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My dear Friend^ OiNCE my return from America, you |i|Ye made freque&l inquiries respecting the {^r^sent disposition of the American government ^^H^ have oftpn remarked, ho^ singular it is, that% people, with whom we^aie in many ways so closely connected, should testify, on all occa- sions, so strong an antipathy to their mother country, and so open a partiality to France; These dispositions of the Ap^can government no one, I believe, now ventures to call in que»-r tion. Every apt^jf &e British government is 4i I . ,-ri 4 t ■^ k' ■' \-^,-^. Ifiewed^by Amenca throu^ a ^storted me- tf ntrti/. dVitj0^^'^i ^ possible, into a topic of reproadi and invective; while^m the other hand, the most flagrant acts of ihjtisdce on th^ part of France are either passed over in total silence, or studiously extenuated by those to- wards whom they are directed. T^e causes of this Anti-Anglican spirit -of the American go- vernment lie deeper than is commonly imagl- ned; and, in colnpliiJilce. Vllth your desire, I shall endeavour to lay"Defore you such ihfonn- ation on this interesting topic, as a short resi- dence in the United States has enabled me to 4u:quire. > Certain obvious causes 6f the antipathy of the Americans to England niust present thon- sdves to the most superficial observe^. The ^mimoeitieB engendered by the revoluti6nary wir, it may be supposed, have not altogedier «ubnded : and the unavcudaUe inconveniences jnuldng to the cofnmerte of Ameiks, fib^ OCBT naval supremacy^ must likewise be, in some •measure, a source of disgust and alienatipil. li^ >> , L . >^£^-i^£^L<\ t 1 But tfoanif'^ Am e ric i m liive Im oine t^ ' Oldish the ammositieGof dieieniludcmi^war dian we ouwd m have: and the naval sapie- inacj of our Gonntiy, anoe it protects America in commlift * with Bdtun, is unquestionably pfodnctive of greater advantage dian inconve^ nioice 10 4e UnitBd Sttfes. The orig^ there-« fbre^ c|f the Fiench hias, vdudi at piesait dk-' dngdidifiB the Americfii govenunen^ miist!^ scw^it fat in odier drcomatances. ^ The |:e8ult of my ofaaorvatkia on the state of parties in Ametka vras» that tins iHas proceeded partly fiom the ammoniies of die revohiticniary war, partly fiom the jailing ^ews and interests of the £feent sections of the Union, paitly from the prgodBoes kai^ngf statesmen I but chiefly fiom die eanesavdy democndc nature of die AmericanJMpernment, from theuniver- aaisuflEoge and madie magbtracy, ^i^iich aie its ^sdngoishii^ fetfurei; and the violent party contentions fay wludi audi a guvemm ent mw^ idways be a^tated. . :':'• ■- ..^ >. rfnit-.; It is die last of diese dicraniBino^ flie na- ture oj'die Americaa government, to ^diid^ as ■^- f ^1 f*! k"%" \ Ik. ^ ■xMyf « ^ Y which this august body after many months de- fiberadon^^jgavc forth, (^though the United States hm now ^^ «^r^ty ^earrf !iett'p# pering lUider it beyobd'jdl expectation! and ex- ample,) was estab^hi^ with much difficulty-, 'and af^ra strenuous oppdsition from a power- fill and niuHAous ^iarty, who were un^endly to its adoption." The party, which framedand supported it, was composed of those who saw the necessity of the United States, considered as-^ne natiofi, bdng in future provided wit}]r# ns^onal government ; that is to say, wi^ an organ or instrument, by whick thdr inteicouise with foreign states mighrbexatried oi^ and by y^tMi; ift the same dine, duch mattm of intei^ i^I polic4 as Jtfe dosely connected with that» intercourse, might be r^ulated. In furnishing the Um^ St^ with this indispensable orgaoi " ' '' '^ . ", • For the satisfaction of thbse vrho may never tave «en this cnrioos instnimont, it is inserted fif the Appendix, fio. I. Some of the Americans have the assuraoce to allege, that, in feet, Grdbt Briuin has no constitution, because there is noi in this country any such single^ocument, recognisedjas tfie charter' of th^ govemmebt and the paUadlum of public liberty;, f '': 5s3f > •:* •»! t:^ f-J -'S'S^r : \- 10 'Jti ' 0t chi«f diBSeuIt]^ cbnnsted ill e$tid]fid4Qg a . government^ which should not only possess su^ * Gdeat vigour int the piupos^ it» founder h^ % ftewi but at di0 tame time be arm^ ^nth no prer^tiTes that might either seem dangax)ut to the libertioB of the nation, encroach too fiff qq Ae aorereignty of the^'^vidual states^ *lff 4e«. ^^tite from diose forms of democratic polity to Which the American people are «o closely at* .tached. f-.-»s«^js •-/*., ,i^vf^ .>.|.^« , ,*<. * ?V^^^^»^,..? I^^^e consdtutloa JMUteUy fiamed/^seems^ in Ml^imitietit degree, tb pOssete all these recom- ^mendations. The powers, with which it is in- Teeted, are suflBcient for the ends of its inotitu- tion : its prerogatives interfere j^li|tl| 41$ |m^. ble with the authority of the state governments ; and its forms are at the same time strictly con- formable to the republican mod«i It conaitt ia£i^|iresideii^lftyto(tiB ferti&liil V'tuprenn • Tbough the authority of the pres^ent !• rapreme. ih re. gmcd to.,the general government, it must not be suppomd that he exerciaei the supreme authority of the Unitod States, in the ' Hike aense in which the king exercises the supreme cExecutiv* •ttthority of thb country. The president exercises only that »portioa^ executire authority, which, by the constitutioa, is m. O \' ^ j'ti',' if^S^ ■* ■*'*^ ^'■•«Wrf^%f?r-'^ ' -'The functions, which tMs gbvernnieiit was appointed to exercise^ are such as arise out df ^t foreign relations of the United States, to- gethfir. ffith a few n»at(eri «f iuma$k> polic0^ whidi can be mbre adttaofiagebu^y managed by a national government than by the legisla- tures (^ the individual states. Foreten tr^es # . . " ■ ... , :- •ntruated to the general goTernment of the uhio.i). The mi* ^rane executive authority of the Uait^d Sutei is, in f(»ct, di^ tided between the president of the United States and thf go« ▼eraors of the seventeen individual statea. J . >{ - .i tti' y^^hi ■i^i>ML^i&^ 'i i' ^ k^. m:ixiM&,'iMrdm, ihe' deSJaira^ of pe^ce and war, the regulation of foreign trade and levying of th« customs, the regulation of the com and of the kw of bankruptcy, witli a few other matterB of general interest, are the ex- elusive province of the general government: white the proper l^islature of each state ad* ministers ;U1 those brahclies of goveiiiment, that relate to its own individual concerns and inter- ^ nalpoUce. The judicatories of the general and state governments have their respective jurisdic- tions apportioned by the «une rules. The courts of the United States (of which there is one iu each state, and a supreme court of appeal at Washington,) take cognizance of all questions of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction, in which the United States are a party; of all questions ojcurring between foreigners, between a fordgo- cr and a citizen of the United S^tw^ between 8Utes themselves, between citizens of different states,* or ifttween a state and a citizen of another sute. The courts of th^ individual states retain^> • Thw tMt-mentioned bniiic^of jor5«diction » now triwii my from the it-derel courto, by the eleventh amendment to the conttituUon.of the United States. 8e(i f^^ don of the revolutionary contest to the establish- ment of the general government, on the eve of civil war and national bankruptcy i aad fl^ Othing, It was evident, but the establishment of a sufficiendy strong national government could avert these greatest of all calamities. The suo- ccssfid ooaduMon, to wWdv tile itevdutionary '4 ^ ■ Av :a 4.i / '^■"isff^ war hid been conducted, rendered liii anwoua that the future jiroceedings a[ tht dett should ho equally respectable in ffie"t of the world} and that the enemies of thdT counfry should have nd handle lor saying, that <*ii3« had gained litde by tl» acqubition^rf „. dependence; since dvil discord was m «# scarcely inferior to what had been caUe^ the op- pression of the mother country^ r Aetiurted by these vmotives, the friends of the federal cc^ tntioo oterted aU dieir energies to procure itt adoption J ^d, afier>m^y stru^l^s, did ob» tain the guffiages of a majority «f the state cda. .ventioM,* assembled to deUberate on iu merit* * Before the Federal Conrtitution could go into operaUon. It wa. necemry that it .l^ld be .pp«,virf ,f by .l^iyoritJ ot tbe States. A convention was held in each State ibr the ^^^f'^'^^'^'''^gonkMmerUM. Some of the State, long refilled to accede to the conrtitatibn. Rhode fsland held Thus arose the two great parties, which have sbce divided the union. Their respective views and objectt lii ii^ piiKsit very different fidtt what they were at the time, when they first marshalled themselves in hostile array. tScii: and ftcpountcfl by nuny the greateii orator tW Airwrica fm ever prmjuced. So grateful was General Washington for thia ■enrice. the moat imporUnt which could at that period be ran- dered to America, tb«t James Madison wa« tver afterwanbt standing toast at the President's table. Mr Madison, therefofi, at the period now spoken of, wai a federalist, a friend of Ge- nerel Washington, and a friend to the true iotenitB of iiM \ *'Seenoteil. > • 1 * ♦ %} ; p •t». imm ,^'- ;, if' /■'< Si* ? ?.• r u m ' ' *■ ■ against each other ; but ^e compooeai |^ of lK«h m, atill^ nearly the santtk,-; . , .^ •^^jr^.part]^ wliich opposed the establishment of the apparently unexceptionable constimtion, ^""^^^ *« genei^^^pe«^^^5^^ led 9t?^gan8isteA^5ef8^ who, thoiigh ^^pre&SMng to have the sam^ject in view, were jctuated by various motives. T^e^bjection urged |)y all was^ that the federal consdtb^?^^^ j^^^ |»werful,8pltodiA>i,.d.->,j^-x, ', i\...kyu'lj-i,-_.;iiyk>:2^^« ^ * 67th nainber of that admimWe work, of the fitimbere attributed to Geneml -* the writers against the constiturion * have taken pains to signalise then- *ini8repi«8eiitatiiML Calculating upon *^^«ii rftij« podpje to monarchy^ diey hav^ " endeairoured to enlist all thdr jealousies and ^ apprehensions u^ opposition to the bteniea ** president of the United States 5 adt merelf •* M the embryo, but as the foll-growti piogenjF * of that detested parent To estabUsh the pr^ *^ tended affinityi they have n6t sdnqded _ *• draw resources even from the re^iml 1^ fidl •* tioat'' The authorirics of a magkrate, in few ^ mstances greater, in some instances less, ^tan ^ thoie^a governor of New York, have be«a ** magmfied into anore than itjyal preftj^vea* ^ He iaft^bem decorated wkh attributes, supe- *■» ;' ■>* • The Fcderaliat is a X5oll«ctiorf of ewaya, that wera wrrttea tor tbe purpose of explaiuing and recommending the federal conrtUution. whiJe it was under tbe consideraUon of th« State Conventioas. Thpy m>it Brst pabliriwd in the newspapel^ ■" tfte pMoCUon 6f CeMeral Hamihon. See.u6t« B. B ' . — . V. ''■';<:> 18 f .. .. • ^' \M IJI^ dignity and s^^lendour to thof9t<^ "llliigf «J^reat BritJi&iif Me has Ijeen shewii * to us with the diadem sparkling on his brow, 1^** and the imperial purple flowing in his tnun. ^ He has been «eated on a thione, aiint>unded ^ with minions and mistresses ; giving audience •* to the envoys of foreign potentates in all the ^ supercilious pomp of majeiity. • The images ** of Asiatic despotbm and voluptuousness have ^ not beed wanting to crown the exaggerated *• scene. We have been taught to tremble at the ^terrific ^nisages of miurdering janissaries ; and ** to blush at the unveiled mysteries of a future 'i* 8eragfiOi"?a.i- ^iv; hi-u. ;;i-t«;,, m^:m^m^'^miti.- ^^ The federal party naturally comprehended the greater part of tho6e» whose property and education gave them a deep interest in the wel- fire (rf the community, and led them to perceive the necessity of a national government The an- tifederal party consisted, for t^e most part, of per- sons of an opposite description. Speaking gen^ rally, one was the party of the gentry, the other of the commonalty. Manyof the anti-federalists, therefore, (at least if we may place any reliance \ y 'f'h^M >\f-^f i\ \ T7s^_f_'^ "3 S^iRsi?5 w UBRARY on the assertions of their political i^ >■•-■««- being men of desperate fortune ^^^j^jjf^^^s^JUf^aaoU character, were, in their oppositiiSf t«» the estii*^ l^hmcnt T)f the federal constitution, actuated by no better motive, than a wish to see realized, those very national calamities, which it was a^ cuUted to avert ; and even enjoyed the prospect ^^itil disorders, in which men of this descrip- ti.adteda«i^ > part m die levolotioiim stnig^ WIS placed ^ in the sutam of iecnii^ at^i^ •OQ WIS appoiiii gi«^^* tod Mr i J Randbli^attDniejr-^enn^ AO diese g^ndtt^ men "we^e €siimeoiebherihrfh6rt^^ ^wees. "Hie fii^^Migrqss waprcop^ii^ very 1^ ereq^ioo^ of the pstit^ Ixvtersc^thenewcobaliiiitiQOyttiddiestite]^ . S^slatuies were filled widi penoQs of die SMill ^ < Of the W gendemea dbiMr^tmib^7 '~ cbo^Mlpgthe ftesidcM'sCihin^ anqiiy fulfiUed die eipeditioos of A^^ aiid resied ^ most peiin^^ his ; to iucfiMd General WasMrigton in the chief mft* ^ m i* . i.M* '1- t| • I i ;,,**>, Hi U (s « ' «> (^ * '■>''^il0i4 , '5 cwf^'^jpja^'* .4-^^ V \ It Bdent ofiJbeUnited Staler I^graduaMydediiiedinrtrengAj I •iuJ,aiith€exiMi7ofM8fimtertnofaffice,a was wmplet^y avmhropi,^^ J^ ^JPN^ Wipltat ^e liead ctf the opposiie pny, was dected preaidttit ; «^^ of this Action (which has since passed 1^4^ ^Ufiferem nain^ii^ i:epublk^ ^ w French piity^ soon o^ . jority, both in Gmgim and in the legishtuw,! ^ ^rfthe individual slates.. , The fed«^i ^^^. ^Qn wwthusadministewrf, for twdve yi^iiig ' te ,y those who had Qi%inaUy fiamed it, jai procured its adoption. At the end of that timei, y^ i^ the year i8oo. it passed, and Ii».im^ -^imce continued, in the hands crfthoit, whd^ ai. tks timnoC in establishment, were its avowed ■ ^ioVPterateenemies^,,,,,^^^,;^:^^^ . viThe means, by which so totil and surprising a wvqkttion was mmikit^i,i^mi efiected, hm «ft Imoiediate refemice to the cAject of tllis letters 4nd are the more deservii^ of in- qwiry.Uiat they seemed to be but impeifecdy hi ■'• *'^#J^''fV>»*-^*^ ==-• ,5,J£^i^^St-**4>«-^p "w^siga? '^ "' "^^ iS im^flntood even in America ; and I have never ^ met widi any explanation of them, that was tq mmmtiltalds&ctoif, Tlie overthrow of ledcii aiiim has been ascribed by some, to certain oIn noxious measures, adopted by the government^ imder the administt-adpa of W^a8hingt(m.afi^ standni^ army of 6000 men, and proposing tx) • koyd a wnall navy of six ships of the line. But &it ia^ obviously insufficient to account ^^lo^ piVNi'lHtD^ No person in his seiis^^uid icdously disapprove of raising an army (^000 «k iMi» which, in so extensive a territory as that of the UnHed States, would be hanily perc^j^ ~ 9^ As little could it injure the government to ]nopote to build nx 74rgun ships: as' such a oa^it nothing more, than what might seem necessary, for maintaining the polioe of thdr own porti and harbours. Neidier, could the downfid of federalism be occasioned, as some have asserted, by what has been called the mi§» conduct of President Adams^ Besides being cfanged nHdi^ donauiour, radier more distant and haughty, than befitted the first nuigistiate ft '..^}f,. . » r of a republic, this gentleman k accused of a oi^. pitaleiiQia^^^ omitted to dedare war against revoMtionary France, ^ that period, when she seen^ inclined to w^ war widi every weU-r^guJatoi community, Ld had offered peculiar ind^ties to America l^er- sdf. But this explanj^on is equally, uosatis^ fectory with die former ; for that pardalily Itj^ wards France, whidi,ha(i.ttne^ be^ 10 conspicuous in 4e gmt body of the Ame^ can nadon, was ^irea then become too appi^ rent : and it see^ds probable, that, by deQUri% KmrnC' against Ranee, President ^Adanii might kam acceleratfid, but certainly coiild not haW retarded, the Approaching down^ of his party. Besides, the /experiment was actually tried. anA totaUy faUe4 of success. For a short time, to- wards the^d of Rrettdent Adams s administi*- ., don, America was actually at war with Fiance ; knd several French frigates were taken by Am»f rkan ships of war. The most probable cause^ to ti4iich the overthrow of the federal party has been ascribed, is die imposition- of certain ob* noxious taxes, particularly on distilled spirits, on -w, ^ . itikj^ t.jA'ii&.J^fi^ ^' .^ .'.u^^it^ t ' 4if^4l.d'^\^L^uJ&Uil'^ f A *.C%t. m ''i'V^."V *« H'^'-"^ •! *^*^f«f«^*t' ■<*:'t:t'" "-^"ffi'wgi^f^in^^^^ f,' :* vtampe^^md bA carriages, which the government proposed to levy for the support of the naval and military annaments above alluded to. Th^m tiies may certainly have had some effect in let^ sening the popularity b£ the federalists; but, alter a long and attentive consideration of the subject, I have been induced to^ad^pMb^HPpPf nion, that the change of parties in America was a great movement, that arose almost entirely firom the combitied operation of tyro genei^al causes, namely^ the peculiar frame and structure of the American coi^utitution, and die peculiar situation in which America was then placed with regard to Europe, i My ideas on these points I shall now en dca vou i : lo ey|4iMBBbl» briefly at possible^ 4. *'v>v-ty,« :-, ■i\j^i;-|,Hii,i suit:. u. . ^^^.. .,.>i<. ifyA-wajB the princ^a^ occiqpation *of tbt American parties for levckil years sucoeedii^ the establishment of the federal constitution* At !