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By a continental and truly American system, we, who occupy a central position between the North and South, should not only satisfy our own wants, but, through being the merchants ar.d carriers for our neighbors on both sides, derive larger profits than any of them. SPEECH OF HON. ELIJAH WARD, OF JSTETV YORK, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, February 21, 1877. I look forward to that time in the not distant future when a truly fraternal comity shall prevail throughout this continent, from that habitable part of it which is nearest to the arctic regions to the tropics, and from the At- lantic to the Pacific Ocean, and when this sentiment shall find its natural expression, not in lawless and desolating expeditions or hostile inroads of any kind, but be manifested and continually increased by those peaceful exchanges of the products of human industry which yield profitable employment and make homes happy. Nature herself, in the varieties of chmate and resources, has provided for this plan by permanent and beneficial laws, against which we make our temporary and destructive statutes. * )^' ^''-^^ % * .-^.itt-J WASHINGTON: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. 1877. $■ P3S2.7/ W2llc I -N^ -N^. < OMMEKCIAI. Rli!.ATI()N> U ITU r.\S\l).\ WD EX Tli NSION <)l' MARKETS 1M)K oL R l'Ri;bLC'I IONS. J!y n CDiitinoiUal ami truly Amciicaii «y>icm, wo, wlio occupy a cciural po.siiion between tlie Xuitli aud South, shouM not only .-^ati^fy our own wants, but, througli being the merchants ard carriers for our ucighliors on both --iiles, florivc larger prdlit, tlian any of tln.ni. SPEECH HON. ELIJAH WARD OF JS'EM' VOR]v, HOUSE ()!• REPRIiSKXTATn'ES, J^EBRUARY 2 1, iStJ. I liiok forward to that time in the ni.t distant fu'.ure wlien a truiy fraternal comity shall prevail tliroughoul this continent, fri^in that liabitable [)art of it which is nearest to the arctic regions to the tropics, and from tlie At- lantic to the Pacific Ocean, and when this sentiment shall find its natural expression, not in lawless and desolating expeditions or hostile inroads of any kind, but be manifested and continually increased by tliose peaceful exchanges of the products of human "'ndustrv n-hii-h "ie','1 r.rofi;.i'l le pm.nlovir.ent ami make "liGpies ^'Kipps. ?>a,ure' aciself -n the, Varieties of cliiila'te' hiiVl'iVsf.uVccs, has "pn'vided Cov tins plan by,^)c,rn)r'ne,in.art('i J)fenef;civ.Pav*>-, agMus't h-liich we inUe'(}i.r't^jir!]-)c>i-ary ui.l dcstrucdve sta.utf-. W A S H I X G T O N : CONGRESSIO.VAL RECORD. 1877. « ■ • • . • I'.iiiiiiicriial IM.itioiiv uitli rli- Itciiiiuioii ».( ("aiiad.i .iinl !li.> lAtciisi-m cf Market- loi' (iiir I'mduclioiis. SPKECH or TTOX. J5LIJAI-I AVAIiD. i /I i On tlH' jciiit n Milatioii lU. It. No. lli iimvidiu;: fur tlio ni>i)(iiiitniriit of ('i.iiriiix »ii(iii( IS t(i tdiifr-i uitli ■.iiiiiliii rniiiini-Ni.iiicis aiiiMiiiitfil li.v (iniil liiitiiiii nini :w ctitiiiii on wliat liusis a miuitally liinriiii.il iicaiyot' .(iiiuii.icc bttwicii ;lio I'liitt-d Stati-s and Canada can !»■ in'^otiaHil. Mr. ^^ AlJl). Mr. .*^iiciikcr, to tliDsc wlut n'o;;irhical positions of iht; ri.itr.l .States and tlio Dominion, and thu extent of the latter country. A straight line dr.iwn from the northern honndary of Maine, near tlie heudwatfrs of thi- Saint .John's Kiver, to D.troit, wouM pass .'ntirely ihrou-h Canadian territory. We are enaltled mor.M leariy to estimate tlie extent of this line, whieli issmall in eom- liarison witli our northern frontier, when we .see, as we may on refer- ence to any map of this cimtineut. that if continued for tli<- same leno'th onward from Detroit into the Unitet' ^'tates, it would reach a considerable distance southerly from the p'. : ■ where the Arkansas Kiver Hows into tlie Mississijipi, and liiat if e. tended directly south from Detroit it would vea- h nearly to Tallahassee or the CJnlf of Mexico. IJeo-arded from another i)oint of view, it maybe seen that the part of the Canadian teriitory south of aline drawn from the northern bound.'iries of Maine and Minnesota would exceed in breadth the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, and would be equal in area not only to those States, but in addition to large portionsof Ne- braska,. Missouri, Kentucky, Kansas, and Arkansas. Acountry of these va.st dimensions, and under alien commercial laws, exists between all the New England States, New York. Peuiisylvania, and Ohio, on one side, and Micliigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and all the region west of them on the (jther. An equal area extended southerly would, with the exception of a few miles, separate by a broad barrier all onr territory noi-th and cast of any point on the northern shore of the Gulf of Mex- 63310 ion fr(iiii;ill flinsc |i,iitsof till' rn'mii wliicli jiir imrl Invest ot' it. Wliat crjiniiii'iciiil iiilviiiifiiyo wctiilil ni»f ciicli Slate lu-ic :t' (Jcoi ni;i, di,. ( •;,!. oliiiiis, \ir;^iiiia. ami I'miiss Ivaiiia wcit' tliiiM widely .".epaiiited lioiii MiN«issi|nii, Missouri, nml all that jiait n|' tlio Cniteil State-, west ni them, and deprived of t'liU inid lice eommeieial iiiteiediiise w ith the iliterveiiiii;; ie<;iuii ? The enimtrv thus sepa rati ii;^ t hese vaiiuiis States, it' cniiiiiiorcially isolated as far as (,'amida m>\v is, would not only ceaso to Ik' so vast a source of permanent and hoiioiahle prolit to the other partsof the I'nion, hut would itself, liy its isolation, sull'ir in a ;nreati'i proportion than the others. Siieli is the iimtual injury eontiinially illllictfitl on tho peo)de of Ixitil ennntlies hy the ohslaeles to the fl'ee exchanj^eof the ]uodiie',sof industry in the I'nited States and Canada. Its liatl eiieets would he more <'ouspieuons than those of the ima;iin- ary eomlitiou 1 have endeavored todeseiihe if tlu; heiielitsof uniiam- meled commercial intenouise hail e\ iv Keen enjoyed. If to i iiai pait of Canada which alone I iia\e l'idu;;ht under eonsidcialinn we add the imjtoi'tant ma li time juov iiice>n| Xcw J'.run*wi( U and Now i .Scotia, and Manitoli.a and the iiiime!i>e irii;tor,\ oi tji,' noiihwe^t interior, and on the I'aciiic coast, the loss niutii.illy .-.usiaiued i> >eiii to he yet iiuu'e vast ami to he coiiiinuallv iiicreasin''. N.iMKAi. im!:;''I.I'i:nm:\' i: c! iin; l'mii;;' ^i m;> aM' \\.' Many considerations demons; rati' the inipoitance of the f^ee^: pn^- sihle imiiorts, exjiiu'ts. and traii.sit het ween the Tnited Stales and Camnhi. Not only does our warmer climate eiiahle u> to prndme many articles not ea>il\- or proliialily ;4rown in Canada, yet necessary for tlie comfort of her peojde and for which she can give us valuahle exchanges nee(h'd in the daily life of our citizens and as material for the manufactures we export, hut our rivers, railroads, and canals are the only direct means she has of communicating with southern regions, while unfettered transit through her territory and the per- petnally free navigation of the Saint Lawrence are conspicuous w.mis of the Western and Eastern Slates. The jieople of Canada, sju'img from the same nations of v>estern Europe as those whence we derive our origin, have all the characteristics of a commercial, enterprising, and lU'ogre-ssive uat'on, however its manifestations may have heeii retarded hy isolation from flu; remainder of the continent, ami, favored by the resources of a new and hi'oad territory, their products ami ex- ports are of greater value than those of a poi)ulation of equal niiui- her Init of any other race in the world. Already, though with in- habitants numbering less than one-twentieth [lart of tho.se of Russia, Canada, yet a colony or ])o.ssessi(Ui of Great Britain, occupies the fourth if not the third rank among the* nations of the world in the luagnituile of her cimimercial marine, In the general eilncationof the people lundern Canada is unsur[»as>ed. Se]>arated as t'.iey are hy 1 llif AtLiiitlu iiml riiiillc OiH';iii> irniii tlif ii;itiiiii> ui t lif " Mil Wmlil iiiiil iiijifviii); till' yt't s]i;;litly (lf\ cldpfd ailvaiita^r^ i>t thcii iniiiili.v. tli'ii lattsiif till' wa;;i'-.i>f lalmr aif on till- vvhiilc not w'ulcl.v . ami at an avcraK*-' cost not tai il.it all exceeidiiatioii-, Canada is on t he w hoh' a forest and farnnn;^ conntiy, ready not only to sell ns many of the Imlky art ielts we need for eonimon use or fore\- jiortaiion Imt also to receive in return those mannfaetnres of wliich nnder the |)oliey wo have adopted we have a lar;;t' sarphn, and l>ir which we iiave not yet fonnd sntlicieiit nnirkets. Ir has followed ns a mattei of < onrse, from tht! re!ati\(' positions (d' the I'nited States and Canada and the distance of hotii from 1 inrop'- and Asia witli thfir dense popnhilions, tiiat their counnercial rr!a- ti;ive and receive are at least, in jiroportioii to their respective ]icpnlations. as valnalde as those wliich any States or ^imnpsof States confer upon eacli other by the nniiinited freedom of trader between them, ami these benetits are amonn; the ffreatest derived from the Union and are the stronj^est bond for its jireservation and perjietnity. The barriers to intercourse between our citi/eus and the Camnlians are wholly artiticial, the re.snlts of hiiimiii law, and can easily be re- moveat liritain. to in<|nire and ascertain by niurual investigation and conference how far it is practicabh' toextend our commerce with the Dominion. Ill the States upon our northern frontier the advantages of an ex- tension of our trade with Canada are, with perhaps a few local ex- ceptions, highly apjireciated by all thinking commercial men. A more complete system of the exchange of the products of labor be- tween the two ccjuntiies is warmly desired by the jicoplc of Xew Diijil.iiiil ,it I. II;,'. '—a -iiiiiriciit i>rtn»r fliiit ,t \Miiilil nut ininif iMir Jiiaiiiil'artiiio, Imt wmiM iimri- to tlnir liciit'lU. Tlu'clnsf cuiiti^vuify ul' Ni'W Kii;^l.iiiil on liir iiiiitlifiM ami tM*ttrn Ihnimlarii's tn Caiiaila ;;i\ fs Iht pi'Kplf aiiipli' oiiportnnitit'-i I'nr ,iii(|;.'ini{ a( <'niiift'ly as to tin- practii'al I'tVcct III' ici'iprn.jil 'tr:nlt' ; ami tin- intrlli;;!'