-five of these fathoms not offering an encouraging nuantity
of ore, have had no work bestowed upon them ; natural exposures
of the lode occur at intervals only in three places, making up
seventy fathoms, and the intermediate spaces are still covered with
trees and vegetation. The average breadth of the lodo in those ex-
posures is six feet, but the traces of copper in them were so scarce
that it appeared to me useless to sample them by drilling. In the
succeeding thirty fathoms, there was but one exposure ; it occupied
the first eight fathoms and shewed a breadth of four to six feet.
About four fathoms of it displayed a surface bunch of ore promis-

, convor-
;otnplica-
aiul con-
)no great
all the
minoral-
g to tho
surface
y groon-

copper
iration of
nain land
3 breadth
no with a
tho nock
cross tho
arther in,
>tho front
boundary
its north-

1 is about
f the loca-
'ho length
ind it con-
renty feet

oncd, ono
[) W., for
idred and
y quantity
exposures
naking up
/ered with
n these ex-
c so scarco
ig. In the
it occupied
to six feet,
re promis-

ing about half a ton of 15.00 per cent ore per fjithom. The Com-
pany, howovor, having Hot miners to stope, (or excavate) those four
fathoms, tho estimated quantity soon diminished to a llttlo over
half the amount ; these four fathoms are marked on tho Company's
Map as Slope No. 24. A fow drill-holes (from the position of tho
exposures at irregular intervals) were bored in tho 205 fathoms.
Tho sample resulting, gives a produce of only 0.01 per cent. ; the
chief part of tho copper being probably from tho last portion of tho
distance.

Tho succeeding eighty fijthoms, reaching up to tho oast end of
what is called tho Trial Shaft, were drilled across at intervals
of five fathoms along tho outcrop, tho borings from tho drill-
holes of each twenty fathoms, being kept seperato for assay, and
the average width of tho lode in the same spaces determined. Tho
results are as follows : —

Width. Proauce.

Ft. In. Percent.

iMt. ... 20fathomfl 4 4 2.52

2nd... 20 " 6 11 3.84

.3rd.... 20 " 2 8 4.56

4th.... 20 '• 2 11 3.48

The remaining fifteen of tho 300 fathoms, including that part of
tho lode occupied by the Trial Shaft, were not sampled, but they
will probably not differ much either in produce or width from tho
last section of tho eighty fathoms, in tho whole of which tho species
of copper ore prevailing appears to be almost altogether the
pyritous, neither Lio vitreous nor the variegated having been met
with in any rjuantity. The second score in the above list includes
four fathoms, situated near the powder magazine, and marked as
Stope No. 1 in tho Company's Map. Before my departure from the
mines these four fathoms had been excavated to tho depth of about
.six feet, and tho ore presented on the bottom a much better ap-
pearance to tho eye than it had done on the surface. The last
six fathoms of the fourth score constitute Stope No. 2, and being
situated next to tho Trial Shaft, may probably without much
error, be taken to represent what the produce of the shaft was at
the top. If such be the case, the lode must have improved down-
wards in the shaft. About forty tons of vein-stuff, taken from the
shaft, and lying on the surface, when the depth was between four

rT 4'

and five fathoms, just as it had come from the lode (nothing having
been separated from it with the exception of such fragments of
wall rock as had been detached in blasting and accidentally fallen
among the material of the lode,) having been sampled and assayed
give a produce of 7.68 per cent. When the shaft was subsequently
inspected by me, its depth was five fathoms and a half, the aver-
age width of the lode at the bottom four feet one inch, and there
did not appear to be any material diiference in the aspect of the
ore raised in the meantime. The underlie or slope of the lode in
the shaft is northwardly about eighty degrees.

About twenty fathoms to the north-east of the lode, which has
thus far been partly described, there is another, apparently running
almost exactly parallel with it throughout the last seventy-five
fathoms, and it may continue in the same parallel course in a di-
rection towards the lake. It has been, however, but partially
examined, and its position is merely surmised, from a natural ex-
posure of fifteen fathoms at the south-east end of the distance spe-
cified, where it has a breadth of two feet six inches, and nineteen
fathoms, with a breadth of two feet, which have been stripped at
the other ; but though the intermediate forty-one fathoms are
much covered with trees and loose blocks of trap, a few fragments
of veinstone are met with in one or two spots among them. The
fifteen fathoms contain some spots of copper pyrites, but not in
large quantity, and were not sampled. The nineteen fathoms
were drilled at intervals of twelve feet, and the sample resulting
yields a produce of 9.76 per cent. The last north-western six fath-
oms of this part constitute Stope No. 3, which displays variegated
copper ore, mingled with the pyritous.

At the point to which these parallel lodes have been thus far
followed, they appear to be interrupted, neither having been yet
traced in a continuous course farther to the northwest ; but about
fifteen to sixteen fathoms removed to the right, (facing north-
west,) two parallel lodes are met with about the same distance
apart as before, which have not yet been traced in a direct course
to the south-east. It seems to me probable, therefore, that they
are the same lodes heaved to the north-east by a cross course, the
bearing of which would be about 25° to the east of north and west
of south. The bearing of those lodes, beyond the cross course,
remains about N. 50 W. for twenty fathoms of the right and thirty

ing having
agments of
tally fallen
nd assayed
bsequently
the aver-
and there
pect of the
the lode in

which has
tly running
eventy-five
•se in a di-
it partially
natural ex-
istance spe-
id nineteen
stripped at
i,thoms are
r fragments
;hem. The
but not in
en fathoms
le resulting
3rn six fath-
\ variegated

en thus far
ig been yet
; but about
cing north-
lie distance
lirect course
>, that they
i course, the
rth and west
ross course,

fathoms of the left hand one. They then bear more westward,
and keep parallel in a direction about N. 70 W. leaving out
minor terms, for nearly forty fathoms, beyond which the left lode
continues in the same direction for ten fathoms farther, when the
right, (which may be called the north branch,) bending to a course
first west, and then south of west, joins it.

Commencing at the cross course, the left or main lode has been
sloped to the depth of five feet, up to what is called Davia* Shaft.
The excavation, however, being full of water and rubbish, it was
impossible for me to obtain a sample, but I was informed, good ore
had been raised from it. The width of the lode in the distance,
which is a little over fourteen fathoms, in so far as it could be
judged from the open channel, appeared to be about five feet. Da-
vis' shaft is sunk to the depth of five and a half fathoms, the un-
derlie is slightly northward, the breadth of the lode, in the bottom
is five feet ; but at the top it is eight feet in the east and twelve
feet in the west end ; both ends, however, contain much wall rock.
The whole of the east end, and the lower four fathoms of the west,
as well as the bottom, appeared to hold but a small quantity of ore,
but in the upper part of the west end there was a fine bunch,
which, from its absence in the east, would seem to be sloping down-
wards westwardly on its lower edge at the rate of about four feet
in nine feet, which is the distance from end to end in the shaft.
The succeeding six fathoms in the lode constitute Stope No. 4, be-
yond which the lode horses^ as it is termed, or bifurcates, giving
off a branch on the south side. The average width of Stope No. 4
is six feet nine inches, and the sample derived from drilling yields
6.80 per cent. About eight tons of ore raised from this part of
the lode yields 8.56 per cent. The south branch, which has a
bearing a little north of west, has been found available for only thir-
teen fathoms, in the last six fathoms of which Stope No. 5 is placed ;
variegated and vitreous copper are much mingled with the pyritous
in the lode, the average breadth of which, in the thirteen fathoms,
is ono foot six inches, while the produce of the drill sample
from the same is 6.96 per cent. In the main lode from the point
of the horse, or bifurcation, the first eight fathoms, in which the
turn of the lode occurs, were considered too poor to deserve sam-
pling ; the average breadth was two feet three inches, and the
average produce would probably not exceed 1.00 per cent. Beyond