•«: the French revolution, and the stupen* iii»^%vents which followed it, diverted fh tif attention from domestic concerns, and fixed k '^W'?r'^555''*^'T*' ^■''""'sy^^f almost exclusively \)a the great scenes ^ wet^ passingi cwi^ the qjposite shcMre of ^ jy^^^ The daw#i^iiie French revohuicm presented itself to the astonished Americans, in the K^ of a mighty people, bursting by a spontaneous movement the shacklet of tyranny, and reaik smg those Wissful vimonsi which the friends ot humanity and freedom have in every s^ so fondly indulged. Their na^onal vanity w4» flattered by the share, which their own revoliH' tion was ^ou^t to have had, in the produo-' tion of the^,memorable event : and they rejoiced ^ in the transporting idea, that the blessings of • free and popular government, which they cotk* udered as first brought to perfection by them- selves, were about to be extended to the whole human race. For several years they rengned themselves to this pleasing ddusion : at lait th«' spell was dissolved ;^but it maintained its mflu- ence over thdr minds, long enough, to produce the most important eflfects oa the state of their . partrnv ^ fim^ wilrwdy observed, nearly Ae i^de nation Was bOme away by the tor-» rent; Ae whole democratic party certainly, v -~?^ ', " the pre- valence of the opposite sentiments among the gro^ body |)f> the people was seriously detri- inehtaUlft the interests of the federal party. The love df freedom, so congenial to the lower orders of every state, the admiration of Freodi •quality, so natural to the American populace pervaded by £ai the greater part of the nation : and the prudent caution of General Washii^- ton and his wise advisers, was stigmatized, as proceeding, from a pold insenubility to the cause of freedom, and an undue partiality to the in- terests of England, — then, as was alleged, en- deavouring to form a coalirijOQ, Jar the. base 'purposes of cheddiig the emuicipation, and pajtitiomng the territory, of Francci It may be I r 5tl^ 4 i ■ eaaiijr unagmei^ J;low qniddf the cooGurtfiit operatibn of th^e twa causes, durmg the pro* gress of the French revdutionj thinned the rankf of the federalists, and increased the strength oi their opponents.* in point .of htct^ there can be: no doubt, that the French revoludon had aina#. terial share in the overthrow of the federal psdii tjift^in point of date, the two events correspond Willi a singular exactness - ?luil«deRiI partfi may be said to have come into power, when the federal constitution was estabiished, m tiie yem 1789; and its final ovetthrow was marked bfL the accession oi Mr Jefferson to the presidency intheyear i8oa The French revolution be» gan about the year 1790, and may be said to have reached its consummation about the yeair 1800, when Buonapaite declared himself fin^ CSonsul of die French rqmbHc ?*** « * < .-my m*f- 80 oniy as the year 1797, £urope had a8# sumed many features of the frightful pictum whMk-ahe now exhiUtsL France had mad^^ conddeilsble progress in the destnicdvc careetf* she has since too successfully pursue^ and Bn* tain was appraaching to the proud station^ whldjr ,1^-M- •% ^ S„Mj .,*-4a, m&^, • i Z'*" * Oi^ffl'.^liWti' m ^Aiipe she wai long maunt^ of Ae last tecep- tacle. of^European freedom, and the only re* maining refuge of suffering humanity. It^iiip t^eniMcoming apparent, that tha» would fioott eiiiil^^utitwo independent nations in £un^ t and the Americans began to be apprehensive th$t it would be necessary fiar them, ^ fevMp^ ry|othfirpeo|^lo take a share i^^ the ^wj wh^ these mighty rivals w^ waging vdth eac^ other. Wadiington, by issuing a proda- matioi of neutraUty, superseded* at that tim% the necessity of a measure, which|hiaiy event, iiMl4^ave been prejudicial to the United States i and laid the foundation of the neutral trade, from which his countrymen have since derived such Incalculable benefits. But still; though the coiw^ remained at peace, every American was caUed on to take a side : to choose ather the French or the English party. From thia timCj the object^, of poUtical discussion in the United Stgii 1^ exchisively foreign. The paltry conc^ of their own administration dwindled into Insignificance, when compared vrith thf '^^'^i^y ^fi^% #i% iJmost eyajr d^ ^to* / *_ Z.J.\: .'^ li^^sJv'S '.."li. ^ • , t' ^.-^<1 »« bcoti^t ^srth in Euxop^ and by which thef foresaw that thdr own interests might bt llterwards materially a£^ed. m^w«(^3«« %^3^e anti^*federal party bebg estaUished ia i)ii|lif% becan^ necessary fer^lhem todnnf ^Op a political creed ; to choose a set of pnnd* ^es, fvfiich should be die symbol and the watch<^ im>rd of their party, and^y the propagation of %hich, th«y might maintain themselves in the rituations, in which, by dint of so much per» severance, they had at last been placed. Wh«i intrusted with the adn^nistration of itM>ffioes| they found no fault "wkh the iSidenil o^istita* don, which, during their exdunon firom piqiw- ^, had been the object of thehr unceasing hos- tility : the federalists of course, whatever wore their qpinions of those, by whom the goveiii- ment was now administered, found no &iik with the government itself; so that the change fof parties concurred with the aspect of affiors in Europe entuely totake away the ori^nal ground -^ dispute. Fordgn politics became the almost txclusive olject of attention ;.ind it was neces^ iary for the anti-federalists, with j^ view a VI ~\ ' 4f A !. f A^ r^LA. fiViJj- 1 «i'V ^ r^ «-. -WrWj!q5ft(||^« -—•fp^^ chtfaef ight bt m#w.«if* ' . * shed m txbdnrar ^ ' princi* twatch^ * . 6 in dit .^It ich pep* • ' . When Lofiices^ n^tm- ""■'"""., ng ho»- er were govem- lo finik change iffidisin ^ grcHSEid (ahnost 3nece8*> ' to the jr lirtweto of dieir ptrtj^ to dioosea system of foreign politicss in other wofds. to »»»»t- £■ choice between finunce and Bt^lmdmiwiHim biaa towards RnuiGe was but too obeervabTo fccfore their accession to power: anddiestii» king change in die politics and cansdtiitiQQ of that coumrj^ prodiKed i%r thfir Ift|^iiism7 power; b]r tli» unpnncqpled ambitioii of Buo- oapwte. M no tendency to wididckw them from the unfectunate pradilectiao. Hutistfa^ remarkable feature of Anwrican poHtioi^ ^ was natural, Aat lepulifiGan America AoM ba i^tached tQgqpoblkaai firance ; butwhenFiance Jpeased to be a i^publk^ and, oa the cootrarf , • became die ahoJe of the most cruel A^> i i S«^n diat ever dSUcted die hwnaniace^ it seems lift- credible^ diat the Amerkuns^ and abofe ail, diat the democratk party among Ae Americans, diGuId even then have persevered in their pav- dality for her, and dieir disfike to her ilhistrious maL France is not oolyhersdf the victim of a degrading tyiannj, but the cradle of a militia ty despotism, duit h« Qfverspcead the ooptkieii of fiuiiope; and,oiiarelioqpeQtofdieieladv« >N 4. ;f "^ '. ,- 'it-sijii! A ^ >» ,pear$ at first view almost impossible, that the Americans should haVe preferred the alli-'^ ance of France to that of England, of should have Qianifested .a partiality to the forMer coun* try, and a dislike to the latter.' France has laid prostrate the liberties of continental Europe, and openly aims at the subjugation of thb world.; Gueat Britain is the only remaining cibstacle to the execution of this design ; and nothing but her subjection is how wanting to troym the ambition of the Gallic tyrant Were^ the Ame- rica^ mgre unconcerned spectators of this con- test, the most sublime, perhaps, which the worid has e?«F witnessed, the common sentiments and feelings df human nature, and more particulars ly the sentiments md feelings of republicans, ^ought to render them averse t6 the oppressor,an*;•■ V i r-- -, :y.-x . lis The sentiments of hostility cnriginally in^ herent in the people, may be traced to the fbl-. lowing sources.t ':'".^*':j '^^f-^^\^ -^t'-n.^-^^ .-^s/e-tr am - I. In the first place, the animosities of the revolutionary wii have not been entirely obli^ terated by the lapse of thirty years. The Ame-* ricans, being the successful party in that war, 6ught to be the least unwilling to forgive and tbiget the difierencai in wMHi it originated ; ifc^i -•^ ' ""^^^t 39 ; as that il of the tie Amo- unts oii* tly from turseuse igate the awn de-. )lain the ^, distills 38 of an- iose that [18 of the Dally in-* the fbl* 8 of the dy obli- iftiAme^ hat war, ^ve and ginated; tWs ia accordinjg^ the cascv '^^t i^^, ^, . . , ,r Many of tho8^ »^,|cte(i# conipkaioui part h)i the ffvokitionary war, and even carried arms on thewde of America, are now marahalled un» der the banners of the fed^raij^r^ | th§t % ^ the party which k attached to the interests of England. When these persons had done what they conceived to be their duty to their native or adppted country, and avenged Ae wrongs they hdd to be inflicted on her by the parent state, they dropped all feelings of hostility ; they laid aside their resentment, when they sheathed thdr swords. They had candour to pardon ep- roTB, that sprung from circumstances unprece- dented in politic8,and could separate the mistakes of a minister from the character of a people. On the lower orders, however« thes? cpnsidcSatio&s can hay? litde influenc^fc* Tliey see but the dark side of the picture. Overlooking not only the errors of judgment, from which the colonial war arose, but the/balamilies to hntm ^"T^f. brood over the temporary miseries it inflicted ■i^^L. ' a.ji.:,ii,.' ijiSii-i m 5 :.!' Ill .'Hu^jnsc ■;-H.i )6a Anoka ; and are unable, er uhwilt!ng to perceive those circumstances of common inte- -rest and indissoluble connexion, which ought to render^ America^^jperpetual ally of England This sentiment of hostMity is much moregenenl in the southern, than in the middle or eastern* statet-; but prevails, more or less, throughout the Ivhole extent o/t the union, and must not be overlooked in accounting for the ascendancy of the French or anti^federal party. *;% n- v s? a. The democnde party was, from the mo^ ment of its birth, indined to take the side of France, merely because the federal party had taken the side of England. Those feelings oE aflection and respect for the Eiiglish character, which have always more of less prevailed in 'America, were, at the ckxe of the revolutionary iPTir, eonfined almost exdusivdy^'^ilie fecteral .tt In AnArlcn, th« SlakM of Nbw EnglMid. whitk %n oftw in Europe railed ibe Northern, are uniformly called the KatU mm Statei; becttUM th«y li« to the ctttward of New YoUt and lie«rJ«ney; which, with PwniylTania and Maryland, imnk nlled the Middle States. Virginw and the Cardiinat are the I BttIM i Kentttclry, Ohio, and T«BCMe, the Wertem. K.,:.. .!.fen.*.,^^i ,. Jai ^-^•i^f -^ -liY ^f^^rvt^^' *ft _ *f*iir ■4^'Rf gT^i^ [Iling to 9n inte- )ughtto Lngland ; general eastfem* aoiitthe not be lancyof .;■ n-at the mo- side of rty had lingft of laracter, ailed in ttionaiy rhdmH •ra oAn the East- Y<>rkBiMi WntCTD* 41 party, which Was composed cWefly of the beC- ter oiidere of the pec^ej and their prevalence ^ong this party seems to have inspired the ^^^ ^^^ases with the apprehension of a return of afiection, between the United States and the mother country;^ it i« easy to «e, that the ci|u •cliinstMices of cdrtnexion between America and England can produ$:e their full effect, only on persons of a certain degree of refinement. The two countries' have the same language; their religion, laws, customs, and manners, are very nearly the same: the constitution of America is e^dently formed on the English model : and what constitutes their chief distinction from other narions, theh* boasted freedom, is entirely ,-of English origin* It is only persons of educa- tion, however, who can feel the force, pr admit the justice, of these circumstances (^connexion. f^The influence of English literature (which is great in America) must evidendy be confined to such persons alone. Many of the upper classes havt relations antf-cbiinejtibns m Eng^ Uadi mA many of them have travelled in Eb- ropej where they could not f^il todniw acom- jf. "X» \K '■ British agimt>f Wheii a body of men, therefore, stepped forward, who not only disclaimed all connexion, with, and at- tachment to Great Britain, but ewm fxpwed a contempt 6r dislike of her character, and shewed a disposition to view all her acts through an unfriendly medium^ the people were giadn- \tjf an AmericaQ. t See Manhairt Life of Wuhiogtok *».-»1«.vi,»#.-.f-t^(»- f' ^4d^.Xt£i lit Jl j^m^JL '^ ^^\ ^^), ^ ! ' m aUy induced to withdraw tfieb coofidence £^ their cmginal and nattu^ mlere, and to commit their destinies to a description of men, of whose X^ttachment to England they could have tp sus- picion. It has thus happened, by a singular Jar l^lity, that Uipse ar^ Hpl^ ^ ef»ih iiexioi), which ought to have rendered England the constant ally of America, have been pro-, ductive of alienation between the countriip | and have not only deprived the Amoican govern- ment of all partiality for, but have rendered it decidedly and systematically hostile to England. The purely republican nanire of tfef .American 4X)n8dtution riders the people the souxte of all authority : the illiterate conunonalty are jealous of the English connexions and predilections of the higher classes; and think it safer to bestow their suffiages on men, who have neither Eng- Mi /connexions nor English partialities; but who, on the contrary, profess to hate the peo- ple, and bid defiance to the government, of Eng* kod, England and America ought to live in perpetual amity : they would doso, if the bei- ^ter classes enjoyed in America, that influence « , ;-*Bi^ ' I I 44 ^wUch they podsess in Europe ; and which it b for the intact o£ the 'people jthemselves, that they should enjoy. But in Ameiica ^ery diin^ is at the tdisposal of the mob, or rathel* of thosc^ interested Headers, who can render the passions and prejudic^of the mob subservient tb thar own advai]|^e. When in* mdti a country the fl6od-^te||rof democracy ai$ opened, every ge^ n^rous feeling, and every liberal principle, must be swept aw2^ by the torrenl^^ :* >--M'ir-'y?/:s;' 'jj-L '-fm^-k i^H. .'tr. ^ 3. There is yclt another reasop why the nifing party in America find it for their interest to e^ pouse French rather than English politics. To re^ ' vile the conduct (^ England, and gloss over the faults of France ^serves onie of the purposes, virluch tfie democratic leaders have in view, much better, than the opposite line of conduct would >d^^l^^^i»^cahr art a bold, active, ind leit tefprfring people, having all^he vigour of £ng* ' lishmen, combined vnth tKe restless enterprise 6f new colonists. The systems of -policy, therefore^ *stflopted hy^thttr faVourite leado^, must be of a nature fitted to rouse and inflame, and keep in |....*l' *U- -c constant agitatiw, a tuit)ulent, fiecy, and fero- cious populace, the leaders of the democratic; faction know that French, or ratfier Anti-Eng- Hrii principles, possess this quality in a much higha^^ee than tho^ of the opposite descrip^ : Aidij^'4£j »Ui4Jai.is»i-n.'»Li. a #0 It has already been explained, that the leaders of the democratic party in America have obtained possession of the government, bychoosing that set of principles, vrhich is most acceptable to tlgnjdo: and less refined part of the communir ty : and it is proper to add, that they owe their ascendancy also, in some degree, to the superi- ority which, in one respect, they have always manifested over their political opponents j—fto their greater activity and zeal in propagating, the principles, and adyandisg the interests, of their party. ..^. . .._ . /-, , ..,..; .^,..^,a^.., ;.'. It might have been inferred, a priori^ from the difference between the materials of which the two parties are composed, that their con- duct would be marked by the difference which b here alluded to. The leading federalists are gentlemen of fortune, talents, and education, the natural rulers of the country. The leaders of the democratic party, on the other hand, are, for the most 'part, what riiay be called politi- cians dffo«ipB; adventurers, who folloir po- Jtics as a profession, "^ith them politics are a primary, with the federaUats, they are rather a P^ ', ^^■^'•^tf Jf/^-J-^-ff ^ 51 aders of )btained ing that )table to ^^e their I superi- always Its;— -to ting^the of thdr ri^ from ■which sir con- ^ which ilists are ion, the Elders of id, are, Ipoliti- low pof cs are a rather a ^ i secondary considerationl The democratee,i>ei ing in general men of inferior birth and breed-, ing to the federalists, can more easily' mix witl^ ^ the rabble, and practise the tribunitian arts. They affect, in thdr dress and manners, to re- gani themselves as of the plebeian order, and condescend to a familiarity of intercourse with the vulgar, from which gentlemen would revolt. They practise, in short, with greater activity and perseverance than the federalists, all the means by which the interests of their party can be ad- vanced. These means, as being curious ia diemselves, an^ totally different from any thing that' is known In this country, are not unwor- thy of explanation," - It is in the large towns that these nieans ar^ employed wiA the greatest activity, and attend- • ed with the most complete success j and a state- ment of what Is done in New York will fiir-^ nish a good specimen of what is done through- out the union. Tlus dty, which contains up- wards of 90,000 inhabitants, is divided into ten wards, each of which has an alderman and o£B- «^MifeJ?Wrt. Thyj^iidMon has been made ■■ .^^- i-SJS};-:- '^S?f'' =«r= t/XirnkMiiB,,. V^ ..