!!!!' and luiMtH tit sliicwil ami ciiicl'iil < alriilatinii picv alint in New Kn^laml '^ivc assurance tliat \wv cliii'l' iiini of l•lI•^in^'^■^ aii' rdialilf antliniitii s on this .siilijici. Tln.'ii' vifws, as lut'sciitrd liy oiu- of tin- IrailiiMj; ini-in- liofs of till- liiistoii 1 {on I'll of 'I'ladc and in siiltstami' appliraMf to iuarl\ all ilii- Noitlurn Statt's, niv tinoiiiiivoi'ally that Ni-w Kn;:laiiil i.s jurrally intfiistcd in tln' <|ni'sf ion of ii-cipiocity. Ilrr prnplc di |ii'ml laiyrly fof tlit'ir sMccrss and snliNi-tcncf upon Itcini;' aldr to iiiann- fa ft nil' as cheaply as they can. Tlicy t liinl;. and none can contradnt tlicni. that the prime necessities of lite, fmd and fooil, sli.mld lie snp- plied to theii' lalini in^-nieii at the lowest inaclicalde cost. i\ m:vv i:n.,i.\\ii. The (ill/ens of Xew Ijij;laml. Unowiiijj; that hct ween them ainl the Canadians there are no l>airicis »>xccpr thoso of an aitilii.ial natnie, reuard their nei;;hliors in the jifovincesas tin ir initnial of lenitinniti* cnstomers. 'I'he representatives of the Ijosion JJoard of 'J'rade assert that I he people of Massatr\ . These form ida hie dis- asters are not conllned to their j^reat cities, l>nt c\ en in the small inaii- iifacturin;; towns also are found pooide .seekiui;- for worlc. and tho ;;eneral cry is. "It is our trade relations that are w ronij and un-onml; what have yon to suiiufst to lift us out of this slou;;h of despond ?'' The most ohvious reined;, for all this distress i? to increase the sales of manufactures to ouriieiuhliors and the supply of raw ma ti ■rial'- fnmi them. IN m;w v"KU. Tho chief commercial associations in tho city ami State of New York siihstanlially ami emphatically concur in the views presented l»y the hoard of trade. The people of that State, likt; those of every other comiuercial and manufacturing part of the Union, siifVer liy the S' 'usionof Canadian products from our markets ami the restric- tions ui»on tlie exportation of our manufactured articles of fon-ign origin to Canada. Through duties ou Canadian grain, we cut olf ,iu enormous trade which would naturally and with mutual benclii, to the pcr)ple of both countries i)ass throiigh our territory, paying freight to ownersof ourrailroads audcauals and giving work and wages to vast multitudes of men now in need, ami adtling to the profits of otu' ship- pers and merchants, besides, through increased employment, enlarg- ing the demand for the agricultural and other products of the regions through which they pass. What in these respects is true of the city } ;iiiil Statt) of N'l'vv Vnrk is ulno tliii- of I*liiliil lliiltiiiinif .iinl tlir StatiMuf i'fMiixylvaiiia ami Maiylainl. rii>' latiti, niuH' if- iiiMti' Irtiiii (';iii:iila, lia\r not •»> clearly jtfii civi'il tin- aihaiitam-i of )ii'in}{ eiiaMi'il, with fiwir or diminiHlinl iiiipi-iiiiiiriiix. to -..11 to ln>i llic |>i-()iliirts uf tlirir \vork>.lio|iH or tlnir iiii|>oii>< fiom Kiiihim- and llif ifyioiis of till' iio])ifs. Wailroadi. now ^i\ iiiy siuli ca-y accfv, from l(aliiiiiori> ami riiilailt'I|iliia to tin- interior of tlinoiitim-iit. hiivi- |ila .iiid iiKiinifaciiirci- ol N. w l!ii;^land estimate at ith real im|iortanee an extension of tiaih' with Camilla, a eonntiy not only coiiti;;nons ti) tln'ir own foi many hnn- ilrcd.s of milcH, Init for a consideialile distance intervenitij; liefween their territory and tlje ocean, and so near to them that a man may stand w ith om- foot on each side of thedividiiii; line. Vi'l a->('anaila ii no mere eastern piiisineo, hilt extends a< »o-.> the continent from tht! Atlantic to the I'ai iiic Ocean, and the hot ami most lertile parts of the dominion are in the interior, her trade is no more important to New I'^n^laml than to any other part of the rnioii. While sii;;ar oi't'oll'M'. if sent hy the.Sjiint l.iawreiice route and tlironi;Ii <,inehee and Montreal to Toronto, must bo carried more than tl.iee tinier a> fai as if heiit via New ^'ol k and at an enormously increased expense, the ■'ame I'au.scs operate con>taiitly and must c\ ei cont iiiiie to do so with lejrard to lialtiniore, I'liiladtdphia, N'ew ()rleaiis, jmd ;ill other south- ern poit.s in eonnectimi w it li West tMii Ontario, Manitol)a, ami other inland re^iion.s of the Hritisli po-.ses^lons. If .siieh a contim.Mital .sys- tem as 1 desire (o see should 1)0 es(al)lisUi'd, no cities would feel its stimulating' inlliieiice.s in greater force than *^:iiiit Louis and Chicago, 'i'lie latter jierhaiis would he its liemt and cen;ci. |:Y ciiir.iis wuiioi T ni-riv U"N mv i-i.ai r. oi: rAUiv. Ihav'e endeavored to ]ii'eseiit the facts in the most simple foim. As the resolutimis I otVer in regard to them have heeii approved liy the various local conimereial bodies of the I'liited States to which they have been i>resenfed. from Chicago and Milwaukee to I\_^on, without partisan considerations, and, so far as I know, with .4,'any dissentient voiee, so also were they unanimunsly