4"i

this, there occur seven fathoms, with an average width of one foot
ten inches, and a produce of 2.80 per cent; then eleven fathoms,
including Prideaux' Shaft, with an average breadth of three feet
three inches, yield a produce from drill-holes at every twelve feet
of 9.60 per cent. ; and in continuation there are seven fathoms, with
a breadth of three feet, and a produce of 8.24 per cent., vitreous
and variegated copper still mingling with the pyritous. In the
last twenty of these fathoms, saving three, are comprehended
Stapes No8.6,7, and 8 ; Prideaux' Shaft being in the middle of No.
8. The shaft is four fathoms deep, the lode in it is very nearly
vertical, but may have a slight underlie southwardly ; in the
bottom it is four feet nine inches wide, and contains good yellow
ore calculated to yield three tons of 1 5.00 per cent, per fathom ;
but the top must have been of a very rich quality, containing
vitreous and variegated copper, as a sample resulting from twenty
tons of ore which I was informed were raised from the shaft, gave
a produce of 20.00 per cent. To the junction of the north branch
and main lode there still remain twenty-four fathoms ; these with
seven fathoms beyond, in general appear to be of a poor quality ;
their average breadth was about three feet, but they were not
sampled. Before my departure, however, the Company's Agent
gave a trial to four fathoms, not far removed from the end of the
twenty -four, placing on them Slope No. 9. The yield was at first
estimated at one ton of 15.00 per cent ore to a fathom, but after
three weeks working, it diminished to less than half the amount,
and the stope was abandoned.

Returning to the cross course in order to state the facts con-
nected with the north branch, it is to be remarked, that on the
first thirty-six fathoms up to what is called Harris^ Shaft, there
has been no surface working at all ; and the lode has been made
out in natural exposures only in two places, in which it had a
breadth of between three and four feet ; but the exposures arc so
short that I do not feel authorised to assert anything in regard to
the quality of the lode, beyond the fiict that spots of copper ore
were present in it. The nearest of these exposures is upwards of
twenty fathoms from the shaft, approaching whii'h, in the inter-
mediate space, the vein is so split up into strings that it would have
been difficult to determine which of them, or which gronp of them,
should be measured for the lode, or what breadth experimented

of one foot
in fathoms,
f three feet
twelve feet
;honis, with
it., vitreous
us. In the
iprehended
ddle of No.
^ery nearly
lly; in the
rood yellow
)er fathom ;
containing
rora twenty
I shaft, gave
Drth branch
; these with
oor quality ;
ey were not
any's Agent
e end of the
I was at first
m, but after
the amount,

3 facts con-
that on the
^haft, there
s been made
lich it had a
sures arc so
in regard to
>f copper ore
s upwards of
in the inter-
t would have
onp of them,
xperiraented

upon for produce. Harris' shaft, with Rankin's Shaft beyond, and
the interval between them, occupy a space of about twenty fath-
oms. Of the interval eight and a half fathoms next Harris' shaft
had been excavated, and again filled up with rubbish previous to
my arrival, and could not be seen ; but I was informed that only
the first two fathoms displayed a godd quality of ore, the remain-
der being poor. The eight fiithoms up to llankin's shaft had also
been worked a few feet down, but the bottom of the excavation was
visible. The first half was too poor to deserve sampling ; the re-
mainder, which constitutes Slope No. 10, with an average breadth
of two feet nine inches, gives an average drill-hole produce of 8.40
per cent. Descending Harris' shaft, the average width of the lode,
exclusive of horses or interposed wall rock, and the average pro-
duces are as follows : —

Width. Produce.

Ft. In. Ft. in. Per cent.

Top, exclusive of a Aorae of 1, 9 3 5 10.24

Middle, exclusive of a Aorse 1, 11 2 8 9.28

Bottom 5 7.68

1 ' . >( torn of the shaft is five feet below the ten fathom level,
whic. .uts been driven about eight fathoms eastward and ten and
a half fiithoms westward in the lode. The width of the lode in the
level, which is about six feet high, was averaged, from measure-
ments at every three fathoms over-head and under-foot, and from
three measurements in the ends, at the top, middle and bottom.
The produces result from two parallel rows of drill-holes along the
bottom, one towards each side, the object of keeping them separate
being to ascertain whether one side of the lode was in any way
better than the other ; the results arc as follows : —

/w the 8 fathoms Eastward of Shaft —

Width. Produce.

Ft. In. N. Side. S. Side. Average.

End 2 9 8.72

Level 4 6 5.36 7.28 6.32

Level..
End..

Jh the 10 }i fathoms Westward of Shaft —

Width. Produce.

Ft. In. N. Side. S. Side. Average

4 7.92 7.68 7.80

3 1 7.20

I'.

•^

Rankin's shaft is eleven fathoms deep ; the lode in the bottom is
four feet wide, presenting good spots of ore, calculated to yield
about two tons of 15.00 per cent, ore per fathom ; at the ten
fathom level, the average width in the east end, which is six feet
in, is three feet eleven inches, and in the west three feet five inches,
the estimated yield being much the same as before. Beyond
Rankin's shaft, the crop of the lode before my arrival was sloped
away to the distance of about eleven fathoms, and the excavation
was partly filled up, but I was informed that about half the dis-
tance yielded good pyritous ore, mixed with variegated, while the
remainder was poor. Several parcels of ore and vein-stuff taken
from Harris' and Rankin's shaft, and also from Davis' shaft, but
chiefly from the former, and the levels and stopes connected with
them, were lying near on the surface. Some of the parcels I was
informed were composed of ore taken from more parts than one ;
it was, in consequence, impossible to ascertain the exact source of
the ore in every case. The parcels and produces are as follows: —

Per cent.
600 tons from Harris' Shaft and the old stopes to the

westward. The parcel was said to be in the

condition in which it came from the lode, and the

ore appeared to be composed almost wholly of the

pyritous species 7.92

65 tons from Harris' Shaft ; the parcel was said to

be from the 10 fathom level, east end 9.36

28 tons from Harris' Shaft, said to have been taken

from the 10 fathom level, west end 8.32

3U tons from Rankin's Shaft, east surface stopes 10.04

50 tons from Rankin's Shaft 8.64

40 tons from the top of the lode in the vicinity of Rankin's
Shaft. I was informed that this parcel had been
turned once and picked twice, the ore selected
from it having been sent to Boston and Montreal... 6.08

75 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel, it
was said, had been turned once and picked twice,
and the selected ore sent to Boston and Montreal. 5.20

40 tons, from which shaft uncerlain. This parcel, I
was informed, was turned and picked once, and
the selected ore burnt or roasted in the open air. 6.64

12 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel,
I was informed, was burnt and turned and picked,
two barrels of the selected having been sent to
Montreal 9.28

