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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film^s A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atre reprodult en un seul cllchA, 11 est film* A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant Ie nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la m6thode. '\ i . ■ t ^.■i 1 2 3 4 . 5. 6 ^ ? ALIENATION OK THE Delaware and Shawanese Indians. 1759- " <* \ CAUSES OF THE ALIENATION OF THE D FLAW ARK AND ShAWANKSK Indians KROM THE BRITISH INTEREST. 2 Nri">MViS'V.Rr. ^7- '"-rr — ^ ■:= PHILADELPHIA: JOHN CAMPBELL, MDCCCLXVII. No. Edition OF 250 Copies, Of which 75 copies arc in quarto, and 25 copies in folio. PRINTED BY HENRY B. ASHMEAD, No. 1 101 Sansom Street. I I r '% A N i I ENQUIRY INTO THE Caufes of the Alienation O F T H E Delaware and Shawanese Indians FROM THE BRITISH INTEREST, And into the Meafures taken for recovering their Friendship. Extraaed from the Public Treaties, and other A-^rlien- tic Papers relating to the Tranfadions of the Gc>^-:.n- mcnt of Penftlvania and the faid Indians^ for near t crty Years; and explained by a M A P of the Country. Together with the remarkable Journal of Chripan Frederic Pojl, bv whofe Negotiations, among the Indiam on the Ohio, they were withdrawn from the Interell of the French, who thereupon abandoned the Fort and Country. With Notes by the Editor explaining fundry Indian Culloms, &c. Written in Penfylvania. LONDON: Printed for J. Wilkie, at the Bible, in St. Paul's Church-yard. MDCCLIX. THE INTRODUCTION. IT has been to many a Caufe of Won- der, how it comes to pafs that the Englijh have fo few Indians in their In- tereft, while the French have fo many at Command; and by what Means and for what Reafons thofe neighbouring Tribes in particular, who, at the firft Arrival of the Englifi in Penfyhania, and for a long Series of Years afterwards, (hewed every Mark of Affedtion and Kindnefs, (hould become our moft bitter Enemies, and treat thofe whom they had fo often declared they looked upon as their Brethren, nay as their own Flefh and Blood, with fuch barbarous Cruelties. By fome they are looked on as faithlefs and perfidious; while others, confidering their former Friendship, the many Services they have done the Englijhy and the steady At- |4 Attachment they have rtiewed to our In- tereft during feveral Wars with France, imagine there muft be fomc Caufe for this Change in their Behaviour. The Indians themfelves, when called upon in a public Treaty, to explain the Motives of their Condud, declare that the Sollicita- tions of the French^ joined with the Abufes they have fuffered from the Efiglijh, parti- cularly in being cheated and defrauded of their Land, have at length induced them to become our Enemies and to make War upon us. That the French had been ac^tive to draw off the Indians y and engage them in their Intereft, was not doubted : But as to the Complaints they made of Abufes received from the EngUjl\ and of their being wronged of their Lands, much Pains have been taken to reprefent them as groundlefs, and only lame Excufes for their late Perfidioufnefs. Nay fomc have gone fo far as to fay, that thefe Complaints arc the Effeds of the unhappy Divifions that prevailed in this Government. In order therefore to clear up thefe Points, and to examine into the Founda- tion and Truth of thefe Complaints, Re- courfe has been had to as many of the Treaties ! i I 5 I Treaties and Conferences held between the Indians and this Government, for above thirty Years paft, as could be procured. It is a Matter of no fmall Confequence to know the Grounds of the Complaints made by the Indians, that, in cafe they are falfe, Juftice may be done to the Characters of thofe who are injured there- by; and, if true, that proper Remedies may be applied, and that the Crown of Great Britain may not, by the Avarice and Wickednefs of a few, be deprived of the Friendrtiip and Alliance of thofe Nations who are capable of being our moll ufcful Friends, or moft dangerous Enemies. It could have been wirtied, for the Sake of Truth, that Accefs had been allowed to the Minutes of Council, which are the only public Record kept of the Tranf- adtions between the Government of Penfyl- vania and the Indians \ or that the Minutes of feveral Conferences with the Indians had been duly taken, and regularly publifhed; or that all the Deeds granted by the In- dians had been recorded in the Rolls-Office, as they ought to have been: Had thefe been done, the Matter might have been fet in a fuller and clearer Light. How- ever, by perufing the following Extradls, taken ; si U M I •I [6] taken from fuch Treaties as could be met with, from the Votes of the AlTembly, from fuch Deeds as have been recorded, and from other authentic Papers and Let- ters, it will be clearly feen whether the Complaints of the Indians are only invent- ed to palliate their late Condudl ; whether they are the Effeds of Party; or whether their Pretenfions are reafonable and their Demands confident with Juftice. AN 10, A N ENQUIRY, &c. GOVERNOR Keith having, in 1722, re-Introduc- ceived Advice that fome Perfons under ^°" ^° Pretence of fearching for Copper Mines, in-jj^^^'^' tended to take up Lands, by virtue of Mary- land Rights on the Weft Side of the River Suf- quehannah above ConefiogOy iflued a Proclamation to prevent them. Soon after, having Advice that fome Perfons were actually gone from Maryland to furvey the Land, he went thither himfelf with the Surveyor-General of the Pro- vince, and arriving firft, ordered the Surveyor- General, by virtue of Proprietary Rights which he had before purchafed, to furvey for him five hundred and thirty Acres of Land upon that Spot, which he perceived was like to prove a Bone of Contention and the Occafion of Mis- chief. Upon his Return being informed that the young Men of Conejiogo were going out to War, he thought it neceflary to hold a Confer- ence with thofe Indians^ and accordingly going to their Town, called a Meeting of the Chiefs of the MingoeSy the Sbawanefe^ and the Ganaway [Conoy) Indians^ at which he reminded them of the Friendfhip that fubfifted between them and Coneftogo this Government, of the Favours he had done Treaty, them, how he had gone to Virginia to serve 1722. them, i't i! i 1 ( « ) them, and at their Requeft removed one John Grijl from a Settlement he had made beyond the Sufquehanmh, and had ftridly forbidden any Perfon from takeing up Lands or fettling there without his Leave, ^c. In the Clofe of his Speech he informs them of the News he had heard of their going to War, and abfolutely forbids them to go. Hereupon the Indians called a Council, and having agreed upon an Anfwer, met the Gover- nor next Day: And Civility their Chief having, in the Name of the Indians^ thanked the Gover- nor for the Pains he had taken to ferve them, and exprefled the Confidence they had in the Government, declares, that tho' their Warriors were intended againft the Catawbas, yet as the Governor difapproved of their going they fhould be immediately flopped, after which he proceeds to fay, *' That when the Proprietor, IVilliam Penn, came into this Country Forty Years ago, he got fome Perfon at New York to purchafe the Lands on SuJ'quebannah from the Five Nations, who pretended a Right to them, having conquered the People formerly fettled there; that when William Penn came from New York he fent for them to hold a Council with him at Philadelphia^ and (hewed them a Parch- ment, which he told them was a Right to thofe Lands, that he had purchafed them from the Five Nations, for which he had fent a great many Goods in a VefTel to New York\ that when the Conejlogoes underftood he had bought their Land, they were forry; upon which IVil- liam Penn took the Parchment and laid it upon the Ground, faying to them, that it fliould be in common amongll them, viz. the Englijh and the Indians \ that when William Penn had after that Manner given them the fame priviledge to I f U4 ( 9 ) to the Land as his own People, he told them he would not do as the Marylanders did, by calling them Children or Brothers only; for often Parents would be apt to whip their Chil- dren too feverely, and Brothers fometimes would differ; neither would he compare the Friendfhip between him and the Sujquehannah Indians to a Chain, for the Rain might fome- times ruft it, or a Tree fall and break it; but he faid the Indians fhould be efteemed by him and his People as the fame Flefh and Blood with the Chriftians, and the fame as if one Man's Body was to be divided in two Parts. After they had made fo firm a League with iVilliam Penn^ he gave them that Parchment, (here Civility held a Parchment in his Hand) and told them to preferve it carefully for three Generations, that their Children might fee and know what then pafled in Council, as if he re- mained himfelf with them to repeat it, but that the fourth Generation would both forget him and it." Civility prefented to the Governor the Parch- ment in his Hand to read; it contained Articles of Friendfliip and Agreement made between the Proprietary and them, and confirmed the Sale of Lands made by the Five Nations to the Proprietary*. * i^fry. By what Civility fays, would it not appear that the Indians were not made fully acquainted with the Nature of that Parchment, tor after what is faid of their being forry that the Proprietor had bought their Lands, can it be imagined that they intended by it to give up their Right to that Land, or to confirm to the Proprietary the Purchafe made of the Five Nations, without rcferving themfelves a Right to thofe Lands in common with the Englijh, agree- able to what they imagined was promifed to them ? But it may be noted, all we know of the Contents of the Writing is from this account given by the Proprietary Agents. B The ( 10 ) II II 1 Ui^ 'The Governors Anjwer to this is as follows : "I am very glad to find that you remember fo perfectly the wife and kind Expreflions of the great and good IVilliam Penn towards you ; and I know that the Purchafe which he made of the Lands on both Sides Sujquebannah, is exaftly true as you tell it, only I have heard farther, that when he was fo good to tell your People that notwithftanding that Purchafe the Lands fliould ftill be in common between his People and them, you anfwered, that a very little Land would ferve you, and thereupon you fully confirmed his Right by your own Confent and good Will, as the Parchment you fliewed me fully declares." On the fecond Day of the Conference the Governor bade Civility aflc all the Indians pre- fent, if they were well pleafed to underftand that the Governor had taken up a fmall Trad of Land fo near them on the other Side of Sujquchannah. They answered, That they liked it very well, and faid it was good Luck to them that there was any Thing to be found there which could invite the Governor to make a Settlement amongft them ; but they defired to know whether ihe Governor's fettling there would not occafion the immediate Settlement of all that Side of the River, and if that was the Governor's Intention. To which the Governor anfwered, "It was not the Intention of the Government as yet, to fuffer that Side of the River to be fettled, being they could have no Magiftrates or great Men there to keep the People in Peace and good Order; and that the Governor had only taken ( »I ) taken up that Land himfelf at this Time to prevent others from doing it without his Knowledge, and contrary to his Orders ; and that he might be nearer to them himfelf, in order to fave and proted them from being dif- turbed by any Perfons whatfoever." At this Treaty the Indians complain of the Damage they receive by ftrong Liquor being brought among them ; they fay, "The Indians *' could live contentedly and grow rich, if it " were not for the Quantities of Rum that is *' fuffered to come amongft them, contrary to ** what William Penn promifed them." In anfwer to this the Governor, after letting them know how much he is pleafed with the Satisfadlion they exprefs at his making a fmall Settlement near them, "Aflures them that he will be at fome Pains to make it ufeful and convenient to them, by endeavouring to hinder his People from bringing fuch Quantities of Rum to fell among the Indians.'' In the Treaty held at Philadelphia July 1727, between Governor Gordon and the Deputies of the Five Nations, the Indians Speaker, Tanne- ivhannegah^ informs the Governor, "That the Chiefs of all the Five Nations being met in Council, and underftanding that the Governor of this Province had divers Times fent for them to come hither, had therefore fent him and thofe prefent with him, to know the Gov- ernor's Pleafure." After this he proceeds to fay, "That the firft Governor of this Place, OnaSy (/'. e. Governor Penn) when he firft arrived here, fent to them to defire them to fell Land to him, that they anfwered they would not fell it then, but they might do it in Time to come; that being feveral times fent for, they were now come to hear what the Governor had to offer, I ;l h' ! i i I ( 12 ) offer, that when the Governor was at Jl/^any he had fpoke to them to this Purpofe; Well, my Brethren, you have gained the Vidlory, you have overcome thefe People, and their Lands are yours, we fliall buy them of you. How many Commanders are there amongft you?" And being told they were forty, he faid, "Then if you will come down to me I will give each of thefe Commanders a Suit of Cloaths fuch as I wear." He farther takes Notice, "That a former Governor meeting fome of the Warriors of the Five Nations at Cone/logo, defired them to fpeak to their Chiefs about "the Purchafe of the Land at T/anandowa \ that having no Wampum to fend by them as a Token of the Meflage, he gave the Warriors a Cafk of Powder with fome Shot, a Piece of red Strowds and fome Duffels; that the War- riors delivered their Meffage to their Chiefs, who have now fent to let the Governor know they are willing to proceed to a Sale." In anfwer to this the Governor tells them, " That he is glad to fee them, that he takes their Vifit very kindly at this Time, but that they were misinformed when they fuppofed the Governor had fent for them; that Governor Penn had, by Means of Colonel Dungan, already bought of the Five Nations the Lands on SuJqueoamiab\ that the Chiefs of the Five Nations about five Years ago, when Sir IVil- liam Keith was at Albany^ had of themfelves confirmed the former Grant, and abfolutely re- leafed all Pretenfions to thefe Lands; that the Prefent which a former Governor made to fome Indian Warriors at Conejlogo^ was not with a View to purchafe the Lands at '■TJanandowa\ that he was obliged to them for their Offer to fell thefe Lands if they were not yet purchafed; but ( '3 ) but that he cannot treat about them at prefent; that IVilliam Penns Son, who was born in this Country, is expedled over here; who, when he comes, may treat with them if he thinks it proper; that, in the mean Time, as thefe Lands lie next to the Engli/h Settlements, tho' at a great Diftance, he fhall take this Offer as Proof of their Refolution to keep them for him." After this the Indians^ defiring a farther Con- ference with the Governor, inform him, "That there come many Sorts of Traders among them, both Indians and Englifli^ who all cheat them, and, tho' they get their Skins, they give them /ery little in Pay: They have fo little for them they cannot live, and can fcarce procure Powder and Shot to hunt with and get more. Thefe Traders bring little of thefe, but inftead of them they bring Rum, which they fell very dear." They farther take Notice, "That both the French and the Engli/Ii are raifing Fortifications in their Country, and in their Neighbourhood, and that great Numbers of People are fent thither, the Meaning of which they do not very well conceive, but they fear fome ill Confequence from it. They defire that no Settlements may be made up Sufquehannah higher than Paxton\ that none of the Settlers thereabouts be fufFered to keep or fell any Rum there; for that being the Road by which their Peo- ple go out to War, they are apprehenfive of Mifchief, if they meet with I^iquor in thefe Parts, for the fame reafons they defire that none of the Traders be allowed to carry any Rum to the Ohio: And this they defire may be taken Notice of as the Mind of the Chiefs of the Five Nations." To this the Governor anfwered, that, "as to Trade, ; i' i ill m ( H ) Trade, they know it is the Method of all that follow it to buy as cheap, and fell as dear, as they can, and every Man muft make the beft Bargain he can; the Indians cheat the Indians y and the Englijh cheat the EngliJIi^ and every Man muft be on his Guard ; that as to Rum feveral Laws had been made to prevent its being carried among them, that they might break the Caflcs and deftroy all the Rum that was brought to them; that hitherto no Settle- ments had been allowed to be made above Paxton, but as young People grow up they will fpread of Courfe, tho' that will not be very {jieedily; that as to the Fortifications, the Englijh being their Friends, they had nothing to fear from any they made, and as to thofe made by the French, they were fo remote he knew nothing of them," Upon Information being made to the Gover- nor, in April 1728, by one Letort an Indian Trader, that Manawkyhichon, a Delaware Chief, theAfll-m- to revenge the Death o{ IVequeala''''' [or IVeekwe- bly. ley) who had been hanged in the Jer/eys the Year before, was endeavouring to engage the Miamis, or 'Tweektwees, to make War on the Engli/hy and that the Five Nations had joined with him, it was thought advifeable to enquire farther into this Matter. In the mean Time, it was judged proper, that the Governor fhould take fome Notice of the Indians on Sufqiiehan- nah and Delaware, thefe People generally think- ing themfelves flighted, as no Treaty had been held with them for fome Time. * This ffWkcr/ry is the fame referred to in the Lancnllcr Treaty in May 1757, whole Death is alligneii by the Depu- ties of the Five Nations as one of the Caules of the prelcnt Diiicrence between the Delazuara and Englijb. In Minutes of Coun cil deli- vered to r^ ( '5 ) In Confequence of this, the Governor, as Treaty of foon as he received Advice that Captain Civil- Coneftogo /■/y, Chief of the Conejlo^o IndianSy was returned '^^ " with his People from Hunting, difpatched an Exprefs to acquaint thofe Irtdians^ that he would meet them about the 23d of May at ConejlogOy where he defired that the Chiefs of all the Indians might be prefent, and that Cap- tain Civility would difpatch Meflengers to SaJfoonaHy Opekajfet and Manawkybickon, Chiefs of the Delawares, who live up the River Sufque- hannahy to be there. At the Time appointed the Governor went and met the Chiefs of the Conejlogoes, the Delaware Indians^ on Brandy- IVine^ the Canaweje^ and the Shawaneje Indians. At this Conference the Governor put them in Mind of the League of Friendfliip which had long fubfifted between them and this Govern- ment, and refrefhes their Memory by repeating the principal Heads of it. After this he in- forms them, that he heard the 'Tweektwees were coming as Enemies againft this Country, which he thought muft be falfe as he had never hurt the 'Tweektwees: He next acquaints them of a late Skirmifh between eleven foreign Indians and about twenty of his People, at a Place called Mabanaiawny; that, upon receiving the News, he immediately repaired to the Place, but found the Indians gone ; that, upon his Return, he was informed of two or three furi- ous Men having killed three friendly Indians^ and hurt two Girls, which grieved him much; that thereupon he had the Murderers appre- hended and put in Prifon, and that they (hould be tried and punifhed as if they had killed white People. He likewife lets them know that, about eight Months ago, an Engli/fi Man was killed by fome Indians at the Houfe of John N n I ( 16 ) John Burt in Snake-Town, and dcfires they would apprehend the Murderers and bring them to Juftice. The Indians, in their Anfwer, let the Gover- nor know, they are well fatisfied with what he had faid, and afTure him that what had happened at John Burt's Houfe was not done by them, but by one of the Min\;^nk's*, another Nation, for which Reason they can say nothing to it. Treaty at As the Meflages which Civility fent to the Philadcl- Delaware Chiefs, who lived on Sujquchannah, did phiai728. j^Qj. j-gj^j,]^ them foon enough for them to attend the Treaty at Conejlogo, the Governor defired them to meet him at Philadelphia, f Accord- ingly, a few Days after, Sajfoonan, King of the DelawareSy with Opekajfet, and a few more of his principal Men, came to Philadelphia, where the Governor gave them a hearty welcome, re- newed the Treaties of Friendftiip which Mr. Penn had made with them ; acquainted them of the Skirmifli that had happened betwixt his Peo- ple and a Party of Shawaneje, who came armed and painted for War, and were taken for ftrange Indians \ informed them of the unhappy Acci- dent that had followed, and of his caufing the Murderers to be apprehended and put in Gaol to be tried and punifhed as if they had killed one of his Majeity's Subjects; and, laftly, he condoled with the Friends of the Murdered, and com.forted them after the Indian Manner. In anfwer to this, SaJJoonan thanks the Gover- nor for the Speech he had made, declares him- felf well plealed with what the Governor faid in * Here it appears the Miriijinks were deilared to be a Nation over whom they had no authority, I Tho' a Meilage was lent to Miin, neks hid: tin, as well as to thefe, yet he did not come, being at that 'I'inie full of" Rel'entincnt tor the Death of his Kinlinan. Relation m ( 17 ) Relation to the Accident that had happened to the Indians^ and defired that no Mifunderftand- ing might arife on that Account, and concluded with faying, that, in two Months, he defigned to return and fpeak more fully. But, being told, that if he had any Thing at all upon his Mind, it was now a proper Time to fpeak it, that it might be heard by all that Company, addrelfing himfelf to Mr. James Logan^^' he proceeded to fay, "That he was '* grown old, and was troubled to fee the Chrif- " tians fettle on Lands that the Indians had " never been paid for ; they had fettled on his ** Lands, for which he had never received any *' Thing; that he is now an old Man, and muft *' foon die; that his Children may wonder to "fee all their Father's Lands gone from them "without his receiving any Thing for them; " that the Chriftians now make their Settle- " ments very near them, and they fhall have " no Place of their own left to live on ; that " this may occafion a Difference between their " Children and us hereafter ; and he would "willingly prevent any Mifunderftanding that "may happen." As this Speech was addrefled to Mr. Logan^ he, with the Leave of the Governor, anfwered, " That he was no otherwife concerned in the " Lands of this Province than as he was en- " trufted, with other Commiffioners, by the " Proprietor to manage his Affairs of Property "in his Abfence; that Wtlliam Penn had made "it a Rule never to fuffer any Lands to be fet- " tied by his People, till they were firft pur- " chafed of the Indians\ that his Commiffioners * Mr. Logai; was the Secretary and the Proprietaries principal Agent or CommiHioncr tor Land Affairs during near forty Years, c had s' f .f ' :(•■ ( iS ) "had followal the lame Rule, ami how little " RealoM there was for any Complaint againft " him, or the Commillloners, he would now " make appear." He faiil, "That SdJpj'jMaM, who is now pre- " lent, with liivers others of the /w^//V/;/ Chiefs, "about ten \'ears fince, having a Notion that " thev had not been fully paid for their Lands, * came to Phihulclphia to demand what was due " to rhem ; that the Huflnefs was heard in Coun- "cil, and he then produced to thofe Indians a "great Number of Deeds, by which their An- " certors had fully conveyed, ami were as fully " paiil for all their Lands from Duck dreck to lY "near the Forks of Dc/azc-an; ami that the In- ^^ (Hans were then entirely fatisfieil with what " had been fliewn to them ; and the Commif- " doners, to put an Knd to all further Claims "or Demands of that Kind, in Confuicration "of their Journey and 'I'rouble, made them a " I'refent in the I'roprietor's Name and Ik-half, " upon which they agreed to fign an abfolute " Releale for all thole Lands, and of all De- " mands whatfoever upon Account of the faid "l*urchafe:" And exhibiting the faid Inllru- ment of Releafe, he defired it might be read, which was done in thefe Words ; " We Sajfoonan, King of the Delaware Jn- ^^ dians, and Pokebais, MctaJ/iicha\\ y/iyamaikan, "■ Pepaivviaman^ Cihettypcnceman and (Jpcka/fet^ " Chiefs of the faid Indians^ do acknowledge " that we have feen and heard ilivers Deeds of " Sale read unto us, under the Hands ami Seals " of the former Kings and Chiefs of the Dela- " -Ji'arc Indians^ our Anceftors and PredecefTors, " who were Owners of Lands between Dela- ^^ ware and Suj'quehannah Rivers; by which " Deeds thev have granted and conveyed unto ''ll'illiam :| I! 1^ ( 19 ) ll'illiam Pcfifi, IVoprictor anil Governor in Chief of the Province of Pert/yhanui, and to his Heirs and Affigns, all and fingular their Lands, Iflanils, Woods and Waters, fituate between the faid two Rivers of Dduivare :ini\ Si(f(juch(i)maby and had received full Satisfac- tion for the fame. And we do further ac- knowleilge, that we are fully content and fatistied with the faid Grant. And whereas the Comiuiffioners, or Agents of the fiid li'illium Pom, have lieen pleafed, upon our V'ifit to this Government, to beftow on us, as a free (iift, in the Name of the faid It^iUuim Pctitiy thefe following Goods, viz. '•' two Guns, fix Strowd-water Coats, fix Blankets, fix Duffel Match-Coats, and four Kettles, we therefore, in CJratitude for the faid Prefent, as well in Confideration of the feveral Grants made by our Anceftors and Predeceflfors, as of the faid feveral (ioods herein before-men- tioned, the Receipt whereof wc do hereby acknowledge, do, by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succeflors, Grant, Remife, Releafe, and for ever quit Claim unto the faid iniliam Pemiy his Heirs and Afligns, all the faid Lands fituate between the faid two Rivers of Delaware and Sujquebannah^ from Duck Creek to the Mountains on this Side Lechaiy, and all our Kftate, Right, Title, Intereft, Property, Claim and Demand whatfoever, in and to the fame, or any Part thereof; fo that neither we, nor any of us, nor any Perfon or Perfons, in the Behalf of any of us, fliall, or may hereafter, lay any Claim to any of the faid Lands, or in anywife moleft the faid /F;7- * The X'iiluc of thcll- Guods about ten Pounds Sterling, or one Year's Quit- Rent of 20,000 Acres of Land at the old Rent, of 5,000 Acres at the new. 'Uiain 5'' ii ( 20 ) ''Ham Pchh, his Heirs or Affigns, or any Per- "fon claiming by, tVoni, or under him, them, "or any of them, in the peaceable and quiet " Enjoyment of the fame. In Witnefs whereof " we have hereunto fet our Hands and Seals, at " Philadelphia^ the fevcnteenth Day of Septcm- "/'tr, in the Year of our Lord One Thoufand "feven Hundred and eighteen. " Sealed and deli- Sajfoonan his Mark o " vered (by all but Pokchais his Mark, o '' Pokt'hais\ni\ Pt- Mctajhecchay his Mark o '■'■ pawmamaii, who Ayyamaikan his Mark o "were abfent) in 67'£V/v/)tv/r<'Wrf;7 his Mark o "the Prefence of 0/>t'^-^/"t7 his Mark o " JV. Kieth, Ro- Pcpawniaman his Mark o " hert AJhheton, Sa- "■ mud Prcjion, Anthony Palmer, Jonathan Dick- " in/on, Indian Sam, Son to PJfepenaikc, Indian " Peter, Pokehais s Nephew or Aiueaykoman, '■'■ Kachagiiefcouk, or 'Toby, his Mark, Tujfoighee- " man, his Mark, Neejhalappih, or Andrew, his " Mark. Sealed and delivered by Pokehais and " Pepaii'maman in the Prefence of James I.ogan, " Robert Ajheion, Clement Plumjled, David ILvans, '' Nedazvazvax, or Oliver, Neej/ialappv, or An- ''drezar This Deed Sajfoonan and Opekaffet both ac- knowledged to be true, antl that they had been paid for ;ill the Lands therein-mentioned; but Saffoonan iaid, the Lands beyond thefe Bounds had never been paiti for; that thefe reached no farther than a few Miles beyond Oley, but that their Lands on •I'ulpyhockin were feated bv the Chriftians. ^L•. Logan anfwereil, that he umlerftood at the Time that Deed was drawn, and ever fincc, that Leehay LI ills, or NLjuntains, rtretched awav !iV it { 21 ) away from a little below Lechay, or the Forks of Delaware^ to thofe Hills on Sujquehannah^ that lie about ten Miles above Pexton. Mr. Farmer faid, thofe Hills pafled from Lechay a few Miles above 0/^v, and reached no farther, and that "Tulpybockin Lands lay beyond them. Mr. Logan proceeded to fay, that whether thofe Lands of '•Tulpyhockin were within or with- out the Bounds mentioned in the Deed, he well knew that the Indians^ fome few Years fince, were feated on them, and that he, with the other Commiflloners, would never confent that any Settlement fhould be made on Lands, where the Indians were feated ; that thefe Lands were fettled wholly againft their Minds, and even without their Knowledge. After this, Mr. Logan, by a Petition prefent- ed to Governor Keith by the Dutch settled at '■Tulpyhockin, goes on to prove, that merely by the Authority of Governor Keith, "Thofe " Foreigners (namely the Dutch) had been en- "couragcd to invade thefe Lands (at Tulpyhoc- '^ kin) to the manifeft Injury of the Proprietor, " and to the great Abufe of the Indians, who, " at that very Time, were feated there, and had " their Corn deftroyed by thofe People's Crea- " tures." Then applying to the Indians, "He "defired, that tho' theie People had feated " themfelves on the 'tulpyhockin Lands, without " the Commillioners Leave or Confent, yet " that they would not offer them any Violence, "or injure them, but wait till fuch Time as " that Matter could be adjufted." As the Governor had examined Civility^'- and tlie Conejiogo Indians about the Murder that was committed at John Burl's, fo likewife he en- '■^'- An Iriiliari Chief l"o called. quired !li ,1 '( if ^} i t •Mil .H ' 'i ! ;i '! if* i i ■I 1 ( ^2 ) quired of thefe whether they had not heard of that Matter, and whether the Indians^ who com- mitted the Murder, belonged to them. They faid, they had heard of it, but it was not done by any of theirs, but by fome of the Miniffink Imiians: The Governor then afked tiiem where thofe of that Nation b"ved, and under what Chief To which they anfwered. That the Mi- niffinks lived at the Forks oi Sujquehannah above Meehayomy, and that their King's Name was Kindajfowa. Tluis we fee that the Mimffinks are quite a distind: Nation from the Northern Deliiwares, of which Sajfoonun was King, and confequently no Lands of the former could be conveyed away by any Grant from the latter. As the Boundaries between the Indians and the Englijh are fo fully afcertained in this Treaty, it was thought proper to be thus particular. Every Thing relating to Land Affairs are here fo clearly ftated, the Deed of Releafe fo full and explicit, that for the future one would imagine no Doubts could arile refpeding Lands; or, fhould any arife, they might eafily be folved. By what is here faid, it appears plain that the Di'lawnre Indians can have no Pretenfions to the Lands i\'ing between SuJ'quc- bannah and Dclaivarc, from Duck Creek to the Lechay Hills below the b'orks of Delawari'; and that the Englijh^ at that Tiir.--, had no Right or Pretenfions, under Indian Titles, to any Lands North of the faid Lechay H ills; that all the Deeds, formerly given bv the Indians, were carefully examined, and the I'.xtent of the Lands therein granted was fully afcertained, and all includeil, in the Deeil of 171. S. it may not be amils to mention here, that the Vear before, when fome Perfons wanted to take up Lands in the Minijfmks (which is in the I'Orks ^m ( 23 ) Forks of Dela-wurc) Mr. Logan wrote to the Surveyor of Bucks County to prevent it; nay, would not permit any Lands to be furveyed on the Lechay Hills four Miles above Durham j becaufe not purchafed of the Indians^ unlefs the Indians previoufly engage to part with it very reafonably. This appears from the an- nexed Copy of the Letter which has been com- pared with the Original now in being.''' In 1729, when the Conejlogoes and Ganaway •j-^^^fy Indians came to return the Governor's Vifit, with the and to make him a Prefent, the Shawanefe did Concllo- not come, having (as Civility faid) unhappily ^°^p'^|^' fpent all their Provifions on Rum; for which j^,]}^;^^ Reafon they were obliged to ftay at home and 1729. provide Subfiftence for their Families: How- ever, they contributed their Part of the Prefent to be made, and defired that thofe that came, to fpeak in their Name. At this Treaty '■Tazvenna, an aged Counfellor, repeated the Subftance of feveral Conferences * Friend 'J'bo. ll'titfon, Philiidclphia, 20. Kov. 1727. This Morning I wrote to thee by Jac. 7Wj/»r concerning Warrants that may be ottered thee to be laid out on the Mi- nijJiNk Lands, and was then of Opinion, that the Bearer, hereof, Jof. Wheeler, propofed to lay his there. Having fince Icon him, he tells me he has no fuch Thought, but would have it laid three or four miles above Durham, on a Spot of pretty good Land there amongll the Hills, and, I think, at Ibme Dilhmce from the River, propofing, as he fays, to live there himfelf with his Kinfman, who was here with him. Pray take the firil Opportunity to mention it to "J. Langborn; for, if he has no confiderable Objedion to it (that is, if he has laid no Right on it) I cannot fee that we fliouid make any other than that it is not purchafed of the In- dians, which is lb material an One, that, without their pre- vious luigagemcnt to part with it very reafonably, it cannot be furveyed there. But of this they themfelvcs, I mean "Jof. Wheeler, Arc. propol'e to take Care. This is what offers on this Head from thy loving Friend, Ja. Logan. which V V. 1 1 •' { 24 ) which Mr. Poifi had held with the Indians \ dc- fired that Love and Friendfhip might ever continue between the Englijh and Indians \ that what Governor Penn had fpoke to them might ever be remembered; and concludes with lay- ing, " That he is well pleafed with all that has " pafled between us and them, but is apprehen- "five fome Mifchief may happen thro' the "great Quantities of Rum which are daily *' carried amongft the/w^/;V/«j,who, being greedy " of that Liquor, are foon debauched by it, and " may then eafily be ftirrcd up to fome unhappy "or ill Adion; that William Penn had told " them he would not fuffer any large Quantity " of that Li(iuor to be brought among them, "and that they might ft-'ve the Cafks, and fpill ** it, if they found any in the Woods; but that "now feveral Hogflieads of Rum are brought " to Conejlogo, and to feveral other Places in " their Road, and near to them, by which '* Means the Indians are tempted not only to "fell their Peltry, but likewife their Cloathing, "for that Liquor, and are much impoveriflied " thereby." To this Civility added, " That he was very " uneafv left anv Mifchief flioultl happen thro' "the great Plenty of Rum ilaily brought amongft them; his Concern, he faiti, was not " fo much for Fear of anv Accident a nionti tht ^^ Indians themfelves, for if one Indian ftiould " kill another they have many Wavs of makinu: U p fuch an Aft'air, but his Uneafinefs pro- ceeded from an Apj)rehenfu)n left a Chriitian ftiould be ill ufed by any Indian intoxicated wi th Li iquor. The (jovernor, in his Anfwer, fays, "He is pleafed to fee them, and glail to find they re- membered what irHliani Penn hail faitl to them ; that s\ dc- ever ; that might :h lay- lat has rehen- o' the daily greedy it, and ihappy id told uantity them, nd fpill )Ut that )rought laces in r which only to )athing, eriflied ■as very n thro' rought was not long the (liould making cfs j-iro- hriltian oxicated "He is they re- () them ; that ( ^-5 ) that as to what they complained of their fuffer- ing by Rum, many Laws had been made againft it, but the Indians make all thefe Laws of no Effed; they will have it; they fend their Wo- men for it to all l*laces where it can be had; he could make no Laws againft their drinking it; that they muft make thefe themfelves; that, if their Women would carry none, it would be more eafy: However, I fliall, fays he, endea- vour to prevent its being carried in fuch (^)uantities." This was commonly the Cafe when the Indians complained; they had fair Promifes made them, but no effedual Meafures feem to have been taken to redrefs the Grievance. In 1731, the Governor having received Ad- Treaty vice that the Sbazvantfe had been once or twice Yith the at Montreal to vilit the French Governor, was ^ *Y?"^'^ , ^ 1 , , , , , .at rhila- apprenenli ve that the trench were endeavouring tieiphia to gain them over to their Intereft, and there- 1732. fore fent to invite them to a Conference at Philadelphia. In September, 1732, Opakethiva and Opakeita^ tv,o of their Chiefs, attended with two others, came down. Upon their Arrival, the Governor afked them, why they had re- moved fo far back as Allegheny or the Ohio\ and why they had been fo often of late at Canada'^ To this they anfwered, That they formerly lived at Potoniack, where their King died; that, upon his Death, not knowing what to do, they took their Wives and Children, and went over the Mountains to live; that they had gone to Canada at the earneft invitation of the French Governor, but without any Intention to leave their Brethren the Knglijh, or turn their Backs upon them. They were then put in Mind of their coming to Conejhgo about 34 Years before, and of the D Treaties Ui If) ,1 hi lit iS i( '■A H -I 1 ( 26 1 Trtatits thcv had entered into with this Gov- ernment, and were intbrmcd, that it was a Matter of Surprize that they fhould retire and leave the Province without firft acquainting the Governor with it. They were told, that ■r'homas Pcnn, who was there jirefent, was not pleafed they lliould retire to fuch a Diftance; that he dcfired they might live near us; and that they might not he ftraitned for want of Land, tliere was a large Tradt laid out for them about their Town near Pcxton^ which fhould he always kept for thcni, and their Children, for all Time to come, or To long as any of them Ihould continue to live with us. I'o this thev anfwered, that they had heard of the Land laid out for them, that they would come and fee the Land; but that the Place where thev are now fuits them better, and is fafer to live in; that they are pleafed, hov/ever, with the Land laid out for them, and defire it mav be fecured to them. The next Day the Proprietor told them, that he would fend a Survevor to run Lines about the Land ititend- ed for them, that none but themfelves and Pi'ttr Chartiere fliould be allowed to live on it. But to return to the Delaivarcs. We have feen above that the Lands on Delaivarc belong- ed originally to thofe Indians^ and that of then) the Proprietor, or his Agents, had, at feveral Times, bought the Lands between Duck Creek and the Lecbay Hills. H owever, the w hite Peo- ple, not confining themfelves to thefe Bounds, went over and lettled on the huiian I.ands. This gave the hidiaris Uneafinefs. 