recomniendi-d at the last meetingof the National Board of Trade. an association which at- tracts to its councils leading merchants and manufacturers from all parts of the I'liion. It includes alike among its members free-traders and protectionists. Several of the latter took .special pains to st.ate in explicit terms and tin; strongest language that they were " i)rotection- ists from the soles of their feet to the crowns of their heads.'' but they all without any exception advocated the nneiiuivocal ami entire adoi)tion 8 of tbo resoliuions now Ix'fore the IIousl' iu favor of reciprocity with Caua^uuni- cation. At various points railroads cross the boundary, thtf' binding the people together, if not with links of steel, with bands of iron. It would have been unwise to overlook the benefits which will accrue to us from the treaty with islands in the ends of the earth; but who can say how much greater folly and injustice we commit toward our own citizens by an illiberal and exclusive policy toward the millions whose homes are close to our own ? It was argued, and I do not disparage the force of the roa'oning, that if we did not enter into a friendlv commercial treat v with the j«^ 10 Iliiwaiiaii Islands thoy would i>a.ss into tin; hamls 41,lol. Ourmanu- factures exported to Canada included cotton goods to the value of $67:3.031 — nearly as much as all our exports to the Hawaiian Islands added together — glassware, 811' i.TO-;; manufactures of iron and steel, .83,377,913, and of wood, 81,37(),r)ll. These are all our own mauufac- turcs, g,"",lusiveof commodities of foreign origin. Altogether the value of our own manufactures exporteroductious from Canada, appear iusiguili- \ 11 iiiitag- C'iint. Tlicy largely exceed tliitse iiiipoitiMl into (.'iiiiail:i troin Great Britain or any other country, ami yet tin; le to ohtain full and accurate statements of our exports to Canada from our own authorities. Tin* chief defect is that railroad ears ami other l.ind vehicles passing into adjacent territory are not reijuired to hie li>t.s or manifests of lading similar to those required from vessels clearing for foreign countries. Hence oiu' o'.vn rcluiiis inadi',."))■>(') ; in 1-*?.'), $l.'),.V,t(),- r>'24 ; and in 1~7(), slO,.")07, ."(;;>. Most of these exports consisted of manufactures of cotton, wool, iron, copper, iVc. How far our own rei)orts, consi44 ; and to s:3,u77,91lj, the value of otir manufactures of iron and steel exported to Canada, as shown by our own reports, should be added no less than $;},4r),"),736, altogether .SO,.S:5;{,r)4'J in this branch of manufactures alone. Similar proi»ortions may beobservedastoother exports, but it is need- less to multiply details. It would be useless to argue further with those who do not .see that such a market for ourmanufactures should receive attention and eucouragemeut from everv true l'rier*(^f the people. AX i:srAi)Li>nEU 1'1!i:ci:iiext. Surely it is needless to urge that, if the Hawaiian treaty was wor- thy <»f approval by a triumphant majority, better opportunities of extending our commerce and beneficent inllueuce nearer home and on an enormou.sly larger scale should not be neglectetl. But I regard it as an auspicious omen that so large and influential a ptntiou of the party in power, visiting in imagination the genial climes of the Hawaiian Islands, should have overcome the theories and prejudices 12 li through which more iuiportiint siihjeets are mistily rejiiiriled, aiul,sc»' to speak, have picked up a shell "on the shore of the great ocean truth."' Kemeuiberiug some of the advances made in physical science since tlie great philosopher so modestly described his own merits and discoveries, I regard the Hawaiian treaty as a precedent fraught with great advantages to the agricultural, manufacturing, and com- mercial interests of all i)arts of our country. I trust it will he the means of directing public attention to practical and easy, because mutually beneiicial, methods of adjusting affairs with our neighbors, both North and South. As far as an extension of our trade with them can be carried into ellect it cannot fail to be profitable to all parties to the arrangement. Our policy should be not to tax our own citi- zens to pay others for entering into our Union and enjoying its advan- tages, nor to incorpoi'ate with ourselves aliencountrieswho.se people are not in harmony with the spirit and requirements of our institu- tions, but simply to extend our commercial relations with them. We should thus acquire the chief benefits of actual ownership without its disadvantages. It is a necessary counterpart of the Monroe doc- trine, iirohibiting the interference of the Old World in the internal affairs of this continent, that we should study to promote the in- terests of the other American States and extend the exchange of the respective products of their labor and our own. Omni! TUEATIE5 1"0U TRAUi:. How vast the beneiicial commerce between the United States and the Dominion might by this time have become if, instead of merely abrogating the