^^^t

10 bottom is

ited to yield

, at the ten

h is six feet

t five inches,

■e. Beyond

il was stoped

3 excavation

half the dis-

ed, while the

n-stuff taken

is' shaft, but

nnected with

parcels I was

ts than one ;

:act source of

as follows: —

Per cent,
e

7.92

9.36

8.32

10.04

8.64

8
D

I.
I

1,
:o

6.08

5.20

6.64

9.28

•1

Per cent.
60 tonn, from which shaft uncertain. I was informed

the parcel was selected from two of the others, and

then roasted in the open air 5.84

21 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel lay
on the Wharf Island having been selected and
brought down for shipment ; but I was not inform-
ed from which of the previous parcels it was taken 9.60

The ore mentioned above, as having been selected, and sent to
Boston and Montreal consisted, I am informed, of the following
parcels : —

200 tons sent to Boston before the mines came into the
possession of the present proprietors, and there
sold for $25 per ton. This, at $2^ per ton for every
1 per cent., would give a produce of 10 per cent.;
but my informant could not speak with precision
in regard to any of the facts 10.00

200 tons sent to Montreal. A part was there roughly
sampled and an assay made by Mr. Hunt. At
Montreal the ore was dressed into three parcels,
sent to Baltimore, and there sampled and sold, the
parcels, produces and prices being as follows : —

36 tons of 23.75 per cent £17 16 3

24 tons of 22.25 " 16 13 9

13 tons of 20.00 " 15

73 22.59 £16 18 10 9.60

Pursuing the examination from the extremity of the seven fa-
thoms beyond the junction of the north branch and main Inde, the
general bearing of the vein gradually turns to about due west, and
continues so as far as it has been uncovered. The first eleven
fathoms show an average width of two feet five inches, and a pro-
duce of 10.72 per cent., there being a considerable quantity of
variegated and vitreous copper in the lode. The average breadth
of the next eight fathoms is four feet, and the produce will be best
determined by the assays of the samples tqken from the parcels
of ore extracted from the lode in this part. They are as follows :

4 tons of variegated and vitreous copper,

picked quality 40.80 per cent.

5 tons of the same description of ore, with

more quartz in it 20.64 **

6 tons of the same quality of ore, with atill

more quartz in it 11.52 **

( I

1 -

16 tons of smalls or finely bruised refuse re-
sulting from dressing the previous three
parcels 9.84 per cent.

16 tons of spallers or rough ore remaining

from the dressings 6.56 "

47 tons of the average produce of 12.70 *•

Upon the last nineteen fathoms are placed Stopes Nos. 11 and 12,
nnd the succeeding three Stopes, Nos. 13, I4and 15, occupy a little
over the foUowinc; twenty fathoms. The average width of Nos 13
and 14, comprehending about twelve fathoms, is six feet, and the
average drill-hole produce 9.84 per cent. The width of No. 15,
occupying under eight fathoms, is twelve feet, and the produce of
forty eight tons of ore, of the the pyritous species, raised from the
space, is 12.96 per cent.

At the time of my arrival, and while satnpling this part of the
lode, a considerable interval, immediately to the westward, still
remained under about six feet of clay which had originally covered
the rock to depths varying from six to three feet for thirty to forty
fathoms to the eastward ; but before my departure, about six fa-
thoms had been trenched just beyond Stopo No. 15. They wore
not sampled, but the average brc.idth of the lode Avas ascertained
to be six feet. The distance which ultimately continued covered
was between eighteen and nineteen fathoms; beyond this a trench
had been cut nnd the lode stripped of six to twelve foot of clay, for
a distance of about fifty-three fathoms ; but at the period of sampling,
about fourteen of these ftithoms in the middle and four fathoms at
each end were still untouched. The average width of the thirty-
one fathoms then exposed, was three feet ten inches, and the ave-
rage produce from drill-holes at every twelve feet 10.08 per cent ;
and, it appears to me, this may be taken to represent the width
and produce of not only the whole fifty-three fathoms, but the
eighteen fathoms still covered. On these fiftv-throo fathoms,
taking four and a half fiithoms from one end, and eight fathoms
from the other, arc placed Stopes Nos. 16 to 22, both inclusive.

In nearly the whole distance to the junction of the north branch
and main lode, and in the main lode even to the cross course, va-
riegated and vitreous copper ore, but particularly the former, exist
at the surface, and arc more or less mingled with the pyritous.
They were observed to be in the greatest profusion at about mid-

'm..

lit.

11 and 12,
;iipy a little
I of Nos 13
ict, cand the
of No. 15,
produce of
sed fvom tho

part of tho
;st\vard, still
ifiUy covered
irty to forty
.bout six fa-
I They wore
5 ascertained
mod covered
this a trench
)t of clay, for
of sampling,
r f^ithoms at
f the thirty-
and the ave-
08 per cent ;
t tho width
oms, but tho
roe fathoms,
ht fathoms
,h inclusive,
north branch
5S course, va-
former, exist
the pyritous,
it about uiid-

distance, where bunches, in nearly a pure state, were occasionally
met with, six to fifteen inches in thickness. But it seems to be a
fact, that the pyritous gradually replaces tho other species des-
cending in tho lode, and it appeared in parts completely to super-
sede them at the depth of ten to twelve feet.

What tho quaUty of tho lode may be further to the westward
has not been ascertained, nor is its course very certain ; a space of
between sixty and seventy fathoms intervenes before any rock of
the country emerges from beneath the argillaceous deposit which
has been mentioned, and tho exposure is not much marked by
quartz veins. A deep a • \ narrow channel across this ledge, nearly
due west, and in j tu. ' general course ot «^1", last ascertained
one hundred fathoms of tho lode, was tried for it without success ;
but in the exact direction of tho last eight fathoms of the lode,
Avhich turn up to a course N. 65 W., a quartz vein, marked with
spots of copper pyrites, is met with at the distance of seventy
fathoms. A few fathoms of it have been stripped ; neither in width
nor in copper does it look very promising ; but it is difficult to say
whether it is a continuation of the lode, or only a branch emanating
from it.

About 135 fathoms, in a transverse direction (S. 45 W.) from
that part of the main lode already described, which is near the
powder magazine (say Slope No. 1) a vein is seen emerging from the
water of the lake, at a point about thirty-five yards above the
neck of the wharf. Where the vein touches the water, it is be-
tween four and five feet wide, and rather sparingly marked by spots
of copper pyrites. It had been traced about forty-five fathoms, in a
direction about N. 45 W. ; but not appearing to promise abundance,
its investigation was not continued further. If the cross course, of
which there is some evidence in the lodes previously described,
were prolonged in its south-westerly run, it would intersect this
third lode just about the spot at which it was abandoned. It
would, no doubt, heave this to the north-eastward as it had heaved
the others ; and if, after the supposed heave, the lode were carried
forty-five fathoms farther in its previous bearing, or near to it, (say,
N. 30 W.) to a point about eighteen yards west of the engine house, it
would there join a lode which is well displayed on the surface, and on
which some work has been expended. It appears to me, there-
fore, probable, that the exposures at the water's edge and at the

point last indicated aro on one and the same vein. From the vi-
cinity of the engine house, this vein is visible on the surface for
about eighty -five fathoms, running a course about N. GO W., and
carrying an average breadth of about nine feet. It is marked by
spots of pyritous copper in the whole distance, but the quantity did
not appear to me to be such as to assure a profitable return, and
the lode was not considered worthy of being sampled by drilling. A
good bunch of pyritous ore, however, had been met with about
eighteen fathoms from the point where the lode becomes exposed
near the engine house, and MoffaWs Shaft was sunk upon the spot
to the depth of twelve fathoms, the breadth of the lode at the
place being between six and eight feet. The ore which had been
raised from the shaft, I was informed, was wholly the produce of
the part between the surface and the bottom of the ninth fathom.
The results of the samples taken for assay are as follows : —

32 tons 5.12 percent.

