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A N E N T

THE

NORTH AMERICAN

CONTINENT.

"What is that hath been ? the same thing sliall bo , .

LONDON:
WILLIAM RIDGWAY, 109, PICCADILLY, W.

MARCH.
lS(3i.

Prion Sixpence.

ANENT
THE NOIITH AMEJfKJAN CONTINENT.

TffiiKE years j.o-,) ., u,,.at IJrpiihlip fluuriHlif.d across
the Atlantic, whose citizens ilatt<"rc,l tliciiisclvcs that
the iiiiioteeiith century A^•ouI.I witness the anial-uma-
tion under one g-overnnient of the divers rams in-
hrdjitnio. their continc^nt -from the ivx reo-ions to
the Istlnnus of l^nianni. " ""

TJn-ee months h.ter a ])rovincial (h-sturbance in the
harbour of Cliarleston disi)..]led their dreams of em-
pire; yet they mio-Jit as well have believed tliat their
descendants would g-overn the tidal How of the ocean,
as that their hemisphere would not be su])jected tJ
Nature's laws.

History teaches that both lloman and Carlovin-
g'lan enipn-es Mere dismembered in consequence of
the mabdity of their central g-overnments to exercise
a beneficial sway over inereashig populations, en-
lightened by civilisation, and determined to localize
the supreme direction of their affairs.

liefore many years have elapsed the North
American Continent will l)e occupied !»v a oroup of
Commonwealths, every one possessing- its a,itonomv,
and capable of defending, its territory ag-ainst home

or foreig-n ag'gressors.

It would be a putriotic jiolioy on the part of
nntive Amfricins, Caiiadiniis^ and Mexicans, to
facilitate the formation, in GeooTapliical Divisions, of
as many States as the intc^rests of their citizens
mipht require ; and, whilst reservino- to eacli its
complete independence in reg-ard to political economy,
to form one confederation, with uniftrin currency,
comnion customs union, postal, telegTajdiic, steam-
boat and railroad connnunication, banking* and
commercial i^'ivileg-es.

The rig'ht to hold property, and to 1)(^ naturalized
in the various Divisions, should be secured to natives
desirous of chan<»'ini>- their domiciles.

There is still time for such friendly arrang'cments
between the two sections of th(^ late United States,
but the eleventh hour has struck; and, were the
present Americans wise in their g-eneration, they
would avail themselves of the opportunity, and not
run the risk (jf seeino- their Continent divided into
as many hostile republics, as is that of South
America.

The leading' maritime PoAvers of Europe oug*ht to
remove whatever obstacles the Americans find in-
superable towards the attainment of these objects ;
and, to begin with, they should take an active ])art
in settling- the questions at issue between the
American bellig'erents, a speedy solution to which
can alone pi*event the annihilation, for thirty years
to come, of their respective sources of prosperity, a

result na (Iftrimriitn] to tlx? interests of the Old
"World as to those of the New.

In the United States no one has the eourao-o to
])roclaini openly that the Union ean ne\er he re-
stored -that Noi-th and South should sepai-ate into
two divisions, and that a third suhdivision, if ve-
(juired, should he allowed to take place for the sake
of restoring- poaee,

In the Confederate States, the Goverinnent, in-
stead of using- all the energ'ies of the p.'oplo to de-
fend its natural frontiej-s, and to reconquer those
portions of its territory invaded hy the Northern
army, is strug-g-ling- to maintain a nominal suzerainty
over the country to the west of the Mississipj)i,
which, for extent and si)arseness of poi)ulation, may
be most aptly compared with r)00,000 square miles
of Australian plains, where the traveller falls in with
one or two shepherd flirms on a forenoon ride.

The truth is that the Northern and Southern
governments are both striving- to attain an imperial
future for their respective sections ; the former for a
country peopled by freemen and f)lack serfs, the
latter for one inhabited by ^^•hite men and Neo-ro
slaves. The lot of the unfortunate Blacks is indeed
deserving- of commiseration ; for, under either sys-
tem, they are to be employed as " hewers of wood
and drawers of water'' to their pale-fiiced country-
men, in stEcula sceculorifm.