former treaty, we had endeavored to improve it, or substitute for it one of more perfect reciprocity, we can now only conjecture. Pi-actically for the time we threw aside its lessons. By others they were heeded and yielded abundant fruit. During the visit of Richard Cobden to this country in 1860 his attention was pointedly directed to the treaty then in operation between us and the Canadi- ans. Whatever objections he entertained to such measures were fully removed by M. Chevalier, who represented the interests of France. The result was the memorable arrangement between England and France, which was speedily followed by similar treaties between other T,' nntries, and not less than fifty or sixty in number. It is the custom with a certain class of theorists to represent that in the ne- gotiations between England and France the former was the victor and the latter a dupe. In fact both countries gained enormous ad- vantages. A friendship arose between those two nations whcih is warmer and more durable than has ever existed at any other period of their history. Among the causes which have contributed to the mar- velous recuperation of France and the welfare of her jieople none has been more powerful than her commercial treaty with England,, I 13 licr liufjct'st ami iiinst prolitaMo lustomcr, with wlioiu her trailc is noiiily twice as lar;;<' as with any other coimtry, aiuiiUDro thau tour times as hirgo as with the United States. The exports of Fiance to averaged more than 8UO,flO0,000 in each year. Our exports to Canada, alone have for many years lieen four or live times as large as to Rus- sia and much larger than tho'^e to any other conntiy in the world, except only Great Britain, France, and Germany. In the opinion of many who are best qualified to Judge on the subject, this vast aggre- gate of our exchanges with Canada, each representing a transaction mutually beneficial to some of the people of both countries, would soon bo doubled if the existing restrictions of the custom-houses on both sides of the frontier could be removed. Is this prospect or are the facts as we now find them to be thrust aside as if of no moment in the present depressed condition of our trade and manufactures ? Year after year the plight of our laboring-men throughout v^.l^onn- try, and especially in the regions dependent upon manufactures and commerce, has grown worse and worse. Year by year since lS7ri the attractions presented to the laborei-s of Europe have sensibly dimin- ished, until, in the last fiscal year, the immigrants to our shores were less by nearly three hundred thousand than they were four years ago, the actual reduction within that time having been from 4:i7,7.")0 to 16'J,98fi. These new-comers go, it is to be 6ui)posed, to friends who are ready to receive them chiefiy in those parts of the country least aliected by the prevalent distress. ,ri'*»* ■ 14 We are all faiailiar with the accoMuts (if unitaralleled ami increas- ing destitution ainouy.our own working i>opulatioii. Let not repeti- tion dull our niiuds so that we cannot sec, nor steel our hearts so that we cannot feel the force of facts so often told and so well authenticated . In some of our largest cities the present is the third winter when two- thirds of the unskilled laborers have been unable to And employment. Multitudes of temperate, industrious, and well-trained mechanics, and of young women, with honorable independence of character and sensitive about receiving charity in any form or shape, have lost all hope, and in the depth of destitution and despair are begging to be sfived from lingering death through hunger by being sent to places in- tended for the reception of vagrants anresentative of Canada, at the meeting of our own National Uoard of Trade in New York last summer, reiterated these views and nodonht uttered the general sentiment of his countrymen when he conlidently assured his hearers that if Congress should adopt the rt'solnt ions now before this House for the appointment of com- misjiioners. tlio Canadian government would '* likewise appoint a com- uiis.sion, and we should lor the tirst time since the abrogation of the old treaty have business men to sit down together, talk the matter «)ver fairly and s([navely as a inactical question, deal with all its diflQ- culties, and, if possible, bring about a treaty which will be uuitually satisfactory to both eountries." Tlie Canadian minister of customs, privy council, and present governor-general have at ditl'erent times fully concurred in these views, the governor-general himself in council having formally promised " that should the Government of the United •States comply with the wishes expi'essed by the National Hoard of Trade tlie subject will receive the fullest consideration of the govern- ment of Canada.'' At the time of the abrogation of the old treaty there was much just reason for the complaint of the illibcr.ality and unfairness of the Canadian tariff on many of the productions of tlie United States. IJut all that has now been reversed. We ihipose on all