'i'hev com- plained of the Settlement at I'ulpybochui, and were perfuaded not to moleft the People fettletl there, but to wait till that Matter could be adjufled. Having waited fome Time without receiving ^] Gov- was a re and linting i\, that as not ftance; s; and ant of ir them )uld be en, for f them 1 heard ' would e Place and is [jwevcr, iefire it )ay the fend a intend- es and e on it. 'e have belong- of them : feveral ck Creek ite Per.- 3ounds, Lands. L-y com- /'/;/, and e fettled ould be without cceiving ( V ) receiving any Satisfadion for their Land un- juftly taken from them, and feeing further Encroachments made, they renewed their Com- plaints, fo that in 17 ]i the Aflembly took Notice of them to the Governor, and defired that the Indians might be made eafy refpeding their Lands which thev faid were taken from them. In anfwer to this the Governor, in his Meflage to the Aflembly, fays, "Your Con-Y\)te< of " cern that our own Indians fliould be madethe AUcm- " eafy, and thofe Complaints be removed that^b' ^ 'j'- " they have made of the Chriftians fettling the^'^-P-'>*^- " Lands they claim, is prudent and juft, and, " in Compliance with your Requeft, I fliall not " only move it to the Proprietary Truftees to "make a Purchafe of thefe Indians, but fliall "promote it by all the Means in my Power. " This I underrtand has been fo long delayed " folely in Kxpedlation of the Arrival of fome "of our Proprietors, who, as the Defcendants " of their late honourable Father, for whofe " Name all the Indians have the higheft Regard, " would be the moft proper to manage fuch an " Affair with his own Kftate. But as 1 am " afTured the Cientlemen now in Truft for them ''have all poird)le Zeal and Affection for the '' Peace and true Interefl: of the Country, it is '' not to be queftioned but that, convinced by '' the Necelfity of it, they will proceed to the '' utmoft Lenofth of the Powers thev are in- " verted with, i'o tar as thev can with anv Safety "to themfelves, to anfwer your and my Re- "quert in fo important an Affair." Thus we fee that both the Governor and Affembly think it juft and reafonable, nay, that it concerns the Peace of the Country, that the Indians fliould be made eafy refpedling their Lands, and that their Complaints rtiould be re- moved. !,>■? /. i' IM a u I ■I I 'I '"I ( 2^ ) moved. Nothing however was done in that Affair till the Arrival of the Proprietary ^Thowas Pcmi, Kfq ; which was the Year following. Soon after his Arrival a Purchafe was made of the Lands at •T'ulpyhockin, This is proveil by many living Kvidences, tho' the Deeiis have not,as wc can find, been recorded. Hut, at the fame Time the hidiuns were fitisfied on the one Hand, they were injured on the other. While they were paid for their Lands on ^tulpybockin^ they were verv unjuftly, and in a Manner forcibly, difpoflefled of their Lands in the J-'orks of Dcl- aivare. At this very Time Mr. // 'illiam Allof"^ was felling the Land in the MiiiiJ/inks, which had never been purchafed of tiie Indians : Nay, was near fortv Miles abo\e the Lcchay Hills, which was fo folemnly agreetl upon to be the Boundary between the Englijh and Indians. Governor yV;/// had, by his laft Will and Tef- tament, devifeii to his (irandfon inilian Pcnn, antl his Heirs, 10,000 Acres of Land, to be fet out in proper and beneficial Places in this Pro- vince by his Truftees. Thefe 10,000 Acres Mr. Allen purchafed of William J\nn, the (irandfon, and bv \'irtue of a Warrant or Or- der of the Truftees to Jacol^ Taylor, the Sur- vevor-Cieiieral, to furvey the faid 10,000 Acres, he hail Part of that Land located or laid out in the MiniJJinks^ becaufe it was good Land, tho' it was not yet purchafed of the Indians. 1 lad he contented himfelfwith fecuring the Right to himfelf, and fuHeretl the Laiuls to remain in the Poflellion of the Indians, till it had been dulv purchafed of them aiul paid for, no ill C'onfe- (juences woulil ha\'e enfued : Hut (probably ''' One (it the priiuipal (jciulcmcn iti l\nlsk'ii>ii,i, ;iik1 a great Dealer in l,aii.l> pureliaicd ot the I'mprietarie^. fuppoling -B '. ■r I I 1 I \ ■"I ;iiKl a ( 29) fuppofiiig the Matter might eafily he accom- nu)clate(l with them in fome future Treaty) no fooner had he the l/ind furveyed to him than he began to fell it to thole who would imme- diately fettle it. By his Deeds to TV. DepHe, dated lyjj, and recorded in the Rolls-Office of liiuks, it appears that one of the Trads he granted included a Sha-ivamfe Town, and that another was an Ifland belonging to the fame Tribe of Indians^ and from them called the Sbaivna Ijhnd. About this Time the Proprietor publiflied Propofals for a Lottery of one hundred Thou- fand Acres of Land, which the fortunate Ad- venturers were, by the fifth Article of the Propofals, allowed to " lay out any where "within the Province, except on Manors, " Lands already furveyed or agreed for with " the Proprietors, or their Agents, or that have " been artually fettled and improved before " the Date of thefe Propofals ; provided never- " thelefs, that fuch Perfons who are fettled on *• Lands without warrants for the fame and may "be intituled to Prizes, either by becoming " Adventurers themfelves, or by purchafing " Pri/.e-Tickets, may have Liberty to lay their " Rights on the Lands where they are fo " feated." So that there was no Exception of Lands unpurchafed of the Indians, but rather an exprefs Provifion for thofe who had unjuftly feated themfelves there. Again, in the laft Article, it is " farther agreed, that whereas fev- " eral of the Adventurers may be unacquainted "with proper Places whereon to locate the " Prizes they have been intituled to, feveral " Trarts of the beft vacant Lands (hall be laid " out and divided into Lotts for all Prizes not " lefs than 200 Acres." In confequence of this 1 (. f/ H 1 I >;? ( 30 ) this, fcvcral Tnids were laid out 111 the Forks o( Delaware, and divided into Lots, as above agreed. And tho' the Lottery did not readily fill, and confequently was not drawn, yet ib manv o<^ the Tickets as were ibiil became Uiglits to the Land, by Virtue of which the Trarts hiid out in the Forks were quickly taken up and fettled. Thefe tranfac^tions provoked the Indians^ who feeing thenifelves like to be deprived of their Lands without any Confideration, complained loudlv, and not t)nly complained but began to threaten. The Proprietor had two or three Meetings with them, the Minutes of which were never publiihed. But finding his Endea- vours of no Avail to ftop their Clamours, he had Recourfe to another Method, refolving to complain of them to the Deputies of the Five Nations, who were expected down to compleat the Bufinefs of a Treaty which fome of their Chiefs held with this Government in the Year 1732. In 1736 the Deputies of the Five Na- tions arrived. That a Complaint was at this Time exhibiteil againll the Delaivares we are informed in the Treaty 1742; but in what Terms it was conceived, or what Notice the Deputies took of it, we are at a Lofs to fav, as no Minutes are publiflied of that Affair. In- deed the Minutes publiflied of the Treatv 1 "36 are fo imperfcdt, that they only ferve to (hew that a great deal was tranfaded, and much was faid, of which little or no notice was taken, and over which a veil feems to be caft. We arejufl told that mofi: Part of a Week had been fpent in treating with the Proprietor about the Pur- chafe of Lands, and that they had fignetl Re- leafes to him for all the Lands King between the Mouth ai Siij'qiiehanmib and kettacbtanimus ( Khlatinny ) f i 1 I \ \x ( J' ) {Kittathwy) Hills. By the Deed irft-lf it ap- ix.^.,i ^f pears, that the lixtent of the Land eaft ward Rclcalc for was "as far as the Heads of the Branches or '^"^l''"' . "Springs which run into the faid ^^uffjuehan-^^^^^^^^^^' " ;/' !: ') I " 1 ?, ,' , dcr am I'cTlons going rhitlur at all, ami loii- finc your 'I'railcrs to^hc Rivt-r Suh/uflMnndl., and Its HranclK's ; tor as fcvcral buiuin War riors pais l>y .lllc\!^/u'ny, where (o nuR-h Uiini is fonilantlv to be hail, wc arc apprclKiifivc Ionic Milcliicf may happen, and this Conlul- cration ot'tcn troubles us." In anlvver to this the hididus were tolil, that the Traders eoulil not be preventeil from going where they might belt dilpole ot" their (iooils; that the molt pro- per Meafures in our I'ower lliould be taken to hinder their carrying Kum in such (Quantities, and it was hopcil the hui'ums would give ItriCt Charge to the Warriors to b.e cautious anil prudent that all Kind of Mifchief might be prevented. It has been remarked above, tliat the Lands granted bv the Deputies of the l*'ive Nations lav only on the Waters that run into Sufijuc' baunab. This was not fufficient to give any Colour of Right for fettling the Lands in the Forks of Dclaicarc \ wherefore, to palliate this, fome of the Iiu/iiifis, who remained in Town, after the kind Treatment they had met with, and the large prefents they had received, were induced, eleven Days after the publick 'I'reaty was ended, and fourteen Days after the Date of the fird Deed, to fign a I'iece of Writing, declaring, That " their Intention and Mean- "ing, by the former Deed, was to releale all " their Right, Claim and Pretenfions to all the "Lands lying within the Bounds and Limits " of the Government of Pcnj'xhauid, beginning " eaftward on the River Dcliiivarc, as far north- " ward as the faid Ridge of endlefs Mountains " as they crofs the Country of Pcnj'\lvania from " the Kallward to the Weil." With refped to this Writing, it is to be ob- icTved, I I i ! i w [i ( 33 ) fcrvcd, that, as the Five Nations claimed no Right to the Lands on Delaware, they could by the above Inftiiiment, convey none. They only claimed the Lands on i^Hj'quebaimah, for which Keafon they fay in the above Treaty, *' That if Civility at Coucjlo^o fliould attempt to " make a Sale of any Laniis to us, or any of our ** Neighbours, they muft let us know that he " hath no Power to do fo, and that, if he does "any Thing of the Kind, they the Indians m\\ '* utterly difown him." But nothing like this is faid of the J)e/azvareSy tho' it was well known to the l*"ive Nations that the Delawares under- took to fell Lands to the En^lijh, and had but a fliort time before fold the Tiilpybockin Lands. But, admitting the Five Nations had a Right, yet can it be luppofed they would releafe that Right without a Confideration ? The Extent of Land, taken in by the laft Inftrument of Writing, is evidently double that defcribed in the firft Deed, yet for this farther Grant there is no Confideration paid. Indeed the Proprietor himfelf did not feem to think he had a Right to thefe Lands with- out a Releafe from the Dclawares. He had, therefore, in 1737, a Meeting with Monoky- kickan, Lappavoinzoe, 'I'ijhekiink and NutimuSy Chiefs of the Dclaivarc Indians, at which he prevailed with them to fign a Releafe, by Means of which he thought he migbi giin what he wanted. We have no Minutes of that Con- ference or I'reaty publillied ; but, in the Pre- amble of the Releafe then granted, it is faid, " That I'ijhekiink and Niitimiis had about three Years before, begun a I'rtaty at Durham with John and '■tliumas Pcnn ; that from thence an- other Meeting was appointed to be at Penjhury the next Spring, to which they repaired with E Lap- f I { 34 ) Lappawinzoe and feveral others of the Delazvare Indians \ that at this Meeting, feveral Deeds were fliewed to them for feveral Trads of Land which their Forefathers had more than fifty Years ago fold to William Penn; and, in par- ticular, one Deed from M aykeerikkij/io^ Saxn'Oppey and Taughhaugbfey, the Chiefs or Kings of the northern Indians on Delaware, who for a cer- tain Quantity of Goods, had granted to Wil- liam Penn a Traft of Land, beginning on a Line drawn from a certain Spruce Tree on the River Delazvarc by a Weft North-Weft Courfe to Ne/Jiameuy Creek, from thence back into the Woods as far as a Man could go in a Day and a half, and bounded on the Weft by Nejhameny, or the moft wefterly branch thereof, fo far as the faid Branch doth extend, and from thence by a Line to the utmoft Extent of the Day and half's Walk, and from thence to the aforefaid 'R'wtt Delaware, and fo down the Courfes of the River to the firft mentioned Spruce Tree ; and that this appeared to be true by William Biles and Jojeph IVood, who, upon their Affirmation, did declare. That they well remember the Treaty held by the Agents q{ William Penn and thofe Indians^; that I'ome of the old Men be- ing then abfent they requefted of Meflrs. John and Thomas Penn more time to confult with their People concerning the fame, which Re- queft being granted, they, after more than two Yeprs fince the Treaty at Penlhiiry, were now come to Philadelphia, with their i^Wxiif Alonoky- * Qutiy, Docs the remembering that there wiis a Treaty prove the Exeeutioii ot" a Deeil at that Treaty ? "Jon-ph If'ooih Name is let as an KviJenee in that Paper proiKued as a Copy ofthe Deed of 1686, why then did he not prove there was iiR-h a Sale made or Deed given ? hickan. i': I W I ( 35 ) bickan, and feveral other old Men, and upon a former Treaty held upon the fame Subjed, ac- knowledge themfelves fatisfied that the above defcribed Tradl was granted by the Perfons above mentioned, for which Reafon they the faid Monokyhickayiy Lappawinzoe, Tijhekiink and NiitimuSy agree to releafe to the Proprietors all Right to that Tradl, and defire that it may be walked, travelled or gone over by Perfons ap- pointed for that Purpofe. It will, no doubt, appear ftrange, that no Notice is taken of the Deed of 171 8, and that Siiffoonan the Dehi-joare King, with whom the Treaty of 1728 was held, tho' flill alive, was not prefent at any of thefe Meetings. But the Reafon was plain : The Deed of 1 7 1 8 fixed the Boundaries fo certain that no Advantage could be taken of it; and had Sajfoonan been there, he might have obftrudled their Meafures. For, had he doubted there being a Deed, he might have objeded, that the Evidence of Perfons declaring that they remembered a Treaty's be- ing held (for that is all that IVilliam Biles and JoJ'eph IVood fay) did not prove that a Deed was granted ; and he might have called upon them to prove it regularly by the Evidence of thofe who were witneffes to the Execution of it : Or, had he admitted the Deed, he might have infifted that it was fully confidered at the Treaty in 1718, and that the Trad; therein defcribed had already been walked out, and was included in the Deed then granted. And how thefe Ob- jedions would have been anfwered is hard to fay. He would, no doubt, have put them in Mind, that their late Purchafe of the Lands on '■Tulpyhockin was a further Confirmation on their Part of the Boundaries agreed on in the Deed 1718; bccaufe thereby the Proprietors ad- i: :]' If ( , ' i. 1 1 I . f 1 1 s M' i ! \ I ij ^i ( 36 ) admitted that the 0/ey Hills, which are a Con- tinuation of the Lechav Hills, was the norther- moft Extent of any Claim the Proprietors could make under any former Jfu/ian Pur- chafes. It was therefore neceflary, in order that Things might be carried on quietly, that the Deed of 1718 fhould be parted over in Silence, and that Sajfoonan fhould not be prefent, nor any of thofe who figned that Deed. If it be afked what Advantage could be gained by get- ting the Deed of 1686 confirmed? we fliall eafily fee by an Account of the Walk, and of the Advantage taken of the Blanks in the Deed of Releafe. The Account of the Walk fliall be given in the Words of the Perfons who were Eye-Witnefles, as written and figned by them. " The Relation which Thomas FuniiJ's, Sad- " ler, gives concerning the Day and half's Walk " made between the Proprietors of Pcujyhania "and the Delaware Indians^ by James I'eates '' and Edivard MarJIialL" " At the Time of the Walk I was a Dweller ^' at Nezvfofj, and a near Neighbour to James ^^ I'eates. My Situation gave James I'eates an " eafy Opportunity of acquainting me with the " Time of fetting out, as it ilid me of hearing *' the different Sentiments of the Neighbour- " hood concerning the Walk, fome alledging " it was to be made by the River, others that "it was to be gone upon a ft rait Line from " fomewhere in H'rights-Toivn, oppofite to a "Spruce Tree upon the River's Bank, faid to " be a Boundary to a former Purchafe. When " the Walkers and the Company ftarted I was "a little behind, but was informed they pro- " cecded ■a t .'t ■I i J7 ) " ceeded from a Chefnut Tree near the Turn- " ing out of the Road from Durham Road to " John Chapman's, and, being on Horfe-back, " overtook them before they reach'd Bucking- " ham, and kept Company for fome Diftance " beyond the blue Mountains, the' not quite " to the End of the Journey. Two Indians *' attended, whom I confidered as Deputies " appointed by the Delaware Nation, to fee " the Walk honeftly performed ; one of them " repeatedly exprefled his DifTatisfadlion there- " with. The firft Day of the Walk, before we *' reached Durham Creek, where we dined in *' the Meadows of one IVilJon an Indian Trader, " the Indian faid the Walk was to have been "made up the River, and complaining of the " Unfitnefs of his Shoepacks for Travelling, " faid he exped;ed Thomas Penn would have " made him a Prefent of fome Shoes. After " this fome of us that had Horfes walked and " let the Indians ride by Turns, yet in the Af- " ternoon of the fame Day, and fome Hours *' before Sun-fet, the Indians left us, having ** often called to Marjliall that Afternoon and " forbid him to run. At parting they appeared " diflatisfied, and faid they would go no further "with us; for, as they faw the Walkers would " pafs all the good Land, they did not care how " far or where we went to. It was faid we tra- " veiled twelve Hours the firft Day, and, it " being in the latter end oi September, or Begin- " ning of Otlober, to compleat the Time, were "obliged to walk in the Twilight. Timothy "■Smith, then Sheriff o^ Bucks, held his Watch "in his Hand for fome Minutes before we " ftopt, and the Walkers having a piece of Ground to afcend, he called out to telling the Minutes behind, and bid " them " rifing "them. .1 1 • ', :■■» ■I I 'I |i ■f Ji I I % (3« ) ** them pull up, which they did fo briikly, that, *< immediately upon his faying the Time was " out, Marjhall dafped his Arms about a Sap- "lin to fupport himfclf, and thereupon the "Sheriff alking him what was the Matter, he " faid he was almoft gone, and that, if he had " proceeded a few Poles further, he muft have " fallen. We lodged in the Woods that Night, "and heard the Shouting of the Indians at a *' Cantico, which they were faid to hold that *' Evening in a Town hard by. Next Morn- " ing the Indians were fent to, to know if they "would accompany us any further, but they "declined it, altho' I believe fome of them " came to us before we ftartcd, and drank a " Dram in the Company, and then ftraggled "off about their Hunting or fome other " Amufement. In our Return we came thro' " this Indian Town or I^lantation '■Timothy Smith "and mvfelf riding forty Yards more or lefs " before he Company, and as we approached "within about 150 Paces of the Town, "the Woods being open, we law an Indian "take a Gun in his Hand, and advancing "towards us fome Diftance placed himfelf " behind a Log that lay by our Way. Timothy "obferving his Motions and being fomewhat " furprifed, as I apprehended, looked at me, " and afked what 1 thought that Indian meant. " I fiiid, I hoped no Harm, and that I thought "it beft to keep on, which the Indian feeing, "arofe and walked before us to the Settlement. " I think Timothy Smith was furprifed, as I well "rememb.er I was, thro' a Conlcioufncfs that " the Indians were dif^atisfied with the Walk, a " Thing the whole Company feemed to be fen- " fible of, and upon the Way, in our Return " home, frequently expreffed themfelvcs to that '' Pur- (< (( 1( (( (( << (( C( (( (C <( (< (C (( (( ( 39 ) Purpo^^ . And indeed the Unfairnefs pradifed in the Walk, both in regard to the Way where, and the Manner how, it was perform- ed, and the Difllitisfiidion of the Indians con- cerning it, were the common Subjeds of Converfation in our Neighbourhood for fome confiderable Time after it was done. When this Walk was performed I was a young Man in the Prime of Life; the Novelty of the Thing inclined me to be a Spedlator, and as I had been brought up moll of my Time in Burlington, the whole Tranfadtion to me was a Series of Occurrences almoft entirely new, and which therefore, I apprehend, made the more ftrong and lafting Impreffions on my Memory. ' ' Thomas Furni/s . ' ' I' Jofeph Knowles'j Account of the /aid Walk is as follows ; '* June 30th, 1757. I Jofeph Knowles, living '* with Timothy Smith at the Time of the Day " and half's Walk with the Indians, {Timothy " Smith then Sheriff for Buck's County) do fay, " that I went fome Time before to carry the " Chain, and help to clear a Road, as direded " by my Uncle Timothy Smith. When the Walk " was performed I was then prefent, and carried " Provifions, Liquors and Bedding. About " Sun-rifing we fet out from John Chapman s " Corner at IVrights-Town, and travelled until " we came to the Forks oi Delaware, as near as " I can remember was about one of the Clock " the fame Day. The Indians then began to " look fullen, and murmured that the Men " walked fo faft, and feveral Times that After- " noon called out, and faid to them, You run; '' that's in > H i 1^ ■f ' v Hi il i( ( 40 ) ''that's not fair, you was to walk. The Men "appointed to walk paid no Regard to the " hidians, but were urged by Timothy Smith, and "the reft of the Proprietor's Party, to proceed "until the Sun was down. We were near the ^^ Indian Town in the Forks: The Indians de- " nied us going to the Town on Excufe of a " Cantico. We lodged in the Woods that " Night. Next Morning, being dull rainy " Weather, we fet out by the Watches, and " two of the three Indians, that walked the Day " before, came and travelled with us about two "or three Miles, and then left us, being very " much diflatisfied, and we proceeded by the " Watches until Noon. The above I am willing " to qualify''' to any Time when defired. Wit- " nefs my Hand the Day and Year above faid. " JoJ\ Knowles." Having, by Means of the above Walk, gone about JO Miles beyond xhiiLechay Hills, which were fo folemnly agreed upon in 1 7 1 8 and 1 728, to be the Boundaries, it now remained to draw the Line from the End of the Walk to the Ri- ver Delaivare. We have (ccn above there was a Blank left for the Courfe of this Line: Taking the Advantage, therefore, of this Blank, inftead of running by the neareft Courfe to the River, or by an Eaft South-Eaft Courfe, which would have been parallel to the Line from which they fet out, they ran by a North-Eaft Courfe for above an hundred Miles acrofs the Country to near the Creek Lcchaivacl.j'L'in, and took in the beft of the Land in the Porks, all the Mini- finks, is'c. 'Phus a Pretence was gained for claiming the Land in the Porks without pay- ing any I'hing for it. But the Accompliftiment !. r. Take an Oath or AHirmation. of very of (41 ) of thi? Defign loft us the Friendfliip of the Indians^ and laid the Foundation of our prefent Troubles, and will, it is to be feared, in the End coft the Proprietaries very dear. But had there been nothing elfe to objedl to this Deed, what fhews indifputably, that an undue Advan- tage was taken, is, that under Colour of a Re- leafe given by the Chiefs of the De/awares, the Lands belonging to the Mini/ink Indians were taken in, tho' thefe latter Indians were, as we have {een above, declared, both by the Conefio- goes and DelawareSy to be a Nation independant of them, and whofe Lands they confequently could not convey away: And the depriving the Minijink Indians thus of their Lands is, no doubt, the Rcafon that they have of late been our moft bitter Enemies, and are at prefent inclined to Peace and Friendftiip the leaft of any of the northern Tribes. In 1742 the Deputies of the Six Nations made a Vifit to this Government. In the Min- utes that are publiflied of that Treaty, it is faid, that the Defign of their Coming was to receive from the Proprietor a large (Quantity of Goods for the Lands on the weft Side of Siisqnehannah^ they having at their laft Treaty in 1736 only received Goods for the Lands on the eaftern Side of that River: But it appears from Go- vernor I'homas's Meftiige to the Aftembly, with the Minutes of the Treaty, as well as from the Treaty itfelf, that there was another Caufe for prefiing them to come down at this Time. The Governor exprefly fays, "That their coming Votes of "down was not only necefTary for the ^r^;//''^*-'^'^'^'^" " Peace of the Province in Regard tojome Indians jj-j' " ^^ ivbo bad threatened to maintain by Force their ,%\^ '^^^ '''• Pojfejjion of Lands ^ which had been long ago " purchafed of them, and fince conveyed by F " the "I '!| '1 :'! I Mil 'f if '' nn ^.fi| 1 1 ^r ( 42 ) " the Proprietaries to fome of our own Inhabi- '" tants, l)ut for its future Security in cafe of a " Rupture with the I'rcnchy The Truth of the Matter was this. The Miniftnk and Fork Ind'unis faw themfclves un- juftly difpoHefled of their Lands; A'////'w//.f and others, who (Igned the Keleafe 1737, faw theni- felves over-reached, they were not therefore wiMing to quit the 1-ands, nor give quiet Po- fTellion, to the People who came thick to take up Lands and fettle in the Forks. They had coniphiined of the Walk, as we have feen, hut no Regard was paid to their Conij)hiints. They now proceeded to other Meafures. 'I'hey got Letters wrote to the Governor and Mr. Liw;^- home a Magiftrate of Bucks, in which they treated the Proprietors witli a great deal of Preedom, remonftrated againft the Injuftice that was done them, and declared their Refo- lution of maintaining the Pofleifion of their Lands by Force of Arms. 'Phis alarmed the Proprietor, who thereupon, in 1741, fent Shi- cnlamy (a Six Nation Ind'um, who refilled at Sbamukin) to the Six Nations, to prefs them to come down. It was well known that the Six Nations had a great Authority over the Dcla- ivares; it was therefore thouglu fufficient to engage them to interpofe their Authority, and force the Dclazvarcs to quit the Porks. Accord- ingly when the Deputies of the Six Nations came down in 1742, the Governor told them, that "'Phe laft 'I'ime the Chiefs of the Six Nations were here they were informeti, that delphia, ^.j^^.j^. (^oufins, a Branch of x\\cDc laic arcs, gave ' this Province fome Dilturhance about the Lands the J^roprietors purchafed from them, and for which their Anceftors had received a valuabl' Confideration above fiftv five Years Treaty at Fhi'la •ic5"> & ( 4J ) ago, as appears by a Deed now lying on the Table — That fome Time after this, Conrad IVeifcr delivered to their Brother ^Thomas Penn their Letter, vviicrein they requeft of him and James Logan^ that they would not buy Land, iSc. — That this had i)een fhewn to the Dela- ivares^ and interpreted; notwithftanding which they had continued their former Difturbances, and had the Infolence to write Letters to fome of the Magiftrates of this Government, where- in they had abufed the worthy Proprietaries, and treated them with the utmoft Rudenefs and ill Manners; that being loth, out of Re- gard to the Six Nations, to punifh the Dela- •wares \\'>, they deferved, he had fent two Meflen- gers to inform them, the Six Nation Deputies were expefted here, and fliould be acquainted with their Behaviour; that, as the Six Nations, on all Occafions, apply to this Government to remove all white People that are fettled on Lands before they arc purchafcd from them, and as the Government ufe their Endeavours to turn fuch People off", fo now he expecfls from them that they will caufe thefe Indians to re- move from the Lands in the Forks of Dela- ivari\ and not give any farther Difturbance to the Perfons who are now in Poflcflion ; and this he inforced after the Indian Cuftom, by laying down a String of Wampum." Then were read the feveral Conveyances, the Paragraph of the Letters wrote by the Chiefs of the Six Nations, relating to the Delawares^ the Letters of the Pork Indians to the Governor and Mr. Langbarne^ and a Draught of the Land. When this Complaint was made, there were prefent Saffounan the Chief, with whom the Treaty of 1728 was held, and Niitimus^ one of thofe who had figned the Releafe in 1737; but it I ^i' :f ■' ?i ■ ( 'I I. . ( 44 ) it docs not appear that they wore admitted to make any Defence, or to (liy any Thing in their own Vindication. Haii tliere been any Defit^n to do Juitice to the Dclazvnycs, or to prefervc the iM-iendniiit of thofe who, from tlic earliefl: Settlement of tiie I'rovince, had iK'en kind Neighbours and I'rienils, they would no Doubt have been admitted to fpeak for them- felves, and to offer what Keafons they had for refufing to quit the Lanils. Hut then the doing of this might have difcoveretl tiie Ini- quity of the Walk, ami other unfair Atlvan- tages taken, and might have brought back the Boundaries to the Lcchay Hills, the Place agreeil upon in the Deed of 17 iS, and the Treatv of 172^^, aiul fo well known b\ the Proprietaries Commillioners, as appears tVom Mr. Logans Letter already tpioted, and from the Purchafe which the fame (lentleman ami Company made from the huiians about the Year 1729 of a Trac't of Lanti about Diirlhim. \\\ this cafe it might then have colt the Pro- prietaries three or four huiulred Pounds more to purchafe tlie Lands in the T'orks, if the huiians there had been willing to difpoi'e of them; or, had ♦•he huiiiius refufeii that, it might have been tiifficult to remove the People let- tied there, and to reind)urfe them the Money they had paid the Proprietors for the Lands they had there taken up: Jjeddes, fome private Perfons, as we have feen above, were making verv lartie Kftates bv L-ettinLi the t^ood Lamis in the Forks furveyed to them by Virtue of old Rights which they had purchafed. Now, as it does not always haj^pen that the Peace and Tranquility of the l^lblic is pref rred to pri- vate Interell, thefe might b.e unwilling to give up their Rights, unlefs the Proprietaries would make I J? ; ace ( 45 ) makt thcni a (uitahlc Compcnfation. l"\)r thcfc, therefore, and other Reafons, it was judged heft to call in the Alliftance of the Six "Nations, to put them in Mind, as had been done before, of the life they might make of having cotiquered the Dclaivarcs, and of the Right they thereby acquired to their Lands; and laftly, by Means ofa confulerable Prefent, which the Province might be induced to make them, to engage them to "caufe X.\\t ludiaris to " remove from the Lands in the Forks of Dela- *' 'ivare, and not to give any further Difturbance "to the Perf>ns who were then in PofTeilion." Accordingly, the fecond Day after receiving^ a Prefent from the Province, to the Value of three hundred Pounds, and what more from the Proprietor is uncertain, Camijfatcgo^ in the Name of the Deputies, told the Governor, " That they faw the Dclaivares had been an unruly People, and were altogether in the Wrong; that they had concluded to remove them, and oblige them to go over the River Dclaivarc, and quit all Claim to any Lands on this Side for the future, fince they have re- ceived Pay for them, and it is gone thro' their Guts long ago:" Then addreffing the Be!a- zvares, he faid, "They deferved to be taken by the Hair of the Head and fliaked feverely, till they recovered their Senfes and became fober — That he had {i;t:n with his Kyes a Deed figned bv nine of their Anceftors above fifty Years ago for this very Land, and a Releafe figned not many Years fince by fome of themfelves and Chiefs yet living, to the Number of fifteen and upwards." " But how came you (fliys he, "continuing his Speech to the De/nzvarcs) to " take upon you to fell Lands at all ? We "conquered you; we made Women of you : "'You I < ■f •' 1 ( 4(> ) " ^'ou know you arc Women, ami can no more "ic'll Land than Women; nor is it fit you " flioiiKl have the Power of felling Lamls, fince "vou would ahufe it. 'I'his Land that you "claim is Lioiie thro' your (iuts; you have " heeii furnilheilwithC'Ioaths, Meat ami Drink, *' bv the Cioods paid you tor it, and now you "want it again like Children as you are. Hut " what makes you fell Lands in the Dark? Did " •, ou ever tell us that you had foKl this Laml? " Did we ever receive any Part, even the Value "of a Pipefliank, from you for it? You have "told us a lilind Story, that you fent a Mef- "fenger to us, to inform us of the Sale, hut " he never came amongli us, nor we ever heard "any thing about it. This is rcHing in the " Dark, and very different from the C\)ndudt " our Six iVations obferve in the Sales of Land. " On fuch OccaHons they give jiublick Notice, "and invite all the //a/A/z/j- of their united Na- " tions, and give them all a Share of the Prefent " they receive for their Lands. This is the " Behaviour of the wife united Nations. But "we find vou are none of our Bk)otl ; you acl "a dilhonell Part not only in this but in other " Matters ; your Lars are ever open to flander- " ous Reports about your Brethren — For all " thefe Keafons we charge you to remove in- " ftaiitly ; we tlon't give you the Liberty to " think about it. \'ou are Women. Take "the Advice of a wife Man, and remove im- " mediately. You may return to the other " Side of JJe/iizvarL' where you came from; but " we do not know whether, confulering hov/ vou "have demeaned yourfeKes, \-ou will be per- " mitted to live there, or whether you have " not fw.dlowed that Land down your 'I'hroats *'as well as the Land on this Side. We there- " fore i I I ■ . I ( 47 ) fore alligii you two Places to go, either to ll'\fj)ucn or Sl.uiiiijkin. oil may go to citlier **of tliffe I'laies, ami then we lliall have you " more uiuler our I'-ye, aiul fliall fee how you " behave. Don't ileliherate, hut remove away, " atul take this Belt of Wampum." At'ter this he forbade them ever to iiitermeiklle in Land Affairs, or ever hereafter to prefume to fell any i.and, and then eommaiuleil them, as he had fomething to tranfac't with the Englijh, immc- iliately to ilepart the Council. This peremptory Command the DcUiJjares ditl not ilare to difohey. They therefore im- mediately left the Council, and foon after re- moved from the Forks ; fome to Shamokin and iryoiiii'ti, anil lome to the (Jhio. But tho' they did not then dare to difpute the Order, yet, when the prefent Troubles began, and they found the French ready to fupport them, they fliewed this Province, asvvell as the Six Nations, how they refented the Treatment they met with in 1742. They took a fevere Revenge on the Province, by laying Warte their Froi.*^iers, and paid fo little Regard to a menacing Meflage which the Six Nations fent them, that they in their Turn threatened to turn their Arms againfl: them, and, at laft, forced them to ac- knowledge they were Men, that is, a free in- depentlent Nation. — We fee above, that great Strefs is laid on a Deed, faid to be granted above fifty five Years ago. 