^^A..I^I^> (HfSiik^tiJuSSh^ i,^4»i >#W j&i&i. - .f /. .f •*"! ^ 5t \ ctueBj for the conyenience of elections j wluch, i|^ a country where suffrage is universal, and party spirit ruiis so high, could not be conduct* ed on the same plan as in England, widiout be^ ing the source of tumults and bloodsheil. On occasion of elections, each ward has its own poll, where the votes are given^in on written tickets. The federalists and republicans* of each ward Itold occasionally separate meetings^ in which they .discuss the ^tate of public affaire, and the present condition of th^ respective partiesl^ On gi^eat occasions, and sudden emei^genaes, oir when any very important of (^nonous mea- 8ine has been lately resorted to^ cither by their own government or by foifi||d!^ nations, g^eial meetings of all the feders^^and all the repub- licans in the city are |eparately called by their »;? - , . * It is proper bera fo^entioD. that the democratic putf hftTe. for teme tiihe fMU^-ttyM thmaMlvM Ropablicau. Tim federalist!, not to be deficient in a popular appellation« cikll .themnlvea Federal Republicana. Th» namfa, haweter, which the two parties gi? 4 to each othei\ are' very diflerent from thoae which they arrogate to themMlTet. I^e Republicant call the Federaliatp, Ariitocrate*, Tories, Engtishmen. and Bri^ tiah agents. The Federalists retort, on their adversaries the still mora opprobriou| epitbeU of Democratei^ Frenchneiij Md Jacobins. / • 7- s$ ■J^.^ respective leadem These generil me #|iich are often very numerous, are addressed in an animated harangue by some orator, who moves a string of resolutions, that have been pre- viously concert yThe resolutions are adopt- ed by acclamation, and published in all the news- papers, During my stay in the country, (which happened to be at the time of the embargo,) the • standing topics of declamation, at the federal meetings, were the errors and misconduct of their own govemnfent in respect to the two belligerent powers, and the incalculable mb^ chief which the country was suffering from the mal-administration of its rulers. The democratic assemblies were chiefly entertained with the •^ abuse of England, whose atrocious conduct, it was alleged, had rendered ^ecessary all the re- stnunts, which the government had seen fit to impose on the commerce of their own country. On certain great festivals, particularly on ^o 4*' of July, the anniversary of the declaration of American independence, in addition to other rejoicings, an oration is delivered in one of the phurches, to which all parties are invited. Th« '^ •ilti^-- ,:-:S^.^i: . i .\i ihi , -^iftf^,"-; \^ t,.afiiA^i^-;w-..;;.^'.'i!.'. ; )t^M^kiJtk.l..,:\iJ^\ . r ',.. ^... ijiflfe,-* V ■J s% avowed objtet of tliis m^efing is to keep afiye, in die minds o| the people, the love of indepeft-' dehce, and the memory of the great exploits by which It was achieved : but its real purpose is, to rake iip the animosities of the revolutionary war, and to perpetuate that antipathy to Eng-* laridj which the leaders of the democratic party find it for their interest to cherish. It is at- tended accordingly by few but those in the de- mocradc interest. ^'^ ' In almost all the arts, by which a political party can be benefited, the democrates or t^ publicans are an overmatch for their adversaries. Previous to elections, they exert themselves with indefatigable zeal to secure a majority ; nor are they scrupulous about the means, provided the end be attained. Dissimulation, misnepresenta^ tion, and falsehood,* are alternately made use of. The. press, which, in this countryj^ is Ae guar- • diah of freedom, in America, is the instrument of faction. Newspapers are there multiplied to an extent unknown in any other country. Th Jt* avidi^ £ar news creaties a demand for them ^ •See Note iX ^ t ix^jAJUmJ^.^. ^ m iBTe,in depeh-r loitsby pose 18, rionary ) £ng4 c pMtjr t is at* thede- )oUdcal or te- Tsariea. es with [lor are led the esenta- use of* i guar-- Timent lied to V "th Jfc* tneiQ, among all classes of die community ; and the general difiitsion of opulence, or at least ci independence, enables all rsmks to gratify this inclinadon. In die city of New York alone^ which is not more populous than that of Edinburgh, there are published eight or njc^e daily papen.71|&iiK)S!C^^T^ of d^W ^nes of {^rty are, of course, in the 6&pm vice of JtfM^acy. They are often conducted ^th Jl^Pee of intelligence and animation worth^of a better cause ; and would be highly creditablig to their authors, were they not dis- graced by the ^ross and vulgar abuse, which they continually lavish on the British govern- ment and the federal party. The democratic ' journals, scattered over the union, prQpagate, to its farthest bounds, the principles and the preju- dices of the faction ; whose zeal for proselytism is displayed, perhaps, nu»:e remarkably in this particular, than in any other. Whenever i^ township, in die back setdements, appears suffi- ciendy advanced to support a newspaper, a |»^ IS established for the dissemination of deiodctii* tic tenets. Printing-presses are now at work on ^. ' ^'t-jA^.j= ^*.> js;* ■^^mdi),0M^ ' 4j^ks i. '*,■* ^' J^f"" ; ji' ~'7i^7^ ; A • ^-- n ii f 1 i i 1 « i- ' f if • 1 it « iuilt/ iiitifi- ffPte, wher^ twelve years ago, nota tmitm fit dtoi ; and thus the inde^tiglbl^ zeal of ,*i8 mustriqm party, endeayouis to secure the •ccession of tracts of country that remain to be cleared, and of citizens yet i|nhprn.*.. , :,,;^^ In so far as we h^ye y^ pwceeded, the Ike ^ ^stinction between the Americaii parties is accurately marked o^t. We observe the feder- . ^wts tp be the founders of that constitution to which Amerfc4ope^ i^pnmch of her prosp«ity ' '^■|?r«;W: wefind.theirponduct,duringthe ' few yevs tl^y were permitted to- administer this consatution, regulated b^ the principles of ^^^^fi^mpowerbecausetheywere «J«wb,cb, «»„ or l...r. „.ta ..,, .«i^q i ,. ^ W^Ji..f. purely repuWicD go„„,rt.nI^ • . ^ P" trt"' ,,£=.. T tieer zeal of :urethe 9 r" • - fc . ^elmer uiies \m i fedeiv. Ltion to. (sperity ingthi?, linbtq: pies of ^efind ywere^ Vmerica, in other noaaltyt ", •ubtican i'<9<^Q4 ■ ■hich'it i) iiex4 . ublicim i; — the "id' 'a-' ;-^l:'^» „ less (fexteroiis than their compedtow in the prac- tice df low tribunitian arts; and because they di*? darned to pai^er to the blind passionsiiif a ipqli OC.a Actieh. 3 llle obs the anti-federalist^ on the pdier hand, to be that party who owe their name, and, in a great measure, thdr ex^ tence, to jhe ppppsi^n they gave to ^^^ fifi .blishment *ti)t5 gtrvranment, mider whicfe thdr coiintry has. enjoyed such unequalled pros- perity ; we find them obtaining posse^on of this very government, partly perhaps by iiicam ^^ P9P^anty they had acquired by origi- nally condemning and opppsmg it j and we now find them retaining thek power, through N a skilful: employment <)faU theiii^ culu^ for securing- the suffrages of a rabble, and dirough a clamorous profession of the prin- ciple .And sentiments cohgeniaj to an illj^te populace, jealous of the higher^sses, and igno, i^t ofgw true intere8ta,'6f their country, '', .-•*l > .♦k'" ^ w- t \ . ' **» l>i't£Sl ^A>.- ^' A? %( *»}. ■■*;_».. I ■j'ASf' ■■•■'J tnn, iki'wft^-^ IIL Such, my d^r Sir, are the cawto of de» f Ml^ Union. Other sources of the Anti-An^ »_ !_,.„_ nance of ^ democrailc pafty^ are to be found in fhe jealousies and!; dissensions, that prevaS among the .different Mrts of the Vmak theni* 'sdves, o^ihflb M d^fierent drt^^ fi^ Itch diey are plad^ ; and <^ .these drcum- icerf'it will here be necessary to introduce a 8hiutexplanatioiw^"^\l- ■ &.0 t '•- 'i-. 1, ' r^^ is well knoi^, that there is a condder^ aide diterence between the habits and pursuits of the p^pleVxf theynorthei?\and sbut^iern stated- Agricohu^ is chfefiy culdvated in the latter, commerce and n^igaticm in the former. The- inhabitants a£ New England have a near re*' semblance to t|e piitdi: th^ |iit)minent fea^ » 'tures of their "cmCradet bdhg enterprise, parsi-i mony, and avidity of gun. The people of Virginia, and the southern states, on the othtf M^thiefly planters and lattiuidden; af lescription of persons, whose ideas are natural- ly more aristocratical, and who have always re- garded themselves as the nobletse of Americfc Tlieflfectsofthecommerdalprdspiril^ ,# .$ ' >•-■> Amenca has cnjoyodi siricethe establishment df? her independence, though they have been pemi ceptible in Jein^ Quarter of the Union, hiv^i beiem tfiuch more conspicuous in' the northern^' than in the southern states. The southenU states, by sending their produce tp £urc^p% |l«fl^%iM'«W'«:>im8iderab^ of cbtisumption ; but the merchants of the north* em stali^ have also, till the late interruption of neutral commerce^, engrossed almost the whole caityii^ tfttdie of £ttrDpe ; And eniiched them* selves by ah employment, in which their soutb^^, em brethren have, comparatively speaking, had- , little pardcipation. The northern merchants' have thus acquired a de^ee of opulence, that has enabled them to outshine, in magmficence •. afid splendour, the southem planters. Hence has arisen a competition and dvayufi^that have destroys thfe Me eordia%v ^ <^<^ subsiAt- ed between these parts of the counttyv ThM Afferent sections of the American Union do by no means enteitmai §a ptik other tboie Mmdfy ientimifents, that siibrfst between the different provinces of riie^ British or French \ ■- Sf ^ f^'i' t.s. .. U^lAj^'^iiiXiAay-St ^ i.«dfe 60 ■ , . rtttl jttdoiisy and dislike, bordering upon l«t^' tred. The inhabitants of the northern states, whose character is voy similar tothat of *their £iig|lish ancestors, dislike the arrdganc^ and pre- sumption of the southern sltve^holders : and the southern planters, on the odier hand, de- spise the plodding industry, and commercial sfMrit of the northern inerchants. The com* mercid prosperity of the northern stateshSas of late y^ars inflamed the jealousy of the soi^tli* em,«who would,, ^erefore, look with the !^ r^^;^* iwff with England, by which the coMmerce of Aeir nation would be almost ton taUy'amiihikted*4o'-?^-^---v:x '-"---■= ■, '^r ^■--■^ ■??#»-'ft^"- ■■■*■-''•'■ !«-K- >!■>; ■'■%-v-^j,. ti^There is yetanodiafreasdh to be assigned for the aversion of the Virginians to neutral' traffic Their spirit is too proud for this spe^ cies of trade. 4 neutral power cMhbt be treats' ed wkh thi respect, which a belligerent alwayi exacts. In submitting to the necessary search for contraband goods, or foreign seamen, its yeweU are liable to many insuks and indignities,- ,«^r j-ev^'f«^^'irvt m r''*r- '«< / :-:M ■^W- Which a high-spirited niddn canndt tamely erf* dure* The Dutch might more easily pocket these afironts ; being a people, whose, temtory was diminutive, ajqi^j^ose very existence di|# pended Up6n commerca'. The New Englam^l ers are also tolerably fitted for the businesSi ha* ving a decided propensity to mercantile aflwitifi 5 and Mhal^twg 4i^^ t^^ which is the most .fully peopled of any in the United States, and that, in which all *the diannels of industry are most completely filled up. But the Viiginiana an4T .Carolinians, high-|pirited, haughty, an4 fierce, lords of a territory^ nearly as laige as the vjialf of Europe, of which not a t«8&th part is yet inhabited; from the united effect (J tblWC iro«li government, and the practice of domesdc slave*^ ry, combining, like die ancient Romans, the turbulence of republicans wiA the pride of no-fr ^ bility,-~such a pjeople cannot ea^]^ j^opp to thii^ indignities, which i neutral nation must layitfr* account with suffering. I have aheady obser- - ved, that the southern states profit much less by^i* this neutral trad^Jb^fi their n|^^ ^)^S^S(p0m no jealousy of dliat part of \ ,iSfc Ai ^''^ '',-; -.•r^T»!^v^.j>w', -.^1^ "^; m the !9dc»i;thef ate iii«nigcilteinswa0w mm oounliy, where^||^||i|p^ labour tm' Ug^don indieirovmsaiidwiistedieyare permitted to indulge, without restraint, that h*ii toed to die Bridsh goTesunent, whidiis the soak They tm lecel- * Sm AffmlSa^ N«.a MHlNQiftE. '«-.< ;-!«!'■■ ■,..'\ w "'--ym .ufiiii. d ■\'W*75^< •-|J>*Br'"*?f*=*SP? A . «1 ■ % % V '.^ ^itS^ii0i^^«ltttmm^-fite democntical 6aii- ncm, \ivlio8e pmiciples'are conformable to that (Smn i and into whose scale they throw their whole political influence* The last Irish rebel- lioii Isent ib the United States a vast crowd 0$> rebels and United Irishmen ; and every passing year makes additions to the number. ThiK^veM ^dence, which is necessary to entide a foreignr^ mpi the privileges^ of cidzenship il» ibn^picsir has varied according to the different principles and interests of the two pardes, by which the government has at Afferent dmes been admini<^ stered M fifst, under the federal rule, if I ant ■ f not miich mistaken, the residence necessary w$0t> five years: but 6n it6 bdng founds Uill greater part of those who applied for the fit of this k»r» iBv^feia the l^)k of jok^ tbekF' pbKdcal adversaries, the term waft prolonged, I^j^ act of Congress, to fourteen years. When lh^- democratic party came into povro'j they kneifli? it tf^i^^tMr iaterett ^nit mturalizadoa ^lot^^ be 4s eal^as possible; and the term of resi^ dence was accofdin^y brought back to 'M . q^ p^Mties. I aUude to ihe ^ircivnstance of the deqiQCTE^ h^yiitg, few several years j^t, been ^e prevaiK^g polity i<^ Ihe Uniltd S^ea. Man 9^lffpair tp ^e stod^ of a sncceiislul party^ nierdy because it is successful ; and the longer, ^^refore, that a party remains in power, the inoi;e difficult is it to \m qiirerthiawjo. The de* mocrates havit^,. at pvesent, the cfipbpand a£ the powerful machine of government, secuie th^ all^^ance of « numerous oribe of eocp^c^ ai^.a^ ojBp^huAt^: and, having a prepos^ 4fB;mc^ in idmost all: the legislatures, axe fiii ^quenjdy able, by means of legistative inter£er|^«. cea, materially tio> pronflbte the interests of their • pvity* Of ^ lel^tive deisten^, many-^fu-c nous instanioes ought be gtve^ : tlie audl^ ^h^ con^nt limself with on^ In the casp of adjoining counties, each of which elects ,mclmb^%the le^sUture, aaiimklicli the mocrates on ti| whole hav^ a majority, Hut one f ' ^ • - \ ^ J ■|-^', ^*«. i^-l:^ , . , r . J^ll s whidi %iiien>*. of the ^*^ 67 of which ha^ a federal maj«^ fel^Mati^ of the state has been known to pass a law m- corporating the counties into one, and orderii^ Aem henceforth td elect two members hjsg^ nenl ticket* fc this manner they obtained »w» democraric members. In place of a demo- crate' and a federalist; ''^^^^'--■'^a^^^'^^*'-^-'-- -^^W'''' '^^ ^®™Opratic party, therefore, in the Uni- ted 3tatet, iaay be s^d to be composed of aU th« I«tler. each subdivision sends the member chosen by the minority In that subdiviawn. The latter is cerUinly the MJn mode ofilection. but the former is that which, for obvious rea. •ons. wil always be preferred by the niling party. ?l! tm*. J r**!' f 'm 'ik. ^ 68 the anti-commercial and Ai^ti-Anglicah spirit, which is 80 strong in the southern parts of the union ; of all those who are actuated by a blind hatred to England, and by the hopes of prefer- ment through the favour of a prevailing party ; and ll comprehends, in the last place, the dis^ contented outcasts of all descriptions from our own dominions, »who of course^^ throw their whole weight into the scale of the Anti-Englirfi faction* The ftiimbfe^^ovMch, froth its own na- ture, must necessarily repair to the standard of 'such a party, together with its superior acti"\nity, vigour, and energy, have for several years past j^ven it an ascendancy over its political rivals. I flatter myself, my dear Sir, that you have how a tolerably correct idea of the chief sources, from whicl|. the manifi^t hostility of the present American gc^erhment to Great'Britain proceeds. I| arises from causes that are almost wholly inter- . nal, and very little connected with the merit or . demerit of the conduct of Britun towaidt the .Uiiited States. The persons admlfllstttSng the )!•, American government manifest an aversion to- f ■' " * ■ A • : M • / ■ \ ' ■ I* if / wards this country, * arfd treat its government with all the insolence which they dare to exhi- bit, bkause these sentiments and that behavi j. -. .^ !•• ATiNo noir, my deat Sk, laid befcore you ihe chief circiuhstancdB, in which the hostility fof the present Aii»rican goYenu]|pnt.|p~Qf98C jfiiitadn li^p^tttld driginate) I proeeid to Qs- pain certain peculiarities of the Ameri<:an con- »titutioHi and eeveral accidental causes, by whic^J that hoitility his beofi mateEiaUy atdid ai|d l&». lir Of tbe pecUKarides of the American tution^ which hi^Te contributed ta the epidtjlp ^^leitioiit ^ ihoBt remarkable seents to be, the total exclusion of hereditary power and d%nl- $. < , "•»?,'; ■C? V ■^r^ I ■"* '•ej^_,ogffl^"TiH»*^4'i.TT(Tw- f>*rSKSf!'|ig'?T ^'^S •w. 7l A •- Kndthis ■t. : % ^r' considered fxecutivej : ini^ardtotEelegi " i Na-*^yj5e |li%legi8l#ei|^||yi; electi^^ but all t^i ^iconstituted in the ii£i%e f . :V'^^liyiiDef*^Hiil^iiifteqtience of thift pecul^ffky' * y cause, the government ^ {^, it givcB way to that bias^ore lii^j'an(j|a£^liitdy, than it would do, ^c , illy l^ixture of hie^editiury aristocracy ^ftiitbi l^to its compositioln^^ The rulers of Ameris|iji, Jbbth supreme and subordinate, are the> creatures ;^' ittd^iiMtrumentB of :a jiparty j and the leading I -prittclple of thdr conduct of course is, to pro- ].** , mote the hiterests of the party, of which they are #^ the tools and the creatures. Their views, thereN> fbre^ are 1^ upright, less independent, and, in ^, short, less patriotic, tha^ those of hereditary ma- gistrates might be expected to be. Havin sides, less inter^^ the prosperity ^#ad6nof the jHp. they may ffeel less devotion/to its service, i .fV^* • ^:^' - • t3 «: ■i*'. .m€^ M" :i%^ V f^' ^•> ■I ■.