kinds of Cana- dian grain and flour a duty so heavy as to be nearly prohibitory, with the single exceittions of barley and some peas, for the production of which the soil and climate of Canada and the habits of her farmers, or all (Iiese causes combined, are especially favorable. Nearly all the articles admitted into Cauaplied so far that few articles^could be exported from the colonies to any other country without being first laid upon the shores of Great Britain. Next, the colonists were compelled to buy solely from British merchants, and their importations could only be made in British ships, " it being the usage of other nations to keep the plantation trade exclusively to themselves." Even the excellent Lord Chatham, distinguished as a friend of the colonies, was so far iml)ued with the common heresies of his time as not to hesitate in declaring that " the British colonies in North America had no right to manufacture even a nail for a horse- shoe;" and Lord Shcttield only expressed the general opinion of his day when he affirmed that " the only use of the colonies and the AVest India Islands is the monopoly of llieir consumption and the carriage of their products." On all these iioiiits increased enlightenment has ♦'iVected a quiet revolution. The monopoly of the colonial trade was found to be as unprofitable to the oi>pressor as to the ojjpressed, and confirmed progress has been made in those views of public policy which are inextricably blended with magnanimity and liberality. SL'liSTAXTIAr, INDr.l'K.NIUCNCF. OK r.VXAli.V. A few years ago the government of Canada, through its financial minister, emphatically declared the right of the people of that coun- try to decide for themselves, in all respects, the mode and extent to which taxation shall be imposed on them. The Jiritish government was warned that serious evils and future com plications would result from any opposition to the rights thus asserted ; and the Canadian government congratulated itself that the British ministry of that day "' have been obliged to admit that we were in the right, and that any assumed interference with our rights and privileges is not for one monSKt to be entertained." Thus the practical rights of self-govern- ment, only obtained by the United States through revolution, were quietly conceded. The most striking point in this illustration of the reversal of the ancient relations of Great Britain and her colonies is not merely that so great a concession was made to the colonies, but that the point in dispute was an order in council disallowing a bill Inflicting certain disabilities on the shipping of the United States. The people of Great Britain have discovered that their own cap- italists and laborers were injured by forcing the trade of the colonies in artificial directions and withdrawing it from the natural and really mi 4 17 lionelkiul iiursuits in which it. wouhl hiivt* hcoii cmploj-cil. Tlic rcv- ohitionury wiir in the United States streiitjtheni'd these imitressions. It was found that the independence of the United States and iheir consequent itrosperity contrihuted materially to the well-heiny of Great Ihitain, whose tax-payers were relieved from the exiteiise and trouhle of yoverninjj distant and extensive re^jions, while thohenefits of intercourse with tlu^m not <*idy remained but were aujjmented. The Itelief has i»eeome more and more prevalent in the mother-conn- try that the means hy which she can most securely and prolitably derive the elements of real prosperity from lier colonicH is by per- mittin;^ them to direct their iiulustry into those channels which their natural position and advantaj^es indicate as the most remunerative. On the one hand concessions were made to the colonists by per- mitting them to resort to the markets of the world and tax IJritish manufactures ; on the other, the IJritish people wore gradually eman- cipated from the oppressive taxation which j^ave the colonies special privileges in Great IJritain itself. The latter was at first especially conspicuous as to the Indispensable articles of grain, Hour, ami lum- ber. The military and naval defense of the colonies remains as the only substantial relic of the ancient policy. The consideration given for it is withdrawn. It remains as a tax on the people of Great Britain without aflording them any adequate compensation, and the declar- ations of their leading statesmen of all parties, the actions of their government, and the tendencies of public opinion clearly indicate the early termination of this anomalous and -inconsistent condition. The time is approaching when, as the most zealous defenders of the old colonial system have admitted would be the case, it will be found that " it is all of a piece and must either stand or fall together." So evidently correct are the frequent assertionsof Canada that her government, acting for her legislature and people, must, whatever may be the deference they owe to the imperial authorities, decide for themselves as to all matters connected with the taritt', and so com- pletely