'I'his is faid to be the Deed of 1686. Yet, tho' it is mentioned here as lying on the Table ; nay, tho' the Indian Speaker fays, that he had feen it with his own Kyes, yet Itill it is dt)ubted whether there really was fuch a Deed. It is certain there is none fuch now in be! nor recorded : For, at the 'I'reaty at Kajl »g> OHs I tf '757. I'm r-^ •Ml ll m^ ' ( 48 ) 1757, when the Imiian King demanded that the Deeds might be produced, by which the Pro- prietors held the Lands, and the Governor and his Council determined to follow the Courfe the Proprietor had chalked out, and to juftify their Claims by the Deed of 1686, and the Releafe of 1737, they had no Deed of 1686 to produce : But, inftead thereof, produced a Writing, faid to be a Copy of that Deed, not attefted, nor even figned by any one as a true Copy. From whence fome have been ready to conclude, that the Charge brought by the Imiian Chief, at the Eajhn Treaty in 1756, is not without Grounds; where he fays, that fome Lands were taken from him by Fraud and Forgery; and afterwards, when called upon to explain what he means by thefe Terms, fays, " When one Man had formerly Liberty to " purchafe Lands, and he took a Deed from "the Indians for it, and then dies; after his "• Death the Children forge a Deed like the " true one, with the fame Indians Names to it, "and thereby take Lands from the Indians "which they never fold. — This is Fraud." It is farther afked, if there was fuch a Deed, why was it not recorded as well as the Releafe 1737 anfwering thereto ? It may not be amifs to obferve here the dif- ferent Manner in which the Englijh and French treat the Indians. The Englijh , in order to get their Lands, drive them s far from them as poHible, nor feem to care what becomes of them, provided they can get them removed out of the Way of their prefent Settlements; whereas the French, coniiilering that they can never want Land in America, who enjoy the Friendfliip of the Indians, ule all the Means in their Power to draw as many into their Al- liance \% ( 49 ) liance as pollible; and, to fecure their AfFed- ions, invite as many as can to come and live near them, and to make their Towns as near the French Settlements as they can. By this Means they have drawn off a great Number of the MobockSy and other Six Nation Tribes, and having fettled them in Towns along the Banks of the River St. Lawrence, have fo fecured them to their Intereft, that, even of thefe, they can command above fix or feven Hundred fighting Men, which i^ more than Colonel Johnjon has, with all his Intereft, been able to raife in all the northern Diftrid. But to return : In this Treaty of 1742 the Deputies of the Six Nations themfelves com- plain, that they are not well ufed with Respedl to the Land ftill unfold by them. " Your Peo- " pie, fay they to the Governor, daily fettle on " thefe Lands, and fpoil our Hunting. We " muft infift on your removing them, as you " know they have no Right to fettle to the " Northward of the Kittochtinny Hills. In par- " ticular we renew our Complaints againft fome " People who are fettled at Juniata, a Branch of '•'■ Siijuehannah, and all along the Banks of that " River as far as Mahaniay, and defire they may " forthwith be made to go off the Land, for '* they do great Damage to our Coufins the " Delawares." They likewife laid Claim to fome Lands in Maryland and Virginia, which occafioned the Treaty at Lancafier in 1744. With refped to the People fettled at Juniata the Governor told the Indians, that "fome " Magiftrates were fent exprefly to remove " them, and he thought no Perfons would pre- " fume to ftay after that." Here they inter- rupt the Governor, and faid, " Thefe Perfons "who were fcnt do not ilo tiieir Duty; i'o far G " from i p. I :i ( 5^ ) " from removing the People they made Sur- ** veys for themfelves, and they are in League " with the Trefpaflbrs; we defire more efFedtual " Methods may be ufed, and honeftcr Men ''employed." Which the Governor proniifed fliould be done. Lancailer In confequence of the Claims which the Treaty, Indians made to the Lands fouthward of this '7<4- Province, Letters were wrote to the Governors of Maryliwd and Virgima^ who fliewed a ready Difpofition to come to any reafonablc Terms with the Six Nations on Account of thefe Lands, and defired for that End a Time and Place might be fixed for a Treaty with them. But before this could be effefted an unfortunate Skirmifli happened in the back Parts o^ Virginia betwjen fome of the Militia there and a Party of the Indian Warriors of the Six Nations. To mend this Breach the Governor oi PenJ'ylvania offered his Service, which was accepted by both Parties. Soon after Conrad U'eifer was diipatch- ed to Shaniokin where he met the Deputies from Onondago^ the grand Council of the Six Na- tions, who informed him that the Six Nations were well pleafed with the Mediation of the Governor o{ Penjyhaniay and that they would, in purfuance of the Invitation fent to them by the (iovernor of Maryland^ meet him next Year. After this, the Deputy addrelfing him- felf to the Governor of PoiJ'ylvania, deli red, in the Name of the Six Nations, that the People who were fettled on Juniata might be removed from thence. "We have, fays he, "given the River Juniata for a Hunting- I^lace "to our Coulins the Dclazvarc Indians^ and "our Brethren the Sbazvancft\ anil we our- " felvcs hunt there fometimes. We there- " tore defire you will immediately by force " remove i\'i ( 51 ) " remove all thofc that live on the faid River " Juniata^ Lancajhr being agreed upon for the Place of Meeting the Deputies from the Six Nations and Commiflioners from Virginia and Mary- land^ in June 1744, met at the Place appointed. The Governor of Penfylvania was alfo prefent. In the Opening of the Treaty the Indians complain that they are liable to many Incon- veniences fince the Englijh came among them, and particularly from Pen and Ink Work, of which thev^//e the following I nftance. "When, faid "they, ur Brother Onas {i.e. Governor " /V;;/) a / :f While ago came to Albany to " buy the iSnJ'quehannub Lands of us, our Bro- " ther the (Governor of Ncw-Tork, who, as we " fuppofe, had not a good Underftanding with "our Brother Onas, advifed us not to fell him "any Land, for he would make an ill Ufe of "it; and, pretending to be our Friend, he ad- " vifed us, in order to prevent Onas's, or any "other Perfons, impofing on us, and that we " might always have our Land when we wanted "it, to put it into his Hands; and he told us " he would keep it for our Ufe, and never open " his Hands, but keep them clofe fhut, and " not part with any of it, but at our Requeft. "Accordingly we trufted him, and put our "Lands into his Hands, and charged him to "keep them fafe for our Ufe. But fometime "after he went to England, and carried our " Land with him, and there fold it to our " Brother Onas for a large Sum of Money: "And when, at the Inrtance of our Brother " Onas, we were minded to fell him fome Lands, " he toUl us we had fold the Sufquebannah Lands "already to the Governor of Neiv-7^ork, and " that he had bought them from him in Eno^land; " tho,' |:r' ri ';;i'i! ( 5^- ) " tho', when he came to underftand how the *' Governor of New-Tork had deceived us, he " very generoufly paid us for our Lands over "again." After this they proceed to (hew the Grounds of their Claim to fome Lands in Virginia and Maryland. With refped: to Maryland they ac- knowledge the Purchafes which the Marylanders had made of the Conejlogo Indians to be juft and valid, but alledge that the Lands on Potomack, which they claim, are not comprifed within thofe Deeds, and therefore remain to be purchafed; and, as they have conquered the Conejlogoes^ they infift that the Purchafes be made of them. CanaJfategOy the Indian Speaker, farther faid, " That, as the three Governors of Virginia, ^'Maryland and Penjylvania had divided the " Lands among them, they could not, for this " Reafon, tell how much each had got, nor " were they concerned about it, fo that they " were paid by all the Governors for the feveral " Parts each poflefled, and this they left to " their Honor and Juftice." The Commiflioners of Maryland, in anfwer to this, fay, "That, tho' they cannot admit their Right, yet they are fo refolved to live in brotherly Love and Affection with the Six Na- tions, that, if they will give a Releafe in Writing of all their Claims to any Lands in Maryland, they will make them a Compenfation to the Value of three Hundred Pounds Currency." To this the Deputies of the Six Nations agreed, and a Deed of Releafe was made out accord- ingly. The Lands in Virginia, which the Indians claimed, lay to the South of Poiotnack, and weft- ward of a high Ridge of Mountains that ex- tended along the Frontier-Settlements of Vir- ginia. The Commiflioners of Virginia, after difputing the ( S3 ) difputing the Rights and Claims of the Six Nations, offer them a Quantity of Goods to the Value of two Hundred Pounds Penfylvania Currency, and two Hundred Pounds in Gold, on Condition they immediately make a Deed recognizing the King's Right to all the Lands that are, or fhall be, by his Majefty's Appoint- ment, in the Colony of Virginia. The Indians agreed to this, only defiring that their Cafe might be reprefented to the King, in order to have a further Confideration when the Settle- ments encreafed much further back. To which the Commiflioners agreed; and, for a further Security that they would make the Reprefenta- tion to the King, they promifed to give the Deputies a Writing under their Hands and Seals to that Purpofe. Accordingly the Deed was figned and every Thing fettled to mutual Satisfadion. At this Treaty the Indian Deputies tell the Governor of Penfylvania^ that the Conoy (called in former Treaties Ganaway) Indians had in- formed them, that they had fent him a Meflage fome Time ago, to advife him, that they were ill ufed by the white People in the Place where they had lived, and that they had come to a Resolution of removing to Sbamokin^ and re- quefted fome fmall Satisfadion for their Land; and, as they never had received any Anfwer from him, they defired the Six Nations to fpeak for them. They therefore recommended their Cafe to his Generofity. To this the Governor anfwered, That he well remembered the coming down of one of the Conoy Indians with a Paper, fetting forth, that the Conoys had come to a Refolution to leave the Land referved for them by the Pro- prietaries, but that he made no Complaint of ill I I» f i ( 54 ) ill Ufage from the white People. The Gover- nor farther faid, that he had not yet heard from the Proprietors on that Head, but from the Favour and Juftice they had always fhewn to the Indians, they may be afTured the Proprietors will do every Thing that ean be reafonably ex- peded from them in that Cafe. Some Time before this Treaty one John Arm- ftrong, an Indian Trader, and two of his Men, had been murdered by a Delaware Indian, and his Goods earried off. There were three Indians prefent, but only one had committed the Mur- der. Upon this Shecalamy, and the Shamokin Indians, had two of the three apprehended and fent down to the Englijh; but the Indians, who had them in Charge, finding one was innocent, gave him an Opportunity to efcape: The other was carried to Philadelphia and put in Prifon. The Governor, therefore, now informing the Six Nation Deputies of what had been done, defired them to ufe their Authority, that the two other Indians, who were prefent at the Murder, fhould be feized and delivered up to be tried with the I^rincipal now in Cuftody, and he promifed, that if, upon Examination, they were found innocent, they fliould be fent home fafe. The Indians, in anfwer, tokl the Governor, they had heard of what was done, and in their Journey here had a Conference with the Delaivares about it, and reproved them feverely for it: They miifed farther, upon their Return, to renew i ir Reproofs, and to charge the Delaivares i fentl down fome of their Chiefs with ' lefe two voung Men (but not as Prifoncrs to be examined by him, and faiti, that, as th y thought, upon Examination, he would not find them guilty, they relied on his Juftice, not to do them any ( 55 ) any Harm, but to permit them to return in Safety. Accordingly fome of the Delaware Chiefs came down to Philadelphia in Otlober follow- ing, and brought with' them the two young Men, who, being examined and found inno- cent, were difmifled. By the MefTiige which the Governor fent to ^°f'-'-'* ,"^ the Aflembly immediately upon his Return [^j'^'^y^^' from Lancajier, it appears, "that the Shawanejeu\\ p. had been endeavouring to draw the Delawares SSS' from Shamokin to Ohio, and that it was whif- pered among the Six Nations, that, fhould they be obliged to take Part in the War be- tween the Englijh and French, they would have the Shawanefe, and perhaps ihe Delawares alfo, to oppofe them." This fhews there were fome Heart-Burnings between the Delawares and Six Nations notwithftanding the outward Shew of Friendfliip, and that the former only wanted a favourable Opportunity to throw off the Yoke, as they have done iince, and to revenge the Infults that had been offered them at Phi- ladelphia but two Years before. There is one Paragraph in the Governor's MefTage which deferves to be flridlly attended to. " I cannot, fays he, but be apprehenfive *' that the Indian Trade, as it is now carried " on, will involve us in fome fatal (Quarrel "with the Indians. Our Traders, in Defiance " of the Law, carry fpirituous Liquors among " them, and take the Advantage of their inor- "dinate Appetite for it to cheat them of their "Skins and their Wampum, which is their " Money, and often to debauch their Wixcs "into the Bargain. Is it to be wondered at " then, if, when they recover from their drun- "ken Fit, thev fbould take fome icverc Re- " veiifres. 'I'll: ( 5'- ) "venges. If I am rightly informed, the like " Abufes of the Traders in New-England were " the principal Caufes of the Indian Wars there, "and at length obliged the Government to "take the Trade into their own Hands. This "is a Matter that well deferves your Atten- " tion, and perhaps will foon require your " Imitation." It would be too fhocking to defcribe the Condu<5t and Behaviour of the Traders, when among the Indians^ and endlefs to enumerate the Abufes the Indians had received and borne from them for a Series of Years. Suffice it to fay, that feveral of the Tribes were at lafl: weary of bearing. And as thefe Traders were the Per- fons who were, in fome Sort, the Reprefenta- tives of the Englijh among the Indians, and by whom they were to judge of our Manners and Religion, they conceived fuch invincible Pre- judices againft both, particularly againft our holy Religion, that when Mr. Sergeant, a Gen- tleman in New-England, took a Journey in 1741 to the Shawaneje, and fome other Tribes, living on Sufquehannah, and offi^'red to inftruct them in the Chriftian Religion, they rejeded his Offer with Difdain. They reproached Chrif- tianity. They told him the Traders would lie, cheat, and debauch their Women, and even their Wives, if their Huft)ands were not at home. They faid farther, that the Senecas hail Houlatun- giyj.,-, them their Country, but charged them "" d"*^'! withal never to receive Chriftianitv from the ans. p. 90, / EnghJ/i. The Treaty of 1747, held at Philadelpliia with the Ohio Indians, at which they complainetl of the Ejiglijh for having engaged them in a War with the French, and then left them to fight it out themfelves; as well as the Lancajler Treaty Hopkin's Memoirs relating to the &c. I I i':J!^i ( 57 ) Treaty of 1748, at which the T'wigbtwees, a powerful Nation weftward of the Obioy entered into an Alliance with the Englijh\ we fliall pafs over and proceed to that of 1749, held at Phi- ladelphia with fome Deputies from the Senecas. Thefe had been fent to meet fome other Chiefs from each of the Six Nations, who had been appointed by the grand Council at Omndago to go to Philadelphia on fome Affairs of im- portance. Coming at the Time appointed to the Place of Rendezvous, and having there, for fome Time, in vain waited the Arrival of the other Deputies, they agreed to proceed by themfelves to Philadelphia. "One of the moft " confiderable Points (fays their Speaker to the " Governor) which induced the Council to fend " Deputies at this fime, was, that they had " heard the white People had begun to fettle " on their Side the blue Mountains, and we, " the Deputies of the Senecas ^ (laying fo long " at ff^\ofnefi, had an Opportunity of enquiring " into the Truth of this Information, and to " our Surprize found the Story confirmed, with " this Addition, that even this Spring, fince " the Governor's Arrival, Numbers of Fami- " lies were beginning to make Settlements. As "our Boundaries are fo well known, and fo " remarkably diftinguifhed by a Range of high " Mountains, we could not fuppofe this could " be done by Miftake, but that either it muft " be done wickedly by bad People without the " Knowledge of the Government, or that the " new Governor has brought fome Inftrudions "from the King or the Proprietaries relating " to this Affair, whereby we are like to be much " hurt. The Governor will be pleafed to tell " us, whether he has brought any Orders from " the Kin^ or the Proprietaries for thefe People "to H .1 i ( 5« ) "to fctrlc on our l>:uuls; and, if not, vvc car- " ncftiv dcfirc tlicy may l»c made to remove "inftaiitly with all their Kfteds to prcimt the ^'fad Co)ijca>ina/.> lmiia}is behind. The Day following he had another Conference with Caiiajjatego and others, in which he told them, he thought it impruilent for them to go to Philadelphia with fuch a Number of People, who had no Bufinefs there but to get drunk; that, as their Number was fo great, they could not exped to get Viduals enough; that, among white People, every Thing was fold, and the Money, wherewith Provifions were bought, was a free (jift of the Inhabitants; and that, as the Seneca Deputies had been down with a good Number of other Indians not long ago, and had cod a great deal of Money, he thought their going was needlefs, at leaft that they muft not exped any Prefents unlefs they had fonie- thing elfe to clo which he diil not know; that they remembered very well when they were down formerly they were fent for; and when they received large Prefents it was for fome Land which the Proprietors then paid for; that their Cafe was otherwife now, and that they ought to know that the great Number of gootl for nothing People with them made their Cafe worfe." By this Speech he fays he believed he had offended the Indians much. This is not to be wondered at; the Indians were very fenfible of the Service they had done to the Kn^lijh during the late War with the b'rcnch\ that they had ferved them inftead of l*\)rts and Guards againft the Incurftons of the French and their Indians: How murt it then difpleafe them i| ( ^>I ) them at the Ch)rc of the War to meet with fuch a Reception ! In confequence of this Speech the hididn Chiefs immediately held a Council, where they debated a confulerable 'I'ime what to do; fome propofed to go home again. Mowever, at laft, notwithftanding all that C. It^eifcr could fay to the contrary, it was agreed to proceed. Ac- cordingly the Deputies of the Six Nations, accompanied with fome Mobickufis^ ^Tiitelas^ Delaware's and NanticokeSy in all to the Num- ber of 2 So, fet forward, and arrived in Phila- delphia about the 14th or 15th oi Aiigujl 1749. On their Arrival the Governor paid them a Vifit, and on the i6th Day of the Month being appointed for a public Conference, they met, and all having taken their Seats, Canajfatego the chief Speaker arofe, and addreiring himfelf to the Governor and Council, and all the Peo- ple of PenJ'ylvania^ put them in Mind of the 1^'riendlhip that had long fubfifled between the Englijh anil the Indians \ that by the Treaties a good Road was eftabliflied between us and them; that, by Reafon of the War, they had not for fome 'I'ime ufed that Road, but were now come to pay us a Vifit; that it was th..ir Cuftom, after a long Time, to renew their Leagues, or, as they my, to brighten the Chain of Kriendfliip; that this was neceflliry now, as they had fomething to communicate of a dif- agreeable Nature: After this he takes Notice, that the Indians were a Frontier-Country be- tween our Enemy and us, fo that they had been our Guard, and Things had been managed fo well as to keep the War from our Doors; that tho' they had been expofed to many Calamities, and Blood had been fhed among them, yet they did not trouble us with any Account of their Hardlhips i "• ' > I ! ; ( ^>2 ) Hardfliips during all this War, and that no- thing that had happened had leflened their Af- fedlion for us; that having now Leifure they were come to pay a brotherly Vifit, and hoped their coming would be agreeable. Then ad- drerting the Governor and Council only, he fays, "By Treaties all white People were to "have been hindered from fettling the Lands " not purchafed of us, or if they ffiould make "any Settlement, as they might at fuch a Dif- " tance from you without your knowing of it, " you engaged to remove them, when difcover- "ed. Notwithftanding your Engagements " many People have fettled on the Eaft-fide ^' o( Sufcjuchamiab, and tho' you may have done " your Endeavours to remove them, yet we fee " thefe have been without EfFed, and that white " People are no more obedient to you than " our young Indians are to us; and fince it may " now be attended with a great deal of Trouble, "we have taken this Thing into our Confide- " ration, having, wliiie we were on our jour- " ney, obferved your People's Settlements, and " are willing to give up the Lands on the Eaft- " fide of Sufjuebannah^ from the blue Hills to " where 'Thomas Ma^ee the Indian Trader lives, "and leave it to you to alfign the Worth of " them." But at the fame Time thev exprefs a Willingnefs to difpofe of the Lands eaftwai'd of Si//(/H('/.>anna/.>, i:hey infift with more I'.arnell- nefs that the People fliould b-e removed from the unpurchafed Land welhvard of rliat River. Tliev let the (Jovernor know thev liad feen fome Papers which were interpreted to them to be Orders for thefe People to remove in con- fetjueiice of the Complaints matle bv the De- jiuties of the Seneca Nations: 'I'hey thank him for taking Notice of the Complaints, and for taking y^\ J ( ^'3 ) taking Meafures to turn off the People: but told him, they were apprehenfive that no better Effedls would follow tl efe than former Ones of the fame Nature; "If that fhould be the " Cafe we muft, faid they, infift on it, that as "this is on the Hunting-Ground of our Cou- " fins the Nantkokes, and other Indians^ living " on the Waters of Juniata, you ufe more vi- " gorous Mea'^ures, and forcibly remove them." After this they inform the Governor, that one of their young Warriors, Canajfalegos Nephew, had been lately murdered, and prefs him in ftrong Terms to examine carefully into the Truth how this Warrior came by his Death, and to judge impartially without Favour or Affedtion to his own People. In anfwer to this the Governor thanks them for their firm Adherence to the Intereft of his Majelly during the War, and for the particu- lar Declaration of Regard they had exprefled for the People of this Province. He lets them know that their Vifit was taken kindly, and as a Proof of this, that a handfome Prefent was provided for them. Plaving anfwered what concerned the Public, he proceeded to fpeak to that which was addreffed to himfelf and the Council, and fays, "Brethren, we have taken " into Confideration your Offer of fome Lands " lying on the Eaft-fide of Sufquehannah\ and " tho' we have no Diredions from the Pro- " prietaries, who are now in England, to treat "with you for Lands, yet, as we judged it for " their Benefit, and for the public (iood, not " to rejed the Offer you ha\e thought proper "to make, we fent you Word by the Inter- " preter that we would treat with you about a "new Purchafe, but, at the fame Time, we "gave you to underftand that we could by no "Means . II { (h ) " Means accede to your Propofal in the Man- " ner you limited it, viz. to the Lands lying ** on the Eaft-fide of Sujquebannah as far as " -Thomas Magcc\^ becaufe you muft be fenfi- "ble, that as the Head of the River Schiiykill *']ies not far from the SufquehanHub, and not "far from the Head of Scbuykill there runs " one of the main Branches of the River Dela- " ware\ and that the Delaware Indians^ in their " hift Treaty, had granted the Lands from this " Branch to very near the Lccbawacbfein on '^ Delaware \ I fay, confidering all thefe Things "which were explained to you on a Draught, " by which it appeared that all you offer is " mountainous, broken and poor Land, you " muft know that this is not worth our Accep- "tance; but we added, if you would extend '* your Offer to go more northerly on Sujque- " bannab as far as Sbamokin^ and that the 'Lrad " might carry its Breadth to Delaware River, " fo that we could in any Manner juftify our- '* felves to the Proprietaries, we would clofe "and give you a juft Confideration for the " Lands. On this you held a Council and made " us a fect)nd Offer, that you woukl fign a " Deed to the Proprietaries for all that Tradt " of Land that lies within the following Bounds, " viz. beginning at Kittocbtinny Hills where our " laft Purchafe ends on Siifqiiebannab^ from " thence by the Courfes of the River Siijqiic- '•'■ bannab to the firft Mountain north of the " Creek called in the Onomlago Language Can- '■'■ tawgby^ and in the Delaware Language Mag- '■'■ booniaby^ on the faid River Sufquebannab: "This is the wcilern Boundary. Then for " the north Boundary, by a ftraight Line to (( he run from rliat Mountain to the main " Branch of Delaivare River at the north Side " of ( 65 ) "of the Mouth o( Lecbawacbjein, (o as to take "in the Waters of Lechawachjein. The eaft " Boundary to be the River Delaware from " the North of the Vi/Jikill to the Kittochtinny "Hills. The South Boundary to be the " Range of the Kittochtinny Hills to the Place "of beginning; together with the Iflands in " the Rivers of Sufquehannah and Delaware in " that Compafs. Having received this fecond " Offer, tho' neither in this is there any con- " fidcrable (Quantity of good Land, yet, in re- "gard to your Poverty, more than to the real " Value of the Trad, we Tent you Word, that, "on your figning a Deed, we would pay you "the Sum of five Hundred Pounds." As to the People fettled on Juniata the Go- vernor lets the Indians know, that it will be no difficult Matter to remove thefe Intruders, if fonie of the Indians do not give them Counte- nance; that not above four or five Years ago they had all been removed from 'Juniata^ nor would any have prefumed to go there fince, had they not been favoured by fome Indians. He inftances to them fome Indians objcding about a Year before to the Removal of the white People fettled on the Path leading to Allegheny^ and tells them that they muft not defend, nor invite back, the People that are turned off; and on his Part affures them that he will caufe the People to remove. With re- gard to the Indian that was murdered, he in- forms them, that he had already caufed a full and impartial Enquiry to be made how he came by his Death, and that the moft proba- ble Conjedlure that could be formed was, that the Murder was committed by fome of the In- dian •?, own Comrades; that Mr. Crogban, the Magilh-ate before whom the Matter was laid, ' would i I Mil '!! II Vi !' ( 66 ) would have examined the Indians, but they would not fubmit to it, and one of them in particular ran away; that, however, the white People, at whofe Houfe the Indians got Liquor, were all bound over to Court, and if it ap- peared that they, or any others, were concerned in the Murder, they fliould fuffer as if they had killed p. white Man. After feveral Con- ferences with the Chiefs of the Indians concern- ing the new Purchafe of Lands, (of which no Minutes are publiflied) the Limits were at length agreed to by both Sides, and the Con- fideratior Money paid, whereupon the Indians executed a Deed for the fame. Whether this Sale of Lands was a Thing agreed upon in the Council at Onondago, or whether thefe Deputies, upon finding their Vifit was not like to be agreeable, and that they were to expedl no Prefent without a Sale of fome Land, might not, without any particu- lar Orders to that Purpofe, undertake of them- felves to make this Sale, fhall at prefent be pafled over. Nor fhall we infift upon what Canajfatt'go, in the Name of the Six Nations, declares in the Treaty in 1742, "viz. '^That after that lime they ivouldjell no Lands but when their Brother Onas was in the Country^ and they would know beforehand the l-^uantity of Goods they were to receive: They might change their Minds. But, as this Purchafe of 1749 is the laft which the Proprietaries, or their Agents, have made of the Indians^ on the eaft Side o{ Sufquehannahy it may not be improper to flop here a little, and colled into one View what relates to the Lands on that Side, in order that we may fee whether there be any juft Grounds for the Complaints which the Delaware Indians lately made of their being cheated out of their Lands. It I I? 67 ) It is true, as the Indians have no Writings, nor Records among them, fave their Memories and Belts of Wampum, we can only have Recourfe to the Minutes taken, and Records kept, by one Party, nay, oftentimes, by thofe who, if any advantage was taken of the Indians^ niuft have been concerned in it, and confequently would not care, by minuting every Thing truly, to perpetuate their own Difgrace. In 171 8 we find that an Enquiry was made into Land Affairs by the Proprietary Commif- fioners and the Delaware Indian Chiefs; that the old Deeds were carefully infpefted, the Bounds of the Purchafes made of the Indians at fundry Times fully afcertained; and, to put an End to all Doubts and Difputes for the future, a Deed of Confirmation granted by the Indians for all the Lands they had heretofore iold the Proprietaries, namely from Duck Creek to the I.echay Hills which are fouthward of the Forks of Delavoare. In 1722 a Settlement is made at Tulpybockin: In 1728 the Indians at a public Treaty complain of it as being on their Land. Upon Examination, and referring back to the foregoing Deed, it is found to be as they fay, and they are requefted not to moleft or injure the People feated there, but to wait till that Matter could be adjufted. Thus the Matter refted till the Proprietor came over in 1732, vviien this Trad of Land was purchafed of the Indians. But tho' the Purchafes which the Proprietaries had made of the Indians were ftill (except at 'Tulpybockin) bounded by the Lechay Hills, one Gentleman having purchafed a Right to 10,000 Acres of unlocated''" Lands, * /'. c. Land in general, the Place or Places where the Right is to he hiiJ among the vacant Lands in the Wilder- nels, not being yet cholcn, nor afcertained by any Survey. found it is I i ( 68 ) found Means to have a Part of thefe located in the Forks above ;]0 Miles above the Boun- daries in the IfiJian Country. Encouraged by his Example, many others foon after entered, and poflc{Ted thcmfelves of the adjacent Coun- trv. Of this the Indians complained; but in- ftead of paying any Regard to their Complaints a Lottery of Land was fet on Foot by the Pro- prietor in 1734, whereby the greateft Part of the Fork Lands, then full oi Indian Settlements, were offered to Sale. In the mean Time, to amufe the Indians, feveral Conferences are held with fome of their Chiefs, viz. one at Durham, one at Pcnihury, and one at Philadelphia; but as no Minutes of thefe Conferences were ever pub- liflied, and if any were taken, were only entered in the Council Books, to which Accefs is de- nied, we fliould have been at a Lofs to know what was there debated and tranfaded, were it not for a Releafe granted at the laft of thefe Conferences. In the Preamble of t! "s we are informed, that the Affair of Lands was the Sub- ject of thefe Conferences; that the Proprietor, in order to fettle Matters with the Indians, had Hecourfe, not, as had been done before, to the Deed of 1718, which would have clearly deter- mined the Boundaries between him and the Indians, but to a Writing which was produced as a Deed granted by their I'orefathers to //'/'/- Ham Pcnn in 1686; and, to prove the V^alidity of this, the Evidence of two Perfons is taken, who folemnly declared, not that they had (ccn fuch a Deed executed, and that this was the very Deed, but that they remembered there was a Treaty held at that Time between the Indians and the Agents of U'illiani Penn. By the Re- citals in the Preamble it would appear as if the Deed of 1686 itfelf had been fliewn to the In- dians, ( 69 ) dians^ and that the Proprietor had waited pa- tiently till the Indians were fatisfied of the Truth of it. But the contrary is notorious: For the People, during thefe Conferences, were fettling thick in the Forks, and as to the Deed it is clear there was none fliewn. However, the In- dians being made to believe, that their Forefa- thers had granted fuch a Deed, were induced, without any farther Confideration, to fign a Relcafe anfwering thereto. There is lome Rcafon to think that the Six Nations had, by their Authority, forced them into this Meafure. The Year before, their Deputies had been at Philadelphia, -And fold the Lands on Sujquehannah, for which they had received a large Quantity of Goods, and befides a confiderable Prefent. At this Time Complaints were made to them againft the Dclaivares, for giving the Province Difturbance about Lands, which, as was faid, the Proprietor had purchafed from them, and paid for, above 55 Years ago. On their Return home the Deputies, loaded with Prefents, pafled thro' the VA'A/u^'c/rt' Country, and the next Spring fome of the Dclaivares came down and figned the Releafe mentioned above. As the Land granted by this Releafe was to be meafured by a Day and half's Walk, the Proprietor got Men noted for walking, had a Road prepared and laid out with the Compafs, and Horfes pro- vided to carry them over Rivers, by which Means they were enabled to travel over a pro- digious Extent of Country. Nor was the Ex- tent of the Purchafedetermined by the Journey, which the two Men performed who were firft fixed on, but by that of another, who knowing himfelf capable of performing a great Journey, had, in order to ingratiate himfelf with the Proprietor, joined the other two, and travelled about n ( 70 ) about fix Miles farther than any of them. And, what is ftill more, from the End of the Walk, inftead of drawing a Line hy the nearefl; Courfe to the River Delazvare, or parallel to that from which they fet out, they run a North-Eaft Courfe to near the Mouth of the Lechaviuichjein^ and by this Means the Boundary Line was car- ried many Miles beyond the Lechay Hills, and took in many Hundred Thoufand Acres more than it ought to have done. The hidians im- mediately faw and complained of the Fraud, nor would they give up their Claim, and relin- quifli their Land, till forced thereto, as we have feen above, by the Six Nation Deputies in 1742. With refped to the Purchafe of 1749, it is to be obferved, the Deputies of the Six Nations at firft: of themfelves only offer to fell lb'- Lands on the Eaft Side o( Su/qucbannab. They never feem to have claimed a Right to fell the Lands on Delaware. It is true, fourteen Days after the Deed of 1736 was granted, a few of the Indians who remained in Town were drawn in to fign a Writing, declaring that they meant to extend the Grant to Delaware^ but this was not an Ad: of the whole, nor was any Confideration paid, and every Circumftance confidered, or only this one, viz. how Indians commonly de- bauch themfelves with Liquor, after they think publick Bufinefs is over, it may be faid this was done in a Manner not the fartheft removed from all Sufpicion of Chicanery. But, however that be, we never find the Six Nations objeded to the Sales formerly made by the Dclawares. At prefent, as the Proprietary Officers would not buy unlefs the Trad extended to the Dela- ware, the Indians we are told, after holding a Council, agree it fhall extend fo far: And, no doubt, it was to give a Sandion to the Sale that Nutimus ( ?• ) Nutimus and ^^lalpaghach^ two Delaware Chiefs, were made Parties in the Deed, and drawn in to fign it. But how far an Adion, done thro' Conipulfion, binds them, or admitting the Ac- tion voluntary, yet how far, even in that Cafe, it would hind a Nation, whofe Form of Go- vernment is fuch, that nothing is deemed valid, but what is deliberated and agreed upon in their publick Councils, is eafily determined. Again, if it was neceflary to make fome of the Dela- wares Parties to the Deed, why were not fome of the Munjey or Mimjink Indians alfo taken in? A large Part of their Country was included in this Grant, yet they are never confulted, not a Deputy is prefent from their Nation. Such are the Fadts; each one of them can be proved by publick Records or living Witnefles: Wh 'ler then the Complaints of King TeedyuJ- cioig, who, in a publick Capacity, reprefents the feveral Tribes of the De/awares, as well as the Munjeys, ^c. who have of late united in one League, and chofen him for their Head; that is, whether the Complaints of all, or any, of thefe Tribes or Nations of Indians^ have any juft Foundation, let the World judge. But to return from this Digreilion. As the People who had fettled on the Lands unpur- chafed of the Six Nations did not pay Regard to the Governor's Proclamation, it was judged proper to put the Law ftridlly in Execution againft them, and for that Purpofe Secretary Peters was fent up in May 1750. "On his Way he met with fome Indians^ to whom hej^j.^g*,g ^'^._ imparted his Bufinefs: They told him, they port to the were exceedingly pleafed to hear he was going Governor, to remove thofe People; that it was an Affair the Council of Onondago or the Six Nations had very much at Heart, but they were afraid this would ( r~ ) wouKl prove like former Attempts; the People would be put off now, and next Year come a^ain; if fo, they Hiiil the Six Nations would no longer bear it, but wouKl do thcmfelves Juf- tice. After this Mr. l\eters proceeded, and being accompanied with thofe Indians^ broke up the Settlements in Shermans Valley, on Junidta^ at .■/ucf/nick (aWa^i Jn^/.nvick) in the Path Valley and Big Cove, which all lie beyond the Kitlocb- tinny H ills, everywhere difpoflelling the People, taking PoHenion for the Proprietors, and burn- ing the moft ordinary Houfes and Cabbins. The People of the Little Cove, which was a Part of the unpurchafed Lands juft on the Bor- ders oi Maryland^ prefented him a Petition, ad- tlreffed to the Governor, praying that they might- be allowed to remain there till a Purchafe was made of the Lands from the huiians. As but few had figned the Petition, he returned it to thofe who prefented it, telling them, when it was figned by more, if it fliould appear to him that they were North of the temporary Line (/. c. in the Bounds of Pctifyhania) he would recommend their Cafe to the Governor." Strange! that he who was fent up to remove thofe People who were fettled on the huiians Land, who knew fo well how much the Indians were irritated at People's fettling there, anti how warmly they remonllrated againil it, nay, who feemed convinced of (and as he himfelf declares proceeded on) "this as a certain Truth, That, if he did not at this Journey entirely remove thefe People, it would not be in the Power of the Government to prevent an Jndian W'ixr," — that, after this, he Hiould undertake to be an Interceflbr for fuch Intruders, or, he fays him- felf, t(» recommend their Cafe to the Governor! But the Indians betore obferved, that I'erfons fent vv ho ( 7J ) fcnt on th;it I'.rraiul had nor hccn remarkable fordoing their Duty; that io far from removing the l*eople, they made Surveys for themfelves, anil were in League with the 'I'refpaflers. Hy the MefTage which the Governor fent to the Afllnihly with Mr. Pc/ir/s Report, it ap- pears that what had been done was like to be of little Avail, and that there would be an ab- folute NeceHity of taking ftill farther Meafures againft thefe Intruders. In fliort, fo little Kf- fee't had this, that thofe who had been fpared were fpiriteil up to ftay, and others went and fettled by them, fo that in a few Years the Set- tlements in the lnJia)i Country were more nu- merous, aiul farther extended than ever. In 1753, when the French cwmc W\x\\ an arm- ed I'Orce to take PofTenion of the Lands on the Ohio, and to build a Fort, the Six Nation In- t/idfis, with the S/.