-» The author does not mean to assert, that eXfvl. ^ted mciit is necessarily the concomitaiit of he- teditarjr r^i mm deny^ that i^- most Ulus^ trious descent has often been disgraced, by the most ^re^ous foUy and the most abject base- - ness. But He certainly does mean to affirm, ^tiil^<^il cations of political intrigue, he surveys, with cairn deliberation, as from another planet^ the relations of his own wi|h foreign states; and ^a:ect8 the proceedings of his imnisters to that line, of conduct, whicli seems, on the whole, most likely to promote the general interests of hk do m i nio n s . The great ^iQtage, indeec|| of Jtereditary m^narohy seiams to be, that the prince^ being raised far above th% petty objects of pri-* M «( ■ . ^..>. ■^ :-f V a tf£. ■* t i^ i>«l^^t i4 mi^ ' ^'-_ i t«,l H Em • *iCe cdnfientioir, is able to modmitt and coun- teni^t t^ selfiah views of his miniatere, and tQ jprevent the interests of his countrjf fix)m bdng sacrificed either to the prejudices of individual <».tik aniinosides '♦,'' -^;'-, '^ -' Vv f -. - ': . . ■ , W liV^il^«ei)i9wii of Ml pel|)l4 ^ei !ir«i ^ aym«f Ihe sceptre, the richer is the inheritance . ^ receives; and th^ hij^her he can raise thit renown,, during the period of his own admini- stration, the mor* impi|ped is the estate, which his posterity are to enjoy. This powerful ^ motive of exertion is also, in a great measui^ ^ wanting to an elective ma^strata His chit dren can hardly be afeted by the success or : failure of his administration. They are con- cemed in his personal character; but il tS prosperity of his government they haV6 n6 in- terest, distinct from that of ordinary citizens* We may therefore conclude, that pure patriot- ism, genuine nobleness of sentiment, anidstead^^ undeviating attachment to the interests of his country, are seldom to be looked for inanelec- tive magistrate. Petty, factious, and lo^view^ ' wai govern his conduct, aod fix die charactefv' cdPhis administration*'* ''>^'" d^i^-'f/^^ I l|l^ then, is oiie pecuKai% d£ the Amert/ ean government, which maty b part account: ibr the phenomena we are considering ; name- fyi flMs dreumstance of the chief ma^strate be- y^.: f^ -> aad it ia to be observed, ifea^ thi? i;^imrk U apf»* pUcabl€, aot only to the general gQyenu»eoi|jt the Uojted States, byjt afco tp eadx x^ the ^ Yeramenia of the uniiYidHal states; the chief m^traiies, of govemow of which are all, like the president of the United SteJep^ choeea isktha Joannerofele^tiajv.; - .^i^.^..,'^-:av-it:#>^^.k"^ i ii* cnJated to aflford. Independent of the stability which a political consti^tion boi^i^ %pi such an est^iiaiment, jy^ feom no otha> source^ what may be called thg , kgislaihe benefits renting ta a cow^tiy, from* a body of nobility r^ulated on thf princip^oS moderaljon a»d waadom, ar«> of the highest <«fe( ,. der. Before laws are?ft|^ enacted, it i& of the utmost importance thafcti^ should be subjected :, to the scrutiny jgi^only d th e J^ p sfttfi^ will of ^ people, and of thdr supreme execmtiv^^/ t - !»■•• .. '-; -M <^' irL*X^5^-sfc~ 'frf- , -^^ ,.'iS;*^^Kta:rf*^i4--fi.-J'^-.iV .•.^:j>i&& .i^ iiM-jJ, J.'-,- » ■") \ ' «' Mkt^ ftDin ■?. efe» irom eithtt" thte people or their 4i^ef magifitrate, who form a bilaz^e and a h^ ' |lte t«h!(reen botfa^ and v^^ose vievilB, ^rhite thef th^Be of the other branches of the legidktiire^ maxt necessarily be more independent than thoe0>^ ^ an dedife mmihfy,Jmajfimf jofi hik^mmtfMd^ii6^ those iSv^ tages whidi a division of the legislative poww it calculated to affords The only b^efit 6ho' derives from this (aromistance isjthal; U^-lt^" wibjected to the conaWetation of ttwi Illative coundls insteit of on^ All the other Advan- tages arising from the pactidon of legislative^i*. thorityyjtfnong di&rent bodi«i of lOm^dt^i^ fajOfWi to te consdifedon. iu|P|ir of d^e United States .and of all thi individual states^^jg composed of the san^ materialsi and nJiirjiHi»bmneh ^ Ae legislatures. ^ The set* . natOBi«ifi*Ae a little more advanced in life than ; ■.\-: ■■.A ■■• -.^ I .^. .\. - /• * ... A'! * n '""^ ' Wpjiiliirfltifll^ Iffif^i^iiiiisiiifiiHililiiii lillr' ■ ■ ,■ : - ''■ . ■.-■■ •■■*' Urn i • 4 wUk W11 i^. *+a tiW ran*- -:*'A^lil . ^ '#^ ■■•*,.-. ,^J ^^' ;t ^ f ./ ^1^ .'iH i *-.'- i#ii(«1#M^o hdgfatei^ tlie defects, wiy^^ ^ nilen of America, firdm the causes alread|' stated, would at any rate labour Under ; totel^ der thtm more factiima, mote totbul^int, iqSi» lIliKit; and^ IvfMfi lli^ ikif td subject diem more completely to that > Inaa* Hie govenunent of the United ^States (taking die words in the iililii^ilM^^ aim imdeistood in £cifbpi^1i^tis Ate pf^denf and the two houses of Con^rtmm^tllM^lllm' podtaries of pon^ner jit wpdy enoi|||%i £u4 wape, denominatgr'illlPi Im iiimjl # iMm*- ted States, because th«y are tKciilipS, ^whidt the intercourse of the United States with foreign liations is carried on. I^t if ^tey are called iti^ptpa^m^ ^ the Uiit^ Statea^ ^ llP^ vtme ^mi^iti mhkh the term goTemmiM^ usedy when applied to the governments of fiu* wop^ liie wor^ M nost 4tlaciou8 ; became tkinil^SllKl0oimk» mi AlnlMHiiio not^' in 4tiau cirer(3lc ime-tentfi part of €ie powers, that arc ei^Kiied by the govemmenti of EuropCk This mcmuumct haa the 4oiibl9 #|WK^M»aif tiro ^jRllmlmty, ifra dunidalh ixt^j 4. «,fe- Jl r * ■ A , f gene f. llPttei bassa naval kwc taxes pOW€ gislati J' a Jsf^i :fei^j? .'*k ..'mLiV ,* * * \ m- ,fe .^- ' ' '•■ . .. ; " - : ■ . ' kflliieSr fifiotttl lmp»tiii^ : diua zend tluo) faMto: adapted, fbr v^aal m rea&j aa% the tooli and mitrument9 of a %diiiiyi venr f wwf OBJedB of tdomettk conpern, which can hi^. «i4r, therefore, die dendin^ and teceiinng anH, bassadoFt, the appointment df the officen,. <;ivik naval, an4 «i»tary.,4#d».X^ law of bankniptcf, wkh tlU imposition ^ sud^ to meet ita own expest^im. / 'J powerB of govenunent are ezwciied gifOanwee of tii»indiwduai|f|tfj^|^^ Ws^ fentfij gdi^fd^iim,^«^ ii. ■J:h5 -K^fW-*'' >i^^. «;»»iw,," frF5»"- two houses €)f legislature: onri an^i^ ^ ttldirj ^apudmrits^^^ e!seti48es''s su^l^^,^^ ^Tereign authority, indepGodent o^ aQd'uncex';« ^ncea^theraisiDgjdiscipHning, and officerti^oC pie mititia^ogether with the whole body of d^ ||pnicydkw,JK»h ^l,p^ jifpiipmportant departmentar Jtz^ in each states ^nder the contijoul ofits own peculiar legislature.' .%■ In Britain, die siipodntendingipoveci ofiihe .. .!P8 i |ip iil««^^ 4iiin<4i^t]iite ■TciBM pli^ <« j Aj #« ^ epartinent of the stata WitH |Mureutal{QUB^>ik Watches over the domestical ^i^^aftjbfi^ixmcems^of the oadcn jand lh» lll^pemx and war, has akothe power of impo-> ilt AlMl^ ftod of regula^ the whi^^iumH^ ' i|p«lt h^itt^iffihc^ crnif enrn i || r > ofc rluiiiipi i |i • M^ritolj^llipdditkfu^ guantotw^9ir4lei pi^lo(i>^ waof ^dT^ment,and at the same tnae. invests HP* thtiii ti iii m i m of .Mfbl^iBd^dkpt^i . ? .t . "« « ^ ; .J i , % W' "R?fy i^U. -I.',5^i .*v ^&mi^^hj^p&mhixm^ thetontitaTfi that hi| taim pbce in. Amoica, prevents the peraonj^ who admmister the general govcmnieiit^' &3iril / fprfteBi^ thttr ii«Bfe8t8, as they ought Jb h^ -coanpletdy amalgamated and identified wid| thoie of tiw country, whose fordgn ^tfSufs the5f «m Bppjbinted ta condiKt^ 'IlMfsiWiioc fell lilMNtJ^ioNrest in» and the skme attadimeni|||i| ittioun^i in which their authority i» confronts, ^ ^liMW their measures often con4pHUi^< byj| oumbec ^ ^^idependent "- j^cmeBtimi uam^ a^^- M|- tNif iibirii^ieme power extended over ef«ii^ ]NfftMo£ the empire. > lar the same prdBortiKMi fto%^4l&it theic jpowers are curtaMed iMft ^dm imI^ tutottyJiilK siaial* dignity ia impMred^' ahd chekr rdil importt Mice diminished. Meacft probably arises mud^. of.dtaMr^ioBoleoce and arroganoe^i ^i/km tm, dii •iMilppllilll^^ ai^'lidid^i'' oIliiiEl' poeacM^ the more eager are they ti#4 fomht^ the more o9tentatioMiKdii|ria^ thigl «CMSion of authoilpfc i \ * -v ifolii* Wioiwi»i^^ ( 1 J — L^ - .- '•. ,'* « / . ''' • ': •• . > ' . ~'*. ^:^ ' "S>. t6 jr ■* .jg-^-^'i s^y* ,,,is!a|*i',; i- m ■^H «^, for tke kst sewn ai*«gbt yfiaii^ lit^rt^te?' ducted themsdveS) witli audi glanng par^ditf lo France, and such intolerabte inaolence to Bri- tain ? Are they tfie ridirt ola great aod. fx^wei^ M nalifui, exerdring aU the faa(£om^bil^ Uaite 8ii%Mght)r, viewing aU fbreig&i^tes wkh • an equal eye^ a^d whose sole rule of conducT || a consdentxous r^;aid to the d^iti gn d^ tf^- •iiKtfllltfr^Untrj^lli^^ of ifteftj delected to exferdse a fiswof the func- tional and these not the most important func- ^ons, of sovereignty : they are raised toiysdig<> ^foAdoik to the%ill of nearly one half of the na* ^t^ey are taken, many of them, from the Aegs of the people^ to which, after stmtdng their ta#^lliiiiklbfic sb^^^'nitt*^ re- trim : ari'd'the greater part of them* receive for their services, while in offici^, a remunenrtioii of five or six doUars «^y. Stmk^^mi^mm^ iw 1||li^«msd>rlj4 the^ gtiv^nfenf «F the tj^hlted Soites, and \Vho delight to insult and to ti' riic Bdiish oap dfCMfmi. M iJmlft'^i^ «->[i i\j^ t ■« 5a' . <• Wl^ ! , 1,1 I- fak. §7 innumerable wroagi tiiey have received from j^,|afl3eF Axmntry, bm; b^jiave to its gi ^jmy^use the persons adminutieiing that gp« I vemment are, like themselves, spnmg from jthft Jnrei.4|f ^.pp|i|i]^ «md aoinias^ J)|r an eqiud ^^^ibe^iflitt dynasties, and legitimate ^jovmd^ of the eardui,^:|^ j^^^ ^i .^^ .^.^^^, .^^ . ; . . .^lli^ff^^^medq^ gjoverament, |riw aifp id ,:^ considered, that the personal character of thd .tlliief magbtxate is by no means wl^qut ks, jn- Gmat Britain, though ^e kiiig is more limited tun perhaps any other prince, with whom we are acquainted, his perspnid Jn%ence is by no .means inqperceptible on the measures of govclti- jiipll^and I tlunk the personal influence of the president* of the United 3(ates must be Md to ^^iWilliilill itttclmd ib li» dfice of prakleiit ii veiy coivfidertblt. For oik kern, tb«ra«n mM to be upwMdi of sf^ ,., k(* I,«.«l|.y^^^rj»^^-y^f.wj55!(^-yira5^!^^ im iiMie UokedSmes, viz. Washington, Adamaj i Jeflferjon, and Madison. The tm fcymmlm^, .weisalj^ m^ixpuUkm pmf. By the constiiii^^ tion* of thellttited States, the president must be, elected every four years 5 but the same jjfiiqii. may he reelected, as often as the natiionchdo8e« to bestbw on him this ,mwk of its eonfidence* Washington was twice unanimously called to th^admimsdration of the ^av Grr^m fff^f^i^ ^ ^ cQWmm tm^miM i#g^,piw^i. .^S^dama" h#$i^„fl#ce daly for fcur years : Jefferson w^sipresident for eight years ; and Madlsoa k^ lum^i fiKQ third, year of b§»^t |»esid|^ J Thf.p^i»PQjll 4%w^ gottlemfen ai»,t» |l^,cc«ittdered, in an estimate of Amerkan politics. Washington is^ Mi )dl)ewaxo!e,,pi^^ ?:*ri f'K 1400 poitinfitfr#>ta tlui United SufVei; who ahMdi appoiote^ by the president. The officers of the stamling armv and navy, and liktj#itt^6f titeicwttwraWisbMeiit of the United Snite% of ratherof the federal ^vernmenvaift all commmtoued hy th« ' president. But all appoinlmeiits of coniequCAC^ust recei va the approbation of .tl« ..aat^i^,^;.,^.^,. ^ i,:'^.^,v^,.^,^ ' 1' "■■ ' V. ^* '• - '■■,-•»:■■ * • - . "• 'X' ,] ■• "^J.-iiMiS^»^f*f^^^,'j^:y'^ -..^y. xi5!*.,v.- ;.^'jn^^«»^-i«iv>« ■'^^^'■- '^. ■', I ■. ■■"' m^ ^"isl: tiii^^OGCurs ill history : and in nothing is ti»i exc^lence of his character marecomfkuauiif^ ^H in did uniferm liberality of his sentimemi towards Great Briteun. If an .aversion ta thi»* coiifltrf were eixcusable in any American ma-* g&^feft/ it siitrel^Ft was sa inr Wa^iingtonj; biiti; nolhii^ of diis 8t^ ever found admittanteiotcvt his bosom. He regarded the conduct of thempiri thl^^^onniay^ in the war with the colonies, as th&f pfisprii^ of isdniateiiai error and^popiiybitpi^a?" Me i'i»6^'6a^il^3eof the contest^ not^blil^' dismissed all feelings of hostility, but entertairt*? ' ed foriiiandent enemy, those sen^entaof- racter so well entitles her. He had too mudi respect fe genuine freedom j not to feel the hi^est venecatioxi for that count]y,^#hich Jb^i: \ fbrnished the modM (^ ^ fi«e go^erriinenti hi^ has succeeded in bestowing on his own. This natural predilection hr the land 6£ hd fore&^ cce no H^ existed, the identity of language^ government^ manners, dhd hite^ littSjfiendlid England the natural allyof Ame- 14^1; >nd fotftied a connexion between them which, without violence to the intentions of Pro- "^W^? and ityur|r to die intere^ of both pa- dons^eouW not be afterwards dissoived, Mr . Adams professed,' and intended to tread in the steps of Washington : but his penoi^ influence ^ M*|ie?^ithan that of his great predecessor ; ittd; di«!f% his administration, the federal party ^adually declined in strength. On the acce»- filon of Jeffbrson, in 1800, to the presidential -^ij*'' '"*w^ s?(arfj 1 # s./ ^ mi ||iiiK^^ governed die Aniencan cabmen Hgt Igentlemut had alw^been auspected.irf'aa aiH ^^athyto En^and ; andtfiomthe poMatliy jMpiiiegiiduaBy moiie aod more iqppireiit; till at last lie waa admitted^ qq all |iaiid8» ^h9§ m l i^ p^tio m asia qflfca^ At tocat tcpyicuoq^rf ibe Allti-kAll^lGail fiKtioifeftw$:t| iJ*lf> *'W«t& ^'^ HoitUtty to Eaglwd a»y. in fiM% be ngpwde^ a* tlm Iik)* ^ bj|r which Mr J^farann moonted to poww. ° It k not sur- piisin^lhilKfbi^ Unil it shooM hnfe foniRd Ibe praknitv^nt ,.^|birtnn of his adBinatntian. Scwrcdy wy* be anted fa the presidential chair, when be leiuaed to ratify the excellent tre»* tj negociiiedl hyWt Mouoe %i LtMsriM ; uid Ihenby «fMnted ^^ enfiMtonato branch Mwm the oountrieai wii^h m, many (inrcnmstances have cou^red to widen. Tlw nexl aabjec^ to ''Uriuch he directed hisatlenUon,waathe aearchingof Amencan ^ .vettek fcr British seamen, aMi those iBlxesMneilts of Aaieri«i canieeamen, which, in spite of all precantiotts, aoeaetlnies hapii^ MfKn by nkMat^ This wsi^ ler ssne tinu^ the leading selgekl nf M^jsdntioii fantwesn the goveraasents; and a fruitfid sonrc* /^ 1ar invectire i^nst Gnat Britain, of which ample ^#ii Smmim in all the dehatos of Gongras^ and aU ths harsuig«||^«| dewinntic omtors ttyronghovttbe United States. At last, when t tiwie Wpics were becoasing haclDBqfed.the affitir of the Chesa* ^;peake and the Ofdem in Goeacsl tmm oppoitnnely to fv^y their plice; andUl other gnoais of coaii^iaait were fiD^^orafl^ time abtoiboi^in the lAscosliiQa utitmn enorarans wrongs.r One of these gtonnds eleonphoMt is mw iCBBOved; but thoan ii &> p ■ ''^ ■ ■ ■ * ■ ' ' ' '~ " ■ • " ' i '■' ■ "■ " " ' • ■ ■ ■ - I ; ' ... '- ^ . - ' , ... •- -'' ' ' . . .' _J '-. "'^ ■\ » - - - ^- ' - ,> • ■ * ~ ' ■ I ' I ' ■ ^ . . . • . ■ " ,-■ ' ■ -■ ' ■ ' ■.".-'■■"■ ' . ' ' m ' ' , ■ - I I ... • ■ " « ' . ' < ■ -■ > . 1 ' • , ■ ■ . -' «;a^t' ^^t /4 w* !■ w A r ■ • ■ ■ ■ / ■■..." "', , . ■' 1 ■liV .• - 1 ' 4 .-. -'■ '^^ . \ ? - -i \a m- :_^ ' • ' IV, ' -.. * >■" *^- ■ ., ■_ . if J) ■ ■ f^ T < ^ ■J ■■ \ /J -1„ "■ ' - - • . -9 •"«» -'^— -.r- i • ■■■> t ^ \ i- .-■ .4S' • ! ■'■ i ^ . ■ ■ r ' ■' , ■ ." ' . A, ^ \ ■ ,-\y . -■ ■ ■ ^ , ..;.;^ >. ^ ^^. ^ .\ 1^ ■%' IMAGE EVALUATION /" TEST TARGET (MT-S). z:^ 1.0 ^ta,m Uft IJil I 6* t' ^*> "v* '■'S*i. ^i"--. '^^tr--'^- r \ Scimoes 4jQrporahort M.T. t4tM ^ "- ^ ^ t' 9^ ■■:■';■■■ .^ ^ , i "X ,* • ■ ' *v< ^ / v c 'i'* ' , ".f , ,^ ^ fi "K^ p- ..if ■■"Ws- •^'r T )J!,i|iaGti». whm the ang^e of |^p|| j^ ^^l^fei^#f ill eqp«tition^ m to the e?t|^^ lHU Ifhift lh»IMMf»l of t||» • negoci* inktOmg tliettrffidt of ^ieiTI lollMiraKtWy l|ilV«« thiiw of was «9nMk lh« mmmh and the MMcVT nght, to wbidk poiintt tt tfe fc«t of il» Fn^ch "4* . f Jl '>• ft^9 ^ ?i m and tflifin^^raidi, insteid c^boi^ JiibjQw *•. pdltks and Frtodr patidalillM, ^a4 I tidolE^ be aaoi I hate eBdesvoured to state in die foM^ ing ]etH% deKbeii tq be tbe prevaiEa^^ meamfaiiian. He8aw»thatdiesweeQqf|||Mi||^' aM emohiment.woukl be die ijewnd oC|miK ' liiifee to dDB fine of fta^^'li^i^^ caadilikff Im abilides, aoon, acco^dil^;^,plMi4^ % lum at the heKl of die Anti<-Ai]^gjS((M\ 6ie|jjf|||4 -^^ -Wkm iwed^ 19 die mksm of Me «iM^ ' B^^^^B^^^K' ^^B^^^BKr ^^^■■^■^^B '*nun ^Blka ^^^^^^B ' ^^K' die fine of poUcy, whkh had prociinl|4||||||||^ : and hb andpadij t)Q £AgUii4 li^^ .. f ■ ) ^ f ienvaiiLbQcadiei -^ -— » 'T ' — ■ — ' — "iS^kT 4.&fe>>- «.{.> iK^^%iaL. >< ^itiAa^i. ^ ♦ '!a-7«?'*'?»«5p,«ET^«'i^'^55rWW|!«K M thfulof a ptiiidpl& Mr Ma^Kxi wat fm^mMfh sftdenliai^ jmd a <»ltdji^ ki tbe eamj^o^tioii o£'ihm iaOmffaOM ifQ^ ^** ^"^ Ai^namecf ditf foinik . JttlM ^^wi&b tfn«y«d th^ mind of Mr Tnfi rriini fc f iiii i | fiMIbi^ rocfiat condupt^it seeon lUlf^tintte tore^of Hut 9eiideiiiiiii'#iMdaic dttiKlS^ •f tlie peeatiit tular rh i i^i iii, « I^JMJt •ifl|iiiliKii^^i8 4» briUt, ahogidiflr ^ dflqpk# tte^ffM of ita ^--^ ^'/;' '"^■■JL tli^ demoGntM to . Il|^ii»iii Ammic%' . 1$ by no means withonfrin iHlPlHlNlsotiiiiif itf ifK»^ catitesr t)f that mdpatbv ^tili^Arturwan gorremment tathis cottn(vy^«f » ha«% of^lateyeain, liad jOfOMijcJODti^ Vi.. tMi^ndn^ tnttbn, amply auffiaent 10 account fcr this bias "S#''»^5j*^fs ' .1% •'wl.'- -^~ -'< ' ^^ st^».7i«— i>i oseljr Iliad i> ^ ibqI heir t; *• of the Amefieaa goNpepmoAenti viiioii|^|Mmn| eoQfi^ey^d by tlie the problem. This acccmnt clothe matter |^ io^Utied yfkdfy to disregard : not m^bmKm^ 4n«ct bobeiy, acoonM^ die reqiark iT.Mi ^ini% b muc^ultts frequsn^vMnbiig^iiiiblk^ peiv tha6ill^ vulgar aie a^pc toim^^i^^Jbiii becnuse, from die |»eciiHar. natiira of ^ilply niin^ COOatkudoB^the bribery of lis publicfi^^ tionaries may be pronounced to be nearly, ifnol- wholly impossibly and beyond theimcans:^ the ifM^ lijapdeoQ. ¥ms^;.i Jori^iA TTrii|||'' StBtoB^iei^Itt in£f£3iufl has w ai^ to render the briini^ him a£ oitK ^fueniK ; and of course^ if brihocy ift ' of at all, it muct be practised among so jlumbor of persons, ilkicoQductedisn 90 sysCin^ adc a plan, as would evince ,^ profli||My.'li£ sentiment and deprivatioii 9f /PritKi|4% ^Afekl we cannot suppoM .ta;«Kii^Jft^'| body of men whateveDk>^ Iki dwelts of and emoluinent are sufficient briliMI IB jiiiliiiigl f ■ T J.v V.i ^i4^j£.A. •!"