20 tons 3.12 "

70 tons 2.80 «'

A large pile of refuse vein-stuff, chiefly the produce of the lowest
four fathoms, lay at the mouth of the shaft; but it was not consider-
ed worthy of sampling, not being estimated to contain more than
0.50 per cent, of copper.

Comparing the bearing of this lode with that of the more
northern one already described, it will be observed that the two
rapidly converge. From Moflatt's Shaft, the transverse distance
between them would be about 104 fathoms ; from the extremity
of the eighty -five fathoms, it would be about sixty-eight fathoms;
but if the southern lode Avere supposed to be prolonged thirty-five
fathoms farther, the transverse distance to the point at which the
northern still remains concealed would diminish to fifty-five fa-
thoms; and notwithstanding the turn the northern lode takes just
before reaching the point of concealment, indicating a farther
course nearly parallel with the southern one, it yet .appears not
unlikely, from the general convergence, that other turns will ulti-
mately carry them to a junction. It would require more particu-
lar examination to suggest the probable point of union ; but
wherever it occurs, it seems not unreasonable to expect, as often
happens in si;ch cases, a more than usually fruitful source of
ore.

I the vi-
faco for
W., and
rked by
[itity did
urn, and
lUng. A
ith about
i exposed
I the spot
le at the
had been
roduco of
h fathom.

s:-

tlie more
at the two
ic distance
extremity
it fathoms;
thirty-five
which the
fty-five fa-
5 takes just
a farther
ppears not
ns will ulti-
Dre particu-
iinion ; but
3ct, as often
il source of

About 340 fathoms, in a line rather to the south of duo west
from the point to which the north lode has been uncovered near
Slope No. 22, quartz veins, marked with copper pyrites, shew
themselves in the western part of the location. Proceeding in that
direction, the first collection met with occurs four chains north
of the western corner of a cove about 500 yards beyond the neck
of the peninsula already mentioned, where the lake and the road
to the west approach nearest to one another. These veins, how-
ever, appear more like branches than parts of a main lode ; and
though one of them was traced about fifty-five fathoms in a direc-
sion about N. 80 \V., and was found to be from one to two feet
wide, the spots of ore in it were not in suflScient abundance to
make it of importance. In a bearing approaching to N. 55 W.
from the most western visible part of this vein, and rather over
thirty fathoms beyond it, a lode, which there is little doubt is a
main one, has been stripped for about thirty-four fathoms in the
same direction. Its breadth varies from fifteen to twenty-five
feet ; there is a considerable quantity of brecciated wall rock
mixed up with the quartz gangue; and there runs through about
the middle of it a new feature in the presence of a continuous rib
of dolomitic limestone, which is sometimes an inch, and sometimes
nearly tvvo feet wide. The lode is much spotted with copper py-
rites ; but this did not appear to me to be sufficiently concentrated
in any one part to give profitable Avork on the surfp.co. After an
interval of 103 fathoms in the same bearing as before, at present
covered with trees and a considerable depth of soil, a continuance
of the same lode traverses an exposed blufi^, and is displayed run-
ning the same course for upwards of seventy-six fathoms. A.
breadth of 100 feet of the bluff is so intersected with veins that it
is in some parts diflicult to say what should be called lode and
what branches ; but towards each side of the stated measure there
is a course of quartz, in which the ore is more concentrated than
in the rest; the dolomite, which is of the same breadth as before, runs
on the south side of the whole, and as it appeared in the middle of
the previous exposure, while, in the present instance, the rock on
the south side of the dolomite is concealed by soil, it may be the
case that there exists a further quantity of ground in that direction
of the same character as the denuded portion on the north. Of the
two orey courses on the north side of the dolomite, the more

89 I

northorn one has an average breadth of about five foot five Indies;
it has been tried in three places, one in the middle, and one at
each end. About seventeen tons from tlio east end, give 6.72 per
cent. ; and six tons from tho west, 4.08 per cent. Simpson's Shaft
has been sunk in the middle to the depth of about seven and a half
fathoms; and two parcels of ore which, I was informed, were raised
from tho first five to six fathoms, yielded the following results : —

40 tons 6.80 per cent.

28 " 5.84 "

()8

6.40

Averngc,

A pile of inferior vein-stuff from the bottom of the shaft, estimated
to yield not over 0.50 per cent, was not sampled. A drill-holo
sample was taken only in one part of tho lode, being about half-
way between Simpson's shaft and the east end, where tho lode
was over tho average breadth ; the assay gives a produce of 2.77
per cent. Tho southern quartz vein, which is probably the main
lode, was found to vary in width from two to thirty-four feet,
containing in its greatest thickness a considerable quantity of wall
rock ; the average breadth appears to be cabout thirteen feet.
No trial had been made by stoping any part of it, and it would have
required more time to determine its average produce by drilling,
than my stay at the mines ^;ormitted me to devote to it. Only
one line of holes was carried across in the widest part ; the result
of the sample derived from, which was 1.57 per cent. This,
however, it appears to me, is below the average; it is probable
that a much higher produce might bo o'^tained in narrower
breadths than the average thickness, and that a considerable
quantity of ore might be quarried from the top of the lode
to give what 's termed good stamp tvork. These two courses of
ore, though occupying in the middle, and for the chief part of the
length exposed, the extreme sides of the 100 feet intersected by
the veins and branches connected with them, are comprised within
fifty-five feet at each end, by the deflection of the northern vein
towards the southern one, and it may be the case that they come
to a junction both ways. Such points of union are in general con-
sidered favorable positions for the discovery of ore.

About twenty-one fathoms beyond the previous exposure in
the same bearing as already stated, the lode has been partially

inches ;
ono at
1.72 por
'a Shaft
d a half
raised
suU8 : —

stimatcd
Irill-holo
out )ialf-
tho lode
oof 2.77
the main
four feet,
;y of wall
eon feet.
>uld have
r drilling,
t. Only
;he result
it. This,
probable
narrower
isiderablo
the lode
courses of
)art of the
•sected by
jed within
them vein
they come
neral con-

cposurc in
partially

stripped for thirty-ono fathoms. Along the bottom of the trcncli
excavated in the direction of the ludo, the rib of dolomite is vi-
sible, with about the same average width as in the other instances ;
but the trench, which is only six to eight foot across, does not
display the details of the lode, and it is only in a narrow coateen-
Ing trench which has been cut transversely about mid-length of
the other, that an entanglement of quartz veins, spotted with
copper pyrites, can be discerned, occupying seven feet on the south
and twenty feet on the north side of the dolomite, which has
at the spot a breadth of throe feet. Tho details of the expo-
sure are thus too meagre to give much information beyond the
fact of the lode's continuance.