>aiV(inife and De/azvan's on the (Jl'lo, feemed very much alarmed, and refolved at all }'',vents to oppofe them. Upon firft hear- ing of their coming, they had twice fent Orders to the French not to proceed; but finding their Meffliges had not thedefired Kffed, they agreed to tlivide themfelves into two Parties, one to go to /'ira^inid and PcnJ'ylvania to requeft Alfiftance, and the other to the French Commander, with exprefs Orders to quit their Country, otherwife thev would declare War againft him. The firlt Party, having tranfae'ted their Bufi-Xreatv at nefs with the Governor o^ I'irginia^ fet forward Carliflc, for Penfyhuniiiy and were met at Carlijk by Com- '753- milfioners appointed by Governor Hamilton to treat with them. At this Time they defire that Pcnfyli'ania and I'irginia would forbear fettling on the Indian Lands over the Allegheny LI ills; fo far hail i'eople got, tho' as yet no Purchafe was made beyond the Kitluchtinny Mountains. K 'I'hey :i u ( 74 ) They aclvifc tlicfc (lovcrnmcnts to call hack their People on this Side the Hills. They don't life Threats as had l)een done before. The Times were critical, and the buiums were un- willing; to fay or do any Thing from which the KiigUjli nii^ht have Room to fufpert their Friend - fliip. Wliat, therefore, at another Time, they would have indfted on in a peremptory Manner, and if we may judge from then- former Comluc^t, inforceil with Threats, they now only advife from prudential Motives, and feemingly out of Regard to us,- "left (as they fay) Damage " fliould he done, and we flioukl think ill of "them." They exprefly dedre that no People ftiould he allowed to fettle on the '"Juniata Lands till Matters are fettled between them and the French. After this, defiring the Commifltoners to give ftridt Attention to what they are going to liiy, as being a Matter of great IVIoment, they proceed to take Notice, "That our Indian Traders are too numerous and fcattered; that the French look on their Number at Ohio with Knvy; they, therefore, defired that tile grcateft Part of them might be called home, and that three Setts only might remain at the Places which they had appointed for their Refuieiice, viz. Logs-^T'oivn, the Mouth of Canazca, and the Mouth of the Monongahela; there, they faid, they would proted them, and to thefe Places they would go and buy Goods, and no where elfe." This was what the Indians had long in View. They were fenfible of their own Weak- nefs, and immoderate Defire of ftrong Drink, by which they expofed themfelves to many Abufes and Inconveniencies. They had fre- quently complained to the linglijh Governments, and defired that fome Meafures might be taken to ■^\f»'.<^ .. • ( 75 ) to prevent Liquors being carried among them in rucli (Quantities, hut nothing was clone to I'urpofe: They were toUl indeed, they mitrht break the Cafks, ami fpill all the Liquor tliat was brought among them, but this they found by Kxperience would not do: The Kum-Car- riers, as they called the Traders, founil Means to elude this. As long, therefore, as thefe l*er- fons were permitted to go into their Country, they fawclearly that no Kemediescould be found out to prevent the Evil they complained of. b'or this Reafon, in 17,^6, they defired the 'I'railers might be recalled from the Ohio, and confineil (o fome one Place on Suffjuebamiab: At the fubfequent Treaties they renewed this Kequeft, and now fix upon three Places for the Traders to refule, and requeft that none but ! )neft and fober Men may be fuffered to deal with them. Had this been complied with, the Euglijh might eafdy have engroffed the Trade, and fe- cured the Afledions, of many of the Indian Nations; whereas, by negleding this, and fuf- fering a Parcel of Banditti, under the Charadler of Traders, to run up and down from one In- dian Town to another, cheating and debauching the Indians, we have given them an ill Opinion of our Religion and Manners, arid loft their Efteem and Friendfhip. With what Earneftnefs the Indians defired to have the Trade regulated may be feen from the Speech of the Indian Chief to the Commiflion- ers; "Your IVaders, fays he, bring fcarce any " Thing but Rum and Flour: They bring little " Powder and Lead, or other valuable Goods. " The Rum ruins us. We beg you would pre- " vent its coming in fuch (Quantities by regu- " lating the Traders. We never underftood the " Trade (1 ( 76 ) " Trade was to be for Whifky and I^'Iour. We "defire it may be forbidden, and none fold in "the Indian Country; but that, if the Indians "will have any, they may go among the In- " habitants and deal with them for it. When " thefe Whifky-Traders come, they bring thirty " or forty Cags, and put them down before us, " and make us drink, and get all the Skins that " fhould go to pay the Debts we have contraded " for Goods bought of the fair Traders, and by "this Means we not only ruin ourfelves but "them too, 'I'hefe wicked Whifky-Sellers, "when they have got the Indians in Liquor, " make them fell the very Cloaths from their " Backs. In fliort, if this Pradice be continued, " we muft be inevitably ruined. We moft earn- " eftly, therefore, befeech you to remedy it." The Commirtioners, not having a Power to remedy thefe Diforders, promifed to lay them before the Governor, and reprefent to him the Necertity of thofe Regulations which the Indians defired fliould be made. This they accordingly did: But, as ufual, nothing more was done therein. The Aflembly of the Province, after reading the above Treaty, and examining feveral Papers and Evidences about Indian Affairs, "bewail "the miferable Situation of our Indian Trade "carried on (fome few excepted) by the vilefl: " of our own Inhabitants anci Convidts import- " ed from Great-Britain and Ireland^ by which " Means the EngUjh Nation is unhappily re- " prefented among our Indian Allies in the mod " difagreeable Manner. Thefe, continue they, "trade without Controul, either beyond the " Limits, or, at leaft, beyond the Power of our " Laws, debauching the Indians and themfelvcs "with fpirituous Liquors, which they now " make ( 11 ) " make, in a great Mcadire, the principal "Article of their Trade, in direft Violation of "our Laws, fupplied, as we are informed, by "feme of the Magiftrates, who hold a Com- " minion under this Government, and other " Inhabitants of our back Counties." MelTage to the Governor, February 27, 1754. In the Treaty of Carlijle we find Mention made of fome Shawaneje being made Prifoners, and confined in Cbarles-'-Town; to follicite the Keleafe of whom, Scarroyady, the principal Sa- chem^ was deputed, and had undertaken to go to Carolina: Hut, as the Commifiioners thought that his Prefence was very neceflliry at the 0/w, they advifed him to return, letting him know, that tile Releafeof the Prifoners would be fooner and more effedually procured by the Interpo- fition of the Governors oi Virginia and Penjyha- nia, to whom they would recommend it, than by his perfonal Solicitation. 'I'his was agreeci to. — The next Summer, by an Order from Eng- land, a grand Treaty was held with the Six Nations at Albany, at which were prefent Com- mifiioners from moft of the Provinces on the Continent. At this Time a Purchafe of Lands was made for the Proprietors of Penjyhania, which ruined our Interefi: with the Indians, and threw thofe of them, efpecially to the weftward of us, entirely into the Hands of the French. It was bounded northerly by a North-Weft by Weft Line, drawn from near Shamokin to Lake Erie, and to the Weft and South by the utmoit Extent of the Province. By this the Lands, wiicre the KSbaivaneJ'e and Ohio Indians lived, and the Hunting-- Ground of the Delaivares, the Nanticokes ;ind the I'uteloes, were included, and confequently thefe Nations had nothing to ex- pert but to fee themfelves in a fliort 'i'ime, at the •754- I I ( 78 ) the Rate the Englijh fettled, violently driven from their Lands, as the Dclawares had formerly- been, and reduced to leave their Country, and feek a Settlement they knew not where. This, no doubt, engaged many of thefe People to give Ear to the French^ who declared that they did not come to deprive the Indians of their Land, but to hinder the Engli/fi from fettling weftward of the Allegheny Hills. The Council of the Six Nations were alfo difpleafed at this Grant: For it is to be obferved, that this Sale or Grant was not made agreeable to the Method which the Deputies of the Six Nations, at the Treaty of 1742, declared they always obferved in the Sale of Lands. It was not agreed upon in the Coun- cil of Onondago, but condemned by them as foon as they heard of it: Neither were there any De- puties from the Indians on the Ohio, who looked on thefe Lands as a Part of their PofTeifion gua- ranteed to them by the Scnecas. In what Man- ner, and by what Means, this Grant was ob- tained, is well known to fomewho attended the Treaty, as well as the Artifices ufed for near a Week to induce the Indians to execute the Deed. The People of Connecticut had, under Colour of their Charter, laid Claim to fomc Lands in the North- Weft Part of the Province of Pen- fyhania\ and, but a fliort Time before, fome Perfons had come from thence and matle Sur- veys a little above Shamokin. At this Treaty, their Commiftioners wanted to treat with the Indians about the Purchafe of thefe Lands. The Proprietary Agent hearing this, endeavoured to be before hand, and propofed to purchafe the Lands for the Proprietors. The Indians refufed to fell. Hereupon it was reprefented to them, that unlefs they figned fomething of a Writing for thefe Lands to the Proprietary Agent, ( 79 ) Agent, it would be taken for granted that thev had either fold them to the French, or intended to fell them to the People of New-Eti^lami. In order, therefore, to remove that Sufpicion, fome of the Indians were, after much Perfuafion, by the Intereft of a Perfon known to have a con- fiderable Influence among the Indians^ or at leaft thofe of the Mohock Nation, prevailed upon to fign the Releafe, contrary to the eftab- liihed Cuftom and Ufage of the Six Nations, not fo much with a View of conveying the Lands, as to give the Proprietaries AfTurance that they would not fell them to any other. Yet even this could not be obtained without fome private Prefents to particular Indians of known Influence and Authority. In the Fall of this Year Conrad IV eijer was^',^'-"' fent bv the Ciovcrnor to meet at Auzhivick {ox '^\^ x^\ C. Wci- / / ■ 1 I ii-'r's lour- -lughwick (or„^ij^^,i. Aucquick) the Ueidivdres and Sha-waneje who vcrcJ to lived on Ohio. As he had been very active in the Cj- the Bargain lately made at Albany, it was ne-'^'-mO'. cefl'ary he fliould now ufe his Endeavours to palliate that Tranfadiun, in fuch a Manner as would give Icait Umbrage to the PolTeflbrs of the Lands, which were thus purchafed without their Privity or Confent. The Account he thought proper to give in Writing of this Part of his Bufineis, or at Icall fo much as was laid before the Afl'cmbly, is very fliort. He only fays, that at this Meeting he informed the In- dians, at their own Requeft, of what was done in the Treaty at Albany, and of the Purchafe of Land that was made there. They immedi- ately ihewed their Diflatisfaftion: Soon after this, Shccalamy declared, that the Indians did not underftand the Points of the Compafs, but if the Linewa: fo run as to include tlieweftern Branch o'l Sufqiichannah they would never agree to ( 8o ) to it. But, upon letting them know the New- England People's Defign, and putting «:hem in Mind, that the French had pofTefied themfelves of the Ohio Lands, which they might look on as loft to them, he fays, "They were content, but would have been more fo, if they had re- ceived a Part of the Confideration. And that their Diflatisfadiion continued, was foon after very manifeft to one of the Pro- prietarv Surveyors, who, being fent to furvey Ibme of thefe Lands, was met with by fome of the Indians, taken Prifoner to an Indian Town, detained till the next Day, and, after divers Confutations held there, conduded back by a Guard towards the Englijh Settlements, and made to underftand, that, if he came again unon the fame Bufinefs, he ftiould not be fuf- fered to depart in the fame Manner. It was very unfortunate for the EngUjh In- tereft, that, at the fame 'I'ime die Affediions of the Indians were alienated from us by the Abufes committed in Trade, and by our dif- pofleiring them of their Lands, their Opinion of our military Abilities was very much leifen- ed. But a few Months before this Treaty at AiighiL-ick Colonel ll'ajhington was tjefeateil, whofe Condud and Behaviour gave fo much Offence to the Indians that i'banacbrijhon, a Seneca Chiet, commoidy known by the Title of the Ila/f l\ing, as being at the Head of the Weftern Indians, who were dependant on the Six Nations, could not help complaining of it, tho' in a very modeft Manner. "The Colonel, ler's Jour- lie f^i^j^ y^^^ ^ good natured Man, but had no Kxperience; he took upon him to commanti the Indians as his Slaves, and would have them every Day upon the Scout, and to attack the Enemy by themfelves, but would by no Means take C. Wei- ll a ( 8i ) take Advice from the Indians. He lay in one Place from one Full-Moon to the other, with- out making any Fortifications, except that little Thing on the Meadow; whereas, had he taken Advice, and built fuch Fortifications as he (the Half King) advifed him, he might eafily have beat off the French. But the French in the En- gagement afted like Cowards and the Engli/fi like Fools." But, to pafs over this, as well as the haugh- ty Manner in which General Braddock^ who ar- rived the Year following, behaved to the Indians^ whereby we loft the Friendfhip of many who had hitherto remained fteady in our Intereft; nor to mention his mournful Defeat, which foon after happened, and confirmed the Indians in the Opinion they had conceived of our Want of Prudence and Skill in War; we fee from this Review, and Detail of Fadls^ that the Com- plaints of the Indians are l/y no Means new, that the Grounds of their Uneafinefs have been of long ftanding, and that they liave complained of, and thought liiemfelves aggrieved in, the Death of IVeekivekj^ the Delaware Chief, who was hanged in the Jerjeys\ in the Imprifonment of the ohaivanefe Warriors in Carolina, where the principal Man died; and in the Abufes re- ceived from the Indian Traders, and the Injuf- tice done them in refped of their Lands; all which, except that of the Trade, which is not mentioned, exadly correfpond with the Account given by the Deputies of the Six Nations at the late Treaty at L.ancajier, when called upon to declare if they knew the Caufe of the Dela- wares and Shazvane/'e making War upon the Englijh. No doubt, the critical Conjuncture of Af- fairs, the Solicitations and Promifes of the L French, ( S2 ) French, together with the Succeis that had hitherto attended their Arms, might induce the Indians to fall upon the Englijh at this par- ticular 'rime, as being the nioft favourable Opportunity of taking Revenge: But ftill the Wrongs and Abufes they had fuffered were wliit inrtamed their Refentment, and, as the*- iav rheniiclves, made the Blow fall the heavier. And, if we examine, we fliail find that the feve- n:! neighbouring Nations, as they have imagined fitinfelvcs more or lefs aggrieved, have Hiewn tlicir Refentment by aifting more or Icfs V''U)r- oufly againft us. The feveral Fribes oi the Dcla-uares, wl'o were deprived of their Lands, and driven from their Homes and Settlements in the Forks, and fo ignominiouily treated and expelled the Council, and above all the Munfcys or Minifink Indians, whofe Fands were taken from them without any Shadow of Juftice, now took a fevere Revenge. Fhe Sbaivanejc, who had, with others, complained in vain of the I'raders, who faw themfelves deprived firft of their Hunting-Ground on Juniata, afterwards of their whole Country by the Purchafe in 1754, were not much behind the former in their cruel Incurfions. I'hc Backwardnefs of the Scnccas to accommodate the Diftc '^'iKe and heal the Breach when once made, or rather the Encouragement and Support they gave the Indians who declared themfelves our F.nemies, mav eafilv be attributed to their Refentment at ieeing the Lands weilward of the Kittochtinny FLlls, which they coniulered as more particu- larly under their Care, unjuftly invaded, their Complaints and Remonrtrances little regarded, and, lailK-, tht' great Furchafe in 1754 made uirhout their Confent ami /Xjiprobation. But ftill it remains a Oueftion, whether all the { «.l ) the De/azvares would have declared themfclves our Enemies, had it not been for the impru- dent Condud of one Charles Broadhcad^ of Northamptun County. '•reedyujciing declares, that, by this young Man, he was furprized into the War before he had Time to think; that, after the firft: Incurfion made on the En- glijh by the weftern Delaivares and other Indians from Ohio, that Man came to IFyoming, and (tho' he had no Authority) as if commiilioned fo to do, charged him and his People with be- ginning Hoftilities, threatened them in a very high Strain, and told them the linglijh were preparing to take a fevere Revenge. The Indians, alarmed at this, immediately defired the fame Broadhcad to carry a MefTage from them to the Governor of PenJ)'/vania, to afTure him of their iM-iendfliip, and to bring them an Anfwer. This he negleded to do, fo that when the Indians h:id waited the Time appointed for an Anfwer, ami found none fent, they were perfuaded tiiat all was true that Broadhcad had told, and thereupon prepared to defend them- fclves, and, being inftigatetl thereto by the French, chofe, rather to attack than be attack- ed. But when they were thus fuddenly drawn into the War, the Maltreatment they had for- merly met with immediitely recurred to their Me'^iory, awakened RvfeiUment and armed t'licm with double Fury. Having thus traced the Grounds of the In- dians Uneafinefs, and the Caufes of the W'-.r, it remains to fliew the Meafures taken to make up the Breach, and the Method which the In- dians propofe for fecuring a real and lading Peace. The Indians on SuJ'quchannah, about the Be- ginning of the prefent Quarrel between England and I I Eafton Treaty, 1756. Fol. 21. General Johnibn's Treaty with the Mohawks, &c. Lond. Edit. Fol. 3. { 84 ) and France, confidering their Situation and di- vided State, every Tribe being a diftindl and independant Government, plainly faw that their Force could not be great, and that they might one by one be eafily crufhed, they, therefore, refolved to new-model their Govern- ment, and out of the feveral Tribes to form one Nation: Accordingly the MunJ'eys, and two Tribes of the Dclawarcs, viz. the Lenopi and IVanami, joined together in a League, and chofe a Chief, Sachem or King, into whofe Hands they put the Management of their Affairs. Thofe who had been Sachems before, now wil- lingly, for the Sake of the publick Cjood, re- figned their Dignity, contenting themfelves with a Place in the Council, 'reedyufcioi^ was the Perfon chofen King: He immediately ap- pointed Captains, and regulated the Force of the Nation. Soon afterwards a Number of ftraggling Indians, who lived up and down without any Chief, joined in and ftrengthened the Alliance. By this Means, and the Jundion of fome of the Mohiccons, or River Indians and ShawancJ'e, "-Teedyujcung foon faw himfelf at the Head of a very confulerable Body. In this Manner he refolved to wait and fee what Turn Affairs would take, and, when it was deter- mined to attack the Englijh, he took his Mea- fures fo, that, at the fame Time, the Frontiers of Penjyhania, Nt'zv-}'ork, and Neiv-'Jt'tfeySy were ravaged and deftroyed. Upon the firft Notice of the Incurfions of the Indians, the Governor of New-Tork fent an Exprefs to General John/on with the News. Hereupon General Jobn/on, who wa>> juil re- turned from Lake Geon^i', lent to the Six Na- tions to meet him immediately, anvl, on the 7th o{ December, fome of tiie Mohawks, Senecas^ Oneidas ( H5 ) Oneidas and Tu/carorzas, came to his Houfe, to whom he made known the Hoftilities commited by the Sbazcanefey De/awares, and River IndianSy viz. the Murifeys or Mohiccons\ "As thefe in- *' diafis, fays he, are looked upon by us as *' Allies and Dependants of you the Six Na- " tions, and living within the Limits of your '* Country, I muft defire you will, without " Lofs of Time, reprimand them for what they " have already done, prevent their doing any "more Mifchief, and infift on their turning "their Arms with us againft the French and " their hidiaiis, both your and our common " Knemies, and that without Lofs of Time." Immediately after this the Six Nations dif- patchcd fome McfTengers to the De/awares, to know the Caufe why they made War on the Englijh, and to command them to deftft. A- bout the fame Time, namely in December iJSS^ Scarroyady, an Indian Chief, and another Indian, were fent from Philadelphia to the Six Nation Council, to lay before them the hoftile Pro- ceedings of the Shaivancfe and Delaivares. Thefe, in order to find out the Difpofitions of the ^'"^'"'■'?>'^" Enemy, directed their Courfe up the Sujque- ^^^^^^^ ^^ bannah. All the Way to IVyomen they found his Jour- the Indians againft us, and faw fome Parties ncy, read noinfi to War, whom thev endeavoured, but'." th^" Ai- • • . A z\ .. / J- '1- I ^ Icmbly in vam, to Itop. At an Indian 1 own, ^bout^ •j-' j^ 30 Miles above ll'yomen, they met "-teedyujcung, ,756. who told them, he had fent to the Senecas and Oneidas for Alliftance againft the Englijh, but had not received an Anfwer; that he was going to fend again to the Six Nations, to which Meflage if he did not receive an Anfwer, he faid, he ftiould know what to do. From hence the Deputies proceeded to Diahogo, where they met the Meffengers difpatched to the Dela- ware s ( H6 ) tvarcs by the Onci^fas, Ciiyit^as and Mobaivks^ at the Inftaiice of" (leiicral Jobufon, Here the Mefll'iigers of the Six Nations delivered what they had to lay to the Delaware Council, who, in their Anfwer, exprefl'ed their Suhniiilion to the Six Nations, and faid they woidd feiul fome of their Chiefs with them to the Six Nation Council, which they accordingly did. When they arrived there, the Council fliarpiy reprehendeii the Delaware;, and ordered them to defift. The Delaivares endeavoured to juftify their Conduc'l by the ill Ufage they hail met with from the Ef{^lijlr. However they promifed to inform their Nation and V/arriors of what the Six Nations faid, and wouid return an An- fwer fpeedily. From J)iaf.\^o, Scarroyady and his Companion proceeded to Fort John/on, where, in February 1756, was a Meeting of about 580 of the Six Nations and their Allies. At this Meeting Col. Johufon again prefled the Six Nations to put a Stop to the Jncurfions and Ravages of the Delaivares which ftill continued. At firfl: they feemed to wave the Matter: But, upon its being again more warmly recommendeil to them, they at laft agreed that fome Delegates from the Six Nations fliould ufe their utmoft Endeavours to accommodate the Matter be- tween the Englijh and Delawares, and for that Purpofe fent a Meflage to the Delawares to come and meet them at Otjaningo, an ludian Town on Siijqiiehannab. The Delaivares came, Lancaftcr '^"^ ^ Meeting was held, at which "the Depu- Treaty, '' ties of the Six Nations charged the Delaivares 1757- "to get fober; as they looked upon their Ac- ^hi^tfnt " ^'""^ '^^ ^'^^ A.-^tions of drunken Men." The \^] ' " Dela-ivares returned for Anfwer, That they Fol. 12. "looked upon themfelves as Men and W'uld " iicknow' e n i 6 I i ( H? ) "acknowledge no Superiority thiit any other " Nation had over them. Wc are Men, and "are determined not to he ruled any longer " by you as Women; and we are determined " to cut off all the h'.tr^lijh^ except thofe that "make their Kfcape from us in Ships; fo fay "no more to us on that Head, left we make " Women of you as you have done of us. In " the mean Time, tho' they did not any longer "acknowledge the Six Nations in general as "their Uncles, they faid, they would liften to "what the Seuccas laid." It is to he obferved, that .he Seuecas, tho' preffed by Sir William JoLmJ'oti, and the other five Nations, would not undertake to accommodate this Difference, but rather countenanced and encouraged the Dclu- ivnres. The mofl probable Reafons f)r their fo doing have been before affigned. The refo- lute Anlvver of the Dclaivares, and the known Encouragement they received from the Seuecas, convinced the Six Nation Deputies that no- thing was to be done by Threats; therefore, changing their Stile, they, by fmoother Mea- fures, prevailed with the Dclaivarcs to agree to a Ceffation of Arms, and to meet them and Col. Johnjon to treat farther about a Peace. At the Time the Six Nation Meflengers fet out to invite the Delaware's to a Council at Otfanin^o, Scarroyady fet out on his Return to Philadelphia, where, having arrived in April 1756, he gave the Governor an Account of his Embaffy. A few Days after this, the Governor, without waiting the Refult of the Council at Otjanin^o, finding that the Delawares flill con- tinued their Ravages, declared War againfl them, offering a Reward for Scalps and Pri- fbners. Some Days before the War was declared, i'ome IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^ r/. i 1.0 I.I lti|Z8 12.5 ^ i*^!!^ 1.8 11.25 i 1.4 m v5 ^ 7 /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. KS«0 (716)872-4503 ; '1 ■*;'■ ( »« ) fome of the People called fakers in Philadel- phia addrefled the Governor, requefting him to fufpend the Declaration of War till fome far- ther pacific Meafures were tried, and offering, both with their Eftates and Perfons, to con- tribute their AfTif^ance therein; but War was declared: Some of this People, neverthelefs, with the Governor's Leave, had feveral Meet- ings with Scarroyady and other Indian Chiefs then in Philadelphia^ Conrad IVeiJer and Andrew Montour the Provincial Interpreters, and Daniel Claus^ General Johnjons, Deputy-Secretary, being prefent. In the Courfe of the Conver- fation fome Things pafTed which gave Room to hope, that the Difference between the De la- wares and EngliJIi might be accommodated in an amicable Manner. And Scarroyady being requefled to give his Advice how to effed fo defirable a V/ork, propofed to fend three In- dians^ two of whom, viz. Captain Newcajlle and Jagrea were of the Council of the Six Nations, and one, viz. William LoquiSy a Delaware^ to IVyomen, to let the Delawares know, " There " were a People rifen in Philadelphia^ who de- '* fired to have Peace reflored, and that they " mufl ceafe from doing Mifchief, and not be " afraid, but be willing, to come and treat with " the Englijh." Of this the Governor was in- formed, and, during the Conferences, having received Advice from the Governor of New- Tork of what had paffed at OtfaningOy of the propofed Meeting between Sir IVilliam John/on and the Delawares, he agreed to the difpatching the three Indian Mefl'engcrs; and, when they were ready to fet out, he delivered them a Meffage to the Delawares and Shawaneje In- dians living on Sujqnehannah-y the Purport of which was, that he had, by Means of the Gov- ernor I ( 89 ) crnor of New-7'ork^ received an Account from Sir William Johnjon of the Meeting at Otjaningo^ and of the Ceflation of Arms there agreed; tiiat if the Dela'wares'^owX^ deliver up the En- glijh Prifoners to the Six Nations, and hearken to their Advice, in laying down the Hatchet, and abide by fuch Terms as fliould be agreed on, tho' much Blood was fpilt, and the Englifli^ in Refentment of this, were well prepared to avenge themfelves, yet they had fo great Re- gard to the Six Nations, that it will be in their Power to perfuade the Englijh not to profecute the War, but to accept fair, juft and honour- able Terms; that he himfelf was for Peace, and that a great Number of People, the Defcend- ants of thofe who came over with the firft Proprietor, were defirous to interpofe with the Government, to receive the Submiflion of the DelawareSy and to overlook what was Part, and re-eftablifh Peace, and had frequently applied to him for that Purpofe. The Delaware Mef- fenger was alfo to inform his Countrymen of the kind Treatment thofe of their Tribe, who lived among us, had received. The Meflengers went, delivered their Mef- fage, and on the 31ft of Alay brought back an Anfwer from 'Teedyujcung^ that he was willing to renew the Treaties of Friendfhip which IVilliam Venn had made with his Forefathers; that he and his People had agreed to what the Delegates of the Six Nations had required of them at ()tJaningo\ that they begged what was part might be forgotten; that they had laid down the Hatchet, and would never make Ufe of it any more againft the Englijh. After the Delivery of this Meflage, the Go- vernor delayed returning an Anfwer for feveral Days, at which the Meflengers were very un- M eafv, Minutes of Coun- cil deli- vered to the Affcm' liy. \m ( 90) eafy, and informed Conrad fVeiJer, that they were apprehenfive their long Stay would make the Diahogo Indians {viz. thofe to and from whom they had carried the foregoing Meflages) believe, that they were either cut off by the Englijh^ or that this Government did not mean to conclude a Treaty with them. Whereupon the Governor, on the 8th of June^ difpatched them back to Diahogo -w'wkv a Meflage to inform the Indians^ that he thanked them for the kind Reception they had given his Mefilngers; that he was glad to find they had hearkened to his Meflage; that, as they, on their Parts, had confirmed the Treaties and Leagues of Amity fubfifting between them and this Government, fo he, on his Part, ratified all former Treaties and Engagements; and that they might have an Opportunity of making thefe mutual De- clarations at a publick Convention, he defired they would meet him at Conrad IVeiJer s^ afiur- ing them that they fiiould come and go unmo- lefted, ^c. but that he defired that nothing propofed by him fliould interfere with any In- vitation they might have received from Sir William Johnjon^ or the Six Nations; that, as a Council was to be held in the Country of the Six Nations, and the Indians at Diahogo were invited to it, he defired they would give their Attendance there, but that they might go to either Place as they inclined. After this a Ceflation of Hoftilities againft the Northern Indians for 30 Days was pro- claimed at Philadelphia^ but it happened very unfortunately, that, at the fame Time a Cefla- tion of Arms was proclaimed in PenJ'yhania, War was declared againft the fime Indians in Nciv-Jcrjh\ and a Company of Men fent againft IVyomen^ one of their Towns. The News as ( 91 ) News of this was brought to Bethlehem iuft as the Meflengers were fetting out from thence; they, therefore, waited at Bethlehem till they heard that the Party of Men from the Jerjeys having been at ff^yomen, and burned the Town, which had been before deferted, were returned, and then they fet forward and met 1'eedyufcung rit Diahogo. He was then holding a Treaty with the De-Eafton putiesof the Six Nations, who had now agreed Treaty, to acknowledge the Independency of the Dela- ^^' wareSj and the Authority of Teedyufcung over phUadel- four Nations, viz. the L^wo/)/ and IVanami (twophiaprint- Delaware Nations) the Munjeys and the Mohic-^^^ p- 'o. cons^ but requefted him and his People not to ad '4- of themfelves, but advife with the Six Nations; that by uniting their Councils and Strength they might the better promote the general Intereft of the Indians. They told Teedyufcung the Englijfi and French were fighting for their Lands, and defired him to unite with them to defend them. At the fame Time they gave him a large Belt with feveral Figures wrought in it. "In the '* middle was a Square, meaning the Lands of *' the Indians^ and at the one End the Figure of " a Man indicating the Engli/Ji^ and at the other " End another meaning the French: both thefe, " faid they, covet our Lands, but let us join to- " gether to defend our Lands againft both, and " you fhall be Partakers with us of our Lands." The Propofal was too advantagious not to be accepted. Teedyujcung therefore immediately agreed to it, and, in Conjundlion with the Six Nations, concerted a Plan for bringing about a Peace with the Engli/li, and for fecuring their Lands. As it had been before agreed upon at Otjaningo to meet Sir William John/on^ Teedyuf- cung difpatched NutimuSy who had formerly been a ■"■ !!, I I ' ! ; ■ t 1- 'i; .:(; it HI Mi ( 92 ) a Kingof one of the Delaware Tribes, with fome of his People, to meet Sir IVilllam^ and gave them Orders how to aft, while he himfelf pre- pared to meet the Governor of Penjylvania. This he afTumed to himfelf as being the moft dangerous and hazardous Entcrprize, as he was obliged to go into the inhabited Part of the Country, and amonga People who could not but be much incenfed againfc him for the Ravages that had been committed by his People. Nor was this only the moft hazardous; it likewife required the greateft Addrefs, as with that Go- vernment the Affairs of the greateft Importance were to be tranfafted. The Six Nations im- powered him to aft for them as a Plenipoten- tiary, promifing to ratify whatever he ftiould do. On the fecond of J uly the Delaware KmbafTy, who were joined by Packjhioja the old Shawaneje King, met Sir William Johnjon at Onondago, and from thence proceeded to Fort John/on, where, on the loth of the fame Month, a Treaty was held. At this Sir IVilliam Johnjon painted the Murders and Devaftations they had committed in ftrong Colours, reproached them for their Sir Will. Conduft, and, after imputing it to the Artifices Johnfon's of the /'V^'w/', told them, "that by Virtue of a "^u^l^ '* Power received from his Maiefty, if they were with the ,^ - I IT r 1 ■ 1 • iv/r • n > Shawanefe hncerely dilpoied to continue his Majelty s and Dc!a- *' dutiful Children, and to maintain their Fi- warc Indi- <» dclity towards him, and unbroken Peace and '750' «< Friendftiip towards all his Subjefts, and their " Brethren the Englijh in thefe Parts, and would " exert their unfeigned Zeal and beft Endeav- " ours to reclaim thofe of their People who had " been deluded by the French^ upon thefe Con- " ditions he was ready to' renew the Covenant " Chain of Peace and Eriendfhip." To this the Delaware Chief calmly replied, that "he "had ans ,!;,■. ife ( 93 ) " had carefully attended to what was faid, that " it was pleafing to him, but he could not take " upon him to give a determinate Anfwer, that " he would puditually deliver the Speech to all " his Nation on his Return home, and that " their fixed Refolutions and pofitive Anfwer " fhould be returned as foon as poffible." Upon receiving this Anfwer, Sir William fummoned a Council of the Indians of the Six Nations who attended the Treaty, and informed them of the Reply he intended to make, and faid he expeded they would fecond him therein. They told him, they would fpeak to the Dela- wareSy and prepare them for what he intended to fay, and at the fame Time prefs them to de- clare their real intentions. The next Day Sir fVillia?n, addrefling the Delaware Chief, let him know, "that what he had anfwercd yefterday was fomewhat furpriz- ing, as his Nation had been the Aggreflbrs, and the EngliJJi the injured Party; that the pre- fent State of Affairs between the Englijh and his People required a fpeedy and determinate IfTue; that he had received Accounts that Hof- tilities were ftill continued by fome of the De- laivareSy and that therefore it was requifite that he fhould, without Delay, explain himfelf in behalf of his Nation, in fuch an explicit and fatisfadory Manner, that his Majefty's injured Provinces might know what Part was proper for them to ad:, and that he might depend upon it, they would not continue tamely to bear the bloody Injuries which they had for fome Time paft fuffered." Upon this, the Delaware Chief made Anfwer, that his People had already ceafed from Hof- tilities, that they would follow the Example of the Six Nations, that they would take hold oi the . t J I ! I If 'r li i -lit! • |i; ill . Sir Wil- liam's Treaty with the Shawc- ncfc, &c. Ap. 1759 io. (J. Minutes of Counci! delivered to the Af- fcmbly. ( 94) the Covenant Chain that bound together the Englijh and Six Nations, that they renounced the Friendfliip of the French^ and as Sir JVil- liam JobiJoH had iifed the Mobiccons well, he proniifed to deliver up what Englijh Prifoners were among his People.' After this, Sir IVil- liam having exprefled his Satisfaction at what was faid, offered them the Hatchet againft the French^ which they accepted, and immediately fung the War Song and danced; and upon their Return, as \\it Shawanefe King afterwards told Sir IVilliam Johnjon^ they informed "Teedy- ujcung of what was done. While thefe things were doing, Teedyufcung having taken the ''' mod proper Meafures to fecure himfelf from Danger, and to he revenged, if any Injury was offered him, fet out with the Meflengers, to meet with the Governor of y^fw- J'yhania. On the i8th of Jidy^ he arrived at Bethlehem^ where he flopped, and fent fome of his People with Captain Newcaftle to Philadel- phia^ to inform the Governor of his Arrival, and to let him know, he fhould be glad to meet him in the Forks^ and that he came empowered to fpeak not only in Behalf of his own People, but alfo of the Six United Nations. Captain Newcaftle having arrived with this I MefTage, preffed the Governor to lofe no Time. " I have, faid he, been entrufled by you, with ■ " Matters of the highefl Concern; I now de- "clare to you, that 1 have ufed all the Abilities " I am Mafler of, in the Management of them, " and that with the greatefl Chearfulnefs. I " tell you in general, Matters look well. I fhall * He left Parties of his Warriors between the Settle- ments of Pcnjihtinia and IFyomcn, encamped at llich Dif- tance from each other, that in Cale of his receiving a.iy Injury, they might foon know and revenge it. " not ( 95 ) " not go into Particulars. Teedyufcung will do " this at a public Meeting, which he expedls "will be foon. The Times are dangerous, the '* Sword is drawn and glittering, all around you, *' Numbers oi Indians on your Borders; I be- *' fcech you, therefore, not to give any Delay, ** to this important AfFair. Say where the " Council Fire is to be kindled. Come to a '* Conclufion immediately; let us not wait a *' Moment, left what has been done, fhould " prove inefFedtual." The folemn manner in which this was delivered, afFedted the Governor, not lefs than the Speech itfelf. Accordingly, by Capt. Newcajiles Advice, Eajlonwas fixed upon for the place of Meeting, where the Governor, and four of his Council, three Commiftioners from the Aflembly, and about forty Citizens of the City oi Phihidelpbia^ chiefly of the People called Quakers, met the Indians, on the 28th of July. At the firft Meeting, the Governc j^ave Eailon Tdt'dyu/cung, and his People, a hearty Welcrme, Treaty in and Teedyufcimg informed him, that he cameJ"'>' ''"'^ authorized to fpeak in Behalf of Ten Nations, "^^' as an Embaflador from the Six Nations, and as a Chief or Head of the other Four; that he was now only to hear what the Governor had to fay, and make a Report of it to the Ten united Nations. Hereupon, the Governor, the Day follow- ing, informed the Indians of the Steps he had taken, after the Delaivares had begun to commit Hoftilities, of the Preparations he had made to carry the War into their Country, from which he was diverted by the Six Nations, who informed him, that at their