has the principle thus annoiniced been carried out in legisla- tion, that Great Britain, in reply, is throwing the naval andmiji' ^y defense of the Canadians upon themselves. Ol'IXION OF LEADING ItlUTISII STATESMEN. A former governor-general of Canada substantially declared in the Imperial Parliament that if Canada should ask for independence the request would readily be granted. If we look among those British statesmen now living and who for many years have been leaders in the actnal and progressive career of fcheir country, and whose in- fluence was never more completely manifested than in the recent change in her European and Asi;itic policy, we find in their public speeches the most creditable and liberal expressions regarding the 2 W IS commerce of the United States with Canada and thw relations of Great J3ritain with the latter. The protitable and humanizing oJlocts of the commercial treaty between Great Britain and France point ont Bigniflcantly and decisively how valuable a judicious commercial treaty between the United States and Canada would bo, not simply in increasing sales but in promoting the advancement of the soundest doctrines of civilization and international good-will. I know of no expressions of modern statesmanship better worthy of being borne in mind by every American citizen, and regarded as ax- ionmtic in our conduct toward our sister-States and Canada, than those terms of glowing eloquence in which lion. John Bright depicted his hopes that the day might come when the whole of this vast con- tinent might become one great federation of States, and, free from military control, without a custom-house inside through the whole length and breadth of its territory, but with freedom everywhere, tj(iuality everywhere, law everywhere, peace everywhere, would atFord at least some hope that man is not forsaken of heaven and that the future of our race might be better than the past. The Right Honorable W. E. Gladstone, when premier, speaking in a debate in the House of Commons, lamented that it had been the fate of the transatlantic possessions of European nations that in every in- stance when they had reached maturity separation had been carried out by war or bloodshed, leaving behind them feelings of pain, hatred, or shame. He declared the true policy toward Canada to be that if separation should arrive it may come in a friendly, and not a hostile, form, but iu true accord with the best spirit of the age. OUR I'OLICY AS IT OUGHT TO llE. It seems to mo that we do not iu our statesmanship adequately recog- nize and appreciate the relations actually existing between Great Britain and her North American possessions or adapt our policy to the facts as they are. One of the main errors of Great Britain in her treatment of those colonies from which our Union was formed was the discouragement of their industry except so far as it was sub- sidiary to her own. Perhaps no part of her conduct toward us was mo^ unjust or injurious, or contributed more powerfully to the causes of tne Revolution. I fear that the recollection of it, rankling in our memories, has sometimes led us to such legislation in commercial af- fairs as we have been satisfied to think must be beneficial to ourselves because it is inconvenient or prejudicial to others. This is one of the most prevalent and pernicious, sophistries by which mankind has ever been deluded and afflicted. Let us look to ourselves and' take heed lest in our day, in the plenitude of our power and at a more en- lightened period of the world's history, we in our commercial treat- ment of weaker neighboring States fall into the same kind of error as that which Great Britain in-acticed toward us, but has utterly 10 (liscaiilt'tl in Iici iiiiidmi InatiinMit of litT roloiiiiH. Caiiadii, if in true, is iu>t (iiir iiitsstssioii, lint iis citiniiaifd with thf I'niti'il States mIic 1h practically in Iht inl'anrv. In n'lnsin;; even t(t considiT liy what means (lur Iraile wifli her <:in he increased uitli nintiial heiiclit; to tlie people of hoth cotintiies we follow the evil exaniide set ns in a more ay,';,'ravated form liy (Jreat IJritain in tho early days of oni' own history. si;i.i'-Hi:i'iTF.n FUiioiiH. Hangnine and vivid expectations have liecu entertained by Homo who laid claim to profonnd knowlcdj^e and statesmanliko vicwH, but wlio have lived to see the error of their iioi)eH, that by a riyorous and exclusive policy Canada would speedily bo compelled to imploro annexation to the Union. The time, it has been publicly said, beforo she would thus be brouj^lit on her knees was so short that it should bo counted by months, and not by years ; but time has only made uioro evident what was from the beginning sutllciently obvious, that tlio Canadians, being of the same human nature with ourselves, actuated by similar sentiments and passions, are repelled by repidsiou while theymight be attracted by a friendly and liberal policy which through a natural and interminable series of profitable transactions would bring people already homogeneous more and more into conmiunica- tiou with each other. 