When we emancipated our West Indian Neg-roes
the masters were few, the slaves were many! the

islands smnll, the ilcots mid s()ldi(,'rv of Euo-jjiiid
\voi'(\ nt Imiid, if rcrinircd, to protect tlif l)laok
people ill tlicir iif'w l\-:io(|uir('(l rii^-lits, and the
rcsnlt \\as a disastrons failnre to the mora) and
social intcirsts of all concci'iicd. None of tlios(!
conditions e.xist in respect to sLnerv on the North
-American continent. IVom Chesapeake Bay, in a,
direct line to the confhu'iice of the liio Puercos Avitli
the Kio Grande, from the sonth-eastward of that line
to the shores of the McAican Gulf and the Atlantic
Ocean, the soil is principally ada])te(l for the lahour of
the African race alone, w liile \\ ithin these limits is
contained an area snfHciently laro-o to employ in its
cultivation fifty millions of that class. As the
Avhite Jind coloured American races have heretofore
increased in relative proportions, we may assume
that they will do so in future, and that senseless
aholition liOAvls, from A\hicliever side of the ocean
they proceed, will not improve the lot of our
swarthy fellow creatures, hut rather make their
latter condition u orse than their first.

At Richmond and Washino-ton, in Tennessee and
Virginia, the civil and militai'v authorities are too
seriously occui)ied to have leisure or inclination for
projecting' any jvlan for the extrication of their de-
luded countrviiien out of the slouo-h of ruin and
mis(i'}- into which the manceu\res of unscrupulous
politicians have ])lunged them, and in which the
interests of speculators, stockjobbers, army con-
tractors, blockade-runners, and unprincipled adven-

inrovH, fho Pwoopiiio-s of cvm- cVunn, rri\\\\\'i> iluit
they sliould roiiKiiii. Xor is it to hv expected tliiil
any iiiiliieiitial Ixxly of men, in citliei- ilie l^dernl
or ('onfedenite States, will d-)re to advocate the
eanse of'])eaeefuI separation, and tlins incur tlie yen-
<;vance of despotic (»overinnents, wlio emplov flieii
nrnied leo-ions to crush political and military oppi.-
nents indiserimiiiateJv.

Besides the moral, tluMV ir; a material aspect of
the Amerioan question,

Avenerahle ex-lVesid<Mit of the United States, at
the time of a naval expedition to the ]']astern seas,
hiid down the doctrine that the Americans were
morally justified in forcing- the barharian nations to
op<'n their ports, for the purpose of supph ing* civi-
lised nations with such commodities as the former
possessed in superabundance, and the latter stood in
n(>ed of. How, therefore, can the Nortliern pr^\ ent
the Southern section of the late United States from
supplying' the nations of the Avorld with cotton ?

Moreover, the g-reatest consumers of cotton o<oods
are the middling-, but especially the lower, classes
in every country ; the bulk of cotton cloth uv.uh is
of the inferior descriptions, and the cotton required
for tliis is of the loAver qualities. The principal cus-
tomers can only l)uy larg-ely ^vdien cloth is to be had
cheap ', consequently, the consumption has been
g-reatly aflected by the rise in ])rices which scarcity
of the raw material has produced during- the last
two years.

Ten million hundred weig-hts of raw cotton is re-

fjuiiYMl to knej) thr mills in Great Britain workiiij^*
t'ull time. One and a quarter pountls of Uj)Isin(l or
Surat cotton is required to produce one pound of
cotton yarn. The cost of manufacture amounts to
from three to fourpence per ])ound for every pound
of yarn. In consequence of the iluctuations in the
prices of I'aw cotton, the diilerence between the cost
and the price at which the yarn sells constitutes the
only profit which the spinner can dejiend on. The
profit of the power-loom weaver depends on the price
he has to pay for the yarn, but g'enerally the w ealthy
sj)inner, weaver, and printer, when combined under
one association, procure a sale for their manufacture,
at one time in the form of yarn, at another in that
of cloths, whether unbleached, bleached, or printed ;
and the profits made on the cloths are often not
larger than would have been made by the sale of
the yarns.

Fifty thousand bales, or two hundred thousand
hundred \\eig*hts of raw cotton, will every week be
required to keej) the mills working* full time, on
account of new mills and additions made to those
previously existing* since the cotton famine com-
menced ', and the following tables will convince the
most sceptical of the improbability of a return of
pros})erity to Lancashire until there is enough of
American cotton to supply not only ourselves but
the world at large; considering that, besides the
quantity required for our own consumption, there
ought to be two to three million cwts. always in
stock at Liverpool.

TABLE A.

Total lin])orts of Cotton into Oreat ]iritaiii during tlio follow-
ing yours approximately, in cwU.

ISO]. ]s(;2. mv3.

From i:nitcd States . . 7,30(».00() 100,000 100.000

„ iiulia 8,300,000 3,r,0(),()()0 3,900,0(K)

„ Other quartera . . 000,000 1,100,000 2,0(X),000

Cwts.

11,200,000 1,700,000 0,000,000

TABLE B.