interpofition, the Delaivares had laid down the Hatchet; after this, he informed them of the feveral MefTages he :• * i i, , » 1 Si) I' 1 J M wm 1 .1 i' i mmi' ; I ( 96 ) he had fcnt by Captain Newcajlle^ and the other Indian Meflcngers, and of the Anfwers he had received, and afliired them, that C aptain Nfw- cajlle adcd by his Authority. He let them know, that he, and the People, were well dif- pofed to renew the antient Friendfliip, that iubfifted between IFilliam Penn and the Jndians, and defired this might be told to the Six Na- tions, and all the Indians far and near, whom he invited to come and meet him at the Coun- cil Fire, but infifted, that as an Evidence of their Sincerity, and the only Terms on which they might exped a true and lafting Peace, they fhould bring down the Prifoners. When the Governor had ended his Speech, Tcedyufcun^ took out the Belt he had received from the Six Nations, explained it to the Go- vernor, and told him, that Belt held together Ten Nations, who were under the Diredion of two Chiefs only, that thefe had their Attention fixed to fee, who were really difpofed for Peace; that whoever was willing to guarantee thefe Lands to the Indians^ him they would join; but whoever would not comply with thefe Terms of Peace, the Ten Nations would join againfl him and ftrike him. "Whoever, fays *'he, will make Peace, let him lay hold of this " Belt, and the Nations around, lliall fee and "know it. — I wiHi the fame good Spirit, that " poflefled the good old IVilliam Penn, may in- *' fpire the People of this Province, at this " Time." I'he Governor accepted the Belt, and declared, he was moft heartily difpofed to effedl the Meaning of it; and in return gave '■Teedyufciing another, and defired him to fliew it every where, and to make known the good Dif- pofitions of the People of this Government, and the Treatment he had met with, to his own ' of •fe (97 ) own People, the Six Nations, and all his Al- lies. And having before requefted Teedyujcung to be an Agent for the Province among the Indians^ he took out two Belts joined together, and addrerting Newcaflle and Teedyujcungy de- clared them Agents for the Province, and gave them Authority to do the public Buftnefs to- gether. He recommended to them mutual Confidence, Efteem and Intimacy, and wiflied them Succefs in their Negotiations. They un- dertook the Charge, promifed to be mutual good Friends, and do every Thing in their Power to promote the weighty Matters en- trufted to them. After the Treaty Teedyujcung returned to his Country, and Captain Newcajlle to Philadel- pbiay from whence he was foon after difpatched by the Governor, by the Way of Albany^ to the Six Nations. And, not long after, returning from thence, he was feized with the Small-Pox, and died at Philadelphia much lamented. In the mean Time Teedyufcung fent Meflengers to the feveral Tribes o( Indians under his Jurifdic- tion, and to the Six Nations, to inform them of the Reception he had met with, and to in- vite them to another Meeting. Juft as he was ready to fet out he received a MefTage from Fort Jobnjony advifing him againft going to Penjylvania. But as '■Teedyujcung paid no Regard to the firft MefTage, another was fent, defiring the Indians not to go to Penjylvania^ for that Letters were come from Philadelphia^ informing that a Plot was laid to cut them off as foon as any conf derable Number could be got together. This overtook "Teedyujcung on his March, and being delivered in publick, had fuch an EfFed: upon many that were with him, that they im- mediately turned back. Teedyujcung neither N altogether ' 1 } 'I \v^ ( 9« ) altogether gave Credit to the MefTagc, nor yet quite dilbelieved it, fo that while he determined to proceed, he refolved to take what Steps were neceflary to guard againft the worft. Therefore fending back the greatcft Part of the Women and Children, he came down with his own and a few other Families, having left fome of his ahlcft Captains and hraveft Warriors at proper Places on the Frontiers, to wait for Accounts how he was received, and to a(5l accordingly. Some 'IMme before '•Teedyujcitn^ came down, Lord Loudon had wrote to the Governor, and forbade him, or his (lovernment, to confer or treat with the Indians in any Shape, or on any Account, whatever; and direfted that whatever Bufinefs in that Branch i)'t his Majefty's Ser- vice fhould arife in his Government, or Pro- vince, fliould be referred to Sir IVilliam John- Jon, whom his Majefty had appointed fole Agent for thefe Affairs under his Lordfhip's Diredion. When, therefore, the Governor received the News of 'T't'cdyufcung's Arrival, he was greatly at a Lofs what to do, and applied for Advice to the AfTembly, who were then fitting. The Aflembly gave it as their Opinion, that the Treaty begun by the late Governor, before Sir IFilliam JohnJ'on\ Powers were made known, in purfuance of which the Indians were come down, fliould not be wholly difcontinued, left the Indians fhould be difgufted, and the Opportunity of bringing them to a general Peace with all the Ihitijh Colonies loft. "We "rather think it advifeable that your Honour "would give them an Interview, make them " the cuftomary Prefents in behalf of this " Government, to relieve their Necefl'ities, and "aft\ire them of our flncere Inclinations to "take them again into Friendftiip, forgive "their ( 99 ) their Offences, aiui make a firm Peace with (( th em: but at the fame Time to let th em "know, that the Government of this Province "cannot agree to make a Peace with them for '* itfelf, and leave them at Liberty to continue ** the War with our Brethren of the neighbour- " ing Colonies; that our King has appointed " Sir IVilliam John/on to manage thefe general " Treaties for all the Governments n\ this *' Part of ylwericuy and to him we nuifl there- *' fore refer the Indians for a final Condufion "and Ratification of this Treaty. An Inter- " view of this Kind with the Imiians^ we appre- '^'otc?, of' " hend, may at this Time be greatly for hisj'j'^''^"'-''' " Majerty's Service, and not inconfiftent with ^:.(^^ p_ " the Intention of Lord Loudon s Letter." 24 TeedyuJ'cung having, about the latter End of OFlobery arrived with a Number of DeUvjcares^ S .■.izvaneje and Mobiccons^ and fomc Deputies from the Six Nations, the Governor, with his Secretary, and one of his Council, four Com- miiVioners appointed by the Aflembly, and a Number of Citizens of the City of Philadel- phia, chiefly of the People called (Quakers, met him at liajldn on the 8th of November. After feveral Days had been fpent to little Purpofe, it was propofed to afk the Indians the Caufe of their Uneafinefs, to which the Governor having agreed, the following Paragraph was added to the Speech he had already prepared. " Brother 'Teedyujcung, what I am now going Eaflon " to fay fliould have been mentioned fome ^'^^''^y' "Time ago: I nowdefire your ftricfl Attention j_-g " to it. You was pleafed to tell me the other 20. " Day that the League of Friendfliip, made " by your Forefathers, was yet frefh in your " Memory; you faid that it was made fo ftrong " that a fmall Thing could not eaftly break it. "As HI >i'f 'k .::j! in; ■ i » ^1 !i ( -oo ) " As we are now met together at a Council " Fire kindled by both of us, and have pro- '* mifed on both Sides to be free and open to " one another, I muft alk you how that League " of Friendfhip came to be broken ? Have we " the Governor or People of Penfylvania done "you any Kind of Injury? If you think we " have, you fhould be honeft, and tell us your ** Hearts: You fhould have made Complaints " before you ftruck us, for fo it was agieed in "our antient League. However, now the " great Spirit has thus happily brought us once " more together, fpeak your Mind plainly on "this Head, and tell us, if you have any juft " Caufe of Complaint, what it is. That I may "obtain a full Anfwer to this Point, I give "you this Belt of Wampum." In anfwer to this, 'Teedyufcung afligned three Caufes; firft, the imprudent Condud of Charles Broadhead, which has been already mentioned. Secondly, the Inftigations of the French. And, laftly, (which made the Blow fall the harder) the Grievances he and his People fuffered from this Government and the Jerjeys. The Governor calling upon him to explain what thefe Grievances were, " I have not, fays he, far to go for an In- " fiance; this Ground that is under me, (ftamp- "ing with his Foot) is mine, and has been " taken from me by Fraud and Forgery." The Governor afked him what he meant by Fraud and Forgery. To which he replied, " When "one Man had formerly Liberty to purchafe " Lands, and he took a Deed from the Indians " for it, and then dies, if, after his Death, his " Children forge a Deed like the true One, " with the famt Indians Names to it, and there- " by take Lands from the Indians which they " never ? I »s ( loi ) (( never fold: This is Fraud. Alfo when one " King has Lands beyond the River, and an- '* other has Lands on this Side, both bounded " by Rivers, Creeks and Springs, which cannot '*be moved, and the Proprietaries, greedy to ** purchafe Lands, buy of one King what be- " longs to the other: This likewife is Fraud." " Have you, faid the Governor, been ferved "fo? Yes, replied Teedyujcungy I have been "ferved fo in this Province. All the Land " extending from "Tohiccon over the great Moun- " tain as far as Wyomen is mine, of which fome " has been taken from me by Fraud. For when 1 " agreed to fell the Land to the old Proprietary " by the Courfe of the River, the young Proprie- " taries came and got it run by a ftraight Courfe "by the Compafs, and by that Means took in "double the Quantity intended to be fold." It may be deemed foreign to the Purpofe to mention theOppofition that was made by Secre- tary Peters and C. Weijer to the afking the In- dians the Caufe of their Uneafinefs, and how the Secretary threw down his Pen, and declared he would take no Minutes when the King came to complain of the Proprietaries. Thefe Things, therefore, being pafled over, we fhall only obferve, that, after fome Debate, it was agreed upon, at the Inftance of the Commif- fioners, to offer the Indians immediate Satisfac- tion for the Injury they fuppofed had been done them, whether their Claim was juft or not. This being done, Teedyujcung let the Governor know, that the main Defign of his prefent Coming was to re-eftablifh Peace, after which he had intended at another Meeting to lay open his Grievances; that he had done that now only at the Requeft of the Governor, but was not impowered to receive any Satisfadion at »J n) II 1757- ( 102 ) at this Time; that feveral were abfent who were concerned in thefe Lands; that he would en- deavour to bring thefe down at the next Meet- ing, and that then the Matter might be further confidered and finally fettled. A few Weeks after this Treaty arrived in Philadelphia Mr. George Croghan^ whom Sir William John/on had appointed his Deputy- Votes of Agent of Indian Affairs, and by Inftrudions, the Affcm- dated November 24th, 1756, had ordered "to bly, Jan. proceed to Philadelphia, or to any Part of the Province of Penfylvania, and endeavour to find out the Difpofition of the Indians in thofe Parts, and convince them that it is their In- tereft to continue Friends to the Englijh and Six Nations; to enquire into the Caufe of the Delaware and Shawaneje Beliaviour to the En- glijh in thofe Parts, and affure them, if they would come and let Sir William John/on know wherein they were injured, he would endeavour to have Juftice done them, fo that that unhappy Difference might be fettled." Of this Mr. Croghan, foon after his Arrival, informed the Governor, and at the fame Time gave it as his Opinion, confidering what had paffed at the lad Treaty, that this Government Votes of could not avoid giving the Indians a Meeting Aflbmbly, ^q (q^^\q (j^g Differences that fubfifted between ^■""g '^^^' them. He farther affured the Governor, he would do every Thing in his Power to fet e thefe Differences in an amicable Manner, and in the mean Time would let Sir William John- Jon know that the Indians were to meet here, and expedted to receive his farther Inftrudlions on that Head; and as he thought it neccffary the Meeting fhould be held foon, he propofcd fending Meffengers to I'eedyujcimg, and the SuJ- G. Cro- ghan's Letter to the Go- vernor. qiu ^hannah Indians, as foon as polfible P I VI Accordingly I ( 103 ) Accordingly Meflengers were fent with two Meflages; one to the Shawanefe^ Nanticokes, and Six Nations, living at Otjaningo and Bia- bogo, and the other to 'Teedyufcung\ which are as follows: VI George Croghan to the Chiefs of the Shawanefe, Nanticokes, and Six Nations. " Brethren of the Shawanefe, Nanticokes, and Six Nations, living at Otjaningo and Diahogo! I am come hereabout a Month ago from Sir IVilliam Johnfon, who is charged with the Care of all the Indians in this Part of America, by the great King of England, your Father and his Mafter. On my Arrival here, your Bro- ther Onas fhewed me a Copy of the Confer- ences he had with you at Eajion; where I find you have agreed to have another Meeting in the Spring in order to finally fettle all Differ- ences fubfifting between you and your Breth- ren the Englijh, and to brighten the antient Chain of Friendlliip which has lately con- trafted fome Ruft. And as your Brother Sir IVilliam Johnfon fent me here to enquire into the Caufes of the Differences fubfifting between you and your Brethren the Englijh in thefe Parts, I promife you in his Name, that 1 will do every Thing in my Power to fettle thefe Differences between you, and fee full Satisfadion made you for any Injuftice you have received; and that this Meeting may be the more general, and for the better fettling all Differences, I call a few of your chief Men to meet me at John Harris %, to confult on Meafurcs for bringing to this general Meeting fome of the Chiefs of our " Brethren ^ I.) It :\ Il m tA H cc (( (C (( C( (( (( (( (( ' 'Il i« \ ( 104 ) Brethren from Obioy in order once more to brighten the antient Chain of Friendship. In confirmation of which I fend you this Belt of Wampum in the Name of Sir William Johnfon^ your Brother OnaSy and the Defcend- ants of the firft Settlers who came over with your antient Brother JVilliam Penny with whom you began this good Work at Eajion this Fall paft." 'The other MeJJage follows in theje Words: George Croghan to the Delawares at Diahogo, and all the Branches of Sufquehannah. ** Brother 'Teedyufcungy when I came here from Sir William Johnfony your Brother Onas told me, you had promifed him another Meeting in the Spring, in order to fettle all the Dif- ferences fubfifting between you and your Brethren the Englijh\ and as your Brother Sir William Johnfon has ordered me to aflift at thefe Meetings, and help to fee Matters reconciled and Juftice done you, I defire you by this Belt of Wampum in the Name of Sir William Johnfony your Brother OnaSy and the Defcendants of the firft Settlers who came over with your antient Brother William Penny to ufe your utmoft Endeavours to bring down all your People, and as many of your Uncles the Six Nations that live among you, as will be neceflary to accomplifli this good Work you began; and I promife you in the Name of Sir William Johnfony whom the great King of Englandy your Father and his M after, has ordered to take Care of all the Indians in this Part of Amcricay that I will fee Juftice done you." When (( (( (( C( (< (( <( <( (( (( (( (( (( (( C( <( (( C( (( (< (( cc ijj' ''i i & 9- ( los ) When the above Meflage was delivered to „ the Indians at Diabogo, the Indian Council im-rencet" mediately difpatched two Men to the Ohio, to with the inform the Delawares and Shawanefe living there Indians of this Meeting, and to defire fome of them to^^ j^^"'* come to it; but if none of them fhould chufe ^"j^g^ *"" to come, thefe Meflengers were then to infift 1757'p. that none of the Delawares and Shawanefe living i. on the Ohio fhould come to War againft the Englijh, till this Meeting was over, and they have Time after returning home to let them know how it ended. About the Time Mr. Croghan difpatched p g the Meflengers up Sujquehannah, he fent three others to the Indians on Ohio, inviting them to the Conference. Thefe, upon their Arrival at Fenango, one of the chief Towns on Ohio, called a Meeting of the Indians, and delivered their Mefllige, with which the Delawares prefent feemed well pleafed, and faid they would go down, but muft firft go and confult their Un- cles the Senecas, who lived further up the River. The next Day they went and confulted the Senecas, who having heard the Mefl'ages, dif- fuaded the Delawares from going, becaufe the Belts (or Meflages) fent were not proper on the Occafion ; they faid, they knew George Cro- ghan, and would be well enough pleafed to fee him, and if he would fend them proper Belts made out of old Council-Wampum (;. e. a Mefllige from the Government and People, who were their old Friends, and with whom they had formerly treated) both they and the Delawares would go down and fee him. The Meflengers, upon their Return, called at Dia- hogo and informed Teedyujcung of the Meflage they carried to Ohio, and the Anfwer they brought back. Hereupon I'eedyuJ'cung fent to o let II I' 'ill 'i • / ( io6 ) let the Governor and Mr. Croghan know, that neither the Belts fent, nor the Perfons that c.irried them, were proper on the Occafion; that, if they wanted to have a Meeting with the Indians^ they fhould fend wife Men, not young Warriors, to invite them down. Belides the foregoing Meflages the Governor and Mr. Croghan wrote to Sir William Johnjon to fend down a Number of the Six Nations to affift at the propofed Meeting. Thefe came down firft, in Number about one Hundred and fixty Men, Women and Children. On the 29th of March, 1757, Mr. Croghan met them at Harris's on Sujquchannah, about 90 Miles from Philadelphia, and was informed by them, that T'eedyujcimg yj^?, gor\Q into the Senecas Country to get a Number of Senecas to come down with him; that he would be down as foon as polTible with 200 Indians, but whether he would come to Eajlon or John Harris's they could not tell. From Harris's they were perfuaded to come to Lancajlcr, where having waited till the 26th oi April, and the Small-Pox breakingout among them, and finding Teedyujcung did not come, they fent Meflengers to Philadelphia to invite the Governor to come and meet them, as they wanted to go home again. On the 9th oi May the Governor arrived at Lancajler, and on the 1 2th had a Meeting with the Indians, at which he informed them of what had pafTed between him and the Delawares, and deftred they would advife him what Meafures they thought would be mofl: likely to bring about a Peace with thefe Indians. In anfwer to this the Six Nation Chief told the Governor, " it gave them great "Satisfadion to hear that he had been fo for- " tunate as to find out the true Caufes from " whence '$. !!■!'< x ( >o7 ) *' whence the Differences arofe between the En- '"'' glijh and the Delano ares and Sbawaneje^ for "that they and Sir W. Johnfon had taken a "great deal of Pains to find it out without "Succefs." After this he informs the Gover- nor of the Meeting the Six Nation Deputies had with the Belawares at Otfaningo, and how the Delawares had thrown off their Depend- ance, and declared they would no longer ac- knowledge any but the Senecas as their Uncles and Superiors. " Now, Brother, fays he, oar " Advice to you is, that you fend proper Mef- "fengers immediately to the Senecas to invite "I'.em with the Delawares and Shawaneje to a " Meeting with you here, and when they come, " be very careful in your Proceedings with " them, and do not be rafh, and it will be in *' your Power to fettle all the Differences fub- " .ifting between you and them." In anfwer to this the Governor thanked the Indians for informing him of the clofe Connec- tion between the Delawares and Senecas, ac- knowledged their Advice was good and whole- fome, and in purfuance of it, he (aid, he would fend to Teedyufcung to come down, and leave it entirely to his Choice to bring with him fuch, and fo many, of his Uncles and others his Friends as he thinks proper. After this George Crogban having informed the Indians, that he was appointed and ordered by Sir IVilliam Johnfon to enquire into, and hear, the Complaints of the Indians, and, if juftly grounded, to ufe his Endeavours to get them redreffed, infifted upon it that thofe pre- fent fhould open their Hearts to him without Referve, and inform him of every Thing they knew concerning Frauds complained of by '•Tecdyujcung, or any other Injuries or Injuftice done 11 li 1 ^ . 1' ( '08 ) done to them, or any of the Tribes of the Six Nations or other Indians in Alliance with his Majefty King George in this or the neighbour- ing Colonies, that he might be enabled to re- prefent the true State of their Grievances to his Majefty. He farther defired them to re- commend it to the Delawares and Shawaneje to come down and give the Governor a Meeting; to make their Complaints appear and have them adjufted, elfe he would take it for granted they had no juft Caufe of Complaint. Here- upon the Six Nation Speaker afligned four Caufes which gave Rife to the prefent Quarrel between the Engli/li and the Delawares and Sbawanefe; firft, the death of the Delaware Chief {Weekwe/ey) who, for accidentally killing a Man, was hanged in the Jerjeys. Secondly, the Imprifonment of fome Shawaneje Warriors in Carolina^ where the Chief Man of the Party died. Thirdly the difpoftefting the Indians of their Land. And, laftly, the Inftigations of the French. On the two laft Heads he faid, *' We muft now inform you, that in former " Times our Forefathers conquered the Dela- '■'• wares^ and put Petticoats on them: A long " Time after that, they lived among you our " Brothers; but, upon fome Difference between " you and them, we thought proper to remove " them, giving them Lands to plant and hunt " on at IVyomen and Juniata on Sujquehannah: — " But you, covetous of Land, made Planta- " tions there, and fpoiled their Hunting- " Grounds: They then complained to us, and " we looked over thofe Lands, and found their "Complaints to be true. At this Time they '* carried on a Correfpondence with the French, ** by which Means the French became acquaint- " ed with all the Caufes of Complaint they had '* again ft f. ■ : ;S h <( (( (( (( (( <( (( (( (( (( (( <( C( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (C (( (( <( (( (< (( (( (( (( <( (C (( (( (( «J ) Procccilings of tli;it Treaty before Sir irHliam Jjhnlun (appointed hy the Kinu; fole Agent tor Indian Affairs in this Dillrid) and thuT he had deputed Mr. (ieot\^e Crfr^han to art in his Be- half, to attend this Treaty, and enquire into every Grievance the India:/ s- may have fuffered, either from their Brethren of Pcnjyhania or the neighbouring Provinces. After this Mr. Cro^han, adih-efluig the /«- dianSy toKl them, "That he was orderetl by Sir IVilliani John/on to attend this Meeting, and to hear any Comphiints thev had to makeagainft their Brother Onus, in refpert to his defrauding them of the Lands mentionetl in the hift Eafton Treatv, or anv other Injuries thev had received from any of his Majeft\'s Subjerts. And he aflured them, in the Name of Sir IViUiam Johnjon, he would do every Thing in liis Power to have all Differences amicably adjulled to their Satisfartion, agreeable to his Orders and Inftrurtions." In anfwer to this, '•TecdyuJcHng having afligned the fame Caufe of the Diffx-rence between him and the Ibiglijh^ that he had at the laft Treaty at Eajhm, and referred the Governor and his People to their own Hearts and Writings for the Truth of what he faid; and having hinted at the Injuftice of the Englijh in taking all the Lands from the Indians, and leaving them no Place for a Refidence, he told the Governor, that he now put it in his Power to make a lad- ing Peace: That he wanted nothing but what was reafonable; that this Land was firft given to the Indians by that Almighty Power who made all Things; "And as, fays he, it has " pleafed Him to convey you to us, and unite *' us in Friendfliip in the Manner already men- " tioned, which was well known by our Ancef- i» " tors, II ^? M 1 ' ''Ol ( 114 ) " tors, it is now in your Power, and depends "entirely on your Care and Diligence, that it " may not be broken, as it has been, and if it "be broken it will be owing to you — This 1 " afk, that 1 may have fonie Place for a Settle- " mcnt, and other good Purpofes, in which we "may both agree; but as I am a free Agent, " as well as you, I muft not be bound up, but " have Liberty to fettle where I pleafe." As the Indian King had been for four or five Days (viz. from the Day before the publick Treaty began, to the Time of his delivering this Speech) kept almoft continually drunk, it is not to be wondered that feveral Parts of his Speech, as it ftands in the Minutes, appear dark and confufed, as they did to the Governor; more efpecially as the Interpreter, at the Time the Speech was delivered, wasdozedwith Liquor and Want of Sleep, However, after this, being, by the Intcrpofi- tion of his Council, reftrained from Liquor, and next Morning, when fober, called upon by Mr. Croghan, at the Defire of the Governor, to ex- plain what he had faid the Day before, and in particular whether he continued the Complaints he had made lafl: L'all, about his being defraud- ed of Lands, and where he intended to fettle, he made the following Speech : " The Complaints I made laft Fall I yet con- " tinue. I think fome Lands have been bought " by the Proprietary or his Agents from Indums " who had not a Right to fell, and to whom the " Lands did not belong. I think alfo, when " fome Lands have been fold to the Proprietary " by Indians who had a Right to fell to a certain " Place, whether that Purchafe was to be mea- " fured by Miles or Hours Walk, that the " I'roprietaries have, contrary to Agreement or llli or { 115 ) *' or Bargain, taken in more Lands than they " ought to have done, and Lands that belonged "toothers. I therefore now defire you will " produce the Writings and Deeds by which " you hold the Land, and let them be read in " publick and examined, that it may be fully " known from what Indians you have bought " the Lands you hold, and how far your Pur- " chafes extend, that Copies of the whole may "be laid before King George, and publifhed to " all the Provinces under his Government. "What is fairly bought and paid for I make " no farther Demands about. But if any Lands " have been bought of Indians, to whom thefe " Lands did not belong, and who had no Right " to fell them, I expeft a Satisfaftion for thefe " Lands. And if the Proprietaries have taken " in more Lands than they bought of the true " Owners, I expeft likewife to be paid for that. " But as the Perfons to whom the Proprietaries " may have fold thefe Lands, which of Right " belonged to me, have made fome Settlements, " I do not want to difturb them, or to force " them to leave them, but I exped a full Satis- " fadion (liall be made to the true Owners for "thefe Lands, tho' the Proprietaries, as I faid "before, might have bought them from Per- " fons that had no Right to fell them. As we " intend to fettle at JVyomen, we want to have " certain Boundaries fixed between you and us, " and a certain Trad of Land fixed, which it "ihall not be lawful for us or our Children "ever to fell, nor for you or any of your " Children ever to buy. We would have the " Boundaries fixed all around agreeable to the " Draught we give you (here he drew a Draught "with Chalk on the Table) that we may not " be prefied on any Side, but have a certain " Country '■: I f\- \ l< ,; Hiil ■,' If ■,! ■? p.i r i ' i ( ii6 ) "Country fixed for our Ufe and the Life of "our Children for ever. And .is we intend "to make a Settleniont at U'yoyiich, and to "build diflerent Houfes from what we have "done heretofore, fuch as may laft not only "for a little Time, but for our Children after " us; we defire you will allift us in making our " Settlements, and fend us Perfons to inftrud: "us in building Houfes, and in making fuch " NecefTaries as fliall be needful; and that Per- " fons be fent to inftrud: us in the Chriftian " Religion, whicti may be for our future Wel- " fare, and to inftrucft our Children in Reading " and Writing; and that a fair Trade be eftab- " liflied between us, and fuch Perfons appoint- " ed to conduft and manage thefe Affairs as " fliall be agreeable to us." Notwithftanding the Meflages Mr. Croghan and the Governor had fent to 'Tccdyiijciing^ the Promifes made at Lancafter, and what both had fiid in the beginning of the prefent Treaty, of their Willingnefs and Readinefs to hear the Complaints of the Indians^ and to redrefs their Grievances, yet when the Governor came to anfwer this Speech, he told ^Tccdyujcung that "he muft refer him to Sir It'illiani 'JohnJ'on\ that the Orders of his Majefty's Miniilers were, that the Indians Complaints fliould be heard before Sir IVUliam John/on only; that Mr. Croghan had informed him he had no Power to fuffer any Altercations on this Com- plaint, and that he did not think it would be for the Good of his Majefty's Service, ^ffi." "As to the Lands between Shamokin and ll'yomcn the Proprietaries had never bought them of the Indians, and therefore never claimed them under anv Indian Purchafe; that he vsas pleafed with the Choice they had made of that Place, ( 117 ) Place, and would ufe all the Means in his Power to have thefe Lands fettled upon him and his Poftcrlty agreeable to his Requeft; and as to the other Purpofes for which he defired this Settlement of Lands, they were fo reafon- able, that he made no Doubt, but, on his Recommendation of them to the Aflembly, they would chearfuUy enable him to comply with them." This Speech being delivered, t\\Q Indian King and his Council immediately withdrew to de- liberate upon it. The Refult of this Council was, that they would not go to Sir William John/on, and that the Reafons of their Refufal might appear in full Strength, they agreed to follow the Example of the Governor, and to have their Speech written down and examined in Council, and then read to the Governor. The Manner in which the King had before delivered himfelf in publick induced the Coun- cil to prefs this Meafure now. Accordingly, next Morning they again met, fent for the Secretary, and had the Speech writ- ten down and carefully examined. But when the King met the Governor at the publick Conference, and defired that what was written down in Council might be read and accepted as his Speech, both the Governor and Mr. Crogban joined in oppofing it. After fome Debate '•I'ccdyujcung, finding they would not grant him the Privilege they had taken them- felves, informed them from his Memory, of the Subftance of what was agreed upon in Council; and after taking Notice of the In- confiftency that appeared to him in the Go- vernor's telling him at one Time, that Cicorge Croghan was Sir IVilliam John/on <, Deputy, and appointed to adt between the Englijh and Indians^ and I \i ? ^i '1' « « 111 r,4>\( ( iiH ) and at another, that he had no Power, is'c. he gave the Governor to underftand that he would not go to Sir /ni/iam Jobfi/oH; firil, hecaufe he did not know Sir miliam\ next, hecaufe there were the Nations who had been inftru- mental to this Mifunderftanding, by the Man- ner in which they had heretofore treated them, and by felling Lands in this Province, and, laftly, becaufe the deferring Matters might again embroil us in War. He further told the Governor, that he then wanted nothing for his Lands, but only that the Deeds might be produced, and well looked into, and Copies of them taken and put with the Minutes of the Treaty. This done he offered to confirm a Pi.'ace immediately: And, as to the Injury he imagined he had receiveti in Land Affairs, he left that to be decided by the King, and faid he would wait his Determination. Let " Copies of the Deeds be fent to the King, "and let him judge. I want nothing of the "Land till the King hath fent Letters back, " and then if any of the Lands be found to " belong to me, I expedl to be paid for it, and " not before." The Governor, finding that '^T'ct'i/vn/cKHg was not to be put off, refolved in Appearance to comply with his Requefl:. But as it was agreed not to deliver up all the Deeds, and as this might give Umbrage to the luciiaHS^ Mr. It^eifer and Mr. Croghan wcrt privately fent to pradlife with the King, and to get him to be content with the Delivery of a Part, alledging that the whole of the Deeds was not brought up, but fuch only as were neceffary, and relating to his Complaint and the late Purchafes. Part of two Days being fpent in thefe Pradices, and the hidians in the mean Time plied with Liquor, ( M9 ) Liquor, the Governor met the Indians, and having affigned fome late Orders from the King's Minifters as the Caufe of his referring '•Teedyujcung to Sir William Johnjon, he told him, that as he fo earneftly defired to fee the Deeds for the Lands, mentioned in the laft Treaty, he had brought them with him, and would give '■Teedyufcung Copies of them agreeable to his Requeft. Hereupon fome Deeds being laid upon the Table, the Governor defired that all further Debates and Altercations con- cerning Lands might reft till they fliould be fully examined and looked into by Sir William Johnjon, in order to be tranfmitted to the King for his Royal Determination. When "Teedyuf- cun^ was made fenfible that the Deeds were delivered, without examining to fee what Deeds they were, he immediately, in the Name of the Ten Nations, folemnly concluded a Peace. The Reading the Deeds was put oflF till next Day. In the mean Time, upon Examination, it was found very few Deeds were delivered, and thofe not fufficient to throw full Light into the Matters in Difpute, which Ihewed there was no Defign of doing Juftice, or of making a full and candid Enquiry into the Complaints of the Indians. The Deed of 1718 was withheld; a Paper, called a Copy of the laft Indian Purchafe in 1686, tho' not even at- tefted to be a Copy, was produced for a Deed. Mr. '•Tbonifon, who was Teedyujcung s Secretary, having, before he knew there was any Inten- tion of nominating him to take Minutes, had an Opportunity of reading the Treaty in 1728, and feeing there the Strefs that was laid upon the Deed of 17 18, and confidering farther that the Governor, as being but lately arrived, might be unacquainted with that Matter, thought he could Ii ) 1 1- 1 ' '. 1 1 1 m' i •;'. ( I20 ) could not, conliftcnt with his Duty, do lefs than inform the Governor there was fuch a Deed. This he did by a Letter which he de- livered into the Governor's own Hands. This, however, had not the defired Kffedl: For the next Day, when the Deeds were again pro- duced, that of 171 S was ftill wanting. Tlie Proprietary's Agents, it feenis, had laid the Plan, and it was neceflliry to profecute that at all Adventures, let the Confequence be what it would. For this Reafon, doubtlefs, it was that the Deed of 1718 was withheld; that the Paper, called a Copy, was produced for a Deed, tho' there was no Kind of Certificate to it to atteft that it was even a Copy, and Blanks were left in two of the moft material Places, which it cannot well be imagined a true Deed could have, or that the huiinris would ever knowingly have executed. However, it was neceflary this fhould be produced, becaufe on it depended the Releafe of 1737, by virtue of which the Walk was made, and the greateft Part of the Land in Difpute taken from the Indians. Befides thefe, were produced a Re- leafe from the Indians of the Five Nations of the Lands on Siifqiiebannah River, Ottober 11. 1736. A Releafe from the Six Nations of Lands below the Mountains eaftward to Dela- ware River, dated OElober 25, 1736, with an- other indorfed on it, dated the yth Jalyy 1754. And, laftly, a Deed of Releafe for Jn-i-au ?ur- chafes, dated 2 2d Augiijl 1749. Upon finding that the Deed of 1718 was not delivered, notwithftanding the Notice given to the Governor, 'TeedyuJ'cHng^ Secretar\- in- formed ^\r.Croghan,t\\c King's Deputy- Agent, thereof, by a Letter written and delivered into his Hands at the Table in the Time of the public !|: llrt (• ( '21 ) public Treaty. The Reafon for not mention- ing this Matter in public was, leaft, if it came to the Indians Ears that they were thus abufed, they might break up the Conference, and go away diflatisfied. The I^'erment among the Indians, and the Refolution they had taken to go home but the Kvening before, upon imagin- ing that fome Delays in the public Bufinefs proceeded from a Backwardnefs in the Governor to conclude a Peace, gave apparent Grounds for this Fear. For this fame Reafon it was that the Commillioners from the Aflembly, tho' they were fenfible the neceflary Deeds were not delivered, yet at the Time took no public Notice of it, being in Hopes that, upon more mature Deliberation, the Governor would order what were farther neceflary to be after- wards added, and fent to the King and Coun- cil. For, as a juft Determination could not be given, while Papers and Deeds of fuch Im- portance were withheld, and as the Lives of many of his Majefty's Subjedls, and the Alli- ance of many Indian Nations, depended upon a juft Determination, it was not to be imagined that the Governor would join in deceiving the King and his Council in a Matter of fo great Confequence. After the foregoing Deeds and Papers were produced, and Copies of them given, 'Teedyuf- cung requefted that Mr. Norris, Speaker of the Aftembly, together with the Aflembly, would look into thef; Matters, and fend to the King a Copy of the Deeds and Minutes of this Treaty, and he hoped the Governor and Mr. Crog/ian would have no Objedion to this. Here then the Affair refts. If the proper Papers, and a true State of Lhe Cafe, be laid before the King and Council, for a juft Deter. Q mination . :s:U, I ■; |i ,1- ( »22 ) mination: If the Indians be afllfled in making this Settlement, fecured in their Property, and inftrudted in Religion and the civil Arts, agree- able to their Requeit, and the Trade with them regulated and fet on fuch a Footing that they may be fecure from Abufe, there is not the leaft Doubt but the Alliance and Friendfliip of the Indians may be for ever fecured to the BritiPi Intereft; but, fhould thefe Things be negledted, the Arms of the French are open to receive them. We have already experienced the Cruelties of an Indian War, and there are more Inftances than one to fhew they are capable of being our mod ufeful Friends, or moft dangerous Ene- mies. And whether, for the future, they are to be the one or the other, feems now to be in our own Power. How long Matters will reft fo, or whether, if the prefent Opportunity be negledled, fuch another will ever return, is alto- gether uncertain. It becomes Menof Wifdom and Prudence to leave nothing to Chance where Reafon can decide. A LIST A n \ : :f- ( 1^3 ) A LIST of the Indian Treaties^ and other Records y examined in making the ■ fo^t^goifig Extracts. TR E AT Y between Governor Keith and the Indians at Coneftogo, April Gov.C/or<:z'(9«andthe 5 Nations at Philadelphia^ — — "July Minutes of Council on Indian Affairs, April \%. Treaty between Gov. Gordon and the Co- ~ nejhgoes^ Delawares, Shaivaneje^ and Canawefe Indians^ May and June Ditto and 5 Nations, Ott. k Ditto and ditto May Treaty between Gov. Gordon, in the Pre- fence of "-Thomas Penn, Efq; and the Shawanefe, — Sept. Ditto dit. and the Six Na- tions, Aug. and Sept. -Prefident Logan and ditto Deed of Confirmation of the Walking- Purchafe, 1737, containing Recitals of feveral Treaties or Meetings, Minutes of Council relating to Indian Conferences, 1741, not delivered to the Aflembly till Treaty between Governor Thomas and Six Nations, Jidy Treaty held at Lancajler with the Six Nations, Governors of Penjyhania, Virginia and Maryland, — June Gov. Thofnas and Indians, at Phi- ladelphia, OBober nil 727 728 728 728 729 732 736 733 to 737 742 742 744 744 Treaties Il i ll .