^''till farther westward, there is another and last exposure on
the location. The distance from the previous ono is about thirty-
nine fathoms, and tho bearing of tho lino running over the con-
cealed rock surface between them is only a little to tho north of
west. On the south side of a bluff insersected by several ore-
marked branches, the lode can be followed for forty-seven fa-
thoms; in the first half of which it runs about N. 80 W., and on
tho other bends gradually round to N. 45 W. The average
breadth of the lode is about six feet. It has been tried at both
extremes of the exposure, and the parcels of oro resulting from
the stopes, after being freed from wall rock, give the following
per-centages of copper.

33 tons from the wast end 13.04 per cent.

55 " " west " 9.68 "

88 " of the average 11.78 ♦*

From tho general aspect of the lode, however, the average which
these parcels yield would, it appeai-s to me, exceed that of the
forty-seven fathoms, and if the lower of the two produces be taken,
if will perhaps be more than amply sufficient.

The vein of dolomite is not here seen in connection with the
lode, and it is uncertain whether it passes to the north or south
side of the bluff. To bring it to the south, it would be necessary
to suppose that from the point at which it was last left, a sudden
change in its course to due west occurs in the covered interval, or
that a cross course heaves it and the veins connected with it to
the south-west, neither of which cases is improbable. It is to

I'Ki

bo remarked, howovur, that the doluiiiito appears in tlio prcviuiiH
instances to maintain a much more straight and regular run than
the quartz veins and orcy courses, which wore observed to ap-
proach and recede from it in several places. Continued in tho
general bearing of all of the other [)osition3 in which it was met
with, and p;\rticularly in tho bearing it presented in tl»o thirty-
one fathom trench, which is tho nearest, it would keep beneath the
soil on tho north side of tho bluff, maintaining a distance of twenty-
five to thirty fathoms from the lode ; and if on trial it wore found
in this relation, it would not bo unreasonable to suppose that good
mineral ground might bo found on tho south side of the dolomite
in other parts, and the same on tho north side of it in this.

This last exhibition of the lodo approaches to within about
sixty-fivo yards of tho western boundary of tho location ; and
there appears no reason to doubt that this, and such other lodes as
come up parallel with it, will carry into tho succeeding location the
same characteristics they bring to tho vicinity of the boundary.
The same greenstone as exists on the one location, is carried into
the other in the prolon<;ation of tlio bolt that has been given as tho
area holding tho lodes ; and while this would lead us to expect no
change in tho n\ineral condition of tho metalliferous veins, it
would at the sumo time seem to point out (the stratified nature of
tho whole formation taken into account) that no dislocation of
uncommon magnitude has occurred to heave them to any unusu-
ally great extent on one side or the other of their continued
course and genei-al bearing, such as would render tho search for
them in the vicinity unavailing ; and though no traces of the lodes
have yet been met with on tho naturally exposed rock surfaces on
the west side of the boundary, nor in any of the trenches which have
been there cut in tho clay, sand and gravel, there is a probability
that a continued and properly conducted search by costeening
will ultimately be successful.

The general parallelism of the set or aggregation of veins on the
west side of the location with that on tho east (taking one of (he
two lodes there to bo subordinate to tho other), and the apparent
absence of tlie dolomite from this part, seems to make it probabh)
that the two sets will be found distinct across the location and give
two separate sources of ore. In regard to the eastern set —
assuming as data for calculation the results derived from tho facts

>rcviouH
un than

to up-

in tho
mn met
I thirty-
cath tho
twcnty-
•e found
lat good
iolomite

is.

n about
on; and
lodes as
ition the
)undary.
ricd into
en as the
xpect no
veins, it
aaturo of
cation of
unusu-
ontinucd
arch for
he lodes
riiiccs on
ich have
obabihty
ostecning

ns on the
ine of the
apparent
probabh)
and give
irn set —
tho facts

ascertained — it wouUl appear necessary for tho present, in esti-
mating tho quantity of copper that may bo expected, to put on one
Hide as unavailablo what has been called tho southern lode, on
which Moffatt's sliaft 1ms been sunk. On tho north lodo, from tho
waters' edge, to tho extremity of the main lodo, as far ns unco-
vered, thcro aro, exclusive of tho branches, 502 f: thorns. Of those,
205 fathoms appear to be nearly barren on tho surface, and aro
therefore also to bo left out. Of tho remaining 297 fathoms, about one
eighth or thirty-nino fathoms appear to bo dead ground, and thoro
thus aro left 258 fathoms available. Tho average breadth of these
is 4.28 feet, the average produce 7.57 per cent. In regard to tho
north branch, there aro 153J fathoms from tho most south-eastern
point at which it has been met with, to its junctio i with themainlode.
Of these, seventy-two fathoms being left out us not having / et been
in any way proved, and forty-eight fathoms as poutivo or pro-
bable dead ground, there remain 33^ fathoms, of which t'.j avora.'xi
breadth is 2.44 feet and the average produce 9.18 per cent. T' i;
south branch, as has already been stated, may be available for
thirteen fathoms with an average breadth of 1.50 feet hikI a pro-
duce of G.96 per cent. Taking the whole together, tlioro is thus
an available length of 304 J fathoms, averaging in breadth 3.96 feet
and in produce 7.67 per cent. It is very difficult to Jtate with
precision what the proportion of variegated and vitreous copper
may he in the top of the lode, in comparison with the p) ritous, and
I know of no experimental method of arriving at a conclusion.
The only resource appears to be the very unsatisfactory one of
judging by the eye ; and assuming the proportion to be one-fifth in
tho whole loiigth, and the produce of the pyritous to be 30.00 per
cent, with a specific gravity of 4.16, and the r)fh,}r species 60.00 per
cent with a specific gravity of 5.00, while the specific gravity of the
quartz vein-stone is 2.65, then the weight of a cubic foot of the
mixture, making an allowance for druses, would be about 186 lbs.
From these data there would result as the quantity of pure copper
in one fathom in depth of the whole 304^ fathoms in length, 262
tons. It has been stated, however, that the variegated and vitreous
copper appear to be superseded by the pyritous at the depth of about
two fathoms. It would therefore be necessary for the part below
this to substitute one fifth of pyritous at 30.00 per cent for one fifth
of the other species at 60.00 per cent, or, what would be the same

■SHv

thing, deduct one sixth from the produce, thus reducing it to 6.40
per cent. The weight of a cubic foot of the lode would in this case
be about 183 lbs., and the quantity of pure copper in one fathom
deep of the whole length 216 tons.