Trices of Cotton, Tarn, and Cloth, during the following years,
in Liverpool and Manchester.
ISGl. ISGl.
Cotton, raw, mid. Upland 7(1. 2GiL

fair Surat
40 Mule yarn
30 Water twist

}

0(.

12d.

22(7.

28<?.

per pound.

Printer, Cotton cloth, Gs. sterling 12.?. sterling, per piece of

29 yards, weighing 1 pounds.

With these fig'ures under our eyes, we cannot
unreservedly' accept the assurance that the mills
will have sufficient cotton for four days and a half

ft.

l)er week diu-ing- the present^ and for six da}'s per
week throuo-hout next year.

Great Britain cannot he rendered independent of
America for cotton for ten years to come; and, even
if India should replace America in this respect, it is
not in our power to prevent the collapse which will
take place there, and in other quarters, so soon as

the American war is ended; as cotton A\ill be i^'rown
to as great nn exif^nt in tlie Southern Confederacy
hereafter as heretofore.

The States of Alabama and of Mississippi, in 1800,
produced tog-ether as nnich cotton as tlie whole
amount of American cotton imported into Great
Britain, on an averag-e, during- cacli of tJie tln-ee
previous years. These States, A^ hicli possess milHons
of acres of virg-in soil, if peopled with a suflicient
number of Neg-roes, either working- as slaves or on
General Banks' new system, would produce as much
cotton as the whole world cnn use ; and this alone
will g-ive some idea of the supplies that may ag-ain be
forthcoming- from the American Continent.

But the protraction of this war does not benefit
any kind of honest hidustry on either side of the
Atlantic. The shiphuilding- interest is exposed to
disag-reeable uncertainties, to which the cases pend-
ing- before the Law Courts sufticiently testify: and no
trade is favourably aftected, except the manufacture
of cannon, firearms, shot, shell, and other miniitions
of war; and it is lamentabh.* that colossal fortunes
should be made, in a Christian land, by furnishino-
weapons to enable thirty millions of our race to de-
stroy one another amidst the horrors of q\\\\ war.

Under these deplorable circumstances, it is well to
remember that there does not, and cannot, exist on
the American Continent any moral force adequate
to arrest the march of events. Even sup])osino' that
the Northern and Southern g-o^ernments desired to

terminate hostilities, upon whose behalf could the
former acknowledg-e the latter, or what authority
would the latter })ossess to nccept terms at the hands
of the former ? The people can o-rant the requisite
authority, but the respective Governments are power-
less to lead them, even were they inclined to make
the essay. To reason with them in their present
choleric condition would be as profitless as to
harang-ue the inmates of Bedlam ; whilst as for
waithig- until they are likely to become reasonable
hearers, the time would be as ])rofitably spent watch-
ing- for the waters to ascend, instead of descending-,
the Falls of Niao-ara.

The sole means for restoring- peace to the American
people consists in the simultaneous " llecog-nition of
the Government at llichmond, as representing- the
Southern Confederacy,'' by France, Great Britain,
Spain, Portug-al, and Mexico. The sooner this
ste}) is taken, the sooner the war will be terminated j
and until it be taken the war will not be ended.

In conclusion, the principal objections liitlierto
advanced ag'ainst Becog'uition may be, witliout diffi-
culty, successfully ansuered.

1. From all quarters ^\e hear that public opinion
demands the maintenance of the strictest neutrahty.
But this policy has displeased botli l)ellig'erents and
may, at times, l)e justly reg-nrded by each as one-
sided. After all, what is "public opinion" but a
convenient term for '^public feeling-," obeying- an im-

pulse g-enerally derived from a party view of a
popular question, g'uided by the ministry of the day ?
2. Althouo-h foreig-n nations oug-ht not to assist
either bellig-erent with material force, yet they are
bound to accept the conclusions arrived at by such
States in the Southern Confederacy as have hofia
Jide totally emancipated themselves from, and re-
pudiate the sway of, the Government at Yv'ashing-ton.
Has any eminent American or European statesman
or lawyer satisfactorily disproved the rig-ht of seces-
sion, claimed by certain States which were formerly
members of the Federal Union? Will any one deny
the rig-ht of the g-reater or of the minor German
Powers to decline remaining- members of the German
Confederation? And will any one undertake to
prove that the States of Alabama or Pennsylvania,
of Massachusetts or South Carohna, are not as truly
sovereig-n, independent States as Hanover or Hesse
Cassel ?

3. The simple act of Eecog'nition by the two great
Maritime Powers of Europe, even if they acted
without the others, would bring- to the surilice, both
in North and South, the g-iant peace parties, who
would force their respective Governments to con-
clude an armistice, to appoint deleg-ates, and to
nominate commissioners for settling- the terms of
separation, whereby ample territory could be secured,
both to the United States and to the Southern C^on-
federacy.