-"^^!9 » •'v^f'V^f>r>f^'^-f>r,'','nwv^-=''^ll^ M /*'ir"*v? ' 98 llie luleiB of Amenca to persevere la the Uae of coi»ltici, ^^ S)r some yean past have ^oiPi» 4d i and I consciendously believe, that these are all the bribes they recwve. '4 - * 'r.^rottk whatever causes the Anti-An^ican spH nlbf^e American government may be thought tX) pioceed^none will deny that it has lately mk* mfested itself in' • conduct towards this country^ fiiioh is sufiicient to justify the most hostile fed-^ ingSjbn the part of the British government. In itiitigation, however, of these feelings, I here beg' leave to state two.observationsy which appear to pill 11 corollaries lorn ^doarid^ whtdv i^ Wa bcieh the humble aim of these letters to un- ibki, and which may therefore, in part, have been andcipated by the preceding- obeervationa v"mi ,^ ''' ..:U \ The first is,' that' the Anti-Anglia^ spirit of the American government seems to proceed in a>ei:y great de^;reey if not !|pt^ £rom causes tiit aitibteiifial, 6pera(ring; W^ Staites, and having no reference to the conduct ^W' ■ ■ ^*r >^'**"^r^i -Hi:' ''■*-.:' .v'*/-^ **'•:= ;:;.-.'■ '• '.p> Renewal of Um Non-intercourse, affair of the JLittleBelt, ind equipmefnt of French privateers in American ports. f. ' k^li.tiiif-'tiJit^Wi^i.'i %iii^^ i.%aJ^'L,f u „A, ^v or d t^ hav^ m tdaaikii^^^^tnB ^^iSiii^lwfe itm MWtmm Mafibn bf this cduntry, in respect to France, happens to suit ^e views of dieir selfish denUigogues, and the l^iiposes of 1^ pi OB^i ^ m ^ M M^ ^ibe^ idstidii' ahd V J' "jittViiisidnij <^a fttitiutent and feroddus deo)^ iciacy, from the contentions incident to a people, who ai«,r»je«| l^y"u^(^|«|i^^iiffi^ elticti^ pailje^ who hate each other, much more, than ?any of them hate* us,^ and whose expression of hatwri fo lis |%^i^ «|f^ftf^.e^^ of hatr^ j^:i|09)aitytQ;«^^^ dierefore, that may proceed fiom this hos^ilitj, .,^ swox^ly mor^ tQ,be fegarded^^^ W^W^Migs^ ^%t4%pW^.whQ 18 labour- ing under a fit of the epilepsy. -^ ^^^i^ ^.,^ > •/ -. rtThPilfi<:p«d ^Ji^serw^^ iN-ma^e^ 4^ >t;bati (l^^iyery T^^ IPnV government, pf , Ang|!(4 ,ii^,a, convincing proof ©fits weak^^,,]^^^l^^j^ , Ui^the PQQSlw^lp^^ ilBpqbkqi iJPWtgr; »^^«».by t)ie prfessuicxif federal, inftit. ,^^ce «id activity, ^d& much tp it» bitterness , ifith more cafmnen, moderation, and digpity : 4* ■'■<<> ... » ^1*. '. ro^S^y I f! '■-»TV»W--5jr'rf'*-'^_,|V^ttf ^ ■ u. lod ^ ." N it wmiW 1^ jgi|| le mr ^fBliitfwt the hostility of the American gpyerm inent is less to be r^;v4ed, than that of ^y ai^er gavemmmt oo^Oie j^i|t^|^^ J^ ylf^MJ^Mmmi iwty in tht UaM SMt€» 18, m feet, the best evidence^ofth^jt^^ ^ of the English party j the be^t evidence, thiit there still exists in thai ijoumry, a powerM Ipl ^il^^M F*^»^itt^iched, from.sotmd vieveal and Wmal senjdments, to the land of Mr £pi^, %h^;uilinfluenced by blind paswons and soifcl #fe^$^r§l!^ and posa^,^ 9iiffici«^^|i^,^|. !? j^i^^m pterested £k^^ fi-ool wrymg into prwiiqe their destructive prijawplesjror e»if mmg their ^^mmthims.^4,i^-,^f^4^^^^ Ijlfp^ietoail^ % Americaii government, you wiU easily per^ C^Ve. tibat I ^3Qgider ihftiniid^itinn n£ wntir , ^ I . -Sx.. x.^jt. ^^i^ lis ay • 1^ ') f / ijOIT ..' ,1 priiaAer, that inmost all the causes, that hav#*^ ; be^^aMigne^presupposefheexistlnceo^and'' ' o«pff#Mi| effideiMT^ 1^' ijhli 1^^ Tfali^ if appears to me, is almost the ofygo malt ; thiif M t^ie Gircumrfance, thaf gives ^^aradox, that llie .Apwi^auity i^ liMbirif fiitoen, sh«!ftri^ i^Wfe|E^y*aro% i pire«' ^»«e gmrcmed by Aeir paastoas, and of leaders, i^ho are ruled by thar intecette ; th^pMboadT -j^ popiiiaoe.«ii.ir]Oleiit and headstitttigi and Ae *|itterett rf^6 nders k to fla^ tliese pasuozM. ^^® poBcy* adopted b^ such a party, musi j|^ ^ii%Hly beaceane^iUibend^aadheadtl^^ «1iv^; to the Tiei^ and capacities of a rude^ iUiteiatei tod ftrodous populaca Sulh exactly ' h the foMcy of the sepublicaa &ctioi»li» ikn6. ^6ni whidithe bare mention of the Englbh name ought, at the present moment, to exeite in the hearty not oiOy oft e^ny^AmfBcan^ but ,«£ iffdyilbumanbda^ whose heut is rig^ ooa- idtutfid, the fedefalists alone are su&cepdble oL lliat hi^ly estimable body glory in their descent fiiop a land of freemen. They entertain and «x- rpitn for England, the consideration to which «he is so weU entided, not onl|k lifom her beii^, .^present, the bulwaik of thZciwliMd worid, Wl^0^mifkm^- t^immi - himanlty ; but, "^ ""'" peculiar degree, from ho- having so I , pAft of them probably do not know, tloit jltiie gb^nsmment of England i8> better than ^ttit flf £raKQ/<«r tfcat the views »"' .i.a« ,>i„,.. ''f •"''-■ ■^: ^ ' fe 106 tiili A^ KQoihe fioni^ her iml j they are eHk' IIMIiW% J? tlW^ ff^^ of Attnintti Uh, iikl aSate ^sffS^psn 5 their zeaU is inflamed and exaqpented bf diMil^ mittiiig effixtt of dieir leaden, aad h^ flie vi^g^ wiupf^xm, idiat, oi a lefmbfican country, ilie i#fc« piWican and tilling party is hostile to thb huid «f fieedom, and aitai^ed to a nation of ak^n^' #ft»^ ipMiwtt^ and ddiberate ebiiri. dention f harpe ^eii able to g^ve to the 8ubjedl| Imoi come to be satisfied, that, in ^pite of ** "Wf*"^ hosiiUty, the American goven# if lipllQ^ and never had, any serious inteiil^ wh to go to war with this countrjt ' Itsoitsthar pinpoaes to threaten a W witi^ Bogland i but Aey moat Imow how^jl«i%diey would ovcfslioQt the mark, were they to attempt to put diese tfaieais in executioo. None Will b# inclined to cootnimt this doctrine, who ouuh ^0% ^KNMpMB%^l»#«adful and inevitable • ^#^ inflict — ^"^''''Hr fFhriii^ tmvmm inni HFirri tlir rlritnininii i^jliigiiiiii bloody avd war;* are the bittw fruits w^^ all likelihood^ she wo^ tmp in dii dut oQuntry, which we woidd ^^^Mtidnr li^ iHtidiantage^ but which wouki be li^wdHl • < ^ i|l|^WWf "I meaa a diai^ of adminiMia- ilili The first effect of a war would^iiMla. diPttnicdoQ of ilmetiaiii cogunarcsi tdie-4i^ «|l|pm of oomqpMip^iMOBi^ dflilRickiaii of the fevenue, for the l eyeu oe iif,; die United States answ almost entirely from^i^ ment, loans must be resorted to^ and cfirect tans in^xnedf But direct taxes would be felt as la ■">' ^^■'■i. ■•■ -rji, . ./^- Tongfca to lay •nd o^llect Use^ dMiei^ aad iii- Ut H n «MlBnino4» Uni ia pncliQib tUiciMM iJkJ^ i\ if.&^ t^i 1 t JiiiD,\\S.\.S'r<\ S't^jSi,"^'*, ■'v'h^ -'■^^-^Ih'^fT.. t^*f » "^'^ \ mfi iMM|IMi|l;|liftfiiiii' hf iti6 poQpIo d tl^'wouM Speedily remove the present fdni^ c j |i Bt ririoii» in oidillMkieetioie peice and €oi»- #piw l» iMrocHtfitrig «idtluii^An^^ 'JQHlliM irfodiBt 10 what hit been bdieved by many, to be thek iKmrntim metAure. Unless, therdfore^ we siq^poae the g». lilpiindpieaiid patiu»lia^ but even of oom- inon undeEttanding, and coounon legaid ip iheir own interest, we cannot sufipoie ^^ kfm . tti 4i^4i^||iat theie is, however, a number of p^nii inAmerica, who are sincerely desirouB efe 'wm wkh thia country, there cap^ unfeftunatety, he 4p4^^f 9^)lMii^te hrbng all the uniHa cooftTVMd M AXteDaiag to little man tiiui'ltL MM^ Mil ilMft IIm i i wpotitio n of dk«ct mkI intinmi "rfi^TrfiJfiyii'Biti ofUif pfop«rbuMi«.ofQ,^gr««. "'^'n ^--'11 I i^PHl or Amertcm have any concern for the pMnrratioo of Umr mm* Mlhaiiij, or tlw oeotiwMMce of tiwlr ««ra ^mi^ te jijlli,* they will be pautioui of acting oo the strict ktteriClliitlMei of the coorthutioii. TKb auempt to impo^ tm wmSi «P»M«f «lii vpantkMi «r ikiMricn fion Bigii^; mi ifca M^ rcMlt from tb. nme cauii^ .^| .k.^.^ r^ ^£f>'i^i il,il^,i, i^i^B- ^traa^ftt^a^fi^spfTsj^^PvW i^ ;8Wft- iB|or^ ^M^^fl|M|M^.. , m^^^^^^Jtt^ ^^|||£mg»^^|^ '^j^^^^^^^t^gr ^naaijk di» ninlHr ef^ente «f dill dnotip-' tKini oq^hl^ film the (Ani^ QNPOi dia% ^-t I -lOiMii). #«*,*^#«»vai».ii» ^wj^- f . f) Ife-'^ -aJJAi. *.?*- -ff' i^t^.^*- V *,-^ \ ^ -L-V » !« s-iultLiKdiSar*- iV* lKi.iLl.einS-*' te'Kgf ■•«?"*«' ^*4 ^- \$ ■ mxmimsm^^ ^ouiri^suit i x^ licii firom a British ^M^ the only one^ thiit would H^^iOBViflnf aniBiiinuMioni 'fuF tne otfaeif t^cwiia ccftiadtute evOSi which would be hardly ^ less prejuditiial to this countr|r, than to Ibsii whidi they inunediaKeiy bSsM, , Wl lityofEnglaiid; becauseAmericamiisi^fbrinahyr y««ra,&rm a great and increasing oudet for thi Jo»axActa^ Itcuhiidi bii^lpii^thirtseiii^ii^ tHt§ the wars and disasters which would probably ai^ oompan^itywould check the growth ofthnAmm limtmmiiM mMu iijmi albeAefitB nrigh^i irfie W^tiflis wmrttl^i from the alHancfe of ati^ onfe of Ae confederacies, into Which the UraoiT might U divided, it seems undeniiU^, thiit thi^ BtifyiiL Neither is it to be Overlooked, thil? the miseries of a Brirish war, iild fhosft of th#- civil wu^ which would probably follow, would *>^f^lii»^*l»tly felt Wf that pbitkm of the American people, which is friendly to die Bri- M^^Ai&^ii^^^'rS^-^^i^i-XJijfJs^iL.^ i -b-^f^i^ i "K iy g^ i '>^ ^1. 11? ^ '^ki^ n>" ' ■ '' ^^ ^^i^^ ^^y .1 ' ^ip^h. The fedmlirt* cdmpoiiii^ numerous and respectable body, who haye qpi^ posed, with all their iol^pice^ the ban($Niai||| ||p ^hich dieir govcR^Mnt hag beta latetp^ ptiTBuing. A r^ard for their bterest ought t% senre as ooe modvcL at least, to induce the BdM^' ^tyi^fifp^ to.abstai/a fitim of these hosdlities wodd fidl with the h«»nag s» pressure They are^ generaUy speakings J^l^' Pflltf^ property, of «diiq^k%^ j6«^^ a^ll 6 persons of this 4Jescripdon^ who «u&^ most severely in civil broils. Ameiica is th(i|i> only firee nadon, beside (pr ow% now cepaj^ ^ in. die career (^ improvement with unexample^^ rapidity ; and if her progress is not prematurel^ij. checked, sh^ s^ms d^tiped lo inrl?e al A^Mn^^i of greatn^^,iii!faich no nation hptllttiwib«% tained, and whkh wiU reflect immortal honour^f on,|ier British ori^* The unnatural dis«,i . ^^ ■!', ■ *■'*» 'iirf^^^'' *^^* 'f '• '^^: ' '' * '' ■ '^^^ ■ '' .*' ^^^^"^ ' • * ** TV> the«diiilre» of dk« foIneM and nMy«ily of lb* &4h lish language, it may be consolatory to reflect, thM while French arms, and ttie French toogoe, aiv ptrf M^Ung .«Tei;f jt^ * ^ si- it* k i*^i^L>M^\^ ". yjfc.. ■ ^ , * i £./,b^ . . 1 i'jiJl5"U^( ' *-<><'>A4^t^t!2>«^'Mh^'-^ ' ■■ ■"">!, 'Hs*^^"?'.'^ "f^' "#-t Ml memberment*of such a countxy, with its coziqo^ |]e)|lant'ev^.pf ^vp wars and sai^naiy f gijM lutbtis, would present a spectacle, which || would be shocking to humanity to behold, and disgraced for'Ui^.countiy, without the mos( ^ Such of thi§ i^ymbncans, as reallj and ans^ ously wish for a war with this country, would be weft pleased to 9ee it begun, provided the §lllmi^E$^^^ BritisbgQif Tertimeht^ 'Piey are afrai^ to* strike the. first blow ; but ^England could be provokeid to do: •"iilS'-,.^! 4r/r^ivK ■ ,ii:.vYf:': 'I'rh^ .rfi'-wt^ xr-.f i>r.f,?. section of Earopp, — there is, on the other side of the Atlantic, a nstibn capable of preserring and tatmsmitting it tofiitara generation^. Supposing the French to supersede all others in Europe, yet, a century hence, the English will be spoken by the greatest nonibeFB.'^->./McA»^n'« Letter*, p» 10$, A.Mnrk. ppbtisjiedat New York, in I SlCk, .-,,.» v ' . ^ ^ > ** Like the vast wastes, that were kept as a ffbntier by the' ai«elent Gaulsr the Atlantic ocean forms a perpetual natonl protection of America t'roqn the invasions of Europe ; a bar- rier sufficient in itself at present, while the only power that conld become an invader is unabk. to keep the sea, which |»t ruled by a power unable to invade. At no distant day. the sta- tionary 'strength of Europe may be counterpoised by the in- creased suength of America; and the current of irmptioQ, which for so many thousand years has proceeded from east to west, having reached the limits of its actinit, maiy recoil, and trace back its steps from the populous and mighty Watt, to the reduced and prostrate East.'*— JAk/. p. 169k '^A :\ *Fi^.*'*S~^ '^i^y^^ \ n$ te^r-diey! would enter cm the war w^ alacri^ knowii^, that during its progress they -woulili be able to mortify, and perhaps to tekestitt^ more substantial revenge^ on their political flfil* ponenta*^, The)^|lfQi|ld also.iteish't^^ tationi,-^ij? by die bperatibn of hostilities riie breach between the. countries would be irrepM rably widened^ and^ ati^e same time, dp tniiall^ji diso^edit tfajo^^oqiilie^Eiig^ jpao^f tfialt*^lirl wotildi never afterwards b^ able to give thertfeo ai^ serious'^nnoyanca The democratic =|>aity#v howevetv iJowe^ as it i% is - iiotUyeli sstrong^ ; enough to underta^ the ttfm^ndous lesponsiw hmff of being the aggressors Ja a, war with ^ ever tthe; Americans do declare war ap^g yf t. when their internal dissensions have arrived aibu «l^ ajheight, and when the jealousies aAtf" quarrels, between the northern and southcmt^- sectiQnt,||,^eTJ54on,have so nearly approach-^ , ed to open hostilities, that each party is only^ waiting for, a pretence^ t«,declarfil. war .:^g^ingi„ thQ oth^r. rlt^ such a ^ase, the proclamation oi^' *-■■•■ • . ' . ■''('' "- fe^jyi-'S-'^-i* "^ ' ^ ' tt4 ■r^ mar against Britain will be the signal of d^ ^^ontention : it will be the consiumhation and flie issue of those political disputes, which have iudierto nolirished and been nourished, by the sendment of hatred Jto England: and the same le^tMdtk diat has abejuiv intxoduced on&«fl|i»f lution in America* may probably be tfie pre^ cursor of another. When this period arrives, (and I hope and trust it is yet far, very^^S^ndis- tant,) k will be for dbe wisdom of th^Brijaih government, to adopt such ih^asiires, ar Ihe exigency of die case may require ; and, wliil© tbey watch the natural, though premature c^ solution of the Ametk^ endpire, to direct thi^ own amity, and their own hostility, in such a c^manner, as may best promote die aggrandise- mem of diat fiagment of the Union. whicW I mkhoBcm the alliance of England;^ At present^ ]t'» evident the policy of En^and to pcanCr' rise the utmost foifbearance towards America r to concili^ie hor fmom^iy^mmfiiiaad short' of att alftuidbifiment of the maritime ri^^ tun ; to disr^ard the self-mterested and unsteady proceedings' of the narrow-minded rulers of a &i, U^ ' ^^^^W^r:l^mr^^rfg%.*YftJ\ »f. '-»<-4 ^ / M. »,• '^" '< Vj >'-'**'-'f Tc t. *^' ^"'f .il'Sfi''5'( ^vf U > * ,H ' V < ^ ,1. r .■■ ' /A ** ?«r ■ ^ r\ . POSTSCRIPT. ;^ t ' ••'. . ' ' ' h-^if)^ ^> :^ >, ^x >i' v" .' - ' ■ ' ' O **^* *•' 'f*^ '' '"','■1 In the Ibregomg pages, the author has purpose- ly abstjuned fixMn any'discus^cjfij^^e points, — ; iinmediately in dispute, between the British and American governments ; - because these have ^^.Jjeen discussed, with much greater ability th^ ^ he can pretend to, by persons, whose have never extended be^nd the limits ^ rope jj and the author's sole object wasJ'TTnay t..jb^fi»e the public such information, as only a lal jscquaintance with the United States le means of acquiring. His ob- !n to Ip^, that^ there exists in the ■« I J *ii-^iaSia^i^ r' tish '. ^^^ yf -H ' yt^'- 'Americas ge*W:«unttt,aWnerican8 carried on, in &ct, the whole trade of France^ (the whole at least that France was unable to ctnry im fijr herself,) and deprived England of almost all the advantagpi^ which, in regard to the annoyance of her enemy, she was entitled ■m \ .o^.v;ai,»'iJ,,.-.^g 180 to dal^ fioiMii tertiMl supremacy. In all fbnner wars, the naval power of the contending parties has been pretty equally balanced, an4 the inks, piescribed for%e r^olatlqn of neutrals, have been promulgated by die joint auttiority of all the bdfigerents. In tins war, however, there is butonebel^aent, that appears on the ocean t the powers luid pierogatives, that used to be di^ vided anux^ several, have been absorbed, by the resources and valour of the nation, that riilea the seas. By the laws, therefore, of nature and nations, as wdl as by the prindples of common sense, this predonunant power must hav< ri^t to enact laWs for the r^ulation of its own element, and to confine the trade of neutrals, within audi bounds, as its own ri^ts and inte^ rests require to be drawn. / -: ./ The diminution of nedtral trade, necessarily occasioned by fbis just exercise of the maritime lights of Britain, is'at piesent made use of by the American rukrs, as a convenient handle to inflame the populace against England ; and they even seem to be holding out the extraordinary proposal of vindicating, what they call their ■A iifci*'. :r^ .-.t^ .t^tkiiiM'k! • .-.-f ' iit^. ;^v#;^ 121 aeutrd iigM8> by foix:e of armii^t Thkac]^^ if seriously enteituned, will be no kss abcxtive ia execudoD, than it is absurd in theory. An #nnedneutmlisacontfiMtictionintenna» Wboi a nation anns for the purpose oif asserting neu- tral limits, it ceases to be a neutral ; and Ame- rica may rest assured, that the cause of neutn- fity will never be promotedg ^ to animiing the character of a belligerent. At present, she has it in her power to enjoy the whole of that huge an^d^valuable branch of trade, which she ha»7hithert^N|ieei^ accustomed to cany on .itith die British dominions. If she goes to war fer the puipose of asseiting her neutral rights, she will lose the trade a£ Britain, without recover- ing that cf Fiance, y Her commerce wifl be swept from the oceant and, at the end of the ^var^neutndrighu will be found in exactly the same atuation, in whiim they stood at ^ be- .iv^"JTie preceding Letti fiore the anival of the ^- ^tr-- ''"- '-'-^rTSK^' '-" -'•e now relieved from the salutary neighbour- hood of a ibteign power, they would speedily begin t6 quarrel among themselves. The un- wieldy mass, T^en no^4onger cemented by any eictemal influence, would fall asunder by its own weight : tod the conquest of Canada would thus have been the immediate forerunner of two of the most remarkable events, in the history of the westerh wodd. In another point of view, the acquisition of Canada would be to incalculable mischieSf to tl^e United States. It would open a door by which ' the French would get access to America j tod would, of course, be the forerunner of all the evils that have uniformly followed in the track of French usurpation^ The partiality borne by the Canadians to tfnmce i^ wdll known. Ca- ■ •^. 