•I ) , it ■\ : 1 1 ( 124 ) Treaties heklat /llhn)iy\\\t\\ Six Nations, ^ Government of iVt"K;-2'(9r^', Majfacbuf- ,■ Jetis, Conctiicut and Penjyhuinia^ Otl. I At A Warn with ditto^ — (iover- ) wox o^ N Clio -York ^ Sept. \ Votes of Aflenibly of PcuJ'yhnnia^ Vol. in. Sundry Minuteson /W/V/« Affairs Treaty held at Philadelphia between Go- \ vernor Hamilton and the Six Nations, j C. If^eifers Letters to the Secretary, and Governor Hamilton?, MefTages to the AfTembly before and after the faid Treaty, Secretary Peter's Report to Governor | Hamilton of his Proceeding,: at Ju- niata, C. IFeiJer [Indian Interpreter) his Jour- ) nal of ]*roceedings at Albany, \ Treaty held at Carlijle between the Go- | vernnient of Penfyhania and the Ohio Indians, J Pri vateM inutes of Proceedi ngs at Albany \ Treaty, and Deed o^ Indian Purchafe, ) C. JVeiJers Journal of his Conferences \ with Indians at Auhgivick, | Conferences between Governor Morris \ and Indians at Philadelphia, ^Ii 753 754 754 755 754 755 756 75^> 75^> 756 utes „^^;, j i j 745 747 ■/4H 749 749 ( 1^-5 ) Minutes of Conferences lietween Gov.") Morris and TccdyufcuH^, King of the Delawarcs^ Jul\ ditto between Gov. Denny and ditto at Kajlon, Nov. j Minutes of Conferences between ditto \ and tile Six Nations at Lancajlcr, May j between ditto and "^recdyiij'cung, \ and others, at Eafton^ Au^. 1756 1756 1757 1757 Conferences and Treaties i)etween Sir IVilliam Johnjon and the Six Nations, Shawanefe, and others, from December 1755 ^° February 1756. London printed. Sir IVilliam "Johnjon s. Treaty with the Shawaneje and Delaware Indians^ July 1756. Publifhed at New-Tor k, 1757. Treaty with Shawaneje ^Nan- ticokcs^ and Mohickanders^ April 1757. Pu- blifhed at New-Tork. 'SS Thirteen Indian Deeds taken from the pu- blic Records y viz. 2d Otlober 1685, For the Lands from Duck- Creek to Chejler-Creek. 1 2th January 1 696, For the Lands on both Sides of Suffjuehannah, lately purchafed by '•tho- mas Dungan of the Seneca and Sujquehannah Indians. 5th July 1697, P'or the Lands from Pennopeck- Creek to Ne/Jiameny. 13 th Sept. 1700, F'or the Lands on both Sides of Sujquehannah^ fo far as the Sujquehannah Indians have a Right to claim, confirming the Grant formerly made by Col. Dungan to IVilliam Venn. 23 d April II II. ! i 1l V. '1 i :: ' \ 11 m! iNi^r M^rt ( 126 ) 23d Jpri/ 1 701, Articles of I'Viciulfhip ami A- grccmcnt between William /V«;/ and the Siij({uchamud\ Sbaivonah ami North Palo- mack Indians. 17th Sept. 171S, SaJfooHan, King of the Dela- warcs, and his fix Counfellors, to William Ptfifi, their Deed of Confirmation of a!! former Sales of Lands from Duck-Creek to the Mountains on this Siile I.echay. nth Otfober 1736, Releafeofall the Lands on iinj(iiiebamiab to the Southwaril of the Kit- tocbtimiy Hills from the Chiefs of the Six Nations to Jobn, i'bomas and Ricbard Penity Kfquires. 25th Otioher 1736, Relcafe from fome of the Chiefs of the Six Nations (l^arties to the laft mentioned Deed) of all their Right to the Lands in the Province of Penfyhania^ fouthward of the Kittocbtimiy Hills. On this Deed appears an Indorfement made at Albany^ yth July 1754, confirming the Deed, and promifing to fell no Lands within thefe Limits to any Perfon fave '■Thomas and Ricbard Pemi^ I\fquires. 25th Au^ujl 1737, A Deed of Confirmation of a Piirchafe therein recited to have been formerly made of fo much Land as a Man could go over in a Day and half, beginning at Pitcock\ Falls on Delaware^ thence weft.- ward to Ne//iamcny, anc' to the Head of the moft wefterly Branch of the faid Creek, and thence to the End of the Walk, is'c. 23d July 1748, Articles of Friendfhip between the Chiefs of the Twcghtwees^ and the Government of Penfylvauia. 22d Augufi 1749, Releafe of the Chiefs of the Six Nations of Lands between the Kittoch- tiUHV i, t t rlu ( 1^7 ) linny Mountains and Afafr/Mjinoy on Suf- (jucluninah, ami the la'ul Mountains and LcclMiivachfciu on Dt'laiviirc. 6th July 1754, Kclcafc tVoni the Chiefs of the Six Nations of Lands on the Weil-Side of Su/}/iu'/.uinuti/.>, beginning at the Kittochtiuny Hills, and thence to a Creek northward of the Kittochtimiy Hills, called Kayanon- dhihaji^h, thence North-Weft and by Weft to the weftern Bounds of PeHj'yhania^ thence to the Maryland Line, thence by faid Line to the South-Side of the Kittoch- timiy Hills, thence by the faid South-Side of the faid Hills to the Place of Beginning. 9th July 1754, An Indorfenient made by fonie of the Parties to the faid Deed, proniifing to fell no Lands within the Limits of Pen- fyhama to any but the Pemts. A Paper, faid to be a Copy of a Deed, dated iSth of 6th Month 1686, and indorfed, Copy of the laft Indian Purchafe. To give it fonie Credit, it has been confidently aflerted, that the faid Indorfenient is of the Hand-Writing of IVilliam Penn; but on its being produced at Eajlon, and ex- amined, it appeared clearly, and was con- fefled by the Secretary and feveral others acquai nted with M r. Pf««'s H and-Writing, not to be his, nor indeed is it like it. Its chief Mark of Ci'edit is, that it appears to be an antient Paper. But there is no Certificate of its being a Copy, nor was it ever recorded. As the Name of Jojepb IVood is put as one of the Evidences, and as a Perfon of that Name declared at PenJ- bury 1734, he was prefent at an Indian Treaty in 1686, and it is not known thore was \ I '"'It ' !. ;- I 1 I: ( 1^-8 ) was any other of the Name, it feems extra- ordinary, if this be a genuine Copy, that he was not then called upon to make fome Proof of it. There is a confiderable Number of Indian Deeds in the Hands of the Secretary for Lands purchafed at feveral Times, and particularly for the Lands on the Branches of Scbuy/ki/ above 'Tulpyhocbin, purchafed in 1732 and 1733, which it was particularly defired might be produced, but they will neither record nor produce them. There is Reafon to believe the faid laft men- tioned Deed would particularly militate againft the fubfequent Proceedings from 1733 to 1737. FINIS, m H ! IriM^ I i . 3 APPENDIX. AS the withdrawing of the Ohio Indians laft Sum- mer from the French Intereft, was of great Importance to the Succefs of General Forbes s Expedition againft Fort Bucjuejne, it may be fome Satisfadion to the curious Reader to be informed what Means were made Ufe of by the General and the Government of Pennfilvania to bring about a Peace with thofe Indians, or at leaft to engage them in a Neutrality. The great Danger to the General's Army was, that it might be attacked and routed in its March by the Indians, who are fo expert in Wood- Fights, that a very fmall Number of them are fupe- rior to a great Number of our Regulars, and gene- rally defeat them. If our Army could once arrive before the Fort, there was no Doubt but a regular Attack would foon reduce it. Therefore a proper Perfon was fought for, who would venture among thofe hoftile Indians with a Meflage ; and, in the mean Time, the General moved flowly and furely. Chrijliau Frederick Poji was at length pitched on for this Service. He is a plain, honeft, religioufly dif- pofed Man, who, from a confcientious Opinion of Duty, formerly went to live among the Mohickcn Indians, in order to convert them to Chrijiianity. He married twice among them, and lived with them feventeen Years, whereby he attained a perfed Know- ledge of their Language and Cufloms. Both his Wives being dead, he had returned to live among R the 1 \ 1 ,| I 1 ■ 1 ' ' 1 1 * i! 1 :; l^ 1 ' * t •f '\t ' .'I .1 lif ■I I i II '] : ■ 1 ,1 , 1 i. ( 130 ) the white People; but at the Requeft of the Governor he leadily undertook this hazardous Journey. How he executed his Truft, his Journal will fliow. As he is not a Scholar, the candid Reader will make Al- lowance for Defeds in Method or Exprelfion. The Form may feem uncouth, but the matter is intereft- ing. The Indian Manner of Treating on public Affairs, which this Journal affords a compleat Idea of, is likewife a Matter of no fmall Curiofity: And the Event of PoJl\ Negotiation (as well as the Ex- perience of our bad Succefs in the Indian War) fhows the Rightnefs of that Meafure continually incul- cated and recommended by Jome in Pcnnjyhania, of reducing the Indians to Reafon by Treaty rather than by Force. The JOURNAL of ChrijUan Frederick Po/l, in his Journey from PbiUuielphia to the Obioy on a MeiTage from the Government of Penn- Jyhania to the Delaivare^ SbcnvaneJ'e and Mingo Indians fettled there, and formerly in Alliance with the Knglijh. July the ijth, 1758. THIS Day I received Orders from his Honour the Governor to fet out on my intended Jour- ney, and proceeded as far as Gcrmantoivn, where I found all the Indians drunk. IVillamegkken returned to Philadelphia for a Horfe that was promifed him. 1 6th. This day I waited for the faid IVillamcgicken till near Noon, and when he came, being very drunk'-', he could proceed no further, fo that 1 left him and went on to Bethlehem'\. 17th. I arrived at Bethlehem^ and prepared for my Journey. * All Indians arc cxccfllvely fond of Rum, and will be drunk whenever they can get it. f The Moravian Brethren's Settlement. 18th. I :ny ( 13' ) 1 8th. I read over both the laft Treaties, that at EaJloH and that at Philadelphia, and made myfelf ac- quainted with the Particulars of each. 19th. With much Difliculty I perfuaded the In- dians to leave Bethlehem, and travelled this Day no farther than Hayes s, having a hard Shower of Rain. 20th. Arrived at Fort Allen. 21ft. I called my Company together, to know if we fhould proceed. They complained they were fick, and muft reft that Day. This Day I think Teedyuf- cimg laid many Obftacles in my Way, and was very much againft my proceeding; he faid he was afraid I fliould never return, and that the Indians would kill me. About Dinner-time two Indians arrived from IFyoming, with an Account that '•TeedyuJ'cung s Son Ilans Jacob was returned, and brought News from the French and Allegheny Indians. Teedyufcung then call'-J a Council, and propofed that I fhould only go to .Wyoming, and return, with the Meflage his Son had brought, to Philadelphia. I made Anfwer that it was too late, that he fhould have propofed That in Philadelphia, for that the Writings containing my Orders were fo drawn, as obliged me to go, though I fhould lofe my Life. 2 2d. I defired my Companions to prepare to fet out, upon which "Tcedyujcung called them all together in the Fort, and protefled againft my going. His Reafons were, that he was afraid the Indians would kill me, or the French get me; and if that fhould be the Cafe, he fhould be very forry, and did not know what he fhould do. I gave for Anfwer, " That I " did not know what to think of their Conduft. It "is plain," faid I, "that the French have a publick ''Road'" to your Towns, yet you will not let your " own Flefli and Blood, the Englifli, come near " them; which is very hard: and if that be the Cafe, " the French mufl be your Mailers." I added, that. An Indian Exprcflion meaning Free AdmiiTion. if )i .' t ■ • i 1J2 ) if I died in the Undertaking, it would be as much for the Indians as Engli/Ii, and that I hoped my Jour- ney would be of this Advantage, that it would be the Means of faving the Lives of many Hundreds of the Indians : Therefore I was refolved to go for- ward, taking my Life in my Hand, as one ready to part with it for their Good. Immediately after I had fpoken thus, three rofe up and offered to go with me the neareft Way; and we concluded to go through the Inhabitants under the blue Mountains to Fort Augujla on SuJ'qiiehannah^ where we arrived the 25th. It gave me great Pain to obferve many Plantations deferted and laid wafte; and I could not but refled: on the Diftrefs the poor Owners muft be drove to, who once lived in Plenty; and I prayed the Lord to reftore Peace and Profperity to the Diftrefled. At Fort Augujla we were entertained very kindly, had our Horfes fliod, and one, being lame, we ex- changed for another. Here we received, by Indians froi 1 Diahog(f-\ the difagreeable News that our Army was, as they faid, entirely cut off at '■Ticonderoga, which difcouraged one of my Companions [Lappopetung^ Son) fo much, that he would proceed no further. Shamoking Daniel here alked me if thought he fhould be fatisfied for his Trouble in going with me. I told him every Body that did any Service for the Province I thought would be paid. 27th. They furnillied us here with every Neceffary for our Journey, and we fet out with good Courage. After we rode about ten Miles, we were caught in a hard Guft of Rain. 28th. We came to IVekeeponall^ where the Road turns off for Wyoming^ and flept this Night at y^ieena- Jhawakee. 29th. We croffed the Sujquehannah over the Bigg Ifland. My Companions were now very fearful, and I An Iriiiian Scttl«mcnt towards the Heads of Sufquehannuh. this ( ^33 ) this Night went a great Way out of the Road to deep without Fire, but could not deep for the Mufquetoes and Vermin. 30th and 3 1 ft. We were glad it was Day, that we might fet out. We got upon the Mountains and had heavy Rains all Night. The Heavens alone were our Covering, and we accepted of all that was poured down from thence. Augujl the I ft. We faw three Hoops'-' on a Bufti: To one of them there remained fome long white Hair. Our Horfes left us, I fuppofe not being fond of the dry Food on the Mountains: With a good deal of Trouble we found them again. We flept this Night on the fame Mountain. 2d. We came acrofs feveral Places where two Poles painted red were ftuck in the Ground by the Indians, to which they tye their Prifoners when they ftop at Night in their Return from their Incurfions. We arrived this Night at Shing/imuhje, where was another of the fame Ports. 'Tis a difagreeable and melancholy Sight to fee the Means they make ufe of (according to their favage Way) to diftrefs others. 3d. We came to a Part of a River called Tobeco, over the Mountains a very bad Road. 4th. We loft one of our Horfes and with much Difficulty found him, but was detained a whole Day on that Account. I had much Converfation with Pifquetunmr]', of which I think to inform myfelf further when I get to my Journey's End. 5th. We fet out early this Day and made a good long Stretch, crofTed the big River 'Tobeco and lodged between two Mountains. 1 had the Misfortune to lofe my Pocket-Book with three Pounds five Shillings;};, * Little Hoops on which the Indians llretch and dreis the raw Scalps. t An Indian Chief that travelled with him. \ The Money of Pcnnfyhania, being Paper, is chiefly carried in Pocket-Books. and 11 I . lilll y m ! 5 I. < i!?:, :, ■ . ■'') 4.[ ■, .: :^ ■ 1 ' 1 t 1 1 ! i ( '34 ) and fundry other Things : What Writings it con- tained were illegible to any Body hut niyfelf. 6th. We pafledall theMoiintains,and thebigRiver IVcJhaivaiicks, and crofTed a fine Meadow two miles in Length, where we flept that Night, having nothing to eat. yth. We came in Sight of Fort Venango^ belonging to t\\fiFrcnch, fituate between two Mountains in a Fork of the Ohio River. I prayed the Lord to blind them, as he did the Enemies of Lot and Elijfia^ that I might pafs unknown. When we arrived, the Fort being on the other Side of the River, we halloo'd and defired them to fetch us over, which they were afraid to do, but fliewed us a Place where we might ford. We flept that Night within half Gun-Shot of the Fort. 8th. This Morning I hunted for my Horfe round the Fort within ten Yards of it. The Lord heard my Prayer, and I pafled unknown till we had mounted our Horfes to go off, when two Frenchmen came to take leave of the Indians^ and were much furprized at feeing me, but faid nothing. By what I could learn of Pijquetiimen and the In- dians who went into the Fort, the Garrifon confifted of only fix Men and an Officer blind of one Eye. They enquired much of the Indians concerning the Englijh^ whether they knew of any Party coming to attack them, which they were very apprehenfive of 9th. Heavy Rains all Night and Day: We flept on fwampy Ground. 10th. We imagined we were near Kujhkujhkee\ and having travelled three Miles, we met three French- men^ who appeared very fliy of us, but faid nothing more than to enquire, whether we knew of any EngUJfi coming againfl Fort Venango. After we travelled two miles farther, we met with an Indian and one that I took to be a runagade Englijh Indian-'Trader : He fpoke good Englijh, was very curi- ous in examining every Thing, particularly the filver Medal about Pijquitumens Neck. He appeared by his i ^35 ) his Countenance to be guilty. We enquired of them where we were, and found we were loft, and within twenty Miles of Fort Duquefne. We ftruck out of the Road to the Right, and flept between two Moun- tains; and being deftitute of Food, two went to hunt and the others to feek a Road, but to no Purpofe. I ith. We went to the Place where they had killed two Deers, and Piffjuitumen and I roafted the Meat. Two went to hunt for the Road to know which Way we ftiould go : One came back and had found a Road ; the other loft himfelf. 12th. The reft of us hunted for him, but in vain; fo, as we could not find him, we concluded to fet ofi^, leaving fuch Marks that, if he returned, he might know which Way to follow us; and we left him fome Meat. We came to the River Conaquonajlion^ where was an old Indian Town. We were then fifteen Miles from Kujhkujhkee. There we ftopt and fent forward Pijquetiimen with four Strings of Wampum, to apprize the Town of our coming'-', with this Meflage, " Brother}*, thy " Brethren are come a great Way and want to fee " thee at thy Fire, to Jmoak that good TobaccoX which *'our good Grandfathers ufed to fmoak. Turn thy " Eyes once more upon that Road by which I came^|. " I bring thee Words of great Confequence from the " Governor and People o{ Pennjylvania and from the ■' King of F^ngland. Now I defire thee to call all " the Kings and Captains from all the Towns, that " none may be mifling. I do not defire that my " Words may be hid, or fpoken under Cover. I * According to the Rules of Indian Politcncfs, you muil never go into a Town without lending a previous Meliagc to denote your Arrival, or Handing at a Dillance from the Town and hallooing till fome come out to conduft you in. Otherwife you arc thought (li rude as IVhitemen. f When the People of a Town, or of a Nation, are addrelTed, the Indians always ufe the fingular Number. ;{; /. (•. To confer in a friendly Manner. ^1 /. e. Call to mind uur antient friendly Intcrcoarfc. " want (■: ■ \ I "1 < i'^i 'If. ■f 1 f mi ii i '' ' i! ', (■ til ' ! i ■ t > 1 / ■ / fni«j ' WM ii n^B ! 1 ■ 1 ■ ■ : : ( 136 ) " want to fpeak loud that all the Indians may hear me. '* I hope thou wilt bring me on the Road and lead "me into the Town. I blind tic Ft\'>'-b that they "may not fee me, and I ftop their Lars that they "may not hear tiie great News I bring you." About Noon we met fome Shawanefe that ufed to live at Wyoming. . They knew me, and received me very kindly. I faluted them, and aflured them the Government of Pennjyhania wifhed them well and wifhed to live in Peace and Friendfhip with them. Before we came to the Town, two Men came to meet us and lead us in. King Beaver fhewed us a large Houfe to lodge in'-". I'he People foon came and fhaked Hands with us. The Number was about fixty young able Men. Soon after King Beaver came and told his People, "Boys, hearken. We fat here, without " ever expelling again to fee our Brethren the Englijh\ " but now one of them is brought before you, that " you may fee your Brethren the Eng/iJ/i with your own "Eyes; and 1 wifh you may take it into Confider- " ation." — Afterwards he turned to me and faid, "Brother, I am very glad to fee you; I never " thought we fliould have had the Opportunity to fee " one another more; but now I am very glad, and "thank Godf who has brought you to us. It is a "great Satisfadion to me." — I faid, "Brother, I re- "joice in my Heart and thank God who has brought " me to you. 1 bring you joyful News from the Go- " vernor and People of Pefinjyivania, and from your " Children the i'Wtv/^.f;|:: And, as I have Words of "great Confequence, 1 will lay them before you when " all the Kings and Captains are called together from " the other I'owns. I wifh there may not be a Man * Every htdiiin Town has a large Cabin for the Entertainment of Strangers by tlie public Holpitality. f The Imliiins have learned from the Erglip the general Notion of a fuprciiic goml Being. \ T' at is, the ^/akers, for whom the Indians have a particular Regarc . of • me. lead they they ( U7 ) of them miffing, but that they may be all here to ear. In the Evening King Reaver came again and told me, they had held a Council, and fent out to all their Towns, but it would take five Days before they could all come together. I thanked him for his Care. Ten Captains came and faluted me. One faid to the others ; *' We never expeded to fee our Brethren the Englijh * again, but now God has granted us once more to * fhake Hands with them, which we will not forget.' They fat by my Fire till Midnight. 14th. The People crowded to my Houfe, it was full. We had much Talk. Delaware George faid he had not flept all Night, fo much had he been engaged on Account of my Coming. The French came and would fpeak with me. There were then 15 of them building Houfes for the Indians. The Captain is gone with 15 to another Town. He can fpeak the Indian Tongue well. The Indians fay he is a cunning Fox; that they get a great deal of Goods from the French \ and that the French cloath the Indians every Year, Men Women, and Children, and give them as much Powder and Lead as they want. 15th. Beaver King was informed, that Teedyufcung had faid he had turned the Hatchet againft the French by Advice of the Allegany Indians \ this he blamed, as they had never fent him fuch Advice. But being in- formed it was his own doing, without any Perfuafion of the Governor, he was eafy on that Head. Delaware 7^rt«/>/prepar'd a Dinner, to which he invited me and all the Kings and Captains: And when I came, he faid, ' Brother, we are as glad to fee you among us as if we ' dined with the Governor and People in Philadelphia. ' We have thought a great deal fince you have been ' here. We never thought fo much before''"'. I thanked them for their kind Reception; I faid it was fome- * That is. We look on your coming as a Matter of Importance, it engages our Attention. s thing )'■ II i m mu I ' ! i; ill: ( 'j» ) thing great, that God had fpared our Lives to fee one anotheragain in theold Brother-like Loveand I'Viend- fhip. There were in all ij who dined together. In the Evening they danced at my Fire, firft the Men and then the Women, till after Midnight. On the 1 6th, the King and the Captains called on me privately. They wanted to hear what '•teedyitfcung had Hiid of them, and hegged me to take out the Writings. I read to them what '•recdyufcioig had faid, and told them, as Teedyujcimg had faid he would fpeak fo loud, that all at Allegheny^ and beyond, fhould hear it, I would conceal nothing from them. They faid they never fent any fuch Advice (as above mentioned) to Teedyufcungy nor ever fent a Meflage at all to the Government; and now the French were here, their Captain would come to hear, and this would make Dif- turbance. I then told them I would read the reft, and leave out that Part, and they might tell the Kings and Captains of it when they came together. 17th. Early this Morning they called all the Peo- ple together to clean the Place where they intended to hold the Council, it being in the middle of the Town. Ku/fikuJJikee is divided into four Towns, each at a Diftance from the others, and the whole confifts of about 90 Houfes and 200 able Warriors. About Noon two publick Meffengers arrived from the Indians at Fort Duquejhe and the other Towns. They brought three large Belts and two Bundles of Strings*; there came with them a French Captain and 15 Men. The two Meflengers infifted that I fhould go with them to Fort Duquejne\ that there were there Indians of eight Nations who wanted to hear me; * Thefc Belts and Strings are made of Shell Beads called If'tim- pum. The Wampum fervcs among the Indians as Money ; of it they alfo make their Necklaces, Bracelets, and other Ornaments. Hclts and Strings of it are ufed in all public Negociaiions: to each Belt or String there is conneded a Meiliige, Speech or Part of a Speech to be delivered with the Belt by the Meilenger or Speaker. Thefc Belts alfo I'ervc for Records, being worked with Figures compofed of Beads of different Colours to aflill the Memory. that ( »39 ) that if I brought good News, they inclined to leave off Var and live in Friendftiip with the Englifh. The above Meflcngers being Indian Captains were very furly. When I went to fliake Hands with one of them, he gave me his little Finger, the other with- drew his Hand entirely, upon which I appeared as ftout as either, and withdrew my Hand is quick as I could. Their Rudenefs to me was tak.-n very ill by the other Captains, who treated them in the lame Manner in their Turn. I told them my Order was to go to the Indian Towns, Kings and Captains, and not to the French; that the En^lijh were at War with the French^ but not with thofe Indians who withdrew from the French and would be at Peace with the Englijh. King Beaver invited me to his Houfe to Dinner, and afterwards he invited the French Captain, and faid before the Frenchman, that the Indians were very proud to fee one of their Brothers the Englijh among them, at which the French Captain appeared low- fpirited, and feemed to eat his Dinner with very little Appetite. In the Afternoon the Indian Kings and Captains called me afide, and defired me to read them the Writings that I had. Firft I read part of the Eafton Treaty to them, but they prefently flopped me and would not hear it; I then began with the Articles of Peace made with the Indians there. They flopped me again and fliid, they had nothing to fay to any Treaty or League of Peace made at Eafton, nor had any Thing to do with Teedyujcung; that if I had no- thing to fay to them from the Government or Go- vernor, they would have nothing to fay to me. And farther faid, they had hitherto been at War with the Englijh, and had never expefted to be at Peace with them again; and that there were fix of their Men now gone to War againfl them with other Indians; that had there been Peace between us, thofe Men fhould not have gone to War. I then fhewed them the Belts )i ( 140 ) Belts and Strings from the Governor, and they again told me to lay afide iWt/vnJai^ij^ and the I'caee made by him; for that they had nothing to ilo with it'''. I deftretl them to iiiffer me to nrodiice my I'apers, and I would read what I hail to fay to them. 18th. Dclaivare George is very ac'tive in endea\'our- ing to eftahlidi a Peace. I believe he is in earned. Hitherto they have all treated me kindly. In the Afternoon all the Kings and Captains were called together, and fent for me to their Council. King Beaver firft addrefled himfelf to the Captains; and afterwards fpoke to me as follows; "Brother, 'You have been here now five days by our Inref. * We have fent to all the Kings and Captains defiring ' them to come to our Fire, and hear the good News * you brought. Yefterday they fent two Captains to * acquaint us, they were glad to hear our b'.nglijh Bro- ' ther was come among us, and were defirous to hear ' the good News he brought; and fince there are a 'great many Nations that want to fee our Brother, * they have invited us to their l^'ire, that they may ' hear us all. Now, Brother, we have but one great ' Fire; fo, Brother, by this String we vvill take you in 'our Arms, and deliver you into the Arms of the 'other Kings, and when we have called all the Na- ' tions there, we will hear the good News you have ' brought.' Delivers four Strings. King Beaver, Sbingas, and De/eware George fpoke as follows, 'Brother, we alone cannot make a Peace, * it would be of no Signification ; for as all the Indians ' from the Sun Rife to the Sun Set are united in one * The Peace made with Tecdyufam^, was for the Dehmuiresy &c. on Sufqucbannah (Jiily, and did nut imludc the liidians on the Ohio, they having no Deputies at the Treaty. But he liad pr(jniiled to halloo to them; that is, fend Melfengers to them, and endeavour to draw them into the Peace, whidi lie accordingly did. f A /'/r^ in public Affairs, fignifics, among the Indians,/; Council. ' Bodv, I atul ( 14' ) ' Body, 'tis nccc(r:iry that the whole fhoulcl join in 'the Peace, or it can he no Peace; ami we can afTure ' you, all the hidians a great Way tVoni this, even * lieyond the Lakes, are clefirous of ami wifli for a ' Peace with the A'wif/////, aiul have clellrecl us, as we 'are the neareil of Kin, if we fee the liuglijh incline ' to a Pence, to hokl it fait.' On the lyth, ail the People ratheretl together, Men, Women, and Children; and King Heaver de- fired me to read to them the News I had brought, and told me that all the able ^l^n fliould go witn me to the other Town. I com})licd with his Defire, and they appeared very much pleafed at every Thing, till I came to that Part refpeciting the Prifoners. This they difliked, for they fay it appears very odd and unreafonable, that we fliould demand Prifoners be- fore there is an eftabliflied Peace; fuch an unreafon- able Demand mak<'s us appear as if we wanted Brains. 20th. We fet out from Kujhkujhkee for Sankonk\ my Company confifted of 25 Horfemen and 1 5 Koot. We arrived at Sankonk in the Afternoon. The People of the Town were much difturbed at my coming, and received me in a very rough Manner. They fur- rounded me with drawn Knives in their Hands, in fuch a Manner that I could hardly get along; run- ing up againft me with their Breafts open, as if they wanted iome Pretence to kill me. I faw by their Countenances they fought my Death. Their Faces were quite diftorted with Rage, and they went fo far as to fay, I fhould not live long; but fome Indians with whom I was formerly acquainted, coming up and faluting me in a friendly Manner, their Beha- viour to me was quickly changed. On the 2 1 ft, They fent Meflengers to Fort Duquejne to let them know 1 was there, and invited them to their Fire. \\\ the Afternoon I read to them all my MeiTage, the French Captain being prefent, for he ftill continued with us: Upon which they were more kind to me. In the Evening 15 more arrived here u iO : ! r 1 ■■ :. ( 142 ) here from Kujhkujhkee. The Men here now about 120. 22d. Arrived about 20 Shavoaneje and Mingos. I read to them the Meflage, at which they Teemed well pleafed. Then the two Kings came to me and fpoke in the following Manner; * Brother, We the Shawanefe and Mingos have heard * your Meflage; the Mefl!engerwefent to Fort Duquefne ' is returned, and tells us, there are eight different * Nations there who want to hear your Meflage; we ' will condud you there and let both the Indians and ^French hear what our Brothers the Engli/Ii have to ' fay.' I protefted againfl; going to Fort Duquefne, but all in vain; for they infifted on my going, and faid that I need not fear the French, for they would carry me in their Bofoms, i. c. engage for my Safety. 23d. We fet oflT for Fort Duquefne and went no farther this Night than Logs 'Town, where I met with four Shawanefe, who lived in Wyoming when I did. They received me very kindly, and called the Prifon- ers to fliake Hands with me, as their Countryman, and gave me Leave to go into every Houfe to fee them, which was done in no Town befides. 24th. They called to me, and defired that I would write to the General for them. The Jealoufy natural to the Indians is not to be defcribed; for tho' they wanted me to write for them, they were afraid I would, at the fame time, give other Information, and this per- plexed them. We continued our Journey to the Fort, and arrived in Sight on this Side the River in the Af- ternoon, and all the Indian Chiefs immediately came over; they called me into the Middle, and King Bea- ver prefented me to them, and faid, * Here is our ' Englijh Brother, who has brought great News.' Two of them rofe up and fignified they were glad to fee me. But an old deaf Onondago Indian rofe up and fignified his Difpleafure. This Indian is much dif- liked by the others; he had heard nothing yet that had pafTed; he has lived here a great while, and conflantly lives • ( 143 ) lives in the Fort, and is mightily attached to tne French; he fpoke as follows to the Delawares. ' I ' don't know this Swannock\\\ it may be that you know ' him. /, the Sbawanefe^ and our Father-', don't know * him. I ftand here (ftamping his Foot) as a Man on * his own Groundf; therefore I, the Shawanefe and * my Father, don't like that a Swannock come on our * Ground.' Then there was Silence awhile till the Pipe went roundj; after that was over, one of the Delawares rofe up, and fpoke in Oppofition to him that fpoke laft, and delivered himfelf as follows. 'That Man fpeaks not as a Man; he endeavours 'to frighten us, by faying this is his Ground; he * dreams ; he and his Father have certainly drank too ' much Liquor; they are drunk, pray let them go to ' deep till they be fober. You don't know what your 'own Nation does at Home; how much they have ' to fay to the Swannocks. You are quite rotten. You ' ftink§. You do nothing but fmoke your Pipe here. ' Go to deep with your Father, and when you are ' fober we will fpeak to you.' After this, the French demanded me of the Indians. They fliid it was a Cuftom among the white People when a Meflenger came, even if it was the Governor, to blind his Eyes and lead him into the Fort, to a Pri- fon or private Room. They, with fome of the Indians^ infifted very much on my being fent into the Fort, but to no Purpofe; for the other Indians faid to the French^ ' It may be a Rule among you, but we have brought ' him here, that all the Indians might fee him, and ' hear what our Brothers the Engli/h have to fay; and II /. e. This Englijkman. * By Father, they exprels the French f By /, he here means, / the Six Nations, of which the Onon- (iagoes are one of the grcateil. This was therefore a Claim of the Ohio Lands, as belonging to the Six Nations, exclufive of the Dela- tvares, whom they formerly called Women. j; The Indians I'moke in their Councils. § That is, The Sentiments you exprefs, are offcnfive to the Company. ' we 1 ir ii ( H4 ) * we will not fuffer him to be blinded and carried into ' the Fort.' The French ftill infifted on my being delivered to them; but the Indians dcfired them, to let them hear no more about it; but to fend them loo Loaves of Bread, for they were hungry. 25th. This Morning early they fent us over a large Bullock, and all the Indian Chiefs came over again, and councelled a great deal among themfelves; then the Delaware^ that handled the old deaf Onondago In- dian fo roughly Yefterday, addreft himfelf to him in this Manner; ' 1 hope To-day you are fober. I am ' certain you did not know what you faid Yefterday. * You endeavoured to frighten us; but know, ive are ' now Men^ and not fo eafily frightened. You faid * fomething Yefterday of the Shawaneje\ fee here what * they have fent you' [prejenting him with a large Roll of 'Tobacco.) Then the old deaf Indian rofe up and acknowledged he had been in the Wrong; faid that he had now cleaned himj'elf^'' and hoped they would forgive him. Then the Delaware Indian delivered the Meftage that was fent by the Shawaneje^ which was, ' That they ' hoped the Delawares^ &c. would be ftrong*!", in what ' they were undertaking; that they were extremely ' proud to hear fuch good News from their Brothers ' the blnglijh\ that whatever Contrads they made with ' the Englijh, the Shawaneje would agree to; that they 'were their Brothers, and that they loved them.' The /'r<'«f/6 whifpered to the Indians^ as I imagined, to infift on my delivering what I had to fay, on the other Side of the Water; which they did to no Pur- pofe, for my Company ftill infifted on a Hearing on this Side of the Water. The Indians crofted the River to council with their I'athers\. My Company defired to know whether they would hear me or no. This Afternoon 300 Canadians arrived at the Fort, That is, he had changed his olFcniivc Sentiments. That is, that they would ad vigoroufly. The French Jit the Fort. and 'ur- on the )any no. 'ort, and ( H5 ) and reported that 600 more were foon to follow them, and 40 Battoes laden with Ammunition. Some of my Party defired me not to ftir from the Fire, for that the French had offered a great Reward for my Scalp, and that there were feveral Parties out on that Purpofe. Accordingly I ftuck conftantly as clofe to the Fire as if I had been chained there. 26th. The Indians with a great many of the Fr^w/?