8KNTIMKNT9 OK THE IMTEl) STATES TOWARD CANADA. It cannot be said that there is any real want of friendly feeling in the United States toward the Canadians. Many of them migrate to this country, and are soon scarcely distinguishable from our native- born citizens, not a few of whom have taken up their abodes in the Dominion and become prosperous and prominent. If Canada should be oppressed and to gain her liberty and rights bo driven to arms as we Avero at the time of the Revolution, our sympathy from one end of the Union to the other would not merely be sentimental, but Avould evince itself by practical demonstrations at every jioint of our frontier. Hapi>ily for all the parties concerned, the prospect of any such contingency has long passed and the appropriate way of testi- fying our good-will is not by self-immolation in the loss of '-'^and material wealth, but by the sacrifice of an old prejudice and an out- worn theory and the adoption of such commercial measures as will promote our interests as well as those of our neighbors. THE COUUF.CT VTF.W OF TRADE WITH CANADA. I have said that Canada has wisely pursued a more liberal course toward the United States than we have toward her. She admits our manufactures on equal terms with those of Great Britain, and at very moderate rates of duty. The chief products of our agriculture are ad- mitted free of all duty whatever. At the same time this liberality redounds toiler benefit. She is studying her own interest. By charg- 20 illy; 111) tliitics (111 iiiir llniir, w liral, coni, iiml ullin ;;r;iiii nIh- olitiiiiis a liii;;i- surplus fur fN|iort:itii>ii and t'ii<'(Mii'a;;('s ti.iiiNiinrtatiuii iiml tlic ])rt)lllal)lt« t'iii]iloyuK>nt of \un' jn'iipli^ IVuiii oiif end of lu>r railruiiiN mill canals to tin- otliiT. •Slic Hinls lirr own iirolit in all tliis. 'I'lit- jirici's of wheat, llmir, corn, chfi'sf, ami . c(»uiitry of the farming' lUddncts I have named, and the list could 1)0 very whlely extended. Our exportatioiis to Canada of all these articles is enormously ;jjreater than liers to us, and it is created mainly Ity the expiutatitMis to Kurojio which we imjiede liy our laws while Canada ;;ives facilities for them. For instance, in l-it.'i our imports of wheat from Canadaunderourtaritl' amounted, accord- in;; to our oClicial statistics, to <»nly .S".".*!,.')"'"^, while onr exports to lier wi^ro of tlie value of !ii(i»,U70,l()7 in {{old. A certain class of theorists may think they detect in this a very favorable balance of fraile. In reality it represents how much of onr wheat wasexported to Euroiielty Canadian routes. Tlieenlar;;ementsiiowinprogressoii the Canadian canals will force public attention to these facts. We ought to bo [ireparod to meet them in advance. Wlien our ports wore open to the free admission of Canadian wheat our forwardtMs and mer- chants and their emidoy^'s reaped the prolits. There was also a local bcnetiti to our millers and many communities. Thus when I speak of a liberal policy I ti'in of ronimorro minlit li.' rcinotlcliil )•«>• twtTii us witli <1>U' n';iiu»l to tlit> ifih est!! of liiilli roiiiitiitw. Imt iii« (•it«'tl l»y our liii -'• 'xiior'ttioiid rU*' luote^'tiouist tlieorios j{ro\v yeiuly btioiigir ami Htronjit ' in Cauudn iMl'l if Iut people should jiilopt a sy-truiof what art' si»iii»'Oiii<'sialletl "r<( jMocal tluticH," tharyiiin ou our pKMluclioiH tlio Hauic diiii's as wc lovy oli licr^. tho n-sult wouM Ito niiufius and alinowt proliihitory on our exports to lu'l', If. mi the otlifr Iiaml, tlic I»oiiiiiiioii sliotilil rriu-vv. as i.s soinctinii's sM;;i;.str.|, a cloicr coiiiu'ctioii witli (Jivat liritaiu, thf llit'l'' l>rt\vot'ii thoso two couiitrit's nii^^lit brcomo an froi- and uiitraninielfd as It in botwofu all the .Stat«'H of our own Union. In this event it wouiil manifestly lie inipoHHJlile to elieek HMUinuHn^' on an enormous scale from the l)uniinioii into the I'nited States. The diriieiilties already ;iltendin!4; a iiin]ier snrveillanoo of onr northern frontier wore lately deserihed Ity the Seeretary of the Treasury as Itein^' in some resjiecis iiisiir- moiintahjo. In the eoiititiyeney to whieh I have alluded an aIli\. T lo(dc forward to that time in the not di^lant future wlnii a truly frati'rnal c(unity shall prevail thr(ui;4hout this continent from that liahitahle part of it whieh is inh- hors on hoth sides derive larger profits than any of them. .^.•au^t^ in i»o)mlation and powt'r wt^ are the foremost luUionof the continent, it he(;(imes our duty to ourselves and to others to take the lead in giv- ing practical develoiunent tothe hoimties which Providence has placed witliiu our reiU'h. The lirst step toward its attainment is hy ascer- taining definitely througn inquiries made hy etHeieiit ami reliahlo commissioners how far we can extend onr commercial relations with Canada, whose people and government 'i>vite us not less hy their Rtahle, intelligen*, 'U'.d pv))gr(ssi\e .•har.';cter tha i hy tiio assurances they have alrcaily niifrt*