As far as can be judged from the shafts that have been sunk,
the lode seems to maintain its lower yield for the first ten fathoms
in depth. It is true that in the bottom of Davis' shaft, and, very
probably, from that shaft to the cross course, the quality, taking
the shaft as the criterion, has so far deteriorated, as to be worth
nothing ; but in Harris' shaft, the lode is good at the ten fathom
level, for eight fathoms under surface dead ground on the east,
and nearly as much on the west, with good promise in both ends
of the level. The improvement, in the one case, compensates for
the deterioration in the other, while in the remainder of tlie shafts,
as far as they have been sunk on this lode, there does not appear any
great change, beyond the substitution of the pyritous for the var-
iegated and vitreous copper. There is no doubt, however, as is the
case in all copper mines, that changes or alternations of yield will
occur descending in the lode, as it will be seen they do proceeding
horizontally ; but in so far as the facts ascertained guide us, there
is no reason to suppose that one kind will not make up for another,
and that we may not take the quantity of dead ground in the first
ten fathoms, as represented by what appears on the surface. It
would thus seem probable, that in the first ten fathoms there would
be the following quantity of copper :

2 fathoms giving 262 tons each 524 tons

8 " •' 216 " " 1728 "

2252

The produce of the samples in the present experiment have been
ascertained in the humid way ; whereas in the practice of the
copper smelting trade, all purchases arc guided by assays made
in the dry way, by which the whole of the copper is never ex-
tracted. Though dry assaying assimilates in some degree to the
process of smelting, yet the smelters expect, in operating in the
large, to obtain an increase equal to about 3.00 per cent, on the total
quantity of copper shewn by the assayers, and there is still a small
quantity thrown away in the slags or scoria), equal to about a six-
teenth, or from that to a thirty-second of one per cent, of their

to 6.40
this case
e fathom

)n sunk,
fathoms
nd, very
r, taking
►e worth
I fathom
the east,
oth ends
sates for
lie shafts,
ipear any
the var-
, as is the
yield will
roceeding
us, there
another,
I the first
face. It
2re would

lave been
30 of the
ys made
never ex-
ec to the
ig in the
I the total
ill a small
out a six-
,. of their

weight. A deduction must, therefore, be made on this account
from the available quantity of copper.

It is the case, too,that in dressing ores to a per centage beyond
a natural one, a circumstance rendered imperative when a high
charge is to be encountered for transportation to a smelting esta-
blishment, a waste of a portion of the copper will unavoidably be
sustained. Before practical experiments have been made on the
ores of the locality, to ascertain how much this may be, I feel at a
loss to state un exact quantity. The simplicity of the mixture in
the lode, with the decided difference between the specific gravity
of the ore and the gangue, which is of a very homogeneous nature,
induce me to think, that a tolerably clean separation of the two can
be effected ; and it may, perhaps, be sufficient to give one fifth to
one sixth, or about 17^ per cent, for the combined allowance to be
made for the mode of assay and the loss by dressing. This would
reduce the available quantity of copper in ten fathoms to about
1860 tonSjWhich distributed through ore of 15.00 percent would give
about 12400 tons dry weight, or rather over four tons of such ore
per fathom.

But supposing about one-half of the ore to be raised to 20.00 per
centand the remainder to 17.50 and 15.00 per cent, (a part of it being
roasted in (he open air, if required, to assist the produce,) and sold
in the Baltimore market, the proportions and the prices might be as
follows : —

5000 tons of 20.00 per cent, at £15 per ton, £75,000
8000 " of 17.50 " 12 73 " 36,093 15

2200 " of 15.00 « 10 6 3" 22,687 10

10200

£133,781 5

The freight and insurance on this, adding
about 4 per cent for the quantity of water that
may be absorbed from the atmosphere, would
probably stand thus : —
10600 tons at £3 10 per ton, say £37,181 5

Leaving as the value of the ore on board

ship at the mines £96,660

What the expense of raising the vein-stuft
from the lode and dressing it into merchant-
able ore might be, I cannot pretend to say
with precision ; nor can it be expected that

■ •*Jk"'%

the Company, uutil its machinery is in regular
' operation, will be able to give more than a
rough estimate. The following details, there-
fore, are stated more to show the nature of
the charges to be met, than with any view to
accurate calculation : —

Sinking, &c. 20 shafts of 10 fathoms : —

200 fathoms at £16 per fathom X3,200

Driving galleries or levels : —

400 fathoms at £14 per fathom 5,600

Stoping and raising vein-stuff from lode : —

2700 fathoms at £7 per fathom 18,900

Dressing vein-stuff: —

34000 tons at 128. 6d. per ton 21,250

Contingencies and agencies spread over 3 years 9,000

57,950

Leaving, as a margin for profit, in Halifax cy., £38,650

On the west side of the location the only parts ofthe lode offering
facts sufficiently definite to form the basis of a calculation aie com-
prised in the last 214 fatlioms. In this space there are three expo-
sures ; but the middle one, in which little is seen, and the covered
ground, being left out, there remain but 123 fathoms, of which the
average breadth is about 5.63 feet, while the average produce ofthe
surface, resulting from the samples obtained, appears to be 6.90 per
cent. In the present as in the previous case changes no doubt are
to be expected in the yield descending, and there having been only'
one shaft sunk in which the percentage at the bottom has turned out
to be low, it would perhaps be scarcely just to suppose that every
other will prove like it. It seems to me more probable that to a
certain extent improvement in one virill compensate for deterioration
in another, but at the same time it would be injudicious to form any
confident estimate of (he whole ten fathoms in opposition to this one
fact, until another of a contrary tendency has been ascertained to
neutralize it.

Assuming that the two sources keep separate across the location,
and that what is seen of the lodes and has thus been experinif>nted
upon may be taken as an index of what is still concealed, there
would be, in the case of the east lodes before reaching the western
boundary, and the west lodes before entering the lake, room for
more than one repetition of the same quantities as already given ;

and it is only the justly proverbial uncertainties inseparable from
mining adventures which should moderate the confidence with
which such a repetition may be looked for.

It would thus appear that, even supposing the lodes were available
for no greater depth than ten fathoms, there is a reasonable ground
for expecting a considerable return. But there do not yet seem to be
any very definite facls ascertained which may be assigned as a cause
why their productive quality may not extend deeper. As has
already been said, variations in the productiveness are to be ex-
pected, but the probability appears to me to be that these will about
compensate one another until some general deterioration is occa-
sioned by a change in the quality of the rock the veins intersect.
That there is an indefinite depth at which the greenstone will
cease, is be to inferred from what has been said, in the general de-
scription, of the stratified arrangement of the rocks constituting the
formation of the country ; but without further facts, it is not easy
to state at what point this may be, in consequence of several irregu-
larities observable in the stratification of the vicinity, which disturb
the elements of a calculation. The nearest coast rock eastward of
a quality different from the greenstone is towards the east boundary
of the location : quartz rock there occupies a point dividing the
small bay in that part into two coves, and runs out on the east side
of the bay into Eagle Point ; the dip of this quartz rock appears to
be irregular. The dip of the formation generally all along the
coast to the eastward from the Thessalon, and e^en from the Mis-
sisagui after leaving the intrusive granite, up to the Palladeau
Islands, is northward , whereas at Eagle Point the dip is west.
Those beds which form the point between the two coves dip in the
direction of the works on the cast lodes nearly, their least slope
being about 12°. which is also that of the beds at Eagle Point. If it
be assumed that these beds thus plunge under the greenstone and
maintain the same inclination as they proceed, they would have a
depth of forty-five to fifty fathoms, where the vein touches the lake,
seventy-five to eighty fathoms where the lode begins to be productive,
and nearly 100 fathoms at Prideaux' shaft, less of course if the slope
moderates; and one difficulty of the case is, that the greenstone does
not afford any certain means of determining with the required precis-
ion, what change the slope of the rock beneath may suffer. It appears
to me to be a necesary consequence, if the quartz beds be thus taken as

the rock supporting the greenstone, to suppose that the band to which
they belong bends round from Eagle Point and runs with a northern
dip between the French Islands and the Peninsula, both of which are
greenstone. In the lowland fornning the bight of the Peninsula
Bay, which would thus be in the strike of the band, I am not
aware of the existence of any exposure either to confirm or contra-
dict the hypothesis. As the lodes described in the west part of
the location would stand nearer the outcrop of the sedimentary
rock than those from the eastern, the range of which would be
further northward, it is evident that whatever might be the depth
of the greenstone in relation to the latter, it would be less in respect
to the former.