1 ■ '*■ » » • • v . F .• m •• • • fc' 1 m • . . ■ m ' t .»,'/;*.• ,.:,. ....:. 1M|.:.,., ,...",j;.*,. ■fA^ r^M^Wi* "Y^^^TW 125 . nada was originally a French province 5 it was conquered from France; anditsj^habitanta;^; not yet divested of the feelings and resentments- of a conquered people. The honour of living, under a free government, and the blessing of a representative a?nstimtoi, have nplj^tir^ji^ conciled them to th6 British donunion. That devoted and insurmountable attachment to his- dwn country and his own countrymen^ whichr forms almost the only good characteristic of tfa«^ French nation, an#adheres to the native and the descendant of France, in all situations and under all vicissitudes of f(»tune, is a prominent feature in theCanadian character. The inhabitants of Ca* . nada have a strong affection for the land of their ^ forefathers; they exult in the successes of France, and are dazzled by the military renown of her present ruler. So prevalent is this sentiment,; that a traveller meets with a Napoleon in almost every French fiunily in Canada. The necessity of guarding a people animated by such senti^ mcnlB, against all intercourse with Frenchmeei,^ is fdt and acted on by the British govemmene jTi and np Freilchman is, on any account, pemut* • r '■!§..x^JtfL',.- 126 S obvibusf that if Canada were taken possession of by the Americans, the case would be totally ^ tered ; and thitt the impassable barrier which >^ present jjiotecfB thai pro^ce, not only against French invasion^ but agadnst French intrfgu^ wotild bfetotjdly ftoioved ? The instant that Cse*-^ ' nada fell into the hands^ of the Americans^ Fnttice yi¥(iM don^der itas her own prize: the -ruthless usttt^ would hail the event as the fiiBt step towards the eJctension of his dominion over- the new v^ 1 ■'i-- '"rtV^''^^fr-i'^iw^p^if^'s^^^f^^ eyp admitting that the Americans were able again to wrest it from their perfidious allies, the result would be, that they had embaric# in one bloody contert to. conquer, and in another bloody contest to reconquer a province, of which the possession, in any circumstances, would be ra-- ther hurtfiil than beneficial to their interests ; and of which the possession at fresent by the Brl- tish government, is the only means of prevent- ing *e French from getting a footing on the^ continent of America, and repeating in tiie iie^ world, that scene of usurpation, devastation, and bloodshed, which is not yet concluded - in the old. Those Americans who are serious in wish^ ing for a war with Britain, and thiiw for tJi^ conquest of Canada, seem litde to consider what a curse the triumph of their arms in this mad undertaking, would necessarily provei not Ofls ly to themselves but to t^e world at ltt#g& The immense importance of Canada, in this point of view, even to the interests qf Britain, must . be obvious to every one who bestows a mok ment's consideration on the subject; It ougMti m feet, to be regarded as one of rfie most pfe4. jlQHiiewels of th€ British crown. I- -,Ji\A>' > ^^;-'"^..,l~*%»«^^.',, . :... ■ii..^".^..--./ w t ,;' 128 ■>^'|« ^.i-y^ ir^^' yv , Th« paly (particular, in whi coi ric fori An fail deri thei woi Uhi ^ Itii iSi. SS/ii*.**. ^ 4*fe3s!xi w II ■tW... J ^ 139 considered as at haiid. A change of tlie Ame- rican administration would be one of the mm. fortunate events, that could happen, both for America and England. But if this consequence failed to result from the concurrence of the fe- deralists in the hostile measures of government, there is much danger, that a declaration of 5^ would be followed by a dismemberment of the XJhiOn. :4'i-: ^,:*-: ■ ■ -.■'■' »-.:■. U' ■:.,. h ^ iSth April, 1812. . % Jk " m \ " s ■'■ * t t '^ ■** ^ k.' L . i!i-''M*ii^'Jitaeii, te^u^^ ,i. > ih, .'J,.*', «^ . I r H^H--V-i: ■■.-■:. f >' i-ii-'i/ ■^ * fi ^■''•■i:»^j;'f;if? i ^..-^iff,' *v: ,; u ,-«,'»{ , ,V,.Ji i 'to J ^ APPENDIX. *>' ' - ■- ~" 't^M' -.'■ ■ T ^«-^v^, , m /-. * ■ ' « ; • X f "1 ' :^ t »J • W ■' '/ * V -1 1 ^ V ,*,; # *'6'-^'«f '•f ' ifi; ^m: ■ "-Tv^- — , ■^S'^K^* -^ijsp^ V if . 1 # ■ * ,^ ',A • ^ , •;^.' ^' V ' s ■* > '» ^ - « •L''' ^ — 4 ■< .-*» 'c • ■ r • • •.^ f « ( i ii i ! " ' ■ "^ ' ¥■ .. i. ! _•. ' - 1 1 ■i 1 A ®'',k • t i f. './ ■ u ■ - m ^i ' .-t . " QONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. fTo prevent this pamphlet from swellingto too great a bolk, a few of the less important arUcles of th6 con- stitutipn are omitted.] , y t ■ I W E, the people of the United Statet, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our pdterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America.--t„ ARTICLE r. V Sectioh K^All legislative powert terein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United Suies, which •hall consist of a senate and house of representatives. StCT. «.~The house of representatives shall be com* poted of members chosen every second year by the people of the several stotes; and the eleclor« in each t $^ Hr- .♦'.:., 134 ^ » ,' ^' :?7ir sUte sball have tfaequalificaticms leqoisite for electors of the moil numerons bnmdi of the state legislature. No persoD shall be a r^resentative who shall not have attaiiied to the age of tweiity-6Te years, and been seven years a citixen of the United States ; and who shall not, when dected, be an inhabitant of that stat^ in which he shall be dboaen. Repreaentatites, and direct taxes* shall be apportion- ed ammig die sereral states which may be included within this nnion, nrrording to their respective num. bers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole nomber of firee petsons, including those bound to ser^ ▼ice fwa teim (rf* years, and excluding Indians not tax- ed, three-fifUis of all other persons. The actual enume- ntion shall be made withm three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and with- in every subsequent term of ten years, in such a manner as they shaU by law direct. The number of represen- tatives shall not exceed ime for eveiy thirty thousand, hnieach stale shall have at least one representative ; and until aadi enomeration shall be made, the state of New Hampahireahall be entitled to choose three, Massachu* •etts eight, &£. The house of rcpresentativts shall choose tl^eir speak- et, and other officers, and'thall have the lole power of impeachment. ~ SiCT. 3^— The Senate of the United States shall be compoaed of two aenalDn from eadh state,, chosen by the Itgialatnre thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have oae vote. %>; 1 ■* "■■■•■ •.« No persmi ahaU be aaenalor who shaB nol have al* tainedtotfae a|^of thirty yean»and been nin^ years a ci- tiien of the United States : and who shall not, when elect- ■■^Pi ed, ch da aha P« be Uni and rent S ewe acril Cm S tion and bnsi .S CMV edfa Stat N ht\ fice shaU shall aiM offic Si 1 - '% ? ^ ' " ^ m ■-. ' * V r . ' '-',. ' ^.feitt. :.^i^ » flJ,:; ' * " ^..hi'.,}^ i^i^Mis,,- ':. .^. if,.'^M&^S' . -...-^ « , ,-v T's^'^ > ' W*^ 135 "^^^ ed, be tn inhabitant of the itate for which he ehall he dioien. T'-nN-' /. '/ .,.-, . ■,..:_^5^: The Tioe-prNident of the United States shall be prai. dent of the senate, but shall have no vote nnless thev ahaU be eqoaUy divided. The senate shall have the sq4 power to tiy all Ib- peachments. When sitting for mst purpose, thcj shall be on oath or affirmation. When the presideat of the United Stidet is ,tried» the chief jliiiice shall preside; end no person shall be convicted without the concv! vence of two-tfurds of the memben present. SaoT. 4«->The times, place, and manner of holdi^ election for tenalors and representatives shall he pm- scribed in each state by the legisktnre thereof; but the Congros may at any time, by law, make or aher v^nlntpona, except as to the place of choosing sent Smetk 5. — ^Each house shall be the judge of the w-«w- tions, returns, and qualifications of its own membcf% and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do . S«CT. 0.— The senators and representatives diall i». ceive a compensation for their services to be Mceitai»i. ed by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. s No senator or represenUti?e shaU, during the tinM , for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil ol^ fice under the authority of the United States, whick shall have been ciealed, or the emoluments #heiear shall have been increased during such time; and nopei^ holding any office under the United States ^t aU be of either house during his continuance j» Smt» y»— All MBi for raiiitig teveaue shaU origiMie oflksit T i 1 '^^H « fl \ 1 \ 1 ■ 91m \ f M lUi #Lvit*.-,li, . ^(ife i*i 3.e retnmed by the p^ . sident within ten days, Sundays excepted, after it sinll have been presented to him, the same sliall be a law, ia like manner as if he had signed It, unless' the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its, ret«m«,.ia ubich «Me it shall not be a law. \ \^^ i\v Sect. 8. — The Congress shall have powtf to li^ simI collect taxes, duties, imposts, and exqwBSi |^ |iay the debts, and provide for the common defence and genial welfare of the United States ; but all duties, idspostst, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States: .„,. . , .. To borrow money on the credit ofthe Ignited States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; Tp establish the uniform rule of ii«l«r«Uaatioii^ and uni- .«. »,. f - Hj*i 1 •-''■;'r»i0***^f^|^!p??^^ ■\ 197 \ ^ tbe Uailed Sttleis «v^ ,. land theni* abaUyWiAiMi die ooBKnt of Coogress, office, or tUle, of any *#^-;T r:»: ABTICLBlt u a . Sic*, iw— ills pwiaeiitoftbcUMtedSlateiofA»ericm; he shall hold his office withl^ the of fMT 5«ois» and, together Ibrihe tepPt he j«^^ .''"'■^ /..i. .i^>>-.^'i*j ;.i^iE|^»^>iy-„ ■4;^'j^. 'rs»-j as the kgia- of dectors, equal to aad iqpveaeaiativcs lo imy be CMlitled in the Congrev; but or icpieaeMBliv^ or penoB-hoUing an <^ice latare theffeolTBaay dned^ • the of trast or profit The rhrcinn rtiill th« Uailed. States, shaU b( ap> m their respective states, and by ballot, for two penooa, of whom one at least ■haD not he «n of the with Uiem- And they diall nuke a list of all peiabas voted |^« awl the MMbcr of voles for each; which list they IhaH sign, ccttify, aM trnnsMit, sealed, to the seat of dent of the in the of the United States, directed to the presi> t <^ the senate shall. of the •h4 (tf rcpRsenta- No tide of^MiO^ AaB be granted by the United ' / Statea;«nd im pcnon hoUng any office of profit or .ys, "im ■ m 138 tiv«t, open all tlM^ certifio%tes« and the votes shall then be counted* The person having the greatest number of voles shall be the president, if sach « number be a majority of elect- ors appoinWd ; and if there be more than one who have snch majorilg^ and have an equal number of votes, then the house ofN^psesentatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, -president :• but if there should remain two or more.who have equal votes, the senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the wliDe*pre- The president shall, at^sUted times^ receive for hU services a compen^tion, which shall neither be encrea* sed nor diminished during that period for whicJi he shall have been eiected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United ^\ M\t% or any of them.f •-'■;■•:! -j< ' /■ . . f. . . ..= ; ■.,,^ . ^ Sbct. % — ^Tlie president shall be commander in chief of the armyand navy of the United States, and of the mi* lltifc of the several states, wl)en called into the actual ser- vice of the United Sutes; he may roquire the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the execu« tive departments, upon any sitbject relating to the duties of their respecUve offices} and he shall have pow^r to vioe* • * this M BOW ah««L The clecioni vote Arpnsidmt and pTMident N|Mntdy. _ + The |*c«d«iii'. ul^ i. at p„,ent S4,000 doUvs per sooum, •bout £«000 »terUBg. *-"% ^li^'fiX^k^^^ ■idk. - ■? <- 1 ■■ ^ „ =«»Ks ^ ^f-^' ~^^t^ 199 grant repneref and fMorAMis ht oflfaitu igniMt the United States, except in o«iei of inpeechinent. .^ , £ He ihall have power, by and with the advice and maH" ■entof the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds . of the senators preseht concur ; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice^ and consent of the senate, idiall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the svprcme court, and all other offi^ oers of Uie Uni^d States, whose appdintmento are not herein otherwise provided far, and which shaU be esta> : Uishedby law*.^^, '<^-'^ ^.? s,:. , «• v x*;;>^,iy': SicT* 8.— The president idiaH, fimn time to ^tu, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient : he . may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, pr eitbet of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time aa he shall think proper ) he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministerfft' he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shaU com mi ^ oii idl the officers of the United States.'''. ,'-^.:-':'.r.7.' -.■/•• ■-n".^*J-rr--r' •■'>--;, "VM. SicT. 4«— The president, vice*prdiidenty and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from of- fice on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or otfier high crimes and misdemean«v .^ - J-' -• 1 . Slflt. ].— The judicial potrer of the United States shall be vested in one supreme, court, and in such infe- rior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, or- dain and establish. The judges, bdth of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good ( ► * T >.v k \ sc^^^ «^ ' V'ai^fUJt. ii.1 i -v^b^tX' . V4 140 r x^ behivioar, and shall, at stated times, >eceive for their services a compensatioii, which shaU not b«L diminished during their continuance in offic«*;rt T S«CT. 2.— The judicial power shall extend to all cases m l^w and equity, afising under this constitution, the lawsof tlie United States^ and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; Ito ail cases affect-' ing ambassadors, other public ministerv and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to dis- putesi to which the United States shall be a party; to disputes between two or more states; between • a state and citizens of another state; between citizens of the same slate, claiming, lands under grants of different states; and between astate, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, 'citizens, or*subject|»,«*a*. m- ^. m,mm.H The trials of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- ^ incnt, shall be by jury, and such trials shall be held in < the state where the said crimes shall have been commit- ted; but when not committed within any of the United States; the trials shall be at such place or phwct M.the Congress may by law have directed. vSbct. 3.— Treason against the United States shaU consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving, them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the tes- timony of two witnesses to the same overt act; Or on Confession in open court. - The Congress shall haye power to declare the punish- ment of treason ;.but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeitw^ except during the life of the person attainted. Mmm.-i,..m«rhm-:-m-m':i^ . i'.>'--j^i,- . * rm is now altered. See Amendments to the ConsUtuUon. 71 4 i 141 >0 ARTICLE iy. Sbct^ l.-^TaIl faith and credit shall be given in each state t6t|ie public acts, records, ai^d judicial proceed- ings' of Wely other state. And, the Congress may, by general^atrsj prescribe -the manner in which such acts, records, tkd proceedings shall be proved^.anti the.effwjt thereof^ . ■ > " ^^ ■>-4 ■<'.', ; i ,,«5iiv^;j«:^w.-/.- sa%. :.;■.( .;' ;,.,, SsoT. «.— The citizens of eaoh state shall, be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizensvin each of the several states. ^ . s , - : ■ >..i,; • ■ ^^ • :'^,;\^i ; ; . , j. Sect. S.—New states siay be Ikdmitted by the Coh- gress into this union, but no new state shall be %med , or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state;nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the. consent of the le- gislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Con* Sect. 4ir— The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive power, when the legislature caondt be conVlfened, against do- mestic violence. j^ ^ ' ; « . 'fi ■4^< J't* *tr*J't <{iyj, '■li ' The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or on the application of the legiidatures •of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a con- vention for proposing amendments, which,- in either case, shall be /Valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions of ^ij L., liA 1 tt itiSiJi'. k * '*i u^a , ii.rt • t* , }4£ tbree-fQurtbs thereof, as thei>ne or- the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the CoDgress. ;^^' ^P'^f^/^rtSv 1 •fc >.