> Officers came over to hear what I had to fay. The Officers brought with them a Table, Pens, Ink and Paper. I fpoke in the Middle of them with a free Confcience, and perceived by the Look of the French ^hey were not pleafed with what I faid ; the Particulars f which were as follows; — I fpoke in the Name of the Government and People of Penfihania. * Brethren at Allegheny^ We have a long Time de- ' fired to fee and hear from you; you know the Road * was quite {lopt, and we did not know how to come ' through. We have fent many Meflengers to you, * but we did not hear of you, now we are very glad 'we have found an Opening to come and fee you, ' and to fpeak with you, and to hear your true Mind ' and Refolution. We falute you very heartily. A String, No. I. * Brethren at Allegheny \ take Notice of what I fay. You know that the bad Spirit has brought fomething between us, that has kept us at a Diftance one from another; I now by this Belt take every Thing out of the Way that the bad Spirit has brought between us, and all the Jealoufy and Fearful nefs we had of one another, and whatever elfe the bad Spirit might have poifoned your Heart and Mind with. I now, by this Belt, clear every Thing away that the bad Spirit might have corrupted and poifoned the Heart and Mindwith, that nothingof it may be left. More- over, let us look up to God, and beg for his Affift- ance, that he may put into our Hearts what pleafes T him, 1 ; , j,gl )i, |-V 1 1 1 ,1 ! ^ t ( ' [ 146 ) ' him, and join us clofe in that brotherly Love and * Friendfhip, which our Grandfathers had. We af- ' fure you of our Love towards you. Jil Belt of 1 1 Rows. ' Brothers at Allegheny^ hearken to what I fay: * We began to hear of you from IVcUemeghihink^ who * returned from Allegheny. We heard you had had but ' a flight confufed Account of us, and did not know of ' the Peace we made twelve Months paft in Eajlon. It 'was then agreed, that the large Belt of Peace fhould ' be fent to you at Allegheny. As thefe our two old ' Friends from Allegheny^ who are well known to many ' here, found an Opening to come to our Council Fire, 'to fee with their own Eves, to fit with us Face to ' Face, to hear with their own Ears every Thing that 'has been tranladled between us; it gives me and all ' the People of the Province great Pleafure to fee 'them among us. And I afiiire all my Brethren at ^Allegheny, that nothing would pleafe me and all the ' People of the Province better, than to fee our ' Countrvnien the Dela-ivarcs well fettled among us. A Belt. ' Hearken, my Brethren at Allegheny. When we 'began to make Peace with the Dclawares Twelve ' Months ago in Behalf of Ten other Nations, we ' opened the Road, and cleared the Buflies from the ' Blood, and gathered all the Bones on both Sides to- 'gether; and when we had brought them together in 'one Heap, we could find no Place to bury them: ' Wc would not bury them as our Grandfathers, did. ' They buried them under Ground where they may be ' found again. We prayed to God that he would have ' Mercy on us, and take all thefe Bones away from us, ' and hide them that they might never be found any ' more; and take from both Sidesall the Remembrance ' of them out of our Heart and Mind. And we have a ' firm Confidence that (iod will be pleafed to take all ' the i '' ( H7 ) * the Bones and hide them from us, that they may never 'be remembered by us while we live, nor our Chil- ' dren, nor Grand-Children hereafter. The Hatchet 'was buried on both Sides, and large Belts of Peace ' exchanged. Since we have cleared every Thing from ' the Heart, and taken every Thing out of the Way; ' now my Brethren at Allegheny, every one that hears ' me, if you will join with us in that brotherly Love ' and Friendfhip, which our Grandfathers had, we alTure ' you, that all paft Offences fliall be forgotten, and ' never more talked of by us, our Children and Grand ' Children hereafter. This Belt afliires you of our Sin- 'cerity, and honeft and upright Heart towards you. A Belt of 7 Hows. ' Hearken, Brethren at Allegheny. I have told you ' that we really made Peace with Part of your Nation 'Twelve Months paft; I now by this Belt open the ' Road from Allegheny to our Council-Fire, where ' your Grandfathers kept good Councils with us, ' that all may pafs without Moleftation or Danger. ' You muft be fenfible, that unlefs a Road be kept ' open. People at Variance can never come together 'to make up their Differences. Meflengers are free ' in all Nations throughout the World, by a particu- ' lar Token. Now Brethren at Allegheny, I defire ' you will join with me in keeping the Road open, ' and let us know in what Manner we may come t'ree ' to you, and what the Token fhall be. 1 join both ' my Hands to yours and will do all in my Power to ' keep the Road open. A Belt of 7 Rows. * Now, Brethren at Allegheny, hear what I fay. ' Every one that lays hold of this Belt of Peace, I 'proclaim Peace to them from the Engli/h Nation, ' and let you know that the great King of England 'does not incline to have War with the Indians, but ' he wants to live in Peace and Love with them, if they 1 •< :,l ' '1'"^! 5 -M ( 148 ) * they will lay down the Hatchet and leave off War 'againft him. ' Wc love you farther; we let you kno\7 that the 'great King of luig/and has fent a great Number of ' Warriors into this Country, not to go to war againft 'the bniians in their Towns, no not at all; — Thefe ' Warriots are going againft the French^ they are on the ' March to the Ohio to revenge the Blood they have * fhed. And by this Belt I take you by the Hand, and ' lead you at a Diftance from the French^ for your own * Safety, that your Legs may not be ftained with Blood. * Come away on this Side of the Mountain, where we ' may oftner converfe together, and where your own * Flefh and Blood lives. We look upon you as our * Countrymen that fprung out of the fame Ground with 'us; we think therefore that it is our Duty to take ' Care of you, and we in brotherly Loye advife you to ' come away with your whole Nation, and as many of ' your Friends as you can get to follow you. We don't ' come to hurt you, we love you, therefore we do not ' call you to War, that you may be (lain, — W^hat Bene- ' fit will it be to you to go to war with your own Flefti ' and Blood? We wifli you may live without Fear or ' Danger with your Women and Children. "The large Peace Belt. * Brethren, I have almoft finiftied what I had to ' fay, and hope it will be to your Satisfaiftion ; my ' WiHi is that we may join clofe together in that old ' brotherly Love and Friendfhip which our Grand- ' fathers had, fo that a' 'he Nations may hear and ' fee us and have the Ben >; of it ; and if you have 'any Unealinefs or Cor ^. 'int in your Heart and ' Mind, do not keep it o yourfelf We have opened 'the Road to the Coun il-Fire, therefore my Brethren ' come and acquaint tl" ^ Governor of it ; you will be ' readily heard and fuil Juftice done you. A Belt. Bre- Var ( '49 ) * Brethren, * One Thing I muft bring to your Remembrance. * You know if any Body lofes a little Thild, or fome * Body takes it from him, he cannot . ..^y, he will 'think on his Child by Day and Night: Since our ' Flefh and Blood is in Captivity in the Indian Towns, *we defire you will rejoice the Country's Heart and ' bring them to me, 1 ihall ftretch out my Arms to * receive you kindly. A String. After I had done, I left my Belts and Strings ftill before them. The Delawares took them all up, and laid them before the Mingoes'', upon which they rofe up and fpoke as follows. ' Cbau, What I have heard pleafes me well, I don't ' know why I go to war againft the Engli/li. NoqueSy 'What do you think? You muft be ftrong. I did * not begin the War, therefore I have little to fay, but ' whatever you agree to I will do the fame.' Then he addrefled himfelf to the Sbawanefe^ and faid, ' You ' brought the Hatchet to us from the French, and ' perfuaded us to ftrike our Brothers the Englijh\ you ' may confider (laying the Belts, ^c. before them,) ' wherefore you have done this.' The Shawanefe acknowledged they received the Hatchet from the French, who perfuaded them to ftrike the EngliJJi ; that they would now fend the Belts to all the Indians, and in twelve Days would meet again. Prefent at this Council, Three hundred French and Indians. They all took Leave and went over again to the Fort, but my Companions who were about Seventy in Number. Shamokin Daniel who came with me, went over to the Fort by himfelf (which my Companions difapproved of) and counfelled with the Governor; who prefented him with a laced Coat and Hat, a Blanket, Shirts, * The Six Nation Indians. Rib- . li ( »5o ) Ribbons, a new Gun, Powder, Lead, i^c. When he re- turned he was quite changed, and faid, 'See here you ' Fools, what the French have given me. I was in Phi- ' ladelpbia and never received a Farthing; and (direfting ' himfelf to nie) faid, the Knglijh are Fools and fo are 'you.* In fhort, he behaved in a very proud, faucy and imperious Manner. He further faid, the Knglijh never give the Indians any Powder, and that the French would have given him a Horfe-Load if he would have taken it; 'See that young Man there, he was in Phila- ' delpbia and never got any Thing; I will take him over 'to the French and get fome Cloathing for him.' Three Indians informed me, that as foon as the French got over, they called a Council with their own Indians^ among whom there happened accidentally to be a Delaware Captain, who was privately invited by one of his Acquaintances to hear what the French had to fay; and when they were aflembled, the French fpoke as follows: ' My Children, now we are alone, hearken to what * I have to fay. I perceive the Delawares are wavering; ' they incline to the Knglijh^ and will be faithful to us ' no longer. Now all their Chiefs are here, and but a ' handful, let us cut them off, and then we fhall be ' troubled with them no longer.* Then the Taivaas anfwered. No, 'We can't do this Thing; for, though 'there is but a Handful here, the Delawares are a ' ftrong People, and are fpread to a great Diftance, ' and whatever they do agree to, muft be.' This Afternoon, in Council, on the other Side of the River, the French infifted that I muft be delivered up to them, and that it was not lawful for me to go away; which occafioned a (Quarrel between them and the Indians^ who immediately came away and croffed the River to me; and fome of them let me know, that Daniel had received a String from the French to leave me there; but 'twas to no Purpofe, for they would not give their Confent; and then agreed, that I ftiould fet off before Day the next Morning. 27th. MM 3 . he re- c vou II P/m- cding Co are fancy 'Mglijh rcnch have I'hila- over ( 151 ) 27th. Accordingly 1 fet out before day, with fix Indians^ and took another Road that we might not be feen; the main Body told me they would ftay behind, to know whether the French would make an Attempt to take me by Force ; that if they did, they the Indians would endeavour to prevent their eroding the River, and coming fecretly upon me. Juft as I fet off the French fired all their great Guns, it being Sunday (I counted nineteen) and concluded they did the fame every Sabbath. We pafled thro' three Shawancfe Towns, the Indians appeared very proud to fee me return, and we arrived about Night at Sawcunk, where they were likewife very glad to fee me return. Here I met with the two Captains, who treated me fo un- civilly before; they now received me very kindly and accepted of my Hand and apologized for their former rude Behaviour. Their Names are Ktickquetackton and KlUbuck. They faid, * Brother, we in behalf of the People of Sawcunk * defire that you will hold faft what you have begun, ' and be ftrong'-'. We are but little and poor, and ' therefore cannot do much. You are rich, and muft ' go on and be ftrong. We have done all in our * Power towards bringing about a Peace: We have ' had a great (2uarrel about you with the French, but * we don't mind them. Do you make hafte, and be * ftrong, and let us fee you again.' The faid Killbuck is a great Captain and Conjurer; he defired me to mention him to the Governor; and afk him if he would be pleafed to fend him a good Saddle by the next Meflenger; and that he would do all in his Power for the Service of the Ett^lijh. 28th. We fet out from Sawciwk, in Company with twenty, for Kujhcujhkee\ on the Road Shingas addrefled himfelf to me, and alked, if I did not think, that if he came to the Englijfi they would hang him, as they * That is, go on ilcadily witli this good Work of crtablilhing a Peace. had M * ! 5 i ( «52 ) had offered a great Reward for Iiis Head. He fpoke in a very foft and eafy Manner. I told hini, that was a great while ago, 'twas all forgotten and wipiil clean away; that the Etif^lijh would receive him very kind- ly. Then Daniel interruptcil me, and faid to Shingas, 'Don't believe him, he tells nothing but idle 'lying Stories. Wherefore did the Knglijh hire I200 ' Indians''^' to kill us.' I protefteti it was falfe ; he faid, ' G-d d — n youf for a Fool; did not you fee the ' Woman lying in the Road that was killed by the ' Indians that the Englijh hired.' I faid, * Brother, do ' conlider how many thoufmd Indians the French have 'hired to kill the Englijh, and how many they have ' killed along our Frontiers.' Then Daniel faid, ' D n you, why don't you and the French fight ' on the Sea ? You come here only to cheat the poor ^Indians, and take their Land from them." Then Shingas told him to be ftill, for he d'd not know what he faid. We arrived at Kujhcujhkee before Night, and I informed Pifqiietumen of Daniel\ Behaviour, at which he appeared forry. 29th. I dined with Shingas \ he told me, tho' the Englijh had fet a great Price on h . Head, he had never thought to revenge himfelf, but was always very kind to any Prifoners that were brought in; and that he afTured the Governor, he would do all in his Power to bring about an eftablifh'd Peace, and wiflied he could be certain of the Englijh being in earneft. Then ((twtn Chiefs prefent faid, when the Governor fends the next Meflenger, let him fend two or three white Men at leaft to confirm the Thing, and not fend fuch a Man as Daniel \ they did not underftand him, he always fpeaks, faid they, as if he was drunk ; and if a great many of them hail not known me, they fhould not know what to think; for every Thing 1 * The Chcrokces, meaning. ■)■ Some of the firll Englijh Speech that the hiclians learn from tlie Traders in Swearing. faid. , at the had ( 153 ) faid, he con trad idled. I afTurcd them I would faith- fully inform the Governor of what they faid, and they fliould fee, as MeiTengers, otherguife Indians than Daniel for the ti e to come; and I farther informed them, that he was not fent by the Governor, but came of his own Accord, and I would endeavour to prevent his coming again. — Daniel demanded of me his Pay, and I gave him three Dollars, and he took as much Wampum from me as he pleafed, and would not fufFer me to count it. I imagined there was about two thou- fand. About Night, nine Tawaas pad by here in their Way to the French Fort. 30th and 31ft. The Indians feafted greatly, during which time 1 feveral Times begged of them to confider and difpatch me. September ift. S/jingas, King-Beaver, Delaware- George, and Pifquetumen with feveral other Captains, faid to me, 'Brother, we have thought a great deal * fince God has brought you to us, and this is a Matter * of great Confequence which we can't readily anfwer; ' we think on it, and will anfwer you as foon as we can. * Our Feaft hinders us; all our young Men, Women * and Children are glad to fee you: before you came ' they all agreed together to go and join the French, ' but fince they have ff^tw you they all draw back; 'tho ' we have great Reafon to believe, you intend to drive * us away and \;ttle the Country, or else why do you * come to fight in the Land that God has given us.' I faid, we did not intend to take the Land from them, but only to drive the French away; they faid they knew better, for that they were informed fo by one of our greateft Traders, and fome Juftices of the Peace had told them the fame, and the French, faid they, tell us much the fame Thing, ' That the Englijh * intend to deftroy us and take our Lands from us, ' but that they are come only to defend us and our ' Lands; but the Land is ours, and not theirs, there- * fore we fay, if you will be at Peace v/ith us, we will u ' fend : ) i1'- 1 i t lll i ' i t r f 1 ' -r ( >54 ) fend the French home. 'Tis you that have begun the War, ami 'tis neceflary that you hold faft and he not difcouraged in the Work of I'eace. We love you more than you love us; for when we take any Prifoiiers from you, we treat them as our own Chil- dren. We are poor, and yet we cloath them as well as we can, tho you fee our own Children are as naked as at the firft. By this you may fee that our Hearts are better than yours. "I'is plain that you white People are the Caufe of this War; why don't you and the French fight in the old Country, and on the Sea? Why do you come to fight on our Land? This makes every Body believe you want to take the Land from us, by force, anil fettle it'''.' I told them, ' Brothers, as for my part I have not one Koot of Land, nor do I defire to have any; and if I had any Land, I had rather give it to you, than take any from you. Ves, Brother, if I dye, you will get a little more Land from me, for I fliall then no longer walk on that Ground which God has made. We told you that you fliould keep nothing in your Heart, but bring it before the Council Fire, and before the Governor and his Council, they will readily hear you; and I promife you, what they anfwer they will ftand to. I further read to you what Agreements they made about IVy- oming']', and they ftand to them.' m i * The Ifiiliiins having plenty of Land, are no Niggards ot' it. They loinetimes give large Tradts to their Friends freely, and when they fell it, they make moil generous Bargains. But lome frathlu- Icnt Punhaj'ts, in which they were grofly iinpoled on, and loine violent Iritrujions, imprudently and wickedly made without Purehale, have rendered them jealous that we intend finally to take all from them by Force. We iliould endeavour to recover our Credit with them bv fair Purchafes and honcll Payments; and then there is no doubt but they will readily fell us at reafonable Rates as much from Time to Time as we can poHibly have occafion for. ■\ The Agreement made with 'rced^ujcung that he fliould enjoy the Wyoming Lands, and have Houfes built there for him and his People. Thev ( >5S ) They faid, 'Brother, your Heart is good, you fpcak always finccrcly, hut wc know there are always a fjreat Number of People that want to get rich, they never have enough: Look, we <} m't want to be rich and take away that which others have. God has given you the tame Creatures, we dont want to take them from you. God has given to r-s the D-^er, and other wild Creatures, which we muil feed on ; and we rejoice in that which fprings out of the Ground, and thank God for it. Look no"- my Brother, the white People think we have no '.ir.iiis in our Heads, but that they are great and hi ;, and that makes them make War with us: We are but a little handful to what you are; but remember, when you look for a wild Turkey you can't always rind It, 'tis fo little it hides itfelf under the Buflies: And when you hunt for a Kattle-Snake, you cannot find it; and perhaps it will bite you before you fee it. I lowever, fince you are fo great and big, and we fo little, do you uie your Greatnefs and Strength in compleating this Work of Peace. This is the firft Time that we faw or heard of you fince the War begun, and we have great Reafoii io chink about it, fince fuch a great Body''' of you comes in our Lands. It is told us, that you and the French contrived the War to wafte the Indians between you, and that you and the French intended .o divide the Land between you: This was told us by the chief of the Indian Traders ; and th. y faid further, Brothers, this is the laft Time we fliall come among you, for the French and Enj^lijh intend to kill all the Indians^ and then divide the Lands amongfl: themfelves.' Then they addrefled themfelves to me, and faid, ' Brother, I fup- pofe you know fomething about it, or has the Gover- nor flopped your Mouth that you cannot tell us.' Then I faid, ' Brothers, I am very forry to fee you * fo jealous. I am your own Flefh and Blood, and The Army under General Forbes. fooncr ;; \ , ■ ( i ■■ ; 1 •; 1 i if fr 111 Ir. I ( ^5^ ) * fooner than 1 would tell you any Story, that would ' be of hurt to you or your Children, I would fuffer ' Death; and if I did not know, that it was the De- * fire of the Governor, that we fhould ren','v. our old ' brotherly Love and Friendfhip that fubfifted between ' our Grandfathers, I would not have undertaken this ' Journev. I do aflure you of mine and the People's 'honefty. If the French had not been here, the En- ^ glijh would not have come; and confider. Brothers, 'how many People have been killed, fince the French ' have been here, and then confider, Brothers, whether ' in fuch a Cafe we can always fit ftill.' They then faid, * 'Tis a thoufand Pities we did 'not know this fooner; if we had, it would have * been Peace long before now.' Then I faid, 'My Brothers, I know you have 'been wrongly perfuaded by many wicked People; ' for you mull know, there are a great many Papifts 'in the Countrv in French Intereft, who appear like ' Gentlemen, and have fent many runaway Irijh Pa- ' pifts Servants''' among you, who have put bad No- ' tions into your Heads, and flrengthened you againft 'your Brothers the Englijh. — Brothers, J beg that 'you would not believe every idle and falfe Story, 'that ill defigning People may bring to you, againft ' us your Brothers. Let us not hearken to what lying ' and foolifli People fay, but let us hear what wife and 'good People fay, they will tell us what's good for 'us and our Children.' Mem. There are a great Number of Ir'tjh Traders now among the Indians^ who have always endeavour- ed to fpirit up the Indians againft the Englijh\ which made Ibme, that I was acquainted with from their '..^ ^ ._^ * The Ind'uw Traders ufed to buy the tranfportcd Irip:) and other Coiivids as Servants, to be employed in carrying up the Goods among the Ifidians: Many of thole ran awa\- from their Mailers and joined the hidians. The ill Behaviour ot thefe People has always hurt the Character of the Englijh among the htJians. Infancv, ( 157 ) Infancy, defire the Chiefs to enquire of me, for that they were certain I would fpeak the Truth. Pifquetumen now told me, we could not go to the General, that it was very dangerous, the French hav- ing fent out feveral Scouts to wait for me on the Road. — And farther, Pifquetumen told me, 'twas a Pity the Governor had no Ear'' to bring him in In- telligence; that the French had three Ears, whom they rewarded with great Prefents; and fignified, that he and Shingas would be Ears at the Service of his Honour if he pleafed. 2d. I bad Shingas to make hafte and difpatch me, and once more defired to know of them, if it was pofTible for them to guide me to the General. Of all which they told me they would confider; and Shingas gave me his Hand and faid, 'Brother, the ' next Time you come I will return with you to * Philadelphia^ and will do all in my Power to prevent ' any Body's coming to hurt the Englijh more." 3d. To Day I found myfelf unwell, and made a little Tea, which refrefhed me. Had many very pretty Difcourfes with George. In the Afternoon they called a Council together and gave me the fol- lowing Anfwer in Council; the Speaker addreffing the Governor and People oi Pennjyhania: * Brethren, it is a great many Days fince we have ^ Jeen and heard youf. I now fpeak to you in Behalf ' of all the Nations that have heard you heretofore. ' Brethren, it is the firft Meflage which we have feen ' or heard from you. Brethren, you have talked of * No Spy among his Enemies. t That is, Since uc had a friendly Intcrcourfe with each other. The frequent Repetition of the Word Brethren, is the Effeft of their Rules of Politcnefs, which enjoin in all Converfations a con- ftant Remembrance of the Relation fubfilling between the Parties, efpecially where that Relation implies any Afteftion or Refpeft. It is like the perpetual Repetitions among us of Sir, or Mndam, or pur LordflAp. In the iame Manner the Indians at every Sen- tence repeat. My Father, my Uncle, my Coujin, my Brother, my Friend, &c. * that rf / I! il ;j:^f iU':!. lie fi r 1 1\ \i •I! S _ 1 s :i E 1 1 ' ' ■ : ,f .' , ; 'f ' 1 lilif' ( '58 ) ' that Peace and Friendfhip which we had formerly you. Brethren, we tell you to be ftrong, and wi th ' always remember that Friendftiip which we had for- ' merly. Brethren, we defire you would be ftrong, 'and let us once more hear of our good Friendfhip ' and Peace we had formerly. Brethren, we defire * that you make hafte and let us foon hear of you 'again; for as yet we have not heard you rightly. Gives a String. 'Brethren, hear what I have to fay: Look, Brethren, we who have now feen and heard you, we who are prefent are Part of all the feveral Na- tions that heard you fome Days ago; we fee that you are forry we have not that Friendfhip we for- merly had. — ' Look, Brethren, we at Allegheny are likewife forry we have not that Friendftiip with you we formerly had. Brethren, we long for that Peace and Friend- fhip we had formerly. Brethren, it is good that you defire that Friendftiip that was formerly among our Fathers and Grandfathers. Brethren, we will tell you, you muft not let that PViendftiip be quite loft which was formerly between us. Now, Bre- thren, it is three Years fince we dropt that Peace and Friendfhip which we formerly had with you. Brethren, it was dropt, and lay buried in the Ground where you and I ftand, in the Middle be- tween us both. Brethren, I fee you have digged up and revived that Friendfhip which was buried in the Ground; and now you have it, hold it faft. Do be ftrong, Brethren, and exert yourfelves, that that Friendftiip may be well eftabliflied and finifhed between us. Brethren, if you will be ftrong, it is in your Power to finifti that Peace and Friendftiip well. Therefore, Brethren, we defire you to be ftrong and eftablifh it, and make known to all the Englijh this Peace and Friendftiip, that it may em- brace all and cover all. As you are of one Nation and Colour in all the Englijh Governments, fo let 'the ( 159 ) ' the Peace be the fame with all. Brethren, when ' you have finifhed this Peace which you have begun; ' when it is known every where amongft your Bre- ' thren, and you have everywhere agreed together * on this Peace and Friendfhip, then you will be ' pleafed to fend the great Peace- Belt to us at the * Allegheny. * Brethren, when you have fettled this Peace and ' Friendfhip, and finifhed it well, and you fend the ' great Peace-Belt to me, I will fend it to all the ' Nations of my Colour, they will all join to it and * we all will hold it fafl. * Breth'-en, when all the Nations join to this ' Friendftiip, then the Day will begin to fhine clear ' over us. When we hear once more of you, and * we join together, then the Day will be flill, and no ' Wind or Storm will come over us to difturb us. ' Now, Brethren, you know our Hearts and what 'we have to fay; be ftrong; if you do what we * have now told you, in this Peace all the Nations ' agree to join. Now, Brethren, let the King of * England know what our Mind is as foon as poffibly ' you can'''." Gives a Belt of eight Rows. I received the above Speech and Belt from the underwritten, who are all Captains and Counfel- lors. Captain Peter, Macomal, Popauce, fVa/liaocautaut, Cochquacaukehlton, John HickomeUy and Kill Buck. Delaware Beaver, King. Delaware George, Pifquetomen, Tajucamin, Awakanomin, Cujhawmekwy, Keyheynapalin, * In this Speech the Intlinns carefully guard the Honour of their Nation, by frequently intimating, that the Peace is fought by the Englijh. ' You have talked of Peace: You are forry for the War : ' You haz'f digged up the Peace that zcas /juried,' Sec. Then they declare (1: III t ! V ^ i!;:#i:H ( i6o ) Delaware George fpoke as follows: ' Look, Brothers, we are here of three different Nations. I am of the Unami Nation: I have heard all the Speeches that you have made to us with the many other Nations. ' Brothers, you did let us know, that every one that takes hold of this Peace-Belt, you would take them by the Hand and lead them to the Council Fire where our Grandfathers kept good Councils. So foon as I heard this, I took hold of it. ' Brother, I now let you know that my Heart never was parted from you. I am forry that I fhould make Friendfhip with the French againft ihe Englijh. I now affure you my Heart flicks clofe to the £«!{•///// 1 ntereft. One of our great Captains, when he heard it, he im- mediately took hold of it as well as myfelf Now, my Brother, I let you know that you fhall foon fee me by your Council Fire, and then I (hall hear from you myfelf the plain Truth in every refped. ' I love that which is good, like as our Grandfathers did: They chofe to fpeak the Sentiments of their Mind: All the^i'^ Nations know me, and know that I always fpoke Truth; and fo you fliall find, when I come to your Council Fire.' Gives a String. The above Delaware George had in Company with him Cu/Jiawmekwy, John Peter^ Kehkehnopatiny Stinfeor. Captain Peter ^ 4th. Prefent ^'///w^rtj, King Beaver, Pijquetumen, and feveral others. I a(ked what they meant by faying they had not rightly heard me yet. They faid, ' Brother, declare their Rcadincfs to grant Peace, if the Englifl: agree to its being general for all the Colonics. The Indian Word, that is tranflatcd be Jlrong, fo often repeated, is an Exprefllon they ufe to fpirit up Fcrlbns who have undertaken lomc diificult Talk, as to lit't or move a great Weight, or execute a diHicult Entcrpri/,e; nearly equivalent to our Word Courage! Courage! * vou ( i6i ) you very well know that you have coUeded all your young Men about the Country, which makes a large Body*; and now they are (landing before our Dooryfy you come with good News and fine Speeches. Bro- ther, this iswhat makes us jealous, and we don't know what to think of it : If you had brought the News of Peace before your Army had begun to march, it would have caufed a great deal more good. We don't fo readily believe you, becaufe a great many great Men and Traders have told us, long before the War, that you and the French intended to join and cut all the Indians off. Thefe were People of your own Colour and your own Country Men; and fome told us to join the French, for that they would be our Fathers: Befides, many Runaways have told us the fame Story; and fome we took Prifoners told us how you would ufe us if you caught us; Therefore, Bro- ther, I fay, we can't conclude at this Time, but muft fee and hear you once more.' And, further, they faid, Now, Brother, you are here with us, you are our Flefli and Blood, fpeak from the Bottom of your Heart, will not the French and Engli/h join together to cut off the Indians \ fpeak. Brother, from your Heart and tell us the Truth, and let us know who were the Beginners of the War.' Then I delivered myfelf thus : * Brothers, I love you from the bottom of my Heart. I am extremely forry to fee the Jealoufy fo deeply rooted in your Hearts and Minds. 1 have told you the Truth; and yet, if I was to tell it you a hundred Times, it feems you would not rightly believe me. My Indian Brothers, I wifh you would draw your Hearts to God, that He may convince you of the Truth. * 1 do now declare before God, that the Englijh never did, nor never will, join with the French to deftroy you. As far as 1 know, the French are the Beginners ■ ^ 1 H * Meaning General Forbes\ Army, t / e. Juil ready to enter our Country. of .'■f ^\l\ 'I / i'-lJ ■ ( i62 ) * of this War. — Brothers, about twelve Years ago, ' you may remember they had War with the Eng/i/Zi, ' and they both had agreed to Articles of Peace. The ' EngliJJi gave up Cape Breton in Acadia^ but the French * never gave up the Part of that Country which they ' had agreed to give up, and in a very little Time made * their Children flrike the Englijh. This was the firft * Caufeof the War. Now, Brothers, if any Body ftrike * you three Times, one after another, you ftill fit ftill ' and confider: They ftrike you again; then, my Bro- ' thers, you fay 'tis Time, and you will rife up to de- * fend yourfelves. Now, my Brothers, this is exadly * the Cafe between the French and Englijfi. Confider ' farther, my Brothers, what a great Number of our 'poor back Inhabitants have been killed fince the * French came to the Ohio. The French arc the Caufe ' of their Death, and if they were not there, the En- ^ glijh would not trouble themfelves to go there. They * go no where to War but where the French are. Thofe •wicked People that fet you at Variance with the * Engli/fi, by telling you many vicked Stories, are * Papifts in the French Pay: Befides there are many ' among us in the French Service who appear like * Gentlemen, and buy Iri/h Papift Servants and pro- * mife them great Rewards to run away to you and * ftrengthen you againft the Englijli by making them ' appear as black as Devils.' — This Day arrived here two hundred French and Indians on their Way to Fort Duquejne. They ftaid all Night. In the Middle of the Night King 5^di?^r's Daughter died, on which a great many Guns were fired in the Town. 5th. It made a general Stop in my Journey. The French faid to their Children, they ftiould catch me privately or get my Scalp. The Commander wanted to examine me as he was going to Fort Duquejne. When they told me of it, I find, as he was going to Fort Duquejne^ he might enquire about me there: I had nothing at all to fay or do with the French: They would are ( 163 ) would tell them every Particular they wanted to know in the Fort. They all came into the Houfe where I was as if they would fee a new Creature. In the Afternoon there came fix Indians and brought three German Prifoners, and two Scalps of the Cata- baws. As Daniel blamed the Engli/fi that they never paid him for his Trouble, I alked him whether he was pleafed with what I paid him. He faid, * No.' I faid, * Brother, you took as much as you pleafed. I afked * you whether you was fatisfied; you laid. Yes.' I told him I was afiiamed to hear him blame the Country fo. I told him, 'You fhall have for this Journey what- * ever )ou defire, when I reach the Inhabitants.' — 6th. Pifquetumen, 'Tom Hickman and Sbingas told me, * Brother, it is good that you have ftayed fo long 'with us; we love to fee you, and wifh to fee you *here longer; but fince you are fo defirous to go, * you niayfetoff To-moirow: Pifquetumenhzs brought 'you here, and he may carry you Home again: You * have feen us, and we have talked a great Deal to- ' gether, which we have not done for a long Time 'before. Now, Brother, we love you, but can't help ' wondering why the EngliJIi and French don't make ' it up with one another, and tell one another not to 'fight on our Land* I told them, ' Brother, if the Englijh told the ' French fo a thoufand Times, they never would go ' away. Brother, you know fo long as the World ' has ftood there has not been fuch a War. You ' know when the French lived on the other Side, the ' War was there, and here we lived in Peace. Con- ' fider how many Thoufand Men are killed and how ' many Houfes are burned fince the French lived here; ' if they had not been here it would not have been 'fo; you know we don't blanie you, we blame the ' French^ they are the Caufe of this War, therefore come to hurt you, but to chafvife the • we don't ' French' They !l I 5!; m *!; 0H / 1 1! / t i 1 1 |jS«ni ( 164 ) They told me that at the great Council held at Onondago among the Five Nations before the War began {Conrad fVeiJer was there and wrote every Thing down) it was faid to the Indians at the Ohio that they fhould let the French alone there and leave it entirely to the Five Nations \ the Five Nations would know what to do with them. Yet foon after two hun- dred French and Indians c^m^ and built Fort Duquejne. King Beaver and Shingas fpoke to Pijquetumeny * Brother, you told us, that the Governor of Phila- *delphia and Teedyufcung took this Man out of their ' Bofoms and put him into your Bofom, that you 'fhould bring him here; and you have brought him * here to us, ?.nd we have feen and heard him, and * now we give him into your Bofom to bring him to * the fame Place again before the Governor; but * don't let him quite loofe; we ihuil rejoice when we * fliall fee him here again.' — They defired me to * fpeak to the Governor in their Behalf as follows: * Brother, we beg you to remember our oldeft Bro- * ther Pi/quetumeny and furnifli him with good Cloaths * and reward him well for his Trouble, for we all fhall * look upon him when he comes back.' — 7th. When we were ready to go they began to council which Courfe we fhould go to be fafeft, and then they hunted for the Horfes, but could not find them, and fo we loft that Day's Journey. It is a troublefome Crofs and heavy Yoke to draw this People: They can punifti and fqueeze a Body's Heart to the utmoft. I fufped the Reafon they kept me here fo long was by Inftigation of the French. I remember fomebody told me, the French told them to keep me twelve Days longer, for that they were afraid I fhould get back too foon and give Information to the General. My Heart has been very heavy here becaufe they kept me for no Pur- f)ofe. The Lord knows how they have been coun- elling about my Life, but they did not know who was my Proteftor and Deliverer: I believe my Lord has at ( 165 ) has been too ftrong againft them, my Enemies have done what lies in tneir Power. 8th. We prepared for our Journey in the Morning, and made ourfelves ready. There came fome together and examined me what I had wrote Yefterday. I told them I wondered what need they had to concern themfelves about my Writing. They faid, if they knowed I had wrote about the Prifoners, they would not let me go out of the Town. I told them what I writ was my Duty to do. * Brothers, I tell you I am * not afraid of you if there were a thoufand more. I 'have a good Confcience before God and Man. I * tell you I have wrote nothing about the Prifoners. * I tell you, Brothers, this is not good; there's a bad * Spirit in your Heart which breeds that Jealoufy, * and it will keep you ever in Fear that you will ' never get Reft. I beg you would pray to God for * Grace to refift that wicked Spirit that breeds fuch * wicked Jealoufies in you, which is the Reafon you 'have kept me here fo long. How often have I ' begged of you to difpatch me ? I am aihamed to fee * you fo jealous: I am not in the leaft afraid of you. * Have not I brought Writings to you? and what, *do you think I muft not carry fome Home to the 'Governor? or ihall I fliut my Mouth and fay no- * thine? Look into your own Hearts and fee if it * would be right or wrong, if any Body gives a Saluta- * tion to their Friends, and it is not returned in the * fame Way. You told me many Times how kind * you were to the Prifoners, and now you are afraid * that any of them fhould fpeak to me.' — They told me they had Caufe to be afraid, and then made a Draught and fhewed me how they were furrounded with War. Then I told them, if they would be quiet and keep at a Diftance, they need not fear. Then they went away, very much aihamed, one after an- other. — I told my Men that we fhould make hafte and go; and accordingly we fet off in the Afternoon from Ku/hkujhkee and came ten Miles. 