But if it be supposed that the bay between the peninsula and the
French Islands be underlaid by a transverse continuation of the
greenstone and the first visible sedimentary coast rock proceeding
westward be assumed as the base, this rock would be the band of
limestone occurring above the French Islands. This in strike
agrees with the coast rocks on the locations to the eastward, but the
dip along the water line instead of north is south. The exposure
however is narrow ; it is cut by trap dykes as well as a large
spar vein holding iron pyrites, all running with the strike, and
there is certainly one twist turning the dip northward for a short dis-
tance. These circumstances, combined with the fact that the sedi-
mentary rocks immediately north of the greenstone cut by the cop-
per veins, dip northward, induce me to believe the south dip on the
water line to be a limited irregularity due to the disturbances accom-
panying the dykes and pyritiferous vein, and that the true general
dip is northward ; or that the limestone is on the crown of an anti-
clinal arch. If this limestone and its associated strata were thus the
limit of the greenstone of the copper lodes, it is scarcely necessary
to remark that a much more moderate general dip than that of the
previous hypothesis would give a much greater thickness. The
position and attitude of the Eagle Point strata must in this case be
supposed to be due to some great transverse dislocation ; otherwise
the limestone ought to come in between them and the greenstone in
the bay on the east side of the location, whereas no trace of it was
seen there.

In the present condition of the evidence, until other facts are found
to contradict it, I feel inclined to think the first hypothesis the more

nd to which
I a northern
»f which are
Peninsula
[1, I am not
n or contra-
,vest part of
sedimentary

I would be
)e the depth
ss in res()ect

sula and the
ation of the
: proceeding
the band of
is in strike
vrjird, but the
he exposure

II as a large
strike, and

ir a short dis-
lat the sedi-
by the cop-
1 dip on the
inces accom-
true general
of an anti-
vere thus the
ly necessary
that of the
ness. The
this case he
[1 ; otherwise
rreeiistone in
ce of it was

cts are found
!sis the more

probable, and such being the case, it appears to me worthy of re-
mark that, judging from the drill-hole samples of the surface, the gene-
ral quality of the lode, from the cross course eastward to Stope No. 1,
appears to be less productive than it is to the westward ; that still fur-
ther eastward up to Stope No. 24, the quality still further deterio-
rates, and that from this point to the lake, the lode where exposed
shews very little copper indeed. In this direction from the rise of the
sandstone beneath, the greenstone is gradually getting shallower, and
it might be a question, whether it may not be in consequence of the
approach of the sandstone that the quantity of copper diminishes. If
a similar condition of circumstances should accompany the lower
part of the greenstone westward, it would subtract considerably from
the depth of the copper bearing portion of the rock ; and the sup-
posed 100 fathoms atPrideaux' Shaft would be reduced to a produc-
tive depth of probably twenty-five fathoms below the level of the lake
or thirty-five fathoms from the surface. It is only by adeep shaft that
such a question can be decided. But what might thus be lost in
depth might possibly be compensated for at the surface ; for in regard
to that part of the east lode beyond the point to which it has been
uncovered the analogy would be that running nearly parallel to the
supposed outcrop of the sedimentary strata outside of the Peninsula,
and keeping therefore in an equal and steady thickness of greenstone
it would hold a quality similar to that of the known productive part,
and there would then be room for three repetitions before attaining
the western boundary ; whereas, if the barren character of the east
end is due to some cause independent of the sandstone, one half of
the westward continuation may be expected to be like it.*

*Thfi view taken of the physical structure of the front of the Bruce Mines location
is prinlicated upon the supposition, that the true dip of the limestone band above the
French Islands, is northward, and that the band is not to bo found between the
Thessalon and the coast, on this location, or any to the eastward. Althouj^h it was
not observed, it is so narrow that it may, notwithstanding, be concealed on the
north side of the front greenstone; should it bo discovered there, the problem of the
structure would be very simply solved. The greenstone would then evidently ap-
pear to bo on the crown of an anticlinal, and all the phenomena of the locality
would be accounted for. The bend of the arch would account for the fissures which
have given space for the secretion of the mineral veins, and the sandstone of Eagle
Point would do the greenstone's supporting rock, approaching which, the quantity of
copper in the lode diminishes. This structure would be the most favourable for the
mines, as the probability would be, that the lode would maintain its productive qua-
lity westward, with an increasing depth all the way. It appears to me it would be
well worthy of the Company's attention, to make diligent search for the limestone
band in this position, not only on the Bruce Mines location, but on those to the
eastward.

In tlje greenstone, on the rear of the local ion, a lode three feet
wide, and marked with spots of copper pyrites, was inspected* The
exposure continued only a few faliioms, and no experiment was
made to ascertain its productiveness. From the position of ihe green-
stone in relation to the limestone of the Thessalon, the strike of this,
and the general coincident bearing of the mineral veins, it appears to
me probable that this may be a continuation of one of the lodes of the
South Eciio location, on Ei:ho Lake, my visit to which last locality
was too short, and my examination too cursory, to authorise me to
make any remark in regard to its productiveness.

The quantity of copper ore and undressed vein-stuff above ground
at the Bruce Mines at the time of sampling them in the beginning of
July, it will be perceived, by a reference to a table in the Appendix,
was estimated at 1475 tons. The average produce is 8.01 per cent,
(equal to the average of the dressed ores of Cornwall), giving about
118 tons of pure copper, which, allowing for the mode of assay and
waste in drevssing, would yield upwards of 650 tons of 15.00 per
cent ore. At the time of my departure, much activity prevailed
in working the lodes, and an expectation was entertained by the
mining captains that 250 tons of such ore might be raised monthly.
One hundred and sixty-three persons were employed in carrying on
the operations connected with the mines, consisting of seventy-seven
miners, sixty-five labourers, four boys, eleven blacksmiths, carpenters
and other artisans, two mining captains, one engineer, two clerks,
and a superintendent, constituting a population, including the fami-
lies of the workmen, of about 250 souls. Three frame buildings
and about thirty log houses had been erected for stores, workshops,
and lodging accommodation ; and the foundation of an engine house
was commenced, in which was to be placed a steam engine of about
forty horse power, for clearing the mine of water and crushing the ore
for dressing. A pier, or planked platform road, had been carried out
about 180 yards, to an insulated rock, on which a wharf had been
constructed ; and three stone-loaded cribs had been sunk in ten feet
water beyond this, for an additional wharf, for the accommodation
of steamers and vessels frequenting the Iiarbour, which is a commo-
dious one, well sheltered from most winds, and not tlifficult of ac-
cess. There is abundance of timber for mining purposes and for
fuel on the location, and in the vicinity; and ontheThessalon, good
pine, hemlock and spruce were met with in some quantity. On

u t!jree feet
3cted. The
;riment was
of ihegreen-
rike of this,
it appears to
I lodes of the
last locality
lorise me to