-Vone in the convention, by the unanimous ccmsentof the states present, the 17th daj^tf September, in ' theyear of our Lord 1787,and.of the independence of the United States of Ameiic* tlM twelAb. In ■^'^' r^-^'j -*-^*?; T^ HS witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed names. our GioBOE WAsHiNOT^i, l^uknt, and deputy of l^irginia. John Lanooon.' . , ' Nicholas G^iMA^, 8cc. sy . r. ..iiV^-'M ' J<^^'.Vf':' , k. ■.'rv AMENDMENTS TO THE IBOEBAL CON^^^TUHQN. *, J .,. ,"i '5 ^ f ** i- •■/ « 'f -. ^'^'-'nt^v, ^i-i^> ARTICLE I ' '? i ' aent of «^ig,o„, „ p«hibiUng the free exercise there- of. « .br^gmg the fteedom of .peech, or of the pre» or the ^ of .hepe.pl.pe«e.bly to l^^h* .S^' peuuoa the govemiaeot^ . redres. of grievan;^,. be«r»nM.haUnotbeiiiftiBged. -' ■ ]• <^> „ ARTICLE in. _ No wldier Adl in time of pe«e be quarlered in an, war, but in a manner prescribed by law. __ ^ "F .1 fr .^' •.„*;■ ri-^ 144 V ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, ^hall not be jtrietated, and no warrants shall issi|gJ)«rt^pon probi^le cause, supported by oath or af- firmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seize(|i ., . No person shall be held to answer for a c&pital, or otherwise infamous, crime, unless on a presentment or in- dictment of the grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in Mthe militia when in actual service in time of war or ^tiblic danger ; nor shall any person be subject, for tbe^ame offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or linlb ; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life* liberty, or pi:operly, 'Without due pro- cess of law ; nor shall private properly be taken for ptib- lie iiiejivithoitt just compensatioo. - ■ #. ARTICLE VL In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy - the right to a speedy and public trialj by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the £rime shall have been committed, which district shall hav^ been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour^ and tojiave the assistance of counsel for his defence* '< ^^ ^ i ■ .m^r: lis ARTICLE VII. j Iii satti At common law, when the value invCon(ro<^ tersy shall exceed twenty dollars, the n.^hl of trial by jury shall he preserved; and no fact tried hy a juiy ■hall be otherwise re-examined in any coqrtof the Unii*^ ted States than according tp tberalei ol the common law. iif ■| t " • •,. . ■ ^^■^*:r; --^'^-^^^^^^^ — - ^' ■..: , THe powers not delegated to the United States by th« Jbe constitution, nor plrohibtted by it to the states, are reserved to the steles lespectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XL ^ ' The judicial power of the United'^ States shall not bo construed to extend to any suit in law or eqni^, com^ iBcmced or/prosecuted against one of the United States by^ citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign slate, ' < - ; li- .«■■ ♦f" -■7^ . - i. , ' ,_■ r '■ ■ t - i ' V iiA ■\ r ■0. '4 % D Wo. ot oUtBattn Blection 7; l^ Ef: Mb. Of StnMon. SecS too No. of Votert. Blectioo I I 'O'B-a SC-^C2 i!' uuwuuuoo "•"•a-o'a-o-o'a §-|-S "011222222 II h b ki h bi b U QtmjL,QQaQr-*^f 'S w t«. m (o o w m o> ,(» Penoiu enUtled ta vote for the nuMt nu- inerous branch of the iute lepslature. « 0« 0\ M 01 orw it 0« « M 04 M 04 W « « The legitlature of each ttat/^y by_ Yean to wnrc mum i ikm.m. **"''*'ji'*''^'*'* " "^ "H « M 0!t« e« -< V^tnto Date of ||*||j.i|-PII||s| I -o u u a " 5 iilsl'si 8 il§3aJ52) •11* I* -.s « .s^.a.slS^S.p Jl - M 'u M<-IMI-IM«M^ CO >-IM«(^04..«0IM i» »• r» t- t- t^ t» !>.-,»» ^, -«»--'^-r' It >« — ■>» -« m « g« '«• A OD 9 00 W»%^ M^ SO « OOio •« 00 Persons entitled to vote for the most nu> merous branch of the state legUlature. " g ^f ' """^g" Democratic Democratic Democratic 1-i -OP ostnu- d ature. f^ « M « ^ ^■f :^ 1 * (j ature. . ' g 5P «o « 55 « 00 jrj ■♦ « M 0« rt w®, S. »- '<« w b k. 2 o u « « K£fi ! t UI .^rii t -'<:4'% ^ ' . .^-" l-J" , (r*. • • ff' : r?- ' 147 BBM ABK8 ON THE FOBBOOINO TABLB. By the constitution of the United States, it was provi- ded that there should be sent to the House of Reprc^nta- lives, not less than one member for every thirty ^ousand ^ , inhabitants throughout the union. It wasibnnd, howevefj ^at an adherence to this rule wou]d render the Hoiuif of Representatives too numerous, and the number of iet^ habitants sending one member to Congress has there- -^^ fore been raised from thirty to thirty-three thousand. • Such, however, has been the increase of population, tliat^ in spite of the increase of the linmber of f)erson8 send*, png one member to Congress, the whole immber of tbHf House of Representatives has risen, since the establlslivl ment of the constitution, from about 190 to I8l ra^nK^ bers. At the next census, the nam ben of the house Will be still farther increased,- although the nuqdiber <^ persons for whom each member is returned will also ha •liU fttfthc£ io^reiied. ^ ur\^ I i \ ,-*■-«• ^^ • I A ?A 'n^T^:'^-' iT"^* te- m V "■-■■ji 4 ■ ^-y •APPENDIX.— No. III. sWf POPl/LATION OF TUE UNITED STATES* lii iir CtMinrliftai m l%e Tcofil^, ISOO/toirflSla 1800. " 886,149 SS6fiS0 '^^ 478,105 345^91 990,959 349,699 951,009 105,601 169^688 811.14S 18la 154,465 , ,^,, 183,858 *■**'' 69,199 64,973 96Sfin9 959,990 ^ 810,163 M3/S6 414,935 406,511 380,646 961,949 961,797 859,433 945,569 980,760 817,913 tl4,414 76,981 TRKMTORIAL OOVERNMipra. 5,041 lifiBt Totol, 5,308,661 Total, 79,674 76,556 40,358 94,590 94j089 90,845 M,98t 4.789 7,938,49]] fc.*r*^s. /^ - ;» '#»■» 149 #• BSMAmKS ON THl FOKEGOIHG Iabls. M HI- Thb foregoing Table may suggest aorae cnioM o^ Kmuon. on the rapidity with which popiUatio. «. «e«e. in America. It will be obserndTETtfLA the population of all the states has increaied nmdTSl tween the yews I790awl I8l0^lheso«thmisl.te.ha^ •df«.ced faster than the northern, and the «esta» •Ules finest of dU The increase of Kentockr • n^ ticular, would be almost incredible, were it «»t rtteS toy unex^^ble documents. Dr Adam Smith, aboM TlmKk''^^^' '**•* ^^"^ populaUonof theUnilrf l»Ulea «TOed HI S5 years. On reference to the lb«. V>»% Table, it will be found, that in the tirea^ yearn eljvsing between 1790 and 1810. the popdatio. !1^?^^ ^ "^'''^ «exlupled. In irgo^ it wa. W77, and 1810, it was 406^1 ,. ^ i, fej, ^ ohw^ however, that this unprecedented increase of Kenlwekw IS to be ascribed not only to the rapid »epfodm.-tioii •£ W^occasioned by abmidance of land, «id onreslimned fteedom. but also to the numerous and frequent mamm^ tions which have taken place from the older ami man folly p^led states, into tl,« ferUle and gmwi^g ». gMMi. Thi^, while it swells the population of KentacWv kmens proportionabiy that of the other slates. The great towns have advanced with no leas rmNditv Aan the countiy at large, fn the year 1746> New Y«{ had 10,881 inhabitants. In 1800, it had 'M* M pl«xd at tfaeliead of the Union; her j^_ f- I. #', -'S . ♦ 150 l:---:^. ■J tioft^avipg^ all along entitled her to that INew YoA^howiever, has been hasteniqg totpv^rtake her <»mpetilor; and it is understood, that in the coane of •OKix year, the population of New- York will exceed that of Virginia.. She will send, therefore, ipore members to Congress, and will henoeftnrth be regarded as the lead* log state id' the niiion.— (See App* No. U.) This ca^ cumstance, while it will increase the ill-will . which tlitt Virginians have always borne to the nortl«em parts of the uniuoi; will favour the elevation (^ Mr l>r ViHtft Clinton tn the pretiidential dignity. It is anderstoodl, that Mr Madison will be re>elecled at the next eteo- ;ii<^ ; but on the expiry of hb second four years,- it is thought likely, that the eastern and middle stotes wiH •ssiert the right which their increasing popnfaitioo and V«slth bestow on them to give a ph^dent to the Uin> ted States. Of the four Presidents America hpa hi> th^rtO'had, three have been Virginians, aiid one has l»een a native of New EngkUid. In the cotarae <^ fbor or five years New York will-, in every point of view» be w^ entitled to noininate a president of the United States; «nd Mr De Witt Clinton is already designated for that important office. This gentleman b nephew to the pro- aent vice-president of the Unitetl States; of a fiunily that has great infliience in the sUte of New* York, and haa. always been atUched to -the republican par^. Whatever, therefore^ may be the sentiments of MrCtio- ton with regard to Great Britain, it is likely, that in tha exerciso of the chief magistracy of the union, he wo«ld phew more reg4rd to the interests of commerce than hM :n manifested by the Virginian oligarchy, that haa ao ■wayed tha councils of Amcnca. , -- ~ , ^ ^^,..^ \^ ' ,->.■ ^^ / i , «'■;? :\ -■' ;' . ,^ . , , .w ' • - ' "J V , 4 1 ■ • ■ ■■■*•'. <• " t ''■-■-' ' ' 'J • ■ ■■ ," "" ' ■ '■ r * *' -1 " ':-. r>'^ »'=■■■ " ■ " « . ■ - > ■ ■ " ' ' i - r 1-v • Ik' '■ ■- • /'■■'- ■-■',''- ♦ ■\^- -,■■.•...■ -' .■ ..:•■;■■,•' ■-, -. ■ ■ -" :>^ : "■, ■■<:,, - :.- *■.-.-,» ;y,;V^". ■ ' ■-.■. .. -. - r^—-^ -/'---- - — — -^ --/-'■ - -■ 1^ ■ ^-■ ... ,^m- ^" , i ■•; * •■■• ,/ . . ■■ ^ . ' ■ ■ • "' " a ' ■ ,. e ,-■■.■■#.■ • '- .■'.';: ■ -,- ' ■ .•-■_■ ^ ■■■■■ ■ ■■■ ,, . ■ ': « , . ' i ■ - ' ' Ay H' ."" -" ■T ..,_.„. .,_, ■■.-^^._.^.....,_,-_^. _,_,._,. .,^_^^ #5 •>♦:;.; ■!•• - _ ^ ,, - -- ^' '■/- . ^;. --(■." ;-,. ,- V V:' ^-v^ •'-'+:-■' ''v s/ ■ :;, I' inooD .^ of th ■V- . _<. ,;.,. :..;.v.^:: ■ ; ..,_.,.,.,.- -..;■.- • :-.^ mtiu ■ •^•-•^ " V ; , .. • -:' , ■'- . -■ ^" ■ . .'-• ^.■; ■ ■ / Howi stmct «>y 1 "'^' . ■, "'"■ ■' -■ ". ■' ;. ' • ■" / :".' " ",:•■:•'■■; N ■'' w(ral( ' ■■" =^ .•■--■■ 'ii " >':.•' ^; ,•;*"; ■ .. -;■ ■>% ,,r . , ... - ' * been basis 4 . ■•■ • ^ ♦^V ' '.- -^.'-i;-. • ,' ■-.^■*' ' -*-*,'* , ' •.%■" Ofthf 1 *' ' ■■•■■ *' '^ '"' '• \"A^ .-■'*'' '•■ ■' ■.■■■ -,'■■ ■ • ^ '' f ton, ^ ^- ■ i -', :'-.'* ' • ^' 'V^, r; ^^ .^?;... ■.#, ;•, ."*'•• . Ment (r ' ' ' * del in # becai! S^ rica d /^•^^.- *■ •■ . • ^ ■ ■ - ■ . ; ;,. . ^ .. chy inona , A . htaci - ~^s -,....- ■ -. - - •■--V - - . * -• ■ - ■ ' , ■ > ■ ■ . - m ' *' cans <* I#ttc * .e ' ^ ' . ^ *. V — :, .V. .^ , - - -I » '*«i- * 1 ♦ k> N b T E S. '* < ' t, -Jbi I' h . J.^ _,- •-« f. A.i 1 j/.>*> ^»' • 5 ' , ' Note A, Pwe 15. . 'CTHk' praise here be^wed on the federd constitutioD, ig not inooiM^ent mlh the bad ^ects asqrftied liD basis of elective magistracy, and the almost univemal VUffiision of the elective franchisci. It is understood that General Hamil* ton, who was a friend in the abstract to monarchical govem«^ noent, actually proposed a goveminent founded upon that nio* , ddl in th^ convention of 1787; but the proposal was rajected* * because the majority of the convention were satisfied that Ame« ^' rica did not possess the requisite materials either -for a inonar- chy or for an aristocracy, which is the necessary attendant of a monarchy. Whatever may be the defects of th6 American constitcition, it is undeniable ^mk its purely republican form | bM contributed materially to the rapid growth of the Atteri* can States. The efiiscts imputed, in a subsequeot part of these' ' letters, to its denfiocratical nature, in favouring the introductio» .' I * m- 151 I I - ' t i m i of an illiberal policy into the councils of America, and of ex- . cliidiog from these councils the leader^ of that highly estimable body to which it ow^s its existence, are such as its founders probably did not foresee ; and if th^y had tbreiseen, they could upt possibly have prevented. - ' , Doctor Mason of New York, in the eloquent funeral oration which he delivered on the death of General Hamiltofi, thus cha- racterizes the qualitieiv which that great man desiderated in the federal constitution : " Not such indeed as Hamilton wished, « but such as he could obtain, ^ and as the states would ratify, ** k the federal constitution. His iAas of a government, which << should elevate the character, preserve thei; unity, and perpe« ** tuate the liberties of America, went beyond the provisions of " that instrument. Accustomed to view men as they are, and to ** judge of what they will be from what they have ever been, <' he distrusted any political order which admits the baneful ** charity of supposing them, to be what they ought to be. He *' knew how averse they are from even wholesome reatramti ** how oba^quious to flattery ; how easily deceived by misrepre* ** sentation ; how pwftial, how vehement, how capricious. He *< knew that vanity, the love of distinction, is inseparable firom f inan; that if it be not turned into a channel useful (o the go- f'remvcfeat, it will force a channel for itself; and if cut off ft^am '^ other egress, will issue in the most corrupt of all aristocra- ** ctes, — the aristocracy of money. A system which he would «4iave entirely approved, would probably keefp ip their places ** those little men who aspire to be great ; would withdraw^ *' taiUch fuel from the passions of the multitude ;.would diminish *' the materials which the worthless employ for their own ag- *< grandizement ; would crown peace atjhome with r^pectabi- ** Uty abroad ; but would never infringe the liberty of an honest *' man. Convinced that the natural tendency of things is to an «* encroachment by the States on the union; that their en- *' croachments wt|l be formidable as they augment their wealth ** and population ; and consequently that the vigouir of the ge- w neral ^vemment wUl be impaired, in k very near proportion (I « (( •'.■| m ^-*ftl 4-, ..,• \ifwi J' f^ \55 / :'l^'j "with the increaie of its dmSculties; Be*4uiticipated the da^ ** when it should perish in the conflict of local interest ando f 4t local pride. The divine merc^ j|rant that his prediction ma// "not be verified! ' ■ -; ,^ ./ ^ « But whatever fears he entertained for the ultimate lafetjr " of the federal constitution, it is, in every respect, sa prefer* . ^^^le to. the old confederation, and its rejection would have f* been sq extremely hazardous, that he exerted all his talents ."and influence in its support. In the papers signed Publius, J" (the Federalist, ^ee note B,) which compress the experience ."of ag^s, and pour, original light on the science of govemmenl^ ." hia genius has'left a manual for the future statesman. An^ J they will be read with deeper interest when it i|, considered \ ' •" that, eloquent and powerful as they are, they were vcritten" ^ under the pressure of business, amidst the conversation of /f friends, and the interrogatories of clients* . : j ,; ^f JHfis voice co-Operated with his pen. In the contention ^ ."this State, which met to deliberate on the federal constituti|||^ .♦*he waji always heard with awe, perhaps with convicttitn, .« though not always with success. But whei^the crisis anrif- « ved— when a vote was to determine whether New York wat *< to retain or relinquish her place in the union ; and preceding " occurrences made it probable that she'would chu^ the worst 1^ part of the alternative, Hamilton arose in redoubled strength; «f he argued, he remonstrated, he entreated, he warned, he « painted, till apathy itself was moved, and the most relentless " of human things, lypre-codcerted majority, was staggered and Jif^ brokep. Truth was again victorious, and New York enrolled !^ herself under the federal standard." r"S Note B, Ptage 17. 4. Thi following quqtation from the Edinburgh Review crataint mjust eulbgium on the Federalist: — '< The best account of this ^f constitution is to be found in a publication called the Fed0»' -^ralittt Written principally by the late General Hamilton,-^ r'* work little known in Europe, but which exhibits an ekteMi ■•>; ^ 1 ».<* r. n *-' I ■ tM 't i ( " and precision of information, a profundity of research, and " an acuteness of understanding, which would have done ho- " nour to the most iiiustrious statesmen of antient or modem « times."— £rf/nJ«r^A Review, No. XXIV. Art, IS, ;' * . v%r.. ■ , ' ' ' ..,/■■- ^-,■^ ■• .