9th. We 1 ! 1 i I 1 I ' i ' li-^li i 1 »!^ i)l «- ( -66 ) 9th. We took a little Koot-Path hardly to he feen. We loft it, and went through thick Buflies till we came to a Mire, which we did not fee till we were in it, and '■Tom Hickman fell in and almoft broke his Leg. We had hard Work before we could get the Horfe out again. The Lord helped me that I got fafe from my Horfe. I and Pijquetumen had enough to do to come through. We pafted many fuch Places: It rained all Day, and we got a double Portion of it becaufe we re- ceived all that hung on the Buflies. We were as wet as if we were fwimming all the Day, and at Night we laid ourfelves down in a fwampy Place to fleep, where we had nothing but the Heavens for our Covering. loth. We had but little to live on. '•Tom Hickman fliot a Deer on the Road. Every Thing h, re upon the Ohio is extremely dear, much more lb than in Pennfyhania: I gave for one Difli of Corn four hun- dred and lixty Wampum. They told me that the Go- vernor of Fort Duqucfne kept a Store of his own, and that all the Indians muft come and buy the Goods of him; and when they come to buy, he tells them, if they will go to War, they fliall have as much Goods as they pleafe. — Before I fet off, I heard further, that a French Captain who goes to all the Indian Towns''', came to Sacunck^ and faid, 'Children, will not you 'come and help your Father againft the Engl'ifhV They anfwered, ' Why fhould we go to war againft 'our Brethren? they are now our Friends.' 'O! ' Children,' faid he, 'I hope you don't own them for 'Friends.' 'Yes,' faid they, 'we do; we are their ' Friends, and we hope they will remain ours.' *0! ' Children,' faid he, 'you muft not believe what you ' have heard and what has been told you by that * Man.' They faid to him, 'Yes, we do believe him ' more than we do you: It was you that fet us againft ' them; and we will by and by haVe Peace with them :' * He was lent to colleft the Indians together to attack General Forbes\ Army once more on their March. And fcen. we re in Leg. eout my ome dall e re- wet t we 'here V 167 ) And then he fpoke not a Word more, hut returned to the Fort. — So I hope fome Good is aone: Praifed he the Name of the Lord. 1 ith. Being Monday^ we went over to Antigoc: We went down a vaft rteep Hill, and our Horfes dipt fo that I experted every Moment they would fall Heels over Head. — We found frefh Indian Tracks on the other Side of the River. We crofled Allegheny River, and went through the Bufhes upon a high Hill and flept upon the Side of the Mountain without Fire for fear of the I'.nemy. It was a cold Night, and I had but a thin Blanket to cover myfelf. r2th. We made a little Fire to warm ourfelves in the Morning. Our Horfes began to be weary with climbing up and down thefe deep Mountains. We came this Night to the Top of a Mountain, where we found a Log-lioufe. Here we made a fmall Fire juft to boil ourlelves a little Viduals. The Indians were very much afraid, and lay with their Guns and Tom- hocks on all Night. They heard fomebody run and whifper in the Night. I flept very found, and in the Morning they afked me if I was not afraid the Enemy Indians "^owXdi kill me. I faid *No, I am not afraid of ' the Indians nor the Devil himfelf: I fear my great 'Creator God.' — 'Aye,' they faid, 'you know you ' will go to a good Place when you die; but we don't 'know that; that makes us afraid.' 13th. In the Afternoon we twice crofled Chowatiny and came to Poncbejtanning^ an old deferted Indian Town that lies on the fame Creek. We went through a bad Swamp where was very thick fliarp Thorns, fo that they tore our Cloaths and Flefh, both Hands and Face, to a bad Degree. We had this kind of Road all the Day. In the Evening we made a Fire, and then they heard fomething rufh in the Bulhes as though they heard fomebody walk. Then we went about three Gun-fliot from our F'ire, and could not find a Place to lye down for the innumerable Rocks; fo that we were obliged to get fmall Stones to fill up the Ii I ' ( 168 ) the hollow Places in the Rocks for our Bed; but it was very uneafy ; almoft Shirt and Skin crew together. They kept Watch one after another all Night. 14th. In the Morning I aiked them what made them afraid. They faid I knew nothing; the French had fet a great Price on my Head, and they knew there was gone out a great Scout to lye in wait for me. We went over great Mountains and a very bad Road. 1 5th. We came to Sujquehannah and crofTed it fix Times, and came to Catamawejhinky where had been an old Indian Town. In the Evening there came three Indians and faid they faw two Indian Tracks which came to the Place where we flept, and turned back as if to give Information of us to a Party; fo that we were ulre they followed us. 16th and 17th. We crofTed the Mountain. 1 8th. Came to the Big IJlandy where having nothing to live on, we were obliged to (lay to hunt. 19th. We met with 20 Warriors who were return- ing from the Inhabitants, with five Prifoners and one Scalp; fix of them were Delawares^ the reft Mingoes. We fat down all in one Ring together. I informed them where I had been and what was done; they afked me to go back a little, and fo I did, and fiept all Night with them. I informed them of the Particu- lars of the Peace propofed; they faid, if they had known fo much before, they would not have gone to War. — *Be ftrong; if you make a good Peace, then * we will bring all the Prifoners back again.* They killed two Deer and gave me one. 20th. We took Leave of each other and went on our Journey, and arrived the 116. at Fort Augufta in the Afternoon, very weary and hungry, but greatly rejoiced of our return from this tedious Journey. There is not a prouder, or more high-minded People in themfelves than the Indians. They think themfelves the wifeft and prudenteft Men in the World, and look upon all the Reft of Mankind as Fools ' *l ■f^ -m \^ ( l6y ) Fools if they do not confcnt to their Way of thinking. They think themfelves to be the Itrongeft People in the World; antl that they can overpower both the French and Englijh when they pleafe. Tiie white Peo- ple are in their Eyes nothing at all. They fay that through their conjuring Craft they can do what they pleafe, and nothing can withftand them. In their Way of lighting they have this Method, to fee that they firft ihoot the Officers and Commanders; and then, they fay, we fliall be fure to have them. They alfo fay, that if their Conjurers run through the Middle of our People, no Bullet can hurt them. They fay too, that when they have fliot the Commanders the Soldiers will all be confufed, and will not know what to do. They fay of themfelves, that every one of them is like a King and Captain, and fights for him- felf By this Way they imagine they can overthrow any Body of Men that may come againft them. They fliy, 'The Englijh People are Fools; they hold their * Guns half Man high and then let them fnap: We ' take Sight, and have them at a Shot, and fo do the ^French.' They do not only flioot with a Bullet, but big Swan Shot. They fay the French load with a Bullet and fix Swan-Shot. They farther fay, 'We ' take Care to have the firfl: Shot at our Enemies, and * then they are half dead before they begin to fight.' The Indians are a People full of Jealoufy, and will not eafily truft any Body, and they are very eafily affronted and brought into Jealoufy; then afterwards they will have nothing at all to do with thofe they fufped; and it is not brought fo eafy out of their Minds; they keep it to their Graves, and leave the Seed of it in their Children and Grand-Children's Minds; fo if they can they will revenge themfelves for every imagined Injury. They are a very diftruft- ful People. Through their Imagination and Reafon they think themfelves a thoufand Times ftronger than all other People. Fort du S^iefne is faid to be under- mined. The French have given out, that if we over- w power f! ?! ( 170 ) power them and they fliould die, we ftiould certainly all die with them. When I came to the Fort, the Garrifon it was faid, confided of about one thoufand four hundred M'^n, and I am told they will now be full three thoufand French and Indians. They are almoft all Canadians, and will certainly meet the General before he comes to the Fort, in an Ambufh. You may depend upon it thth 'encb will make no open Field-Battle as in the old Country, but lie in Ambufli. The Canadians are all Hunters. The Indians have agreed to draw back, but how far we may give Credit to their Promifes the Lord knows. It is the bed Way to be on our guard againft them, as if they really could with one thoufand overpower eight thoufand. Thirty-two Nights I did lay in the Woods; the Heavens were my Covering. The Dew came fo hard fometimes that it pinched clofe to the Skin. There was nothing that laid fo heavy on my Heart as the Man that went along with me. He thwarted me in every Thing I faid or did; not that he did it againft me but againft the Country on whofe Bufinefs I was fent: I was afraid he would overthrow what I went about. When he was with the Englijh he would fpeak againft the French, and when with the French againft the Englijh. The Indians obferved that he was a falfe Fellow, and defired me that I would not bring him any more to tranfad any Bufinefs between the Englijh and them; and told me it was through his Means 1 could not have the Liberty to talk with the Prifoners. Praife and Glory be to the Lamb that has been flain, and brought me through the Country of dread- ful Jealoufy and Miftruft, where the Prince of this World has his Rule and Government over the Chil- dren of Difobedience. The Lord has prcferved me through all the Dan- gers and Difficulties that 1 have ever been under. He direded me according to his Will by his holy Spirit. 1 had no one to converfe with but him. He brought me under a thick, heavy and dark Cloud into ( 171 ) into the open Air; for which 1 adore, praife and worfhip the Lord my God, that I know has grafped me in his Hands, and has forgiven me for all Sins, and fent and wafht my Heart with his moft precious Blood; that I now live not for myfelf, but for him that made me; and to do his holy Will is my Pleaf- ure. I own that in the Children of Light there dwells another Kind of Spirit than there does in the Children of this World; therefore thefe two Spirits can't rightly agree in Fellowlhip. Christian Frederick Post. The Event of this Negotiation was, That the Indians refufed to join the French in attaclcing General Forbes, to defeat him (as they had BrnJJoek) on his March. So the French, defpairing of the Fort if the General fliould arrive before it, burnt it, and left the Country with the utmoll Precipitation. into Extras Wj ) f •HHit ( '72 ) ., it 1^ I' Extra£f of a Letter from Philadelphia, dated Dec. lo, 1758. I attended the late Treaty at Eajion. I wifti I could fay the fame Conduft as ufual was not purfued. Dur- ing the whole Treaty two Things were laboured with the utnioft Diligence; to lefTen the Power of 7VM'///- cung^ and to fave, if poffible, a certain Charader. In both they failed; for 'Teedyujcung^ inftead of lofing has increafed his Power, and eftabliflied himfelf at the Head of five Tribes. The Indians that lie to the North of us, between us and the Lakes, confift of three Leagues: The Senekas, Mohazoks, and Onotida- goes, who are called the Fathers, compofe the firft: The Oncidas, Cayugas, '•Tujcororas, Nanticokes, and Conoys, (which are united into one Tribe) and the 'Tute/oes, compofe the fecond League; and thefe two Leagues make up what we call the Six Nations. The third League is formed of the C/.ibobocki, (or Dela- wares) the IVanami, the Munfeys, Alawhiccons, and IVapingers. From all thefe Nations, except two or three, we had the chief Sacheiiis with us at Eajhn. The whole Number of Indians by the beft Account we could get, amounted to 501. I fend you a Copy of what I there took down from Day to Day; it may give you fome Notion of the Proceeding at Eajlon, and inform youof feveral Things which I doubt not will be mifreprefentcd. I was careful to fet down nothing but what I heard or faw myfelf, or received from good Authority. The Intimacy I had with feveral of the Indians, and the Confidence they have been pleafed to repofe in me. gave me an Opportunity of being acquainted with what pafled at the private Council. On Saturday, Otl. 8, the Governor had the firft Interview with the Indians, at which very little more pafied than the Compliments ufual at a firft Meeting. Monday and I'uefday the Indians were in clofe Conful- tation among themfelves. The Place of their Meet- ing ) ( 173 ) ing at Croghan\. And here let me obferve, that it affords fjme Matter of Speculation, •^\\.yCrogha}i, who is here in no public Capacity, fhould be honoured with a Guard at his Door. The Reafon of the Indians meeting at his Houfe is more eafily accounted for, as he treats them with Liquor, and gives out that he him- felf is an Indian. The Subjedt in Debate thefe two Days, is, Whether what Teedyujcung has done fhall ftand, or they are to begin anew? The grand Thing aimed at by our Proprietary Managers, is to get 'Teedyujcitng to retradl tlie Charge of Fraud and For- gery. In order to gain this Point the Scnekas and Six Nations are privately treated with and prompted to undo what has been done, in order, as is pretended, to eftabliOi their own Authority and gain the Credit of the Peace. Tei'dyufcung, and his People, abfolutely refufe to retradl any Thing they have faid. He infifts, that what was done in the Beginning of the War, was done by and with the Advice and Confent of the Sene- kas; that the Reafons he had aflignerl t :. the Governor for his ftriking the Eng/i/h, are the ^rue and only Reafons. The Debates were warm. \t- Len'7t:h it is agreed, that every Thing already trarfac'ed between 'Tecdyujcung and the Englijh fliall ftand; th-'t at the opening the general Council, 'Tecdynjcung fhi'U make a iliort iiitrodudory Speech, airvv .sLich the ^cicka and other Chiefs, without invalidat. .g any Thing already done, fliall proceed to Bufinefs. Matters thus fettled, they break up on Tuejday about 1 1 o'clock, and expedl to meet the Governor imme- diately, but the Meeting is deferred till next Day. On IVcdnejday Morning fome of the Quakers got together the ChiefsandOld Men of chefeveral Tribes, in\)rder to fmoke a Pipe with them. After they had broken up, Mr. Cheiv of the Council, came to invite the Committee of Affembly to a Conterence, in order to lliew them the Speech the Governor intended to make to the Indians, and to take their Advice thereon ; it being before agreed on, that Nothing fhould be faid to I] i ( 17+ ) to the Indians^ but what the Committee of Aflembly and Commiflioners fhould be previoufly made ac- quainted with. The Council and CommiiTioners being agreed, the Indians are defiredto meet; while the Chiefs were calling them together the Governors agree to go to Dinner, and defire the Meeting may be deferred till four o'clock. As the Indians were met when they re- ceived this, that they might not fcatter, they agree to fit down and wait at the Place of Meeting till the Time appointed. At four the Governors came, when they had taken their Seats, 'Teedyufciing arofe and made a Motion to fpeak, but the Governor of New Jerfey faid, as he had not yet welcomed the Indians, he defired to be heard firft, and after welcoming the Indians in the Name of his Province, he recapitulated what he had done to obtain an Interview with them, confirmed what he had faid in the Mefl*ages he had fcnt them, pro- fefl*ed his Defire to do them Juftice, and live at Peace with them, but infifted upon their delivering up thofe of his People they had Prifoners among them, with- out which, he could never be convinced of their Sin- cerity. He farther added, that as the Senekas and Cayugas had undertaken to anfwer his Meflage to the MunJeySy he was ready to hear what they, or any other Indians there, had to fay respefting his Province. As foon as he had done, Teedyujcung arofe, and ad- drefling the Governors faid, tliat as he had been defired to invite down the feveral Nations oi Indians he had any Intercourfe with, he had done it; that here they were now met, and if they had any Thing to fay to the Indians, or the Indians to them, they might now fpeak to each other; that for his own Part he had Nothing to do but to fit and hear; he hud already told the Governor of Penfihania the Caufe why he had ftruck him, and had concluded a Peace with him, for himfelf and his People, and that every Thing which could be done at preient was con- cluded and agreed upon, in order to fecure a lading Peace. With this he ^ave a String. Then ibly ac- ing ( 175 ) Then Tagajhata the Seneka arofe and faid, That he was very ghid the Moil High had brought them to- gether with fuch good Countenances; but that the Day was now far fpent, that the Bufinefs they were about was weighty and important; he therefore de- fired it might be deferred for the prefent, and that he might be heard To-morrow Morning early. On Thurjday they met; the Conference was at firft inter- rupted by 'rf^<^///f««£;' coming in drunk, and demanding of the Governor a Letter that the Alleghenians had fent by Pifquetumen. This Letter contained the Speech of the Alleghenians^ in Anfwer to the Meflage delivered to them by Frederic Poft. The Indians entrufted Pojl with the Carriage of it; but as he went from Shamokin to meet the General, he fent it down by the Indians, and by fome Miftake inclofed it in a Packet to Bethlehem \ fo that whiMi the Indians came to Philadelphia and met the Governor, in order to deliver their Speech and Belts, they found they had none. This gave them great Unea^nefs, but the Governor informing them he expected Pojl at the Treaty, they agreed to go up to Kajlon and wait his Coining; and this they did the readier, as they had fome MefTages for I'eedyufcung. Bu«" now being informed, that the Governor had re- ceived from Bethlehem the Letter containing their Speech, they defired Teedyujciing to requeft it of the Governor that it might be read, as they were eager to return, and a great deal depended on the Anfwer they were to carry back. As I'eedyujcung was too drunk to do Bufinefs, Mr. Peters told him that the Letter Hiould be read at another Time, and begged him to have a little Patience. This Buftle being over, Tagajhata arofe and fpoke, approving what had been faid by the Governor of the Jerjeys, and declaring that the Mini/inks h;\J liftened to the Advice of the Senekas, and laid down the Hatchet; and that they, the Senekas, had alio fent the fame Advice to the Delawares and Mini/inks on the Ohio, and hoped they would regard it. — After the Indians had finifhed their Speeches, .1 !(■ 'I, . ill 'i { 176 ) Speeches, juft as the Council was going to break up, Mr. Norris, Speaker of the AfTembly, arofe, and craved the Kar of the Governors, letting them know that he underllood Reports were propagated among the hidicws to his Prejudice, and that tetuled to raile Uneafinefs among them, and fet them a^ainil the Peopleof the Province, He then calleil upon Mofcs '■T'ct.iDiy, a noted Jridian, to ileclare whether he had heard of any Perfon fpreading a Report among the Indians^ that he was concerned in the Purchale of Lands ai or near IFyoiiiiw^. I'ctamy ohferved, that Teedyufcttu^ A'as too drunk to enter upon ♦^hat Matter now. Mr. Norris then faid, that as t!iut was the Cafe, anil as he was obliged to go Home J'omorrow, and could not attend another Meeting, he took this Op- portunity, in the Prefence of both the (iovernors, and of ail the (ientlemen prefent, to tieclare that he was neither diredly nur indirecHlv engaged in the Purchafe of any Lands at or near l('yoini)i^\ and that whoever airerted the contrary erred againil Truth; and be dcfired Mojcs -tetamy would inform the In- dians of this.. Thi' Speech was levelled againft (y, C.rir^ban^ who had oeen fpreaiiing fome falfe Reports among the Indians, and emleavouring to fet '•Ii't'dyufcuti^ againft the People of the Provitrc. As \L-. Norris had no (Jpp(jrtunity of canvalfing the Matter publickly, in order to know wh;.r Crogban had tuiu", he next Morn- ing fent tor •T'ccdyujcun^, who being afked what had jialfed between him ami (h'orge Croghan refpe^ting the It yarning Lamls, declared. That in the beginning of this Week, (V. Croghan came to him and told him, that Ifaac Norris anil a (Quaker who lived in Philadelphia, had been concerned with the Ncw-Engla)id People in purchaling the Lands at Wyoming, ami that they had paid the Money tor the faiil Lands; that though they endeavoured to make the Indians eal'y ami fatistied about it, yet whenever the Indian Claim to thefe Lands was mentioned, they couKl U .t<* -~ .»%..»r-7m Ilia ficd Ills the fikc Ivcr IK'V uia ( I / / couUl nor ((.iir it, ;uul were very iinealy iuiout ir ; tliiit the IliiJ C/. (j-o[ih(in ilellred him (■frL'dyiij'i-n)!;^) to lay nothing about fhis Aftair to any Hoiiy at tliis TreatN-, antl tliat IF hj i!id not, it was in the Power ot" him t!ie faid Cicor^t\ who ai-Hed hy V^irtue of a Commiilion from Sir //'. 'Jobujuu^ to let that Affair right, and to fettle the Indiaus, on the faiii l.aniis, notwiththmding what thefe PurehafcTs could do. And ■l\'cdynjLH):g declared, that if this lliould prove true, neither he nor any other hiil'u uis. would fettle on thel'e Lands, hut wouUl relent the Injury. This was interpreted by MoJ'cs ■I'cldviy, in the I're- fenee of . luios S/rirk/din/y 'j/nnrs ll'harlo)i, Jdiurs C/'/7(/, and .//'(7 JiUiu's^ who lubfcribed their Names as I'.yi- denees. Ami Mr. iVorris, in order to fatisfy -Iccdyiif- cior^ that the whole was a groundlefs Kalfehooil, wrote d figned and delivereil to -fiwhufi/di'^ a folemn Deela- an ration, that neither he, nor an\' one tor him, to his Knowledge, was cither direi'Hy, or in.lirertly, concern- ed in the I'urchafe of any Lands at or near WxuDiiw'. This done, he fent for C drozl. (UL ai ul rcatl to hi what -/'('fv/v/z/r/r;/.' had char!j;eii him with; which Ov/"//, m 11/ po1iti\'ely denied, ami api^'alcd to another hidhui who was piclc-nt at the ("onverfation : The othei- liid'uni being calleil upon, confirmetl e\erv W'ortl that -Iccdy- Hf'citHi^ hail laid. (.'ro^^Luni \\\\\ perfilK'd in dcn\ ing it, ami tolil a plaulible Story w hich he laid was the Subjei't of theirC"on\-erfation,as he could lliew iVom his Diary. Mr. i\crris toKl him, ii was j^ollijilc the hidi.nis might have mii'uiulcrltood him, and uelirecl liim lo pruduce his Diary; but ('ro'^l'dn refufed that, and faid he would Hi ew It to the ( FON'ernors at a coiucment I ime, ami that it llioidil be reail in public bctoie the (."ontcrcnc^ hr(ike iin Oi his one oi the /ndi (ifis oblcr\ed. that it would be eafy for him to go I lomeaiul wri: ■ tlown what he pleafed, and afterwards prcteiul he had i.l,)ne It bet ore; tiiat tru H W ay was to n K'w i! now, am then it miuhi haw tome (. redil paid to it. I'his he was pri'lVeil t.i ,io, in \ indieation ot himti'll, ami to a\(>iil i I7S 1' : ■■! it: avoid Sufpicioii. But he pLrfiitecl in rcfufing, For :i Rcafon, 1 fuppofc, you will think too obvious to mention, and went away in a Paffion. Itiscviclcnt from the Countenance and l''avourCroi^- hafi meets with that he docs not ac^t of himfelf, in thefe his Endeavours to embroil Affairs among the huiiivis. On Friday, Othhcr ij, a Conference was held, at which the Governors i'poke, and the /llle'i^hoiy Letter was reath At the Clofe of the Conference, one Sicbos a iMolhiivk made a Speech, which at (.'on. WicfLr\ par- ticular Re(jueft was not then interpreted in public. The Subftance of the Speech, we were soon atter in- formed, was to difclaim "T'ectlyiifcung'-, Authority. This Nichos is 6\ Croglunt's I<"atlier-in-Law, and him 'tis thought Cr^i;/'^/;/ now makes ufeof to ralfe Difturbance among the Indians, as he found himlelf baffled in his other Scheme. Hecould not prejudice Tecdyufcun^ and fet him againil: the People of the Province; he there- fore now labours to fet the Indians againil him by the fame Methods, I fuppofe, that he attempted the former. On Sunday, Oi-hber 15, there was a ]irivate Confer- ence at Scud's but neither "fccdxufaDi'j nor anv of his People were there. Next Day a Conference was hekl in public, at which were rcati the Minutes of what had paifed: ^Vhen ihcv came to what was faid Yerterday they ftoppetl; but at the Requeft of the Six Nation Chiefs it was read. What concern'd ■fci'dyufinn^^ there, fecmetl little mcjre than whether he Ibould be con- fidered as a King or an Emperor. They did not deny his l*ower over his own Nations, ami he never claimed (exceju in his Cups, if then) any Authority over the Six i\'ations\ nas, as the (lovernor oblerved, he expreily declared thev were iiis Sujieriors, und that he ac'ted as Head for his ovsii tour I'ribes, he 'Wo a(^ted or.!\' as a Mefll-nger \\\nw his Uncles. On H cdnefday, Otiuber Sth, when the A/.v Nation Indians come to return an Aniwer, they gave us a Specimen of their Fincjfc in Politics. \Ve hail been harralledwith a.n lndian\^\\x\ thciiovernorcalled upon them • i Ifc If' i 179 ) them to declare the Caufes of it. The Chiefs clif- claimedall Concern in it, and dechired that it was not done by the Advice or Confent of the Pid)lic Council of the Nations, tho' they frankly owned fome of their young Men had been concerned in it. As Counfel- lors they would not undertake to allign the Caufes of their Uneafinefs, or what had induced them to ftrike the liH^liJh, leH: it fliould appear as if they had coun- tenanced the War, or at leaft had not been at due Pains to prevent it. They therefore left the Warriors to fpeak for themfelves. The Caufes they aligned were the fame that had l)een ailigncd before. Our Managers were very earneft to have the Six Nations Speaker fay he fpoke for the Dclaivarcs. However, '■T'ccdyiifcHH^ maintained his Independancy; and as foon as ■T'oi//i!s K/}/;^ fat down, he arofe ami faid, that as his Uncles had done, he would fpeak in Behalf of his own People; and as his Uncles had mentioned feveral Cai; I'S of Uneafinefs, he would now mention one in Behalf of the Opines, or IFapings, ik.c. This I find differently repreiented in the printed Treaty ; but as there are feveral other Places liable to Objeiftions, I fliall, if I have Leifure, fend you one with fome Notes. You fee by 'Towns King9> Speech, that what was conjertured in tiie Enquiry relating to the Purchafe of 1754, was not groundlefs, and that that Purchafe was one main Caufe of the War. I finil the fame Effec'l may be attributed to different Caul'es; for the going away of the Six Nation Chiefs, which 1, who was not fo clear-fighted as to difcover the great Diffatisfac'tion faid to have been vifible in the Countenances of the Indians, attributed to the Coldnefs of the Day and the Fatigue of long fitting, I find in the printed Treaty afcribed to their Averfion to Tccdyujcung and Difapprobation of what he was fay- ing. — The next Day tWtMimfeys, diffatisfied with fome Part of the Six Nations Conduft, demanded and re- ceived back the Belt by which they had put themfelves and their Affairs under their Dircftion, and gave it to Teedyufcung m ■1 -'■ h\ ■I 'i ■h 1 t .'t ( I. 1 ' 1 l:v « ( iSo ) 'l'ecd\!ifcu)i^. The Cli)('cof the Conference on Friiiny, ORijhcr 20th, was notliinij; bur Confiifion. After the Cjo\'eni()r hail done, S'lcids the Mnian-k fiiitl the (io- vernor left 'I'hinirs in the Dark; that neither he nor any of the Chiefs knew what Lantls he meant; if he i'poke of the Lands beyond the Mountains, they had alreaily confefled their ha\'ingfoKl them; but the Go- vernor had their Deetls, whv were not thefe jirotluceti ami iliewn to their Coufins the D'/aivdrrs'^ IlereC ll^L'ifer went and brought the Deeil of 1749. Nichos acknowledgetl the Deeil, It was fliewn to ■ic((hufcioi\r-^ but lie eoukl not readil ■ Ik' made to uiulerftand why it was now brought, ail Matters relating to Land lung as !"ie 'Iioii^ht referred to the Determination of the King, (jovernor Bcniiud of the Jryfcxs, who had omethnig to iliv, had i"e\eral Times ilefired to be i.eard; but t!;e Affair of the Deed fo engrofled the AVttention of our (iovernor, his Council, and inter- preter, that no Kegaril was [iaid to what (iovernor Bcniard dedreti. In iliort their Heha\iour on the Occafion was lo very unpotite, that many couKl not help bluiliing for them. And at the lail, the pro- ducing the Deed railed fuch a CiHiimotion among the hid'uins^ that they broke u|) withour giving (io- vernor Bernard an CJpportunitN' to I'peak a Word. Next Day a private Co;)terence was held with the Chiefs of the Indums. As our People lave not thought fit to publilh it, I lliall give it to you as I had it from fome who were prefent. '■Teedyujcung taking out a String of white aiid black WamjHim, told the Council and Commiifioi.ers (the (iovernor was not there) that he had matle I'Jiquiry concerning the 13eed produced '^'clle'tlav, and was fi- tisfied his Uncles hati iold the Land defcrib'd therein; he faw likewife that Nutimus the Didd-icarr Chief had figned the Deed, and found upon Innuirv that he hatl received forty four Dollars, part of Hie Conluleration- Money. 1 his l;eiiig the C;;!^, he ■• 'd make no Dif- pute about that Deed, but was rca^iy to confirm it; for he J 4^ (» .^ III iay, the io- nor he i:ul io- ccd c C. has i» I I ( iSi ) he wiinteil to he \\t Pe;ice with his Brothers the F.h^^HJJi, Mut he oh(er\'eil, thtit his conriniiiivj; tli:it Deed wouKl not affei't the Claims he hiul fortnerh' iiuule; for the Laiuls he thought liinifelf priiu ''v wroiigeil in, hiy between ■I'obkcun ami the K'ttU. ,, Hills. On this he gave a String. After he had delivered the String, '•fokahtiyo, a Cavir^a Chief, arofe, ami in a very warm Speech commendeil the Condue't of ■T'cedyufcioi'^j and at the fame Time feverely reprehended that of the F.w^liJ.'i. Me tokl ■I'dulyufcini'^, 'That he himfelf and 'the other Chiefs were ohligetl to him for his Can- '(.lour and Opennefs; that they plainlv perceived he ' fpoke from the Heart, in the fame Manner thev ' uled to do in aneient Times, when they lieKl Coun- ' cils together. They wiflied they could fav as much ' of the /',;/:[/////; hut it was plain the l'Ji\^liJ/i either did ' not underlhuul hid'uui AHairs, or elle did not aft ' and I'peak with that Sincerity and in the Manner ' they ought. When the hulicjis delivereil Helts, ' they were large ami long; Init when the I'Jiglijh re- ' turneel an Anfwer or Ipoke, they did it on fmail ' Belts and triHing little Strings'''. And yet the En- '' li^lijh maile the Wampum, wliereas the hulliins were ' obliged to buy it. But the Reafon was, the hidians ' fj^oke from the Heart, the lin^lijh only from the ' IVlouth. Befides, how little the En^^l'ijli attended to ' what was faid appeared from this, that feveral of the ' Belts ami Strings they (the Indians) had given them, ' were loll.' [That is unanfiocrcd\ for you'll pleafe to obferx'e no Anfwer was returned to the Complaints the Indians made refjKx'ting Carolina, the O/'/'c^ Affair, or the Opines.'] ' If the KngUjIi knew no better how ' to manage Indian Affairs, they fliould not call them ' touether. Here thev hatl invitetl them tlown to ' brighten the Chain of Peace, but inftead ot that, ' had fpent a Fortnight wrangling and difputing about * Anidiij; the Indiam the Size of tlic Helts they give witli their Speeches, i:. iilwavs in I'roponion to their Ideas of tlie greater or lefs Iniportaiiee of the Matters treated ol. ' Lands. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 1.1 us 1^ l^ 11 us 1^ 2.0 m IL25 i 1.4 1.6 y 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5S0 (716) 872-4S03 v iV ^ <^ <0 6^ 'I 'I I 11:6: '\. t '. 1- ' ; : H-r ' iMf, irk- ( 182 ) ' Lands. What nuifl: tlic People of Allegheny think 'of this Coiulud: when they are informed of it l>y ' their MefTengers?' On '■Tiicfday a public Kntertainment was given to the Indians^ and in the Evening the Chiefs were call- ed together l)v A'. Peters antl C IVe'ifer. Hitherto the hid'mns^ the' feveral Times prefled to it, had de- ferred giving an Anfwer to the Propofal made on Behalf of the Proprietors to releafe hack, to the In- dians the Lands of the Purchafe of 1754, Weft: of the Allegheny Mountains, provided the Indians woulil confirm to them the Refidue of that Purchafe. But the Deeds iieing drawn uji agreeable to what the Proprietors jiropofed, it now remainetl to jierfuade the Indians to ftgn them as drawn. Antl 'I'o-night 'tis faid that is done. I wifti this may not be a I'oun- dation of frefti Uneafinefs. In jniblic Ccnincil the', declared rhev would confirm no more o'i that Land than what wx'^ fettled in the \'ear 1754, for which onh thev had received the Coniideiation; but all the rell they reclaimed. Yet now by the Deed as drawn, ten Tillies, nav I may fay twenty Times as much Land is conve\eil as was then fettled. l'"or the h'.)i- glijh Settlements in 1754 exteiuied but a little Wav uj-» the JiDiiata and Sherman s Creek, w hereas the pre- fcnt (irant reaches to the .llle^^heny Mountains. May not the Warriors to whom the Lamls have been gi\en for hunting (irounds difipprove this (irant as the\' did bef'ore, and maintain their Uigiit bv l'"orce of Arms.'' I vvifh this I'ear mav be groundless. Be- fules, I could ha\e wiftied that another lime than the (Joj'e oj an Enter tai)nnent had been chofen for exe- cuting the Deeiis, confidering the In. Hans P'ondnef's tor Li(juor. But 1 havealreaiiy too much traiifgrefVed upon vour Patience; I fliall therefore only add that / am^ i^c. A.V- *fl jr- ^ ( '«J ) RxlraFl of a Letter from one of the Friendly AlTociation /;/ Philadelphia, dated December ii, 1758. At the late Treaty T'eedyufcung confirmed the Pur- chafe of I74(/''; his Motives for this Confirmation, were to engage the <.SV.v Nationj to confirm the U'^yom- ifig Lands to him and his People; hut fuch Meafures were purfued, by our proprietary Managers, to pre- vent it, and to fet the Indians at variance with each other, that all our Arguments, Perfuafions and Pre- fents were fcarce fufiicient to keep them from an open Rupture. The Bufinefs was fhamefully delayed from Day to Day, which the Minutes are calculated to fcreen; but it is well known to us who attended, that the Time was fpent in attempting ■r'eedvufcung's Downfal, and filenc- ing or contradicting the Complaints he had made; but he is really more of a Politician than any of his Op- ponents, whether in or out of our proprietary Coun- cil; and if he could be kept fober, might probably foon become Kmperorofall the neighbouring Nations. His old Secretary not being prefent, when the Treaty began, he did not demand the Right of having one, and thought it unnecefTary, as he was dcterminetl rather to be a Spedator than adive in public Bufinefs, fo that we are impofed on in fome Minutes of Confecjuence. General forbes'a proceeding with fo much Caution has furnillied Occalion for many imprudent Reflec- tions; but I believe he purfued the onlv Method, in whicii lie cciuKl have fuccecded. Whether he is a Soldier or not 1 cannot judge, nor is it my Bufinefs; but I am certain he is a confiderate underftanding Man; and it is a Happinefs to thefe Provinces, that he prudently determined from the Entrance on the Command here; to makeufeof every rational Method * This \v;is .1 I'Lirthafc ni.ulc by tlic Proprietors from the Six Niitions, of Laiuls (.-laimcil In tlu- l)i/,ia\irr<. t,f . u P If r 1 ,. ( i<^4 ) of conciliating the J^'ricndfhip of the hidicvis^ and iliaw- ing thcni off from the l''rc)i(l<\ fo that fince we hatl his Countenance and Dircdions, our jKicific Nego- tiations have been carried on with fome Spirit, and have had the delireil Kffec^t, The Mxprefs left the (jeneral at l''ort Duqiicfnc (now Pilt\s-ljity\ib) on the joth ult. and favs he would rtay to meet the Indians^ of whom he expected five hundred in a Day or two, having heard they were near him on the other vSide the River, lie will, no doubt, provide for divers Matters lliamefully ne- gleded at lidjlofi^ where our proprietary Vgents wifely releas'd to the Indians all the Lands weliwanl of tlvj Mountains, without fo much as ftipulating for the keeping a trading Houfe in any Part of that exten- fi\'e Country. This Neglec'-t is now much noticeil; and as we are aflur'd there will he a great Want of (ioods there this Winter, 1 am fitting t)ut two Waggons with aluuit 5 or 6oo 1. worth of Strouds, Hlankets, Match- coats, \'c. which Ihal! he fent to the (Jeneral either to be fold or given away in fuch Manner, as may moft effedtualh' promote the public Intereft: The Weather being pleai'ant and mild, and the Roads gootl, I am in hopes they wi^l be conveved to Ray s- •J'ljivn in a tew Days. Our Friendly .llJociation have, out of their luiiul, expended upwanls of 2000 1. but the Coil of thefe (lootls mull be paid (if the\ are given away) out of the Contributions of the McnonijU and Sivcngfeldcrs^ who put about i <;oo 1. into my Ilanels for thel'e Purjiofes. fJ-< \ > I (iM 1 J lit I % t V I \ I s. bidians^ and cli-aw- that fincc wc had iir jiacific Ncgo- fomc Spirit, and It /'>>;•/ Dnqucfih' .11 d fays he would lie cxjicftcd five heard they were er. He will, no > nianiefully ne- iry Agents wifely welhvartl of tlvj pulating for the rt of that exten- J; and as we are of (ioods there ' Waggons with Uankets, Match- e (leneral either Manner, as may c Intereih The and the Roads iveyeil to Riiys- .Ijjhcidtio)! have, Is of 2000 1. Init •aid (if they are of the Mcuunijfs 500 1. into my Lake Erie A MA r oftlu' PR« ri'.NSYLVA iiiff'/if/r{/rhtr/li/to H/n/tratr the.. In 11 I A >• V 1: \\ mavtiii>^ro))rietaru thf f'fnnn.<,- ninr/r hif f/ir II n l.mithSrtttrf/ dm/ not Purrfia.' tlin/ iifitv dfstrrnmit de <'/• PART of V I R G I X I A La RE Erie A M A r ot tlw IMIOVIX I', ol r i:\SYLV AN I A. in/r/u/f(/(/iirfli/to ll/ii/hvlr tlir.lrroniit np/ir . Srrirti/ In It I v >• TiH t II ASK s ina.h>l»v»lii>JJrOprifti»rte«..rUi,. r.nai'n.vime Ihr rffiiin-v nini/r h// t/ir / • \' ii i . i, \ • ,k , (in /.aiiJ.\Srf//rf/ iiiiif nil/ /'Nirliii.icif o/'t/irni niitf fhr Truct thfii iinir ilrsirriniii^ hr (i//