bove ground
beginning of
B Appendix,
.01 per cent,
giving about
af assay and
f 16.00 per
ty prevailed
ined by the
sed monthly.
I carrying on
jventy-seven
IS, carpenters

two clerks,
ng the fami-
ne buildings
, workshops,
engine house
'ine of about
shing the ore
n carried out
arfhad been
ik in ten feet
jommodation

is a commo-
ifficult of ac-
oses and for
jssalon, good
lantitv. On

this river, which joins the lake nine miles east of the Bruce Mines
there are, in or near the intermediate locations, four falls, about
thirteen, eighteen, eight, and three feet respectively, affording excel-
lent mill sites; and some of the land in the valley is well fitted lor
cultivation. Little good land, however is met with along this part
of the lake shore, and the front of the Bruce Mines location is parti-
cularly rough and rocky ; but on Saint Joseph Island, opposite, there
is an ample extent of excellent land, at present well clothed with
maple, birch, and elm, in some parts, and good pine in others, and
bemg underlaid by the rocks of the lower fossiliferous formations, it
abounds in limestone, affording good material for either burning or
building.

I have the honor to be

Your Excellency's

Most obedient servant,

W. E. LOGAN,

Provincial Geologist.

APPENDIX.

CONTENTS OF LODES.

The following table is given to shew, in a consecutive manner, thi>
contents of the lodes, resulting from the lengths, widths and produces,
ascertained by measurernont and experiment. 'J'he third column is the
length in fathoms n)ultiplicd by the breadth in feet, to {rivo the means of de-
termining the averap;c breadth ; and the fourth column is the product of tlu;
figures of the third multiplied by those of the produce, from the result of
which is ascertained the average produce. The sum of the third colu* ui
multiplied by 36, the number of teet in a fathom forward by a fiitln>m
vertical, will give the cubic contents in I'eet of one fathom in depth of tlu-
whole length of the lode (the probability being that the horizontal will repre-
sent the vertical dimensions), and this product by the weight of a cubic foot
will give the weight of the vein-stuff' in the same. The fourth columi) imil-
tiplied by the same figure«i, and divided by 100, will give the weight of pun;
copper in the same space. In the copper smelting trade there are reekoiied
2352 lbs. or 21 cwt. to a ton of ore.

EASTERN LODES.
Main Lode.

Length.

Width.

Produce.

Fathoms.

Feet.

q^cont.

175.00

6.00

1050.00

30.00

5.00

150.00

205.00

5.85

1200.00

20.00

4.33

2.52

86.60

218.23

20.00

6 91

3.84

138.20

530.68

20 00

2.66

4.56

53.20

242.59

35.00

2.91

3.48

101.85

354.43

14.00

5.00

5.50

70.00

385.00

7.50

6.75

6.80

50.62

344.21

8.00

2.25

0.00

18.00

7.00

1.83

2.80

12 81

35.86

11.00

3.25

9.60

35.75

343.20

7.00

3.00

8.24

21.00

173.04

31.00

3.00

0.00

93.00

11.00

2.42

10.72

26.62

285 36

8.00

4.00

12.70

32.00

406.40

12.00

6.00

9.84

72.00

708.48

8.00

12.00

12.96

96.00

1244.16

6.00

10.00

36.00

360.00

18.50

3.83

10.00

70.85

708 50

53.00

3.83

10.08

202.99

2046.13

297.00

4.09

6.88

1217.49

8386.27

39.00

2.84

0.00

111.00

258.00

4.28

7.57

1106.49

8386.27

North nRANCii.

■

Length.

Widlli.

I'roducc.

Fathoms.

Feet.

^)ccnt.

.)<).0()

2.50

140.00

19.00

2.00

y.7G

.38.00

370.88

Ifi.OO

3.50

50.00

20.00

2 00

0.00

40.00

3..-,0

3.41

10.24

1 1 .93

I22.1»;

10..50

3.00

31.50

4.00

2.75

8.40

11 00

92.40

1.50

3.00

8.00

4.50

3(1.00

5.50

3 00

7.92

I (i.50

130.()8

5.50

3.00

0.00

1(1.50

12.00

2.00

0.00

24.00

15.{,5()

2.54

389.93

752.12

120.00

2.56

308.00

33.50

2.44

9.18

81.93

752.12

South Branch.

LiMlgtIl.

Fathoms.

Width.
Feet.

Produce,
lucent.

13.00

1.50

G.9G

19.50

135.72

llECAriTUIiATrON.

Main Lode,...
North Branch,
South Branch,

Length.
Fathoms.

Width.
Feet.

Produce.
^ cent.

258.00
33.50
13.00

4.28
2.44
1.50

7.57
9.18
6.96

1106.49
81.93
19.50

304.50

3.96

7.67

1207.92

8386.27
752.12
135.72

9274.1 1

9274.11

100
9274.11

— «36 ft. H 185 lbs :.=2C2 tons of Copper.

100

-less one-sixth m 36 ft. « 183 lbs.=216 tons of Copper.

WM.

VVRSTERN LODES.

Length.
FathoiiiH.

Width.
Feet.

I'loJuce.
ycont.

p. .■■iryrt jjb;j:. r-.

-rL-.vr-*.TC'. j:..ii

I!).00
lU.OO
1)».00
1!).00
47.00

.'5.41
5.41
5.41
3.41
(J.OO

.>.(J3

6.72
2.77
6.40
4.08
!).6H

102.7!)
102.7!)
102.7!)
102.7!)
282.00

690.74
284.72
6.57.H/I
419..'I8
2 72!), 76

123.00

6.90

6!)3.16

4782.4.'>

4782.45

100

)^ .'16 ft. M 185 lb,s.=iHt5 tons > ('oppcr.

Copi'KR Orbs, &«\, 8Ampi.ei) at tub Brucb Mim:s, in Jcly. 184S.

From Trial Shaft

" IlarriH* Shalt and West Slopes,.. .

" Harris' Sliart, 10 lins. level, Eaat,

" Harris' Shaft, 10 fins, level. West,

" Uaiiliin's Shaft, East Stopes,

" Raiiliiu's Sliaft,

" Top of lode near of Rankin's Shaft,

" Rankin's and Harris' Shaft,...

Davis' Shaft, West Slopes,.

" Prideaux' Sliaft,.
" StopeNo. 12,....

" Stope No. 15,...
" Moftatt's Sliaft,.

" Expos-'re of 76 fnis. East End,..

West End,.,
" Simpson's ShafY,

" Exposure of 47 fms. East End,...

West End,..,

Toiig.
40

Troduco

7.68

600

7.92

9.36

8.32

11.04

8.64

6.08

5.20

6.64

9.28

5.84

8.56

9.60

20.00

40.80

20.(i4

11.52

9.84

6.56

12.96

5.12

3.12

2.80

6.72

4.08

6.80

5.84

13.04

55
1475

9.68

8.01

Copper.

3.0720
47.5200
6.0840
2.3296
3.3120
4.3200
2.4320
3.9000
2.6560
1.1136
2 9200

.6848
2.0160
4.0000
1.6320
1.0320

.6912
1.5744
1.0496
6.2208
1.6384

.6240
1.9600
1.1424

.2448
2.7200
1.6352
4.3032
5.3240

118.1520