•*^^r^''« . Note C, Page 16. '^•' ';■'■■'- - The question regarding the efficacy and importance of the •tate governments is one of the' most curious and difficult con- nected with the internal politics of America. By one set of po- liticians the value of these sovereignties seems to have been as much over-rated as by another it has been decried. Those Ame- ricans, who, during the time that the federal constitution was un- Her the consideration of the states, aff^ted to regard every power itfid privilege, proposed to be transferred from the state sovereign- ties to the gener^govemmeht, as an encroachment on public h'- berty, certainly propagated erroneous doctrines. The federal .constitution could not be invested with powers sufficient to ena- ble it to serve the purposes" of a national government, but by -stripping the state legislatures of a certain number of their func- tions. While they were divested however of all those functions that are subservient to the administration of the foreign aifiurs of «he nation, they were left in undisturbed posasssion of all such prerogatives as are essential to the management of their own Internal cbncems,— to the protection of the liberty, li*es, and property of thieir citizens. The state governments, therefore, were only deprived of those powers which could be better ex- ercised by a general governm^t than by tiiemselves: and such a transference of authority could be reprobated by none, but those who were wjlling to sacrifice the interesto q| their coun- try to their own present popularity. Those reasoners again seem to be equally in the wrong, who consider the state governments as still possessed of too much strength and efficacy, and as being litUe better than seninariM of sedition, which seiner or later will be the means of severing tliui.uni Note F, Page 69. ' ■ \. ^ .' -y' ■ As a 8pe<^iiien tff the language held by the democratic ora- tors on the subject of Great Britain, the reader may t^e the. following extract of a speech made by Mr Williams of North Carolina, in die debate that took place in the HoU# of Repre-; sentatives on the 2l8t of January^ 181 % on tlie queri^^lii^ct- ing the inprease of the naval establishment of the {Jtl^iibm^f^. ■ Mr Williams said, " a navy was unnecessary. iTbe ^$^^ ** ence of the nation depended no more on a taaval estabUsn^^^ " ment, than on a system of air-balloons. We were bom as a ** nation without a navy ; we were fKumphantly bi^ought ** through the revolution without a navy; and had since risen ** to grandeur and acquired an unparalleled amount of meroan- ** tile tonnage and prosperity, without one ; and he therefore ** inferred that we could now do without. A navy was unsafe ; ** it hsd ahrays deceived the best hopes of theiiest people on ** eir^i «riho had dep^ded bn a navy ^r its protection and mp' •■*? -\-', i^ — ^ •«t •' m S.t. * % "port. When hit learned colleague, (MrCheves.) than whom %Wt man was better read, had alluded to the naval powers oC ^Venice, Genoa*' and HoUand, he had forgotten Switzerlanduf, " who had no navy, and who maintained her liberties and im-- ** dependence for 200 years after Venice was destroyed. Nfjt ** vies had preserved no nation, England excepted ; and it wnl *« impossible that sl^e could exist much longer. But," he satd^ *« the aaval force which this nation could raise, would not only "be unnecessary and unsafe, but inadequate to the purpose%^^ v^for which it vras ^^i^^^^jjS^d you, sir, leavQ. the landT .** where you are omnipotedl^^p^Arour enemy, and launt^ " forth into the ocean to sem JiiiitMhpd.discomfiture i Greafc ^ IIBritain had lying up in '"'N^f^piMPis enough to subdue the M.««vies of the whole world,^^ p| | |lO >rce incUided. It gav«r ** him pam to extol the'resouMs of the en^my ; but he couWI* ** not conceal the trutb. He wished it were. <^erwise. He ' "felt for the sufierings which she had inflicted on bis oountrytd^ •< They inspired him with a passion which he could too little « conceal. Sir, I feel a deadly hate against Great Britain. -" Yes, sir, if the red artiUery of Heaven nvere in myhandsy Ptt " soon drive thgjast-anchored isle from her inoonngsM;^.:^^^' Ija another part of the same philippic^ in allusion to JSnglan^ this orator observes, «< She is contemling for the liberties of tlie f!*irorid ! He would as soon have expected to hear that the ^%i . «*iWl had espoused the cause of Christianity !, So far from ** ing for the liberties of the world, tlie standard of freedWha^ "never been raised in any country without her,||aip^'^g. to •« pull it down. If it was not foreign to his purpcl^fhe could *< trace her footsteps wherever sh^ moved* marked by blood :%md destdation, — all the miseries of war and revengeful ba«-* fi Mere have travelled in; her train, into every r^ion inhabited ** by man. For whose leJl cupidity were ao many human he-r .« catombs sacrificed jn India i For whose more ftjlambitioa "did she wage war on infancy and innocence in the westf For fl who^i does the saVage yell nqw wake the sleep of the cradle i »» England ! Indisputably,, to esctend aodjecwethe blessingt ♦«oflibertytothe#orld!»» ; " ^ ^ .^ & / 1 m '-% X. .,;rt.v. ,^, ^ Note H, Page 93.^ ,..^ , .^,,,;,^^,_ « An anecdote, which was current at the time of the authorV randence in America, may serve to illustrate this feature of Mr JeAersoo's character. A noble and reTerend English gentleman, m that time on a U(ur through the United States,' 4^as invited to dine at the presidenrs table. On his entrance into the drawing- MOn; 98 soon as thbcustomary salutations were over, Mr Jef- ferson thus addressM him : ** In the name of wonder, sir, what -M can your government mean by the outrages it* is continuidly << committing upontm American flag i** Mr — l— was at first l0t a little astonished, but, immediately recollecting hioMelf, an- ysrered : *< Mr Jeferson, in the first place I am a clergyman,' fijid never discuss politics: In the eecond place, I am an <( Englkhman, aikl cannot be well-pleased to hear my country .* spoken of with disrespect. In the third place, I am in your .4* Imuse, and have a right to lie treated w||^«ifili^'' l^ fi«» iidaitdnq^edtheiv^baect.;. -M ■...*; '..i;:*;;/ >>,?»* -Vt^^tfc-y-; .k.,. ^--.-^r Note 1, Page lOS.. :■;.;■;:'-.., ^,^^^^g^.^^,; *ih» reader has already had a specimen of dteocratic do- ^penoe in the speech of Mr Williams, (see Note F.) He wjll afitAow be dif^eased to have a specimen of federal doctrine iiieciaUy, which stood self-condemned, on her owin corfes^ •* sion, M incapiMe of free goremment — hogging her chains, ** glorying in her shame, priding herself in the slave's last poor « dtstihction, the iqplendoiir of her tyrant mastet^'* : ' , *^i itg ^^'r'-^-'(^aii^'--'h>^Tir NoteBu Pige 10& ' ■ -^ > :r;v!f*fa/> The term American Ooiremment is h^ used in its oidinii^ icceptadon, as signifying the president and the two housts of Congress : and in this sense the author is satisfied that the doc- trine advaneed in the text is true, that thie American govern^ ment has no serious intention of going to war with this country. In a more restricted sense of the term however, and under- standing the American goyeminent to mefln the presidnnt and his confidential advisers, the proposition may be advuced with •till greater confidence. It is now perfectly understood that I Mr Madison^ and at least two of the heads of departments^ ^^■re decidedly adverse to the measure of war. These persons, however violent may be their party aed, matt survey the pol^ tical horizon with rather a more cahn and dispassionate wy%" than the democratic majority «f Congress, and must of conlM perceive the madness of such an undertaking. While it wii proposed, tlMrefbre« by the violent partisans of war, that 85,600 men should be raised in contemplation of that measure, th« president was clearly of opinion that only 10,000 should be vo* led,~« number suflident for the ordinary service of govern^ Bent, but madequate to the invauon of Canada. .4 ,' --.r ?u:..feji--¥ri'f IJNote L. Page 107.- -•■- ,' --- ■ , r tt may be bought incumbent on the author to stale soma ■pedal reasons b support of the opinion here haiarded, that i war with Great Britain would be apt to produce a dvil wm% America. Several reasons concur to shew the soundnew o# «Im o|MiiiQ«. In the fint fkee, party spirit prevails in Amen- L ^'^' '.- ki. »J.iiMI- ,,.i Mi/.- i.:<4» ■^^f t ^^ »^- •#.^P^ Cf) to «4» w* e g d « ciiiL WW aMU prabaU^ h» either the foveiunner or ihe can« H J it lMe liam IhMly, the fint eSrat of a wa« ««U yrahdUy h^ the bflidion/ef eone k Iht Uailed*te«ei, which eoald w* bfl to the imtahle popuhMje of thai eoun* ef thchr towns ibr instance, would in* would be prodnctivw to the diAeent objects osi i Ua which, in any eiventr would he It is not hnprobabte, ef Hefand oo a sinuhsr oooattout t^y lularsasihe sole authort of the cala> and iaflioion them a severe wad ex- ftr tahing these very meesuris whicb th^ thcmsehree had aflaheig en co a s a ge d awi enabled them to pt» ne. But it is aft lilglaqnallyprabable, that their fitry, taking an opipos^ direction, would vent itsetf on the federalists, who WOmU be clsasad indiacriminatoiy under the appellatioB of to- eftraiton. Tnaitthaia atasMniwtiens ssay be ansr wsse^ ^^a^^ivi^vvvwa j^si ^-i MB 11 id d I* »• JN « lO I- P M • ^^ . \ • " ibts Bf. Pi^[« iia. ' '^ * the M of JMMtfy iMl, thut iMNiits out dhe trae file piMuul CMnmercU saA«rflMiMiaii«f i^ .«N«^ to be reftrred«^« 8ir» I ftir we 1 **Btfy Mtetive le the •*■» ef fiwr, lib toiiU An^kb tbo Anfeikaui propoae gobig to pjfit il«Mil aathe imaeme biCouaeilii ;1 - '■j'jji^»- i^j^^-f-' 1"~S"l!J^f{^ J?P ■» •f -■ .:> ■ . • ., ' : •/ - " ^commerce ta France and her dep^ftdendes. w t&e bom ftf' . ** trhi^h you are gtung to vor^ Tbk tar the real oljbto^ ilinaha «*ita8 7oawilL And itunotdiecaimiieroewludiwefohAeH/ ^^ enjoyed (as gentlemen #qiild aeem to suppaae) wluci| h M <* oontroTersy. Your export ooinmeree to Bwibe now coHHli '* of our own products only, as appears by the lafler of ^ ** Brendi minister on your table. I say o«r Mi^'^^g^Mhsi^ bo> , *«* cause I suppose the privilege which has been gradooif'fx.' ** tended lUk us of exporting other artides in cedbm cMe% «b- ^ der Firehch licences, will scaroely be insisted on at bens anr ** thfaig dse but an indigaify. The municipal rcgala^oasv^di «< haTcrbemi substituted for the Beriin decree, so ArMieipeola '*■ the ptactical effect, have destroyed by fbr Ibe oaast proftdU^ " and important. branch of oar trade to the FVencb cm^ijiai, .w' ** which consisted in the pi^aet and mum^Ktoes of other ** Countries* Oifr merchants were in die briiit of exportii^ lo *< the West Indies our flour, beef, poili« live stadi;, hnber, Ac^ f tor wbicb they received* in return, the products of those *■ islands. The surplus beyond the coosuniptioo of 'tiiis eoan- i||j|s exported \o the continent of Europe, .fer wbicb i "^ re o^tied in return, Freneh wines, brandias, sifts^ ** linens, and bills on London. Of so mueb more ii <* this export trade to us than tha(t of our owarprodhH!lB,tbat ni <* 1007, bisfoi^ the British Orders m Council exktcd, tbe 4o. ** mestic exports to France (including Belgium) aoMHmtad to ** about two milU(H)s seven hundred^ thousand doQan only, wUbi « the amount of exports to the same country, of lbre%n bbhio- *■ fiftctures and products (chiefly coldnial) was nearly ten mik " lions. In the same ycaf" the whde of our domestic exports d|^t asilttoMB to GraH ** Britaiti, and her possessions and dependMides in the four •* quarters of the globe. Since that time she has acquired the ** French West Indies, the Isles of France and Booifaea im the •i. 'M )■ .^ ) ' ■ r. /., ■ I8O17, ifliile i«Mr6i-i W« Qwaqpiiriioar < t«lliietivedMUU andgo ilimBamtrmnm. I Imvt ipra '^• *^, i^y Jbeimjt&DfFraiioe: yottipl^and provii|Mi^#] .h»pa'ia#«,ofh»r§il_ \aiSi liv ip« permitted to tpadi^ ale that tl^ form no aqrioiuf itemj ))l «ee your merchant, aft^h^ !ee of French re^atIoiv|^ wid )r8» compelled to invesf lie 1^ ^1ililp^?'iPP ^'*^ f( % ' of ^ir cargoes in Frenpj^ sillu^ > *• viiiiib IM brandies^ in r^a^ proportipna. Sir, tlifdetaij ^^ .9U|hl l« ^ani^ vw, that a. commerce thua shackle^l^ If^ M >ni|||M» w not *f^y <^^ cnuade which is meditated, aiifdW , ,^ lHbili>*M(VC<(t astb ib fiiture value is still morei^Ioomy^ l;tM»^ ^ ' f^|lto«%i|Bra tM repealed to-nkntow/^ ^ ;^,^k0ommef)ce tq France woqld net be worth two inilKona, ud, ^rW fiisumscribed m jt iklreidy i% as long as the anti-commercyf Ll^ifgntMi continues, we may «3qpect that it will dai|y diminish.^ ;♦> ,/^(V ■' ■ ' - ' ■ " ■ ^1^.; J :•;;•.::..: ... ■ .'Notp O, ^P*ge 189. ; • - - , : ,.': . . 4>f,71w ioUinring remarks by the same eloquent statesman, wIm^^ ';||j4aQt«d an4^ last two nolea, place m a still cleaiyr light, if *MI9 ^^'^ ^*"P wanting to dq so» the foBy of the pioposal ojik' \ ^ iha part of soqie of the Americans to go to war with thilsco«|il- ** I have said {hat I did not believe that the number of iifa|* 1^, "requisite for the conquest^ the British provinces can Vf' « raised. Much reliance has been pbced on volunteere, jm I' *' have hMrd of many myself who ate r«|dy to march to *> da, but it happenrUiey are all iWiMlser <■ miA to aggraodis^Muw'v^ "^y ^ coterpris^^pHMfare ** no volunteer pritmilf^t cannot be seriously sidSRtar £ .*■• -*> V t m p,^' \;i: « our fiurmen' soiui wQI keivt thtfr OWb hauMt where comp^ ** tency and ease Reward their industry, to mardi to Canada to " make conquest of those frosen regions. The same rtaadiSli ' •"* are applicable to the army of r^^ars proposed to be raisdl;, « YoVi wni have officeta enou^ ; but #hete are the ptritates to « be got f The honourable mraiber from Pennsylvania, ( Mr :^< Findley,) gave us yesterday, adearandpracdcaldemonstra- « tibn thftt our o#n eoont^ dM tm fbrnUi ^ nMteHab Ai- ^'^ an army. We have a sar^m pf land and a de&»ency of la^ " '~^. hour. 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The CHA^£, RURAL GAMES, and FllLiySPOR|$, bf SOAIERV1LLE; to which k perftxed, a Biographical Meaaoir^ai^ Author j IMntdd unifomtly witli the ^BHAt^Tstf* and *< Shi in Podscap 8vo, price 6b. boards. Sr. ESSAYSfoaWRIBSdf LETTERS, on the following Stik, jects:— On a Mar)Vwni^'1MenRRrfr of himself—on Decisieo of ^ . « |Ch *: . c^ttaUe to pefsdVM of (^tivated tMte. By JOHN FOSl^R. Ths > Fourth B(^l|k>n) in one tbidc Volume Demy O^tamt V^ JWi*^- ir '^F 'fr- < ITB^ BOOKS AND AXPUBLICATIOni, I^J^'^n^^''^*^'^^ "^ '^'^ POEMS, l^ JOHN \ther-of th«, Ws «^ Brother^History of Aboulhassan, iUiibn Bevar, aj' fifehemselmfaar. Favourite of the Caliph Haroun Ahasphid-^Sjory «rf the, Amdf Sultan Hebriaim and his Son, oi^ the PredeStined-^f Selimsnsha'and hisFamily'-^-^f theKingof Haraiii and his Slaive— of Habib and Dorathil-Gioese, or the Aral^n KnigKi ^— of Illabousatrous, of King Scbalgoose, and of CamamTiaman— of tl^ Lady of the beautiful Tresses— History of JSiaugi^by^ or the Magiciali —of Halaiaddin, Prince of Pereia— of Yamalladdin, Prince of Greai^ Katay— of Balm-ildin, Prince of Cinigae— of Badvildinn, Prince ofTaif"*' * tary~-of Shahadildiii, Prince of Damast-of the Amours of MaugraHi^ ' iviSiAuheta-il-Kaouakib, Daughter of the King of Egypt— of the Birt^; ef Maugraby. '\The Persfan Tai^es. introductory TaTfr^-Histbry of Abouliaseiii! drfiasra— of King Ruzvai)Bcbad and of the Princess Cheheristany— ^ Story of tlid ybui^ King of Jhibet and ofthe Princess of the Naimao# "Hii thd Visier Caverscha— of Coulouie and the Beautiful PHara—dT prince CalafandthePriric^|ofCbitia— History of Prince' FadldUt^^' Son ofBin-Ortoc, King ^fl^^^l— of King Bedreddin Lolo, and Iiis Yisief Atdmulo— <)f Atei^^i^psumamed the: Sortowfal Visier, and the' Priofcess Zelica Beghume— of'theTrioce Seyfel kulduk— ofMalek and' thfjKriacess ^hi wno ^. o f King Hoqsou^ sunuubed iM EiBg wIOkniI;; w .• • . \ ■ V ■. ^ fc«rt«. Burnameri H^ Great Vojagei-Km Voyag,^-5ecc»d ^«^ ^JPwwiAN Talm o» iBAitiu^ OF Dttftt. the TnwUator't Prt^ fl«e to the Reade^-Tbe Author Inatall« to tbeRe^ler-The BmitS^ ^f^Ji-H,-"^ MotdW,, the Sase^f y^the J^ -^ ZwmoHlan, the Soldieiw^f Aboutaleb, the IW BuU— oftheFishennaa. : r. , *^««»*. ' HISTORY OF NfOURJAHAD. *^ sAWMTrOKAt Talm from T^ AHAWAir mOHTS. Hitenr of Aftjd«,^ Ah Mohamin*! the /eweller, or the Fal«» Cahph. J^o«DlTal« ,ntroducto7Tye~Hi.to,y^K,r^ -de. Pr.nce« of Om,«,-of A*KH.|.As«m,, .he Wind ManoTChitor- ^SLS?::^":!*'*' '•"^"' Ood-SabaJotthe P„a^ ^!^^Sr^ Ogo« awlthfl a** Sultanas. S^hT^n J^*" ChahabeddhH^f the Son of the K«g if •i ll^ ^^f-~of Solomon'. Bird.-^theoId lh,g f Ethiopia JJdM^ So^H-of King TogniWey ^d hi. ChikhtiiH-^P,^ . JJJJJ-^ofKlniQoootbeddin aM the beamifiri Ohubw*h-of t»* -^flM^tbe .ft»hm«n «8d t^ young fypitmr-^ mm AqsdiMf ^.»-»i 'V„ * ..<* ,♦ •^^•^' woTdia ftiace of CarisiBe and the Princess of Geoi){MH«*9rt}l« „ ' Princes obuined fi(ot» Heavea— of a Kiog, a S<^, and a Cb^hirgeoa. Tartaiuan Tal«8. Introductory Tale of Schems-Eddin— Higto^ Vthe Sultans D(«iDeWCheref-£ldia, Son of tbe iQng of OeoMi^i^ Gul-hiidy, Princfl^ of TuluphaB—Stoiy of Sinadab* the Son of Swm the Physician— Hiatoiy of 9adour the Peacefot .King of Caor— of th« thnra Crump Twin-brotberaof Damascin->roi/0(itsiin.OchaBtey« Privcg • of Cbinar— f Jeadad~^>f Hou8eh«Ri| .and Gulbsiae-of Dugme, Queen .^ Persia-^ the beaiitiful Hfei«tt>* ; Adventures of the Ape Motrot^— of the Stdlsna Aliachank— ttiatevy df MagtBU, Midwife ef As^acaor-^rentuMa of Magireddin,Kii« (^ Agi^ ^ «f B^Vt-Bebari^ Primcess of PegM^rf* the Physician BanouRMsi^ ' —Histoiy of the Visier Houssan-Ben— of Kolag^ the Wild Man— .Ad« ventures of Dardok, tdd by her Skve Ik>uli~iiistory of Corcul and hia four Sons— of AMhsdin^-of tiie Oerviae Asairkan—of AM>al-Mqdl i^fHi««9iyofPdoceKader-Bitah-«f AUoeuiai. ,^ ,^.^v *.;,.: ft.;;^.,! tAUs o? TUB GuiiJ. Life of Horam the 8e*..«ItrtwiL of the M^chaat Abudahn^or th« Talisman of Oroooanea>^Tlw Mc^> chant Abudah's.Adventuie ia the Vrfley of Bkicchim— The mek^ AdvanUi^c; of the Merchant Abudab in the Groves of Sbadaski-^TJi» Merchant Abudab's third Adventure in the KingtkMn of Tasgi— fo«Mtll Advcttture m^ the Sagas of Ressa-rThe Oervise Alfouraax-iiaaHHi Amri or thaHiatejr of the Caliph of Bt^idMl—JCeiaiin and Gmnrci' —The Adventures of Urad ; or the Fair WandeMr— The Enchaatent m Mkaur, Sultan of the Eist— UiMory ef Massoud— of the Prineeas of Caaiimir— Sadwk and Mlarndft-^Mif^giiii dv Pani9a> ar Fmmk the Oervise of the Groves.,. ]y , , rt '- ,,.. =yf .-y,}.,,^ -'i.-'-ki-4J ;. The HisTORt of Aboa^a, the Sok bf Hawif. Introdoctory TaJg . ii-AdKentures oi^ Almoraddin— Hittory of the Indian Lndy who waa lascoad iViQin th^Funer^ *Pile— Adventures of the Indian Maid oasilMl ^ off by Faq^in— The fint Tale of Loulou— Histoiy of the KifpHUlp ^ Noae>-«f ^ I^priilB Lady , ^ her V(>yi«» to the Mystnmn ri 4 k > -M^ 4 «*r tfsoKs AMo nxnwLmtim,^ .;.;, t 1 . ■ '.■ i •I .4 "■. 1 * IM , 1 '1 nl ::*' -^^«rLo«fcH.--H«ioiy bf the 1^?, tlAdrfdie yIZs^^ "^'^ Young a*toi»-^f||i.' fif r«IH»f ^mi I « .. — . Toaag #»■ -»-Tfc, D,p«^ of Abdtf. fi«B tile Weof BoriZlAV ^. «vTHEOKNHJ8oftlieTHAMM.PAfifViiA . v ^ I' .t:- #:: "■&,