4. No one can now affect ig-norance as to what

States form, and what constitutes the frontiers of,
the Southern Confederacy; but if any person desires
such information, let him study the bulletin of the
French Moniteur, or the leading- articles of the
London morning* and evening* daily press.

5. Is it probable that the Northern States would,
at the same time, carry on a war ag*ainst Great
Britain, France and the Southern Confederacy?
And is it not nearly certain that, peace being" once
re-established among* them, the Americans, like the
Europeans after 1815, will have had enoug-h of war
for one g*eneration at least? But supposing* that
they did declare war, how long* would Philadelphia,
New York, and Boston bear being* blockaded ? How
many American vessels would run throug-h an
auxiliary blockading* squadron, plying* between Hali-
fax, Bermuda, and the Bahamas? How^ many
American privateers would be found in the Eastern
Seas, or in the Pacific Ocean, if Great Britain and
France declared that their officers would, if captured,
be liable to transportation for life, and their crews to
hard labour, seeing that privateering*, buccaneering*
and piracy are equall}' opposed to the spirit of modern
civilisation? If Great Britain has £120,000,000
sterling* at all times afloat on the waters, there is at
least the hall' of this sum invested in cotton ma-
chinery, and an equal amount when profitably em-
plo^ed in the manufacturing* trade can give employ-
ment to half a million operatives. Surely the enabling*
our cotton operatives to earn fair and remunerative

wag'es is as important as doing* so for tlie crews of the
vessels carrying* the aforesaid merchandise j and the
vested interests of the millowners have as legitimate a
claim to protection as those of the owners of eitlier
ships or cai'g'oes.

0. Should the Northern States desire to annex
Canada, it will enable the Canadians, with our as-
sistance, to reg'ulate their south-eastern frontier at
the expense of the States of Mahie, New Hamp-
shire, and Vermont, besides securing- for them, what
they have been too long* deprived of, the harbour
and town of Portland. Moreover, one of the pri-
mary effects of a blockade would be to cause the
Great Western Lake States to detach themselves
from the United States, and either declare them-
selves Secessionists or crave for permission to form
part of Canada. Should the Canadians, however,
decline to assist in their own defence, why should
they be prevented establishing' themseh^es under
whatever form of g'overnment they may prefer?

7. There is only one sensible scheme for abolish-
ing* slavery on the North American continent^ and
that is to satisfy the slave proprietors that it is their
best interest to prepare the NegTo race to support
a well dig'ested system of g'radual emancipation j
and, combined with this, to circumscribe the limits
of the territory on a\ Inch slavery exists. This can
best be done by enabling' the Southern Confederacy
to take its place as an independent nation among-st
t\: ) powers of the world. What has made slavery

(

•

flourisli ill the Southern States liitherto has been
the aid and protection afforded it by the cupidity of
the Nortliern States. AVhat will most speedily
ensure its extinction, are the conflicting- interests
of the slave owners and of their non-slave owning-
fellow citizens, tog-ether with the influence exercised
upon the Confederacy by surrounding- nations, which
are liostile to, and do not tolerate, this peculiar in-
stitution.

Finally, when a mansion is on fire, all friendly
neig-hbours aid in exting-uishing- the frames. Eng--
land has some oblig-ations unfulfilled to the descend-
ants of her earliest colonists, and to those of the
African race ^n horn she transplanted to their soil ;
and there is no i)lan other than Kecog-nition by which
our American kinsfolk can be extricated from their
mournful condition, and their fair broad land become
ag-ain " a joy of many g-enerations."

TJIK i:nj).

PAMPHLETS

THE AMERICAN QUESTION.

ANENT THE UNITED STATES and the CONFE-
DEBATE STATES.

RECOGNITION OF the SOUTHEEN CONFEDERACY.

REFUTATION of FALLACIOUS ARGUMENTS anent
THE AMERICAN QUESTION.

JEFFERSON DAVIS, REPUDIATION, and SLAVERY,
by the Hon. R. J. Walker.

AMERICAN FINANCES and RESOURCES, by the Hon.
R. J. Walker.

DESTRUCTION op the AMERICAN CARRYING
TRADE, by Fred. M. Edge.

ENGLAND'S DANGER and her SAFETY, by Fred. M.
Edge.

LECTURES ON the AMERICAN DISRUPTION, by
Alex. J. Beresford Hope.

RECOGNITION, by F. W. Gibbs, C.B.

THE FOREIGN ENLISTMENT ACT, by F. W. Gibbs,
C.B.

THE FLAG OF TRUCE, by A White Republican.

THE WOES OF WAR, by A Southern Ladt.